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Alameda County, California...............- 12
rAllnena: eMich = -.2:sscwcccccuccsceistcsces 5, 6, 7, 8,19
FANOGISON: MT scoacscecscswccoccScecescesce. 12
PAST RING | CDATION Grice siccc ceca Geen vecsesiae 17
Baird Cale soc cc sscceicsesacccssscencseeseees 1,16
BRING | Seiktsce ceases ce sto sahiesseeeses Keetto 11
Baltimore (MG (sows oes le ccoccce aes ceeeueses 15
IBBESISIANGS -2-sccc nce eciccaswccuss secees 8, 4, 5, 20
Battle| Cros Mich ./:.2\.jo2000' cue os science 18, 19
BaViCib yy MIGH 222 [oo te caine ce ascsaces cose 19
BehrvHermVvON. 2 -Sc cece cee ce sical 10, 11, 17, 19
Beitner Station, Mich ............... swale 16
Bloomsbury Ned scams tess aascsconeessaae 12
Boardman River, Michigan........-.-..-..- 16
BONS nonin acct ect cece cisloa bers tc eacete 8
BOWeIN SOV MOND <2 wecostine scence sence 9,10
Bower's hatching-box.-.....-:...25-.cscse- 10
Brookstroutees- 0-2: euewoseeeeck- 1, 13, 16, 17, 20
Bu Samesiics oe ~ eceanaticsacasecbececcse 17
Butte County, California..................- 12
Walifommia ios o ias cesses Saisie soi 'sis 11, 12, 16, 17
Californiatrouts=_. 2 .scce~ cece cts 1, 16, 17, 20
(Oise Oe eee ee 13, 15
WAIN eto cele inisewaale sicccoeccias soy 1
CedarsBeach Nd tees. Ses cscsccmisingceccsccce 18
Central Pacific Railroad......--.......---.- 12
Chabot, Lake, California...............---2- 12
WhASOMAtCHIN GjaP as acc sais oleinecicele acie.s cas 9
Chicago and Grand Trunk Railroad.....-... 13
Chicago and West Michigan Railroad ...... 13
Chippewa Lake, Michigan ..........-...-.. 18
GlarkehrankiN 2-2 38<2sch oscuse cease ewes ese 1
Clear Lake, California «2... 2.2-cecesseessne 12
Clinton River, Michigan ............--....- 17
Collecting of whitefish eggs.......-.....--. 3
Concow Lake, Butte County, California .... 12
WONnTOMVA ae cs -ca cc seeiccses BA orAdanoceceo 8,9
Connecwout: >. «25 os ceca woes scesesccssince 11, 12
Coregonus albus.......----+--.---02-se00 soe 1
Oost Of OPeTatviaNS..-<-2.--< 22. 5- 502 sc. ccesee 20
Cristivomer namaycush.........-..-------- 1, 6,19
Culver’s Lake, New Jersey ...........----- 19
Deer Lake, Michigan .............--.-----. aT,
MIGtOLb MACH 2 soe es -/oe 2 acin dein ce eednccide'e 13
MOLTO R VOL es oceecianicceesiscconasencssae= 13,17
Distribution of brook trout eggs and fry --. 15
Distribution of California trout -........---. 16,17
Distribution of lake trout eggs.--....------- 19
Distribution of Schoodic salmon eggs -..-.- 18, 19
Distribution of whitefish eggs and fry .---. 8, 13
Donner Lake, California... .......+--...--- 12
Drainage pipes........---.c-s2e0ccesseenene 2
[20]
Page.
Druid Hill Hatchery............ eccnccewcces 15
eibrecht; Go-*. 2-2. ssveeee soccer ceese a ateclcen 10, 12
IDA erete ese cscnacenesauccemmaas AOCOS 18
Mrio, Lake: Jesse is=2sscdclecscac Qocksccese ss 3, 4, 20
HentOn Hs Vincaasa-ssasccsceceh eer ndeaames 11,12
Mish Commission Caries ocscone coceeeacess 13, 15
Wi RHOTIGKS = 2-25 -c cues tcineocpesnnateeenn 3, 4, 5, 6,19
Flint and Pere Marquette Railread ........ 13
Forest and Stream, cited .............-...-- 9
(Mirance sce tot te Pa oo ha 11, 15, 19
Free transportation of car..........-.--..-- 13
German Fishery Association ...... Sieceeeee li
GOrMmany:-o32< scebccicerces cseseeesseee 10, 11, 17, 19
Gul: neti ea. sess ceie tees ocscacacasiccenes 3, 7,19
Goonac Wake nsse sence ssasccessnssoeaeeciaae 18
Grand Lake Stream, Maine............-.... 1,17
Grand Tranverse County, Michigan........ 16
Grayling: fishing tug). cscceceasacerecenscscs 7
Great Western Railroad....-..---.--------- 13
Green, Myron .....- ote omeae eee eee celens 16
Greenwood Lake, New Jeorsey-.-.-.--------- 12
Hastord, Charles: [2-2-2 sec sceatessmcse tenes 20
Hatobery..-ceses-se--ce6 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19
Hatching and distribution of California trout
OREO aici cecal oGacewenecriaccceecisees=aa'a 16
Hatching and distribution of Schoodic sal-
MON isda. si desecesce 18
MDOT WAKO FLOW Ai sac.ccicesencuce veweiceccns 12
MONTAPLO Rete sec eatin ee cece eee rauinc acres 13, 16
‘Operations at the hatchery .....-...--...-. 8
OSPOOG INGA ses sen sec cents oaececeece sessie 18
OSSINSKE: Mesh sae Sawn ces comet eee etisieaa 7
Ws weroyiN: Wiest. saesscce acs scecsceesescue 13
Mutletipipesissso--\seccehecoe sce assseeenes 2
BACking Of OPES asec ca ste roctecesessewens 5
aLtrid fouhoimtsecass-sanweacsctee nee ecaestee 7
Period of incubation for trout eggs ......-. 15
iPAGUAN ODIO Me ys ceciow ee soos aoe eee 18
-Placer County, California. ...-<-22<..c0--0< 12
Planting of whitefish). 52.0... .cess-ces-ee 13
POnAS es eee ne esha oe satcssece tt eae 1, 3, 13, 14, 20
PoOnviae pMICh se eer ssecenae Se cececsineas 18
Port: Haron Mich 242842 cacsaeccee seeicciee clos 13
PETIGCSLOM MISH ooo os case aos anemones se 4
iProductiof fisheries? =. .c2-cceascesaeeogse 4,5
HRACOW AVS ac cran iat wrceieiae slemisclese paicein atest 14
RACING MWS tesnce'sene =m sce eee clcaciceceace 13
Madclit Lake; ‘California.2:-.2..--..cckcccs 12
Railroad companies furnishing free trans-
POrtAONY. jaqsos soca iskamisecije ee ceinwecicets 13
AR AINDOWELLOUb acc oseacc cies cesses eerees 1,16
PVE CIN MB bales dare seers le tec a teierste weet 11, 12
SROSCIVOLL SE cciecic sons cces ence scigsss erences 3
Rivalry between fish commissions ......-.. 3,4
Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Rail-
ORM saceatete'ciclaisiviac civ e'civcis cise Son seasicicntes 50 18
15 |
OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page.
toscommon County, Michigan ............. 18
Rouge River, Michigan ............-....... 15,17
Nant; ClairMlakemmescecsce cence se cee eens 16,17
jsaintigosephs Mich esses stare np oes meee te
Nalnt VOUS; MO steed res shee pee eee ees VW
Salmo ividéa- 2.8... o-.vesacsemocc cescee oes pass b7
Salvelinus fontinalis)5-2 2. 8-2-2 eeseee coe 1
San Leandro (Cal.) hatchery.......--...... 12
Santa Cruz County, California ............. 12
Sapna: ‘Ontarione-ssosesean ee ck pose eee 16
scarecrow, -lsland! seceseeeeacnss seer eae eee ili
Schoodic salmoni2e----14--seoeisaceesee 1, 16, 17, 20
Seawing) fishing tug 22 kee eee eee 7
Shafter’s Lake, California .................. 12
Shaw, Bun oceans casekatelesitemcnmeeere 11, 12,19
Sheboygan; Wisk cce se seaceeecine Se ete 13
Shepherd's ake yNe ie - ese sesee eee 12
Shipments of whitefish eggs ........-.-.--. 10, 12
Shipping’ cases: 42.0824 eo socom eee 5
Simmons, “Mir aesat. ses cesses eee ee eee 13
Slack; Mrs: Ji H.2..22 joseecds se senemeame tees 11,12
Snide'and Hox, Messrs .2-=.-c2.eciseeeecieae 4
Southern) Pacific Railroad <2. .----45-seese 12
Spawning erounds). (22h ss 5)-.92 secs 3, 4
Spawnineseasonie-.--.sne= ees 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15
Spawn-taking operations......-.--..-.----- 4,5,7
Spirit Wake, Towa). 222 -t24.cseepaceseeceeies 12
Sprin Py Pond essence sen eeeceescieeeeeeee ees 2,3
State fish commissions...... 2. -2.c.-.csecess 4,12
Ntraiteiake: Mich: 252 2230 sheen cence 17
Summary of work accomplished...--....--.- 20
Survey, of hatchery \.2--6-ccps-eqssereccesee 1
mussex County, aNe disse seesee sem aesnee 19
Tahoe Lake, Placer County, Cal ....-...... 12
Temperature/ol, Ponds). e6 osemnc- econ aici 14
Temperature observations ...-..-----.-- 7, 8, 20-24
Moledo; Ohio sss... tees svess ste. ceeee eee 18
Tom! Miermll iWiesselieeae} sian eleiia= selaieeie 9
Transportation! Cals... s<-ee-eanenseee 13, 15
Transportation'Case-2-=--a-.<--2 see ee eee 10, 11
Trap-nets soe eeeb oes eens semeeaes eee 3,4,7
Trontiponds sees cel- amelie eeiaeaec ieee 1, 18, 20
Wni0m. Lake jos. soccs = geetes eo sea eceaenene 18
Washington, Cee sas ecl ciocsaelanee ec Ld:
Washtenaw County, Mich .....--.-....---- 15
Wayne County, Mich.......-.----.---.----- 17
Weather observations.....-.------.----- 7, 8, 20-29
Whitefish: -2-s2e 2.5322. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 19, 20
Wightman, T. B..22 2 cc csie cece seen en = = 18
Walliams, S$. Bio. 2 jos ons cece ao ccee ecnieinieiinte 18, 19
Wires, tSHEy csiasossjaneees Piso so seer ie cee 7,9, 19
WiASCONSING Ss fos soaccls casein enaesiniclaa serie ote 13
12
Woodbury, Mr ...-..-..222- none cee eeeeecee
XXI.—THE REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE UNITED STATES
SALMON-BREEDING STATION ON THE McCLOUD RIVER, CALI-
FORNIA, DURING THE SEASON OF 1881.
By LivinGston STONE.
Hon. SPENCER F. BAIRD:
Sir: I beg leave to report as follows: When my last report closed in
October, 1880, 2,000,000 salmon eggs had been left in the McCloud River
hatching-house to be hatched by the State of California for the Sacra.
mento River and its tributaries. These were successfully hatched and
placed in the McCloud River before Christmas, when all work at this
station was discontinued for the season.
Up to this time the rainfall had not been unusually large. Indeed,
there had been more than the customary number of fair days until the
18th of December, when it began to rain and continued to rain eleven
days in succession, the river rising on the 25th 8 feet and 2 inches above
its summer level. This was nothing extraordinary, however, and no
fears or even misgivings were entertained of any disaster from flood to
the fishery buildings, they being built from 18 to 19 feet above the river.
There was a dense fog over the McCloud River the last two days of De-
cember, but no rain, and when the new year opened the river had fallen
back to within a foot and a half of its usual level.
The month of January, however, was attended by a rainfall wholly
unprecedented in Northern California since its settlement by white men.*
Forty-seven inches of water fell at Shasta during this month, and in
the mountains where the fishery is situated the fall must have been
much greater. Onthe 27th of January the McCloud had risen 12 feet,
but the water had been higher than that in previous years, and still no
one supposed that the buildings were in danger. Again the river fell,
but this time the fall was succeeded by the greatest rise of water ever
known in this river before, either by white men or Indians now living.
During the first days of February the rain poured down in torrents.
It is said by those who saw it that it did not fall as rain usually falls,
but it fell asif thousands of tons of water were dropped in a body from
* Rainfall at Shasta, J anuary, 1881 ead Se Sayer Role eee de tise ek sniecels 47 inches.
Huniatlat Shasta; February, FS8liso25022d.5. 5. ses wee een cose sees TVS nckes,
PRO tolerant ll SON SCASOD: - =F ae este cte kerio << mes. ccecrote eae 109.7 inches.
I hereby certify the above to be correct.
JAMES E. ISAACS,
Weather Observer, Shasta, Cal.
Smasta, Cau., August 1, 1881. i0es
Ox
[1]
1064 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
the sky at once. Mr. J. B. Campbell relates that near his house, in a
cation which is dry in summer, the water in not many minutes became
30 feet deep, and the violence of the current was so great that trees a
hundred feet long were swept down, trunk, branches and all, into the
river. On the 2d of February the McCloud River began to rise at the
rate of a foot an hour. By 9 o’clock in the evening it was 16 feet
and 8 inches above its ordinary level. This was within 4 inches of the
danger-mark, and two young men who were at the fishery, Richard D.
Hubbard and Oscar Fritze, made an attempt, at the risk of their lives,
to save some of the most valuable movable property in the buildings.
With great courage and determination they waded through the fierce
current, in the blinding rain and pitchy darkness, and rescued many val-
uable things, but the water around the house was then up to their
shoulders and the unequal struggle could not be long maintained.
These young men are, however, entitled to great credit for succeeding
in rescuing what they did from the flood on that frightful night.
The water was soon a foot above the danger-mark, and the buildings
began to rock and totter as if nearly ready to fall. There was now no
hope of saving them or anything in them. At half-past two in the
morning of the 3d of February, they toppled over with a great crash
and were siezed by the resistless current and hurried down the river.
When the day dawned nothing was to be seen of the main structures
which composed the United States salmon-breeding station on the Me-
Cloud River. The mess-house, where the workmen had eaten and slept
for nine successive seasons, and which contained the original cabin, 12
feet by 14 feet, where the pioneers of the United States Fish Commis-
sion on this coast lived during the first season of 1872; the hatching-
house, which, with the tents that preceded it, had turned out 70,000,000
salmon eggs, the distribution of which had reached from New Zealand
to St. Petersburg; the large dwelling-house, to which improvements and
conveniences had been added each year for five years—these were all
gone, every vestige of them, and nothing was to be seen in the direction
where they stood except the wreck of the faithful wheel which through
summer’s sun and winter’s rain had poured 100,000,000 gallons of water
over the salmon eggs in the hatchery, and which now lay dismantled
and ruined upon the flat-boats which had supported it, and which were
kept from escaping by two wire cables made fast to the river bank.
The river continued to rise the next forenoon until it reached a maxi-
mum height of 26 feet and 8 inches above its summer level. This, of
course, is not a very extraordinary rise for a slow-moving river, but
when it is remembered that the McCloud is at low water a succession
of cascades and rapids, having an average fall of 40 feet to the mile,
it will be seen at once what a vast volume of water must have been
poured into this rapid river in a very short time, and with what velocity
it must have come to have raised the river 26 feet when its natural fall
was sweeping it out of the cation so swiftly.
[3] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1065
Those who saw this mighty volume of water at it highest point, rush-
ing through its mountain cafon with such speed, say that it was ap-
palling, while the roar of the torrent was so deafening that persons
standing side by side on the bank could not hear each other when
talking in an ordinary tone of voice.
It must be over two centuries since the McCloud River rose, if ever,
as high as it did last winter. There is very good evidence of this on
the very spot where the fishery was located, for just behind the mess-
house, and exactly under where the fishery flag floats with a good south
breeze, is an Indian grave-yard, where the venerable chiefs of the
McCloud have been taken for burial for at least two hundred years,
and there is no knowing how much longer. One-third of this grave
yard was swept away by the high water last winter, and the ground
below was strewn with dead men’s bones.
Now, the fact that the Indians have been in the habit of burying their
dead in this spot for two centuries proves that the river has never risen
to the height of last winter’s rise within that time, for nothing could
induce Indians to bury their fathers where they thought there was the
least danger of the sacred bones being disturbed by floods.
When the waters subsided, it became apparent what a clean sweep
the river had made. Here and there the stumps of a few posts, broken
off and worn down nearly to the ground by the driftwood rubbing over
them, formed the only vestiges whatever to indicate that anything had
ever existed there but the clean rocky bar that the falling water had
left.
The inventory showed that over $4,000 worth of hatching apparatus,
house furniture, tools, and other articles were lost or destroyed by the
flood, besides the buildings themselves. The whole loss could not have
been less than $15,000.*
At the time of the disaster all communication with the outside world
was shut off by the high water in the rivers. On the 6th of February,
Mr. Myron Green succeeded with great difficulty in taking a telegram
from the trout ponds to Redding, a distance of 25 miles. Mr. Green was
three days in accomplishing the journey, and in several instances swam
the intervening creeks, carrying his clothes on his head. As soon as
the news reached Professor Baird he telegraphed to Hon. B. B. Red-
ding, of San Francisco, to telegraph Senator Booth, at Washington, to
obtain an appropriation for rebuilding the fishery. It was now almost
at the close of the Congressional session, but Senator Booth succeeded
in securing an appropriation of $10,000, to be expended under the direc-
tion of Professor Baird in restoring the buildings and property destroyed
by the flood. As soon as this appropriation was made Professor Baird
gave me instructions to proceed at an early date to the McCloud River
and enter at once upon the work of restoring the fishery.
*An account of the effects of the high water at the United States trout ponds, 4
miles farther up the McCloud River, will be found in the report of operations at that
point.
1066 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
In pursuance of these instructions I arrived at the fishery on the 19th
of May, having previously arranged to have 50,000 feet of lumber deliv-
ered on the premises before my arrival. I immediately engaged work-
men and ordered material, and on Monday morning, May 23, the work
of rebuilding was under full headway, with a force of upwards of twenty
white men and about a dozen Indians. There being no building of any
magnitude left, we lived in tents until the mess-house was finished, one
large tent, 60 feet by 30 feet, divided by a partition into two compart-
ments, Serving for a sleeping-room and dining-room for the workmen.
We encountered one serious difficulty at the very outset in putting
up the new buildings. When we first built here it was supposed that
the flat or nearly flat land lying 12 or 15 feet above the level of the river
was safe from high water, and we accordingly erected our buildings
there, protecting them from a possible rise of 3 or 4 feet more by a very
ponderous breakwater. As the water last winter rose to the almost in-
credible height of 26 feet above the river’s natural level, we were only
jeft the alternative of putting the buildings on the hill-tops or on the
hill-sides. The first being out of the question, of course we were driven
by necessity to build on the hill-sides. This involved a great deal of
grading, which in turn necessitated very laborious digging and exca-
vating, sometimes even into the solid rock. It was a long, slow, and
expensive work. It was a provoking paradox that here where land was
as free as air and almost as boundless, it should cost, as it did in some
instances, $1,000 an acre. It seemed at first as if we should never get
through digging, but after the foundations were all laid the work went
on rapidly, and progressed without any drawbacks, except a lack of
means, until everything was done. The lack of means resulted from an
attempt to accomplish with $10,000 what could not be done for less than
$15,000, but it was work which could not be done by halves, and I con-
cluded to go on and finish the work and trust to subsequent action of
Congress for indemnification.
On the 1st of September we had on the fishery grounds a mess-house,
hatching-house, and stable. We had also built a bridge 150 feet long
across the river, and had added to it as usual a firmly built fence or
rack that allowed the water to pass down but prevented the salmon
from going up the river.
The mess-house is a well-built and nicely painted two-story house, 40
feet by 25 feet, containing a kitchen, pantry, store-room, dining-room,
and men’s room on the lower floor, with three large sleeping apartments
on the second floor. It is well supplied with running water from a
spring on the hill behind the house, so that there is always a full tank
of fresh cold water in the kitchen, another tank on the second floor to
be used in case of fire, and another on the porch where the men wash.
This abundant supply of cold water in this very hot climate is a great
convenience, not to say luxury. The mess-house rests on bed-rock, well
up above high-water mark, and is perfectly safe from any future floods.
[5] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1067
The stable is a well-built, substantial two-story building, 40 feet by 20
feet, with accommodations for four horses. It has two commodious
_ store-rooms and a loft. On the north side, where it is protected from
the sun in summer and the storms in winter, a shed is built joining the
barn.
The hatching house is a large, handsome, painted building 80 feet long
and 30 feet wide. It stands well above the danger mark of high water,
and is provided with forty hatching troughs, each 16 feet long, furnished
with seven hatching baskets, each 2 feet long, making two hundred
hatching baskegs in all. These baskets will carry 35,000 salmon eggs
each, giving a total hatching capacity to the whole house in round num-
bers of 10,000,000 salmon eggs.
The hatching-house is provided with nine windows on each side, one
window in each gable end, and five sky-lights on the roof, all of which
combined furnish a good supply of light even on the dark, rainy days in
the fall when the salmon are being hatched for the restocking of the
tributaries of the Sacramento. On the east end of the house is a large
shed built for the purpose of furnishing room and shelter while packing
the eggs intended for distribution. The water supply for hatching the
eggs is lifted to the house by a current-wheel in the river. This wheel
is a fine piece of workmanship, and a credit to the builders. It is 32
feet in diameter, is furnished with thirty-two arms and thirty-two pad-
dies, and revolves on a shaft 18 inches in diameter. It rests on two
very substantially built boats, each 36 feet long and 8 feet wide. On
these there rests, sustained on suitable supports, the current-wheel.
The boats and wheel are placed at a point in the river where the current
has the greatest velocity, which gives the wheel a lifting capacity of
24,000 gallons an hour.
In addition to the structures already mentioned, there was the post-
office building, which was washed off its original foundation and some-
what injured by the high water, but which had been replaced, raised
higher, and somewhat enlarged. This is now used as a dwelling-house.
A small store-house which survived the flood, and the spawning-house
for taking the eggs, complete the list of buildings at the McCloud River
salmon fishery as it is now restored.
As may be supposed, some of the metheds of work employed here are
of a primitive character. To illustrate this, allow me to trace the boat
gunwales through their various stages of progress till they were framed
into the boats.
The boats’ gunwales were to be 36 feet long and 29 inches wide. It
was therefore necessary to find a tree which would furnish a stick of
good timber 37 feet long and 30 inches wide; and we hoped at first to
find a tree from which could be cut a rectangular joist 30 inches by 24
inches, and 37 feet in length. The work of getting out the gunwales
began, therefore, with finding the tree. With this object in view, Mr.
Campbeli spent three or four days in the hills hunting for a suitable
1068 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
tree, but could not find one within four miles of the fishery. He did
find, however, a tree which would furnish a stick of timber of the re-
quired length and width and 12 inches indepth. This being the largest
tree that could be discovered within a reasonable distance, it was cut
down. Then four men spent three days scoring and hewing the log to
get it reduced to the proper dimensions and shape to be sawed into two
gunwales. When this was done a saw-pit was made and the timber was
hoisted on the pit. Then two men spent nearly two days sawing it in
two, lengthwise, with a whip-saw, one sawyer standing under the log
and one above it. We now had in the rough two solid plank gunwales
of the required length, width, and depth. As they lay on the saw-pit
they weighed nearly a ton apiece, and were too heavy for even ten men
to move any distance, so we forded the river with a pair of horses and
drew the planks down the hill-side to the river. From here they were
floated down the stream and across the river to the landing nearest the
point where the boats were to be built. From here they were drawn
by horses again to the “ship-yard,” as we called it. Then after consid-
erable hewing and finishing they were framed into the boats, making
two very solid and satisfactory gunwales. After these were got in, the
same process was repeated with another tree with the same results,
trom which we obtained two more gunwales for the other boat. I men-
tion these details to show that we have something more to do here when
we want a thing of this sort than to go to the lumber yard and order it.
In the four gunwale planks just described there were 1,600 feet of
lumber. But this was not all the work of this kind that we had to do,
for before the season was over we got out from the woods over 20,000
feet of square timber.
The hatching house and the wheel, and the flume for carrying the
water from the wheel to the house, were no sooner completed than the
salmon began to spawn. This was in the last week of August. The
first ripe salmon, indeed, was caught August 25.
This reminds me that I must mention the work that had to be done
on the seining ground, a large nearly circular basin in the river, where
we draw the seine for capturing parent salmon. When we left off fish-
ing last fall the ground over which we drew the seine was smooth and
safe for seining. When we examined it this spring, after the floods, it
was found to have been plowed through and through by the violence of
the current. Such deep cuts had been made through the former bed of
the river that both bowlders and sharp points of bed rock, before
entirely covered, now projected 8 or 10 feet above the general level of
the river bed, and made it wholly impossible, of course, to draw the
seine over them. Our attempts to draw the seine before repairing the
ground resulted in getting snagged the first few times and finally tear-
ing the net entirely in two.
The restoring of the seining ground being absolutely necessary, we
went to work at it as soon as the mess building was completed and the
[7] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1069
workmen had a house to eat and sleep in. We began with carefully
examining the ground by going over it with a boat, and by feeling of
the bottom of the river with long poles. After finding out in this way
where both the depressions and projections were, we went to work with
giant powder and blasted for two or three days till we had broken up
and leveled down to a great extent the projecting ledges and bowlders.
We then took one of our large flat boats or scows and ran it out over
the places to be filled up, and, bridging over the space between the boat
and the shore, we set a force of a dozen Indians or so at work on a soft
bank on the shore. The Indians with picks and shovels cut down the
bank, and then with wheelbarrows carried the earth and gravel out to
the scow and dumped them into the holes where the earth was needed
in the seining ground. This work was carried on until all the depres-
sions on the seining ground were filled up, and the tops of the broken
rocks wholly covered over. After this was done a few hauls of the net
smoothed the whole place over, and the seining ground was as good or
better than before.
Before proceeding further with the taking of the salmon eggs, 1 ought
to say that a strange and fatal disease made its appearance among the
salmon of the river about the 25th of June. We first discovered it from
observing dead salmon collecting in the eddies, and others floating down
the river. Dead salmon during and after the spawning season are
common enough in the river, but to see them in June was a very unu-
sual sight. In fact it was a sight never seen before in our ten years’
experience on the McCloud. The chief peculiarity of the disease was
that many, if not most, of the dying fish presented a perfectly healthy
exterior. They were clean, plump, silvery fish, free from fungus and
parasites, and without a mark or sign on the surface to show that any-
thing was wrong about them. I examined several to discover the cause
of the mortality. In most of the fish that I dissected the mouth and
gills seemed healthy and intact, while the viscera were very much con-
gested with dark blood, and the spleen was very much enlarged. Later
in the season, those that I examined all had unhealthy gills. The gills
in these cases were very much abraded on the outer edges, and were
almost stuck together by a slimy or gummy substance, as if the gills
had been injured and had freely maturated. This was found to be the
case with many living fish which were caught in the seine. Neither of
the symptoms just described were ever observed here in the salmon
before this year. I preserved in alcohol several specimens of the viscera
of salmon dying from this disease, and sent them to the National Museum
at Washington, where an examination of them will probably throw
some light upon the causes of this mysterious epidemic.
Proceeding now with the taking of salmon eggs, I will go on to say
that the number of ripe salmon caught at each haul in the seine soon
commenced to increase, and on the 18th of August I thought it safe to
begin to collect salmon eggs for the hatching house. On that day we
1070 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
took 140,000 eggs, the parent salmon appearing to be very thick in the
river. The next day we took 225,000, and by September 2 we had ex-
ceeded half a million a day. The next day we took more yet, and from
this time till we stopped fishing we could have taken a million a day
if necessary. Ripe salmon never were so abundant before in the fish-
ing season. We caught frequently at one haul of the seine more than
we used to catch, a few years ago, in twenty-four hours. The salmon
were very large, too, the average weight of the spawned fish being sev-
eral pounds more than last year, and the average number of eggs to the
fish being 4,205 against about 5,000 in 1880 and a still smaller number
in 1879. In consequence of the abundance of spawning fish, combined
with their large size and average of eggs, the fishing season was made
comparatively easy this year.
When salmon are scarce we have been in the habit of drawing the
seine continuously night and day through the twenty-four hours. When
they are plentiful the regular time for drawing the seine is from 4 a.m.
to 10 a. m., and from 5 p.m. to10 p.m. This year, on account of the
extraordinary abundance of the fish, we frequently had to make but two
or three hauls a day, and even at this rate we took all the eggs needed
(7,500,000) before the spawning season was half over—a piece of good
luck that never came within our experience before.
I may add here that this vast increase in the number of salmon in the
river is the direct result of the artificial hatching of young salmon at
this place. For several years past the United States Fish Commission
has presented to the State of California 2,000,000 salmon eggs or more
each year. These eggs the State fish commission has hatched each year
at its own expense and has placed the young salmon in tributaries of the
Sacramento. This artificial stocking of the river has resulted in a won-
derful and wholly unprecedented increase of salmon in this river. So
great has been the increas ethat the annual catch of salmon in the Sacra-
mento River is worth nearly half a million dollars more than it was seven.
years ago, before the hatching operations were resorted to. This one
result of the work done by the United States Fish Commission on the
McCloud River would be ample compensation for all the outlay which
has been made there, supposing that it were attended with no other
results.
There was not much else done during the fishing season except to
catch parent salmon and to collect eggs, as it takes nearly all hands to
draw the seine and to take care of the eggs when taken. However, ©
some work was done in adding conveniences to the hatching house and
in preparing for shipping the eggs.
The last eggs for the regular season’s supply were taken on the 8th
of September, making a total of 7,500,000. The salmon in the river on
the day we left off fishing seemed thicker than ever. If they had been
needed I think we could have taken 20,000,000 eggs this season.
The time between the end of the season’s spawning and the begin--
[9] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1071
ning of the packing for shipment was devoted to the taking care of the
eggs, to making crates and boxes to ship the eggs in, to picking over
the moss to pack with, and to cleaning up generally for the season.
Everything went on smoothly till packing time, and without accident,.
with one exception. This exception, however, was one of the gravest
character, and consisted of an accident to the wheel, which filled us all
with consternation and alarm. It happened the 18th of September, on
a remarkably quiet and pleasant Sunday morning. The white men em-
ployed at the fishery were scattered over the grounds, and there were
three or four Indians about. No one had the slightest expectation of
any disaster. Everything connected with the hatching of the eggs
seemed to be going on with the utmost success and safety, when sud-
denly, in the direction of the current-wheel, which lifts the water for
the hatching house, an ominous sound of a blow was heard, followed by
a crash, like the breaking of a board—then another and another—and
those who happened to be in sight of the wheel saw that it had begun
to break up and was rapidly going to pieces. A moment before, hardly
half a dozen men could be seen. A moment after, more than twenty
men, white and red, were gathered on the bar opposite to where the
wheel was stationed. It seemed at first as if the wheel would be torn
to pieces in a moment. It was revolving at the rate of five revolutions
& Ininute in a very rapid and powerful current. But the injury itself
was the cause of its own cessation.
Though no one knows positively the cause of the accident, it is sup-
posed that it was occasioned by driftwood coming down the river and
catching somewhere about the wheel so as to obstruct it. The mo-
mentum of the current here being so great that it forced the wheel
around, notwithstanding the obstruction, there could be but one result
—the breaking up of the wheel. But, of course, after five or six
paddles were broken off on one side of the wheel, there was a large
space on the circumference of the wheel, where it did not reach the
water at all; when this part of the wheel came around again to the
surface of the water, there being no paddles to reach the current, the
wheel stopped of its own accord.
As soon as the accident was discovered not a moment was lost in es-
tablishing a line of buckets from the river to the hatching house to
supply water to theeggs. Every white man and Indian that could be
pressed into the service was employed. and in less than ten minutes we
had three lines, of eight or ten men each, bringing water from the
river in buckets, tubs, watering-pots, and anything that could be found,
that would hold water. This being accomplished, and the eggs released
from immediate danger, I gave attention to the wheel. It appeared
that seven paddles were broken off, with a portion of each arm attached.
The question now was whether the men could hold out bringing water
till the wheel could be repaired. I do not know what we could have
done in this emergency without the Indians; but I do not think we
1072 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
could have saved the eggs except by their aid. They worked splendidly,
most of them from eleven o’clock in the morning, when the wheel
broke down, until four o’clock the next morning, when it was started
again—seventeen hours of continuous work, with two very short in-
terruptions, when I allowed them, three at a time, to run to the bouse
to get something to eat. During all this seventeen hours some of them
were carrying buckets of water that weighed sixty or seventy pounds
each. They did not work as if they were working merely for pay; but
they worked with genuine enthusiasm. They kept in good spirits, too,
till an hour or two after midnight. But about two or three o’clock in
the morning it was evident that it was all they could do to keep at it.
I do not think they could have held out much longer. I have seen
white men look as tired as they did, but I never saw such a tired look
on Indians’ faces before as there was on the faces of those red heroes
who saved our salmon eggs. When it is remembered that we consider
10,000 gallons of water an hour necessary to keep all the eggs in good
condition, an idea may be formed of the labor that was involved in
bringing the water to the eggs. 1 must not forget to say here that the
white men worked as heroically as the Indians, though their work was
not as exhausting, and I must especially mention Mr. J. B. Campbell,
who took charge of repairing the wheel, and who worked with all his
might from the time it broke till it was fully repaired. At four o’clock
in the morning the wheel was again making its accustomed revolutions
and raising the regular current of water to the hatching house. When
this had been accomplished the rest of us, leaving one man to watch
the wheel till breakfast time, retired to sleep the remainder of the night.
Before leaving the subject of the accident to the wheel, I will mention
a contrivance which we adopted for furnishing water to the eggs, which,
though very simple, saved an enormous amount of labor and is strongly
recommended for any hatching house that may be unfortunate enough
to have its water supply cut off for any length of time.
The device was as follows: A long, large, receiving tank was placed
under the outiet of the hatching troughs so as to catch and hold the
water that flowed from them. In addition to this, a line of raised spouts
was erected from the outlet end of the hatching house to the filtering
tank at the other end, sufficiently elevated to deliver into the filtering
tank the water that was poured in at the other end. Several men then
went to work at the outlet end of the house to dip the water up in buckets
from the receiving tank and to pour it into the head of the elevated line
of spouts. The water so dipped up flowed down the line of spouts into
the filtering tank, and thence over the eggs again into the receiving
tank.
In this way a constant circulation was kept up through the hatch-
ing troughs by the small stationary force of men dipping and pouring
at the elevated spout. This, with the water that was also being brought
from the river, formed an adequate supply, and the eggs were kept in
[11] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1073
perfect condition all night, and, strangely enough, there was no per-
ceptible loss of eggs during the whole time of the stoppage of the
wheel, although there were 7,500,000 salmon eggs in the hatching
house.
Everything went on smoothly and prosperously after the wheel was
restored, the eggs matured with less loss than usual, and on the 24th of
September they were ready to be packed for shipment. On that day
we packed and crated 1,450,000 eggs. On the next day we packed and
erated 1,700,000, and on the third day we packed and crated 450,000,
making in all 36 crates, containing a total of 3,600,000 eggs. These
were all taken to Redding in wagons and then loaded into a car as
usual, nearly all the spare space in the car being filled with ice.
This car left with the passenger train for the East on Wednesday
morning, September 28, and arrived at Chicago on Monday, October 3.
From Chicago the eggs were distributed by the United States Express
Company as follows:
Record of the distribution of salmon eggs from the United States salmon-breeding station on
the McCloud River, California, during the season of 1881.
Applicants. | Destination. eee
PR eD eHOrPUSON se aeeee sone calian sonieis sei Drudge Baltimore, Midis 422.2 sj.cce- oncom e tet | 500, 000
RUA SV CNLO Vie mistetetain cia.stearaistainiasiasisiaisicis ose fotsenbalie 2thri ba bbe eeeeasr marEEAnr rcp socbe Dance 200, 000
Pee U AN IT SSUOM cele iale ose deoses sects sinsise Omaha: pNebr bso: 25500 cccecnses aeons ose ceceeee 500, 000
PAP IPE OMVOL Se aia lela ale aiaraisiie]eisiaisis'=\ctajm (nfo <= IB VMOU DU Neg acts ate c\eisiteie cisterns alee ere wine ste seers 50, 000
HG Parkers... Nha cata v Se Rt or oer Carson! City, INev..2--4--5-- 2 50, 000
SBUNNWICOEStccscccacrt «sianlee'e Ps Wi OX0) oad ef: Pe a ae 100, 000
MONSMEITIG KOR te eee ce ge ee ee eee hese Walhalla, S.C... 3060, 000
MNO MW ALIUGr ose crcfae oot ee cielo nem ies cee ens: Romney, W. Va. Roe : 100, 000
OMVVLIMNO Dae Citeccas saciieis ccc ckc-secies New Castle, Ontario .-...- 500, 000
Rerey © sO) 2 sn. ace cc dc anisinie piece ncwese Plaintields Nidicoctcns kuiate sewaccas eieidacecccosceel 50, 000
CUTS ONNSOM fe cewieacisadalctiee - =o 6 i~ = Saint Petersburg; Pal osocc ec cmscissccssmase eee 50, 000
One Mat nh Onieeaees ecko seem cen alesse oak! N6Wark Ned. coose nti sshincc Sahat ee pees 500, 000
Besides the eggs mentioned in the above table 50,000 were sent on
the 21st of September to the New South Wales Zoological Society, Syd-
ney, New South Wales.
There were also sent, on the 28th of September, from Sacramento, by
express, to Hon. B. B. Redding, California fish commission, 200,000 eggs ;
and to the Lenni Fish Propagating Company, Sonoma, Cal., 500,000 eggs.
Allow me to say, in conclusion, that this closes the tenth season of the
labors of the United States Fish Commission in taking salmon eggs at
this station. During that period nearly 70,000,000 salmon eggs have
been taken and distributed, and, though sometimes great difficulties—
and some that appeared insurmountable at the time—have been encoun-
tered, fortune has favored us through the decade, so that every year
of the ten has been a successful one.
3elow will be found tables showing—
(a.) The daily record of eggs taken.
(b.) The number of fish taken in the seine.
(c.) The temperature of air and water during the season.
(1.) The various collections sent to the Smithsonian Institution.
S. Mis. 110 65
1074 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
Table showing the number of female salmon spawned each day and the number of salmon eggs
taken each day during the season of 1881.
Number | Number
Date. of fish | of eggs
spawned.) taken.
71 a IS AC re Ag RE Se Ae eC e DRO as aD) SoMa 45 SE OHO OOH a SemS Sor oma oeeae tc 55 225, 000
BOM case 2a athe waa a ARR Meee aed tan te EAE dl Ei sel 98 | 370, 000
nia a ies Jute Cat Si Les SSE ONC AT kanes AAU RRR ORL 7” SIRES Ve ges 81 | 331, 000
SOD be tbe le ciccleiicen sy Mene et eattae ei lcls se caeclene Reem sewed ccs bistaiches cleta cinteeratetstsi nee 104 439, 000
eet eles sraialonlee wlaietatalape ciaterntcla icicles ateinlanioieiote aetna rs einieleia clelets nicieiniaiceinete siatestenins 172 665, 000
Boreal ctals a sce a ora iainle Share ce lstelaiisit minis isrevater elle alate a cintcte sam clsis winictciminioleielaaleiwitiee ait eteteraye 179 770, 000
ie ae Ele (ol i A a RM ALES 1 Ra RNS mG BO Ay LE ALT 7 190 | 945, 000
ieee aeration ie teateerc ote era iais SM jaca Sa ere Fete ictoiete 2 tm cc tolena Meet n Rotate Be Rta Qaeeaaee: 221 914, 000
Giese yck ce boca catnncies swine Oc cle sind © Swisieme Minato Osan ne he booekbeabaeeoneeecee 200 836, 000
ire ciewje erelalals wicca lale aisiclae aie Sele ew btw als ole Seetole Sinaia ate Soe’ Crerete bicidie Me peta arom ae oieeie 213 875, 000
Rg Siete Mia Tae POR CA een Reha ee ah SAO MEE hint oy pT Be Besii 181 | 725, 000
Oat eRe pas Ae RED a is Son hie oa Ra uM LIT Tae od | 1,729 | 7, 270, 600
|
Average number of eggs to fish, 4,205. Average weight of females, 112 pounds.
Table giving list of specimens collected for the Smithsonian Institution.
(Catalogue of alcoholic specimens from McCloud River, California. Contributed by Livingston Stone.]
700. Dolly Varden trout. 1881.
701. Salmon. June, 1881.
702. Salmon. June, 1881.
703. Salmon. June, 1881.
704. Salmon. June, 1881.
705. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881.
706. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881.
707. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881.
708. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881..
709. Jar of trout from trout ponds. 1881.
710. Jar of trout from trout ponds. 1881.
711. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881.
712. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881.
713. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881.
714. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881.
715. Jar containing—
1 split-tail fish. June, 1881.
2 young humming-birds. June, 1881.
1 beetle. June, 1881.
1 young mole. June 12, 1881.
1 young rat. June 12, 1881.
2 spleens. June 16, 1881.
1insect. June 16, 1881.
5 lizard eggs. June 16, 1881.
716. Jar containing gills and viscera of a female salmon that died of
the disease prevailing in the McCloud River during the sum-
mer of 1881. The spawn was very far advanced but not loose,
August 4, 1881. Also viscera of three more. August 5, 1881.
[13] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1075
717. Viscera of diseased salmon. July, 1881.
718. Female salmon. August 31, 1881.
719. Female salmon. August 31, 1881.
720. Head of salmon. Gills and eyes partly destroyed by fungus and
healed again. July 8, 1881.
721. Jar containing—
1 rattlesnake. June, 1881.
1 king snake. June, 1881.
1 king snake. July, 1881.
1 small striped snake. July, 1881.
1 small snake. June, 1881.
1 lizard. June, 1881.
1 lizard. July, 1881.
Memorandum of nests and eggs of birds collected on the McCloud River
From May 29 to June 12, 1881.
. King oriole. Nest and young.
. Redheaded woodpecker. Found in stump of tree.
. Male and female linnet nest and 3 eggs. Found on rafters of barn.
. Female blue jay. Nest found in tall live oak.
. Flycatcher (male) and nest.
. Humming-bird. Nest and 1 egg.
. Cat-bird and nest.
. Goldfinch and nest.
. Unknown nest.
. Unknown nest.
11. Humming-bird’s nest.
12. Quail’s nest. Four eggs.
13. Dove and egg. Found in hollow of ground (no other nest).
14. Quail’s nest. Seven eggs.
15. Unknown nest. Three eggs.
16. Unknown nest.
17. Sundry unknown nests.
18. Oriole’s nest.
19. A yellow-breasted bird and nest.
20. A yellow-bird’s nest.
21. Unknown nest and egg.
22. Meadow-lark’s nest and 4 eggs.
23. Unknown nest and 2 eggs.
24. Humming-bird’s nest.
25. Flycatcher. Nest and 2 eggs.
26. Unknown bird and nest. Found on ground.
27. Unknown bird. Nest and 4 eggs.
Se MmAN OTP WHR
1076 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
2
List of geological specimens contributed by Livingston Stone.
1. Bones from Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29,
1881.
Teeth, McCloud River, California. July 29, 1881.
Portion of skull, supposed to be that of a bear, from new chamber
of Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29, 1881.
4. Portion of jaw-bone, from new chamber of Cave Bear Cave, McCloud
River, California. July 29, 1881.
5. Bones from Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29,
1881.
6 to 12, inclusive. Bones from Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, Califor-
nia. July 29, 1881.
2.
3.
Table showing the number of salmon taken daily in the seine, with temperature of air and
water, during the season of 1881.
{Record of salmen operations conducted at United States Salmon Hatchery, on the McCloud River,
California, from August 25, 1881, to September 9, 1881, on account of the United States Fish Commis-
sion, by Livingston Stone. }
| Temperature of— Fish taken. Ripe fish.
Date. | Hour. bee |
| Air. Sriaee Males. | Females. Males. Females.
| |
ee pares =e] |sae pened ie Le
MS Mieteeee acta seer etoellne nese cle Jeeeeer eens ; SRR ans 10
ind = 9 | | ou
m. 70 59 | 200 | 100 | § Seeertns 8
_m. 70 60 | 200 | 150i dope seen ae ae 27
m 65 59 | 250 OO Bers LO meereeye ste 19
m 64 54 | 10 IA) Soe) Saocsoace 30
m 72 54 | 150 | SORE eed Of eee ae 12
m 78 58 | 100 DOP |e O) seaantns oe 1
Ts sseseaae| eee ees 15 NOS |e ead Owe asecncee 2
m 72 60 175 Dees Os seoermece 11
m 63 | 56 200 | 200 dove ccna 17
m. | 58 | 56 | 250 250) (fee doen esease Tel
m 45 54 150 | 1504) 522200) Scineceeee 9
m 45 5514 125 125 20 7.52 55S te 3
m 63 | 56 | 100 | 25 ~L0O}sc2e ences 12
m 68 54 40 | 40 SLO OE- =: sees | toeeeeeees
m 86 56 | 25 | 25 ae Be er, 2
m 86 56 60 80 | esd Oberon aac 8
m 66 54 30 BOs eee ae sala 14
5 ou
m 66 54 300 300 | § Nora erin 16
m 55 54 150 150!) Syed OWS aee 10
m 45 56 300 300 | Goya ees re 32
m 45 56 50 50 Gore nsatseic 5
m. | 47 56 20 | DOC Re tdOme capone 6
a.m. 65 56 | 20 PM ee Ona acedsc 3
m. 84 56 75 | 25 Pita ae 10
. ou
-m. 82 55 | 250 250 ; one eho : 5
| 60 56 | 150 | 150 5 Msn i i
58 56 600 | UD eek) eee eae 51
BEBE 2 BEEBE BBE H
g
2
a
=
©
a.
[15] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1077
Table showing the number of salmon taken daily in the seine, §c.—Continued.
Date.
Sept.
ig 3
Hour.
.
BESEESES
BEEEPPSEER SEER EERE SEES EBES BEEBE:
Temperature of—
Fish taken.
Ripe fish.
Air.
Suntec: Males. | Females. Males. Females.
51 750 | 750 sae 86
54 250 | 250 nae 3
53 300 | BOOS corer 54
54 240 | 110 41
BY. 250 250 e 45
55 800 800 |....do 118
55 300 300 | One-half 33
56 250 150) | 522660 22,
56 150 150 I; 20
57 255 | 255 lkoe 27
58 400 400 Ne 137
56 300 S00r eed 95
56 | 150 1502 |. - 42
57 25 | 25 1. 6
60 800 400 156
54 | 200 200 64
54 200 150 16
55 200 2 21
58 | 150 | 150 20
55 200 | 200 39
55 300 300 25
54 200 100 13
54 125 | 125 15
55 110 110 8
55 | 200 200 46
56 150 150 6
57 125 | T25ul = 9
Gy 50 50F |e 6
58 | 275 rye ie 2
58 100 100 | 8
56 | 130 130 20
54 250 200 27
54 175 175 28
54 200 150 18
56 160 160 |.. 24
56 | 125 125 8
Lyf) 115 LSS 11
58 | 50 50 12
ay | 50 25 | 9
54 | 150 150 | 24
54 | 300 200 19
Table of temperatures taken at the United States salmon-breeding station, McCloud River,
California, during the season of 1881.
Month.
wn
Air.
= Water. I
Shade. Sun < Weather.
eee
7am. |3p.m.|7p.m 3p.m. 7am. 3p.m./7 p.m 5
safer
SW. ! Rain.
Sw. Do.
SW. | Do.
SW. | Cleac.
--------| Showers.
ees ke | Rain a. m.; clear p. m.
SA A | Clear.
Gmaviasee Do.
S. Do.
Ss. | Do.
S. Do.
8. Do.
Ss. | Do.
1078 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] '
Table of temperatures taken at the United States salmon-breeding station, §c.—Continued.
Rain through night.
Heavy rain; thunder.
Clear a. m.; rain p. m.
Heavy rain at night.
Air
Water. A
Mouth. Shade. Sun. =
q
T7a.m.|3p.m.|/7p.m.|3p.m.|/7a.m. |3p.m.|7 p.m &
oO oO ° ie} ie} is} °
May 2 55 Sh |sensenies 96 54 58a nesec eine s. Clear.
23 55 O48) sealants 109 54 tl | eSeeerc Ss. Do.
4 53 Oa eeeeemes 81 54 DO aera seas Ss.
5 56 GU | obariose 96 eo Lo ta | aioe Ss.
6 60 ifs (eeapapaa 104 52 Ge Basson Ss. Clear.
7 Bis) SSR SS esl See Se bebe saris 52 bys ase aso s. Rain.
8 59 re UA Ga PES Ne 53 Bo u|caec cee S. | Heavy.
9 61 65: eh sssese 82 54 Balas seine S. Clear.
10 Aa lene ees eens 91 50 52) Mercere NW. Do.
11 57 O40 Beebe 94 51 62) laa sites NW. Do.
12 56 Mids, Westenra 89 53 56 lige erste NW. Do.
1B} Seadoo tel Fi ae eee 106 53 SOnl ce secre NW. Do.
14 58 SEH Pas ae 104 53 BY (R) MIPERee sc NW. Do.
15 OY | Es creiote eliotn: Ares arora esterase DAA toree ve lyes ener NW. Do.
16 65 Cre le Bootes 101 53 OOH aeeetcee NW. Do.
I eesosces Suleman = OB ee eter bi asoenee NW. Do.
18 56 SOR aeeecee 106 53 RDG eeiaee eos NW. Do.
19 55 ees a5588 111 54 Sp seers eet NW. Do.
20 58 (tot Iaeeeee 100 55 His oeeeed 4 NW. Do.
21 60 TOm| messes 88 55 bY hl eaasocan NW. | Cloudy
22 60 (Oe eeoeooss 90 55 By id eee S. Clear.
23 51 Zi eMiteeiste} ieiaisiolera'e 52 DE erence NW. Do.
24 51 AU eee 91 52 BB ipaeers sierete SW. Do.
25 57 86h) tases - 101 52 Oh qoron oe NW. Do.
26 57 S00 eae. ee 82 54 BG Renee. NW. Do.
27 54 SL sees 52 53 D4 Wisccemecte NW. Do.
28 Th BSS ceed tesonose psetoace G4 eeamesd BGenmarne NW. Do.
PLY laeeocdon Gs Be eaceec LOT eee HOtlisecseects SW. Do.
30 60 ty Ree anass Soossoot 53 D4 Ney ccterenyal sieie ie ernals Do.
31 61 TO Nee sense 105 52 SV ailiyeteriesormjs'| stotagsiootors Do.
June 1 63 BAe a aielats eto 109 55 BB aleoeec ey SW. Do
2 62 SEH someon 102 56 it) ESesenee SW.
3 63 UXf Be cacaealleacooscr 56 Gliese seece SW.
4 59 to) A ee eae 103 53 Gy ile Sas beee SW.
5 60 Ted" Gacooea|lconcsace 53 Ei peoeores SW. | Clear.
6 61 (teh BSSeeoed looseaoce 53 DO i cemicetse SW. Do.
7 53 (oil eSooeacallpospcar 52 53 | Sopebade S. Do.
8 55 i teeta lpaebracdc 52 BA eee tere S. Do.
Wb anboaoc Nile | see stciee 97 54 GT Warten tie Safe Do.
10 61 1S eS ace Sacaneae locdeoosee (hi Bonerccae S. Do.
Mi iSaShecar TH fiieauader 2) Sesame ance BT |e cteiee ae S. Do.
UP oaactass S4n Pose OU eters S8eleseeeces NW. Do.
13 62 CU Ecemccee soseoece 54 ih!) |Basocorallasade soc Cloudy
14 63 et 6 | PSBaeas| peda aae 53 GO Bap Bored tose ane Clear.
15 63 84 64 108 54 59 BON levarsters efor
16 62 t=) SS SeSe 114 54 [ifs ep a seca at
UA rea erareta 8&6 66 OSG ere setts 59 56 N.
18 65 aD eaeeesae 94 55 OO Smeala yas S.
TO) pooéegss 70 66 OBE asic cise GM asco S.
20 60 75 65 94 55 58 | 57 S.
21 64 82 68 108 54 58 57 | NE.
22 64 89 79 110 55 58 50 | NE.
23 61 Cp ascdaeere 103 By epee chore oll PAS Sse all stem telarere
24 61 90 78 114 56 60 GO serlemoad
2e 64 94 eos ciahet 116 57 GOD eects eters tactaectatse Hazy.
26 68 96 80 124 57 61 ON Se eeseisc
27 68 97 82 123 57 $13 61) NW.
28 68 84 80 103 58 614 61) SW.
29 60 73 69 84 57 59 58 | SW. Clear.
30 53 74 70 89 55 60 57 | SW. Do.
July 1 54 79 74 106 55 57 57S Do.
2 52 72 64 92 55 57 56 | SW. Do.
Bhoogpodsao 90 71 DIOR eecteses| 57 57 NE. Do.
4 58 Ly aaa 122 55 BOB stasiee NE. Do.
5 55 94 84 117 55 60 59 | SW. Do.
6 54 87 74 111 56 60 58 | SW. Do.
7 62 84 77 105 SD 58 58 NE. Do.
8 62 78 | 77 97 55 |! 57 56 | SW. Do.
9 53 80 | 74 102 53 | 58 58 | SW. Do.
10 |.---.--- 91 81 115 56 | 60 59 | NE. Do.
11 72 93 81 116 | 56 | 60 | 60 NE. Do.
| |
Weather.
.
y
>
XXII.—REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE UNITED STATES TROUT
ee? M°CLOUD RIVER, CALIFORNIA, FOR THE SEASON OF
1881.
By LIVINGSTON STONE.
Hon. SPENCER F. BAIRD:
Sir: I beg leave to report as follows: At the date of my last report,
December 31, 1880, everything at the trout-hatching station on the Me-
Cloud River appeared to predict an unusually prosperous season. No
exertion had been spared to collect breeding fish for the ponds, and it
is estimated that at the beginning of the year the ponds contained 3,000
very large breeding trout, none of which weighed less than a pound,
while half of them weighed over five, and a few upwards of eight pounds.
The average weight of the whole number was not less than three pounds.
It was undoubtedly the finest collection of living trout in America, if
not in the world. They would easily have yielded nearly a million eggs.
But the bright promise of Christmas week was doomed to bring only
disappointment and disaster. As I said, everything was favorable at
that time. There had been no great rainfall up to the Ist of January,
the trout were healthy and doing well, the water was good, the spawn-
ing time was close at hand, and the trout ponds seemed to be on the
verge of a great success. But never were appearances more deceitful.
In January it began to rain as it had never rained before in this region
since white men came here. Four solid feet of water, lacking an inch,
fell at Shasta City during this month, and here in the mountains the
rainfall must have been much greater. The McCloud rose to an alarm-
ing height, but still no danger was apprehended at the trout ponds, be-
cause this station was built so far above the river, and no injury did
come from the rise in the river. The mischief that was done proceeded
from an entirely unexpected source, which well illustrates the fact that
in a new country like this when trouble begins no one can tell what will
come next.
The calamity that befell the trout, and it was a most serious one, was
caused directly by mud, and. only indirectly by water. The enormous
volume of water poured down from the sky almost literally liquified the
soil on the hill-sides, so that it actually flowed down into the valleys
below. In some instances on a steep hill-side a whole acre of soil to an
[1] 1079
1080 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
unknown depth, completely saturated with water, would in this way
flow down into the gulch beneath.*
The effect on the creeks into which this enormous mass of earth de-
scends is indescribable.
The first result is that the creek is completely dammed up by the ay-
alanche. Now, if this were a dam of dry earth the creek would rise till
it overflowed the crest of the dam, and then, cutting a channel over the
top, it would finally wear a gap down through the dam to its own natura}
level. But in this case, instead of being dry earth, the dam is almost
mud, and the water above it as it rises pushes this saturated mass before
it instead of waiting to rise up over it, and mingles with it, the whole
commingled mass then flowing down through the cation to the river
below.
What has just been described as happening to creeks generally when
land-slides occur from an excessive rainfall is what actually occurred in
the stream on which the United States trout ponds are built. The con-
sequences to the ponds were terrible. The trout-pond station was built
so far above the McCloud that the river could not reach it. It was also
so guarded from high water in the creek that the floods could not reach
it in that direction. But for this invasion of mud no provision had been
made. It had not even been dreamed of, nor did the possibility of its
occurring ever enter any one’s mind until it came.
As the mass of mud rolled down the creek towards the ponds nothing
could be done but to let it come into the ponds, because to shut off the
mud would also shut off the water-supply from the trout, which would
soon be fatal. On it came, increasing in volume till it began to fill
the upper trout pond. In a very short time this pond was filled nearly
to the top with mud, and then the men had to get into the pond and
shovel out the mud. By the time this pond was excavated it was time
could be discovered in no other way, namely, the intervals at which great rains have
fallen in past generations. It is as follows: The size of these land-avalanches corre-
sponds very considerably with the amount of rainfall at the time the slide occurred.
The greater the rainfall the larger the slides, so that when a very large slide is found
we know that when the slide occurred there was a very large rainfall. Now, as vege-
tation begins very soon to cover a land-slide after it has subsided, it follows that the
age of a slide occurring in past seasons can be approximated by ascertaining the age
of the vegetable growth above it. For instance, if we find that a very large slide has
occurred in some place we know that there must have been a very large rainfall the
year that the slide moved, and if we find a tree a hundred years old growing on the
slide we know that it must have been over a hundred years since the great rainfall
came which made the slide.
A good illustration of this is furnished by the experience of Mr. J. B. Campbell, who
found the remains of a very large land-slide on Town Creek, near Pittsburgh, about 10
miles from the fishery. The size of this slide indicated that when it occurred there
must have been as great a flood as there was last winter. Now, there was a tree grow-
ing on this slide which on being felled was found to be two hundred years old. We
know, therefore, that upwards of two hundred years ago there was a season when there
was a very heavy rainfall.
[3] OPERATIONS AT M’CLOUD RIVER TROUT PONDS. 1081
to dig out the lower pond. Noscreens or nettings availed anything, for
they became completely clogged up in a moment. This went on for
eight nights and days, and so great was the accumulation of earth in
the creek channel where the slide occurred that it was two weeks before
the mud subsided so as not to require constant attention.
The direct mischief which it caused, of filling up the ponds, was bad
enough, but the ulterior injury resulting from it was worse. This arose
from the mud getting into the gills of the trout and producing an
inflammation in them. Some were killed from it immediately, others
survived for some weeks and even months, but succumbed at last. The
total loss was very great, for when summer came there were not over a
thousand fish left of the magnificent collection which the ponds con-
tained in the fall. Those, however, which were left alive, on the Ist of
June were all healthy, and no more deaths occurred after that time from
inflamed gills. :
During all this trying time of the floods, there were only four white
men at the trout-pond station, and the labor and hardships entailed upon
them were very great. These four men were Mr. Myron Green, Mr.
Loren Green, Mr. Robert Radcliff, and Mr. George Hume. The energy
and courage with which, for two weeks, in the solitude of these mountains
and with the rain pouring down in more than torrents, they combatted
with an enemy wholly unknown to them before, and which could neither
be overcome nor successfully resisted, entitles them to a great deal of
credit. They certainly showed no hesitation in encountering hardships
and exposure which could not be expected of them for any mere pecuniary
compensation.
By the end of the month of February the rainfall had very much
decreased, and, though there were times when great vigilance and care
were necessary, no serious trouble occurred after the Ist of March.
It so happened that the trout began to spawn just before the time of
the highest water. The spawning season opened very auspiciously, and
Mr. Myron Green, who had charge of the trout ponds, sent to the rail-
road station at Redding on the 26th of January 75,000 trout eggs for
distribution at the East.*
At this time Pit River, 7 miles south of the trout ponds, was very high,
though not quite impassable, and Mr. Green succeeded, at considerable
risk, in getting the eggs across the Pit. By the time they reached the
Little Sacramento at Reid’s Ferry this river had become all but impas-
sable, and no one could be found who was willing to venture to cross
it. The eggs consequently lay there several days. In the meantime
the floods had spread over the whole country, and the California Pacific
Railroad for a hundred miles below Redding was more or less under
water. The consequence was that the trout eggs spoiled in the crates
long before they could be started on their eastern journey. I know
*These eggs were directed as follows: T. B. Ferguson, Baltimore, Md., 25,000; B. Fy
Shaw, Anamosa, Iowa, 25,000; N. K. Fairbanks, Geneva Lake, Wis., 25,000.
1082 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
that some dissatisfaction was felt by the eastern consignees of these
eggs, butif they could realize the difficulties which had to be encountered
at the other end of the route in shipping the eggs they would not want
to attach any blame to any one.
It was over three weeks before the waters had subsided sufficiently to
allow the forwarding of any more trout eggs, and it was not till the 18th
of February that Mr. Green succeeded in getting any through to Red-
ding, Cal., which is the terminus of the California Pacific Railroad and
the nearest railroad point to the McCloud River trout ponds. On the
18th of February 25,000 eggs were sent to Hon. B. B. Redding, secretary
of the California Fish Commission at San Francisco. On the 19th 15,000
more were sent to Mr. Redding, and on the 23d of February 10,000 were
forwarded to Mr. N. K. Fairbanks, of Chicago, IIl., and 10,000 to Mr. B.
F. Shaw, of Anamosa, Iowa. From that time until May 1 Mr. Green
continued at intervals to ship eggs to eastern points. There were still
occasional washouts in various places on the overland roads, so that
many of the eggs were sixteen or seventeen days making a journey of
five, in consequence of which some lots were lost en route. On the other
hand, where no delays occurred, the eggs went through in good order.
There will be found appended to this report a memorandum of the
distribution of trout eggs from this station.
There was one result of the land slides that made us a good deal of
work, and this was that in many places portions of trails that we had
built along the hill-sides slid away entirely, so that not a vestige of a
path was left. This often happened where the slide itself was only a
small one. There are fifteen miles of trails along the river that we
keep in repair, and we had spent a good deal of time and labor upon
them in order to facilitate the bringing in of the live trout that were
caught for the ponds; and it was a work of no small magnitude to
get these trails into good order again after the injuries caused by the
rains.
When the rebuilding of the salmon fishery began, about the Ist of
June, most of the trout-pond force came down to the salmon-hatching
station to assist in the work there, only one or two men remaining at
the trout ponds, and their time was chiefly occupied in taking care of
the breeding trout, in capturing wild ones, and in making general repairs
and improvements about the place. The condition of the trout con-
tinued to improve throughout the summer, and on the 1st of September
they were all in splendid condition. I may add here that their food in
winter is mostly beef, venison, and dried salmon. In summer it is chiefly
boiled salmon, with beef and venison, often enough to keep them in good
condition.
I mentioned in my report on the salmon-hatching station that during
a short period in July and in August, a large number of salmon in the
McCloud River died of a mysterious disease. A good deal of alarm was
felt when it was reported one morning that the disease had extended to
[5] - OPERATIONS AT MCCLOUD RIVER TROUT PONDS. 1083
the trout in the river, and that they also were dying like the salmon.
The alarm was a very short-lived one, however, for the mortality among
the trout only lasted a few days, and it was found upon investigation
that only a very few trout died, and it is quite possible that these were
made sick by feeding on the salmon that had died of the disease. No
trout in the ponds were affected by the sickness at all, which showed at
least that the cause of the mortality among the trout, whatever it was,
did not extend up into the creeks.
After the season closed at the salmon-breeding station in Ovtober,
the fishing for parent trout was vigorously prosecuted, and much hard
work was done in repairing the trails and catching and bringing to
the ponds live trout, which had to be carried in some instances several
miles.
The winter’s wood was also cut and brought in, and on the ditch which
takes the water from the creek to the trout ponds a deep pond was sunk
a Short distance above the trout ponds, to catch the mud that is brought
down by the water in the ditch.
No great rains fell during the fall up to the present writing (Decem-
ber 31). The river had not risen to any considerable extent except once,
when it was 4 or 5 feet above the summer level. The breeding trout at
present in the ponds are looking well, and unless there is an excessive
rainfall like that of last winter there seems to be no reason why we
should not take several hundred thousand eggs during the next spawn-
ing season, the beginning of which now appears to be close at hand.
Table showing the distribution of California trout (Salmo tridea) eggs from
the McCloud River station in 1881.
1881.
Pinon, 20... Lercuson,, Maryland. ....<%' o« descem ss one cee 25, 000
Gee cl SAW OWL 2 Sei vee dre ete 2 oe oe Bay scmiaelaiey ds wie chase 25, 000
204 No Rairbanks,WUimois ioe tes favs cee Botts hah 25, 000
Hevo 13,B. B. Redding, Cahtormia. «52.222 2.0.2 same 2/222 2b,000
fe os 5, CCCI se Ca MOLINA io iia ‘sche oh pa 2s) ares vee 15, 000
Zee Ne Wa ae Acs ULNOLS ea) chch alot hyate tarepe te e e 10, 000
ZED M Siem Oo O12 Ve pe LO) SoH sed eae a Sete SI dn a 10, 000
Mirage su. VV ebber, New ampSsnirG soc cteg 2 cts ols wow ave en 4, 000
(eb. herensons Maryland seo aloe creck he 1 ee 700
ole. Jo. Perguson,, Maryland: 2. jc'.). sj eicie die. jae pe eich 10, 000
Yorn. 41. bo. berguson: Marylamds = aso/c5 2 o1d2 sccee o oe'e th 700
16. J. G. Portman, Michigan ....... Be eae Pe se 6, 000
HO nee). Weeney, .MINNESOta 4 5. 2'. Gas cock ose debe 8, 000
2 EO SUTIN VWISCOMBIMie Sola) oo hale ci 2 har clas cee 5, 000
29. William Griffith, Kentucky ....... SU Ee aes: 5, 000
20.20... Creveling, PennsylVaMiai.. = o OF ‘AVMION
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| XXIV.—REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON.
IN 1881-’82.
By CHARLES G. ATKINS.
1.—PREPARATIONS.
Hatchery No. 3 was the principal scene of activity during August,
September, and October, 1881. The location of this hatchery is an ex-
ceedingly favorable one, and it is a matter of regret that the facilities
existing at this spot were not discovered at the initiation of the estab-
lishment. The ground was, in its original condition, heavily strewn
with bowlders, large and small, and beneath them were interstices
through which the water of the spring stole away in such a manner as
to give the impression that the supply was not only small but incon-
stant. It was only after the tangled maze of shrubs was torn away
and part of the surface earth removed that the permanent character of
the spring could be observed. Meanwhile three other sites had been
occupied, and the main part of the work of developing the spawn and
hatching the reserve had been for years carried on at great disad-
vantage with an inadequate supply of water (spring water at that), no
facilities for aeration, and a liability to occasional flooding by rains. I
make no doubt that all the serious losses which during the early years
occasionally befell the stocks of eggs in development and transporta-
tion might have been avoided had we then possessed the facilities of
hatchery No.3. Among the minor disadvantages which we might have
escaped may be mentioned the labor and risk of carrying the eggs by
hand from the fishing grounds over half a mile of rough road, often by
night; the difficulty of guarding well the property so far out of sight
and hearing; and the many weary days spent by Mr. Munson in the
transfer of the young fish from the house to the stream in the month
of June, amid tormenting clouds of mosquitoes and black flies. The
new hatchery is at the head of a small cove that indents the west
shore of Grand Lake within a few rods of its outlet, and not over 20 feet
from the water’s edge when the lake is full, as is always the case in June.
The fish cans are taken in a boat, and easily rowed tothe place of liber-
ation, with great economy of time and effort. The fishing and spawn-
ing ground is not over 300 feet distant and almost in sight. Within
stone’s-throw, an excellent site for the superintendent’s house has
been secured, and will be occupied another season, so that the premises
1091
\
will always be under surveillance. The surface of the ground presents
a steep incline, of which advantage has been taken to arrange the
_floors of the hatchery in a descending series, with a total difference in
elevation of about 11 feet. The water is introduced upon the highest —
of the six floors devoted to the development of the embryos, with ample
room for aeration and reaeration at each plunge. The latter circum-
stance atones for the small minimum volume (9 gallons per minute was
the lowest observed this season), and in part for the fact that it is
wholly spring water. The volume is least from August to early March,
after which the spring rains and the melting of the snows produce so
great an augmentation that there is a great surplus during all the
season of hatching the reserved spawn and growing the alevins. The
minimum volume can be augmented by the introduction of water from
other, not very distant, springs.
This house was founded in haste, in December, 1880, and was at first
only 30 feet long and 20 wide, but this season we have added wings
that increase the floor area to about 1,500 square feet. The floors
have all been cemented, and the foundation walls, of massive masonry
carried up to a height of from 1 to 8 feet above the ground. Cement
pipes were laid to introduce the water from the principal spring, and
an aqueduct, partly of bored logs and partly of assorted gravel, brings
in the water from another spring 600 feet distant. This will henceforth
be the headquarters of the establishment. Here the eggs will be packed
for shipment, and the reserve hatched. Here will be the storerooms
and workshops.
The fixtures for the development of the eggs are similar to those in
use at the other houses and also at the Penobscot establishment. Plain
wooden troughs are furnished with movable frames in which the egg-
trays are arranged in tiers ten deep, with provision for change of water
by a horizontal current. A single new feature has been introduced in
the method of aeration. Two troughs are placed side by side and the
water allowed to pour from one to the other nearly the whole length,
exposing a very broad and thin current to the action of the air, and in-
creasing the opportunity of aeration probably twenty-fold over that
afforded by a connecting open spout 6 inches wide. In a rough way
it may be estimated that by the repeated use of this arrangement in the
new house a gallon of water there is fully equal in efficiency to five gal-
lons in hatchery No. 1.
No change has been made in the location of the fishing ground or the
fixtures and appliances pertaining to the work of spawning, except
trifling alterations in the form and proportions of the inclosures.
2,.—FISHING AND SPAWNING.
The spring fishing of 1881 was much better than usual, both as regards:
the numbers and size of the fish taken. Through the summer there
was more rain than usual, and in August and September the lake and
4
1092 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
[3] PROPAGATION OF SCIIOODIC SALMON IN 1881-82. 1093
_the stream were higher than any year since 1875. A sudden rise of
water, owing to copious rains in August, 1880, had been followed by an
abundance of fish in the stream early in September. The high water of
1881 did not have the same effect on the fish, scarcely any salmon en-
tering the stream till after the middle of September. The inference
naturally suggested is that the condition of the stream favorable to a
late summer or early fall run of salmon is not so much a high stage of
water as a sudden rise; but the phenomena observed are hardly sufii-
cient for confident generalization. Moreover, during ten days in August
the gates at the dam were closed for certain repairs on a dam at Calais,
and meanwhile the flow of water was confined to that entering the canal.
From August 3 to September 10 there was a fall of 54 inches, and from
September 10 to October 29 a further fall of 154 inches ; November 5, a
rise of 2 inches, owing to rains on the two preceding days; and after
that date there was neither rise nor fall until December.
The usual nets were placed across the stream and canal about the
middle of September, but no preparations for the capture of the salmon
were made until October 29, when it was observed that the most for-
ward of them had begun to form their ridds above our nets. On the
night of October 31 the capture of fish began. The manipulation was
delayed until November 8, when some hundreds of salmon had been
collected, and a part of them exhibited great uneasiness, a few actually
beginning to spawn in the inclosures. The work proceeded as usual
until November 19, when all the salmon taken had been deprived of
their spawn, and the almost entire cessation of the catch told that the
season was at a close.
An accident during the work of spawning confused the different lots
of fish so that the number taken from day to day cannot be stated with
the usual accuracy, but the tally-book shows exactly the number of
females that were manipulated, and enables me to make an estimate of
the total number of males, which, I am very confident, is within 15 of
the true number. According to these estimates there were taken 652
female salmon, 370 males, and one of unknown sex—total, 1,023. There
were 621 females that yielded spawn, and the eggs obtained from them
are estimated at 947,000, being an average of 1,525 eggs from each
female.
3.—SHIPMENT OF SPAWN.
The development of the eggs intended for earliest shipment was car-
ried on in hatchery No. 3, the remainder being kept in the colder water
of No. 2. It is from the latter that the reserve is always selected, since
the retardation of their development will bring them out in the spring
much nearer the natural date than if developed in the warmer water.
The shipment of eggs began January 12 and closed March 1. The
losses up to the time of the division of the eggs, when they were either
shipped or set aside for the reserve, aggregated 87,091, of which 62,159
are known to have been unimpregnated eggs. From this we may fix
1094 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [4]
the proportion impregnated at 92.9 per cent. Total losses before divis-
ion 9-45 per cent,—about the ordinary rate.
The eggs were shipped in the customary method—packed in wet moss,
inclosed in dry moss—and sent down to Princeton, 12 miles distant, in
the afternoon; thence by stage 283 miles to Forest Station, the next
forenoon; this part of the journey occupying about 54 hours, during
which the cases of eggs were exposed, with little or no protection, to the
wintry blasts.
Excellent success attended the transportation, with a single excep-
tion. A case containing 32,000 eggs, addressed to Mr. Brackett, at
Winchester, Mass., packed in an experimental manner, which proved
to be less efficient than our ordinary mode, was partly frozen on the
way, and 8,000 eggs lost. The temperature of the air at the time this
package started on its 284-mile ride in the open air was 20 degrees be-
low zero. In 22 other packages (including all save three, which were
not reported on), the entire number of dead eggs on unpacking was re-_
ported at 1,806, being three-tenths of one per cent., or three in one
thousand.
An attempt was made to economize in bulk, and thereby in freight
charges, by the use of asbestos felt in place of moss, but it was found
that bulk for bulk it was in no wise superior, while at the same time
it was tar heavier and more costly. ‘The experiments tried in this con-
nection gave results indicating that, considering only the question of
bulk, the best material to save from freezing was wet moss; but if the
weight and consequent freight charges be taken into account then the
best material is dry moss, which is exceedingly light and as efficient as
an equal thickness of asbestos felt or building-paper.
The division of the spawn available for shipment, pro rata with the
contributions made by the several parties, was as follows :
Winited States received . 3. tis s-- . jc 2 ss bie oe ee tte 311,750
Maine received. «...\.(55\0./.\- Wie twiare by dietle = its, ccieites Re tegen 64,500
Magsachusettsireceived!. 1! .
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[14]
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1105
PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1881-’82.
[15]
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COORG PIG ARINNIS as os oce seein: Aqunog uvary[ug ‘proysai S
UORGHEEE eT AC Nilo > = efeiniais'a'< inte Ayunog yovmuiuoepy ‘Aunqsaony |-777> :
(NNN) MN RR ANGE PC OSES CORSOS CIC OR Or Ayunoy pzoyesyg ‘woz |--7-7 7
000 ‘F * AJUNOD YSnos0qs][iA ‘WMOJS9oUvALT
000 ‘cg ee ee op ee
ODD RG 0G Tue OCs |e ne pon = on1a.*\nlninleial*ia in alein'e)=\0/s/mialeloin ini nian OD eae ens | cea sunents ok aes
OOGe Tem |i Gl O OWN ||| ie eae om eee me a alainimince'= coo-> LVMH weuejong |°*--"-
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as ae at on DUO Armmqsaoiyg
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SORES *cosectesee- ONEry UBOg
spline sie a:cic\ciclee eyey Arwsyaog
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srereses BIOKOTUI
. 110———70
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r 2 -
XXV.—STATISTICS OF THE SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS CON-
DUCTED BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION IN 1881.
By CHAS. W. SMILEY.
From the reports of the various persons in charge of shad-hatching
stations during the spring of 1881, and from the reports of messengers
in charge of shipments, I have prepared a series of six tables to show the
operations at each station, and the seventh fora summary exhibit. From
these it will appear that 87,441,000 eggs were obtained and hatched
with an average loss of 20 per cent. A comparison with the number of
shad hatched in previous years is of interest, and the constant increase
gratifying.
Number of shad hatched:
USI Aa oss Sete, GAA APU ea Le 16, 842, 000
es Sp A Ae att Oy ls hae Leta lence 29, 473, 000
PR GIMM Me HL ayed eren. oic.c ioftli ders hatha ae 70, 035, 000
oqo MSS i mnelnsivGs< 5 va sex o.<\cini Genbinaarecia ess tucban 172, 423, 350
Of the fish hatched, a part were deposited in waters near the several
hatching stations, as follows:
Deposited in local waters:
“USED ee MN > Ag a Ue Stel ee Re mE 5, 587, 000
HSS aenre ie Peer Ae te oe) yn eee ee, 7, 864, 600
Psst sts nen Ah ah, FIO e dL wale, oe 46, 518, 500
Of the fish hatched, the number transported to other waters was as
follows:
Transported to other waters:
PSM e NAM oie Sa) se STs et ae ae ae 10, 002, 500
[SEDC toe DS EN en Rie ere RS A ee ee 20, 761, 400
PSU Me 98 (iatiyss Ms Pretec meat ree em OSE ... 23, 516, 500
The number of shad deposited within the waters of the different
States the present year was as follows:
SPISTONG CHICO Sine a2, o/ ayes sine iets le ie sisis oes ois in eae’ s wares 1, 000, 000
Delaware. ... 2... Dei cet ds ORANG ale arte niimcw 3 5th akel Seat Sten 940, 000
Biehl OOMMDIA a2 2 o/s S212 ls = em 'alape ins we ee = 5% oS or 205, 000
RERUN hex ois apaichejoia esta @ ey ain) ale cian miaieiele oi) een re - 1,800, 000
WOR ee alae a2 nya eis ere ia veel ices = aim tenia elalis) snl ie falaya is ae 1, 100, 000
[1] 1107
1108 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
HRGNSASS Jose oo eatin ce ac eiticine oeteela ers piece rae eva /s Sree 200, 000
ONTMCK Yrs ein a s'ans oh che staal s aralniol crajerehstnse letelenaie ene cers eerie 707, 000
Maine....... A Sasha eG SS SSM Gs Sctos Jso6s5054 HaS Aso dor 1, 150, 000
IVEAT YLANG 3.205 is va['si dais slots ota Sto a lola clea leperaes eo mietol enters eyo 24, 705, 000
North Carolina 2 .).50 024.0 +6 Sarat etek eateesc tas cee ciate meen arate 4, 357, 500
COTO Fea eo 2 apeath ws atone ore) orePe es slate aie a ashicia' aerate iaeta aictateretats Om 1, 020, 000
Pennsylvania). cites tc. ostecie eo icle Sialyie ate sw eieiee Mic\enere See ---- 3,500, 000
node Usland <5... 5. -— Bras a Siete «Se nle Meae(pe cece 500, 800
South’ @arolinas <2 75.2 2.00 wc dis Seta eliets ole w cicye etnies s eiae 620, 000
Tennessee ....... Bopdos Sabon SSS oOeAd os lee ere ee 400, 000
PR OAG stoi sie eo ema e ed sjevee Viewers Hc AOS 56450 Sloman Riser 4 277, G00
NUTT Ae Bene oA A GaSe a STE, svelelenjectolontteeat ee 24, 280, 000
IVESE VAT OITA) << cers ocicvec cet ce a veec BS i AS li eo 175, 000
POtal Fess) iaialnsicrsiecle oie sree eins ors tele eters ckes eee ate 67, 002, 500
Fuller particulars of these deposits, the time, streams, places, &c.,
will be found in the tables of distribution—Tables VIII and IX.
For comparison with the number of shad sent to the various States in
the years 1872—80, see summary tables published in another part of this
volume.
TABLE I.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by United States steamer Fish
Hawk, Lieut. Z, L. Tanner, commanding, at Capehart’s Wharf, in Salmon Creek, Avoca,
N. C., from April 12 to April 30, 1881.
=)
Ripe shad taken. | 3 Ks id 5 E
— 3 re) os ie i=]
Date. 2 3 38 os
: e faa | eee
= 8 =I
Males. | Females. Ep eo 3 As aos
| & a
3 3 66, 000 665.000) Vacs. .0. ooo eee eee
2 2 66/0001 facct cheb. cs|feseecweseee eee eee eee
4 4 117; 00075 2: foes cS Sees ce eens |e
1 1 84.0005 oceet ise al Osea |S
9 8 182: 000/l suc Sads caMM Ge ooM ces me ae eemennea ies
3 3 107000 5 eeeen Seas as] eee ee | ea eee
11 11 BBY -AL U0 eae spo pcocan boosbacssonad losaoseeéacac
21 21 649, 000 1490005 pean nn see
18 18 489, 000 835000 eee seca
28 28 929, 000 43500) |ia ceo crit cc ewes aernmatas
34 32 979, 000 62,000 |.:c..- .occcises| ccwcisalcceiate
32 30 931, 000 16) 000 ise ic cmmeecl ease scene eas
11 10 298, 000 CG TR hl eens Pee | ey he as
13 13 432, 000 34, 000 498,000) |b. o ose eee
5 5 166, 000 8, 000 830, 000 | *3, 029, 500
AVI Susy gal lies a a Conroy Sal SCP GRRE (RS SG Ril eae oe oe | ee $002 000%) 7. 205.2 Sites eae ae
Danco ecins casinces clauimeecine laces acter | coeisnscteint tase eases 37900082 face ccesa| hemes aeetere
Totaltesccsesacccscrossene 195 189 | 5,727,000 | 1,369,500 | 1,328, 000 3, 029, 500
*Captain Tanner states that these eggs were transferred to North Carolina Fish Commission at
various times.
[3] -
STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS,
1109
TABLE II.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by M. McDonald, at Gunston
and other places on the Potomac River, under the direction of the United States Fish Com-
mission, from April 20 to May 30 inclusive, 1881.*
nD
Eg .
m
23
aS
Date. | 8
Ss
B
a
aS
i?)
ra
1881.
April 20 | 5,000
21 5, 000
22 | 5,000
23 | 5, 00C
25 | 5,000
26; 5,000
27 | 5,000
28 | 5,300
29 | 5,300
30 | 5,300
May 1] 5,300
2} 5,000
3 | 6,650
4| 6,650
5 | 6,650
6 | 6,350
7 | 6,350
Sill aetoeretate
9 | 6,350
10 | 6,350
11 | 6,350
12] 6,350
13 | 6,350
14! 6,350
15 | 6,350
16 | 6,350
17 | 3,650
18 | 3,650
19 | 3,650
20 | 3,650
21 | 3,650
22| 4) 850
23 | 3,650
24] 3,650
25 | 3,650
26 | 2,350
27 850
28 850
29 850
30 550
BOR wascnnicie
Total . . .|184, 150
Eggs obtained.
3
Haye
te &
3 &,
Ba Fe
8, 534 4
2,479 1
2, 801 5
OMitey pal epee
4,616 | 30
4, 567 28
4,783} 11
3,997 | 31
4, 938 21
5, 046 20
3, 761 15
2, 685 20
7, 067 50
5,178 90
5, 678 90
4,682 | 50
5,101 | 101
4,951| 51
4, 698 aly
2,977 41
1, 907 36
2,909 | 21
3,191 4
2,059 | 17
2, 357 46
2, 840 63
1, 835 162
1,797 || 27
1, 937 vid
1, 656 30
1, 481 17
1, 544 107
1, 046 54
1, 481 4
1, 554 43
1397 | 74
826 12
3 US ee
120, 047 |1, 470
25, 000
1, 565, 000
500, 000
1, 220, 000
1, 060, 000
620, 000
100, 000
510, 000
1, 360, 000
1, 880, 000
4, 870, 000
800, 000
2, 290, 000
900, 000
500, 000
3, 215, 000
1, 620, 000
120, 000 |.
1, 290, 000
2, 200, 000
375, 000
§43, 200, 000
Fish transported to
other waters
weet www ene
eee eeewne
250, 000
250, 000
350, 000
1, 000, 000
$00, 000
1, 100, 000
300, 000
1, 000, 000
1, 000, 000
2
ae
o&
4 Se
8 ie
Bp 4
3) i
MIST ODI. | 234, 000.
i MP OTAOUDH|Sokcncnica.e
eee 1, 383, 000
OFOOON Sse ne seme
175, 000 625, 000
i ea ee 1, 510, 000
PREONOUDI Peso. cease
310, 000 1, 130, 000
300, 000 230, 000
TASHOOO [Mae saeseat s
101, 000 2, 887, 000
100,000 | 1, 834, 000
119, 000 1, 730, 000
10, 000 2, 576, 000
650, 000 40, 000
P5330, CO0s| kena shied
See ee 2, 585, 000
"J, 520, 000° |. .-0.- 02-0.
eet aa. 1, 125, 000
1 BAB O00H 23. ceases
Bee Wee eae | 5, 490, 000
300,000) |acaneeeseo>s
Lge Paitin 140, 000
200;000 [52-52-50
250, 000 1, 905, 000
“870, 000 | 1, 096, 000.
#11619) 000rlbcaseeeesess
7, 905, 000 | 26, 515, 000
\5, 950, 000
* For a more detailed statement of this work see report of M. McDonald.
t For details of deposits of fish see tables of distribution.
5
Where released in local
waters.t
Pomonkey, Md.
Guuston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Do.
Gunston, Va.
Do.
Gunston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Fort Washington, Md.
Fort Washington, Md.
220,000 of these eggs were used in experiments; the rest are unaccounted for; probably a loss
Of this amount 2,630,000 eggs were sent to navy-yard station.
1110 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
TABLE III.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by Frank L. Donnelly, at Navy-
[4]
Yard Station, Potomac River, under the direction of the United States Fish Commission,
from May 4 to June 2, 1881.
| I rs PH
oO os a o
2 5; Ha eS
6 a) aS Aa f
Date. a aS) © Ss a & i) 3 Messenger in charge of transfer.*
nD nD i a
bp ep gas | SEE
I a) Fy
1881.
May 4 200, 000 TCC | SiS SSeaeBel bepadaoadeas
200, 000 SOOO s| Meneses
6 270, 000 50008 Sacer eae eee
7 370, 000 LOW): |peseesssSslloossenbosecs
9 430, 000 2020003 | cccccsceeia em ce eiciciesie
10 300, 000 10, 000 105, 000 85,000 | J. Frank Ellis.
al 230, 000 TSU DG BRASS So oalloeeces caacds
12 65, 000 BA000u| eee cee. 460, 000 | G. G. Davenport.
13 100, 000 10, 000 100, 000 260, 000 Do.
Pal sees stuie saseaceee tl lseaccmaees 410,000 | N. Simmons and C. W. Schuermann.
16 35, 000 2000 |czstarscichenare 290, 000 | C. A. Stewart and C. W. Schuermann.
17 70, 000 BN esses eposdlocuco0ccden-
18 180, 000 TOMOOO Stet seen ccc
19 300, 000 PANU [Racosapaae 220,000 | H. E. Quinn.
20 865, 000 GoNOO008 eaeeeeen t=. 150, 000 | C. W. Schuermann.
21 AROMOOON octets Al cadkecaAe Soc cee eee
27) oe aoiecad sa] econo ueedes | |peoseouobs 100,000 | C. W. Schuermann.
23 3975/0008 ||seeteaemacie ol alee soa o'=|| -netelnicislate arate
24 AOTHND le coscacacoor| poccaogeceaclsoocsssesoos
25 | 11, 600, 000 |. 170, 000 | N. Simmons.
2G |eisesccsecee |e 280,000 | N. Simmons and C. A. Stewart.
27 +720, 000 500, 000 | Geo. H. H. Moore
28 Fe ZONOO OM Bee ree xt te ett tet eiscetel|ineiotere ie oleic wale
OR | eae nl eae eect eee setee allem cinicle elstelen’=
30:1. $855,000) '43,:465,000 |S2- cece ca|cnere- a. -5-
A fobitey PA Bseonsosacee 2002000!| fees ae 150,000 | W. H. Jenkins, jr.
Total ...| § 7,730,000 | 38,850,000 | 205,000 | 3, 075, 000
* For final destination of these fish, see tables of distribution.
+ Of these eggs, 2,630,000 were received from Potomac barges.
+t Eggs unaccounted for; probably lost.
§ Of this number, 600,000 were reported turned over to M. McDonald on his assuming charge of the
Navy-Yard Station.
TaBLE IV.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by Frank N. Clark, at Havre de
Grace, Md., on the Susquehanna Iiver, under the direction of the United States Fish Com-
mission, from May 15 to June 13, inclusive, 1881.
* For final destination of these fish, see tables of distribution. . ‘
+ May 15 includes a number of previous days’ operations which cannot be given specifically.
S de 23 S
# g Ze ga
3s oe 5 og noes .
ater 2 g 3 ‘S g i & 2 E Messenger in Charge of trans-
be! “an ~ vi
mn m H 3
Ss a ct 2.88 ZOE
23} ea) & i S
1881.
May 151| 6, 625, 000 504,000 | 4,101,000 | 4,101,000 |.......-----
16 275, 000 64,000 | 1, 566, 000 566, 000 | 1,000,000 | J. P. Creveling
17 375, 000 5, 000 100, 000 1005 000s| asus bee aee
18 135 000)|ssa33 Dee bike, Gee Bene. Lee Ns Soe
19 105s O00 oe asec tl sescemeceetstel lemme a oteiselninlel = aisinlwsteiniminjals
20 150, 000 25, 000 260, 000 G0 0008 eer rete
21 PLO WO0D| Ss 222ecoaete| see sbeceec CS aee ase ee aeeate eae
22 CUI RULIWS ecooorasrece| ssaccceubond seooon Hoorcollsosbacpooqdc
23 QOOLOO0) | saccades cae Seek ah We ae Seen eee ee Se
DAU ATONOOO! | Gesaee cs ese |noe eee ip ilies enrages A OR Se ge
25 705, 000 92,000 | 1, 048, 000 48,000 | 1,000,000 | J. P. Creveling.
26 750, 000 30, 000 330, 000 330, 000 |...---------
27 765, 000 40, 000 365, 000 365; 000) Joo -. c-.ce8
28 450, 000 290, 000 825, 000 825, 000 |.-----------
29 325, 000 75,000 | 1, 900, 000 400,000 | 1,500,000 | J. P. Creveling.
30 O50s0008 eae neces GTHUOOO | Laee eke Eee
BoE lpenacanéecho 110, 000 925, 000 400, 000 900, 000 | C. W. Schuermann.
June 1 50, 000 75, 000 LUE panenspoedes |ledcaaskosact
DF AWA aw MRE el et te Be a S60/ 000s aa soe aee sane omen
EE
[5]
STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS.
pe wala
TABLE IV.—Record of shad-hatching operations, §:c.—Continued.
=
o
a ”
3 %
Date. iS iS)
nN Q
80 80
a0 80
& 1)
1881.
RUNON 7S) |'ose soc ee 2 see see ccs
4 OOH 000i aces eeeeere
6 300, 000 10, 000
7 45030003 | feea-e once oe
8 BOOSO0G | Soctecitae eis
Ohl seraisiicimee wie aca bth waelotere
1) |e ctaerreseeneer 150, 000
Uae Boe eco ee mttaer
1. eee a aS eR ole er eric AAc
ee a ssyesese [eee eee eee eee |
Total ...| 15,030,000 | 1,470, 000
Messenger in charge of trans-
fer.
| Se #5
g ae ars
st Ce ao
2 a3 ee
a Ee a B23
4 gas | 23e
ia) i Fy
115, 000 775, 000
““"""50, 000 eR Ae aed
OSO00 | See ance Ses pepeeeoren
"450, 000 hes oe
AAS ONY: te caegee ee Ie oes Bet
300,000 | *900, 000 |....--....-.
13, 560, 000 | 8,385,000 | 5,175, 000
C. W. Schuermann.
* Remained on hand at close of daily reports; probably deposited in local waters.
TABLE V.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by Marshall McDonald, at Navy-
Yard Station, Potomac River, under the direction of the United States Fish Commission,
Srom June 1 to June 25, inclusive, 1881.*
Length in fathoms of
visited—
Date.
Haul :
eaten Gill-nets.
June
109, 600
Shad taken.
| Ripe females.
Lo} tH
to) oO
x ; as
iS ea Ao
2 ° Boek
° Lam BS eo
% Bey |e tee
£0 50 2 F
| i] ay
£60,000 |. 0-3 [eneceeers
102000 \eninctawicle 300, 000
40000) escace oss] 2 a- sae
BU De Bere cemcac 120, 000
175,000 | 150,000 |.....-.-..
250; 000¢|- hace eee
370, 000 10, 000 100, 000
75: 000) |22 aes 200, 000
pee ea tere 20,000 | 200, 000
455000) cca seca: 200, 000
Seite ee a ail sae aeweees 150, 000
330, 000 |......-2-- 670, 000
450, 000
270, 000 |.
200, 000
290, 000
170, 000
10, 000
40::000)|scs-seo- <0 1, 140, 000
405000 ee reclenteeac 120, 000
BONOUO ac Sees fee eee
1,538 | 127| 3,840,000 | 240, 000 |3, 800, 000
| Messenger in charge
of transfer.
W. H. Jenkins, jr.
F. L. Donnelly.
N. Simmons.
G. G. Davenport.
Ellis and Moore.
Quinn,Schuermann,
and Simmons.
F.N. Clark.
J. F. Ellis.
C. A. Stewart.
* For a more detailed statement of this work, see report of M. McDonald.
+ Received from Frank L. Donnelly’s navy-yard station.
1112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
TABLE VI.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by United States steamer Fish
Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner commanding, at Havre de Grace, Md., in the Susquehanna and
North East Rivers, from May 5 to June 5, 1881.
oS F +o
Ripe shad taken. 2 3 iS 3.4
's + 5 | a6 *
Date. = g 28 Bok
A = Fea | £8g
Males. | Females. Ee &0 cle 3 4 ge
>) <>) i oy
6 6 182, 000
17 17 462, 000
21 21 506, 000
49 47 | 1,660, 000
11 11 341, 000
28 28 913, 000
30 30 979, 000
8 8 265, 000
9 9 348, 000
14 12 857, 000
10 11 357, 000
10 13 424, 000
9 8 957,000) | Aeanee eee 498, 000
12 14 B23 000M Seeeccererctoec 166, 000
20 25 CE IRN! pbb Gacacooeallbeckaatasatic
53 Bal || e17 925 O00 eee er ee et
18 19 DOT O00n eee | ee ee
17 23 650, 000 325, 000
14 15 463, 000 313, 000 |.
28 31 781, 000 275, 000
40 43 | 1, 062, 000 406, 000 |.
22 22 625, 000 |...-. SOCBSOC 1, 250, 000
22 25 675, 000 |.2..--25---- 500, 000
10 10 B695000)) | ese areeeo|(sssiseeeeese
2 2 SONO00 eseeae eee =e 1, 000, 000
‘ 6 6 106/000) Seeeenaecees come acnecen
OUNCH Waco ease coscccccce esiscue 8 8 AS87000 | 2 = 5s )n%5 re cisiciell e Steeisis -teeieiets 500, 000
ORR eee Dee er eee 2 2 38/000 | ecseee ee 625, 500 312, 000
&}, -onchooneucboscsonceood 2 2 UE UY) ese cos SSoedlledosaboqcbac 125, 000
We eeeoraecemacececses Spo 2 2 50,\000) | 25 Bega socal cece once onlececmeme eee
FS emai Al ORIN Ler ery on ean Ae mt Ip 0 RO ee eR AIP a e082 300, 000
Motaleseree te ee 500 524 | 15, 444,000 | 2, 871,500 | 10,085,500 | 2, 487, ov0
1113
STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS.
[7]
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[12]
1118 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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[13]
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XXVI.—REPORT OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARP, DURING THE
ie OF 1881-82, BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMIS-
N. on
By MarsHaLL MCDONALD.
The first applications for German carp were filed in 1876, one year
subsequent to the successful importation of this fish and to the estab-
lishment of breeding ponds at Druid Hill Park. The total number of
applications filed during this year was 3. In 1877 the number in-
creased to 20; in 1878 to 98; and in 1879, when the first distribution
was made, the number of applications for the year was 324,
The fragmentary records of this first distribution show that there were
distributed directly to 181 applicants 6,203 carp, being an average of
34 to each applicant. In addition there were distributed to State Com-
missioners and agents of distribution 4,743 carp, making a total dis-
tribution for the year of 10,946 carp.
In 1880 the number sent to applicants direct had risen to 31,443, and
to State Commissioners and agents 19,021, making a total for the sea-
son of 50,464.
In 1881 we were confronted with the problem of distributing 160,000
fish over a much wider geographical range and at a consequent increase
in the cost per applicant.
To relieve the messenger service of the pressure of the increased
work, and to reduce the cost of the distribution, recourse was had to
express shipments in all cases where applicants were willing to defray
the increased cost of delivering. The shipping packages first used were
wood-bound tin cans, holding about eight gallons of water, and making
a shipping package weighing about 65 pounds. The principal lines of
express transportation promptly responded to the request of the Com-
missioner and arranged a tariff of reduced rates of charges to all points
reached by their routes. Even at the reduced rates the cost to appli-
cants of express delivery was quite a serious matter, ranging from $1
for the nearest points to $6, $8, $10, and $12 for the more remote.
Early in the season, by direction of the Commissiener, a half can was
substituted for the can first used. This materially reduced the weight
of the shipping package and the express charges in each case. Parties
receiving these cans had the option of retaining them at a stipulated
price or of returning them. When parties declined taking the cans, they
Sr itise 1 10-77 1121
1122 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
were, under our arrangements with the express companies, returned
free.
The distribution made prior to December 15 was accomplished by the
methods above indicated; meanwhile experiments were inaugurated
looking to reduction both in the weight and bulk of the shipping pack-
ages.
An account of the result of these experiments will be found in Vol. I,
p. 215, Bulletin of the United States Fish Commissfon. So satisfactory
were they that early in December I was instructed by the Commissioner
to take charge of the Division of Distribution, and to inaugurate, sys-
tematize, and perfect the more economical methods of distribution ren-
dered practicable by the reduction in the cost, size, and weight of the
shipping packages. The standard package adopted was a covered tin
bucket having a capacity of 4 quarts. For facility of aeration several
holes were punched in the cover of each bucket.
A shipping-tag with room for the address on one side and the requi-
site printed instructions on the other was devised by Mr. 8. C. Brown,
so as to inclose securely a blank postal receipt, to be filled and returned
by applicant on receipt of the fish. The buckets were to be returned by
the applicants in all cases, the cost of the same (20 cents) being added
to the express charges, and collected from the express agent in advance.
Where a number of buckets were to be sent to one destination, for
convenience in handling and better safety in transmission, light crates
were prepared, each having a capacity of 16 buckets, and weighing about
100 pounds. As from their shape several of the crates may be stacked
up on each other, it is practicable to pack 1,000 fish on a floor-space not
greater than that occupied by two of our ordinary transportation cans.
The convenience and economy of these methods of transportation is
therefore apparent.
Shipping crate.
All arrangements having been perfected and all necessary material
having been collected, express shipments were made in the small buck-
ets instead of the larger tin cans, to all points within a radius of 500
[3] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1831—82. 1123
miles from Washington. The weight of the shipping packages was thus
reduced from 60 pounds to about 8 pounds, with corresponding redue-
tion in express charges. ;
At the time I was placed in charge of the work of distribution mes-
senger shipments were in progress in the South Atlantic and Gulf
States, portions of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee, and
all of Florida being at that date (December 15) still unsupplied. The
messenger lists necessary to regulate the distribution were at once pre-
pared, and the fish destined for the supply of Southern Georgia and
Florida sent forward in charge of Mr. Newton Simmons. Mr. George H.
H. Moore and Mr. I. L. Donnelly were then in the field, one in Ala-
bama, the otherin Mississippi. They weredirected not to return to Wash-
ington, but to await instructions at Meridian and Jackson, Miss. To
these points messenger lists and explicit instructions and the number
of carp necessary to complete the distribution were forwarded by ex-
press from Washington. These bucket shipments reached them in ex-
cellent condition, and by December 24 the distribution in the sections
referred to had been completed. Texas, with 950 applicants, Arkansas,
Indian Territory, Western Louisiana, and Missouri, with an aggregate
of 150 widely scattered applicants, still remained to be supplied. It was
planned to accomplish this work by one movement of our refrigerator
car No.1. All details of the distribution were arranged before we ieft
Washington, the route to be traversed definitely determined, and no-
tices forwarded by mail to each applicant informing him at about what
date to expect his fish. So far as practicable, arrangements were made
by which each should receive his fish either from the car en route or
from one of the messengers temporarily detached for the purpose of sup-
plying those remote from the route traversed by the car. It was not
thought safe to attempt to carry more than 12,000 fish in the car. It
was therefore arranged to have the additional number needed forwarded
by express in lots of 2,000. Arrangements were made to have the fish
rested and the water changed at Saint Louis. As these methods were
novel, and the results considered doubtful by the most experienced mes-
sengers, it was thought best that I should accompany the expedition in
order to enforce the observance of the necessary conditions of success
and to take the responsibility of whatever failure there should be. It
was thought prudent to make use of both methods of transportation.
The complement of the car was therefore made up as follows: 40 large
cans containing each 100 carp; 7 large cans containing each 150 carp;
18 crates containing each 320 carp; 3 crates containing each 400 carp.
This made a total of 12,000 fish in the car.
The crew of the car consisted of Mr. J. F. Ellis, messenger in charge ;
Newton Simmons, George H. H. Moore, M. S. Thompson, messengers ;
and the cook.
We left Washington at 4 p. m. January 3, 1882, going through to
Saint Louis on the fast express of the Pennsylvania Railroad. I did
1124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
not think it necessary to examine the fish or change the water until
we reached Saint Louis, where all the cans and buckets were overhauled
and the water changed except in the crates containing 400 fish each,
which were left undisturbed until we reached Texarkana. The fish were
all found to be in good condition and the change was made rather as a
precaution than as a necessity. At Washington I had placed 100 fish
in a 6-quart bucket as an extreme test. At Saint Louis these carp
showed signs of suffering and were turned over to Dr. Steedman. From
Saint Louis seven buckets of fish were forwarded by express, to ap-
plicants in the first Congressional district of Iowa, who had been over-
looked in the previous distribution. They reached their destination
safely, though two days en route and in very severe weather.
On the 5th of January at 9 p. m. the car left Saint Louis by the Iron
Mountain route and reached Texarkana the next day. On the way fish
were delivered to all applicants in Arkansas who were accessible, postal
notifications having been previously sent from Washington directing
them when and where to meet us. At Texarkana a complete change of
water was made on all the fish. The three crates of 1,200 fish which
had not been touched since leaving Washington were found to be in fair
condition, though a few were dead and the remainder apparently weak.
They had traveled three and a half days without any change of water.
The rise in temperature as we proceeded south made it prudent to
take measures looking to refrigeration. Application to the railroad
authorities procured a ton of ice, which was placed in the ice-chests, and
the refrigerator portion of the car maintained at a temperature of 50°
from that time onward until the distribution was completed.
At Texarkana I detached Mr. Moore with a supply of fish for Shreve-
port, Western Louisiana, and for such applicants in Texas as he could
reach conveniently by the route he traveled. Mr. Simmons was sent
with a supply for applicants along the narrow-guage road between Tex-
arkana and Waco.
After remaining at Texarkana twenty-four hours in order to rest the
fish and to give due notice of our coming, we started Sunday morning,
January 8, for Sherman, Tex., delivering fish on the way to all appli-
cants in that section of the State. Moore rejoined the car at Dallas,
and Simmons at Fort Worth, while I proceeded from Sherman to the
Indian Territory to supply applicants in the Choctaw Nation, and re-
turned via Sherman to Dallas.
Dallas being the point to which the express shipments were to be sent,
Thad arranged to rendezvous the car and all the messengers there, and
thought it best to await the arrival of all the express shipments, as it
would be safer to transport the fish south in the car than to trust to
their being forwarded by express. The first lot forwarded from Wash-
ington came as far as Saint Louis in charge of Messenger Donnelly;
there the water was changed, and the fish expressed to Dallas. Don-
nelly remained at Saint Louis to re-ship subsequent lots, which followed
[5] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1881—82. 1125
at intervals of twenty-four hours. These shipments, amounting to about
6,000 fish (scale carp), reached Dallas in fair condition, though they were
much weaker than the leather variety brought in the car, and less fitted
to endure rough travel.
From Dallas the car with the full complement of messengers pro-
ceeded to Austin via Hearne, supplying as arranged all applicants along
the route. In order to provide for supplying the numerous applicants
in the vicinity of Corsicana it was found necessary to lie over at that
place twelve hours, the train agent kindly making arrangements to take
us up on the next train. On reaching Austin I was met by Mr. R. R.
Robertson, the Texas Fish Commissioner, who was kind enough to take
charge of the delivery of carp to applicants in that vicinity. From
Austin we proceeded to San Antonio, where I remained, but sent the
ear on to Laredo. At Laredo Mr. Ellis was detached with enough fish
to supply applicants in the extreme south of the State. From San
Antonio we returned via the Sunset route to Houston, where I left the
car, and with Messenger Thompson proceeded via New Orleans to Wash-
ington. I delivered on the way fish to isolated persons who could not
be reached in any other way. Meanwhile the car proceeded to Houston
and was here joined by Mr. Ellis, who had been instructed from Wash-
ington to take the car to Saint Louis and await further orders.
The routes traveled by the car and detached messengers were planned
so as to completely reach every part of the State, aad the measures
taken beforehand to notify applicants were so thorough that of upwards
of 800 applicants not more than 7 were unsupplied.
The fish were delivered to the applicants or their authorized agents,
or else they were left at the most accessible point and the recipient so
notified.
The satisfactory issue of our work is largely due to the liberal facilities
accorded us by the various lines of railroad traversed. Anything in the
way of supplies or service was unfailingly rendered. Special acknowledg-
ments are due Mr. H. M. Hoxie, the general manager of the Saint Louis,
Iron Mountain, and Southern Railway. From Saint Louis westward
until our return to that point, free transportation for car was granted
on all lines of railroad traversed by us.
The result of the work demonstrated that in making shipments by the
ear-load we can carry a much greater number of fish by using small
buckets instead of cans, and also that buckets can be used with great
advantage and economy in shipping by express, provided the passage
does not last more than thirty-six or forty-eight hours. [am not satisfied,
however, that this mode of shipment is practicable in warm weather.
This must be decided by experiments.
The State of Texas seems to possess extraordinary facilities for rais-
ing carp, and as many of the recipients went to great expense to pre-
pare ponds it is beHeved that carp-raising will soon become a valuable
industry in that State.
1126 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
[6]
The following summary of the distribution by States is respectfully
submitted :
Summary of carp distribution for the year 1881-82.
State.
Alabama
DATIZONA Ae ssae wees acleeeeamces
PAT IGANISAS ss cicisaieeeieer ess spec stan cincieletcio
@alifouniaecs cassser cr eee eee. seeecae ceo
Colorados seeeee ee ete eee neeas es seesneee
Wealeobanes series oh eeecnisia me we kema ce © cee ae
MW elawWwanre’s-cicseosctcesstesadee sestccnenine
IO oC a So aa erOnO a scimec Sapdeamastccenre
(Gayot cd Ar oes cadsdodasteoc seecus nekode
MANO Was aire setcsa cts cenise ee alsicicisetcieeciciet.
MUM N OS aa oc te Se sees eee ce eres moe gee
IMCQiNMN Ailes se ee ate caee oes wacisie aio eine meisiciats
tndiameverritory ce aac actos ales sae sy=isinrs
OW eects aioe ae oases oe ceiaiote Semceia mine alas
IKGIMS RSs cena en ceinc cctersewloie seers
Kentucky
Louisiana
IVER MO one cet o sccittee
Maryland .
Massachusetts! s2ice sce en coc cccewccicccees
Nite hiner ee Saket Ss saquedeuacoeucesacocEE
IMMNMES OTA tee ctecasics sae stot easccuce scares
IMSS 0) NM Recon dada coenpeuBascoudaSTse
MOUSROUT eee aceteeeeee wick Sete eeyseinere
INT OT TAT aes sete e ere Pas nts ets ayaa nine rast
Nebrask aise gat So ets 2 et eek es
ENO VARIA ete tie tameyen sae 3G cece Mem eee
iNew Hamp shires poco. secs se ine
INOW CLSCY fo: ca 5 seceacaccwels ence cllccsins
INO WALK COrck deerajaee cecthccintsetim cisions
ING Wa MOL Ke eiea caacme tas sae elieemaa taceeeas
OO eee ween eae Sun ce naj eenie ae
Oresony 2222 = ssece ce
Pennsylvania ........
mhodemslandeeceesascot aces eee mesare se
South Carolina. ce2sacscorccloee cece eee ees
PRLONMOSSED) ccs ticles civ asics sidlecinawloe enews
MerMONT Sse sees cmsisescs soaeismatire sie sia
WinriMinimecsceeeoess San Soe eee ee elec nen ee
Was hin otonlie scree s hcmieace cee ete
West Virginia
DWAISCONSINiee seme coe ater sateen nen ianeee
SWAY OMIT Dy cee caciemia ce taiee Sane ceeatanlee aac
ted ' D Ss el 0 SH
eS [ae |s3..| <8 Sew) ete S
» a ene a) D eA 4
oa. | Beau. | Gece | 2 2 Sc) eal eae
2 Sle Suey cera aig es | 25
CHEESE ON Ser ON sees | balisie Aas
Sa Se 3 Chao asics 5 3 2 oe 5.2
So gen fee oot oo ese ee
a2 Bel een | Sesils ae a2] ae
Bee Eee Ba ee era) an Eee eee
A A A 526
WUTOO. WtSHOOd sae so6. + ae ee eee 757
iuymn seus; ate food: <----;< ccc 764
Lynceida, their food and enemies-.756,757
768, 769
Lynch te A’ Clbed ---ocnce eee se ss 694
Jabs jClbed eco. cose sec 694
WilliamMas = essen 69
M.
McCloud River Station, operations
Bbeeetee weno tes ce cece eee 829, 1063
MeCord) Johns: 5- 23. oo e eee 630, 631
McDonald, Col. Marshall .65, 800, 801, 06,
1109, 1111, 1213
McDonald’s hatching apparatus. 800, 805,
806
Mackerel (see special index, p. 521) .91-531
TiS {OO 22 cee cate =< 41, 105, 111
its importation.....-.-.- 301-307
itsmovements.. -. ..135, 137, 526
Norwegian fishery for-. 611, 612,
613, 615
statistics of fishery for.214, 220
Spanish, its propagation. 1131
Magdalen Islands, mackerel fishery
Bie ccoste ssc enc eee ociniaes cine 526
Maine, distribution to--. .829, 834, 837, 841,
847, 867, 896, 907, 1089, 1104,
1108, 1117
use of fish guano in. ..666, 669, 683,
684,693
Gulf of, its mackerel fishery. 526
Markurson, Capt. Knud....-. ..--170, 429
Martin; (Capt: Sidiosc5. Sacco ssc 159, 161
Py 1 arch ys Lg ee a 693
Maryland, distribution to .829,834,837,842,
847, 867, 897, 908, 1051, 1104,
1108, 1117
use of fish guano in-.. .666, 670,
688, 689, 693
Massachusetts, distribution to. -.829, 835,
837, 841, 851, 871, 898,
908, 1089, 1104
her fisheries... ..-.-. 526
use of fish guanoin.
672, 691, 693 |
Menhaden (or pogy), its food ....- 41-755
its habits and
movements.
97, 169
Merchant, Captain........-.....-- 526:
Messick, J..B., cited- 2.2. -2..c25¢ 694
Meteorological Institute, Norwe-
PIAM sss secs os csaetccsce see 57
Methods of fishing for mackerel .. 142, 175,
197, 203, 205, 510
in Norway ---551, 554,
556, 558, 587, 593, 597
Mexico, Gulf of, no mackerel in--- 94
Michigan, distribution to- ..829, 835, 837,
842, 852, 872, 901, 908,
912, 1053, 1054, 1104
‘a
use of fish guano in..... 664
Microbia, its food and enemies .... 762.
Microciona proliferum ...-....-... 766
Maller; ‘(Georges ss52 2 cccce concen 630, 631
Milne-Edwards, H., cited ....-.-.. 795
Milner, Ji. Wiisscece cesses 765, 773, 774
Miner’s History of Wyoming, ex-
TLACTS ATOMS aejocfece sao awoke ss 641, 642.
Minklers He) Bitte ascetic nse 69
Minnesota, distribution to. -.829, 835, 837,
842, 852, 875, 901, 909, 1089, 1104
Mississippi, distribution to ..---. 838. 840,
852, 882.
use of fish guano in... 664
Missouri, distribution to -...829, 835, 837,
840, 852, &82, 1105
MobiussCarl;, cited 52. sc a22-6 759, 766
Mollusks affected by salts in sea-
WaLOLES snonesa namaste 749
collected by Fish Hawk. 40, 41
Monerz, doubtful of their existence 3808
Moore; éMire : 3 826eu. 25 See ee eace 1049
Mosely; work cited: -...-55.222--2 759
Mousel; Monsieur. 22 2235 3222 2S222 823
Mulhall, Michael G., cited ........ 661
Munson, Mr .-.....--. 1095, 1096, 1097, 1100
Murray.) Ohne setae tee eee 759, 760
Mussel, experiments with......-.. 751
its price in Norway ..---..583, 588
Miya ATOnarlg <52352--o6 awe eeeere 73e
666, | Mytilis edulis, experiments with.. 751
Myxostoma macrolepidotum .-..... 75S
1142
INDEX.
N. Page.
Page. | Ohio, distribution to... 829, 836-842, 854
Nais, food of a..........---------- 77 887, 903, 910, 913, 1054, 1105, 1108, 1117
Nautilus, specimens of, obtained. -. 40 Ohio, use of fish guano in ......... 664
Nebraska, distribution to.829, 835, 837, 883 | Ohl, Perey C .......22-2--ee- eee 1073
Nets in mackerel fisheries.......... See Olsen Hee een see ee 534
in Great Lake fisheries. - ..1039, 1040, | Ombre, its abundance in Belgium.. 816
1042, 1043, 1044 | Ommastrephes illecebrosa.....-..- 118
in Norwegian fisheries.... -- 549,591, | Ontario, California trout put in.... 1052
594, 596, 582, 587, 589, | Opalina, its mode of feeding ...--. 762
591,594, 597, 615-617 | Ophiurans, collected by Fish Hawk 40
patented in 1881........-..--. 88 | Orbulina universa ..............-- 759
Nevada, distribution to....-. 829, 835, 837, | Oregon, distribution to..-......--- 829
S40/823 "| \Ospaod, No Ate scee stecaus a aoseee 105
New Brunswick mackerel fishery - - 526 Osmerus eperlanus2ecseoosece sects 815
Newburyport, Mass., its mackerel Osterhout, Hon. P. M........---.- 630
fisheries ...-....---------------- 527 Isaac S., standing of... 630
Newfoundland, its fish trade. .601, 602, 605 Oswego bass... 6322208. 5.8 624, 629, 631
New Hampshire, distribution to. .829, 835, | Otter trawl........---.------ 20, 45, 47, 49
837, 842, 853, 883, | Oyster, its cultureat Saint Jerome. 37
902, 909, 1089, 1105 its food) ./s.42233 sossse 755, 764
use of fish guano its histology ::-.2. 2525-24 808
in .666, 667, 676, 677, 693 its production in Norway.. 611
New Jersey, distribution to-.....- 829, 835,
837, 840-842, 883,
903, 910, 913, 1105
use of fish guano in.666, 667,
671, 690, 691, 693, 695
New pOth; wsdles case cacse 30, 34, 35, 43
New South Wales, eggs sent to.... 1073
ING WHSDOCIOS ES tions cet ic sae cteitine sieete rs 39, 40
New York, distribution to.- 829, 836, 841
853, 885, 903, 910, 1049, 1089, 1105
New York, use of fish-guano in. 665, 667
675, 676, 693, 695
New Zealand, shipment of eggs to. 830
North Carolina, distribution to. 829, 836
842, 853, 886, 903, 1108, 1117
North Carolina, use of fish guano
666, 667, 677, 678, 679, 693, 695
Northeast River, shad-hatching on- 61
63, 72
North Sea, English fishing in.-.... 653
quantity offishtakenin. 659
value of fish taken in... 658
Northville hatching station ...-..- 1037
Norway, her fish trade-..-.. 599, 600, 604
her herring fishery. .--.-.. 659
statistics of her fisheries. 533
606, 609, 611, 617
Notodelphys ascidicola....-...--..- 758
Nova Scotia mackerel fishery... 407, 527
O.
Octopus, collected by Fish Hawk. 40,41
=. 2-2 767, 829-837, | Sheepshead, its food.............- 766
840, 850, 1063, 1073 | Shipwrecks in Norway. ..539, 570, 571, 572
Penobscot . .. .841, 907, 1085, 1088 | Shore mackerel fisheries ...--....- 529
Schoodie - ..829, 830, 831, 841, 894 | Sigsbee, Lieutenant-Commander .. .19, 20
1037, 1052, 1053, 1056, 1091 27, 28
Susquehanna --25-22624,/625, 631 4)"¢Simmons MTree ose. ewes ea 1049
Salpingeeca, its mode of feeding... 761 | Simocephalus americanus. .... 77
Salvelinus fontinalis.....--.-.--.- 1037 Veluloss se sreeeeeee 777
Sandwich Islands, eggs sent to.... 830 | Skate sold at Billingsgate market. 660
sardine; its) food: 42222 5-.cee ses sae 755 7|RSlac key Mrs) serene ee 1047, 1048, 1103
Saxe, Dr Ay Wencltedesss. sc. oae 663 | Slipper-limpet, its eggs ...--...... 808
Scaling and dressing machine pat- Smiley, Charles W., articles by... .825, 917
ONS Series ot ane sa Sees ineemiese 88 1107
Schizomycetés, their food and hab- Smith; (Capt; Joseph --eea4-eseeses 529
TES ees ee ne nC ee 761, 762 DLs eel eR Rei e aes 2 4, 69
Schoodic salmon, its distribution .829, 830, ProksGslicee eee ee see 765
831, 848, 894, 1052, 1053, 1056 Silas ARE eh cs ee ane ee ee 642
salmon, its propagation.. 1837, | Snappers, animals eaten by mack-
1052, 1091 @rel tess See eee eee ee ee 106
Schwannicibedssss see eames see 808 | Snide and Fox, Messrs........-... 1040
Sciznoids,their food --..-........- 765 | Soles sold at Billingsgate market.. 660
Scientific results of Fish Hawk’s ex- Sounding apparatus -.....22, 25, 31, 32, 33
plorations.. 2 ch meee eee eee 38 | South America, its fish trade. -.... 601-603
PCOMPEIMOTOX case scpascase oe een 129 605, 606
Scotland, her fish trade. ..598, 603, 604, 605 Carolina, distribution to-.829, 836-
herring fishery.-.---. 659 842, 855, 889, 904, 1108,
MEM Witla CLLCOs eee meee ee oes 758 1117
Sea-trout fishery of Norway ..611, 612, 617 use of fish-gnano in..666
Sea-water, biological action of salts 670, 687, 688, 693, 695
1 ae HG Se Ae ees CHOOT Sees 749 | Spain, its fish trade.............. 598, 606
Seawing, fishing-tug....-.--..-..-- 1043 | Spanish mackerel, itspropagation.. 64,71
Sellman?Henty-- mesos -nease cone 226 | Spawning grounds of Great Lake
Selys-Longchamps, Baron de. -...815, 823 fish ....1039, 1040
Shad, amount of water necessary mackerel ...111-115
forkeepingitseggsandfry.. 783 season of brook-trout....1049
fisheries for, in Susquehanna 1050, 1051
RIVED, seein ee eoee ee eos 619 Great Lake fish. 1040
its abundance in Belgium. .815, 816 1041, 1042
distribution ....... 825, 838, 843 mackerel ...111-115
embryology. .--. -2ss 767,768, | Speedwell, United States steamer. . 1
797, 798, 809 | Spencer, Herbert, cited.......-.-.. 795
fOOW a saee es escaes MOO OUMEOO || SPiLIalis SOUlMMes ase eee. ose eee 105
former abundance. . 625, 627, 632 | Sponge, red, its food and enemies.. 766
DYICC asses se 621, 622, 635, 642 | Squalus americanus...........--.- 161
propagation ... 16, 17, 60-63, 70, | Star fish, new species of..-.-..-..- 40
72, 826, 827, 828, 1107 | Stellwagen Banks, water tempera-
SIZO yascmicey since eee see 622 PUTS sOME GaSe ae eee 123
retardation of the develop- | Stephanodiscus niagare ....-. ---- 774
ment of its eggs. ...- 787,795, 811 | Stone, Livingston, article by- ..1063, 1079
Shadwell, proposed fish market at .656, 657 | Strasburger, cited ...--.-.--------. 808
Striped apes of the Sues 624, 629
INDEX. 1145
Page. Page.
Strdm Boye, article by ..........-- Git Lowanemeten cscs oeses ss acces nee 41
Sturgeon, its occurrence in Bel- Traps patented in 1881............ 38
SUOMI: He cereseeseers 815°} Dalipssteamer::_ 254 tase. ooze 59
sale in Billingsgate....- 660 | Turbot sold at Billingsgate market. 660
Suctoria, their food...-........... 763 | Transportation of eggs..787,793, 794, 795,
Suckers in the Susquehanna ....-.. 625 800, 803, 1046, 1047, 1049, 1051
their food: 22. ccceeces =e 765 | Trap-net...............-..-1039, 1040, 1043
Sulphate of soda, shellfish kept Trawl-line.. ..33, 39, 551, 554-556, 558, 587,
MIVA, eastern c ass see ae 753 589, 591, 594, 597, 615, 616
Sunfishes, their: food)... .-. 4/25... 765 | Trawl-net ...-.... 20, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 47, 49
Susquehanna River, its shad fish- Trichonympha, its mode of feeding 762
eries ...--.. 619 | Tritonium undatum, experiments
shad hatching WLM s seta ceaivie wit ae Jas ase eee 751
into seetsee = 62,72 | Trout, brook ........1037, 1049, 1051, 1056
Sweden, its fish trade............ 600, 606 California). 325.
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