“aan Th Rg en tee tin tin th The Ta tes Ne tan hee Se Nt Jae ta ana e a le ae Se detain Sees «a iT - us or; : ny ad aa) \ 7 : Ln a : 7 v y 5 q ° i o : : : 7 7 » } : : ; <7" a res, hs ; i a o] | 7 7 7 sa ‘ - ' " - 7 ’ of: an , Z o wy . a 7 7 : os : co a4 : 7 : i i . ; ae Ay ya Cr or a , . 7 Wor . rte : 7 ; : : - 7 a , ’ saat 7 Lo a 7 - : » i * : Ds u 7 7 ’ i a ‘ : : 7 * o 7 7 7 o ‘ uF 7. : wy aie a, 7 A ™ : . + Ur, a c - se 22) : © rc) 7 7 iy a nin < ay i : j t Me it ' 7 _ vis 1s : . : : 7 ss : ~ ae ’ 7 i a \ ¥ 7 7 | 7 7 ary i . . | i y a) ( - : a ah rr in 7 ’ Ss - 7a ; i, oe =f . (ey 7 2 - | 7. i) 4 off » i may : a ean : 7 Loe in Vib a : ; =k i : nn - %, ms, 9) . - 7 7 : ae : sf eA = & a Pe 7 ie ee ; T ; = 7 7 ; Q 7 a) 7 : » a =m” : re 7 : 7 | ss ; 7 ‘7, ’ : : ie 7 . 2 "ee _ > 7 ’ : j ie 7 fo 4 - 7 : - * > 7 * - ) _ : T ary 7 = - 7 a Mes 7 , - i i 7 7 A a i : 7 7 : 7 ’ ' 7 ot _ A oF / > 7 i : 4] U xo ’ . lee ; = } : F } ik a : q i. ; » a ' ; pA ; vy - _ a | 4 , _ 7 ; 7 ; ‘wag : , : s< : _ .* a ak : 7 7 a . fa 7 : 4 : 7 by = € 7 7 7 an . 3 _ » q ’ - = § , D 7 i : 1! 7 y oan 7 ‘ a ' 7 ii | , . , i a OM - i! ® a “i _ : _ ' -_ 7 ‘ on a8 ; 7 7 . i o 2 7 a - ¥ 7 7 . a i" - ‘ = - A : j j 4 : ® ) ¢ ‘ ; . 4 ’ . é UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES. x y | Divivien of Fishes, U. &, Nationa) Museum er Nelo EOS, iil oa eal 0) nad THE COMMISSIONER BE ao eo A.—INQUIRY INTO THE DECREASE OF FOOD-FISHES. B.—THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES IN THE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. — SSS Cs WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1884. oo ae bene \ \ \ C \ é d LETTER FROM THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, TRANSMITTING, ': compliance with law, his report for the year 1881. JUNE 21, 1882.—Ordered to lie on the table and be printed. UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES, Washington, D. C., March 17, 1882. GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to transmit herewith my report for the year 1881, as United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, embracing, first, the result of inquiries into the condition of the fisheries of the sea-coast and lakes of the United States; and, second, the history of the measures taken for the introduction of useful food-fishes into its waters. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, SPENCER F. BAIRD, Commissioner. Hon. DAvip DAVIS, President of the United States Senate, and Hon. J. W. KEIFER, Speaker of the House of Representatives. m1 j ays vrihS ui ' Sith Ey y) me ics yA BPR iid Ore Gia ee ae ty Caines Nj ¥ Py wae Aw Piet Sve ‘ Bay ’ Pyop oN 0 COT ns : be ran awn ‘ ,) ' hoa ee, Th 7 ‘ : er Ta "Ro ie { cei ae His ay Uist ; hi ih Wy y) Beet) DIN? ay Pesan Pha 7 ‘i Ty af nan Ke Nit. Ome ve CONTENTS. I—REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. A.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Page. 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS...---..-- OPS A On hes Sasa ss Seer Gee er oHanseo erick xiii Scope of present report .-.---.-- --------------- Bee eae ee miencialete Reise Saree deeeten ater xiii Increase of correspondence. ...------+----- Bee ae See teie ease sie olan Sis eelalate= «apenas xiii Table of letters written from 1871 to 1881 ..-.-..--. -- ----------- ee eens eee eee eee ee eee xiii Noteworthy features of the year...---.-.-.------- +++ +2220 sree ee cence eee crete teres xiv (1) Increase in production and distribution of carp .----.---------+++-+-+-+-++-++-++- xiv (2) Construction of an additional carp pond....-...------ ----++ +--+ ee eee reece eee ee xiv (3) Introduction of transportation cars...-...--.------+ +--+ see eee rere reece etree eee xiv (4) Change in policy of distribution of shad .......----------- + +--+ ++e-22e eet tere eee xiv (5) Increase in distribution of shad .-......------------+--+--++e reer rere seer eee eee xiv (6) Decrease in supply of California salmon........-----.-- 0 --+--+++-++e sere eee eee xiv (7) Experiments in hatching cod and Spanish mackerel. .-----.--- a Sen Beas xiv (8) Exportation of fish to foreign countries. ...-.-.----------+--- = 0 veer etree xiv (9) Investigations looking to the retardation of the deve lonmont of shad eggs...-.-.- xiv (10) Work on the artificial propagation of the oyster. .. ---..----.--+-0-+-+-++----++) xiv (11) Determination of extent of distribution and value of the tileshishssy <2: 4) 2s54e ey (12) Distribution of specimens to educational establishments ..-.-----------------+--- xiv (13) Plans for constructing a sea-going steamer. ..-.-.--- ------ re ee Faery e te he fresh) >. xiv (14) Acquisition of land at Wood's Holl as a permanent station for hateaee cod and OLHET SOa-tISNESs sess a. 2 Se ce crcl wipe ic alelera sieicparafel ete = bea win elee'eie Bins Joh hee ecueeiee xiv (15) Commencement of the bulletin of the Fish Commission -..-. Haeeeigsesl 2 go seas xiv (16) Lease of a building for the offices of the Wish Gommission: 242s5e2-2. eee eee xv (17) Importation of turbot and sole ....-..--------------+-- +++ +002 settee erect eee iat Pa: 92. PRINCIPAL BTATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION ......----------+-------+-------- xv For investigation and research ......-.------ +--+ +--+ 22-22 sees ence ete terete eee ee xv (1) Gloucester, Mass..-.......-.-.---- 2-2-2 e eee eee ee eee eens teeter eect tenes xv (2) Wood’s Holl, Mass .-.-..-.--..---+ +--+ 22-2 o ee cee cee cece ees cede enters tec cee eee xv (3) Saint Jerome, Md,.......--.-----.- 20-22 eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee etter eee eee xv For propagation of salmonide ...--...----- ©. - +--+ -+++eee sere ee tecee es cee ce terct cece xvi (4) Grand Lake Stream, Me. (Land-locked salmon) ..---.-------------------- mac, ph.apl (5) Bucksport, Me. (Atlantic salmon) ..-..----.-.-------+++-+- +++ 20222 ee eer ee eee eee Xvi (6) Northville, Mich. (Whitefish and trout).... 0 -----------------+ +++ eee rere eee ee xvi (7) Baird, Shasta County, Cal. (California salmon) .-.-..----.--------------+++-+++-+-- xvi (8) Baird, Shasta County, Cal. (California trout) ..----.---.-----------++---+--+-++--- xvi For propagation of shad ........----- -------- cee eee e nee e ee cree eee e eee See eae xvi (QerauerdaGrace Mee. se nce ace: 2 Se ne sncceecte sc Se ilasens a= saninm een esses xvi (10) Northubastenivers Md 2: 2.225 o- - cjccis Seem siciete nmin enon ns ce a iale seein Ree te xvi (11) Washington, Central Station ......-..----.-.---0-6-- see - eee eee eee tee teenee xvi (12) Washington, Navy-yard. ...---..-.- 4.22 ---5--5-2202- eS ee xvii (18) Potomac River barges. .........2- 20-252. e25e- oe ee ee eee este en eens Dee oe ee xvii (GRA) Ac rOG ae Nit Omer ete oe ata era semion igs are aralcioieieleie we mieinieie mo'e «a's nintajajnaminle'e spree = xvii Hor propagation Of Garpiecc< jos... sec -- -oeen rice nace Coe en few nln nme os esniee cna ain ee cisnias xvii (15) Washington, Monument lot .....-......---..--- 2.20 ee eee cece eee ce ee etter eres xvii (16) Washington, Arsenal Grounds .........--.....------------ 2222s eer ee rete: xvii 3. ASSISTANCE RENDERED TO THE COMMISSION .........--.------ eee eee e ee ene ee cece cent cere seeeee xvii By the Executive Departments ........-.....-----..--- Behe See tetera ae aie ose las eet xvii (1) Treasury Department... ..---. 5... 22-122 cen n cece oe ene n es fen ein oe eee eee me ie = xvii (2) War Department... <: -- 2-22 222 o een geste ets sven chen eee ene sat xviii iva CONTENTS Page 3. ASSISTANCE RENDERED TO COMMiSsION—Continued. (eNavy Department, ..-.. 2.2.2 28:0. cesses eee amnesee see weccees moenmeaaseueaee xix (4) Post-ofice Department: 6. sci 02 os caeee ame yam iccionine «acer sees nance eaeecre eae xix (5)einterior Départment a --s2c.co0 «oe emer eeee eee koe lee aaeeee ene xix (G)mVepartmentiof Justiae cc aemae =a eats setae era ae re tk aera) aa xix By the Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds.............-..-..--..-.--.--+--- xix By the Commissioners of the District of Columbia ....-.......0..-.--- 220+ ee eee eee ees xix By railroads throughout the United! States) y2-e ace seme re eee oes Mewadors 2.82 .oss5 bacewils es eis bias rece Oe oats ara Se aa a Se ete xxii (9) Costa: Riéa -oscsc8.8 So s5ere Seah s Me eck cals asd ERE SAS Hatiee See eee ert eee xxii (S)EMGXICO, Hoot dee ce See ere he iee meeeaeiwin d stata? rare kick te eae a ee LeWUeNE ce Xxii (9) Canada.........- paee coda Sho cicoduouE pemouocUseun pocceboscnGs baucacocose ce xxii DA ISH RY te MIB TIONS cames sale anor aia sania aia etetasiniai ata male sie ei aloinleaiarate Sedonns sacs Dh SR REE ac xxii PB OLLIE tears eee ale ee citer ara meh aaalat oot mina a aioe ee cle sae se ernest asee seine Seeeerees Shee: ERR Norfolk: 22 jac: soscsssce aie icles Site miaie fo ate abe coi e ale treleinte asin Paci a cieys ebro eeieie ae aoa ats xxii JOGbb Qube NS ea Serige cos Soe boS doo Ecacino ga chap Ur Gc Epe Acasa palin sod. Seneda nAesa Shao hotc xxii G PHISH COMMISEION) BULLE TING sa atteys a eteieiee ia acres a eretewistels w= tefelarele evete sleletey- ae eta are) eee eee XXii Jot Tesolution amthorizin Oy sess. einen see eee aletenrea ere eeteate orate ate le Pe ae =, AP asbhl Contents of volume for 1881 ...--..-...--..--- bbode sche Gooscrosins GuacooooRkoa sa bSc Bebe 2 Oouil 7. cH PROPOSED STEAMER: AT BATROSSI<4: ce toscc see eee aoe ekeeee Sones ae kee sa eee ats Xxili Its functions compared with those of the Fish Hawk.........................----- <5) SRL Aotioniof Congress). ssses= ce oseseee sears ose Msiistlattea fro Neu ate) chek Res Me neat Xxiv Preparation Of plans: ese wactee same atts re apc iere ss laevis ata RE REE cSt cine xxiv AAMPLOPTIAblON WMS ULE Lembo meee a aan ae ahs aa oe ele lel ioctl eet bie) Sy B.—INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF FOOD-FISHES. 8. PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE OFF-SHORE FISHING-GROUNDS OF THE UNITED STATES... Xxv Generaliresnlts.to beilooked! for 2pm spo ia fora ayatstcters lala = a= eral eae fol eerie eet teeter XXV (1) Locating the known fishing-grounds of the United States .-......+.-2...0. Sera ipal REN (2) Discovery of new grounds ..-.-------- SHE Se een ner Sen sie Sessa as SUR oC SHocbRee XXV (3) Increase in number of fishing vessels..-..--------- --.---+--+------- Adee stats see's XXV (4) Example of Norwegian! Government 2c. wei serie ia lenacinle elo ae ei oe Xxvi (5) Example of likelihood of discovering new and valuable food-fish (the tile-fish) xxvi (6) New grounds in Southern waters ..-...--.-.-----.--+---.-----+--+--+-----+--+- XXxvii (i) eNew round tori alibrt ae scr es cteee ete ane tee ate e ale ae sie ere ee xxvii (8) Release from dependence on Canada for fish: and! haiti sersc,< -.asat 242, ce an eee XXxVili (9) The supply of the necessary demand for fish.-...--.-...--.----..- 12) Jas ee Xxviii (10) Extension of the use of the cod gill-net......-....-...-..2+. .2-- ---.---200 apo) EXE (11) Importance of building a suitable steamer......----.-------.---.+- --+++--++-:- xxix (12) Possible solution of problem of the migration of mac aren el and menhaden...-.-- XXX (13) Collecting of specimens of natural history for schools and colleges ...-..-...-- - Xxxi PDR VMISHERY, CENSUS (OW LSSO 2s pate ea la neta matte te stale tot ke letacer mie feimieli = \/e ilar oa eee eee Xxxi Progress of the work in 1881... . 2). - 2-2-2202 55 eee sees n ce ste sess ee ccees Sa AP... Bulletins issued in 1881 relative to the fisheriés..............-.-22 025 s2ncse ee ee see sees: xxxi (1)) Fisheries\of the Pacific.coast) States: <2... 2. <. ome ence ee aeicisicwicidenciciceecicescine 12 Fire Island light-house, south side of Long Island: Soup him Dad mbronloland, JN.) Yeo oncj se eneiecceecssiccesce cece senies cece 12 Sandy Hook light-house, entrance to New York Bay: James Cosgrove, 128 Rutledge street, Brooklyn, N. Y -.---..----..----.----- 12 Absecom light-house, Absecom Inlet: ACG Olle, A tlanibl CG OlUysON sreli ooe ee ciele epeinin x: vista nelessicine Shideisia se siecievsmesiers 12 Five Fathom Bank light-station, off Delaware Bay: Capt.John; Reeves; Cape: May, @iby. Ni J) 2-552. 2-51 scewociccce csc cccciecwmce: | Le Fourteen-Foot Bank light-station, Delaware Bay: donmntids, Wilmington, Welles tec cc2 = 24 vices wee senjctieeeses'e Sie) eee 10 Winter- Quarter Shoal light-station, Chincoteague Island: C. Lindermann, Chincoteague Island, Accomack County, Virginia........-. 12 S. Mis. 110. TIl XXXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Bodie’s Island light-house, north of Cape Hatteras: Peter G. Gallop, Manteo, Dare County, North Carolina ...--........-...---- 1] Cape Lookout light-house, Cape Lookout: DewaldRumley;, beautort, IN. Cane oss eeeereese nes asses aes care niee merceesce 12 Frying-Pan Shoal light-station, Cape Fear: David=w, Manson, SmithvillesN. Ceecceaeee eases ccs occcee sacs ne eee eee 12 Rattlesnake Shoal light-station, off Charleston: John McCormick, Charleston iS Crea saneccmaccises cs sacle ten es oeeieeenieeeeee 12 Martin’s Industry light-station, Port Royal Entrance: John Masson, Port dRoyal, S.C ra eae soeaiccicsies dete Secs coe om area elasticities 12 Fowey Rocks light-house, Fowey Rocks: John.J-- Larner; Miami Play i. 5 aoscrcs-oceee cones sce cle Sea ceecicie sees ooeeeeee 12 Carysfort Reef light-house, Florida Reefs: Edward Bell, Key West, Fla. (succeeded by F. A. Brost in September) ...... 9 Dry Tortugas light-house, Loggerhead Key: Robertve. Mhompsonw Key Wesuphlaercsa- sec secs ciee ercicecemeceeecntemere 11 11.—BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. The necessity of studying carefully the circumstances under which the development of the egg of the shad, salmon, &c., takes place, and the practical bearing of definite facts on this subject, induced the Com- mission to add, during the year, to its working force, Mr. John A. Ryder, a prominent member of the Academy of National Sciences of Philadel- phia. This gentleman having given much attention to the microscopic work connected with the development of eggs of fishes and other ani- mals, was able to render very important assistance. His labors during the year had relation more particularly to the eggs of the whitefish, the shad, the flounder, the white perch, the California salmon, the Pe- nobscot salmon, and other species. On many of these subjects he pre- pared elaborate memoirs, some of which have already been published by the Commission in its Bulletin for 1881, and others will be published in the Appendix of the present Report. Mr. Ryder’s inquiry extended into the phenomena of the development of shad eggs on trays covered with wet flannel, as suggested by Colonel McDonald. The results of this research have promised to largely revo- lutionize the entire method of transporting eggs from the river stations to the hatching-houses. 12.— THE INTRODUCTION OF COD GILL-NETS. The introduction of gill-nets in the shore cod-fisheries during the winter of 1880-81 created a general and widespread interest among those concerned in fishing. The use of these nets was first sug- gested by the Commission in the winter of 1878~79, but those first tried were not sufficiently strong for the capture of the large cod that frequent our coast in winter. This experiment has been described in an article by Mr. R. E. Earll, on the cod-fisheries of Cape Ann, published in the Report of the United States Fish Commission for 1878. He says: “The method of catching cod with gill-nets, though so successfully used by REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXV the fishermen of Norway, has never been adopted by the fishermen of our coast. Knowing the profits derived from the use of these nets by those foreign fishermen, Professor Baird, who is ever anxious to intro- duce among the Americans any methods that will result to their ad- vantage in the prosecution of the fisheries, decided to make experiments with them at Cape Ann, with a view to their introduction among our shore cod-fishermen. Accordingly he secured from parties in Norway a set of these nets and forwarded them to Gloucester to be thoroughly tested by the employés of the Commission at that place. They reached the hatchery when the pasture school was on the shore, and were set on the favorite fishing grounds a number of times. But the strength of the twine had probably been affected in transit, and the nets proved far too frail. The strong tide and rough water caused them to catch among the rocks, where they were badly damaged; while numerous holes indicated clearly that large fish had torn their way through the nets, only such being retained as had become completely rolled up in the twine. The nets were always taken from the water in bad order, but the capture of 800 pounds on one occasion, even under the cireum- stances, seemed to indicate that nets of sufficient strength might be used to good advantage, at least on the smooth fishing grounds along the coast.” Having made the preliminary trials with the nets, and demonstrated that with reasonably fair chances a good catch might be obtained with them, the offer to lend the nets to any responsible fisherman who would give them a fair and thorough trial was made. The manner of setting them was also explained to any persons who applied for information. But fishermen are somewhat conservative, and do not hurriedly adopt new ideas about catching fish. They know that they can ill afford to waste time or money on questionable ventures. Whatever was the cause it appears that none of the fishermen showed a desire either that winter or the next to try the gill-nets. When Captain Collins left for the Berlin International Fishery Exhi- bition in 1880 he received special instructions to study, from a practical standpoint, the Norwegian methods of using these nets, so that our fishermen might be provided with all the information that could be ob- tained. On his return he embodied the facts in a report on the methods of catching cod in Norway; giving, also, an account of the methods that have been tried by our fishermen, as these differ in some respects from those of the Norwegians. This has been published in the Fish Commission Bulletin for 1881. Although the fruits of the work done by the Commission in 1878 did not immediately appear, the seed that was thus sown was destined in time to bear its legitimate fruit. The difficulty of procuring a supply of bait is a source of great trouble to the shore fishermen, and its cost, even when it is obtainable, is so great that oftentimes the fishermen hesitate to invest, fearing that it XXXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. may result in loss rather than gain. Such was the feeling of Capt. George H. Martin, master of the Northern Eagle, of Gloucester, during the fall of 1880. For several years he had been engaged in the shore cod-fishery during the winter, but the prospect of getting sperling (small herring that are used for bait) appeared so uncertain that he hesitated about fitting out. His father, an employé of the Commission, and also an old fisherman, suggested gill-nets as a means of solving the problem. Together with several of his crew he visited the station of the Commission at Gloucester and examined the nets. Before starting out on his first trip, he conferred with Capt. J. W. Col- lins, who had studied the Norwegian methods at Berlin. This resulted in his devising a plan whereby one man is enabled here to accomplish nearly the same amount of work as six in Norway. This new method is called “under-running,” and is found to be an improvement. Nets of 10-inch mesh are set the same as herring nets, being suspended by hollow glass balls or floats at any required depth. They are usually left out several days at a time, the fishermen under-running them each morning, and taking out the fish that have been caught in the meshes during the night. None are caught except at night. The first trials proved successful, the Northern Eagle taking 4,000, 6,000, and 7,000 pounds, respectively, on her first three trips with nets, in spite of the weather being unfavorable. The nets first used, part of which had been lent by the Commission, were found too weak to resist the struggles of the larger cod, some of which weigh as much as 75 or 80 pounds each. The average weight of those taken in the nets is 23 pounds. Stronger nets were soon obtained, and their number was in- creased. At present the Northern Eagle carries 8 dories, each with a single man, who is provided with a gang of three nets, making a total of twenty-four nets for the crew. The nets are each 50 fathoms long and three fathoms deep, knit of salmon twine. Unexampled success has resulted from the use of these new nets. On a trip ending January 11th, 35,000 pounds of cod were taken by the crew of the Northern Eagle, 8,000 pounds of which were obtained in a single morning. Two other vessels, which were absent the same length of time, fishing at the same place, but in the old way, got only 4,000 and 5,000 pounds, respectively. Later, another trip was made by the same vessel, which was even more successful, when 35,000 pounds of cod were caught in four days’ fishing, 18,000 pounds being taken in one day. The catch was three times as large as that of the trawlers fishing on the same ground. At first the nets met with the same opposition from the trawlers that trawls had from the hand-line fishermen, when they were introduced, some thirty years ago. Although at first inclined to inveigh against ‘building a fence” to prevent the fish from reaching the trawls, &c., the fishermen soon began to realize its advantages. Whenever in port, the deck of the Northern Eagle would be crowded with fishermen anxious to learn about this new method of fishing. Letters from all along the REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXVII coast were received by the Boston net factories inquiring about the cod gill-nets. Allusion has been made to the difficulty of obtaining bait for the shore fisheries, its cust, &c. As an instance of this, the average bait bill of a vessel in the Gloucester shore fleet for the month of De- cember, 1880, may be stated at $150, and the bait bill of the schooner Phantom for fifteen days was $380. This, added to the loss of time in seeking bait (often one-third), was a serious drawback. But the bait question is a still more important one to the bank fishermen, who have generally been obliged to seek it in the ports of the British Provinces. Great stress has been laid by the inhabitants of the provinces on the importance of this privilege to our fishermen. Gill-nets have been used in the Norwegian cod fisheries for nearly two hundred years, and with good success. M. Friele, in an account of the fisheries of Norway, in 1877, says they are “quite indispensable when the cod does not bite,” while, according to Mr. Hermann Baars, Die Fischeret Industrie Norwegens, Bergen, 1873, “the fatter the fish the less it is attracted by the bait, and during spawning season it scarcely ever takes the hook at all. For this reason the well-to-do fisherman is usually provided with nets as well as trawls. These nets are held upright in the water by means of floats of hollow glass, the invention of Merchant Christopher Faye, of Bergen. Sometimes, however, wood or cork is used. The glass floats are almost exclusively in use in all the Loffoden Islands.” The importance of the use of gill-nets in the Norwegian cod-fisheries is shown in the following extracts from the official report of the superintendent, Niels Juel (first lieutenant in the navy), for 1878, giving the statistics, &e., of the Loffoden Island fish- eries: “The percentage of fishermen using different apparatus was as fol- lows: 58 per cent. used nets; 32 per cent. used lines; 10 per cent. used deep-bait. There was an increase from last year of 2,542 in the number of net fishermen. There was an average of 3,725 boats employed, of which 2,154 boats, carrying 13,168 men, were engaged in fishing with gill-nets. The total catch for 1878 was 24,660,000 cod in number, of which upwards of 14,000,000 of the largest were caught with nets.” The net-fishing has since increased, according to Mr. Hermann Baars, who says: ‘In 1879 the following enumeration was made: 2,532 boats, with crews numbering 14,322 men, fitted out for the net-fishery.” He further says that “usually the boats fishing with nets obtain the great- est net receipts, since these often sell 10,000 to 12,000 fish, 10 to 12 barrels of oil, and 10 barrels of roe, valued at 2,500 marks ($595.24), and at least 400 marks ($95.24) to each man. A net yield of 350 marks a head is considered by the trawl-line fishermen very satisfactory.” These remarkable results are obtained by fishing in open boats in the dead of | winter north of the arctic circle. What may we not hope for under more favorable circumstances? Of this Mr. Baars says: “ But it must be remembered that the stormy weather, which often lasts for weeks at i XXXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. a time in the winter months at this region, often renders it impossible for the fishermen to go out to sea. As a rule, fishing cannot be carried on more than two days in a week.” 13.—THE VALUE OF FISH AS FOOD. In a previous Report reference was made to the results of a series of elaborate chemical investigations by Prof. W. O. Atwater, of Middle- town, Conn., into the absolute and comparative value of fish as food. This work has been continued during the year on an increased scale, and it is expected that his next report will contain some additional data of much interest. 14.—WORK DONE AT WOOD’S HOLL, MASS., IN 1881. Advantages as a permanent sea-coast station of the United States Fish Commission.—F rom the inception of the work of the Commission in 1871 it has been the custom to select some station on the sea-coast from which to prosecute the researches required by Congress into the scien- tific and economical problems connected with the sea and its inhabitants; the stations, as already indicated, covering the coast from the Bay of Fundy to Long Island Sound. In this way the peculiarities of the in- shores have been well determined and the geographical distribution of the fishes, mollusks, crustacea, radiates, &c., properly marked out. In addition to the discovery of a great many new species, much light has been thrown upon the whole subject of marine zoology generally. It is not to be supposed that everything in this connection has been learned; but the broad features have been determined, and the minor details can be safely left to local and special researches. The acquisition of a sea-going steamer in the Fish Hawk, and the hope of obtaining a still more serviceable vessel, rendered it expedient to fix upon some point for permanent occupation where the necessary facilities for the maritime work of the Commission could be obtained. The southern side of New England was considered better than the eastern, aS permitting investigation for a longer period and presenting a much richer fauna. The best conditions for the propagation of marine fishes were also found on the southern coast of New England, as fish are in greater variety, and, so far as the winter hatching is concerned, the cold is less severe, and other circumstances generally were more fa- vorable. By the use of a suitable fishing smack, the fish can be brought in alive and penned up until they are ready to yield their eggs, and in this way will be exposed to much less danger from destruction by cold than proved to be the case at Gloucester. After a careful consideration of the subject, the choice was found to | lie between Newport and Wood’s Holl. Newport has a great many ad- vantages in its accessibility, and in the very great desire manifested by its citizens to secure the presence of the United States Fish Com- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXIX mission. A number of gentlemen, of whom Mr. J. M. K. Southwick was spokesman, offered to furnish the requisite buildings, and also the use of a suitable wharf, and otherwise to encourage the selection of the station. The Navy Department also gave the Commission a provisional invitation to establish itself on the northern end of Coasters’ Harbor Island, which was not required for the purposes of the training school. The great difficulty in the way of Newport, however, was found to be in the comparative impurity of the water, Narragansett Bay receiving the drainage of a number of large cities, such as Newport, Fall River, Bristol, Providence, &c., and also having extensive mud bottoms and flats. The experience of the year 1880 showed that the abounding im- purities would settle as a sediment upon the eggs of the fishes to be hatched and materially impair their development, as was found to be the case at Gloucester. A totally different condition of things was found at Wood’s Holl, where the water is exceptionally pure and free from sediment, and where the sudden tide rushing through the Wood’s Holl passage keeps the water in a state of healthy oxygenation especially favorable for biological research. The entire lack of sewage, owing to the remote- ness of large cities, and the absence of large rivers tending to reduce the salinity of the water, constitute a strong argument in its favor, and this station was finally fixed upon for the purpose in question. The quarters occupied by the Commission at Wood’s Holl, furnished by the courtesy of the Light-House Board, are too scanty for the ex- pected work of the Commission in the future, and measures were im- mediately instituted to obtain foothold on the Great Harbor. Here a point of land constituting the neck of the upper harbor was fixed upon as a suitable location, affording the advantage of pure and very deep water, accessible to vessels of quite unusual draught, and immediately adjacent to the rapid tide of the passage. Negotiations were opened with the owners of the ground, Messrs. Isaiah Spindel & Co., and a provisional agreement made as to the price and conditions of the purchase, the details of which will be given in the next Report. Work of the year 1881 at Wood’s Holl.—Pending the permanent es- tablishment of the Commission at Wood’s Holl, as explained in the preceding section, that station was selected for the work of 1881, and, by the renewed courtesy of the Light-House Board, the old quarters on the Light-House wharf were secured and fitted for occupation. As the Government wharf was unable to furnish a berth for the steamer Fish Hawk, the private wharf of Isaiah Spindel & Co. was leased for the purpose. The requisite accommodations for board and lodging for the party were obtained with considerable difficulty, but finally the necessary arrangements were completed. I reached the station on the 8th of July, being joined soon after by the remainder of the party. XL REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. As in previous years, Professor Verrill, of Yale College, had charge of the work connected with the marine invertebrates, and Dr. Tarleton H. Bean of the fishes, in this being assisted by Mr. Peter Parker. Other assistants were Prof. L. A. Lee, of Bowdoin College, Mr. San- derson Smith, Mr. James H. Emerton, and others. Capt. H. C. Chester had general charge of the buildings, assisted by Vinal N. Edwards, of Wood’s Holl. During the summer the usual branches of research were prosecuted under the direction of the several chiefs, and a great deal of valuable information collected, some of which will be furnished in the form of monographic papers, and the rest presented in the pages of the Reports of the Commission or in the Fishery Division of the United States Census of 1880. One of the most practical results of the work of the season was the in- vestigation into the area of distribution and the economical qualities of the tile fish. This species was first brought to light by the casual capture of some specimens in 1879 by Captain Kirby, of Gloucester, Mass., who carried them into that city, where they were secured by the Fish Com- mission, which had a station there at the time. As explained in the previous Report, the ground was investigated by the Fish Hawk in 1880, and a number of specimens captured. During 1881 special efforts were made to define the limitation and area of this fish. It was found to occur on the edge of the continental plateau, and in abundance equal to that of codfish on the fishing banks. It is confidently believed that a large part of the fish supply of New York and Boston could readily be furnished from this species. Careful tests were made of its qualities as a food-fish, not only on board the vessel and at Wood’s Holl, but by distributing them among the New York experts, through Mr. E. G. Blackford. The reports were uni- formly favorable; one gentleman characterizing the fish as having hard meat and sweet and juicy as any game fish he ever met with; another ranking it above sheeps-head, as being more juicy and better flavored. The work accomplished by the Fish Hawk, to which a great deal of the success of the summer was due, will be referred to under a subse- quent heading. The season was closed by my departure on the 4th of October, the Fish Hawk proceeding to Washington with her collections and appara- tus, stopping, however, at New Haven to discharge the packages con- taining specimens for Professor Verrill. 15,— EXPLORATIONS OF THE FISH HAWK. With the exception of the years 1872 and 1876, when the Commis- sioner was necessarily otherwise occupied, the Navy Department, in compliance with law, has, since 1871, furnished the Commission with a steamer for its sammer work. The first detail of this kind was that of a small steam-launch in 1871. In 1873, 1874, and 1875, the steamer REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERTES. XLI Biue Light, under command of Captain Beardsley, was made use of; in 1877 the Speedwell, under command of Commander Kellogg; the same vessel again in 1878, under command of Captain Beardsley, and again in 1879, under command of Lieut. Z. L. Tanner. The appropriation by Congress for a special steamer—the Fish Hawk— completed in the spring of 1889, enabled the Commission to dispense with the naval steamer, but it gladly embraced the privilege of calling upon the Department for a detail of officers and crew. The first service of this vessel, under command of Lieut. Z. L. Tan- ner, was rendered at Newport in 1880, the Report of which year contains an account of her work on this occasion. The off-shore exploration, however, was limited to two or three trips, the results of which were so interesting as to induce great expectations from the renewal of these labors in 1881, It will be remembered, as stated in the last Report, that the water deepens very slowly for a considerable distance off the coast, from Cape Cod southward; so that a depth of 100 fathoms is, for the most part, only attainable at a distance, out, of from 75 to 100 miles. This brings us to the edge of the continental plateau; and beyond that there is usually an abrupt declivity, showing rapidly deepening water. On her expeditions in 1880 the Fish Hawk found that the edge of this slope or declivity was occupied by an extremely rich fauna, both as to species and individuals; indeed, far exceeding in this respect any of the regions nearer the land; and the necessary arrangements were made to renew work in that vicinity during 1881. On her return to Washington in 1880 she was sent to Point Lookout to obtain a supply of oysters for the oyster-hatching station at Saint Jerome; and the ice forming before she could return, obliged her to winter in the Norfolk navy-yard. Returning, however, from that point in February, she was fitted out with shad-hatching apparatus, and on the 23d of March was ordered to Avoca, a shad-fishing station at the mouth of the Roanoke River in Albemarle Sound. Here she remained until the 30th of April, carrying on her work, and obtaining many courtesies from Dr. W. R. Capehart, the owner of the station. The vessel reached Havre de Grace on the 3d of May, and was occupied until the Sth of June in hatching shad at the head of Chesapeake Bay. On the 15th of June she again proceeded to Saint Jerome to make experiments in connection with the hatching of Spanish mackerel, but started for Washington on the 20th of June, having left her work at that place in charge of Col. M. McDonald. The details of her Jabors in connection with shad and Spanish mackerel will be found in the second division of this Report. After a short stay at the navy-yard in Washington undergoing re- pairs, she took on board the apparatus for the deep-sea research, and left for Wood’s Holl on the 7th of July, arriving there on the 10th. From that time until the 4th of October numerous trips were made XLIT REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. to the localities near the Gulf Stream, referred to as having been visited in 1880, and many very interesting results were secured. In the sup- plementary portion of this Report will be found a popular statement of this work, consisting of the substance of an address by Prof. L. A. Lee, one of the scientific party. A special list of the fishes collected during the season, prepared by Dr. Bean, is also appended. The steamer arrived at Washington on the 12th of October, and the offer of her services was at once embraced by the Navy Department, in connection with the naval and military celebration at Yorktown, from October 7 to October 20. She was placed by the Secretary of the Navy at the service of the Secretary of War. Having been absent several days, upon returning to Washington, she went into winter quarters at the navy-yard, where she was thoroughly repaired and put in readiness for the work of 1882. A full description of the vessel and her outfit, together with the de- tails of her work during 1880 and 1881, furnished by her commander, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, will be found in the Appendix of the present Report. C.—THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES. It has already been shown that, while the original object of establish- ing the United States Fish Commission was the investigation of the alleged decrease of the food-fishes of the United States, during the second year of its existence it was charged by Congress with the added duty of increasing the supply, and of stocking the waters with suitable ad- ditional species of economical value. At the present time much the larger part of the expenditure of time and money on the part of the Com- mission is in the last-mentioned direction. 16.—THE METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND EGGS. In the beginning of the work of the Commission, in connection with the introduction of food-fishes into new waters, it was entirely possible to cover all the service by placing the fish in cans and employing suit- ably trained messengers to accompany them to such points of deposit as might have been selected. All the railroads of the country with scarcely an exception, when applied to, gave instructions to allow the transportation, in baggage- cars, free of extra charge, of the cans containing the young fish, and granted access to the same on the part of the messengers; instructions being given, in many cases, to stop the car at stations near rivers or streams to allow the introduction of the fish therein. This was specially the case with the shad, and where the annual production — amounted to but a few millions it became quite possible to accomplish all that was necessary by thismeans. As, however, the supply of young fish increased, partly in consequence of the increase in the scale of operations and partly from the increase in the supply, caused by the REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLIII work of the Commission, this was found to be inadequate, especially as one messenger was unable to carry satisfactorily more than ten or twelve cans, containing from 100,000 to 150,000 fish. The possibility of obtaining a larger number of fish than at first, made it practicable also to test the theory which the Commission has been gradually reach- ing, that the number of fish likely to survive the attacks of their enemies when planted in a river is increasingly proportionate to the total num- ber introduced, or rather that the expectancy of destruction, in a given locality, is essentially an absolute quantity dependent upon the exist- ing number of minnows and other predaceous fish. Thus, if the expect- ancy of destruction be estimated at 100,000 young fish, we will have none left to grow up from a deposit of 100,000 fish. If, however, we introduce 200,000 fish, then we may claim a surplus of 100,000. It is highly probable that the larger the number introduced the greater will be the percentage of survivals. Where we ean introduce a car-load of fish instead of a tenth or twen- tieth of that quantity, our chances of success in stocking waters are probably increased far beyond the difference in the ratio. When the available supply of young shad increased to an extent of perhaps a million a day, for a number of days in succession, the method of transportation mentioned above proved to be entirely inadequate, and the experiment was made of filling an entire baggage-car with fish cans and forwarding it to destination, accompanied by a suitable num- ber of messengers. This was done was done with the kind assistance of President Hinckley, of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, and subsequently of the officers of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It was in time found that even this plan was insufficient, as it was not always possible to obtain the cars, and these were not provided with the necessary facilities for keeping the fish in good condition. It was at length determined either to build a new ear, or to adapt an old one of proper character to this express purpose, and an arrangement was finally made with President Hinckley to refit one of the best bag- gage-cars belonging to his company, and sell it to the Commission, when completed, at cost. This car was fitted up by Mr. J. H. Ridgway, of Philadelphia, as a refrigerator car, and was provided with living and sleeping rooms at either end for the accommodation of the messengers. It was also sup- plied with air-brakes, Miller platform, six-wheeled trucks, &c., by means of which it could be moved on passenger trains. As thus arranged, the car is capable of carrying from one to two millions of fish at a load and five messengers. The details of its con- struction will be given hereafter. The car reached Washington from the shops on the 7th of May, and made a trial trip on the 2d of June to Atlanta, Ga., with shad. Owing, however, to the difficulty experienced in changing the trucks at Lynch- XLIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. burg, it returned to Washington after depositing the fish in the James River. On the 15th of June a load of 1,150,000 fish was tiansported to Maine from the hatchery at Havre de Grace, and introduced success- fully into the Kennebec and Mattawamkeag Rivers. The experience of these trips suggested some additional changes, which were made in the course of the summer; and in the middle of October the car was again used, this time for distributing carp. In December, it was determined to use the car for transporting a supply of carp to Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri. There were 950 applicants to be supplied in Texas alone. There were placed on board the car forty large cans, each containing one hundred carp, and seven containing one hundred and fifty carp each. There were also placed on board eighteen crates, each containing sixteen small tin pails. - As each pail contained twenty carp, each crate would thus contain three hundred and twenty carp. In addition, there were three crates con- taining four hundred carp each. This made a total of twelve thousand carp. The car was not ready to leave, however, until January 3, 1882, when it was moved by the Pennsylvania Railroad from Washington to Saint Louis, in charge of Colonel Marshal McDonald. The first distri- butions were made from Saint Louis; after which the car proceeded to Texarkana, from which point applicants in Arkansas were supplied. Similar stops were made at Shreveport, La., Sherman, Tex., Dallas, Tex., Austin, Tex., &c. HePowors, Plymouth is: 2 lsscecoeseseses sooo case escent emcees 50, 000 New Jersey .----.--- Hred! ‘Mather: Newark (2.22.02. 9252220008 2 ea eee eee 500, 000 Percy CsOblPlainfleld = eos secesaseeees soccer ecseretemansrisac 50, 000 Pennsylvania.....--.. Sothi Weeks’ Corry *:sc2-- soc cos sceeeen ean 5 IE 100, 000 Curtis Johnson, Saint Petersburg ise cccesocee soem ceeeneneeseesanie 50, 000 South Carolina C.J. Huske, Walhalla 300, 000 West Virginia C.S. White, Romney ..-.-....-. 100, 000 Wanaday.-co-ceeesesee S. Wilmot, Newcastle, Ontario 500, 000 New South Wales ... Zoological Society, Sydney 50, 000 MOtAL oo cod Seah ioe cow nice sgee eee ee ee ee 3, 650, 000 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LAV TABLE VII.—Distribution of California trout eggs by the United States Fish Convmission during season of 1831. | : Number States. Destination. of eggs.. Califormiasc:<-. 2... IBSbReddin Oy SAaNVTANCIGCO: cosancscccecsnusaceanccccsescnccss cs=: 40, 000 MUHOIR see cone ssa Nee Mainbanks; Chica? O\natesasscceusisccssascncoeriasescese sistas = 85, 000 HOWE. osoccnceeces Sen Baby Shaw, Anamosa... <-. + oc-sesisccesas sass sesso seeeaee saree 200, 000 New Hampshire -..... IASI OW ORS Sb lYIMOUtN o <2 55 satica c ceies vin ca Sob cee s one seceeemeeeccee 95, 000: New Jersey.-------.. ep AMMersOns BIGOMBNULY soso c-- a eesic ces ecssawnseceesiensicceeeee 95, 000» INGWeVORKie.--ccccone HG el AOKTOLG NOW YOLK CIty, cons cnc = jae aoe nae ee asecacecee 344, 500: Pennsylvania........ Seth Weeks, Corry. ......--.00--0---e--- 0 ne eee ee nen e eeee eees 100, 000° RWarrinigiesccessesece SoH. Baird, Washington, D.C 22.2. ccccccccecse sconce cssencaeensce 27, 000: Totaleee ose Sse enh Aion NE be PA RC a a 1, 006, 500: TABLE IX.—Distribution of schoodic salmon eggs by the United States Fish Commission dur- ing season of 1881. States. Destination. | Number of eggs. DOMESTIC. California ...... -..-. By beRending: Sal hTARCISC0!. .scscccisseseessce cele neesss neces 10, 000 Connecticat ......... Fed penton eeWindSOr (2c. Saj.j-e secoretio ce enee en des can ete eee 5, 250 LOW aren ae cem cates BPO NAW CAM AINOS Be saa tie on sno a selon ce nileeieelentielacles ae cette ashe 25, 000 Main 6 teen. omereee AMO UATU RE MNO Gisasacicn accesses cpancee aes atemeer ence s—eaee te 5, 000 Maryland "222-2 s=se-> PRP ROLP ROM /DALIMOPG acocasnaseoccos oe secs e econ ates mac cece 11, 000: Massachusetts. -..--- Hi Ae BrackObe “Win CHESLEL j\sigciecccic cele s oe atisoe cmncese's casee ween. 5, 000: Michigan) 225: 22.22 NAC ARE NOLENVINO.. 5. dsccnsicesessecewecesoccscccecssscoscesces 56, 750° DAG OLENA LAM Shee coc cee oe eee ee coos coe csee deeb eone ee 25, 000: Minnesota ........--. R. O. Sweeny, Saint Paul...-.. 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Speedwell was put out of commission at meridian Octo- ber 24, 1879, and i received orders on the same day to report to Prof. S. I’. Baird, United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, for duty connected with the construction of the steamer Fish Hawk building at the establishment of the Pusey and Jones Company, Wilmington, Del. The vessel was designed by Charles W. Copeland, consulting engineer of the Light House Board, and constructed under the supervision of the board. Larrivedat Wilmington on the 29th and found the iron hull practically completed and a portion of the wooden sheathing on. The wood-work was well advanced above the main deck, and lumber for the joiner’s work dressed and prepared for putting up. The engines were approaching completion, the boiler well advanced, and at high water, December 13, the vessel was successfully launched. ‘The trial trip took place February 19, 1880, with the following results: Course—Down the Delaware River from mouth of Christiana Creek and return. MOM aA Om GT alas Pe ere ese elk Sete eed chy Saw ots 6 hours. PE ualNCUS CANCE elas aisle sis ude Ee whet sn elas ¢ 54. 9 knots. Awenave speed per NOUN. nse. coe oul snl. cele ee 9.15 knots. Pipe MOB SOLOW, hp Noay. Bera laparo a (= 10sie aialnjediern oo) oe alae s 12 feet 3 inches. Average revolutions per minute ................-. 89.77. Average revolutions per mile. ......... Dias ine afte 574, 2. ANA te SP WEL ICOM). aio. as acts 2 ns alte sclgeaaye bs 15. 6. JENS SEEK G: (SUSE UNS gs oo neo a ee Oy ets 28 pounds. AN WEE FETED SHE) (0 eter aay ae a Eo Sek 21 inches. SUID yO AL Ge ROMWVAN eects cle ta.<0cis) = «wa. 0%» he ee So ae im 5 feet 9 inches. Sy DES ACG Hees H ae 1 PR ce PP 7 feet 2 inches. Me GAL Get taste Ree es roo oS. Sauber tak nen oly 3 6 feet 55 inches. The engines were not stopped nor the throttle-valve moved during the trial, everything working satisfactorily, and though the contract called for a sea trial of twelve hours, it was not considered necessary to extend it to that time. Cadet Engineer William B. Boggs was ordered to special duty in con- nection with the construction of machinery about the middle of Decem- ber, 1879, and has been on duty since that time. The builders completed their contract February 235, 1880, and the {1] 3 4 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] ship was turned over to the commission, but remained at the works awaiting her outfit. This depended upon a deficiency appropriation not yet passed, and which did not, in fact, become available until June 2. I received orders from the Navy Department to assume command of the vessel on the 12th of March, 1880, and reported to Professor Baird for that duty on the above date. The months of June and July were occupied in procuring the vessel’s outfit and in the construction of her fish-hatching machinery. Mate James A. Smith was ordered to report as executive officer, and Assistant Engineer William B. Boggs in charge of engines, on the 4th of June. Passed Assistant Paymaster George H. Read was ordered to the ship June 12, and Dr. F. C. Van Vliet joined the vessel on June 14, as medical officer. The general description of the vessel is as follows (see Plate ): Feet. In Length from rabbet to rabbet on 7 feet water-line............ 146 6 Denethyvowmerially ce oe iD cet Mn) Reena, eee eae ao 156 6 Breadth of, beam Moulded. 2 kee Mo outs cos 2a Noe eee 27 00 Hepehvot holdyamidshipsinc.2 cee, «0! sets « vs x 5 se oe es t0°9 Shear sOrnwardh 40 20'2 tee ie Mc ee eae yaks ans: share eae ere 4 4 “OVS 1 tA i Cee AL ge a EER, UTS 2 Ree ROE ee eRe ae eM eo pee The vessel’s rig is a fore-and-aft schooner with pole topmasts. The hull below the main deck is of iron, built on Lloyd’s rules for ves- sels of her class, and sheathed with yellow pine, from 24 to3 inches in thickness, calked and coppered. Above the main deck the structure is of wood. She has a promenade deck extending from stem to stern, and from side to side, covered with canvas, on which are located the pilot house, captain’s quarters, and laboratory. There are five iron bulk-heads: the collision bulk-head about 20 feet from the stem, No. 2 forward of the boiler, No. 3 between the boiler and engines, No. 4 abaft the engines, and No. 5 about 9 feet from the stern rabbet, all water-tight except No. 3. In the hold forward of the collision bulk-head, on a platform raised about 5 feet above the keelson, is the boatswain’s store-room. Abaft the bulk-head, extending att about 10 feet, are the ice-houses, one on each side of a central passage 3 feet in width. The bulk-heads are double, with an air space of 4 inches, which is filled with sawdust, the whole interior lined with sheet tin soldered and well secured, and a lead drain-pipe in the after outboard corner of each. They have two entrances, one through a door in the central passage and another through a scuttle in the main deck. The chain-lockers are under the ice-houses and extend across the hold, a bulk-head amidships separating the starboard from the port chain. They are entered through a scuttle in the central passage above men- tioned. [3]. CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 5 Abaft the houses are six store-rooms, three on each side, on an ex- tension of the floor platform, with a central passage 4 feet 3 inches in width. The laboratory store-rooms are forward, one on each side, 4 feet wide fore and aft, with shelves for the reception of specimens. Abaft this, on the port side, is the navigation and equipment store-room, 9 feet 4 inches fore and aft, and abaft this the sail-room, 4 feet wide. On the starboard side, abaft the laboratory store-room, is the paymaster’s store-room, 9 feet 4 inches wide, and abaft this the bread-room, 4 feet in width, lined with sheet tin. Next aft is the steerage, extending 15 feet fore and aft. There isa state-room in the after end, on each side, two bunks in the starboard and one in the port room; forward of the rooms are two open bunks on each side, a pantry on the starboard side forward, and a wash-stand on the port side. The rooms are carpeted, and are furnished with bureaus, wash-stands, lamps, &c.; the steerage country has an oil cloth on the floor, a hanging lamp, extension table, chairs, steam heater, &c. The entrance is at the forward end, amidships, by a ladder from the main deck. Fore hold—Under the steerage and store-rooms, extending 32 feet 6 inches abaft the chain-lockers, is the fore hold. The water-tanks, having a capacity of 800 gallons, are located at the after end, immedi- ately forward of bulk-head No. 2. Engine department.—Abaft the bulk-head, extending about 45 feet to bulk-head No. 4, is the space occupied by the boiler, coal-bunkers, fire- room, and engines. Lower cabin.—Abaft the bulk-head, extending 26 feet, is the lower cabin, having seven open bunks on aside. The dispensary, wash-stand, and a wardrobe are in the forward end, amidships. The floor is covered with an oil cloth, and the apartment is furnished with lamps, extension table, chairs, &e. Linen-room and pantry.—Abaft the cabin, on the starboard side, is the linen-room; and on the port side a pantry and store-room, 6 feet 6 inches in width fore and aft, extending to bulk-head No. 5, The entrance to the lower cabin is aft, amidships. Store-room.—Abaft the bulk-head, in the stern of the vessel, is a cabin store-room about 9 feet fore and aft, entered through a scuttle on the main deck. Forecastle.—On the main-deck forward, extending 31 feet from the stern, is the forecastle, having fourteen bunks arranged in two tiers on the sides and after end. The paint-locker is in the forward end; and the forward force-pump, windlass, compressors, and riding-bitts are located there. In the deck are the scuttles leading to the boatswain’s store-room, the ice-houses and chain-lockers. The apartment contains two sliding tables, eamp- stools, a swinging lamp, steam heater, &c. There are two entrances, one through a door on the after end to the ~ 6 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] main deck, another by a ladder and booby-hatch to the promenade deck. Water-closets.—The water-closets are abaft the forecastle on each side of the fore hatch. Main or hatching deck.—The main or hatching deck extends 47 feet aft from the forecastle. The fore hatch is on the forward part of this deck; the foremast 5 feet abaft the hatch; the steerage companion way about 2 feet abaft the mast, and the lamp-locker abaft the compan- ion way. The boiler hatch extends about 17 feet forward from the after bulk-head, is about 9 inches above the deck, and on itare placed the donkey- pump, distributing-tanks, and, attached to the beams overhead, are the cam-shaft and attachments for working the hatching-beams. There are three coal-scuttles through the main deck on each side of the boiler hatch. A gangway port on each side abreast of the foremast, 6 feet wide, extending from deck to deck, and four swinging ports on each side 4 feet by 3 feet 4 inches, which can be opened or closed at pleasure. The hatching machinery is located on the main deck each side and forward of the boiler hatch. Donkey-boiler room.—There is a sliding door in the starboard side of the after main deck bulk-head, communicating with the donkey-boiler room, which extends 13 feet aft from the main deck. The donkey boiler stands on the starboard side forward; the steam chimney amidships, and the galley, 8 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 6 inches, on the port side. The galley door is in the after bulk-head; there is a win- dow on the side, and another forward, in the main-deck bulk-head. The floor is of brick laid in cement. There is a cooking-range, coal-bunker, fresh-water pump connecting with the tanks, a sink and ample lockers, shelves, &ce. The distiller stands on the starboard side of the boiler hatch between the steam chimney and main-deck bulk-head. There is a ventilator, through which ashes are hoisted, in each after corner of the boiler hatch, and the deck between them and the engine-room bulk-head is composed of an iron grating, giving light and air to the fire-room. There is a vertical iron step-ladder attached to the engine-room bulk-head leading from the donkey-boiler room to the fire-room. Engine-room.—The engine-room extends aft 11 feet from the donkey- boiler room, is 12 feet in width, and occupies the central part of the deck. There are two doors in the forward end opening into the donkey-boiler room; a door on the starboard after end into the cabin, and a stairway on the port after end communicating with the lower engine-room. The engines are worked from the upper engine-room. Machinists room.—The machinist’s room is on the starboard side abreast of the engine-room; has a door opening to the donkey-boiler room, a large window in the side, andtwo bunks. Abaft this isa room (opening into the cabin) used for members of the scientific corps; it has two bunks, also, and a window in the side. [5] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 7 Passage. ere is a passage 2 feet 6 inches in width on the port side of the engine-room leading from the donkey-boiler room to the cabin. Cabin pantry—The cabin pantry is on the port side of the above pas- sage, 11 feet fore and aft, and about 5 feet wide; there are two large windows on the side; a door opening into the passage; shelves; lockers; racks, and other necessary appliances for a pantry on ship board. Cabin.—The cabin is abaft the engine-room, 30 feet in length, has four rooms on a side with one bunk in each. Aft on the starboard side is the Commissioner’s office. The lower cabin companion way is amidships, and a bath room and closet on the port side. Between the latter and lower cabin companion way is a passage 2 feet 4 inches in width, lead- ing from the cabin to the bath-room and after deck. After deck.—The after deck above mentioned is 14 feet in length and extends to the stern. The sides are open above the main rail. The spare tiller and relieving tackles are on this deck. The cabin store- room scuttle is forward of the rudder ; the entrance to the Commissioner’s office on the starboard side ; the lower cabin companion way amidships; the entrance to the cabin Lee on the port side, and just abaft the rudder the after force-pump. Promenade deck.—On the promenade deck, forward of the foremast, are the anchors, forward force-pump, windlass brakes, capstan, fore- castle booby-hatch, fore hatch, hoisting and reeling engine, and the dredging boom, its heel attached to the foremast. Abaft the mast is a booby-hatch covering the entrance to the main deck, and abaft that the pilot-house and captain’s quarters. Pilot-house—The pilot-house is 8 feet in length fore and aft, 10 feet in width, and has an elliptical front. The glass windows and venetian blinds are hung with weights, and all metal work about it, or used in its construction, is brass. There is a liquid steering compass on the port side forward of the wheel; a sofa, signal-locker, and convenient receptacles for fire-works and flags on the after end. The floor is covered with lignum and ash gratings. The necessary bells, speaking and sounding tubes, and whistle- rope are in their appropriate nines The pilot-house is raised 26 inches above the captain’s quarters; has a door on each side, the upper portion set with glass. There are also windows in the after end, giving an unobstructed view fore and aft, and a door on the starboard side communicating with the captaiu’s room. Captains room.—The captain’s room is in the deck-house, abaft the pilot-house, 9 feet 10 inches in length, fore and aft, 12 feet in width, 7 feet high, and has a sky-light 2 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 5 inches. There is a door and window on each side; a door opening into the pilot-house inthe forward end and one into the bath-room aft. Thereisa folding bed, a sofa, writing-desk, marble-topped bureau, and book-case of piaele walnut. There are also drawers for charts, clothing, &e. 8 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] Bath-room.—The captain’s bath-room, 6 feet 10 inches long and 4 feet 10 inches wide, is on the starboard side of the deck-house, abaft the captain’s room, and communicates with it. A door on the starboard side opens on the promenade deck. The room has two windows, one on the starboard side and one in the after end; a bath-tub, wash-stand, mirror, &e. There is a state-room on the port side of the deck-house, abaft the captain’s room, 6 feet 10 inches in length, 7 feet wide; the sky-light extending over it. A door communicates with the bath-room, and another, on the port side, with the promenade deck. There is a window on the port side and one aft; a folding bed, a secretary-bureau, wash- stand, lamp, mirror, steam heater, &c.,in the room. The funnel is about 2 feet abaft the deck-house, the engine-room sky-light abaft the funnel. The laboratory.—The laboratory, 10 feet 7 inches in length, 9 feet 11 inches wide, and 7 feet 3 inches high, is abaft the engine-room sky-light, and covers the entrance to the cabin. It has a book-case, work-table, specimen case, box for microscope, and the necessary shelves and drawers. There are two windows on each side, two in the forward end, and one aft. The door is in the after end. Abaft the laboratory is the mainmast, cabin skylight, standard com- pass, rudder head, tiller, Se. Steering gear.—The steering gear consists of an iron tiller, secured to the rudder head on the promenade deck, with chains extending through sheaves on each quarter. Iron wire wheel ropes are led over small rollers on each side of the promenade deck, the after ends secured to chains and the forward ends to the after block of the sliding purchase, which consists of two single blocks, the fall leading over the barrel of the wheel in the pilot-house. Spars.—The vessel is schooner rigged, the foremast 49 feet in length above deck and 17 inches in diameter; mainmast 46 feet, and 14 inches in diameter; the poles 15 feet in length, the masts and poles in one stick. The fore-gaff 23 feet, and main-gaff 183 feet in length, diam- eter 5 inches, main-boom 38 feet long and 8 inches in diameter. Sails—There are three sails, fore stay-sail, foresail, and mainsail, all of cotton canvas; the stay-sail of No. 2, the foresail and mainsail of No. 3. Anchors and chains.—There are three anchors, the largest weighing 1,525 pounds, including the stock; one 846 pounds, and one 307 pounds, stocks included. Two chain cables, one ninety fathoms 14 inches, the other 75 fathoms 4% inch in diameter. Boats.—The vessel has four boats; 1st, a steam cutter built by the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, Bristol, R. I., 24 feet in length, 6 feet 9 inches beam and 3 feet 6 inches depth; weight, 2,800 pounds; capacity of coal bunkers, 560 pounds, sufficient for 28 hours’ steaming at 6 knots per hour; a fresh-water tank holding 40 gallons of water, enough Esl hi CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 9 for six days’ steaming; she has a keel condenser which receives the dis- charge from the cylinder and escape valve. Both hull and machinery are constructed of the best material. Steam is raised in a few minutes, and when under banked fires requires no at- tention. She is an excellent sea-boat and has been of great service to this ship. 2d. A ten-oared cutter 24 feet 6 inches in length. od, A gig 26 feet 5 inches in length. 4th. A dingy 17 feet 6 inches in length. She has also several flat-bottomed boats 18 feet in length, used for spawn taking. Awnings and stanchions.—The promenade deck is covered with awn- ings fore and aft, supported by turned wooden stanchions. ENGINES AND MACHINERY. General description.—There are two propelling-screws, right and left handed, one under each counter; each screw driven by one inverted cylinder surface-condensing engine, 22-inch diameter of cylinder, and 27-inch stroke of piston. The two engines are fitted on one bed-plate; the surface condenser, common to both, is located between the engines and forms a part of the framing for them. The center of the cylinder is about 493 feet forward of the stern-post ; the distance between the shafts being about 8 feet 8 inches. The engines are inclined towards the center line of the vessel, the cylinders at the upper end being about 36 inches from center to center athwartships. There is one overhead return-flue boiler 84 feet diameter of waist and 214 feet in length, with steam chimney 6 feet 2 inches diameter outside and 104 feet high. The water of condensation is supplied by an independent steam pump. The valve-chests are on the forward side of the cylinders, main valves working by a link motion, the cut-off valve working on a separate face within the main steam chest and operating by a link, one end of which is connected to an eccentric and the other to a concentric disk on the main shaft. The air-pumps are trunk-plunger pumps, driven by cranks on for- ward end of main shafts; the feed-pumps are driven from the same mo- tion. The bilge-pump is independent. Cylinders are 22 inches diameterand 27 inches stroke of piston; steam openings 2 inches wide by 14 inches in length; exhaust openings 34 inches wide by 14 inches in length. All necessary lugs, flanges, nozzles, and lower cylinder head are cast with the cylinder, and all flanges faced. The lower ends are fitted with a small bonnet, with stuffing box and gland, both bushed with composition; also a composition “ water valve” seven-eighth inch diameter, which works either automatically or by hand. Cylinders and steam chests are fitted with the necessary pipes and valves for applying the indicator, and are cased with black walnut staves, secured by brass bands and screws. 10 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] Framing.—The main frame for carrying the cylinders is the surface condenser, which is strongly ribbed and bracketed for that purpose, the outboard sides of the cylinders being supported, each by two wrought-iron columns, 24 inches diameter, turned and finished. The ends of these columns are fitted to flanges of lower end of cylinders and to bed-plate, each end being fastened by two bolts 14 inches diam- eter. Steam chests are cast separate, fitted with faced joints and bolted to cylinders, covers planed, finished and fastened with finished bolts and case-hardened nuts. Set screws are fitted to break the joints. The cut- off valve operates in a separate chest, which is bolted to that of the main valve. Pass-over valve.—To each cut-off chest is fitted a serew-valve for a pass-over valve, 24 inches diameter. The valve, seat, and stem are of composition, and valve is worked by a hand-wheel in front of chest. Relief valve-—A composition relief valve of seven-eighths inch diam- eter is attached to steam chests and to exhaust connection to condenser. Slide valves.—The valves are of cast iron, of a different texture from that of the seats and scraped to a bearing surface. The main slide valves are of the ordinary D form; for steam openings 2 by 14 inches and for exhaust openings 34 by 14 inches, and are worked by a “‘ Stephen- son” link motion. The link is case-hardened and link block composi- tion. The link is worked by hand, by means of a pinion, quadrant and * tumbling” shaft. Cut-off valves.—Cut-off valves are of cast iron, of the gridiron pat- tern, with two openings 1} by 13 inches. The valve is operated by a link, one end of which is worked by an eccentric and the other end held in position by a concentric disk on crank-shaft. Steam can be cut off at points from three-fourths to one-fourth the stroke of piston. Proper hand gear is fitted to alter the point of cut off and to hold the link in position. Cylinder-heads.— Upper cy linder-heads are ribbed; turned, and finished. Inside of heads are recessed for nuts of piston-rods and for heads of follower-bolts. Wrought-iron eyebolts are fitted for lifting the heads and set-screws for breaking the joints; also a “traveler” for removing them. Bed-plate.—The bed-plate or frame is of cast iron, in one piece, and extended forward to receive the pumps; is hollow, of the box form of section, 144 inches in depth, and has all the necessary passage-ways for water, bosses and nozzles or flanges for pumps, pillow blocks, &c., and flanges or Ings for bolting in place. All surfaces for flanges, pumps, hand-hold plates, and pipes are planed. Surface condenser.—The shell is of cast iron 1 inch thiek, well ribbed, strongly bracketed, and serves as a frame for the engines. The neces- sary seating for cylinders and for cross-head slides are cast on. All joint surfaces are planed, and suitable bonnets are fitted for access to . [9] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. ily interior, to tubes, and to all valves. The condenser is fitted with hori- zontal yellow metal tubes 3 inch diameter, turned both inside and out- side; cast-iron tube sheets 1? inches thick, planed, and tubes packed with “ Allen’s” wood packing. Condensing surface is 900 square feet. The tubes are arranged in three nests, and the condensing water passes three times through the tubes. A 34-inch copper pipe is also fitted to convert this into a jet condenser, if necessary. There is a screw-valve 1§ inches diameter connecting the salt with the fresh water, as an ad- ditional feed; also a brass cock for introducing soda. A perforated cast- iron scattering plate is fitted above the tubes, upon which the injection water impinges. Hehaust connections.—Exhaust connections from the cylinders to the condenser are so arranged as to be independent; one engine exhaust- ing without interfering with the other. Steam-pipe connections.—The main steain-pipe is a single copper pipe from the boiler, with slip joint and double poppet throttle-valve oper- ated by a hand-lever. The pipe branches near the engines, and there is a throttle-valve for each engine, operated independently. Air-pumps are horizontal trunk-plunger pumps, one for each engine, and driven by a crank upon the forward end of main shaft. Pumps are 11 inches diameter and 12 inches stroke; lined with composition; trunk, piston, valve-seats, stems, and guards of composition; valves of pure rubber; chests for receiving and delivery valves cast with the pumps and with convenient openings for access to valves. There is also a guide cast on for slipper side of trunk. Hot well.—There is a suitable cast-iron hot well, common to both air- pumps, with vapor-pipe from top and overflow-pipe to outside of ship, with proper outboard valve. ‘This pipe is of copper, 7 inches diameter, No. 10 wire gauge; composition valve 74 inches diameter, with compo- sition seat and stem. : Circulating pump is an independent steam-pump, direct acting, of the * Davidson” pattern, 134 inches diameter and 13 inches stroke; lined with composition; piston, valve-seats, stems, and guards of same metal; steam cylinder same diameter as pump; pump-valves of rubber. Out- board delivery pipe is of copper, No. 12 wire gauge, and fitted with out- board valve of composition. To suction-pipe there is a branch leading to engine-room bilge, with a separate screw-valve and “check” valve to prevent flooding. Secrew-valve has an attachment for locking. Pistons are of cast iron, double shell, ribbed, with cast-iron follower fastened by wrought-iron bolts screwed into brass bushings; follower turned and scraped to rings and piston, and fitted with eye-bolts for lifting. Packing-rings of cast iron in two thicknesses, accurately turned and fitted and set out with steel springs. Piston rods are of mild steel, 22 inehes in diameter, and fastened to piston with a nut. Feed-pumps.—Yo each engine there is fitted a feed-pump, worked from 12 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] the air-pump motion, 4 inches in diameter and 12 inches stroke; com- position plunger, valves, and seats; also a by-pass valve and air-ves- sel. Bilge-pump is an independent steam-pump of the Davidson pattern, valves of rubber, composition seats, guards, and stems, and copper air- chamber. This pump has connections through a “manifold” to the various water-tight compartments; also, in the event of breakage of the auxiliary pump, can be used in lieu of that pump, having the same connections. Cross-heads are of wrought iron, finished and fastened to piston-rod by a nut secured by a “dowel.” Journals are 22 inches diameter and 34 inches long. Cross-heads move upon composition slipper slides work- ing in a cast-iron guide. The bottom slipper has a bearing surface of 80 square inches. Both top and bottom gibs can be readily removed. Slide-valve stems are of mild steel; those for main valves are 12 inches diameter, and cut-off valves 12 inches diameter; stuffing boxes and glands are bushed with composition. Eccentrics and rods.—There are two eccentrics for each main valve, with a ‘¢ Stephenson” link of wrought iron connected by the proper rods. For each cut-off valve, there is one eccentric to one end of a link, and the opposite end of the link is held in position by a proper rod in con- nection with a concentric disk on the crank-shaft. This link is adjusted by a hand-lever working against an are, which is marked for the differ- ent points of cut-off. The straps are of composition, ribbed and * bab- bitted.” Eccentric rods are of wrought iron, and connected to links so as to be adjusted for wear. Links and pins are case-hardened and link-blocks are of composition. Connecting-rods are of wrought iron, forked at the cross-head end and finished, 5 feet 11 inches long between centers; crank-end neck 23 inches diameter and fork-end 22 inches diameter. Boxes for cross-head and erank-pin journals are of composition and secured by wrought-iron straps with gibs and keys; keys secured by steel set-screws. Main pillow-blocks are cast with the bed-plate, and the lower part of the box is of phosphor-bronze. After journal 65 inches by 9 inches in length, forward, 5 inches by 8 inches; pillow-block caps for after journals are 24 inches thick and 7$ inches in width, and for forward journals 24 inches thick and 64 inches in width; each cap held by two bolts 24 inches diameter; caps made so as to lip over ends of blocks. Crank-shafts are of wrought iron, forged in one piece; after journals 64 by 9 inches, forward 5 by 18 inches, crank-pin journals 43 inches diam- eter and 64 inches in length. Line-shafts are of wrought iron in three lengths, smallest diameter 64 inches; covered with composition-sleeve the length of the stern-bear- ing. Line-shaft couplings are of cast iron, turned and fitted and fast- ened by six bolts 14 inches diameter and with a steel feather. Coup- lings of erank-shaft to line-shaft are a pair of cast-iron wheels, with [lt] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 13 wrought-iron driving pins fastened by a cross-key in forward wheel and working free on composition bearing-plates in after wheel. The wheels are 3 feet 4 inches diameter, with mortises on periphery for turning the engine with a pinch-bar. Thrust-bearing is on forward length of line shafting, and is a collar thrust. Thrust pillow-blocks are of cast iron, with phosphor-bronze boxes and collar plates; with set-screws to adjust wear. There is also a fore-and- aft fastening to receive forward thrust. Line-shaft-pillow blocks are of cast-iron, with cast-iron caps, and fitted with phosphor-bronze for lower half of journal. Screw-propellers are of cast iron, four bladed, 6 feet 8 inches diameter, 123 feet mean pitch, and 20 inches in length fore and aft. They are keyed upon shafts by a feather key and cross-key; ends of shafts fitted with a water-tight composition cap and fastened with composition tap-bolts to after. end of hub; also, composition caps over ends of cross-keys. Shaft brackets supporting the after end of shafts are placed close to forward side of propellers and are of composition. Section of brackets 14 by 63 inches; forward and after edges rounded off; feet of brackets 1} inches thick, each foot fastened by four composition bolts 12 inches diameter, with countersunk heads and screwed up on plates on inside of ship. The eyes of the brackets are boxed to receive a phosphor-bronze bushing 74 inches diameter by 103 inches in length, and bushing lined with lignum-vite, fastened to brackets with composition tap-bolts. Stern bearing is of composition, 2 feet 8 inches in length. The outer end has a large warped flange, 14 inches thick. to fit the counter of the vessel, and the inner end a loose flange riveted to hull of ship. The inner ends of the stem-bearings project inboard about 10 inches and are fitted with lignum-vite staves. The inboard stuffing-boxes are of com- position, riveted to hull of vessel, with a packing space of 84 inches, ané@ a loose ring fitting in bottom of packing space; packing held in place by a gland also of composition. Sea-valves are screw valves, with composition chambers, valves, stems, and glands. One valve for injection, 44 inches diameter, one for circu- lating pumps, 6 inches diameter, and one for steam pump, 4 inches diam- eter. Chambers bolted to cast-iron forms, which are riveted to bull of vessel. All sea-valves are fitted with strainers. Hoisting-engine. (Plates V and VI.)\—There is a hoisting-engine with double cylinders and cranks at right angles to each other; cylinders, 9 inches diameter and 9 inches stroke of piston, placed forward on hurri- cane deck for “trawling” purposes. The central drum holds the steel wire rope and is independent of the engine proper, connection being made by means of a friction clutch. The load on the drum is held by a friction brake. With the central drum disconnected, the two smaller drums can be used for ordinary hoisting purposes. There is also fitted an automatic guide by means of which the wire rope is neatly coiled upon the drum. Steam from either the main or auxiliary boiler may be 14 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] used, and the engine exhausts into the atmosphere through the eseape pipe of the main safety-valve. There is a pan of sheet-lead fitted under the engine to receive all dripping oil or water. Boiler is an overhead, return-flue boiler, 8 feet front, 8} feet diam- eter of waist, and 213 feet in length, with water-leg furnaces; two fur- naces, 6 feet 8 inches long, by 34 feet wide; grate surface, 46.6 square feet; main flues, three of 11 inches diameter, one of 12 inches, and one of 15 inches for each furnace; return flues in two tiers, seven flues of 105 inches diameter in each tier. The flues are welded and drawn. All ont- side seams, seams of steam chimney, and water-legs double riveted. Flat surfaces are braced with seven-eighth inch socket-bolts 74 inches from center to center. Thickness of circular part of shell is five-six- teenths inch; water-legs three-eighths inch; steam chimney of mild steel five-sixteenths inch. Fire-box and crown-sheets are aiso of mild steel, three-eighths inch thick; heads of shell and flat surfaces three-eighths inch. There are the necessary man-holes and hand-holes and double furnace doors. The boiler has been tested by a hydrostatic pressure of 65 pounds per square inch. The legs of the furnace part of the boiler ‘rest upon cast-iron chairs set outside of ash pans, and under the waist is a cast-iron saddle. The boiler is held in place by turnbuckle bolts. Under the furnaces are cast-iron pans, made in one width, for each fur- nace; bottom of pans five-eighths inch and one-half inch thick for all flanges. Ash pans have a long, beveled front flange, projecting 15 inches “from front of boiler to catch dropping fire and cinders. Grate-bars are of cast iron in two lengths, three-fourths inch thick on face and five-six- teenths inch at lower edge, with five-eighths inch air spaces. Boiler shell and steam chimney are covered with hair felt, and wool backing 13 inches thick. Main and all other steam pipes are covered with hair felt 1 inch thick, with canvas backing, and painted. Boiler attachments.—There are attached to the boiler, one steam stop- valve 7 inches diameter, one safety-valve 6 inches diameter, with connec- tions to engine-room, and copper escape-pipe, 16 feet long; one bottom blow-valve 24 inches, one surface blow-valve 2 inches, two check-valves 24 inches, and one screw stop-valve, each for auxiliary and circulating pumps. All these valves are of composition, with composition glands and stems; also four brass gauge-cocks, glass water-gauge 15 inches long and salinometer. Smoke-pipe and casing. —The smoke-pipe is 42 inches diameter and 24 feet high, in three lengths of 8 feet each; flush jointed, 24-inch angle- iron at top, and band 24 by 3 inches at bottom. Pipe is made of iron No. 14 wire gauge, and is fitted with a proper damper. There is a cas- ing around lower part of pipe and top of steam-drum, extending above the hurricane deck 24 feet, made of iron No. 12 wire gauge, and fastened to deck with angle-iron; casing covered by an umbrella. There are six Stays to. smoke pipe of wire rope nine-sixteenths inch in diameter, and secured to deck by eve bolts. [13] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 15 Auxiliary boiler is of the vertical fire tubular type, 48 inches diame- ter, and 7 feet 8 inches in height, with 106 brass tubes, 24 inches outside diameter, and 5 feet 2 inches long. Boiler rests on a cast-iron frame 14. inches in height. Upper end of boiler surrounded by a casing of iron No. 12 wire gauge, and secured to deck by 14-inch angle-iron, fastened with wood-screws. Smoke-pipe is 18 inches diameter and 18 feet in height. The boiler was tested to 120 pounds hydrostatic pressure, and is fit- ted with all the necessary grate-bars, bearers, satety-valve, steam-gauge, gauge-cocks, blow-cocks, and ‘‘check-valves.” This boiler can be sup- plied with water either by a Hancock “inspirator” or by the auxiliary pump, and has the same steam connections as the main boiler. It is situated on the main deck, immediately over the fire-room. Steam-pump.—There is one fly-wheel steam-pump with water-cylinder, 5 inches diameter and 12 inches stroke, having all the necessary con- nections to be used as a fire-pump, as a feed to main or auxiliary boiler from either hot-well or the sea, as a bilge-pump, as a circulating pump for Baird's distiller, and to supply hatching tanks. There is a double exhaust connection to either condenser or atmosphere. In ease of fire the flow of water can be increased by combining this pump with the independent bilge-pump. By means of the proper gearing, this pump works the hatching cylinders on outside of ship. The suction-pipe is connected with the overflow-pipe from hatching apparatus, so that the same water can be used repeatedly for hatching. There is a connection on the ‘“‘manifold” for suction-hose of sufficient size to supply both aux- iliary and bilge-pumps. All water-pipes are of copper; steam and ex- haust pipes of iron. Miscellaneous.—There is one ash-chute for discharging ashes over side of ship; eight cast-iron deck scuttles on main deck with close coy- ers and gratings; two iron ventilators, 16 inches diameter, to fire-room, with revolving caps, and also used to hoist ashes. The fire-room is cov- ered with rough cast-iron floor-plates one-half inch thick, and above fire- room is an open cast-iron grating for ventilation. There are steam- heaters in pilot-house, and all habitable portions of the ship are fitted with the proper steam and drain pipes and valves. All heaters drain into a ‘‘trap” in fire-room, and a vapor-pipe from top of “trap” leads to escape-pipe from main safety-valve. There are the proper tanks for oil, waste, and tallow. There is a steam-whistle 6 inches diameter of bell with valve where attached to boiler. In the engine-room there are three gongs, one of 12 inches diameter, and two of Sinches diameter, with ‘‘jingle” bell; all arranged with proper wires and pulls to pilot-house; ‘also shield and tube to return sound to pilot-house, and a speaking tube from engine-room to pilot-house. Inthe engine-room there are two 64-inch nickel-plated gauges, one for steam and the other for vacuum; two counters, one for each engine, and a marine clock. There are the proper oil-cups to all journals; also 16 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] proper connections for applying water to journals when necessary. A ‘“‘Baird’s” distiller is in use, capable of distilling 1,500 gallons of tepid and 800 gallons of potable water per diem. OUTFIT. The contract for building the vessel covered only hull and machin- ery, the outfit being provided from a special appropriation. Anchors, chains, hawsers, &c., were loaned by the Bureau of Equip- ment and Recruiting, Navy Department. Boats—gig, cutter, and dingy—by the Bureau of Construction and Repair. Compasses, flags, nautical instruments, books, and chronometer by the Bureau of Navigation. Small-arms and ammunition by Bureau of Ordnance. Charts and Atlantic Coast Pilot were furnished by the United States Coast and Geodetie Survey. The various articles of outfit were procured by open purchase at reas- ouable prices and have given general satisfaction. FISH-HATCHING MACHINERY. The fish-hatching machinery was constructed by the Pusey & Jones Company under special contract, and consists of a Woodward steam- pump with water cylinder, 5 inches diameter and 12 inch stroke, capable of supplying 10,000 gallons of water per hour. Two iron distributing tanks with a capacity of 500 gallons each are placed forward of the pump on the boiler hatch and raised 3 feet 4 inches above the deck. (Plate I.) There is a water connection and proper valves between the pump and tanks, with overflow and drain pipes connecting with the general deliv- ery for hatching machinery. There is also a@n arrangement of valves. by which the water can be pumped back into the tanks and used as. often as desired instead of discharging it overboard. HATCHING CONES. The number of hatching cones on board at present is thirty-six, cap- able of hatching 7,200,000 shad at a time, or 200,000 each when charged to their full capacity. The number of cones can be increased about one-third in case of ne- eessity. The material of which they are made is copper, tinned inside, and the mountings are of brass. Their arrangement on the port side of deck will be seen by reference to the Plate. They are in sets of 4 and 6- to each frame and are hung on gimbals which permit a free motion in every direction, maintaining a vertical position even when the vessel is in violent motion. In artificial fish hatching it is necessary to maintain a constant and [15] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 17 caretully graduated flow of fresh water through the vessels in which the eggs are placed for development. In the early days of this industry shad eggs were hatched in floating boxes with gauze bottoms anchored in a tide way or current which effected the necessary change of water, but they were subject to various accidents beyond the control of those hav- ing the operations in charge. A sudden squall might capsize them, a gale of wind break them from their moorings, or drift-wood carry them away, the entire charge of eggs being liable to loss or serious damage in either case. Various other methods have been used with good results, but for service on shipboard, under all conditions of wind and weather, the cone eis thus far the most perfect appliance for hatching non-adhesive eggs, with greater specific gravity than the water in which they are developed. To prepare for shad hatching with cones, water is pumped into the distributing tanks, which have independent connections for each set of cone frames through which the water flows by gravity into the upper or feed-pipes, where, at proper intervals, small feed-valves are tapped in and connected to the base of the cones by a flexible hose. The feed- valves being opened, a stream of water is admitted at the bottom, rapidly filling them till near the top, where a fine wire gauze rim is en- countered. Through this the water finds an outlet to the discharge con- nections, thence fo the waste pipes at the bottom of the frames, and into the general delivery; thus establishing a steady and constant upward current. From 100,000 to 200,000 impregnated eggs are placed in each cone and the current regulated by the feed-valves so as to give them a gen- tle movement, just sufficient to prevent ‘“‘matting,” or settling to the bottom in a mass, where they would soon become asphyxiated. The dead eggs being lighter soon accumulate at the surface, and are re- moved with a skimmer, sediment and other impurities being cleared from the gauze rims to allow an unobstructed flow of waste water to the discharge-pipes. Development takes place rapidly, and the embryo is hatched in from two and a half to five days, according to the temperature of the water. HATCHING CYLINDERS. There are in addition to the cones eighteen hatching cylinders, which are suspended, nine on each side, from beams outside of the vessel and operated by a cam motion imparting a vertical movement of about 8 inches. (See Plate III.) They have wire-gauze bottoms, and both solid and wire-gauze covers, the former used when the cylinders are converted into transporting cans, the latter in stormy weather. The cylinders are made of heavy tin and the mountings are brass. To prepare for shad hatching they are suspended from the beam, as shown in Plate III, in such a manner that the bottoms will be constantly submerged ; from 250,000 to 300,000 impregnated eggs are placed in S. Mis. 110 2 18 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] each eylinder and the cam moticn put in operation, which gives them a very gentle ascent, occupying about three-quarters of the revolution; the descent, being accomplished during the remaining fourth of the revolution, is made more rapid, causing the eggs to rise from the bot- tom and circulate freely through the water at every downward movement. The cylinders require but little attention during the hatching process, and, in moderately smooth weather, are undoubtedly equal, if not su- perior, to all other appliances for shad hatching. They can also be made available for the development of all non-adhesive eggs, no matter what their specific gravity, as the requisite motion can be attained by simply modifying the form of cam. i Plate IV shows some of the apparatus used by the United States Com- mission in fish hatching: the spawn pans of marbleized iron in which the eggs are placed for impregnation; the spawn pail in which the im- pregnated eggs are placed for transportation to the hatching establish- ment; the dipper in which all eggs are measured when received on board, and the hatching cone, with goose-neck unscrewed; the three kinds of cylinders used, the large one with the solid tin body, a smaller one with a combination body of copper and wire gauze, and a third with gauze body. Between the cylinders stands a funnel, with fine wire-gauze bottom, used for siphoning water from hatching cones without removing eggs or young fish. DREDGING MACHINERY. The hoisting and reeling engine, the main features of which are given in the general description of machinery, stands on the promenade deck immediately forward of the foremast, as shown in the plates V and VI. The drum, or reel, holding a thousand fathoms of steel-wire dredge rope, three-eighths inch in diameter, is carried on the main shaft of the engine and driven by friction gear. An automatic guide lays the rope fairly on the reel when heaving in. One man attends the engine, hoist- ing and lowering the trawl and dredge without the necessity of touching the rope by hand. The dredging beam is 36 feet in length and 10 inches in diameter, the heel secured to the foremast by a strong goose-neck 5 feet above the deck. The forward end, when not in use, rests in a cradle on an iron frame in which the ship’s bell is suspended. There is an iron band at the boom end for fore-and-aft guys; the topping lift band is about 3 feet from the end, and has a strong link on the under side, to which is hooked the dredging block. The topping lift is composed of two 14-inch double blocks and a4-inch manila rope. The upper block is shackled to an iron collar on the foremast 3 feet below the eyes of the rigging. There is a strong sheave in the boom inside of the lower topping-lift block, over which is rove the pendant of a tackle used for hoisting the bag of the trawl on board when the weight is too great to be managed by hand. ela CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 19 A composition sheave (Plate VI) is inserted in the heel of the boom, two revolutions of which are equal to one fathom of dredge rope, and attached to its shaft is a register which accurately records the amount of rope out at all times. SAFETY-HOOKS. The safety-hooks (Plate VII) are designed for the purpose of detach- ing the trawl] when from any cause, such as fouling a rock, or wreck, the tension on the dredge rope reaches the limit of safety. It can be adjusted to detach at any point between 3,000 and 6,000 pounds by the nut on the end of the central rod. In practice we have set it to 4,000 pounds, the breaking strain of the dredge rope being 8,700 pounds. The spring and hooks being placed in the cylinder and the cap screwed on, it is ready for use. The end of the dredge rope is spliced into the eye and the trawl shackled to the hooks, which are held in position by their shoulders pressing against the inner surface of the cylinder (Plate VIII.) The spring is compressed as the tension increases till, the limit of safety being reached, the shoulders are released and the hooks open freely, allowing the shackle pin to slip through, detaching the trawl and relieving the rope from undue strain. The accumulator (Plate VIII) is designed to prevent jerking strains on the dredge rope due to motion of the vessel in a sea-way, or working over a rough bottom. It is copied from that used on board the Coast- Survey steamer Blake, with slight modifications. It answers its pur- pose admirably and is an almost indispensable adjunct when steel-wire rope is used. The side rods and central shaft are of steel, the ends of wrought iron. Twenty-six rubber buffers, with a brass washer between each, are placed on the central shaft under considerable pressure and secured by a nut on the upper end. A swivel link at the lower extremity carries a lead- ing block. The hubs of the brass washers are extended on each side, forming a collar over which the rubber buffers ride free from contact with the central shaft. This feature, introduced by Lieutenant-Commander Sigsbee, U.S. N., placed the present form of accumulator far ahead of all others for our purposes. DREDGING BLOCKS. The dredging block at the boom end and that seen hooked to the accumulator (Plate VITT) ave all that are used. They, also, are copied from those of the Blake, except that the diameter of sheave is reduced from 18 inches to 12 inches, making the blocks much lighter. STEEL-WIRE DREDGE ROPE. This excellent rope was made by the John A. Roebling’s Sons’ Com- pany, Trenton, N. J. It is one and one eighth inch in circumference, 20 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] composed of six strands laid around a hemp heart, each strand com- posed of seven galvanized steel wires (No. 19 American gauge) having no hemp heart. Sigsbee—“‘ Deep-sea dredging and trawling”— gives the ultimate strength of the rope as 8,750 pounds, and the breaking strain, in kinks, 4,500 pounds; weight, 1.14 pounds per fathom in air, or about one pound in sea-water. PREPARATION FOR DREDGING. The rope being on the reel the end is passed between the rollers of the automatic guide (Plate V), carried aloft and rove through the block on the lower end of the accumulator (Plate IX), brought down again and rove under the registering sheave in the heal of the boom, thence through the dredging block at the boom end, and spliced into the eye of the safety-hooks. The boom is then topped up and secured over the side port by strong fore-and-aft guys, the trawl shackled to the safety-hooks and swayed up clear of the rail, a man at each end to steady it, an engineer at the hoisting engine, and the officer in charge, as shown in Plate LX, ready at the order to lower away. TRAWLS. The beam trawl, shown in Plate IX, is used by the Commission, and, for moderate depths, has not been equaled by any other form. Three sizes are used, the smallest with 9 feet length of beam, the second with 11 feet, and the third 17 feet, the length of net from 15 feet to 40 feet. The trawl nets are invariably provided with pockets. The Otter trawl has been used to advantage in shoal water, over smooth bottom, when the capture of fish was the special object. It is necessary for the successful operation of the beam trawl] that it should land right side up. A capsize in moderate depths is rare, but in deep water it may be considered as among the probabilities. To avoid the vexatious delays attending accidents of this nature, Professor Agassiz and the officers of the Blake devised a double trawl which works equally well either side up and was subsequently used on board that vessel with excellent results. It has also been used experi- mentally by the vessels of the Commission, but they have not heretofore operated in sufficient depths to make it a necessity. DREDGES. The common form of deep-sea dredge is used by the Commission, with excellent results on sandy bottoms. The form designed by the officers of the Blake, and used successfully on board that vessel, is adapted for very soft bottoms usually encountered at great depths. THE CHESTER RAKE DREDGE. This arrangement of a double rake to be used in connection with a dredge of any form is shown in Plate X and is very useful in bringing [19] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 21 to the surface mollusks and various other forms living a few inches under the mud or sand of the bottom. The Blake dredge is usually preferred for use with the rake as it skims over the bottom lightly, picking up what has been turned up by the rake without overloading itself with mud. THE TANGLE BAR. The form of tangle bar used by the Commission was devised by Prof. A. E. Verrill in 1873, and consists of an iron bar supported at each end by a fixed wheel, or iron hoop. Six chains are attached to the bar at intervals of one foot, and they are about 12 feet in length. To these chains are secured deck-swabs or bundles of rope yarn at intervals of about 18 inches. The apparatus is shown in Plate X, partially sus- pended under the main boom. It is very useful on rocky bottoms where it will capture specimens when no other device could be made available. THE TABLE SIEVE. ‘Plate X1 shows the table sieve, as used by the Commission. The hopper, with its coarse wire-gauze bottom, is seen in the foreground, then the fine wire-gauze tray which rests beneath it, and finally the table itself with its canvas bottom and hose from which the waste-water is conducted to the scupper. This device is peculiar to the United States Fish Commission, and has probably contributed as much towards its success in deep-sea exploration as any single implement used. To prepare the table sieve for service, the tray is placed in position, then the hopper when it will assume the form shown in Plate XII. The con- tents of the trawl (a mixture of mud and various forms of marine life) being emptied into the latter, a stream of water is turned upon the mass and the work of collection and assortment commences. The larger forms are taken from the hopper, the smaller ones from the tray, while the more minute and delicate specimens are found on the canvas bottom. THE CRADLE SIEVE. The cradle sieve is designed to receive the contents of the dredge, as the table sieve does that of the trawl. Itis semicircular in form, as shown in Plate XI; the bottom and sides being composed of a coarse wire-gauze, lined with the same material, but very fine; the tray or hopper has also a coarse gauze bottom. To prepare the cradle sieve for use, the hopper is placed in position and the sieve hung over the side, abreast of the dredging port. The contents of the dredge being emptied into it, a stream of water, strong or light as desired, is turned on as with the table sieve, the collection and assortment being carried on in a similar manner. DREDGING ARRANGEMENTS, MAIN DECK. Plate XII shows a portion of the starboard side of the main deck as arranged for dredging. The table sieve is seen standing abaft the 22 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] dredging port. On the swinging table which has been lowered from the beams overhead is a nest of hand sieves and various sizes of jars, bottles, and vials, used for preserving specimens. Deck tubs, buckets, &ce., are at hand, and a tank of alcohol is secured on the boiler hatch. The side ports are closed in the view, but if more light or air is required they can be opened and secured by iron hooks suspended from the deck beams. SOUNDINGS AND SERIAL TEMPERATURES. The vessels of the Commission have heretofore used the ordinary deep- sea lead and line for soundings and serial temperatures, and in shoal water it answered their purpose, but in depths exceeding 100 fathoms it consumed much time and required nearly every man of the small crew to haul the lead back. During the season of 1879 a wooden reel was improvised, on which the lead line was coiled and, by a simple attachment to the fly-wheel of the hoisting engine was hove up rapidly, requiring the services of but two men, one at the engine and one to attend the reel. This was a marked in- provement over the old method, but as the work of the Fish Hawk was expected to take her into 300 fathoms or more, it was deemed advisable to substitute piano wire in place of hemp in order still further to facili- tate the work of taking soundings and serial temperatures. SOUNDING MACHINE. The machine adopted is shown on a small seale in Plate X, where it is mounted at the stern in readiness for casting the lead. The reel is of cast brass 11.43 inches in diameter, and holds 600 fathoms of wire. A friction line, led through a groove common to all sounding reels, con- trols the motion. The cranks are thrown out of gear and hang verti- cally one on each side. The register is on the left of the reel. A small ratchet wheel and pawl hold the reel in place when desired. On the extremity of the frame isa small grooved pulley of brass, working in guides and suspended by a coiled spring which allows several inches vertical play. A brass guard is fitted over the upper portion of the pulley to prevent the wire from flying off if suddenly slacked. The reel is moved by friction motion; a half turn of the right erank ahead brings them both into action, the reverse motion throwing them out, leaving the reel to revolve freely. To prepare the machine for sounding, wind the wire on the reel, splice on two or three fathoms of stray line, reeve it over the pulley and bend on the lead and thermometer, the reel being held in position by the ratchet and pawl. Pass the friction line over the groove, reverse the pawl, attend the friction line, lowering the lead carefully to the water’s edge, then set the register at zero and all will be ready for a cast. The total weight of the apparatus is 96 pounds. The ordinary leads from 12 to 20 pounds weight are used, and, if specimens of the bottom are \ {21] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 23 required, they are armed in the usual manner. This, however, is a matter of little consequence, as the dredge or trawl invariably follows the lead, from which specimens can be taken. The machine described was purely experimental as we had no practical knowledge of sounding machines or the use of piano wire. The results were eminently satisfactory, and the little machine continued to do its work well until finally we got into depths exceeding its capacity. We then decided to have a larger one made embodying such improvements as our experience suggested; the original being relegated to the stern, where, with Bassnett’s patent atmospheric lead, it is still doing good service as a navigational sounding machine by which we can ascertain the depths to 25 or 30 fathoms while running at full speed. The improved machine is shown on Plates XIII, XIV, and XV, and its location on Plates land IX. It is constructed on the same general plan as the original machine. The standard which ships in the rail is of wrought iron screwed firmly into the base of the brass frame that carries the reel. The frame above mentioned is cast in one piece, is bored to receive the shaft, and has appropriate lugs for the pawl and register. The reel is of cast brass, and will hold 2,000 fathoms of sounding-wire, one fathom toa turn on the first layer, increasing as the score is filled. It has also the usual friction groove, Plate XIV. The cranks by which the reel is turned have friction surfaces, which are brought into action by moving the right one-half a revolution ahead, the left remaining clamped, as shown in Plate XIII; or it may be held firmly inthe hand. The reverse motion releases the reel, and it revolves freely without moving the cranks. On the left of the frame, between it and the crank, is a worm-wheel which operates the register, as shown in Plate XIII. ‘The ratchet and pawl] are on the right, between the frame and crank. The arm supporting the guiding pulley is of flat bar-iron, its lower end riveted between lugs on the frame. The small metal block project- ing from the arm is part of a tackle for suspending the reel when mount- ing and dismounting. The guiding pulley is the same as that used in the original machine, except that it carries a small arm near the upper end of its shaft or spindle, which works through a slot in the casting, as shown in Plate XIV. A small cord is attached to the arm and made fast to the free end of the friction rope, the standing part being hooked to a small metal eye in the frame over the reel. By this arrangement the friction is intended to act automatically in the following manner: The machine being ready for a cast the small fric- tion line is hauled taut before the lead is bent, and while the guiding pul- ley is up inits place. In this condition it requires a strong man to move the reel, but, the lead being bent and suspended, it compresses the spring and drags the pulley down sufficiently to slack the friction rope and allow the reel to move with comparative freedom; the instant the lead strikes the bottom, however, or the weight is removed from any 24 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] cause, the pulley flies up, putting a strain on the friction rope which stops the reel at once. It acts also as a check in paying out, the fric- tion being governed by the weight suspended on the guide pulley. The reel is kept.in a tank of oil when not in use, to preserve the wire. By a most ingenious arrangement, for which we are indebted to Mr. Tippet, draughtsman at the ordnance department, Washington navy-yard, the reel is unshipped by simply unscrewing one nut, shown in Plate XIII, on the left crank, with a chain attached to prevent its loss by falling overboard. The nut being unscrewed releases the shaft, which is drawn out leaving the ratchet, worm-wheel, and left crank in position. With the use of the tackle one man can easily ship and unship the reel. The comparative sizes of the ordinary deep-sea lead-line, hand-line and sounding-wire are shown in Plate XIII. Plate XIV shows the machine in position for heaving in. Plate XV shows the machine in poition for sounding with the Bass- net atmospheric lead, used for navigational purposes, when the vessel is steaming abead at her usual speed. When the machine is in place it turns freely, the guide-pulley taking the direction of the wire if, from any cause, it trends out of the perpen- dicular. A set-screw is provided in the rail bearing for clamping the apparatus to steady it while heaving in. Total weight of the machine, 128 pounds. PIANO-FORTE WIRE USED FOR SOUNDING. The steel wire used for sounding and serial temperatures was pur- chased of the Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Company, Worcester, Mass. It is called No. 11, music, by the makers; is 0.028 of an inch in diameter, tensile strength about 200 pounds, weight .0145 of a pound to the fathom, or 14.5 pounds to the nautical mile. The method of splicing is simple and effective. The ends of the wire, for about 2 feet, are thoroughly cleaned, and laid together with about eight turns ; the ends and two or three intermediate points are wound with a few turns of very fine wire, and covered with solder, which is smoothed with a knife or piece of sand-paper. As this form of splice is smooth, flexible, and reliable, we have tried no other. Slack-laid cod-line is used for stray-line, and is applied to the wire in the following manner: The end of the wire is stuck twice against the lay, about six inches from the end of the line, then passed with the lay for six inches, the end stuck twice against the lay and served over with seaming twine. The wire is then passed with the lay to the end of the line, the strands trimmed down and served over with twine; a seizing is also put on over the wire first stuck against the lay. This makes a smooth and secure splice, which passes readily over the guide- pwley without danger of catching under the guard. [23] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 25 DEEP-SEA THERMOMETERS. The Miller-Casella and Negretti & Zambra deep-sea thermometers have been used by the vessels of the Commission. They are both ex- cellent instruments, but the latter possessed some notable advantages for the peculiar service required of them in the prosecution of our work. THE NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA DEEP-SEA THERMOMETER. This thermometer is shown in Plate XVI; the tube removed from its ease; the rubber guards taken off and laid beside it; the messenger be- tween them. The metal case used by the Commission and the wooden frame furnished by the manufacturers are shown. The spring and slip hooks are removed from the former, and lie beside it. The bulb containing the mercury is cylindrical; the neck much con- tracted, and the tube near it bent in a peculiar manner, with a catch reservoir at the bend. To take the temperature the bulb is held down- ward, when the column of mercury in the tube will be in contact with it. To register the temperature the instrumentis capsized; the column breaking at the bend, falls to the bottom, and the scale is then read in the usual manner, it being marked from the opposite end toward the bulb. The tube is completely inclosed in a glass shield, which protects it from pressure, eliminating any errors that might arise from that cause ; and in order to avoid sluggishness, the portion surrounding the bulb is filled with mereury. This thermometer, as mentioned above, registers by being capsized, or turned with the bulb up, at the point where the temperature is to be taken; and, to accomplish this, some device is necessary by which the requisite movement will take place with certainty at the proper time. For this purpose the manufacturers use a wooden frame containing a. charge of shot, which moves freely from end to end, and is of sufficient weight to leave the entire apparatus a slight buoyancy in sea water. In using this instrument the end of the frame carrying the bulb is made fast to the sounding-line and is pulled down in the descent; the shot are at the lower end, and the buoyancy of the frame, added to the friction of the water, keeps it in position. The ascent is commenced with a quick pull of the line, which, by chang- ing its center of gravity, causes the thermometer to capsize, the weight of shot transferred to the lower end and friction of the water keeping it in position. The ascent should be continuous after it commences, for if the line is stopped or slacked from any cause the thermometer is lia- ble to reverse, giving, of course, erroneous readings. We experienced no trouble from this cause in smooth water, but in a sea-way, with the vessels moving rapidly, the results were unsatistactory ; in fact, totally unreliable. The frames soou became water-logged in 26 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24] depths of four or five hundred fathoms, which was another fruitful source of error. The accuracy of the thermometer itself and its extreme sensitiveness made it particularly valuable to us where we required several tempera- tures in rapid succession at moderate depths, provided we could control its motions. Several devices were tried, and finally a simple gas-pipe, seven-eighths of an inch inside diameter, was adopted. Several holes were drilled in the end inclosing the bulb, a slit cut in the side to expose the scale, and a pair of slip-hooks held in position by a small spring placed in the opposite end. The thermometer was then inserted; the rubber guards used to protect the shield in the wooden frame serving not only to hold it securely in place but to protect it from sudden jars, and a lanyard of cod-line, spliced into the end carrying the bulb, completed the arrange- ment. THE MESSENGER. The messenger used for capsizing the thermometer is of cast brass, eylindrical in form, with rounded ends. It is about two inches in length, one in diameter, and has a three-eighth-inch hole through its center, well rounded at the ends to prevent catching on splices. Its weight is from three to four ounces. TO TAKE A DEEP-SEA TEMPERATURE. Plate XIII shows both forms of the Negretti & Zambra thermome- ter arranged for descent. In the modified form it is held firmly in position by the slip-hooks through which the stray-line passes. Having attained the proper depth, and sufficient time elapsed for the thermometer to indicate the temperature, the messenger, which has been resting in its cradle under the guide-pulley, is sent down the wire and capsizes the thermometer by striking the slip-hooks and forcing them open, when, having lost its support, the instrument promptly reverses, as Shown in Plate XIV, where both forms are represented as on the ascent. All buoyancy being destroyed by substituting a metal case, the ther- mometer is independent of the motions of the vessel either from rolling, pitching, or drifting. The line may be stopped on the ascent or lowered again without affecting the instrument in any way. We have taken hundreds of temperatures with the apparatus described, under varying couditions of wind and weather, with the most satisfactory results. THE MILLER-CASELLA DEEP-SEA THERMOMETER. Plate X VII shows this thermometer in its copper case used for deep- sea work; also partially dismounted, to show the form of construction. The magnet seen between the two instruments is used to adjust the indices. [25] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK.. 27 The following description is from Sigsbee’s ‘ Deep-sea Sounding and Dredging:” “A glass tube bent in the form of U is fastened to a vulcanite frame, and to the latter are screwed white glass slabs containing the graduated scales. Each limb of the tube terminates in a bulb. A column of mer- eury occupies the bend and a part of the capillary tube of each limb. ‘The large bulb and its corresponding limb, above the mercury, are wholly filled with a mixture of creosote and water; the opposite limb, above the mercury, is partially filled with the same mixture, the remain- ing space therein being occupied by compressed air. In the mixture, on each side, is a steel index having a horse-hair tied around it near the upper extremity. The ends of the elastic horse-hair, being held ina pendent position by the inner walls of the tube, exert enough pressure to oppose a frictional resistance to a movement of the index in elevation or depression. As thus described, the instrument is a self-registering maximum and minimum thermometer for ordinary use. The indications are given by the expansion and contraction of the creosote and water mixture in the large, full bulb. The instrument is set by bringing the lower ends of the indices in contact with the mercury by means ofa magnet provided for the purpose. Then, when,the instrument is sub- mitted to a higher temperature, the expansion of the mixture in the large bulb depresses the column of mercury on that side, and corre- spondingly elevates it on the other side. A decrease of temperature contracts the mixture in the large bulb, and by the elastic force of the compressed air in the smaller bulb a transference of the column of mer- cury takes place in precisely the reverse manner to that which occurs on arising temperature. Thus the mercury rises in the left limb for a lower, and in the right limb for a higher, temperature. “The greater the change of temperature, the higher the point reached in the respective limbs; hence, the scale on the left is graduated from the top downwards, and that on the right from the bottom upwards. The rising of the mercury in either limb carries with it the index of that limb, and on the retreat of the mercury the index remains at the highest point attained. The bottom of the index, being the part which _has been in contact with the mercury, gives the point at which to take the reading.” The large bulb of these instruments is now protected from pressure by a glass shield, with which it is covered; the space between shield and bulb is nearly filled with aleohol, which acts as a transmitting me- dium for temperature, performing the same function as the mereury in the shield of the Negretti & Zambra thermometer. The shield above mentioned has added much to the value of the instrument, as it has practically eliminated errors arising from varying pressures. This thermometer has been considered the standard for deep-sea work, and where several are to be sent down on the same line, particularly to great depths, it is unrivaled. It is not as sensitive as the Negretti 28 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26] & Zambra, but, under the above conditions, a delay of a few minutes is not of great importance. The movable indices are a fruitful source of annoyance and vexatious delay. An index may, without any appar- ent cause, absolutely refuse to move in the tube; coaxing with the mag- net is followed by lightly tapping the frame in the hand or swinging it rapidly about the head, and, if this fails, more vigorous tapping is apt to follow, with various active measures, none of which tend to improve the general condition of the instrument. The indices are also liable to move if the instrument is subjected to rough treatment; this, however, is not of frequent occurrence with care- ful handling. Most of the minor casualties to which the instrument is liable are ap- parent to the eye and are readily set right. WATER DENSITIES. Hilgard’s ocean salinometer (Plate X VIII) is used by the Commis- sion for observing the density of sea-water. We found it difficult at times to use this delicate instrument at sea, until we adopted the plan of setting it on a nicely adjusted swinging stand, which rendered it to a great extent independent of the movements of the vessel. An excellent description of the apparatus is given by Professor J. E. Hilgard in the Coast Survey Report for 1874, and reproduced in Sigsbee’s Deep-sea Sounding and Dred ging, as follows: The density of sea-water in different latitudes and at different depths is an element of so great importance in the study of ocean physics as to have caused a great deal of attention to be paid lately to its deter- mination. The instruments employed for the purpose have been, almost without exception, areometers of various forms. The differences of density as arising from saltness are so small that it is necessary to have a very sensitive instrument. As the density of ocean water at the tempera- ture of 60° Fahr. only varies between the limits of 1.024 and 1.029, it is necessary, in order to determine differences to the hundredth part, that we should be able to observe accurately the half of a unit in the fourth decimal place. This gives a great extension to the scale and involves the use of a series of floats, if the scale starts from fresh-water, or else the instrument assumes dimensions which make it unfit for use on board ship. With a view to the convefient adaptation to practical use, this appa- ratus has been devised for the Coast Survey by Assistant Hilgard. The instrument consists of a single float about 9 inches in length. The scale extends from 1.020 to 1.031, in order to give sufficient range for the effect of temperature. Each unit in the third place, or thous- andths of the density of fresh water, is represented by a length of 0.3 of an inch, which is subdivided into five parts, admitting of an accurate (27] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 29 reading of a unit in the fourth place of decimals by estimation. The float is accompanied by a copper can, with a thermometer inserted within the cavity, which is glazed in front. In use the can is nearly filled with water, so as to overflow when the float is inserted, the read- ing being then taken with ease at the top of the liquid. For conven. ience and security two such floats and the can are packed together in a suitable case, and a supply of floats and thermometers, securely packed in sawdust, is kept on hand to replace the broken ones. The following table has been derived from the observations of the expansibility of sea-water, made by Prof. J. S. Hubbard, U.S. N. Col- umn II contains a table of reductions for temperature of salinometer readings to the standard of 60° Fahr. To facilitate the use of this table the following directions are given: Reeord the actual observation of hydrometer and thermometer. From Column II (which is applicable to any degree of saltness within the given limits) take the number corresponding to the observed tem- perature, and multiply this number by the number of degrees and frae- tions of a degree that the observed temperature differs from 60°. Ap-- ply this product as a correction, with proper sign, to the reading of the salinometer, and the result will be the reading of the salinometer at the standard temperature of 60° Fahr. EXAMPLE.—Actual reading of thermometer=80°.5; actual reading of salinometer= 1.02425, Opposite 80°.5 in column II is +0.0001585, which, multiplied by 20.5, gives as a product +0.003249. Add this to the observed reading of salinometer, and 1.02750 will result as the reading of the salinometer at the standard temperature. for to for | | to | to reduction to 60°, reduction 60°. reduction 60°. 60°. Coefficients for reduction Temperature. Temperature. Coefficients for Coefficients Coefficients Temperature. | Temperature. 50 | —0. 000108 || 60 | +0.000000 || 70 | +0.000145 | 20 | +0. 000158 51 | —0.000110 |; 61 | +0. 000130 || 71 | +0.000146 | 81) +0. 000159 52 | —0. 000112 |) 62 | +0. 000135 || 72 | +0. 000147 || +0. 000160 53 | —0. 000113 || 63 | +0. 000137 || 73 | +0.000148 | 83 | +0. 600162 54 | —0.000115 || 64 | +0. 000137 || 74 | +0. 000149 |, 84 +0. 000163 55 | —0.000118 || 65 | +0. 000138 || 75 | +0.000151 || 85 | +0. 000164 56 | —0. 000120 |} 66 | +0. 000140 || 76 | +0. 000152 || 86 | +0. 000166 57 | —0. 000120 |} 67 | +4-0.000141 || 77 | +0. 008154 | 87 | +0. 000167 | oO bo | —0. 000120 || 68 | +0.000142 || 78 | +0. 000156 || 88 | +0. 000168 | 59 | —0. 000120 || 69 | +0. 000143 || 79 | +0. 000157 89 | +0. 000170 ! | | I | A method quite different in practice for determining the density of sea-water has been suggested by Prof. Wolcott Gibbs, of Harvard Uni- versity. It depends upon the determination of the index of refraction by means of an angular instrument similar to the sextant. As all navi- gators are familiar with the use of the sextant, and as the observation ean be made without hinderance from the motion of the ship, this form of the instrument may be found to possess certain advantages. £0 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28] NoreE In 1876.—When the table of reductions for temperature above given was constructed, the investigations relative to the same subject made by Thorpe and Riicker (Royal Society’s Proceedings, January, 1876) were not known. The following comparison of the results of the experi- ments onthe thermal dilation of sea-water,as taken from Professor Hub- bard’s tables, and as derived from the results of Thorpe and Riicker, shows the differences within the range of temperature covered by our table of corrections: | | | 2 Volume. & Thorpe = | Hubbard. and a Ricker. fe) | 50 0. 99895 0. 99902 | 55 | 9. 99943 0, 99946 | 60 1. 00000 1. 09000 | 65] 1. 00667 1. 00059 70 | 1. 00142 1. 00127 75 1. 00221 1. 00205 80 1. 00309 1. 00280 | 85 1. 00402 1. 00364 | | | DEPARTURE OF THE VESSEL FROM WILMINGTON. At4p.m. July 29, 1880, the Fish Hawk left the builder’s yard for Newport, R. L., the headquarters of the Commission for the season. The hatching machinery was not entirely complete, but the dredging apparatus was in place, and it was considered advisable to leave at once, returning for the remainder of her hatching outfit after completing her work of deep-sea exploration for the season. The weather was clear and pleasant, with a gentle breeze from NW. The vessel attained a speed of 7 to 8 knots during the night, the engines working smoothly. Passed Cape Henlopen at 11.20 p. m., Absecon at 4.50, and Barnegat at 8.35 a. m. July 30. The position at noon was latitude 40° 06/ N., longitude 73° 09’ W., 177 miles from Wilmington, giving an average speed of 8.55 miles per hour. Ato p.m. passed Fire Island light-house, and between 5 and 6 ob- served azimuths of the sun on such courses as we would require during the trip for the purpose of ascertaining the deviation of our compasses, July 31, at 12.25 a. m., passed Montauk Point, at 3.30 Point Judith, at 4.15 Beaver Tail, and at 4.40 a. m. anchored in Dutch Island Harbor for the purpose of cleaning and painting ship. Monday, August 2, got under way and steamed to Newport, the head- quarters of Commission, and reported for duty in connection with deep- sea exploration. The weather was unsettled and rainy during the 3d, 4th, and 5th, elearing during the night of the latter date, and on Friday, the 6th, we left the wharf at 8.35 a. m., with the naturalists on board, for our first lredging expedition of the season. It was an experimental trip for the [29] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. ol purpose of testing the mechanical appliances, which were mostly new. Three hauls of the dredge and three of the trawl were taken in the channel to the westward of Canonicut Island, in from 8 to 12 fathoms of water, returning to port at 3.58 p. m. Slight modifications were found necessary in the arrangement of lead- ing blocks, accumulator, &c. The sounding apparatus was easily opera- ted by one man, doing its work satisfactorily. In fact, the experience of the day satisfied us that with the modifications mentioned above, the apparatus would answer the purpose for which it was designed. Six hauls of the dredge and trawl were taken on the 7th, in the channel between Fort Adams and the Dumplings, in from 17 to 27 fath- oms of water. Great numbers of specimens were taken, sufficient to keep the scientific corps fully employed’ in the laboratory for several days. - On Friday, the 10th, the weather being favorable, the ship was swung under steam, and azimuths taken on every point to determine the devi- ation of compasses. Thursday, August 12, took six hauls of the dredge and trawl in the sound, about three miles to the southward of Brenton’s Reef light-ship, in from 16 to 19 fathoms. The trawl fouled a wreck during the day, detaining us several hours in vain efforts to clearit. Failing in this, we hove in all slack line and backed the engines till the dredge rope parted, josing the trawl and about 15 fathoms of rope. Five hauls of the trawl and dredge were taken on the 15th, about 5 miles to the southward and eastward of the light-ship, in from 18 to 20 fathoms; and seven hauls on the 14th, in the vicinity of Point Judith, in from 18 to 19 fathoms. Four hauls were taken in various localities in Narragansett Bay on Monday, the 16th, and on the 17th, eight hauls on Brown’s Ledge, from 8 to 12 miles SW. by W. of the Vineyard Sound light-ship, in from 11 to 22 fathoms. Wednesday, August 18, took four hauls of dredge and trawl, about 20 miles S.SE. of Block Island, in from 27 to 29 fathoms of water. Thursday and Friday, the 19th and 20th, the naturalists were occupied in the examination and preservation of specimens. Saturday, the 21st, was foggy and rainy, the weather clearing during Sunday, and on Monday, the 25d, three hauls were taken between Narragansett Pier and Point Judith. A heavy swell prevailing in that locality, we ran into Narragansett Bay, where four hauls were taken in from 11 to 15 fathoms. Thursday, the 24th, five hauls were taken from 1 to 3 miles to the eastward of Block Island, in from 13 to 22 fathoms, and on the follow- ing day one haul in the same vicinity, when, being overtaken by a heavy squall of wind and rain, we were forced to stop work and start for port: We had heavy rain and a dense fog all the way in, the weather clearing after we reached the harbor. We were detained in port the following day by a heavy swell in the sound, and, on the 27th, finding an uncom. 32 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30] fortable sea outside, we ran into the Sakonnet River and took ten hauls of the dredge and trawl between its mouth and Gould Island. The naturalists were employed in the laboratory on Saturday, and we were detained by unfavorable weather on Monday, but Tuesday, the 3ist, was more favorable, and ten hauls of the trawl and dredge were taken in the channel between the Dumplings and Beaver Tail, and various localities in Narragansett Bay, in from 8 to 27 fathoms. On the following day, September 1, ten hauls were made between the Dumplings and Beaver Tail, in from 3 to 20 fathoms. The naturalists were occupied the following day in the laboratory, and on the 3d six hauls of the trawl and dredge were taken at the entrance to Vineyard Sound, from 3 to 4 miles to the southward of Cuttyhunk, in 17 fathoms. At 3.30 p. m. we started for Wood’s Holl, arriving at 4.30, when pre- liminary examinations of the harbor, &c¢., were made, with a view of stationing the ship at this place for codfish hatching during the coming winter. At 5.15 p. m. left Wood’s Holl, and started for latitude 40° 04/ N., longitude 70° 23’ W., the locality where the first tile fish (Lopho- latilus chameleonticeps) were reported to have been taken. We passed Gay Head at 7,05 p. m., and slowed down to about 3 knots between that point and No Man’s Land, to allow surface towing by the natural- ists, Which resulted in the capture of some interesting specimens. The vessel was then put at a speed of 8 knots per hour for the night, in order to reach the desired position at daylight. The wind was light to moderate from SW., but there was quite a heavy cross swell from SE. to SW., increasing as we left the land, and, during the latter part of the night the vessel was rolling and pitching in a most lively manner. At 4.50 a. m., September 4, stopped, latitude 40° 04’ N., longitude 70° 23’ W., cast the lead in 65 fathoms’ sand, and lowered the trawl with most satisfactory results. Four miles south we found 192 fathoms; eight hauls were taken during the day between the depths above mentioned. The results were remarkable, and the temptation to seek greater depths almost irresistible, but we had 300 fathoms of dredge rope only on the reel, and were obliged to confine ourselves within moderate depths. The bottom and intermediate temperatures were unreliable owing to the use of the Negretti-Zambra deep-sea thermometer in a sea-way, the motion-of the vessel being liable to capsize it at any time. It was the results of this day’s work that led us to devise some plan by which this admirable thermometer could be used under all conditions of wind and weather. The sounding and dredging apparatus which had heretofore been used in depths of but 30 fathoms or less, worked so well that we concluded to double their present capacity by adding to the length of rope and sounding wire. [31] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 33 At 1.40 p. m. we started for port, about 100 miles distant. The weather was clear at this time, but about 5 p. m.a heavy bank rose rapidly ahead, the wind veering to NW. At 7 p. m. the sky was entirely overcast with a light mist and drizzling rain, and at 10 p. m. a dense fog closed in. The speed was reduced and the fog-whistle sounded at short intervals. At 3.30 a. m., September 5, stopped near Brenton’s Reef light-ship to wait for daylight or the fog to lift; and, although frequently within a ship’s length of the vessel, we could not see the lights. In fact, we saw the vessel herself for an instant only, after daylight, when we were less than a hundred feet from her. I mention this as an illustra- tion of the density of coast fogs and the difficulties attending naviga- tion during their prevalence. After daylight we ran in by compass, catching an occasional glimpse of points as we passed up channel, and finally arrived at the wharf at 7.15 a. m. We were employed Monday and Tuesday, the 6th and 7th, coaling ship; were detained by unsettled weather till the 12th, when, at 6.40 p. m., we left port for another off-shore trip. While in port we doubled the length of our dredge rope by splicing 300 fathoms to that already on the reel, increased the length of wire on the sounding machine to something over 600 fathoms, and adopted a simple spring catch or detaching arrangement by which the Negretti & Zambra thermometer could be held firmly in position until the proper time to register the temperature by reversing it; this being accom- plished (as explained in the description of the Negrette & Zambra ther- mometer as used by us at present) by sending a small weight or mes- senger down on the wire, detaching the spring catch by impact, and freeing the upper end, when, being inclosed in a metal case without bouyancy, it promptly reverses, thus registering the temperature. At 5.35 a. m. on the 13th we cast the lead in 100 fathoms—latitude 40° 02’ N., longitude 70° 57’ W.—and sent the trawl down. Nine hauls were taken during the day in from 85 to 325 fathoms, within a radius of 7 or 8 miles, everything working satisfactorily in depths less than 200 fathoms; but our first attempt in deeper water resulted in numerous kinks in the rope and several turns around the trawl, which, of course, came up empty. A little caution in paying out the rope was all that was necessary, and we had no further trouble from those causes. We had provided ourselves with a quantity of menhaden for bait, and, during the morning, set a trawl line in 126 fathoms—latitude 39° 57’ O07” N., longitude 70° 56’ W.—for the purpose of catching tile-fish (Lopholatilus chamcleonticeps). The line was down 45 minutes, and on hauling it up three tile-fish were taken. Three more got off the hooks after coming to the surface and were lost. There were numerous skate and hake on the line, and the bait was gone from most of the hooks. The line was set again in the afternoon in 250 fathoms—latitute 39° S. Mis. 110 3 34 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [32] 48/ 30’ N., longitude 70° 54’ W.—without success, so far as tile-fish were concerned. There were, however, several hake and skate taken, show- ing that the line reached the bottom. One of the tile-fish taken in the morning was boiled for, dinner and served with egg sauce. The flesh was white and firm, bearing a strong resemblance to codfish in texture and flavor, though somewhat coarser. Work was continued till 6 p. m., when the vessel was headed for port. It was evident, from a rapidly falling barometer and other indications, that a change of weather was impending. At nine o’clock the sky was overcast, threatening rain. At 1 a.m. on the 14th the wind veered to northwest with thick rainy weather. We made Block Island light at 1.45, and at 2.40 were struck by a furious squall of wind and rain, with incessant thunder and light- ning, followed by a dense fog. Between three and four o’clock, while passing several miles to the eastward of the island, a large pyramid of light was observed on shore, penetrating the dense fog and illuminating our surroundings, increasing the range of vision from a few yards to at least half a mile in every direction, and toward the island toa much greater extent. We could not detect a distinct flame or discover the source of light, but learned subsequently that it was caused by the burn- ing of a hotel. The possibility of penetrating and illuminating a dense fog by the use of powerful lights was practically demonstrated by the occurrence above mentioned. The wind veered to the northward and eastward, increasing rapidly, till at 7.15, upon our arrival in port, it was blowing a gale, which con- tinued with greater or less violence till the 16th, detaining the vessel in port. Friday, September 17, was clear and pleasant, with light winds. At 10.17 a. m. we left the wharf with a number of gentlemen on board, and steamed up the bay, where hauls were made with the beam trawl, otter trawl, dredge, and rake dredge. Our system of sounding and taking serial temperatures, the preservation of specimens, &c., were ex- plained to the guests, and at 4.15 p. m. we returned to port. The 18th and 19tl were occupied by the naturalists in preserving speci- mens, and we were detained on the 20th by fog. At 9.15 a. m. on the 21st we left the wharf and steamed to the south- ward of Block Island, where we took five hauls of the trawl and dredge in from 11 to 19 fathoms water. A heavy southwest swell made it ex- cessively uncomfortable on board, and, at times, almost impossible to carry on the work. We returned to our wharf at7 p. m., the results of the day’s work having been very satisfactory. At 11 a. m. on the 22d we left for Wood’s Holl with the Commissioner on board, arriving at 4.15 p.m. An inspection was made with the view of establishing an experimental station for codfish hatching during the coming winter. We left Wood’s Holl at 1.15 p. m. on the 23d, arriving in Newport at [33] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 35 5.30 p. m., when fires were hauled to clean the boiler, and this opportu- nity was taken to make some needed repairs to machinery, which were completed on the 25th. Preparations were made for an off-shore trip on the 26th, but we were detained by unsettled weather, fogs, or strong winds till October 1, when at 4.30 p. m. we left the wharf and proceeded to sea. The local deviation of our compasses was accurately obtained and tab- ulated upon our arrival at the station, but later in the season it became evident that it was changing, at least, on the north and south courses, and, to ascertain the actual error, azimuths were observed on the points between S. and SW. and N. by EH. to NNW., the result showing a de- crease of 2° to 3° on those points. When the above observations were completed we steamed to the south. ward, and at 5.40 a. m. on the 2d cast the lead and put the trawl over, in latitude 39° 46’ N., longitude 71° 10’ W., in between 300 and 400 fath- oms, bringing up a heavy load of soft mud with but few specimens. The depth was uncertain, as the sounding-wire parted at 310 fathoms before reaching bottom. At 8.40 a. m. the trawl was cast again in latitude 59° 46’ N., longitude 71° 05’ W., in 487 fathoms, mud and small stones. A large number and great variety of specimens were brought up. At 11.23 a, m. the trawl was cast again in 39° 52/ 20” N., 70° 58’ W., 372 fathoms, bringing up mud, sand, and a fewesmall stones. Another haul was taken at 1.10 p. m.—latitude 39° 53’ N., longitude 70° 58/ 30” W.—in 365 fathoms, sand and mud; and another at 3.17 p. m.— latitude 39° 56’ 30” N., longitude 70° 59/ 45’ W.—in 238 fathoms, sand and mud. The hauls were all successful, but the last was the largest of the season, both in numbers and species. The weight in the net was so great that it required considerable time and great care to land it safely on deck. This being,accomplished, we started at 5.25 p. m. for port, arriving at 5 a. m. on the morning of the 5d. The 4th and 5th were occupied in coaling ship; the 6th in taking on board specimens of natural history, the result of the season’s work, des- tined for New Haven and Washington, and making preparations for sea. At 6.05 a. m., October 7th, we left Newport for New Haven, arriving at 3.50 p. m., and remained over night. The articles consigned to Prof. A. E. Verrill were delivered, and, at 7.30 a. m., October 8th, we left for New York, arriving at the navy-yard at 2.30 p. m., where we took on board a supply of paymaster’s stores, water, &e. We left at 4.20 p. m. on the 12th for Wilmington, Del., to complete the hatching machinery left unfinished on our departure in July. The weather was clear with a moderate gale blowing from NW. It was a fair wind, however, and by hugging the coast we had comparatively smooth water till we opened out Delaware Bay, where we encountered a heavy sea, which tested the strength and weatherly qualities of the vessel. 36 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34] At 8 a.m. on the 13th we passed inside the capes, and at 4.50 p. m. arrived at the Pusey & Jones Company’s works, Wilmington, Del. Work was resumed at once on the hatching machinery. Some slight repairs were made about the engines, and such modifications as the season’s experience suggested were adopted. The work was completed on the 13th of November, and at 8.50 a. m. on the 14th we left for Washington, D. C. The weather was unsettled, and finding cautionary signals flying at the cape we deemed it advisable to wait for a change. We anchored inside the breakwater at 4.30 p. m., remaining till 7.50 p. m. the follow- ing day, when, the weather having partially cleared, and the cautionary signals lowered, we got under way and proceeded to sea. After clearing Cape Henlopen a course was laid which would carry the vessel off shore, intending to make a depth of from 100 to 200 fath- oms water by daylight, when we proposed to try the dredge and trawl. We encountered a heavy southerly swell during the night, but it moderated towards morning, and at 9.20 a. m.—latitude 37° 26’ north, longitude 74° 19’ west—cast the trawl in 56 fathoms, sand and shells. Six hauls were taken during the day, in from 300 fathoms down to 18, with most satisfactory results ; several new species were added to the marine fauna of the coast, and some were found new to science. The last haul in 18 fathoms was taken after dark for the purpose of ascertaining whether a ggeater number of fish would be taken than dur- ing daylight. Wesawno perceptible difference, but a single haul would hardly be significant either way. The trawl was up at 7.30 p. m., and the vessel headed for land, pass- ing inside the capes of the Chesapeake at 12.55 a. m., the 17th. At 10.45 a.m. we anchored off Saint Jerome Creek, and sent a party in with the steam cutter to bring out a barge belonging to the Commission, which we were directed to tow to Washington. They found her lying in a bad position, pretty well filled with water, and the tide ebbing and flow- ing through the open seams in her sides and bottom. The water was finally bailed out, the worst leaks temporarily stopped, and at high tide, about 2 a. m. on the 18th, an attempt was made to tow her out; but the channel had become filled with sand, making it. narrow for her to pass. She was taken back to her old station and anchored again, and, at low tide, all our available force was put to work with shovels to widen the channel. It was high tide again between two and three o’clock in the afternoon, when we succeeded in getting her out, reaching the ship at 5 p. m., having kedged off against a fresh northeast wind, and quite a heavy swell. As soon as the barge was fast astern the boats were hoisted and we got under way for the Potomac. It was blowing a moderate gale from northeast by this time, with a drizzling rain, and the night was intensely dark; the seawas quite rough,, causing the vessel to roll heavily, and soon filling the barge with water. We had two hawsers fast to her, but one parted when we were off Point [35] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 37 Lookout; the other held, however, and at 7.25 p. m. we anchored in Corn- field Harbor for the night. The wind had backed to northwest by this time, and was blowing a fresh gale, causing quite a swell, but we rode it out very comfortably. Working parties were kept bailing the water out of the barge during the night. We got under way at 6.35 a.m. on the 19th, and, with the barge in tow, started for Washington. At 8 a. m. the United States Fish Commission steamer Lookout steamed out of Saint Mary’s River, and coming within hail informed us that she had amailforthe ship. It was still blowing fresh, with a heavy swell in our exposed position, so she was directed to follow us under the lee of Piney Point, where the mail was transferred, and she was directed to make the best of her way to Washington. We were obliged to run at about half speed, owing to the bad condition of the barge, and work- ing parties were pumping and bailing during the day. At 5.20 p.m. we anchored off Indian Head for the night. At 7.20 a.m. on the 20th we were under way again and arrived at the navy-yard, Washington, D. C., at 1.40 p. m. The specimens of natural history and other articles consigned to the Smithsonian Institution were landed on the 22d. We coaled ship on the 26th and 27th. Arrangements were made with the authorities at the navy-yard to caulk the main deck, and the crew were actively employed refitting ship until 9 a. m., December 4, when we left for the Lower Potomac on duty connected with the artificial propagation of oysters at Saint Jerome Creek. At 7.15 p. m. anchored in Saint Mary’s River for the night. At 8p. m. the Lookout arrived and anchored near this vessel. The weather was thick and rainy, with a fresh breeze from the eastward. On Sunday morning, December 5, the Lookout went into Smith’s Creek, where she could find a more secure harbor, and this vessel fol- lowed her on the morning of the 6th, the weather still rainy and unset- tled, with a heavy swell in the bay. The object of the expedition was to dredge a quantity of oysters and plant them at the station in Saint Jerome Creek, for the purpose of in- vestigation and artificial propagation during the folldwing spring and summer; but unfavorable weather forced us to seek a harbor, and on the 7th the wind veered to northwest, blowing afresh gale, with very cold weather, ice forming rapidly. On the 9th, when the gale moder- ated, the oyster-pond was frozen over, obliging us to abandon the at- tempt to carry out the object of the expedition at that time. It was desirable to test the practical working of our dredging appa- ratus, and for that purpose we put it in operation on the banks be- tween Smith’s Creek and Point Lookout for about three hours, the result being 75 bushels of oysters, dead shells, &e., and 25 bushels of market- able oysters. 38 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [36] Having satisfied ourselves as to the working of our apparatus we started at 1 p. m. for Washington, anchoring at 9.20 p.m. off Nanjemoy Point for the night. The weather was clear and cold, ice making rap- idly along the shores. At daylight on the morning of the 10th we got under way and steamed up the river. At 9.30 spoke the Lookout off Quantico. They reported the river frozen above that place, and that they were unable to go any farther. We then steamed up to Stump Neck, but were obliged to re- turn, the sharp young ice cutting the unprotected planking of the ves- sel’s sides like a knife. Having anchored off Quantico, the Lookout, which was short of coal, was taken alongside and a sufficient quantity transferred to her bunk- ers. I took the train for Washington to confer with the Commissioner as to the future movements of the vessels, and, returning at 12.30 p. m. the following day, both vessels were got under way for Norfolk, Va. There was considerable floating ice about us at this time, and the river was frozen over both above and below. The ice was not more than 2 inches in thickness, and our engines would have forced us through it without the least difficulty, but, owing to the fact that our metal sheathing was below the water line, there was every probability that the vessel would sustain serious damage if we made the attempt. Fortunately the Lady of the Lake, an iron steamer, was seen approach- ing, and following in her wake we finally reached clear water and arrived at our destination, the Norfolk navy-yard, at 7.50 a. m. on the 12th, with the Lookout in company. Both vessels were carefully ex- amined on the 15th to ascertain the damage by ice. This vessel was repaired by the naval constructor at an expense of $285. The Lookout was repaired by our own mechanics without expense to the government. The weather during the remainder of the month was unusually severe; navigation became very difficult in the Potomac, and considerable ice formed even in Norfolk. We were actively employed, when the weather permitted, in painting and refitting both vessels, the work being in progress at the close of this report, December 31, 1880. REMARKS BY MR. RICHARD RATHBUN ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE SEASON’S EXPLORATIONS. The explorations carried on in Narragansett Bay, and to the eastward and southward of Block Island, demonstrated the existence of a fauna similar to that previously discovered by the Fish Commission, in and about Vineyard Sound (1871 and 1875) and in Block Island Sound and the neighboring regions (1874), the species differing more or less, how- ever, according to the depth and character of the bottom on which they lived. No new species of fish were found in these inshore dredgings, and most of the invertebrates obtained were identical with already known [37] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 3g species. Sufficiently large collections of fish and invertebrates were made to properly illustrate the fauna of the region. The three trips of the Fish Hawk to the inner edge of the Gulf Stream slope, on September 4 and 13 and October 2, resulted in the discovery of a new and exceedingly rich marine fauna, quite excelling anything hitherto encountered by the Fish Commission off the New England coast. In fact, the region opened up by these off-shore dredg- ings may be fairly regarded as the most interesting and prolific of any yet explored upon our northern coasts, both as regards the number of species found and the abundance of specimens. Several hundred spe- cies of both fish and invertebrates were taken by means of the dredge and beam trawl, the larger share being new additions to the fauna of Southern New England, and a considerable proportion entirely new to science. The bottom appeared to be nearly continuously covered with life, as the dredge and trawl seldom came to the surface without a load of interesting forms, demonstrating that the region was eminently well fitted as a feeding ground for fish, of which several edible species were taken by the Fish Hawk. Attention was first called to this region in the winter of 1878-79, by the discovery there of a new species of food-fish—the so-called tile fish (Lopholatilus chameleonticeps Goode and Bean)—by a Gloucester fishing schooner, commanded by Captain Kirby. This fish, which is quite un- like any other species occurring on the New England coast, ranges in size very much like the cod, specimens having been taken weighing all the way from 3 to 60 pounds. Its flesh is white and firm in texture, and by many who have tried it is considered good eating. It can be salted and dried like the cod. The main object of the Fish Hawk, in visiting this section of the Gulf Stream slope, was to ascertain the distribution and abundance of the tile fish, and the character of its feeding grounds, which, as stated above, were found to be very rich. A comparison of the various animals ob- tained from there with those brought in by the Gloucester fishermen from the great fishing banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland indi- cates that a close resemblance exists between these two regions, and very many of the species of animals are identical in both. As the tile fish cannot be taken in the dredges and beam trawls commonly used in ex- ploring the sea bottom, an ordinary cod trawl-line, with several hundred hooks, baited with menhaden, was set for about an hour in 100 fathoms of water, on one of the trips, and three fine specimens secured, together with other species of bottom-feeding fish. Otherwise, the natural his- tory investigations were conducted entirely by means of the dredge and beam trawl. : The bottom in the region explored, which, beyond the 75 to 100 fathom line, forms quite a rapid slope, differs considerably in character in dif- ferent localities. In some places it has a smooth surface, formed of fine compact sand, with more or less mud and fragments of shells, and some- 40 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [38] times with small stones. In others it consists of softer mud and sand, or is covered with broken shells and great quantities of sponges, hy- droids, and worm tubes. Both the sand and mud generally contain a large percentage of calcareous foraminifera, some of which are of un- usually large size. The mud in some places also yields innumerable quantities of large sand-covered rhizopods, which vary greatly in form, some being irregularly branched or rudely stellate, and others simply rod-like, and measuring at times nearly an inch long. An especial feature of several of the muddy localities was a large round worm tube, resembling a goose-quill both in texture and consist- ency. These tubes, which belong to a new species of the genus Hyali- nacia, often came up by the thousands, sometimes composing fully half the contents of the trawl. They frequently measure over a foot in length and are nearly straight, but somewhat larger at one end than at the other. They live free upon the bottom, probably, as a rule, lying flat upon the mud, the worms being able to drag them about. These tubes afford attachment to many species of invertebrates, belonging to the groups of hydroids, actinians, and sponges. Another common inhabit- ant of the muddy bottoms, giving shelter to numerous species of worms, actinians, and mollusks, was the beautiful gorgonian, or bush coral, Acanella Normani, previously known from the northern fishing banks. A large cup coral of rather fragile texture, the Flabellum Goodei, oc- curred abundantly on some of the muddy bottoms, and was taken in large quantities, though generally in a fragmentary condition. The mollusca were the most prolific of all the groups, as regards the number of forms taken, 175 species having been secured on the three trips. Of these, 115 species were new to the fauna of Southern New England, and 48 species entirely undescribed. Among the mollusca were 8 species of cephalopods, including 3 genera new to the New Eng- land coast. One of the species was a large and curious form of Octopus (Alloposus mollis), with the arms joined together by a web. Many frag- ments and several nearly perfect specimens of the paper nautilus (Ar- gonauta argo) were obtained from the deeper hauls. Some of the species of Octopus and squids were quite abundant. The crustacean fauna of this region was very rich in the number of species and individuals. The majority of the forms obtained belonged to the decapoda or higher crustacea, the species of schizopoda, cuma- cea, and amphipoda being comparatively few in number. The echino- derms were represented by a large number of species, many of which were new to the region and to science. Several of the species of star- fishes and ophiurans, and a species of crinoid (Antedon Sarsit) frequently occurred in such extreme abundance as to form a very conspicuous feat- ure of the hauls. One new species of starfish, the Archaster Ameri- canus, Sometimes appeared by the thousands, and other new species, as well as several species previously known only from occasional specimens brought in from the fishing banks off Nova Scotia, were very common. About 50 species of fish were taken in the beam trawl beyond the 100- [39] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 41 fathom line, the larger proportion being new additions to the fauna of Southern New England, and including at least 5 new genera and 18 new species. One interesting form was the pole flounder, common in the deeper parts of Massachusetts Bay and the Gulf of Maine, and of which both young and adult individuals were secured. At each dredging station, collections were made with the towing net, which is designed to scoop in the free-swimming forms, living at the sur- face and at intermediate depths. It was used at the surface, at depths of 5 and 10 fathoms, and near the bottom, for the latter purpose having been attached to the dredge line a short distance above the dredge or trawl. The animals obtained by this means were mostly jelly fishes, pteropods, heteropods, salpz worms, larval crustaceans of the higher orders, and copepods, the latter frequently occurring in countless num- bers. They serve as food for the surface-swimming fish, such as the men- haden and mackerel. Many of the species found in this new faunal region are arctic, or be- long to the colder waters of the Atlantic coast of Europe, or to the Med- iterranean. Others again are more tropical, being related to southern or West Indian forms. Some of the commoner forms of crustacea and echinoderms are identical with species described from off the Florida coast. Thesurface species belong mainly to the Gulf Stream fauna. The mass of material taken on these three trips was very great, fill- ing several hundred jars, and a greater number of small bottles and homeopathic vials, as well as many large tanks. The proper working up of this material requires the expenditure of much time and labor, and while several hundred species have already been recognized and de- scribed, large quantities of the smaller and more obscure forms still await elaboration. The few dredgings made November 16, off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, in depths of 18 to 300 fathoms, gave very interesting results, especially in the greater depths, where nearly all the species secured were identical with those from the more northern localities, the character of the bottom being also the same. 68 APU ES CBA DeOEre 806 | Cuttyhunk Light, E.NE., 73 miles mag ../12 NI aeBone sco 69 sO iene se seoce 807 | Cuttyhunk Light, NE. by E.2E., 73miles [12.50 p.m.|.....-.--- 70 mag. Bah Wipes sepeecce 808 | Cuttyhunk Light, NE. by E. }E., 8 miles | 1.20 p.m.|.......-.- 70 mag. er Paes en 809 | Cuttyhunk Light, NE. by E., 12 miles | 1.55p.m.!..........! 70 mag. C7 eee 810 | Cuttyhunk Light, NE. by E., 124 miles | 2.15 p.m.|......---- 70 mac. SaglOWelocaiceretsicicre’s 811 Cuttyhunk, NE. by E., 124 miles mag....| 2.20 p.m.|........-- 69 SDA Gy AS Seupeeaee 812 | Block Island Light, N. NW. 4 W., 20 |11.30a.m.\.........- 70 miles mag. | Rect potecebecree 813 | Block Island Light, N.NW. 4 W., 20 |11.55a.m.|......--.- 70 miles mag. BSc) US SascqnconSee 814 | Block Island Light, NNW. § W.,18|1 p.m.|......--.- 72 miles mag. BEd ices accacoaee 815 | Block Island, NW. by N.,17 miles mag..| 2.15 p.m.|.....-.--- 72 | need ceeeeetennes 816 | Brenton’s Reef Light-Ship, E. 3 S., 23 |10.25a.m.|......---- 71 miles mag. ne UO lomencectecctae 817 | Brenton's Reef Light-Ship, E. 4 N., 3/11 a.m.|.......... 72 miles mag. [43] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. sion steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commanding. 45 OF 1880. Temperature of wa- ter, intermediate. Fe Ra o ; ; eS Character of : . ma eaiala = AtOTHE Wind. Drift. What used. é | =) iS) g g 2/s|4i2/ 8] é Ele] Ss |S] = = Fa WG SEH er of a Ree (eS a Ieee gee] G20: 83 | Sand and shells .} NE.4...|................ Dredge GBROu|* sae | Somer Bee G24 Sra oes OOeasceuis eer SNUG SB hcioe || Ristenicicts sm ialalais imate Trawl G95 Dy |= le 4| sea So) Ces Pe Geol Basasnede se INN 2 |eoeaacinceaeana se Dredge GT AA ee secek Bee 67 B's [seats O yess ceiern arerets SNES seclesecesces ceseie es Trawl ND rap tee | sence [sees 69 105) Sandiandmud <<) INei2e oecc| secccs wosces ccc. Dredge EP ERA ee SSee eras 68 12% | Gravel sand,|\) Calm. j|.ccccmerccics sess Traw and mud. re Soee Beers eae 583 274 | Sand and shells -| N.1..-...|.-.-.-.-.------- Dredge OTe lezec\ente = Sea BSR en | OTe sdG (erection eae Soe (a es (eo Trawl. (OF |e hea PAD Sae Al, 20%. |seesdOlicas once IN aleeer Pawan css ot oy Do. ote AS AA aoaae encore QO eas OOfeciae sbasicai= SWE ses leeaestioeccae. 53. Dredge OO Bee \eed fore AST ae |S endow ecnee ce SW ca See ee ee Trawil. Go) BABA beseee soa On Gm aSand sec Sees secs SWS Ese lesa econ seeeces Do. WOmm ease lecense ea 60 16. \|(\Sand‘and'shells/-| Nok. <2|sc-ciscce- sce ence Dredge TON one os 251.00, Vid) |WSANG ee ae cas camen IN Geen secekOnen eset ce Traw Te 2s all seeraicte Beelaee. Dredge. YO WAS eeseae ---| 543 Trawl; trawl caughtin wreck ; parted rope. (he see eecoee ---| 534 Dredge. 71 Saas |sisjais| WOOS Trawl. 71 Be loncned ead Ro Dredge. Ue esses ---| 54 -| Otter trawl. Man Sree | ier oie a= |, O44 Trawil. A Gas eee Sees se 100) Dredge. TH” a8 badade ease po Trawl. COR ise Seance See O5. Dredge. GOly aaa |iccn Bee pais awl. 69 satlsesa cel tect Oo Dredge CRED Ie ae See ltos: Trawl. (oe cee eeecee =s.|) OD Dredge GGia|pon.|sences Ae) Do. CUA lS ecthsescns Seo ise Do. Om leeee|seccee ---| 693 ew sand ses se onac ica INES scicialfcacas-esccleciosce Trawl Gis P| Pe caeel eee ks ABN NAR ses ave e2 a 2 8 evecs eves 5, 32, 36 Compasses..........- oaipecwusvocses)4,0,6,.14535,41 COMPressOlS)2ancesisea cows eosesis eases cams 3 Connecting: Trodsiicssescs. ccmscs'ssecesieeeeas 10 Construction and Repair, Bureau of ...-.... 14 Copeland; Charles W) cnc. scccewinecconcas stn 1s COpepOGa eae estan encceceatcscce smcemecen. 39 Coral se ess ae acces scescaseecnseeeseoeneee 38 Cormorant! Rock <....-..--.ss00.- wuiomeee 44 Cradle\sieve secs. csceecescssoeesocesiameoe 19 Crank:shatts:-<2¢---s-esescsss San oo aaa ae 10 Crinoideat.-ccneaos.c-esenasee te anaes eae 38 Cross-hea@as as. 2 steko den ceiccecsaceoecasecess 10 CTUStaces 7. coc cmancnciqcee ese ceien ae eMieneceis 38, 39 Cnumaceaas ic teacecase oeoossaesceeeeeeece 38 Cuttyhunk Wight. c- o-cceccessnasmcicesees 42, 44, 46 Cylinder heads: ss se secs ectevcpsceeneene 8 Cylindersyecse-onencocconvess- sae seeeeseeeers 7 DECh POOR cc aecascs ssicc seen occa seoe ae emee 38 Deep-sea exploration..........2.20..----+0- 28, 39 Melawaretenaac sc cu cvcesc sacs en eceueeemenese 1 Density of sea-water, observations upon... 26 Depth of steamer Fish Hawk ...........-.-. 2 Distances made by Fish Hawk............-. 41 Donkey-boiler room ............. SOOO CUDOS 4,5 Draft of the Fish Hawk.....icccssccccse=-¢ 1 MT EUAEO teccuiecee ccs apne cases eee 32, 37, 43, 45, 47 Dredging and trawling record.............- 42, 47 Dredging apparatus..............-- 16-20, 28, 30, 35 Dredging DoOMyes ss. cciscecwnene ease steeees a 5 Dredging trips eames seer. cece seen eee ae 41 WamplM Sierras ee eeeaassseease saew ees 29, 30, 42 Dutch Island.......... chm enbicaisesicmaiatcies 28, 41, 42 Dyer's Teland’s.. ccc ccecosteccie seanecisa celansrs 44 Eccentrics and rods .....-.... AD HeOCoL ep acS 10 Echinoderms: -<.\..:c--s<-cescee Lise gece t eicite 38, 39 Mdibleispeciescs sco secsectececscsacaccooes 37 Engine department...... Bec sens ciea ee neean = 3 HUN CINE-TOOM sa ac acc de ocasenccecmeeacsas es 4,5 Engines and machinery ..........--...----- 7-14 Equipment and Recruiting, Burean of...... 14 Hxhaust connections..... 62 -.-<-...ecese-45 9 Hanns of Gulf stream. sae. csc ccecewses 37, 38, 39 Fauna of Southern New England ....-...-. 37, 38, 39 HOC PUMPS aa. csceecccnal-sccscdecees occaees 9 Wish' Commission: sos ccccsssdsncccencce 18, 19, 34, 35 Fish hatching machinery .......-.-.------- 14, 28 Fish Hawk, F.C. steamer...-...-- 1, 20, 28, 37, 42, 47 Fishing banks ..........ccc0--secseeess- cee 37, 38 Hlabellum goodei.......ccsc.cesnsscenasuccce 38 IMAP Gates case weecscicaaaeeniateese sas eeee 14 52 Page MIG UNG Oleseee seis et eine sea ciaan acetine sminaiincie 39 JONES) 5 oseesooSsebod SSUSQososcodn SoBSSEOIsone 31, 32 MONA OF aeeee nce seeasiedo nce cisis wine ce an 38 HONGE-PUMPSswccinie ssneciacs cco sicseaivac= eae 3,5 OTE CASUG senna toe ean cs ccne.c cosa sicieisicisiaies 3, 5 BOTGN ahh wee stetee se cicseaasiiniseines sols aia eae 5 HONCHO Cs namcec ccecidceuaesesecalscsseescesce 3 HOTTA CAINS tanicscaciceiscinee aacicsiecsciasioc ice 29 HOVTPO UM PUNO riccisnisiameiscic sene=isie seis ose 42, 44 Gay Head........... ACE RDEE ODE eS OCR eee 30, 46 GaDPSy WiOlCObbsccccccecaconccecwcvcccaseces 27 GUIOTICCS LOIN ASS seca neuccmicicccsacsce aie sisieee 37 Goat Isle Light ....... Beene slecteise ete ote 44 GiodeG sw BrOWllssssccewssccececcacaescioas 37 Cronlamislan dire stocet chiuisscuceciep'saseataccec 44 GEOL MAING: = se sciclsessc ce ccccceeseesaes 39 Gulf stream, trips of Fish Hawk to .....--. 37 Ope eto ccins cists aivceais tic isicindewsciciviet vec 31 HalltsWiaiv ROCK. Wass s--misaclees deuccess =< 42, 44, 46 Harvard University......-.--.+-.edse-2-s-- 27 Hatching apparatus ..........-....-.. 14, 15, 16, 34 ALO NIN PIO OC Keene cewcte aio steowinin o ciacieiatn Zietehais 4 Herreshofi Manufacturing Company....-.-. 6 ET OLCLOPOG aes asset sone c elses soe utcss 39 a order. eesti ca ea eeeesecsincdesitee 26 Hilgard’s ocean salinometer.......-.--....- 26 HVGISHN PION LINO. alats cotes ee ek aece sees oe 5, 11, 16 HOMO PISANC ee aan i cis-tocs -mislet ce mwicisee eens 44 EVO URW Ol ievem tcreteetciccu aie ce uuis Sec ism oe decade 9 HM PPALC a Siccectoc es csck = salwe ccac ceeeens 27, 28 elas nts eiocioseinss vate est sceeeees cores 2 EDV ALINOS C1 oie se saceccd beccabteeccouececes 38 Hyalinocia-artifex....2.....acesccceauseoss 39 EV OTOidai 22s seek ateus cscedtccosos sete 38, 39 MEOTNOUSES | ee scctone- tc occcceweiasecieiseeeme ener 41 No Man's*and scoscs coscce ace snseteeeemeeae 30 INOrfollky Waite oe nls mceeiesin sence slaaelalataeieete 36, 41 Nova Scotia sccsecessscscesnecsncenenee ceeee 37, 38 Octopus: secesesse ease eee seinen ate 38, 39 Off-shore dredgings .......- weitnjectaleecieaes 37 Ophiurans s2ete cee cesa-ieoseecs ee asec 38 Ordnance; Bureawofs.-c-cc~-seesceceseeie 14 Otter!trawl ese rec clovene ciaisivmicisiniecosies 18, 43, 45, 47 Outfit 2a cect ete sete oroer tate stemereeleec eerie 14 Oyster Arediger tec sowececlewewceyees ssescaae 35, 47 Oystersic- A tecetercceeeeek rena ose ncececeer 35 Paint-locker savesetweesetce tems secant ee ene 3 PaDtr ys —seecpoecicmiete seleleetsetielow a(ainleln sietetyacrs 3 Piano-forte wire used for sounding...-...-. 22 Pillow-blocksssea-cesnaeo oseeceeneesee eee 10,11 Pilot-howse .2)--)-tetsaleatecum ele sleemiciineeeionee 5 PiStons io. ae eeccec scecceereee SuCoDEoodSRScd 9 PointiMndithe seco. ces. ceteeisisioe aetna ser 28, 29, 42 Pole flounder eens asec. seccosane eewerenres 39 POLYPS | swretentevael wlan alec) ewe eeeelnlee(elnie meter ee 39 Poplar PointUight. Jc - \-cc. stccweslscetecnn 42 POtOMACARIV. OL si2cioe.ci-rcleiowieelaieaeoctereicnas 34, 35, 36 Preparation for dredging...........-------- 18 Promenadeideck 2-2 o.0--e sadeacidiceeseeie 5 Prudence Migh tse ac ssste alae esate) ee 44 PLOLOpOds eer cer ect es = se tesae lessee ele onaee 39 Pusey and Jones company .......-----.--. 1, 14, 34 Quantico sVia ere its co cee slew aoe se cuetseeee 36, 41 Rathbun, Richards sc.-- ssosce senses eee 36 Read, |\George UWrss en. foo rateicicisisisen eeeiectes 2 Record of dredging and trawling operations. 42-47 Rhizopods\ciaesiesz scene sclswesemecns waleeniee 38 Ridin g-bittss soo scac ssi dasisc een cuiecscee 3 1S he Soop aoa orn BoBODSEeEaoos SpE oa MDEBRSIIco 2,6 Roebling’s (John A.) Sons’ Company....-... 17 RoyaliSocieby ak waciscss saccens -tdeciemenecees 28 Safety Looks ja sas ja Giaicleneie wo stctatw oe meriotatoter 17 BSc heen heme ticsae testers elsietalen ive meters 6 Saint: Jerome Creek ..-...2..0c.cseceescns 34, 35, 41 Saint'"Mary’s River... 2.22-2-545< asec eee 41 SakonnetiRiver = aw eiosoccs os eee senate 30 Salinometer :s.- ss. <0 csccewcces ones sleet eats 26, 27 Schizopodais<-s..50 6 Sect ecia ste teeeiseraeeee 38 Scientific results of season’s explorations... 36 Screw-propellers'.....s-.s. cesses soeee nese 1 Sea-Valves.-ssossccaciscoSsoesen eee ee eee 11 Shad! oo. ses ee ee Sas eemeeeiee eee 14,15 Shaftibrackets {.-..-.sssssassceesee seer ll Shear of steamer Fish Hawk..--....--..-.-- 2 Side valveistems ._-.c.cobaeanswctee wees somes 10 Sigsbee, Lieutenant-Commander ...... 17, 18, 25, 26 Skate es. 2 ocs ek ok mieeeeee ee ae eee ele 31 Smith; James wArse- ei eeeeceeeeste ane seas 2 Smith's) Creek 2.0 see eee seca eee 385, 41 Smithsonian Institution .........-.---2--2-- 35 Smoke-pipe and casing ee \ss.-c-ct eae serene 12 Sounding apparatus ........-....... 20-23, 29, 30, 31 [51] Page. DOUNGIN Se secra sacle aleeciseisicne sl <'cm aca njaa se 20 NOPE) Adate boonbkoatbHsS-bosdeoseuaaroarqoe 6 SOCOM Te So aaepéocooded:: IOSCODEUERSEE 29, 33, 35 Speed of steamer Fish Hawk............--. 1 Speedwell, U.S: steamer.....-........-.---. x PONV Csr sos seceaanaaceackessicocecsiconecs se 38 Squidswestt ste atecc ecco ee eee: 38, 39 SEATS Dy fers stslsaicicis coe eimsinslecosiccisccmccccice 38 DLO CHS tnasiclece sisnc cameo snssee sence seers ce 8 NPCRIMEDLPOc vee oerwastamicecceniccacssemes asc 9 Steam-log ...-..... ee nee ences sees a cniae 39 MUCATO: DTM Dee saceraceiase a eeiecceee asics ccsc 13 NLCOLA CO uee ranean caensto sana sases cs cnce ass 3 Steering gear ....... acaade She CHOCaEoHeHoS 6 Stern-bearing ..........- Daecereisescianse Asano ll Store-TooMS:... -..cees = @ « 7 J i ; 7 L° Fai = i Ee ig 4g = : > a i 1) a - _— cs \-t 2 a. : : 7 Viger ah, - uw P i TD 1 7 ; '. 7 Mi 7 Ke (ae is - ay 1 he re Pp. ! - lint Ze, 7 2a j 7 - : nn iT fe iv ' - : a c + 7 a" af Wy oe ; Fi ¢q : a - My A : vi of ea ue ake f re 1a 5) . ; " Pot b Aa’ f ave tae : - , ‘ bao oe 7 WD} 7 4. > Ha he ei) 4 7 a YY ae ei ‘ in > : vr at _ neo ‘a i : See ae — a Dens oy = - an 7 = io ; - 7 +> ‘ 7 her ’ . : 7 a 7 _ ; - 7 aT | x af - > > t , ; A i) 7 5S °F ik — : Jos eh he | a, i a an * \ : Ny : , = ees |. r i ot a UA a ' Dias | any "Da * ae oe : _ 7 . er a AY tty Report U.S. F.C.1881—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE VII. Safety hooks, showing spring. Report U.S. F.C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE VIII Accumulator, with dredging block hooked; safety hook; brass washer. Report U.S. F. C.1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk, PLATE IX SS ae The beam trawl] ready for lowering. Report U.S. F. C.1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE X. co Dredge safety hook, water bottle, dredge weight, and tangles, Chester rake dredge. PLATE XI. Fish Hawk. Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner. ‘posodxe v1} pur soddoy ‘QA018 O[PVIO PUB OAGIS TQ} OTT, Report U.S. F.C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XII. 4 =» Main deck, starboard side, table siev Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XIII. Sounding machine, with Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer descending. Report U. S. F. C.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XIV. Sounding machine, with Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer ascending. Report U. 8. F. C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XV. Sounding machine, with Bassnett’s patent atmospheric lead. 1 4, Report U.S. F. CG. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XVI. |= CD : aeons en y—wmeR Sinsfauaw=/SenEnnneieannasan) i / y ( U ( (/ / woke The Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer, with wooden frame ana metal case. Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XVII. L.CASELLA. INSTMAKER TOTHE ADMIRALTY LONDON. TH TUTE DOT T oz) L.CASELLA. LONDON. TOT \S The Miller-Casella deep-sea thermometer in and out of case. PLATE XVIII. Fish Hawk. Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner. ANS THVad Zo€ AQdvlISvip Hilgard’s ocean salinometer. at II].—A REPORT OF THE WORK OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION STEAMER FISH HAWK, FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 381, 1881. By LizuTENANT Z. L. TANNER, U. 8. N., Commanding. At the close of my last report, December 31, 1880, the vessel was at. the United States navy-yard, Norfolk, Va., where she remained until February 26. The work of painting and refitting was completed about the middle of January, and a series of experiments with the hatching machinery carried on during the months of January and February. It was considered desirable to introduce air with the feed-water on its entrance to the hatching cones for the purpose of economizing water, and, in order to mix the two sufficiently to prevent violent ebullition by the rapid ascent and explosion of large air bubbles at the surface, we experimented with numerous forms of simple aerators, succeeding finally, as far as practicable, withcut first reducing the feed-water to a spray. wo. 1 is a vertical sectional view of VN the aerator (full size). aais the outer £ case into which b b is screwed; ¢, the Al feed-pipe connection; d, the nozzle over which the upper end of the flexible feed- pipe is attached ; ee, air-holes. Fig. 2 is an end view, b b is the noz- zle to which the feed-pipe is attached ; c, feed-pipe connection ; ¢ ¢ € ¢ € € €é, air- holes. The feed-water entering at ¢ and the air ate e meet and find their way into the bases of the hatching cones partially mixed, that is, the feed-water is impreg- nated with numerous small air-bubbles. Experiments were instituted also with a view of adapting the cones to cod-fish hatching. Shad eggs, for which the hatching apparatus on board this vessel was de- signed, sink rapidly and require a con- stant upward current to prevent matting or settling at the bottom in @ solid mass. Cod-fish eggs, on the contrary, float upon the surface of [1] 55 WOR WES WS SS AT \ 56 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] sea-water, continued submersion resulting in the destruction of the embryos from asphyxia. It was necessary, therefore, to devise some means by which the requi- site change of water could be effected without establishing a constant - current in either direction. Since the specific gravity of cod eggs is very near that of sea water, they take the direc- tion of its sightest movement. Admit- ting water at the bases of the cones as in shad hatching would soon result in pack- ing them around the perforated plates. Were the order reversed, by introducing water at the top and discharging at the base the downward current would soon send them all to the bottom. To sur- mount these difficulties, if possible, the following series of experiments was in- augurated : A cylindrical tank was hung on gimbals, occupying the place of one cone in a set of four. The long leg of a siphon was secured to the bottom of the tank, the upper end reaching the maximum water level required in the cones. The lower end of the short leg, which was five inches long, reached the minimum water Jevel. The goose necks at the bases of the cones were so modified as to have two feed-pipe connecti@s; the lower end of the main feed remained attached to the goose neck, as usual; the upper end, instead of connecting with the distributing pipe, was attached to the bottom of the siphon tank. The second or auxili- ary feed-pipe was substituted for the main feed, being attached to the cone by the second connection above mentioned. Water being pumped into the distributing tanks filled the pipes and, by opening the auxiliary feed valves, a current was admitted to the base of the cones which in due time filled them to the maximum level desired, when the siphon became submerged and commenced to act. The area of its discharge being about three times that of the combined auxiliary feeds, the water level in the cones steadily fell until it reached the height of the short leg of the siphon, when, its action ceasing, it rose again to its maximum level, producing a constant rise and fall of five inches every fifteen minutes. The short leg of the siphon was at first cut square, but we found its action uncertain, as it was liable to suck air and water for an indefinite time, instead of breaking promptly when the water level reached its minimum. This defect was remedied by cutting the end of the short leg at an angle of about 60°. We succeeded in establishing a steady and reliable ebb and flow in the cones by the use of this very simple and inexpensive device which, working automatically, required no extra attention. For the purpose of observation, we kept a set of cones in operation several days, closely Fig. 2. [3] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 57 watching the circulation and found that the surface water remained practically unchanged, the circulation taking place in the lower portion of the cones. iu To obviate this defect the auxiliary feed-pipes were removed from the base of the cones and laid in the space outside of the perforated plates in such a manner as to give the surface water a slightly circular motion, and a feed-pipe was attached to the siphon tank, thus giving a feed at both top and bottom. _ We labored under the disadvantage of having no eggs with which to experiment, but we knew their specific gravity and utilized such sub- stitutes as small pieces of beeswax about the size of cod eggs, bread dust, &c., which served at least to demonstrate what effect the various movements would exert on minute floating bodies. The experiment of admitting feed water at both ends of the cones re- sulted in a complete change of water, but was not otherwise satisfactory, as the circular motion imparted by the surface feed caused a movement of the particles representing eggs towards the center, and, the bottom feed being converted into a discharge while the siphon was in operation, a miniature whirlpool developed sufiicient strength to draw the eggs to the bottom and thence through the discharge pipe to the tank where they were taken up by the siphon and carried to the general discharge. Numerous experiments were tried with varying success until, finally, the following arrangement was adopted as most nearly producing the required movement: F14. 3. 58 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] Fig. 3 represents the nest of three hatching cones and siphon tank; a is the distributing tank; 0, the general feed pipe; c, the general dis- charge pipe; d dd, cones; e, siphon tank; f, siphon; g, feed pipe; hh, auxiliary feed-pipes; 7, discharge pipe; j, siphon discharge; k, goose neck; l, auxiliary feed connection ; m m, aerators; n, feed valve. The feed-pipe g remained attached to the siphon tank e, to be used in case it was required. The auxiliary feed-pipes h h were again at- tached to the bases of the cones, and aerators,.m m, attached to their upper ends. The water being at low level and the feed turned on, a series of air bubbles followed each other in rapid succession to the sur- face, causing a general movement of the water, and periodical change at the surface as well as in the lower part of the cones. There being no surface feed during the action of the siphon f, and the auxiliary teed h h taking the direction of the discharge 7, the water then became placid, the particles representing eggs: spread over the surface, where they remained until the siphon ceasing to operate; air-impregnated feed- water again entered the cones, renewing the upward current, causing a general movement in which the surface of the eggs would be cleansed, to a certain extent, of fungus growth and other minute foreign sub- stances liable to adhere during the process of hatching. While the above experiments were in progress preparations were made for the reception of a quantity of impregnated eggs to be sent from Wood’s Holl with which to test our apparatus practically, but, owing to the unusual severity of the weather, they failed to procure them at that station. Arrangements were then made with a fishing schooner to deliver the entire proceeds of a trip at Hampton Roads, and, to provide for the live fish, we made two large cars, capable of receiving several bundred, intending to anchor them in some convenient locality where pure salt- water could be found. The water at Norfolk, being impregnated with that from the Dismal Swamp region, was not suitable for our purposes. We examined nu- merous localities, finally selecting a sheltered spot inside the bar of Hampton Creek, near the boat-houses belonging to Fortress Monroe. The commanding officer of that post placed one of the above-men- tioned boat-houses at our disposal, and expressed a desire to render us any assistance in his power. Captain Gillis, quartermaster, to whom the Commission is indebted for many favors, assisted us materially in our search, giving us the benefit of his local knowledge, also tendering his services whenever we could make them available. Our arrangements being complete, we awaited the arrival of the fish- erman, but inclement weather prevented the fulfillment of his contract until the season was too far advanced for our purposes. The Fish Hawk left Norfolk on February 26 for Washington, arriv- ing ou the 28th, when preparations were made for the hatching season. [5] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 59 As many of the crew as could be spared were set to work on the barges overhauling machinery, painting, &e. Everything being in readiness, we left Washington on the 23d of March and arrived at Norfolk the folowing day, bound for Avoca, Al- bemarle Sound, where we were to commence the season’s work of shad- hatching. A few tons of coal and other stores were taken in during the day. On the afternoon of the 25th we left the navy-yard, and steaming to the lock gates made fast for the night. The following morning the wind was strong from the northeast, giving more than an average depth of water in the canal. We passed the locks soon after daylight, and worked our way along about three miles, and finally grounded on a shoal spot and remained till high-tide, then made an- other mile. Starting again at high-tide in the morning, we reached North Landing and moored to the wharf for the night. At daylight on the morning of the 28th we left the wharf and reached North West River, when the vessel grounded again. The light-house steamer Tulip came to our assistance, taking a tow-line ahead, and in this manner we finally reached the vicinity of Bell Island, where the vessel stuck fast and remained during the night. Her draught was 7 feet, and there being but 6 feet 6 inches in the channel, we found it necessary to lighten her. Work was commenced at daylight on the 29th, and everything movable placed in lighters, sent for the purpose by General O. E. Babcock, of the Light-House Department, and at 2.30 p. m., with the assistance of the Tulip, we passed the shoals and an- chored in North River, where the stores, &c., were taken on board from the lighters, which were towed to that place by the light-house tender Bramble. We took on board a ton and a balf of coal also, which was kindly furnished by General Babcock. At 5.30 a.m., March 30, got under way and steamed to Salmon Creek, Avoca, Bertie County, North Carolina, and anchored near the steam- boat landing. I called at once upon Dr. Capehart, who informed me that no ripe shad had been taken yet, owing to cold weather and low temperature of the water. Preparations for hatching were soon completed, and spawn-takers attended every haul of the seine at the two fisheries owned by Dr. Capehart, Sutton Beach, and Scotch Hall. The schooner E. G. Pickup arrived on the morning of April 8 with 40 tons of coal which we had contracted for in Norfolk. Westerly winds prevailed from the 1st to the 8th, causing very low water in the sound, which prevented our getting up the creek to Cape- hart’s wharf, where the vessel was to be stationed. Fresh easterly winds sprung up on the morning of the latter date, however, and we crossed the bar without much trouble, mooring in a snug berth about 40 yards below the wharf. 60 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] As soon as the vessel was moored, the schooner was taken alongside and the coal transferred during the 9th. The first shad eggs were taken on the 12th, 66,000 being procured from both fisheries. They were not in good condition, many being un- ripe and the milt hard; but they were put into the cones, more to test the apparatus than from any expectation of satisfactory results. Kegs were taken on the 13th, 14th, and 15th; total number, including those of the 12th, 283,000. No ripe fish were found during the 16th, 17th, and 18th. 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FT a aay Toetoowinace Lem 090 ‘099 ‘ Tae aeors 2O Diee | cs ‘PAN pate “ps [eee ORs 90 °0E 91 08) Ef fo) TO poroyour BeAr Se | 000 ‘80S; EOD" 7] Lg ‘PAL paw pg | op ° SIL OL é) [esse A | eer er tneire IWIO | 2 ‘DAL PUL “PS (irae ODEs 89 zp 16 900 ey ————— 000 cOF Fi calkgh elles “IW | §-T PA pus‘pg itt OD iss 69 OL 4S OL" al to) SS 000 ‘zest | 9 19° [espe eed | eT ‘ASSN (oT op” 69 | 99 08 91° It es | 2 kpnoly | Ft “IBA igen Die 09 | £9 6, ; ST" ot = | Sele | pa puypg | op 6e | 79 LL | OL’ 6 S | | | r a ceed | ane Bee) | | | rea[) 6 6¢ Be LO ‘68 8 | eis a pe | Veg 09 él C0 ‘0€ ja py “Sy BTL | | 5 | & | @ | es : en iae 9 | 81 06 ie = se *poyisode | cee | | eal g (asta ee Ue o fe) ° a ; |g ABIX me Les Leal ‘ poure} || | 6 | ‘woo vie ie Sasa aa ee 188I ia Wstq -qo 83 saan| : ; ool =a : Sait ane Ee | qo ssa exe : 1ATIVAAL | | = eo Sy 5 = = s —— | aD Fal ne “oye | | al he gh a 5 | | peys | Ses OOF CASE = marae ‘spur | : - tA | ‘s9T09 z 4 ae eS 238q U “07 OBTAINS = ae = ee he ne “ae “a | way AoyoMOIVE, | ‘pupphanyy ‘wo “84a AOWUET nuunyonbs UY FSD5T YPLONT NY O47 UO ‘fur YIAON pup DuUUupyoi u yanbsne ai IPUDWUO LOUUDT, 7 rae uoyounl oy) 7D UO v UO D 11D) — YROET Yshy toumagy SU ene ck ‘oaunp oj G Dy nN {88 10) UST 829075, a Wood LT SAMI PAU] 27 | ss ne ay? pavog wo B wryopny-pnr Z 18 £0 PLOT 12 73 WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWE. [19] 000 00g ‘S10938q 0} perIeysuVeI} ‘YI JO Suyus1oM puvy wo 8350 peyg—'aLON ooa'ous't 000‘FFF'ST) $29 00S peer oooog fe 8 [scope 6-0) (MNRN [7 0p) 69.) 08 59 | On | ee OL | 29 aod 000‘sr | 00009 | % & |" OPT” | Le ‘aN “"7 op'"*| TL | #L /¥69 | €L |F69 | &2 | 69 ‘S104 4evq UyI0N pus suueqoubeng | oog'szeg_| 00088 | % & | OP” | SF ‘aN “*- op''*| OL | 6L | SL | 08 [Fes | 08 | 09 [ooroer--Maegg oer 13009 (818 8) 09 ‘z8t Te hia de eA --- op'""| LL | 08 | 8L | 08 | 82 | 08 | 89 74 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish 3 | Temperature of air Sy | i iB baie | Hohe Weta liao villares Pate ae ena erS Locality. Hour. | Tide. | [eS eee used. Pe Sl Sulse lt emiaaal BE | |slelsiela| | 3 Oe id ~ ~ 5 E/E )se (4/4/84 a) 4)/m | 0 | Sou Seles | 1881. o}o}o}o}o}.0 July 16 | N. Z. 46402, sur- | 917) Lat. 40° 22’ N., long. | 4.10a.m.|.....-.. 66 | 63 |.--.| 49 |..-.] 45 face ; Z. 70° 42/ W. | | 46403, deep. | 1 |Soeet Wsaancpprae 918] Lat. 40° 22’ 24” N., Seas 1104 Beoreess 167 | Goi Ne a AOS eeaS long. 70° 12’ W. | 16 RAO sac ee oe a 919} Lat. 40° 16’ 18” N., T00sana one. 2s = - | 70 | 66 |..-.|--..] 48 long. 70° 41’ W. | GH a COs se nectoren | 920) Lat. 40° 13’ N., long. |. 8.20 a. m.|.....-.- 72) | 66) |. cos] 25 sao 70° 41! 54” W. | | eet 16 | N. Z. 46402, sur- | 921) Lat. 40° 07’ 48” N., | 9.40 a.m |....-.--. 12 (70) 102 2.9) 66h te face; N. Z. long. 70° 43/ 54” W.. | | | 42663, deep. hase | UGH BAS.0 bh ioe cemeseac 922) Lat. 40° 03/ 48’ N., | 10.57 a. m.!........ | 76 | 72 59 |.---| 58% long. 70° 45! 54” W. | ieee eee NGS ea Ore acre 923! Lat. 40° 01 24” ING, oop Sams ee ee oe 743, 72 55 | 54 long. 70° 46’ W. | | ' 1GR eae cOO, ees. saa. 924) Lat. "39° 57! 30” N.; P52 pM a|e tem ak | 744) 71 | 70 | 61 60 long. 70° 46’ W. | | | MNGi ee OO - ts wsosec 925| Lat. 39° 55’ N., long. SBOb)) Neale desoar 74.) TL) 20} 58a 34 Se 70° 47! W. | | | | PGgleme dO to eke ee | 926) Lat. 39° 56’ N., long. | 5.24p.m.|....-.-- 74 | 71 68 |....| 59 } 70° 46’ W. | | | Pl) eebe0 ty Sao sSemeee 927; Gay Headlight,W.by | 10.47 a. m.; Ebb 681/62") (6Liiealeene S.2S., 23 miles. D0 yee doer ese: 928) Gay “Head light, W.3 | 11.30a.m.| Low | 69 | 624| 59 |....|. : S., 2h miles. | water. | | 20) GO! a2 =.tn\s's 929) Gay Head light, S. by | 12.35 p.m-.| Low | 66 | 63 |.- Ale a W., 44 miles. | | water | PAU) ||Soratt (VIR BeRe ree 930| Gay Head light,S.by | 1.10p.m-} Low | 65 63 | 63 |....} : W.,42 miles mag. | water. | | PAWS SEG CON Sam OBE e 931) Gay Head light., SW. | 1.42\p.m-' FPlood.|'€5 68.).-..)...5).. 12. by S. 4 8., 53 miles | mag. | 20! | 220 seats ose 932} Nobska light, NE. by | 2.43 p.m-.| Flood.| 67 66 | 63 | 65 }....|.... E. 2 E.,24 miles mag. | | OU Rome Casares seresene 938| West Chop light, S.2 | 3.30p.m.| Flood.| 68 65) 64 |... 23 E., 2 miles mag. | | ZOU pees One ceer tear 934] Nobska light, W.3S., | 4.10 p.m.| Flood.) 68 67 | 67 |... Pe 1¢ miles 1 mag. ; Paar es 4 |=: 2°00) oe. = 5 oe 935| Lat. 39° 45! N., long. | 8.14a.m.| Flood.| 72 70 | 69 | 66 48 69° 44/45" W. by ehr. | | CS BEPC (Was Baaerase 936) Lat. 39° 46’ 30” N., | 10.43 a.m_.) Flood.| 78 71 69 | 66 |... | 48 long. 69° 47’ W. | AB |meido, Yee eens 937| Lat. 39° 49’ 25 N., | 12.45 p.m | Flood.| 75 72 | 67 | 62 |....| 42 long. 69° 49 W. | | | ‘ Al Seta ONerstere's sicicres 938} Lat. 39° 51’ N., long, |. 2.44 p.m-.} Flood.| 80 | 723) 69 | 57 |..-..| 50 69° 49/ 15" W. | | Cw Rese Ce emee are 939| Lat. 39° 53” N., long. 4.25 p.m.| Flood-.| 78 » 73 | 70 | 67 |.. 57 | 69° 50! 30” W. | eee Ca Be Oia ee 940) Lat. 39° 54’ N., long. | 5.50 p.m | Flood-.| 76 | 72 | 70 | 62 49 | 69° 51’ 30” W. eat ee | Carl aac Coie eaters 941! Lat. 40° 01’ N., long. | 7.45 p.m-]..--.-- TE STI Om 5s 69° 56/ W. [thd SAE (i Ameer 942) Lat. 400° 1’ N., long. | 6.15 a.m.|.---.... 72 | 69 | 69.| 65 | 52) 53 71° 12! 30" W. | Hee 9 |-..-do eesce-|) 943) Tuati40° Nis long. 0719) |) 7. 10'a5 m:|2-- = 252 3 76 | 70 | 69 | 65 | 52 | 53 14/ 30” W. | On eee GO ie = 52s = sic 944) Lat. 40° 01’ N., long. S27, Rai oscecsae 78 | 70 | 68 | 66 ; 50 | 53 71° 14’ 30” W. | Uo ESP Vo es oe apg eae 945) Lat. 39° 58’ N., long. | 12.05 p. m.}..-..-.- 75.| 71 | 70 | 67 | 58 | 53 71° 13’ W. | | Bien edO fcac0-24- 946) Lat. 89° 55’ 30” N., | 2.100) Pe UW: | se coe 75% 71 | 61 | 55 | 51 | 52 long. 71° 14’/W. | | OY Redo enc aicsee | 947] Lat. 39° 53°30” N., | 4.00p.m |.....-.. 75 | 70 | 60 | 55 | 50 / 50 long. 719°13/ 30” W. } 164 bee ct Oe saeeanees 948) Penikese Island E., | 5.20p.m.|*.....-- 76 | 67 |... rele | 2 miles. 23) (sees GQOnsaee | 949 Lat. 40° 03’ N., long. 4) 20)a. Ma |ekine se 78 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 48 | 50 | | 70°31 W. | 23) | ais OO iano actaae 950, Lat. 40° 07’ N., long. 93/50/28. 103]: seeaes 69 | 65 | 64) 63 47 | 70° 32! W. | 23 sie ce AO) waeeeecce | 951, Lat. 39° 57’ N., long. 9: 40\a. moe cceees 78 | 673) 65 | 64 | 49 | 52 ! | Y 702"31" 30 Wi. { [21] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 15 Commission steamer Fish Hawk, season of 1881. and water a Specific gravity. iS) Sheela’ | cnadeter of Dred ater a a aracter 0 F ; redge or el Perel m E eI & -| 8 | bottom. Wind. } Drift. trawl. © il mets) re ; Ala \a| 8) | | vei eet ba ee $/4/8|2| 2! e 2°) 26 | ess Silico Sj @ © ee Aw | Sao S/S} lja}a A |e mn ime) Sale Miles. Miles | acces 42) | 445 Gram dijsscac| Pokus ess. ses) ND ete eel Cray ee ere | Seon (Mee ee oi ieee eae See acie 42 (46 (Gm sece | Ss direc 2- LN Need (i Kn) CAA enemies Peis (eraeery |p Re, | ---|..-!..-/424! 58 | Gn. mud.....- | Siudlhs serene NE ilveyaee os CO He eee |e clase a lta nee ates s |e eee ase Perel sae 49 | 63 Gn. mud...--.| Biel eee By Sides le. Not aah ASP wee he tee eee See ee 162 OTe Gna mind s) - SS Wed". cl Wode os ase sidowseee? eaemenaed Beart begets bameer | i] | teelees se|Das| (fda Sand’ead gn. Si a eee 72) 52 el Tes Fs bem RIO Werte berets OFS mud. sare: 52 |.78 | Sand.......-.. SWedeue W.NW.4 7 CSR De ACA | GeO ORL Ree ret | | Pah NOH .-(443 164 | Sand..........| SW.2 NAW 2 cate ds) ced OWneamel es eet e ehal atone ...|58 |.../42 |229 | Sand andmud.| S. SW. 3-..-..| NW.by W.13|.-.do ......|.... PsA Sesh oe Ba eren 58 |...|-../44 |199 | Sand and mud@.| 8.SW.3...-. INGW ok INU 28s eee dOsess. cence 7-1 acae | aot al Peer | | | aoaleee Seb alette and: 2 seo SS Wee xen Ws NO Wiedts2|e uO coast ee ante /ateslactee mel See aes Bl es IOs 60 | 10 | Sand..........] S.SW.3.....] W. by N.4 CUSIP ae ee Peamiel aac Fes Se seclice|sos G2 ALOUSan dies accases alo Ses WSs c-cul Sil Dy sos ce | SDred re ms-llca7 ct cl seo Aeaes eee | weelene Soe elo" Sandandshells|"Si Wes sesso el iae Madar seca. O coos cal acim aa lect acne laae emis | - | ---|...|---|62 | 16 | Sandandshells} SW. 2....... Siat Wiad sce ete Osc clsmcllocecestas |isca deo'll aracesere' baeetomrees { | | oe a --(65 14 | Rock ........ SW. Qetyece.) NWo by Weds 00 clecadl a. easel] aes liaecsaaeee es See ose es |O47 hdd | Stones. s-5/-1-162 SIWeaseenc-. 1? OO? See ee Cea [eects rsd. Vadis] oso at 2a eee eas|ee ---|67 | 9 | Sandandshells| SW.2.......| N. NW.1..-| Trawl od oe at ie chicas aoe 44/5 2318941782))|) Wel.mud and: | N.NE. 4). 204] NW. No2k.| 2200. 22. -2,)25-.-0sl-5-. | Pee nar Waren sand. | ---|44 |.../393,716 | Gnymud?-222- ING NU oy- Se INIWS 29s 2c] ec Omnes ee pone 7031. 0242011. 02573 5fms..| 70 |1. 024201. 02565 ---(55 |.../403 516 | Gn. oe ST IN Nes seal) Ni 2 eis) ence site Oy eeens Surface, 75 L 02370 1. 02596 sand. |5fms~..| 72 |1. 023801. 02556 -.-|53 |...142 1815 | Gn. see and | Calm, 0..... NON W.2 2 ccle. Ostsaese eee 731, 02380 1. 02572 | sand. 5 fms .-| 714 1. 02400 1. 02568 ---|56 |.../47 |264 | Gn. mad and | SW: by W.1) IN. NW.14 ..|--.do<2..-- Surface) 724 1. 023801. 02564 | sand. 5fms..| 71 1. 02400 1. 02: ---|493 52 |134 | Sande se cee cies SW. by W.L | NIN W..3 Wi.2)20d0 .2.- =. Surface 714 1. 02400 1. 02 | | 5 fms ..| 70 \1. 02420 1. 02 sas|---l--.192 | 79 | Sand and mud:! NW.3 -.-.-..- W.NW.13 .' Trawl ....!| Surface! 71 '1. 02400 1. 025 5 fms-.| 703 1. 02425 1. 02 =te|Sse) sae 50 188 | Sand andmud.| SW. 2.......| SW. by W.2) Dredge . -.| Surface} 69 |1. 02400 1. 0252 | 5 fms..| 68 |1. 02420 1. 02533 Sybase. 49 157 ee and) SW.1.......) NW-byN. 23)...do ..... | Surface] 70 1. 02380 1. 05 shells. | 5 fms.-.} 69 |1. 02385 1, 0251¢ en ore eae 51 |128 ne one and SW.1.......| NW. by N. 14) Trawl ....| Surface} 70 |1. 02380 1. 0252 shells. 5 fms..| 70-1. 02385 1. 025° weal emis ose 441207, || Gn: og ands|SWs4-e..- 5; NSW DyANe2)| 3000) .2 2-22 Surface] 70 |1. 02385 1. 0! sand. | 5 fms..| 704 1. 02890 1. 0: stc|BAdlleae 47 247 | Gn. anid and | SW.4.......| NW.by W.14)...do ......| Surface} 714.1. 02385 1. 0255: sand. 5 fms..} 68 1. 024201. 02533 Bes ee eae 44 319 | Gn. mud and | SW.4 ......| W.NW.3...|...do ....-.| Surface) 70 |1. 02385 1. 02530 sand. | 5 fms.-.| 65 |1. 02460 1. 02529 Sag poe! ood cel) aye Be und and | 'SW.4 .....- Wiesel =22| 55 G0) ~o.jce|c coe aes Be es | shells. | Ee ae Pees eee esa|e=|e2-|02)|1L00'| MeL mud...--- Win eee N.NW.2 ...| Rake dr’ge| Surface) 65 1.025201. 02589 | 5 fms..| 65 1. 02520/1. 02589 eaclone|ossjoon 0) sands! shells, |) W.42s2.-ce- N.NW.13 ..| Trawl .--.) Surface, 603 1. 02500 1. 02500 and mud. | 5fms..| 65 |1. 02485 1. 02554 ceed ese 41 j225 | Mud..........| W. NW.3...| N.14........]..-do ...-.-|Surface) 674/1. 02485)1. 02591 u 5fms..! 67 '1. 0250 '1. 02598 - 16 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish [. ese Temperature of air a 2 |9 a} carl je 2 : ° 4 Date. | Thermometer [¢ 2| Locality. Hour. Tide a FE q 4 used. HE) | ar (SAalSa tote BF gislaiala ia | . o ~ oI 3 oi 7; | 4 |; 0 | 0 SEdprs | 1881. | © |) 207) Gl On ole Aug. 23 | N. Z.-46402, sur-; 952) Lat. 39° 55’ N., long. | 11.28 a. m_.|........ 82 | 68 | 66 | 63 | 49 | 53 ; face; N. Z. 70° 28 W. | 42663, deep. | 23 PO jemi saeai- = 953] Lat. 39° 52! 30” N., BOMP Is |S s=o> m1 77 | 68 | 64 | 62 | 53 | 54 | long. 70° 17/ 30”. Boy eenOO asesene ase 954) Lat. 39° 53/ N., long. | 4.50p.m_|........ 744 68 | 65 | 63 | 50 | 53 | 70° 18’ 30” W. 26 | N. Z. 46402, sur- | 955} Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 10.50 a.m.| Ebb ..| 67 | 674|....|.-..|.--.|---- face; N. Z.| Neck, E. by S., 3 46405, deep. | ; tile. 26n Pee dOescnace ns | 956} Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 11.26 a. m.|} Ebb .-! 71 | 69 |....|....|....|---- Neck, 8S. SE. 3 E., 4 | mile. | BOllosescQOvceceso sia: | 957; Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 11.45a.m.| Ebb -.| 73 | 694]..--.|.---|....|---- | Neck, 8. SE. 3 E., 4 | | _ mile. 26 doweccsceee 958] Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 12.20 p. m-.| Ebb -.| 75 | 70 |.--.|.--.|....|--.- | Neck, S. by E.}E., 4 mile. CON eet Opeclaoe sta | 959; Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 12.40 p. m.} Ebb --| 72 | 69 |.-..|..-.|..-.]---- | | Neck, S., 4 mile. 73 SAG (ges oe Resta | 960} Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 1.10p.m.} Ebb ..| 723} 694)---.|.--.|.--.]---- | | Neck, S. 3 E., 4 mile. DOA let, -00 ioc. sie | 961} Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 1.52 p.m.) Low .-| 714) 69 |..../.--.| --.|---- | Neck, NE. 3 E., 23 | | miles. PAS NESE (lis Bener sein | 962, Buzzard’s Bay, Woe- | 3.10p.m-| Flood.| 71 | 68 |..-.|.--.|.---|---- | | fukeandisland, NE. 2 E., 14 miles. PS Sa (ORS Ae 963; Buzzard’s Bay; Woe- | 3.40p m-; Flood.) 70 | 68 |....)..-.|---.|---- fuke and island, SE. | 4S., 1 mile. SOE SOO: ose an aciee | 964, Chatham light, NW. | 7.50 a.m-.| Ebb EHEC) Baltes ey | 4 W., 5 miles. B05. <0 cceeass 965) Chatham light, NW. | 8.15a.m-) Ebb 65: [461 59) 225] eee oee 4W., 6 miles. 30". 106) fssscu. ee: 966) Chatham light, NW. | 8 40a.m-| Ebb ..| 65 | 61 |....| 54 |..../.-.. by W. 3 W., 64 miles. BO GO enesseece| 967 Chatham light, NW. | 8.50 a.m.| Ebb G65) GL) | G1) ps2) -e.c2| cree by W. iW. 6 miles. UL A (SSAC ee 968 Chatham light, NW. | 9.00a.m.|} Ebb .-| 66 | 61}; 61 |.--.|.--.]---- y W. 2W., 74 miles. BONS GOs. acacen: 969 Chetan light, NW. | 9.10 a. m.| Ebb ..| 66 GIF BAA seseeseqscce by W. 2W., 7 miles. SOF ee eOO ka setetes: 970' W.NW. 2W.., 6 miles. 9.43 a. m.| Ebb 6761), |-2ae| see alucec|seae 304 doNvoseweses 971} Chatham light, W. } | 10.05a. m-.| Ebb Cy AG) Fees Ieee sco sec N., 44 miles. D050) <2 Sstestnes 972/ Chatham light, NW. | 10.48 a. m.} Ebb -..| 67 | 62 |.---|.-..|.--.]---- by W. ZW., 74 miles. SO ree AOvesacectes 973 Ghaamlight WNiW).| 11.10'a. m=; Ebb || 67620025. |scce| ens pamne 6% miles. SOUS sesOO\en ce cacewe 974| Chatham light, W.NW.| 11.30 a. m.|} Low ..| 67 | 62 |....|.--.|----|---- 4 W.., 64 miles. Ue nar | Cc eee eee 975) Chatbam light, W.NW.| 11.45 a. m.| Low ..| 68 | 63 |....|..-.|----|--- 4 W., 64 miles. CU ea COiens eee a 976; Chatham light, W.NW.) 12.00 m | Low 69" | 163% \o06|Sesclsserl actos % W., 6 miles. BON Ie a ° | Miles. Miles. | Pol Boe ---40 396 | Yel. mud and | W.NW.2...| NE.by N.14| Trawl ..-. Surface! 674 1. 02525)1. 02631 | | sand. 5 fms..| 67 1. 02505)1. 02603: a6] Bes . - 394 724 | Mud..........| W. NW.2...| N.NW.13 --do ..-.-.| Surface) 69 1. 0250 |1. 02628 oN 5 fms...) 674 1. (2505/1. 02611 22s} asjsl|'¢ . (3893 651 | Sandandmud.| W. NW. 2...) N. NW. 2 ...|...do ....-.| Surface] 68 1. 02485/1. 02598 | \ 5 fms...) 674 1. 0248511. 02591 Sal ese -.-/68 | 7 | Sand..........| SW.3.......| W. byS. 45S. 4}...do ....../ Surface} 684 1. 02320/1. 02441 | | 5 fms..| 693 1. 023851. 02521 pe eo --/68 | 53 Sand...../....| SW.3.......) W. by S.}.../Trawl, with] Surface) 69 1. 02280/1. 02408 wings. 5 fms..| 71 1. 02270/1. 02430 eee, 168 | 6 | Sandand stone) SW. 4.......| W.2 N.4 j-. do ....--|Surface 693 1..02270|1. 02406 | (5 fms... 70 1. 02280)1. 02425 pall 68| 5| Sand, stone, | SW.5.......) W.SW.4...|.-.do ......| Surface, 70 1. 02270/1. 02415 | and shells. | 5 fms... 6943. 02285 1, 02421 pee |cea laa COs mb) (sands Stone; || ISIW.Dsceses =|) Wises soa8 SOO\scs-05 Surface|....!...-..- cee { and shells. | if mse sl accafeseses |eeseeee < 68 | 44/ Sand, stone, | SW. 5....... | SW. by W.4|-..do:.-.-..| Surface)... /|-2-22- -|h.----- and shells. TARA VT 1 hee eae ie ete i eaeaee a=feel|2s 108.) ¢S'| na mud!-2..- SWisOre-sac: | W. by'S. 2.-.}---do......- Surface) 684 1. 022401. 02411 | Sef sales ee eee ame os -|--- 66 | 8 | Bn. mud and | SW.6.....-. | W.NW.4 S200! 2hs53 Surface 68 1. 02320)1. 02433 lea sand. 5 fms 684 1. 02360/1. 02421 ea-loen|- => 661 84| Bn. mud... -- SWE(6: 222265 | W.SW.2 ...| Dredge -..| Surface) 684 1. 02320/1. 02441 | 5 fms..| 68 |1. 02321)1. 02433 a ed eo 35|/10|Sand and|S.4.... ....| SSE.g.....]...do ......| Surface} 61 |1. 0240 [1.02413 | gravel /5fms..| 58 1. 024651. 02462 eiatailaiare ---53|/15; Sand and/|&.4.......-.| SE. by E.}..|..-do .....-| Surface] 61 |1. 0240 |1. 02413 gravel. | 5 fms..| 59 |1. 02460)1. 02448 aaa baalls -- 52 | 16 | S.and sm.st..| SW.4.......| SE.3........] Dredge .--|Surface] 61 |1. 02420/1. 02413 5 fms ..| 60 |1. 02440)1. 02446 eee ae 52|16| S.andg.....:.| SW.4.......| SE.3........|...do......| Surface] 61 |1. 024401. 02453 | 5 fms ..| 6141. 02400)1. 02419 Serine ---/503) 18 | G.............| SW.4.......) NW. by W 4|.--do ......|Surface] 614 1. 02420)1. 02439 | | 5 fms...) 62 |1. 02370)1. 02397 ale --- 51 | 18 | S.p.st........] SW.4.......] SE.2.-......]--.do ......| Surface] 61411. 02420/1. 02439 | | '5 fms ..| 60 /1. 02440/1. 02440 2s E04 | Si eee Ul saccre =a- Si Weise. 2-4) WioN Woste-|s2-d0leaaaes Surface) 6141. 02400/1. 02419 | | 5 fms 5941. 02420/1. 02414 est LSD Sb ecescse st SW4-5255-- | S.SE.3 ..-... 2QO\Seceee Surface; 62 |1. 02395)1. 02422 i 5fms..| 61 1. 024001. 02413 -- 52 | 16 | Gr.,s.,and st .| SW.5.......| IN: Py Se soe 2 Ok. Sceice | Surface} 624/1. 02400)1. 02434 | | | 5 fms 62 |1. 02420)1. 02447 as eeDl) 17) Gr. a: andist..| 'SW0.-s >... \ WeSWid 2 -]25-do)ss-o2. hea Bee TaAe SS Cane as -'s1 | 16 | Gr.,s., and st .| SW.5..----- PUSS Wego donset Wey | aed eee ee | | i Peabo 6. Gr, a. andiate| SW dest. Sg cece ee bassdow Meee. [ie to east Sis here [Sseeeed | i aol Fee {_..152'| 16 | Gr.,a., and st .|) SW.5.---...| S.SW.% .-- |---@O -..-.2].222.22 [ee fees ee |e eee ee | | ] | eels 152 1-17 | Sip. st:...ce-.:| SW.5-2.---.| W. by Ned. le ......| Surface) 63 |1. 024201. 02458 5 fms...) 62 1. 02440)1. 02467 sealboaiose 52 | 17 | S.p.st ....-.-.| SW.5..-....) W. by N.4..|-- ie eee Ceo oes ree. 1 | ia ae ee 70.7 BCs) ts ee A PRA fA SEES," v0 cE ets RY ae a Ma Pai | | | aaefeeta (sto) L40| se pi8be.5--.25. | SWiideececae SWiatecenssslace dove ..2:- Surface) 62 1. 02420/1. 02447 | 15 fms ..| 614/1. 02450 1. 02461 Scat ---/49 | 43 | S.and grv SW.5....-..| S.4.W.13...) Trawl :.../ Surface} 6384/1. 0243 |1. 02477 15 fms..| 65 |1. 02420 1. 02489 e-.|---|-.-/414| 42 | S. and grv SWaviieeeos- SESW ole. eate- GON =. 525. | Surface) 63 1. 024201. 02458 15 fms ..| 634.1. 02420 1. 02467 Bee poe mee 42 | 36/S.............| SW.7.......| S. by E.3....|...do ......| Surface! 634/1. 02400 1. 02447 15 fms ..| 634 1. 02410 1. 02457 oe) eas 41}| 33 | Mands......| SW.6.......| S.4.W.4..../-..do ......| Surface! 63 |1. 02390'1. 02431 er at | !5 fms ..| 63 1. 02500)1. 02542 78 Date. | P| ~1 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Thermometer used. N. Z. 46402, sur- face; N. Z. 46405, deep. =O N. Z. 46405, sur- face; N. Z. 46402, deep. MGO Rincnceetoct: IdOwWaeriaees ae se QO.miseaien aerate EO vscaeee tae Number of obser- vations. | 985 987 986, R=) © wo 3} Lat. 40° 28/ [24] Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish Locality. | Lat. 41° 09’ N., long. 70° 49’ W. Lat. 40° 55’ N., long. 70° 48’ W. Lat. 40° 54’ N., long. 70° 48 30” W. Lat. 40° 49’ 30” long. 70° 47/ W. Ni, Lat. 40° 49’ N., long. 70° 47’ W. Lat. 40° 44’ N., long. 70° 47’ W. Lat. 40° 39/ 70° 46’ W. N., long. Lat. 40° 33’ N., long. 70° 45’ W. N., long. | 70° 44’ W. | Lat. 39° 40’ N., long. 71° 30’ W. Lat. 39° 40’ 30” N., long. 71° 31’ W. Lat. 39° 41’ 00” N., long. 71° 31/37” W. Lat. 39° 42’ N., long. 71° 32! W. Lat. 39° 43’ N., long. 71° 32! W. Lat. °39°° 46’ 13" N.; long. 71° 30/ W. Lat. 39° 49’ N., long. 71° 25! W. Lat. 39° 50’ 30” N., long. 71° 23’ W. Lat. 40° 00’ 00” N., long. 69° 19’ W. Lat. 39° 57’ N., long. 69° 17’ W. Lat. 39° 57’ 06” N., 69° 16 W. Lat. 39° 58° 69° 15’ W. 30” Lat. 39° 57° 00” long. 69° 19 W. Lat. 39° 56’ 00” long. 69° 22! W. Lat. 39° 56’ 00” long. 69° 24’ W. Lat. 39° 56’ 00” N., long. 69° 267 W. Lat. 39° 57’ 00” N., long. 69° 28’ W. Lat. 39° 58’ 00” N. long. 69° 30/ W. Gay Head, NE. 3 N.4 miles. How. 12. 1a F; Stee i) wo on a - Mm. . Mm. -m. Tide. 100 714 Temperature of air Sahel eS N fe s ,|a/2/818 SA oui iecie peelial eg SS) Saas BU | aap Seales aM ee oval etelede|| ss ° ° ON |EO ro) 66 | 64 | 573 Gog!..-. 67 | 65 | 50 |... 67 | 65 | 593 50 |.-- 67 | 64 | 58% 50 |... | 67 | 64 | 584| 50 |... 66 | 64 | 594) 503!.-. | 66 | 64 56} 494)... 65 | 63 | 52 | 50 |..-. 65 | 63 | 54 | 52 |... 68 | 69 | 654] 49 | 464 68 | 69 | 654] 47 | 463 674, 65 | 563| 45 | 44 | 674, 65 | 564) 45 | 44 68 | 63 | 51 | 44 | 43x 68 | 63 | 51 | 45 | 43 69 | 68 | 693) 544! 48 69 68 | 68 | 56 | 48 65 | 66 | 56 | 47 | 44 | 66 | 66 | 61 | 48! 45 68 | 66 | 63 | 48 | 45 | | 66 | 66 | 65 | 48] 45 65 | 633) 58 | 47 | 45 65 | 63} 58 47 | 45 63 | 63 | 57 | 47 | 47 62 | 60 | 57 | 47 | 47 62 | 60 | 57 | 47 | 47 Ola ieacleee lec eae [25] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 19 Conumission steamer Fish Hawk, svason of 1881—Continued. et | and water. | Z | ABE: vation | ape Se at Pe | 1312) 2) 4 | reli et ed ae =| Bi ia|e| = o/s io! V2 pet ios) | ° SClolo; ner ee |...150 | 26 Jie 49 | 28 ea ei - 49 | 28 ies - 493! 30 | ae | i apd Ee 493, 30 | eae ~47 | 84 sig [eae 474 34 - 48 | 36 463, 39 48h .--..-- 40} 368 | 484 484 .. 403358 AS ors sats se 40 346 eae | 48... 413/40 '335 46 49 ...40 302 46 ...42 40 266, le = poe 45 216 | | | 51 |.--|.. -|474/182 | | | | { | 46 | eel Be 484 93 | 49346 ....41 410 | 49346 ... 40 458 a ea | 49 46'...\41 337 | ZY (oe, ae 46 255 | | | | 46 MTA te 46 208 | | Pleeal cele ctl 8S | 49)\02 -|.. 464 146 ay 40 | a 47 |120 | | | ae Be 51 | 94 | | Deilie | - i 16|S | Character of bottom. G.m.and s....! Gaim s\o eso ec. Wind. We. SIWsiBioe:: W.SW.3 ... BNE <3. i NEA one NE. by E. 4 - EBSNE,5,-- -- E. NE. 3 ....- | NE.3 | NE.3 Drift. Specific gravity. | Corrected to Dredge or trawl. | | | Specific gravity. standard of 60°. Depth. | Trawl .... Surface 5 fms .- 10 fms. d0ize-s-- Surface /5 fms .. 10 {mms - Surface 5 fms... 110 fms - Surface |5.fms.. 10 fms -| Surface 5 fms .. 10 fms . Surface 5fms..! | 10 fms | --| Surface 15 fms ..| 69 66 65 67 66 64 67 1. 02340)1. 1. 023601. 1. 02380) 1. 1. 02340)1. 1. 02350 1. 1. 023701. 1. 02340 1. 66 1. 02350)1, 64 (1, 023701. 674 1. 023701. 674 1. 02380)1. 644 1. 024201, 674)1 02370)1. 674 1. 02380)1. 643 1. 024201. 661, 02400)1. 65 1. 02420)1, 65 |1. 02420)1. 66 |1. 024001. | 65 \1, 02420)1. )}1l0fms. 63 1 Paget 02468 02441 02449 02438 02434 02424 02438 02434 02424 02476 02486 02481 02476 02486 02481 02484 68 1. 0245011. 674 1. 02440 --| Trawl ... - 673)1. 02440 Rake dr’ge ee ee ee ees | Surface) 68 |5 fins -.| 10 fms Surface 5fms -. 10 fms . Surface 5 fms -. Surface, 5fms .. Surface 5 fms ..| 10fms | Surface 5fms . 10fms | ee MO yess ¢ | Surface \5fms.. 10 fins | 1. 02450 1. 02430 1. 02500 1. 02440 1. 02450 1. 02460 1. 02480 1, 02440 1. 024601. 4/1. 02460 1. 1. 02480 1. 5/1. 02500 1. 02576 64 \1. 02520 1. 66 |1. 02490 1. 6631, 02490 1. 654) 1. 02420 1. 66 1.0249 1. 022 66 1. 02490 1. 02581 654 1. 02480 1. Rake dr’ge| Trawl 25: N. by W. 13. NW. by N.14 NW. 3 N.NW.}.- or ee N. NW. 14 . 66 1.024901. 663 1. 02490 1. 654.1. 0248 (1. 65 1.024701. 634 1. 02480 1. take dr’ge Surface. 5fms -- 10 fms . Trawl ...- Surface 5fms -. 02581 02556 02539 02522 10fms | 63 |1. 02480 1. 02521 a2 d0 cess Surface 65 1, 02470 1. 02539 H 5fms.. 63/1. 02480 1. 02522 | 10 fms. 63 1, 02480 1. 02521 .do Bap eae pee S00 ee see Ween a a2|ocns| eceonelameeees Se an eee pean lphakedr've. soc... | spaaferesee=|ee eee 80 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26] _ Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish 8 Temperature of air 2 © ci A * -|/ ola] oa Date..|| s osemometer ||o8 Locality. Hour. | Tide. |3/elate ee s¢ glslslisia aa eifjma/vwilieis 5 a lee S aia} sé 4 | 4/alola|a]s —_—- 2 SgS pee 7 os | _———— 1881. tie | | OF ees Cale Sept. 21 | N. Z. 46405, sur- /1038) Lat. 39° 58’ 00% ING; | 6.55 a.m.)-------- 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 49 face; N. Z. long. 70° 06’ W. * | 46402, deep. A Ce ese Cs ee ese 11089) Tuat; 39° 59") (00! SINiay i ONsb!as mesons. al. 663) 67 ||| 68) 5252} een see long. 70° 06’ W. | Mi peseG@Ors cos woe 1040} Lat. 40> 00’ 00” N., | 10.43 a.m_|..-..-.-.. G2 ON 830 Bee nsaclicosaiinons | _ long. 70° 06/ 00" W. | DOM teste QO. e)scci<=/="=i=\= « 1041| West Chop light, E. 4 | 12.35 p.m-.|..-.-.-- 684| 65, | (65) 52. sib eeee | N.,13 miles. 228 Fas @O sansa == 2.) 1042} West Chop light, E.4 > 1.17 p.m.|-.----.. 63$1'65) |52-2| see] | terete N., 14 miles. | Ook AOWess doe. -c.2:.: 11043] Lat. 38° 39 00” N., | 7.17a.m.|..-..--. 633| 653} 654] 65 | 62 |..-- | | long. 73° 11/ 00” W. 10 }....do ........../1044} Lat. 38° 37’ 00” N., SUVS BoM) eee = 65 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 62 | 53 | | _ long. 73° 12/ 00” W. | | NOP ae OOias.ce sc 1045| Lat. 38° 35/ 00’ -N.,.| 9.32 a.m-)..-2.-.% 67 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 633, 53 long. 73° 13/ 00" W.. | 10 | N. Z. 47996, sur- |1046) Lat. 38° 33’ 00” N., | 11.14a.m.}...-.... 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 61 | 53 face; N. Z. | long. 73° 18’ 00’ W. 46402, deep. | ; 10) Ae Ena 11047] Lat. 38° 31’ 00” N., | 12.15 p.m.)........ 69 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 61 | 50 | _ long. 73° 21! 00” W. | BOs es eOOrsccscccase {1048} Lat. 38° 29’ 00” N., | 1.55 p.m.|........ 71 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 55 | 49 long. 73° 21/ 00’ W. | if | ' 10s) ond Opsce cee aes2 1049 Lat. 38° 28’ 00” ING; S300) DrMs| |. ase 68 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 55 49 | H long. 73° 22’ 00/ W. | | | \ Record of speed of soundings of United States Fish Commission {Lead, 18 5 : 4 Going down. = Oo: f | | ’ | A +a Sa Sigs Slee ane tee al acone Sa Ss S is = |e3_| 84 | 22 | Se | 2 | 84 | 24 | Be | Se |e, | Fe o So | eve oo os es | os .| os a) es —=¢8 ao BpueSe | ca) ce | se | anes) Sey ee Sees s Bro} Ss S38 2s se | Se Se Sa. Ses Sie oR ) a ec hatia ics heeil Wiersma gale nls cpl ax ae 5 ieee | Sere an | m. 8. | ms. | ms. | ms WWene'ea m. 8 | m8. | | | m. 8. 949...... BOO LOM eke carat Pee tien fect ia apse) Alpe eye 600 | 100 O50 shoe SLOOP sericea leans Nese aon) Meme ee ener ares eee ee a 3 00 71 951.....- DOD BOOM Ge lsc soe celina CaN inl ROU NS RRNA IRE 500 | 225 | 9O2F S25 -\3 2 00 2 15 2 40 105) |ssc esses [sees eee Neve wer [eccrscrsesye 8 00 396 | La eae 110 0 50 1 20 110 5 Ra aye ies a Kt) MeO ceeesee {eee rearets 8 00 724 | 954.255 55 0 50 0 50 0 50 O32 1 4S Seder Si al) C26 ee oe eee 7 04 651 | 995...... ROS | 103i) eal) 02 «1'5°0) S528 see | ategt ya Se eee Se eee a ee 3 45 345 | 962225 1 20 105) 1.15 0.20 eee Rar) |e an Ve rei FRE a Ge 4 10 322 O97 ies 220 1 20 115 115 O-20" oe Sse ae ee Sie ses allseise mare ail eerste 410 322 OOS cs 115 115 0 55 | 3 30 289 { 999. 5.8 115 1 20 1 30 4 05 256 1026.52... 2 05 OV5S TT esecias. 3 00 175 NOZ8Ee soe 1 05 1 30 1 1 5 25 395 R03 ee oe 1 00 1 05 0 35 2 40 240 1034 22-0 1 20 0 45 & aes 2 05 140 { [27] WORK OF THE SrEAMER FISH-HAWK. Commission steamer Fish Hawk, season of 1881—Continued. 81 and water. Z Specific gravity. So 4. Z | Z 3 Character of Dredge or a | Sr l= Eig ME P A | bottom. Wind. Drift. trawl. 1S gle 32, lolo|/S] o © ° me | Bao 2/2/2\8| 4 é le |a- |é soi iie | eee ofolojo| | Miles Miles. Bests 47 |146 | S.sh...-......| N. NE.4 No by Hi e--| Draw! ...8|s2snes.-| sce s|ssesseul eee ae SFU MEG) RSE ase emer INE 6 2 QO sss) scence melases]s-25s.0| 5oeneee Series (GBs O8 iS B is cemn ces =c- | N. NE.6 ....| N. by E.2...) Ex. dredgel.....---|.... | seblcdell seeemee | | Se Alea) sae ay Peed tsar ae seerenete | S.SW.4 W.ASW,.%2--| Trawl ...-|------s-|---- | Seow afaleeoeae : ea Pe eMerA I OulaSe gf c2202-2808 SESW Bicose| Wa by Nod-clos dossesces|-cannae: cee seeeeds | ee | | | * EAguT30N| i Sand ..-t.0c5e: | N.NE.4....| NW. by N.13|...do...... Surface) 65 |1. 0256 |1. 02629 | | 5 fms ..| 644 1.0254 1.02601 to | | 10 fms.) 64 1.0252 1.02574 52 |...|---|42 |224 | Gray mud.....| INDW idles e=2- We NWad- (2:00.05 oe Surface) 65 1.0252 1.02589 lee | | | 5fms .-.| 65 |1. 0252 |1. 02589 SAG! -40 312 | Gray mud..... IN: NW 8) oo Wies IND $056 l22-dOes2- 0s wetkeul os oe | | Doalsee| soto 104 | Sandcocsssc.c- ING 42s cowsine WNW. 2:-4|:5-d0 4-32- |Surface 65 |1.0252 1.02589 re | 5fms-..| 65 | 0254 |1. 02609 10fms .| 64 | 0255 (1. 02604 ih -|49 |156 | Sand......-..- IN: 4e eo wee Ne Wiad oe.\2..do)sstas. leone eel ses|seeeee Vtaomnae fea | | Bins 4be 40430 IMO cece. 5] Ned. cocseane Wisdtieccsssss|ec-OOte=ss—= | Surface! 65 1.0250 1. 02569 5 fms...) 653 1.0248 (1. 02556 fete] | 10 fms .| 65 1.0248 (1.02549 51 [51 |45 |40 435 | Mud ..........] N.4-....---- IN. INW32.23-) 02.00) Sone ost sccins ciel os = eee ere | | BA steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding. pounds. } Coming up. | | Dm. Sa | Sa | 3a |8e | 8a] Sa Sa Sa ES I a og eZ or Do | ae oA =| ae es Se a4 eo | gs 29 Son soo 26 es oo ee ag a os | Ba | ade — | ohm | | ~~ a poe } | bade ée&s a S Sia ies ) sea | Sea | Se || Ss Ss =o or. aes chee eae ae | el ae Di | ao. mat il oon Se Seu St | & | | | | m, 8. m™. 8&8. m. 8. m. 8. m. 8. dae etciee 4 00 4 00 8 00 Ustn Ascebes Lea Aero Bao om aoe 5 00 5 00 Deatt ame te See es 3 10 1 50 5 00 obese eee 2 40 3 20 2 00 9:30") ees eess oes 1 40 1 40 1 20 TODS 2-2 Sees 1 27 1 28 1 25 9 53 7 46 1 50 1 25 1 20 4 35 8 55 2 00 1 40 1 05 5 05 2 50 2 00 1 40 1 05 5 05 2 50 1 25 1 55 2 05 5 25 8 40 1 30 1 40 1 45 455 | 500 Sods peeees 0 45 115 200 | 500 ee ciel s sc |Swcin'o 15s) nncesiee |--2--+-- 1 50 1 40 1 20 1 45 635 ! 425 eee eeana| secace cele easn aio Bo ene eee sca 0 25 1 50 155 4 10 1 45 SEE EA GAA eee saad (punta ace pice aa 0 28 1 32 2 00 2 25 | S. Mis. 110-——6 \ 82 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28] Record of speed of trawling United States Fish Commission Going down. | nm . : Z o n n nD a a oO ao o gi = z a a | dees og |) ge E 2 ® & 5 cS ° S 3 ° cS) ° } A < SS As| a aq 4a q a a q a ro A Ss os 8 RB i 3 & = 3 = + = Bs & SS a - A ae S & & & =) 3 £ = 3 | 8s Sl Suiveci| 2 |S E E F| = 2 a ra) x Ye) 3S = ro) a ee) a eI Seer se | es |S ea eeu eee) ha ae = | o = So ro) > = ron) ro) 5 © SS .) D = & 3 7 3 Ss & % a A sal m. & |m. s | m & | m & | mM 8 ae a m.s.|m. 8 | m. 8 949 3 00 BU) Se eneeee Mecescod Goce sce seeaon lbossod|sckans Sucecses 6 00 100 200 950 2 30 DM Oleic teresa o's oie Srerajecetll| > siete eter oeislatelellaeimietstel Meera | ee eater 5 40 71 200 951 3 00 3 00 5 00 4 30 2 BoM asa comeleee set leeaetecilia settee 17 00 225 420 952 2715 220 2 05 2 30 VOD id50 ec alee comico e sess 24 10 396 600 953 3 50 3 40 3 10 2 45 2 35 |-2 88 | 3) 67 | 5035 5 20 33 30 724 885 954 2 32 B52 2 11 LOD) Be50N) AL 24a av 20 onas esse. 2 23100) 651 800 OAT eee tia S ce crease veieiete Sie. s | he-ote wrayn oc craves ere lene eere Loe mereral ete eiotel lore ets mtanv es lereaiats oe 368 615 995 3 05 2 35 2 104) 2515 2HOD G2) AG ONOS a eae 2 eal ree 14 28 858 615 $96 4 00 4 00 4 00 Ghia) 3625))|"47'05) | M0 e2oaieoeeceleeeee cee 23 30 346 625 997 Byatt) 3 05 2 45 2 40 3:30 513:1055 39055 e soe alae ae 21 25 335 700 998 2 45 3 00 2 30 83 45 400% 5): 2501) 0880 eeee cleave ose 21 55 302 610 999 8 05 Suna) v4 450 245 454035 | 20) ae Sasa bacalowets sere 25 00 266 550 1025 2 50 3 00 3 00 315 ON25 [Fees |seocks eessetal acaeeise 21 30 216 500 1026 3 30 2 45 3 15 DBO We remrareteel |e ea ici te wersis|| creator lame ceiiee 12 00 182 400 1028 3 40 8 50 a as) 4 05 Da Dn O 8 4225 y| See he eee sees 22 10 410 694 1029 3 50 BS bD Ls) 224385 2 10 SON 25502 180) |e O ese ece a 22 15 458 750 1030 Byer 325); 3 40 6 45 DON 20 Me eos ohne poe seer 24 25 337 530 1031 8 45 1 45 2 10 BueD 24 OT OG25 | aetenin'| cess tlaaesee ee 14 20 255 520 1032 6 30 415 By 4s) B05) | aaatesse seen tcl desicaisliieeaiscitesasseies 18 15 208 400 Odean te ae erste eh ciate ecarel reso: isjs.vel|ernne cial aeemesleclomee selbecericloaaaes |casaceas 21 45 183 404 1034 6 15 S20 2. BD: |saas eel ee asmed|seeoelbecuce| see cenleseaee as 12 15 146 300 OB Selec Ie e\ere ve ahecre)| a. Sereveiece cillerecjoiwreimtel] Oe Stee eetell retaliate ieiersisiecilism ae mel Memiicioes 13 45 120 340 LOS GS | eens ata. |'smis oe ete | Gre mievaccavel exerend pets iall napeterere tl eteer om isso mere cameo al |lomcicece = 16 45 94 300 MOBS | Sms. cers occck.ee| feces oed| Uses scimelnse ewe teucal scenes Messen |eceeeee 15 00 146 325 MOSOR eat cisn|| cc occles| sods a'ean| cones et eececes o[beco eee enes ol seb ceeleaaecsa 17 00 136 295 NOLO ee ere Wee |e katie ccs | sacle Sale cll ete srajall vis s aclalee'| seemiaellweceisis | semeceiliow ste cere 21 00 93 340 10438 4 00 3 50 450 scans sd] Seeos etek | abcess |easiateni| Mesa te livseedose 12 40 130 360 1044 4 05 410 4 00 ANSON Ses Se Shel Soeteerei| Sapte ee law.etaleomeetete 16 45 224 409 1045 3 55 4 10 4.1b SRO 2000 9259) 94 20 cece ee loose cise 33 30 312 650 1046 3 10 6 00 P2s05 pect axial Soe eee Seacee reese cee eee lcomecsisic 21 15 104 230 1047 a0 5 40 DAS 4NOSM PoShiscisaleces allenic sllosete a sescciies 18 10 156 355 1048 3 20 4 45 4 25 4 00 SLD. Po OEle2 4b7 see salon ceeae 25 40 435 700 1049 6 10 3H5 4 25 3 20 3 20 | 230] 210/]200/; 1030] 37 40 435 877 [29] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 83 steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding. Coming up. e D a a nD a] a] a Q € B eae a ae oe : we) we v=) ~ % i=) — 3} S| Bec e dyerts lis: Pigs (| (eee Se | ee Wise Eeeem fonloee ie Sl Se ce el og S i) —) > —) i) —) —) Ss = ° H S = 4 S B s &B a a AH m. 8. |m.8.|m. 8. | m. & | m.s. | mM. & |h. m8. | mM. 8 | mM. 8. | m8. |h. mM. 8 EW bccadsl toa | lkseeao Rasere inseaa FBaecsea| jscscce 4 00 | 4 00 8 00 | Rake dredge. DARN Resees |cosese|Csecitelciscce- ese sce emecinc cs aabeoe 24 Number of condensing cylinders ..5- 2.022. seco seme cisinesom= seem em 2 Diameter of condensing cylinders; intin chest aseee eee see ae ames Mean point of steam cut-off from commencement of stroke of piston, ND TMCS poooss Ho saessase Bea Oe pS esesas sche Gods ceusseceunes cade 7 Mean number of holes of the throttle valve, open...-...-----.----- 3.39 Mean vacuum in condenser, in inches of mercury ...--.---..------- 24.02 Mean steam pressure in boilers while engines were in operation ..-. 26 [30] Mean temperature of engine room ..---...---..----- ee eames bees 92.4 Mean temperature on Gecko. hess k oe eee Ee 60,1 Mean temperature of injection water ~.--.2- 22-22. s-0. .<5.- ose 64.9 Mean temperature of discharge water ........----. ---..------e-- es Done Meanitemperature of feed water): . 2. $5.2 2-52. eessejsneeeale ote = sacle 83.9 Total time fires were lighted, in hours and minutes.........------- 4,685 25 Total time fires were lighted’ for hatchings, in hours and minutes.. 1,433 00 Total time engines were in operation in hours and minutes .....--- 778 50 Total time engines were in operation for dredging, in hours and min- WIGS See eGdeee Scape pASEaGE SeAAC ESE en AcH sete edu ase cOBBtSoneE 121 09 Total number of revolutions of starboard engine ...--.. ..---.------ 3,126,099 Total number of revolutions of port. engine_-.. 3.0.2. ..25 sce e505 3,272,441 Mean number of revolutions per minute en route ...--..----.------- 81.7 Mean piston speed, in feet per minute. 2.252 25 ves cles ese tisl am oe 387. 65 Movalenumiberoteknots TUN F2! 243 pase cece eee cee te eeeseieee eerie 5, 029.5 Meanmumber of knots: per hours:..- cz 2. ceccer eos ose bocce ceeteries 6. 46 Mean number of knots per hour en route. ....-....--- -----. ---+ ee : 8.4 Total weight of coal consnmed for engineer department... .....----- 4733439 Total weight of coal consumed while « engines were in operation.... 237129; Total amount of coal consumed for galley tie ee RE ey ae Se eee eee 243 os Moralewerohinofreluse 2255-5 .skn 5 Meee cece Seema eee ce oe 833358 Mean number of pounds of coal consumed per hour while engines WiELOnM OPeLAtlOMl(. <)46's cleats ee Siam ae eee ee ceie cis ees eee 692 Motalinumberof- gallons. of oil consumed <-). 52-22 s22s22 o--ese ances 364. 75 Total number pounds of tallow consumed. .--..-.-...------------- 138 Total number of pounds of wiping stuff consumed ...-.....---. ---- 139 Mean draught forward, in feet and inches ....e...........-.--.---- 7 feet 32 inches. Mean draught aft, in feat dud dinchoa ea ear ene se icenee aud ie n 7 feet 7 inches. Numibermotiscrewsc2 2 Us seca ce eet Oe ae seen esisionee oe cmeiereses 2 GI ORSCLENTS) os. a2 sc kone Saeene eee aceeee ene wise as mace eee ne true. Mean pitch of screws, inifeet and inches) =scc--0+- seas eee eee 12 feet 3 inches. Diameter ofscrexys; in feetiand Incheses--a.4--o-scccies eee eee eee 6 feet 8 inches. ene th of screws, in inches; parallel:toiaxis-. 2242-223. -22 3. 225- 20 inches. Nimaber of blades: 27. os 5. eee ets ne eae ci cpa ts eee ercuaee ere 4 Maximum indicated horse, power. -.s5--..0-- fasieesee ses eeee cea 222. 92 Meanan dicated: horsepower 22-2 oscecoe eerie eeiceele seinen seen LenOD Mean number of pounds of coal per horse power......----.-------- 3.9 Maximum number of pounds of coal per square foot of grate. ...--. 15 Mean number of pounds of coal per square toot of gr aoe 1 Maximum speed attained, under steam alone, in knots per hourzss., W0L33 NeIMberOfhoursmaintaimed...5 soya oasee eee ane a eee eee 5 Slip of screws at maximum speed, in per cent......----...--..----- 9. 4 UAC ROMMULOORANCISED = 2s oud Siac cei aee Cen er ere a ese ents favorable and smooth. Me AMES lIpKOl SCE WS-1l. Per Cont.cosc2- nee ee eee eee ae 14.9 Table of distances made under steam by the United States Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk, for the year 1881, Date. Where bound. Distance. 1881. Miles. Hep cOn | PErOMeEN OLfolk*toiWiashin oton.<.- coc akessonccese ace ceeeenculec creo eens 109 QUA sacs WD Oe toee ce we sisiclee eat wate Aske shesclone noe eee ee oe nee eee ne ee 60 283 |(See ee NO retails orca cine m coi nib es era wise e nicer ears soe ee eee ee ee ee es 31 200 Mars 2s a MM romawiashineton to INOLLOlK: «=~ -ciac tise cccwcicece socee eae ace neeeee eee 120 7 a ee ee Oietareictareletoie ia sitetntoteicvowinyoie a isiare oc oie cisials srsie’ci wie einiele Gee eee eee 80 200 25) | MTOMeNOrtolic TOPAVOCA NOs ioe. ces cnt ad cee cc aen aes an eee eee 8 263 lt acaee FIDO ate eleva aioe arco yn se wiclele wale ereie cae apes ajnio ws owe rcie seb Store Se eo a 4 Qia| eee DON Pec peecie ae tivtoc sini oe oe ne aeelablcat wa dces Sec wo et eee eee 3 28 DOP a tae cte aanee i cnt ownisae nee eaasio cis sfc a Ge omer Oe Ree eae 19 29) \etacne DD Oye sioicic catatonia a See laad Soin and Slothiaejaisinisre See oe oeise Bee EE Eee ene 9 SUN Bae cee DO) sea ceitate de, smis, verdsicisioccate scents cio sins oon ciswisecn'on seawemieaennlene ceoe ee 47 90 July Aug. Sept. Oct. i HromUNew bedford’ to Wi00d sHOll . oa.cccccecivcecctcccaceescsaccsceccesasossnce WORK OF ZYHE STEAMER FISH-HAWKE. Table of distances made under steam, §-e.—Continued, Where bound. rom: Havre.de: Grace to Northeast River... - July 26, 1881. AS AME gMAND WA IOLON 2 9, n(0 sie oi a\ hata s eexidl so) nce iwinie eo. = Aug. 23, 1881. ZOU One aINGD ss Aoce sam eeeiasacitcis x sscelghe cc sewee. Nov. 29, 1881. Dio te Haas LOOMIS (TOISSUG)) fos a6 snide oa cas soe a'eo- July 5, 1881. [1] 87 88 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] RODS AND SINKERS. Oa EAA TDD 2055.5 Ste 5 wre tennetotatavel= ale tsenini ats Nov. 29, 1881. ZOU Sto. VN. EL. Rippard ~~ 2. ..'= ccm Lo Se eee Dec. 13, 1881. PR OGs Gb richard 32. 1 ..2)6 )cals aici ene leicne «icine uae Dec. 13, 1881. ae (OOL VV. FL. SATOUTOW sho0 002 Siete a impel ee as wale ico tae Jan. 18, 1881. FISH-TRAPS, NETS, AND LANCES. Bevin teen. se ATKINSON «2 cin crt(eectelae ease ea class rela oye Feb. 1, 188%. BAO oO ti. Mie Willard... / 2.2 tse mamitemietclsceene sec April 26, 1881. POOL sie PICT: << 4/6 2's Lo ld Nee eile ete cm acon e ee May 3, 1881. pao.o22, G.hentz and HF: El. Herzog. 3 2.4 J2os.cc 5.22 June 28, 1881. Pa OO eS OLMPSOM so eicleas cme eio ee eins cisseioe July 12, 1881. People To. Willams. . 20.4952 -o-% Sy ae NC LINES Aug. 2, 1881. Baio. A. Duvall....2. 02.25% Mid SOE Se ae Sees ane Sept. 20, 1881. ISINGLASS, GELATINE, ETC Dabo. Ie Stanwood (TeISSUC).ie skeen). 2 shes eee May 17, 1881. 243,685. R. Brooks....._-..- clonsiata b kbeiehs Aaa Aan eeeM aS July 95, 1881. Baio: WeN. Le Page .... «nei: RE SPR OSE LA EE July 5, 1881. pacrouee eG. Vogellus. icc neces et ao sacs nue ws 8 Se s:eduly 19; 283i. FERTILIZERS ONCGZS sie: oy OA OSs oaks Pei Bo tic oar aite cat eI nals Dec. 27, 1881. PRESERVING FISH FOR FOOD Pero Lon pus bl. HPATIOD «(5 sig mies =. iveeia ciageisccleaiash eremiare March 1, 1881 20543. O Ps JOHNSON: 2, 2eje cls ainsi oa ee 6s SR MARR RSE SIU hs April 12, 1881. 240,281. Aj and (Ee B.uSQuiresi 2 oc lee eco ees ee See April 19, 1881. Ped (ends LICK. 10/8 so CURR ae ee ene a Re ons ats cie May 10, 1881. BEE Os Nes VV CUSLOR (icenaycre areca tot ah tan aete ie oly ae Aug. 16, 1881. PA OU Ws EMUMGD ..0-s05-idd5 2d ea dee soe sca tise cent. s Sept. 27, 1881. Pon OUr SS. Ae OOM AIC (2155.2...) aaaaaa ele ae ieee ee oe Oct. 25, 1881. 250,382. F. B. Nichols and C. Thomson .......-...-... Dec 6, 1881. MOO PAs CrOtOlG .'). .\)aclantecimie ee aa vse vcem eect Dec. 13, 1881. 9,957. G. W., G. H., and F. B. Dunbar (reissue) .... - Dec. 6, 1881. FISH DRESSING AND SCALING MACHINES. 242,056. J. H. Schaal and 8. V. Harbaugh ............ May 24, 1881. Ee OOO Me oe AISOM iis wie els bo wanes alee ee cits ot eee eee Nov. 15, 1881. MISCELLANEOUS APPLIANCES. 243,780. R. S. Jennings, submarine illumination ....... July 5, 1881. CE ALO ALG: OV SlErOPENer *\.'.'. 5 3.2.1. tee Sept. 20, 1881. 247,689-90. J. C. Rodman, minnow bucket ............ Sept. 27, 1881. Jen) woell Sees a) ae 1D 2 I ER ELE eS Ene Ss: sy y y ] IV.—MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Re e~ ne sak ean os | eee ae By G. BROWN Goopz, JoOsEPH W. COLLINS, R. E. EARLL, AND A. HOWARD CLARK. ANALYSIS. I. NATURAL HISTORY, BY G. BROWN GOODE...........-- Ss snscackoeees ‘Aline HISTORY, OF THE MACKEREI «clos ccsscacceciccce socces oscces coos aN wwe QQ . Geographical distribution. ... 22. 02.2.0 cence cnceee ce cene cence ceceee PUMICLSUONS Ja eoUccscusmesse cen sso esse sw aca c= sone scene esse = seen WADUNGANCO Accs cesccee cece d esse ce chbtas cesssmococlcoss casceceacsce . Reproduction.........-.- Mon Saclcle bocyicemeciccoe sea nee eee me names ° Pate Of PTOWEN ANC SIZOic.cc olsosccasesseseshe sc vces eeeues seecicenn SPENEMICH= ASace;e2 1-22 cee Haye aia LU velslsiscoleee sce taccesisee seeticoses B.—STUDIES OF THE MOVEMENTS OF THE MACKEREL SCHOOLS. ..-...----- 8. 9. 10. Hind on the causes of irregular movements -...-..-.-.----------+---- Hind on the causes of the alleged annual variations in the number ofemackerel\ ih. o2-2)< cn Se ececoesscewaslore Sccclecoe Ghat osuececes Observations of American fishermen on the movements of the mack- CLOUSCHOGIS? sane ec sobs cases eek bese he sone Soeceueusece Gotsleceeee II, THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES, BY G. BROWN GOODEYAND CAPT. J. W. COLTANG once ccwccsecs cee seeucs C—— THE-PURSE-SEINE) FISHERY jc sce ccicjosic cece bess cece eossosioseeieceees 11. 12. 13. 14, 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. 21. Phe wtshin oy PTOUNdS) Sot eccessiscoclale nic eiclo se Hepno Sonos DU aanonesase PENG NMSHERMECN fac cic accc a cciceciceveccss sceececcesleccsceccsavass INO MVESSOSieeioonle ee ekisenises “seo cotcelosceocimes acces —aseee sane Apparatvas and methods of fishing ’........s..s0cSecessec cee naceses abInoscaTe Ol uhe, Sli soe ct. cccstbomas sesso sos eceseesecein asses RUNNING HOT CHOMALKCb.-scccecccos eseciscencs sewcesianciosestceecte Handing: The CarPC OOss <2 22 si seesncoclececiceaeissedccescececaceisecces Rinancial profits Of Semin .5..6.053.. ce otcwosslincascomeceiassoeuse History of the use of purse-seines.. .--. 2-22. c-.0 ence oo ee ence cone The attempted use of the purse-seine in Norwegian waters.-...... Di — Tani MACK ERE HOOK MISHERY ..:..<.'sasetccssrwteeoomcoces cose secs cose $2, 23. 24, 25, Pishinevervoundsccccjcs cess oacs occa. dea sacs scssssscseleseceeasewee AheMisherMentesseses chi oe wo cules scecine ce Stlecoe ees che ses cceweess IPHOWVeOSSClSy coset oes ewas So Stic Soctesiee Doce oes oSciclels Seiclecee ee Baan Apparatus and methods of fishing...........----....-- Slowclejse een POMC aATerOLsbhne ish scbeeee cee os cen Seb cme cisclaealose ossteece ie Homeward passage and disposition of the fish .......-....-.-.---- 28. Financial profits.of the hook fishery:......--..-...0.-------<-=s 29. Itinerary of a mackerel voyage to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by Ss Ds, Wie OWajose eee paste scstos oc soc else Gmaslcineectivescies oc aces i:—THE) MACKEREL GILI-NET FISHERY «2.2. - 2.2000 cces cocccecces oncnss 30. Implements, methods, and results of ‘mackerel dragging”.-.-..-- F..—THE SPRING SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY ....... 22-2 eeee0e ---- ---- Sie Re sishin y STOUNAS seca aac scisels ccs esl cose ceciesitene sec seccee Page. SENSRRG aw wm aessssgce 8 & 75 92 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] II. THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES—Continued. bli. F.—THE SPRING SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY—Continued. 32. Early catches of mackerel, 1878-1881. .......-...--.-------------- 112 SB Uae Sa Ke ooes soaceo Bases ooaenoncoces GunbEOGoDnCoEScddaEcesec 113 34. Apparatus and methods of fishing.... .....----.-------- ---- ------ 113 G.—EARLY METHODS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 1620 to 1820 -...-.---. 115 35. Seining mackerel with drag-seines -...-.....--------------------- 115 36. Drailing for mackerel . 2-2... 22-6. occa ctiven ese n'enae cowsiessmiaswisins 117 III. LEGISLATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF MACKEREL ..........-. 119 H.—LAWS, PETITIONS, AND PROTESTS... -02 -----2 2 ----+ er enne eoneee eee eee 119 37. Legislation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ...--..-.. 119 38. Protests against jigging and seining in the present century --.----. 121 IV. STATISTICS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN 1880, BY R. EDWARD 1 OVARY W) eee pa cees Eke MnO e coca cabted obeond HAC abaLHOOeROBODeS 124 i-—DABLES SHOWING STATISTICS. .-<- ce cece ccmee sssciee mec sare se rom 124 39. Table I. Vessels and men in the mackerel fishery (by ports)-...---. 124 40. Table II. Mackerel fleet, by States, according to fishing grounds... 126 41. Table III. Mackerel fleet, by States, according to apparatus. ...--. 126 42. The products of the North American mackerel fishery for 1880-.-.- 127 V. TUE MACKEREL CANNING INDUSTRY, BY R. EDWARD EARLL... 181 J.—THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACKEREL CANNING INDUSTRY....---.---- 131 43. The methods and statistics of canning....--......---..----------- 131 VI. METHODS OF PACKING, AND INSPECTION LAWS, BY A. HOWARD COD OO Ge ee uEcHac BOUboe SEU Snorer cadosodan SSonuBode 137 K.—METHODS OF PACKING, AND INSPECTION LAWS...--------+ eee eee --- 2 es 137 44, Methods of packing mackerel ...... 2... 2-200 seoees -- 20 coos eee 137 AD IMSPOChlOW La WSe ace ceinla amelie Serie ele else elas el=fe nem pele iene sini ie 147 VII. STATISTICS OF INSPECTION OF MACKEREL FROM 1804 TO 1880, 13h U.Nay BRON MPN EHO) (Of) DUR (Cae BRR S be poo pees Saeons dbascodac 162 L.—STATISTICS OF MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND NEW HAMPSHIRE, WITH TOTAL STATISTICS 4osene sess oo eletcein ae ewe ele wee = elena a ine alae 162 46. Statistics of Massachusetts ...... 222 -----2 ence eon ne 22 -- 2200 - =e 162 Aje Stavistics OF Maine cscse ssc ccclescines(ncseccceca has —= eee cle ne gue a BLS AS: Statistics of New Hampshire... -- 2-5. osc encocs coceicecese iss mne 202 49. Statistics of the United States (totals) ....-....--.---------------- 213 VIII. CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES, BY CAPT. J. W. COLLINS .......-..---- 217 M:—-PISHERMMEN’S RECORDS. - secu cscesstaisesioasscewews + cece nicl secielostn ert 217 50 Seventeenth century... coceaseeeeceeeelesee ecm cceses cence l= sienleeas 217 HlewNineteenthicenbuty ca. s2seseseecesee eet cis == ne Heme eile eeeeteeee 218 Ix. APPENDIX—INSPECTION LAWS, COMPILED BY A. HOWARD CLARK: Soe en ccna eee eee ook 2 ie hace a ee 52, XIStiNg IA WS. o<.cccmsia oe mene aisee orem Samei eos See eee ee Hos wRepealedulaws eae se ates sa) senate anina lacie sree a as eee ieee 372 54. Inspection laws of the British Provinces ........----------------- 395 X. APPENDIX—THE MACKEREL FLEET ......--.....-.-..----------- +--+ 418 55. Vessels in the mackerel fishery in 1880..-.......-.---------------- 418 XI. APPENDIX—MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAW- PENG Bae see ee oe eke Wee ae ase ceteae a ceteemieete Sainte emia sei 430 56. Catch of mackerel by Americans in Canadian waters ..---.------- 430 / IL—NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL. A.—LIFE HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL. 1.—GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The common mackerel, Scomber scombrus, is an inhabitant of the North Atlantic Ocean. On our coast its southern limit is in the neighborhood of Cape Hatteras in early spring. The fishing schooners of New En- gland find schools of them in this region at some distance from theshore, but there is no record of their having been taken in any numbers in shoal water south of Long Island. A. W. Simpson states that the species has been observed in the sounds about Cape Hatteras in August, September, and October. R.E. Earll finds evidence that stragglers occasionally enter the Chesapeake. Along the coasts of the Middle States and of New En- gland mackerel abound throughout the summer months, and are also found in great numbers in the Gulf ef Saint Lawrence, where, in past years, fishermen of the United States congregated in great numbers to participate in their capture. They are also found on the coast of Labrador, though there is no evidence that they ordinarily frequent the waters north of the Straits of Belle Isle. Captain Atwood* has expressed the opinion that they visit Northern Labrador only in seasons remarkable for the prevalence of westerly winds, and that in colder seasons they do not go so far north. Professor Hind was told by the residents of Aillik and Kypokok, Labrador, 150 miles northwest of Hamilton Inlet, that mackerel were abundant there in 1871, and that a few were caught in cod-seines. While at Double Island harbor, some fifteen miles north of Hopedale, a French Canadian resident informed him that there is ‘a scattering of mackerel” on that part of the coast. They appear also at times to have been abundant on the northeast- ern coast of Newfoundland, though their appearance there is quite irregular. Mackerel do not occur in Hudson’s Bay nor on the coast of Greenland. It seems probable that the natural northern limit of the species in the Western Atlantic is not far from the Straits of Belle Isle. Professor Packard, who visited this region in 1866, recorded that a few mackerel are taken in August in Salmon Bay and Red Bay, but that the Straits of Belle Isle were evidently the northern limits of the genus, while Fortin, one of the best Canadian authorities on fisheries, in his annual report for 1864, stated that in summer they appear in some places, such * Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 10, p. 66. [3] 9% 94 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] as Little Mecattina on the adjoining coast, latitude 505° north, and even sometimes enter the Straits of Belle Isle.* Perley says that they are rarely known to visit the coast of Labrador. H. BR. Storer, after carefully studying the fauna of Southern Labrador, in 1849, came to the conclusion that they were sometimes found at Little Mecattina. In the various reports of the Canadian inspectors of fisheries on the Labrador coast from 1864 to 1870 may be found evidence that mack- erel are rarely taken even on the Labrador coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Professor Verrill, who visited Anticosti and Mingan in 1861, was un- able to find any mackerel in the waters of that region, although the best methods of catching them were often used. Some years ago mackerel were abundant in the Bay of Fundy, as many as twelve vessels from Eastport, besides others, being engaged in their capture, chiefly about Digby and Saint Mary’s Bay. They have now so completely disappeared as not to form an item in the commercial record of the catch. The species is found throughout the entire length of the Norwegian coast from the Christiana Fjord to the North Cape and Varenger Fjord, latitude 719°. Jt occurs on the south coast of Sweden, and, entering the Baltic, is found along the shores of Eastern Denmark and Eastern Prussia, and also abundantly in the German Ocean and the English Channel, as well aS everywhere in all parts of the British Isles, and southward to the Mediterranean, where it abounds, especially in the Adriatic. There is no record of its capture in Africa, South America, in the West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, or even about the Bermudas. The mackerel, then, would appear to be a shore-loving fish, not ad- dicted to wide wanderings in the ocean, and with range limited in the Western Atlantic between latitudes 35° and 56°; in the Eastern Atlantic between 36° and 719, *In 1860 Capt. Peter Avery, of the schooner Alabama, of Provincetown, took 100 bar- rels of fat mackerel at Port au Port, Newfoundland. Captain Atwood, however, has seen them at the Bay of Islands. He has also seen large schools at Mecattina. Capt. J. W. Collins writes : ‘‘As early as 1836, Capt. Stephen Rich, in the schooner ‘‘Good Hope”, of Glou- cester, spent almost the entire mackerel-fishing season on the coast of Labrador in pursuit of mackerel. He was induced by the reports brought him by the Labrador cod-fishermen to make this attempt. They had reported seeing mackerel abundant in the vicinity of the Straits of Belle Isle, and Captain Rich being of an adventurous turn decided to devote one summer to the investigation of the subject, feeling in hopes of obtaining a large catch. My father was one of the crew, and I have often heard him tell that the trip was entirely unsuccessful, notwithstanding the fact that they cruised all the way from Mecattina Islands through the Straits of Belle Isle, and on the northwest coast of Newfoundland as far down as the Bay of Islands. Few or no mackerel were taken until the vessel returned in the fall to the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, where a small fare was obtained in a few weeks’ fishing.” [5] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 95 2.—MIGRATIONS. The migrations of the mackerel, the causes of their appearance and disappearance at certain seasons at different points along the coast, the causes of their relative abundance and scarcity in different years, have already been discussed by numerous writers. The subject has received special attention on account of the disputes between our own and the Canadian Government concerning the value to our fishermen of the right to participate in the mackerel fisheries in the Provincial waters. Notwithstanding the great amount of paper which has been covered with theories to explain the various mooted questions, it cannot be said that the habits of the mackerel are understood at all better than those of other fishes which have not attracted so much attention. The most voluminous writer upon this subject has been Prof. Henry Youle Hind, who devotes many pages of his book, “The Effect of the Fishery Clauses of. the Treaty of Washington on the Fisheries and Fishermen of British North America,” to the attempt to prove that the mackerel which have been at certain seasons in the past so abundant in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, remain there through- out the year, hibernating in deep waters not very remote from the shore.* I have attempted to show the weakness of his argument in an *Mr. Barnet Phillips, in the New York Times, December 31, 1880, thus criticises the theory of Mr. Hind, while referring to Mr. William H. Rideing’s essay entitled ‘‘ First Families of the Atlantic”: ‘In an article entitled ‘ First Families of the Atlantic,’ to be found in the January number of Harper’s Magazine, certain assertions are advanced in regard to the habits of the mackerel which are entirely of an ex parte character and might unintentionally act injuriously to our interests in case future disputes arose between the Provinces and the United States on the fishery question. The writer states that, ‘seeking a soft muddy or sandy bed at the approach of winter, it [the mackerel] buries itself therein, first drawing a scale or film over each eye.’ In a prior paragraph of this same article the possibility of the hibernation of the mackerel is advanced. Now, exactly these two arguments were presented by Professor Hind, who wished to prove that the mackerel was a local fish, in favor of the Provinces, which assertions were entirely refuted by Prof. Spencer F. Baird, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and by Prof. G. Brown Goode. The great argument used by the Provincial fish experts was to show that the mackerel belonged to their waters,and the ideas of hibernation were therefore represented. If this had been granted, our case would have had, as far as mackerel go, little to rest upon. As to hibernation of the mackerel there are innumerable reasons to suppose that nothing of the kind exists. In fact, hi- bernation is one of those ichthyological questions which require very long research to know anything about. It does seem that sturgeon in Russian waters, and carp in cold temperatures, take to the mud, and may, perhaps, do something like hibernation, but this habit has no precedent in sea-fish. It may happen that a few individuals of the scomber family have been inclosed in the winter season in the waters of the Newfoundland coast. Such cases have undoubtedly happened, for on page 62 of the late report of the United States Commission, the statement is made that in a river of Nova Scotia where a school of mackerel had been detained, the fish were speared out of the mud. Returning to the numbing effects of cold weather on sea-fish, in order to show how unusual it must be, the American turbot is taken with hooks in 96 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] essay published in the Fifth Annual Report of the United States Com- missioner of Fisheries for the year 1877, pp. 50-70. It is by no means demonstrated that certain schools of mackerel do not remain throughout the year in waters adjacent to the coast of Canada, but the weight of evidence at present seems to rest with those who believe that the mack- erel are given to extensive migrations north and south along our coasts. These migrations are believed to be carried on in connection with another kind of migration which I have called “bathic migration,” and which consists ina movement, at the approach of cold weather, into the deeper waters of the ocean. The menhaden and many other fishes have these two kinds of migrations, littoral and bathic. The sea-herring, on the other hand, has extensive littoral migrations and probably very slight movements of a bathic nature. In some the latter is most extended, in others theformer. Anadromous fishes, like the shad and the alewife, very probably strike directly out to sea without ranging to any great degree northward or southward, while others, of which the mackerel is a fair type, undoubtedly make great coastwise migrations, though their bathic migrations may, without any great inconsistency, be as great as those which range less. Upon this point I cannot do better than to quote from a manuscript letter from Professor Baird to the Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, dated July 21,1873. Having expressed certain views concerning the well known phenomenon of the migration of the herring and shad, he continues: “The fish of the mackerel family form a marked exception to this rule. While the alewife and shad generally swim low in the water, their presence not being indicated at the surface, the mackerel swim near the surface, sometimes far out to sea, and their movements can be read- ily followed. The North American species consist of fish which as cer- tainly, for the most part at least, have a migration along our coast north- the dead of winter under the floe ice of North Greenland at a depth of 300 fathoms. If sea-fish were mummified in the ocean depths by the cold, because at the deeper strata of the ocean temperatures are fairly uniform, once a fish had hibernated, his sleep might continne on forever. There can be no better proof of the migratory char- acter of the mackerel than to cite a paragraph from the Cape Ann Advertiser, pub- lished this week, where the fact is announced that the mackerel fleet have gone off Hatteras in hopes of securing mackerel, and that some time ago ‘ vessels reported having sailed through immense schools for forty miles.’ The film over the eye of mackerel Professor Hind placed great stress on, as he supposed it was a preparatory step to the hibernating process. Now, this film over the eye, as Mr. Goode shows, is not peculiar to the Scombers, for many fish, such as the shad, the alewife, the men- haden, the blue-fish, the mullet, the lake white-fish, and various cyprinoid fishes, have this membrane, though it never does cover the whole eye. The fact remains also to be proved that a skin forms over the eye in winter only. The writer of this article has apparently culled his facts in regard to mackerel from one side, and has read most superficially the whole of the testimony. ‘Public documents’ are rarely of an amusing character, but when they happen to be of interest,as were those published as ‘The Award of the Fisheries Commission,’ it is most unfortunate when false deductions are derived from them.” [7] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 97 ward in spring and southward in antumn, as that of the ordinary pleas- ure seekers, and their habit of schooling on the surface of the water en- ables us to determine this fact with great precision. Whatever may be the theories of others on the subject, the American mackerel fisher knows perfectly well that in the spring he may find the schools of mackerel off Cape Henry, and that he can follow them northward day by day as they move in countless myriads on to the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia.” The movements of the mackerel schools, like those of the menhaden, appear to be regulated solely by the temperature of the ocean. In my essay upon menhaden, which has just been referred to, I have attempted to show, in a preliminary way, the relations of the movements of the menhaden schools to the temperature of the water at different stations along the coast in accordance with certain crude observations, which at present constitute the only material available as a basis for such generalizations. I have there claimed that menhaden make their appearance near the shore in the spring as soon as the temperature of the water in the harbors has reached a weekly average of 50°, and that they disappear in the fall soon after the waters have again cooled down to the same average temperature, The mackerel is partial to much colder waters. They range ten to fifteen degrees farther to the north, and their southern limit is propor- tionally high. They appear earlier in the spring and disappear later in the fall, and their presence is nearly synchronous with the time when the water temperatures of the harbor have reached a weekly average of 45°. It has been remarked that the presence of the menhaden depends upon a weekly average of the harbor temperature of 50° or more. These harbor temperatures are several degrees—it is not known exactly how many—higher than those of the open ocean at the same latitude, and there can be no question that the menhaden thrives in water as cold as 45°. Mackerel will remain active and contented in a temperature of 40°, or even less. The normal time of the departure of mackerel from the coast is, therefore, a month or two later than that of the menhaden. There are well recorded instances of the capture of menhaden in Mas- sachusetts Bay as late as December, and there are also many instances where mackerel have been taken not only on the New England coast, but also in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in mid-winter.* *Twenty mackerel were caught in a gill-net at Provincetown January 17, 1878, Others were taken late in December. Captain Harding tells me that they sometimes come ashore frozen in cold weather, and are found in the ice on the beach. Early in February, 1881, small mackerel 5 or 6 inches in length were found in con- siderable numbers in the stomachs of hake and cod, taken on the eastern part of George’s Bank in 50 fathoms, and on the southeastern part of Le Have in 60 and 80 fathoms of water; sometimes ten, twelve, or fifteen in the stomach of a single fish. On the 8th and 9th of February, Captain Olsen observed them schooling at the surface on George’s. Gloucester fishermen had before seen them in winter on George’s, but never so abundant. 8. Mis. 110-———7 98 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] Mr. John Fletcher Wonson tells me that at one time he left Glouces- ter on a halibut trip January 1, and January 3 or 4 on George’s Bank caught a hogshead of herring and 7 or 8 mackerel in a gill-net. The Schooner Shooting Star took a number of mackerel on George’s Bank in March, 1856.* The fishermen on George’s took tinkers from the stomachs of cod-fish in February, 1878, using them for bait. Sometimes five or six were taken from one fish. In January, 1868 or 1869, Capt. Warren Brown, of the schooner Charles Frederick, of Gloucester, caught 30 mackerel on a trawl-line set on the middle bank. The Yarmouth Herald (Yarmouth, Nova Scotia), January 2, 1879, states that “two fine fat fresh mackerel were found among the kelp at Green Cove on Friday, December 28, 1878.” Basing their arguments upon such occurrences as these, Canadian writers have attempted to prove that large bodies of mackerel hibernate along their shores throughout the winter. It is still believed by many fishermen that the mackerel, at the approach of cold weather, go down into the mud, and there remain in a state of torpidity until the ap- proach of warm weather in the spring. All that can be said regarding this claim is that, although we do not know enough about the subject to pronounce this impossible, American ichthyologists think they know enough to be of the opinion that it is very decidedly improbable. t “Cape Ann Advertiser, April, 1856. tIt seems only fair to quote in this connection a letter printed in Forest and Stream, a leading New York journal devoted to field sports and the fisheries, in criticism of views published at the time in that paper and also in the report of the Fish Commis- sion, part v. I feel the utmost confidence in Dr. Gilpin’s statements as to facts ob- served, though my interpretation might perhaps be different. “ Harirax, June 19, 1878. ‘¢ Mr, Editor: In some papers published some time since in the Forest and Stream upon the habits of the mackerel, it is asserted by Prof. Brown Goode that there is no reliable evidence of mackerel being seen upon the coast of Nova Scotia after the 25th of October, quoting me as his authority. Had he quoted me as giving the 1st of No- vember, 1868, when the fish market at Halifax was full, I should have felt more com- plimented, as I should have known he had read my paper with more attention. In summing up my remarks I stated that mackerel remain usually all November on the surface in Nova Scotia, and during mild winters linger to December. This, Professor Goode says, is not reliable as scientific evidence, because no specific dates are given. To admit this would be to destroy almost the whole mass of information compiled in the report of both the Royal and American Commissioners of English and American Fisheries. But as I am certain that Professor Goode’s desire is to have the truth simply, will you allow me a place in your columns to add to my previous assertions such spe- cific dates as I may be able now to obtain, though not admitting his principle. “On May 23, 1875, going into the Halifax fish market, I asked generally how long are mackerel in market? I was answered, generally all through November. On ask- ing how long in December they had known them in market, Mr. Greywire said: ‘T recollect them as late as the 10th of December. We keep our nets out to the 30th of November. Men hire to that time. Mackerel are seen after that date, but the seas } [9] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 99 The appearance of the mackerel schools at the approach of summer in ordinary years has been noticed somewhere in the neighborhood of the following dates: At sea, off Cape Hatteras, March 20 to April 25; off Norfolk, Va., March 20 to April 30; off the Capes of Delaware, April 15 to May 1; off Barnegat and Sandy Hook, May 5 to May 25, and at the same date along the whole southern coast of New England, and as far east as Southern Nova Scotia, while in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence they appear late in May, and in abundance early in June.* There appears to be a marked difference between the movements of mackerel and the menhaden, for while the menhaden are much more gradual in their approach to the shore, and much more dependent upon a small rise of temperature, the mackerel make their appearance almost simultaneously,in all the waters from New Jersey to Nova Scotia at about the same time. Stragglers, of course, appear much earlier than the dates just mentioned; a few mackerel were observed at Waquoit, Mass., as early as April 19, 1871. In the fall the mackerel disappear as suddenly as they came in the spring, but they have only in one instance been observed off the Caro- lina coast, except during the spring run. This is very probably because no fishing vessels ever visit this region later than June. The instance referred to is the experience of Mr. Peter Sinclair, a well- known fisherman of Gloucester, who states that he has frequently taken them in great abundance off Cape Hatteras in December, where they are not known at all in the summer season. He has found them in the are so boisterous that our nets are destroyed. Some few parties will keep them out in December in spite of cold and storms.’ Mr. White corroborated this. Mr. 'Thomas Brackett said he had taken them often in December, and often in weather so cold that the fish were frozen in removing them from the meshes of the nets, but could remem- ber no dates. Mr. William Duffy stated he saw one once on the 24th of December. He recollected it because it was Christmas eve, and on account of its rarity; but he had frequently taken them during December, though having no dates. The nets used are about two fathoms deep, set near the shore in about five to ten fathoms of water. My own recollections, but without dates, are seeing stops made in very cold weather and frozen ground, which must have been late in November. I think I have now made good my assertion that they linger to December, and that in any future history of *The following letter from the skipper of the schooner Edward E. Webster is important, in that it gives the exact positions as well asthe dates of some of the earliest captures in 1878, ’79, ’80, and ’81: “New YorK, April 22, 1881. “Captain COLLINS: “‘DraR Sir: I have just received your letter of March 14, in which you wanted to know whereabouts I caught my first mackerel. (The first catch) in 1878, April 16, lat. 36° 10’ N., long. 74° 45’ W.; in 1879, April 12, lat. 36° 35’ N., long. 74° 50’ W.; in 1880, April 1, lat. 35° 30’ N., long. 74° 15’ W.; in 1881, March 20, lat. 37° 10’ N., long. 74° 05’ W.; and this trip we got them April 18 in lat. 38° 38’ N., and long. 74° 00’ W This is our second trip this season. I have seen mackerel in lat. 35° 15’ N., and long. 73° 46’ W., which is the fartherest south I have ever seen any. I have been off Cape Lookout many times, but have never seen mackerel there. * * * “Yours, truly, ‘‘SOLOMON JACOBS.” 100 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] spring as far south as Charleston, and followed them from Cape Henry to the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The very vagueness of the statements just made is evidence to show how little is actually known about the movements of these fish. The subject must be studied long and carefully before it can be understood, and the interests of the American fishermen demand that it should be thus studied. “There is,” writes Professor Baird, ‘no very satisfactory evidence of the occurrence of mackerel in the winter or any other season south of Cape Hatteras, and it is not given by Poey and other writers as occurring in the West Indies. A few mackerel are said to be occasion- ally brought into the Charleston market, and Mr. Moses Tarr, of Gloucester, thinks that some years ago he saw in the early part of March, a short distance to the southeast of Key West, a large school of mack- erel. He, however, did not capture any, and it is more likely that the fish observed belonged to some other small species of the mackerel family which occasionally school like the mackerel itself, and might easily be mistaken for it. The skip-jack or leather-back may possibly have been the species referred to. ““T have been quite surprised to find the extent of belief among Massa- their habits it must be assumed as truth that they remain in numbers during Novem- ber, but are found sparingly later on our coasts. Where they are during those dates in any intermediate point from Maine to Virginia, must be left to American observers. When these blanks are filled and a generalization made their history will be more complete, a task we may well leave in the hands of the American Commissioners of Fisheries. “In my paper (1865) I speak of their asserted torpidity and the story of their blind- ness as needing more proof before they are asserted as facts. I have had nothing to alter my opinion since. In examining the eyes of many mackerel on May 23 and 27 and October 27, in different years, I have found that, as in most fish, the bony orbit is much larger than the base of the eye, and that the space is filled by gelatinous sub- stance, which may be called cellular membrane and adipose deposit to this transpar- ent membrane arising from the outer angle of this orbit spreads half way over the pupil of the eye. It may easily be raised and defined by passing a pen-knife between it and the eye. At the inner angle there is also a similar, but much smaller, mem- brane, not reaching to the eye. As the mackerel appear on our coasts about the 15th of May, and these observations were made the 23d, I do not think it can be asserted the eye is closed entirely in spring; and as the same appearance is found in Septem- ber, we must admit it to be a permanent structure. An analogous membrane is found in the clupide, and doubtless other fish. On asking Thomas Loyd, our roughest and oldest fisherman: ‘I don’t know anything about the scales of the eyes, but I do know that, curse them, they see too sharp for us, steering clear of our spring nets,’ and doubtless old Tom was right. “On dissecting a mackerel, May 23, I found the heart first presenting the tricornered ventrical with its white aorta and deep red auricle resting upon the fringe of ceca that covered the intestines, sweeping down to the vent. The liver and stomach were both covered by the ceca. The latter was about three inches long, its upper lobe thick and round, but ending in a narrow tailor point. The cardiac end of the stomach was prolonged two and a half inches, ending in a point. The cece were attached to the gut about an inch below the pylorus. There was but little difference in appear {11] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 101 chusetts fishermen that the mackerel goes into the mud in the winter time. I have, indeed, been assured by trustworthy parties that they have known mackerel caught on eel spears when fishing for eels in the mud of Provincetown harbor. ‘‘A similar belief is referred to by Dr. Gilpin in his paper on the mackerel in the transactions of the Nova Scotia Scientific Association, and it is difficult to refuse assent to the testimony of otherwise credible observers. ‘There is nothing apparently in the economy of the mackerel to prevent its following the example of the sand lance, the eel, and other fish. We know that the melanora, the tench, and many other fresh-water fish have the burrowing habit, some of them being imbedded very deep in the mud at the bottom of a dried-up pond, to emerge again when the water is restored. ‘The entire disappearance of mackerel during the winter season is a noteworthy fact, as we can hardly suppose that if it schooled on the surface in the Gulf Stream during that season it would not be noticed by the experienced eyes of sea captains, and we can hardly imagine that the fish would remain in the depths without an occasional rise. ance and size between stomach and gut. This we may roughly sum up: Stomach and gut very simple; coca usually large and complicated; liver small, all noteworthy facts in the study of comparative life. The fish being a male one, lobe on either side of ivory-white ; milt reached from gills to vent, slightly adhering to the sides by thin membrane, and covered by a similar one. They were divided in lobes by shallow lines, the upper lobes slightly fimbriated. On removing both entrails and milt a dark- purple space about an inch wide extended from gills to vent beneath the back bone. This, when opened, seemed filled with coagulated blood. It had in some respects the appearance of the air bladder in the salmonide, though wanting in the direct com- munication they have with the esophagus. But this communication is also wanting in the gadidx, where, especially in the hake, the air bladder assumes its highest form of organization. I have often found coagulation and reticulated plexi in air bladders of other fish. ‘It has been asserted the European mackerel have no air bladders, and a new genus proposed, but with more probability they have the same organization as our own, and the difference lies in the opinion whether or not it is an air bladder. ‘‘The mackerel appear on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, and almost simulta- neously on the Bay of Fundy, about the 15th of May. Nearly all spawners, male and female, perform a somewhat easterly and northerly route, disappear from the surface in a few weeks and reappear again in September without spawn, and fat, remain in numbers during November, and very sparingly during December, coming from the eastward and then disappear. It may be asserted generalizing from observation ex- tending over a series of 8 or 10 years, that they are irregular in their movements as regards localities, though probably not as regards ocean surfaces. “The very great difficulty of accounting how these enormous masses of surface feeders find food after disappearing from the surface has caused many ingenious theo- ries, as to the question in what state and where they pass that time. These are all pleasant reading, but valuable more or less as regards the ingenuity and scientific standing of the writers. In this paper and the one I inclose (1865) I have stated what I think are facts, and which must be accepted in the future history of American mack- erel, which I hope soon to see written by that commission which has already done 60 much in Atlantic waters. “BERNARD GILPIN.” 102 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] “Tt appears to be a well-established fact that mackerel are not un- frequently found in the stomachs of cod, and possibly of halibut, taken on the George’s Banks in the winter season. Perhaps the number noted would be still larger if fishermen had the time and inclination to examine more frequently than they do the stomachs of the fish captured by them. “Another curious fact in relation to the mackerel is in respect to the membrane, the vertical edge of which is observed during the summer season on the corner of the eye. This, it is claimed, during the winter extends over the whole eye, and imparts the appearance of blindness. This the mackerel is said to possess on making its first appearance near the coast in the spring, when it extends over the greater part of the eye, thus preventing the fish from seeing the bait, and it is a matter of common remark that mackerel in the spring cannot be taken with the hook, but must be captured with the net. The membrane appears to recede with the advancing season, and during a considerable portion of the time of its abode in the north it is scarcely appreciable.” Mr. Perley, cf Saint John, N. B., in his work upon the fishes of the Provinces, remarks that mackerel have been taken on cod-hooks in deep water, near Grand Manan, in the winter season, and there is evi- dence to show that a few remain on the coast. It is, however, believed that these cases are exceptional and confined to stragglers, as such instances frequently occur with all the migratory fish. The mackerel belongs to what may technically be termed pelagic or wandering fish, as their movements, something like those of the herring, are apparently more or less capricious, though probably governed by some definite law, which has not yet been worked out. It moves in large schools or bands, more or less isolated from each other, which some- times swim near the surface and give distinct evidence of their pres- ence, and at others sink down into the depths of the ocean and are entirely withdrawn from observation. The army of fish, however, in its northern migration, moves along with a very broad front, a portion com- ing so close to the shore as to be taken in the weirs and traps along the coast of Southern New England, especially in Vineyard Sound and on Cape Cod; while at the same time other schools are met with from 20 to _ 50 miles, or even more, out to sea. It is, however, still a question whether the fish that skirt the coast of the United States enter the Bay of Saint Lawrence, or whether the latter belong to another series, com- ing directly from the deep seas off the Newfoundland and Nova Scotia coast. Until lately the former has been the generally accepted theory, in view of the alleged fact that. the fishermen of the Nova Scotia coast always take the fish coming from the west in the spring and from the east in the fall. Captain Hanson B. Joyce, of Swan’s Island, Maine, one of the most expert and observing mackerel fishermen of New England, thinks that the movements of the spring schools of mackerel are very much in- [13] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 103 fluenced by the direction and force of the prevailing winds while the fish are performing their northerly migration. He has generally found, he says, that when there has been a continuance of strong northerly winds about the last of May and early in June, the season at which the mackerel are passing the shoals of Nantucket and George’s Bank, that the schools have taken a southerly track, passing to the southward of George’s Shoals and continuing on in an easterly direction to the coast of Nova Scotia, and thence to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. When southerly winds or calms prevail at that season the mackerel are carried into the waters of the Gulf of Maine, and in consequence are much plentier off the New England coast than in the Saint Law- rence Gulf. On this theory Captain Joyce bases his actions in cruising for mack- erel, always fishing off the New England shores when southerly winds have predominated in the spring, and going to the Saint Lawrence if northerly winds have been exceptionally strong and continuous about the last of May. The movements of the fish, as already stated, season by season, are quite uncerbsain, sometimes being very abundant in one direction and sometimes in another, and occasionally, indeed, they may disappear almost entirely for several years, and then reappearing after a consider- able absence. In some years mackerel are very abundant on the coast of the United States and at others rare; the same condition applying to the fish of the Bay of Saint Lawrence. It is not certain, of course, that this indicates an entire absence of the fish from the localities referred to, but they may, possibly for some reason, remain in the depth of the sea, or some change in the character of the animal life in it, which consti- tutes the food of the fish, may produce the changes referred to. A notable instance of a somewhat permanent change in the migration of the mackerel is found in the entire failure since 1876 of the mackerel fishery in the Bay of Fundy, which, a few years ago, enabled a merchant of Eastport to employ successfully as many as a dozen vessels, especially in Digby and Saint Mary’s Bay, but which is now given up. There are indeed faint suggestions, in the early history of the country, of their total absence from the whole coast for several years, as was also the case with the bluefish. 3.—ABUNDANCE. The wonderful abundance of mackerel in our waters has always been a subject of remark. Francis Higginson, in his “Journal of his voyage to New England, 1629,” speaks of seeing “many schools of mackerel, infinite multitudes on every side of our ship,” off Cape Ann on the 26th of June; and Richard Mather, in his “journal” 1635, states that the seamen took abundance of mackerel off Menhiggin (Monhegan). In Governor Winthrop’s journal, speaking of the year 1639, he remarks: “There was such store of exceeding large and fat mackerel upon our 104 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] coast this season as was a great benefit to all our Plantations, since one Boat with three men would take in a week ten hogsheads, which were sold at Connecticut for £3 12s. 0d. per hogshead.” Their abundance has varied greatly from year to year, and at times their numbers have been so few that grave apprehensions have been felt lest they should soon depart altogether. As early as 1670, laws were passed by the colony of Massachusetts forbidding the use of certain instruments of capture, and similar ordi- nances have been passed from time to time ever since. The first re- source of our State governments has always been, in seasons of scarcity, to attempt to restore fish to their former abundance by protective legis- lation. It seems to us at the present day absurd that the Massachusetts people should have supposed that the use of shore-seines was extermi- nating the mackerel on the coast of Massachusetts, but it is a fair ques- tion whether their apprehensions were not as well grounded as those of legislators of the present century who have endeavored to apply a sim- ilar remedy for a similar evil. In connection with the chapter on the mackerel fishery will be shown a diagram, which, by means of curves, exhibits the catch of mackerel in New England for a period of seventy- five years. From a study of this it seems quite evident that the periods of their abundance and scarcity have alternated with each other without refer- ence to overfishing or any other causes which we are prepared to un- derstand. Inthe year 1831, 383,5483 barrels of mackerel were inspected in Massachusetts. In 1881 the number of barrels inspected was 269,495; to this, however, should be added 125,000 barrels caught and marketed fresh by the Massachusetts fleet, making an aggregate of 394,495 barrels. The fluctuations in the catch year by year from 1804 to 1881 are shown most instructively in a plate accompanying this report. The total catch of mackerel by the New England fishermen in 1880 amounted to 131,939,255 pounds; while the Canadian catch (according to official returns, barrels being estimated to contain 300 pounds, cans, one and one-half pounds of fresh round fish) was 70,271,260 pounds, making an aggregate of 202,210,515 pounds. The yield of New England in 1881 is estimated to have exceeded that of 1880 by 10,000,000 pounds. We have no means at present for estimating the decrease of the Cana- dian catch, but it is perhaps safe to put it at 11,000,000. This brings the catch of 1831 to about 201,000,000 pounds. In addition to this, at least 100,000 barrels or 20,000,000 pounds, according to estimates from competent authority, were thrown away by the New England fleet. This brings the total weight of mackerel caught up to 221,000,000, represent- ing 294,667,000 fish, if the weight be estimated at three-quarters of a pound each. The catch of mackerel in the waters of Europe does not probably exceed ten per cent. of this quantity. The stories which are told by experienced fishermen of the immense numbers of mackerel sometimes seen are almost incredible. Capt. King [15] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 105 Harding, of Swampscott, Mass., described to me a school which he saw in the South Channel in 1848: “It was a wind-row of fish,” said he; ‘“‘it was about halfa mile wide, and at least twenty miles long, for vessels not in sight of each other saw it at about thesame time. All the vessels out saw this school the same day.” He saw a school off Block Island, 1877, wliich he estimated to contain one million barrels. He could see only one edge of it at a time. Upon the abundance of mackerel depends the welfare of many thou- sands of the citizens of Massachusetts and Maine. The success of the mackerel fishery is much more uncertain than that of the cod fishery, for instance, for the supply of cod is quite uniform from year to year. The prospects of each season are eagerly discussed from week to week in thousands of little circles along the coast, and are chronicled by the local press. The story of each successful trip is passed from mouth to mouth, and is a matter of general congratulation in each fishing com- munity. -A review of the results of the American mackerel fishery, and of the movements of the fish in each part of the season year by year, would be an important contribution to the literature of the American fisheries. Materials for such a review are before me, but space will not allow that it should be presented here. 4.—F oop. The food of the mackerel consists, for the most part, of small species of crustaceans, which abound everywhere in the sea, and which they appear to follow in their migrations. They also feed upon the spawn of other fishes and upon the spawn of lobsters, and prey greedily upon young fish of all kinds.* In the stomach of a‘tinker” mackerel, taken in Fisher’s Island Sound, November 7, 1877, Dr. Bean found the remains of six kinds of fishes—of the anchovy, the sand-lance, the smelt, the hake, the barracuda, and the silver-sides, besides numerous shrimps and other crustaceans. Captain Atwood states that when large enough they devour greedily large numbers of young herring several months old. Specimens taken July 18, 1871, 20 miles south of Noman’s Land, con- tained numerous specimens of the big-eyed shrimps, Thysanopoda, larval crabs in the zoea and megalops stages, the young of hermit erabs, the young lady crabs, Platyonichus ocellatus, the young of two undetermined Macrura, numerous Copepoda, and numerous specimens of Sptrialis Gouldii, a species of Pteropod. They also feed upon the centers of floating jelly-fishes (Discophores). In Gaspé the fishermen call jelly-fishes ‘“‘mackerel bait.” The greed with which mackerel feed upon the chum, or ground men- *Near the New London light-house is a small brook which empties into the harbor and abounds with a small species of fish of which the mackerel appear to be fond. A few days since the keeper of the light-house, while the mackerel were indulging in a meal, caught five hundred at one haul with a scoop-net.—(Gloucester Telegraph, December 3, 1870.) ~ 106 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] haden bait, which is thrown out to them by the fishing-vessels, shows that they are not at all dainty in their diet, and will swallow without hesitation any kind of floating organic matter. Large mackerel often eat smaller ones. Captain Collins has frequently found young mackerel three or four inches long in the stomachs of those full grown. This is generally noticeable only in the fall, and the young fish are probably those which have been hatched in the spring. In the fall of 1874 the writer made a trip upon a gill-net schooner to the grounds off Portland, Me., some distance to sea, for the purpose of studying the food of the mackerel, and found their stomachs full of a species of Thysanopoda and of a large copepod crustacean. The greater part of the food of mackerel consists, however, of minute crustaceans. Owing to the infinite abundance of these in the sea, mackerel probably have very little difficulty in finding food at almost any portion of the ocean visited by them, whether on the edge of the Gulf Stream or near the shore. In an interview with Capt. King Harding, of Swampscott, one of the most experienced mackerel catchers on our coasts, I obtained the follow- ing amusing observations: He described one kind which looked like spiders, which were red, and crawled over his hand when he took them up. | They look like little spiders; the mackerel are especially fond of them. At Boone Island, Maine, in July, 1850, the water all around the island was red for 100 yards from the shore; they crawled up the rock-weed on the shore until it was red. He took the sprays of rock-weed in his hand and pulled them slowly to him, and the mackerel, one and a half pound fish, would follow in quite to the rocks. He killed three with his oar, and tried to catch some in a basket by tolling them over it, but they were too quick for him. He asked his old skipper, Capt. Gorham Babson, what they were, and was told that they were ‘Boone Island Bed Bugs.” And, said he, “ Young man, when you see this kind of bait, no matter if you don’t see any fish, never leave; the fish will be there in a few days.” Then there is another kind, called “Snappers.” These are white, and dart rapidly about in the water; they are doubtless small crustaceans. He says that sometimes they swim at the surface, where the mackerel follow them. A few days before he had been standing on the stern of his vessel, and though he could see nothing under the water he knew the snappers were there about two feet below the surface, for he could see a school of mackerel swimming along, opening their mouths and taking in their food, and then letting the water out through their gills. When the mackerel are tolled up from 12 or 15 fathoms below the surface their stomachs are often full of bait; so it is certain that these little animals swim at all depths. Another kind of food is red, and is hot to the hands. This is called “Cayenne”; it spoils the fish. [17] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 107 Years ago, according to Captain Harding, mackerel did not school as they do now. When you see pollock jumping near the shore, it is a pretty good sign that there is plenty of mackerel food. The presence of abundance of mackerel food is indicated by the great schools of sea-birds, particularly by the flocks of phalaropes, or sea- geese (Phalaropus borealis), as the fishermen call them, which congregate together, floating upon the water, and when seen in summer gives a sure sign of the presence of mackerel also. The various invertebrate animals preyed upon by mackerel are known to the fishermen by such names as “Shrimp,” ‘ Red-seed,” and “Cay- enne.” “The wide-spread distribution from shore seaward of the Thysan- opoda and other minute crustacea, which constitute to so great an ex- tent the food of the mackerel and herring on our shores, was proved,” writes Professor Baird, “during a trip of the ‘Speedwell’ from Salem to Halifax in 1877.” At numerous points and at regular intervals on the way across, including the middle of the route, immense numbers of these shrimp were met with and collected by the towing net. They were found in especial abundance at Le Have Bank. These prove to be specifi- cally identical with those found in immense quantities in Eastport Har- bor at the surface. “That these same animals occur at least as far east as the Gulf Stream is shown by thelist of the collections made by Professor S.I. Smith off the Georges near the edge of the Gulf Stream, and published in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. iii, July, 1874.” Capt. Chester Marr, of Gloucester, confirms the statements of Captain Harding regarding the effects of “‘red-seed” upon mackerel; he states that when mackerel are feeding on ‘“‘red-seed” the fishermen have great trouble in keeping them sufficiently long to dress them properly. Their bellies soften at once. When the weather is good and dogfish are not troublesome, the common practice is to allow the fish to lie in the net until they have disposed of the food in their stomachs. Capt. Henry Willard, of the schooner “ Henry Willard,” of Portland, Me., carries a large net of coarse twine, which is suspended over the side of the vessel from two long booms. Into this he turns the fish and leaves them until the seed works out.* Captain Marr states that the “red-seed” is very troublesome to the men engaged in dressing the fish; it makes their hands very sore, often causing the blood to run. A man can clean twice as many fish in a given time if he is not annoyed by the “‘red-seed” in their stomachs. Captain Marr describes another kind of mackerel food, which he calls “small brit,” which, he says, resembles young herring, which also rots *This “large net of coarse twine” is the mackerel pocket described in the chapter on the purse-seine mackerel fishery. 108 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] the fish. This is probably, as he supposes it to be, ‘* white-bait” or the young of the sea herring, Clupea harengus. It is known as “eye-bait” to the Canadian fishermen. Captain Merchant tells me that when mackerel are found with “red- seed” in their stomachs fishermen are sure that they are on the right fishing grounds. I am told by Captain Collins that it is common for many of the Amer- ican fishermen to consider it a good sign of mackerel when they see floating seaweed, more especially eel grass, ‘‘chopped up,” 7%. e., cut into short pieces, which they think is done by these fish. Perhaps there may be a good reason for this supposition, since the mackerel, while feeding on the diminutive shells with which the weeds are covered, may also bite the latter in two. The presence of gannets is also considered a good sign of mackerel. In England the food of the mackerel is called .the “mackerel mint,” and this is said to consist at certain seasons of the year of the sand- lants and five other fish, especially the herring and the sprat, while they have also been observed to devour, in the summer months, minute crustaceans, the swimming larve of tape-worms, and the embryos of the small spiral shell of the genus Rissoa, which, in its adult state, is found in great abundance upon seaweed. It was probably some animal of this kind which was referred to by Captain Harding in the statement above quoted, concerning the abundance of red-seed about Boone Island. Mr. J. F. Whiteaves has recorded a similar habit for the mackerel of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.* Professor Hind has pointed out certain relations which exist in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence between the mackerel and the lant, or sand-eel, which appears to be one of its most important articles of diet in these waters. I quote here in full his observations upon this subject, and also his views upon the relations of currents and tides to the presence of mackerel food, and the constant movements of the schools of fish: “The movements of the mackerel, like those of the cod, and indeed of most species of fish, are determined at different seasons of the year by the geographical position of its food; and the first important kind of food which appears to lure the mackerel inshore, after spawning in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, is the launce or sand-eel. “The relation of the launce or sand-eel (Ammodytes americanus) to the mackerel is very much greater than appears at the first blush, and resembles the relation of the herring to the cod in general, and in par- ticular the relation of the so-called Norwegian ‘Sull cod,’ or launce cod, to this widespread and important bait-fish. The approach of the launce to the coast in spring is most probably the cause why the so- called spring cod fishing suddenly ceases on many banks and shoals, commencing again at different localities two and three weeks later. * Report on the second deep-sea dredging expedition of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 1872. (toi HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 109 “The cod leaves the banks and shoals to meet and to follow the launce as they approach the coast. In the same manner they meet and follow the caplin, guided no doubt by the peculiar odor developed by each species at the approach of the spawning season. “But it is the habit of the sand eel of burying itself in the sand be- tween the tides, or in submerged sand beaches, that leads the mackerel so close inshore. “There can be little doubt that a similar indraught and outdraught of mackerel and other fish occur in our waters when the launce leave the deep sea to approach the land, or when they return to the deep sea again. Unlike many of the shrimps and larval forms on which the mackerel feed, which are drifted to and fro by winds and currents, the launce is independent of the wind; but it is only in certain favorable localities frequented by this fish that the burying process between tide- marks, from which it derives its name, can be easily effected; hence, these resorts are not only valuable as bait grounds, but generally noted mackerel grounds, such as Seven Islands, and some parts of Bay Cha- leurs, and part of the gulf coast of New Brunswick. “This bait-fish approaches the sandy beaches fringing the shores of the gulf in the early summer months to spawn; and here the mackerel are found pursuing them while engaged in depositing their compara- tively large reddish-colored ova on the sands between high and low water. Hence, during flood tide, and in the launce season, mackerel are commonly taken close inshore on these coasts, in pursuit of the launce; and the best catches are said to be made during the period of high tide, for the following reason: In dull, cloudy weather the launce buries itself in the sand left bare by the ebbing tides; but in bright, hot weather it rarely seeks the shelter of the sands except near low- water mark, probably because the heat of the sun would be oppressive. The breadth of sandy ground in which the launce buries itself for the brief period between high and low water marks is thus dependent upon the clearness of the sky. “A continuance of cloudy weather is conducive to this kind of close inshore fishery; whereas a bright sky, and a day with a drying wind, leads the launce to select the narrow bands of sandy beach near the margin of ebb-tide, which always remain moist. In cloudy weather with a moist wind, the area in which the launce bury themselves and emerge during the incoming tide is thus very much greater than in bright, hot weather; and it is not unfrequently found by experience that the mackerel catch in such localities is much greater in cloudy weather than in bright weather, because the bait ground is then far more extensive close inshore. ‘¢ As the summer advances and the launce retire to deep water the mackerel feed upon the free-swimming and floating embryonic forms of crustaceans; among the latter the zoea of different forms of crabs are the mostcommon. Adultshrimps of many species form also a large por- 110 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] tion of their food, and the infinite numbers of these forms of life which exist in the sea, from the coast line to a thousand miles from land, may be inferred from the fact that, together with fish, they form the great staple of food of seals in northern seas. “ Dr. Robert Brown states that during the sealing season in Spitz- bergen seas he has taken out of the stomachs of seals various species of Gammarus (G. Sabini; G@. loricatus; G. pinguis: G. dentatus; G. muta- tus, &c.), collectively known to whalers under the name ‘mountebank shrimps,’ deriving the designation from their peculiar agility in water.* ‘These small crustaceans are found in countless numbers on the great outlying banks off the North American coast, and in the Labrador seas they are also in great profusion. ‘Tt is of special importance to notice that very many if not all of these free-swimming creatures in the sea, from invisible microscopic forms to the largest shrimp, sink to different zones of water or rise to the sur- face with the variations in temperature and changes in the direction and force of the wind. In fine weather when the food is at the surface, the mackerel, the herring, and other surface feeders swim open-mouthed against the wind. Dr. Brown states that the right-whale and most of the whale species feed in a similar manner. The right-whale feed- ing, swims leisurely at the rate of about four miles an hour. Mackerel when feeding come often by millions, like a swiftly-moving ripple on the water, with eager staring eyes and mouths distended to entrap the floating prey. Many of the free-swimming Pteropeda are active only during the night time, sinking during the day to a certain zone of depth. ' “The effect of currents and tides, assisted by winds, is to drive these free-swimming forms towards the different shores and into land-locked or sheltered bays. On the shores of the open sea a coutinued land breeze drives them far out to sea, and the fish following them will be lost to view. Off the coast of the United States the mackerel ground is not unfrequently found near the summer limit of the Gulf Stream where wide-spreading eddies prevail, caused by the meeting of the great Labrador current flowing in an opposite direction, or the surging up of the Arctic underflow. In these vast eddies the temperature is greatly reduced by the mixing of almost ice-cold water from beneath with a warm overlying stratum. “Tt is here too that the free-swimming mackerel food will congregate, sometimes at the surface, at other times at different depths, dependent upon the temperature of the mixed waters. In the vicinity of the south edge of the Grand Bank of Newfoundland the line of contact between the Arctic and the Gulf streams is sometimes very marked by the local currents which ‘boil and form strong eddies.’ The line of contact of the two great cold and warm currents is continually changing for hun- dreds of miles with the varying seasons and under the influence of winds; * “On the seals of Greenland.”—Dr. R. Brown. [21] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. be hence also the changes in geographical position and in the depth or zone of the open-sea mackerel grounds.* ‘“‘Inshore the floating and free-swimming food is drifted to and fro by winds and tides, and great accumulations are sometimes thrown up upon the beaches in windrows after storms. This floating and swim- ming food gathers in eddies, either near the coast line or at the junce- tion of opposing tidal waves or currents. Hence, along sheltered and embayed coasts, confronting the open sea in the vicinity of banks where great tidal currents and eddies are formed, or in the gulf and estuary of the Saint Lawrence, where two opposite and wholly different tides drag- ging along the coast-line approach to meet, there will be the mackerel ground of the fishermen, but not necessarily at the surface.” The winged Pteropods very properly form an important part of mack- erel food, as they sink and rise with changes of the temperature of the zone or sheet of water in which they are feeding. 5.—REPRODUCTION. Although little is actually known concerning the spawning habits of the mackerel compared with those of fish which, like the shad and the salmon, have been artificially propagated, it is perhaps safe to say that the subject is understood in a general way. The testimony of reliable observers among the fishermen of our coast and the coast of the British Provinces indicates that the spawning takes place in rather deep water ali along the shore from the eastern end of Long Island to Eastport, Me., along the coast of Nova Scotia, and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The spawning season occurs in May in southern New England, in May and June in Massachusetts Bay, and in June in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and on the Bradley Banks and about the Magdalenes early in the month, and, according to Hind, on the northeast coast of Newfoundland toward the end of the month.t *There are no mackerel-fishing grounds within 250 miles or more of the Grand Bank, and certainly none nearer than 400 miles of its southern edge. It is possible that mackerel have occasionally been seen, or stray specimens captured, nearer the Grand Bank than this, but no mackerel fishermen would think of trying for these fisb east of the west coast of Newfoundland. There are but three instances on record where mackerel fishermen have gone so far east as that. Whatever influence may be ex- erted upon other forms of ocean life by the meeting of the Gulf Stream and the Arctic current, it can be quite safely asserted that the mackerel is never found in summer near the junction of these currents, excepting, perhaps, on the southern edge of George’s Bank and off the south shoal of Nantucket. These localities are the near- est mackerel-fishing grounds to the Gulf Stream of any on the United States coast. And even here mackerel are rarely or never taken nearer than 40 or 50 miles from the northern edge of the stream.—J. W. CoLirys. tDuring the entire month of June mackerel are taken in the Bay of Saint Law- rence with roes well developed. Having been engaged in the mackerel fishery in the Gulf for twenty-two consecutive seasons, ten of which I went to the Bay early in June, I have therefore had abundant opportunity to learn the spawning season of the mackerel in that region. It is my opinion that mackerel spawn in the Gulf of Saint 112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22} Capt. Benjamin Ashby, of Noank, Conn., states that in the spring of 1877 mackerel spawned in great numbers in Vineyard Sound and Buz- zard’s Bay. Many mackerel were taken in the pounds, and the eggs were so ripe that when the fish were thrown from the net to the boat the eggs escaped to such an extent that in cleaning out the boat after- wards he found at least half a bushel at the bottom. This was as early as the second of May, and continued through the month. Capt. R. H. Hurlbert, of Gloucester, found the spawn running out of mackerel taken off Kettle Island, south of Cape Ann, in May and June. Capt. Henry Webb, who owns a weir on Milk Island, under the shadow of the Thatcher’s Island lights, obtains many mackerel every year in his nets. He informs me that when they first make their ap- pearance, about the first of June, the spawn is running out of them and many of them are half through the process of spawning. The eggs will spurt from a female fish in a stream six feet long, and there is a large percentage of females in the catch, probably two-thirds of the whole. Lawrence some time between the 1st and the 15th of July. Have caught them in abundance and full of roe as late as the 4th and 5th of July, and it is exceedingly rare to find spent mackerel previous to the 20th of June. In the period when hook- and-line fishing was most prosperous, the fishermen usually planned to leave the Guif about the first week in July if they had succeeded in getting neafly a fare of mack- erel previous to that time, since while the fish were spawning, or between the 1st and 15th of the month, but little could be done, as the mackerel sunk at that time, and would not readily take the hook. The fishermen, therefore, knowing that they could catch few fish during this period, between “hay and grass,” as they termed it, usually improved the opportunity thus afforded of making their passage home and refitting for another trip with comparatively little loss of time. Apparently one of the most favorite breeding grounds for mackerel in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence is the area along the shores of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island (on the north side of the lat- ter) lying inside of a line drawn from North Cape to Point Miscou. Bank Bradley is also a breeding-ground for mackerel of considerable importance. Thé fish seem to assemble on the grounds mentioned above during June, in a depth varying from 3 to: 40 fathoms. The greater part, however, are found in a depth varying from 10 to 20: fathoms. The spawning season being over, they usually stay on the same grounds, though later in the summer and during autumn the mackerel were formerly abundant around the Magdalenes and the bend of Prince Edward Island; when the fall migra- tion takes place they move farther south. It is probable that large numbers of mack- erel may deposit their spawn around the Magdalene Islands, though it is worthy of note that but few or no fish have been taken in that locality on hook and line during. the month of June. Considerable quantities are, however, caught by the gill-not fish- ermen early in June, though the catch has always been small compared with, that formerly obtained by hook-and-line fishing in the western part of the Bay.—J. W.. COLLINS. As corroborative of the views of Captain Collins, I give the statements. of Capts:. Andrew Leighton and Joseph Rowe, two of the most keenly observant, and in con- sequence the most successful, of the old school Cape Ann ‘mackerel killers.” The former writes to Captain Collins: ‘‘My observations are in harmony with yours.” The latter remarks: “I have always thought that the mackerel in the Bay of Saint Law- rence sunk about the last of Juneto spawn. From the first to the middle of July was always a very dull time to catch mackerel on hooks. When the mackerel sunk they were full of spawn. When we got them again, about the middle of July, they would. have the most of the spawn out of them and be some fat.” [23] _ HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 113 The spawn begins to dry up after the first of August, and young fish begin to appear about the 4th of August. He thinks that it takes mack- erel four or five weeks to spawn; after that they begin to grow fat, and when they are fat there is no sign of spawn to be seen, the male and female not being distinguishable. The growth is rapid, and in about seven weeks the young fish are about four or five inches long. Mackerel spawn abundantly in Grover’s Beach at a depth of one and a half to two fathoms. The eggs are very minute and the old mackerel feed upon them greedily. Captain Fisher, of Portland, Me., told me, in 1874, that when the mackerel come in they are almost empty and have a muddy taste. They first engage in spawning, but toward the last of June they have finished and begin to grow fat. Captain Hurlbert caught a dozen fish off Camden July 1, 1870, which were half spawned and had spawn running out of them. According to Mr. Wilkins, of Two Isles, Grand Manan, the mack- erel spawns there on the rocks and sand in water from 1 foot to 10 feet or more in depth. This is in the first half of June. The spawn is in bunches and does not float on the water. During the spawning season mackerel are taken in seines, as they will not bite and are then very poor. They come again in September and October, and are then taken with the hook. Mr. Hall, of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, says that mack- erel spawn only once in seven years in large numbers, this period rep- resenting the interval between the successive large catches. The mack- erel strike in there about the 10th of June. They spawn about the 2d or 3d of July on the Bradley Bank to the north of Prince Edward Is- land. At that time they have been taken with spawn running out of them. They cease to bite for several weeks while spawning. One of the principal spawning-grounds on our coast appears to be on the Nan- tucket Shoals, where for a period of three or four weeks after their first appearance the mackerel hug the bottom and rarely take the hook, ..\s-05 scccseieneinecioe BARS OO EOn aeons 2, 150 10, 000 00 Schoonem Ma Os Curbissa. scasescaesseeee ecmiceeecice cette esiee a 2, 000 10, 000 00 SChOOneL Mary ONOWe sca cccen Secreto soe eeieee er ceeeisieieeiee 1, 352 9,281 00 Schooner: Heeb eNICKErsON\: 2.00 asec ee eeiescee team eineacseiee 2, 350 9,730 00 CHOON ICUALON thes oi ce\sinine eos os al meee miate aie tat sineta lars rs eee iorner 1, 652 9,213 00 Schooner: Morning Stars. .: cst. aces soc seie aleecinee see cclaeets 1, 527 9, 087 00 1881. “‘Schooner/Alice, Swan’s Island, Mesco.8c20 32232 so-1sesueeb ances 4,905 28, 055 23 tSchooner Edward E. Webster, Gloucester, Mass ..-... ....-.--. 4,500 26,570 00 Schooner Isaac Rich, Swan’s Island, Me ..........----.....------ 3, 276 15, 500 00 schooner Hrank Butler, Boston, Mass :c-<'2-.-.cnees sess se eeee 2, 600 15, 000 00 Schooner Mertie and Delmar, 8. Chatham, Mass .......-........- 3, 005 14,138 00 ¢Schooner A. E. Herrick, Swan’s Island, Me.-...-..---.. ioe jensen 2,280 13,674 00 Schooner Robert Pettis, Wellfleet, Mass.............--..--.----- 2, 580 12, 419 18 Schooner Roger Williams, North Haven, Me ......---...--.-..---- 2, 450 12,000 00 Schooner R. J. Evans, Harwichport, Mass ........-----.-..------ 3, 000 12, 000 00 Schooner Louis and Rosa, Boothbay, Me ..........---.-.-..----- 3, 028 11,557 46 When it is taken into consideration that these vessels are employed in fishing barely eight months at the longest, and some of them only four to six months, it will be seen that the business is an exceedingly profitable one for many of the fleet, while the greater portion make fair returns.§ * 3,665 barrels pickled, and 1,240 fresh; total, 4,905 barrels. t1,600 barrels pickled, and 2,900 barrels fresh; total, 4,500 barrels. }The Herrick did not sail until July 22. §Among the ‘fishing items” in the Cape Ann Advertiser of October 21, 1881, we find the following mention of catches of mackerel made by some of the seiners, which may serve to show the energy and activity with which this fishery is prosecuted: “*Schooner ‘ Moro Castle’ sailed from this port on Thursday morning of last week, and returned in the evening of the same day with 140 wash barrels of handsome mackerel. Schooner ‘Dreadnaught’ sailed from Portland after mackerel the other night, was gone twenty-one hours, and returned with 205 barrels. Schooner ‘David A. Osier’ sailed from Hull Friday evening, and was at this port next morning with 105 wash barrels of mackerel. Schooner ‘ Wildfire,’ Captain McLain, has landed and sold $3,200 worth of mackerel in the past fortnight, and has enough fish on board to add another thousand dollars to her stock. Schooner ‘Fleetwing’ took 210 barrels sea-packed mackerel at one haul of the seine off Plymouth on Saturday. Schooner ‘Wm. M. Gafi- ney’ took 140 wash barrels at one haul Sunday, and schooner ‘ Henry Friend’ 140 wash barrels at one haul Sunday night. Schooner ‘ Madawaska Maid’ left Gloucester Sun- day, turning Eastern Point at 11 o’clock a, m., and arrived at Boston at five o’clock Monday morning, with 225 barrels sea-packed mackerel; in five weeks the ‘Mada- waska Maid’ has landed 1,000 barrels of mackerel. The schooner ‘Wm. M. Gaffney’ landed 900 barrels of meieecel in twenty-one days.” [77] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 167 20.—HISTORY OF THE USE OF PURSE-SEINES. The earliest: record of the use of the purse-seine is the following, ob- tained from Capt. E. T. Deblois, of Portsmouth, R. L: “The first purse-seine that was made, so far as I know, was made by John Tallman the first, and Jonathan Brownell and Christopher Bar- ker, in the year 1826. It was 284 meshes deep and 65 fathoms long. The purse-weight was a 56-pound weight, and the blocks were the com- mon single blocks, and they had to reeve the end of the purse-line through the blocks before they put the purse-weight overboard. The first time the seine was set there were fourteen men to help; they set around what they called a 500 barrel school of menhaden, and while they were pursing the fish rushed against the twine so hard that they twisted and snarled the net around the purse-line and weight to that extent that the men could not gather the seine up or get her into the boat again as they were, and after they had worked six hours, and quar- reled over the matter, they decided to tow or warp the seine ashore at high water, and when the tide left the seine they would be able to wnsnart it, which they did the next day. It was a number of days before they could muster courage to set her again, and when they did they set around a small school with better success.” There is a general impression among the fishermen of Northern New England that the purse-seine was a development of the “ spring-seine,” elsewhere referred to, but this would seem to be a mistake, since the spring-seine, which really appears to have been nothing but a large sheet-net with special appliances adapting it for use on board of a ves- sel, was not used in New England until 1853 or 1854. There is also another tradition to the effect that the purse-seine was invented about the year 1837 by a native of Maine who had for some years been em- ployed as a hand on a Gloucester schooner, and who conceived the idea of capturing mackerel in large numbers, and invented a seine substan- tially like the one now in use, which, finding the Gloucester fishermen unwilling to enter into experiments, he carried to Rhode Island, where it was used in the vicinity of Seaconnet for seining menhaden. This would appear to be a conglomeration of errors, partly imaginary, partly based upon the circumstances already narrated by Captain Deblois. Reference has already been made to the claim that the purse-seine was invented in Rhode Island as early as 1814. Another early allusion to this new instrument of capture was given in the following paragraph, taken from the Gloucester Telegraph of Wednesday, July 21, 1839: “New Fishing Tackle-—We noticed, a week or two since, the fact that Capt. Isaiah Baker, of Harwich, had recently commenced fishing with a seine of entirely new construction and with remarkable success. It was stated in the Yarmouth Register that he had cleared about $3,000 in one week, by taking shad. A correspondent writes us from West Harwich that the fortunate captain still continues to make equally 168 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [78] ‘clorious hauls.” He is now in Provincetown with his seine catching mackerel, and recently took 60 barrels at one ‘shoot.’ This new mode of fishing bids fair to create an entire revolution in the mackerel and shad fisheries. Our correspondent says that the Vineyard Sound will soon become a great fishing ground. It is well known that all the shad, bass, mackerel, ete., which are found in Block Island Channel early in the spring pass through the sound, and it is now ascertained that with proper seines they may be caught in great abundance. With a purse- seine, when mackerel are schooling or shoaling, the fishermen may run around them and inclose one hundred barrels. They will not bite at bobs as in years past, but Cape Cod ingenuity has devised something to out-general them.” The purse-seine was undoubtedly a development and extension of the idea of the drag-seine supplemented by that of the gill-net used at sea in sweeping around schools of fish. The first seine used north of Cape Cod was that carried by Capt. Nathaniel Adams, of Gloucester, in the schooner “Splendid,” in the year 1850. Capt. Nathaniel Watson, of the “Raphael,” began using one the same year. According to Mr. Luther Maddox, the earliest ex- periments were at Chelsea Beach. It is claimed by some that Gorham Babson, of Gloucester, had one in use as early as 1847. The early seines were about 200 yards in length, 22 fathoms in depth, and of 23-inch mesh, the bunts being about 250 meshes square. The twine was much heavier than that used in the present seine; the whole net weighed 600 or 700 pounds. The seine in its present form did not come into general use until about 1860. The rapidity with which this expensive form of apparatus has come to be generally employed in our fisheries seems almost marvelous. At the present time the total number of these nets used in the mackerel fishery is not far from 400, valued at 160,000 dollars; in the menhaden fishery 366, valued at 138,400 dollars. The total value of the purse- seines with the value added of the seine-boats, which really are parts of the same apparatus, cannot be less than 440,000 dollars. Capt. W. H. Oakes states that in early days a certain kind of net was used in catching menhaden which reached to the bottom in shallow water and which was pursed by means of ropes. Capt. George Blatch- ford used to go for menhaden in an old pinkie, and used one of these nets. Captain Oakes is of the opinion that Capt. William Ratcliff, of Rocky Neck, Gloucester, was the first man who caught mackerel in deep water off-shore. He used some kind of a purse-seine, and with it in two hauls caught about 90 barrels of mackerel off Monhegan in 90 fathoms of water. Capt. George Merchant, jr., of Gloucester, writes as follows re- garding the early attempts to seine mackerel in deep water. He says: ‘Previous to 1862 the only mackerel caught in deep water, in seines, were taken with the schools of pogies. From one to ten or twelve [79] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 169 hundred in number were often caught in this way, the seiners :upposing that their being with the pogies prevented them from trying to escape, since pogies seldom leave the seine after it is around them, but we never set the seine for them (mackerel) when in deeper water than ten fathoms, our seines not being deeper than that at that time. One day in July, 1862, I lay at anchor near Boon Island, it being calm at the time. While lying there a school of mackerel came up and began to play around at the surface, not far from us. Knowing that the water was twenty-five fathoms deep where the fish were, I did not go after them right away, but after they had been schooling some time I concluded to go out and look at them. I found the water to be as I had expected— twenty-five fathoms deep. I thought, however, that I would try just to see what would come of it, although the men said it would be no use, as the fish would soon disappear, but we threw out our seine and went around them, with as little noise as possible, and commenced to purse up, the men saying that the mackerel would soon go, but they did not go, but continued to school in the seine until the latter was pursed up, and the rings on the boat. Then we thought we had done something never before heard of. We took fifty barrels of large mackerel that time. ‘After securing the fish I weighed anchor and ran to Richmond’s Isl- and. When I arrived there I found fifteen fishing vessels at anchor. I told them (the skippers and crews) that I had taken fifty barrels of mackerel in deep water, but they would not believe it, saying that if I had it would never be done again. But it set them to thinking, and they soon found that mackerel could be caught in deep water. The fleet of seiners began to increase from that time, and has kept growing until the present, when it amounts to about two hundred sail.* I date the catching of mackerel in deep water from the time and occurrence I have mentioned above. I was in one of the first seven vessels that sailed on seining voyages from Gloucester, Capt. Samuel Blatchford and Capt. Nathaniel Watson being the two first to try the business, and they both gave up seining, as it did not pay them.” Wellfleet, Mass., had 52 mackerel seiners in 1877. Seines were first carried by the Wellfleet vessels about 1857, but their use was soon abandoned. In 1863 to 1865 the “‘ Mary B. Dyer” had a seine, and since that time more or less seines have been in use. In 1873 all the vessels went into this business. The first purse-seine brought into Central Maine, writes Mr. Earll, was bought by Mr. Amherst Spofford, and taken to Damariscove in 1859, and used with rather indifferent success until 1861; it was 130 fathoms long and 12 fathoms deep; the parties kept it on the island and took it out in small boats whenever fish were seen schooling in the vicinity. It seems that Mr. Spofford did not thoroughly understand setting it and caught but few fish. * Sailing from Gloucester. 170 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [80} In 1861 he sold it to Messrs. William Gray and Miles Pierce, and it was taken to Cape Newagen, where it was successfully used by carrying it out in a small boat and landing the fish on a dressing stage on shore in the same way. The next year it was put aboard a small schooner, the “Leon,” and the fish landed as before in small boats to be dressed, the vessel being only large enough to carry the seine. In 1863 the seine was put aboard the schooner “‘ Dawning Day,” 73 tons O. M., and the fish were dressed aboard. This was really the commence- ment of deep-water seining in this section, and the vessel did so well as to induce others to go into the business the following year. The schooner “ Niagara” was the first to provide herself with a seine in 1864, and another was bought and owned by two small vessels, the “‘ Wild Rose” and the *‘ Neptune,” one carrying the seine and the other salt and barrels for curing the fish. This plan did not work well and was soon abandoned. The schooner “Niagara” did well from the start and has always been high line of the seiners for this section. Georgetown sent one seiner, the ‘‘ Coquimbo,” in 1865, and a little later the schooner “Sunbeam,” Captain McMann, but they met with poor suc- cess, and no seiners have been sent since from that port. Westport has made two attempts at introducing seining; the first in 1872 by schooner “Jennie Armstrong,” Capt. B. I’. Jewett, and the sec- ond a three-masted schooner of 350 tons, the ‘Geo. W. Jewett,” Capt. A. M. Jewett, carrying two seines and crews in 1875. Both vessels did very poorly and gave up the business after the first season. 21.—THE ATTEMPTED USE OF THE PURSE-SEINE IN NORWEGIAN WATERS. In 1878 a Gloucester vessel essayed fishing for mackerel with a purse- seine on the coast of Norway. In April the schooner “Notice,” Capt. Knud Markurson, departed on this mission, taking a crew of twelve men and the most approved seining apparatus. It was remarked by a writer in the Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, of July: “The mackerel fishermen, who have till now been in the habit of ply- ing their trade in open but suitable boats, are, however, greatly agi- tated at the present moment in consequence of the arrival at Risor, some three weeks ago, of an American fishing smack, direct from Gloucester, in North America, understood to be followed by a whole fishing fleet from New England, to take part in the mackerel fishery outside the Norwegian fishing territorium. As all these American smacks are re- ported as provided with bag or purse nets, by means of which they are enabled to catch more fish upon one single haul than ten Norwegian boats during a whole day, it is obvious that the Norwegian fishermen will have to discard their old mode of fishing, and to have recourse to the American fishing method, if they do not want to lose all the advan- tages enjoyed till now. The mackerel fishery has always been of great importance to Norway, some 7,000,000 of these fish being on the aver-, 300,000 150,000 100.000 60,000 ~| 350.000 | 300.000 250,000 | 150,000 100,000 50,000 The unby sin a fresh condition or salted. ne a. 4 _ { 2 w we a - Th - we th iy Se . Lon 7 ‘ft 4 ap 5 a ie = i = ’ . eo: a ra . vs 2 19 ai | 7 x wer ne) : rN ee ey ee os i y a ; - ieee Ne na eo i Liber sl ver ae é ie at, WS "> = Perel as je ap i 4) I faee sige? ll ssa al lye J ar. Lt fie x ¥ am 7 - aie? =e > a alts ra 7 | ep ee. | -" : “ sy OT o sR che 8 ne ++ het » eae, eae | naam : r) Vas 4 Ja jie Wie rd a4 ve wea pus ii “s * he aati ae * ah 2eP by cve Y sel ; 7 , "yr — oe ry yas ‘ re ~ y , | . 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Nn voli i a ; 1 r. 4 ira wy, ye ae Thee ae ol pg at ~~" lang a 13 en uh 1 Y ate: ha ' 7 - 7 Ubagl il fein 5 eal A sig mr at i ¢ J : eS wis oe “i ieee i, (aca ‘ ee it ai Lie. ji ry rinl mn Ms ne ay : * ae im) er “teal WY oi ae C 7 a a ‘: a 7 ae ia # Soca pe , 1 a a 7 _— wv abs Pee Ln et ai : A jor » ¥ sad sh y im ei ae ‘a > eer f o a a " a ‘ rs ( : ee : en ' i 7. a) a - @. als , is o | nia 4@ Ma OS Sa Se ST i yu i a ie. a Oi - 13 a f ol, = f ai Ps a } a im ; a fell a pat = 7 p PUA aaa iM a oy LY a ap} ie a 1S i r SF ae eee Pe ee meee et ; | | = NOTE - | Quantitie at th 1e sic sides represent barr | 200000 oll | EE — wee eens —+ fh a yt ‘ bf. ‘ TT = T 200,000 /— 180,000 7 | | 100,000 5 i kerel in barre ! lin Ss ties ackere A whether sold in the rkeisin a fres condition or salted 1 barrels. The broken li indicates the total quantite f mach 1 tah r a De ites quantities of pickled mackere ue ae : ~ e vir ee re ’ © ite Se be ie : 7 = y , - ; 7 S ‘| | ia haa 7 my _— : -_ q mh) Seat yl) hens 688, 2 OP ey igen) > ee ‘i a be, “ enh aint bere F | :. ro : a a) De he : rT ary , ee 1a poe i, iii 4 i) i ri i. pp Ad ‘ig: eles a 4 ah ARE? e 1 aa. hace « id oes ap aed ad rar i. , Se iE ete rr ar Pog: . er ; nal bila o>) Bm sa: +4 “a ‘ap —_ , 19 _ tye fy \gté ws 4a) oak "te PE ras re sleek ia i’ j tren wv P > Aime & st Aas cal a . anaee spe a) ay a if i Pome m ‘oy 7 _—~ 6: 1a + : o> Wy To i Oe : ; er, ae = we on ree iit el: ih , . , ; ya pm RN ”“ ba r res > * 32 pth Fr vat. ‘ a oe er . we -” arene » Auk nT ns a ~ L =a “ = "i 1 wh a Beers, wet a 17 reve 9 OM Be nt ie oe. veel p? n ana =) oo ik = 4d y ) *, ot 4 ' : — a wy > ehh 3) i a, wr ; s - a x hol " _ lege anne ) * i ee eet: Mew eae yee 4 7 ae a a ae AS visiakes am ee 2% vn i ; ; i? - 7 i a ~ 4 Wwe _ 43 “A : y ie } ’ ‘STi = wine - " Ns 79, o rn we ae aS z a ee aw : , i a a ‘wi Jaa if oa en: . - a fe, . hd ah ‘phd te VF 5 4 abi... ui a0 jn oth a : of.» i ere ‘ue nie al i on ’ = ae Me “ lal ( a Oy ia ad by "ie or on e) ait 3 a a wl a, vs £4 0 i" Dan wien! ny bee ue » ” nie t, fe 7 _ = - © = ay poe aid aS a Oy/ i hail i 1 oa _ io 2) Gin ety a Ke ‘ =F fe io ae said — wife ; ai cap n 7 7 Te ail a - es we. WF Hee, i banat ¢o™ a nltig » Pa _ fl 7 r 23 bl s 7 aa ia’ ap =) eae watt, Af ueeper bt IE Mt a 7 a’ if! > =, es a : 7 a i , AN 2) Ke . mae oy Bi z -? aA . . 7 ‘ are we —— ' ayes q . we : i — ’ a 1 Ea 15 A ie y apa, a . 5 fA) ; 7 G we ' “ay 7 "4 f eS = it a as , ia i 2 a ae Pr ir 4 ane e 7 ' che ; 7 js i y 7 _ 4 ‘y 7 ha : ; : ' ie - ; | ; ; - hot rn Paar n x45 F; at , of fom Das. a £ ma a) 4 ‘ or: ? ay » § i : - ” Ge ® > mati SS nd - eee 7 7 , as 7 en f 4 ton 24 i | ae » ers ee oot hh? — oo eae ah » o(. ) a j : = eine ters Sl ee | is eit Saree: he on eh “, A i an .9) Aiwl seine: nile Da , re — vr sali - = al rv seedy wil wey ey ri eee av 7 7 ; K ' i : ; Me “phd, 7 bathe l oe Put a at j ye vy i Aa i os : ae wie o re ar. 1 wad RR tn | ar ome Pa _— | 7 4 a | NN que ‘nnn Gs aiid nd ‘ale i Ae dahil wit omg ng 7 i |, ae j 7 i % } Ov preee *; A thy ane! 4 a, y ) - — ae -T ee : ~ ne hl Nieg A i 3 begs? A! Hii : an ts weeny ae i. a y tre: ; . is _ oa as ri ibs 7 " v \ ibd 4 it 1 i ai 1 ays , =e ee i ; ' ; s! - : a a net Ps Pe 4 " a i. 4: eter 7 ie be 7 a] AE i j th ara > 4 rt Votgity nt . 2 os [ wo we 4 ae fe nm Re at aan! 2h ms oe) a real oo en 7 ees va eee oo Be ic iy \ jo . Fy, q a ee hed i me. 1 a i ay i a 7 7 i = au a, ’ car mm Ne ie 7 - b feel ny : ic i att it vy i re ‘y -- ah bbs ty ah ha eel wh ’ ay ‘- 7) ow! a - : \ a a ay on epee ri 0 et #60 ‘iam : ~~ . ae my 7 - 7 ) es . Buia Sp aie - wie - ef 7 r Mp4 i, ae a i men aay FA oa ie ait ie dla 7 wir ot 46)’ the 7 a. Vv. er a i oa . F 1a a_i ca Sa hilies aha fi oa _ sis, ota ig : wit, ti 4 ey has ants eal sti ‘i hans OD 7 eee - iL . T Al p wri ee ae. Agi oe mt, § ; oe H a rt ae i. 7 ot vee em ae —\) —_—e (eb a= ehhh i re jp ere a aan 7 ey bay a a By. Died | : lage Ly) She, Cath a. aL : ’ ta Sa 7 se a 7) oe sr , @ & ‘i - s eer as Hog 3 ee ae Lo) ee ; 4 hie lt a teed} OL 4 a “ii ar \ i / rn Bye ae ells a aa ; ‘Oba i ic 7 Weis joe ie yon Onn —_ y) | ie 7 ur a ol f [81] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. ie age caught annually, of which number about 70,000 centners, at a value of from 600,000 to 700,000 crowns, are exported. The government is well aware of the danger threatening the public weal, and has con- sequently taken every possible measure in order to prevent such dis- astrous results as the loss by the Norwegian fishermen of the mack- erel fishery. A most accurate description of the nets used by the Amer- icans has been printed, and, with a great number of nets of this kind, made to order by the net manufactory at Bergen, distributed among the fishing population. Models of the different sorts of the fast-sailing American boats have also been obtained through the Norwegian con- sul at Gloucester, Massachusetts, direct from the manufacturers of such boats. The well-known industry and activity of the Norwegian fisher- men, combined with the efforts of the government, will, no doubt, en- able them not only successfully to hold, but to improve, their own pros- pects as regards the mackerel fishery by the timely adoption of the American methods and arrangements for fishing.” * The venture was, however, not a successful one. On his return home Captain Markurson stated that he had been unable to use the seine advantageously owing to the fact that the mackerel did not in those waters school together in large bodies as they do along the New Eng- land shores. D.—THE MACKEREL HOOK FISHERY. The mackerel fishery at the time of its highest development, from 1820 to 1870, was carried on almost exclusively by the use of little hooks with heavily weighted shanks, known as “mackerel jigs.” For many years there were from 600 to 900 vessels, chiefly from Cape Cod and northward, engaged in this fishery; and in the year 1831 the total amount of mackerel salted in Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts was 450,000 barrels. As will be seen by an examination of the diagram, showing the yield in the mackerel fishery from 1804 to 1881, elsewhere published in this report, the quantity of fish taken from year to year has been extremely variable, but has at no other time approached the enormous quantity on record for the years 1835 and 1881. The jig has now been almost entirely superseded by the purse-seine, and this radical change in the method of catching mackerel has caused the desertion, by the mackerel fleet, of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and the practical futility—to benefit our fishermen—of the fishery clauses of the Treaty of Washington. Allattempts, with a very few exceptions, to use the purse-seine in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence have been failures. In 1880 the schooner “Alice,” of Swan’s Island, caught 700 barrels by use of the purse-seine in the gulf, but not 10 per cent. of the other vessels which visited this region, then or within the four or five previous years, paid their expenses. *Cape Ann Advertiser, August 9, 1878. 172 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [82] The mackerel hook fishery is of the past; and this chapter must be regarded, in large part, as historical. It is by no means impossible, however, in years to come that the old method of fishing, which had many undoubted advantages over that at present employed, will be revived. 22.—F ISHING-GROUNDS. The grounds frequented by the mackerel-hookers, as the fishermen call them, were as follows: . (a.) The Gulf of Saint Lawrence.*—In the early part of the season the favorite fishing-grounds were in the southwestern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, from Cape Gaspé to the North Cape of Prince Ed- ward Island; especially off Point Escuminac, Pigeon-hill ground, or the west shore lying along the coast from Miramichi to Point Miscou, Bank Bradley, Bank Orphan, and Bay of Chaleur. Later in the season, in July, August, and September, the principal fisheries were carried on upon the grounds just mentioned, also around the Magdalen Islands and along the north side of Prince Edward Island. Occasionally, too, in August and September, vessels fished on the south side of Prince Edward Island from Georgetown to East Point. In September and October fishing was carried on at the Magdalens, Prince Edward Island, in the Bay of Saint George, between Cape Saint George and Port Hood, and on the northwest shore of Cape Breton from Port Hood to Cape North. Favorite localities were about Margaree Islands and Cheticamp; also, on the east side of Cape Breton, in Aspee Bay, and about Sydney. About 1858 and 1859 several successful fares were made in the estuary of the Saint Lawrence from Cape Gaspé to Cape Chatte; and about the Seven Islands and Mingan Islands on the coast of Labra- dor. In the year 1877 a Gloucester schooner obtained 200 barrels of mackerel at Port-au-Port, on the west coast of Newfoundland.t Bird *Note upon the origin of mackerel fishing in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Mr. Daniel Cameron, of Southport, Me., thinks the first American vessels went to the Bay in 1832. This year 4 went, among others the schooner ‘‘ Galen,” Captain Pate, of Freeport. These schooners averaged 60 to 70 tons, carried about 250 barrels, and filled up in four or five days. The first vessel going to the bay from this section of which we learn was the schooner “‘ Olinda,” Capt. Jos. Maddocks, of Southport, in 1837. Captain Atwood states that, in 1834, the New England fleet in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence consisted of six vessels, three of them from Provincetwn. The Cape Ann Advertiser of May 13, 1859, refers to ‘‘the custom which has grown up within a few years of going to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence for mackerel, where already the supply is lessening.” tA LUCKY STREAK.—The schooner ‘‘ William T. Smith,” Capt. Henry O. Smith, the last of the baymen, arrived home on Monday, bringing a good fare of mackerel, of which about 200 barrels were caught off Newfoundland, as already mentioned in our columns. These fish are of good size and prime quality, and will command a ready sale. Captain Smith struck a streak of luck when he ventured into untried waters in pursuit of mackerel, and his voyage will prove a profitable one, which is an anomaly in this branch of the fishing industry the present season.—(Cape Ann Adver- tiser, November 23, 1877.) [83] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 173 Rock, situated east of the Magdalen Islands, has occasionally been a fav- orite ground, since the mackerel taken there were almost always very large. (b.) Gulf of Maine.—From June to November excellent fishing was to be had in various parts of the Gulf of Maine. Early in the season mackerel were taken all the way from Cash’s Ledge to the Bay of Fundy; from the middle of June to September the favorite localities were in the vicinity of Monhegan Island, Matinicus Rock, and Mount Desert Rock. From about 1830 to about 1845 some fishing was done in the Bay of Fundy, north of the island of Grand Manan. When the autumnal migration of the mackerel begins the vessels follow them as they proceed southward. Favorite fishing grounds are then off Port- land; later, about Boone Island, off Cape Ann, and the waters of Mas- sachusetts Bay, and along the outside of Cape Cod, the latest catches being generally obtained off Chatham and the eastern part of Nantucket Shoals. Fishing here continues sometimes until the latter part of No- vember.* (c.) George’s Bank.—Mackerel were in some years very abundant on George’s Bank, especially on the southern portion from June to Sep- tember. Later in the season the weather was generally unfavorable for fishing in this region. The mackerel caught here were recognized, as now, .to be of very fine quality. (d.) South coast of New England.—Of late years a small quantity of extraordinarily fine mackerel have been caught with jigs in the vicinity of Block Island in summer and fall. In previous years the mackerel fishery in this vicinity was chiefly carried on in the spring. (e.) The coast of the Middle States from Montauk Point to Delaware.— This fishery was chiefly carried on in May, and in many respects cor- responded to the spring mackerel fishery described in another section of this chapter; this is now prosecuted with seines on the same grounds, and the fish are mostly taken to New York for sale, principally in a fresh condition, though formerly they were generally salted. (f.) The eastern coast of Nova Scotia.—In this region, although great quantities of mackerel are sometimes taken in pounds, nets, and seines, in the early summer and fall, they are very rarely taken on the hook. About 1854 and 1855 several fares of extremely large mackerel were caught at Sable Island by Cape Cod vessels. 23.—THE FISHERMEN. The men engaged in the mackerel hook fishery, especially in the pe- riod of its culmination, were almost exclusively natives of New Eng- land. From 1850 to 1870 the provincial element in the fleet gradually increased. When this fishery was most prosperous not less than 10,000 *Tn the fall of 1849 one of the writers had the opportunity of seeing a fleet of mack- erel schooners fishing off Chatham. The number of vessels in the fleet was variously estimated from 500 to 700 sail—a beautiful and interesting sight. 174 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [84] were employed on board the vessels belonging to the American fleet. The vessels engaged in this fishery carried very large crews; in fact, larger than have ever been carried by other vessels. Not unfrequently a schooner of 80 to 100 tons would carry twenty men, and, in some in- stances, twenty-four. Among the crew were generally three or four boys, sometimes five, from ten to seventeen years of age. These boys fished from the extreme ends of the vessel; they were frequently very success- ful, and by the training in this fishery fitted themselves to take respon- sibilities in the fishing fleet at a much earlier age than otherwise would have been possible. At sixteen or seventeen years of age many of the boys ranked among the first of the crew to which they belonged, and it sometimes happened that the command of a schooner was given to the most enterprising before they were out of their teens. 24.—THE VESSELS. Prior to 1848 the mackerel fleet was made up exclusively of the old- fashioned square-stern schooners registering from 25 tons to 80 or 90 tons, old measurement, and of pinkies registering from 20 to 60 tons. Newburyport had a large fleet of pinkies, registering, old measurement, from 40 to 60 tons. Most of them carried a flying jib. From 1848 to 1850 the necessity for swifter vessels was felt, and vari- ous experiments, which are described in the chapter on the schooner, were made. J'rom this time on all the vessels added to the fleet were of improved model, approximating, more or less closely, to the modern type of the fishing schooner. These vessels were in those days known as “‘sharp-shooters.” As early as 1855 the character of the fleet had become very much modified, there being a large percentage of modern- built vessels, and the pinkies and square-stern schooners were retained only by conservatives and by the smaller ports, especially those on the coast of Maine. Many of these old vessels had by this time been with- drawn from the mackerel fishery and employed in other branches of the fisheries. As early as 1870 the old square-stern vessels and pinkies had entirely disappeared from the fleet, most of them long before that date. The mackerel-hookers, when fitted out for fishing, had the decks clear. Upon the starboard side of the vessel were arranged line-cleats. These were in early times small narrow cleats of pine nailed to the in- side of the waist, but after the introduction of finer vessels the fisher- men became more careful, and substituted a complicated, ladder-like arrangement, consisting of two long horizontal strips, which were crossed by from eight to twelve shorter vertical strips or cleats, with projecting ends, an arrangement of this kind being secured between each pair of the top timbers. On the top of the rail was nailed the bait-board, in which were cut grooves arranged for the reception of a supply of jig bait, which was cut into bits ready for use; these grooves cannot be easily described. Upon the bait-board, or upon the edge of the rail, were fastened so-called “snapper cleats,” ingenious contrivances, of elastie [85] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Vis wood or of metal, by which the lines were kept in ther places while the men were fishing. The bait-boxes were fastened on the starboard side; these were wooden troughs holding from one to seven or eight buckets of bait apiece. There were three of these bait-boxes, the largest placed outside of the rail at the foot of the main rigging, one on the quarter near the davit; the third was placed at the fore rigging. The forward and after bait- boxes were usually less than half as large as the one amidship. The bait-mill was placed on deck, on the port side of the vessel, near the main rigging. During the later years of this fishery many of the vessels carried on the deck at the foot of the main rigging on the starboard side a bait-chest divided into two compartments, the smaller one for the clam bait and the larger one for the ground menhaden bait. On such schooners as were not provided with a bait-chest, the ground bait, or chum, was kept in barrels. Two of these barrels were generally kept near the starboard main rigging, so that those who threw out the toll- bait could refill the boxes with as little loss of time as possible. The hold was left unobstructed by bulkheads; the ballast was usually gravel or pebbles and was not covered by a platform. Some vessels earried part of their ballast in barrels, throwing it overboard when the barrels were needed for fish. The number of barrels carried by a vessel would vary, according to her size, from one hundred to six or seven hundred, part of these being filled with salt and bait. The mackerel- hookers usually carried a single boat (of the yawl pattern) at the stern. Occasionally vessels going to fish on the coast of Labrador, or at the mouth of the Saint Lawrence, or even on the coast of New England, carried a number of dories or other boats, which were used by the men when they fished in the harbors.* 25.—APPARATUS AND METHODS OF FISHING. (a.) The mackerel jig.—The mackerel jig is said to have been invented about the year 1815, by Abraham Lurvey, of Pigeon Cove; according to other authority by one Thurlow, of Newburyport.t It is simply a * In certain localities the mackerel could only be taken to good advantage among the rocks close to the shore; and the men fished from small boats rather than from the side of the vessel. ‘ + According to Captain Merchant, the ‘‘ mackerel jig” was introduced at Cape Ann about 1815. Mr. Abraham Lurvey, of Pigeon Cove, was one of the first to use them, and was supposed to have invented them. The advantages of this new invention im- mediately brought it into general use. Before “jigs” were devised, the ‘‘gangings” of the mackerel lines would frequently break when the fish was jerked or “slatted” off the hook; when the ‘‘ jig” is used this rarely occurs. Before the time of the “‘jig” it was customary to bait the hooks, when mackerel were plenty, with pieces of pork “as big as a four-pence-ha’penny.” According to Captains Daniel Cameron and John Grey, of Southport, Me., Edward Caiss, a fisherman of Hingham, Mass., invented the mackerel jig between the years 18lu and 1814, and by 1829 it had come into general use on the coast of Maine. It was introduced into Maine some time before 1829, but by whom no one knows.— [Ear Lt. ] 176 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [86] hook, round the shank of which has been cast a plummet of lead, pew- ter, or tin, Somewhat globular at its upper end and tapering down toward the bend of the hook. At the upper end is a hole through which a fishing line is bent. The weight of a mackerel jig has varied from a quarter of an ounce to three or four ounces at different times during the history of the fishery. At first they were made much heavier than they have been in later years. At present many fishermen, when using jigs, prefer them very small. It has been stated that each fisherman has from seven to twelve fishing cleats in his berth at the rail. On these cleats are fastened an assortment of lines with jigs of various sizes, the heaviest being used when the mackerel are biting fast, or when the wind is blowing fresh; the lightest, when the water is very smooth, or when the mackerel are “picking,” or nibbling daintily. The fishermen always made their jigs in molds of metal or soapstone, this operation being similar to the old-fashioned method of making bullets. In former days these molds were made of iron, but many of the fishermen being dissatisfied with the shape constructed them for their own use of lead. At present the soapstone jig-molds and the lead and pewter constitute a part of the outfit of a vessel. When jigs were first introduced, however, it was customary for fisher- men to cast them for themselves in molds improvised in buckets of sand or ashes, afterwards beating into shape the rough castings, and boring the hole for the line. This custom was prevalent on some vessels as late as 1850. In the later years of this fishery the fishermen became very critical in the matter of jigs, and were not satisfied unless they were elegantly shaped and brilliantly polished. ‘The lines were six or eight fathoms in length, of cotton, being either hawser or shroud laid. Of later years these have always been of cotton. In early days, when the heavier jigs were in vogue, much larger lines were used than at a later period; since 1860 it has been customary to use a kind of snood, called ‘‘snapper-line,” made of strong linen thread and usually colored blue. The ‘‘snapper-lines” are from 15 to 18 inches long, one end being bent to the jig, and the other fastened to the fishing-line with what is called a ‘“‘water-knot.” During the voyage the lines are generally coiled up and bung upon the fishing-cleats on the waist when not in use. As has been stated, each man has from eight to twelve lines, with jigs of different sizes, fastened to the cleats at his berth. A quantity of extra lines and hooks are carried by the vessel. (b.) The mackerel fly-hook.—The mackerel fly-hook, formerly very pop- ular and introduced before 1850, has been discontinued since 1860. This is an extra hook on a ganging from 12 to 15 inches long, fastened to the jig-line 8 or 10 inches above the jig. Not being weighted, this hook floats at an angle when the jig is sinking, and by using it two mackerel are sometimes caught at once, one biting at the jig and one on the fly- hook. The fly-hook went out of favor because it was liable to become entangled with the other fishing-gear. [87] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. gyi (c.) The mackerel gaff.—The mackerel gaff is an iron rod a quarter of an inch in diameter, 34 feet long, having at one end two recurved sharp points about 2 inches long and separated at the extremities by an inter- val of one-half to three-quarters of an inch, returning in a line parallel with the direction of the rod. The mackerel gaff is fastened to a wooden handle about 10 or 12 feet long, and was used when the mackerel were schooling thickly alongside of the vessel and were not inclined to take the hook. The gaff was thrust among the fish and rapidly drawn back, often impaling one and sometimes two mackerel at atime. This im- plement has not been used since the introduction of seines, and but rarely during the last twenty years. (d.) The mackerel “bob” or “ bobber.”—This is an instrument resembling the mackerel gaff in the manner of its use. In its rude form the bob was a stick of wood, around the end of which three or four cod-hooks, with their barbs filed off, were fastened. The same idea has since been developed in various ways, the most elaborate form being that illus- trated in our plate. The bob is fastened to a string and drawn through a school of fish, impaling them in the same manner as the gaff. This instrument was discontinued long before the gaff, and, in fact, has never been so popular. These bobs were used only when the mackerel were schooling in great numbers alongside of the vessel and refusing to bite. (e.) Bait and apparatus for its preparation.—Bait used in the mackerel fishery is of two kinds, (1) that put upon the hooks, and (2) that thrown into the water to attract the fish. The method of baiting the jigs which has been adopted by mackerel fishermen is Somewhat peculiar, and a description of the process may be of interest in this place. As a rule, when a mackerel schooner first arrives on the fishing ground and is about to begin fishing with hook and line, the jigs which are to be immediately used are baited with small circular pieces of pork rind, two or three of these being put on each hook. Sometimes, however, no one but the skipper uses pork-rind bait, the other members of the crew preferring to wait until some mackerel are caught from which they can procure a supply of bait for their hooks. The favorite way of bait- ing mackerel hooks is as follows, namely: Several thin strips about a half inch wide and three to five inches long, are cut either from the belly of the mackerel or from the lower portion of the body on either side of the anal fin.* When a sufficient number of these slices have been obtained they are cut into sections, each of which is, approximately, a half inch square. A large number of these pieces are put on the hook, completely filling the bend, after which the baits are scraped with the back of a knife in such a manner as to remove everything but the tough white skin, which, when distended in the water, forms a soft pulpy mass *Strips for bait cut from near the anal fin are usually preferred, since they cannot 80 easily be torn from the hook as can the fatter and tenderer strips taken from the abdomen. S. Mis. 110 12 178 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [88] about the size of the end of one’s forefinger; but this can be contracted into a very small space, and thus afford the eager fish ample opportunity to secure a good hold of the hook while seeking the tempting but yielding morsel upon it. A bait of this kind will last more than an hour without. being renewed, even when mackerel are biting sharply. When the fish are “picking” or less inclined to take the hook, a fisherman is often not obliged to bait his jigs more than once in a whole day. Sometimes the fishermen cut out a small circular piece from the throat of the mackerel, which they place on their hook above the scraped bait. This throat piece is quite firm and for awhile prevents the soft skins composing the bait below it from being entangled on the point of the hook and thus preventing the latter from easily catching the biting fish. In the early days of the mackerel hook fishery the toll bait chiefly used was made of small mackerel, and sometimes of large ones too when small fish could not be obtained. The viscera of the mackerel were also frequently used in the absence of better. From 1835 to 1840 menhaden came into general use, andswere subsequently always in high favor. They had, however, been in common use by Gloucester fishermen at the very eommencement of the century. They were caught in gill-nets. It was the custom of the Gloucester people to leave home a little after tea, set their nets off Kettle Island, and lie there till about midnight. They would then haul their nets, pick out the fish, and start off to the mack- erel grounds.* There can be no question that the custom of chopping up small mackerel for bait was detrimental to the mackerel fishery in succeeding years, and that the introduction of menhaden was a benefit to the fishery in more ways than one. Asa “toll” bait for the mackerel, menhaden is believed to be better than any other fish; the mackerel seem to prefer it; and the presence in its flesh of a quantity of oil renders it especially convenient for the use of fishermen, since in the process of “ chumming- up,” presently to be described, a small quantity of ground menhaden bait will spread over a large area of water. In the Report of the Com- missioner of Fisheries, Part V, pp. 143 to 147, may be found a discussion of the comparative merits of herring and menhaden as a bait for mackerel. The quantity of menhaden bait carried by a mackerel schooner on a trip of two and a half to three months to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence varies, according to the size of the vessel, from 25 to 40 barrels. In addition to this they were accustomed to carry 5 to 10 barrels of clams. Capt. Sylvanus Smith, of Gloucester, stated to the Halifax Commis- sion that a vessel fitting out for a four months’ trip to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence would need to be supplied with 40 barrels of pogie bait, worth *Mr. Earll writes: ‘‘ Daniel Cameron, of Southport, states that pogies were first used in Maine about 1844, and by 1846 had come into general use. People of this sec- tion claim to have introduced the pogy, Brevoortia tyrannus, as mackerel bait, but with whom the practice originated I was unable to learn.” [89] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 179 $6 a barrel, making $240, and 10 barrels of clam bait, worth $8 a barrel, making $80.* Major Low’s statement, copied from the trip-book of the schooner Oliver Eldredge, which sailed to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence August 5, 1875, arrived at Gloucester November 2, 1875, having been absent two months and twenty-eight days, obtaining 224 barrels of mess mackerel, worth $1,771.83, shows that she fitted out with 55 barrels of slivered pogies, at $6.50 per barrel, making $337.50, and 7 barrels of clams, at $6, making $42. In 1867, when almost the entire mackerel fleet fished with hooks, the amount of menhaden bait consumed by Gloucester alone amounted, by the estimate of Mr. Joseph O. Proctor, to 6,500 barrels, and the total consumption by the United States of mackerel bait must have exceeded 25,000 barrels. In addition to this more than 1,000 barrels of clams were used. In 1877 another estimate was made of the quantity con- sumed by Gloucester. The purse-seiners were then in a large majority. The whole amount consumed by a seining vesSel does not exceed 5 or 6 _ barrels in a season. Gloucester had, in 1877, about 50 “‘ mackerel-hook- ers,” using about 2,400 barrels of slivers, while the seining fleet used about 600 barrels more. The entire amount of menhaden bait consumed by the mackerel fleet of the United States in 1877 did not probably ex- ceed 8,000 to 9,000 barrels of slivers, or 24,000 to 27,000 barrels of round fish. The menhaden used for bait in the mackerel fisheries was formerly, when a larger quantity was in demand than at present, obtained to a considerable extent from Gloucester vessels fishing expressly for men- haden in the vicinity of Cape Ann and in the Gulf of Maine. Capt. F. J. Babson, of Gloucester, whose account of the bait fishery of Cape Ann is quoted elsewhere, states that in 1873 there were over 60,000. barrels of round menhaden taken in his district, while in the same year vessels belonging to the Maine Oil and Guano Association sold of bait 2,977 barrels; in 1874, 10,400; in 1877, 10,795. From the bait fisheries about Marblehead and in the vicinity of Provincetown, according to Mr. Lowry, from 1,000 to 2,000 barrels of bait were taken in 1873. At Chatham, from 1872 to 1877, the average catch was about 5,000 barrels. A large portion of all of these fish, however, was sold to the vessels en- gaged in the George’s Bank cod-fishery. Considerable quantities also were obtained about Salem and in the Merrimac River, a portion of which went to the mackerel fishery. It was the custom of many of the vessels belonging to the spring mackerel fleet to devote a considerable time to obtaining a supply of bait for their own use during the summer fishery. In addition to this quite a number of vessels were fitted out each spring to go to Seacon- net and other places in that vicinity for the purpose of securing cargoes of menhaden slivers to sell to the early fleet going to the Bay of Saint *Proceedings of the Halitax Commission, 1877, Appendix L, p. 334. 180 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [90] Lawrence. Cape Cod vessels were accustomed to dress their bait in a peculiar manner. They did not sliver them in the ordinary way, but salted them down “round,” simply eviscerating them, cutting off the heads and the thin parts of the belly, and making slits in the sides. These vessels obtained their bait from the pound fishermen at various points on the coast of southern New England, especially in the vicinity of Seaconnet and Rhode Island, and also from the various fishing gangs connected with the oil and guano factories. In addition to the vessels which thus obtained supplies of bait for their own use, there was a fleet of bait vessels which annually proceeded to the same localities in the spring to obtain bait for sale to the vessels of the mackerel fleet not otherwise supplied. The number of baiters was five or Six. The price of menhaden for bait varied with their abundance. In Gloucester, in 1873, according to Captain Babson, 60,000 barrels of round fish made 20,000 barrels of slivers, worth $4 a barrel to the producer. At Marblehedd the price in 1876 averaged $1 for fresh and $6 for salt bait; at Chatham, $1.50 fresh; at Nantucket, 50 to 75 cents; and at Martha’s Vineyard, 50 cents. In Narragansett Bay bait sold in 1871 for $1 to $1.50 per barrel, fresh. The regular price from 1867 to 1877 at the mouth of the Merrimac River was $1 per barrel; probably 1,000 barrels of slivered fish were prepared in 1876, which sold for $5 a barrel. Boston and Gloucester vessels were accustomed to anchor at the mouth of the river and wait there for supplies of bait. At one time in 1877 there were probably 25 schooners waiting. The process of slivering and salting menhaden was described in the report on the menhaden fisheries in Part V. The manner of preparing the slivered menhaden or other fish for toll bait is very simple, and is essentially the same as that employed in early days, when it was the custom to grind up small mackerel for bait. Cap- tain Atwood remarked in his testimony before the fishery commission at Halifax: “We now use menhaden for bait, but when I first went fishing we did not do so; our practice then was to grind up small mack- erel for the purpose. Any quantity of these mackerel were at that time to be had for the cost, and plenty are to be met there now. These fish were of no account then, and so we ground them up for bait. And when we could not obtain them we ground up what you call gurry, the inwards of fish with the gills attached. American fishermen, when they fish with hooks, use menhaden bait almost exclusively. The superiority of this over any other is proved by the fact that when they can’t get menhaden they won’t take any other. At first mackerel fishermen were afraid of this bait; it was a very bony fish, and they even thought that if it was cut up for bait the mackerel would get sick of it owing to the number of bones. There is a species of fish belonging to this family found on our coast which is exceedingly fat; we call them blue-backed [91] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 181 herrings;* and some prefer this fish for bait, as it is not so bony as menhaden, but when the mackerel got to be worth having, about every- body adopted menhaden for bait; it is the cheapest bait.” + To prepare menhaden for use in the mackerel fishery, the slivers are ground up into a mush which is called “ground bait.” The slivers are passed through a bait-mill, which is a machine somewhat resembling a farmer’s feed-cutter. The fish are thrown into the hopper, and, by the agency of a roller operated by a crank at the side of the mill, are passed through a complicated array of sharp knives arranged upon the sides of the mill, and in spiral rows upon the roller. The bait is usually ground at night by the watch on deck. As arule the bait is run through the mill twice in order to make it fine enough. When the vessel has no bait-mill, which at present is rarely the case, the fish are cut up with a hatchet or scalded with boiling water in a tub. Bait-mills were first introduced about the year 1822, Prior to the introduction of the bait- mill all the bait was cut up at night with the hatchet, by the watch, upon a chopping-block, which was a large flat-topped piece of wood resembling a butcher’s meat-block. The veterans of this fishery relate with great glee how they used to be kept awake all night by the pounding of the bait-cutter over their heads, and contrast the present usages with those of former days. When there was leisure in the day-time, three or four men would work at the block together, each chopping with his own hatchet. In this way a constant supply was kept. Bait which had been ground was packed in barrels full of pickle, and covered up. The earlier bait-mills were very rude affairs, the teeth being common nails driven into the barrel and into the sides of the mill and broken off, leaving jagged ends which tore the bait into pieces. Later these were filed down to a point, while at the present time the teeth are arrow- shaped, made of steel, and are attached to the wood by means of shanks made especially for the purpose. Bait-mills are now manufactured by various mechanics at the different ports, those made by Adolph Voss, of Gloucester, being considered among the best. The cost of a good bait-mill is from $8 to $15. According to Maj. D. W. Low, the first bait-mill was made in 1820, of nails driven in lines across two wooden cylinders and then sharpened. The first one made for grinding or cutting with knives was made in 1822 by Gorham Burnham, and they were driven into cylinders in the same manner. In 1823 he commenced putting in the knives in spiral form, which form has continued in use ever since. He has made and sold in one year $1,600 worth at $10 each, besides making anchors and other work. The first bait-mill taken to southern Maine was bought in Gloucester *The Clupea estivalis. tN. E. Atwood, Proceedings of the Halifax Commission, Appendix L, p. 42, Septem- ber 19, 1877. 182 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [92] in 1827 by Mr. John Cameron, of Southport, for use on the schooner Eicho.* The manner in which the labor of grinding bait was distributed among the different members of the crew after bait-mills came into general use varied upon different vessels. Sometimes each man had his “bait day,” upon which, in addition to his regular labor of fishing, he was expected to grind bait for the use of the vessel. When fish were abundant the quantity used might be as great as five or six barrels a day. The bait-cutter was expected to have a supply of bait ready, and when there was promise of good fishing the next day would grind what he thought would be needed for the next day’s fishing during his watch at night. When he was not forehanded and the fish were abundant he suffered considerable loss, since he was obliged to work at grinding the bait while the others were fishing, and thus failed to obtain his share of the fish. On some vessels, in order to obviate this difficulty, it was customary for each man to grind a barrel in his turn, the boys doing their share of the work by cutting the clam bait. The order of their succession was determined by their position at the vessel’s rail, the man farthest for- ward taking the first turn. On other vessels, if a man was not on deck in the morning to help hoist the sails, the penalty for his absence was the grinding of a barrel of bait, a task which required about an hour and a half for its performance. When the bait has been ground’ it is placed in barrels or in the bait chests. The ground bait is an oily mass of yellowish color, resembling in consistency sausage meat. Before it is used water is added to it, and it is then reduced to the consistency of porridge. It now becomes a yellowish slushy liquid with an oily smell, and in this condition oceu- pies about twice to three times the space that it did before water was added. In this condition it is sometimes called ‘‘ chum” or “ stosh.” (J:) Mode of fishing.—The present method employed by mackerel schooners of fishing with hook and line while the schooner lies adrift was first practiced in Massachusetts at the very beginning of the pres- ent century, and the use of toll bait began about the same time. Ac- cording to Capt. Epes W. Merchant, the first man to introduce this method of fishing in Massachusetts Bay was John Story, of Rockport, about the year 1804. The method of “ tolling” or “‘chumming up” the fish by the use of this ground bait resembles the process of calling up a flock of fowls by scattering corn over a large piece of ground. The oily bait is thrown over the side of the vessel, and as the latter drifts along and the bait spreads the fish are attracted by the floating particles most remote from the vessel, and swim up toward the source of supply. The use of toll bait originated with the shore fishermen, who crushed * Statement of Daniel Cameron and Capt. John Gray, of Southport, Me., obtained by R. E. Earll. [93] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 183 the, oily menhaden under foot with their heavy fishing boots, washing the pulpy mass of flesh and the oil with buckets of water out through the scuppers of the vessel. Another statement, and perhaps the most correct one, is that at first the fishermen made toll bait by boiling a cod- fish or haddock until it was nearly cooked, when it was taken by the tail and beaten over the sides of the boat or vessel, causing the fibers of the fish to separate in small pieces, which, considering their white- ness, made a very attractive bait. This practice was still in vogue among the boat fishermen of Maine as late as 1849 and 1850. The process of throwing toll bait, of late in practice, may now be de- scribed. Several buckets of the ground bait are put into the boxes, the positions of which have already been described, and to it several buckets of water are added, the mass being thus reduced to a proper consistency by stirring it up with the bait-heavers, which are scoop- shaped contrivances made of tin on the ends of wooden handles 2 or 3 feet in length. The vessel is “hove to” under mainsail and foresail, or sometimes under mainsail, making a square drift to leeward. One aman—generally the skipper—stands forward of the main rigging with the bait-heaver and throws out the bait, something in the manner of a man sowing seed broadcast, by a sweeping motion of his right arm, scattering it over a space of 15 or 20 feet along the side of the vessel. The oily particles slowly sink and spread out under the influence of the whirling eddies caused by the receding vessel. As the vessel drifts away and one scattering of bait is on the point of disappearing from sight, another lot is thrown, and so a succession of waves of bait is left in the wake of the vessel. In the mean time the man who is throwing the bait puts out two lines and thus ascertains whether the mackerel have been attracted to the sides. As soon as the fish begin to bite, the man sings out, ‘‘ Here they are!” or “Here they gnaw!” and the crew rush to their places and begin fishing. When the fish appear, they are sometimes in small numbers and bite daintily, but often they come in immense schools and bite as fast as the hooks touch the water.* * Ngging mackerel.”—‘‘ Jigging mackerel” is a method peculiar to mackerel-catch- ers that superseded the old way called ‘‘ trailing,” or taking them while the vessel was under headway. The manner of jigging is peculiarly interesting to new beholders. The vessel is kept comparatively motionless; a large quantity of poor mackerel chopped into mince-meat is thrown upon the water, which brings them to the surface. So much of this has been done that it has, in a great measure, destroyed their appetites, and sharp-pointed hooks of a sufficient length to reach the fish have been resorted to. A line of the color of the water, called the jig line, attached to a lead of a finger’s length, say one-half inch in diameter, diminished at the end towards the hook which is solid in the lead called a ‘‘jig lead.” Bait of such as is thrown overboard is put on the hook and thrown also among the “ floating bait,” or more properly the floating fish. Thus prepared, the fisherman has little else to do but to draw in the line and snap off the fish in a tub prepared for that purpose a little faster than can be easily imagined by the land fisherman. From 50 to 80 barrels have often been taken on a good “ fish- ing day” in this way by a crew of 6 or 8 hands; oftentimes several boys comprise a portion of the company.—(Barnstable Patriot, Nov. 15, 1836.) 184 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [94] On these occasions the deck of the vessel presents a scene of great activity and excitement. Let us try to depict a scene in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. We are on the deck of a clipper schooner from Gloucester, standing along with the four lower sails and the main gaff-topsail set, a fresh breeze blowing from the southwest; the sky is overcast, and the sea comparatively smooth; within the plane of vision are the white sails of some 250 schooners, most of which are hove to, a few tearing along under press of sail seeking new positions; here and there among the fleet is a vessel with a flag set at her main peak or at her main topmast head; this is to indicate that she has completed her fare and is homeward bound. Some of these are lying to, and are still fishing, while others have alk sail set, and are heading for the Strait of Canso on their homeward way. A few miles to the northeast looms up the rugged shore of the Magdalen Islands, its high outline here and there broken by long stretches of sandy beach; a train of great white gannets crosses our bow, five or six of them rapidly flying close to the water; suddenly the leader disappears beneath the water, and his companions rise up for a moment and then “plug down” head foremost after the fish which they see. The movement is perceived by other gannets, and they flock in from all directions and share the feast. As we speed along two or three of these birds, which have filled themselves to repletion, are swimming in our course, unable to rise, and, in order to escape, they disgorge their stomach-loads of fish and flap away just before the vessel reaches them. We now approach the fleet, and pass by the leeward vessels which are hove to, the starboard rails of which are lined with men ex- citedly plying their lines. Our skipper stands on the quarter with his glass to his eye, trying to determine which portion of the fleet is meet- ing with the best success. He selects a berth near the middle of the fleet, and thither he directs the course of the vessel by word to the steers- man. We thread our way in a zigzag course among the drifting ves- sels, Sometimes escaping by a few inches only the thrust of a jib-boom, and again almost snapping off the main-boom of some other vessel. At length we approach the selected position and heave to, coming up sharply to the wind with the mainsail hard aback. The skipper takes his position at the main rigging and begins throwing bait, at the same time putting out his lines for trial. After the vessel is hove to, the men are lounging about the deck, yet in expectant attitudes. Ata little distance from the rail stands a row of barrels, one opposite the berth of each man. These are called “strike” barrels. The lines, with the jigs attached, are coiled upon the cleats or lie upon the rails, each man having examined his own and prepared it for immediate use. At last the skipper is seen to rapidly haul in his line, pulling a glittering mackerel over the rail, and, by the peculiar motion known to the fisher- men as “slatting off,” the fish is jerked over his right shoulder into the barrel, while the drumming of the mackerel against the bottom of [95] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL. FISHERY. 185 the barrel announces to the men that the fish have struck. The men rush to their positions, and a scene of great activity and excitement begins. The fish are now within four or five fathoms of the side of the vessel, but they soon come much nearer; looking over the rail we see their mottled backs as they swim to and fro alongside the vessel. The lines are shortened up as the mackerel rise, and now the time re- quired for throwing over the jig and jerking it back with a mackerel fast to it is only a few seconds. The men throw out their lines, pull them in, and, without glancing at the fish, dexterously “slat” them into the barrels, the jigs being torn out of their mouths by the same motion which casts the line back into the water; two twists of the wrist are sufficient to accomplish this feat. The mackerel are large—“ No. V’s”— and in fifteen or twenty minutes the best fishermen have their barrels full. When a man’s barrel is filled he springs from the rail, rolls it back towards the center of the deck, and puts an empty barrel in its place. The fish may continue actively biting for ten minutes or for several hours, but usually the sharp biting is over very soon, and the mackerel begin to “pick.” Now the work is less exciting, though much more ex- acting upon the skill of the fishermen. When the fish are “picking,” a high-line fisherman will catch quantities, and the greenhorn will catch none, and even among the most skillful fishermen there is a great dif- ference in their success at this time. Tt should be stated that all the time mackerel have been biting, four men have been actively employed in throwing bait over the side, at the same time attending to their lines like the remainder of the crew. The cook heaves bait in the position farthest forward, and one of the boys. in the position farthest aft, while amidships the skipper and one of the most experienced of the crew are similarly engaged.* When the fish begin to “pick,” the skipper reconnoiters for a better position, and finding that other vessels are having good fishing, orders the crew to coil in their lines and to make sail; away we goin search of another ‘‘spurt of mackerel.” The excitement among the crew, when the mackerel are biting fast, can hardly be described. When the fishing begins, the drumming of the mackerel in the empty barrels is inexpressibly cheering to the fish: ermen, especially if they have been unsuccessfully hunting for fish on previous days, and adds to their excitement. This sound ceases as the barrels begin to fill up, the resonance of the wood being deadened by the accumulation of fish; it is, however, from time to time repeated, as empty barrels are substituted for those which have been filled. Every man is striving to the top of his bent to catch as many mackerel as pos- sible while the “spurt” continues, and, if possible, to catch a larger *On the mackerel ‘‘ hookers” the cook stood to fish just aft of the forerigging. The large schooners sometimes had a boy forward of the forerigging, but this was not the Tule by any means. Each man or boy had a certain number of inches measured on the rail and assigned him as his berth. The length of a berth at the rail varied from 24 to 3 feet. 186 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [96] share than any of his comrades. The emulation to be “high-line” for the day and for the season is extreme. The number of barrels caught by each man is carefully noted, for upon his relative success depends his proportion of the proceeds of the voyage and his reputation as a fish- erman. Ina single day a high-line fisherman has caught from 10 to 15 barrels, and since each barrel contains from 150 to 200 mackerel, the rapidity of the men’s movements throughout the day may be estimated. In seven or eight hours’ fishing he has probably lifted over the side 2,000 to 3,000 fish, to say nothing of throwing over his jig and bringing it back empty almost as many times more. Such cases as this are exceptional, since mackerel rarely continue biting long enough to allow such a num- ber to be taken. At the same time, when a much smaller number is caught, the activity of the fishermen is something to be wondered at.* The confusion and excitement is increased by the frequent snarling of the lines and the attempts to straighten them out again. As has been stated, each expert fisherman has ten or twelve lines in his berth, and changes from one to the other according to the rapidity with which the fish are biting, or the strength of the wind. Much experience and skill are necessary to enable the fishermen to make these changes un- derstandingly. Little is said while the fishing is going on; the men jean far over the rail in strange attitudes of expectancy with one or two lines in each hand, the hands moving up and down and constantly haul- ing in and throwing out one of the lines at a time. When it is neces- sary to haul in one of the lines, the others are allowed to drop upon the rail. We have described one phase of the life of a mackerel fisherman, but experiences like this may occur only a few times during a season. Mackerel vessels are constantly under sail, cruising hither and thither over great areas of water on the lookout for fish, heaving to and trying more frequently without than with success, except in extraordinary seasons. At night they are hove to, or, when mackerel are scarce, are making long passages from one ground to another. Information as to the location of the schools of mackerel is passed from vessel to vessel. As they meet, the vessels almost invariably speak each other and com- pare notes upon the position and abundance of fish. When a vessel is seeking fish and heaves to for the purpose of toll- ing them up, she will continue in this position, as a rule, for about an hour, sometimes longer, when there is any prospect of success. Some- times the mackerel, however abundant, will not rise to bait; they are very capricious; at other times in the same day they will be exceed- ingly voracious. One of the common tactics of the mackerel fishermen was that of running round a school; when the fish could be seen, the vessel would make a complete circle, surrounding them at the same. * LARGE CATCH OF MACKEREL.—Schooner “ Bloomer,” of Hingham, with a crew of 10 men, caught on Thursday last, between 10 a.m. and 2 p. m., 5,700 mackerel with the hook and line.—(Barnstable Patriot, May 28, 1861.) [97] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 187 i) time with the line of toll bait. The effect of this maneuver was to keep the fish from moving away by placing the bait in such a manner that whichever course they took the fish must invariably meet with and be attracted by it to the vessel’s side. It frequently happened, however, that the schooling fish took no notice whatever of the toll-bait, either because they were not hungry, or were engaged in feeding upon some form of crustacea, of which they are exceedingly fond. The practice of ‘lee-bowing,” the method of which, so far as the management of the vessel is concerned, has been described in another place, was simply to “heave to” to the leeward of another vessel which was lying to and had a school of fish alongside, and, while so doing, to throw a quantity of bait overboard; this bait passing under the bottom of the first vessel would attract the fish, which would then follow the course of the new bait, passing to leeward under the first vessel and appearing alongside and close to the vessel which was executing the maneuver of Jee-bowing. The success of this maneuver is sometimes thwarted by the crew of the first vessel throwing over such a quantity of bait that the bait thrown by the second vessel is not noticed by the fish. In this act it is frequently the custom to use a considerable quantity of chopped clams, these being considered better to “hold” the fish along- side than the menhaden bait. The clam bait is also used on other occasions to “‘hold” the fish, or induce them to bite more rapidly when they are supposed to be tired of the ordinary bait. A maneuver sometimes executed by the mackerel schooner is called “springing up.” This is done when the mackerel are so close to the shore that the vessel cannot lie to and drift for them. It is accom- plished by bringing the vessel to anchor and then putting a “spring” on the cable, the latter, which is a stout rope, being taken to the port- quarter, and the cable veered out so that the vessel lies with her port side to the wind. The fishing is then carried on on the starboard side, in the same manner as with vessels lying to. In former years, when an extensive mackerel fishery was prosecuted in the vicinity of the Seven Islands and at the mouth of the Saint Law- rence River, much jig fishing was carried on by small boats sent out _ from the vessels. Each of the boats carried a small quantity of ground bait, which was used in the same manner as on the vessels. This method of fishing has also been practiced to some extent on the coast of Maine even as late as 1879. Vessels occasionally returned home from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to land their catch, leaving a portion of their crew to fish from small boats until their return.* The above description of jigging mackerel has been written with *Schooner ‘‘B. D. Haskins” lately arrived from Bay Saint Lawrence with mackerel ; left five of her crew to continue the fishery in dories until her return on her second trip.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 17, 1860.) Instances of this kind were rare.— Authors. 188 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [98] special reference to the fishery in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, since it was here that the jig fishing was most extensively prosecuted; the methods are the same, however, as those practiced on the New England coast. 296.—CARE OF THE FISH. (a.) Cleaning and salting.—The manner of caring for the fish is essen- tially the same as that described in the preceding chapter, except that (the quantity of fish taken being much smaller, there was, of course, much more time for handling them) greater care was taken, and the fish were uniformly of better quality. Many of the Gloucester mack- erel-hookers were accustomed to divide their crew into dressing gangs of two each instead of three, as at the present time on the seining ves- sels, one of these men splitting and the other gibbing. It was the duty of the splitter to get the barrels, fill them with water, and, when he had split more fish than the gibber could take care of, to aid the latter in his work.* On the seining vessel, as we have seen, the mackerel are, in most cases, heaped on the deck; on the mackerel-hookers, the tish were already in barrels, and the order of proceeding was slightly different. The splitting-board was placed on the head of one of the “strike” bar- rels; the fish were taken out of the barrels, split, and thrown into the gib-tub, where they were handled in the ordinary manner. The pro- cess of gibbing having been completed, the fish were “plowed” and put into the second barrel, which was filled with clean water. From this barrel they were changed into the barrel in which they were salted. The process of salting is as follows: A barrel of mackerel is emptied out on deck; a “gib-keeler” is filled with salt; one of the men now throws the mackerel into the “ gib-keeler,” while the other man “rubs” them in the salt by taking one in each hand; the back of one is then placed to the flesh of the other, and they are thrown into the barrel with the flesh side down. They are thus salted and packed away into barrels in successive layers, each (with the exception of the bottom tier) with the flesh side down.t A barrel of large mackerel can be salted in from five to ten minutes. In order to cure mackerel successfully very fine salt must be used, and every part of the fish must be touched or it will spoil.t Careless *The most general custom, perhaps, on the Gloucester vessels was to have two men ina gang, though this was varied a good deal on different schooners. Some crews preferred dress gangs of three men each, while others sometimes had four men work- ing together, one of them “passing up” the mackerel to the splitter. + The early method of packing them flesh up has been abandoned. ¢This is the case when the mackerel are ‘‘rubbed,” Liverpool salt being almost wholly used, since Cadiz salt, owing to its coarseness, has a tendency to tear or “ruck up” the flesh of the fish and give them a ragged appearance. Many of the Cape Cod fishermen, however, preferred to use Cadiz salt, believing it to be better for curing the fish than Liverpool. Their manner of applying it was quite different from that which has been described. Each man salted his own catch. Placing a wash- & 9) HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 189 salters sometimes leave ‘‘thumb-marks” where their thumbs touch the fish during the process of salting, preventing the access of the salt. These do not keep well. It was customary on the “hookers” to let the mackerel remain on deck for several days after being salted, the length of time varying to a considerable extent, as it depended very much on the amount of fish taken. When the mackerel were well struck, or after they had been salted from two to five or six days, the barrels were “topped up” with fish, to make up for the shrinkage from the first salting, after which they were carefully headed up and stowed in the hold. If the men kept their catch separate, each one cut a private mark on the head of the barrel containing his fish. As a rule, the mackerel were ‘stowed down” whenever 40 or 50 barrels had accumulated on deck, but when fish were abundant and took the hook freely for several days in succession it often happened that more than a hundred barrels of fish would be caught before any were put below. Capt. Epes W. Merchant, of Gloucester, informs us that the practice of salting mackerel was inaugurated at Gloucester in 1818. Scituate fishermen had begun this practice somewhat earlier. The methods of salting have not materially changed since that time. Previous to 1850 the vessels engaged in mackerel fishing were generally accustomed to earry butts, in which the fish were salted. Capt. Chester Marr tells us that in the early days the mackerel fisher- men made a practice of salting the mackerel in hogsheads, which were placed in the hold, standing on end, with stone ballast stowed in the “spaces” between them. When a vessel was loaded she would hold about 10 butts, or about 50 “ wash-barrels.” These butts were used until about 1850. barrel of mackerel at his left hand, an empty barrel in front of him, and with a bucket or basket of salt at his right, the fisherman rapidly transferred the fresh fish into the proper barrel, placing each flesh up, and scattering over it with the right hand a sufficient quantity of salt. An expert can thus take care of many more fish than any one unacquainted with the method would believe possible, though, it is safe to say, mackerel can be handled more expeditiously by the process of rubbing, and for this reason the Cape Cod style of salting has never come into favor at Cape Ann and on the coast of Maine. *The largest of the mackerel schooners had sufficient capacity for stowing 20 or 25 butts, besides a number of barrels alongside of them in the wings on each side of the hold. When salting mackerel in these casks, the salters worked in the hold. A gib tub was filled with salt and set on top of the butts near the hatchway, and one man threw down the mackerel from the deck into the salt box (or gib tub) while two others standing alongside of the butts did the salting—one ‘‘rubbing” the fish and the other packing them away in the proper place. When the cask was full a large stone was placed on top of the fish to keep them beneath the brine so that they would not get rusty. Each man usually had a hogshead of his own for the reception of his fish; that is, if each of the crew kept his catch separate. At that time, however, it was quite generally the custom to ‘‘go on shares.” This term, as then understood, differed radi- cally from what is now meant by the same expression, and may be described as fol- 2 190 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [100] (b.) Mackerel plows.—The mackerel plows, to which frequent allusion has been made, are also known to the fishermen by several other names, such as rimmers, reamers, fatters, and fatting-knives, in the same and in different localities. The original object of using these instruments may be said to have been “a trick in the trade,” although the fact of their being employed at the present time is so well known that no one - gonsiders it any longer a secret, neither has it been for many years. The quality of mackerel is determined not only by their size, but also by the richness or fatness which they acquire as the season advances, and the opportunities for obtaining food are better than during the spring. In the spring when they approach the coasts of the Middle States and Southern New England they are in a poor and lean con- dition and remain in such a state until after they have deposited their spawn. After the spawning-season is over the schools then seek their favorite feeding-grounds and the fish soon begin to exhibit much im- provement in their condition. During the month of June this improve- ment is first noticeable, and by the last of August, and sometimes even at an earlier date, the mackerel have arrived at their finest condition and remain so until they leave the coast in the fall. As the fish fatten, the belly, or that portion which covers the abdominal cavity, increases in thickness, and the quality of the mackerel can be more easily and cer- _ tainly determined by noticing this particular portion of it than in any other manner. The mackerel are invariably split along the back from the snout to the tail in such a manner that they will lay open and flat after the viscera has been removed. It is a fact well known to per- sons familiar with this fish that when they are in a fat condition the sides of the abdominal cavity will crack open along the entire length when the fish are opened for the purpose of removing the viscera. The depth of these cracks or ‘‘breaks” show the relative fatness of the fish. As these cracks occur about half way from the backbone to the center of the abdominal cavity, it will be readily seen that by using an imple- ment for making the crack a little above or nearer to the backbone than where it would naturally be and where the belly is considerably thicker, ows: The crew were shipped as much upon their merits of good seamanship and steady habits as for their skill as fishermen. Each man was provided with a “strike tub” —a half hogshead—and for the first few days’ fishing the skipper would note the eatch of each of the men, and from this comparison would decide what share every one should receive. Thus some half dozen, perhaps, in a crew of 12 or 14 men would be assigned a full share. Though there might be some difterence in the relative catch of these men it was thought fair to consider a capable and reliable man a full shares- man, though he caught somewhat less fish than another who might not be so well experienced in other matters. The remainder of the men were allowed three-fourths or one-half of a share, as the case might be, their expertness in catching fish and other qualifications always being taken into account in settling their relative standing, Thus, if a vessel had a crew of twelve men, six of whom were full sharesmen, four three-quarter sharesmen, and two half sharesmen, there would be ten full shares, and @ sharesman would receive one-tenth of the crew’s half of the proceeds of the voyage, while those having a smaller “lay” would be paid accordingly. [101] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 191 it will give the fish the appearance of being much fatter than it really is. As previously stated, the depth of the “break” is the test of the fatness of the fish, and is the guide by which the inspectors cull them into the different grades for market, provided always that they are of suitable size. Stringent laws have in past years been enacted in most of the New England States to regulate the method of inspecting mack- erel, and the use of any artificial means to fatten them was for many years strictly prohibited. The introduction of the mackerel plow, like that of many other inventions, was the direct result of a need long felt by fishermen. Previous to its adoption it was the custom for the fisher- men to attempt to improve the looks of their fish by increasing the nat- ural break with their thumb-nails drawn along its entire length. This method was called ‘‘ rubbing the mackerel.” Later a few began to use the back of the point of their bait-knives or splitting-knives for this pur- pose, by degrees venturing to place the cut a little higher than where it naturally belonged. The use of knives led to the introduction of plows, which soon came into general use, though the fishermen at first felt some hesitation about revealing the fact that their fish had been plowed.* A comparatively poor mackerel would not open sufficiently in a natural way to pass for a No. 2, but the fishermen give them an invit- ing appearance to the buyer by the use of the plow, which they handle with remarkable dexterity, running the blade longitudinally along each side of the abdominal cavity with great rapidity, laying the sides of the fish open in such a manner that it may pass for a No. 2, and, per- haps, if it is of large size, a fairly fat fish may be culled as a No.1 mack- erel. It is but fair to say here that, since the general adoption of the mackerel piow as a means of “fattening” the fish, the subject is so well understood by the dealers that they demand a finer looking fish than formerly, and the consumer, therefore, actually gets as good an article as before, and one that is much more attractive. This is espe- cially the case when the size of the mackerel is not sufficient to pass for the best quality, or No.1. > qmouledy, sorter eee eee eee eee eee eee yooouryy receee <1 1OCISE i “ANIVIC [e307 puwsiy ‘B]10g “XUAGHSIA THYAMOVW ZHL NI GHAOTHINA NAW ANV STUSSHA AO HAAWOAN AHL ONIMOHS ATAVL—’6S ‘LONGOUd AO ANIVA CNV ‘STASSHA TO CAITVA CNV YAPWON ‘NEW JO YUAWON DNIMOHS SATIVI—T L-Iluvq auvmayq ‘y Aq] ‘0881 NI AUHHSIY THYUMOVW AHL FO SOLLSILV.LS— Al HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 215 [125] ‘qooH purpy10g 94} 0) sstiojoq Ay10do1d o10m SL0FOIOT} PUL ‘szsteydeo purysog Aq UNA pUT porozILTO st ‘710d ,sxgq ye pouMO [Sno ‘Jossoa SITLT « | | | | | gees Berea aires cis teas ese ey. WICOOR OD 000 ‘FIT | 89°L8T ce | #8 008 ‘9 000 ‘FT | $9 281 Es | | ) | 691 ‘T | 009 ‘8h3 | 090 ‘SG 68 ‘8FO‘S | OIT GE ‘| 00G ‘GTS | Ch8 ‘80g | GE :¢z9 ‘T1| 69T | E6r‘s 008 ‘ECL C68 ‘OGL 86 8L9 ‘9T! 61 aL 000 ‘T 00g ‘z €9 "Cg Sapa ee <5 ae dal ae eas 2 Here Boer Be lps | 000 ‘T 00g £9 "eG | T | OOF ‘¢ 9S ‘CFT paso ae cose eee Cte eae emes | 8a 00F ‘9 00F 9¢ ‘GFL =| 8g 0¢g ‘¢ 78 “LOS ZET_ | 008 ‘as 068 ‘FG | Gh LES ZL s| SBT 002 ‘TE 006 ¥EGCL | BT 0gL‘9 SL ‘CGS I6L | 004 ‘28 006 ‘tf | 08818 GL | PF 008 ‘SF 0c2 LG LOL ‘L | 61 0oL ‘€ $6 ‘PP 6L 000 ‘9T 008 ‘6T | €8 ‘918 g 68 OOF ‘ST 006 LE TER = ole Soi a | eee Sal hOG 00Z ‘9 000‘L =| 08 0cL Z | 63 | 002 ‘9 000 og‘0st | 2% Taal PL 000 ‘GT 009 ‘SI | 6L ‘SE G tL | 000 ‘SE 009 6T‘érs |g Sets atl 00T ‘é 00 ‘S| OF G9 ES rk | OOL ‘S 00% Op G9 T ““""""! QLb | 006'ZOL | OCF ‘GOL | Sc’69c‘e! FE | OLF | 006 ‘ZOT Och GG 69G ‘S| FE Pete les eee eel |paraaeaures ling ete | 98 | 000 ‘OT 00L Le°LST =| aman | 98) 002 ‘6T 000 ‘23 | 9G ‘EbF 9 | 98 | 002 ‘6T 000 9G CFP 9 ae a Wt 00F ‘9 00F‘S =| &G ‘OFT z 8% 00F ‘9 007 eG ‘OFT =| Z 1G "FE 8 SFZ | «OOF ‘FS oce ‘Th | LL°L9%'T | LT 988 00F ‘SL 00L 83 ‘319 ‘T | G3 68 6S aL pase | Maske eae Lal Sean | eagecnang, Seal cee CFL 002 ‘TE OOF g366¢ | GI sr ‘LOT (Sart asl tiger Ol baussieeg ae BO eal ee ean ae (ase Te 008 ‘2 008 &T'L0. |e patna [eee | MOG 000 ‘9 002 ‘¢ a ‘TFT C 9% 000 ‘9 | 002 62 ‘1PT Z LF°L0L'S | 8S | O18 | O08 ‘O6T | ctE ‘est | Ze°000'F | 09 | t68'T | ONG ‘OTS | SbL 6L°L0L ‘9 | SIT 600 ‘LT | 16 ‘S62 L OF 00L 8 000‘OL | 9% ‘T6I g 9IT 006 ‘93 | 000 BEL8E 1 0F ORO RGR es alg Seite sam OS 000 ‘9 006 ‘6 16 9ST a 08 090 ‘9 | 00¢ 16 ‘9ST Z 00¢ ‘ZI | LG °c0% g OL 000 ‘ST 0g9 ‘TT | 96‘1¢8 9 rere ooc‘og =| OTF’ =| eS 4S =| «dT | | 008 ‘EL | PF ‘SLZ 8 LY 00¢ ‘OT 00S ‘ST | 60°26 g SIT 00L ‘6% 008 ‘62 =|: SS "19g IL | FLO OGL ‘GSI | c98‘96 | cEe‘seL‘'Z | SIE | 62 | OOF ‘OLE | ocg ‘ger | SI #8E‘e | T9 GOP ‘T | OST ‘908 STL ‘88s | GP Zc ‘9 | OLT | z 009 0c% 889 T sian inti gNecaoa camiaie: Chaz lise csee eo ea to teas 6 009 0c% 83 '9 T 60 009 ‘tP 000 ‘SE | RG “Fe 8% 622 | 00S ‘sc$ | 000 ‘GES | R6‘SOT‘T | ST PEP OOL ‘86 000 ‘g8 9S ‘0F6‘T | 9F (AG 008 ‘ss 008$ 6S Eg T Rae ee | Par Fe, ee re eee ae eee meade ERP E 008 ‘a 008$ 6S Ee T [v0 “7° MOAR are "oor esss° EIquisurEg Bure wei sTamoq SOLAIB Ay “-- ureNyeqg “----SuRatlO ioe 9 Oe aie a UMOJOOUTAOL PO SICE OUI, 99 BTIO AA mqxnuq “= gossByog Re montrcss Fce eso wivIourpy GAS TS See aie Se esis TO} SOT "77s 75"5° qnoosduIRAg ~ peoyaTqaryy Fal isw lentes cheers wuaTeg “77s """ TaysaONOTy pret eia yaod 4003, “77° KOSS “== gaod Lanq Mo Ay “SLLASNHOVSSVIN “HUIHSIWVH MAN Yynouts}10g Sy = eh) em BLOT G qaodyunqoune yy SCOR CROC id ORAS | si a Sia Ta oes elite ast A ae eT ANS [126] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 216 | O1F ‘F 6261602 | RES es $9 “LSS ¢ got 60 “T#9 oF OTF 69 “E19 ‘T | 18 | €F0 °C | £9 ‘ISG ‘82 | SOP =. || aaa [e70.L #e : 89 LST, 4 = \ecoeoec epalat fim afer iete|| (s(cle1simiaisiafuls|lletete'e w wteisi|[at=taie sls ste:e\eje}| wisicieiwl=.e\s iw i= plo leroci=) | s\oiniciereienicie.= = esac -+-:! ge | 89 "LST lz ay eveteete qnorjo0uM09 G0G & LO LEP ST | 0F6 (Oe $9 “LSS g 83 T9 “BL ¥ | IT@ 90 °006 0€ £6F‘E | 86°EL9‘9T | 612 “7 * BPJOSNTOVSSV TT IL €¢ “L9¢ VEC ca ERR OS Seaham |S hes he gat ams Meet ae maa ih lee SO a | Cian ae IL | €¢°L9S | at |-- oatysdmeyy Avo NT 190 '‘T IP ‘98h ‘F COME rics cet cue a ae ta LET TP 'G9S OF £06 | €9 “SLL TS COPE NGhACCr 9. «| OUT ces |emaen clcamerras oulreyy mtcD ig ‘osvunoy, | ‘spessaA | “WeyT ‘osvuuoy, | ‘SfessaA | “U9 | ‘gSvuuoy, | “‘STOsSs9A | “WIT ‘osvUuLOT, | “S[OSSOA | “UOT | ‘ODBUULOT, | “S[ORSOA | s =e) )| u | | | “OyBYS “9UIOS Pee gat | jou Duyn s[oese A OUT] CUISN STISso A TROL, | ‘ouros-osind SUIsn s[assa A. Gas SALVUVddY JO ANIM OL DNIGUOOOV ‘SALVLIS AM AAIAISSVTO ‘SHLVLS GALINDO AHL AO LAAT DNIHSIA TANAMOVWN DHL DNIMOHS AIGVE—'1P ‘syoom MOTB A[TO SUNMVUIAL OSeT} JO OUIOS ‘VOTIIAT'T JUIVS JO FIND OT} POUSLA S[ASssoa UBOTIONLY 67 10A0 JOU AVIA PITILU-JSeT OY} SUING “OBST IOJ UWMOYS o1¥ $9}VYg 10Y}O oY} 1OJ SPOOF OT} ‘ELST OF JOOP OT} JO WONTpUOS oy quosardod S}josntpoussvp_ 1oj soindy oT, x | | 836 G¢ "PL ‘T| ST 80r | €2 ‘190s Ts PLP‘) ZZ 096 ‘GT| EFS | 6S G8 “106 | ct c8 OT F6E | 9 | Z6L | SL°T08's | 8¢ £0 ‘g| $9 ISG ‘€Z| 89F | TOL Sor eKe DO SOUR SE OCS et 10 89 L8T | % eretedem | afetstaitasessticda\lt-caclcicin||tnia'a?m'e\|(ateie\ciesmiche,|far—aelote|elelaievets|jizieli-icseinin | aieiciescae | Amica in|) iat (ee eaes pe | 9081 | @ 7777 qnoTyoeNU0D 102 ZS F00‘T) OL 80E | 65°089 T F6 9¢€ ‘Z| 09 ‘S6I TI) 98 | 6¢ C810 | GI | «IP €P SLT | € Bee | Z0°E19 ‘2 | 88 EGP ‘S| 86 E19 OT] 642 |° °° SFJOSNqoussLeTL a ites ana | (petal eee een Gy |. ESe L9G Tee al hetaese |e Pes | sel capi aaa aoe aca ey er eae eng (Le DLs Pere LO Ge. Ir | -earysduvyy oN L@ €0"88I | 3 99 96°C86 | ¢ G00 ‘T| 6O‘L6T‘F | OFT |--" "7" | ieee a | eee hae 163 LO ‘CTS | € $9% | 0L°882 T | 02 SOP Tl GEC ON OL 3 se cee tenaees ourey i — = — ——_ = = ——— . —| | xe — — 8 < 8 | 8 4 i 8 < ae] | < e el < Pees eye ie eb a igi | eels) 3. | lel 18 ee) ee eee le | BOE PP |e ey T | ce Le | | Be ae eee Beale wee Goutes Boe Bose ea. : | : | : | : $ : 5 878g 5 ‘9001 *OAISNOUL ‘OAT i ‘ 90ueL F ‘ : : OAISNTOUL ‘OULVTT FO 4 a “ABT JULES FO FIND oureyy JO JUD puv[sy fool “MBT JULES JO FAN) ; 2.19! TROL ABT JUIVg jo Jny pue oureyy Jo sng 0} svaayjuyy odeg FID 0} 8v.10}}8 hes ee ee eS ee , SONQNOUD ONIHSIA OL ONIGUOOOV ‘SHLVLS Ad GHIMISSVIO ‘SULVLS GALINDO AHL 40 LUATA ONIVSTA THUAMOVNN AHL ONIMOHS ATIAV[— ‘OP [127] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 2h 42.—THE PRODUCTS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MACKEREL FISHERY FOR 1880. (With tables.) From the earliest settlement of the country the mackerel fisheries have been extensively prosecuted by a large number of people living along the New England coast as well as by many of the inhabitants of the British Provinces. The catch has varied greatly from time to time, and seasons of extreme plenty have often been followed by those of remarkable scarcity. Various theories have been advanced to account for this fluctuation. Many have been inclined to attribute it to over- fishing or to the apparatus employed in the fishery, while others claim that the movements of the fish are affected by natural causes, such as temperature, currents, the presence or absence of food, and the like, over which man has little or no control. Whatever the causes that influence the movements of the fish, the fact of great variation in the abundance of the species from time to time remains. In 1804, according to the returns of the various fish inspectors, 8,079 barrels of mackerel were packed in Massachusetts, while in 1814, only 1,349 barrels were putup. In 1831 the quantity was increased to 383,658, this being the largest amount ever inspected in the State. A period of scarcity followed, and between 1859 and 1845 the inspection returns show an average of only 67,674 barrels annually. About 1860 the fish were again abundant, and for eight years the quantity packed averaged 246,877 barrels. This period of plenty was in turn followed by one of scarcity, which culminated in 1877, at which time only 105,017 barrels were inspected, and the fishery was practically a failure, resulting in great loss both to fishermen and capitalists. Fortunately this condition of affairs is at an end, and the fishery is again in a prosperous condi- tion; the catch of the New England fishermen at present, if we include the fish sold fresh, being larger than at any time since the origin of the fishery. In 1880 the New England mackerel fishermen met with narked success, though those of the British Provinces were not so fortunate. By the mid- dle of March a number of the Maine and Massachusetts vessels sailed for the South to engage in the spring fishery, and by the 20th of the following month the last of the fleet, which consisted of 64 sail, averag- ing 65.66 tons each, were under way. The season opened with a haul of 25,000 mackerel taken off the Virginia capes on the 2d of April. These were carried to New York where they met with a ready sale at good figures. From that time mackerel were taken frequently, the fleet working northward with the fish as the season advanced, reaching Long Island about the last of April, and Cape Cod a few weeks later. The season was not a very satisfactory one for the Southern fleet, as the catch was small, and the fish were of poor quality, a majority of the vessels en- gaged making comparatively light stocks, while many of them scarcely paidexpenses. As the summer approached, the fishing improved greatly, the fish increasing both in number and quality, and the Southern fleet 218 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [128] was joined by a large number of vessels from the various fishing ports. Later, as the vessels arrived from their trips to the codfish banks, many were fitted out to engage in the mackerel fishery, and by the 1st of August the fishing was at its height, the fleet numbering 468 sail, averaging a trifle over 50 tons apiece. Of this number 343 were provided with purse- seines for engaging in the off-shore fisheries, while 125 fished with hook or net chiefly on the in-shore grounds. The value of this fleet, including the fishing gear and the outfits, reached $2,122,360, and 5,043 men were employed. A little later in the season about 25 of the vessels pro- ceeded to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the hope of meeting with better success; but few fish were seen, and the venture resulted disastrously to a large majority of them, many failing to pay expenses, while a few re- turned without having caught a fish. ‘These vessels on their return at once joined the home fleet, and meeting with good success, most of them were enabled tomake good the loss which they had previously sustained. About the 1st of July an unprecedentedly large body of mackerel entered the Gulf of Maine, many of them visiting the shore-waters, en- tering the various harbors and coves, where they remained for some weeks. During their stay in these in-shore waters thousands of men and boys engaged in their capture from small boats, and in many localities a ma- jority of the male population participated in the fishery to a greater or less extent. The pound-nets along the southern coast of New England were peculiarly successful, while large quantities were taken in the traps and weirs between Cape Cod and Penobscot Bay. Probably not less than 10,000 people along various portions of the coast of Maine were en- gaged in mackerel hooking during some portion of the season, though many of them fished chiefly for pleasure, while others caught only limited quantities for home supply. About 3,500 followed the business regularly for some time, many of them realizing considerable profit from the work. In Massachusetts a similar condition of affairs existed, and thousands of persons engaged in the fishery from small boats to a greater or less ex- tent, fully 2,000 fishing extensively for profit. Most of the fish taken by both the vessel and boat fishermen were of uniform size and of excellent quality. Few extremely large ones were secured, while there was also a notable absence of “tinkers.” Over two-thirds of the catch were branded as “twos,” many of them going as “extras.” During the season, which lasted till the Ist of December, nearly 132,000,000 pounds of mackerel were taken. Of this quantity the Massachusetts fishermen caught 95,000,000 pounds, and those of Maine secured 31,000,000 pounds, the bulk of the remainder being taken by the citizens of New Hampshire and Connecticut. Over 75 per cent. of the entire catch was salted, about 22,000,000 pounds were sold fresh for food, nearly 5,000,000 pounds were used for canning, and the rest were sold for bait or for fertilizing purposes. The value of the catch, as placed upon the market, was $2,606,534. The following table shows in detail the extent and value of the fishery for the United States during the year: {129] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 219 Table showing, by States, the quantity of mackerel taken by the New England fishermen in 1880, and the value of the same in the condition in which they were placed upon the market. Total. Disposition of catch. 3a Saat 3 BS a é & oe oe | 38 = 3 rate * n ns n Beate: RS aS % bh B sb Be 8 i 32 eile =p 28 o & me an. ao Os a Ad n 3 oH w+ 3.48 —e) om ue) Ses Aa As & = Q a ER 56 lS 32 aie Bes 2s 35 = =] og 32 BoA Ss ~ o ° eel Bet ORe Ay va = Ay a = i] Total .esisociececee 131, 939, 255 $2, 606, 534 |103, 142, 400 |4, 957, 455 | 22, 239, 400 |1, 100, 000 | 500, 000 Main Gees cee se esesns 31, 694, 455 659, 804 | 27, 342, 000 li, 252, 455 3, 000, 000 100;.0005|ea5-—= New Hampshire. Se eoeee | 2, 573, 000 48,181 | (2:379;,600%)22 0... 193400 3.5 ect o5 |e eee Massachusetts -......... 95, 528, 900 | 3, 858, 342*| 72,153, 900 3, 705, 006*; 18, 170, 000 |1, 000, 000 509, 000 Rhode Island............ 89, 000 LU GG9s 2 ese trae le BAe slicers 89) 000)!|\ 22222 Sole eet Connecticut ......6025 =: 1, 303, 900 24976"), 1:266;900. = =. nse en 37; 000 | seo - 5 osa|eogaaete ING WoIViOrK eee cnosectes « 750, 000 UE OG 25 herterqes tes ae (2) 750}.000. Hiss 5c life ame * Including both the fresh and salt mackerel used for canning. As already intimated, there was a great falling off in the Provincial mackerel fisheries during the year, the bulk of the catch, which amounted to over 70,000,000 pounds, according to the Canadian Fishery Report, t being taken by the shore fishermen of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Of the entire quantity 233,669 barrels were pickled. In the Canadian report the average price of the salt mackerel is given as $9.25 per barrel, but as the fish were much inferior in quality to the American catch, fede figures are evidently incorrect. Statistics show that 105,730 fe ois of the above, equal to nearly one-half of the catch, were mar- keted in the United States (and it is fair to presume that these were of average quality), where they were ordinarily sold at lower figures than the fish taken by the New England fleet. If we suppose the Canadian fish to be equal to those taken on our own shores (a supposition which is hardly warranted), the value of the catch, as given by the Canadian au- thorities, must still be reduced by $818,662, as the average price of the New England fish during the season was only $5.75 per barrel. The following table shows in detail the extent of the catch for the several Provinces : tSupplement No. 2 | to the Eleventh Annual Report of the | Minister of Marine and Fisheries | for the year 1880. Fisheries Statements | for the year | 1880. Ottawa: | Printed by MacLean, Roger & Co., Wellington street. | 1881. [130] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 220 *suvo punod-] sv popredo1 o1v O10 UAOYS SuvO oYY ‘seorid puv[sugq AON 4B Sjonpoid poavdoad jo on[va oy} pure peamber [areyovut Yso1y Jo spunod oy} Surqyvuityse uy % gog [occccececettfeeceet eee eee ceece ee lee ace Escaad| pancobEse an Bacar F God Sendedecodesud seneaaccenacs saceead sseeeer paste sabbonceSEoneassouaueeds eiqminjog ysKg 6FZ | 969, OL’ 096 ‘9 09¢ ‘099 00°8 OLS ‘28 | - SG ‘CLF 963 ‘199 OFVRICL ETC is, lame aaniuaa same ueieeh PURIST prVApoT OOULIT C1Z | $96 '6 oT" LEP ‘99 00¢ ‘961 00 ‘OT 069 ‘6I | 906 ‘GIT FOF ‘908 | OPO RVOON Umer eas rer anette YOLMSUNIG MON _99t | 840 '9 SI" 0ZE ‘OF OE ‘$92 ‘T 00 “OT GEr ‘OZ | PST ‘TEL 89E ‘012 ‘T OBO R0GB ri Saat | peeemien salute ane cme uy BIYOOS VAON meron Eeeecstcscc|esceer sch 818 ‘OF SL's 110'¢ | 8¥8'8z B18 ‘OF 00r ‘cos ‘I } SOS ea eae a ooqend Pag \iteee sere cele aec-n nee --e|szaccnnnwnne|t one edeneaennn[tencccnnesee|erecnsenaa|eccesre:aceees|eeesnncssthare| oes carer ence|iecetecccerererscerrcaneersnencccccecees o1meyu9 SOO RS ea g0L ‘91 | —LAT‘0$ | LOL‘eIx | 9gz ‘Zor ‘2 £66 6$ COQHEES |SLPR SSERIS F99GVSLT CS. OSS TLS OL) |e 28 TO rg > im a a ao _ 4 J = a Z a 4 i=] ded s Wad aS ° 3 e 3 eg = 8 5 B38 e epee 5 ES $ 3 ¢ 8 & z ea 8 SERS ae oo us g = a & 2 &, a &, 2 3 ae 3 2 q g, oe By 2? os zh ° a a oo 8 3 a 2 S re } 3 3 Wo oe ; tha, & £ ig 3 45 eae a se0ulA0lg 0g as rg D ® eis ren : i=} ie 3 3 ss a Ses ers » a i = g a ®y Big Sg Dg | ct 3 oS g 4 F i=] os iS) e, 5 a Preis a EP g g *‘[e1oyOVUl pouuey *[o1OYOVO pap *ye}0} puviyy today Ruaysyg unipoung ayz fig umoys sv ‘Ogg w vpvung fo uownwog ay} ur uayn} Jadayoow ay; fo anjoa pun hyyuonb ayy Buynoys 21qvL [131] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 221 In the tables from which the above summary has been compiled, no allowance seems to have been made for local consumption. A rough estimate of the amount used in this way would be 18,000,000 pounds, making a total catch for the Provinces of about 88,000,000 pounds, worth, at prices current in the United States, not far from $1,620,000. Mackerel are not abundant in the waters of the Newfoundland coast, and few are taken by the fishermen. The returns for the year ending July 31, 1881, show that only 181 barrels were exported. This quantity, which equals 54,300 pounds of fresh fish, doubtless represents the bulk of the mackerel taken, as few are consumed locally. Allowing an equal quantity for local consumption, we have only about 110,000 pounds, valued at $1,650, taken by the islanders. By combining the catch of the New England, Canadian, and New- foundland fishermen, we have the total product of the mackerel fishery for the western Atlantic in 1880. This is found to be about 220,000,000 pounds of round mackerel, valued at $4,228,000. This value represents the fish as they are first placed upon the market. If the value to the consumer is desired, the figures must be nearly doubled, to include the transportation charges and the profits of the various middlemen who handle them. V.—THE MACKEREL-CANNING INDUSTRY. By R. EDWARD EARLL. J.—THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACKEREL- CANNING INDUSTRY. 43.—THE METHODS AND STATISTICS OF CANNING. The first experiments in the canning of fish on the American conti- nent were conducted at Halifax, Nova Scotia, by Mr. Charles Mitchell, a native of Aberdeen, Scotland, who came to America in 1840 to engage in this work. During his stay in Halifax he was engaged in the ean- ning of salmon and meats of various kinds. Later he removed to the United States and continued the work, putting up lobsters, salmon, and such other fish as were thought desirable. It was in this way that the value of the mackerel as a canned fish came to be known to our people. Prior to 1850 a few were canned in Boston and small quantities were put up at the lobster canneries in the State of Maine. From that date the business has been continued on the Maine coast, though for many years it was very limited, as the qualities of the mackerel when prepared in this way were not at first fully appreciated. The trade, however, has increased slowly from year to year, until canned mackerel are now handled by the principal dealers of all of the larger cities throughout the entire country. Prior to 1872 the only canned mackerel seen in our markets were fresh fish prepared in hermetically sealed cans by means of the ordinary pro- 222 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [132} cess. At this time it was found that there was a growing prejudice against salt mackerel, owing to the size and quality of the packages in which they were placed upon the market. The smallest packages known to the trade were kits holding from 15 to 25 pounds each. These con- tained more fish than the average family cared to purchase at a time; and after a package was once opened, unless it was properly cared for, the brine was apt to leak out, leaving the fish exposed to the air, thus causing them to rust and Beak deteriorate. In the fall of 1872 Mr. Edward Pharo, of Philadelphia, epteinee a patent covering the packing of salt mackerel in small hermetically sealed paces” For some time the business was Becy limited, but later “We are indebted to Mr. A. Howard C1 are for the followi ing letter of specifications regarding Mr. Pharo’s patent: IMPROVEMENT IN PUTTING UP SALT MACKEREL AND SIMILAR FISH.—(Letters Patent — No. 132,316, October 15, 1872.) Heretofore salt mackerel have been put up in wooden barrels, kegs, and kits. The form or kind of vessel was made necessary by the fact that it was difficult or practically out of the question to make a square water-tight box. Hence, also, the size of the package was limited; that is, no package smaller than the kit—which holds, say, about 25 pounds of fish—could be conveniently employed. The result was that many families were deprived of purchasing from first hands, as even the smallest- sized package—a kit—is much too large for many persons to buy. Another objection was on the part of dealers who, not selling in bulk, were obliged to open the packages and handle the mackerel, a necessity particularly disagreeable to coyntry dealers, who keep stocks of silk and dry goods which are soiled by a contact with brine. The odor, too, arising from an open barrel of salt mackerel is held in extreme repugnance by many people. To obviate these several objections I have devised a method whereby salt mackerel can be put up in any sized packages, so as to come within the reach of persons of limited incomes, which will enable the dealer to keep on hand a stock whence no offensive odor arises, and which can be disposed of without breaking pack- ages. My invention, then, consists in putting up salt mackerel in hermetically sealed packages, preferably in metallic boxes. The boxes are made of any size and shape, though I prefer to make them cubical in form, and of dimensions to hold, say, five, ten, or fifteen pounds of mackerel. When metal is employed in the construction of the boxes, I design using a wash or varnish to protect the same from the action of the pickle. When metal is not used, but instead some material which may not be acted upon by the brine, this wash may be dispensed with. Although metal is deemed the most suitable material for the boxes, India rubber or some other substance may be advantageously employed. Besides those already enumerated, another advantage of this method of putting up salt mackerel is that the purchaser paysonly for what he gets. Thus a quarter barrel of mackerel is supposed to run fifty pounds, and a purchaser, in buying a package of that size, imagines that he gets that quantity. Frequently, however, the packages run short; a quarter barrel, for instance, of ‘‘repacked” containing generally only about thirty-five pounds. When, however, he buys by the pound, as he must do in this case, he pays, as already remarked, only for what he gets. Still another ad- vantage of this method is that, as I design using only the best quality of fish, the inter- est of the purchaser is consulted, which is not always the case now, as the packer, not having a due regard for reputation, puts up an inferior quality of goods, and does not give full weight. What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by letters patent, is the hereins described method of putting up salt mackerel, namely, in a hermetically sealed box EDW. A. PHARO. * * * [133] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 223 the fish dealers of the principal cities began to realize the importance of this method for increasing the demand for salt mackerel, though, as far as we can learn, the fact that a patent had been issued bas from the first been entirely ignored. In the spring of 1879 Henry Mayo & Co., of Boston, engaged extensively in mackerel canning, utilizing the ordinary salt fish, which were put up in tin cans holding from five to ten pounds each. A little later a number of the principal fish dealers of Boston and Gloucester turned their attention to the business, which soon came to be very extensive. The quantity put up in 1880 was double that for 1879, and the products for 188L were considerably in excess of those of 1880. The present season, according to Mr. W. A. Wilcox, there is a notable falling off in the business, and the quantity canned will be quite small; the decrease being largely due to the loss occasioned by the rusting of the cans. If this difficulty can be overcome the trade seems destined to develop enormously, as the size of the package, and the convenience of handling and keeping the fish have brought them into favor among the consumers. In the spring of 1880 parties interested in the preparation of sardines at Eastport secured a limited quantity of smali mackerel, which they canned and placed upon the market as “broiled mackerel.” The cans used were like those employed for the large herring which are known by the trade names of ‘“ brook-trout” and ‘“sea-trout,” and the methods of preparation were very similar. The mackerel were found in every way superior to the herring, and the demand for them has been con- stantly increasing to the present time. The advantages of mackerel canning are many. Perhaps the great- est point in favor of the industry is the fact that it gives an outlet for the small mackerel, which, for canning purposes, are found superior to the larger ones. The small fish known as * tinkers” are very abundant along the New England shores, great quantities of them being taken by the fishermen, who, on account of their small size, which renders them undesirable for salting, have heretofore experienced great diffi- culty in finding a market for them, and have frequently been obliged to throw them away. Limited quantities are sold fresh in the larger mar- kets, but boat fishermen living at a distance are unable to avail them- selves of the opportunities offered, owing to a lack of suitable means of transportation; while the vessel fishermen find it difficult to dispose of small fish when larger ones chance to be abundant, and the price paid for tinkers is always exceedingly low. The canning of mackerel, then, is peculiarly important, in that it renders valuable for purposes of food immense quantities of otherwise worthless products. The boat fisher- men are greatly benefited by the development of the industry, as with a demand for the small fish they find remunerative employment in fishing at a time when there is little else to occupy their attention. COOKED MACKEREL.—Prior to 1879, when salt mackerel were first put up in tin packages, nearly all of the canned mackerel were packed by 224 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [134] parties engaged in lobster-canning, the same apparatus being used for the work. The factories are open for the canning of lobsters about the 1st of April, from which date to the Ist of July a large force is kept con- stantly busy. About this time the lobsters begin “shedding” in such numbers as to seriously interfere with the business, and the factories are often obliged to discontinue the work till late in the fall. Fortunately, however, the mackerel usually make their appearance on the coast at this season, and many of the factory-men turn their attention to packing them, thus furnishing employment to their hands during the summer months. The canneries for this work are located on the coast of Maine, and, with the exception of the recently developed canning interest in Boston, Maine has practically a monopoly of the business for the United States, though limited quantities are put up by the lobster canners of the British Prov- inces. As has been said, the fish usually arrive early in July, gradually nearing the shore, until, in a few weeks, they are abundant in many of the coves and harbors of the New England coast. For several weeks . during the height of the season the majority of the male population of the smaller fishing ports are engaged in hooking mackerel, a considerable revenue being derived from this work. This is especially the case in the vicinity of the canneries, where a good market is usually found for the catch. The fishing continues till early in October, when the mackerel leave for warmer waters. In the canning of lobsters it is necessary that each factory should be provided with smacks or small vessels for gathering its supply. These usually visit the different fishing stations within a radius of 20 to 30 miles of their respective factories, gathering the lobsters from the fish- ermen, who would find it difficult to run them to market in their small boats. These vessels are often used in the same way for securing a sup- ply of mackerel for the canneries. As a rule, they are ordinary sloops or schooners, but the factory at Castine is provided with a small steamer, by means of which it is enabled to cover a much larger territory, bring- ing the fish to the factories in excellent condition. The catch varies greatly with the season; some years large quanti- ties of mackerel are taken, while again the fish are scarce, and but few are secured. The price paid along the different portions of the coast is quite uniform, the fishermen usually receiving 1 to 14 cents per pound for the fish as they come from the water, though in some localities the fish are dressed by the fishermen, and in this condition bring about two cents per pound. To obtain the best results it is necessary that the mackerel should be canned as soon as possible after they are caught. On reaching the factory the heads, tails, and entrails are removed, after which the fish are thoroughly washed and placed in strong brine, in which they are allowed to remain long enough to give them a salty flavor. They are then packed in cans which are at once carefully sealed. These are im- mersed in boiling water, where they remain till their contents are thor- [135] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 225 oughly cooked. They are next “ vented,” and after cooling are sent to the paint-room, where they are dipped in thin paint or varnish, which serves to protect them from rust. When dry they are covered with at- tractive paper labels and packed in cases for shipment. The cans used are similar to those employed for packing fruit, being made of tin and having a cylindrical form. Two sizes are used by most of the canners. The smaller, for which there is a large demand, is 44 inches in height by 3 inches in diameter, and holds about 1 pound of fish; the other is 44 inches high by 34 inches in diameter, and contains about 14 pounds, though it is ordinarily known as a 2-pound can. A larger size, holding 3 pounds, is sometimes employed. The loss in dressing varies from 25 to 35 per cent., according to the size and condition of the fish, while the labor of cleaning and canning costs from 18 to 22 cents per dozen cans. Fifteen to twenty-five persons constitute an average working force for acannery. One-half of these are women and children, who receive from 50 to 75 cents per day for their services; the remainder are tinsmiths and laborers, whose compensation ranges from $1 to $3 per day, ac- cording to agreement. The price of canned mackerel is largely dependent upon the quantity packed during a given season. In 1880 the price at the factory was $1.25 per dozen for the 1-pound cans, while-the 2-pounds sold for $1.85. In 1881 it is said to have been reduced to $1 for 1-pounds, and $1.50 for twos. Until 1880, as already stated, the canning of fresh mackerel was con- fined almost exclusively to the lobster canneries on the coast of Maine. At this time, however, a number of Boston dealers engaged extensively in the work, and, according to Mr. Wilcox, 750,000 pounds of fresh mack- erel were used for canning, the product of the canneries amounting te 480,000 1-pound and 24,000 2-pound cans, valued at $53,700. During the same season the Maine canners purchased 1,252,455 pounds of mackerel, from which 814,668 cans of the various brands were put up, their value at wholesale prices being $96,749. In other portions of the country a limited quantity of mackerel, estimated at 60,000 cans, valued at $6,500, were packed. In 1881 the Boston business had, as we are informed by Mr. Wilcox, increased enormously, and during the summer 1,764,000 cans were put up. The quantity for Maine was increased to about 1,000,000 cans, and that for other places doubtless reached 100,000, making a total of 2,864,000 cans. In 1879 the quantity for the entire country did not exceed 900,000 1-pound cans. SALT MACKEREL.—The canned salt mackerel, as has been remarked, are put up from the ordinary pickled fish. Different brands are used for this purpose. Some packers select large fish of the best quality, though a majority use standard No. 2’s. In preparing them for the cans, they are carefully washed and scraped so as to give them a neat and attrac- tive appearance. Frequently the heads and tails are removed, and, if of large size, the mackerel are cut in halves to facilitate packing. When S. Mis. 110 15 226 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [136] the can contains the proper weight of fish it is filled with strong brine and carefully sealed; after which it is labeled and packed for shipment. No uniform standard of shape or size has been adopted in the manu- facture of cans for this trade, those used being either square, oblong, or cylindrical, as the packer may think most desirable. Those oftenest seen in the markets are cylinders, 4 to 5 inches high, and 6 to 8 inches in diameter, holding from 5 to 6 pounds. Other and larger sizes, hold- ing from 10 to 15 pounds, are frequently seen. During the season of 1880 the wholesale price averaged $5.50 per dozen for 5-pound cans. The cans usually bear the brand of the deputy in- spector under whose supervision they are packed, this being in accord- ance with the Massachusetts inspection law. The business has from the first been confined largely to Boston and Gloucester. Mr. A. Howard Clark informs us that 100,000 5-pound cans were put up in the latter city in 1879, and Mr. Wilcox gives 72,000 cans as the quantity packed by the dealers of the former place. In 1880, according to the same authorities, Boston parties packed 144,000 cans, and the Gloucester firms put up about 135,000. The quantity for the entire county, including those packed in New York and other places, is estimated at 360,000 cans, valued at over $150,000. BROILED MACKEREL.—At the sardine canneries two methods have been adopted for the preparation of mackerel. The first originated with Mr. Julius Wolff, of the Eagle Preserved Fish Company. By it the fish are treated in a manner exactly similar to that employed for certain brands of sardines. They are carefully cleaned and dried, after which they are fried in oil and packed in cans with vinegar and spices. The second method, which is now extensively adopted, originated with Mr. Henry Sellmann of the Americann Sardine Company. In June of 1880 Mr. Selimann, fearing that the increased number of canneries at Eastport, Me., would result in a scarcity of herring, decided to erect one at Camden near the mouth of the Penobscot River, where small herring were reported to be abundant. Failing to secure a sufficient quantity of herring, he turned his attention to the canning of mackerel, buying all that were offered by the local fishermen and sending daily to Boston for an additional supply. In preparing the fish, the heads, tails, and viscera are removed, after which the bodies are thoroughly cleansed and immersed in strong brine for a few minutes. When they have absorbed a sufficient quantity of salt they are again washed, spread upon wire trays, and placed in a tight box, where they are steamed for several minutes. The trays containing the fish are next placed in a large oven, to be thoroughly baked or broiled. On removal they are packed in oval tin boxes, holding about three pounds each, and covered with mustard, or with a dressing consisting of tomato-sauce seasoned with spices. The cans are then sealed and placed in a hot-water bath. When sufficiently cooked they are taken out and “ vented.” They are then allowed to cool, after which [137] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 22% they are neatly labeled as “ fresh-broiled mackerel,” and packed in wooden cases for shipment. Mackerel prepared in this way are, on ac- count of their delicate flavor, far superior to any of the brands of her- ring, and from the first the demand has been greater than the supply. Owing to the favor with which the goods were received Mr. Sellmann soon found it desirable to locate a factory at some point where a large and constant supply of fish could be depended upon. Accordingly, in the spring of 1881 he associated with himself other capitalists, and built a cannery at Gloucester, Mass., where considerable quantities of mack- erel have been packed. Up to the close of the season no other factories were built for the preparation of broiled mackerel, but it is thought that in 1882 a good many persons will devote their attention to this industry. In 1880 Mr. Sellmann packed 50,784 cans, valued at $16,400, and in 1881 the combined product of the Camden and Gloucester establishments was about 200,000 cans. VI—METHODS OF PACKING, AND INSPECTION LAWS. By A. HOWARD CLARK. K.—METHODS OF PACKING AND INSPECTION LAWS. 44, METHODS OF PACKING MACKEREL. The bulk of the catch of mackerel by the American fleet is cured in pickle, being split, and salted in barrels. Some of the salt mackerel are afterwards smoked, but this method of curing is practiced only in two or three places, and here only to a very limited extent, though in ‘parts of Europe a large business is done in the smoked product. The European way of preparing mackerel for salting is much inferior to the American method. The fish are cut open with a knife along the belly, instead of being split down the back. The gills and entrails are taken out, and the fish are then packed, belly up, in barrels. This is a very poor way of handling mackerel, for they are not soaked, and the blood remaining in them makes them dark-colored and liable to spoil in a short time. In previous sections of this report the manner of handling mackerel on board of the fishing-vessels has been fully described. Until about the beginning of the present century the labor of splitting and salting could be done on shore, since the fish were sufficiently abundant near the land so that boats or vessels made but short trips, disposing of their fares each day in a fresh condition. With the growth of the industry it has been found necessary to follow the fish further from land, and with the larger class of vessels employed it has for some years been more conven- ient and profitable to make longer trips than formerly. It has, therefore, become customary to perform much of the work of preserving the fish on board the vessels instead of on shore. After being captured, the 228 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [138] mackerel are immediately split, salted in barrels, with sufficient pickle to insure their preservation at least until the vessel shall arrive home, and the barrels are stowed in the hold. When a fare is secured the vessel returns to port to “ pack out.” The barrels of fish are at once landed on the wharf, when they are culled into grades as defined by law, and, after being properly weighed, are put up in various sized packages and distributed over the country. In most of the New England States there are laws that require each package to be branded by an authorized inspec- tor, who must thus certify that it contains the designated kind, grade, and weight of fish, and that they are properly preserved. The same fish are sometimes repacked in the Western and Southern States and resold under brands different from those required by the laws of New England. The manner of handling mackerel, though differing in some of the minor details, is essentially the same for all of the New England ports. The method described in this chapter is that .pursued at Gloucester where great quantities of mackerel are annually packed. The barrels of fish are hoisted by horse-power from the vessel’s hold to the wharf, and are set on end until all are ready for packing. They are next unheaded and the mackerel emptied, one or more barrels at a time, into the culling-crib,* around which stand three or more ‘‘cullers,” who separate the fish into several grades, throwing them into weighing-tubs holding about 100 pounds each. After being weighed the fish are thrown into the packing-crib, and are ready to be put into barrels or smaller packages. The first two tiers in the bottom of a bar- rel are placed flesh up, and the successive layers back up. Over each layer is sprinkled a few handfuls of salt, using about a half bushel, or 35 pounds, to each barrel. The law requires that a barrel shall contain 200 pounds of mackerel exclusive of the weight of the pickle, and that half, quarter, and eighth barrels shall contain proportionate quantities. Smaller packages of any size may be put up, provided the weight is properly branded thereon. The cooper now heads up the barrel and rolls it along the wharf in the proper row for each grade. It is next taken by the pickler, who bores a hole in the side and pours in some brine. For this purpose he places in the hole the pickle-tub, which is an ordinary water-bucket, with a copper nozzle in the bottom, thus making a very good funnel. The pickle is usually the same as taken from the barrel of mackerel as it comes from the vessel, being poured from the barrel into a pickle tub or butt and then dipped by the pickler. It may be strengthened by the addition of fresh salt, and is considered of the proper strength when it will float a mackerel of ordinary fatness. The barrel having been filled with pickle, the hole is plugged up, and it is then turned on end ready for branding. It is often allowed to remain for several days on its side or on end, in order to allow the fish to settle, and is then refilled with pickle. A lack of sufficient pickle is determined *A culling-crib may be of any size, but is usually a wooden box 5 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 8 inches deep, with slat bottom, and is set on legs 23 or 3 feet high. {139] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 229 by the sound produced by striking the barrel with a stick or cooper’s hammer. The labor of packing or putting the fish in barrels is generally done by boys from ten to eighteen years of age, who receive about 5 cents per barrel for this work, and often make good days wages as they be- come very expert. Captain Collins mentions one instance of a Gluces- ter boy, twelve years old, who packed 494 barrels in one day, and on another occasion 143 barrels in less than four days. The entire work of culling, weighing, packing, and pickling must be under the personal supervision of an inspector, who puts his official brand on the head of each package. This brand must state the kind and grade of fish in the package, the name of the inspector, the name of the town and State where packed, and the date of packing. In Massachusetts the year when they are put up is considered sufficient, but in Maine and New Hampshire the month must also be given. After being kept all winter, or even fora less time, the mackerel may become rusty or the pickle may leak out, so that they may require repacking and reinspection. legal branding by an inspector is punished by fine and removal from office. There is very little difference in the inspection laws of the several States defining the grades of mackerel. In Massachusetts there are five qualities, called numbers one, two, three large, three, and four. New Hampshire has the same grades. Maine laws define a grade called number three small; that is, the same as number four of the other States. The first grade, or number one, must be mackerel of the best quality, not mutilated, free from rust, taint, or damage, and measuring not less than 13 inches from the extremity of the head to the crotch or fork of the tail. Number two are those of the next best quality, free from rust, taint, or damage, and measuring not less than 11 inches in length. Those that remain after the above selections, if free from taint or damage, and measuring not less than 15 inches in length, are num- ber three large. The next inferior quality, free from taint or damage, and not less than 10 inches in length, are number three. All other mackerel free from taint or damage are called number four. Rhode Island laws declare that “every cask of pickled codfish and mackerel offered for sale, or for exportation from the State, shall also be branded No.1, No. 2, or No. 3, to denote the quality of such fish” Besides the regular grades required by law, dealers are accustomed to make other qualities, designated extra ones, extra twos, and mess mackerel. The first named are superior both in size and fatness, and are sold at a great advance over ordinary number one fish. Extra two mackerel are better than ordinary two, and are in all respects equal to ordinary number one fish, except in the length; these also bring an ad- vanced price. Mess mackerel are made from any grade, but principally from numbers two and one fish, free from the heads and tails, and with the blood seraped off. 230 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [140] The size and material of packages for pickled mackerel are regulated by law. The Massachusetts statutes require that pickled fish be put up in tierces containing each 300 pounds; in barrels, 200 pounds; half-bar- rels, 100 pounds, or in packages containing a less quantity, upon which the weight of the fish therein is legibly branded. Large quantities of mackerel are put up in a sort of firkin, called a kid or kit, which holds about 25 pounds, or an eighth of a barrel. Quarter-barrels are also used to a considerable extent, and for the last two or three years packers have used tin cans containing about 5 pounds of fish each. All packages, except those containing less than 25 pounds weight, must be made of sound, well-seasoned wood, and be well hooped. ‘The staves may be of either white or red oak, spruce, pine, or chestnut, and must be 28 inches long. The heads may be of either above kinds of wood, planed, and when of pine must be free from sap or knots. They must measure seventeen inches between the chimes. Each tierce, barrel, and half-barrel must be well hooped with at least twelve hoops, three on each chime and the same number on each bilge. The barrels must contain not less than 28 nor more than 29 gallons; the half-barrels not less than 15 gallons, and the tierces not less than 45 nor more than 46 gallons each. Each cask must be made in a workmanlike manner, and be branded on its side, near the bung, with the name of the maker. All casks not properly made may be rejected by the inspector. New Hamp- shire laws require rift timber for staves. In Maine poplar staves are also allowed. Barrels for packing fish are manufactured in various parts of New England, but most of them are made in Maine, Bangor being the head- quarters for this industry. They are sent to the fishing ports either put together ready for use or in sbooks that are made into barrels at the cooper-shops in Gloucester and other places. The demand for barrels at the fishing ports sometimes exceeds the supply, so that their value is greatly enhanced. In 1881, during the height of the season, they fre- quently sold at over a dollar apiece, but the usual price for some years past has been from forty to sixty cents. Old barrels that have served one or more trips on the vessels for holding salt or fish are often repaired and sold at cheaper rates. While Trapani, Cadiz, and Liverpool salt are used in salting mack- erel, Liverpool salt is more generally preferred, as it keeps the fish in better condition. The salt is taken from home by the mackerel vessels. It is carried in barrels that are stowed in the hold until occasion comes to use it, when it is emptied and the barrels are used for mackerel. The quantity of salt required to prepare a barrel of mackerel ready for branding is about 108 pounds. On the vessel it is customary to use one and one-sixth bushels of salt for stowing down each barrel of fish, or 34 bushels for three barrels. On shore one-half bushel is used for each packed barrel, and as there is a shrinkage of one-tenth in packing, we find the total quantity of salt required to produce a barrel of packed [141] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 231 mackerel is 108 pounds, or three pounds over a bushel and a half of salt. The entire shrinkage on mackerel from the fresh to the packed state is. 33 per cent. The cost of packing mackerel varies with the price of barrels, salt, and labor. During the war it was very high, and it continued so until about 1876, when it was reduced to about $1.75 per barrel. In 1880 it “varied from $1,30 to $1.50, and in 1881, owing to a large demand for barrels for the increased catch of fish, packing advanced to $2 during the height of the season, and averaged about $1.75. This cost of pack- ing includes all the expense incurred in preparing the fish for market after they have been received from the vessel in sea-packed barrels. The packer is generally a deputy inspector, who is also part owner of the fish to be packed and inspected. He therefore realizes a profit both in the packing and in the sale of the mackerel. In some cases, however, the packer is not at all interested as an owner. but is hired as au deputy inspector to prepare the fish for market. With a gang of men he goes to the wharf where the mackerel have been landed from the vessel, and being provided by the owners of the fish with barrels, salt, pickle, and culling and weighing apparatus, he performs the work, and charges from 50 centsto $1 forassorting, weighing, packing, coopering, and branding. He may also make a profit on the labor in addition to his lawful inspec- tion fee. The inspection fee, exclusive of the labor and cooperage, is 9 cents per barrel in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, of which amount the personal inspecting officer is entitled to 8 cents and the general inspector tolcent. In Maine, where there is no general inspector, the fee is 7 cents per barrel. This fee is to be paid by the owner of the fish or the per- son hiring the inspector, and may be recovered of a purchaser. In settling with the crew of a mackerel vessel under the old methods of capture, the share of each man depended on his individual catch of fish. At the present day, when seining is the almost universal mode of capture, it is impossible to follow the old way of determining the shares, what the men receive depending on the totalcatch. Oneman may receive a half or quarter share because of his inexperience, while another may receive a share and a half for his unusual activity or some other reason. The extra half share, however, would be paid by the owners of the ves- sel as a premium for the best work. Barrels and salt for use on the vessel are provided by the vessel- owners, who also furnish the apparatus of capture and the provisions for a trip. Stock charges or the expense of bait, if it be used, harbor dues, and some other items are paid one-half by the owner and one-half by the crew. Several other items, called the crew’s expenses, as the wages of a cook, the milk and water used on the trip, the cost of hoisting the mackerel from the vessel to the wharf, towing, and extra labor for scraping and tarring are paid entirely by the crew. When the mackerel are packed and sold, the fishermen are entitled to 232 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [142] one-half of the net proceeds of sale, and the vessel-owners to the other half. The difference between the gross and net proceeds is the cost of packing, including the barrel and the stock charges. Thus, a trip of mackerel may be sold for $5,000. The stock charges may be $300 and the cost of packing $600. The net proceeds would be $5,000, minus $900, or $4,100. One half the net proceeds, or $2,050, is the owner’s. share, and the other half the crew’s share. From the crew’s half must be deducted the crew’s expenses, which may be $150, thus leaving $1,900 to be divided among the men. Prior to 1872 a settlement with the vessel’s crew for a trip was not made until the mackerel were inspected and sold, which might be sev- eral months after the trip was completed. As a general rule, the ves- sel-owner packed and purchased the catch very soon after it was landed, and then, having settled with the crew, he waited for a favorable time to put the fish on the market. The crew have, perhaps, a legal right to take their half of the fish, after deducting stock and packing charges, and may sell that half whenever they please, but in practice the owner of the vessel usually sells the fish for the crew or buys them outright. The captain of the vessel may act as agent for the owner in Selling mack- erel away from home. Since 1872, and especially during the past two or three years, many trips have been sold “out of pickle” immediately after being landed. The crew at once receive their share of money, and may proceed on another trip, and the fish may not be packed and put upon the market for several weeks, or even months. In selling out of pickle a barrel of mackerel is reckoned at-200 pounds of fish as they come from the sea- packed barrel, without being drained of pickle or the salt washed off, though the fishermen sometimes complain that there is a pretty thorough draining and washing before the fish are weighed. The price paid the fisherman is so much per 200 pounds of fish, exclusive of the barrel, which is furnished by the purchaser. Mackerel bought from the vessel out of pickle are sometimes re-sold before being properly culled and inspected according to the letter of the law. The practice of selling out of pickle is often an accommodation to the fishermen, as it does not require them to wait for weeks or months for their money. It is also often a source ot considerable profit to the purchaser, who, by careful culling, may realize a far greater proportion of good grades of fish than was estimated in buying them without being assorted. A considerable source of profit to the dealers is the practice of buying inspected barrels of mackerel and then re-packing them, perhaps mak- ing a few more barrels of the better grades, or packing them as mess mackerel by cutting off the heads and tails and scraping off the blood. There is a loss of about 25 per cent. in weight from ordinary to mess mackerel, but usually a more than proportionate increase in the value of the fish. [143] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 233 There has been considerable discussion as to the relative merits of mackerel taken with the purse-seine and those caught with the hook, and interesting experiments were made a few years ago ‘to test the keeping power of the two kinds. An experienced fish-dealer of Boston states to Capt. J. W. Collins that he very carefully salted and pickled a half-barrel of each kind, using the same quantity of salt on each. He headed the half-barrels up and set them away about the 1st of October, and when he opened them about the 1st of the following March he found a marked difference between them. The flesh of the hooked mackerel was firm and in fine condition, while the flesh of the seined fish was short and mealy, retaining little or no firmness. He thinks the same difference will hold good in most cases. The same gentleman also made very careful experiments as to the comparative merits of fresh and salt water for pickling mackerel. He salted and pickled two half-barrels, using fresh water for one and salt for the other. He put them up in the fall and opened them the following July, when he found a marked difference in them. Those filled with salt-water pickle were in excellent condition, while the others had a dirty scum on the pickle, and the flesh was dark and somewhat slimy; the skin had a whitish, discolored ap- pearance, and the fish were thought unfit to eat. He says that in 1879 fresh water was extensively used in making pickle for fish, and thinks that when the fish are kept for any length of time they are unfit for food; hence the sale or market for pickled fish is injured. Concerning the relative quality of hooked and seined mackerel, it ap- pears certain, from the statements of many men of large experience, that the former are superior, and the reason is a simple one, namely, only a small quantity out of the entire school of fish is captured, and these are sarefully handled, while in seining the entire school of perhaps several hundred barrels is caught and the fish are necessarily allowed to remain ‘or a considerable time without care, so that many of them may become soft and greatly inferior in quality to fresh mackerel. With proper care the seined mackerel may no doubt be as good as the others. There is a great difference in mackerel taken at different seasons of the year. Those caught in -the early spring are very lean and shrink when pickled, As the season advances they grow fatter, and in the fall are at their best; so that the large fish taken in September and October grow heavier rather than lighter in pickle. The care taken of mackerel in the early years of the fishery may be judged from the following instructions to the masters and crews of Massachusetts mackerel vessels, which appeared in the Gloucester Tele- graph May 26,1832. Itis dated Boston, May 2, 1832, and signed James Barry, inspector-general of pickled fish: ‘“'The mackerel fishery has already become a very important item in the catalogue of the staples of our State; and, if we may judge from its rapid progress in past years, is destined to become one of its greatest sources of wealth. Your attention is requested to the following facts and re- 234 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [144] marks: Mackerel should be split as soon as possible, and, after the blood has been soaked out of them, immediately salted with such salt as is suitable for the pupose; my own opinion is in favor of Liverpool or Cape Cod salt. It is necessary that it should dissolve as soon as possible. Eastport salt, so called, must not be used; it will not save the fish; it has proved destructive to fish and to meat. I have instructed my depu- ties not to pack mackerel struck with that kind of salt. Mackerel should be well salted in the first instance; it is a mischievous error that fisher- men have fallen into by salting their fish too slack, as has often been the case; and another by using the plough, which has given to the fish a false appearance, and has been a source of mortification to the fishermen ; and they have ina great many instances found fault with the inspectors when the fault belonged to themselves in not taking that care of the fish which it was their duty to do, and which in many cases has been a ruinous business to purchasers. By a law of this commonwealth the inspector is required to throw into an inferior quality all mackerel which have been plowed, cut, or mutilated for the purpose of deception. It can be of no advantage to the fishermen, and I trust will never again be done. I have strictly forbidden any deputy inspector from packing any mackerel with the gills or entrails in them. They must be cleansed by the fishermen before they are offered for packing; otherwise they will be rejected. You must be aware how much better a fare of mackerel are, and how much more salable, when they are brought into market clean and well struck. ‘¢ My hope is that you will take this subject into your serious consider- ation and remedy the evils which have existed, and which I think you will do if you wish to insure the sale of your fish and have a due regard for your own interest. Those of you who are acquainted with me will do me the credit of seeking the welfare of the fishermen, which is so nearly connected with that of the inspector. ** Wishing you success in your business and prosperity in your homes, IT remain, your friend aud humble servant, “JAMES BARRY.” The following item appeared in the Boston Atlas July 15, 1845: ‘For the last twenty years scarcely a year has passed but there has something new taken place in the mackerel fishery which had a bear- ing on the inspection laws. The mackerel are fatter or poorer, larger or smaller, plenty or scarce, some one of which are different from the previous year, and thus it is impossible to make a law to meet all these changes in every particular. Whenever a change takes place its first operation is generally in favor of one or the other, until an alteration in the law takes place or interest dictates a remedy. Such has been the case the present season in relation to the South No. 3. ‘¢ Heretofore all mackerel taken south of Nantucket have been denomi- nated Block Island, and considered to be of inferior quality ; so much [145] HISTORY OF THE MACKUREL FISIERY. 235 so that it became necessary to designate them from the North No. 3’s by the word ‘South.’ Now it is the reverse. “This year the fishermen found more of the middling-size mackerel at the south and in the latitude of Block Island than formerly, and, as the law did not oblige the inspector to cull these mackerel and make two numbers, the fishermen insisted upon their being packed and branded according to the letter of the law under the brand South No. 3, “As soon as those mackerel came into market and the true condition of the fish became known the prices began to recede. Upon learning this fact, it was immediately recommended to the fishermen and inspectors to cull their mackerel and make two qualities of South No. 3, which was, I believe, generally adopted. Thus we shall have four qualities of No. 3’s, when, in fact, we ought to have but two, viz, large and small. I have thought proper to make this statement to inform the consumers and dealers in fish against any error they might be led into, supposing that all the mackerel packed in 1845 branded South are all large fish. “HK. H. LITTLE, “‘ Inspector-General of Fish. “JULY 14, 1845.” Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, Mass., gives the following ac- count of the past and present methods employed for curing mackerel by salting and pickling: ‘Some sixty years ago the method of catching mackerel with jig came into general use, so that in 1826 a large fleet of vessels were en- gaged in this branch of the fishery, fishing off the coast of Massachusetts and of Maine through the summer and autumn. Before the jig was introduced the quantity of mackerel taken was comparatively small ; they were mostly caught by trailing while the vessel or boat was sailing through the waters, only a few being captured in nets. When the jig came into use the way of fishing on board of mackerel vessels was by hauling down the jib and laying the other sails in such a way that the vessel would drift squarely to leeward. Bait chopped fine was thrown overboard in very small quantities, so as to keep a small string of bait going from the vessel all the time, and the school of mackerel, meeting this bait, would follow it up to the vessel and bite at the jigs, so that the fishermen would not have to wait for a bite while the fish was inclined to take the hook. In this way a number of barrels of fish could be taken in a short time, and a crew of ten men could catch in an hour or two from ten to twenty barrels, sometimes more and many times much less, or very few. As soon as the fish ceased biting, the crew engaged in dressing them, making three gangs of two or three men each, one man to split the fish and two to gib. The splitter as he splits them throws them into a gib-tub; the gibbers take each an empty barrel and put in it two buckets of water; they then commence to gib, taking up a single fish and opening it suddenly with a jerk, which causes them to break lengthwise along the lower end of their ribs if they are fat, - 236 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [146] thus making a crease on each side, but if they are poor they will not break. He then takes out the entrails and gills and throws the fish into a barrel flesh down, and open; if one or more should be put in shut up the blood would not soak out. When the barrel is about level full he fillsit with water, and it is then left for the blood to soak out of the fish. The gibber then fills another barrel in the same way, and so on until all the fish are dressed. After washing the decks, the next thing is to shift the fish into clean water, as that in which they have been soaking has become very bloody. Taking an empty barrel and putting in it two buckets of clean water, the fish are taken out one by one, and if any of the entrails or gills have been left in by the gibber, it is removed, so that the fish is thoroughly cleaned. At the same time that the fish are examined and cleaned the rimmer is used, plowing deeper the creases in them, which makes them look fatter, so that when the in- spector culls them and puts them up ready for market they may have a larger proportions of No. Vs and and No. 2’s. The rimmers are of va- rious kinds and shapes; some are made wholly of wood; others have the end tipped with pewter and fine teeth on the edge, so as to make the crease look rough, as though it was broken naturally; others have a knife in the end, which cuts them smoothly. There are other kinds of rvimmers and other ways of rimming too numerous to mention, but the object is to make them look fatter than they really are, and thereby gain in number of fat fish or in better quality, as this crease is an indi- cation of their fatness. After the mackerel have been in the second water a short time they are ready for salting. They are salted in tight barrels, so as to hold the pickle, which keeps them from rusting, using salt enough to preserve them well until the end of the voyage. ‘¢When the vessel arrives at port the fish are taken out of the barrels and assorted or culled by an authorized inspector, agreeably to the Massachusetts inspection law. The inspector puts them up with his name on the barrels, and then he becomes responsible for their con- dition and quality. The above is the whole process of curing mackerel, and if so cured, and the barrels kept tight and full of pickle, they will keep in good condition a long time. ‘‘ While jigging was the principal way of catching mackerel they were taken in such a way ard in such quantities that they could be dressed before they became soft; but since seining has come into general use the quality of mackerel is much inferior to what they were before. “The seining vessel may be on the fishing-ground and cruise for weeks and not get a single fish, for they may keep down and not show themselves on the top of the water. Then a day may come when mack- erel will come up and large schools of them may be seen in every direc- tion. The seiner then throws his seine around a school, and if he is fortunate enough to inclose them, he hauls in the purse-lines, gathers in the net so as to bring the fish into a compact body, and then com- mences to bail them out on deck with his scoop-nets. In this way large [147] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Zo quantities of fish are caught in a single haul, sometimes hundreds of barrels. Having such a large quantity, and handling them so much, the men cannot dress them before they get soft. When they are dressed and salted they are headed up in barrels and brought into port, and when opened for culling and inspection they are found to be ragged and soft, and do not compare in quality with the jig mackerel of former years. “One more fishery I will mention; that is, when the mackerel are passing off the coast late in autumn. A large number of gill-nets are then set in our bay and kept there night and day. The fishermen visit them daily, as often as the weather will permit, and take out the fish that may have been caught during the night. The weather is often windy and rugged, so that they cannot go to their nets for several days. The fish are injured by remaining in the nets any considerable length of time after they are caught. Mackerel taken at this season of the year are not of the best quality, for, even if they are taken out of the nets aS soon as may be, on the following morning after they have run in, and dressed at once and put in water to soak, the water is cold, and as the blood is already chilled, it will not soak out of the flesh of the fish, so that they will be dark colored. When the water becomes cold the mackerel lose their fat fast, so that those that are caught here as they are passing off late in November and early in December, many of them have little or no fat in them, however large the creases may be that have been made by the fisherman’s rimmer to indicate their fat- ness. They are inferior fish, and often fail to give satisfaction to the parties who buy them.” 45.—INSPECTION LAWS. Statutes regulating the method of packing pickled fish are in force in many of the States, but the only ones governing the manner of prepar- ing salt mackerel are those of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Nearly the entire catch of the mackerel fleet of the United States, with the exception of fish sold fresh, is packed in Mas- sachusetts and Maine, and thence shipped throughout the country. As there is no national law governing the proper preservation and requir- ing uniform grades of mackerel, it often happens that fish packed accord. ing to law in New England are repacked in other States and sold under false or misleading brands, much to the injury of the original packer. In some of the States outside of New England, as in Pennsylvania, there have been laws requiring fish that have been legally inspected in other States, but repacked in that State, to be reinspected. The Penn- sylvania law was repealed in 1874. The laws of Ohio require the in- Spection of all pickled fish except shad, mackerel, and herring. In New York there is a law on the statute-book which declares that pickled fish intended for foreign exportation must be inspected, but this law is entirely inoperative. The laws of Michigan permit the inspection of 238 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [148] fish when desired by packers. TF ish-inspection laws are in force in New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, and Michigan, and also in the city of Chicago and some other large cities, but they do not concern the mack- erel trade, except that the sale of damaged fish is generally forbidden. We give in the appendix to this report, first, the existing laws of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecti- eut; second, some of the repealed laws of Maine, Massachusetts, Con- necticut, and Pennsylvania; and, third, the laws now in force in the Dominion of Canada, as also the old law of the Province of Nova Scotia. In early colonial days it became necessary to enact laws for the proper regulation of the trade in fish, and to prevent deceit in packing them. Accordingly, as early as 1651 we find that the general court of elections held at Boston ordered that in every town within its jurisdiction officers should be appointed whose duty it was to see that the barrels of fish be properly packed, containing only one kind of fish, and those well cured. Each town was to make choice of a proper person as inspector, and within one week after the choice he was to be presented before a mag- istrate by the constable and take the requisite oath for the performance of his duty. Refusal to take the oath incurred a penalty of forty shil- lings, and another choice was made. The oath was a strong one, and required the officer to swear by the living God that he would well and truly pack all beef, pork, and other things when. required; that he would pack none but good and sound goods; that he would set his mark upon every cask thus packed; and that he would discharge his duties according to his best judgment and conscience. The size of casks and barrels in which fish, beef, pork, &c., were packed were reg- wated by law, and according to an act passed by the general court of the Province of Massachusetts in 1692 these casks must be of London assize; puncheons, 84 gallons; hogsheads, 63 gallons; tierces, 42 gal- lons; barrels, 314 gallons; and must be made of sound, well-seasoned timber, and free from sap. If any person should illegally shift any fish that had been properly packed and branded, he must pay double damages to persons wronged thereby, and musi be set in the pillory not exceeding one hour. Equally severe penalties were imposed upon violators of other sections of the inspection laws. If the master of a vessel receive provisions aboard of his vessel not properly branded, he must forfeit double the value of all such provisions, and the owner of the provisions must forfeit the same, From time to time during the history of the States various inspection laws have been passed, but since there is so much sameness to them it seems unnecessary to reproduce them all. In some of the States the appointment of inspectors has been left to the towns, while in other States they have been appointed directly by the governor. Some States have passed no general laws covering the inspection of fish, but all such regulations have been left to the cities and towns. But throughout New England, the center of the fishing [149] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 239 industry, the question has been regulated by State enactments, and the appointments of the chief officers have been made by the governor, who has, however, left the appointment of deputies to the chief inspector. Massachusetts has found it prudent to have an inspector-general, who supervises and is responsible for the numerous deputy inspectors in the seaport towns. Maine had such dan inspector-general down to 1875, but the office was then abolished, and inspectors appointed in the fishing ports are now responsible to the State alone. As early as 1816 there was an inspector-general of fish appointed in New Hampshire, whose duties were the same as of similar officers in other States. The existing laws of Maine were passed January 25, 1871, and amended by acts passed February 24, 1871, and February 10,1875, and provide thatthe governor ‘shall appoint, in places where pickled fish are cured or packed for exportation, one or more persons skilled in the quality of the same, to be inspectors of fish, who shall hold their office for a term of five years, unless sooner removed by the governor and council.” Each inspector must be sworn and give bonds to the treasury of the city, town, or plantation where he is appointed for the faithful per- formance of his official duties. Inspectors must make yearly returns to the secretary of state, showing the quantities and kinds of fish in- spected. Their fees are paid by the original owners of the fish. The law regulates the grades of mackerel under three numbers, and requires that other pickled fish as well as mackerel shall be packed in proper barrels, and no more salt put with the fish than is necessary for their preservation. No pickled fish in casks can be exported from the State, or sold within the State, except such as have been inspected ac- cording to law in this State or under the inspection laws of other States. Although, according to the requirements of the law, each inspector is expected to make annual returns to the secretary of state showing the quantities of fish inspected during the year, no such returns can be found for the years 1521 to 1864, and for 1879, and only imperfect ones for some other years. The present laws of New Hampshire were passed in 1878, and are very similar to those of Maine and Massachusetts. An inspector is ap- pointed by the governor, and he may appoint deputy inspectors, for whom he shall be responsible. The inspector is under bond to the State treasurer for the faithful discharge of his duties, and the deputies under bond to the inspector. The law requires that all fish pickled in barrels for exportation, and all smoked herring or alewives, shall be inspected and the barrels and boxes properly branded. it regulates the size of casks and the material from which they may be manufactured. The inspector is required to make returns to the governor annually of all fish inspected by him or his deputies during the year. The inspec- tion fees are paid by the owner or person employing the inspecting 240 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [150] officer, and these fees are divided between the general inspector and his deputies. Pickled fish and smoked fish intended for consumption within the State, and fish packed in kegs of less than 10 gallons, require no in- spection, but they must be properly cured and packed, under the same penalty as inspected fish. The existing inspection laws of Massachusetts provide for the ap- pointment by the governor of an inspector-general of fish, who shall hold office for five years, and who shall be sworn and give bonds to the treasurer of the commonwealth in the penal sum of $10,000, and who shall have no interest, directly or indirectly, in the cure or packing of pickled fish. The inspector-general appoints deputies in the various seaport towns, and takes bonds from them with sufficient sureties. He is responsible for their official conduct, and may remove them from office at his pleasure. The deputies are, in most cases, members of firms that are engaged in packing fish, and receive fees for inspection that are di- vided with the inspector-general. The fees of the office of the inspector-general will be seen in the fol- lowing extract from the Cape Ann Advertiser of April 16, 1875: “@eneral William Cogswell, inspector general of fish, has submitted a statement to the joint standing committee on fisheries of all the fees he has received from the office for the past eight years. The total receipts of that period have been $23,365.06; total expenses, $4,400; net re- ceipts, $18,965.06. During the eight years he has made some twenty- eight different seizures of packages of mackerel, valued at $5,781.75, from which he received, after paying expenses, $1,446.44, instead of $5,781.75, which .-he might have insisted on had he carried out the strict letter of the law, or an average of about $160 a year. Average net salary per year, about $2,550.” As these fees are paid entirely by dealers in fish, the office of inspector- general is of no expense to the State. It is provided further that “under the supervision of the inspector- general and his deputies, respectively, all kinds of split pickled fish and: fish for barreling, except heriing, and all codfish tongues and sounds, halibut fins and napes, and sword-fish, whenever said articles are intended for exportation, shall be struck with salt or pickle in the first instance, and preserved sweet and free from rust, taint, or damage; and when the same are found in good order and of good quality, they shall be packed either in tierces containing each 300 pounds,” &e. Smoked herring and alewives are also to be inspected, and the size of the boxes tor smoked fish, as well as size and material for barrels used for packing pickled fish, are clearly defined. Fish are divided in various grades, and only one kind allowed to be packed in the same package. Of mackerel there are five grades, deter- mined by their length and quality. Other fish are divided. generally. into two qualities, and so branded. [151] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 241 There has been considerable opposition to the oflice of inspector-gen- eral, and strong efforts have been made by fish-dealers to abolish the office. In Maine there has been no inspector-general since 1875, and it is claimed by many that there is greater satisfaction among purchasers ‘than formerly. The question has been discussed in the Massachusetts legislature at various times, and has always resulted in the retention of the office as one that is important to the security of purchasers. Since there is no national law covering the inspection of fish or the protection of the packers, it is claimed by the dealers in Massachusetts that mackerel are adulterated oustide the State, so that those inspected, in the State reach the consumer in a poorer grade. A remedy sug- gested is to pack mackerel as they do other merchandise, by any weight or style of packages, and brand honestly on each head,the grade, the weight, and the owner’s name, and do it in such manner as to prevent repacking without destroying the trade-mark. ‘“ Buyers will demand original packages if all such names as cover fish that correspond to the mark on each head, and packages that have been tampered with will be rejected. There seems to be but one objection to this plan, namely, a large buyer inland might find it necessary to repack for better preservation, necessitating the breaking of the original seal. But this, we apprehend, is not serious.” There have been other plans suggested as substitutes for the existing laws, but the legislature has decided that the present regulations are just and proper. The laws of Rhode Island provide for the election in each town of one or more packers of fish, who “shall see that the same have been properly pickled and properly repacked in casks, in good shipping order, with good salt sufficient in each cask to preserve such fish from damage to any foreign port.” The packers give bond to the town treas- urer for the faithful performance of their duties. Every kind of pickled fish must be sorted, and one kind only be put into one cask. The casks must be “well seasoned, and bound with twelve hoops; those for menhaden and herring of the capacity to hold 28 gallons, and those for other fish of the capacity, if a barrel, to hold 200 pounds, and if a half-barrel, to hold 100 pounds weight of fish; each cask to be full, and the fish sound and well cured.” The law provides for three grades of pickled codfish and mackerel, and imposes fines upon packers who neglect to obey the law, as well as upon any person who shifts fish from a cask after the same has been _ branded by the packers. Laws for the inspection of pickled fish in Connecticut relate to pickled shad, and provide that they shall be “well cleansed, and pickled in strong brine, and shall remain in such brine at least fifteen days before they shall be put up for market, and shall be put in barrels or half-bag- rels, the barrels containing 200 pounds each and the half-barrels 100 pounds each of fish.” Three denominations of shad are defined, the size being determined by the number required to fill a barrel. S. Mis. 110-——16 242 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [152] Inspectors are appointed by the superior court in the several counties, and receive a fee of 20 cents per barrel for packing, heading, flagging, pickling, and branding. ‘Any inspector of fish who shall inspect or brand any package of shad imported into this State shall forfeit $5 to the State.” In the several provinces now comprising the Dominion of Canada laws have from time to time been enacted requiring all pickled and smoked fish to be properly salted, packed, and inspected before they were offered for sale. In the year 1867 the Dominion of Canada was created by the union of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. In 1873 Prince Edward Island became a part of the confederation; so that the Dominion of Canada now includes all the provinces where fisheries are carried on, with the exception of Newfound- land, which still retains its individuality as a separate province of Great Britain. General fish-inspection laws, extending throughout the Domin- ion, were enacted by the Dominion Parliament in 1873, but were repealed in 1874, when more complete statutes were enacted, which, with slight amendments passed in 1876, 1880, and 1881, now regulate the manner of preparing pickled and smoked fish for exportation or for sale within the Dominion. We give in the appendix the fish-inspection law as enacted in 1874, together with subsequent amendments; also the old law of Nova Scotia, as found in the revised statutes of that province, published in 1851. The principal object of fish-inspection laws is to prevent fraudulent pickling. There has been a great deal of discussion concerning the benefit of these laws; some packers contend that they are hardships, while others claim that without some legislative regulations much more fraud would result and the trade in salt mackerel be reduced to a very low state. The law is a protection to both buyer and seller. It guarantees to the former a definite quality of fish, and protects the trade of the latter in that it prevents a great amount of dishonest un- derselling and assures to the seller a definite knowledge of the mer- chandise sold by his neighbor. The principal kinds of fraud in packing mackerel are short weight and wrong grades. The first kind of fraud is practiced by the addition of more salt than is necessary for the proper preservation of the fish, and a corresponding subtraction in the quantity of mackerel, thus keeping the same total weight in the barrel. Accord- ing to law a barrel of fish, means 200 pounds of fish, and not that weight of fish and salt. The second kind of fraud, or that of packing wrong grades, is more generally practiced, and the least liable to detection by ordinary customers. A No. 1 mackerel is plainly defined as the best quality of fish, at least 13 inches in length. A packer’s notion of best quality may be as varied as the number of his customers, for, while the requisite length of 13 inches is given, there may be great difference in the degree of fatness, so that the No. 1 mackerel packed by one firm may [153] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 243 be far inferior to those packed under the same number by other firms. In other grades of mackerel the same fraud is practiced, No. 3 appear- ing as No. 2, and No. 4 packed as No. 3. Butasmall part of the fraud in packing is done within the precincts of States that have inspection laws. Most of the fraud is in repacking in Western or Southern States barrels of fish that have been inspected in New England. A large quan- tity of fish are bought of New England packers and are by dealers West and South repacked, and the same frauds again practiced that governed the original packing of the fish. Thus mackerel that are in reality No. 3 are first fraudulently packed as No. 2 and later as No.1. A small short weight of fish and extra quantity of salt is increased until ten barrels of fish become twelve or thirteen. Especially is this short weight liable to be practiced where whole barrels of fish are repacked in small packages containing 25 or 50 pounds, and as in most of the States out- side of New England there is no law regulating the grade of mackerel and quantity required in a barrel, the dishonesty is not illegal, and can be carried on with an impunity only limited by the patience of the cus- tomer. A chief cause or occasion for fraud is, perhaps, the fact that the in- spectors in States where inspection laws are in force are themselves the owners and packers of the fish. In Massachusetts only the inspector- general is forbidden to be interested, directly, or indirectly in the packing of the inspected fish. Nearly all the deputies, or the men who really do the culling, weighing, and branding, are the owners and sellers of the very fish they inspect. There is little protection against fraud, there- fore, save in the honesty of the man, andas the moral standard varies with different men, so does the degree orextent of fraud. Astrictly honorable inspector would scorn to take advantage of his authority and under the cloak of his commission cheat his customers. Some inspectors, however, have an elastic conscience that will stretch to the point beyond which there is liability of detection either by a superior officer or by a customer. Such men can make old fish appear new by scraping off some of the rust, or can from one legal grade of fish make two superior grades. In Maine there is no inspector-general of fish, so that each inspector is responsible alone to the county or city authorities to whom he is under bonds for the faithful discharge of his official duties. For sev- eral years prior to 1875 Maine had an inspector-general, but in the year named the office was abolished as unnecessary, and inspectors be- came personally responsible for their acts. A loud ery was made in Massachusetts in 1874 and 1875 concerning the abolishment of the orice of inspector-general of fish, and numerous articles appeared in the papers of the day discussing both sides of this question, and including the general subject of fraudulent packing. We quote several of these newspaper discussions to show the general spirit of the discussion. The following article appeared in the Portland (Me.) Advertiser April 4, 1874: 244 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [154] “ To the Editor of the Advertiser: “Jn your issue of March 31 I noticed an article headed ‘ Fish Inspect- ors,’ from which readers not familiar with the business would receive a de- cidedly wrong impression, as they would infer that the inspectors of fish are in favor of abolishing the present law by which they are governed. But such is not the case. The whole difficulty seems to rest with one or two fish buyers; they are anxious to have the law repealed, and those acquainted with the fish business can easily understand the motives by which they are prompted. The fishing interest of Portland is of vital importance, and should be protected, and every honorable influence brought to bear to encourage fishermen living east of Portland to bring their fish here to market; but if the views of some of the fish buyers should be carried out, it is evident that not only vessels from the east would pass this port, but vessels that are owned and pack their fish here would be obliged to seek another market. ‘All the regular deputy inspectors of fish in this city have presented a petition to the governor praying that the present manner of conducting the business under a general inspector may be continued, and the present incumbent, who has served so faithfully and impartially, may be reap- pointed for the usual term of five years, believing that it is the best and most judicious course to pursue both for the buyer and inspector. “The old system, as it is termed, has been tried, and it failed to give satisfaction. Under the present law a general inspector is appointed to take the entire charge, and he appoints his deputies, who are re- quired to give bonds for the faithful performance of their duties. Mas- sachusetts has the same law, and we hear no complaint. ‘“ You state that ‘by the old system deputy inspectors were appointed who were, generally speaking, connected with the fish business, and on them the responsibility rested, and at that time Portland fish stood very high.” Under the present law all the deputies are directly interested in the fish business, and they know that if these fish are not put up accord- ing to law the responsibility rests upon them. Upon whom else can they throw the responsibility ?. They inspect the fish and brand them, and have given bonds as the law requires. You ‘would not imply there is deterioration in Portland fish, but yet the deputies have been inclined to be careless.’ So it seems that, although the deputies have been careless, yet the fish is up to the standard! Then what reason is there for com- plaint? I am inclined to believe that the writer of the article was either misinformed, or else he wished to abuse the public mind with the impres- sion that the general inspector had an exorbitant salary, and that this office entails au expense upon the merchants. The compensation of the general inspector last year was about three hundred dollars, and it is all paid by his deputies, who are assessed one cent per barrel for all the fish they inspect. So far as regards the quality of the fish, there is a law which definitely states what is required to constitute the different grades of fish, so that the inspector has his instructions from the law, and there ee ne [155] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 245 is no motive for the deputy to pack in any other way than the law directs, for he has nothing to gain, but everything to lose, providing the fish are returned to him. ‘We hope the law will remain as it is, and that the governor will be pleased to reappoint for a general inspector Mr. D. L. Fernald, of Cam- den, who is soon to become a resident of this city. “ INSPECTOR.” An editorial in the Cape Ann Advertiser of November 28, 1874, says: ‘‘The Boston Herald of Monday has a lengthy article on mackerel packing, in which it argues that the recent depression of the mackerel market is owing to the fraud practiced in selling short-weight packages and the making of No. 1 mackerel out of 3’s, and it is charged that large spring herring have been split along the back and sold out West for mackerel, giving a large profit to those engaged in the nefarious business. ‘The appointment of an inspector-general of fish purely on political grounds, without his having knowledge of the practical duties of the office, is denounced, as the office is one which requires the services of a practical man, who should devote his whole time to the work. , wirkeaemer eis TVAB ATV TL ee ee ees ees - See eee Cee eee UAMOLIVS PA ie eee een ele) Rare. 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Mis. 11 oe af: [168] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 258 Lh §2¢g 601 st T Ist ‘9 OFS 'Z 8¢ ‘TT § Spee L&T GPG oss ‘ 6 ‘ cea ‘T sre ‘or | $cLL ‘0g “Te0.L 8 “SI8T $291 ‘IL % 636 988 ‘3% OTF ‘FL T ‘ALNGMON popnjour (gt pue gigi Ur yrodAmqAMon v $101 T80 ‘T S6I ‘8 FP0 $183 $681 L¥8 ‘FT oop eq ‘T ecg ‘9 | $r80‘e | F700 'T #96‘ oltre “gos1OTLOg ~* 4.100480 AV ---qqgnouy1e(yT “-"* projypog MONT seeesee=* TAOAVUITG HT eects “TMOJIVS PT a[orrecseces[eeceeeceeelenescnecne|sneeseeccnsceceneeecensseccerceeces eooees MENIEY) g Be ee tie Plas em as en aes eet epee ORO LLCS Olof 5 Sep ee ee Ol Ls nrretee**"-999BTTOM. “77> TOLMpURg “qynomsT gy sciss sic cinicie's cieiniz'o aisieeic)siniele airisicieivivi>.ocici-jce ee ING XU (Th Oe es Sia [ied arcades ak ame ee ae ait ee wrrre = BIBLIO Sg a oo eds alata aes ere Sale oat qossvyoy ss2-- sicininisalclereici~ Cinle'wi-/-e==.-- = UTC airy ee ereee ween ee ewer ew eee eee qynous9 AA eclsees sioisee reins scl LOUTNY) Amgxoy pu 19jsoyo10q s claicislnies -=""* TOsSOg “*7"* UMOISOTIVyD wrreecss= PLOFPIOTL mmm $):3-29 02) (82023 11 BECO GOI SCOSE Lane yets coerce ATIOAOT * JoysoTOULYL 2 Snicienisie s-ie rici= sninniini-isicicie => TON SOON TC) OCR 410d 39037 mse | een a me wo concinenencionocnannecasesan-ciecnesteco=- "TOT MBC hi 91L'% | f6eL obL frez'T | Foxe 2 cee #296 £86 jovaasmsissane tc ora thr (nae o> sonora eeu sean G9E ‘Te i2G-s|eabele, | $h06-9> =|: F907 01 —| 62608: |-.010 aL. | ¥r06 "6 .|-Freg"S.~ |--2 n° sh se GOSMBALG Bact ak Gea e RS te eS et ee ee ROR LOULORS “9.100489, 4 bea Feop Le ee ee a nOUaECh TPL §9Gg Se Rea oat a ee ey ee Be POP DOR LOND va et CD tl cata Sparta Se i eee TOAVTITU ST GaP eat Rae Te aie eee: ep pn ee ee eee OL LUT DSF: 777" goxonque NT Sesercasnerericcmnerecies *ceec neice ~viees TaNOUTeT: Smisek re rege Sage. em eae em STO UO CT: “* OTM IVT Teese’ TAByP YO * "MMOJOOULAOIL sence ete e nee eneeeee renee eee eeeeees seers OMIT ete ey ha ey ns aS ee AN - © é s s -IeysMOI_ sccjesisiiedonccscor 2°" INOULIG peciesercatececrcces OTe puleg, icra ted ae sik oI IOCC OOO OT (4) 0.4) nats] rencecetconecses sess ss tise taene see ao Ese nOUlAT TMORSOTETD _ BES 090005| POOTEIS Dad | SGA DOEEEa MESRCGRees) Seeae anes Hess em Be paisa Scns cles connec m= ccaccnsc= =e ntOTNS Ti 120 ‘T PES PEs esT ¥FL6 69 f8ez $96 G8 #98 0L8 869 "TTT! pReqerqreyy ¥L0¢ ‘ $612 ‘% 008 ‘T 83h 084 ‘T gos 919 $893 898 esi 19 SIT PRET A eI aE Sa eS) 27) S54 eoue Sales) |s[e.6.s\n\o1s/nin (oll B 0 wiv amie wjmie|wle'm o'a\n@ (a6 6'/|\a\0'=/n\aiw:aieia’=|lloisie wie eo sic'e [a= e's 'wio='a\ele|le\n\e'a lela iwie w.e'|e'siovata os, eleeall seinaleieiaiain's toacisinncemeceringecenecnecesssenicedas ssc ca KIOAD Toso OUBPL 60T 69 ze PEST SRAEOR REISE SETS? Sena eaten I er qr0d 40037 801 FOL CS! | SORES Renee ate eee nns 2 phe eeee eedeeee Ue aL FOLT'S | $006 =| SBT [--onr nen enen noe ee erences eoeoeceweemarodémg Mont 600 ‘TIE | fc0¢‘TL | feor‘'ze | Foor ‘s TrO'SUL | Fpze"s0' | Fits 'ye. | Goyer, | TUL OOT| faLe“er” | Bree os | FIO OL. [en s- 707 2> tease tens eenesesncnsseens RAT, POUT Seu | Ree ccemulis we SeenON S cxlpare ne telcos cc eee es Foss 98g §g0T 9% £68 ‘3 FE8 ‘1 §69F Gee $32 &6 1 LLG 661 €9 Cs eg i ed ee 8 ees as seeee OTL 'T FOL €1é 6& cot 13 02 T aS Peal eu Cube eu eens |) =e wecenelsin =v aeeese F2LZ OLT 'T 699 £68 601 6F herd 996 ‘T fog ceo'T | geo'r | 66F 195 ‘9 rs‘ =| 626 ‘T ¥300 ‘ 62E'2 | $10L'T OST ‘OT 68 ‘¢ | $262 ¥e1z $96 £01 te ! 8% 81z ‘99 $1c6 ‘em | 90z ‘ST OLE S| 260°T | FTL | Fo9e die oie T T LIT CL §gcg ‘g TI6 ‘2 $0c¢ TeIOL *g % AE “T87OL € % A! ‘T?I0L ‘€ % ah ‘morjoodsut Jo y10g “Te8T “0¢8T “6I8T *ponuljuoj—spjasnyovssvyy Ur woosdsur pawayovT—"T LNAWALVLY [170] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 260 eee eee wes sees asumanl(s eee eoesaalew as awmass|eseeseeeus|seuoeeecas|soesewoneelecee see weniseeeusamas|(seerensems|s sere seees | eee ene | SE EEEs eee eee SEE Ue ee wee eee 8140} 10790 sees oa os ‘a wescnsenee|seeneecnemenseeeseeeeenensensereneesssee = BORTTBAG Se ee ee ee rer es es OCI OEIC IH RTECS KOC Iv 5 “"gos10ulog ~* 9.100989 A, 989 99T oe Se sea 0 $168 £83 Fert "> proypog AON Bee eetes [eco faces | Ssccnscse le "Trt WeatyET - WMOLIVO PA worrecse = “9OMOnIUE NT ocaan aco e = a OUST shoei Liaewigen 53 693 69% Ig cag oy| be ee ee |e PESE SES ISS Golan soe recess ie saeeinets weqgeyg &T TST EePr L § BSS See ee ee SS ee OTROU TACIT soncanae Peo eee Cet eet ee oer nn hd cary ea pene ee ae el nora ae Spee eee we te Re a eae eo a a eee eae One TEL Pee ee | eigen aa avast cy | Ween Nae lia ener dea ae Ree ec ewes ee ee AC YP NOE ¥eLe : Tia al ee ene POUR AG BOSSI C Sercnesc\arsccans=s| cme cc css nooo" OLA pTIRg O8T ‘Z 80L ce) eel ee Pe 0 eee neg ec et ed ed qynow ATT vbL 688 Ferg | 777 Arnqxnq $280'L | psp ‘e 208 % Geegasars tO TENITOS : ; i : F166 ‘2 660% | Frege "7757 -gossBToD $881 ‘OL £0F ‘8 ¥8II ‘¢ OIT ‘ST LIP ‘9 988 ‘9T TLz ‘8 §crs ‘9 THT 68 6h aL Bue FFs 19 908 865 oe ee 2.660: CISC) SEBO DCCC) CODD SOTO IS AAO co Blese|| eee iain a clnsnic. iain i-ini>||ies-iaieinivinisie)| is]e/e\eiz.n/ nici |rieln winieimienie)|-leiciainin\amm = pec ons aac socinem asm 'i/seiK Maxey DUG doIseqoL0(T 188 ‘$8 get ‘68 | Fee0 ‘Lz ¥eov 8 c19 ‘FE | Fore’ 96 &F6 ‘ZT Fo89 ‘ G6 | 90¢ ‘et RUMORS ere tee Brees te ee ad = ea Woes CAE ae eel eee eee eee lew eee eM ee ee ees es er ey wee peroos— oa ee=o cess serecring soos - SU MOsolre a) SPC OCR EOEOFEIDE OOOO aa C ae CCS oe sssioe PLoypoTL f9tL ‘T 969 $ $179 ‘b £082 ‘8 Eres ‘F Feco ‘g ELIP ‘9 882 ‘2 Fee ‘6 88h ‘F f6rL ‘T 189 | 908 | Face T9¢ ‘g tor TL | Soir ¥969' | Fror'T | Fol'T | Fese Foun‘e =| Sts‘t | 998 T sr o77 7" JeqsoONOTD A RES anbe De boc voters god 0037 6 806 , 2a, | ¥a8e, 19 Z0B Fear | ost oy cL 0g ; notte Ato we ened HosrOn c|neree | 0c ® A/S || PIB "| YyoT'9 | ece‘T. | gon ‘or | gue"2’ |. Seo‘ | 909T [o-7sictresttore tt qaod £104.40 Nt S8I‘TL | 12%‘sL | fere‘ce | 900‘chL | FPS ‘e9 | $240 ‘c9 ¥08).6U: «F767 087: |) SLG°8 «|ET89-99 ||; 98006. |v cas: es an ne, ene eee eee ecu §cgg ‘T €10 ‘e $¥G9 ‘T £06s ‘¢ ‘TEIOI, “uopoodsay Jo 4107 “yest “ES8T “B08 *‘ponulyuopj—szjasnyovssnyy us uoyoodsur pavayovyy—"] INEWHLVLY é 261 HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. abel - SUMO} IOTIO SALAS Ses Pata scissile on ne sair sels e/*sie\ri Sas BOREAL Sa PeR sco seg rare tes eees Sae/rne nena e eS ON OULUn Seae genase a sewer’ Sol) CSGIANE af cecamear aeesnl (1) at 92 fg pees aca ser sc = *=2*=*°* Ty OUCLIBEL ie f9TL reg F6LT & Sage “pIOJPog ALON wale we sence eel rece eee nee| cee memenelececccncnslsewenenanannanasacnscscscccosroccocesess TGQARUIIVT asleqeadcesas| cons scene |e es eneee sence sea sanes levee ene ess|s cesses cusslsoorocreasiaaatocaaaaienicnssens* cece ee wenerccconnenennssaaenesscossos=-TMOLIVODT ES AS I MAH RTM atc al eae tind Ml Se Dea MN ata fh a= Sot ta OLSSON Ta Ali Neen aes lb aaa ror ila Pace cntatmaes| | HALE LNA | FY eee ence e len eee c cece cee enccenenn sensor a ssereesors TOTMIVA seen eceeles wlewwe ee ee er ee eee mer een ene sere eeeene SS NY RA OI TG ENT IN Marl dala paaiedlad natin ete 90290 28 A | RLFL 128 gece ‘2 $FE0 ‘T $666 61 SILP S pea Mees iints pose 829 ‘T #9L ‘T $816 ‘¢ 82 y6l Z RIOZ Ler wih eee * J9OPTIOM. res re es en ra fre enw een eee A tah ltd pale ted saan ts (2 42H F a5 des weedancaserininvesseseisis's sacs o> = 55 TOUR A “91 qQuysuIvg saiewineie ene |e.n.s ¢cieie sinc ese sialon oe ae oee a Ot puMe 99T J eecececene scars cea ance ciecr cesses ono = ss TOUT ee |NeS. a Fe as pea ms li 39 FTL 6s $36 188 oer cet 060 ‘8 9 kd 9 caconesige | Sw iie so =| eau moe a 5-7 |e F0GcE fog : bE eet po SOCUP BOP OARS yank PGI LPL‘OL | fee's | f268‘s 609 'F | $869 ‘L 209‘t | fes9 ‘6 10d 'T 960 ‘IT fa 2A SESS Tees’ CoSeSRe eS SASS eee eeeieO Leas $0 ‘or Lv9'S | trac 'e pos‘e | ¥cxe‘8 | fcx0's | Fete‘ | fos6‘T OZS ‘LE | LéL'6 683 ‘9 OW bela aca “"gosseor 829 CZ $100 ‘9 Lee ‘L $eec ‘zr | ¥9c9‘8t | eso ‘s $ee9 ‘8 ¥69F ‘L ¥gco ‘og | $808 ‘FT 602 ‘OT GIO QR ne eer ee a eee en ecg 1 681 6L 96% 8F gel 0% $393 6 $33 eign ne Ts cre aati TS See ee ee Gee SS Sei (oes eae ed erat ee ee ees ree ee eels see * sceseceeeeceo= =< KOU) PSR SO) ba eae Sige'sisi| rae eet sei sia= es) usis acne oss or shat -- £IMGxXoy pus 19ys9Yo10(T foez ‘18 | OF ‘6 | sot ice | #309 ‘ce | cou'en | Foes lu | Fete ise | Teo '6r | Org oer 11 RN RR ORR RRO ESE MET in) cos Seat al eat wate e el een eee ee eee nee ence wenn eens een nnsennne* TMOISOLIVY YD beet teen eele eee e eee eee ne eee wennemnnnenereseeosensse=* NIOTPONW Sezz : aie > peoye[qivyy --2-5°° MIO[BG ---- ApTOAOT ttt t ee ene ne nene cer eeeeeeeeeens > IQSITOUVIT ce eee ce eee ene e ene en seeeneerenes IQISIINOLD) ee, | FeuL Heeb eL‘t | 219, | Fre8 ¥gez $279 ‘T 140 ‘8 FOL ‘2 foso'L | €r00‘% tees ‘g §Z1¢ ‘T 882 ‘OT | Fee 'T zee‘s | #280'6 | $g09‘IE | g09'T | FrI9‘¢ 9bF 'F Sa Seen eae re rer ra es ee ree ree er ee -* g10d 39037 TY , 18 le ep SIL 1 9 et, 688 183 Ble Pipes tale nee oe tee ae TE8 ‘22 106 ‘8 3B '6 | $2396 OIt‘et | 298‘e | ¥280‘or | fozt's | ¥8e8‘ez | Focs's SOP TEs ORE hema en em eens earns eee og Sn ae Byoe ‘ost | zi9‘ee | see‘eo | Fzce‘Ts | Foz ‘gor | fucose | #a9‘0s | Ger‘er | Erg ‘tcc | ErOG ‘PIT | OFB‘GOT | OF9‘GS [~~ TT TTT TTT TTT Totten eem een nes [BIOL ‘T87OL ‘8 % U TS9OL 8 % T ‘TOL 8 t 3 ‘aoT0edsuT JO JOT “281 "978T “GC8T ‘ponulyuog—spasnyonssvyy wt woroadsw pacayovyT—] INXNELVIG [172] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 262 8, Di eo oe errorsos= = BOSTBAG pp Se esis e ese anen ONTOTLON ee ee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee ee es ee ete fh ope on oy at Sime RO OS S0LF OTT 8s fog $901 a Too foci 2} $ez rk =e a ae ilies Seal | es : oie Wynonna $067 aad PLZ Feb Fees Let FIST ¥L9 é Ege oe Sac Bier ange ee ee sav aces en POT DORON ee ee eed ed ee ee ee ee enter gehen menor ant ie ce Aerie tee i rere Acar emcee See fee eee eae eed ots ee Oe ee melee TOACTLALB * UMOPLVS PA SP eR er ac ee Rccrigesserrincs ce ehesee tec cisinss pret = 140 CONT Boog SOS OP SOS ESS UE LOGOS Rosas qqnowmyRyp Risininip a peeisessiniaiaints srmma(T TSS SSS SSeS sia acs ae ST OU MTEL: www ete cel meee wee we lew www ewes pee ww seen wler ewe se eee sew ecw e ewer leew eser ees eewesee wen www ew ns een e www essen sl ew wee wren nl ee www enw en eee eee eee eee eee aee S63 Ter | aia || ones sess sili sie Se agrisieaa sero TUBYeTD $80 ‘2 $362 ‘2 LcL Ep egies |: FO0Gs. at letpopels PLP e eel LG! SILAGEP = © peer meine AO SSES Seem SP Per Serene S UMOJOOULAOLT SA la Sl ed a BS Che De ee Ee ede ee eee eee srisieweis n sieseinirineialsisin.cicie eRe TIT TNT) O19 | 98612 || Fees 'T | 99r'9 | 88) 6988 | OOK PT eee 88) 842. a i i aS 1OYS MOLT PS ae YANOMAV A Sep 'g Lez ‘T sre -OrquysmaIeg See 8 ee ee er ee ee ees ee ee ee ee ey qorMpuns gent | $96 | h09 =| ben's =| con _| Fo20 9525 Sap A fdeael Aanqxnq 5 618‘ | F6L'> Legg | EITL‘st | ose 'y 00'h | Foccig |--- OFUNGLOS srs | F196 ‘FT | cOF'B irr W 8h6 '% TE ead A aU) A ie a ee lees eg eae dae josset[o) £88 'S 810 ‘re | FITe‘st | 60g ‘s LGSPOime \EFOSORSS el tCOGO fea VLOGnS bee P00 LG er erie erg ere ene ere maetL our FL L 0cE #9 $606 2g ae pee mr a SneririsPis “Mow AO AL al S- ips hin 0 Rea aisle Ta igglgi iets eatiaal eae id tee Aoumey sists Anqxoy pur 1ajysoyo10g oT UMOFSOTAVID Bier owminleicisceinerie in Ser sicinein ieee melee PLOIPOTL proyo[qaryy ¢16 ‘68 | ez8‘6t | gce‘98 | €tos‘ze | zze‘oe | Freg‘ze | 989 ‘FG $806 ‘SP £10) $18¢ ees |e ee ee 8 eee eee see teen ¥¢80 ‘T 98h 228 ‘T LTO oF 193 : 698 §66T FIZ ‘T 89¢ foes F908 F16‘T | 90% $098 Foch 's | 690'T foros | 290'T ¥990‘T | L8% ele ‘e | tosh 'T £068 ‘T pedi SRA ALG el) NL as alte coe ries zone ie 7 sla Ae Ayx0at Hogg ‘or | Flo's | Fesgize | eop'er | zez‘er | fezs‘or | feoc‘rs | fete‘, | Foor ‘zt path alan 3 --* grod 0037 ‘ Lb 8 eo 99 or 18 SI 69¢ TSI ALE Cone 1 Cl Wee aa lel ee oe gE ee te ae aa qorasdy foet ‘9c =| ¥zc0 ‘IT LOL‘IE | LeP‘e e2r ‘Te | ¥gze's c0c ‘8 =| §cts'b | $leg‘oc | Fecr‘9 | Fer ‘et ss ctier Sct cnscsnissaeconO MATICAL NE eon ‘808 | ¥Gz0 ‘oct | ¥69c ‘F0T | ¥e98'z | 2L6‘Szs | Seo‘F6 | S60‘zL | FSI‘bS | F¥ce ‘Les | Fczr‘e9 | ¥oog ‘OTT | ¥oec‘eg [oc TT ego ‘TSIO.L € % 4 ‘TROL ‘8 % T ‘TS30.L *€ % 45 ‘uoToodsutT Jo 410g “Ost “68T “868T ANE rene *ponulyuoj—spasnyonsspyy wr woyoadsur auayonY—J LNAWALVLG 263 HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. [173] em wre elem mmm ee lew eww enna eee e nnn lem mace re wale ee sewenlseeseeeeue 699 80S ‘8 oT. $018 ‘ZT 09L ‘% $00 ‘F 0g wee wee eee -°"! §6cq ‘g cae pees $626 ‘6 ea ely ROL) TE StF OL6 ‘26 __ 186 'T §80 ‘> 96 ‘L¢ §1g4 ‘8 Ilr SEEOCORIAL . sai GZS ‘GF E191 98F ‘0z §Ze6 ‘22s BEL, TOL ‘¢ 126 ‘T ges ‘g Ole 6ST T OFF ‘ET CBI ‘sSoy | “THIOL ST 89 ‘g $218 ‘2 08 £916 126 096 GEh ‘8 ¥380 ‘s G68 ‘ET $20 Ts9 ‘T F698 ‘er beh 'T Fez ‘ ELE cT f6LP 'P 69 $cpr ‘ $126 ‘86 $312 ‘T ¥06r ‘Z* $912 ‘T 'cep 6L8 ‘F ros ‘b 600 ‘OT $1¢L EP9L ‘T $489 ‘13 9F2 'F 508 , $20 ‘T ORs ns eee ee ers ers 682 ‘TI RIC $186 ‘¢ $6cg ‘p¢ $200 ‘6T ELE G16 6 % BoP OLT F811 3 $118 ‘T 6000 696 ‘F eer 069 | Z0F ‘OT _veL'T | 9F6'b | FL 2 OPT $689 T “sTUME(, sopnyjouy 9 $02 es erry 66 were welee waele wwwele ecg 8LF 908 LES foLF 898 Tes §0z8 ‘T TUTTI) gop TTT | 02%) 999'S 92 ‘% oro 'T | Fees, CITI 68/3__ | P00 'T | O18 "T “| 0S9' | #908 ‘T 181 'T oe eae poe $916 L0¢ 6 866 ‘b TL9 ‘OL | fece ‘9 82 9B} F9EP ‘ST 90P Cu Eset 886 ‘TI hm Cited 069% 199 ‘9 seteteeee $P9 “CT GF ‘¢ aus 186 ‘6 198 .| 466.1 $26 STG) =) jenneaaee SI91 ‘2 $180 ‘e £99 SCOR Bae Fook "68 | 968 ‘OT | Fees '9T | 60/9 rare eee 26F f90r fon | Fe6'T | OT ‘TS | 0F9‘L 60L‘6 | #918 ‘s OFS ‘ZI | sch ‘cee | cc ‘96 | FeTZ‘z6 | 629 ‘8c 822 ‘Ek ££96 ‘8cL | Tcl ‘IP ee .: FLLT | 66L ‘T 81a ¥86L‘oL | teco ‘22 _| #20 ‘Or | ¥srs'e SLE 0% ee OP ils fi 89F ‘T 02g $CLI 596 'F 62L 'T see ee ees 390 ‘T E196 ‘Z 118 ‘f LIF F163 §ese ‘sl | 886 ‘LT EPOL ‘GPL | 981 ‘TLT ecg ¥ecr ‘oe EBPs ‘Ege 688 ‘FL ‘sJoy | “THIOL g % 1 ‘sdoyy | “12701, 8 73 “CE8T ‘TEST peat cetpsieeatel (ctertemte let tetatisl fi 0 Ni a (1 LY) -JO810UI0G eee ew me q10d480 Pace a20=tai=CoytapaR ee ~*"PIOFPoeT ALO NT PS eS ee gg ge a ae ee a eee ese ooense= = >= TO ART ATE corerecrnne=" TMOLIGS PIT aes “=""" gOyONGUB NT Sr a ee a same YNOUTTB yy Saenetee ric nr [rie omnes cee ae sruMe(y sseeres TOTMIBA Ich eseesis ses = TIVTIBUO fe. gare aes TAOJIOULAOI ee oe apceae omy, 189% “JOOBTTOAL (phe aake seen ssn LOTS MOT LU oper ens se 2 TNO: $19¢ eTqrysureg, Sr ae tae et OPA DIG qynouk{g -AInqxnq pee ML Aled i: 112} 0111) (Sos oS eean cea Oke Bn Of) wr ~ Tey sur --"-*-Tanomso [aoe eee eA OUT -IMQxXory pur 1osoyoI0g [Beemer c= eee “-"" TOysog TAO}SO[IEYO Eien asia alee toetototeiateke === AOTPOPL ZIg ess “"7* > pRayo[qaeyy §acL ‘T mloTBg Lida ---> AJIOAOg ToYSOTPOUL AL I93s90n0L-y “anche ee TOUMOO PIT ei eee ay qorasdy #201 ‘9 - |--* qrodArng MON |e oe SOS ne ome LOLO I 86T ‘OL T ‘woroodsuy jo 10g *PponurpUoH—spasnyovssypy ur uoyoadsur pawyovyy—'T LNIWALVLG [174] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 264 wee wwe weet ee amen lee ee mesmesleeee wen ees fae Aees2E 2208 Sma ees|| LP “| Rect ‘v1 Sas 55° °|-499 Geemeens| PCCORLE SOO a) gaa "| Serr > tee | FOF I ae | lOvE I oo6 S61 ‘8 91 $989 ‘IT g1é fogs ‘eT T¢3 ‘9 £66 ‘68 Mae) C88 - See oe | EPG f06r'S seg ‘c | ¥36L ‘eh 209 602 ‘ZZ Tre ‘OL | £01 ‘FLT “STO.LIB fpae F| TOL 98 6I L 6, vee ‘e I iy #18 'G EyLL 18> ‘T ggg ‘09 % ween nwnl~ eewceene fore 'T ¥ bMS ee eeg LOT G9z 607 ‘9 8 erF ‘OL | #008 ‘FET 169 Fe9g '¢ TEI ‘99 “s[oLIeq § pust ponuryju0j—szjosnyonssvyy ur uoyoodeur 2a09j00 A —"T LNEWALVLY TIO soreesesess- ST MOT IOTIO er Ee eee ee S| ~ 4S9.19TL0G FERS CODEC PSs RES rIGar SIGO CACO a OCCCOSo-OO SEAN aI NTO, gia) ela ase be ator a kata Niet cena c #| Ne ee tala I UWL AST) f) " pdoypog Avo NT “*" TOARVYU Ne *"*"TMOpIva py SOROS SCI (> (yenhen diag SCO UOSSa Phiten (af ; ssi" RTIKUOCT: * Gomme yy wo" Ureqzeq ~roresssoe* TMOIGOUTLAOIT seer ne oc sce eon SSS Eos AS eCT Tea st 59"* JoIsMorg “-o--Wqnoue x snores S285 << \OTORISILIES: te teeeeree sees GTM DUB sie are sie eaie er -- qquoud,g sence cere cere s fmqxng sooo o>" -9IBNGIOG ricisiewisiceccicrcs \tQgRBOG pees ees RUSTED cipeis “qgnour£o AA saeesisiccicsicices <7 - LOOTING) sinqgxoy puv 19}s0q010(7 pigic ines sto g sn.2.ce-sici uoysog serres so2"-" MOIETY "T7757" progpoy oe ee iia We[Vg seis 1oJS9ONO[) -- Br Ree eter at per sceec-eeeees- TOTMSGT rrretessses-qzod Lang sso NT Bete AIT 2" “aoTjoodsuy Jo 410g HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 265 [175] nn A So eee eee ee Senecio ss ae enna s ns oe ees eee STATON ICY “== -gosatl0g ---q10d 780 AA 961 Th 69 Neder se teeeanes|eneeenceee|sansecnens|aenaneaweancerncnsensseeeee-DIOMMOT MON See Peer Cer Cee ee TOARY IVT 77° TM OVIES PHT eee eee td eee re) 9g¢ % $816 699 ye pret 0g9 qjnowy]e 7 991 for Te aalhlatchd bch aelpboiaiaush aely eb eA JULIE) z Te EO Oe Le ag Sine em, pitie s piceacicke ieee et an gage eee bee a “ro WERTYO $2c9 Rerae cote tee ee F AOA LAO LET: 901 OL ng ee ee Sen Se ee ee ea OL Ly 02 #209 8ST 3c70 ‘3 A et Uae Rego SGOC SO ae net CUI CYL 996 ‘F 669 ‘2 ore € Foss ‘1 aisidhe a's wocleccreennes : Zs ee aS sicisen | Sais corer eet eae = IGAS ACT a o¢0 ‘T 668‘ 129 oe en ee ees neen es eaeeee rene eee Q1qBI SLICE Eneaaesalessaaace sis aie 9 c:ets'e stt's | sininic eleln ie Mine wees eee OA DIES HILT Eibebanens bciceen see LIS LN 6FE feLe ¥6GP ‘OL 9L¥ ‘IT --- ogengIog 109 seed erica sescet ane ssiensecson. -aNmedOt) $re0 'Z aoe, sie nlsesinieis'a eld sic'sis SSS e aE Leo OLE se-e--qanouse AA ee ee sinicinin oinininis igs 6nin eie> SSG 6 i= ire AOI) i Se oy | samc a Sie Oe eee We eg ee sorecceweencsess KINGXOY pus 10389 910q, toez‘e | teto‘st | Ezz0‘9 E9LT ‘G 068 ‘8 798 ‘22 £53 ‘6 BcoR “OT S8Gheel co ane os pee ECR her td eed a be rma oe rid | oe eer me | ee pe a Mh a cee ee La ware ee ocs OF $272 §19 Sa ee ee ee to ee : soneecar ; -*""pLoypoyl , foe peste anos a UR LGY LLL gs yd PCS elie sie proye[qieyy t6ze ‘T €12 L¥L O2T LETT rrr ely 6oF Se RT Tee ~ WIE[BS Ost ce GE ices ae LOL ae 89 9% gee mene at ite or a a ROaeel Secclaseicecccs|Seu tose acs|-ceteeceen| scot eacccs| soa wncens|sncdieneees|nsesssesceloncecncnes lowes son acelsin sw seemeelacss ees enciceelneweessce=* === 7ORS0 TONS HT tror'tt | veo‘ | Fuov'e | terz'a | eve've | Yo09'9 | Fear‘, | Ecse‘ir | Zer's yea‘ze | Fer‘, | 86r‘oT | Feo 6 |" ~*19qSOOTL0T a ee ee eee ee ee ee eee es ee eleeere ee CW Reade dase ses'esinisaesssesiels’-"i-nTOUNOO 6 eI % SoG Ea ras eg 02 soe see ec eercen eens snes menerssoo- TOTMSGT F98¢ 8 ¥c6a'z | to99't | Feee'® | Foz0‘st | Fz9e‘» | tee6‘c | Feor‘s | 112 G8Z ‘GT IL¥ 924 ‘9 880 ‘g Te chive eee en einairie ses" A IOCAINY MONT ye9z'v. | ¥et0‘oe | Fze0'ze | F2Ic‘ee | Fore ‘orn | yet‘ve | sec‘sz | Feoe‘ze | zov‘er | For ‘set | Freg'za | Lc0't9 | eLe"he [oem TOL 69T 6g THeL ‘8 % a ‘TOL, r % t | goueg | Teed ‘8 % I "aoyjoodsul Jo 4107 “OReT “SE8T *“LE8T ee eee ee *‘ponuryu0g—syaenyousenpy ur uoyoadeur pawayouyy—"] INAWELVLS [176] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 266 *197890T0] 4) JO qivd B BUM OFT 0} LOLI yaodyooy » SS eee = ees ee ee eee es ee ee ee ed ee ee sorter tres |eceeeerers|seceeseeeceec eres sseeereesereres eneee- STO} JOTI a | Peseasinweia|Socieeauassssenana esse teases --+=-gosTeANS “qoBr0uI0g es ee es gecccreccese === 2°" tT00G80) (Ne es ee eS ed ees ee oe ee ees ee ee Oe ee ee ee ee ee “"prospod Avo NC 7 te 9° 9 TOABYITB AT -"1AM091VS PH 2) PP Scecsess Pecans ses hee soce deiner erercrcce= secs = 2.= =. TON OULIMAS 198 SBEG OIC CECI DOC OCE OS Oy SECOC SACOO Ia) (a (enystnAdLa 7 eee eee Cocke Pines |Serieme ure ciess elneticoenir. eseccma ack Acs cu OUTING $19 woores es yqnourAT coed oaodeo| se syitince/ncisiceisisislozasiesisineicisisi- == RINT 5190 sislo\sislalecleimciauemrine miejeinioisinmicinicin arieim.r ==. OABNATOS COL ‘2 etna ee ee rscee "= JORBEHOD) $EPL ‘6 sietteees ceseeeeseeeeseeess= > quuq aU >" ygnourso Ay ee ee Aoumne) CZs ‘T $19 ‘2 196 $600 ‘g 8 ; £9 g 9389'S | 0F6 608 ‘9 T9F '€ GLP‘9 | 7982 999 | 09 ObL 08h £F8‘T | 628 ee ae eee 86% 090 'T 696 ‘T 198 ‘f 928 ‘3 Log‘e | 8''9 | 106'% ore Te |. 691 912 LOT 966 ——|__ 08 LEZ TLE | &GL olé T 9gL 269 ‘3 ¥ole'e | 098 | G90T S1tF 8eh $e16 ‘T 928 ‘% T9¢ | SBR 089 ‘3 TOP 898 ‘2 198‘ CSP $260 ‘T ES Sy Ee) aad eed ee) ea Otani ba FOGR Or. 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Foss ‘cIt | ¥% 816‘ZE | F0e9‘et | hz ‘98 | ESLG ‘TT | 82 £066 ‘EL Heoc'h = |-""-""" "| ¥6gn 88h ‘T c90‘g | t9rL‘9 |""" "777 *| 9% SOF ‘L z $966 ‘T 8icc6 tore 'b | pe's |---| STSL'T 21999 ‘Tez | fo9c | Bee ‘ty | Btere‘9e | #zze‘ost| foez‘ocz | He | F907 ‘ee ‘T3400 4,7 ‘€ % As ‘TROL ? °€ “998T “G98T cree lee cee nn leew nme cee cl ecnener ens |sesenesenslsreceecenn es --- BOSTBMG wees len ence ea leeeee eee eee e ener e ee] teeter creel sees esses 2 2-=- qogramI0g sree eeo- 9g 700980 AA eciesen == “TT ANOUNIBEL st o-"""proypeg AVO NT OTIC I I AHA YY LU FTG Us F selesercses= © > orMsdy sorseeeeess grodAmmq Mo NT #19¢ ‘T $216 ‘€ ¥0l6‘b |'-° 7°77} ¥06¢ Sean‘ | ¥F68 'T F19F '% toch ‘PF $208‘ |°7-"°77 "| $198 Rere‘b | #029 ‘2 ¥zoc‘e9 | Fecn‘est | F1¢¢ ‘FL2) ¥FT ECIZ ‘eS ZOPY LET FES. £9 joo gence ee ee 6 aS ‘TROL ? é % ap MOTOOdsUI JO 910g “p98T “‘penunu0g—seposnyoussnyy uy uorjosdswr pouayooT—"] LNHWALVLS 275 HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 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wreio:n. leis v'n'rilie\eie al stevniain'e}|ste:o\s ain e/nie’a | e\n\avaieveinie | aiain'win\e(are(e'el| a\niaia/@imalo\nin| ‘Ac ie slereln= =| /¢'=—nn = 8 TON SOTTO TUT foct ‘es | #288 | feor ‘st | Feoc‘oe | Feot‘ze | ftzT¢ ‘cx | OOT Fe6p ‘lL | %60z ‘tT | “zea ‘og | F216 ‘cot| Foz ¥z0s‘g | fsce‘zt | #290 ‘gn |"" "°°" 7 °777777 teqseonoTy #206 °¢ aL oes ‘tT | sor'e | #0n6'T | foe's |-"""--"| [so | ¥eorT | Fuet'e | Senh'9 | """-""| FOP ‘¥ooL‘t | ee1e'p ; > gavdy00 cathode at Sate) Bs Rottegnas sinters tals A bopees ize Secs tote sles arel| etstapetorare: sie toad Secedeer |aepencce at Wome taeced| Secasnasiae 7 dee Seg cepts ere it 8812 ‘9 66 $800 ‘¢ #ec6 ‘T $813 ‘T ST96T G) | o7=°2s2 $280 ‘2 feec _ fos ‘s §Gor ‘L Ir gp 'Z #929 ‘T Zeeg ‘eg [77-777 77° god Aumq.mo yy fore ‘bea | berc‘e | Fztz‘co9 | F610 ‘zo F626 ZL T79¢0 ‘ost, ¥cz9 ELLO ‘bP OE00 ‘CP | “$160 ‘e6 | *2b1¢ ‘01! §8IFr ¥gp0 ‘Ip | Ségeo ‘oF | 808 ‘ezt|""" "TBI, ‘TROL a a 6 ey ‘TR}OL Ax ‘€ % ‘T ‘T?70.L ?, ‘8 % ‘T = = ie ‘moroodsur Jo V10g “6981 “898T “LO8T “pony tog —spasnyonssnyy ws uoyoodsur pawayov][—"] LNXNALVLY rel © ee) a! —) REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 276 $100 ‘T 918 ‘¢ 29T¢ ‘OL SIP ‘e SF6TL ‘OT og PiPSP ‘Ge 6¢ *f9c6 ‘Isl | $611 T8O.L y $09 #916 ‘T “E109 ‘F tito rire iin] of} re a ri SEelo ‘re | tke ¥LI9 ‘T E06 ‘9 E9TP ‘66 _ foes __ SIT “io02 a f9FL ‘T 21638 ‘89 2EL9B ‘G8 ee ee ry ey or 1500% bs TOF * #1 | #98.‘ oF “06S ‘681 £008 ‘6 $c68 ‘L Beh PFI ‘6h Lor ‘F F8GL ‘t CEL8I ‘GOT| e1@G ‘8Te 7 ‘1240.1, ‘§ % “TL8T as ‘TROL #69¢ ‘¢ 8503 $162 ‘IT £610 ‘29 *€ “OL8T “ponurywopj—sppasnyonsspyy ur woyoadeur pavayovT—'T LNAWALVIG feee 'p a ' Jo rie een reion™ trtid Pp ' g ere6s F 8CPP ‘CS $686 ‘78 S17 ‘9 _ #290 'e ” aear 681 “ STALOT, 1090 pee Teens a ae se hse MG SEU EROSoS ‘rrrrrrriitt tty: gesroutog Soe eee s - 410989 AA eer sreeersssers=- TANOUIUCL Taina rclsacle||(sise sii =s- = DIO}POAEMONT ale UOAVT UBT ree ee eer mae aaa el TEM O1AB.G DT $F0GL qoyonjyue ar S| Pee el eee YAQOU] BT ""7-=> gsTameq: asics sree cir > eS OPM C rT Deere a eeenees ULEQIEU UMOJIOULAOT Ee ON a ae ove | hoe nee eee ieee CALAN 86 'G [77777077777 OOBTIOAL "7" JOFRMOIG sisi =e HOMES Toss @ eer = OTQRISIIESy: -- YorMpueg cee cet ewe cee- qqnowATq -Seicec= 9-- KING x0. “77> OFBNATOG Bee SSD eT (9 (010) -- mRIpSurlyy Bg eee CU cereee KOU - LIN GXOY pur 10jsoyo10(y easiest a ricisisisinie = 9100789 AL £19 sor rsescescces YQNOULALE CT SSeene vortfrsstss sss plozpeg” AON “TOARTL ART, serretssstses UMOWVS PI weecreceseer: AOYONIUGN eaienitiocnaine's= >> TONOULATe, enrnciiessuese= ss AINGXNT Ae OJRNIIOS sseees-s qosseqon eee oe selene sicisin= TT AMOUNAG, Se --|-£anqxoy puv10zs9q9.10(T __ er fg dlipnisieictsieisonem eee TOSOG: WoysopVyO Sas a" ene Tee A DAOT DEIN, sectecsces[oosrsscoeses > pReqe[qisyy a a papiaararmienn sisisigcine| a OYSM 91g "is pee ae Scie a ees sire sin 1S afece Se |as oo DERGONGO Mine cr ce 8t gre ‘gez|"-------| 06 ‘en | Seape ‘TL | TEtL6 ‘ZIT| FeFy ‘set| ELE 98cgy, ‘ne | Ss88'e9 | #ig9‘es j--- TRIO ZtOFO ‘TS 8erL T $202 HISTORY ‘OF THE £2290 ‘OST | | *[ejOL ‘> g | % Ti *[e}0T, | - ce Z or ‘TRIO, 2 e % Te x *moqoodsul Jo WOT “GL8T “PLB “EL8T == Neeeee eee e eee EEE an ‘panuTyUOH—'sjasnyovssyyy wr uoyoadsur 19.1ayoVT—'T LNAWELVLS [187] > More - Ma aang Cota in lt care ten aes ISO AOUCLOM I pines (te a S --"" BOSUBAG Bop Pe Ese Soe aes cee ee ee oe oe ONO ULON ee es SOS Seine STOUR SOLAN 2 oy eee aU TOU CT See e555 = = PLOTPOMTeE MONT es Rene ee OAR UL Eis gee sone wes ee UMORESD ih OY OUI NT lal [e,@) co rei cI Syarcy@ @ tren elder QotM aie yy Rese see os “= wIRyyVYyO UMOJOOULAOIT le ABSe otndy, risiSTa ICs SSNs -- OOP (TO AL csi be IOJSMOI > qqnowae x EES Sst --olqeuysuieg DSSS RS oes “77> TOLMpueg [orcese Derericice ---qqgnow sg Paris Seiten 32 |(secinicricsio este s< AMO SINT acer i emerge orate Pa IG FOr Gi |EE0GG, | ne "77 -gosseqod er es ee ek ue outy pipminisiinsiccs | torr See cer esain i ANOULAOAN Sian Sata ae ces ae ich Aoum(’) ‘A INGXOY puv 19389 d.10(T Sra errata 10180 Beale UMOJSOTIBYD > plopypowt ee proye[q.1e yy vate Se ies a ey UWLOTVS cinees-*|so= a5 ROU i cecccee ger ta AOU soeeracyeceesons!-KINGKOY pile 19ysoyo1oq: SPLiOG. 4 LGPS, Gi (sc toe es reese 2 Oso GT bes “""* WMO ISOTIVYD 5S og oe ee OL Oe eee eee ee ee ee es ee ees ee ees ee ey -£[19A9gq Se atten | Uae a a he tae We ea aad bene. Gane ail ale che rl aed To4soTouB yr plc ‘Tt | #es6‘ee | FLeL‘s |--7 77777777 AeySoou0T yy & basal Be fiiiiiiittr ttt aodgo0 ao Piper tee a YEN Ge eed Fas") p00 ‘T BG frre steons qasdsinqmony $163 ‘SST | Ezce ¥oos ‘bo | FeIt‘Te | Fs20'G [---*-- “ooo ego, € % Ls aes moyjoodsuy] so 410g “6L8T *ponulywoj—sjasnyovussvyy ur Uuoyoodsur yasayovy]—'[. INUNALVLY 2800 MACKEREL INSPECTION IN MASSACHUSETTS. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [190] STATEMENT II.—Showing the total number of barrels of each quality of pickled mackeret inspected in Massachusetts from 1804 to 1880, and the total value of each year’s inspection from 1830 to 1880. Barrels of mackerel inspected. Year. alk 2. 3. 4. Gaia A ceiene tes tie al AL ar pa 2, 5183 AgODg SS iat amen 2, 756 ONG Tam oe eee see 2, 462 ACA SOn @ | Bias eenes 2, 4134 FRCS 4 Eee eu ara 3, 078 BYATO A inane eae 4, 770 Sa Qa OIE se meeeciacce 6, 023 TONOOD Nees eee es ee a4 2, 1544 Py Praha ta ee eae a 1, 231 NGO Ma Seiyateterry steal 5464 ROSEN | en ete 5, 4564 TSE |e saesn MaMa | 9, 2643 TSA OW ON ni Stet ee tame | 5, 2674 DMG RS mi | Ae eae 11, 1624 Osi been leeaeeeacne 36, 5214 ASOT HE lone eee sae 34, 8113 68, 3744 |i... 55-2 se 32, 1033 (HOG se Boat emaace | 66, 6814 (ERGY isee Aaecmeese se 62, 0474 63, 1544 Byles ATs ea 75, 221 TLCTSS allo tnerenee 109, 840 LITE O04E See Soe seen 80, 584 BE GoTa a ||Peesaciee se 2 69. 3835 BONG LOR Wi lta verarecs ets ceria TSS Se RGR ia 63 2354 | 110, 6663 Ga d9on |e ee ee 1 EP pe SSE EE ORCA COM REE CoMStS 54 184 77, 098 OSS GOD U ile eer sterces ats BS O Marisa namie cnx sereeys 47, 8683 104, 5693 TOGNOZS Ei eects see SS Teen EA SC ee 70, 198 171, 186 TERRI Fa | eye TES Ps age Eee Cena Se tee 28, 67 97, 2193 Q6fo5Sa | mene Sea CSD eee ede a SHE NNR Ls 54, 5594 98, 9274 60d aba lumens ae TEESE eee et Ge oe i 80, 4334 93, 5534 MB SODe | (Bam nee) halen TES ee SE ae ea 45, 605 57, 2714 Cy py in ues ei eace k Si beeen ececinecae semecw en 53, 6653 60, 558 i Eee SB aoe ses See TSE (eas ae Ra eae a 24, 573 61, 027 DO GGYES. Nisoeacemeseae BSS oe eee somes ccs boscecse 37, 9684 28, 588 BM SAN eis faierasiclee t= DORON eosin gel ace clon feiscie cloeis 22, 2174 22, 0374 BOHOVS Ee | Porcte neta eres 19, 3514 11, 049 PANE Gta | ee Sea eS 23, 747 10, 649 POL A Ne) Nees ser cere 29, 363 22, 496 OSs6Sdr. wo esthedes ie 32, 759 13, 088 ASAGOL) 9) Seale ote 28, 8433 22, 515 BSL 029e ell aero 28, 083% 88, 6234 855064 |) soataeuea 44, 430% 70, 005 BSN076n Vesa ee FUCA aA Ses haha che WE fe ae ak 104, 1508 76, 0063 TT B02 yl aceceea eee TE ERS Ree ee ere met are 118, 0933 79, 979% LOT MOS8E eae e sets TAT Ses a ED apg 61, 404 81, 962 6565840 mS eee eae SOO Reiss sean a ae Sack cone 88, 401 44, 909 87, 604 21, 658 LSS LAM isjaocreieisia misicis ais sts ale ateloe 90, 7653 102, 4674 135, 5974 4143 TIGGEUE OR ae See e nee aE ae ee 84, 0302 67, 0714 44, 8085 2, 210 TSG) ce a 49, 015% 24, 584 39, 897 19, 8432 Tr SS a OG epee ce 30, 5958 46, 2424 55, 1333 3, 378% BOD meeisicte ne deaersomcics eee. 29, 3024 91, 122 90, 1933 1, 3383 MSGGmemaeee seca seca as sole 89, 3333 76, 8192 47, 9814 178 112, 97133 P i! OUD recrd Se ie a Ne ec 33, 106% 19, 27033 73, 42425 4, 261,55 LOT Ou ere eho eh are etetcmeye neater 30, 86939 96, 77233 93, 48128 4, 8183 179, 511% 251, 917% 300, 1308 208, 950 242, 572 329, 2444 198, 120 133, 3404 135, 349% 211, 956% 214, 3128 168, 7058 131, 6028 99, 715% 935, 6854 194, 283% 260, 864% 306, 942.2, 274, 3574 256, 796% 231, 6967 210, 314; 180, 05633 234, 210% 318, 5213 259, 4163 181, 956, 185, 7484 258, 37918 130, 06223 225, 94227 $1, 119, 470 1, 589, 936 797, 795 976, 935 1, 165, 842 1, 030, 560 1, 268, 388 803, 653 925, 002 719, 204 473, 345 518, 300 493, 979 549, 419 634, 502 1, 883, 669 1, 094, 585 2, 259, 958 1, 858, 500 1, 560, 126 1, 777, 517 2) 249. 511 1, 491, 923 1, 207, 975 1, 313, 535 2) 129) 084 2, 064, 581 2, 162, 738 2) 878, 777 \ f201)] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 281 ' MACKEREL INSPECTION IN MASSACHUSETTS.—Coutinued. STATEMENT II.—Showing thé total number of barrels inspected, §c—Continued. 2 Barrels of mackerel inspected. Year. Total value. al 2 3 4 Total TSilseetecccccecices viaccess 18, 0154 37, 28623 37, 70025 12,0942 | 105, 097%, | $1,187,516 ATG wera nea lle a ciciniais;aisiaininie's! 14, 094% 48, 170§ 70, 1754 11, 7854 | #144, 2263 1, 034, 144 EB ab aenaate ne conce sonia nisias => 9, 025% 91, 1134 54, 8064 3524 | *155, 297. 892, 957 NERO ease cess cinsc- cone anieens 20,4534 | 104, 4344 99, 5548 19, 5163 | 243, 95: 1, 474, 152 72) hoa 15, 5984 | 139, 586 98, 8614 2,1279 | 256, 173% 1, 601, 081 aThe reports of the Boston fish bureau give the number of barrels packed in Massachusetts in 1878, 144,205 barrels ; in 1879, 156,125 barrels ; in 1880, 255,986 barrels ; in 1881, 269,495 barrels. These figures for 1880 and 1881 are probably nearer than the inspection returns to the actual product of the ery, since some 5 per cent. of the catch escapes inspection. [192] | “OLETBS 4B poyoodsures g “ON JOLIE § sepnpouy a “WAMOJOOULAOIg 9B poyoodsntod ‘g “ON S[or1eq F pur ‘Z ‘ON BToIIBq ETE ‘T ‘ON S[oLTeq cEg Sopnpouy p ‘Ajaoaog ye poqooedsutod ‘Z ‘ON [ole [ pus ‘T “ON S[erieq Fy sopnpouy 9 ‘qosseToy ye poyoodsuted ‘T ‘ON S[oLIBq 4 Sopnpouy q “JOOPTIO. A 98 poyoodsuros ‘Z ‘ON “spore F1¢g pu ‘T ‘ON S[oLIeq cz sopnpouy v rio {P| OR HOO) IOKD OD} OPO moaisn|o REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. £020 ‘FZ | OOT SEPL (86 | bP EGL9 ‘86 [77 °--* #188 ‘G2 | fP10‘z eres (Le | Fone SPB Sh | PL 831L9 ‘Cha eae 2e.\o0-"** 089 ‘BhP|""-- 777" 8 Se laa 188 ‘66 | -” €8L ‘Go | 02 eh ao >= So = ol s ELg6 ‘8 G2 6 FG18 ‘L $291 '8 oF CEs ‘TT k T6PT ‘L i LOF ‘ST Reet 809 16 | OF ni ¥69¢ 6 $486 ‘31 §g1¢ ‘OL #928 ‘2 #286 ‘EL §P1z ‘OT ‘ onic ai) re ce | Soits) ae HoOnioms, sdihs Cafeneslo0 e3Ia0 o on NH o 2 6) ir) onl £0 OD LD VID DEO ACD CH eco‘T | 261 ‘9 6903 | 9se'8 ‘8 % "T8303 puwry Ale Yo) Porno cath oF Ke CSIRO Ko Cir mpordeitstorte "[8IO.L, *q10d L100 40 AT *194890N0[4) Beer ‘Tz 169 ‘92 £968 ‘06 #6Sh ‘0G BEF ‘ZS 06 ‘9T $282 ‘ct | S02 fe 620 ‘LT | #50 ‘T ‘ ---| 8227, ‘pe | $c0L ‘2 | 8880 ‘OT KO a 10: \cko re re Ld Cay #090‘ |-""T83T oe (a oms‘s |°< SPPL‘e |"° S181 SoC ESS ake 3086 ‘8L |" "SL8T 81912 ‘ST |" “PL8T esl ‘or |"* 8281 StP8E FT |" "SLB EL0G ‘OL |"" “TL8T f1o16 ‘8 |" -OL8T. *21¢ ‘6 |"" 698 81610 ‘FL | ° 898T Foep ‘gh |-- “ LOST £€29 ‘eT |"" “998T #099 ‘tz |" "S98 gtlsh ‘or “""$98T S106 ‘6 |"° 98 #611 ‘L |"" COST 966 ‘G |"~"T98T ®2¢c9 ‘9 |""-O98T *7189 ‘FL |"" 6981 er ieanrincs| RoSacgT "$981 **8S8T “""@S8T “**TS8T “OS8T ‘Teo K "IRBL 02 OGET woul syosnyoosenpy fo yu0d yona ur pajoadsuras jaioyoou papyord fo fyyonb yova fo sjassng fo saqunu ay2 bumoyg—' {II LINGWELVLY 282 ‘SLLASOHOVSSVAN NI NOLLOAdSNIGH THAAMOVN [193] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 283 47,—STATISTICS OF MAINE. The mackerel inspection of the State of Maine is exhibited in two statements, showing the total number of barrels of pickeled mackerel packed within the State for a series of years. The first statement shows in detail the number of barrels of each grade of mackerel inspected in the several inspection ports of the State during the years 1804 to 1820, and from 1864 to 1878, and was compiled by Mr. Starbuck from the original returns of the inspectors, deposited in the office of the secretary of state. Until the year 1820 Maine was a district of Massachusetts, but since that year has been a separate State. For the years from 1820 to 1864 the original returns could not be found, and it is probable that the returns of many years between 1864 and 1878 exhibit not more than 50 per cent. of the actual number of barrels of mackerel packed in the State. The second statement shows the total number of barrels of each grade of mackerel packed in the State during a series of years, and is com- piled from the following sources: 1804 to 1820, from the official inspec- tion returns; 1825, 1854, 1836 to 1838, and 1851, from Sabine’s report on the American fisheries ; 1864 to 1878, from the official inspection re- turns; 1879 to 18381, from the annual reports of the Boston fish bu- reau. A review of the statement indicates that the mackerel industry of the State was more extensively prosecuted in 1881 than during any pre- vious year. 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ONG = | S8toSee eee nisisie's los yURI (e3) ee es “- =e. “90qnT ees oe ee ee eae ee (io eae Pert SOc oO 8z ¥ porecerss-scc"= OO SeiT =| fees | S¥10z ‘or | orp ‘et | Wrig9 ‘et | tp4‘8o | -- Epon ‘b e9¢‘9 | fone ‘LT | Fon9'se | fosz | s0ze 'b $70.8 |-2090 lo 4 amen e}oL Ay it ‘8 % T 12}0L v 8 % T ‘T2901 cy, g % iE ‘uorjoodsuy jo 410g 69ST "898T “L98T 288 *ponulyu0j—oumyy ur woyoadeur jaseyovyT—T LNHNALVLS 289 HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. {199} StOGh ‘P & yo9L 9 6FT‘L 668 010 ‘T ee *960 ‘9T #188 ‘66 Tio ‘Ur ' . . ' - eee mee PtrTF ‘st | 2168 ‘ez ‘TRIOL “2 € 3 T “P08 ‘Le | feTE SES08 ‘GS SELES ‘8 | Uoer ‘er se tteeerereeeees purepog “sie cEein se 2“ TTOMBQIBET ne sor Sanqsddry gq seeee eee) ygng piascre cisna, 6 “** 1AM0J95.1004) : * 4100480 AA 1eisivwieire series GTOCUIUOS “77 Leg qoog * SOLURIT Sore oe TOTS BOLO UuojysvMOy,T, WING -- ie UdABY[VUL A iociee eco OAR TAU ION,: seeceeee sccess~= TOP CLEA) “"** 98vs [OE ae See ----** popduey, oc ee =e eTOg keg sctiv nicer <-TQ MOI qaodsyoug 422 2 eS MO, oulysUl) se<- Ses: 9[ssdoog puRsy 8 UeVAag stor ttsess groped, gUnOyy “purysy A1tequeiy vig tec ice te qaoyy UV sileeenlciesmtele -- ==>" 9aqurq *si¢ since cis) eq TOG2NEiT teeeeeee ress -TROg, ‘T?30.L ¥ aE “SLET “TL8T ‘panuywog—awmpyy w. uoyvadsur Jacayon]T —'T DNAWALVLS uorqoodsut Jo 10g 7) 1 | 200] ; REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES 290 ce ao mm ‘SPJOSNPOUSSUTL Ul P ‘ON S¥ OWS ‘[[VUTa g ‘ON OI’ OSE} Jo SToIIBq [0G‘E” Boer ‘LT |SA HHS ‘AT “FOF $608 621% £28 ‘G PeeLOGNG rae |asemee ces trheee* puvpyqdog “ -Tomsdiv yy “++ Zinqsddry gq qe oe "777" 1M0995.1005) Friis ekoz eee s2527° 9700380 MA odyzm0g aes ae “* Avg 00g ayes gas 777 SNOIUIQVTL “i arao <5 °°2 TOT RENO psec woysvuLoy, TNS ia Aa WOATY[VULA eee” “s""*" TOACA YILONT sjale’= a'einin(siciaie “77> Topmeg terest esses agesfoge uopdmury sitisicis|eyejsie sini Losuvge “eecsccises sis risincloee TSM O1G: al ---qr1odsyon sr rese*-OUTqEBD ++" puvsy, L007 secretes: DOBIBT 8, 0eMG qassoqy JUNOT BGI NOOO CO ORGIES O09 2a OO RCIIG ICCC OS) ODOR EIICIO) IUGR OU MONG) OCS COT 20) iO COC DSTO COO) nT TI CICIN tar AC) ICs He ea be SACI) es] Arsequrig Reh aac) Fee ec Aare tbs |b ei i ake nd 6 RSS ei RS Nar hc acd ede perm meee | fet eae ache cnr | et chest paca (uae Sar go Set ne ae nn ee ee ee eT ee eee ae eee qLOF UV een | ese mereeniet |ppee || ae | are Ren ME Roa ts opel gts = ar ak eek Ae I, Nec tee aie te hes cee, ae seers "Q9qmT seeieserseies sisheralsiuin scisjoiviniice qrodysuq feer ‘T TGs ELV LeGY) cua aes GGG ‘PF 928 ‘FE | teet‘se \8feet'ze |----777° 61¢'% |*@crs ‘9 S605:GUe || sare eae 1870.1 a7 g % aE "(230 a 2 € % aE 1e}0L, 7 € dc Tt ‘moTpoodsutI Jo J10g “CL8I ‘PLEIT “ELST ‘ponutyu0g—aumyy ur uooadsur pasayooyyT—'] INAWALVLY 291 “TTeUIs ‘g WN B[oLITG FZ 4 ‘]]Buus ‘g ‘ON S[OIIVG FOLG'S SoSaV] GUN Sfemucg TS yp ‘][VUls ‘g ‘ON SLOLILG EP | O[PpTUT ‘g ‘ONT STOTIVG FoFG's OTavy ‘EN Sporsrg ZOL p ‘TTeuls ‘g ‘ON S[oLIVq BOL Y ‘Teas ‘g ‘ON [orreq T 9 ‘TTeus ‘g ‘ON sporavq ggo'g 6 «(BAPXO ,, BJOLIVG 9 Q *TTeus ‘g ‘ON spoqzeq 000'T £ ‘Trews ‘g “ON sporaeq 99G'% *#E ‘ON SpOlIUq Foxy ‘g SoSarvy ‘g ‘ON Sspoatavg FOZ V Ge are ane ame co ‘Tit | teS'b | Yen0'T "sretse"l 28994 | £88 '8 Z9l'S GLO‘8T |-777"""") 10266 | gocr's hada “Tors pasyzod Saxtneecet oe IRE aed earn asic ecie tisentioesecel sess seicesie (sc A Seise weer eoceecra jer eee erin sites 2 reresss coes- TOMRdIBH sooseceessoss Amaesddia_ to aque 77777 UM010T 1004) so> qr0dqeo Ay Aeiaivice= ise vee" =IT TOCUANOS Sieinir ieinicaseunieie EIARBET yyoog tor eeees esses BNOTONTL pcceecisescce= TT OTSBULOT.L “* ToysRMOTLT, YNog veei-ieinwinnsce -TOABY COLA. sees --=-] ont | . corsee oT AB ET (I2ON: Seiteseees ena cisieeee rieisieielSinreloinierei = eeITTO }) UGG) : Sailers OO I OC Fis) | F > uopdeyy ssisieais nininlsieiie's => TO TEC Sais See eric'aeraisi> =O ANOIGT, rgnisisisieivievie'=i* A TOCSY OU : Feeeeeeees tes pURTIO -*""OUTJSESE) eiesiewe seeks PS? OTAT TOO CT croc reseses NTBIST SUBMS sroresesess qigsad JUNOT sor gisy ALTOquTly "o> -QroyyURly Bei a OCOD Tato 7 & tet ceeceesconens qigdqeug HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. es | en hs, ——— feccme nl ee0) OF pls‘ | Eg ‘T ELGT ‘ce |--" "| Seer 6 fre ‘6 | $264 '% Seep ‘ze |°° 7" "| Foes ‘tt =| $e60'6 RG0g SL 2s 2 Sse etesss ae IO Ts T8}0L ¥ °€ % al! “T®7O.L v € % ab "TRIO. aid ‘€ % T - ‘aoroodsur Jo Wl0g Ta! K y ‘ 4 8L8T LL8T 9L8T : *ponuluog—ouwyy ur uoyoodsur jadayovJ{—' T LNUNULVLY 292 STATEMENT IJ.—Showing the tolal number of barrels of each quality of pickled mackerel MACKEREL INSPECTION IN MAINE. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. inspected in Maine from 1804 to 1820, and from 1864 to 1881. Barrels of mackerel inspected. [202] Year. 1. 2, 3. a Total 19 S05” ilu asks tena aera mene 299 212 158 FY ide | pital rcs 403 130 1164 | [cu oh Aheen ae ere 2464 406} 424 760) al ea ome 1, 5994 43 CBr. Weis, peat klk cee maaan 109 14 29) a, | eee aes 404 72 380 Pye elena. 496 100 186 203; y-\| eteenetes 439 134 497 Sah |: ae 8794 46} 14} Toc, | Cee Sane 76 Beer OR a | crea i 16) al hee one ee 10 5 72 Sal wile 171 274 53 Dion a oie mea 329 300 230 ry ee Poe 620 381 170 Side alee acd 862 999 2, 557 17 6Gs eV sae alee 5, 322 1654 7884 A MOBT Taek 4,991 Re Aria) Ee oie en ean: uke gaC Tee 33" 065 fat Sok. ote eta aco OT Onna 40, 661 SNORE ot bole gee Nailsea ON 1 a a 25, 298 ARs ra (au RENO R Us TR rhage TS THE 29) 462 Fol Shaper sien Oana BAU OM Aen 24° 312 iieuenriallonten Fah ite nah a oo ay eg ea ee 14, 6774 | 30,1714 4, 8814 674. | 49" 7974 347054 | 13,868 5. 6354 6 | 54,9158 31, 711 6.1413 6, 7568 183) 44° 6278 21’ 060% 81043 4) 3208 2508 | 33, 6754 17, 946% 6, 363 AOC GUE Shee 28) 574: 13,614, | 12,410, | 10, 20143 9393 | 37, 1664 Igt1B5 4 | 82Oldanl| SO gGost a |e ee eee 52) 3045 23/3013; | 18,41742| 6.7932 |............ 4%, 603.3, 10, 0133 6, 1624 5, 626 371 29' 173 12) 7698 Pry Te ag eh) Fede 29) 19338 25/1933 | 14,326 Fi Ae eae 43, 7413 2 221 1, 4334 Beeasien| eae em 9) 5024 1) 9054 g.o0ge. || a1 2304-1) oc bis docs 99) 4294 5, 7924 9 9414 pi Zog4 ib loin cian 29) 157 1, 4782 5, 874 TGAOSD CT Sees a ee 023, 4344 ph 1 LOA SRST eh PORE OMS AEH ek te 1 del RC NIA Uc lea a ha b58, 249 PPR eM ta ote ae 0 er et ed Be eo Ire” 28 gh a eee b 86, 338 PSO Me oes Say) ee, TA eA URE CINE ic Sem a CD b116, 762 a The returns of the Boston Fish Bureau give the inspection this year 48,263 barrels. b From returns of the Boston Fish Bureau. The State inspection returns for 1879 could not be found. For 1880 the returns by the inspectors to the secretary of state give the number of barrels at 72,7143%, which is believed to be inaccurate. 48.—STATISTICS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. The statistics of mackerel inspection in New Hampshire are in a single statement which shows the total number of barrels of mackerel packed in Portsmouth, the only inspection port of the State, during the years 1830 to 1852, 1861 to 1881. These facts are compiled from the following sources: 1830 to 1852, from Sabine’s Report on the American Fisheries; 1861 to 1877, from original returns of inspectors copied by Mr. Starbuck; 18 9 to 1881, from official documents signed by the secretary of state of New Hampshire. In a foot-note is given the number of barrels packed in the State during the years ending December 31, 1878 to 1881, as re- ported to the Boston Fish Bureau. crab oz he re [203] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 293 Statement showing the total number of barrels of pickled mackerel inspected in New Hamp- shire from 1830 to 1852, and from 1861 to 1881.a Year. | Barrels. Year. Barrels. Year. Barrels. 10) SS a Ae ea O0e300M tlS4bessses eel sece scents UT aval | Ey eR ae a eet ee | 572 TR eS ae es OTA SONI SIG tes em cao wa cease PSS69 EISOS steer chee ee eee < ifs ee eee Pa (010 || a? eee ae Seem Ae D50087|Te6Oueee scene sce gece 157 TIGER Shae ee my TOFS (ORIN CLO es Pca sesaccaee. PACA UH fa cy (ener ean ee Nee | 3, 700 TAGE ee a ee 18-200) [849 pret otea ce sto 'cr = QeQGTa| | LS es os ee re seekers 2,071 eh eS See T5NSOO| | BHO S eee sn cecisecees aces BaD ia Pecan ea ee aha | 1,878 S813). eee OMA 50M Solem ccacete eee. SHOTS ul MAST Samcenia cen cette ee ; 2,398 TGEY/ Ga aoe ee Ree BaOOS soos eee onceneiscet cm. DVTAO) tl SISTS seep. yes sete | 5,519 TSS) soe eae | 3, 420 || 1875 ee | 3, 415 Sh A GOON USSlA aeniys soe be! eee OT WAUSTOee store eee | 5,851 12) 2h eee eee GOWN ASG2 shee Sones eee 15) STieee cease | 643 ih) ee ee 11000) | WS632 22.4... SSO tate tf} G5) NIST Sixes e cht sees | b2, 252 SUZ) a ee apie ate Wee MODULI CCAS seme eee cman. BOOMMa SU Obeen a See) eae ...| 68,4353 SAS Pens Las! Pee Wt Payal cis DO UG ee eee see ASW ISS02 sackets 2:5) Rb D5 96R EMU SON ae Mae een ew TROGO CT SEG Nooo ee ecco: fae te | DOH TSRIe awakes eee oe | 65, 385 a The inspection year ends on May 1, from 1869 to 1877, and on June 1 in subsequent years. b The annual report of the Boston Fish Bureau gives the number of barrels packed in New Hamp shire in years ending December 31, 1878, 4,000 barrels ; 1879, 6,225 barrels; 1880, 7,350 barrels; 1881, 5,400 barrels. 49,.— STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.—TOTALS. The mackerel industry of the United States, as far as pickled mack- erel is concerned, is exhibited in a series of statements which show the total number of barrels packed in the United States, and the im- ports of mackerel from the Dominion of Canada. Several statements gathered from Canadian sources are also included to show the mack- erel industry of the United States as compared with that of Canada. Statements I toIII show the number of vessels employed by the New England States in the Bay of Saint Lawrence and American coast fisheries, and the total catch of salt mackerel by these fleets during the years 1879, 1880, and 1881. Statement IV shows the quantity and value of pickled mackerel pro- duced by the fisheries of the United States for the years 1831, 1834 to 1838, 1551, 1864 to 1881. From this statement it appears that more mackerel were packed in the year 1881 than in any year, with the excep- tion of 1831, in the history of this fishery. If to the quantity of mack- erel salted there be added the quantity sold in afresh condition, which ras from 150,000 to 175,000 barrels, the total catch of mackerel by the American fleet in 1881 represents not less than 150,000,000 pounds of round fish, a larger amount by 30,000,000 pounds than was ever before taken in a single year. Statement V shows the total quantity and value of pickled mack- erel produced by the fisheries of the United States as compared with the production of Canadian fisheries during the years 1873 to 1880, from which it appears that during this period the United States have pro- duced 1,809,333 barrels, valued at $16,083,453, and the Canadian fish- eries have produced 1,320,217 barrels, valued at $12,717,576, making the total for both countries 3,129,550 barrels, valued at $28,801,029. Of the American production not over 260,000 barrels, valued at about 294 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [204] $2,500,000 were taken by American vessels in the Bay of Saint Law- rence. Statement VI shows the number of barrels of pickled mackerel re- ceived at Boston from United States and foreign ports during each month of the years 1878 to 1881, also the total receipts during the year 1877. From this statement it appears that the mackerel industry of Boston is increasing in importance, especially in the receipts of Ameri- can mackerel. Statement VII shows the price per barrel of the several grades ot mackerel during the first week of September in each year from 1830 to 1881. These values may perhaps be generally taken as the average value for the year, though in some years, as in 1881, the price rapidly increased later in the year, when a large part of the product was placed upon the market. Statement VIII shows the number of barrels of pickled mackerel im- ported from the British North American provinces during the years 1821 to 1841, and from 1850 to 1881, also the value of each year’s impor- tation from 1850 to 1881. : Besides the quantity of mackerel imported in 1872 from these prov- inces there were 1,504 barrels, valued at $11,214, received from England, Scotland, British West Indies, France, and Portuguese possessions, making the total importation 79,235 barrels, valued at $449,625. In the year 1873, 1,191 barrels mackerel, valued at $4,679, were received from the Danish West Indies and England, making the total importa- tion for that year 90,889 barrels, valued at $610,457. The entire impor- tation of pickled mackerel for the years subsequent to 1873 has been from the british North American provinces. The quantities of dutiable mackerel imported since June 30, 1873, and included in the tabulated statement, are as follows: 1874, 190 barrels, $1,550; 1875, 59 barrels, $553; 1876, 7 barrels, $48; 1877, 14 barrels, $148; 1878, 6 barrels, $67; 1879, 2 barrels, $14; 1880, none specified; 1881, 9 barrels, $97; total, 287 barrels, $2,477. The quantities of pickled mackerel imported from the provinces free of duty under the treaty of Washington since June 30, 1873, are as follows: 1874, 89,503 barrels, $800,920; 1875, 77,479 barrels, $584,283; 1876, 76,531 barrels, $695,412; 1877, 43,066 barrels, $372,260; 1878, 102,148 barrels, $907,246; 1879, 101,420 barrels, $649,721; 1880, 112,468 barrels, $493,059; 1881, 120,288 barrels, $614,729; total, 722,903 barrels, $5,117,630. Statement LX shows the quantity and value of pickled mackerel im- ported into the United States from the British provinces during the years 1856 to 1872, being the time of the operation of the reciprocity treaty, and from the close of that treaty to the beginning of the treaty of Washington. The statement also shows what would have been the duty on these imports during the period of reciprocity. These statistics are compiled from sheets published by W. R. Clark, and believed to be copied from United States custom-house returns. & ee 6 a [205] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 295 Statement X shows the quantity and value of foreign pickled mack- erel entered for consumption in the United States during the years ended June 30, 1872 to 1881. Comparing this Statement with statement VIII, it appears that the total imports from the Dominion of Canada, from 1872 to 1881, amount to 890,619 barrels, valued at. $6,164,295, and the total consumption of Canadian mackerel during the same period amounts to 836,218 barrels, valued at $5,900,649. This shows that nearly the entire importation of foreign mackerel is consumed in this country; and such would naturally be the case since the imports are the best qualities of Canadian mackerel that are too fat for export to the West Indies or other foreign countries. Statements XI to XV, inclusive, show the production of mackerel by the fisheries of the Dominion of Canada, and the exports of mackerel from that country during a series of years. They are compiled from the annual reports of the department of marine and fisheries of the Domin- ion of Canada, tlhe documents and proceedings of the Halifax Commis- sion, and a report by United States Consul-General Jackson, of Halifax, on the fisheries of Canada, and their value to the United States, printed in commercial reports of the Department of State for January, 1881. The first three of these statements show the total value of pickled and fresh mackerel, the value of mackerel exported to all countries, and the value of mackerel exported to the United States during the period from 1873 to1879. From these statements we see that the production is valued at $10,654,528, and the exports amount to $5,481,493, of which the United States receives nearly three-fourths, or $4,090,139 worth. Of the entire production only $115,918 worth of fresh or canned mackerel is included, of which $26,018 worth was exported to the United States, as follows: 1873, none specified; 1874, from Nova Scotia, 26,390 pounds fresh, $2,689; 1875, from Nova Scotia, 1,008 pounds fresh, $126; 1876, from Nova Scotia, 22,760 pounds fresh, $4,632; 1877, from Nova Scotia, 8,976 pounds preserved, $1,051; from New Brunswick, 703 pounds fresh, $62; 1878, from Nova Scotia, 54,200 pounds fresh, $1,266, 4,365 pounds preserved, $4,287; from New Brunswick, 87,883 pounds fresh, $5,099, 9,448 pounds preserved, $693 ; from Quebec, 10,738 pounds fresh, $654; 1879, from Nova Scotia, 39,700 pounds fresh, $2,632, 266 pounds preserved, $818; from New Brunswick, 52,786 pounds fresh, $2,009; total value, $26,018. The total yield of fish and fish products, by the fisheries of Canada, from 1873 to 1879, as given in official documents, was valued at $82,094,962, of this amount $40,802,322 worth was exported to all coun- tries, including $11,695,530 worth exported to the United States. Statement XIV shows the quantity and value of mackerel produced by the Canadian fisheries from 1869 to 1880, including those of Prince Edward Island since its entry into the Dominion in 1873. Statement XV shows the quantity and value of pickled mackerel exported from the Dominion of Canada to the United States from 1873 to 1879, also from Prince Edward Island from 1857 to 1873, and from 296 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [206} Newfoundland from 1853 to 1876. From this statement it appears that the total exports of pickled mackerel to the United States amounts to 528,272 barrels, valued at $4,068,925. Comparing this quantity and value with the imports into the United States during the same period as given in Statement VIII, by the United States Bureau of Statistics, we find the imports amount to 580,123 barrels, valued at $4,618,000. Part of the discrepancy between those two statements may be ac- counted for from the fact that the United States returns are for the fis- cal years ended June 30, while the Canadian returns may be for the calendar years. NEW ENGLAND MACKEREL FLEET, 1879. STATEMENT I.—Showing the number of vessels and their catch of salt mackerel in the Bay of Saint Lawrence and American shore mackerel fisheries for the season of 1879, as re- ported to the Boston Fish Bureau. {Compiled from annual report for 1879. } Vessels. Barrels of mackerel. = ——_—- | Bay. | Shore. | Total. Bay. | Shore. | Total. MASSACHUSETTS. ING wiDOryp Obs sais citi cs eclaisiaisaje emicselsiel a alee wince 6 2 8 721 870 1, 592 Rockport. a 2-- n- 1-1 Ho cape Rent Ose semmpon a nallaarasrce 8 Sil eerie aie arate sacra eepedetters GGA COBOL epee tapes ole nfereye ape felts ereteteele 26 85 111 7, 125 47, 085 54, 210 IBOSHOUM Me crises pec eecitee ctalianinistcac tar ame raets eee 4 35 39 1,310 48, 103 49, 413 GONASSOb eas sa steis ain arse = wale apesete alain lajnleiesainimistel|ietalniainiala 6 UT esoacoccs 4, 900 4, 900 Wellfleet ..-.-.-- SCORE ee eee ada aay tonas sae 22 D2 le onncsece 17, 200 | 17, 200 IPLOVANCELO Wi mae eons) s = t ee loec seis eeratenets Al\Scgecope 5 Bblicksicisjosis 4, 354 4, 354 Ghatham ee ses secrete caese eons nara ance atelier eacinepale 7 Waleesereet eee 5, 688 | 5, 688 IPT aWVIG Bese eir ee minere | age. ae Teese * YNOUIS}.10,T pains = —— ees = “ANIHSdMVH MAN SEE ‘98 00T % PSL ‘TS F8h‘S | 088 ‘T 66 81 GL’ Canin Se ee te Se BION, *popnypoaT yoo] omMoT, OF WoTyTppe Ut spossoa AUVTT 0&L Gq “| *eretusss 0g Reale Par ete tee nee se DUE” OMLOTL THOT, AUMV Payovd sporseqd VFS ‘L cL T 1 ee eee * ** YOLMSpog ‘omOY, WoaZ poyond yaVg OL G |eaceesets ¢ srr qrodqyjnog ‘ouLoyy Woy AvAY poyovd tao) Jo Aue py GE&Z 9 F ra Sea (oe apse St oC a A aay. e mii (oreyg = ‘outoly, MOL ALAR poyoud ATJIVd sposso A. 06 9 G TE ye. i keeeee 66 Se ae a § san: ‘ouLoY, WO poxyoud ITV g¢ $ Zz | a ocr *7"** OTS] 1007 ‘OIOT, MOA, poyovd [PW CFL | OL 9 Z GZ | Peeisieisitremeisiegeeies pease GT ATSB 55): ae a aes (une “UNIV 986 ‘Ses | 6IL ‘9 OSh ‘ths | LIS‘F | sGr‘s = | EZ 18 9% BB fr eabiemeee wee esa S 4 (ANNE (0G=. |>Sesgeeses 0G, weet tenes OG te” Ge © lees 8 alec a ities ph. Bone GS Bae Ay | IST ‘8 O9F T69 ‘Lh Te i eo a ba ee eaennae ame STOLILO (Tt SER ‘ET 090 ‘T 88s ‘2 eda 23 a > "7" QOrMre yy 0&6 ‘L 000 ‘T 082 ‘9 ners eee oe Spee Got aa Bae a Rae EE nO) 890 °G S04 £98 ‘P C2 een oot Bese ot a pe ORO OUTRO, LEZ ‘63 | -00E LOL ‘82 9 eee enh “*"9O9BTTOAL 9F8 9 009 9¢8 ‘¢ igi kt Pace SS OAE Sees we mpeine (9) ‘qooH ouLoy OF UOT}Ippe UL payoud spossea [euaaeg | zng ‘FG | tt PRS ‘TC 3 e eareregscoass oes cc ee'eessi-iie''=/< TON a0 Cy ‘QooR OUlOY URY} Lo JO Sopupouy | OZ9‘6ZL | £6 ‘ST LLP ‘PSI | G8L'S | 0¢9‘T OT re 19 CT ce Seer o ees =e ae ON SOOUOTE) ‘sqaod 10730 4B payoud spatavq 69z'9 | 9G, | re 901, 0c 96 L T G Wok: peace Bae sseae aes -* grodyooyy ‘sqiod 19 }0 ye poyoud spoueq cggie | ge, 9 fort r rt ee 19 nD) eee OIL aL @ G p sein sizer eocsmn co nisenisaiee= si ATO CCTTIC OO NG *‘SLLASNHOVSSVA “o.108 =! 91048 ‘TR}OL, ‘qynog | puvlsug) ‘Avg % a ‘Teqoy, | ‘WMog | puelpsug | Avg “‘SyIvMoy aes g 7 age - = 3 *[919Y VU JO SToLieg S *S[OSSO A. (‘0881 10F yaodax [enuue wor poprdmo0g) “NDINT YS UOjSOT 24} 07 paztodas sv ‘QQQT fo uosnas ay) LOf sariuvaysif Jauayoou Uday NOS 94} Puy “OLoys punjbugy MaN’ ay) ‘voUdLRDT JuMmg Jo ling ay) Ur Jasayonm yyHs fo Yo]}DO LAY) PUD sjaseaa fo saqunu ay) Hunoygy—']]. INAWALVLS ‘0881 “LAAT TAUAMOVW GNVTONA MAN REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [208] 298 ‘Tres FU Ste-AQOUIM pus POIPUNT OA 4997 GIONS [V}O} OY} SULYVUL ‘B10}VM SOT} UT OSINID [NJSS9dNNSUN ALSy? WlorZ pouINjor oq) aoqye ‘sjooy Avg AON pur TIOGINOog oY} poppe oq AvUT TOTTA 07 ‘es[o OLOTAOM poysy yvTy spessoa oy} ATMO ore GAOGL PoTOT}UOUI JooH C1048 puvpou_ MON OY T—' ALON ‘sj1od euroy ye poyoud WoAts JuNOuLY ‘puLpJ1oOg puv u0ysog 4v popuLy Yoywo ONY Jo JAVA t “popnpout syzod JoT40 UOT Spossoa SROIOUNT{ “g10d ouoY ye poyovd ONO x "sjoreq poyoodsuy | 19 ‘T6g | FOF‘Le | E84 ‘e9e | OLF 8c2 ‘F 862 £6 302 Gea vag. puvlsagy MON Loy [eIOL, t | 007 ‘g 00L ‘T QOL team ies ae | 90T 8 e Cy me \earcet sepa sogetc es trotess ess" “TI NOUIS PO — = : == = [asta ‘HUIBSdNVH MAN Z9L ‘OTL | &3L ‘3 668 ‘EIT | OFT = | LLT'T #8 Heya LO meee | arena gti Se Sompee ce pale ee chee 12901, Pal OOOKCG Lad |iaeaneee ee 098 ‘T6 | OFT 06 Get lease og i Se act ere eee nee coo pueyyog t Staaten S| ee Sach eek al eae mee open ee cI es Se Nese as I hccaeed | men SSN bine PRE? a worerer ss HOTM ADAG ‘Tes qormavy, Aq popuryt esoyy jo sporieq oOT‘9t | 000‘G = |v - 7 7 7 7 O00LG— a sas2es= vas Gi eal ees Gi medleeeses igecess eee ee aes sretesess qrodygnog t | 6c0 ‘ST | 008 6SG2 ple sess eae gg sI 6 T= ices eoemaenae SS eles srorerrrssss Meg qjoog $\100Spemeurd lines yore O0G ra ates ese OZT OT ¢ S Fee alas saber Bec en aque 3 Tosey yO N soc ceceena | Sees Deno clls hae cece | setae eee as eeeenel ber secees|eeeeee ec eee ee ee eeeeeeeeereese += TOpUTES) “ery djopuliyd puv x10 X MON 4B popavy Yo}vo uroy Nog?) gos ‘z £2 (CSCC eee eae 8% 3 T jaan esa (aa ee agua a ae Gig A ECe At 00L ‘T OAc) Se gee ce a cal ate Ost ral Ke or vases pom piece Ss ea as "7" OST 8, WeMS Seeenceceees | saqeeere eens See Biases | noes Sane aeoetenansnerreacaseaees | among sees | ae ee |e | ee “NIV cer ‘602 | 186'22 | FBI‘9FG | ose o16'% | 902 eh ost Sealine Rate Be aes re Te30L, ‘QU sned 019M SfOTIVq 9eS‘T | 02g se 002 = eases el (he a | PRE SRGaS | oe re a (earn Pata eee ee ee ere ses MOAR ITB _ | 979 '8 006 O79. Gia ae oF g [ce eellicaes eds (peace 7 | eo eRe ofs0 ney, aOdETanEG, ‘jeuorjtppe Avg qoog 4v pepuryT sparteq 0OT'9 | 888 ‘6 00¢ ‘¢ REGKh a= [sss sees OFT 6 6 Useseeses rielaiae= ining aa Bae SSeS ees ~ qoTMie a O1F ‘OT OLP 'T 076.85 |ses = GL g P T Renee |p ae e res a “7 meyyVyO YWOS NQUGRCOUIIOA | OT (2202s (V2 Ges oe etl PROC SRS SP SOC OCG ie O05 SOS ROO ACR OI6 O00 SC ee OOO weqeyg ‘moysog ye poyoud TIvs ¢ | cyT‘g = fv GipkgE = |essee~= val 9 ase | ceetrce ne Cy ee | GRIORIO ele ae Does aici UM0490UTAO1 "moysog ye poxoed [rvs ¢ | 2LF‘TE | 008 RS Rose 80g 98 e Clee ease aes ae oe Bee eee SOTTO AL ELOnSiee mins ase acs S1G-Ge ers oot Pa ies ss: Teed apr cia fea tes Pie oo. a uae } | 699 '69_ | T19‘s 89L ‘69 | 062 963 1% g ST Ee RY ieticek ak Goan one 2 eee OOO ; + | L69°6ZT | 0006 L6G ‘OE | OF 8FS ‘T 90T 9F 6 | Seat eee ae Roser eee ewces LENNY GS) ‘sjorreq 06s‘g Yo}vO [RIOT F | O6Z fT 06 a teeaal| i Te WwW ee as {211] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 301 UNITED STATES IMPORTS OF PICKLED MACKEREL. STATEMENT VIII.—Showing the number of barrels of pickled mackerel imported into the United States from the British North American Provinces from 1821 to 1841, and from 1850 to 1881, and also the value of same from 1850 to 1881.* Year. | Barrels. Year. Barrels. Year. Barrels. | Value. Year. | Barrels. | Value. | fa! } | | sae | Shee I] 1834 223 1850 75, 326 | $335, 309 1866 | 56,613 | $528, 270 2650%oG ees ece ee || 1835 8, 153 |! 1851 | 102,394 | 548, 553° 1867 | = 77, 5038 675, 986 “Se Sa5oe Ne Seo eens 1836 6, 087 |) 1852 78, 3384 | 327,613 1868 41, 655 364, 429 1821 | 7 1837 1, 25 1853 | 54,407 | 329, 216 1869 29, 701 327, 079 1822 387 || 1838 182 1854 61,815 470, 916 1870 | 30,712 346, 956 1823 | 67 || 1839 7, 046 1855 80, 012 427, 283 1871 | 29,333 254, 986 1824 | 790 | 1840 11, 823 1856 62,606 | 492, 802 1872 Td; (on 438, 410 1825 | 242 || 1841 10, 877 1857 49,477 | 457, 074 1873 | 89,698 605, 778 1826 CF | ee RPA Ie ane oe 1858 67,345 | 664, 852 | 1874 | 89, 693 802, 470 1827 Slt ies eee) eae eS II 1859 49,086 | 565, 029 | 1875 77, 538 385, 836 1828 BS) II asterma ae ese ratain, = ae || 1860 63, 549 | 588, 969 | 1876 76, 5388 695, 460 1829 UG) SB ascoscde Meese eel || 1861 38, 023 269, 399 1877 43, 080 372, 408 1830 EAS hal Rar ale Neat Bs Aenea 1862 37,710 | 247, 678 | 1878 102, 154 907, 313 1831 ANDO Dll lector Soissianll sretsiatnc cel 1863 62,767 | 402,178 1879 | 101, 422 649, 735 1832 BB) | a apds be oa Satec-xa atarcte 1864 80, 665 599, 109 1880 112, 468 493, 059 1833 OM (ere ertret aerate! leecisresiord sie | 1865 | 120,067 | 957,411 1881 129, 297 614, 820 | | *The statistics in this statement are obtained from the following sources: For the years 1821 to 1841 from Sabine’s ‘‘ Report on the American Fisheries”; for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1850 to 1855, 1867, 1868, and 1872 to 1881, from the annual reports of the United States Bureau of Statistics; for the years 1856 to 1866, 1869, 1870, and 1871, from sheets published in 1879by W. R. Clark, and believed to be compiled from United States custom-house records. Mr. Clark’s statistics are the most reliable we have obtained for the years for which we quote them, as the returns of the United States Bureau of Statistics do not give the desired details tor those years. SS eee eEO™—tt—tle Ee N cael NX —_ wR = — (am S a 2) im a — Q a8 ‘ear €16‘L9¢ | [6 ‘T9 260 ‘893 00L ‘8FT‘T | 9F0 ‘FET gcL‘see‘T | 90F‘L69‘S | BLE ‘699 818 ‘G9 STO ‘LTE 606 ‘Ze is ¥8h 'E €Sh ‘PL PLT 96 ‘OT [68 ‘0G ESL '8 OLE ‘26 000 ‘662 GGT ‘oF 260 ‘BI 168 ‘26 920 ‘9 696 bL0°L 187 088 ‘g BLE ‘6 OF6 3 095 ‘oF 089 ‘LST 083 ‘8% 286 '% 9F6 ‘ET 166 ‘T a= = Ct | 06 9 $96 ‘6 PGS ‘PG G86 ‘T OFS ‘6F £26 ‘613 619 ‘F3 069 ‘9 | 11326 =| STS ‘s wm +09 cel ‘F 08 090 ‘9 C6o ‘er 060‘ OFF ‘GF ZBL ‘696 EBL ‘ba 916 ‘% FOL ‘8T 8Sb ‘T &, 9aiT 38g ‘9 €19 0c¢ ‘eT POL ‘eS GLL‘9 08s ‘eg 029 ‘8% GOL ‘9% 96E ‘L 080 ‘68 869 ‘¢ 999 6 G6 ‘FP BLL 't $96 ‘ST GEL ‘88 a8F ‘6 805 ‘F8 068 ‘298 $92 ‘2b 96h 'S TE8 ‘8 81 ‘T f& 86'9 TLT ‘96 Z6b ‘s P63 ‘L 193 ‘8% LI9 ‘€ 068 ‘26 588 ‘18h CoP ‘OF 060 ‘g 199 ‘0g cto ‘% © 909 +1 T6z'z9 | S08 ‘2 999 ‘Lh £29 ‘E8T BLL ‘8% G19 ‘F9T 068 ‘1¢9 908 ‘28 Sab ‘F 860 ‘9% b1G 3 PF6 ‘ZL Qcl ‘Lb =| GLE 'D b26 ‘FF 686 ‘OLT ZOP ‘ss 088 ‘96 OIL ‘OPE Ob ‘SF 069 ‘b GLO ‘83 G28 % aoe‘ | eeg ‘ce =| G9 ‘¢ FOL ‘FZ O86 ‘TL 696 ‘21 09 ‘G8 T19 ‘993 cee ‘ch | ¥SG ‘8 LLB ‘9% LLL 'T E906 ‘6 | 69L ‘PE £96 'f $10 ‘IL 086 ‘68 Les 899 ‘9F 196 ‘GPL PEE ‘8S 9b8 'E 1 08k ‘LT £19 'T A Z9g ‘FT 68 ‘6S 183 ‘2 POF ‘LT 688 ‘FL GEL '8 P16 ‘LE 998 ‘621 1&6 ‘ST 09h ct9 'G 088 O yr ‘th 962 ‘8S 29g ‘¢ S&L ‘IL 902 ‘OL 698 'S PEL ‘86 OSL ‘68h 296 ‘6F 226 66 ‘6 19% mM sLbr'9 LOP ‘8S 683 ‘€ 969 ‘61 910 ‘6L 86 ‘9 GLL ‘CL 006 ‘Oar 986 ‘98 G69 ‘T Log ‘¢ 918 | WD $88 'b | SLP ‘8h +76 ‘8 896 ‘PL Gop ‘OL 6a ‘L PSI ‘66 896 ‘88% 269 ‘6F 099 ‘6 126 ‘61 068 ‘T sT g 929 '¢ G6S ‘ap £18 % 088 ‘OLS TSE ‘09$ Obb's GOL ‘eh O19 ‘LE 19 ‘98 ac '% 968 ‘6 Tog ‘T BI cj 809 ‘ors 6oF ‘ens | -66z'G apis Gor sree 066 ‘PxE$ | OE "LF | GOs OFT eS i eran Iain aR = aa fe) ica] - ‘T [eo OSag hms Sara cane LOU H 966 ‘sIT OLZ ‘G8S €19 ‘9c F838 CLL 8 GhP PFO ‘LL O16 ‘£98 GZS ‘8E 890 ‘T 183 ‘F FES | een gee TetSse 19081 PEL ‘OFZ Th ‘196 190 ‘021 061 166 G6 009 ‘FET 866 ‘2g 008 ‘29 3&6 ‘8 LPS ‘8S 99F 'F COs & ogg ‘I9T 60L ‘66S G99 ‘08 096 ‘¢ LOL ‘FS 086 ‘3 SF ‘T6 818 ‘808 FIL ‘SF 6&6 ‘T 19 ‘G 996 POST O Eg Ser SLT ‘Z0F L9L ‘29 0c8 £09 'G Sth 960 ‘OL £93 ‘TTS 8h0 ‘SE Pe 'P TLL ‘IT col 'S 981 ZF ‘GL 8L9 ‘LES OTL ‘LE StF 826 23 80F ‘62 89L ‘18 POL ‘FT 9GF FE 868 ‘ZI GIG % 2981 > == -9F0 ‘OL 66E ‘692 £60 ‘88 962 £65 SFL 896 ‘FE 90 ‘06 6LT ‘LT 9FE ‘G 909 ‘FT £19 '% I98T = = 860 ‘LaT 696 ‘88° 6F5 ‘69 F9F £66 ‘T 6&3 G69 ‘T8 0G0 ‘PLE 918 ‘OF O19 'F gL ‘OT £08 3 “"098T O &LI'86 620 ‘c9¢ 980 ‘6F 788 649 ‘T Ith PPL ‘88 G16 ‘068 GLS ‘IP $69 ‘6 £E ‘IZ LPS‘ E069 ‘FET 6&8 ‘P99 ChE ‘19 089 LOIS OFE FF0 ‘c9 099 ‘LL8 GS ‘Ze 00L ‘6 GE9 ‘18 08 “> 66:86 $10 ‘LEP LLP ‘6b 81Z GL6 601 886 ‘T9 088 ‘ELz F6L ‘08 ¥29 ‘9 GBI ‘LE Ze ‘6 ri (Ie ‘Sars £08 ‘c6F$ | _909 ‘ZO 8aP 90F ‘T bata 316 ‘68 £99 ‘GFE 996 ‘FF GL ‘6I$ £03 ‘Zo$ 96896 pPeto say = 7 aaeee OCR COC ao ia ta 2 ea AEN roo") BLL TS £9F ‘G$ 688 QZOLEGES = eGCO GES F IVSTO GTO) mee |imees | eet vee oe |e eae” aaa Be ee a CUS “Ayn ‘ONTVA “‘s[olivg “£ynq ONTBA ‘spolivg “Aguqg ONTBA “soled “AQT ONTRA “SOLE. _ "IV = ‘TeyOL x purysog W04s0g ‘purl Areyy cm ro a ‘of ‘saymagy por d pu papyord fo 6 fgyumnd ayy Burnoyg— (ra) ponutpu0g—'af ‘saynpg popu ayy, opus pajzsodier pasayovue papyar fo anpva pun hyyunonh ay) Gumoyg— XJ] LNAWALVLY oper eA ee ae 304 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [214] CONSUMPTION OF FOREIGN MACKEREL IN THE UNITED STATES. STATEMENT X.—Showing the number of barrels and value of foreign mackerel entered for consumption in the United States, 1872 to 1881. {Compiled from reports of United States Bureau of Statistics.] Year ended June 30— Free of duty. Dutiable. Total. Barrels. Value. Barrels Value. Barrels. Value. oiars Gere ree eer lata eoeemsiacceas 39, 572 $247, 796775, 39, 572 $247, 796455 Son nelaemall eA veneer ek se Te 70, 651x% | 523,3574%| 70,6515 | 523, 3577385 89, 3763 $793, 764 1, 4963 13, 325 90, 8734 807, 089 78, 091 586, 825 41 524 78, 1323 587, 349 76, 582.55; 695, 847 16 70 76, 5983355 695, 917 44, 1694 373, 792,88, 8t 105 44, 178 373, 897,38 101, 995 907, 013 6 67 102, 001 907, 080 101, 450 650, 04823; 2855 19;85| 101, 452,83, 650, 067; By 112) 3854 492, 807 4°, 12 127 112, 3974 492, 934 40 120, 3524 615, 06322, 8h 98:%°,| 120, 361 615, 161225 Putaliees esos ose 724, 403,45,| 5,115, 160,%5| 111, 814,78, 785, 489,55,| 836, 218,8,| 5, 900, 649,54, IOUin qt osesanoosés| Hesonoacnaos| Booconcicoocnce $223, 629;4% Notr.—All the consumption of foreign mackerel as given in the above table for the year 1877, and subsequent to that time, and nearly all, if not the entire consumption for the year prior to 1877, is the product of the British North American’ provinces. MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. STATEMENT XI.—Showing the total value of the production of the mackerel fishery of the Dominion of Canada, 1873 to 1879. : New Prince Ed- Year. Quebec Nova Scotia.| piinewick. | ward Island. Total. $61,700 | $1, 411, 676 $35, 447 $111, 512 $1, 620, 335 . 72, 780 1, 234, 649 51, 280 221, 761 1, 580, 470 PG a PRIN Nace AnD Ate sl Steere ab SAME | beet 2G ON 1, 245, 752 49, 750 714, 263 30, 610 203, 064 997, 687 53, 579 1, 155, 140 54, 476 404, 620 1, 667, 815 neOaEe, 87, 360 1, 307, 611 97, 372 291, 976 1, 784, 319 NPPRO EWN Ea ES 1 60, 420 1) 019, 640 114, 676 563, 411 1, 758, 150 10, 654, 528 MACKEREL EXPORTS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. STATEMENT XII.—Showing the total value of mackerel exported from the Dominion of Canada to all countries, 1873 to 1879. ‘, New | Prince Ed- Year. Quebec. | Nova Scotia. Brunswick. ward Island. Total. TED anes eee $2, 076 $673, 894 $10, 232 $29, 830 $716, 032 1S (Ate wecisc(cciciejaeiciecive =e 984 615, 992 25, 123 73, 329 715, 428 MOM Obmrineatselatalciclnivie'e =r = sisicinec =. 953 509, 117 30, 338 252, 839 793, 247 TG) 3.5 ASSO ee ee eee 206 582, 155 56, 979 108, 332 747, 672 1S 7 eee Ne 65 442, 306 46, 179 98, 383 586, 933 SS pee etre isieai tem iaiale isco alaieie.n' tie [269] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 359 1859.— ADVANTAGES OF GILL-NETTING. HABITS OF FISH.—Mackerel fishermen once found fish inclined to take the hook, as bluefish, by trawling. Late years they take the hook as soon as it, is thrown into the water, and a vessel needs but a few hours for a full supply if they will “bite.” Now it would seem that the water may be full of them and not one of them can be taken by the hook. At the present, in Provincetown Harbor, none are taken by the hook, while the whole harbor is crowded full of them. The introduction of nets has been a great gain in the way of taking them, and it is predicted by some that mackerel will soon be taken upon this coast only by nets. How- ever this may be, it woula@ seem that a change of mackerel would render it desirable that there should be the corresponding change in the mode of taking them.—(Barnstable Patriot, June 28, 1859.) Our Provincetown neighbors seem to have a special benefit this season. The harbor is crowded full of mackerel, and though they will not take the hook, they are abundantly meshed in the nets which are set for them. Some nights as many as two thousand fish have been taken in the nets of a single man.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 1, 1859.) 1859.— FITTING AWAY OF THE BAY FLEET.—A NEW FEATURE IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF TAK GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE. Most of our vessels are making preparations for the bay. The pros- pects of a good season’s work are very flattering, and the number of ves- sels this season will exceed that of last by a large number. Some of the mackerel fleet in the bay fishery will take dories this sea- son. This is a new feature, and will doubtless prove an advantageous one. Quite a large fleet of cod fishermen are now fitting for bay mack- ereling.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 20, 1859.) 1859.—REPORTED ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY.—SUCCESS OF THE SOUTHERN FLEET. Large schools of fresh mackerel have been reported in Boston Bay the past week. Several of our mackerel catchers have returned from the south with good fares. The fleet at the south has been very small, but those that have been there do rather better than the average of seasons. The largest catch yet landed has been 140 barrels of small mackerel. It will be seen by our market quotations that they bring a good price.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 10, 1859.) 1859.—SUCCESSFUL USE OF THE PURSE-SEINE OFF CAPE ANN.— SCHOOLS OF MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR. Last week large quantities of mackerel were seined by vessels on the north side of the Cape. Our harbor has been visited by schools of mackerel the present week, but they do not take to the hook.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 1, 1859.) 360 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [270] 1859.—A SCHOOL OF MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR.—ARRIV- ALS FROM THE BAY.—PROSPECTS. A large school of mackerel in the harbor yesterday, near Day Bar ; Jarge and fat; several dories took good loads with hook and line; schooner “Jane,” of Swampscott, seined a good number. Twelve vessels arrived from the bay with moderate fares the past week. They do not speak very encouragingly of the fleet, many of the vessels having done nothing, and others have succeeded in getting ftom 50 to 100 barrels. Probably the whole fleet in the bay will not average 50 barrels apiece. Our fishermen, however, are not discouraged, but rely on making bet- ter trips in the fall—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 19, 1859.) 1859.— MACKEREL FISHING IN THE BAY.—PRICES, ETC. Within the last three days 12 vessels have arrived from the bay, aver- aging 140 barrels each. The fleet generally have not been very success- ful. Sales yesterday at 16, 134, and 84 for 1’s, 2’s, and 3’s.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 19, 1559.) The prospect for a successful fishing season in the bay is quite en- couraging. * * * If the second trip to the bay should prove suc- cessful, the business of the year will wind up profitably, and our owners be prepared tocommence winter fishing.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 26, 1859.) 1859.—THE BAY AND SHORE FLEETS. There are about 240 sail of vessels yet to arrive from the bay; a few have arrived; report very rough weather; no chance to fish for a month past, and the prospect for a fall catch rather discouraging ; a few ves- sels reported with good trips; some have had bad luck (50 to 75 barrels), and will probably hold on till late in November. The shore fleet have done nothing the past week, as the weather has been very cold and blustering. The prospect now is that unless mack- erel make their appearance off Chatham, the fall catch will be small in- deed. Some of the mackerel-catchers have gone into pollock-catching, meeting with good success.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 28, 1859.) 1859.— REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS. Early in June, 1859, I left the brig ‘“‘ Houston,” in which I had made a coasting trip, in Providence, R. I.; went on to Gloucester and shipped in the schooner “ Arcturus” for a trip to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. This schooner was then on the stocks, but was launched in a few days, made ready for sea, and we started for the bay. The mackerel were of large size in the Gulf that year, but exceptionally scarce. On our first trip we cruised over nearly all of the fishing-grounds that are usually frequented at that season, and although our vessel was com- manded by one of the most expert skippers then sailing from Gloucester, [271] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 361 we obtained only 100 barrels of mackerel—considerably less than half a fare. We left the bay in August on our return home, and having packed out our fish and refitted, returned again for a fall trip. We succeeded in catching 150 sea-packed barrels that autumn, which was more than an average for the fleet. The price of mackerel was good, since, to the best of my recollection, we got $14.50 per barrel for our No. 1 fish. My own share for the season’s work, from the Ist of June to November, amounted to $150. The mackerel were also scarce on our own shore so far as I can remember, and nearly all of the New England fleet resorted to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Several vessels secured excellent fares of fine large mackerel in the summer of 1859 along the south shore of the Saint Lawrence between Cape Gaspe and Cape Chatte, the best catches being obtained in the vicinity of the Magdalen River and Mount Louis. Captain Peter Sinclair, in the schooner, “C. C. Davis,” did excellently well, perhaps better than any others, bringing home a full fare of extra large mackerel, for which a high price was ob- tained. These fish were taken chiefly in boats which went out from the vessel and caught the mackerel close into the rocks and along the reefs making out from either side of the coves. In some instances when the mackerel played in to the coves, where the vessels lay at anchor, the fishing was carried from the decks of the schooners which were sprung up for the purpose. We had also cruised along this coast in July, but the mackerel not then having arrived on the shore in any numbers, our Skipper fearing to remain longer, decided to return to the more fre- quented fishing-grounds in the lower part of the Gulf. An incident transpired, however, before leaving this section that may be worthy of mention here. Failing to find the mackerel inshore we one day stood off between Magdalen River and Anticosti Island, where we caught 17 barrels of fine large fish. It is altogether probable that these mackerel were a part of the school that a short time thereafter were found close in to the shores. 1859.— PRICES FOR MAUKEREL CAUGHT IN 1858. Mackerel, no sales reported some small lots are held at $16.25 and $14.26, Nos. 1 and 2.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 13, 1859.) 1859.—A GOOD TRIP FROM THE BAY.—BIG STOCK.—OTHER ARRIVALS. PRICES, ETC. Schooner “C. C. Davis” from the Bay Saint Lawrence, arrived yes- terday with 250 barrels of large mackerel. Advices from the fleet there are a little more favorable.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 4, 1859.) Schooner ‘‘C. C. Davis” made good trips—two trips to the bay, pack- ing 535 barrels, sold for $7,487.74, leaving over $6,400 net profit after deducting expenses. Add to this $5,600 made in fishing, and we have the handsome net stock of over $12,000 in a single season. Who can beat this ? 362 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [272] About 100 sail of baymen have arrived the past week, and our streets have presented a lively appearance. Clothing dealers doing a good business. There are now some 50 or 60 sail to arrive. Some do poorly. One arrived with 20 barrels, another with only 8 barrels. The catch will fall greatly below last season. The shore fleet have mostly given up. Mackerel season is about over, and the fleet will soon haul up. Prices of mackerel: $14.50 and $14.75 for Vs, $12.50 and $12.75 for 2’s.— (Cape Ann Advertiser, November 18, 1859.) 1859.— A LATE SCHOOL IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY AND AT CAPE COD. Mackerel again made their appearance in our waters last week, and the few vessels who were fortunate enough to be out succeeded in doing a pretty good business, some of them taking as high as 60 barrels. Some vessels which had been hauled up fitted out again, and will be ready to try them as soon as the weather is suitable. It is rather late in the season, however, to expect any great number of mackerel will be taken, but if there be any catch the Gloucester boys will be on hand to get their share of them. Mackerel quiet the past week. Prices $14.50 for Vs, $12.50 for 2’s.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 25, 1859.) 1859.— MACKEREL MARKET FOR 1859. Boston, January 4, 1860.—Mackerel have sustained very full prices throughout the year, and have been quite steady. In January last prices ranged from $15 to $16 for No. Is, $14 to $14.50 for No. 2’s, and $9.75 to $10 for No. 3’s, and they were the current rates for the first four months of the year. In May prices advanced for No. 1’s and No. 2s, and ruled at $16.75 to $17 for No. Vs, $15 to $15.50 for No. 2’s, while No. 3’s were sold at $9.50 to $9.75 a barrel. The first arrival of new No. 3’s sold at $10.25 to $11, but prices soon declined to $8 and $9. The principal sales for some months past have been $14.50 to $15.50 for No. Vs, $12 to $14 for No. 2’s, and $9.50 to $10 for No. 3’s, closing firm for all kinds. Mild weather prolonged the fishing season later than usual, but it is believed that the catch this year will fall short of the last. The highest and lowest prices for some years past have been as follows: No. 1. No. 2. No. 3 R50 eee eee tee Daisine sod tes dees st ec scaseetan $14 00to$17 00 | $11 50to $15 50 | $8 00 to $11 00 TRUS sodc5 3800 50c5eG0RS 6d ets ROE CUE EES PERE eee 9 00 to 16 00 8 90to 14 00 | 5 00to 1100 TAG 3 5eco 26 cae 00 ep AS ea ECRCOnO a CEE ate aaE | 8 00to 14 00 7 00to 13 00 | 6 50to 900 QS Ge eee este e ee leicle rence cha steel o's | 9 00to 16 00 7 00to 8 00 475to 5 25 DER che Se HOGEOH AS ACO RUA eee eed 13 00to 18 00 7 00to 10 00 | 3 50to 500 7) ees [273] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 363 1860.—AN EARLY START FOR THE BAY. Two vessels, “Charger” and “ Fleetwing,” the first of the season, sailed from this port for Bay of Saint Lawrence Wednesday [May 23]. About 20 sail will be ready next week, and in a few weeks the greater portion of the fleet will be ready.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 25, 1560.) 1860.—THE NEWBURYPORT MACKEREL FLEET. The Newburyport Herald, April, 1560, states that the bay fleet has nearly abandoned the practice of going south for mackerel in the early spring. But two schooners are fitting out, the ‘Lola Montez” and the ‘‘Hleanor,” and they are stimulated by the high price offered for 3’s—$10 a barrel. Labrador fleet has usually been successful. Would not pay for a single year, from great cost of outfits, but those who continue for several years, till nets and other outfits are used up, find it remunerative. 1860.—A PROPOSED INNOVATION IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY. There is talk of organizing a company for the purpose of fitting out a vessel to engage in the mackerel fishery of the North Sea.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, March 23, 1860.) 1860.—FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.—REPORTED SMALL CATCH.— MACKEREL PLENTY ON NEW ENGLAND COAST. Schooner “ Light of Home” arrived from the bay with 70 barrels; been gone ten weeks. This is the first arrival of the season, and a little ear- lier than usual. Have reports for the following vessels: “St. Cloud,” 125 barrels; “Cyrena Ann,” 125; “J. J. Burns,” 120; ‘“‘Anglo Saxon,” 100; “North Star,” 100; “Flora Temple,” 80; “Electric Flash,” 90; “Oronoco,” 25; “Shooting Star,” 75; “Chas. McDonald,” 75; “Saint Louis,” 90. The fleet will probably average about 60 barrels. ‘ Light of Home” will fit for another trip. Shore mackerel quite plenty to the eastward; one vessel from the Point has caught 90 barrels on the hook.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, Au- gust 3, 1860.) 1860.—MACKEREL ABUNDANT OFF CAPE ANN.—A GOOD CATCH. Large quantity of mackerel taken off Rockport on Saturday last. One seine obtained 225 barrels of pretty fair mackerel, while quite a number of barrels were caught by dory fishermen. Quite a streak of luck.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 13, 1860.) 1860.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL OFF THE MAINE COAST.—SCAR- CITY IN THE BAY. The shore fleet have met with a streak of luck quite unprecedented, mackerel of good size swarming the eastern shores of Maine, and take 364 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [274] the hook very readily ; largest haul is 160 bbls. broughtin by the “ Electric Flash,” all caught onthe hook in about ten days. Glad of the luck, be- cause for many years they have done poorly. Bay fleet advices report mackerel scarce.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 10, 1860). 1860.—ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY AND SHORE FLEETS. Highteen vessels arrived from the bay during the past week, bringing in 1,743 barrels to a vessel, averaging 97 barrels to each vessel; 12 of shore fleet arrived with 1,305 barrels—108 barrels to a vessel. From the bay 9,000 barrels less this year than last. Many have not paid their outfit bills. Shore fleet have done a little better, but not first rate. Quite a number of the Cape Cod mackerel fleet in the harbor yes- terday ; brisk trade retailing mackerel at 5 cts. Ib.—(Cape Ann Adver- tiser, September 14, 1860). 1860.—ARRIVAL OF SOME OF THE BAY FLEET. Since our last 12 vessels have arrived from the bay with an aggregate ot 1,377 barrels of mackerel.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 24, 1860.) 1860.—GOOD CATCH OF A COHASSET HOOKER OFF THE NEW ENG- LAND COAST. Schooner ‘ Harriet Torrey,” of Cohasset, caught 1,500 barrels of mack- erel in 1860. Wm. Berdick, of Cohasset, caught 137 barrels with his own hook, which will clear, above expenses, $548. Shore fleet have all done well. Bay fleet have done poorly.—(Contemporary record.) 1860.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS. In July, 1860, after returning home from a cod-fishing trip to Cape North I went to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on a mackerel cruise, in the schooner ** Ocean Traveller” of Gloucester. Leaving home about the ist of July, we passed through the Strait of Canso on the 5th, passed up along the north side of Prince Edward Island; along the west shore, crossed Bank Orphan, fished around Bonaventure, and up by Cape Gaspe and Cape Rozier without finding mackerel enough to induce us to remain in any one place, though we tried frequently on our way. In the cove at Cape Rozier we anchored, with a number of other vessels, and succeeded in catching 21 barrels at a spring in three or four days, getting a few mackerel each morning and evening. Influenced by the success which had been met with by several vessels the previous year along the southern shore of the Saint Lawrence we, as well as many others of the mackerel-catchers, went there fitted for inshore fishing, taking along with us four or five dories in addition to our yawl-boat which was carried at the stern. Leaving Cape Rozier, where the mack- erel had ceased taking the hook, we ran up around the coastto Magdalen River, where we stopped and tried for mackerel. We continued tc cruise [275] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 365 along theshore for about five weeks, going as far north as Mount Louis, but met with extremely poor success; so much so, indeed, that after being in the bay nearly six weeks we had taken only 27 barrels ofmackerel, includ- ing the 21 barrels caught at Cape Rozier, of which mention has been made above. At last, feeling fully convinced that mackerel would not strike in on the south shore of Saint Lawrence, and the advanced sea- son and state of the weather warning us of the risk of remaining any longer on that coast, we proceeded south and began fishing around the Magdalen Islands, where, in about three weeks, we succeeded in catch. ing enough mackerel to make us up a fare of 125 sea-packed barrels, which, for the time and place, was much better than an average. For the No. 1 mackerel on this trip (a large percentage was No. 1’s) we ob- tained $18.50 per barrel. My ownshare for the trip was $124.25. After returning home and packing out our bay trip, we engaged in the mack- erel fishery off the New England coast. The contrast this year between the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the New England coast was quite re- markable, since in the former the mackerel were almost all of large size and very scarce, as has been shown, while on our own coast mackerel were of medium size, averaging about 12 inches long, and very abundant. After returning from the bay we made two trips, taking altogether 275 sea- packed barrels of mackerel. For the first fare of 175 barrels we got $8.50 per barrel; but for the last trip the price was lower. A large portion of the mackerel catchers were fishing off the New England coast during the summer and autumn, and it is perhaps safe to estimate that at one time a fleet numbering five or six hundred sail were engaged in fishing for mackerel in Barnstable Bay. The mackerel at one time dur- ing the fall were exceedingly abundant off Truro and Wellfleet. This was very advantageous to the fishermen, since in this partially sheltered bay fishing could be carried on much longer than in other places, and, consequently, a great amount of mackerel were taken. But little was done, however, outside of Cape Cod along its eastern shore, from the Highland to Chatham, as has been the case in other years. The mack- erel which had remained for several weeks in Barnstable Bay, when once outside of Race Point and on their way south, moved so rapidly that but comparatively few were taken. 1860.—SUCCESSFUL USE OF THE PURSE SEINE OFF CAPE ANN. A large quantity of mackerel were seined off Rockport on Saturday last. One seine obtained 225 barrels of pretty fair mackerel, while quite a number of barrels were caught by dory fishermen.—(Cape Ann Ad- vertiser, July 13, 1860.) SMALL CATCH BY THE NEWBURYPORT FLEET AT THE SOUTH. Southern fleet have all returned, and are now fast leaving for the Bay of Chaleur. Catch south small. “Sarah Jane” took 112 barrels of mackerel, and 50 of bait. Largest catch.—(Newburyport Herald, June 28, 1860.) 366 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [276] Hook AND LINE FISHING OFF THE NEW ENGLAND COAST. THE SHORE FLEET.—The largest trip brought into this port is by the “Sunnyside,” 200 barrels, after an absence of three weeks. Schooner “ Ripple” arrived lately with 100 barrels in 10 days.—(Cape Ann Adver- tiser, August 24, 1860.) 1860.—SPRING AND GULF MACKEREL FISHERY. The-Cape Ann Advertiser of May 4, 1860, remarks: ‘A few vessels have started for the coueh to prosecute the mackerel fishery. The number will be less than any previous season, owing to the ill-suecess of this branch of the fisheries of late. A large number will leave for Bay Chaleur the latter part of May and early in June, as the George’s fishery is not very profitable at present.” 1860.—THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FLEET. The Cape Ann Advertiser of June 8, 1860, announces that six vessels had arrived since the last issue of the paper, the average being 100 barrels, and the prospect very good. 1860.—SPRING AND GULF MACKEREL FISHERY. The Cape Ann Advertiser of June 15, 1860, states as follows: ‘““The southern fleet have nearly all arrived home and are fitting away for the bay. Late arrivals report the mackerel as being very small, the large ones having struck off to other waters; evidently the mack- ereling season at the south is about over. Vessels did better than last year.” 1860.—FISHING ON THE COAST OF MAINE. Mackerel of good size are swarming the eastern shores of Maine, and take the hook very readily. The largest haul brought into this port is 160 barrels, by schooner “ Electric Flash,” all caught on hook in about. ten days.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 10, 1860.) 1860.—THE FALL MACKEREL FISHERY IN GAPE COD BAY. The Gloucester Telegraph of December 19, 1860, quotes from a recent number of the Yarmouth Register to the effect that mackerel had never been more numerous in Cape Cod Bay than during the four preceding weeks. They would not bite, but were caught in great abundance in nets. One man took from his nets set in Provincetown Harbor 3,000: mackerel, valued at 7 cents apiece. November 23, mackerel were very abundant off Billingsgate Point. The Yarmouth Register stated that they were being taken in Cape Cod Bay in the latter part of November in large numbers. On November 24 the Lieutenant’s Island weir, at South Wellfleet, [27 ra HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 367 captured 118 barrels at one tide.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 28, 1860.) Mackerel of medium size were this fall exceedingly abundant about Cape Ann and other points along the coast of Eastern New England. In October there was a large fleet of perhaps 300 sail in Barnstable Bay. The vessels had followed the mackerel from Portland to Cape Ann and across Massachusetts Bay.—(Captain Collins.) 1860.—MACKEREL IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE. In 1860 mackerel were quite scarce in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, though of large size. Nearly all of the vessels which went to these waters early in the season fished off the coast of New England in the fall. No. 1 bay mackerel were sold at $18.25 a barrel, and No. 2’s, taken off the New England shore, sold for from $7 to $8.50 per barrel. 1860.—SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY. SOUTHERN MACKEREL.—Six vessels have arrived from the south since our last issue with very good fares, averaging about 100 barrels to a vessel. They report the prespect good. * * *—(Barnstable Patriot, June 12, 1860.) 1861.—F ALL MACKEREL FISHERY AT CAPE ANN. Five weir-loads were taken in a seine off Rockport, at one haul, August 28.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 30.) 1861.—FIRST MACKEREL TAKEN. The first mackerel of the season was taken May 20.—(Cape Ann Ad- vertiser, May 24, 1861.) 1861.—NOTES ON SOUTHERN FISHERY.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL. Reports from Newport last week, says the Newburyport Herald, state that fish are very scarce, and that 60 barrels is the largest fare yet caught. Many of the vessels have caught but 20 barrels. They are determined to persevere, but it is evident unless they meet with an un- usual “ streak of luck,” the business will prove a losing one. se sia 11, 078 117 vessels American shore, average catch 409 barrels..-......--.--.--------- 47, 853 58, 931 The average catch is based on the average catch of 84 vessels from 17 firms in 1869, and 28 vessels in bay and 62 vessels off American Shore from 20 firms in 1875. These firms have done better than the rest.—(Docs. and Proc. Halifax Com., 1877, U. 8. edition, p. 2595.) 1875.—FIRST MACKEREL OF THE SEASON. The first catch of mackerel was brought to New York last week. The fish were of good size, but had not yet acquired that primeness and ex- cellence of savor which mackerel only acquire in colder waters. The fish were struck south of Cape Henry, and now some twenty smacks are in search of the coming shoals.—(B. Phillips, in New York Times, May 9, 1875.) 1875.—IISHING IN THE GULF OF MAINE. One vessel took 250 barrels of mackerel off the point at Province- town, Saturday afternoon.—(Provincetown Advocate, October 6, 1875. 1875.—SAILING OF THE SOUTHERN FLEET. A large part of the George’s fleet have fitted out to go south, mack- ereling. Several of the south mackerel fleet have sailed, and the balance will follow in afew days. They will tend New York market, selling their fish fresh.—(Gloucester Telegraph, April 21, 1875.) [329] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 419 1875.—FIRST FARE OF MACKEREL FOR THE SEASON—A BIG STOCK. To a Portland schooner, the ‘‘ Georgie Willard,” belongs the eredit of landing the first fare of mackerel this season. The “ Willard ” arrived at New York on Friday (April 30) and landed her catch of 22,000 mack- erel, stocking over $4,000. 1875.—THE SPRING FISHERY. The southern mackerel fleet are meeting with “air success. Last week, Monday, the schooners ‘ Bell of the Bay,” and ‘ Bloomer” arrived at New York with 200 barrels each, and schooner “ Roger Williams * with 700 barrels. The ‘“‘Bell of the Bay” had been out eight days, “Bloomer” forty-eight hours, and “ R. Williams” three days. On Wed. nesday the ‘“ William S. Baker” (six days out) arrived with 220 barrels. The first vessel to arrive home with a southern mackerel fare was the “ Pathfinder” (on Friday), with 280 barrels. Schooner “‘ James A. Stet- son” arrived from a southern trip on Sunday, with 250 barrels of mack- erel.—(Gloucester Telegraph, May 26, 1875.) 1875.—A GOOD CATCH AT NEWPORT. A fishing gang near Newport, Thursday, with a purse seine, passed it around a school of fish, supposing them to be menhaden. Theresult of their haul proved to be upwards of 14,000 mackerel, which were sold from 10 to 15 cents apiece.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 9, 1875.) 1875.—SMALL CATCH OF MACKEREL IN JUNE. Only 53 mackerel arrivals were reported for the month of June, with a total catch of some 7,000 barrels, less than one-half of the receipts for the corresponding month last year, Mackerel, notwithstanding the lessened receipts, have sold at some two dollars less than last June.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 14, 1875.) 1875.—SMALL BAY FLEET. The Gloucester bay fleet will be smaller this season than for many years.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 21, 1875.) 1875.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL OFF SHORE—BIG FLEET ON GEORGE’S. The schooner ‘‘ Mary B. Tower,” from George’s Bank, arrived at Bos- ton 28th ultimo, after an absence of thirty weeks, with 140 barrels of mackerel. She reports fish very scarce. Severel vessals had been out a month without taking anything worth reporting. Many of the ves- sels which had been cruising off the coast of Maine, finding no fish, put off for the Banks. There were about 200 sail on George’s on the 27th ultimo.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 4, 1875.) 420 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [330] 1875.—FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY. One arrival has been reported from the Bay of Saint Lawrence the past week, the first of the season, with 241 barrels.—(Gloucester Tele- graph, September 1, 1875.) 1875.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN THE BAY.—THE FLEET AT THE MAGDALENS. The Prince Edward Island Times reports no great catches of mack- erel this season about the island. The catch will not be above two- thirds of that of last year, but of superior quality. Reports from all quarters speak of a small catch.—(Zb.) But few mackerel are taken. Nothing has been done at Bay Chaleur or Gaspe. The American fleet in the bay almost wholly surround Mag- dalen Islands.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 16, 1875.) 1875.—ARRIVAL OF THE SHORE FLEET.—SMALL NUMBER OF ARRI- VALS FROM THE BAY. The mackerel fleet have mostly arrived from the eastern coast—56 having been reported’ last week—and are now engaged upon the Cape Cod shore, meeting with moderate success in the capture of small mackerel. One arrival has been reported from Bay Saint Lawrence, making three bay arrivals this season, against 31 arrivals up to Octo- ber 1 last year. The mackerel fleet were reported off Plymouth on Sat- urday, and on Sunday there were 100 sail on Middle Bank, apparently doing well.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 6, 1875. 1875.—_ MACKEREL PASSING CAPE COD.—A GOOD HAUL. On Tuesday, the 5th instant, immense shoals of mackerel were seen passing down by Highland Light (Cape Cod), and were even so near shore that a stone might have been thrown among them from the beach. The schooner “Nellie T. Campbell” threw her seine around a school and scooped up many more barrels than she could handle, and after filling her decks full signaled to another vessel to come and take what remained in the net.—{Gloucester Telegraph, October 20, 1875.) 1875.—A BIG HAUL AT NEWPORT. A school of large mackerel were reported off Newport last week, and 125,000 in number, large ones, were seined on Tuesday.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 3, 1875.) 1875.—HIGH PRICE OF BAY MACKEREL. At Newburyport last week bay mackerel were sold from $24 to $26 per barrel for choice mess; $17.50 to $18 for No. 1’s; $14 to $16 for 2’s, and $9, $11, and $14 for No. 3’s.—(Zb.) [331] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 421 1870 To 1876, INCLUSIVE.—THE MACKEREL FISHERIES OF PROVINCE: TOWN, MASS. “Going back to 1870, we had that year 41 vessels engaged in mack- erel fishing, not one of which went into the Gulf. They all fished on our coast. The aggregate quantity of mackerel which they all packed was 37,552 barrels. In 1871 we had still 41 vessels, which still continued to fish on our coast, having done pretty well there the year before. None went tothe Gulf. Theaggregate catch which these vessels packed amounted to 24,918 barrels. In 1872 we had 36 vessels, of which 3 went to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, leaving 33 fishing on our own coast. These 36 vessels packed out 16,303 barrels, and the 3 vessels which went to the Gulf packed out 785 barrels, making an average per vessel of 2612 barrels. “Tn 1873, when the Washington treaty went into effect, as we in- tended going to the bay, having now no fear of the cutters, we enlarged our bay fleet, and so 6 went there that year instead of 3. Two of these 6, or one-third of them, were lost in the gale in which so many vessels were lost. The vessels lost were the schooner ‘* Helen M. Woodward,” off the Magdalen Islands—the vessel was a total loss—and the ‘“ Carrie P. Rich,” off North Cape, Prince Edward Island ; vessel and crew total loss. “The latter went to the bay early in the year, and she had shipped some mackerel home betore the gale took place. She was lost, with ali she had on board. The whole catch of these six vessels that year was 845 barrels. In 1873 we had 38 vessels, and their total catch was 15,772 barrels, including the 845 barrels mentioned. In 1874 we had 35 ves- sels engaged in the mackerel fishery, and they packed out 23,098 bar- rels. Three vessels went to the Gulf, bringing home 590 barrels, which are included in the total catch of the 30 vessels, 23,098. In 1875 we had 37 vessels, which packed out 10,613 barrels. Two of them went to the Guif, and they brought home 270 barrels, which are included in the gross amount stated. “Tn 1876 we had 32 vessels, whose total catch was 16,150 barrels. Two of them went to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, bringing home 202 barrels, which are included in the 16,150. These totals make a grand total of 144,406 barrels, of which 2,692 were caught in the Gulf of Saint Law- rence in 16 voyages during the several years Ihave named. The aver- age catch of these vessels since 1872, and since the fishery clause of the Washington treaty went into effect, was 1464 barrels per vessel, and prior to that the average was 2614 barrels per vessel, in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.”—(Statement of Captain Atwood before the Halifax Commission.) 1876.—THE SOUTHERN FLEET. About 90 Gloucester and Cape Cod schooners, employed in the mack- erel fishery, were reported off Lewes, Del., on Thursday of last week.—. (Cape Ann Advertiser, May 12, 1876.) 422. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [332] 1876.—FIRST AMERICAN VESSELS IN THE BAY.—FAILURE OF SPRING MACKEREL AT THE MAGDALENS. The first American mackerelmen in the bay arrived at Port Mulgrave [Canso] on the 13th instant. The first Gloucester schooner in the bay, the General Grant, arrived the next day. Advices from Magdalen Islands on Monday report net mackerel fish- ing a failure.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 23, 1876.) 1876.—A SCHOOL OF MACKEREL IN THE EEL GRASS. A school of mackerel became entangled in the eel grass in Chauncy’s Creek, near Portsmouth, the other day, and about 30 barrels were taken by hand.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 4, 1876.) SUCCESS OF A GLOUCESTER SCHOONER IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Schooner “ Argonaut,” Capt. EK. A. Horton, landed from May 15 to July 21, 1876, 825 barrels of mackerel.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 21, 1876.) 1876.—EXTINCTION OF THE HINGHAM MACKEREL FISHERY. Mackerel fishery at Hingham, Mass., once gave employment to 65 vessels ; now extinct.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, January 28, 1876.) 1876.—MACKEREL FISHERY IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY. The Swampscott shore fleet, up to the 5th of June, was said to have had success. The best day’s catch landed was 1,000 barrels; this amount of course refers to the catch of the whole fleet. 1876.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE. The first American mackerel vessels arrived at Port Mulgrave June 13, 1876; one from Boston, and one from Booth Bay. The first Glou- cester vessel arrived on the 14th. 4 x 1405 | HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 495 mackerel, properly washed, well cured, and free from taint, rust, or dam- age of any kind, and shall measure eleven inches and upwards from the extremity of the head to the crotch of the tail. All mackerel under eleven inches in length, of good, sound quality, and free from taint and rust, or damage of any kind, shall be branded or marked with the words “Small Spring” or “‘ Small Fall” in the place of a number. All short, sunburnt, or ragged mackerel, of whatever class and not otherwise defective, shall be branded and marked ‘“ No. 4.” 3. Herrings, Gaspereaux, and Alewives to be branded or marked ‘ No. 1” shall consist of the largest and best fish, well struck with salt, thor- oughly cured and clean, and bright in colour; and those to be branded or marked “No. 2” shall comprehend the best herrings that remain after the selection of the first quality. All undersized herrings to be branded or marked “ No. 3” with the word *“ Small” in addition to the other brands or marks. All ripped herrings shall be branded or marked with the word “Round” in addition to other brands or marks. All herrings that are not gibbed or ripped shall be branded or marked with the word “ Gross” in addition to other brands or marks. All spring-caught herrings shall be branded or marked with the word ‘‘ Spring” in addition to other brands or marks. The above shall be well cleaned and cured, and in every respect free from rust, taint, or damage. Herrings that are caught at the Magdalen Islands, Baie des Chaleurs, Labrador, or Newfoundland, and brought into port in Canada in bulk and packed in Canada, shall be branded or marked “ Magdalen Islands,” “Bay des Chaleurs,” ‘¢‘ Newfoundland,” or “ Labrador,” respectively, in addition to other brands or marks. Herrings packed and inspected in Newfoundland and imported into Canada shall be marked or branded “ Newfoundland” without further inspection : 4, Smoked herrings to be branded or marked ‘ No. 1” shall compre- hend the best and fattest fish; and those to be branded or marked “No. 2” shall consist of the poorer, smaller, and inferior fish; both of these qualities shall be well smoked, free from taint, and not burnt or scorched ; and no red or smoked herrings shall be so branded or marked, unless they be well and sufficiently saved and cured, and carefully packed in good and substantial barrels, or half-barrels; and if in kegs or boxes, the same shall be of well-seasoned boards, the sides, top and bottom of not less than half an inch in thickness, and the ends at least three- quarters of an inch thick ; and the inside measurement of each box shall be eighteen inches long, and nine inches broad, and eight inches deep, well nailed, and the tops or covers smoothed; tainted, burnt, scorched and badly smoked herrings, shall be considered “refuse,” and may be branded or marked as such without any character. 496 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [406] 5. Sea trout to be branded or marked “ No. 1” shall consist of the largest, best, and fattest kind, being well split, and in every respect free from taint, rust, or damage of any kind. Those to be branded or marked ‘No. 2” shall comprehend the best trout that remain after the selection of the first quality, and shall be good sound fish, free from taint, rust, or damage of any kind. 6. Lake and salmon trout to be branded or marked “ No. 1, Lake” shall consist of the largest and fattest fish, and be free from taint, rust, or damage. Those to be branded or marked “ No. 2, Lake” to be the next best fish, free from taint, rust, or damage. 7. White fish to be branded or marked “ No. 1” shall consist of the largest and fattest kind, cured in good condition, and be in every respect free from taint, rust, or damage; ‘‘ No. 2” shall consist of those that re- main after the selection of the first quality, and be free from taint, rust, or damage. 8. Green codfish in barrels, with or without pickle, to be classed “ No. 1” shall consist of the best and fattest, being well split and cleansed, well cured, in first-rate condition ; and in every respect free from taint, salt-burn, rust, or damage of any kind, and shall measure at least fifteen inches to the crotch of the tail. Those remaining after the selection of the first quality, to class “ No. 2,” shall be sound, well-cured fish, and free from taint, salt-burn, rust, or damage of any kind. 9. All other kinds of fish not enumerated herein, and belonging to denominations specified by this act, such as ling, hake, haddock, pol- lock, catfish, halibut, shad, bass, eels, codfish tongues and codfish sounds, in casks or barrels, shall be branded or marked as such, and must be sound and well cured, free from taint, salt-burn, rust, or damage of any kind. 10. Small fish, which are usually packed whole, with dry salt or pickle, shall be put into good casks of the size and materials required by this act for the packing of split, pickled fish, and shall be packed close, edgeways in the casks, and properly salted with good, coarse, wholesome, dry salt, and the casks shall be filled fall with the fish and salt, and no more salt shall be put with the fish than is necessary for their preservation; and the casks containing such whole fish shall be branded or marked with the denomination of the fish, and a like desig- nation as is prescribed by this act in respect of the qualities, &c., of other pickled fish. 11. All rusty or sour fish, of whatever kind or class, shall be branded or marked with with the word “rusty” or “sour” in addition to other brands or marks. 12. No foul or tainted fish, or fish mutilated for the purpose of con- cealing marks and appearances of illegal capture, or unsizeable, shall pass inspection ; and it shall be the duty of every inspector or deputy [407] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 497 inspector to seize, and any magistrate may confiscate to Her Majesty, all fish found or exposed for sale having been killed or captured during pro- hibited seasons or by unlawful means, and all fish at any time offered for sale or barter, or attempted to be exported, whilst in an unwhole- some condition. 13. Fish known as pickled fish, that may be cured in bulk, if not in- spected and certified as aforesaid, and afterwards packed in barrels, shall be branded or marked with the word “bulk” in addition to other brands or marks. 14, Hach cask or package of fish shall contain fish of the same kind, or parts of the same kind and quality, properly packed in separate lay- ers, and on every layer of fish so packed in the cask, a sufficient quan- tity of good, clean, suitable salt, free from lime, shall be properly placed, and in like proportion for other packages, at the discretion of an in- spector or deputy inspector; and after the cask shall have been prop- erly packed and headed it shall be filled with clean pickle, strong enough to float a fish of the kind so packed. 15. Should it appear to any inspector, or deputy inspector, that a portion of the fish inspected by him is sound, and another portion un- sound, he shall separate the sound from the unsound, repack the sound fish, and mark or brand the same according to its quality; and such portion as the inspector judges incapable of preservation he shall con- demn as bad, and mark “refuse,” in addition to other marks. 16. If any casualty renders it necessary to repack inspected fish it shall in all cases be done by and in the presence of an inspector or deputy inspector; and any other person attempting to repack or brand or mark the same shall be liable to a penalty of not more than twenty dollars for every such offense. ; 17. When any fish, branded or marked by a deputy inspector, proves unequal in quantity or quality to that which may be indicated by the brand or mark, or deficient in any way of the requisites prescribed by this act, the inspector may cause the same to be reinspected; and if it appear that the defect arose from the condition of the fish, or the bad quality of the cask, or the bad packing or pickling of the fish at the time of the inspection, he may recover the cost and charges of such re- inspection from the deputy who branded or marked the same. 18. Pickled fish, duly inspected, packed and branded or marked, and oils, inspected and branded or marked under this act, at any place in the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, or British Columbia, shall not be subject to reinspection within the Do- minion, except only in cases already provided for in this act. 19. Each tierce shall be three hundred pounds, and each half tierce one hundred and fifty pounds; each barrel shall be two hundred pounds, and each half-barrel one hundred pounds; each quintal shall be one hundred pounds; each draft shall mean two hundred pounds; and each box of herrings shall contain twenty-five pounds. In each of the above S. Mis. 110 32 498 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [408] instances the weight shall be clear avoirdupois, exclusive of salt and pickle. 20. There shall be branded or marked on the head or butt of each cask of pickled or dry-salted fish, in plain, legible letters after the same has been inspected, culled, classed, weighed, and packed, in accordance with this act, the description of the fish, the weight and quality con- tained in the package, the initials of the Christian name or names, and the whole surname of the inspector or deputy inspector by whom the fish was inspected, and the name of the place where he acts as aS Cree and the month and the year of inspection. Standards of fish oils, how fixed and kept. 67. The boards of examiners of inspectors of fish and fish oils shall fix and have in charge the standard of fish oils in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, respectively; and the same shall be classified and branded or marked according to such standards, as fol- lows: 1. Whale oil shall be free from adulteration of every kind, and shall be branded as such with the class according to quality appointed by standard—if No. 1, “Pale”; if No. 2, “Straw”; if No. 3, “ Brown.” 2. Seal oil shall be free from adulteration of every kind, and shall be branded as such, with the quality per standard—if No. 1, “Strictly Pale”; if No. 2, “Pale”; if No. 3, “Straw”; if No.4, “Brown”; if No.5, “Dark Brown.” 3. Porpoise oil shall be free from adulteration of every kind, and shall be branded as such, with the quality per standard—if No. 1, “Pale”; if) No: 2, Straw”? ;1f No.3!" Brown.” ’ 4. Cod oil shall be free from adulteration, and be branded as such— first quality, “A”; second quality, “ B.” 5. Herring, hake, pollock, and dog-fish oil, and all other oils, shall be branded as such—first quality, “A”; second quality, ‘ B.” 6. An inspector or deputy inspector shall determine the gauge of each cask, and the outs thereof, and shall mark the same on the cask; and the barrels shall be in good order and condition, sound and staunch, and shall be made of hard wood, and if any cask or casks be found to contain water or other adulteration, such shall be scribed or branded by the inspector or deputy inspector on the cask. 7. Casks containing fish oils shall be scribed or branded with such quality, the month and the last two figures of the year when inspected, the initials of the Christian name or names, and the entire surname of the inspector, and also the place of inspection, and the initial letters of the name of the province in which it was inspected. 8. The designation “ Fish oils” in this act shall include whale, seal, porpoise, cod, herring, sturgeon, siskawitz, and all other kinds of oil derived from fish and marine animals. [409 ] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 499 Fees for inspection. 68. Kvery inspector or deputy inspector who shall inspect and brand or mark any cask or package of pickled fish, in bulk, or any fish oil, in accordance with the provisions of this act, shall be entitled to fees at the following rates, which shall be paid by the original owner, or the person who employed him in the first instance: i. For each tierce of salmon, salmon-trout, or sea-trout, fifteen cents; 2. For each half-tierce of salmon, salmon-trout, or sea-trout, ten cents; 5. For each barrel of mackerel, ten cents ; For each halt-barrel of mackerel, five cents; For each barrel of herring, five cents; 8. For each halt-barrel of herring, three cents ; 9. For each barrel of shad, ten cents; 10. For each half-barrel of shad, seven cents; 11. For each barrel of whitefish, ten cents ; 12. For each half barrel of whitefish, seven cents; 13, For each barrel of pickled codfish, hake, haddock, or catfish, five cents ; 14. For each half-barrel of pickied codfish, hake, haddock, or catfish, three cents ; 15. For each barrel of dry-salted codfish, hake, haddock, catfish, ling, or pollock, five cents ; 16. For each half-barrel of dry-salted codfish, hake, haddock, catfish, ling, or pollock, three cents; 17. For each barrel of bass, ten cents ; 18. For each half-barrel of bass, seven cents; 19. For each barrel of cod tongues, cod sounds, halibut, or eels, ten cents ; 20. For each half-barrel of cod tongues, cod sounds, halibut, or eels, seven cents ; 21. For inspecting, gauging, and branding each puncheon of oil, twenty cents ; 22. For inspecting, gauging, and branding each hogshead of oil, fif- teen cents; eee 23. For inspecting, gauging, and branding each tierce of oil, twenty cents ; 24, For inspecting, gauging, and branding each barrel of oil, fifteen cents ; : 25. The foregoing rates shall be reckoned exclusive of salt, pickle, cooperage, storage, and labour, employed in washing, rinsing, cleaning, nailing, screwing, or repacking and pickling any fish ; 26. For branding or marking Newfoundland fish which have been in- spected in Newfoundland, two cents per berrel; 27. For inspecting empty packages, one cent : Provided, always, that any person causing his fish or oil to be in- 500 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIUS. [410] spected, may employ at his cost and charge a cooper to attend upon and assist the inspector or deputy inspector in the performance of his duty, in which case the inspector or deputy inspector shall not be allowed any charge for cooperage, and the cooper so employed shall be governed and guided solely by the directions which he receives from the inspector or deputy inspector, with respect to any fish or oil by him in- spected, and not by any other person whomsoever. Where inspections shall be effected. 69. Fish and fish oil may be inspected either at the place where they are packed or manufactured, or at the place of sale within the Do- minion. When not inspected at place of packing and when at place of sale. 70. When fish are not inspected at the place of packing, the packer’s name and the quality of the fish must be marked in paint on each bar- rel, half-barrel or package ; and when they are inspected at the place of sale, the inspector shall empty out ten packages in each hundred of the lot submitted to him for inspection, and such inspection of ten out of every hundred shall regulate the grade of fish so submitted for inspection. Bill of inspection. 71. So soon as any fish is Inspected, a bill of inspection shall be fur- nished by the inspector or deputy inspector, specifiying the quality as ascertained by inspection, and whether each package contains the weight prescribed by this act, with the name of the packer and of the inspector at the place of packing. As to fish landed from United States vessels for reshipment there. 72. This act shall not apply to fish landed at any port of the Domin- ion from United States fishing vessels for the purpose reshipment to the United States, unless the owners of such fish wish them to be in- spected: Provided always, that such fish, if so reshipped without being inspected, shall not be branded or marked. [39 Victoria, 1876, Chapter XX XIII. ] AN ACT to amend the act to make better provision, extending to the whole Domin- ion of Canada, respecting the inspection of certain staple articles of Canadian produce. {Assented to 12th April, 1876. ] Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows : 1. Section sixty-three of the act of thirty-seventh Victoria, chapter forty-five, cited in the title of this act, is hereby amended by striking \ [411] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 501 out the words ‘one inch in width at the large end,” and inserting iu place thereof the words “ five-eights of an inch at the small end.” 2. Section sixty-four of the act cited in the title of this act is hereby repealed, and the following is substituted in place thereof: “64, The inspection of all pickled fish cured for market or exporta- tion, and of all fish oils, codfish tongues, or codfish sounds, cured for such purpose and contained in any such packages as are hereinafter mentioned shall, whenever such pickled fish, fish oils, or other articles as aforesaid, are removed beyond the limits of the inspection district in which they are pickled or packed, be compulsory in every province of the Dominion (except British Columbia and Manitoba), where an in- spector is appointed by law: and if any such pickled fish, fish oil, o1 other article as aforesaid be sold or removed for sale beyond the limits of such district, or shipped or laden in any vehicle for removal, or offered to be removed from any district or place within the Dominion, except Manitoba and British Columbia, without being inspected under this act, the person so selling or removing the same, or offering the same for sale or removal, shall incur a penalty of not less than one dollar and not more than five dollars for each and every such package.” 3. Subsection four of section sixty-six of the said act shall be amended by adding the following words to the first paragraph: ‘And every such box of smoked herrings shall contain at least twenty pounds of fish, and half-boxes shall be twenty-two inches long, tour inches deep and eight inches wide, and to contain not less than ten pounds of fish.” 4. Subsection eight of the said sixty-sixth section shall be amended by adding the following : ‘* Kvery barrel of pickled codfish shall contain two hundred pounds of fish, and every half-barrel one hundred pounds of fish.” * * * 43 Victoria, 1880, chapter XX. AN ACT to amend ‘The general inspection act, 1874,” and the act amending it. [Assented to 7th May, 1880. ] In amendment of *“ The general inspection act, 1874,” and the act amending it, passed in the thirty-ninth year of Her Majesty’s reign. and chaptered thirty-three: Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows: 1. The sixth section of the act first above cited is hereby amended by striking out the word “ governor” in the fourth line, and inserting in lieu thereof the words “ minister of inland revenue.” 2. The sixty-fifth section of the said act first above cited is hereby amended by inserting after the word ‘‘ pickled” in the first line thereof, the words “ and smoked.” 502 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [412] 3. The sixty-eighth section of the act first above cited is hereby amended by inserting after sub-section eight the following paragraphs: ‘‘(a) or each box of smoked herrings, two cents ; ““(b) For each half-box of smoked herrings, one cent; **(e) For each quarter-box of smoked herrings, one-half cent.” 4. The sixty-third section of the act first above cited is hereby amended by inserting the following paragraph, following the second paragraph of the said section: ‘** Barrels of the folowing dimensions may also be used for a special quality of fish, that is to say: The stave shall be twenty-eight inches long, the head seventeen between the chimes; the chimes to be one and a quarter inches; the head three-fourths of an inch in thickness, and the bung stave shall be of hard wood. Every such barrel shall be branded with the words ‘special size’” * * * [44 Victoria, 1881, chapter 52. AN ACT to amend “The general inspection act, 1874,” and the acts amending it. { Assented to 21st March, 1881. ] Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons, enacts as follows : 1. The act passed in the forty-third year of Her Majesty’s reign intituled ** An act to amend ‘the general inspection act, 1574,’ and the act amending it,” is hereby amended by repealing the tariff of fees to be collected for the inspection of smoked herring, contained in the third section of the said act, and substituting the following: (a) For each box of smoked herrings, one cent; (b) For each half-box of smoked herrings, one half cent; (c) For each quarter-box of smoked herrings, one-quarter cent. NOVA SCOTIA. (Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, 1851, chapter 85.) On the regulation and inspection of provisions, lumber, fuel, and other mer- chandise. e FISH. Appointment of inspectors. 1. The governor in council shall appoint in every county a chief in- spector of pickled fish therein, who shall be sworn into office and shall give a bond, with two sureties, in five hundred pounds, to Her Majesty, for the faithful discharge of his duty. He shall not engage nor have any interest, direct or indirect, in the curing or packing or the sale of pickled fish, under a penalty of one hundred pounds and forfeiture of his office ; and any person who shall act as inspector or deputy inspector [413] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 503 without having been duly appointed and sworn, shall forfeit five pounds for each offence. ; Chief inspector to appoint deputies. 2. Every chief inspector shall appoint a sufficient number of deputies to act under him during pleasure, and shall be responsible for their official conduct, and shall take a bond from each of them in fifty pounds, with sureties; and every such deputy shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of his duty in the same manner as the chief inspector. Qualities of fish. 3. There shall be three qualities of mackerel, three of salmon, two of other kinds of pickled fish, and two of smoked herrings. Mackerel of the quality number one shall consist of the best and fattest fall mackerel, having had the blood well washed out previous to being salted, and being properly soaked, well cured in every respect, free from taint, rust, or damage, well split, and being of the best kind and in the best condition, and measuring not less than fifteen inches from the extremity of the head to the crotch of the tail; such mackerel shall be branded ‘mackerel number one,” and if scraped shall be branded ‘“+mackerel number one, extra.” Mackerel of the quality number two shall consist of the best fall mackerel which shall remain after the selection of the first quality, be- ing properly soaked, the blood washed out, well cured, and in every re- spect free from taint, rust, or damage, well split, and measuring not less than twelve inches from the extremity of the head to the crotch of the tail; and snch mackerel shall be branded ‘mackerel number two,” and if scraped shall be branded “ mackerel number two, extra.” The quality to be branded number three shall consist of good, sound mackerel, properly soaked, the blood washed out, well cured, well split, and in every respect free from taint, rust, or damage; and all mackerel less than ten inches in length shall be branded “small,” and all rusty fish, without reference to quality, shall be branded *“ rusty.” Salmon to be branded ‘“ No. 1” shall consist of the best and fattest kind, having all the blood well washed out previous to its being salted, and being well cured, well split, and in every respect free from taint, rust, or damage, being fish of the best kind and in the best condition. Those to be branded ‘No. 2” shall comprehend the best salmon that remain after the selection of the first quality; and those to be branded 4*No.3” shall consist of other salmon; but both of the last-mentioned qualities shall be, nevertheless, sound, good fish, blood well washed out, well cured, well split, and in every respect free from rust, taint, or damage. The quality of herrings, alewives, or other pickled fish to be branded “No. 1” shall consist of the fattest and best fish; and the quality to be branded “ No. 2” of the poorer, thinner, and inferior fish, and both of 504 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [414] the qualities shall be carefully cured and cleansed, and in every respect free from taint, rust, or damage. Smoked herrings branded ** No. 1” shall comprehend the fattest and best fish ; and those branded “ No. 2” the poorer, thinner, and smaller fish. They shall be sweet and well-cured and smoked. Quality, dimensions, and capacities of casks and boxes. 4, Barrels and half-barrels in which pickled fish is intended to be packed shall be made of sound, well-seasoned staves, free from sap, and the heading shall be of hard wood, pine, or spruce, smooth on the outside, and shall, as well as the staves, be at least three-quarters of an inch in thickness, but if hardwood the staves may be five-eighths of an inch in thickness. Staves for mackerel and salmon shall be twenty-eight inches in length, and the heads, between the chimes, sixteen inches ; and the bung-stave shall always be of hard wood; the casks shall be well-hooped with at least four hoops on each bilge and four on each chime. Mackerel and salmon barrels shall contain not less than twenty- eight nor more than twenty-nine gallons, and barrels for herring and ale- wives not less than twenty-six nor more than twenty-seven gallons, and the tierces and half-barrels shall contain a quantity proportionate thereto. The makers shall brand their names on every barrel and half- barrel under a penalty of five shillings for each cask. Boxes for smoked herring shall measure on the inside eighteen inches in length, twelve in breadth, and six in depth; or eighteen inches in length, nine in breadth, and eight in depth; and shall be strong, well- made, sufficiently seasoned, and the covers well-planed or shaved. Casks to-contain certain quantities of fish and salt. 5. Casks shall contain the quantity of fish hereinafter prescribed for each, respectively, over and above the salt and pickle necessary to pre- serve the same, that is to say: a tierce, three hundred pounds; a bar- rel, two hundred pounds; a half-barrel, one hundred pounds. Hach barrel shall contain two pecks of salt, clean and suitable for the pur- pose; and every tierce and half-barrel shall contain a like proportion. Pickled and smoked fish to be inspected before exportation. 6. All pickled fish intended for exportation in tierces, barrels, and half barrels, and all smoked herrings intended for exportation or sale, shall be first inspected, and the cask or box branded on the head thereof by an inspector in plain legible characters, with the description of the fish, the number of the quality and the weight, the initials of the Christian names and the whole surname of the actual inspector, the name of the town or place where he acts as inspector, the capital letters ‘‘ N.S.,” for Nova Scotia, and the year of the inspection. [415] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 505 Certificates of inspection; fine for exportation without. 7. The person who shall have actually inspected any pickled fish shall grant a certificate of such inspection, which shall be given to the proper officer before any vessel on board which the fish may be laden shall be cleared out. Any person exporting pickled fish in tierces, bar- rels, or half-barrels, contrary to this section, shall forfeit five shillings for every such cask. Smoked herrings liable to seizure if not inspected. 8. Smoked herrings shipped or sold without having been duly in- spected and branded may be seized under a warrant of a justice of the peace, to be given upon information under oath. Instructions for curing and packing fish. 9. All inspected pickled fish, whether split or otherwise, shall be well struck or salted in the first instance, and the qualities shall be those prescribed in the third section. Each cask shall be filled up with fish of the same kind and quality, properly packed and headed up, with the requisite number of hoops thereon. The fish shall be very carefully sorted and classed, according to their respective numbers and qualities, and then weighed, and on every layer of fish, as packed in the barrel, the quantity of salt hereinbefore prescribed shall be regularly placed. Herrings and alewives, whether split or round, and all number three mackerel, shall be packed with coarse salt. Smoked herrings shall be carefully packed, each box with fish as nearly as possible of the same size, laid in the same direction, and not across one another, and so stored as to completely fill the package. Damaged fish not to be inspected. 10. Tainted or damaged pickled fish, or smoked herrings, shall on no account be permitted to pass inspection. Fish to be sorted, inspected, and branded in inspector's presence. 11. The sorting, weighing, inspecting, and branding of any package of pickled fish or smoked herrings shall be done by or in the sight of an inspector thereof, and if any casualty render it necessary to repack a cask of inspected pickled fish in “any place, it shall in all cases be done by an inspector of pickled fish, if one be resident within five miles thereof. Inspectors, when to attend; manner of inspection. 12. Every chief inspector, by himself or his deputy, shall inspect all pickel fish under the provisions of this chapter when ten casks are ready for his inspection, and he is required so to do under a penalty of twenty pounds for every default, unless his residence be more than five 5Q6 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [416] miles from the place where his attendance may be required; and shall likewise inspect all tierces, barrels, and half-barrels which are intended to contajn pickled fish, and condemn all such as shall not be conform. able to these provisions, and_brand those he shall approve upon the bung-stave with the initials of his name. Smoked herrings, how inspected. 13. Inspectors of smoked herrings shall inspect, and, when necessary, shall cull and repack every box thereof which is intended for sale or ex- portation, and shall for that purpose open, and, after inspecting, reclose and brand the same as hereinbefore directed. Fees of inspectors, and how paid. 14. Every inspector actually performing the duty shall be entitled to receive the following fees for inspecting and branding, viz: Tor every tierce, nine pence; for every barrel, five pence; and for every half-bar- rel, two pence half penny; to be paid one-half by the buyer and the other by the seller; and for each empty cask, one penny, to be paid by the seller. For every box of smoked herrings, one penny-half-penny; and for culling and repacking the same, when necessary, two pence-half- penny in addition. Returns of chief inspectors, how made. 15. Every chief inspector shall make a return to the provincial secre- tary of all the pickled fish inspected by him or his deputies; the same to be made up to the last days of March, June, September, and Decem- ber, in each year, and delivered within one month thereatter. Deputy inspectors to account to chief inspectors. 16. The deputy inspectors shall account to the chtef inspector under whom they act once in every three months, or oftener if required, for all fish inspected and the fees received by them therefor; and shall pay over to him one-fifth of the same. Fine for allowing unauthorized parties to inspect fish, and for lending branding irons. 17. No person other than an mspector shall sort, weigh, inspect, brand, or alter any tierce, barrel, or half barrel of pickled fish intended for exportation, unless in the presence and sight, and by the authority of an inspector; and any inspector who shall suffer any person so to act, or shall lend his branding irons in violation or evasion of this section, shall forfeit ten pounds for every offence. Fine for acting without authority. 18. If any person not duly appointed and sworn shall act as an in- spector of pickled fish, he shall for every offence forfeit twenty pounds. [417] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 507 Counterfeiting brands, or shifting jish improperly, punishable by fine and imprisonment. 19. Any person counterfeiting or using the brand of an inspector of smoked herrings, or being accessory thereto, or shifting any smoked herrings which shall have been packed and branded, or putting in other fish, contrary to or in evasion of these provisions, shall be punished by fine or imprisonment, at the discretion of the court before whom hemay be convicted. Fine for intermixing or improperly eaporting pickled fish. 20. If any person shall take out, shift, or intermix any inspected pickled fish which have been duly packed or branded, or shall cause to be exported, in tierces, barrels, and half barrels, pickled fish not duly inspected and branded, or any such cask not duly inspected and branded he shall forfeit five shillings for every such cask. Forfeiture upon masters of vessels for receiving on board uninspected smoked herrings. 21. If any master or commander shall receive on board his vessel any smoked herrings which have not been duly inspected and branded, for the purpose of conveying the same out of the township wherein they were cured, he shall forfeit the value thereof; but no such forfeiture shall exceed fifty pounds for any one offence. Actions for misconduct of deputies ; liability of inspector in such cases, and his redress. 22. All actionsfor the recovery of penalties or damages on account of the misconduct or neglect of any deputy inspector may be prosecuted either against such deputy or the chief inspector under whom he acts, who shall have his remedy against the deputy, either upon the bond given by him or by action on the case for damages; and in every such action the judgment recovered against the chief inspector shall be evi- dence of damages against such deputy or his sureties, if the deputy shall have had due notice of the action brought against the chief in- spector. o Inspected casks may be reinspected ; deficiencies, how supplied. 23. When any cask of pickled fish branded by a deputy inspector shall prove unequal in quantity or quality to that which may be indi- cated by the brand on the cask, or deficient in any of the requisites hereby prescribed, the chief inspector may cause the same to be rein- spected; and if it appear that the defect arose from the condition of the fish or the bad quality of the cask, or the bad packing or pickling of the fish at the time of the inspection, he may recover the costs and charges of such reinspection from the deputy who branded the same. .508 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [418] FISH OIL. Casks of fish oil, how branded. 24, On every cask of fish oil gauged shall be branded or cut with a double iron the initial letters of the Christian name of the gauger, and the whole of his surname, and the word ‘‘cod,” “dog,” “whale,” * seal,” or whatever word will express the description of the contents. Gauger’s duty and fees. 25. No gauger skall be compelled to leave his residence to gauge @ less quantity than five barrels; and the fees for gauging shall be at the rate of one shilling a puncheon or ninepence a barrel. Fine upon gauger for misconduct. 26. Any gauger who shall falsely brand any cask of fish oil shall, for every gallon, forfeit sixpence. Fine for acting as a gauger without authority. 27. If any person shall act as a public gauger of fish oil without hav- ing been duly appointed and sworn, he shall, for every offence, forfeit tive pounds. X. APPENDIX.—THE MACKEREL FLERT. 55. VESSELS ENGAGED IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN 18:0. The following alphabetical list shows the vessels engaged in the mack- erel fishery in 1880; the rig, tonnage, number of crew, apparatus of cap- ture, fishing grounds frequented, and the home port of each vessel being shown separately. The list includes 468 vessels, valued at $1,027,910, oran average of $2,196 each. Tothis quantity should beadded $1,094,450, or $2,339 per vessel, which represents the value of the provisions, boats, nets, salt, barrels, and other necessary apparatus and outfit. This brings the total capital invested in the mackerel-fishing fleet up to $2,122,560, exclusive of the shore property for packing and storing the catch. The total tonnage of the fleet is 23,551.64, or an average of 50.32 to the vessel. The regular seining vessels carry from 12 to 16 men, while the crews of the smaller craft range from 2 to 6; the total number of persons employed on the vessels is 5,045. Of the entire fleet, 235 sail are employed exclusively in the mackerel fishery, while 233 fish for cod and other species in the spring and fall, engaging in the mackerel fishery during the height of the season only. Three-fourths of all the vessels, or 343 sail, are provided with purse- - [419] © HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 509 seines, 5 of them carrying, in addition, a supply of jigs for occasional use. Of the remainder, 81 fish with hook and line, and 44 are provided with gill-nets. The principal fishing grounds are the off-shore waters between Cape Hatteras and Sandy Hook, the Block Island region, the Gulf of Maine, and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. According to the list, 64 vessels fished along various portions of the coast between Cape Hatteras and Mount Desert Island, on the coast of Maine, 6 of them going to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence for a few weeks. Twelve small craft fished regularly in the waters about Block Island, 343 remained constantly in the Gulf of Maine, 31 others divided their time between the Gulf of Maine and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and the remaining 18 fished wholly in Brit- ish waters. As the fleet for a few of the Massachusetts ports is shown for 1879, the above facts do not represent the actual condition of affairs in 1880; for during the last-named year not over 25 American vessels entered provincial waters. Massachusetts furnishes over half of the entire mackerel fleet, heading the list with 279 sail, valued at $750,895. Maine comes next with 176 vessels, worth $233,715. New Hampshire has 11 sail, valued at 29,300; while the Connecticut fleet consists of 2 large schooners, worth $14,000. The four principal mackerel-fishing ports are Gloucester, Portland, Wellfleet, and Boston, these sending 113, 46, 34, and 25 vessels, re- spectively. 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A OOTE: tt roteenessaecemecseersse--QUTTT JO JIA sete reeceeeereenens Opescees troeeross sees oTgg-ORIN ppcameat so aee eee JOUTILO wt teteesceneeemeces Denne store so77**>* UT98-o8INg Peas eat sto cer eteeee Oprrets Ft eter essen secees Qpeteses SBBp pers BOE steseees oprrece seeeee et eeesseeeees Opeeecee sees s oprtects SD ieaaccemcseen soaas op-t--* Raisalbavsase weeseteees preset Beisiaisieatsiesie's.s co sess opertet tereees opirces Saeacaccic eas wiotiasis,s opt ween sioncinsain nine OT TTX) scecccecene scece. eUl[-puely Sica alae atao asia nee a op-7-* eens ABBR cocunde opts ee ae Beer epeen ny tas seeceecse --7*"> QUTOs-08INg verees oss bie Cha (163) atsisieih in| aidisiiss snisweie op-7--7 ete rae oenar seul DUET emer ne eules-9sJ0g or ee eri Opesaces PICO OOO OO AOCOI aS hr Reg) g 6S “9 G9 °8L €& °S #8 LF T9 °€9 86 ‘CL 00 ‘GE PL LL 69 PL 00 "6S 89°29 | $6 “€0T C9 °PL 08 °L9 60 ‘86 06 ‘80T £9 "69 Th °€9 Go TE 60 “6S FG LE FLT Il ‘$1 IT eT GL*6L 8¢ 69 10 “8S PP GL 99 “L9 16°29 96 “FT GZ "€9 #6 1h L061 BF 0G OT ‘OT 9¢ 8 9g “0€ LY ‘9T 9F GD GL ‘OL L9°1T OF “LT G8 “ST 69 "82 gL °9T seteeeesaee Oprens|seereereee Opes >i* (0) tha op---- op--*" ops * op?->* Opa: op'*-- op:*** OD sane (0) § Jolltietes op:*7" op:--* “777 WBNS ono x -7" "T0989 AA OLUUL AA sienecerecs SUT "LC poaflar my x Bet cue eon Reet ee em ASOTTLAL « 2 * TPIS OTL. « “cesenes scence Weoryied SU[LAL steeee recorscses SULAIL OLE BEI OO SC eee, aR OTE saee- Sssurqoyny, “A WILL x wecceees "77" eye” “GS WeMTLAL eseeneccs Aauyey “TW OUrenyyI LAY. reeesrerro= "ASO AA ‘A UBITITM store sigiaieir a= Aosreql ‘ WUYL AL. teens een nee ee eens OLUPILAL tener e een cree OHBPM VW OPLA sesertce reese “-°" OMBA YW OPLA se eeewenne “"-"OT]OgT W.10]89 AA » wewecenee SEI OCH VN See ois tate eecene ATT 1098 M x Salem's sisinnieimnie®.e)/=i=i-i- eV NT AN eg waneee creressee-TOUGMIISEM x coscsisscinseees'TONSULISE Mie recess coeseoss TOM "TT 109TE A sete t neem enn n anne I9VdJONO A ee eV10PLA cane nen en ene seres---EnUOA x semnascocccesiessche=* BITITIOA (Berceerssnn=**-- QNOdTO0I9A ¥ seiwcis naesnienisisie'=-'-/= =n aruNee a NEES lit EO On euy) + I okra * SIOTJOAT OAT, x pt alte pb RS ggduin..y, « eo age a pron simincl- 1 CULE hy peepee: eee OBL x erect telat hl Koh ebelot I tel Aqvory, x One Se necaan =e" TOTQAG ITs ais 20h Opres [see ttesaree7 ase ceecOkuT i aM: - opt op" Heintisab see nsesPr er OB OUMEL sree en ereemwewee een TOSTT » senesa-*-n> Opie’ *|-s292" "2° 24s :@IO lee Onan ie op:** op'-** SCOEEGOUEIICOOSSENE TT (EA Fc bee esenernes:n#*==*q,Q9SIUE,T, ste renesees Qprree| ceeeceneeesseeeseneas CUATIG y \ f 520 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [430] XI. APPENDIX.—STATISTICS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE. 56. THE CATCH OF MACKEREL BY AMERICAN SCHOONERS IN CANA- DIAN WATERS, 1873-1882. The following statement, prepared by Colonel David W. Low, of Glou- cester, shows the extent of the mackerel fishery as pursued by Ameri- can vessels in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence since the year 1873. The number of vessels and their catch in the years 1873 to 1877, inclusive, is compiled from the reports of the collector of customs at Port Mulgrave, Nova Scotia; the number of vessels in 1878 and 1879 is from the same authority; the catch for 1878 and subsequent years and the number of vessels in 1880 and 1881 is from reports of the Boston Fish Bureau. The estimates of value and the catch within the three mile limit are from authentic sources. The value includes the labor of crews ‘“‘mess- ing” some of the fish by soaking, scraping, and cutting off their heads, thus increasing their market value. The quantity of mackerel caught within the three-mile limit, one-third of the total catch, is considered by competent authorities to be a very liberalestimate. The unusual number of vessels in the gulf in 1878 was caused by false reports and telegrams of great quantities of mackerel there. American vessels in the gulf- mackerel fishery must average four hundred barrels of mackerel each at ten dollars per barrel to pay the expenses of outfit, insurance, deprecia- tion of vessel, crew’s share, and master’s commission. The mackerel fishery by American vessels in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence for the years trom 1873 to 1831, inclusive. {Compiled by Col. David W. Low.]} | Silas 2 ;ASH | ASe Sos | Bede | ailiais Z , |seelose |EBh | Bess j nD a gam Ea Pa | ag | oe | @ | 280 / Sea | 4 Peed ws | es | “Se H | e883] ene jao® | a 5.98 Year. Pot a Enel ue Sewanee ll cide *S Gig & Ho | 2s aq So | iGo nat] Oonbuae oe ea 3 £22 | Secqg | des | S885 ¢ (2 | 22 | & | S86 | Shee |qs88 | i3553 $ = 3 abe | oOFa | s064 | Sn CER a i) n a Te aH a > BTC cme wieeisicicensieseceravcesa 254 | 88,012 | 11, 001 | 77, 011 | $10 46 | $805,535 | 25, 670 $268, 508 Ne Amenenecasac assess essen 164 | 63,078 | 7,885 | 55,193 | 625 | 344,956] 18,398 114, 987 USO eesemvisisecncierisccanccecsne 95 | 13,006 | 1,626 | 11,380 | 1418] 161,368 3, 793 53, 785 THEY CSAS ESA See ee eee 64} 5,495 687 | 4,808] 1160] 55,773 |: 1,603 18, 594 WM oeremcivleaeiniceneneccciccosna 60 | 8,365} 1,046] 7,819] 11 10 81, 241 2, 439 27, 072 TST Geeeeeeetececiecaesscctso=- QTD Seach Seal eee 61,923 | 415] 256,980] 20,641 85, 660 1b Soo os See COC EEE eee 4431. 55. ee 10,796 | 250] 26,990 3, 599 8, 997 880 B40) costae eaeree 7,301 | 7 72'|' \56,.364 2, 438 18, 783 Boise Ds Pel a Ree 470 | 8 50 3, 995 156 | 1, 826 5 pire AGL A 275) 8 50 2, 125 95 717 ORM pensceetatscr owas: 9925 |54222 2 | ee DB644.76 ee seeee 1,795,327 | 78, 827 598, 429 A VOT SOPOT ID ALLO perspire sais |'o,ciciere ose nic) |, eee | ees TOOT mice oe] sok ake ia olkes ie eer eee Yearly average catch per vessel, 238. | \ . HISTORYzOF»THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 521 ALPHABETICAL INDEX, [431] Page. Abundance of mackerel -....-.-.---.-.---- 13, 14, 15 in Bay of Fundy, 1839 ....-..-. 234 on George’s Bank, 1868......- 302 in Gloucester Harbor, 1845... 239 in Gloucester Harbor, 1866. -. 292 in Gloucester Harbor, 1870... 310 in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1848. 242 in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1863- 284 in Ipswich Bay.....-..--.0..- 287 in Ipswich Bay and at Cape odes ta suere ae Lat see 281, 282 in Maine bays, 1845 .......-.-- 239 on Maine coast, 1849 .-......- 243 on Maine coast, 1860 ..-...-.- 273 on Maine coast, 1865 ......--- 286 off Malpec, 1865.........-..-- 288 in Massachusetts Bay, 1833 -. 226 in Massachusetts Bay, 1859 -- 269 in Massachusetts Bay, 1868 -. 301 in Massachusetts Bay, 1880 .. 351, 352 off Monhegan Island, 1880. --. 350 off New England coast, 1629 Eh 5 ee ee eed Ee Se 217 on New England coast, 1845... 239 on New England coast, 1854-. 257 on New England coast, 1860. . 273 on New England coast, 1866. . 293 on New England coast and scarcity in the bay, 1879.... 344, 345 on Nova Scotia coast, 1843. --.. 237 about Sable Island, 1847... -.. 240 at Small Point, Maine, 1871... 316 JAW EUR du bd Dead oe ae oe ae St ooe sto OO sre 306 PAGTIAuIC MACKeLEl INs.5-s22 sees 2 os -i5- 4 PAPARRIZ ETOLCSSOD se seco eases 20 first start of, 1866...........--. 289 Samuel! =. soos cass eon ee aise 219 EY & Beseeeeee ese 322 Capt. Warren 2. cnc cceseeeennee 8 fitting away of, 1859..._.-.-... 269 | Brownell, Jonathan /..................-.. a 1868322222 301 | Bruce, Sir Frederick W. A.............-. 290 from Gloucester, 1858......-.-- 265i Buding ton Wir os casi acamcteecemce eee ee 322 increase in the, 1858 .....-..--. 263 | Burnham, Andrew ...........-...-. ish eal 223 a large, 1867 ...-...-- ee a ase 296 Gorhaml.f0s0oo.coe oe uenenue 1 sailing of the first of the, 1861... 278 Capt.'Simeon®- 2... -2csaces'. 219 BmMAll 1ST Ss eee yale ae eset 329 || Butler, General!.2 0.2 -.sence son cmccscnces 321 Raymon 1 850i ses casas eee cessekasaeo 260 | eBuzzard’s Bay coscsensace tesco sesscan see 22, 25 1868: se2c5cclsne eebincaeacsendecc 303 | Cahoon, Capt. Abraham ..........-..-..- 336 W869 esas eee cc cceccc sets tinede 308 ] Caiss, Edward ................ casweses oe 85 Brrivallof,1SbS\ecocece= + 26-3 -- 263n (Camden esac eae cece acct on ase acacia 23, 136 HBGD Soaseciscecntsicccn = 286-287 | Cameron, Daniel ........-...-.-.--+...- . -82, 85, 88 ASGGSacieeie salen soasialate 294 Mr JONMs sce scsit ses see cae 92 1869 ene Seige cek oe iesee 307 | Canada fishery, 1873-1879 .........---.... 214 light fares of, 1869..........---- 308 including Prince Edward poor success of, 1842......-.... 237 Island, 1869-1880 ...... 216 Bay of Chaleur, big fare in, 1849........-. 243 mackerel exports, 1873-1879...... 214, 215 poor luck in, 1849........ 243 | Canadian fishermen, disinclination for ; Bay tvip, quickest ever made, 1850..-...-. 246 mackerel catching, 1872..... 320 Tete ID) yd 08 ke Se eR SAE eS Sood 15 fishermen, lack of interest ex- Belle Isle, Straits of........-.-.---------- 3-4 hibited iby; 187is222- sane see 314, 315 BCR CICK, |W UllIAM sie aaicicn aie ons sare oes 274 fishing industry, dependence IBERINUGAS: samen ci csincnalsicenialcaacismatieisles i on the United States ........ 347 Billingsgate Point......-..-....-----+----+ QTC Canning, 1845 (eta eae octets reece 239 BINGeROGKse passer eas sce seen soaececse a. 82, 83 industry, origin and develop- Birds, attraction for.......--......-- - 41,43 MONG Cok couse he eee ae ee 131-137 BIRO KUROCK eas 52a scm aig a weeieaeseniceania 257 methods and statutes of........ 131-137 Blanchard, Capt. Miles........-..-.-.--+- SIRO ANSON ea eeen = acicawae sien sm aitcleeeenminaees 299 Blatchford, Capt. Henry ........--.-..... 53 Gutlotensccesce ean. a eseen oases 41, 346 Nathaniel = :2-2asess<. sec Sons 220 Strait of..... 31, 94, 102, 103, 111, 263, 274, 285, Capt. Samuliecso. sceesnaa siete 79 299, 336 SHNCANOSS sence selena msicisiaasenste siainereesiaiete 10,12 | Cape Ann, fishing off, 1825 and 1831..-.... 222 Blinksl Ye subs. <2 eeeoaceeaeeanlem ey 26 1830) .23 2 ole eee 234 Block Island. . . .33, 47, 49, 144, 145, 253, 294, 333, 384, | Cape Cod -........ 12, 24, 32, 41, 128, 241, 245, 282, 284 341, 349 Bay, fishing in, 1802 ........... 218 Block Island, largest mackerel off, 1880 .. 349) | 1 ores RaeAae 258 flestes: 2 22 i cisteseeeeeee 351 1869 Veet en cr eisee 306 Boat-fishing in Maine, 1837...--...------- 230 ISTE os ayaratiets 337 Bobbing mackerel mA tte ck ete LEE 118 large schools off, 1848.......... 243 BONE ODLULTC cesses 525s cosne cc ees 245, 274, 294,321 | Capture, dates of ....-..-.......---.--0.- 9, 10 Bonne Psperance:'..-....sc-ckeceoccscuaas 316 latitude Of sess sees se eeceee 9 BOONE TSANG (la wwon et ae scenes ac 16, 18, 49, 79, 88, 814 | Care of the fish ...---...-...-..----...... 98-100 Bed Bugs... 2+ sos, eatin 16) |) Cargoes, landing the eee cera mialete ciaveia 715 SOGOU EBAY heme iis ace scene cwesccisescce 311 | Carolina coast.....-. 2.5.22. s2--secncnence 9 OSLO Me mei mates ais ais eines snp om sia lasvamen 114, 389 | Cascumpec....----.--- wert erence cence ceee 299 1887 so Scosche SBS rOROBeeAprISt acs 268 | Cashes Ledge ...-...-.--+-----------2000- 83 mackerel industry, 1877-1881...... NO Cat-thresher 22. scesusseeeiace ose eae 109 Boys in the mackerel fishing....-.....--. 2997| Cayenne: s- ne - merece eae aie ne cice anna aie 16,17 Brackett, Mr. Thomas ................--- 9 | Chaleur, Bay of. .19, 40, 82, 239, 241, 245, 262, 265, 294 BradellewBanks ee sae aecrrln ens eom ea ccce es 33 i@harleston:..s4--s-necer se nakinaa~cacs se cers 10 Bradley Bank... --- 21, 22, 28, 46, 82, 245, 261, 267, 282: | Charlottetown ..---..\--.---.-..--.------- 251, 308 284, 287, 294,998 | Chatham.........----------- 83, 89, 110, 241, 244, 319 Breeze, a mackerel -...--.-.sees-os+-----0 33 | Chatte, Cape..........- JRO SAP EASE EMI BE, 7 82 Brecon. Capes. sasceeeacmares=s=2-- 15 82,295, 321 || "Chauncy/s! Creoles a seca sane ee aie nana 332 sland eoee ne eae ccseacdasnce 30, 31,40 | Chedabucto Bay........-.......----=-...- 31,111 Brevoortia tyrannus ......-...----------- 885] (Cheticamp)<- -cpecomn seca scvectlate 82, 280, 286, 299 4 ‘ \ [433] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Page. REI NPOtSARUO oe. sae och cc teas seeean 112 Shoalateeccteesce se -eatsan'a s= 39 Chisholm, (Captisec. .202 so. osdecs ese « 341 GhristianiaHyOrd=2- 2622-5 secs ee ees 4 Chronological history North American MACKELOL NSNOLY,)--eciccnecaccnicie sicleins sae 218-354 Charch, Capt. David T...............--.- 123 Mark A SHoward ...-.5-.--<- eaeaeeee 66, 115, 162 AWWA co eo acc sc cele aw elecisiccisreisiets 119 Close of season, 1828.......--.......----- 224 1850s a sesese see ccdeseoss 246 Clupea aestivalis........-.-.....- peak 90, 91, 109 MATGN SUB a ceconsatccese cas cene sel 18 Cogswell, General William...........---. 150 WOhassetee css ccs secaceciosessteeecet eee ce 265 Cohasset hooker, good catch of a, 1860. -.. 274 Cold waters, partial to.....-.. Seta esac 7 Collins, Capt. J. W.-..19, 21, 22, 27, 32, 33, 38, 143, 276 reminiscences of, 1849. 244 50. 245 \ . 51. = 249 52. 253, 254 63. 256, 257 "54. 258 55. 260, 261 66. 261 ST. 262, 263 58. 267 59. 270, 271 60. 274, 275 61. 279, 280 62. 282, 283 63. 284 64. 285 65. 287, 288 66. 294, 295 67. 298-300 68. 805 69. 309 "70. 313, 314 wpe 319 wb - 321 et BS 326 Cooked mackerel ..............--..00- 133, 134, 135 CODON CUB ie sme cee cea ae oe eee meeice ens 15 OPA DS Sekicie Sa siecich a ajs no cients cle Sisew so a/eate 30 Currents, effect of, on mackerel food..... 30 Cushing iWon. Caleb j:...<-.0. SOE SeeSHOS 47 Jewett, Capt. B. boon ec ccccee recess eces 80 5 1 a EER ns tyro) ean yan ok 85, 86 inVention|OLoas.s cess eee ewe eee eae 220 Jigging mackereltiocssscesscaseesec scat ce 93 Jones, Mr.J. Matthew...............2---- ni1 JSOselyn Heo aeens ste cceweranccsctessscsse 27 WOStWHC Sap ccwesacies sere ecccoancepvocoes 320 Joyce; Capt. Wo. osc8escosccceinc-aa- 12, 13, 112, 327 Melly eT eematee sine te noms cancca sce eceesee 34 Kenney, Capt. Nelson A ......---...--+-- 60 Kenniston, Mr. George B .......---..----- 43 ODE OMSIAN Gna cienceatacis svc sec caseeener 22, 88 IVOVAWICSG sae ose scene ew or cacieaisocees 10 My aC Keen a wesescssccurcsanscssee concinee 109 ERD ADOT a= \-10/- cameleon ccveina sks ae unecscett 34 OUITON Gs cicae Seencech ap eastacees 33 La Chance, Capt. L. H ..........-cccencee 45, 46 526 Page. Last arrival from the bay, 1858 ...-.-.-...- 264-266 Late school in Massachusetts Bay and at Wane Cod 859) a a= = ea eel een =e eee 272 atham) Captain sece ce sconce eevee 112, 338 AtitUde, LANES (OL. <5 5-) cee cen encwwinemewe 4 ILA ROG) Nig. db ae csbecueecoecrondecscscac 315, 316, 320 Laws, petitions, and protests....-.-..----. 119 AGE BALLO | ELAT DOL) csc inm ete lelcieinlele eleiaielalelon imi 326 WGG@=DOWING © < cn ciate own cians meeinielninini anise elnino 97 Legislation for the protection of mackerel. 119, 123 EGS Gy a eronee sacocsodduaasee Sabana 7 (Banko cceemncce set eececen ee 17 Leighton, Capt. Andrew -.-..-.---.--....-- 22 NGO WES DO aceta ee enece is seca aenaicc me 331, 339 License required by Canadian Government from American vessels fishing in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1866, 1867.-.......-- 290, 296, 297 Life-history of the mackerel.......--..--- 3-29 Line-fishery, exceptional hauls...-....--- 96 List of American vessels engaged in the mackerel fishery, 1880........-...-.-..: 420-429 Wittle pe pre Gas eetee lasek coe sku 145 NGOn Selslandieeeesece mete sicoecosinascnecs =| 21, 49, 260 SOUNG! ese nacs sissies oss oso clels 41 TOOKOUL CANO sea- ces deciauceeiscicscsieccese 113 Loss of many schooners in the Bay, 1852. . 253 Low, Maj. D. W ......---.------89, 91, 105, 305, 328 Mowe, Capt. Prancis 52.5022 ..0 02 0ceses 115 BIO Way vere eetetyecieeciem acne cele cai ania 89 MOY.) “PhOMAS ts smee = owiciac citnscgscecccsics 10 Lucky haul at Provincetown, 1877 .------ 333 SbTedkye oan nee nieecseclsasssceh sn 82 MEASOIS ALB Olesen see oceecae 328 WGUNEN DUES. meee cesses ase ina sccicecaes 317 unveyAibraham-c..c-sdesececcceenee 85, 118, 220 MG VIO MEUM oe seis sens mateiecleseecneenseans 248 Mackerel hook fishery .--..-...---.--....- 81-107 Mackerelmen, discouraging prospects for, JR Oh Ree Roa beccsnaqcundes 235 poor doings of, 1837 -...-- 230 1844 ....... 238 ‘Mackerel pocket «0-5 .---ccsceuesseces sac 17 mint eases. ec esteeeaecet ies 18 BROT Keto aye oan a aieteieeinte meee aera ie 28 IMA CUUTA hss scesicasnesissena secs sacs SCORE 15 Maddocks, Capt. Joseph ........-...----- 82 Maddox, Mr: Lather 222.5. -cescccesecoses 78 Magdalen Islands. . ..21, 22, 30, 31, 40, 82, 94, 247, 261, 280, 284, 294, 295, 299, 309, 326 River so2s'\saccsccdcccesscusessste 271, 274 Maine coast, fishing on the, 1860.......--. 276 Gulfiofe 2 sett tec eemeeeteeee 49, 83 fishery; 1864) 252 eee eecsene 285 mackereling in, 1825....... 222 PMAINGC ntameieyaecmncicceacis ccachaeene 249, 288, 294, 299 BTANOMELPEONGS «2 once le ce saccecancseancee 238 Margaree Islands .................. 82, 280, 286, 299 Tar garetiSibayiccae«sen cscs owaccetalcsneos 11 Market fishermen, good luck of, 1872....- 319-320 for mackerel, 1832................ 225 SoS: eco tb Seas 266 NB 50 aimiclosemiciesacicercte 272 running for the ....-.. ABaacrseede 75 Markurson, Capt. Knud ............ 80, 81, 339, 340 Marr Cant.\Chestemiosscstecddanscecesecs | 17599 HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. ! Page. Marshall, Capt. William ........... detec 221 Marston) RObDOrt sceac= s0secces-seseas 12 PPenODSCOt) DAY 2 c=. so= dec <-sosssoasedeces = 25, 128 GRO Y PMT = seen see wees ccs Sa scnctiece 4, 12, 111, 254 Pettingell, Mr. Moses ...........--- sess 42 a ee ee 527 oe Page. Petition for the repeal of the law provid- ing for an inspector-general of fish...... 156-160 Phalarqnpes sa. esece sn ne soe ase ee clea 17 Bharo; Mr. Mdwardis.. Jo. seekok eae. ee 132 Philadelphia i ese sso sss acs oe sceet eee 114 Phillips, Mr. Barmegeesss<2 sso seecaceceeee 5 ‘PHOoOsphorescence-4-.\ 5-4. es ceceseeeee sek 109 Pictou (Nova Scotia) ~~: --5.ss.ce-ceasees 249 (Pierce: Mileseo.2--cekeesa at ct soe ase tee 80 Pigeon-nill round \\2<..2tn---225c. 2 22, 23, 33, 245, 247, 257, 261, 263, 267, 280, 282, 284, 287, 288, 294, 295, 299, 309, 326, 346, 347 Proctor; Mri Jt Os -shssee cae e eee eee aeee ee 89, 158 Profitable shore fishing, 1870 ..........--- 310 Prospect, Uppers aresere sae a anc cies somes 333 Provincetown: ---.- = -s- o- 2 sere ese 7, 26, 28, 239, 248 fisheries, 1876-1886, inclu- BVO ais lice. ccinisclesecveucy 331 fishery, 1872 .......... Seer 320 PIAL DO Dvcc she nee ois wie elatns 10, 269, 276 PPTUBSIaN(MASLOLD) nasa. ob <.ns 2c sete esas 4 Ptoropodarcsce sas fsck o- oss scceecebs epee 20, 21 Purse-seine, attempted use of, in Norwe- gian waters ........2---se.--- 80 big catches with, 1865.--...- 286 big haul in a, 1866.........-. 291 528 Page. Purse-seino, dimensions of an average-size deep-water.........--..--- 57 HID BSE caesioorbpa cece pace 48, 81 history of the use---.--.-.-- 78, 80 protest against the use-.---- 122 successful use of, off Cape Anns 1859 Cees eee ees 269 successful use of, off Cape Ann, 1860) 222222 2cn ee. 275 Purse-seining, successful, on New Eng- Handwshore; 18532... tence ae eee 255 Parsing UP\so-2<2e5sosse saan eceeseceeme 61 Quick trips1874- 2 -42seee ete Basler cic 827 Ounick/bay trips; AsGleee esses eae see 278 Quinan Mins Hrancis|=sssesseesesicescliece. 317 Race EO b see eres ss weetcmosee sce = 327, 328 Ratcliff, Capt. William................--. 78 Reappearance on the Labrador coast after 40 years’ absence, 1871 .-.......--..---- 316 Receipts and prices, 1853.......-----.---- 255 Reciprocity treaty, effect of, on Nova SS COULAs 81860 sae eee cians en ene 307 TSN UB toe So Og AAD GSC SE OS eS OE BC AEEae 3 HOOD Ss secs cae se aniecess cas ccnsccle cists 17 Re-enactment of prohibitory laws, 1702.. 120,121 Refusal of mackerel to take the hook at BUIGIMeS Po ee oes ac ee niet te ae 38-40, 42-44 Reinspection, pickled mackerel, Massa- chusetis,; 1850=[S80 eo ean ce ae nw as 192 GMO AMOS Me ee eeielnciea'ss cewlacie aloes 315 Rental of Cape Cod fishery, 1677.....---.. 218 Repeal of prohibitory laws in Massachu- BOLUS, LGO2- sa esen ceases tees ceee cece 119-120 Repealed, inspection laws, Maine .-.-.-.... 372-381 Massachusetts 381-388 Pennsylv ania, 388-395 Meproduchon' -% -too sss eccot arsenic a 21-26 Review of fishery for 1853..........--.--. 256 Rhode [sland 2552s sccecescsnssecestenuss 90 BRIGHS Vir WAC aclaia ero a cca eine eee ee 40 Michmond’ssland:. 2.2) te so eo 79 Rideing, Mr. William H..-......-.---.--- 5 PRISON cote can seh ee cor eee sce 3 Sinclair, Capt. Peter..-...---------------- 9, 271 Skip-jack .....--------------+--- 20+ eeeeee 10 Small catch, 1836......------------------- 229 1860 ie ce osaaenieeteeecenes— es 273 in June, 1875......---------- 329 by Newburyport fleet at the South, 1860..........------ 275 by New England fleet, 1848 . 238 of St. Lawrence Bay and shore fleets, 1867.--..----- 298 in St. Lawrence Gulf, 1870 - - 310 cutches at Block Island and in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1878...--. 342 of the mackerelmen, 1877.. 334 tall catch in the bay, 1869..-...---.- 308 fleet from Gloucester, 1859......--- 268 receipts and unusual scarcity, 1851. 248 spring catch, 1858-.....------------ 264 Smith, Capt. Henry O..-..--------------- 82 MOHN See eae occas cciceie slaniapin® cle aera 27 Capt. Joseph -...------- 51, 56, 67, 68, 69, 112 SOc ee a sacccens soso Sacciocnsce 28 Capt. Sylvanus ....--------------- 88 Gmappers......--- 2-202 seen eee e eee eee 16 Snow, Mr. Josiah ..-..-------------+-+-+- 41 South Channel, large schools in, 1848 ----- 242 Southern Channel..-.-..-.------------------ 42, 47 fishery, 1862. ..-.---.----------- 280 NGOS Beer cet cesiclee cosas 283 MOGS ese s- deeds wn cranes 301, 302 WETS cawaoe coco ncscnin 322 beginning of, 1815... --- 220 S. Mis. 110 34 529 Page. Southern fishery, decline of, 1859..--...... 268 early catches, 1880 ...-. 348, 349 notes on, 1861 ees 277 RABE, aoues 310 STS Secon 338 success of, 1862 ..-...---. 281 fishing, light fares, 1874....--.--- 327 fleet, 1860 ......--.-2--.2--2 = 276 1866.22 Soca senses sees a 289, 290 1876 ee Some eee 331, 334 1880) sFetcccetee see ROS ISO 349 first arrivals of, 1868. ..... 301 in Glouces- ter, 1873.. 322 at Newport, 1873.-.-.-....-- 323 poor success of, 1858...-.. 263, 264 sailing of, 1875......--..- 328 the first of the, 1873. = cote 322 slim doings of, 1856.....-. 261, 262 success of, 1859 .....---.- 269 1870) ce eecem = 310 unfavorable news from, USGD os a accnysodsewelsinlniainis 278 unusual success of, 1867. . 296 limit of mackerel.......--..---- 3 South shore vessels, success of, 1870... --- 309, 310 Spawn .-..--..---- eee ee cee eet eee cece ence 35, 36 effect of rain on..----------------- 36 : temperature on. .--.------ 36 Spawning season....--------------- 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Spikes ....-------------eree ee concen sere 26 Spirialis Gouldii....--.------------------- 15 Splitters ....-----------------eneeee seco 73, 74 Spofford, Mr. Amherst..-.--------------- 79 Spring fishery, 1838 ..-..----------+------ 232 1859 . cc .oc-2 ec ccte sc cscesa 268 1860 ccconsee ss seeiet cate 277 1861 be cncc to cseeeteeeess 278 US66: 71 St. George, Bay of......--------------+--- 82, 282 CAPO) sce cicssasee ene -ene e 82, 280 St. Margaret’s.....-.----+--2+------200707° a16 St. Mary’s Bay ....---------------200000 4,13 530 St. Lawrence Bay fleet, 1880...... .------ ' fishery, hostilities of Canadians cause loss to Ameri- can ves- sels, 1870. - outlook for, 1862 a new feature in, 1859 .... review of, and New England coast fisheries, 1878. surface temperatures AN ee erotic cies eine’ St. Peter’s Harbor Staples, Capt Uesacccs-) toes ened cance Star Island..... SLAanDUCk pte eecees ses cise slaci= see seisecis aes Statistics of the inspection of mackerel from 1804 to 1880.......-- the mackerel fishery in 1880. Maine ee ee er) © eee ene eee eee cee ee wee eee New Hampshire..-....-.--- United States Steele, Mr. George Stellwagen Banks .......-..........- hice Stone; Mr wWalliam 2 o.ccte asa catenins Ae Stoninptomy--s.-<,.csa5s- oe 2 Storer: He. .csemacc cscs sesasiacs secieees Studies of the movements of the mackerel BCHOOISN oo cece aces cn cc eotoesecleeiseiues Success of the Cape Cod and Cape Ann mackerelmen, 1837 a Gloucester schooner, 1876 -- Successful bay trips, 1858.-.--...-........ day’s fishing, 1858............. George’s trip, 1874 Sunday-keepers, 1866..................... Swampscott market fishermen, success of, NVAIUSM SAN C essence cs cct coh cae eone Sweden, south coast of..................-% SVAN © Vaan cepacia teteanicieisisiee seine socicc cee 18 (GRA Na) SRSA CORA OSCAR EASE COPE eC eaes Sylvester Melixetcsess-ccschaesssec=s c= Table of quantity and value of Canadian fisheries, 1880. ... HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Page, 351 314 289 318 281 345-347 311 332 269 343-344 340 34 247 112 251 30 202 162, 217 123, 125 193 162, 163 202 203-206 158, 159 130 [440] Page. Table of quantity and value of New Eng- land fisheries, '80.................- 129 showing coastwisemovementsofthe __ mackerel’: 2acscaceseeees 47,48 the period and yearly dif- ference in number of days between the first appear- ance of the herring and the mackerel at the Mag- dalen Islands from 1857 to Gy ase mapbecobos cence” 45 Tacklo, new fishing) o5./c-coecestwecetince 77 Tallman, JOM pe eciseseqcesmeeeer eee aes 7 Tarr, ‘Capt. Ben] Scsesscveste cones sees cree 219 Mir MOseStenaes cons sclsceeeeaeeeemee 10 Temperature, effect of, on local movements ofmackerel....72. .esss05 33, 34 Variationgin=. cesses eee = 20 Terry, Capt. Russell D............2...-..- 347 Thomas, Nathaniel...... ehist wo ctine senior 119 Thurlowece so ceeer es ceseccsee sr Ses eeet 85 Thy sanonodaassaseessse see esos seeeeee 15, 16,17 Tides: effect: Of S22 saccense swe tecene meaner 20 TINKers Pode ccc etacle ce wales eee wintlseleciseateret= 26 Tolling or chumming up ....--...--.--.--- 92 OM) 8 BBY erec selena melee ates fe tata ete staeiate 333 Tory) BMES Atsess sss esscewaece sees 317 Towns of Cape Cod built up by their fish- Gy Gt ae Se Sou nOouC bom suarhio -edcouddcc 248 DPreat Mri. (Sc vecsce cee se cee seeeneer 44 Treat, Noble: & ‘Consiis.s sccce-occececmee 239 Turner, ‘Capt. James —<.----- sce =cisc Disease of urinary Organs.......-.---------eeeee cece n eee eee WKINGISOASG: = seen Sele seetiee IWWOTMS) 22-2 - tenet ace eee ete es cmaiceriemaciscicincecie oes - SOD DNS ae oy ctegets ele eiet elvle nee mis nie a miwwiele winieisininlelciewisivie'e sinicinicie mnie GronoOrrheea; ULCUNTILIS ee sees cele nicisiowieisleisistaleiclels ieee em aig eisleiieis siecisiceie em micwtetc sisi EPICA VAIS OLCHIMS see mis/e/selslc jefe cieicieele se wisleis Roc cccicatsle cleecacintineiciecc Sciccosee IWVOMNOS(OUUMENE Eee eae ste eimai stlninicten ie winleeisicle s sien winlos som icicis miele em prels claaicieiose Hractures and LUKAvIONSts- 2c ecsce ccs Secmscw ccleascs a secceecscnceleetosccceicnes se Bruises and sprains. ..------------ 2-22-22 cece ee cee ee cece ee eee e ee cee eee reese SonilernnlammMaton wane newer ccmcisieiesce sacieecias comes clsisincic oe sells ejncieionie sciels Disease of bones and TODNIEY Gee hanceseecac5 aaccnd Oe cabe GEOG DHOHoGEceSeCESde somedece PyMpangit PHIEDiUtiSs- seco ci seeew accede ccecsijecenaecsaaiceccecwccens s/s cjcclecs cals DWOMOMMIN SOLS eee cies ae sosneins eect ines netic omens siewein claws eleieiee= mic seine ee ieis Boils, abscesses, WICOLS see ces one ce ceneinewctiondtecsadsisivoe cect enceseecine cececeee 139 ‘Hurnuncles; (Carbuncles) o25< -~ cdecceciseiccciccicicsc -cee Sec mitaelaneis wcisinsiein nimi cctec 57 eee eee ee ee TES SS epee REN TS BORN 1d A ET A am ees on aS of prey A | 36 JON CIEE Rs b Rade Seana HasoS6e Soscacoco nance SuUO CUBS OUC UD ORMEGUEUDCSESUaGSeHOr ae 213 Mar CiSGASe@S)-sn< sae wie cee cem acer caps sioslameintesisieciste pemnenicis ae soda aalectacemicemsiseaeieis 75 Nasal affections, epistaxis PEMMOTS ec cinwieicmaicce e's Be ae re eo Me me eet w wlnln einireruiw ters Misicletele wim ioteteisintcnie Sinise Occ eeeewes PRIUD GUL Ghee eee nce eee ecm eer cnc come mer etnen cesisece neces coscn seer ce mee snteaactas 25 4 Diseases not indicated MOG Her ATOChlONS cae oe acto ese ee eee mate eo eciatcie cisieiien News lnentcaeitelarecinmtowlern TU cee PREOLINEGKLTACUCU sects oe coc ceeis coe aocmee ek hneecien cone conic cic aistiec eer Seceiecieemanricicns | 116 Num pero hospitalicases ( ssaicce scree ce ncisecee clee aeewiceac ce so acoeles seein encase 376 The county council of Nordland last year placed at the disposal of the superior magistrate of that district the necessary funds for improv- ing the management of the water supply, and the county also will hereafter pay interest on the money borrowed from the medical fund (18,800 crowns—$5,038.40—in 1878). Moreover, I think it proper to call attention to the sums which are supplied from the medical fund for the expenses of the council incurred for vaccination, midwifery, and treatment of mental disorders. {11] : THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 543 For extraordinary clerical service during the fishery, were present O. S. Revers and L. A. Meek, assistant diocesan clergymen. S. Nilssen, parish clerk of Mel6, taught school forty-four days in Stamsund. The number of pupils was upwards of 60, most of them from Stegen and Lenvig. The course of study was the same as last year. The school-day, as a rule, was four hours. In Henningsver school was established also, but the attendance was small. Since education is not compulsory, the patronage depends largely on the interest which the teachers can awaken in the school. On account of the not inconsiderable number of boys who are present during the Loffoden fishery, without taking any direct part in it, I think that a modification of the system of instruction for the fishing season is worthy of closer consideration. The time of these boys, to be sure, is partly occu- pied in baiting lines, cleaning, and cooking; but still a portion of them remaininidleness. The matter must, however, rest until we learn their number, and I shall undertake an enumeration next year. There are chapels now in Svolver, Vaagen, Hopen, and Stamsund, whilst in Ure one is being constructed. Churches are found in Kirke- vaag, Henningsver, Valberg, Stene, Gravdal, and Moskenes. The following table gives the expenses of the chapels, the contributions by which they are erected, and also their debt: Chapels. Place. | Contribution— | Cost. = : -| Debt. rom the : stata Private. | Crowns. | Crowns. | Crowns. | Crowns. MOL V SoD e eee eee ae coe a ciele clemtac icine Ge sclee cei s Saison ais , 40! 2, 500 15900) \tdeesas cee AVIRA GONG) 2 = eae we cn sesicm one les soins oe isiene sosecs cincine'sicdieiaeaes 2000) so ricco 2. 0000 | a=. 2s cece LbIG} Weht Ys CEGa og dB UOD EE SOR OCHOOE aa Se Ce an Sdaco Sana SoS Haro pore DOOD Bee Sesame ine 2, 500 650 Stamaun dees ea ete oe eee PONE kG eRe. |e 9, 200 2, 000 6, 100 1,100 AUTON enclose etree ein aetee cise oe tok ariciieis cisisisisie Gon'odis 32000 Soseces cee 800 2, 407 | As a building fund for proposed chapels was collected: In Skroven, 1,700 crowns ($455.60); in Balstad, 140 crowns ($37.52); and in Nufsfjord, 300 crowns ($80.40). There is at present one reading room (in Stamsund). One is being built in Ure, and in Henningsveer 1,200 crowns ($321.60) have been col- lected for a prospective reading room. Libraries are to be found in Henningsver, Stamsund, and Svolver. In the last two places, however, the number of books is yet very small. In 1878 the county council of Nordland granted to each hospital 50 crowns ($13.40) from the medical fund for the purchase of books. In 1879 the grant was extended also to the wards in Loffoden. It is very desirable to repeat this grant for many years to come, in which case, however, I think it is proper to advise that the purchase of books be 544 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] made according to a fixed plan, such as that established by direction of the diocese. ; From the foregoing it would seem evident that there is a want of houses of worship in the larger places as well as in those more remote which are destitute of churches, since there are at present only five built and three projected. As the financial condition of the common people at present is discouraging, partly on account of low prices last year in Loffoden, and in part because of the unsuccessful herring fish- ery, and as we cannot expect to find among fishermen who move quickly from one place to another the same social spirit as in a settled com- munity, there exists a state of financial depression in nearly all the churches. Here is, therefore, a proper object of public assistance. The want is greatest in Skroven, where as many as 3,000 people can often be assembled, and where all divine service hitherto has of necessity been held in the open air. Next in want is Nufsfjord, whose annual complement is nearly 400 men, and from which the distances to church are both long and troublesome. In this connection I think it proper to add that it will certainly be most prudent to make the contribution from the state contingent upon public control over the use of the chap- els, which has not been the case hitherto. Libraries have come to be appreciated of late, and their utility is in- contestable. That they have not become general is principally because only a few places have taken the initiative in this matter. Not only should money be collected, but building should be entered upon, and the house once finished should be, during its use in the fishing-season, cared for by heating, lighting, and cleaning it as well as by providing newspapers and books. The fisherman, because of his occupation, cannot easily fur- nish anything except money. At the same time it certainly is essential that these libraries be subject to a wise control, for they may easily degenerate and become an injury instead of a source of use and comfort. I find this matter of such importance both for the fishermen and the public that I believe I should call attention to it, since the idea is a sound one, though it will hardly be initiated by the fisherman himself, and since unity in action will accomplish the end more quickly and surely. The telegraph corps consisted of 23 operators, divided among 9 fixed and 3 field stations. On account of the fishing, the force at Lédingen station was augmented during the fishing-season by 2 operators. Of the 9 fixed stations the following 5 are open throughout the year: Svolver, Vaagen, Henningsver, Balstad, and Sérvaagen. Of the re- maining stations the field station in Stene is closed on the 14th of April, and the stations in Skroven, Hopen, Ure, and Reine close April 30 after the service ends. Stamsund station is kept in operation later. During the fishing the Digermul field stationis moved to Vaterfjord (Ostnsfjord) on March 15, and on the 30th from there to Stene, where it is opened on the 2d of April. . . . i [3] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 545 Table VII shows the number of telegrams sent and received at the above-named 12 stations between January 1 and April 30. The state- ment is a summary kindly communicated by J. B. Lie, inspector in the district of Tromsé: | TABLE VII. |g 4 Number of telegrams dispatched from January 1 to April 30. oO re a = = —t = E is | Jemuary. February. March. April. Total. Stations. 2 =| = aoe _—— oA) ~ rd rs od E é é | £ 8 a3 SD es ‘oO aS © 35 | “S 1880. | 1879. 2 A 3 Ee & BR 3 Bele | A DM ea] nn (4 0) 6S marl ic a ots “ 2 Pte Digermulen ......-... 0 1@| 17| 20) 24) 188] 116] 93| 62:| 488 | Shige SETOVENe ce eencesccisjes 3 30 28 342 193 874 541 245.) 185 2, 488 2, 087 MIVOLV SOI a: are a cisteciclecya-< Z 351 266 708 448 | 1,594 | 1, 084 641 487 5, 579 4,316 Waagon’)sicc. css... | 327| 212] 961] 539} 1,690| 1,080} 819| 539] 6167| 6,032 ETO PON jap sise eas ~2 2-15 t 74 46 475 181 477 352 188 120 1, 913 2, 011 Henningsver ...-.--.. Z 271 197 776 | 474 | 1,050 949 559 371 4, 647 5, 626 Stamsund 2.1... --.- 14 184 109 700 374 | 1,112 | 1, 096 320 284 4,179 3, 5380 EO oct ere ee eeesecee 25 13 95 76 84 70 845 | 651 asta ss sowstwiss Ses oe 236 144 345 188 614 425 378 278 | 2,608 2, 259 DUNGeer ee hepa sess 14 21 25 126 97 302 263 267 200 1,301 | 1,132 HROING see soatewe ct wees 1 35 16 95 83 215 218 198 173 1,033 | 1,012 SOrvaagen ....:...... 4 aa 58 218 116 265 197 247 185 1, 341 | 1, 398 ——— os ——_- | oh 1, 627 | 1,131 | 4, 861 | 2,793 | 8,570 | 6,564 | 4,039 | 2,954 | 32,539 | 30, 200 —S_—_/ YS eer reese OY -—_- x~ 2, 758 7, 654 | 15, 134 6, 993 + 2,339 For comparison the number of telegrams dispatched during the fish- ing-season in the last three years is appended: Number of telegrams. Month. — fae 1878. 1879. | 1880. _ ra =a | ETT SS a ak ph 5 SO 2c Fe 3,472 2710! 2,758 Sy cae ad SIE I a 7,893 5,463 | 7, 654 70 i) yh a a EI: SOP Re en a 11,708 | 13,244 15,134 ite ce an ee ee Yo Ca eR TE 7,132 | 8,795) 6, 998 TCT Cee re Bitrate Ca | Leu | 8 22 2 Ba ae RE | 30,200 30,212) 32, 539 | _ The number of telegrams exceeds that of last year by 2,300. The in- crease is marked at stations in East Loffoden, and, as to time, during the month of March. In my report for 1878, as well as in that of 1879, I stated that the number of lines was too small for the amount of correspondence, a view which was shared by the telegraph department, which therefore in both of these years solicited Parliament for the necessary license to establish @ new wire between Ure and Henningsveer, but in vain. I must there- fore this year again emphasize the necessity of this line, for under ex- isting circumstances the detention of messages, which is essentially due to the want of a sufficient number of wires, is frequently highly perceptible and has occasioned considerable loss of both time and money. S. Mis. 110———35 546 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] At any rate the number of lines is far from adequate to the amount of correspondence, a condition which should in justice be secured for a business so important to the country. The table following shows the number of telegrams sent and received annually from 1870: Tolegrams. Permanent stations. Year. : Open all Sent. | Received. | Total. | Number. the year. ABT ORs Pa ls ei UR AU ea eect ioe SE | 10, 000 7,800 | 17,800 8 2 LSTA eee ae HON hen MU NES a Tote e. 10, 300 7/500, 0 SATs 800i ste ccoeee secu aeeeae 1 RTs ae NEL, a ase Mayra OS tre Eo 2 11, 600 | 7 G00 |! 19200). 4252.02 2c) eee TWEYB) ~seqoboonaceonabos geodsbes0nu5 BHoSaCesaseoar 12, 800 | 9, 000 21,800) sates eet leee eee NS age eee ete earn sieinaia snisiaie se sainialainias «== 14, 800 10, 900 2031000) | Sotanee sae all eens ROM eee eae oe ete ie eet orelaleiaintnlelelcietsie\e «iaia/aiei=inwic 17, 700 | 12, 400 305100) <2 - jee toil eos UGVGe GaasodcseansGuooee Ponbo casaaodsadondsoeene. 22, 100 16, 600 38700) ees weiss lees sees SIC BSED ee CURR Oe al le gi A mee ere 26, 200 18, 600 BOO! |e ci 52 ars 2 ene TG YG = Gee ee eee cE ao So a 24, 200 17,500 | 41,700 9 5 From January 16 to April 14, 90 days, Loffoden has been called at by 114 line steamers besides local vessels. Of these there were— Northward bound. Packets en route from— Bergen to Hammertest:<; . 6. 262252 ess cae oss ow eee sees 4 IBereen tOpViadSOrins ee sacc cls oci cs owiet toyed we tos ele ra peas Eee 2 HManivure to; Vadsor se. - 53. sececc esc Lin focal Gtaieler a ate, eters eaten is Kristiania to Troms6 ........- Basin Sess Sood Ais Ae tellers 4 14 ofall tree oc lacivas Soins aiseteiay meres ei lere sei) arose tee sieeieners 27 Private vessels between— Bergenand Tromsoere s.6 oss os ss sl otal le lesasaeleicla etelaaioiare 10 IBeOrcenvant, Varo nse eee: ratislelec is ~ +2 Sains wclderaniae ‘acer 4 ‘Berven and: Vesteragleniie ie 4 522 o.s. 2 os clasts hele Bosh!) Bergenvand Wotiodemg. = ever iis =). 5.0<- roca ieee SST 2: Maristiania; And VardG sae os 2 cle ciavo-arec\s sistas eteierera aes ane ete 1 ihoffoden and: VardGiy Peete care shcneict selaegieie oeeiasle sites laiage ater 3 POG. sp! odie occa We tentes cred es. 0 oink cl eae eye yet eles oleae ee 29 Southward bound. Packets between— Hammerfest and Bergen .....- Se eysie busters te Pei Biro edt, ors, Sel s vette 3 fammertest and Hamburg’ .\. <1 xi -,< 2100 o'eie cieeietee == = =1= aie estes 5 Viti sOMand tL amMOULE 22 .cises eile Sareea sical ec Bee Tromso6 and Kristiania ..... aval spetileiayseke Serle reiels Sclscicie es eee 13 Total sere eeeree eee eee seeeeeees eweee @eenteoesctGBeoewe2eeeoeeeeee 28 = oe ¢ x ¢ 4154 THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 5AT Private vessels between— Promso dud Bergenic sii lalce ts. ses ed Saisisueratd peopion. eer sears © 11 WiC O TNO MS CLOOM Was Le, Ser isis Bs 5 tals oS ataraine Vaid cee bala Ce 3 Westeraglon (and Beret ye isis 62'S sn oie es ein bt sce ome See es 10 Lotodencand Bergen se. (a..F 4 said. o 6/5. Sess bale ols Sac ab ale ake 2 Vardorand Kiristianias st. 2 vs. 22 oe oss Spats is pert ae eae PLE NEAT O PD Ce L OTEOM eM a ae er ee toes Bis ate oie 5 fe wo daie 8 Sinaloa 3 ERO Gea ee at eee aren rey Bens Ne tsar op Ete, ch a's lw dS pitalaree sete Ate 30 Of the 27 north-bound packets 14 were delayed from one-half day to three days, as follows: 5 times, one-half day; 4 times, one day; 1 time, one and one-half days; 3 times, two and one-half days; and 1 time, three days. In January occurred 4 detentions; in February, 6, and in the first half of March, 4. Of the 19 packets, which in this space of time called at Loffoden, going north, 14 also were detained, or, if we overlook delays of a half day, 9 (one-half). The cause of these detentions was stated to be storms and fog. But since, at the season mentioned, one can never calculate on continuous good and clear weather, or on moonlight, the real reason must be sought for in the routes, which are established for speed; besides, I think that to make the service adequate it will be necessary to put one more vessel in commission. This will cause the steamship company concerned, or the state, an increased outlay. The results of the delays of the packets are felt at present not only in the prin- cipal route, but also in its numerous branches in the fjords and out to the sea-islands; and if we take into consideration the inconveniences which are associated with a sojourn at the calling-stations, where there may often be a want of accommodation, and where one must often keep a constant lookout because he cannot tell when the delayed steamer may arrive, as also the waste of time each delay causes, the saving or the occasional speed one may reach by a forced route will hardly coun- terbalance the indirect tax which this, through the above-named con- ditions, puts upon the population of Nordland and Tromsé. I must therefore this year also emphasize the universal, and, according to my judgment, rightful desire for a more regular steamer service. The matter of the pay of country postmasters, according to informa- tion obtained, will be adjusted by the marine and mail department of the Royal Norwegian Government at the beginning of the fiscal year. In 1879, 4 beacons were erected and 20 moorings for vessels were placed within the inspection district. Up to and including 1875 were found in the inspection district 8 light- houses, 7 beacons, and 407 moorings; in 1876 were established 5 beacons; in 1877, 6 beacons, 22 moorings; in 1878, 11 beacons, 12 moorings; in 1879, 4 beacons, 20 moorings. Total at end of 1879, 8 light-houses, 33 beacons, and 461 moorings on a coast stretch of 14 (Norwegian) miles. ! 548 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] When the work proposed by the chief inspector this year is accom- plished, and this will probably require a couple of years, the number of beacons and moorings may be considered sufficient. The proposed fix- ing of rings I have not been able in many places to recommend, since, in the case where a vessel lies moored for a long time, bow and stern, and this forms the majority as a rule, I regard it a matter of vital im- portance for a vessel to establish the mooring in a convenient place ashore, especially as this work can be accomplished with ease and with moderate expense. With two rings, a drill, and a hammer, a mooring may be placed in one hour, or at the most two hours, and I should re- gard it a wise precaution if the insurance companies require that these articles form a part of every vessel’s outfit. Last year Gloppen light (Sérvaagen) was changed from the sixth to the third class. Thereby Balstad light has become less important asa range light for West Fjord, and since it will also be more useful as a guiding light to Balstad, the Jight-house board has taken into consid- eration the question of its removal. The appropriation of 27,900 crowns ($7,477.20) for inspection during the fiscal year will probably be spent. At the same time, of this amount will be returned to the public treasury: Fines, 1,126 crowns ($301.77); for telegrams, 3,200 crowns ($857.60). The appropriation of 1,200 crowns ($321.60) for extraordinary expenses of inspection in Rast Sound was not used. The implements saved and not required during the fishing are pre- served in Svolver and Sund. The disbursements amounted to 656.26 crowns ($167.57), exclusive of the pay ot the inspecting force, and the receipts were 1,195.75 crowns ($320.46), of which 935.45 crowns ($250.70) arose from auction sales of implements saved over from last year. The correspondence-record of the chief inspector shows, for the term, 1,610 outgoing and 870 incoming issues, including telegrams. The office work, which is done exelusively by the chief of inspection, is thus con- siderable. Besides, the chief inspector is accountant as well as writer of responses which are made in fishery matters to the Government, as well as to private individuals, (partly also in affairs which lie outside of the domain of the Loffoden fishery), involving much labor. As I pass on to the report of the fishing itself and its progress, I may remark that the statistical data are repeated in most cases for the last 5 years, in order that the administration, scientists, legislators, fisher- men, and merchants may have the summary needed; for a report which deals exclusively with a single year’s fishing, and which is published a long while after the end of the fishery, will be valuable only’ his- torically. Although I have labored towards this end for the space of 5 years, the report will not, until 1881, take the form which I think it ought to have in order to be useful. I have, for instance, in prosecut- ing this work during the year, been able to dispose of the months of October, November, and December only. The arrival of the fishermen was delayed by stormy weather in the t < \ ; / a . [17] _ THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 549 last third of January and the beginning of February. On the first of February, consequently, not more than one-third of the fleet was present. The majority arrived between the 8th and the 14th, at which latter date not quite two-thirds had come out. At the close of the following week the fleet was assembled. Those which arrived late were partly deep- water fishermen, partly fishermen from neighboring districts, who went to Loffoden for the sake of the Ostnesfjord fishing, and partly fishermen. who had previously carried on winter fishing in home waters. The Finmark fishermen, as usual, begun to clear at the end of March; however, because of the fear.of low prices, fewer than common were destined at first for Finmark waters. The cessation of the fishing in Ostnesfjord before Easter, and in East Loffoden immediately after, soon gave an opportunity for a general break-up in the first 8 days of April, after which time scarcely a single foreigner was fishing east of Balstad. Westward, nearly 1,000 boats were engaged. Table VIII shows the number of boats which were present in the different inspection districts at the close of each week. For the weeks ending February 14 and March 20 there is given besides a special state- ment for the different methods, wherefrom it will be seen that nine- tenths of the line fishermen had come in the middle of February, against only a little over seven-tenths of the net fishermen; whereas the opposite proportion existed last year. Of the deep-water fishermen, as usual, only a little more than one-half had arrived. Moving (shifting berth) during the fishery occurred to a greater ex- tent in the latter half of February from East to West Loffoden, where, however, some were obliged to sail as far west as Reine for want of house room in the remaining stations; in the first half of March, also, they moved from Ure, Stamsund, Henningsver, and a part of Hopen, to the more easterly stations and to Ostnesfjord. TABLE VIII. Kae | | | ua) | | . 5 | | > : Re leg cot) te tue ote im baer ea ik ad Pee ; 8 Week ending— | 3 ri 8 g Bil Wee Is 5 3 . Ey ; faerie ate a beg ee eRe" | + ee Ne al by 2 Ve ig $5) ° D a @o = | ws > aii 4 5 S S s = e 3 6 ° ES) mn n PA a) ee} n p a) 4 ma a | | | | | January 17....-... fe Sil seecc emai eerie | ba ctor L200 2 eae Wiseeee Lapa Bb he aa | re 900 January 24.......-. tse [externas | 40K lie 225 25 | 160{ 400 160) |eesae/s ]. 120 | 150 120 | 1, 200 MANUAL Olsen sc|sccse= lees ens 50 35 | 120.| 250 530 200 60 260 165 130 | 1, 800 February 7.--..-... ecard leateee 110 40 280 | 300 650 350 LOv|Ee Se55 aL Ols Soe 2, 360 Webruary 14. ..-...]-----. 115 315 | 225 690 590 |1, 000 500 125 380 230 275 | 4, 444 INGLLOES tee Haste -¥2=-=-" agua BUU SIRE es, € | € (9 Lge hens Cree eC a eee Cee Se lean bern Tee wea De meen RCh ty Mal mete tn cigene omic solace a ieiaia le -je!oinle ain aietele eo 'eioime-= POLST LOSMvVABIS pamee | ih L 8T E r ie g 6 | < ae ane ; , 6 1G ; te 16 Wesier ne cll ae See: “es [eee Se coca Sling tga aes opivaA ‘usury, ‘Ysivg ysejiommey :AQunoy yavwuyy 961 | cL2‘r | 6S¢‘T | S609 | ¢8 Gul — gI9 ZOE c8¢ cog ‘S| & 98h — 08F GIBE | CO Rae go> are ene ae eee B oarolhs gaLey ‘ ‘uesud'y ‘ostiory, ‘punog gsuory, ‘Woduerey_ :Ayuu0D osaLo.y, e66 ‘g | €82‘F | 906‘S | TP8‘8T | TIS | 6 999 ‘T | 886'T | BPL‘I ZOL‘'L | OFZ 'ZPL‘T | $66'T eLp‘G | uepaolysteg ‘Suog ‘esol ‘Stauoe'T ‘moaposTeuyy ‘ork ‘ouvay, | \ | | ‘pueg ‘seuepuory, ‘peysoqy ‘paolypwayy :Aguno0g puepp1oNy 6y9'E | OIF‘ | TOL'T | l6r‘S ; 9% | Lt | att LL6 Ph8 169°% | LoL | 968 | LB BBO Tei eee 5 ee eee ee mea e Resta Mets QsuTD | | ‘uesev, ‘Sioq~vyg ‘vsaog ‘swusyng ‘peysyepp ‘Saoqraq : i | ‘og ‘purya0og ‘jaspexY :YOIAMT[Ieg UoTevi0}s9Aq puR Wo[OJoO'T cog. «| oce‘T | ec2z'T | 872'9 | 06 | 6h | zee | seg | sre 98'S | | 619 69¢ Th Fat tesineaae te Pa tS a 19}OJO ‘MopLOlFsAT, ‘Mosurpy'T ‘QrcouL | | | | | -mey ‘ueseqg ‘oSuroly ‘ueppog ‘peysuolyg ‘ystueg Opog | ; . | | | | ‘A41D Qpog ‘usTepyTeg ‘UoroTeg ‘[[eYsep[) + YoraTreg uwoqzyeg OL9 LGP | &SP cob | 18 8 | 69% | 18 1g OFS thee <3 o4 L&g | €8¢ rT Ale peti tga ela Sore Oi SDH G Onc advantage OPW ‘epoyT P et § ne Kees ; | | ‘ony swuuog ‘ease ‘seumey ‘oy : OLATTIeEg pueles[oH “No ZL0‘T | $60 ‘T 60'L | OO‘ | Pe | 8E | 806 | zee 628 Gsp‘T | 6S 06g | Le URE Gel eoca ees ee aes uosjoA ‘Oly, ‘19H ‘seumezyg ‘Sneyesly | | ‘950 ‘uapszofyoA ‘QUQIG ‘UoTVpUG + OIATe_ puvrpospeH ‘s 6L LEG 1 L6S bL8 | SPE. OPP 6 6 iGO Sees ea ¢9 | ¢9 | 668 leeigine 4 cree icici ce QT ‘plos9aloy ‘ore yy “1osuvpeypy ‘seuasoy | l | ‘sosmme yy ‘depeys}iog ‘pois ‘nqaedg ‘meorepuy ‘u901099. 4 ‘uel : | -YUeyg ‘UeTepIew A ‘W9TVp10}S ‘UEStAXOT :AyUN0D wolypuory, ‘Ny Grr | see peg «| Tee‘E | GOS | TL | Leh ¢ G si I ORT se, /607 96¢ =| aquuofg ‘paolyey ‘usulg ‘yopuvp¢ ‘uossry tuepsAqsprys | | | | @ ‘euAoTy ‘W9109417 ‘Welepeyxig ‘welypuory, :AyuNoD mofypuory, ‘Ss I Il | IL 6é 8 | T & z c led} ees eS ase ie Ga es ati ket es el RCO Ee” pees punsurysiiyg | | | | | ‘uei{ry ‘pra ‘epoy ‘snoysig it :Agunog [epsu0y Fe oa G leg 8. T iter hes IC b P | OT ie wa seal [eton aac |Saangtees| oe “777 7"" QJog ‘Uestang “‘uesieg :AjunoD snyuoss0g “Ny Sa enne I I Z = ~isinll or Z Sere oe Neca ele aes eee ca |oe acess asian) Secteine| Mere ccc ae eee eves ie nwenaeceoe = DUTT : £qunog snyues10g “sg as § las IL T roomate iis T | & agama I iT | ¢ Trctrrrssesssssse-s nonsosney ‘[epuessog :AyuNO0D 1esuBaRyg | | | | | | | | — 7 ; ee ese oe eee eel Pee “ 4 S Es o el eet 5 & & 5 a el 9 ee te B | 2 Bee eo gies ct te - | Spo ale deg ee 2 Ble |e|& Bd i alee, [ee B i= as | Ene | | =| | = ie H FA | Be | | 0}4981q —— ee | ‘sye0og | 5 | 2 ‘eq UN [e407, Seal ee “OUIT-[AVBLT, “JO NT °X ATAVY, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] 552 a spb | PoT'9 | ege's | zes‘'Ze | G96 | Ize | cer‘ | F99'% | 8ce%% ee ae Lior SU |G 3 6 g g 96 | GLB'T | 6GZ'T | 960'9 | 98 | GOT | 819 6G gg¢ £66 ‘8 | €8z‘F | 906'S | I#8 8T | LIS. | 66 999‘T | 8e6‘T | 6bL‘T | GOL‘L | 8h yoo ‘T | eLh'6 osjelela Ge visi aon ear Seen FOES CE DUE [DION 6L Lee | Lee bL8. | SPL | S OFF 6 6 CGaa Nera sop seceecseces cececscsecoccces=* -gorigsi(y? Mealy puony, “N. Sor | Gee | FEE Tre‘ | 60% | IL | BGL |S g 8I BE | Sg g0rr sq, WefqPUOLL *S I | TT | IL | 68 ISS ler GG 1% j L ees Sel | zPielgs * ciclo Se eS aes ioe gee ee ey ee qOysi, [PpSwMoy [21] + + ‘THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 553 The total number of fishermen was 27,232, representing 5,753 crews, which is the largest force recorded in Loffoden. Compared with last year the increase is 1,676 men, or 471 crews; and, as compared with 1872, when the fleet was the smallest, 10,459 men, representing 2,107 crews, or 58 per cent. Table XI gives the number of fishermen from the different parishes for the last five years, as well as the relative proportions in the parishes. TABLE XI. Number of native fishermen. | South North South North | g Loffoden | rp Trondhjem|Trondhjem| Helgeland | Helgeland soalten and Vestera- ees Year District. | District. Parish. Parish. ‘ Jalen Parish.| ~? : a — ae A |. S 4 | | | 4 | =| iP Be 2 Maa a aa pad PP PL | fas o | Bo eels 8 se Sal ceed) eer) (ee Se lei, oer dele P= Pe =a ee = PC a Vd Let =r Wl eee Ea Cie h(E see aes : — ce = = = Set 3) Weal | | | yee ee 577 | 3| 360| 2/| 3,586 | 17 | 2,104 | 10 | 5,213'| 24 | 4,438 | 21 | 5,005 | 24 TC ae 619 | 390 | 3,747 | 18 | 2,126 |....|'5,110 |....| 4,464 |....| 4,778 | 22 Ey eee a 785 421 4,045 |....| 3,440 | 11 | 5,470 |....| 4,391 | 19 | 5,137 | 23 hy Cae See 1,200| 5| 601 4,330 | 17 | 2,662 | 10 | 6,023 |....| 4,798 |....| 5,867 |---. Tk a ee ee 1, 341 874 | 3 | 4,640 | -. | 2,462 | 9 | 6,248 | 23 | 5,491 | 20 | 6,095 | 22 Increasein5years.| 764 132 | 514 | 143 1,054 29 | 358 | 17 | 1,035 | 20| 1,053 | 24 Re 090 | 22 Increaseover last | 141 |....| 273 |....| 310 |....) 200 |....| 225 -.| . eosin. | goa (foe year. | | | | | | | \ | | | | The mass of the Loffoden fishermen (23 per cent.) are from Salten and from Senjen and Tromsé, 22 per cent. Next come Loffoden and Ves- teraalen with 20 per cent., South Helgeland with 17 per cent., North Helgeland with 9 per cent., and, finally, the two Trondhjem counties with 8 per cent. jointly. This proportion has been kept comparatively unchanged of late years. In the beginning of the sixties, on the con- trary, 14 to 16 per cent. of the Loffoden fleet was from Northern Helge- land, and only 15 to 17 per cent. from Loffoden and Vesteraalen. The increase, so far as Loffoden and Vesteraalen are concerned, is caused partly by a larger ratio of hired men in Flakstad and Buksnes, partly by a considerably increased fishing fleet from Hadsel. The decrease from North Helgeland is due chiefly to Nesne and R6d6, whose fleets now carry on fishing from home stations to a greater extent than formerly. For five years the increase of fishing at Loffoden has been greatest from the Trondhjem counties, reaching 132 and 143 per cent.; next from South Helgeland, 29 per cent. From the remaining bailiwicks the growth has been about 20 per cent. In Table XII are named the districts from which the Loffoden fleet has been increased by over 50 men or diminished by more than 15 since last year. It will be seen that there has been a gain in nearly 74 per cent. of the districts. 554 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] TABLE XII. From 1879. Parish. Men. Increase. | Decrease. Statsbygden .--..-.--.- 220-222 eee eee eee eee ee eee ene e cee e ence eee cee: Wistcoeocoss=< INSONGe e naee eeteelon comercial ie miaiatisisieitole = micieva so neec's sina eininield = ele inelsimiati= 92 | STC OLGL eco eee oee Sete ee See ee Ses eieisie ninisinie acinicle e.elcin cieleinia ele nisieinieiastaete STR Oe oe ee ae ee ee ene eee taice ob tin sive e sicisiasiciccincnocs sceamecen sae ES La Th ee ee eee eee lee eee pee ceicmeticns caceitotccewcmcssacteas ecm Alstahoug Oe tate eleic aleinie elec cle ate elela a eiel=laialeiala la mel eles laine nia = = occlu nics on wie)a/6_es\a\awi=\sjele|e) emia tan NERC sopeaeeEeny edcenpccosas Ide Saeeoee Hadsel Sortland .. Buksnes. - IL Ga BVEEIN. an odiqudoda a SO bOs Se JOCEONUE COU DES ONOEE SEBO nH OCOO SORES o Ooms aCaascar Kvedfjord ; | BTS Leal eel esas mca aisle meine ce ciaieinia (cle win clelefoe = cinieiswisicialnisials wiets/a clare (eter ie cvclais TURE ea ach souennos nocsEr oedoboseoas Bib Sars alsycla ele etais Sos Sisis TS Sis er Ace Ae eevee creer 93 Shmnd) sets qoctseesGeédaacaseseecoube Gsdagese deEddoor6 SattouEe rod JooseeooES Boe 50 Wisse tekscee MGT WA Oey yoke icles cetclas alnin'aleeeatela ae elm am wieln'alein\aluiei=lw aie'= =o a ainielsieininin\s e,nie ate) Saas Beto Satin elegn mineral 76 IBSISH Orden: ioe's< 025-5 6-- bene -- == ~ SBE UO REED SU SOD DON OREO CO BOR OHS Tee SHEP Bete [sane on aceae 32 YM SOM oa oe sete so =i eo || 45.5 52 Westward of Henningsver. 25.5 | 35.5 | 30 34 80) 36h od 45 | 35.3 31.4 Highteen hundred and eighty was the only year for five years in which the catch eastward of Henningsveer was proportionately larger than the registered population. Previous to that there was a marked ~ difference between East Loftoden and West Loffoden fishing. There has been no such decided distinction of late years. In 1876 the principal fishing was from Skroven eastward, and from Sund westward; in 1877, from Stamsund eastward; in 1878, from [27] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 559 Vaagene to Ure; in 1879, from Henningsver westward, and partly in Skroven; in 1880, from Hopen eastward, and to some extent westward also. . The reason that the catch in East Loffoden is proportionally so large is, that nearly 500 boats, which had been engaged at stations farther west, participated here during ten to twelve days. The shares have, on the contrary, averaged larger from Balstad westward. The propor- tion between the number of fishermen and the catch has for five years given the following average : | ] " . | Fisher-| —: Region. | men. | Fish. | | | | Pr. cent. \Pr. cent, IBYOLLESMDS— EO POM ae acetate ae te teic ete stenia te eel se mieinies saisicerins sels sicie s aa cigies ce Se 41.6 HEnMINeO SV col seer aaa moe eeriacs saeeeee inane peeemcccsme eee sececst sere nertemn= | 18.3 | 18.6 UOTE Of he) osc Seen nae SED DCOBSS COU COOUANC SOQUe COED EGOS SO SUSSe EC ras SeSc eco Sonne Se | 13.8 14.6 Brand sholmene=NutstjOora esse -o-e ones coe see tena seems acan estate ccte= sels c~n1e 8.4 10.6 Neesland—Nofotod denise ss ata c pac cca tate ee aciaen a ciaieter sae cele meiseclawiccise sameeren. | 8.8 11.3 1.8 1.2 FECAL UBT era) yee Aa aan eee ae al olians Ste Ree ee eae ot aiald eae cle imee otis webieomieae | Thus it appears that fishing has been comparatively better the farther west we go. The considerable number of small boats which from fear of the sea Jie in East Loffoden has naturally contributed to the relatively light catch here. Moving during the fishery (shifting berth) has also had its influence in this number, not sufficient, however, to destroy the proportion entirely, especially westward of Urebjerg, since the shifting to or from this station is inconsiderable. It is evident that the table gives a correct expression of the proportion, because wherever there is, during one year, any great disproportion between the number of fisher- men and the catch, this shows itself in the size of the fleet present there the next year. The same holds good also with regard to the choice of implements. Statistics prove, on the contrary, that in both respects it is impracticable to base judicious plans for the coming year’s fishing upon the results of the foregoing year. In last year’s report, page 55, I directed attention to the comparatively good catch westward of Urebjerg from and during the year 1871, and I stated, as a proof of the profitable industry here, that hired help, in spite of the larger expenses of fitting out, had shown a considerable increase. This year the force in the region from Brandsholmene to Balstad is in- creased by 207 men, of which 85 was an addition to the number of hired men, and in the Flakstad stations there is a gain of 222 and 18 men re- spectively. Although thecatch has been proportionally smaller this year than in most preceding years, I think I am justified in drawing the at- tention of fishermen to the more uniform annual fishery in these stations than in most of those lying farther to the eastward. Table X XI shows the distribution of the fishermen in the different stations by districts. Of the large force of 6,100 men from Senjen and Troms6 this year, 73 remained west of Urebjerg, 9 of these west of Sund. \ 560 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28] The increased frequenting of these stations has been perceptibly noticed from Salten and especially from Folden and Gildeskaal. The fleet from Orlandet, Stadsbygden, Melé, and part of Alstadhoug continue, as usual, almost exclusively in Henningsver ; the fleet from Vegé, in Balstad ; that from Belfjorden and Veieren, west of Sund; and the force from TjOté and Gildeskaal, partly in Henningsveer, partly in Flakstad sta- tions. Of the fishermen south of Br6én6 only 26 remained westward of Urebjerg. TABLE XXI.—Statement of the distribution of fishermen from the different districts at the various stations. District. Total. Orsvaag. Henningsver. Stene. Sandsund. | Balstad. Nufsfjord. Sund. Reine. Sorvaagen. | ‘Ure. | Skokkelvigoerne. Brettesnes. Skroven. Ostnesfjorden. | Svolver. Kabelvaag. | Storvaagen. Orsnees. Hopen. | Stamsund. | Moskenes. Soggendal .-.....--. BA anit Muleraa to aS sar Sele eel lea] ocu) Morinse ial kraicl fade oct | ssl ec aleeoel ee Haugesund. ........ SH AIB A rel eclcel Bae Broil veel sere susie ere este) sie a belee afar faa or paket 8 Aalesund ......---- SoAllRaclleua|loor Bal bral OSooes pastbed Baaaod por be eae leeoallemalliemra Cee eee Orskougeee cee - o1- Sa6|ea0| aon ese Beal Sad) es4 eee aco) oe lead) a0) Co eel arse eel lace sualserliscalbeq|led- IMPOLA SK ee tecesaai2 Gye eileyeailly ste [eve Veet] erate eres Balas boo eeelaod mice Beanies erallleyare Be eel eel Gaal (GN O/IG) NoeaSnoaeseens SaolNeallb 6a\lecc|eeq Ge5| b o4lee4 loos) aes ee eed eee Bed|lbocl|bes| boo BSal6cal Seolsac[oo- Christianssund. -..- 564 S858 3c (SOc) SoS) Sed oes Goel eee ee Roalicee| Sac Sees Hoo ocoleas ash ses) (ose Nee 12 Throndhjem ..-..-.. Epalisea| Soe eoc Sales bea bee eer red ees ess) ace ree ees ee) Ciel nite led beta iee ella 29 Orkedalen. --..<.-.- Bs Es 8S lag) Hes Mer Goa ee eee pee 455 osols56 cealeelleae| eee el eel eee etal sel 3 RItberen)- =<. ss-<- Bol Heslteeelica| orc a) aol Boa lees) toe LBAlRod onc weatles ellie lsciel sicla}|icre =| o/s eras ete 33 WGVNO) see -esscee Se nil erect stots iterate [vere Grom crete 408\ od sea Rosle) sac SPA eee Bee Bos ce baal losalleecllsac 3 eg oC = ° ' ' ' G2 OY GO C2 00 GO G1 OT DS G0 GD Stordalen’ <..-\.3-5.- Fre Sei et el etc ase leoscl eee aes seal eeeil see |=ele = 2rsi| tastier RSS| roa \soo eaalioec lose | il Vieordalen 2ge. 1) OR Py al Me (ee Da ALA I fe (ee (mF eer Pel as (Oe ES a | 2 Stenkjpresecoct a. -e ral Bes) see Pe (eae eal sel ess (ete ac So alleea Rod eae ASE SAS es seo nee ica see ssctlase 3 BVGLOLOGI ene cea: S| at eerste | ee | rami | enc | Seals salient Bee een eee | ea ae re | 37 WNGerOED . 5 3. o0 esl | ae is Seales eee etal eee ctee [eccle oe [eee seals ctaltemsleme 2 Bic as| Seales Cleeleee 12 Sparhoen. 2.22222. eb 4a Bee Bel pia eae leao| ae opel eres | Ret avers ese) fe era Ua tcalealoncises eee 6 DLOMGR oat ins os scat a ee api se Leal ee Pelee leon (cee Pea eh hes Bleed eae Weal | ee |e 3 WMAINSOS = sce es rd eal ARPS os EE 2M el Ve a (ne Ve Be Leocdoeels 28 feed | See mele HOSNS EAS seis die sete oe UG [aE [asi ee RCE AT ee A (ea [cpa MOR ees tet Pree (Ea | a al See 12 Madan Ger seciss oss 5| oe. ee eee eee tale aac ltt eeee Bea are ars (eee BEB ea One Pa 5 ORT RA Lesa Tod | 23 MEQ O Ms elem coe ones Ba pe MeN See (re Varah Ty | LE Eas a (eb hE See eels 2 ai opera | See 321 IBINGAaSN eno. ee TY PA (ene (eed 1 gna S| bh UR 9 ee I Te Ue (ee AL soaket aE Sls Satie | Ree ee 02 STRONG ee, meine aiie Sad fee aoe |e eral eee eel eae | ee yee | eed eee ime eer Lbs ae er ee els elieesel terse 866 Velfjorden ........- [by ctor | are al see | ees eel ees | eee Be ee en sol res ies eee SSallece| eal eee Bale MICS OR mene tecits ce Aes et ee Th vat [heaeteedl eA en | Re ove Eee Ae Ree loaistiae a Sa tere eae (toe lees etsel | ete steno 496 Alstahaug..-......- Seal ed oe Sse eel se Be (ee ee ae acl eet bee Be eS or Be Bete se ees baer) sh Gildesknal,! (2) score lee op VISITE. TSMC foes |oee eames EME leat cl eae a ee [29] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 561 TABLE XXI.—Statement of the distribution of fishermen, §c.—Continued. Paes -Tihas RNa Pali pid nail a ial Peay 1 } | | | | | District Total Brettesnes. Kabelvaag. Storvaagen. Orsvaag. Orsnes. Hopen. Henningsver. - Skokkelvigoerne. | | Stamsund. Stene. Ure. Sandsund. Balstad. | Nufsfjord. | Sund. Reine. Moskenes. Sdrvaagen. Aa. | Skroven. | | i (BelereNn! ese ccieceos aloe ees eed es a en a a ed De de ee Saltdaloneecee oe joes Be eee haa sors nee sfsiafeiclallvenllavcfreiel-me lessee cn [s lates Pocel oo] Scllucn| eee BOG Ore os acse cers lose wee[eee[---|---[--- sec|oce|ece|- ee [en -feee [eee ]e eee e ele e ete e-|- ee] .2]--e fe [eee Bodé Landsogn ate eel sate |---|. 2e]-2a]- silos od ee ed oe oe ee bo es ed eee Skjerstad .....-.--. Bee So eed ee ee ee > Nice Ps eb Ul OV Peal =e ee ben hoa eae Bc Folden ..-.---------]--- see ese ey ad a dee ei arse en ed Ge WL Lédingen.. Tysfjorden Ofoten ..-- Keveedtjord:: <2. a52 BE ec) oral oe [cies feel ee tears hearse levee ise rene Reda bees Pee para a ae's| eos ae hestad:. 6 \s.cicohes fall eres fetal reel sieeil oteiell's, call alate diate oll ovate diate. allmns ell ctaiall tender lic aici epo.cll aisle low elie ore ie eo ee Throndenes ....--. roel [ees eel esa |e, etellla etal aptamer) retell mos) Set msc vera Erraie feta arate | ofall etetal| 2) el] Sete ee ee DANG eee cte oie 850 eel Soe baad bce) ae Scalia bess) rst asco) ears see bearers el fears re aealeeal aes ae BRT ATIGHeGee cee sae PA Serene all iare ers melee ee | ace Se fetetell isis See ores | wc sare | ia here ofl ers ee 10a) ae een See FE 6 (NEG RING ea a a 5 |kiee oes) ete | Peel ren Se ioe Maalselven.....- -. : =i) ae Bee es ere Sate isolesn | Soalteet Lenvig.--..-..-. i Sa ee ae Bese se PG (eee Lee ey (et a aN jeeeliae {eo oe alee GSO} a.m soci eaalleeetense nies smstatels Horch ie eu eoena a oie ae one . le .siail © Berm we sae kue [eee 2 SAR ee S| Se alcom| coadeeete sail see lee |. : Bea Balsfjorden ........ PeSiccloraie os accel tole eet occ sl foes |. Pa leea|e-= (cer izeelasa| ome Malangen ..........| ra hoeeltes cl aes ie [Besa era oil's 2es (53 Tromsésundet ---...! MNS haben | rec fiooe|siisis lal s oap'oct|olnaise cons Lo aleoelssaleonacclosslaaepsee leaate se EEOMISONste ciocis neces esi eoslee silos Sseiee eae "| ae rh bene ed (Ee ae ae (rene anes [epee ss ny eee 8 ed | Inyn vent). Pacse IB i tae fee [ieee | eee area a rere eee Ie a ee ea lene tic otal foe hae KaTISOp- mee oe eno Ie ahoee lsres ce ee settle cc ere cea vets iceerc| ote ssi) evecal[e eas| ei glares ees | enone | ee eee Skjervé _... Ee Ae oleresd oe a|Aeaisealiaee||eec Hammerfest Lake. .'._- eos | anencssete See ea eb elem Pea elie: elie A eA | eee Ue uae ie Bn Pah ee Via Oise =! ois e's i220 (Ree [sf eee eee Jee Atte ale aah clea eee loan | if Total........ (papas ms (ier Ee Table XXII gives the number of vessels present in the different inspection districts at the end of each week. Lodging vessels, vessels laid up, and passenger vessels are not included in this enumeration, but only merchantmen. After March 16, 27 vessels arrived, 7 of them at Hopen and 17 at Sérvaagen inspection district. S. Mis. 110-——36 562 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30] TABLE XXII.—Number of merchant vessels present. | | | | | [iene fet Po | 8 | te a= afl | | el . | a | = A Oe ie = ry lhe Gs} | 3 | Week ending— > a ey Diet ot | A eae| sp =| Total. EA Ara arr fest Pf > = wena | x > 5 op 5 a D Ss o | @ eh 3 2 a = | PS a Ae ales joer los 4 a ° a § 3 jot eet Sy RON jee) x Nn pb as) 5 na | DIPS HEN N74 oeengocoreoone lobacse 7 Si lisiets 3 17 | Pe osollacascciigecan |laas5 31 pPfanuany: olecece sake | eres 9 GHB ISD Ohl MORN Nu ayes see ee See le setet 60 ReDruany ilies cetera 8 10 9 14 32; 19 1 2 | 2 97 February 14......-....- 3 17 41 54] 84) 145} 85 us 15 | 4 455 ¥ebruary21.-....... ese llsaae 22; 50 73 77 | 1385! 87) 12 18 | 10 | 484 Hebruary 28) s. 1= = -2-.-s } eS 2 51 80; 73 138 | 97 | -16 24 36 537 MarchitGsasecsss Sefer sjet hole he a 21 60; 58] 152! 126 26; 40 25 | 25 543 MaLchis ss) ec Ay Due dScle Oy!) GL 69) |) 22h t5h| 235 40 52 | 587 Marchi20 22 sacee sees 62 46-101 100 | 75 77 | 65; 13 22 51 612 March2tacsscicccencacce) lteees (ADR UD eee | 90 68) 44 7 27 | 50 467 AND Tly Sestceacr ces eee eee ee | 32 65 On a kD 90 | 56 ll 29 | 60 488 SAS TUE Meee eee ices jad £8 22 18 30 37 50 | 32 THe 25)? 82 303 Table X XIII shows the number of merchant vessels present for each half month during the last five years. T'rom this it will be seen that the majority of the vessels came out earlier this year than usual, and also that they left earlier than last year, since only half of them remained at the close of the first week in April. TaBLE XXIII.—Number of merchant vessels present. 1879.| 1880. Date. | 1876.| 1877. 1878. | | | ay pee te WE pe 2 * 2 =} |< | WORE ry AWs sateee | do oocqeuoco ss nocco abe epEesoespeEescoeoce scpene \)zrs jee MA - 3eginning of February.....-.---- Sa Rooonr sod ha adace seuauoopacEesornade 80 | 120 80! M0! 60 Middle of DOG ha een Aaa onOnaan om Geese Cobia cece cen oeedSereoaconpe | 300 | 340 | 240; 280 455 eginnin plot Marc hese cee feay siete ate erates eine ae reise ay ate aie intale | 870} 450) 530} 560 537 OOP iGO EN ane pobeea Sab id) -esaer bdadacnssuoe Gasser seBosseocsens | 460 | 550, 630 600 590 End of March....... .. : ---. | 360) 580) 610) 600 500 HNdiotfrst week A piles en accom ane satscte aise einem smc oon aaatoseeas | 500 | 530 480 300 well? tae Table XXIV contains a statement of the number of merchant vessels and passenger vessels (Bygdetarere) present in Loffoden March 16, also their home port, rig, draft, and complement of men. In the last column is given the number of lodging vessels and vessels laid up. Of these last, 33 were trom Loffoden and Vesteraalen, of which number three or four have been previously included among the passenger vessels, and the rest among the merchantmen. The total number of vessels here March 16 was 676, with a combined tonnage of 350,000 tons and a force of 2,932 men, including the captains, this being the largest number of vessels known to have been assembled in Loffoden. —— [31] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880 563 TABLE XXIV.—Number of vessels present March 16. | Square-rigged Total of Average | @ | | galeas vessels. of— e | | or coasters. | | | @ a | ihe 2 SESE ota ele e | | | © a | | | Total | 2 ry eer oe s | | | | Tota = >] Town or bailiwick. x | | tonnage) = | ; | = Sy er | ane | © ete tes aa! | . alt ~ ] oO oy See oa | eae | a | | a le/Si/sls al = a = On | eae ai BS eles ‘Ngee ie | =] z Ze lee g IS) tie -..-s2easece ance -2=- eens Ae Teall fa 32 3 te od [ceceeee 39 SSVOLV OD erica ays wcieie sicisisicisecsisei | 3 Fishing-stations. | | gs -, il eat aed | Sg og ee) ee aes =I | Q ~ o ° | 2 = es | 93 us) a Ee ies! 8 ee pe] = a Bae S 0) 7A) va AY n | a i PIMOMMEDIS = raianic acc wiesiaatoot sem ae Ao cseemce meee cabs = Socisacionsasale canst poms mmmieter 4 | AN Ase acter SKTMVOMM ee es sie coe es Sem epame sente aajclctetonleswca wteralasl| + x binss ERE Sse! Tee 1 Y 650 SPORTS SA ae Ren eS rahe Sc mOne i aca pore Ree eee in arse 2 1, 100 BONS la Peete a a eels cae «(cictalorsiacite'aine ate aoisislene sa saree amie 2 | eisictareApesicders 1 e 1 250 Pens Be eas aetna oe eee Seer ce cetiase a=. ais jose see eereee: eseceel be ee 1 | 606 GINS. 3o¢ oS SO RCKG HEE Den BOB EES Sea OS AO SEES See Pare eer eee tear are acted 0 ee 1 450 AVENMIN ERY E sa see = w Sota tone sees ee ckioeee ae meh oe, we e's 2 | 5 eeeees 6 | 2 15 | 8,030 eemeund FEE 2 a ey Re Ae ee ee a eee ae er \Seeretns hoaucee Dalecassts 2 1, 600 PULOTRO epee etre cP a e is cine. n/aie oie nie aicteiwicie mininioleyeloecsis\ciniaieis a/R ae aes l\Satoers [eaaeee | aoe rs 2 1, 000 SFeeal ULC ere ois ors Saleen OSE cine ae eben sea cdlbanace i aero Reine d 7 RE 4 2, 400 REIN Bee oo ese Sons tos inc ne akioe ne chloe paar danse sae pee Oeaecte|Seenice 1 : 1 600 Rene) Se5s2. 42 Bele aie shoo a aura «areola el eiae oe alee ac ariel | eee ook eee near lo ernee betes 1 1 300 Rep AA ONE Eee ee se alo lata ci sjsit slomenisocie eee noite cereal Leseme | Qe ee ee 3 2 7\ 2,500 TROYRN uj. ee Se el Pe eR Pe th 2; 22/ 10 43{ 19,480 | Table XXVIII states the percentage of merchant vessels present in the groups of stations named below during the last five years. 566 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [84] TABLE XX VIII.—Merchant vessels present March 16. Region. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879. | 1880. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct.| Per ct. | Per ct. Raftisundet = 4. seta pesst sages eee eee cecewceecesc ces 3 ay eraesrsct | Jobs: cellaee nee Breslesnes—HOpeM, 9 kee ecmlsce eintetettete=picisloe =/s)aie « | 54 | 45 | 51 42 | 44 Ce nninesveer 229-6 Lelie ee SS Fh Rimes TEE Goes 20 CONSE TVS) OF ee 2 SA EB oc Shea cena Or REE EE aoe | 10 | 18 | 16 16 21 Brandsholmene—Niutshiord: ssessesneme se ee etee acne nen 2 32 | 7 tan 6 | i 9 Neesland—Wototodd ema sae- ees nam ae lee scleral sec cine Acisieiore 10 | 7 | 4 6 5) Hastward lof Hennings veer ceacec sae eee ee cisiciins oss cu : acs’ é | ie a t= Trade. 2 | & S A 5 = . z= ; ay AN AS 1g = A r=] = : arent = = | ‘6 S eB =| aI a 6 a) S eat os S 2 s Be ~ a S nm | M > = | D n P| a a | | IMerchantsieeras cece nase aoe | 20 | 49 eee Ozu) e228.) 20 3 3 4] 3 162 Watchmakers).......-.....-.-- Viet eco. li ee: i 2. 9 4 Bilis Al el 'G 37 Gold and silver smiths §......-. Desire ulABate Wap Pouiec cecil cSt cl seared il eves 9 Other mechanics ..............- 5 | 2 19 2) S| 14 1} 1 3 | 9 64 Photographers ................- aay ert 3 | | Se oe Fneees 2 2 17 HONDAS ees eno Peo ee coats TSH PLO seo sees 65t 3 1 | 2 iL 125 Bnlibierse ete te. ane. Pi i el | (ESS MD ae 9: | 22a Pe dace 58 Wholesale buyers ...-........-- 23) 4511) 808) 39) 1110 42) 20 6 18 22 410 Eating-house keepers .......--- 13) EBay -20T | cen = 1 ieee e [jee valeneee ne oy) MsICIane) Ce A See Sesto ls hemperiate Boece | Os Stes eee: Di cstne-2.s | Pisisteeie der cierem at onsets 9 Panorama exhibitors.........-. paooae Sanaa pepeae Nectects (acres) ee eaees eaeasescsea nesemaees lnreteyesans| Irae | ag INCTODATR OOF ae = oan 3 AS Ps & S 2 Sle aiee s liMareu alee pail y=} zee (octal Wc kes Wen c= eet = tS (ocr | = | ——— — - =3 | — t= —} — Whisky: | | | | W bolesale and retail .....---.) Paylece ae TA eee | Steet | 1 | 5 ee EAN Is Se 5 Retail tes bo te Soe Wael sae I eae AN ses ero ee btectie seein) Mowe oe eee feo Wiholesalels a-h eves). ice ece ee Nes ene TE ae Rn Ree ee 1 a Beare eacelact oa: (oot pata BOPAIaeE Sic lcs... ss naedeealn eels mee 1a a eae ee aaa 2| 12 Wine: | | | | i Wholesale and retail .......- RELAT eee se aeaies ose «lee UAT OL ON letersi cisieteie si ataicia rere | ereeisiee Motalerecacaeccsicsccr et ates eer: Wholesale and retail......... 1a bl oe aA ben See ee HES ore! mesic Wiholesales seers 2 = Steminteroe GN To Cells see eine salem oinimin =n 1 Total number of dealers, 188). --. Total number of dealers, 1879. -. [37] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 569 Table XXXIV gives the number of days, Sundays and holidays in- eluded, from January 16 to April 14, wherein the weather, either wholly or in part, prevented the fishermen from setting or hauling their imple- ments. Altogether, in Kast Lotfoden during 43 per cent., and in West Loffoden during 48 per cent. of the fishing season the weather was such as to interfere with the business. This year, also, most of the unfavor- able days occurred in periods, for instance, from January 20 to February 5, from March 4 to 14, and from March 30 to April 4. TABLE XXXIV. | Detained by weather between January 16 and April 14. eae Month. | East Loffoden. | — West Loffoden. | | i = SS ee Whole day.| Part of day. | Whole day.| Partof day. BAMNURTEV Gs erie ce sie eac ates coco ees pecs ee me 8 2 10) 2 eceseee IBEDLUAT Yio -/ioctene eS encls as aie cie'sd] oo sic into s isis eerie we | 5 7 9 | 5 IMEADCHeoal sans eats. whe cis. so efsiele nciakcsaie sascha Mectls oe | 5 Te 6 7 PAT ana aceite sa setae eels 26S ecmee cep oc eetseeee | 3 2} 3 3 Moelle het arco chee oe 8 Ee: | 21 18 | 28 15 Table XX XV gives the number of days of detention in port, because of bad weather, in the different inspection districts: TaBLE XXXV.—Days of detention in port on account of weather from January 16 to April 14. January. | February. , March. | April. | Total. [ome = = mee eae. Te | . . . Inspection district. & x oe ee ie 2 a = ae =) > ro) re) ro) re] fo) a3 ° > | E = z = a 7 a = = Ee = a es } x 3s SEOs) | Yo ee ae mee 5 | 7 5 Wshacae 5 19 20 Svolveer ...- 4 | 6 2 9 | 2 3 14 22 Vaagene .... 5 | 7 5 (ie 3 2; 20 19 HO POM see ca aes - vsocins amie na cis 5 | (|| 6 6 3 2| 23 16 Henningsvier ere 4 | 8 6 8 | 2 | 3:1 2220 21 Stamsund ic. ..2. 2s... s00-c- 6 7 7 vi 2 3/ 25 17 Lys 2 8 4 5| 9! 8] — 81° 36 16 Balstad - ne 11 6 7 8 | 4 | 21 32 16 Tenndeeessn. 10 5 CH St Ss et) 13 Sorvaagen 9 } 5 4 8 4 2) 26 16 The report for 1878 and for 1879 contains a similar table, and I ven- ture to repeat this year also what I have previously mentioned with reference to this subject, since certain persons still seek to maintain the opinion that the fishermen should be prohibited from going to sea unless the weather allows all of them to use their implements. The essential hindrances to the enforcing of such a general provision in practice are, first, that ‘‘ sea-weather” may be differently construed by different per- sons, and, second, that fishermen not only from different stations but also from different inspection districts, where there may be permanent 570 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [38] differences in the stations, often have their implements placed in the same waters. It will frequently happen, therefore, that while one fish- erman, who lives in a certain place, is legally entitled to haul his gear, another one who has his gear in the same waters may be forbidden to do so, because he lives at a different station. It is especially during the so-called partial sea- weather that so many different conditions, such as size of boat and crew, ability of the men, and their acquaintance with the water, distance of the gear from shore, situation of the place, cur- rents, direction of the wind, condition of the fishery, &e., are to be con- sidered in deciding to what extent the implements can be used, that the question can be settled only by the boatmen themselves. Table XX X VI shows the average number of entire and partial storm- bound days since 1875. This year the weather has been nearly like the average of the last five years, and somewhat better than the aver- age of the last four. On the other hand, the rough weather which occurred at the close of January and the beginning of February, during certain days, was unusually severe. The water, especially, was very high. TABLE XXXVI. Average number of storm-bound days, partial and entire, from Janwary 16 to April 14. i | | | : oles | Bb 5 | Year 5 5 et) Ue Weve é 5 Bia Obes | a | 2 i a Sc | Le) | i = q | 1S tis Rane Soe OBO COE CBU SCOLAE eC ONC ODG ORE OOODEDOCM EEOC RRC arr 4.5 8 7.5 3 23 TUE 7G) ocala URS CRE RAMOS meee cine Ninna Senor ase sce ace 66) iinb 8 9°} 88 ES a aie eee ere ores mtelcere eine winlalateym <\alotete (arate Han evel eer esextey ate eye eile (edeete ta ne | 16.5 12.5 6.5 tae PGUSH WU ARions Sos Gece cetod yews a ee an wee eae cers Sido. 11376 Bin) head TOA) Ap ob Oe Oa BOG oO OR GONE EOAR Sac oso pb se Sa5 Sapododeorinn | 7 14.5 17 625: j 45 TE) cox Soceb as ber seo spBdacdocs SapeoS aoe at Hocce ins sebeaseoseee | 10 13 12.5 855) an Acverare NUMVOL =... 22ecces-< de pif ate tetencte cis eraidelt ere | TeSalie aloes 11.3 | 5.6 | 38.4 PASVELa OND Oly COM ice a elen ete = sisi ot stelseiseeeieteteee t= nicleteceinie |r So 46.5 38. 1 40 43. L Altogether 15 boats and one vessel were lost, in which six nen perished while 71 were saved. The cause of the loss of the vessel at Henning- sveer was dead calm combined with swell and current. The vessel was crushed, but the crew, consisting of five men, was saved. By other accidents three men were lost—one in Kabelvaag by a chance shot, one in Stamsund while trying in a state of intoxication to cross a foot-bridge, and one in Balstad through the sinking of his overloaded boat. Of those who perished by shipwreck at se., five lived in Stamsund, ane one in Moskenes. The fishing season just closed has been the most fortunate since 1860 with regard to loss of human life at sea. The num- ber of shipwrecks, on the other hand, was nearly as large as in 1876 and 1878, when 43 and 10 men were lost, respectively, and at the same time considerably larger than in 1875, when 17 men were lost. Table XXXVI states the time, place, cause, &c. (of loss), since 1875. This is based upon a form employed by pastor Eilert Sundt, in his time, and [39] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 571 according to which the explanations of shipwrecks occurring of late years are recorded. In these six years 95 persons were lost by ship- wreck, 21 by other accidents, and 282 were rescued; so that 75 per cent. of the shipwrecked were saved. TABLE XXXVII Month. | Place. ————— | ———— | | FE | : | |® lo! | a | Year. | |. ls] a iS | sa : rele eslgielslale| | 8) 31 3| | |e | ela [ellie 212/212) el [ls : (S/6/ 4 islzisia/Bie| 2 glailoa) | s elslsls als a SiZislsle/8| #1 2/8) 4 los eisislé . $ als] 8 (BSSISSiSlg S|) 8 | s is 4 elasle [ERR A SPaa Saar Ri a be aalee = = a | = -|—|—|— | i= cari el trial SS Ag ee eS PE i a ghee call ahs Bios | lla NOTOW ee sors ee ) 6) 2) 3). BAb fesfe.t 0.) 1) '3 a} a) af al...) al aaa 1ST eae ee Sa ey Tse) 1 aa 2 | | vee. || 9 Bloat 73\ C2] Sa ae TES) oe eh VEE) is ee ae (eerie ee TYE) See a eS aa ee EE eee 22] 5) 4) 5 2) 6.) 1) 1'.., 2) 38) 2} 8} 8B 1 LOG ae ga Re Oe aaa Ee, TSS LOT hes le| fA Olt Ml Bh 8) | Bles| cfs aateiad Rota achcrcleinesno st eeecsee ee 83) 22/2. (62. eal foe 3,13 6 uy 12] 15] 11\ 1 uy 2 44/3 | | | | | tall ———s — OS Rae | 5 | | ° Spans Number | Occasion. Accountability. | momecisad | Lost. is (ae eae Re a ee ee es eee et | mn | | tk | 25 S | A | | =| |S laclg | id 3 = Year. |@ a i |S o Revi Salta lire i) 2 hee A a i2#/213|3 | 2/8 3 | | } » aa 5 om Ei | | | etl | el VS ee aie ie seals (EI* la) ¢ oS) 6 lela | oS oie | Ss als A rp | A a fo) —) So |e AISC}/SO Bid ||P} a |AajA) a le TS ate ET A Ng VE 9 een eo OE oe | e1{/471|....1, 17} 93 Dita ee ecce, Pane Re eee ae te, 73 ee a] Pe ee ee |..--| 40/48] 4] 47 | 201 TS ca AR es SR Re ae | Danes ese oer haga ie 9| 42 ASUSte case ac ew see secs dase Sawa ,o sacle soiewecsle see fa aa) et Bee 6 8 | 58 | 10] 3 130157 BRU O Beek tei 25? sce. s esa A LS hat oo bait} 4.) 4 9h 11) 2) 75) 14) 7) Silome [ETT SOR Gee eed OLE i ne 11| 4 1 6| 8! 66! 6| 3 9) 29 Rotel se fot on eeee See Soe ae 64117/ 2) 20| 25110] 282] 95|21| 116 BES Table XXX VIIT shows the mode in which the shipwreck took place, the cause so far as this has been ascertained, and the size of the boat. Of the 51 shipwrecks which have occurred in the last three years, 21, or 41 per cent., were caused by wind storms; 15 or 30 per cent., by heavy sea, and 9, or 18 per cent., by collision. Nearly the half (25) might have been avoided. Sixteen of these, or 64 per cent., were due to carelessness ; 7, ov 28 per cent., to rashness. Shipwreck occurred most frequently among line-boats, between four and five out of every 1,000 boats, which is a natural result of the business. Among net and deep-sea boats, there are two or three shipwrecks to every 1,000 boats. Ee = = fate are wmj0 | :: ‘ | I ees ‘gouv10usy | — ables | wo 3s | : Peel eS aegt — aa | sis : ; . u i all oe ool apes eta el eT | v3 Hee I e pureed Seal ee eet | f jan] z “ys we : Faull |-—— “STAB — lee ete is 5 ; ey VIE a | x Pre aa oN ® : we & | a 4, VST | —| ‘ | = 7 i : 8 es ae aliens ‘ 4 = | os Be g sulogyey ue, ‘ : Onin re | “SsOTISU tt | 2) eee { ieee est = fe td Bendcieete a Q | aa qsvy | es ;——|| : a ; | | | He g ‘ aici | of z, | “SsoUl i= Ves 2 | ° SUMMON ear Ae ie = eelOUT eset OAC Saar : 880 » | o |— LOL], os | mo iS = Tiferleaees ease satiny las | jerug,| 2 eselneecee: Seni ace cs = bere eeee oe. = | ——S \3 a || # “SUTU Sao a | Ss es 1 O thet Hert |r ee) ie | ‘VIO, ‘ = eee rumaepraly-§ = eel = == 90 a eee : ea - | ict t| =e (sis ——— OF | | Salem ° = ee gprs I TONS a= : ra © jee. eae ; 5 ae ise | “ByBOC parvo ar Saul z ave 3 | i encase ies = me 8S » sapomm oy i|=la Baym g/ eae fail oe 2 | ld wl fees uedetc |i 2 SA SS : | Tur | i) 5 wn 7 ic S eee SBNoneeO ae TUONO} UA -F | Faas S G a eS spd et al Sera ae per eg eo | | a ia [als | | zl | =F) we a | Be Se Satan ieee : : + | ae l ; = : [amd 4 . Bae Tis yung aie Neen [|— | vod po1T0- Seren 7 ~_ a fae} g a ‘um Tas | | ‘ | | i fx ‘en So | f D E WIXVT | 00.19 oF : 1 a Z punoise Seas | 6 —] 3 : ois DHE OD OOH aL a S a oyun |: wae | Reel a — a ised trios Jl os ‘ A | eee mila = = = 8 Eee = . eae eee | eee ee a a Fa ‘OID FBI (te cae aes ns eae _|| oe ae eet ea EI S| -me} 48 else ae ef wa * ‘ores ey E (= 2 | nae Ore sea a E oer Saseeoe ne | fe = : ¥% UL SUIIVy ere es) | ‘ sas : * an eo 5 { | eel Aten = ete » = —|| at geen ise = i 4 ee va eon si la ls | ona — ated RPS | Se 8 agysdvo 40 pa | fete tac i Clee aman S) i= MO NVEM ORS Colle ts | a: || reer ee ' es) RQ liemat rdiscdnin rH S | od ae Es arya a ct = . | jalet esis: | ica I 10%, | sae | Tes tase os ; q | ee io) =. [3 M bee inie D _ . | : Rosette Sa ema Ano ee ei ei evel Cah ae: =o o oa el beatae g @ S) ee ee | a eet 2 5 oy | et sraspat 4 ae ae : |2 2 <3) : [emits pean ac re Bic Svan ' 1/8 &£ : ms cI eta ee : peck: SaaS | be ns all pats os : |e om mp vo Tee aly fae : >) Nn & : tals i . yA a . . | * 4 x N te G : igi ’ : a : t~ 8 fz | asec : 5 r= © | ‘ = on ag fetta Aer bd “4 ; Wane Lae ean anaes 4 M ‘ | gag 2 sich! | 4 x | 209 ee ote 3 «' | rit w wks es, el o , % iets | ec} RQ a Oo g =) | 4 See : ie =| © rasppeefices} = et ° Ay o | & (Saal z L o > 4 [41] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 573 For comparison with the preceding years is here given the mean tem- perature at midday for each half month since 1877. TABLE XL. Air temperature at noon. Time. | : | 1877. | 1878. 1879 1880. Pamuaryel 0 t0/8) et sceseae fo cc catered atenaa senses ence team 2-8 - = =2 lie 25 08 08 eee MEURUBE Veto ay. see eos ceec ce eetci tea ceiieniciasicietnion site se ca a.cisan. 3 ;—- 06 09 — 5.0) 14 Me biwaryel oto) CNG tee sean tee seen acimeeeaa ase ceice cece sence - | — 1 es Wel ty ee 004") 178s Mier Ghulstonl oo sce cls cise <= csinicieiseeet omelemeiscaiemieisiscieticsmtnia mie a 0.6 | —0.3 0.9 | 0.1 TOUCH EL GiOlo lave sates ise |s-2 21-6 2+] SDOWSQURLLSS EI BESS Se ge 3/10 | ...|.-..!.-.- |..../6.4 6.4 5.8 [5.0 [5 2 [5.8 (6.0 6.2 | 241 10.0!.....-.. Bee|kS [6e6 1604 [Ge8 15 Gil. solace: eer ee soealee Meee 26.:19..0) 2.06.2.) OP lece2|. |o.--}.. 519, 0 57. 216.0 15.4.5. 6 16.0 |6. 4.16.5) | 30| 13.5 SW. | 2] 3 (8.2 |67 15.9 5.7 |....|.-.. Ve rrehaeea call eesel ig cee mes a | Average .|...| oko 6.0 5.4 5.5 ke 6.2 5.4 5.2 5.4/5.7 61 63 ees) [ei TABLE XLII. | | : | | Wind. | Temperature of water. | | i Pag ee 2 | | | | 30fathoms. | 100 fathoms. maga ace aif ee Oe eee - Remarks. : DY ales cae| |} |[@alal|e|/ ao} alo Fassel 8/6/88 aol gee ae ease ; Flee ie sae Sa sd pede iced esteem alte temps ee) ren 8 ' Shel oe (Ela la he S121 8 8 ea) aes cl “= (=) | s | o | Ala | A |H|Flajslialalalsiaia\sisje\a July .....| 2 oe pie he bc les 9.8 8.2 6.0 5.8 6.0, 6.2 6.4) 6.5 | 19. ..| 0 | O |13.0/10.5} 7.0 6.0).... eee UIA gl aebects (che se ee | 9 14.6 NNE | a en Bee oe ee 12.011.8 8.0) 5:9)....|.-. aie ‘a € ‘ uty Al iulada Sows | 2(elssltolse geo bl ey ede de TB MORO UNG: 12-100]. | tee ae 9.8 9.2] 7.3) 5.9] 5.7|.--.|.2..] 6.6] 18,176, NE. -|. 2°) 1'120.0) 9.2! 6.4! 60-20. [LL 2 ase eas pea ae we PP) fe) ee WO) Bios. Loh Ses O1nOn sh ul Sal ong lee nGae| woe DADS EG SoM Hees) Oi) 10) 10.9) SPAIN.) GO) ss cet Levi oe eel se [eee lta | 26 15.8 S. Talieil cece los as Re PRE eS it ee ees SESE Whe Oe 28 23.1........| 0/0126 9.4 7.0 6.0). |... |....).... ie: a ieee 6 MO) Dariiiee ese se CH (PR ieee 14.010.5.... 6.0 6.0) 6.2) 6.4 6.6 Average .|... ..... eee leet ees Been eee eee 11.4 9.5 6.9 5.8) 5.8) 61/63 65 [43] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. By (o) TABLE XLII—Continued. | Wind | Temperature of water. | | neat Pata | | 30 fathoms. | 100 fathoms. | | | | | (ets clara : 7 [7 ) | Remarks. 3 td | 2) mw | Bian] ao| a! a] ow dq | Perl et= LL = (a4 span Pre = P= r= oO = R= bl = a Ota HIS lio 4 ono Ho CS or ase eel ee ; S ig l2lSiSie8isislisiaiaiaial si Aid| A |HIF/A2 /S2/R|Ala/S8ia 18/3/38) / A | Angust..| 1) 26.7 - ....| 0 | 4/14. 5)10.0) 6.9) 6.5'..../... Leal 1D Oty NE Bee Baa age 14.5 12.5] 8.0 6.0| 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.5 13) 1854455... - 1 | 0 (14.0)... 7.3. 6.3 See eaireee| ative eo 15} 19:3! .30.02:. Ould) |Reaiee cleee| 14.8 9.5 7.7, 6.1 623|Es 17) D987 wees 0 | 0 /13.210.5| 7.8 6.2 a te | | 19) 16.8 NE. | 2) 2 | a |. . 18.5110.0, 7.2; 6.3 6.1 6.2 | 231 14.4 WSW.| 1 |10 |12.010.0) 7.2. 6 pea es a (ee ae (O6l 13. Ope mites: Sal cTilleontlaee. | | 9.3 92 .35........ 6.0 6.4 28/714.0: NE. | 1} 2 (10/810-9)9:5 7.1)... |..-. (ee) ie ales 30/12 0; NNE.| 4/9 |....|.... Eeeeleaset beh hep ‘93 (ae a 6.1 6.5 Average .|...|.....|.....-- de Ge (OE | ee a ee 12.610.5 8.2, 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.5 Sept ..... ~43/12.0 NE. 2 (or AN3 ORGAN oleecaler, inal minnie 4, 84 NE. iy Perel (RES es aL) Bio. 210.0 7.6 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.4) Rain. 6 10.2 WSW. 54 | § LONS 1028108 OG! Boe let lee -eloeelec ales hectite tse Sietied, NG feo at saAaeeoe .« |L0. 9 20. 9.10. 8, 9.2, 7.5 6.7 G0 ie 10) 10.6 SW. | -4 [10 10.7,10.7/10.810.0) .. |....{. Pee bes eain: OE }) Ss bain wp OFS fd Ta ee as eae 10. 410. 4 10. “510. 618, 810.2 89 62 25) 10.2 SW. |. 4 |10, 10.3 10. 3:10.410.5|....)....].-2.10.. Areal feepeeee SOME Seen Toes ae yeAl ces. ce os (eee 10.9 10. 8.10.7 7 10.810. 610.6 9.9 6.2 Berne ented Cor sccm e~ [oe ae oaes| soo? [----/-++ |10.810.610.5 9.5 88 84 cl 6.3) October..} 2/ 12.2. NE. | 1| 0 10.810.911.010.8..... |..-.\---. Se a hee | 4) 13.4 SE 1/5 | x4! 10.0 10.010.610.7 10.610.6 9.2 6.2 6 88 S. | 1/10 9.710.0/10.010.6 NER fas chiles OE ia By ial OF Aehash ico ess eee 8.6 8.9" 8.0 9.0 9.7 9.8 6.9 63 25| 0.6 NE. AFCO BR TIP SB ORO CaO) elec e al talons ates tones lpecetenel eee 291 4.0 S. | 5 10|80/85| 86 85)....|.... Fe peel secs eg eles |oeee|- oo Ea eee 2 eS ee ee) See ee a ee ee ee, ee en a Average tee Beare ar ar |. .. | 9.3) 9.4! 9.8 9,810.110.2) 80 6.2 Nov Pee Shee et Noe eds 800 R00) Bo SAO eee | a iellere |acec lous Chal Olssee see. 2 L0qen | ... |.--.| 80 80 82 82 82 84 7.0 63 | 8 —0.9| NNE. | 6 | 8.0| 7.8) 80 7.8 nee) eee aes ee .| Oh 040l ete. 5 feveifee-s|oe-.) | %8) 7.5) 7.7) 7.8 8.0 7.0) 7.0 6.4) | 121 4.0} NW. | 2] 8| 6.8 7.0) 7.4°7.3]... OA Ve Ci ital Bee 26, 2.9| W. ONO: |e: ae | 5.5 6.7) 6.8) 7.0| 7.1 72°73 65 28) 4.0 ESE. | 7 | 5.4) 5.8) 6.0 6.3)....) .. | weeefece [esee[eee: Average.)...|.....|.... eel al a et ee ae | 3.9 7.1) 7.6 7.7) 7.8 7.5).7o) (6.4 eee sce! 3-51] ESE. | 17 lh l. (| 6.0 6.0 6.2 63 7.0/7.0 66 63 | 10,—3.4).... ..] 0 | 8 | 5.0] 5.2/5.2 5.4 sath waco hi 2 bill sexe See eee ee (SES B04 INWese |), Soles es | es 4.0 4.8 5.1/5.5 5.7) 5.8 6.5 6.3 January -| 5—0.1' SW. a TY | CO, Ue ree | 3.8 3.8 4.0 44 4.9] 5 3 6.4 6.4, i { | ] | | | | | { Notre. —The observations at 30 fathoms were , made a cable’s length from Lédinger wn ight, those at 400 fathoms in the middle of the fjord. All the observations were taken in the afternoon. Table XLIIL shows the mean temperature of the water for each half month, also the mean temperature of the air at 2 o’clock p. m., which last was kindly communicated by Dean B. Kokk from daily observa- tions made by him in Lédingen. Sl oli ites J re) = = > om = = = = | = ; & & a) oe +2 sy z S = \ s ' ia a & & an el 2 5 Ge oo oS cr eS ) ~ ata hn oP ect eerieh Oa A eat Nin REED aRoge | joe a i = } ’ May: } | | } First half ....... 27) 83) B25) "B20 3.6) B81 BLO} Be 8.8) 4a ee cE ninGn> wees Second half......- 8.5) 5&8) 5.0! 4.4 $35) 53001. 456 a. 8 1 4.0 DLOll) (Osea ie June: | | | Firsthalf’....-.-.! 9.3 | 65] 5/61 °5.0 1 5.2) 64) S18! S09 5.2)1 5.3 15.6. 11640) us Second half....... Pe ANIC SL lpm HH al WC Ml Drea COG at Vl een 5.4.) “5,8 46,2) |e Jualy | | | \ | First half ........ 15.4 | 10.7/ 92) 68) 59/102) 9.8167) 5.8) °59)°62 163165 Second half....... ps al arb Bp) (ete [eceeanl GSO! | os aU CONG raai er Gal eye iis Hace ees 16.6 August: | | | j Mirsthalf 22: sc... | 19.4 | 14.2 | LOK) Tok 642) V4 TO BGO) |) GON) 6A0N Gs 251 Gap) Second half ...... (1550 j120 Os 2802) 1 6.6 AS TO Ba ONG hoes 6.0; 6.1565 September: ....... | \ H | First half ......] 11.6) 10.9108] 10.0) 85 )10.7/)105 104: 84) 68! 6.3161) 65 Second half. ...... 11.2 | 10.3/ 10.3) 10.4 / 10.5 | 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.7) 107/104) 9.4! 62 October : | | | | First half ........ 6.8 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 10.5 10.7 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.6) 10.7 10.6 | 10.6! 92) 6.2 Second half... -- -- | 16823) 8.651 08585) 8h SiG hOB On Ox On itgH ON SiG 9.8 | 6.9} 63 November : | | | | | | | First half ......../—1.5 | 7.6 7.6 | MeO We Tle To Bri Ted Hae Bol, 850) \eBe a Nera ea nenON AOR Second half ..---. 006.1 )5.4.) 6.80) 2600 |G. 8ilh 55 1 6:7 Gl8e) 73010 7 eee ee December: | | | | | First half ...... j—2.4; 50!) 52] 52] 54/ 60/ 60] 62) 63) 70) 7.0)66/638 Second half. ..---- Ne He er ee (eel omy 4.0) | 480) 5a) 15.5 | 5.7) 6.8/6.5) 6.3 January : | H First half ......-.. (UAE: ed Scams In armen ON ee | 38) 38) 40) 44] 49) 53/64/64 | } | t | | ae [45] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 5717 The temperature of the water has been taken daily at the surface and at depths of 5 and 10 fathoms. The results are set forth in Table XXXIX. The lowest temperature at the bottom and surface was 0.5 (in the beginning of March). The difference between the lowest weekly mean temperature at.10 fathoms last year and this year was only 0.2 at the surface and nothing at the bottom. The highest temperatures were 3.0 and 4.0 (beginning of February). Regular observations at greater depths, 30 and 80 fathoms, were not taken, for want of time. In all 38 series of observations were taken in 30 fathoms, and 40 at greater depths, against 63 and 58 last year. The same instruments were used in taking the observations as last year, namely, 2 Negretti and Zambra thermometers, which were kindly lent to the inspection party by the Meteorological Institute. The same instruments were used by Inspector Lie also. As the division into degrees is not very fine, an error in reading of 4 degree is, of course, not rare. There appear, how- ever, to be no more serious errors of observation. The observations were made first at the surface and gradually downwards towards the bottom. TABLE XLIV. | | Temperature of water at various depths from | the surface to the bottom. | Se Cee rT eee poeta | ae a Date. _——~Place. aN | ia, ae | hee ol eos See Sondition of Ty. te. | es e|E gals B22 8/5 Condition of the fishery (Soles eI Monton oriole: Salen lise: |lvo. | 2s a\/3\/8\/2/2 relma lec teeta lect | & 2 | + pty eltie el iatte-eal eect ate leet (aed re SSS PSPSPS (Sl SiS | eee Se Nal neal ves olwlol|lele } Mi/a|al ojo | ww | S ] is o|r/a@ oa | aye ee | | ie. -| {eases} : a E | | | | | Jan. 30) Svolver..... 3.754.00....4.25 .. |..../4.75 ....\5.25)6. 756.75) Irregular, mostly light. IWS 7 |eacina Seerenee 3.50 4.00).... 4.25 ....| -. [5.00 ... 6.006, 506.75 piss 5) 3. 00/6. 00 5.756. 00) _ ....| Few trukket, good fishing. Irregular, mostly good. . Irregular, mostly light. | Uniformly good. Bes ce ine 2. ; : Da OO eer lns aliens eee Fish abundant. .{2, 25/2. 50.2. 75/2. 7518, 00|....|....] -..|.-.. eas a Mar. aticicle Macon aisles SO oe cOleuap| Zoller lO eee ints cilis!o.o:5] 3/<\0 lees 3 (Str6mmen) -|1, 501. c . 00/2. 00 |. BA erie. lea Storvaagen../1. 75/1: 75/2. 20/2. 50}... . eee cedll= coll eee. ... Exceedingly light. SOBRE PC Sasa D5 DPOa AON GROO a aOl eel ee Cl) alee] oc Good fishing. | Isleendingen |8. 00/3. 75/4. 75/4. 75| ...15.00|....|..2./..-.]....]... | Irregular, mostly light. 1 i Se eT 3. 00/3. 00/4.50/4. 75)... .|4. 75)5. 00)... 5. 25)....|...., Exceedingly light. | Sundsflaket. |2. 75]. 75/:975'3. 50]....15.00| . |..-.!....].-..[.... 2 Islendingen 2 50/2. 50 3. 00/8. 25!..../4. 50/5. 00)... .'5. 50.6. 25.6. 25) Light. 5 Ostnestjord . 2. 00/2. 25 4. 75 5. 00! 5. 75 . 6.006. 25'...., Good fishing. 38 =o det Hae seas |2. 00/2. 00 2. 50.3. 25)... .|4. 00/5. 00... . 6. 00'6. 00 Bi} OS e iss 5 win 23,00|2. 20}. =~ :|Os 2d) 1-114. 00|5. 00}. 0:5.) 52.01 16x00) fe: | Stamsund . HV D5 ID, 2512, D030). «= +14 00|s~ <0) «3 Jace bak bight. 20) Ostnxsfjord - 2. 00/2.25 .... 3.25]... ./3. 75/5. 25 .... 5.50.6. 006.00 Smaller, especially night-line. 2550'2125:3)25 4550 |b ces| eeelDA DO. saalee ee 6. 006.25, Sunday. ) egrttesey 1 2 502 3, 25]....|....'4.50!.... 6. 00,6. 00/6 25, Exceedingly light. Stamsund - -/2. 25:2. 2512. 50/3. 00). - = -'4.150)...5.|.<--].c0-]--<. |....| Irregular, mostly good. Ex- | | | | tremely light. In the rest of | | | | Loffoden no sea-goingz wea- } | | ther because of aSW. storm. 23} . 2.:25,2..25). ....13. 75}... --l4. 75 CBU see eee 6. 006.00, Almost no fishing. 24 Ostnsfjord. 2. 50/3. 00/5. 00.5. 25|....|..../6. 00... 6.00 6. 006. 25] 25) Svolver..... i2, 50,8. 00)5. 00.5. 25 eefece 6. my -a6 cols 0016. 25 Holiday. | | S. Mis. 110—3s7 ’ 578 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [46] TABLE XLV. | Temperature of water at various depths | from the surface to the bottom. | mee Bl Sie Rael a enstlie ee eae ee te. ace. |) @ Z-| 2 D D nD z. D a | p iti ts lg |g \21812/21¢4 |Z | 2 Condition of the fishery e/og;oe/esio;sies S | o| 9 ;S/ A B24 6/4, 4, 4/4/42) (EST cose lines aliies alncae ce, | ee lee) | ces. ene 2 ee Rares | Srs-Sie | i} | | | | \ { | Mar.26 | Svolver ..-. 2.50 2.50.4.005,00.....).... 6.006. 00 6. 006.25 Holiday. Pal a ee a ee se (2. 25 2.502. 754.50... |... . 5.506.006. 00 6.00) Good net-fishing. OS Eacemece esi == 2.25 2. 50)... .|4. 00). ...|.-. .'5. 50 6. 00 6. 0U 6. 25] Holiday. Pe Ae AO 200 2.50 /e2 4 1350) 2 12-2515. 50/6.00'6, 0016: 25) B20 eases sste ae 2. 00 2. 25 )3.00'....).... 5. 00 6. 00 6. 006.00) Irregular; mostly light; few truk- aiateleainjin/madetet tate | | | : | ' | ket. DO We inte bereits eats 2. 00 2.25)... 13.00... . 4. 50.6. 00 6. 00 6. 00,6. 00) Irregular; mostly light, though Se aes eae } | | | mostly good elsewhere. | Stamsund. .. 2. 25 2.502. : -- (4. 75,.-..|..--|----|----] Irregular; mostly good. PADIS |e ees ci ootee Ae 00/20 2020 20| 220)... 1d. 00)... = -2|-— = '..... Irregular; mostly good; less, how- (aon, SSE fe | | | | | ever, than March 31. Giuliseetee See .----/2.00 2.002. 00/2. 25... 2.50 4.005.50....) ...| Net-fishing excellent; line light. Storvaagen..|2. 00}. .-. (2. 25/3. 25 3. 25). --'.).-..)..-.).---].5 | 12 | Svolvier .. ../2.00,3. 00/4. 2515.00... |.....5.75..... 6. 00,6. 25) | i2, 28)2. 54]. _ 3. 69)... 4. 275.205. 70,.-- (6.21 | | | | | | TABLE XLVI a. | Water temperature. | | | @ ae? he aor | | i | | g | | | fase) WS Ol Mo Nese. a Date. | Place. poe Pe a er | ae (eee Condition of the fishery. | eee as ise ae ste || ‘ (Peacoat eile aes eee | 20 or 30 fathoms of water. | ~ poe = | ay 7 F, Wan 30u Svolveetiss -2cmeca eae ee een lies OOl esate | Bocascise 425 SA) Onaga a Ree eS Ra Eel Ee ae i a eg Leen ese | yt (8 Pe Ae OTs ee as ee A Wire Went e vt es are | 4.00 ON ange Reet Mat ee eee Wee sHOOMnSKOOg eee 8.75 | 1G | StorVaa gen: ce | mM onl nN ia— Depth, 30 fathoms. Mar.23 | Ostmesfjorden ........--..---.--- Deobulty a2. ROA CO bop eae BE GaGOUe Bap eucuceesa| | 2. 50 3. Very good. IG WS VOlvger oo se cecsiss soo See sess 2.25) 2. Holiday. OE Nese Ce a tos AcRene Gon DobSEoHeSodes LTD! en ose | Very good. 7 Gateoo ton aos Gane 6 AB SAC eRCCOne Soot 22204) 26 Holiday. DOT ee eet ray DRUGS Fo 23k oe 2.00|. 2. | 30uleceeee ee tT a Sys BOE ELE OEE ie abate ie pee LG eretetare se a atala ce minteloleta wicieiminjminip cial ~lelaye Dear ar es lastamsundeee ence ceeetan oa eery—c 2m25 2. Irregular; mostly good. PAIN Gi eeis conics ass. 22 hips ae rep ae ae Te 75 ui eels WSLORVaa renter scccces 7s ceee Ely 2008 ele OME SMOLV DOT Ic sist» sto isis vie aeeemer 175) 3: 2.18 2. 48 As the observations at Lédingen in May, last year, agreed in the main with those taken at Loffoden in April, so also the observations at Lédingen on the 5th of January, this year, give the same result as in Svolver on January 30; therefore the observation of the temperature of the water which has been conducted from January, 1879, to April, 1880, may be regarded as a continuous series. The observations this year, as well as last, show that, as a rule, there is a rather sharp limit between a colder and a warmer stratum of water, while the mass of the layer increases and diminishes considerably in a comparatively short time. This fall of temperature appears not to have extended to as great depth as last year ; the lowest temperature observed at 60 fathoms was 2.15, and, at 50 and 40 fathoms, 1.75, while this year the temperatures were 5.25, 4.00, and 2.50, respectively. In February and March a temperature as low as 2.25 has not been observed farther down than 20 fathoms from the surface in 80 fathoms of water, and it has been noticed only twice in the same depth of water 35 fathoms from the surface. It is possible, however, that observations taken between the 3d and the 10th of March would have given a different result; for the water appears to have been coldest this year at that time, although, because of the frequent and sometimes considerable changes at differ- ent depths, it is difficult to arrive at a definite conclusion about the subject. Concerning the influence of the temperature of the water upon the fishery, allow me to state the arguments for and against this assump- tion. The following statements favor the assumption : 1, This year the fish were always found either near the surface or in comparatively shallow water, and since the temperature at these depths was both rather uniform and rather high, at all events, in comparison 580 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [48] with last year, it is not improbable that the fish have been influenced thereby in their choice of locality. 2. Since fishing begun at Islendingen, the lower part of Sundstrém- men, the temperature at 20 and 20 fathoms was 43 degrees. The float- ing implements placed 25 fathoms from the surface, and the bottom im- plements set in 25 fathoms, took plenty of fish, while nets placed on the bottom in 60 to 80 fathoms, where the temperature was six degrees, caught almost nothing. The same thing occurred in Ostnesfjorden and Svolver during the fishing there. Many of the net-fishermen floated only a portion of their nets, and allowed the rest to remain on the bot- tom, and the catch was generally good in the floated portion, and ex- ceedingly light in the bottom nets. 3. The excellent fishery at Stamsund and stations farther west at the close of February was associated with a rise in the water temperature, which, from 2.50 at a depth of 35 fathoms on the 21st, increased on the 25th to 4.50 in 30 fathoms, and 3.50 in 20 fathoms. The same was true of the good fishing which begun in Ostlofoten March 10. The fishing mentioned in Buksnzestjorden under “ Fishing at the different stations,” and also the advent of cod which was noticed, March 17, between Stam- sund and Skokkelvigéerne, occurred at a time when the warm stratum of water had descended to 20 fathoms from the surface. — The conclusion which I reach from these observations is, that the tem- perature which appears best adapted to cod is between 34 and 44 degrees. The circumstances which disprove the influence of the temperature of the water are the following : 1. Since there were some fish in the seines, though in smaller and com- paratively unimportant numbers, it follows that a temperature of 5 to 6 degrees is, at all events, not a barrier to the presence of cod. 2. Although the good fishing westward of Stamsund begun with a temperature of 4 degrees in 30 fathoms, it remained good, and in the early part of March it was even unusually good here as well as at Gem- sOstrdmmen, though the temperature gradually decreased to 13 degrees in 20 fathoms and 2 degrees in 35 fathoms—which again seems to indi- cate that comparatively cold water is not prejudicial to the thriving of cod. 3. The tishing, which was excellent at Sund March 10, was poor on the 11th, though the temperature conditions were the same on both days; so this appears to be no assurance of a permanently good fishery. It is shown by the combined observations also that some good fishing has taken place in depths where the water temperature varied from 2 to 5 degrees. Since this is the greatest variation which has been ob- served during the winter on the banks, and since the taking capacity of a net is only 3 to 4 fathoms perpendiculariy, 1 conclude that the tem- perature of the water does not play the role in the fishing that one would suppose, at first consideration, should be ascribed to it. Examinations of the temperature of the cod itself at different depths would have been interesting, but 1 had no thermometer which was suitable therefor. [49 | THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN _ 1880. 581 The observations this year have indeed been few, although they were begun the same day or the day after the fishing commenced. Althou gh the frequent and sometimes considerable and irregular falling and rising of the warm water scarcely allow any hope of a practical result, and in spite of the little encouraging conclusions whereto the year’s observa- tions have led, it is my intention to continue these observations as far as time allows. Table XLVII shows how many livers made a barrel at different times during the fishery. The numbers above the line indicate those taken in. nets, below the line those caught by lines. Compared with | the four preceding years the fish this year have been distinctly fatter, and, especially, they have retained their fatness longer than usual. The increased proportion of liver in the districts of Stamsund and Sdrvaagen at the close of February was associated with the excellent fishing there, and seems to indicate a new arrival (of fish). The stated proportion of liver at the end of the first week of March to the quantity of fish has not been so great in any of the four preceding years at the same time; and one may possibly, from this longer-retained proportion of liver, draw the conclusion that the East Loffoden fishery in March is due to the incoming of new fish and not to an afflux from West Lofto- den. The observations are, however, highly uncertain, and cannot be otherwise; so it is difficult to base any decision upon them. On the average 385 cod are estimated to have yielded one barrel of livers, or 78 pois (0.65 barrel) of oil. According to the inspection tables, the proportion between fish and liver has been as follows: Cod, | Cod. TS60 es sees Pete ee ADO ASIO DAZ ch cee ee 440 ‘SUC ata ep la a ane nee es 350) 1876.0. keh ee 415 FTES Eye el eae OAS Ne el ae aa ANON ISTT: 2h 2 Mee he 425 Ue eae ee ete S504 TSTS 2... a2sh cee oe 420 ENTS Ra igi eet i ee ed od oa SOM LST Os eZee Jaa 420 RCL ae elt: OS AO TS80°.! fsece eas Oe 385 An average of 400 to the barrel of liver and 600 to a barrel of oil. TABLE XLVII.—Number of livers ina barrel. i ; fone : se 2 3 B Week ending— ot | is FA = . = A 2 5p Bj 5 Ms er > 2 Zz ke 3 fissure 4 VEGei| Couseer tebe ci ome ae | oe | b ad = > Lend C3 } (Bie) le pain =H SRT <= AUR SES G10 Oe eee oe eae Reese eee eens been beer 0 eae ea ee (tome nee | | 300 300 SUN AT 1S eee eieinis i cincjs: ajo awebae cee |e wais/a'e UE Beepes| | aaace QS OB R250! Nosh cin) be teks | Soe sete ere | | 3800 300 | 300 : CLO SUOG 0 ik eS Ge Oe eee Sesser isascee Es 280R resus rosamalecssc _ 300 | 350 |..---- _ 200 300 | 300 | 350, 400 250 OR UGADY 4p on ceee pwetaiccl= ao me ono cles ae e300, a C00k) Rene 7300)|-.23-. s-- | 350'| 300}--...- 300 | 340 | 350 350 | | 400 | 350 | 350 | | | oF RO PRUE VM ene eres ann see aainicios cals leierefere SOOM else eames E300 ee ee=s 2801). 4-01 iO sl ane, | | 400 400 350 350 400 582 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [50] TABLE XLVII.—Number of livers in a barrel—Continued. “| i=| | . a ol Be ts bi ° 4 ; . 2 Ls] : D> Week ending ¥ | 5 g 3 , a E . : BN | St Slee |) Se Bl glee D | Senge a 3} oo Ss = a 5 Oo | m | > as x D p — Q HIG nay Patek Se ao sopsos seeegeassenGos | 350 | 850 | 300 }...... 22 age S00 Koa = 2 ailtc acne 350 300 450 450 | 350 850 400 | 400 DrarchiG. <..-.0$:5¢)= $0 a. ates cee csesleeaeee (238535 aoe fa SAO Ts 1850 | oe Sa) ce aise Nees ee Se 300 | | 870 | 450 | | ~ $50 IWikyed Ai BiieoronS ebsbaosecscence ase leseaac [ese5a 350 | 350 |..-... 350 | 350 400} 400/ 400 | | | 400 , 450 | ~ 400} 400 | 450 | 500 Maroh 20. 2 pcaccousenseeeces-2-5]. 400) | 200") 400° | 400!)' 400114004) 200c] 2. ee nee | 500 450, 500 500) 550 | 500 | 500 | 350 | | 608 ETO 2, EO SOM 5 Oe ere Aare, Se cane nee Eee BOO cee | 480 | 350 | 450] 450 |...-.. | 500 | 550 | 450 | 500} 500 | SNES ee ee ee ee 420) | s2450)) 22 tes 4004-2 500)|s222 28 | , 550 | 600° 480 550 JVs seonan sso sao ScOer SSE OOCUDSOSe lesSS55l 6 Sces sSoscc S800 een 480 cease ta Satrer 950) |< sess a 600 | 600 | | 1 Table XLVIII states the prices of net and line fish at different times during the fishing. The average price is assumed to have been about 15 Gre for net fish, about 13 for line fish, 12 for deep-water fish, and in gen- eral, 13.70. Since 1860 there has only once been a lower price; this was in 1868, when the average was 13.33. TABLE XLVIII.—Prices of jish (in dre). a (abeoel | ae | Wf { Fa| } | re) | | i: bey cei@ta Ghee edt | | > é | = Week ending— | = 2 aoa ce! | i fe. : 3 ? | @ R o a ; a fede a] 3 | & Bs > ¥ yale aq | g 3 =I = J on § 5 ny 5S r=) q x = a a | 2 = E @ > ad s i) | o oe I CI 2 eS) ND 73) a coma as? am | & Q n es re eee ee! ie as (Eee ee ae CDEn A UP Sede So Sqdos secure ord (engi Naedoae es pars atl ana (Setceters 12) Pissses jee OF esr | | | 12 | OMUAPY, 2400 ate nse ricics(esiscalaraiacter- races \igeeieiss eae eae ee eae eaters Reeeee laeeacts esas eae . | | fel Oo + WEUTUAD Yip Le fareter-/-afelaselele sleraferenlel=j-iste'e's |seeee- 14 aa jopomasat WP Westase eae loBsoée [=--om= = \ ! TO GTS0 5 9 an eee oe seme totiocicer sae suse se 16 | 22 LDN ede oe [ade | 88 to. 1 eee ye IL 14 3) 13s 4 | Been i | 16 16 18\ ugg | s Mele elovais cetojee iz | We Woon: Ear Pee 14 1S Wee Ur 18 | 0.60 | 16 Meee aa gc sase se Son cass ames n ogre esess sign 23 | 0.800 7 ; 30. a ee 0. 40 13 ier 15) a/b 21 | | | 19). eae PT OIBLR ele ere ais aes scp wate in os Sa Steneieaisieee 1 060) Persp | 48 | ae | 16 18 | 0.50 | | 14 | 18 OKA RO GMs msl aciasis.cle ait Aeels = tesa ciciccanans 2 |---| 99 | «660 | 20 | 2 16 |tt77- * This probably means so many Gre per fish by the barrel and so many per head by the million.—Tg. Table L gives the Loffoden prices and the export values since 1873. Up to and for 1877 the export values are taken from the official statis- tics; for 1878 and 1879 they are quoted from the generous communica- tion of the supervisor of the merchants’ clerks in Bergen. According to this statement the export prices have been— Export prices. | 1878. | 1879. Say ACD Ce eae el oe ai aide Saye eae EEN Tele = oa wisne cot ele cle ee ae pervog™.., $1 66 $1 27 Round fish .....-. DU ERS es eer hete Rs 48 eee ra cas Deen ale tenis deeclsee ee G02 ss 20 1 54 | 127 Coarse-cut : LL) Tf a a Eee aia eae ae oe e aeons aoe glo... 1 88 1 54 Oe a ayn is eka ie warns nest alavantey » See fe bipte la [ante Salar pinto eswinjdinters Acar tate olay waar Ci ee 1 74 147 ISOS UNNLU Siete ses ese She Sint sins ree ce alfttcinicne bene Sas spine dee tomes ee oO sees: 67 64 Titling: CALE Re RO te oe, Sys acc ie oa .alnnd Sele S ajefaie eal aetow ome ie mete settee kicieeketcinsce s do;3:.:;/: 1 81 1 61 Hug OCKANGROTORMIUG . ci2:- -250sece soc ona noc we, nope e neon ome ee eee (iC an eee 80 54 PAT CACODICHE DE see oc no: 2 sitet coe bok nice weiss sree s ae nee eee a ee dor... 94 87 WIGHITIIMICORL TSI) 4-2 -22os < Soo) owe tie ee eee esas camper oeniene ae 10: 2222. 86 59 PLU CONMN SIs fees Sei 5c. bsu.b2 se wleie cis ea bices aaeleis aie eres ieteisio/oe ete \sialeae isis do:.. 22 54 43 iNET GW eNO Nees 2 A = SE SR Re SORES COB CCH nDOUCBACop UCL orCR eee per barrel.., 13 53 11 79 Refined oil ....... d | 1313| 1126 Clear brown oil os Cee ae scace)) 12; 865y LONSS RStRUC I OME ee ae ne eee ck nic oop ence ocak cee Cee Coe ene eee e asics ie weees =e/ne 10 99 | 9 92 Roe: | Grreta Uae y meer ec ais ha sass Soe wants aioe meee Panne setae oh cake test dotss3 2 | 8 04 Pact REC ONGICUALULY eee ee ao oin we a[nisisio eee eee eee jot aia cc,o ale ciats 54 d0 25225 | 5 36) 5 09 { 584 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [52] Of the total export of roe 15 per cent. is assumed to be of the second quality. The cost of split cod may be estimated at 8.8 crowns ($2.36) per 1,000. TABLE L.—Prices. Fish. Roe. Liver. |e aa 3 a OO te La ee Sie) sf Ee eee. "| &¢ : | | 5 : 32 Export price. | Loffoden price. | = 2 pede eee Loftoden. | Export 8 ee nor ear. | 2a | rice. rice. | price. ES Split | Dried | aie Le For medici- | For other | P™°° bo cod. cod. | | nal oil. oils. et SUR As : as [Sti | Per hundred. | Per barrel. ; aa i | os Z| | STB area att Seer $6 21 | $9 29 | $5 91 | $9 18 | $13 18 | $6 48-$7 56 $6 48 $9 61 ASTAGE: Bah so 648| 972| 5 75 | $11 88-12 42| 15 23 | 756-864 $5 40-594 9 04 S15 acs see acess 5 94 875) ...-.- | 8 64-10 80 1145 | 6 48- 7,56 | 5 40 | 8 69 AST Osseo ck eu oas 5 40 11 34 | 6 45 | 864) 1196 | 7 29- 8 77 | 4 32-5 40 | 9 64 NST cece ne aes a 848| 618] 7 02-8 64 | a 6 21- 8 64 | 5 40 910 TSTB ances! 540| 929| *575| 439-4861 7721 486-756| 450-486| 9 4 TST teat e eS. | 468 | 713 | *475| 4 86-5 94 | 745 | 486-648] 378-486! 721 | | | | ! | * Round fish only. Table LI shows the yield of fish in the Loffoden fishery at the close of each week for the last five years. In this, as also in the following tables, certain items are wanting for 1878, since it has been hitherto impossible to obtain a statement of medical taxes for this year. TABLE LI.— Yield of Loffoden fishery. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. | 1879. Month. hl Wareull ee 3 oe o wo y) = 1,000 fish.} = |1,000fish. = 1,000 fish. $ 1,000 fish. = 1,000 fish. Al A | | A A | Mebruaary ep scase= - odes ase - | ois a lecere= eyee 1 | PANT USB Eee cherie RSL (MERU RN Ses |e? | eae ee 5 | 600 | 3 | 130 | 2 | 360 1 | 1, 000 13] 2,500}11] 1,500| 10 | 500 | 9 | 700 | 8 | 2, 000 20} 3,750 | 19 2,500 | 17 1,500 16 2,500 | 15 2,750 | 28 6,000 | 26 4,200 | 24 3, 000 | 23 3,000 22 5, 000 March poe een Sete ees as RE: (NIST, | = Ae aa 3] 4.750 | 20M 5,500 | 1 6, 750 Fl BOVOOO NW 509) 07,5001 10%) 5 F805) 29h sss500 008 7, 500 14 13,500 | 121 9,000 | 17 11,500 | 16) 11,750 | 15 11, 000 | 21 16,500} 19 | 11,750 | 24 | 17,000 | 23] 17,750 ) 22 16, 000 > 28 18,500 | 26 | 15,500 | 31¢ 20,250 | 30! 22,250!) 29 21, 000 PAPE es orclsciscielsnia couse steel ania DN eer oc 201250), [hvaeve lice cetaevesis eae SE Nye Ieee Tha k. ae 4 QVOOON |WIN | 215/250) 7 24,250) 6 23,500 | 5 24, 750 11] 23,000 | 15 | 22,000 | 14 28,000 | 13] 24,750) 12! 25,500 | — — =} ae —— =.= | ———a — —— ne = After deducting medical tax, 23, 000,000 | ~—-23, 000,000 | ~—-28, 000,000 | --.2.-2.- .--. 25, 250, 000 Caught after April 14....... 18v,.000 | 500, 000 | 1, 500, 000 | 250, 000 60, 000 Caught in January and Feb. | PLUaTY ees eese cot Se a | 6, 000 6, 000 | A O00 SWE cee ene 6, 750 Caught in March ........... 13, 400 14, 600 LGH250 Nee sea eet ce Se 15, 250 Cadecht in April .....<25: 0... 3, 600 2, 400 Tiers Vi [feet SEI SR 3, 250 | { Table LIT shows the combined yield of the different fish products since 1873. The yield of fish in millions will be seen to correspond nearly with the number of thousand barrels of roe. This year the in- spection estimates 34 per cent. more roe proportionally than for the preceding year. How far 1870 has been exceptional, or the estimate of the inspection has been erroneous, can, however, not be determined until the close of the year. [53] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 585 TABLE LII. Yield of Loffoden fishery, including the fishing after April 14. Ls eS saeel aa haEe Embracing — | | | Oil. | : eel | Year. Total. | Heads. | Roe. | | | Value Split | Dried Medici- | Other | in cod. | cod | males |e “oul: million , en! ie iy melee | crowns- | Millions. 1,000 barrels. aeTT, a) er aC ear ae rer tt tana) at ] { A BT2 seca etalorts sas 18. 2 10.7 | T5 4.7 19 0.7 33 | ar WEIS ae sacle sas 19.5 124) | o Fes oees | 4.8 18 tl eee aeons 6. 0 Cy eer eRSneraaee 16.0 10.9 | 5.1 || 5.5 15 0.4 Pope) 5.1 Sto crer ea cese scene 23. 2 15.5 (bth 14,5 21 0.9 3 ghee MS Gee ictetease encyclo 23.5 18.0 5.5 13.5 24 1.4 35 6.5 SU Ota ertateine cee are 29. 5 25. 3 4.2 | 15.0 29 | 4.4 36 8.8 WO SE ets acre mei sm acetic a4] se eie ac 3.7 SAO | Gesea= eee | 32.02). 2 .cee calc ee Hews a teas 58} 816) 84] 21:0 | 27 36 6.0 Table LIII gives the yield of the rest of the fisheries in the districts. of Nordland and Troms6. The fact that the quantity of oil in 1879 was twice as great as in 1876, though the yield of fish from the summer and autumn fisheries was the same, is due, in part, to the circumstance that the home consumption of fish in 1879, because of the unsuccessful her- ring fishery, was considerably greater, which, as a matter of course, _has had its influence on the quantity exported; and in part to the very small fishery at Finmark in 1876, which again affected the export of oil from Tromsé, some of whose fishermen bring home livers. prec ding table I have worked out fro different fishery reports, and I believe t errors of judgment, the statements may in the main features and in relation items. TABLE This and the n a critical examination of the hat even if there be found some be regarded as tolerably correct to the amount of the different. LIIl. | Yield of the fisheries in N tee | | ordland and Troms6 districts, excluding the Loftoden fishery. Summer and au- Winter and spring fishery. | Gamukisneny je Ee SoA Sree avira Year. | Divided into— | aes: ape | Total. | Roe: |, pOUs |S gOilt Fish. Split | Dried | cod. cod | | Millions. | 1,000 barrels. | Millions. - --— -| aT ES cs A 1 -ccnobecose nee eee 5.5 0.5 | 5.0 || 6.5 11.4 | 11.0 6.7 TRV IE) pe ces en ae A. Dele cents | 4.0) 4.5 9. 0 7.5 7.6 IGE SSS 2e Se Ta ee ae Sn ee 2.3 0.3 | 2.0 || 2.5 4.5 9.5 10. 2 IESE ae ce ues See sare eee To 0.8 | 6.4 || 8.5 3.0 7.6 | 9.3 UN IDELE ATE or eee 8 Sea 8.0 1.4 | 6.6 || 10.0 14.0 6.7 | 9.2 ane eco ee eto. 11.2 | 2.5 | B.7)\| 16.0 19. 0 9.9 | 13.2 iISHAS slat See ec are are he penne 4.4 | 0.4 4.0 || 5.4 7.80) cco .-| Lape ae 3 Se Ty 5 2 ene abe eee 7.0 | 0.9 6.1) 8.2 12.1 14.1 | 9. 6 | 6.2 0.9 | Bee Pf 11.3 | 9.5 9. 4 | 586 = REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [54] Table LIV shows the inspector’s statement of fish, roe, livers, and medicinal oil at the close of each week, also the number of fishing days. In the quantity of liver is not included that portion which is used in the manufacture of medicinal oil. Only aday on which there is fishing throughout the Loffoden Islands is considered an entire fishing day. The best yield in proportion to the number of fishing days and the size of the fleet was during the week from March 7 to March 13 (the most fish taken); the next best was in the week from March 14 to March 20. In January and February there were caught 6,000,000 (22.7 per cent.); in March, 18,500,000 (69.8 per cent.); and in April, 2,000,000 (7.5 per cent.). The number of fishing days from January 11 to April 14 made up 59 per cent. of the whole time. TABLE LIV.—lVeekly statement of the yield. | 1,000 fish. | 1,000 barrels. | Fishing-day | pee cnsine | Total | Week’s | i Medicinal eh, | tani | Salted. Cnt oT Liver oil. | t08. | Whole. | Part. | | ie Rey rane | | January ..17 LOOM Seek eee wes Jet eomeneertieT esenoG cone es| bsreectosee Feosecs se. 5 eee 24 | 150 | Moe ei | ea ee 2 PS Ro woences | 1 ee ; 31 L7Z0y oso ae D1 Vc eae ak gee tale Pease at jd eel See uae ey February... 7 tl Renae 330 16a: 14 | 1 3 14 | AGN eae es 8 1,100 5.0 0.2 | 3.7 3 2 1 3000 | 00.2. eer 1) 400 | 9.1 | 0.4 7.2 | 1 4 28 | Gi COON Ree ens ee 3, 000 18.0 1.0 14.0 | 4 1 March ... 6; 9, 250 | 6, 000 | 3, 250 25. 0 | 1.5 20.5 | 2 3 13 | 13, 250 | 9, 750 | 4,000 | 36.0 | 2.0 vase eee Mets 4 20 | 22, 500 | 18, 250 | 8, 750 54.5 | 2.5 34.0 | Olea 27 | 23, 500 19, 750 | 1,500 | 57.0 | 3.0 34.5 1 2 April .-. 13) 24, 500 | 20, 750 | 1,000 | HONORE Seeee es 35.0 1 1 “10 | 26,000 | 22, 250 1, 500 62. 0 SxThileee ae ee 4 3 14 | 26, 500 | 22,750 500 C800 see. a2 heal a cee | 2 1 | } | | | | Oil, 41.0 31 2% | | Table LV shows the yield of fish, liver, medicinal oil, roe, and heads used for the manufacture of guano in the different inspection districts, TaBLe LV.—Distribution of the catch by inspection districts. | 1,000 tish. | 1,000 barrels. ‘ | pias SESLy Uh eee 3 | = | 3 Tnspection district. | Salted. | 3 | 4 As | =. a [SOS et ee ae 3 sh. @ = CRE Po a |As .| 2a. | de S = | Ashore | At sea Ss S | 3 3 Skroyon |e --92 2-pound | 200-pound aaae Sacks of 200 pounds. SHO AEGa. Saar Millions. he ESE AS t : | | Detect Aevs Reith. chr Pees Cae eatin) | 11, 650 | 8, 000 | 4 O00 eeiattoeeseteerct | 28, 650 14.3 1ST Opes eee Ly St RONAN 4 10,000, 9,960; —-3, 100 1, 900 23, 060 14.0 TST fee ke Sco. te NRL ty Meee ea, | 9,880) 8630 4, 080 2, 420 22, 560 13.7 TEA oe eae oa 13,500 | 6, 150 2,210 1, 200 | 21, 869 13.2 LSD Moers eis, fae Rae eae oe a ee | 16, 700 7, 600 2, 340 1,500 | 26, 640 16.0 Averagon pees Mine EN |*"42}350|, “8,070 |. 8,440 (m.s..5.22-3| «28 BEOnL enna Of medicinal oi] manufactories there are now two in Skroven, one in Svolver, two in Kabelvaag, two in Henningsveer, and one in each of the stations Stamsund, Stene, and Balstad. Altogether they can util- ize about 500 barrels of livers daily. For consumption during the fishery are used 750,000 fish. For use at home fully 250,000 are sent. This million is not included in the forego- ing statement. According to the statement of the'treasurer of the medical fund, the medical taxes for 1879 amounted, in the counties of Norland and Tromso, to 95,129.33 crowns ($25,494.65), divided as follows: Crowns. Dollars. 187,677 times 120 split cod, 22,521,240 fish.. 25, 023. 60 6, 706 32 26,370 vogs of salted fish in vessel .... ... 293. 00 78 52 715,013 vogs of dried cod,* 19,386,351 fish. . 23, 933. 77 6,414 25 Zig UO-DAETOIS HELTIn@ ss 2220 dau. of. 18, 113. 73 4,854 48 597 barrels other salted fish.... .......... 39. 80 10 67 Od-O00 DAVEE S Ollst cnc ese seu eae w ie yet 25, 959. 20 6,957 06 Boo 20 DATTCIS TOGie hee ae ep tek 1, 766. 23 473 35 95, 129. 33 25, 494 .65 For bait it is estimated that there were consumed 16,000 barrels of salted and 40 barrels of fresh herring, 8,000 barrels of cuttlefish, and 1,300 barrels of mussels, the combined value of which was 400,000 crowns ($107,2C0). The aggregate gross yield of the Lottoden fishery is worth a little over 5,900,000 crowns ($1,474,000). Table LIX gives the average share which has generally fallen to the different methods of fishing, also the greatest share, as far as known to the inspection officers. The average share was 200 crowns ($53.60). “Wherever dried cod are reduced from weight to number, 27 fish are calculated to | [57] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880 589 The average was, in 1874, 270 crowns = $72.36; in 1875, 390 crowns= $104.52; in 1876, 305 crowns = $81.74; in 1877, 410 crowns = $109.88; in 1878, 300 crowns = $80.40; and in 1879, 240 crowns = $64.32. Wages of hired men were from 100 to 120 crowns ($26.80 to $32.16) and expenses. In East Loffoden they were oc sasionally reduced to 80 crowns ($21.44). TABLE LIX. 7 — — Average share. Highest share. " ‘ =) ' i=] ¢ ja | dt | ae wiles Inspection district. te ey - re o =| 7 hee iE oa = iS od A D ae n= ® ae 2/5 ) «a rated SS a =¢8 Sig SUN |e a: |e Soe s | & e San Alyse ey = A A a A ero VOM eee ec Nia ds coed acces eee ssasre sss se ser | $64 32 | $48 24 | $26 80 |........|..------].------- Roy aT as ta sc cincin be alee o/s siaeinre econ) | 53.60 | 4288, 37 52 | $96 48 | $85 76 |........ WHRRENGs 650. -2ectcnn-seees- ch sinnce salsa screens 75 04|.. ....| 3216 | 160 80 | 53 60 | $53 60 FLOpOn.. «2 -- onan evens e a eneeecreeree sn esenenn testes | 6432 | 48 24| 84 84) 134 00 | 107 20 |........ FLONNINGSVOL...--.2e5--- scan seen n eee cee ee nent sees: 53 60 | 42 88!, 3216 | 107 20! 85 761........ SPAT Eyre ee LE OE Oar eee hae Boe 58 96 | 56 28 |..*..... 115 24 | 69 68 |.......- (ORNS): aoe oe eh Oe eee Sa BUN She 48 24 | 45 56 |.......% 15 04 | 8040 |es.ch cee TEST TOP ETT ea ee Ue ee ECE I Sere 69 68.) 6968 |. ccece. | - \'): x ae x D ond Q, D =| 5 4 a = 5 fx a 4 yey SUGISGRe Sane nice ne eee onan seeeaee a? peas: 27 1G ilissee = 1430 | MKROVOMN eee ok a ooh eee ee eed 0 Sores 0 5 Vaagene .....-- Pe fe Sh) ees eee opens ce cco sai | | 43 94') 14 50 80 Henningsvier | 85: ]) 7507) Mb OTe Grado SSUAINS UN Oe ats cele ola, shal Sie sie Ss atcla's ae | set locas recta ee ee 59 NORMS eres eee stein ea is hota da cee cies [ace aee 90 G2a\aeeees 0 100 AUST Aaa ape oe oe se aia cin a ovis mole ainin sell ace sarsrelffe == sete TOO) 52 -.ctrs 67 69 LenitGl 3 2epey ASC eg ete arene ae ee a See | 89; 44! 100! 80 93 | SSOKGWARO ONS Seo en Ne ce scnnine wniem be srs2yors)] SUR ceetee fen nena ease ! * Not used from the middle of March. } Little used. The course of the fishery this year appears at first view to indicate a movement of the schools of fish first from east to west, then from west to east, and finally again from east to west, since the fishing, which was 592 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [60] tolerably good everywhere in the first half of February, was so in the second half and until March 8, almost exclusively from Henningsver westward; later, on the contrary, and until the close of the month, that is, from the 15th, almost entirely from Hopen eastward. The following facts, however, antagonize this opinion: 1. Fishing began at all the easterly stations on the same day. 2. It continued in West Loffoden with a good yield many days after it had begun in East Loffoden. 3. It closed in West Loffoden at the same time at the majority of the Stations. If there was a marked advance from west to east this should have been shown by an increased fishery from west to east, if only for a short time. ‘Of course from March 4 tothe 14th there was no common fishing day, and four whole days were spent ashore, the 6th, 7th, 9th, and 13th, so that it was difficult to follow the course of the fishery. An advance should, moreover, have secured an exceptionally good catch for the im- plements employed; but this was not so marked as to be conclusive. No relation betweer the fishing at the different stations, therefore, can be shown this year with certainty. In order to reach a conclusion, if possible, in the future, I shall continue the detailed records of the fish- ery which I begun in 1878. In the following table is given a synopsis of the course of the fishery during the last three years: TABLE LXI 8. Time. 1878. 1879. 1880. First half of Febrnary.| Eastward of Hennings- Henningsver to Bal- | Westward of Sund. Ordi- ver, to and including stad. narily quite good line Svolvier, Raftsundet. fishing everywhere. Second halfofFebruary.| Eastward of Hennings- HenningsveertoStam- | Westward of Hennings- | ver, to and including sund, and part of Ver. | Svolveer. Skroven. First half of March ....! Ure to Hopen..-......--. Good fishing every- To the 8th, westward of where. Henningsver; from the 8th, eastward of Hopen, to and including Ost- | neesfjord. Second half of March ..| Balstad to Vaagen ...-.- _ Westward of Hen- | Eastward of Hopen, to and ' | ningsver. | _ including Ostnesfjord. BAW TI eso t ea nbe soc. | Westward of Stamsund. Westward of Balstad | Henningsver, and weat- | ward of Sund. | | Since the conditions in Raftsundet, Ostnesfjorden and Gimséstré6mmen appear to be, in a measure, similar, I have examined the fishery in these places of late years, as far as there was any to investigate, when I have had the materials to work upon. From the following table it will be seen, meanwhile, that there is no regularity here, as one year there may be fishing in all of the three places, during another year in only one of them. As is well known, all experienced fishermen have fixed signs by which they believe they can foretell the course of the fishery. Though sueh rules of experience are generally based only on observations within an extremely limited circle, they may possibly have some value, wherefore I seek, as far as possible, to confirm their correctness or incorrectness. [61] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. SIS TABLE LXI c. : Condition of the fishery. Year. Raftsundet. Ostnesfjorden. Gimséstrémmen:. 1866)55--- == Quite good during the first | Excellent from the end of half of March. February to the end of March. (ieensead Almost nothing taken ...--. Good fishing from the end | Excellent from the Ith tm of February to the end of the 28th of Mareh. March. TeVOe estes eo | excellent tishine fromthe tsssce. sseecsce ce clnciecenccsens Small fishery.. middle of February to * past the middle of March. AUST Gisieerteo Good, partly excellent, about | Small.in February ..-.....-- Nothing taken. the middle of March. Uy feSaqenee Good, partly excellent, from | Partly good line fishing dur- | Quite good in the middle of the 5th of March to the ing the last half of March. March, especially from beginning of April. Stamsund. STB) s . | | | | Table LX XIV gives a summary by weight of the split cod imported, and Table LXXV by number. The amount of dried cod imported is stated in Table LXV. Theimportation ofcod during the last seven years has varied as follows: In the West Indies, 4,900,000 (35,300,000 to 40,200,000) ; in Spain, 3,600,000 (35,500,000 to 39,100,000); in Brazil, 4,400,000 (10,200,000 to 14,600,000). In Portugal, Germany, and Denmark the importation has been stead- ily increasing. In most other countries the amount consumed appears to be tolerably uniform year by year. When the amount imported ex- ceeds the average one year, it falls below it during the next two. The considerable increase in the manufacture of split cod which has taken place in Loffoden of late years, namely, from 10,000,000 to 11,000,000 in the beginning of the seven-year period to double that amount at the end of the period, exceeds by acouple of millions the difference between the lowest and the highest amount imported by the two countries (Spain and the West Indies) which consume three-fifths of the split cod, and one-half of all the cod in other forms which come upon the market. The exports have varied as follows : From Norway, dried cod, 7,700,000 (24,000,000 to 31,700,000) ; split cod, 17,900,000 (28,000,000 to 45,900,000) ; total, 22,000,000 (55,600,000 to 77,600,000). From Canada, 7,800,000 / [73] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 605 (32,100,000 to 39,900,000); from St. John’s, 16,000,000 (28,200,000 to 44,200,000); from United States, 4,700,000 (5,000,000 to 9,700,000) ; from Iceland, 2,500,000 (3,100,000 to 5,600,000); from France, 2,700,000 (3,000,000 to 5,700,000); from Scotland, 2,000,000 (2,700,000 to 4,700,000) ; from various countries, 26,600,000 (140,900,000 to 167,500,000). TABLE LXXIV. Total import (of split cod). Times 100,000 pounds. Destination. l |e 1972. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | i877. | 1978, | Aver | Sa age. =a a 152 714.7 803. 6 751.0°| 705.6 780.7 765. 5 753; 2 AYES 732.7 754. 4 772.6 746. 2 | 711.0 781.5 717.9 745. 2 37.3 234.4 246.7 291.4 264. 0 205. 0 269. 0 245, 5 250. 9 12.5 Rortncvale ces ecco sicecnss = 148.5 143.4 161.0 168. 0 160.6 | 201.7 246. 9 175.7 | 8.8 Great Britain and Ireland..-| 109.1 138. 8 138. 6 142.0 118.9 173. 6 154.7 136.5 | 68 Ttalwiand Austrias..5-2 2... 107. 2 96. 6 132. 5 127. 2 107.3 116.7 118.9 115. 2 5. & Umited States ..-.-- -=-----. 28.1 56. 2 87.7 47.8 47.0 96. 4 97.8 65. 9 3.3 South AmMericarsssceac a. 22--: 42.1] 29.0 36.7 | 44.1 60. 0 73.6 79.8 52.2 | 2.6 Germ anyne se hecececicaereecs 22.3 26.9 28. 2 38.4 | 35.9 69. 1 65.4 40. § 2.0 WIENMAGKS = seen oeiscrs s ccate Seis 30.6 28.0 30. 9 35. 4 31.9 46.1 45.0 35.4] 1.8 BPG IAM Bas Sass kets Sic eos op edie ee eee Py Et ease a ae 33. 0 32. 7 25.5 29.8; 1.5 Mediterranean .....-..-..--- PAS 32.1 24.3 18. 4 24.7 V7.2 26. 2 24.3) 12 (Chit, 282 ssenbouEHeanesdede 2.3) 21.3] 15.4 OND 22585), 18s 27.7 te 45a sda; INeGwiound land pee ss.c cial eeee cers See see s.a|lesie tape 1.2 10.0 1.2 18. 2 4.4) 0.2 Othericountries) 22.2 -2)-...-=- 62.5 68.7 71.1) 74.8 28. 2 51.6 45.6 57.5 | 2.9 Rota esses st scaecae 2298, 2 | 2346.8 | 2621.9 | 2459. 0 | 2301.9 | 2722.9 | 2660.6 | 2501.6 | 125.1 Millions of fish. ...........-- 114.9| 117.3] 1311| 122.9] 115.1| 1861 | 133.0] 125.1 |...... TABLE LXXV. [Millions of fish.] Total import (of split cod). Country. | lita bees 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876, | 1877. | 1878. tees Y=} ae | MWVICSUMMNGIGS .cheinccenecseehe sain asc nies 37.6 35.7 40. 2 37.6 | 35.3 39.0 38. 2 | BYE & SME ack ni ecz ens ec hee eee 36.6 | 37.7| 386] 37.3] 35.5} 391] 360] 37.3 Ta Seen OCC e SEES DAC ae crrre DATA 12.38 1456) 18.25))) 10x25 Waxes 233 12.5 PLOT GIL UM sto fet— nya) ost ore, ioe ielefeinia ate = te 7.2 | 8.0 8.4 | Si08|) sd ORT lag 8.8 Great Britain and Ireland.-.........-. Dib 6.9 6.9 Tenis 5.9 8.7 6s7. 6.8 Tifalhyean ade ATISGLIA): << ajaciesiee sete acle ems 5.4 | 4.8 | 6.6) 6.4 5.4 5.8 5.9 | 7 5.8 Winttediotalosuesssetesnoccs-sanseeee = 1.4) 28) 44) 24 2.3 4.8) 4.9) 3.3 South America....... sisjainista sein seieintew 2.0 1.4 1.8 | 2.2 | 3.0 3.7 4.10" |S 236 German yaaa as esses cessehees USO A1-'3 14) 0 9) wed 8 3.5 3.3| 2.0 SIMIAN ee asia ciceeide cic as atiesicwics a yy 1.4 15 15al 1.6 253% Bue 18 PTGS OY ARTA Demo elsiete cin ia cin’ojo.c/oin cicta/aiaie}|tljaicjaintateh slo'e'sinte:a.e De Bl PS ge 1.6 | 1.6 1.3 1.5 IMGUITGTLANCAN se s<1<6<-/n1n.0~ 2525s 2 os 1.4 | 1.6 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.2 0.9 | DBs lie, Aetes (OPT EG EW = es 9 0.1 | nla OSS a eee ial 0.6 1.4 0.7 NGWAOUN GANG Associa. ces cee oss Soll oe ee winih Ckielaaacis|| eeien sale 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.2 OThericOuNtLieS >.sc.c lessees ssecsse Seal 3.4 3.6 Sal! 1.4 | 2.6 2.3 2.9 MOtall cecece oases cs scet Leases 114.8 117.6 131.0 122. 7 14.8 | 136.2 133.0 | 125.2 Table LX XVI contains asummary of the total import. Of the whole quantity exported, 57,600,000, or 37.4 per cent., went to America; 92,000,000, or 59.9 per cent., to Europe; and 4,000,000, or 2.6 per cent., to unknown places. 606 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [74] The most important markets were: Spain, which received 37,900,000, or 24.7 per cent.; West Indies, which received 37,700,000, or 24.5 per cent.; Italy and Austria, which received 18,400,000, or 12 per cent.; Brazil, which received 12,500,000, or 8.2 per cent.; Portugal, which re- ceived 8,800,000, or 5.8 per cent.; Great Britain and Ireland, which re- ceived 7,200,000, or 4.7 per cent.; Sweden, which received 5,300,000, or 3.4 per cent.; Holland, which received 4,500,000, or 2.9 per cent. TABLE LXXVI. Total average import from 1872-1878. Country. a ea! Millions. | Per cent. SPAM eeece acnieepeesicce cence csniniciceasSelsenesss << ci-tcceveeinas=nenic=saemicmecicmin= == 37. 9 | 24. 7 WWiGStMGIER eres ceee ce eeee eee ceeacte cc saccscpeience ar center eteeme meen 37.7 | 24.5 talyanavAuUStris rss sec ecaect cociacac cecasisetecisciaccsesasesaeeenl 18.4 12.0 IBTAZI se ccecacn cee et eeetenes 12.5 8.2 Rorbucal (oe wccsssicscisinowasice 8.8 | 5.8 Great Britain and Ireland .. Tole} 4.7 DWEGOM ccc wew ccs wcceeneceseecae 5.3 3.4 PVOMANG. 2s ess oe cis cesses ok came eoe ie eeawacie edie she cases bolas Se esescesa cine aimee 4.5 2.9 Wmited! States: 5.525 .co see betaccewe Sask aaeccnecd chines status ceuaie neeccemesecceise 3.3 2.2 SOUTH AMERICA hoe. se seamice a one cces sci nee wc ne ace oeseemiesceancemasisceece ae ee 2.6 1.6 Geri aniy 2 ah Se ces cca cecccinis| seaw eat esicpias wicsicmcnebissensicbecee seteiee cs esicoes 2.5 1.6 DENMAVk: o2 so. w ose was asses cle sleniacic Hascsacupe sec ones chbiwncatimaseneoneamcenee 2.3 15 USS anduMiniandas as. see. © See cine sats ae sume sete eciciscaceelbiescun ive esiceectela’s 252) | 15 Belov Se eee de Sue cme aie safe ccie comics sco Bae Sen sane eae cae oes eens pemeaes 1.6 1.0 Medi berTan@an costs oes seoed Cena wanccamtee ne cece See arencls sek ce weineee seme 1.4 0.9 IBRIDIS Ny GUIANG 22s eoeceaeca was Jens oe wcecn erie teceblcnt hace sete ceeoreemeaeeeer 1.5 0.9 WEHEriCOUNtTIOS: oc on Soles cee alee seca rs cee ee ee eres ae eee teens 4.0 2.6 JUG OR ee ere eae i eS Lie ARR re OE ee (Se Seine etal 153. 6 100 I shall furnish, toward the close of the year, to one of our newspapers, tables of export in 1879, just as I did last year. With these statistics, and a general abstract of the year’s fisheries as a starting-point, one will have a tolerably accurate basis for judging the state of affairs in 1881. It will, therefore, be very useful if the consuls render, as soon as the fishery in a country ends, and also concerning the autumn cod fish- eries, a short report on its results—that is to say, whether it has been unsuccessful, tolerably good, or good. According to the material which lies before us, the exports for 1879 will presumably exceed those of all preceding years. The effects hereof will be traced in 1881, and, since the Norwegian fisheries have given an unusually good yield this year, the prospects of fair prices during the coming Loffoden fishing are not promising, even if the other fisheries should reach the results of an average year. Pier 6 Page. Ney ny soe 5s «Soe ee pee eee 2, 26, 28; 57 PRA OT em etin cic e wanisees vases seem cesewe=== 19, 28 PARAL OST tune nico op sinioinion eiewamehivm cles 19, 28, 31, 32, 34 WASTICHS to ce ie ons.comarccnasias icec asic ceiiena n= 69 J NEI SEER CRABB OOD CORDIC ROR EEE CEC tape 71 PIS PAN ADO seis afb elem as cinin aisles eee alt= 19, 22, 25, 28 PAP REALS LOSS: Ola sien 2:7 5.010 cinim siv'sinineiciein's 57, 58 WAN O Of sanseesa sceea acces 58 Appropriation for fishery inspection -.... 1, 3, 16 PANTOSUS tec a a cine olmaiiia me aicive San oe .isin/e'e'= = == 4 PACTS TULA ee eet aa s.es.<.c si ciniewiaacieas 68, 69, 71, 73, 74 BAL PLICOS Olja =a 1n ale sem wale occ moe viciia => 51 Balberg (and Valberg) ...-.-..--..-. 2, 11, 19, 29, 59 Ast OPO ose deca ancscesamecminclosiaminm 19, 22, 28 IBSIStAC somes soc scsssleuenee 9, 11, 13, 17, 26-28, 30, 33, 37-39, 49, 50, 56, 57, 60 record of fishery of.........-.---. 64 inspection district of......--.---- 256) 17. Mie We bees saeanaee nese enece cnr el 16 CAO S asses crcissccsiascscameines sien cenann 15 Bean, Tarleton H.......... b doidelee pace bcs 1, 50 Beer unlawial sale. OF .6c 5.0 ccecieeceeseone 4 Beieren (and Veieren) .....-.---00-0-+---- 19, 28, 29 ISCItSLAUQGH popes de nine oicienine cinna'mecinsissies s 19, 28 eli OLAEI ree ores asics s sink cn saeiasic cass uie 5 Chapels .......---.--.0-2---0eeeee- 2-2-2 11 PIN ATOM PILE Otis erie tanec -cccee ccleneaes 68 Christianssund (and Kris-).........--- 19, 28, 32, 34 OHI CHES sae see eas cactus Sowissccucccccee 11512 Clearance, improper ..-....----+--------+- 4 Ce pnlefis hee eee eet ano ceiscase pis sase 63 Coasting Ci ee, 31 [75] Page. Cod catchiof, Per Mans scncesscincessaioeec 61 Onied 2s. seas tcesetenss 53, 54, 56, 65-68, 70-72 exports and imports of.............. 66-74 exports of, from Norway -.-....----- 68 MOVCMICUUS OF 65650100 nc cicesonsa n= 58, 59, 60, 64 PIICO Obese cle cae eas ca aiss soem ces oeee ar 51, 52 Cod fisheries, products of, in 1880.....-... 65 Headset ness taka. saeinee 51, 53, 54, 56 ViVverOUlst veactcesecicese sea 49-51, 53, 54, 56, 65 TOO pers soles sisiein[e sel wicinisee' = sicaan si 51-54, 56, 65 Salted reeecee nse areata eiale waa alsin ar 65, 71 eplite ess sos coset bee: 52-54, 56 66-69, 71-73 PLAGE OL THE WORMG sce nsccessniececeue 72-74 Commercial journal -2. 25.255 - Se ccececceee 67 Copenliagvenere-so-tosec soccer asieeuernae 70 Cost of fishery inspection .........------- 3 Wurrentepoc sao saes oe = meson ejeae ue 45, 48, 59, 65. Utell Wine see ceeee meee ee ene 67-69, 71, 73, 74 JACOUSCN He = ceemer see eee eeeeeseen eee 2 AIG INGE) Be aaeeiscnnocasean sodcosoonensasiac 1 Kabel waacic ec citeiacieeen secs 2, 25, 26, 28, 38, 56, 57 hospital @ascewesee cere seeeeeeeeee 9 RG a EY Neeeenip sae sbe dopo GSBoc srSSSsae seoUe 6 19, 29 Karkevaag .- 62. cccccnccecccmencicessineecice = 2, 11 ej elshberg wey ce seseeeere see cree seater 2 Kajels berg Mi cc cr eiciaiqmte semisteim eet eeinialn ie eee 2 (Rj enrin 2 Ole see ao) are omen latelee alee ie etote tetera 19, 29: KO Bess. ocses see aeae erence eee see eee 43 Kil Vereldaretlesic sein wo sellers miata eieieet tects 19, 22, 28: L@akpy ene a aeapSe nse does Bande soseatososs0ecds 14, 15 Kristianssund (and Chris-).-...---..--- 9, 28, 32, 34 Revised] or dae antes same cise seat ec ements 19, 22, 29 Tie 0 eeteee ee koe eee See eee 19, 22, 28 DOS yaled! Sas abet ascncnaaupooucecCacTt 11, 19, 22, 29 TiOVaN GOR osc crawielalsieleleinnim winelelatelvieitomoteets 31, 34 1b a Aes WEA See A a ShS05 Gee asa aoa aoeoodosdS so 19, 28. DGillty PbO GTM ac anon eee oan Bo SeEpodecadcodesods 11, 12 License for fishin -.ce ese owns sereieviei=isimtel= 58 Licensed liquor dealers... ......-..---.<2se- 36. Toi ON De eee ctor Calas cieeisecen teense 13, 41, 42, 45 Eivht-honses- ne sac secs aT efeinia sieeretets 15 Tindeman Hens Mien Sarjecnre voeis a cicie melee 66: Line fisheries ........ 8, 17-19, 23, 26, 50, 59, 62, 63, 64 eoding eniss =e eeceoe = esa 12, 19, 22, 29, 41, 43, 47 Teofodeneec tt ween eee 1, 14, 15, 30, 32, 34, 47 and Vesteraalen .19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 34 PiSHENMON sels te ees eisieee eae 24 fishery, expenses of............--. 58: fishery, gross yield of .........--.. 56 fishory.ini1880sesccemseeeeeee eae 58: Lossof apparatus ssc... = xo co cisseinlajercieicicte 57 Lung disease, statistics of ......--...------ {fi WiuNNON,. mis os cise see tee oeleaaoneertas aeete 2 IVC Aa ea BSE MeCsIGoOn 74poSsSo sce 19, 22, 28, 65 Dy At¥e4s) Wareeusmoceo nooo oes beaGoeSCCnS 19, 22, 29, 65 Minalselvient: 22 .cct2- nse ererccietetetele oictelneislerse eee 19, 29 Mia (Oia. 22:srcae ctastseineda ci consawistaia =e aleraatate 69 Malangen fsa sense siceteiase ESO RaseBodcacs 19, 29 Markets for Codes ernsce- cic eerie eae 74 Medical districts’. 42. 5-1-ee-q--5 snes telat 6 OMCe) setasicecise css ccing cin cieesoeeter 7,6 LAROS' sc se sccmlee eis otc oteieicleeiemiomaiats 59 Meek. 1h.) Aitooemesocecleas essence ssieen aac 11 SC SIC IN Ren eae UE Din atch eS Ne 11, 19, 28 Merchant vessels: 5 = <.-s-c > ecesi == sel - mein 30-34 Merlangus carbonarius..-.-...2.0--..-.--- 63 Meteorological Iustitute ..-..---..-...--... 45. Methods of fishing....-....--. 19, 22-24, 26, 55, 61-65: Miquelon’ *22.22cimessees= ene cesnseeiele anes 66, 68 Mittheilungen, Petermann’s ............--- 66 DN (eRe aR aS bie Duct 1 | neo aE 19, 22, 28 Mold ect sent tere cteemeee ce cei 19, 28, 31, 32, 34 Mooring's! cess sect nie eects as icmen eet 15, 16 Mortality. :...cso.5 0c eecseeCooee 6, 7, 10, 38, 3 [77] Page. Moskenes .-..---.--cccccn-cseee- 2, 11, 26, 28, 38, 57 MOVEMENTS OL COM coaccicescocece nese 58, 59, 60, 62 NIISSElSe ase ae iswie ae ciclel= isis ain stele sinlatel=ii= = nim 51, 56 PN oN Omer cree ne ccsisssanin Sisiebow se soneeaiess 19, 22, 28 Nesland ....... Ree em oeieaa alcjeina stele seinicl= 2, 26, 27, 34 WEES) An ananecene CROC CBOCODOUADOOUE 19, 21, 22, 25, 28 INGOs ON yee eccisecice = sie case ninine= 31, 32, 34, 65, 66 BNIB OSmismitiesiciscieie steno ce seejeelsatecin'=sin 28, 31, 32, 34 Nervous fever statistics......---.------.--- 7 iNetfishery — 0... 17, 19, 22-24, 50, 55, 57, 59, 62-65 Newioundland tcccsreees eccecisecceucscem== 69, 70, 73 : exports of cod from..-..-..- 66, 67 Night line fishery........----.------+-+---> 62, 64 ENGIBSSOMG So aiaaos ems nicicje siseceeissesine cietieraln'e= 11 Nordland) --'-2. 31, 34, 65, 66 Norway, export of cod from.....--..----- 67, 68, 72 INEST IOVS =o slonicicseis<.0,0 = 2, 11, 12, 27, 28, 33, 34, 39, 57 MaImerer races he ee selacaeaesa~s:ceccceese 26, 27, 34 Oilenses esse ee setceewecisiccncess cece esa. 4,5 Ofoten (and Ofotfjord).......----------- 6, 19, 29, 44 MICRA AG Petes me races ce cceataccccmcce ces 2 MilemantACvOLvies ac clsccsic'ssinescloecie rane caine 56 OI SCRE sa oe at nin Oe wewaleaicia acieeaanes-nieincie'e 2 Ommun SON; eicescsccecericcsesereacucesssm= 2,6 OVERCAME sstmas cs ccet oe osae set mc eaeence 19, 28 (Ovlandotiveaseces cethis = cosse sce eeeeiese 19, 28, 32, 34 Ors KOU cosisc sie ecaemicce= ames suisse elsrice == 19, 28 Orsnes (and Oksnes) ..-.-.------ 2, 26, 27, 28, 33, 65 Orsay eae eee sees ese csasescsnoseses 2, 26, 27, 28, 33 Ostnesstjord-.2s-e enc. secs 2, 12, 17, 26, 28, 33, 34, 39, 45, 47-49, 50, 59-61, 62 Ostlofoten (East Loffoden) ........-.-.----- 48 Parelius, Marcus Hegge.....2.-cesateccece 5 ABKOUL OLAVOSSOIS soc cinwiectaviccce na seeccencne 32, 33 Pay of inspecting force ........-....-- Sepoc 1 IPOLOMMAINPACE on eeepc en ccesscusseswacsceae 66 OODMONG ee ecamaccencecre cscs ssosensccsoses 5 OG m seh op Mneas « cee cqno maces ccactnccicns 2,6 Onn Caer anes eeaceacteasoscine see ene 67-69, 72-74 IROstmasbers; PBYl Ol ness ccc-seaccccneeceses 15 Preparation of fishery products..........49-56, 65 TICS OMUall) nase sac c co awsmib em enemienemeas 51 Prices of fishery products .............-50, 51-52 IPTOUUCTSTOLMISNOLY;.\sscne's'dcicinscos ence cncan's 52-55 Products of fishery for 1880........-.--.--- 65 Products of fishery, per man .....--..--. 26, 27, 61 Raftsund inspection district........--...-.. 17 Raftsundet (and Raftsund).--.-.. 26, 27, 33, 39, 60, 61 ASL ISOUB Cee Saisie nine ccrnisele entciaieiaaseite a uie ie 16 Reading room » .......2.-..2---cceeeee eee ee- 5,11 HROINOs see sec icizssce cece 2, 12, 13, 26, 28, 30, 33, 57 hospital. .....---.-.----0-0--e-eeeeeee 9 inspection district... ........0- seesiec=- 17 RSI CTONG se hiscisin sacies/ccn'e wale ess cecines vewane 11, 12 GVELSIOMO cera eclewcsccic css eedamnccdes cones 11 SINS OMME Ee ieee ete ccis's ccna cccisisiefe’s dnmsaleme 19, 28 RDU Ge hrete see a elonciseicsicane Seicecelicceswiens 2,6 PROdOM(ANO 000) esses asc niaccecssen cas 19, 21, 28, 65 PO KRONGSAN Ol samicite de oe sco clviewinc sense omns 2 ROMSO Altec cccss ces clas daca 19, 20, 31, 32, 34, 65, 66 SUG S Unease elena ceaia ane ajo sicin'wi,c.0 o copie ele 6, 9, 65 RII SOLO ecclissi swecasescs cic occa eannisa 26, 39 FURS MIAN ieee -cisscemecieccecceecuae 68, 74 SANTEE LORMAN ce ctelee «cele a. c'celse =,nlee ces 4 Sailors on fishing vessels ............------- 18, 19 S. Mis. 110 39 THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 609. Page. Saint John’s, export of cod from.....-.... 69, 72, 73 Saintebierres.socsces ese sees setae seer e cee 66, 68 Saltdalens.cschaceoctareceseseacsseeeeesicls 19, 28 Saltene etc ccw sce eae ones 19, 21-25, 28, 31, 32, 34 SaNG@ acess atios soo accse sebeeceereetee 19, 22, 29 Sand Ay dis -0ccs ceeceoesceeecewse ane cles 2,6 ‘ Sandsund isccoceccesice cece eet ce ee eco ones 2, 28 CHOOIB be cece c os cepece cite sicioaen asinine ll SCHOONEGISR coma ssccccee setcces cee soceeees 31, 33 Schnmacher::D: Hs .c2cccks cone cevascehecaee 2,6 Scotlandee scot steele cote eaeen eee 66, 71, 72, 73 Season for fishery: << - 8a9 —— VI.—EXTRACTS FROM NORWEGIAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS OF FISHERIES FOR THE YEAR 1880.* By Boye Strom, Clerk. A As the introduction to the fishery statistics for the year 1878 furnishes a full summary of the results of the Norwegian fishing industry during the decade from 1869 to 1878, I shall on the present occasion confine myself to setting forth the most important data presented by the sta- tistics for 1880 as compared with those of 1879 and with those of the above-named decade. The total money value of the Norwegian coast fisheries, the fishing for home use excepted, on the basis of the prices paid at the fishing-stations in 1880, was 22,579,000 crowns [$6,051,172]. _ 1n 1879 the yield was some- what less, namely, 21,340,000 crowns [$5,719,120], but in the decade from 1869 to 1878 the average annual yield was 23,211,000 crowns [$6,220,548]. The values here quoted, which represent the annual gross receipts which the industry has yielded the fishermen, are thus divided among the different kinds of fisheries : 1880. 1879. Average 1869-1878. Fisheries. ane et ae 5 Per er er Value. cant Value. daniti Value. | rants | COd ete ca esas 6 tae ae ins cciclincsieimerssaieaiere= $3, 360, 452 55.5 | $3, 666, 776 64.1 | $3, 731, 096 60.1 Matherring si 2.220 .26eneessecc FE fae) oe 1,534,568 | 25.4] 1,038,232 | 18.1] 1,008,484 16.2 Sprat and other small herring..-.-...-.-- 138, 288 2.3 69, 948 1.2 90, 048 1.4 Marea Orrin gy -ssce da ncecee cetine sacs sal sais accel fatnarctaieie las Sen Becer “liSece 349, 472 5.6 SPLINE MELTING. 22252. c sce cciecsaccicee n= = 230, 748 3.8 210, 380 3.7 272, 556 4.4 Goro) el metaeeettnt SCR RE ATL AR JOA 186, 528 3.1 182, 508 3.2 194, 300 3.1 Summer fishing for pollock, ling, &c ..-.. 388, 064 6.4 367, 428 6.5 406, 556 6.6 Salmon and sea trout ...--.------.....-. 102, 376 aay 90, 048 1.6 90, 048 1.4 NGOS terse ss seen em oe csisiinasleleee 108, 540 1.8 91, 656 1.6 75, 844 1.2 OV ROO ease soa cetaceans Same alii 1608) |2-2%=..2 24a sede | hp WE eal aes Pare ———— | —_— —— — —_ | ———_—__-____— otal te ete Oe eee a Ue Se 6,051,172 | 100.0 | 5,719,120| 100.0| 6,220, 548 | 106. 0 Of the total money value in 1880, the sum of 5,734,000 crowns [$1,536,712] was produced by the cod fishery in the Loffoden inspec- tion district, which sum is a little less than the average result of this fishery, which may be estimated at about 6,500,000 crowns [$1,742,000]. As regards the catch in numbers, the cod fisheries in 1880 furnished a total yield of 68,273,000, which not only considerably exceeds the average of the above-named decade, this having been only 49,200,000, * Norges officielle Statistik. Ny Rakke. Udgiven i Aaret 1862. C. No. 9. Tabeller vedkommende Norges Fiskerier i Aaret 1880 samt Beretninger angaaende deres Drift m.v. Udgivne af det statstiske Central Bureau. Kristiania. I Kommission hos H, Aschehoug § Co. Translated by TARLETON H. BEAN. 611 612 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] but even surpasses the catch of the year 1877, which, until now, was the largest known. ‘The fishery in the Loffoden inspection district yielded 27,500,000, while in 1879 26,300,000 were caught there, and the aver- age annual catch from 1869 to 1878 was about 21,800,000, with, how- ever, a maximum in 1877 of 28,400,000. The fat herring fisheries, which ever since 1876 have been decreasing, and which in 1879 did not yield more than 443,000 hectoliters [1,257,0124 bushels], increased greatly in 1880, and yielded not less than 720,000 hectoliters [2,043,000 bushels]. Of this amount 440,000 hectoliters [1,248,500 bushels] were taken in Loffoden and Vesteraalen inspection districts alone, and the great majority of these—about 420,000 hectoliters [1,191,750 bushels |—were caught in Hidstjord. For information concerning the prices of fish at the fishing stations is given the following tabular synopsis: 1880 1879 | 1869-’78. Cod fisheries (excepting with capelin)...-.........--. per 1,000 round fish..) $58 96 | $65 39 $84 15 apelinnisheryi(tOlM COG) ie sciseaner ac ecilens eee secinisecissseej\aeaea aioe doy == 30 55 | 387 25 52 26 MAtihOrrin peel cee ease Sawin se ods sais sinesinctin siesicnn os stele per hectoliter*..| 214) 2 33 } 1 54 Sprat and other small herring fishery ..........-..-..-----..--.------ do..-. 64 54 PIDIIN CeHOLLIN Otigh OLYeecel-men macros cise e soem sins as saleersnianio= isola staier= (: (ee Ge 6) 2 36 1 49 AGKELO MSI SNOMVeee sneer ere ones trees serie ceere aaa per 1,000-round fish..| 32 43 | 30 02 30 82 salmon and sea'trout fishery... 2.5.6.2 2- sees cece ec wneen per kilogramft.. 29 28 29 HeObsterstishenygecereerec em eeene cee ee clese sence seat sete eee per 1,000..| 90 05 | 81 74 $79 86 RO VALI SHOR 2 semen sectemaonine cet iscrm ee rinainettaae aces sine per hectoliter*..| 6 70 6)16)|/ ose cee * One hectoliter equals 2 bushels, 3.35 pecks, or 26.417 wine gallons. tOne kilogram equals 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois. {In the years 1876-’78. The number of men engaged in the fisheries in 1880 was as follows: The capelin fishery (for cod) employed 17,084 men against 18,996 in 1879, and 14,200 on the average during the years 1870-1878. In the remaining cod fisheries 63,357 fishermen took part; the number in 1879 was 64,593, and in the decade 1869-1878 the average was about 52,000. In the fat herring fisheries 35,130 fishermen were engaged this year as against 32,476 in 1879. During the years 1876-78, on the contrary, the number of these fishermen was as high as 41,000. The average catch which fell to each fisherman for the year 1880, compared with 1879, was as follows. Quantity per Money value man. per man. Fish yield. 1880. 1879. 1880. | 1879. Wodwmisheriess(except with capelin). /-.... 02... cl.cceeee sb ncemiose cece 707 708 | $41 81 | $46 36 Wapelingishery (fOr Cod). ose sot loess ds oe canon eeue weenie cee 1, 376 923 | 41 81 34 57 Wa tghennin CHG eLvayeci-ms ja cics. “CLET-TLET 08 Ceereh Pine ac OF Z8r ae aes oe 00 892 ‘zeT eae eaaen OOSLC Ws meet bocce se see Octo UG mn Seo alice he ess | eos 09 186 ‘b6E 00 9T8 ‘626 ‘T 00 OTT ‘68 0G GEL C902 aes elisa oe OF 096 ‘FIT ‘T OF BSF ‘ze 09 6L9 ‘E29 ‘T OF 8S ‘E86 'T$)""- 7 ThE ‘G08 ‘STH | 188 ‘6ZL 863 | 8h ‘BLL ‘TZ 068 ‘Ze9 ‘28 | 693 ‘S28 'S | OT ‘9£0 'T G09 ‘86 ‘9ST | 866 ‘FIP ‘60T | 1€9 ‘60 ‘60T 688 ‘TLT‘T6T | #26 ‘OFF ‘SLE | 689 '1b9 ‘TET 000 ‘29F ‘T 000 ‘F9F ‘T | 000 ‘688 Sor ‘3 TFs ‘€ ¥68 ‘9 129 ‘6889 2} gor ‘ocy « 4 889 ‘152 } 6ST ‘OST ‘b | Soh ‘92 G88 ‘cé¢ ‘T 20 ‘0E8 909 ‘OFT LLL ‘ch TLO ‘LE ZOL ‘8& 816 ‘66 GGG ‘8h 9ST ‘69 ZL0 ‘Lo T09 ‘gs 086 ‘0L | Och ‘ep ‘Lo | FER ‘EOF ‘Eh | Ez ‘GIG ‘oh GES ‘e90 ‘ce | _ L969 ‘98 ‘6s | LEG ‘Sat ‘Oe 9ST 'T 689 988 699 ‘99% 966 ‘SEZ 000 ‘FLT 260 ‘BES OSF ‘COL 00 ‘8s “OL8T-998T | “SOBT-T98T | “098T-928T “A[[enuUV yUNOWsS OSvIOAW e 9S8T 20m sgonpoud ysif fo s,10dxa ay) fo a19Qn} yooudoulg—] ATAVL, were me em eee ee eee poo qydg "7" poo potiqe scesiesete <-> StAOQOU Vy: sreseeceees> Fariey 10q3O --*> Suey sutdg ‘aN1VA— “++5--"> spunod [vjog, “Op’"*"""* ssoLLoTsy 10430 "7 -op "77" -feopeysy poo “sql {SOLIOYSY SULLIOAE “AUVWKAS >“ S[BNPLAIpUl’ ">>> S1998qo'T “--"-op -**"MoTU[Rs paxyoug “> Op’ - 97 ‘[o10 HOVUL YSorT { umoWyes YsedT “*8qI ecocvs-= = OUENS UStiy vette ee see GOUT “SzQplc=o<= "> [10 IOATT-Pog “foo +7 YS popes 1VIO SSOpse ws --poo qiydg “"BQ[ “7777 - pod petig. SOD sooo eke s9LAOWOUy “Opt ttt tt SULLIOY 10930 “"4yjooq’ >> ** Surasey Sundg *RLILNVAO— ¥ ‘sgonpoid ysiT 6 ANGE Or SD Aswssrad =k [4] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 614 I tT Sb daceecsadscosobss see ccesbadeeactens secede sucncccstissenccassesosscosacoresesro=--- GiIBIFOIY 3‘0 stenbo yore ‘g10)8q0'[ GPO Sees Se ee eens soe siecsrssicnc cee ® sreecceessress=* SUTBIFOIA OST S[enbe 1041[0}09y OO ‘eoy Ce ee i CS aap Gana: so eenesceensercrererscsesees--SIBIGOTIY £6 S[enbe 1041[0}09Y GUO ‘[f0 LOAT[-pop, GOCE ale eS ee ne oe oe sorccceeeses=*-gUIBIZUTIY 6 STenbe 1041[0J00Y OUO ‘s[OsSEA UL YSY pores 190990 OGR Laue eset eee eee oeees*-gurBIZOTTY 9g S[enbe 1091[0,00Y OU ,, ‘JeSvySNOT ,, UL YS¥ popes 197319 GQ TREE earners mecliccecce areca a re oo eee eee etree a ee reer roresseeess* SUIBIZOTIY $8 Sfenbes 19}1[0}00y eUo ‘selAoqouy ONGSEe | sos espre seen cette ee cee tee eeee cee eee ceeersenseneececececceresrsee* SUIVITO[IY 98 spenbe 1e91[0J00Y ONO ‘SpUly [[e ‘SULLIOH ‘spunog :posn oie S}JUOTBAMbo FurMOTIOF OY} FYSIOM oY} Suye[noyeo 10,4 f “‘sUOTIeS OULA 11F'9Z JO ‘syood ggg Sjoysng Z syenbe 19}1[0}00q OUG { 0% LOT | 118‘ | OF SFE, =| F60'6 =| 08 09T 896‘¢ | 09 LST oe9‘F =|: 09 LST SLb‘b =| 00 892 SSOP | ea rere aee ee SIMO OL UST 08 $16 6 668 81 0% 681 T0¢ 9% 08 860 ‘I FZ ‘TT OF 982 ‘T LIT ‘8T 08 F08 ¥L6 ‘61 09 188 L0G Ora ular. ee eee soeceeseess* STOBMUOTS UST 00 916 6 Gc0 ‘ccs | OF SIZ EL | SHE GEE | OF F696 $8G ‘9bZ | OF BCE S 9T¢ ‘09 08 282 ‘IE | 296‘68G | 09 T0L‘SE | TL9‘SIh j---*°--s nso rosss* ZULLIOY PoHowg ‘savqoq |-‘spunog | ‘sivyjoq | ‘spunog | ‘saefoqg | ‘spunog | ‘siv[joq | ‘spunog | ‘sielfoq | ‘spunog | ‘s1eljod | ‘spanod “088T ‘6L8T *BL8T *LL8T *088T-918T “GL8T-TL8T “yodxg ‘Tenuay ‘TBDUUL OSVIOAY a 8 ee eee ee one 010M OSST-TLST UL onTea pus AzIQUUNb osoy ‘so[oT}TE SUpMOT[OF OY} PEPN[OU! pou ore eTqv} OY} UL a EE eee 00 $22'Z0Z‘0T | 00 928‘TTL‘OT 09 699 ‘IS 00 096 ‘OFS | 00 0&2 ‘FIT ‘L | 08 $83 '996 ‘9 OF #28 ‘SEL‘% | 0G TIBI ‘SOF ‘Ee “O88T “6L8T 00 #8Z'E89‘0T | 08 SFI‘SLF‘ZT OF 29 ‘TEs 09 €2I ‘28a 00 FOT ‘9G ‘L | 09 6L8 ‘00 ‘8 09 LTL‘98L‘% | 09 SPT ‘069 ‘E “SL8T “LL8T -gunoure [enuTy 09 606‘C99‘ET | 0% 682'LFS‘TT 0% 999 ‘FE _, | 08 80 ‘928 ; 09 £&6 ‘280 8 | OF 986 ‘Gh9 ib 08 028 ‘8G2 ‘e | 00 G2 ‘SLC 'E ‘OL8T “088T-OL8T | 09 662‘86T‘IT | 09 269 ‘9F6 ‘8 09 60 ‘908 | 08 96G ‘scar a 09 628 ‘18S ‘9 | OF PIB ‘ITO 'g [77777 77 ial ese OF 098 ‘OLE ‘F | OF 989 ‘619 'E |=" “GLST-TL8T | “OL8T-998T | “S98T-T98T -<][enuue yunous osti0aA Vy Gomme LAMA, cieres ---*** fsorloysy 10430 “€T-0T {sereysy pod ‘6-F {soLloysy SULLIOH ‘E-T ‘LaVHNg ‘098I-9S8T ‘sponpord yspr ee a ‘ponurpu0g—gcel aours sponpoud ys fo s310dxa ay) fo 919} qooundoulig—"T HIAv,L [5] NORWEGIAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS FOR 1880. 615. TABLE IJ.—Table of export prices 1871-1880. Average. Annual average. Fish products. a 1871-'75. | 1876-’80. | 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Spring herring ...-...-- per hectoliter..| $4. 33 $5.05 | $4.97 | $5.31 | $4.62 | $4.56 $5. 82 Greatiherring .--....2..2-6<..- doee25- 4, 82 5.49 6. 01 LSS Yan tae eeie|) AUS2. Ili 5536 HHOLMING esis seas selneisiees esis GWWwSsase 3. 06 3. 07 SEB8? TN seanc oie SHO} (ose asec | 4.29 A DPHOLTIN Peer e sci. cloie= s/o 5 (Oy poanee 3. 94 4. 60 5. 08 4.71 3.47 4. 69 5. 07 Plate ote cease se scmisiowcsiciet dol 2222s 1. 88 1. 83 1. 85 1. 85 1.57 1. 96 1. &8 Mriedicode fz. 222 -c6e 25% per pound.. 04 038 044 041 038 033 033 DUDCOM sane toca seiactsciciceree dowecccs = 04 - 039 05 . 038 . 042 034 28 Cod-liver oil...-....--. per hectoliter..| 12.71 10.56 | 12.69 | 11.97 | 10.76 8. 99 8. 45 OC mere es oe ccsmeisulen tetra dojes-e2- | 9. 91 6.79 | 10.23 6.12 6. 35 5. 87 5. 36 HISHjOMANG 22 6.-< ass see per pound.. - 023 . 019 022 - 018 . 019 . 019 . 018 Hresbisalmony.. <3-5: 2-5-2... Onscteue - 192 .19 eal .18 . 194 . 194 . 194 Fresh mackerel, &¢.......----- Goeetsc. . 023 . 027 - 028 . 029 . 025 . 025 . 025 NGODSGBEB anc oeeeacine cnce per hundred... 8. 38 10.34 | 10.18 9.38 | 10.72 | 10.72 10. 72 RECAPITULATION. Herring fishery.. products per pound. . 022 024 - 027 - 024 018 . 024 . 027 Wodlfishory22es.cec so eee e.-8 oc dO.Sss- 55 . 04 .085 | .044] .036] .038 . 032 . 028 Other fishery:. =< <2 ss o-o5 Ove -scn- . 039 . 057 062 - 064 - 057 - 051 . 054 Average per pound........2...+-- .03 | .032|- .035| .033| .03 | .029] .028 TABLE III.—Statement of the number of men engaged in the cod, fat herring, and mackerel Jisheries in 1880, and of the yield of the combined coast fisheries, excepting the catch for home use, based upon the prices paid at the fishing-stations, Fishermen engaged— nuCodgisheries- ca. meemcccscclece haven si\cccie teed ce sedncocaivecese 80, 4.41 Inetateherrin Pp aish Cries -aencs sine Saisce siecies So eeiscice enc sss cpiese ics 35, 130 Tmmackerel fisheries =... .s2ccoecesk face cece eke aa AS LEAN 4 3, 719 Value of the coast fisheries: COdleeeeeee ssciccccas eo secusscecsesse se busiewosmen Sabine an sesianeeles $3, 360, 526 00 Ma trherring 22 525.5 o> snicts) om 's|ainiainininjn ini aininleiwieinin inal 1,506 00 MOtalesee sea ces cts Nessa aoa cio= mina) cle wls\e ceinseln viele seimiaecinta 6, 051, 297 00 TABLE 1V.—Detailed account of the cod fisheries in 1880, giving the number of fishermen and boats, and their equipment. oOcaleniimper OL tiSNeOrMeN = .c.ccc, cc clscicei,n1cjcler > ove cleisonielpeijeecisicc els cais< < 80, 441 Fishermen furnished with— yy ING USOT Fea as =, 5. nin lnsirw sieie.ciers Roce see acee eee sere eercee cs 25, 809 TAWA SOMlive ces 2 ac sajecmeesicoaciscieaen= Bobon SSoCRoEe SUAS OnGHOOr 16, 865 Mookspands lines ONLY 2.2. cis ociviee sce viclelelwininletalslae sel eja\=lolo ole ninin eine’ 16, 806 Bophmets angsvtrawls'-2., cc ocee ese coulis aaciecieiee s cece ce cntlo cane 3, 094 INGtSIanaehooksyand JineS).2.5=<2.c.ceceicec ss scieiesiscicae= <0. eee he oes 2,518 rawisrandsNOOKG:ANG [INOS sco is' cei cwcecomccewissslcns Soclecccccic= 12, 258 Nets, straws. and hooks and lines.<.22 ccc s-cucn acc cows aces ceceee 3, 091 MolennMDOr OLDOALS tess cias cose roses ce aelee metic ae ele Sele.cances concise 18, 475 * Including only the portions sold. 616 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] Boats furnished with— ING ENON Ly pobeapbodoSsotes obs coc cad SH BASCOO COsO SSS eRCOEAG000 CS Sc 4, 156 TIRE AR ON \yisooe dase So55 060555 C565 o4 00 cou OBC BO SDs CSTD Ee co GObaS 4, 633 Hooks and lines only ..---. . 22-2. 2. 2025 cccc cece cone cone seco cces 4,309 INetsiand brawls sence se cleseeemetiociee ccise once lo ees «semecteameanianl= 725 Nets and hooks and lines ..- 2... ..2. 22. eee ee oo oe cece e cee nee one = 383 Trawls and hooks andlineés: 2222 02).5. 50-5 soc cone ence cass aces = 3, 663 Nets, trawls, and hooks and lines.....-..-.--.----- ---+ ----02 eoee 601 TABLE V.—A statement of the yield of the cod fisheries in 1880, giving the number of fish taken. FROENL CERTOLN sos bG aco oSCO GS 5000 CocHSo SH CCOS DEO BS OOU OURO ETO Lone Donéa5 68, 272, 800 Taken by— ING USB toca nen cine cecelececececsmacincicceces cscs Cosceccleccuionce 25, 003, 000 Mrawilsesssesceccae oseaes Mncciucalcuew ccvicsiecese's sescccecacieease 23, 989, 000 HOok#and@linOpeeeseces seeceets secscatcecelecccceleocaisicncetoe sees 19, 281, 000 are lOmliverses cocci ccestcicseclocecinciccowlsce cesionieacelsets slawiesioseate 166, 626 Balto INO LOO toscana cn cmssces nc ecm nc tam DOE BEB Cee SRR ASS S555 = 60, 860 Mish-headsisolduemeamececeeciscciacicisiscise cele citesiecwnieecalesell asic eel 45, 578, 300 TABLE VI.—Statement of the yield of the winter and spring cod fisheries in 1880, giving the money value and the prices paid at the fishing-stations, from which the value is reckoned. Money value: Motalev alae ceca ccacs cnicane meceoelacc cet nccesisemtadeccelanss shaccec ceo fCOU Toca Value of the different products: Fish, without liver and roe...-........---.0- musicitclecwatoceicce 2, 303, 093 00 WaIVGES ee cmicecee tte tine cose ecole siecle caclee cejpecclsiscemicsceccecs see 674,619 00 OOS eee eiacte sectors ccc ecice soncmele ae asclesioec teoclsama ees 313, 633 00 Bish-heaasisol deem steers smiscceetscacisecatoccclscmete catcicsisciecla 69, 180 00 Average price at fishing-stations: OfMO0 COs a ewetscetesme cele scaiceeecsmeceleoselacieneinieneclesiseysaete 3 38 Oi@livers ;perbarrelcescae cc sca s see sees clceeciemesiacmicieencesitaee 4 05 Oftroespersbarrela semaine se eseceels ce scianececicicelencatesacieceeecte 5 15 Of 100Hish-heads2.sc- wee ceee sits ecisnasems toa dc area tes ce aeeemeee 16 Estimated price'of 100 round fish) 2255220. sca ce ace ceccevas esac nace as ee 4 93 TABLE VII.—Detailed statements concerning the persons, §-c., engaged in, and the yield of, the fat-herring fisheries in 1880, and of prices paid at the fishing-stations. a. Men, &c., engaged in the fisheries: Whole numberof fishermon'.cc-2.\cecss tos oes cose coae ies eeeeec ee 35, 130 Division of fishermen: ING Gio Ne reise ss aac ice ate eee ee ee Oe oe en cinee Eee eee 17, 261 DOING) Roc. seca census benccctsocseceeeence eet ecee Cea eee 17, 869 Number ot boats using nets.....v2-c.ccccssnees waeaeueae meeeseee ees 6, 443 Numberotsclners ~-- o)5<. 5 ck eos oe mree eee ee 1, 258 6. Yield of the fisheries, and prices: MOtAICALOW oa. cnc, <1. nn a'ocusleincres slouuensicee erent ee Arrolae: 517, 874 Taken in— ° INGtS cece eras cee sSc.ce oe bac cccec sete teeeee SHoOHobS barrels. . 148, 900 Seinesiesoceoe ese Dalded'siatelsictesibalees celghoe une soetes dosss- 368, 974 Waluete sc tp csaeeccetieaccas 65s ses boos ose ne cee oe eee $1, 534, 654 00 Average price per barrel...........«. aiatele aie aia sjawomietinoeatmsine este 2 97 [7] NORWEGIAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS FOR 1880. 617 TABLE VIIJ.—Detailed statements of the operations and the yield of the mackerel fisheries in quantity and value in 1880, and of the prices paid at the fishing-stations, from which the value is reckoned, shGtalmim per OLdishenmen'-22 -eey ee cei seis s= oles oa Sees os cece saealeee 3, 719 NMP SEAS ONT AON CUM eats cle stecwetse an ao siniin wie wo- ob mscoin store sicis eisai 3, 477 Niomiberiof boats USING ATag-NGtsceciece ciocicc wocieiccwe se 25 Seen De ce seein 966 Wlotalmnomberor ish, Caurhtsennssects sac ss onesies ccc ccc sis ease selcmaice 5, 743, 884 Nombericaughtawath drag-nets;socccc cece «ein nnieinc=4wwee cesses s7as orice 5, 627, 384 Monevavalueotithe fisheryecas esses cs cocccesciece sivcies cc eecmciowe $186, 558 00 AV Eralo PLIGG: Per LOO NSH cdccs teceesices oases sncwem deca saint vscine sale 3 24 TABLE IX.—Statements concerning the yield of : 1. Thesprat and other small herring fishery ; 2. The lobster fishery; 3. The salmon and sea-trout fishery, and 4. The oyster fishery, in 1880. 1. Sprat and other small herring: Totalscatch, in. .Darrels:ssacace sels cselsscsiciccas ve seoceciaacsjae 152, 898 Moneyovaliie:s sich cd gndesacese ones tess spencnct northeastern COuMbICS <<. csc cscs sce tacwiapicw sists seam cece eee 09 in SreasternwcOunbies ss ae ee sioce tee cee eae Ssac.oo 5 shat amen ckiceeeeceser 23 inal 5isoutheastern/icounties 2 ea deeeiee ices cece een scree sceae cere emiee 40 24 3.—NEW HAMPSHIRE. Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State, and on 30 per cent. of its territory: is) SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Ineosouthwwiesterm GOumtles' oe 2 8c- sean ates = occ sccc ce cows cee co seeeels 30 NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES. Per cent. AnelenorgherniCOUMby ew | se aaheals a ciere ims wo esie emis Sees eee a2 see aeee 30 Inks Contnalecountless sce we oe pe occ wns cao eeuasins eee et cn ee ee eel {nie SOULHENNEC OUNMULOS aca ecieiee ote Ge tee o cs as cele sies cc seins steers Lee 28 29 SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.? Per cent. MOIS Oth eASteriuCOUMilesacaces ce csses cece cle Gs salscemie sedsiseele=iane = 3D 4.—NoORTH CAROLINA. Fish guano is used in 75 of the 94 counties of this State, and on 32 per cent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN OOUNTIES. Per cent. THeciohGhe Gmorth western. COUNtIOSS<<. Ace seek ee sls cae en ots essed AO Naso & plieno weSteLl COUNDIOSS 5 -.cncyceeemee eres eat ome cice es cs cese- 19 in-OotthedG southwestern counties. ..2..- 2... 5.5 2. - Jscees 2 ---- == 18 15 1 There are no northwestern counties. 2 There are no northwestern nor western counties. 3There are no northeastern nor eastern counties. 668 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Inst herd? northernscOuntiesas eerste = tec ee eee a a eee ere 30 Ines of thew 4ycentralscoumilesns: aaa ate os 5s ciacsae e le eeneeeer eee oe 38 in; the: 7 somthernvcountiess eee tee eee oe as seeicc oe Dee ae meee fut 37 NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES. Per cent Imaiiokithel 2 mortheasternkcoumblessce <4 5222 tesco eerie eee eee 60 Ins Ovor then Ove asternicommblesyern aie ele sas oa ane See Sees eee eee 45 In 2 of the 3 southeastern counties Be Be kW a nce pe a Pes a 21 42 5.— VERMONT. Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State, and on 33 per cent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Imeeoteihe vo morthwesterns COUNMLES! 02525. << ce eeis theca eee er ee eee Wi has ORWES LOTMiCOUMULCS emaeice eas a ae ve teary ne icra a oe eee es ee en eg te ee 14 ny PSOmUbh western COMMON re onsite eevee a slapteate terete reyes ae rete 28 19 NORTHERN AND CENTRAL COUNTIES.? Per cent MEM OLENELTECOUN GIES ee eee ae ee eee ae acetate nae ers a eer a (p implecentral: coumbyea a a eet pee Er eee mic ena eens Waves min sye eae Bo 36 NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. In@inoriheasternycounblessscas secs eee eee cee ee eee Cee ee eee OS Ins? eastern \COUN GIES Ca esheets octets fr ate pose wlewe nyele ici, ote cere eee In’ lsoutheasternrcountiy cases cies sen ans fe lat Soe eo ncle an tassios eee 55 6.—ALABAMA. Fish guano is used in 55 of the 66 counties of this State, and on 36 per cent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Incyot the 9 northwestern countiestese sa... 2 eee eee eee eee ae 16 Inthe oewestern! counties: 22/ss.7o2 a.ck eons eek ce el eee ee ene 29 Imiprorther/ southwestern: counties’: -o sco oe sees ee ee eee ree ere ee 19 NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Inithevcmornunernscounvies..2 6-5. ae oe cee el ee ole ae eee ete eee see 47 InveotstheO centralicounties, 5<./n.cescisee ees ee ee ee eae eee 38 Ineo theo southern: COUNLICS 2.52.02 oe oe eee eee ee eee eeene ae Q7 37 4 There are no southern counties. [7] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 669 NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Insp hHeomorbheasterm, COUMtLeSsseacc soso <2 osce secci--coeeend soccce cee ce uNae Unpthe 7s CAasbermiGOUN bless see Aelcse vc lc sccs.oe cs cseslacae Coa ctetes cae ceee 71 im, 7rot thee southeasterm counties/.22 2 .o:northern: countiCsa.0 ss Jeo. 2s wo sce, adeecs oc wee Sec ee ee 42 InlSrot the:20 central Counties’ s..< css sic Scien cents se coe ac ee ce cee cee 45 im thes southermcountiCSr-s2- o> ss fs .sh ccs oee oc hose. necaes esiceechons 49 45 EASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.§ Per cent. inva otatherl Oeastern (COUNTIES!.6 5. > > ots nc Sow sow Soe tole sm iminleiwaie oeceeele 88 inathe-sisoupbeasterm: COUNbES*. =—2) 45-5. 22 stecce Secces cece selec ee we cee 67 #7) 8.—MAINE. Fish guano is used in every county of Maine, and on 46 per cent. of its territory. In some parts of this State lobster shells are used as a fertilizer: WESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.7 Per cent. Hine Se WESUCLIU Net ee oe ee ie a i Sins, hc be aoe esa babe Wem ch eeee eee eee 26 HMUOISOULUWeSTOTMEess- cee cer ee sek t bos Sed oe ecco eee 49 SY CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.® Per cent IN OCONUrAINCOUN GES ma jacto hate- cosa acted once ecu eies, octree see ee areeteee maces 745) Ines sOUtHeEMMCOUNLICS <4 4.0.00 osc. «cubs ccckieceies cece oeneeen eee ee ose 64 44 NORTHEASTERN AND EASTERN. Per cent. Insienorpheastemcounby 22 2-2-.<- <% o's cose see Seem eisai << cine clceieeie 3 TmelkeasbernncOUMty ies. cae cack cate coe eset dass ste cicwleasicaceienieecl 76 39 6Tbhere are no northeastern counties. 7There are no northwestern counties. 8 There are no northern counties. 9There are no southeastern counties. 670 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] 9.—GEORGIA. Fish guano is used in 99 of the 137 counties of Georgia, and on 46 per cent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN. Per cent. im 1of-the 12 monrthwestermcounbies.-a.-- 22. .- os. sees eee eee ee eee 45 in“t7 of the 2 lowestermcounbiesma ee. kann once eee eee 54 In 7 of the 16 southwestern counties........-- Seb sie Se ee en: eee 48 49 NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Inv 47on thes Oimorthernucountiestse+oe.) oo sen< occ s ee ee eee cee ee eee 40 Ind sion thers cenibralecoumibleseee nese celta eeu ce sane ct ease 55 Imvevor thems southern COunmrles a. (2.0, cs eae aoe se hee eee enone 37 44 NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. iIiney-ot the: lOmortheasternecoun ties. csos.. sae see eee See eee ee 39 Inycotsthe WMseastermecOunbles asses cence sawine cae s eee eee ee eee 43 InjtOlok the 12 southeastern counties” 2/5. 2 = eels ake sens seein ie sere 45 42 10.—SoutH CAROLINA. Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State except Chester- field and Georgetown Counties, and on 48 per cent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN AND WESTERN COUNTIES. !° Per cent. Im Omornthwestern GOUNbICS oc see ete - cee ma cs fe cyare seine ce ele sates eyereieerele ore 53 Int AswiesternvCOUNntles: sc.sncc aaa elses Ceratetet « & apaic cucyers eieteue ware Seman Sane ere 52 52 NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES. Per cent In'6 northern: counties! s2o20e een eee ae eens, Se erie ae eeeeisei aes 47 Rr Sh centrale COUmMbLSS yes oes ees ache ree ee eee ae ee eee ee tee ceeds 43 In-4 southern Countless: sso. cee ees pe eee eee a eee nae eee eae eee 38 42 NORTHEASTERN AND EASTERN COUNTIES. }! Per cent Invomortheastermcounbies: coe eee eee os eis eee nee ee eee 44 Inyo eastern (COuDLICS::! < sein Slee See a 2 lr ee en ene 45 44 11.—MARYLAND. Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State except Alleghany County, and on 50 per cent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES. !? Inga MorthiwestermicOunties 22. Sis tye ee ee eee ey ears set There are no southeastern counties. 12 'There are no western nor southwestern counties. [9] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 671 NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Iie MVOnCHELMECOUMPIOS see eee ee encercis a tecohe eee ae soca ee. 43 PACE MGh a eC OUNTIES see ee ee eee SS he aoe oe ee ee 39 IMPS FSO HernKcOUNiCSwe eee ren tae oie Uae ue) A hae ee a eet a 71 dl NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. IMe2MOrEHheAasterny COUMbI CS se meets cele. Sof Sic wesc be un oe oe eee 52 Ming sreaStenme COUNTIES meee ee eee as oe Ie a ow oe See ene Ses ach rN bo, Nina sougheaslernvcoumiles sas seems sacee bce c este arc Sate ccc eckee Nee 93 65 1¥.—FLORIDA. Fish guano is used in all but 11 of the 39 counties of this State, and 51 per cent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES. !” Per cent. Ineo the 10 northwestern Counties. .2-5- eo. eo bo leeoc on. sacl baceek a7 AO NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Inn Otcherloinortiierni countless as: 2ses2-eemcitccaF oon. ce seee een cee Sik lnvo om bhe vacentralecounblessos sans sae soeees bcc cmedec cesccemes eoue se 60 im lof the? southwestern counties. 2--. 22... os ee te ow ll ee 27 39 NORTHEASTERN AND EASTERN COUNTIES. !4 Per cent. neh mortheasternncOmunbles. -- -- ses ole be sce = os costes See eee 65 Ie KE ARGErN COMMBES nasties eiecte ts oie eae Shc cree is Fee eernclo Sasha oie 76 70 13.— NEW JERSEY. Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State, and on 58 per cent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.?® Per cent. InP ononinwestern COUNTIES Aas = acceso oces .csces,cot.cca se eeccemene mancee 32 Im“dssouchwesterl COUNTICSs..s28. 0 cc... coco cu, cee cca ccloeeieeeeinc eee Gee 84 58 NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES Per cent APO MMOLUNELNGCONMUES Hae 25. 5 2.02: gajsiseey ces aes Cie eee eee 24 niGrcentral COUNDICS oz.c ck was ess cae See ae coe see eee re ea bees eae ae 74 Ins SsSOUtNern! COMNbIES A. 'c.ac. paces asics ae acmennee eee coee ye eas ocr 100 66 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES. !6 Per cent Imedsnoruleasvern COMNtICS: 25.065 semes cheese ee bie ciclinac atievicecaseen 31 13 There are no western nor southwestern counties. 14 There aro no southeastern counties. 15 There are no western counties. 16 There are no eastern nor southeastern counties, 672 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] 14.—MASSACHUSETTS. Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State, and on 60 per cent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Ini morthwesterncountyee es ec. ose. se ccee See see ae see ete asses 73 EMD Westerns COUNTIES ates ne ech rc she 2 ale win.c'e, eisjeisisisetecieus Seimei eS 48 In south westernic oui crassa ccc cee ems = ose) see semen meee eer 80 67 CENTRAL COUNTY. !7 Per cont. Ingitcentrallicountyemesy ate at ace se ose aii vek ee Scie Bains seem meleemtere 38 NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES. Per cent. Inglenorbheaslermicounby i. ae esac ooo ow ol eee mehr sere eee 69 [MoFOASLeLMyCOUMDICS passa) saeco esis oc eins cee eee eee eee eee 55 Imes OUtHeaASsvernvCOUNtES eels sec weiss ie Woke cers hoe ielsvec tle nea mieateere see 74 66 15:—DELAWARE. Fish guano is used in all of the counties of Delaware, and on 69 per cent. of its territory: NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.!8 Per cent. Inalimorthernscounby.2oee es oc see seesaw ee see we eee es Hears wiciie Gane wees 56 Ing centralicoumbypecec case a2 aie, cate sie neieiel= seta cie seis Jerevosteieiajersatoe re Seer 78 Trial SOME HST SC OUMM bye step tere reo eae eee a fee ny echt here ae Be eee 75 69 16.—CONNECTICUT. Fish guano is used in all the counties of Connecticut, and on 79 per eent. of its territory: NORTHWESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.! Per cent. een. lnorthwestern County :tcmecssse=-.2 sees tes seers eens see 56 Invlsouth western Co uM by oe ee wee ae OUST Ge See Seats ai em Oe ea ante 66 61 NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.2° Per cent. INS 2M OVEMEL-COUDULES 25% oe ee elon yee ao ect a Ane rg Rane re ae Iie 88 MIS SOUNeTM COUNTIES. be Siete ee ee eee ee Cee ee en ae 100 94 17 There are no northern nor southern counties. 'sThere are no northwestern, western, southwestern, northeastern, eastern, nor southeastern counties. 19There are no western counties. 20There are no central counties. [11] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 673 NORTHEASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.2! Per cent. DormpleoT DORSLCTO CONTE << iafe cleiatenieia Sisinje.a clos Seicin «aie ace cudelsoacecaedece (DG Are ROM UNOABLOENMLCOUNDYyae cei et ainlas oa ss oe5's'sa, cts cs cenins oa asd gesine ee eO 73 17.—RHODE ISLAND. Fish guano is used in all the counties of Rhode Island, and on 86 per cent. of its territory: NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.” Per cent. Ta MOrGnern: COUN Y. -2 ee at amine ce ws tae soe 2a cidseces nsvestedcseeucsees BO nelgcentralCountygesser saeco aeeicwc tees oe cc's sane sata ceces sees eeu Trp AOUuHORnecCOUNGY a samen seme serene teeta =sco saSare aoc sehee eae 92 ; 82 EASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.® Per cent. HMC astenCOUNb Ys ccen eee eeea nee seen ce scl apascsaesae asses LUO inwesoutheastern counby7..--.- les tase 2c acios eects ac lcisen nesses mansceecee 100 100 For the purpose of exhibiting in full the data from which the fore- going percentages were derived, tables will now be given showing the exact number of affirmative and of negative answers received from each county in the seventeen States under consideration and arranged by sections: 1. PENNSYLVANIA. a . - = Number of replies. o 2 3, Counties. # z Yes. No. Total. ° CENTRAL COUNTIES (16). Bon PLA Teese aks cS accesdalcoccieeccGwcscassceecsactcoceesstes af 20 21 30 | Cambria 2 16 18 AGT C Gnberkesacccicciccuul-Rejsesiseemactselecie sc 2 27 29 Fa (ek OU REG a eT) Ci ee en ee ee as 3 380 33 BoMmU OUT Ia setae Se ee eee ee esc e ocecn cece lon ca'ecowaucs 7 10 7 SMM AUD NIM cane wesas aoe aee Sach nnsoccanccacccceeasesincsiccnacse= 6 15 21 Can cee ee eee ee eee aoe aie ices ccc een cena tcesessecae|ouenéacmne 9 9 BS wean in gdons. - osc ce sec secie sec cea cs Sols s soecs aecnensernccccnse 1 28 29 om ene aee eee ea ete ea aa a ates socwctocls cake Samide Senet 3 12 15 DSR Ply COMIN Teoh. sorece ce mace ec ce nose eccnis deca amencneseesescenelscnesanans 25 5 Day || ACOH Te Sa Se eee ee ne een ee eee Pe ee re 11 oe Tf || MN 2k RS eee eer error A il 4 5. ; AGT BNOnttUM DORIAN’ ose see ee ce kccc cc dtc Seecnnsaccdsernscosiooms 7 21 28 , SOMME OLG YA mee se nee bese ane ce se wna ceidows Gais sence oneserewnms -nisemms 2 16 18 OOM ROMY AOL re acho 8 = = ele hs ecacec coo cance eee seicce et aiemetiocns sapiens} arseipcenae 14 14 OM MLO L OTR Rees Be ett a, no a dicta wa S wciadinwowisem nine darceislarta 2 11 13 562 37 | 269 306 NORTHERN COUNTIES (7) GE STATON oe ey yen rot cascades weecesd enesitele nes smeeeeece 8 | 48 56 RENO aInerON ee eae Ben nce ota dosiccet caeecsencdewsminetic ea aae ae 1 6 u SR) GUAT in 2348 ee ee eee reer ee ete 4 13 an PAA IVI RC GTNE Poe te ee he aac gon c cine ccmin ecco s peas me/s Soumualewactiesees= 2 24 AOR IE ORO ae ens 5 5. ca wsaciscwcads scene seen ee een Coot need sees cancen 14 +; OM EStilavaneee eee an scans baceeocckammesdeaaaccecns | sc cseecss 10 ae BOE PTO Oneee ee eee occ ano occ owe clocwiacccsesisetmuinessinnescmss 3 33 | 3 322 | __ 18 148 | 166 There are no eastern counties. 2 There are no northwestern, western, nor southwestern counties. 23 There are no northeastern counties. S. Mis. 110—-43 674 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] 1. PENNSYLVANIA—Continued. Offices inter- rogated Number of replies. Counties. NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (3). WGaNCAS COL c aed eace ceecdoasane aeicceee aa BOSOM GAAS POO Teatests TEbanon eee owe essa senescence siawulciessccacciaiatcemaceeetcts ING TUPEERD INET AVE OO Sb SEDO nS BUC SOD CEICO OE CROUDOCABOHOCEDIOL DCS CUDOOG IPniladel phiaeseee osce es cle casei cue ceemcaseamowoacnceen cece asese SOUTHERN COUNTIES (6). PACAMB ie oe siceins aiieisainieidin oa <(clieicins< Sabine cccicecies Pipciocabocuiscrice IBediordeessescecrendcsccmocss nee meccaes cnaascnetcese wae ee a acne Cumboertlandesctes sere cece cate ceenenes Hranklineosscscsenkes cos ences cceascericdaccees eduseccscedae cetores Fulton..... Se este selene aisicla wnvaletiice Bina ee ce uicicccmeeeelleaacisisiae ae SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES (6). Alleghenyirs-setecs cccicmecr cee neomencs ssuse nescence GeEeEC ni | 26 20 WaVEtlorse tas secs seers osccee emer ee ect eee ee ecanccsuce semanas es 24 26 Greenei ss eee reese es eee ete eee eee cs tecwnne caomedieecoces 18 21 DOMELSOb 2.25 ee ceeeee eee eee ee tactet bcoGececalseeeesrine 24 25 Washing tones soos cscs cee poe taoeincsercne cucceecacemeccnales | 26 29 Westmoreland. = ..025.4 ct esken seccoeure at Mocekusoresoure Se eeebon | 48 51 166 181 — WESTERN COUNTIES (8). | IAT MBLLONGE 2 \occcscscon soccsseedswlces steacaceeeneecees SAS AYS 2 30 32 IR GA VOLE oe cates sate ae cre CO tt to ae See ene 2 19 21 PBOGLOLS ocrecisiss Soci tas tale ee ee ES AO RR OR 1 22 23 ClATIONS seis se eoca cies ee re eee Ce aE cs oo ne es 2 26 28 ANGIAND ese co cicnjee's bee ode Nee ee a one noel oerenaueeecoen 4 26 30 COMOTSON Ss a oie soca bc cca sae Seen See ae ee oe aan ee eee 1 16 17 MG AWTONCO Soo oe scien coca oo eee eee eee Sa ee 1 6 7 IMT ON COD saiaias Hicin is asic ce cia othe dio Se ee ee eee ae ULE a ee 3 22 25 16; ‘167 183 NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES (5). OrawlOrd seccrese et cauecsews Cece oe cine ane coe cabelce fee 6 31 37 VIO n ee eee sae celts cen es baste c rade sueeeueeeneeee eos eee 5 24 29 MORER bese mee cities wialamaleisla oes cee cine ase a een eee a eoEetileaeseserie 10 10 MODAN PO ccemicjcececs ticles ccasccacet cacbacntoscaneencrceceas Peete 2 23 25 IW alrONcensseeessancedeasic saidsccetavepeuenonee eee en ON OP Te 3 20 23 —————— ‘ [13] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 675 1. PENNSYLVANIA—Continued. il £3 Number of replies. 2 Counties. g S Yes. No. Total. Ow RECAPITULATION, SOE EC OMtraAl CONNUIOS. «tence oaseenesenenasijcecccesesisiecsnes vacacnrs 87 269 306 SOOT NOTDHer COUNTIOS ~cxaeaivnnise etacecaicce sieve sccwen=ecunes saunas 18 148 166 THQI OLUNEASCOLN COUNUIOS Sc ciciccsicec scale c ticlcesincce sca seuc caciowecee 7, 81 88 BION MMBSteMn COUNDCS cscs -Gisccise cece ncmisiucclessices|ccecusse Seeer ene 32 172 204 Gon SOUbLHeSStCLM, COUNTICS ces cusccccitcn ses eee ce ciccesew sna nciecier seine 130 197 397 PUM ESOUTNEIMICOUNLICS cos ceccanccclac=ncsoccacteecaceeccusdeesse cas 34 118 152 408 | Southwestern counties............ Bc aasmsiorcenectome cacee'sse cunt 15 166 181 BUOMIMVVORLOXLN COUNTIES. MeaWTENCCswnccccccccco-caccececcesevenseess eee aaah wineate a 33 40 231 104 123 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (5). ADA CIA LON Ge sineieesaceceee teehen cee cscmmeneioaies ecisie cre ee manne 21 23 a EEO RSG Ketan tete Sintra tals afer aimiets/ aisicis bitin snes eae ce ecm na nroie u.6 wreiercsjo‘es 19 20 She PANE 6 somes screw cleriaise Cosccess sinsceseecdcecceon pea ueetcmameee 14 17 TU aN LON so 2 aac coscaeeSacteecdstemuaistcobccecaeccsecscecwsnesoes 5 6 SGMIMVV ALTON seen cm ciclsinsccclicisace os woccssiccec cen ece lees ce ecasescaccessc|secssmeccs 13 13 153 72 | 79 EASTERN COUNTIES (8). DAMES DAMVateea ce cece ete ee aaicewereciasiabecisiewisc sv oncccstscc= wos 5 15 20 om MRULLOM ci \eeeminiocis a's nici inieletain ace waitaleciticweiccee cows eccs cunemacmn’ 6 14 20 SPM PVMONLOOMORyeeacceeses sseetect ea assscceetenccs as poccmccee sce =n 3 15 | 18 DAG MRCHBSOLBOR wasicisseee sects otcceee cles wecacescccccswaceceeecias 9 21 30 DOMPSALAOU Mec cece ces scisce acess scores scnciseeacececscs beisececsccp sare 5 24 29 13 | Schenectady ...... est titacede Serer e ache ea vdesuanencnce saemed 1 4 5 BAM SSCUON AN Ostiesaawsemeesesadeeaceesnclensboceseccoutenesseswae 6 15 21 B7s | Wiashington) .s0....ccsscee 4 23 27 342 39 131 170 OZ URC OLIN DLA sect rtecits see ee oe cccic cece cbaslesssncoceemce cmeeicias eas 6 25 31 712)\\\ Delaware -...0% cnis oem el eieieele 28 37 65 AT Alesoutheasterm COUNUCSacesenosen aces cnicic cis = s5=saees 96 | Mecklenburgh ...--..-0s-0e---ceecern nner n nts n ners nee reenter WAN OLLO WAY ness es cas eees-==-=odannene~—ase cen eauersicosseonseesscr SOM bPatrickwerc: « aesccoescicsaccecapenesennss n= seem cnn siscanio sents: 41 Pittsylvania oo Bead acnitn toe Gece cecaskincn/twmsivicnenes onae nace se 7 | Prince Edwatd .....----2-ceenensccecce nes cceneccccesecccees oie 276 SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES (17). 372 | Central counties .....-----0+eeecenceennecnnn ce cernn ener sa ee” 312 | Northern counties ....------------ cen nn eer ee seer enn” 198 | Eastern counties.......----- ------ scons eenncocoeescerennsnnenes 93 | Southeastern counties .....-.--------- eee eeceseen errr te 276 | Southern counties ........2----22eeeeees con ecocceenecoencnereens 992 | Southwestern counties...---..-------------eenrren teens 142 | Western counties..--.-.------------e--ereeere rset a meaweacaeeee 8. MAINE. ee Ee CENTRAL COUNTIES (2). TIDE MP GNODROOL «occeces coo -o= ctcnee neo nawenectndecnenncienheseecnrer SO) | PIRCAtAQ WING ss soc - ome tenn: san sena 4 3 7 69 14 23 37 WESTERN COUNTIES (4) 27 | Abbeville........------------s2e02°* Jepecieee net decdwesanssiece's 7 7 14 DOs WARM sons scude a cecuceneceescouacewenise -acesacmuccasinrinccetessi== 5 5 10 40 | Edgefield ....-..-------+--+ eicicecleeacceuerele ae ORAS A Eee 9 9 18 14 | Newberry .....--- Scaceese sumaesonccos ceca ccneanm Sa Se OnE : 6 4 10 103 27 25 | 52 688 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 10. SOUTH CAROLINA—Continued. Offices inter- rogated (e] i=} 5 g 25 IMANGELSON Ss osc ce cee ee a tes eee wtaciice callccdwcadecauenee 344 Greenville tse wese istry eiais eet me te ae ecletoe cciseics secsoeclesidecieeace 294 | EAUTONS enon eee ee ae enced we voneccccteseccccssereos AISIROCONCO eee esate ee ete oe oe eee cles wace Gucaceacdeatccescceaee Ny pe OK OD Aaa actrees Soe eee aes remo cn cite dkcnccowoccedeaiscoace Sul Spartan bureheeee ae cesmemcssrecesscasoseiee ce dunes ooaekne sate 160 FG? « RECAPITULATION. AD BO ONUPaIICOUNMMOS eee to teeanie cece fo. twice scm Coedenericccere sen VIM PNOLLDERMICOUNLION tee coecmcls soccer oc siioteadntisiece acu aacecitscicer Taal PNOLLDOASCELI COMUNUOS to wscesc<-wec cr ancennne AT Erophonia atinisessce. sees ae snes se cee 27 convoluta, description .......... DVS a Purnbulliciteds:...2cs-sses ee eee 19 Gate seooemonacedeio- - dan5oe 1 | Valla ciliata, synonym -..............-.--- 32 SyllisyPenuse anes =e ccotise sae ame eee 15") Vian Beneden' cited 1.24. -2e.sce 2s see eee ee 32 OCHYT ACOA ae camera anita cacao s teleiere 13 | Verrill cited --1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, Terebella brunnea, synonym..........--- 34 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 ornata, synonym..-... eels 34 | Virginia, specimens from ................ 5, 28, 37 Menenollidso coo sicsce ects ceemecccs neseer as Sas WiObStery Prot. dks .ccc use tents eee 1 Thaumastoma, genus, unassigned......-. 1 | Webster cited........ 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, description of genus...-... 39 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37 singulare, description .... 40 | Wellfleet, Mass... .1, 3, 4,7, 8, 19, 20, 22, 27, 28, 30, 31, Pehelethusidws; family... os... aces iesiees 27 33, 34, 35, 37 r Pe ‘ eae r ce i ‘ ' ; i ; 4 1% . , / ‘ i, Ni iv XI.—BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF THE SALTS CONTAINED IN SEA- WATER FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE MAINTENANCE OF MARINE ANIMALS,* By H. A. COUTANCE. [ Professor ai the schools of naval medicine, pharmacist in chief to the Navy, and President of the Academical Society of Brest.) Marine animals are organisms of excessive sensibility, and are sub- ject to the varied influences of the element in which they live. The disposition of the fauna of the sea is dependent on the composition of the salt water, the nature and quantity of the gases dissolved, and the temperature, force, and operation of the currents. The succession of species of marine animals in geological strata, little different from each - other in the nature of the deposits, shows plainly that influences which appear to us but of slight importance, have governed this succession itself. I wished to ascertain the influences which the modifications in the nature of the salts dissolved might have on the marine animals, and with this view I entered upon a series of researches for the purpose of establishing a biological parallel between these salts. My experiments have been solely devoted to the molluses of our shores, especially those which form articles of food for our population. The sea water contains for every 1,000 grams an average of 35 grams of different salts in solution, among which chloride of sodium appears to exercise the most important influence on animal life. The supposi- tion is doubtless permissible that the other substances are useful to a certain limited extent, and have, apparently at least, no hurtful in- fluence. : *« Action biologique des sels de Veau de mer au point de rue de Ventretien des animaux marins.” From Bulletin mensuel de la Société nationale d’ Acclimatation de France, 34 _ series, vol. X, No. 2, February, 1883. Read at the 19th meeting of the learned socie- ties, in 1882, in general session. Translated from the French by HERMAN JACOBSON. [1] 749 750 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. (2) I have prepared cight solutions containing 35 grams per 1,000 of dis- tilled water, of the fellowing substances: | Solution Wo, 1: Chlonidever sodium: Sai: sees ee ener oe No, 2: Chlorideothmeacnesinm .-Yi22222°5 2c heroes aa No; 3:Sulphateot magnesia. .: ose oseos-cecr > es Sie Bets No.4: Bromide.o potassium: —c2- feet 2 see Be No.5: Loduretof potassium ..:. 2.422.212 2ee2e a No; 6\:Chiorde of potassium. =. 42 2.6. 22s a2 5 cee ee No: 7 Sulphatesor soda... 5) 25024 oes Soe oon No. 8: Sulphate of potash .....2..2..:.. an Here we have eight solutions, each containing one of these natural elements of the sea-water, in the proportion in which it contains all of them. The sulphate of soda alone does not belong, properly speaking, to sea-water, although its elements are contained in it. Three other solutions have been prepared, in which all the elements are found united, but in which the quantitative preponderance which in the water of the sea belongs to the sea-salt, is given (1) to chloride of magnesium, (2) to chloride of potassium, (3) to sulphate of magnesia. The following is the composition of these solutions : Solution No. 9: COL G708 maoneSiUM..05 22a. 2 tt ayes fel ss eee 27. 00 Chloride Of potassigMy * 2) a2. 2 Gso sets oo seek ae eee - 0.75 Chloride Orcsodimmir <.c0 Ae eee ta idee een, Acoma 3. 70 Sulphate Ol macneslays 22 ose ool ae ae eslaeaneee nee 2.30 Sulphate ots lime.) see fo eet bts a tare te erties USE ee 1.50 Bromide of potassia@Mm yi - 25-155 = cad -el-e sete oeeds ha e 0. 02 Distilled water. oa ne ee. eats re ei nee ee ales, cher ie eee 1000. 00 Solution No. 10: Chloride of potassium ............. eat el aiLGx Goat anaes 27.00 Chioride-of magnesium: 2s {5.42.35 .-suies tp = ee 3. 70 Chloride: of sodium... 03a ibs ne ee ee eee ee 0. 75 Sulphate of macnesia, noe -ijoc.. jaidn se ee ie erete cyanea 2. 30 Sulphate oflimen.. St ure Aa casks eee ope eee ee 1. 50 Bromide, of potassinmyyc.- 2 eee oc eet een 0. 02 Distilled wateri2iy hee wes [ 1) 7 ) 784 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]|-4 for the fish. I took the wire cloth frem bottom of cone. It made a slight change in the air-bubbles, they were in finer particles. June 14.—The fish appeared in a healthy condition. At12 m. larranged one of the cylinder cans with an aérator attachment for conducting air and water to the bottom of the can. The water and air passed down through the pipe, and the overflow was through fine perforated tin at the top of the can into the overflow chamber, where the water passed out. After arranging the can I immediately put into it 50,000 young shad 48 hours old. It had not been running more than ten minutes before I discovered fish were running out the overflow in consequence of the perforated tin at the overflow being too small a surface. I immediately removed the fish and informed Major Ferguson of what had occurred, and gave him my idea of what was wanted for the can. He had the cover of the can made with a larger surface of perforated tin, and this, after putting the 50,000 fish back in the can, I found held the fish. June 15.—In the morning I discovered the fish in Cone No. 1 appear- ing weak, in consequence, as I thought, of the violence of air and water forcing them to top of cone, where the air-bubbles would break and throw the fish to one side. In the course of the day I found the fish were dying. In the can, which I shall designate as No. 3, I drew from the bottom of the can about 50 dead fish. The balance of the fish were looking well. - June 16.—There was a thorough examination made of all the differ- ent experiments. The fish in cones were found to be in about the same condition as the day before. The can, however, I did not find the same. During the night there had been a stoppage of the water, in consequence of which the fish were found all dead. June 17.—The fish in Cones Nos. 1 and 2 were five days old. In Cone No. 1, with aérator attachment, the ‘fish were dying quite fast. My opinion is still the same, that the violence of air-bubbles is too severe for the young fish, and weakens them or wears them out. June 18.—I arranged another cone (No. 4) with aérator attachment, and immediately placed in it 100,000 eggs taken the evening before. There was an effort made to use a smaller quantity of water on this cone, but without success.. As soon as the water was reduced below 23 gallons per hour the aérator would not take in air. Thus it will be readily seen the aérator will not supply the quantity of air with a less amount of water than 23 gallons per hour. This lot of eggs was ex- amined from day to day until all were hatched, and nothing of note oc- curred different from No. 1. June 19.—This morning I found the fish in Cone No.1 all dead. The probable cause was the violence of water and air. The fish m Cone No. 2 were still doing nieely. They were turned loose in the Potomac at 6 p.m. There were 40,000 young shad put in Can No. 3 to again try the aérator. The fish in Can No. 3 did very well until the third [3] EXPERIMENTS WITH SHAD EGGS. 785 day, when I found them dying very fast, probably from the impure water caused by the can being closed. June 22.—I arranged Cone No. 1 with the aérator attachment, and put in 125,000 eggs taken the evening before. The same amount of water, 23 gallons, was used on this occasion as on the others. Cone No. 4 all hatched and appeared in a very healthy condition. Out of the lot of eggs in Cone No. 4 there were about 90,000 fish, making a very good percentage. I took one-half of these fish and put them in Can No. 5, running a smaller quantity of water than on any of the other cones. There was no aérator attached to this cone. There were 18 gallons of water per hour running in this cone. These cones were kept running and were examiued from day to day until June 25, when the fish were deposited in the Potomac in good condition. June 26.—On this morning I found the eggs in Cone No. 1 all hatched. The eggs had been examined from day to day; found to be about the same as the cones hatched before. On this day I was directed to dis- continue operations at the navy-yard station, to move what fish I had on hand, about 100,000, to the Smithsonian Institution, and to continue my experiments there. The young fish were moved to the Smithsonian on the morning of June 27, where they were placed in cones and cans. In Cone No. 1, with aérator attachment, I placed 20,000; in Cone No. 2, 20,000; in Can No. 1, with aérator attachment, 20,000; the balance were placed in Can No. 2. My experiments consisted of one cone with aérator attachment, running 23 gallons of water per hour; Cone No. 2, with no attachment, running 15 gallons of water per hour. This was afterwards reduced to 10 gallons per hour. In Can No. 11 ran 15 gallons per hour until the rubber hose conducting the water burst, during the night of June 27, when, of course, the fish all died. In Can No. 2 there was no change of water during the night. The next morning I found the fish all dead. The cones were examined from day to day, and at this writ- ing, July 3, the fish in Cone No. 1 are nearly all dead. The fish in Cone No. 2 are looking well. They are seven days old to-day. From my experiments I have come to the following conclusions : When a small quantity of water is to be used in hatching it is abso- lutely necessary to use the aérator to introduce the air with the water at the bottom of cones in order to give the eggs the motion desired. In every case where the aérator was in use, apd they were kept until the fifth day, they commenced dying, and in twenty-four or forty-eight hours all weredead. My opinion is that the violence of air-bubbles and water weakened or wore them out. When it is desired to keep the fish in cones for any length of time, and to use a small quantity of water, I should advise that » small quantity of water be run in the cone, as when it is desired to use a limited supply of water a smaller quantity can be used than with the aérator. In every case the experiment tried with the can in which no change was given the fish proved disastrous in from six to ten hours, according to the quantity of fish in the cans. WASHINGTON, D. C., July 3, 1880. S. Mis. 110-———50 786 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] Record of temperature observations made at Washington, D. C., from June 9, 1880, to July 3, 1880, by Frank N. Clark. Cone No.1. Cone No.2. Cone No. 3. Cone No.4. Cone No. 5.. 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CO) een) £On| oon mol temtees indavawune es ees a ae T6:| TF NCWT [ove ees aes |e Te NG |) eal eee ee Saturday, June 26.25. ---5.2-.cn. <0 TO (et 7B) See clinsan| cates ae] geton lee oll) ACL M NCE GIRL MINCE era G Sandi, une OW cso ole sce css, FONTS 9B lock tBe (TB) se cal Bel Zot lc | acs ee ee Monday, dime 28 <2 20..cc0s--- 22-55] 75|76| 76/75 | 76176 | 75 | (4) | (*) |. ale Baa (ea 13 Muesday, SUNE WO schccccccsecce ces 75 HS 076 5 | sO TON ~~. [eeeele. 2) sel Soe he BS Wednesday, June 30........-.----. 75|76|76|75|76| 76 |....|..-.|- ede a Pe A mbhursdaysio tly Lesosaices scenes 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 veeejeee Becilee a |'c nase eters 4 =o Kiidayaulypoise ieee sete eet 16.1780! 7675) 26) | TO \eecalse eels PN ARS | a ey ya fea Be aa Sacurday, Uly: 3s. esesoe cece eee PEO TOU ek, Og obejrorc|isin ctl ereretelf tere elle Adi oaep soot, c - Norr.—The cones were moved to the Smithsonian Institution Saturday evening, June 26. } Fish released. * Fish all dead. tNew eggs. XV.—EXPERIMENTS UPON RETARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS OF THE SHAD, MADE IN 1879, AT THE UNITED STATES SHAD-HATCHING STATION AT HAVRE DE GRACE, MD. By H. Ji. Rice, Se: D: The report hereby submitted gives somewhat in detail the methods and results of the experiments in retarding the development of impregnated shad-spawn which were carried on by Mr. F. N. Clark and myself dur- ing themonth of June, 1879, atthe United States Fish Commission barges, near Havre de Grace, Md. These investigations were instituted princi- pally for the purpose of ascertaining the possibility and practicability of transporting shad-spawn across the ocean, with a view to introdue- ing American fish into European waters, and all of our efforts were made with that end in view. Normally, as is well known, or as is gener- ally considered at the present time, shad-spawn requires for its develop- ment a constant although slight motion, and a continuous exchange of fresh water. Under these conditions, whether produced naturally or artificially, the spawn after impregnation will proceed in its develop- ment, and the young shad come to maturity, quickly or slowly accord- ing to the temperature of the water in which they are placed. With a temperature of 68° to 74° the ova will hatch out in from three to five days. Ifthe water is of a lower temperature, or about 56°, the develop- ment will be much prolonged and the hatching take place in about eleven days. Upon an ocean voyage the great difficulty to be sur- mounted would be the lack of fresh water. Motion can be given to the eggs, and the temperature can be kept at any point which may be desired by means of ice, but all the water used with the eggs must be such as ean be taken on board at the beginning of the trip. The questions to be answered, then, in regard to a shipment of the kind proposed were, ‘‘Can shad ova be carried, and will they go on in their development, in stagnant water, or in water which, although changed as often as thought necessary, is not absolutely fresh; or can they be carried in some other manner, as for instance in an ice-chest, as is done with some other kinds of fish-spawn, as that of the white-fish of the Great Lakes for example?” It is quite evident that if it could be shown to be possible, even with considerable care, to carry shad-ova in either of these ways, it would not be very difficult to transport any quantity which might be desired to the other side of the Atlantic, and [1] 787 788 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] thus introduce there a species of fish which upon this side of the water is considered one of the table delicacies of the season. We began our experiments by endeavoring to solve the second question first. For this purpose an ice-chest was constructed under the supervision of Mr. Clark. It consisted of a covered wooden box (Fig. 1, a) about 3 feet in F each dimension, within which was a second box or well, b, of about one-half the size of the outer one. This well opened upon one side of the chest by a box-door, ¢, about 5 inches in thickness, and so arranged with slats, 1, 2, 3, 4, upon the inside that a large or small quantity of ice could be packed init. The well was free from the other sides of the chest all around and on top by a space of about 8 inches, and beneath it was a drawer d, of about 6 : inches in depth. The well could a ed aeciesttie shad-eges. thus be entirely surrounded with ice, and the temperature regulated by the amount of ice placed in the chest, and by more or less completely clos- ing the door of the well and the cover of the chest. In practice it was found that with a small amount of ice around the sides of the well and in the drawer and door, and a large cake upon the top of the well, an even and moist temperature could be maintained throughout the ion 2 TY for Chest with very little trouble. Within the well a series of trays (Fig. 2) were placed one above the other. They were made with wooden frames about 1 inch in thick- ness, and were covered upon the bottom with cotton-flannel. When wanted for use the cotton-flannel bottom of the tray was thoroughly moistened, and about 7,000 to 8,000 freshly impregnated eggs placed upon it and carefully spread out with a feather. The temperature of the eggs was then lowered very gradually until it was the same as that of the well of the chest, the chest having previously been partially filled with ice. The tray was then placed in the chest and kept at a uniform temperature during the time of the experiment. The first lot of eggs was placed in the chest on the evening of the 7th of June. This lot consisted of about 25,000 eggs which were taken fresh from the spawners and distributed upon three or four trays. The temperature was reduced very gradually to 37° when they were placed in the well, and kept at 37° and 38° until about 8 o’clock p. m. of the 9th of June. At this time they appear to be all dead, and the temperature was allowed to [3] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 789 rise to 55° which was about 10 o’clock p. m. same date, when a second lot of freshly-taken eggs, of about the same number as the first, was placed in the chest. The temperature was then allowed to sink to 48°, and kept there, not running below 47° nor above 49°. About 10 a. m. of the 12th the eggs of the first lot were found to be all dead and were thfown away, but those of the second lot appeared to contain some good ones, and one trayful was placed in a cone of fresh running water at a temperature of about 75°. On the third day after, or on the 15th of June, about 20 or 30 young fish hatched from this lot. At 12 m. of the 12th, after the irayful of eggs had been transferred to the cone, a third lot of eggs was placed in the chest. These eggs had been taken on the night of the 11th and kept in a cone of fresh running water until the segmentation cap had entirely covered the yelk and the young fish could be seen as a dark band along the side of the vitellus. The temperature was now allowed to sink to 48°, and kept at about 45° until 6 p. m. of the 14th, when all the eggs of both second and third lots were found tobe dead. Forty three degrees is thus undoubtedly too low a temperature for shad-spawn; otherwise we ought to have had some live eggs in either the second lot, which furnished live ones at 48°, or in the third lot, which had been subjected to the low temperature for only about two days. On June 17th, 10 p. m., a iourth lot of freshly- taken eggs was placed in the chest, where the temperature showed 64°, and on the 20th a fifth lot was consigned to the well. In these latter ova the young fish were so far advanced as to show the eyes, protover- tebra, ear-cavity, and the heart as a single-chambered pulsatile organ. When these were placed in the chest the temperature was 55°, and it was kept at this point until the 23d, when both eggs and young fish were found to be dead. In order to keep the temperature at 55° or 56° very little ice was necessary, and it is possible that the eggs did not have moisture enough to maintain them in good condition, since they ap- peared to melt down into a mat-like mass after being in the chest for a day or so. This was not noticed, or but very slightly, in the other cases. Our only success, or partial success, with the ice-chest, then, was with that portion of the second lot of eggs which was kept at a temperature of 48°, The young fish which were hatched from these eggs were ex- eeedingly vigorous and hearty, and when we broke camp on the 24th, or nine days after they had escaped from the eggs, they were about five- eighths of an inch in length, with the rays of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins well advanced, the end of the notochord turned up very promi- nently, and the caudal fin slightly forked. They were about one-third larger than some older fish which were in another cone and which had been hatched out in the ordinary manner. In the stomachs of all of these young fish I found a great many shells and remains of daphnize and other small animals, and saw them, and especially the older ones above mentioned, eat the dead of their own species. @. 790 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] The trials which we have thus made seem to indicate that it is imprac- ticable to carry shad-spawn in an ice-chest, as can be done with many kinds of spawn, especially such as is laid in the fall or winter season. But it is possible that more trials and greater precautions are necessary before we can be positive in this respect, particularly as IT am informed that Mr. Welcher, now of the Michigan fish commission, has kept shad- spawn in an ice-chest for a considerable time, and afterwards hatched out amr ill i a Fic. 3.—Apparatus for using the same water over again in hatching shad. young shad from such spawn. I am not conversant, however, with his method, nor do I know to what extent he was successful in such ex- periments. But judging alone from our efforts, the results seem to show that an ice-chest is seriously detrimental to the integrity of shad-ova. So far, then, as our experiments have been carried, and as regards the ice-chest, the question would have to be answered in the negative. Our second set of experiments were then begun for the purpose of test- a) RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 191 ing the feasibility of using the same water over and over again when its temperature is kept below the normal condition. Our apparatus, Fig. 3, as arranged for these experiments, consisted of two reservoirs, a hatching-cone, and a steam-pump, and their connec- tions. The first or supply reservoir (Fig. 3, a), was a small hogshead elevated about three feet above the floor or just above the level of the hatching-cone J, which was of the ordinary pattern, with a rim of wire sieving around the inside at the top with a gateway in it for the purpose of letting dead eggs pass off into the gutter, which ran around the top of the cone outside of the sieve rim and so into the escape-pipe. The cone was swung on braces attached to the side of the wall, and was con- nected with the supply tank by means of a rubber pipe, c, passing from the bottom of the reservoir to the bottom of the cone. The second res- ervoir, d, was smaller than the first, and was placed under the floor and below the hatching-cone with which it communicated by means of an escape-pipe, €, passing from one side of the gutter at the top of the cone adlown and over the edge of the reservoir can. The apparatus was completed by placing the two reservoirs in communi- cation by means of along tube, /, passing through the steam-pump g and entering the top of the first reservoir. Water being placed in the large reservoir a flow would take place into the cone, and the cone when full, would overflow into the second reservoir, from whence the once-used water could be pumped back by the pump into the supply-tank, again to run its circuit through the cone. In this manner we hadaconstant flow of water in our cone, and as the end of the escape-pipe from the cone into the lower reservoir and that of the supply-pipe from the pump into the supply-tank were considerably above the level of the water in their respective reservoirs, there was also a slight amount of aération from the falling water. The temperature of the water was regulated by keeping ice in greater or less quantity in the supply-reservoir. Our first trial of this appara- tus was begun on the evening of June 8 The supply-reservoir and cone were filled with water from the bay and 50,000 freshly-taken eggs placed in the cone. The temperature of the water was reduced to 45°, then allowed to rise to 52°, and kept at that temperature until the morning of the 11th, when the eggs were found to be dead and were thrown away, and the apparatus thoroughly cleaned. It is probable that the low temperature of the water had its effect in destroying this lot. At 10 a.m. of the 12th the reservoir and cone were refilled and a second lot of eggs placed in the cone. The temperature was 67°, and was gradually reduced to 56°, and kept for the most part at that point, al- though on the 15th it rose to 64°, for lack of ice, consequent upon our change of locality, but was brought back to 56° on the 16th. These eges had been taken on the night of the 11th and kept until 10 a. m. of the 12th in fresh running water, at 77°, before being placed in the the yelk, and the young fish, as was the case with lot No. 3 which was 792 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ft} placed in the ice-chest, could be seen as a dark band around one side of the yelk. These eggs continued their development, or at least a goodly proportion of them did, up to the middle of the fourth day, when they were well developed, showing eyes, protovertebra, ear-cavity, and the heartas a single-chambered pulsatile organ. They appeared to be healthy and in good condition; but gradually the water became filled with sloughs and decomposing animal matter, and early in the fifth day, or by the morn- ing of the 17th of June, the fish were all dead. The eggs were accord- ingly thrown away and the apparatus again cleaned and placed in readi- ness for a third trial. It had become pretty evident that the trouble was in the water, and we determined to try the next time the effect of more thorough aération upon it. Accordingly at 10 p.m.of June 17 a third lot of about 50,000 eggs was placed in the cone, with the water in the supply-reservoir at 72°, By 7a. m. of the 18th the temperature had been brought down to 64°, and by 12 a. m. to 53°. It was kept thereafter during the trial * at an average of 54°. At intervals of two to three hours after the water had commenced running, the water in the supply reservoir and that in a second cone, Fig. 3, h, which had been arranged to receive the outflow of the first before the water passed into the second reservoir, was thoroughly agitated for five to ten minutes. This was accomplished by the use of a dipper, running the dipper down deep in tbe vessels and getting the water from near the bottom, then lifting the dipper high above the vessels before pouring it back, so as to give the water as much of a fall as possible. In addition to this method of purifying the water a certain quantity was taken two or three times each day from the surface of the hatching-cone. In this manner it was intended to take of that water which had just passed over the eggs about the same quantity that would be added to the supply-tank as fresh water by the melting of the ice, and in taking it from the hatching-cone any sloughs or dirt which had accumulated around the top of the cone could be in- cluded. Under this treatment the eggs progressed in their develop- ment and appeared in fine condition up to the middle of the fifth day, or one day longer than those of the second lot. At this time they were at the same stage of development as the second lot upon the fourth day ; but it is to be borne in mind that the second lot was started in warmer and fresh water before being placed in the cone, while these passed through their entire development in the stale water. On the afternoon of the fifth day the water, despite the constant aération, began to have a rank, fishy odor and to foam slightly in the supply-reservoir. Notwithstanding this the eggs appeared in a good and healthy condition. On the morning of the sixth day, however, or the 23d of June, the foam on the water was very considerable in amount and the eggs were quite noticeably affected. As much of the water as could possibly be spared was then taken off through the hatching-cone, together with as much of the slough and dead material as could be separated from the good eggs, and a filter of charcoal placed under the supply-tube of the supply- | | | | [7] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 793 reservoir. But this did not seem to stop the death of the eggs, and in order to save the remainder they were transferred at noon of the sixth day to a cone of fresh water at a temperature of about 73°. The stale water had, however, apparently been too injurious to them and they all finally died. It appeared to be pretty evident from this trial that while artificial aération would increase to a certain extent the time during which the water could sustain the eggs in good condition, yet four and & half or five days were about the utmost limit of time the same water could beused over and over again. When used for this lenethof time the entire vitality appeared to be taken from it. This was probably from the using up of the oxygen contained in it, although the decaying organic mate- rial, sloughs, and dead eggs, of which there are always more or less mixed with good eggs, may have played a very important part in render- ing the water unfit for sustaining life. The end of the season was now at hand and good spawn was very difficult to obtain. We were thus prevented from trying other methods ef using the water. The next method would have been to take enough water on board at the beginning of the experiment, in addition to that in the reservoir and cone, to enable us to give the eggs a complete change of water, drawing off the old and putting the other in its place once every three days. If unused water—water which contains its normal amount of oxyger and which has not passed over the eggs so as to become tainted with decaying organic material—is all that is required to replace the used or partially exhausted water of the cone, then there would be no difficulty in keeping the eggs in good condition for a voyage of twelve or tifteen days, for it would be an easy matter to carry suflicient water in extra casks to make complete changes every three days for this length of time, or even longer. But as a trip can be made in from eight to nine days, or as that would be the length of time which would elapse before fresh water could be obtained, it would hardly be required to make over two, or perhaps three, changes. From our experience this year it seems highly probable that such an attempt would be entirely successful, and that a good proportion of eggs thus treated could be hatched out and the young fish distributed wherever it was desired to take them. In such an experiment the larger the amount of water passing over the eggs the longer the time required to exhaust it or render it foul. If the experiment should be tried again and for the same purpose, that is, transportation across the ocean, the apparatus should be just such as would be employed on ship board, and with the supply-reservoir made as large as could be conveniently carried. Then, by changing the water, aération, and the use of a filter for the used water before it re-entered the supply-tank, it would seem as if success could be assured. At least, if this method cannot be made to avswer the purpose it is very ques- tionable whether any can. Several cones instead of one could be used, if desired, by simply connecting one cone with the next, each cone tak- ing the outflow from the one preceding. In this case it would be neces- 794 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] sary to have the cones arranged in a series, each one with its top or outlet considerably higher than the one into which it flowed, as in Fig. .3 with the two cones, so that there should be sufficient motion in the water to keep the eggs stirring. It may not be out of place to notice the fact that the eggs kept in the stale water were almost entirely free from any fungoid growth. Why these eggs should be favored in this manner is hard to say, and may be @ question worthy of farther research. As regards the influence upon the development of the germ, there was a very marked difference in the two methods employed. In the ice-chest, in the case of freshly impreg- nated ova, segmentation would go on until the “mulberry” stage had been reached, or until a small limb or protuberance of small cells had been formed upon one side of the vitellus. After this there appeared to be an entire cessation of all development as long as the egg remained in the chest or until the vitellus disintegrated. In most cases disintegration or death did not take place for two or three days, and up to this time the eggs had every appearance (other- wise than that they did not develop) of being alive and in fair condition. In the cone, however, development went on regularly and slowly from _ the very first, and contiuued until the water became of such a nature as to fail to longer nourish the embryos. This development was such that in about two hours the “mulberry” stage had been reached; in sixty hours the segmentation cap entirely surrounded the yelk, and the young fish formed a prominent welt along one side of the vitellus; in seventy-two hours the eyes commenced to show; and in one hundred and eight hours, or four and one-half days, the tail portion, or that part free from the yelk, was as long as the por- tion attached to the yelk, the eyes very prominent, with the crystalline jens formed, the ear-cavity forming a semi-circular depression upon the side of the body above the yelk, the protovertebre numerous, and the heart a small, single-chambered body, situated just back of the head, between the yelk and anterior end of the central canal, and just begin- ning to exhibit regular although somewhat spasmodic beats. In an embryo developed in fresh running water, at a temperature of 68° to 74°, those stages would be passed through, respectively, in four, ten, twelve, twenty, to twenty-six hours, showing a retardation in the case of the embryo kept in water at 56° of from three to three and one-half days. Atthis rate the young fish in the colder water ought to hatch out in about eleven to twelve days, and would probably, from their slower growth, be more hardy than those hatched in three to three and one-half days. It is to be regretted that these experiments could not have been begun earlier in the season, thus giving plenty of time for thoroughly studying the questions and arriving at some definite results, for although it would appear as if the method last suggested might be successful, yet a trial seems to be absolutely necessary before under- taking an ocean voyage. WASHINGTON, D. C., July 3, 1879. XVI.—ON THE RETARDATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVA OF THE SHAD (ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA), WITH OBSERVA- TIONS ON THE EGG FUNGUS AND BACTERIA.* By JOHN A. RYDER. Several series of experiments at different times were undertaken by persons connected with the United States Fish Commission having for their object the solution of the following problems: ‘Is it possible to lower the temperature of the water in which shad-eggs are incubated so as to greatly retard and prolong the process?” ‘Is it possible to prolong the period of incubation so that large quantities of embryo- nized ova may be carried for long distances by land or water, so as to effectively stock distant or foreign waters?” These two queries, I think, clearly state the objects of the experiments, and also tacitly indicate the important results which would follow in case practical results should be attained. That a decrease in temperature would impede or retard the develop- ment of ova has been known for a long time, and, without encumbering this essay with references it may be asserted as a truth based on phys- ival reasons and facts. Physiologists and biological philosophers, such as H. Milne-Edwards and Herbert Spencer, have recognized and dis- cussed the influence of fluctuations of temperature on physiological processes. Every genus and perhaps even every species of fishes, in the course of the early development of its ova, appears to present some idiosynerasy of behavior which demands that its characteristics shall be studied before it is ventured to proceed with experiments of this character. Practically the peculiarities of the ovum of the shad are perhaps as well known as those of any species we are called upon to deal with. Shad-eges after impregnation are relatively large, measuring from one-eighth to one-seventh of an inch in diameter. When first extruded from the parent fish they measure about one-fourteenth of an inch in diameter, are somewhat flattened and irregularly rounded in form ; the egg-membrane, a true zona radiata, is wuch wrinkled and lies tm close contact with the contained vitellus. Immediately after impreg- nation this membrane becomes tense, is filled with water which has found its way through the membrane from the outside, and is now per- * Second edition, revised. _ [1} 795 796 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] fectly spherical, having apparently gained very much in bulk. This gain in size is, however, delusive ; it is only the wrinkled egg-membrane which bas been distended with water; the vitellus or true germinal and nutritive portion has gained nothing in size. The latter now lies in contact with the lowermost part of the egg-membzane when the whole ovum is at rest, and is always more or less depressed from above in the form of an oblate spheroid. After the germ has been developed, which is discoidal in form and placed on the surface of the vitelline sphere, it usually also occupies a lateral position on the vitellus when the ovum is at rest. The vitellus rolls about and changes its position inside the egg mem- brane as the latter’s position is altered. The vitellus is heavier than water. XVII.—REPOPULATION OF THE WATER-COURSES IN BELGIUM. By Baron DE SELYS LONGCHAMPS.* (Member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and president of the Senate. ] Belgium has finally decided to attempt the repopulation of her wat er- courses. Our river fisheries, formerly so rich, especially in salmonoids and crawfish, are in greater danger than those of almost any other country. The causes of destruction are manifold, and they can be par- tially overcome only by great and persistent efforts. Our two great rivers, the Meuse and the Scheldt [Escaut], differ in their character, and consequently produce different fish. From Ant- werp downward the Scheldt becomes an arm of the salty sea, and the tide can even be noticed above that city. In this portion of the river the existence of fish does not seem to be endangered by the pollution of the waters. They catch there, at the proper seasons, the Alosa Jinta, the Osmerus eperlanus, and the Coregonus oxyrhynchus ; but the last-mentioned fish cannot be very common, for in the Brussels market I have only found it in rare cases, and mixed with the Osmerus eper- lanus. The eel (Anguilla vulgaris) and the small plaice (Plewronectes flesus) are very common there at alltimes. The sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) as- cends as farup theriver. Inits upper parts and its tributaries towards Flanders, Hainault, and Brabant the Scheldt is fearfully polluted by the factories of Roubaix, Turcoing, Ghent, and Brussels. Formerly it was full of fish, although the fish suffered greatly from the pollution of the waters caused by the retting of flax in those parts of Flanders where this industry is carried on.! The Meuse was celebrated for its salmon (Salmo salar), which ascended this river in order to spawn in its fresh-water tributaries which flow into it from the Ardennes and other mountainous regions on its right bank. The shad (Alosa communis) used to ascend the Meuse in spring * “ Reneuplement des cours @eau en Belgique,’ par M. C. Baron de Selys Longchamps. [From Bulletin mensuel de la Société ad’ Acclimatation de France, 3d série, tome x, No. 3, Mars, 1883, Paris.] Translated from the French by HERMAN JACOBSON. 1Under the title “‘ Suppression totale du rouissage putride par Vapplication dex systéme de M. Lefébre” (Total suppression of putrid retting by the application of Mr. Lefébre’s system) an important pamphlet has appeared, which was read at the meeting of the Central Society of Agriculture of Belgium, June 13, 1881. (Brussels, E. Guyot, 1881.) The practical results of this method are given in detail. fi} 815 816 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] in enormous numbers, but rarely higher than Huy. Mostof the rivers which flow into the Meuse, the Vesdre, Ourthe, Hayoux, Bocq, Lesse, Semoi, and their tributaries, were full of trout (Salmo fario) and ombres (Thymallus vexillifer), not to mention other food-fish which are found throughout the whole middle portion of Western Europe. This paradise of fishermen has well-nigh been destroyed. To meet the needs of boating and navigation towards France great river im- provements have been made along the entire course of the Meuse. The dams in the river prevent the greater part of the salmon from ascend- ing it. Those fish which succeed in clearing these obstacles are scarcely able to do it except by favor of high tides and occasional inundations. As regards the shad, which not long ago gave rise to truly miracu- lous fisheries near the city of Liége,? it is stoppéd by the dams found farther down the river; and I do not think that it will be able to clear the salmon ladders which are going to be established, let us hope under better conditions than those which have hitherto been tried. We may not indulge in the flattering hope of seeing the waters of the Vesdre again rendered sufficiently pure to support fish. They have been too strongly poisoned by the washing of wool and the dyeing establish- ments and cloth manufactures of Verviers. It might not be impossible, however, to arrive at a satisfactory solu- tion of the question by leading the polluted waters of Verviers as far as the Meuse through channels running parallel with the Vesdre. Works of this kind are now constructed, at a moderate expense, for leading the juice of the beets from the places where they are grown and first ground to the sugar-refineries, a distance of several miles. Asa work of this kind on a larger scale we may mention the collecting channel of the Senne, at Brussels, and also the works constructed in England to lead the refuse water of London into the sea. This last-mentioned work has been so successful that recently trout have been caught in the Thames, where they had long since disappeared. In the water-courses of the right bank of the Thames, where the water has remained pure, trout is found, but unlicensed fishing is there carried on on a large scale. As regards the tributaries of the right bank of the Meuse, the indus- tries which there kill the fish are manufactures of chemicals, sugar- refineries, and to a less degree distilleries. Excellent laws have been made for regulating the fisheries and for suppressing the mischievous destruction of fish, but as it is out of the question for us to restore the salubrity of the waters by taking meas- ures which would render industry impossible, we must appeal to science if we wish to obtain the means for rendering healthy the poisoned waters of our rivers. When pisciculture came into vogue, almost forty years ago, it was *At the end of April and in the beginning of May I remember to have seen taken near Liége, at one haul of the net, as many as two hundred and fifty and even three hundred large shad. iam [3] REPUPULATING BELGIAN WATERS. 817 ‘thought people had solved the problem of the repopulation of our rivers. The founding of the Society of Acclimatization in France, and the estab- lishment of the piscicultural station at Hiiningen gave the first impetus. Prior to this the King of the Belgians, Leopold I, had successfully en- gaged in fish culture on his estates in the Ardennes, following the old methods of the German foresters. In 1853 M. Ernest von den Peereboom had spoken in favor of fish- culture in the Chamber of Representatives. Experiments which were made at the time, but in waters very little suited to the purpose and with defective apparatus, did not prove successful. Some time afterward a more important society of fish-culture was formed, and serious efforts were made. This society, however, only existed a short time. The mistake had been madeto embrace in its work too many branches of this new science, and to attempt, moreover, the culture of oysters and salt-water fish at Nieuport, which place did not possess all the conditions necessary for such culture. People finally entertained the idea, which was widely spread at the time, that trout and even salmon could live in all the pure waters of the country and prosper, even when shut up and in a state of confinement. Hence the mistakes and finally the dissolution of the society, which was composed in great part of persons whose property was not in the region where salmonoids can live. Although for twenty years the question may be said to have slept, from a practical point of view it has at least not been buried, for sev- eral times during this period it has given rise to public discussions and various publications. It is necessary to give a brief historical sketch of the phases through which this question has passed before its active awakening. In 1865 and 1866 the provincial council of Brabant appointed a com- mission whose duties were to study the best means for purifying the water-courses, and to find means for repopulating our brooks. Thelate M. de Gronckel prepared the report of this commission, and stated in it that in this matter the most powerful interests centered, which it has became the duty of the authorities to protect, to harmonize, and concili- ate as much as possible, above everything the interests of health and . security from inundations. To this must be added, he says, a question of alimentation and national wealth, viz, that of preserving and multi- plying the fresh-water fish. The “Free Society of Emulation ” of Liege, at the instance of my re- gretted friend, Theodore Lacordaire, professor of zoology at the Uni- versity of Liége, set a prize for tue best answer to the following ques- tion: * To determine the causes which for the last twenty years have brought about a degeneration of fish in the rivers of the province of Liége, and to indicate the means for remedying this state of affairs.” The prize essay, which was printed, came from the pen of the late Charles Lehardy de Beaulieu, a well-known and highly esteemed en- S. Mis. 110 52 818 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] gineer and economist. He attributes the decrease of fish to the excess of consumption over production. He strongly recommends pisciculture and a proper regulation of the ownership of water-courses, the use of which he would like to see placed in the hands of associations whose interest and perseverance would finally succeed in discovering the vari- ous causes by which the water becomes impure. He thinks that, forced by sheer necessity, people would endeavor to utilize as manure, or in some other way, the hurtful substances, which at present they find convenient to throw into the river. He cites the example of the city of Reims, where the soap water which has served for cleaning wool is used in the manufacture of gas’. In the same year (1866) I was a member of a commission appointed by the Government for studying on our coasts various questions relat- ing to the sea-fisheries. This commission expressed the wish that a sim- ilar inquiry might be made relative to the fresh-water fisheries. In De- cember, 1866, I read, at the meeting of the division of science of the Royal Academy of Belgium, an essay On the River Fisheries in Belgium, which was published, accompanied by notes and documents.‘ It would be useless to give an analysis of it in this place, for it would only be a repetition of a statement of facts, which are but too well known to the public, relative to the causes of the depopulation of our rivers and the means to lessen their evil effect. The portion of the evil which must be attributed to the pollution of the water has grown considerably since that time. The draft of a fishery law which, as I announced in a postscript, had been prepared by the Government, had to wait for fourteen long years before it was discussed and voted on by the Chamber of Representa- tives. In 1879 M. Emile Gens, doctor of natural sciences and professor at the College of Verviers, published a very interesting little brochure on the protection of fresh-water fish in Belgium (De la protection du pois- son Weau douce en Belgique). The author, after having sketched in brief outline the deplorable condition of our river-fisheries, proposes the fol- lowing measures for remedying the evil: (1) Prohibition of fishing in all rivers and canals during the months of April and May ; (2) prohibi- tion of fishing from September 15 to January 1 in all water-courses on the right bank of the Meuse (it is here that the salmonoids live), per- mitting, however, the fishing of salmon after November 15, the spawning having then taken place; (3) severe fines for employing dynamite and Cocculus indicus ; a systematized supervision of the rivers. (4) prohibi- tion of the sale of Cocculus indicus in drug-stores; (5) prohibition of all night fishing; (6) prohibition of fishing in streams by means of 8The memoir of M. Lehardy de Beaulieu, preceded by the report of M. Lacordaire, was published in 1866, in vol. iii (new series) of the Wémoires de la Société libre d Emula- tion de Liége. 4 Bulletins de UV Académie royale de Belgique, 2d series, vol. xxii, 1866. [5] REPOPULATING BELGIAN WATERS. 819 weirs or dams which lay dry for a time a portion of the bed; (7) regu- lating the size of meshes so as to allow all fish measuring less than 15 centimeters to escape from the nets; (8) establishing salmon-ways wherever obstructions exist of such a nature as to prevent the migra- tion of fish ; (9) prohibition of fishing with the hand, &e.; (10) meas- ures to prevent as much as possible the pollution of the waters by manufactures established on their banks; (11) serious efforts at organ- ized fish-culture ; (12) committees of surveillance, furnished with the necessary authority to prohibit fishing locally and temporarily, in the interest of the repopulating of the rivers. In the following year (1880) M. Gens was commissioned by the Gov- ernment to visit the Berlin Fishery Exposition, and attend the Piscicult- ural Congress which opened its sessions in that city in April. His re- port was published in the Moniteur belge for September 19, 1880. Our honored eolleague M. Raveret-Wattel has in the Bulletin Mensuel dela Société @ Acclimatation de France produced such an excellent and complete work that I deem it unnecessary to give an epitome of M.Gens’s work on the same subject. I will confine myself to pointing out some of its details. The author mentions the fact that several essays had been written on the problem of rendering the water from manufactures harmless to the fish in those parts of the river where such waters are emptied. It is well known that the King of Saxony had set a prize for the answer to this question, which is of great interest to us in Belgium. M. Gens also mentions a simple means, which had been spoken of at the congress, of rendering small water-courses, such as those which drive mills, pure. If the dam is constructed on an inclined plane, it is sufficient to place a beam obliquely across this place, which is certainly inexpensive, and should be done in all cases. In chapter 4 he takes up the principles laid down in his pamphlet of 1879, mentioned above, and supplements his former statement by giving a list of nearly all fresh- water fish found in Belgium, which he, according to their nature, classes in three groups: those which are common to our two regions, those which are found in the mountainous region, and those which are found in the plains. In a special chapter M. Gens treats of piscicultural establishments. Belgium did not possess a large sheet of water combining purity, cold- ness, and depth, where it might be hoped that the salmonoids of the Swiss lakes could be acclimatized. To-day this is different. In order to check the temporary inundations of the Vesdre, and at the same time to supply water to the city of Verviers, which at certain seasons suffered from the want of it, there has been constructed from one mountain to the other, near the mouth of the Gileppe, at the height of 241 meters above the level of the sea, a gigantic dam, 47 meters in height, which when filled holds 12,000,000 cubic meters of the waters of that sub-Alpine river, which receives all which flows into this dam from a forest of about 4,000 hectares called the “ Hertogenwald,” and from the marshy 820 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] regions called the ‘“ Hautes-Fagnes,” which at their highest point rise to a height of 700 meters. The Lake of Gileppe, which has thus been formed, has an area of 800,000 square meters, and the waterin the dam has a depth, varying from 25 to 45 meters. Here I would advise the introduction of the great lake trout (Salmo lacustris) and the trout of the Alps (Salmo salvelinus), of the Coregona Jera, and of certain American salmonoids which do not go into the sea, and which would find all possible levels for spawning from the dam to the river flowing in its pebbly bed and feeding the lake. Our minister of public works commissioned M. de Clereq, chief engi- neer of bridges and roads, to prepare some propositions as to the best mode of repopulating the navigable rivers. The remarkable work of this skilled engineer was published in 1881. The propositions which he makes for remedying the depopulation of our waters are classed in the following order: (1.) To prevent the pollution of the waters. (2.) To prohibit the destruction of sedentary fish during the spawn- ing season, and to regulate the catching of migratory fish. (3.) To construct fishways at all dams in the Meuse and its tribu- taries which are too high for the salmon to leap over. (4.) To arrange spawning-places where the fish find all the conditions favorable to reproduction. (5.) To engage in practical fish-culture as far as the salmonoids are concerned. These various points are carefully treated by a man fully competent to do justice to the subject. I will quote what he says relative to the pollution of the waters, because this is, in my opinion, the principal obstacle in the way of repopulation : ‘There can be no question of prohibiting industries which are closely interwoven with the general welfare of our country, but it isimportant to prohibit the throwing of substances into the water without having been treated in the most efficient manner for freeing it from those sub- stances which are hurtful to fish, and at least as much so to other animals which drink this polluted water. The pollution cannot be con- sidered as sufficiently weakened unless the waters are rendered fit for fish to live in.” There is another chapter in this work which will repay careful perusal, the one in which M. de Clereq describes in detail the construction of good salmon-ways, and indicates the defects which make some salmon- ways worthless. We must here point out,in a humbler sphere than the management of great rivers and the interests of the salmon fisheries, the obstacle which many water-mills present to the repopulating the small streams. I refer to those mills which are placed near small water- courses in plains which have but a slight grade. When the mill is not placed on a channel branching off from the river, but blocks the river entirely, it interrupts the circulation of the fish. The level of the water will under these circumstances vary constantly: sometimes, when the [7] REPOPULATING BELGIAN WATERS. 821 mill is at rest, it will be very high ; at other times, when all the water is utilized by the mill, it will be so low as almost to lay the river dry. Under these conditions the reproduction and the very existence of fish becomes impossible, If one takes account from another point of view, of the enormous harm which is done to rivers by the fact that the water in these water-courses is nearly always kept at too high a level, thus making the rivers marshy; if furthermore it is remembered that miils render temporary inundations more dangerous, that great damage is done to agriculture, and finally that public health is endangered, it is to be desired that the water-mills of which I have spoken should as soon as possible, be replaced by wind-mills, or, still better, that they should obtain their motive power from a small steam-engine.® By the provisions of the ‘ Law of the river fisheries,” passed by our Chambers towards theend of the year 1881, the supervision and preserva- tion of these fisheries is placed in the hands of the administration of forests. The right of fishing in navigable rivers and canals belongs to the Gov- ernment, which farms out the fisheries, thus deriving a profit there- from. Fishing with a line held in the hand, however, is free to all citi- zens. In other water-courses than those mentioned above the people living on the banks possess the right of fishing. The season when fish- ing is allowed and the implements to be used are determined by the Government, which also regulates the sale of fish. Fishing is allowed at all times to proprietors of ponds and reservoirs whose waters have no natural communication with the rivers. Boatmen are prohibited from having on board any fishing apparatus but lines. As regards the throw- ing into the water of hurtful substances, when not done with the object of destroying fish, it is regulated by the “ Law on water-courses,” pre- viously passed by the Chambers. As, unfortunately, the carrying out of these regulations is in the hands of provincial and communal author- ities, which are elective, much remains to be desired. In my opinion the central Government ought to have charge of this supervision. After the law on river fisheries had been passed a member of the di- vision of science of the Royal Academy of Belgium thought that a fav- orable time had come for encouraging scientific researches and practical experiments in repopulating the polluted water-courses. He placed at the disposal of the Academy the sum of 3,000 francs as a prize to be given, in 1884, to the author of an essay which would indicate a satis- factory solution of this problem. At the end of this article I shall give the conditions of this competi- tion as they are found in the transactions of the Academy, with the view of directing to it the attention of scientists and practical piscicult- urists who might feel inclined to compete for the prize. Although the conditions mention certain local questions which spe- 5 This last-mentioned system has recently been recommended in a petition of the inhabitants of the banks of the Geer, a tributary of the Meuse on its left bank, in which petition they ask the Belgian Government to order the suppression of all water- mills, as a measure of public usefulness. 822 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] cially concern Belgium, it is my opinion that any one capable of answer- ing the principal questions could easily put himself in possession of the necessary information. I am moreover convinced that many parts of France are situated like Belgium as regards rivers whose depopulation is caused by the pollution of the water. It was on the Ist of April, 1882 (a very appropriate day for discuss- ing the fish question), that the Academy, by a great majority, passed the resolution to invite competition for the prize referred to above. It was not a public session, but I believe that I shall not be guilty of an indiscretion if I state in a general manner the principal objections raised against this proposition by conscientious men of science. One of them thought that this would draw the Academy into an administrative sphere, which was not, properly speaking, its domain, and that it would look as if the Academy was under the impression that the laws of the land were not properly executed, especially that of May 7, 1877, ‘on water-courses not suitable for navigation and rafting,” which imposes fines on persons who throw into the water substances liable to pollute or change it. The law also provides that owners of water-courses who have in this manner had their property injured may bring the matter into court. Another member of the Academy remarked that he had made many researches with the view of finding a suitable and practical method for purifying the waters from manufactories, but that all these researches had failed to lead to a satisfactory end. He mentioned the evaporation of polluted water which certain manufactures are compelled to intro- duce, which process, however, produces a smoke having an odor which becomes almost unbearable for persons living in the neighborhood. He moreover thought that with our elective system few persons would dare to strictly carry out the necessary measures. He finally felt cer- tain that the question was full of dangers on account of the exigencies which would arise if the present condition of the waters was made widely known, and it was stated at the same time that so far no remedy had been found for this deplorable condition. A third member asked that statistics be prepared showing the amount of capital invested in the industries in question, and that this sum should then be compared with the value of the fish destroyed by waters pol- luted by manufactures. The author of the proposition has answered, in substance, that the scientific solution of this. problem comes very properly within the province of the Academy; that there is no idea of finding fault with the administration, as, on the contrary, it was in- tended to call science to its aid to furnish it with the practical means of attaining the object for which the law was intended. He calls atten- tion to the fact that the programme invites research for the purpose of finding means of purifying the water, which would make it possible for fish to live in it, with the express reservation that these remedies shall not endanger the existence of manufactures. In his opinion the value of the manufactures and that of the fish which they destroy by render- [9] REPOPULATING BELGIAN WATERS. 823 ing the water impure are not, strictly speaking, comparable, because manufactures are private enterprises whilst water-courses and fish are of general use to all the inhabitants of the regions through which the rivers flow. Soon after the Academy had passed the resolution referred to we re- reived the programme of the Great International Exposition of the Products and Apparatus of Fisheries which was to open in London on the Ist May, 1883. It has given me great satisfaction to find in this programme two paragraphs which agree entirely with the demands of the Belgian Academy. Under Class IV (pisciculture) we read (division 39): It is desired to show a system for destroying the hurtful effects to fish of rivers and streams impregnated with water from sewers, chemical and other products, a system illustrated by models and de- signs.” In division 40 we read the request for the solution of a problem intimately connected with the one just mentioned, viz, ‘‘ physico-chem- ical researches of the quality of fresh and sea water which is hurtful to aquatic aninals,” &e. The Belgian Government, recognizing the necessity that our country should not remain behindhand in this great movement which is going on everywhere, has appointed a commission of six members to study the questions relating to the repopulation of our water-courses. This commission is composed of Lieutenant-General Baron Goethals, president: Baron de Selys-Longchamps, president of the Senate and member of the Academy; Willequet, member of the Chamber of Rep- resentatives from Ghent; Edouard von Beneden, professor of the Uni- versity of Liége, member of the Academy; De Clercq, inspector-general of bridges and roads, Brussels; Emile Gens, doctor of natural sciences, professor at Verviers; Leyder, professor of the Agricultural School of Gemblous; Mousel, inspector of waters and forests, Arlon; Denis, mer- chant pisciculturist, Brussels; and Bernard, chief of division in the department of the interior, secretary. This commission, appointed Oc- tober 27, 1882, has already held several meetings, at each of which dif- ferent communications have been made, and have led to discussions having for their object the study of the proper measures which should be taken to satisfy the wishes of the Government. We have reason to believe that this activity will not relax, and that active work will soon be begun. Here follows the programme for competing for the prize, adopted by the Academy : ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, LITERATURE, AND FINE ARTS OF BELGIUM. Class of Sciences—Euxtraordinary competition for 1884. The Government has proposed and the Chambers have passed a law which has for its object the preservation of fish and the repopulation of our rivers. 824 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] The principal obstacle in the way of attaining this end is the pollu- tion of the water in the small streams which are not suitable for navi- gation or rafting, which are corrupted by solid or liquid substances thrown into the water by various manufactures, and which are hurtfal to the reproduction and existence of fish. The Academy appeals to science to aid in the accomplishment of the objects had in view by the authorities. Accepting the proposition of one of its members, who has generously placed at its disposal the sum of three thousand frances, it requests that a thorough study should be nade of the following questions, both chemical and biological: (1.) Which are the special substances in the principal industries which when mingling with the water of small streams render them incom- patible with the existence of fish and unfit for the use of man and -beast. (2.) Prepare a list of the Belgian rivers which have become depopu- lated from this cause, indicating the industries peculiar to each of the rivers, and give a list of the food-fish which used to live in these rivers before the establishment of the manufactures. (3.) Indicate practical means for purifying the water before it leaves the manufactories, so as to render it fit for fish to live in, without en- dangering the industries, by combining the aids afforded by the con- struction of clearing-basins, by filtering, and by the employment of chemical agents. (4.) Make special experiments relative to the substances which in each industry cause the death of fish; and also relative to the degree of re- sistance which each kind of food-fish can offer to its destruction by the causes above mentioned. The treatises must be written legibly, and should be addressed, pre- paid, to M. Liagre, permanent secretary, at the Palace of the Academy, not later than October 1, 1884. The Academy requests that all quota- tions should be exact. Authors will, therefore, indicate the edition and the pages from the works quoted. Illustrations will only be admitted when drawn byhand. Authors will not sign their name to their treatise, but will simply sign by some mark, which they will reproduce in a note containing their name and address. Failure to comply with this formality will prevent a person from obtaining the prize. Treatises sent in after the above-mentioned date, or those whose authors make themselves known in any way whatever, will be excluded from the com- petition. The Academy deems it proper to call the attention of authors send- ing in treatises to the circumstance that from the time when such treatises are submitted to the Academy they are and will remain de- posited in its archives. Authors, however, can have copies of their treatises made, at their own expense, by addressing their request to the permanent secretary. XVIN.—A STATISTICAL REVIEW OF THE PRODUCTION AND DIS- TRIBUTION TO PUBLIC WATERS OF YOUNG FISH, BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, FROM ITS ORGANIZATION IN 1871 TO THE CLOSE OF 1880. By Cuas. W. SMILEY, [Chief uf the Division of Records, Statistics, and Publications. } The following tables were prepared with a primary view to furnishing the Tenth Census with suitable summaries of the work done by the United States Fish Commission. The data have been obtained from the records of the United States and State Commissions and by official correspondence, in the name of Prof. Spencer F. Baird, with the persons to whom he ordered eggs or fish to be sent. The tables have been pre- pared with great care and labor. They are as full and accurate as possi- ble under the circumstances, and may be considered as very exact. Much of the clerical work upon these tables, as well as upon the index thereto, which follows, has been performed, under my careful supervision, by Mr. Carl Brandes, Mr. 8. 8S. Alden, and Mr. C. E. Latimer, each of whose honest and painstaking labor I desire to make public mention of. These tables consist of four series, marked A, B, C, D. PRODUCTION. A. This table gives the statious operated for shad-hatching from 1872 to 1880, inclusive. It shows a total of 41 stations operated in the 9 years, with a total production of 102,388,350 shad, of which nearly 44,000,000 were released where hatched, and nearly 54,000,000 transported to other waters. / B. This series of three tables relates to the production of California salmon. The first table shows the disposition made of 50,761,000 sal- mon eggs, 4,000,000 of Which were sent abroad, 15,000,000 hatched and returned to the McCloud River, and 51,000,000 sent overland to the Eastern States. The second table shows the success in hatching these 31,000,000 eggs, the data being arranged by years, while the third table shows the same data arranged by States. These show an average loss of 25 per cent. DISTRIBUTION. C. This series of six tables summarizes by States the distributions of (1) shad, (2) California salmon, (3) Schoodie salmon, (4) Penobscot sal- mon, (5) whitefish, and (6) California trout, during each year from its commencement to 1880, inclusive. D. This series of six tables corresponds to the precedings series of six, and gives in detail the items which are summarized there. [1] 825 [2] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES io) NX cO ‘o[quareyqo ysy odta ON [777-7 - oot f--- === ee fincietesisin *- JOANY OIvVALBlag | ct Ane | gz oun “ABM OT] MO YSoT ‘AuemE | 900 ‘9¢9'g [-- 7° 000 ‘¢ (OT 68) ede | REO CSB oer, deen Op" ssepy ‘syeq AeppeH WANOS /7" Joary JuoNoeun0y | ef -Sny | ef Aue APL) TOF PH}1VIS 000‘00T 000 ‘OTS 000 ‘00T | 900 ‘OT 000 ‘00h = |7---- = Sas Sneaa eeee CEA REIN EI DOS SoCo er AN ‘suvuAoop |------ tary Uospny |g Ale | z oung = J mai = on “PLST “PLS OO0sS20)6.. |2--e === 000 ‘02 | 000‘ssT‘T | 000 ‘gt ‘T < ——_——__ al —————| “SLOMOISST OI PAPA Sa MOOO, O08 ea wala vr @= |= nae ein OO0R 008 Same leenseys ss | MOO 'SSP TT paw au0D | ssvyq ‘seg Aoppuy yynog |-- zoany qnojoemu0) | eg Aine | gz sing “OT}8¥) optsoddo Bes [ROQDLOLS R= 57 2555 or Se seees eres QOON OLE Tene orice: = a ae 1 ca A'N ‘sueatsoog |-*---- weary wospny | og ounr | et oung ve) . ‘M02 ur | “YSU AA onsoddo VODEI SH MOOOLOOP ET: «\seeees= 22> | 000 ‘03 | 000 ‘oz [OODNOLEST 2-555 SCM EGU TO [Ree aeoee BA ‘SD WosHoep |---->- TOATY OVM0}0d | OT oune | pT Avpy “£°N ‘o[TAs}.10q “UBT opsoddo woes | 000'BR [r-tnr eee e[ ieee ee eee 000 ‘cT 000 "8h dW rls ‘He |-------- vg Yuesvel_ Juog | --*- TOATY CIVAVIOM | Og oun | OF oune ‘toy | | “CYS SI} Jv poyoey | O10M YS YOOL 000'00T |------ 7-777 |---------- Sipe a2 2G EES aks CP COs ACRE ce ea eee page Ce) Unie a ee DEO O°N ‘uepiam |[°----- TOATY oRouvoY | og AVP | cT Av ‘ysy odtz | 000 ‘cf [ras eg eats Pee GS GS OS PCRS ober oe OO0Ch gee ae ceeeaee es ODE AEs Stes ees O'N ‘omlog May |----7>-- JOATH OSNIN | et Avy | 6z ‘adv JO HOV] LOF polrey UOT}EG |o---- Rae are oe eee hn OOSS OOS SmI Ocioy Irie ans a mi ec pie She eta MOOT MY IOG” | evicisislaisininia,- “" Bx) ‘vsnony “7 >" LOATY YVaUBAULg 83 ady 02 “ady_ Bee ee oe eae ; peat “EL8T “EL8T : | = | “GLBT JO Qax0dy COORG SOM Gee | eee aes | 000 ‘961 ‘T; 000 ‘6¢g 7-7-7 => “TSG 000000' Yaa |-—-———_. —_____!_ | ——— “SIOUMOISSIUL | ILO “A “AOY Jo dtIy eag | 009 ‘000 [--------7- 000 ‘9G ‘T; 000 ‘Fog ~—s|------ 77") “OI00 “S8eTT pus -uuoy |-ssvyq ‘seg Lo[peyy ynog |--soary PROM OOOO NL Ae | ¢ kmp ye “NU ‘10} “9[98vD oz1soddo uoyxyg | 009 {eft | BEOROCISOCr FS Seccicnt. 000‘GG srr e rere ee: 2" 552 Weer) WIeG |--------=-- XA ‘N ‘suvurfoog.|------ ToAly Uospuy |} g Ane | og oun pe “GL8T “GLE ease leceue | a cce Lo} ct 2 ny ae B | 82 | Boe | Feces | SSF oy =e See |acsets | te qs : : —poepue |—uvseq 8.8 3 - Bs S Boe me BEES oor ld TOE mosveg | wosteg oP noe ct On mw ‘SyIvULOyy 28 & S “s = = Be 5 5&5 | -oSaeyo u wosi0g a 77 ON ne ss | #2 | FB | osos| s22e i 5 w 3 es +o Bab for) pegged & as oe Poebaq| efe6 BS 2 q= ee. iS iS ry ‘SU019}8 JO WOIZVIO'T *s03eqT & @ cart eoea| 2225 [‘dre10y poepnyour you o10jar0q} st WOH pue “Ayrioqine 23899 Aq suop uoeq SHY YLOAL [VUOTT ppv YOUU suOl Lys osayy Jo oulos JW— ALON] "PUISNIIUL “ORQT 0} BLT ‘UOISSUMOD YSiT saMIg pau ayy fig wuoynguysp sof poys Bunok ysruinf 0} ‘uorssruuoo ars Awos fig 0 ‘uorssruuoy Yysriq SIDIS Pauly ayy fig pajpaado suoynjs Guryojny-poyg—y 827 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH [3] | 000 ‘ELF ‘6Z | 000'0L9 | 000‘LLT | 00F‘T9L ‘0% | 009 ‘F98 ‘L | ‘SjuoMtIedxe 10j u0y —_ |_———$ —— —-, —__ | —_——_ |—_ = “SUITS AA PE P9sn 090 ‘OL9 | 000 ‘0S¢ ‘ST | 090'0L9 | 000 ‘Lz 00F ‘TSS ‘LT | 009 ‘T Pes somite isnt 1) (eisai BECP COON Yen (otelg pacelumcsts | "7" dean ovmojyog | 13 oune |, Av | 000 TEAGANG ee eee “| 000 ‘OST | 000 ‘0T6‘Z | 000 ‘g98"z |'---*--WosnS1eq ‘gq *y |------ PIT ‘9ov1y op olay, |---- Aug oyvodusoyo | cj oune | 2 Avy | 4 “O88T “O88L | 000 ‘28 ‘OT | “-"--""* | 00g ‘zgz ‘T} Ong ‘Z00 ‘OL | 000 ‘289 ‘s | i , 000 ‘She lPSuge sia eee | COU0ROGE 000 ‘eat ee hepeeah pees ‘geet LOD) s "| 2222" De Alone AU DIOMiteasns nate ee -op:--:| #1 oune | z oung QO0PZR GAOT eon 82 5 | 00 ‘CFT | 00S ‘LTS ‘Ss | 000 ‘L8G ‘p |------- TOSNsIOT “GT, |-"* PI ‘SMOLIN ornsedg |---- Lug oyvodesoyy | Fr oune | or ATT 000 ‘0G0‘y [ttt 000 ‘OTT ‘T} 000 ‘G90 | 000'GL8 |7*-7 77 THOM “9 °S N ‘vooay |------a9ary oyouvoy | rT AvyT | gt dy | | ‘OLST =| «“6L8T | ONG ‘cor ‘AT [°"7" "7 --7" 000 ‘06 | 000 ‘OFT ‘8 | 00g ‘sz0 ‘8 ° ‘S105 | —— — — —_-— -uassatt oy Aq poziod 000 ‘Gz (ers aae eo ae or eee ROOOKOGTE 000‘GLG. |" "*** -Mosnau0q “gy, |--- 77> qNoyoo'T Tomvsyg |-***s-raANovMojog | # oune | ez ALT “ol SUM TOU YSnoy} | 000 'GZO ‘NT “7-7 77777" “===""=""1 000 ‘0a6 ‘F | 000 ‘GOT ‘g |---* 77> -920TqSN AY, |--- > pr ‘sMoavN orynsedg |---- Leg oxvaduseyg | - ounp | cr Avy ‘poqsodstedg maeq =| OOS ‘GGe ‘9 fe 000 ‘0F6 =| 000 ‘0L0‘E | 00G ‘eRe ‘Zs 7-77-77 BLO ULTE IAG SAMA (a: = are as ON eO0AW || -- == JOA oyouvoy | z Avy | T cady OAL, OF PIES OOO'FES PD | ; “BIST “BL8T oy} Wolf SSO, OMOS = = SS === = SSS} Ayqeqoid sea 107, | 008 ‘EST ‘IT galt eee = ipa ‘| 000 ‘FPS ‘b | 008 ‘689 ‘9 | | 000 sCOONG eS ieces ae | 7°777"7"| 000 ‘889‘T | 000 ‘LT6 an ene TOUT AF | sseyy ‘syeg SorpeyZ yynog ~~ daANT ynoTeMN0D | 9 “Sny | 9z oun 008 ‘ees ‘¢ OOON9GS) Ze 008868. Itass eo 2 -s= ae “Op "\-7>> pyy ‘saorivN otgnsadg j---+++-e-++"°*- ope-*'|] oF oung | Tz Av WOOSRCR6aP> alias aon tal eee eae = ga ec ites ESNNOOS GSOuPa li eare TOS LO Wg vy; 2---- PIV 9981) op OIAVFT LOAN vuueyonbsng | 0z Avpe |g Avy | “LLBT “LL8T 000 ‘¢L¢ ‘9 006 ‘989% | 006 ‘EF9 ‘E 000 ‘896 ‘T 00G‘LTO'T | 000'F26 | aBseA ay | sseqy ‘ste AoypeH WNog |-- sary qnoyoouu0g | ¢ “Suny | ¢ Ane COORG CIN encaaeene| epoca oon (iq aes Siceeos||MOOORGCIN Wail abe cneae Soul "HAA |-°"77 “PI ‘90vI4 op OLAVFT “AVANT vaUBYeNdsng | 9z oun | Zz] oun 000 ‘zg 000 ‘cae 000 ‘00z ie WOOL “EAA [777 "pI ‘YoarD UVMG |--- Avg oyvedeseyO | oT oune | T oune 000 ‘6cF Spe ae | OOOKGGY. a “7 depueA AA | py ‘Aaeqgeg Suigsty |---77 7 sso" Op'--") Tz oune | g sung 000 ‘298 000 ‘esr OOOH ZEZ a. ioe sess HIVIO NA | “°°7* PIV ‘00v1y op eae |---- 7" soot Op --*| FT oun | gz AvypT 000 ‘C2 000 ‘GF 000 ‘08 “Tor SOUL ALAA | 77777777 PIT ‘YoorD wears |-goany vuuvyonbsng | ¢ oune | 9z Avy 000 ‘099 ‘T OOF ‘8FL OOGNCCR mae aaatens Wo}JOI AA “HAA [°° PIN ‘QuIog Saoqzuadiey |---* Avg oyvodesayy | Te Avr | or Avy ‘paytodar svar 000 ‘SLT leeee oe am OO0 CLT "orto" SOUIAR AAA [77777 PIN ‘SUIpuey joystag |*--* saan quoxngeg | zg; Avy |g Ae euoud Ysnoy} ‘uoWT} 000 ‘989 000 ‘86 000 ‘98¢ 75> TOUT AN eee BA SUI p UE ALTO TOATY ovmoyog | #2 Av |g Avy -LOdSUB1} UT SSOTITOI[S | “IST ‘QI8T Ara v ATquqoid svar 2 — ——= z er10q} ‘sIvek JoJo UTSW | Ogg ‘ech ‘zt | 000 ‘00h | ------- ~*| 000 ‘029% | oss ‘gge ‘6 OGRE Fan ion iaiedeeidas aa | alee ae | bela ata! a QOSE S/F. iti irae seni CODE nak aes vA ‘Sutpuey Ato |-- >> ssrrottsss opee**| 6g ABA | 12 Avr ROSPCEO pial iterate ysl ame awe || ccs nee 008 ‘20 ‘T | “7"7* TOMOTOAA “AN HE [777777 BA ‘A9TCE TosHORL |-- "777 Op'-7"| G oung | gt Avy OGNaOG ta es aas alone es ini sinless’ OGL ‘OST ‘T |""" ort uOsReT PC | ---- VA GuIOg oM04g OaIg |--"-*TOATY OVMIOJOT | cz Av | cl Avy 3 000 ‘002 ; “| 000 ‘00 sores ="! =" SIOMOISSIUIMIOD "PNT |[°"7° 7 Vg ‘QUeSsvOTT JOIOg |°"->- IAT orvavpod | 9r Aque |g Ane ‘ABM OZ UOYSOT !AuBUE | QOG ‘ZET ‘T peste OOGRGRIOsIel loess eee ae OSU eee ee PIV ‘JuIog Aopxoyy |*-----aaANTovMoyog | y oune | 9g Avy 194) TOF PO}TEIS 000'00F | 000 ‘cF6 ‘9 ; 000 ‘cb0 ‘Z| 000 ‘00g ‘F ---*° "WIM "0" | SSB ‘seal AoppeH WyNOg |-" JoaTY ynoryooaM0D | og Ane |Z Aine : | 000 SePr ote an aetna MOOORGCHs . willma aaaeece | SLAOMWOISSIMIALOD *X "NT "7" XN ‘suvursAeo0g |-"-"-* JOA Tospny | cz ounge | 1T oang¢ = WG, eye 8Becinenods aoe icteaiat | oI SOHC AO OR ECIGs Sobre ERA secco5 ollyoeine saab JOWIB Ee se VA ‘(NVA ysET [> doany Aoyanuedg | og Avy | zt Avy REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] $28 SS ee ee ee ee 08 ‘886 ‘Z0T 000 ‘OLT ‘T OOT ‘SFB ‘E 008 ‘6F8 ‘Eo OS ‘Eze ‘EF 000 ‘ELF ‘63 000 ‘0L9 000 ‘227 00F ‘TOL ‘0% 009 ‘F98 ‘2 Come gene cree ee iz oun o *y Av COUN CTs Olea ae [een cate 00S ‘28 ‘T 00 ‘Z00 ‘OT 000 ‘89 ‘¢ & “PL oun 0} gt “dy (NGC Fie = SIRE RIESE ==") 000 ‘O66 000 ‘OFT '8 008 ‘G20 ‘8 € ape ae ee FLoune 04 1 “1dyw (UNE SCHL GG > ee eae le are een eae al Jokes ae oa a 000 ‘FS ‘'F 008 ‘689 ‘9 e seoceecreesss g any 07 g AvV ooo‘aug ‘9 fo “""| 009 ‘FFz 006 ‘989 '% 008 ‘E69 '¢ Gre so sien inn er ¢ ‘Suny 0} 8 Ley 0g ‘ecP'‘2I COOK00% = ea |eaaeeeneren 777" "1 000 ‘029 '% 0S ‘CRE 6 Cee eter mas og Ata 07 Fr adv 000 ‘929 ‘8 000 ‘00L 000 ‘eT 000 ‘160 ‘€ 000 ‘08S Cerca eninge GT ‘Suy 0} $¢ ouNL OOURSCORGH IME ai cses ee 000 ‘0z 000 ‘ST ‘T 000 ‘8F8 ‘T is ae eee zz Ane 04 02 “Ady QUOKECOs Game om Pow sn ame. 000 ‘96 ‘T QOONGCSskue a ine ace are (anh omic aap ase 1 Ayu 07 0g oun ‘poyaud penned : . 9197} PUB 8934 | o10M ADT} OLOT AA wok | gg kagodind || Seong panna, |" ponap ow yo" | paevoror DUE | euonymys 30 youve peys fo 0} payorey 0} Suyjdoroy3e ur | S.10]BA JOJO OF | WOISSTULUTOS) YS zoqurn xt *soqUp JO SPIULU] OULIIpS “Iva qyonpoid jvyoT, ToquInNy 480, equi * | MOISSIOLUIOD GSI | $ezVIg po}yay : s01n9g paytug =| Aq potpoyey, preys fq poytodsuriy, | = Fo caqunn ‘NOLLVTOLICVORL ‘VATY PROTON Oy ar poptsodop pur poyoyey osoyy Surpnody x 829 000 ‘g61‘T€ | 000‘09'S | 000 ‘0c9‘s | 000‘c9¢'9 | 000'c2z‘E | 000 ‘EzE‘F | 000'809‘'S | 000 ‘COT ‘& | ODD ‘O8E'T | O00'0E = | “TTT TTt Sat a a Se scene TO LOY) 000 ‘00T'T = |7~~-~"77""""! 000 ‘008 000 ‘0% 000°‘0zE 000 ‘00T __| 000 ‘08 QOOF08). cal casa teres ag tee 25 ey Geils ec Selves (soir UOOA TAN : 000 ‘018 000 ‘Ost 000 ‘OST ae aS cag eee cei! Pa OCC ad IG SCe IO be pa A ee omenn cos °™S aA AP ACAGQUANY MM = 00 ‘ore ‘E [*7""7*"----*| 000 ‘009 000 ‘ozs 000%0g = j= ==" oRines |pegssceie aca een = gers co nec s one Se ota coos BTULSATAN R 090 ‘009 SER ee tae lia ee 000 ‘O9T ae PORCBCK. oie B1() f 000 ‘00T le Peas alpe ese seals? gant ae ke | MOOOMOOE . ll ae anne : a ssceres-** QOggONUaT, 000 ‘0sz 000 ‘og | os of reas eee go apiegtaae preseae 3 mss 5="> BUTTOUvD YING O 000 ‘OFS magnets tees meek ero sa? ||t oo ne ee Ima oe a ae ee 000 0% 000 00T Se ge | cee CN ee a eae PUBS] Opony 7 000‘0FF'S |° 000 ‘008 000 ‘0¢z 000 ‘ela 000 ‘GTS 000 ‘O8F 000 ‘0S 000 ‘OLT ae ---wrovayAsute > 000 ‘00s 000 ‘00 000 ‘0s 000‘0S6. ft Bet cue cane cay Ra are Sr aeoales -- 0140 fo) 000 ‘OT ‘T 000 ‘00 000 ‘ose 000.098! — | Se sos" Se Reena lee ieee alt ee won le BulpOIe + YON b= -:000 ‘cg1'T Te ie a |e eee rey GaeeF 000 ‘cz 000 ‘0% Soy ars eS mei |e mae scl ioe ane oie Cais event Speen YIOX MON 000 ‘Ost ‘3 000 ‘00¢ 000 ‘eL¢ 000 ‘0¢ 000 ‘Ez 000 “009 arasinnse= > KOG10 aN: ica) 000 “S¢¢ 000 ‘Och 000 ‘SOT eee | oarysd ary] MON O 000 ‘0c panini or 000 ‘0S Ie a Sosa oe = PBPRAON 000 ‘OIL 000 ‘00 000 ‘00T 000 ‘oT vemeirnc. 7 = \aeages | hee een : so 92 °"*°BHBBIGON QOO;OTF, | 000'01IG |7-=--**""" “1 000006. 77777" peas linge er rales eo re| ee EPS LnOssTpL 000 ‘Sze ‘Z 000‘00F | 000 ‘000 ‘T | 000 ‘ose 000 ‘ong 000 ‘00F 000 ‘ez wooo BgOsA COAL 000 ‘806 ‘¢ vaaiee "| 000 ‘ocr 000 ‘0ST 000 ‘00g 000 ‘88L‘T | 000 ‘006 ; UBDITOIPL 000 ‘ObL eres ee al ag eo aes O00K00G 000 ‘O1z 000 ‘08 000 ‘00% -* -s}esnqoussey]T 000 ‘SF9 “F 000 ‘00L 000 ‘000 ‘T | 000 ‘oor 000 ‘013 ‘T_| 000 ‘09g 000 ‘¢Lg Trrrtry pueyAaeyy 000 ‘STZ inne 000 ‘ST i cr aes lias: Be ae 000 ‘OcT : “--=" OUIeyT 000 ‘es hea ae AW “| 000 ‘ect 000 ‘002 GS ceeie = Syong ay 000 ‘oor 000 ‘00T 000 ‘00T 000 ‘0OT 000‘00T =f" *" aaa | stele cis 5 fas so Secs i GERNG ST 000 ‘0S0‘T = |--"--*--"-7*] 000 ‘og 000 ‘o0g 000 ‘00 er ===") 900 ‘008 000 ‘00g er ee hoa Nae Scecsneccecccen ea AOT 000 ‘oso ‘T 000 ‘O0T 000 ‘00F 000 ‘OST 000 ‘0g3 000 ‘08 000 ‘og igh ne eae Recigacg eS. SLOUITIT QOOMOLPSEe 23> == mae oa 000 ‘00g 000 ‘ORF 000 ‘008 UU Sa Role qnorqoouM0g 000 ‘G9g Sa as yaa Week 000 ‘008 000 ‘OFZ 000 ‘ca geo te Sallenme noose sees’ “OpBsofoy ‘SALVIS JO SHANOISSINKOD OL CANDISNOO— IT 000 ‘09% ‘st | 000 ‘018 ‘2 | 000‘00¢ ‘2 | 000 ‘009% | 000‘ocL'% | 000‘008‘T | 000 ‘ose Z 0 QO0t0GE MN eco seo a arena etter oo Teo Ge er ee ake WO0S5019 000 ‘00g a ttteee ee a -- 000 ‘00g Sees eee - tenes ~s ee eens wees ess LVMLLOSTLBS) 000 ‘091 ‘Gt | 000‘0T8‘Z | 000 ‘00S ‘Z | 000‘00g‘s | 000‘0Sb‘Z | 000 ‘008 ‘T | 000 ‘0Ez‘Z | 000 ‘oss 000 ‘0% ppl Oni Ra lr segs eee m ge nana 5 “O88T-ZL8T ‘0881 “6L8T “8L8T “LL8T “9L8T “GLET “pL8t “EL8T “GL8T “BOPEIS PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION “ELSVOO OIMIOVd NO GHLINVId GNV (HHOLVH— I ‘aaisnjour “QRaQi-eLez ‘way, fo apom woyrsodsip ayz pup ‘nrutof “v9 ‘puvg ‘want pnojgoy ‘woynjis saynjg paziug ay? yp vayn) (yvuUiUb owes) vows vrusofijng fo shiba fo waqunu ayy bunoys aqoL~—] Wav L—'d [6] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 830 000 ‘T9L ‘0g | 000 ‘008 ‘¢ | 000 0¢9‘9 | 000 ‘OTe ‘OT 000 ‘60 ‘s | 000‘c9¢'9 | 000'896‘2 | 000 ‘c00‘¢ 0008008 | 000 008 000 ‘og per ta Pas Saeco ay (ry —— — |—_—_____., Se 000 ‘80T ‘F 000 ‘oss 000 ‘og 000 ‘0¢z ‘T | 000 ‘800 ‘T | 000 ‘OFF 000 ‘OST 000 ‘0g 0008 | Besides omealite 298 Tes eee 5 Fe EUG OR 000 ‘g6T ‘T2 | 000 ‘09% ‘2 | 000 ‘vc9‘e | 000 ‘o9¢ ‘9 000 ‘c22 ‘8 | 000 ‘eze ‘6 | 000 ‘s09‘¢ | 000 ‘SOL‘F | 000 ‘ose ‘t | 000 ‘og 777772777 894eIGg TIoysUTT 000 ‘09% ‘ST | 000‘0I8 ‘2 | 000 ‘00g ‘2 | 000 ‘00g ‘2 | 000 ‘ocr ‘& | 000008 ‘T | 000 ‘0ez‘% | ovo ‘Ocg 000'03 =| ----- yrs sg “ WOSdIO pur vias eg ‘NOILV TALIA VOR 000 ‘Sot | 000 ‘gs 000 ‘00¢ 000 ‘0gz ‘I | 000 ‘s00‘r | 000 ‘oFF | 000 ‘ost 000 ‘og (ii aici ons oois Storr letet-\a)= ola cimhelsTaicinre [eq0g, GOO T9 - Iesebee sabe leceano Sal esas Soe ne es 000 ‘og Soecere ae cas, Ee Ce eee Spuvysy TOIMpurg 000 ‘00L | 000 ‘og (ebeeonr a= ie |000K0S Bla? Rage een | gee eee ame vrai? ieee sic ge ceeiinea else to's eta vrpeaysny (1) Meni eS Pee as Coats epoecsaere: “| 000 ‘002 000 ‘00¢ |: 000 ‘o0F 000 ‘ez purlvaz Mo 000 ‘0gs 000 ‘ose 000 ‘00T 000 ‘ogz (QO) UNI | I pee eB eRe ee eneccs ) sccprlabedacs eet Ameuto 4) 000 ‘o0¢ 000 ‘00z 000 ‘OOL 000 ‘OO 000 ‘00T puro 000 ‘8g¢ 000 ‘0OT 000 ‘00T 000 ‘001 000 ‘g¢ hepa ison | eee a ale [pene seas | rma ee gs [enor esas ee emars iene semaine) «wince 20a haat ee ee aOURA YT COOK OO CR meen |e eae “*| 000 ‘og 000 ‘00T 000 ‘og Se acters -> puepsugp 000 ‘S16 | 000 ‘og 000 ‘OOL 000 ‘00g 000 ‘OST 000 ‘01 “*->- epyurg | | ; = =—= “O88 I-ZL8T “O88 ‘“6L8T ‘8181 “LL8T ‘QL8T “GL8T “PLST “ELST GL8T SoTIPUNOL ‘SAIDINNOO NYIGUOT OL CaNSISNOO— TIL ‘PINU}VOA— IP ‘uowpos priusofiyyg fo sbBa fo saqunu ayy Burnoys ayqny, —J Wav p— 5 ces, PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 831 [7] B.—TaBLeE II.—Zuble showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000 eggs of California salmon (Salmo quinnat) taken from McCloud River, California, and con- signed to commissioners of Eastern States, 1872-1880. I.—ARRANGED BY YEARS. 1872. Py F Tossuharohine Number of ; ee ats Young actually in- eggs sent | Received | ters. troduced. State to which consigned. from at State McCloud |hatcheries.| 37 ymper River. Todt Per cent.| Number. | Per cent. New Jersey .-----------+-220-7° 30, 000 30, 000 24, 000 j 80 6, 000 20 cv _ ee Ges Motallees sce -aecs = -(clel\)se ==: 30, 000 30, 000 24, 000 80 6, 000 20 1873. Connecticut -------------------- 130, 000 110. 000 89, 000 89 21, 000 11 INAaNOl oe octets ce cieicinsiniw= sien '= = 50, 000 50, 000 5, 000 10 45, 000 90 Massachusetts. ----.------------ 50, 000 48, 000 21, 000 44 27, 000 56 Mactan ees eeesnaes tase. 120, 000 80, 000 2) 000 3 78, 000 7 New Jersey. ------------2+20777" 600, 000 600, 000 50, 000 8 550, 000 92 ENT aVOTIC ee Mcrae ee cececaece 220, 000 220, 000 20, 000 9 200, 000 91 Pennsylvania. .---------++------ 170, 000 170, 000 169, 000 99 1, 000 1 Witahiea caceecas oceecr os cccine nin 40, 000 40, 000 2, 000 5 38, 000 95 UAT eee eee 1, 380,000 | 1,318, 000 358, 000 27 960, 000 73 1874. Colorado..-------+------++--92°- 25, 000 25, 000 2, 100 9 22, 900 91 Connecticut ..----------+-------- 300, 000 300, 000 60, 000 2 240, 000 80 TINOI8s. es ose aces ns 0 += we s'2'= 50, 000 50, 060 15, 000 30 35, 000 70 TOWitesceeet sone sin ni= Benenue see 300, 000 300, 000 41, 300 14 258, 700 | 86 Maine! 5. cies docce nse see <2 150, 000 100, 000 70, 000 70 30, 000 30 Maryland...-.-------- BSC AIEEE E 375, 000 250, 000 106, 000 42 144, 000 58 Massachusetts. .--------------- : 200, 000 200, 000 193, 000 96 7, 000 4 Michigan, I.--.---------------- 750, 000 750, 000 150, 000 20 600, 000 80 Michigan, Il...-.---------------- 150, 000 150, 000 25, 000 zy 125, 000 83 Minnesota, I...-..------------- 150, 000 160, 000 110, 000 69 50, 000 31 Minnesota, IT! ..-..------------- 925 000) |Scaseaacsene| ---nieses-e=r|e7e= => git re ene eer New Jersey .-----------+------ 77> 225, 000 225, 000 60, 000 26 165, 000 74 New MOrk hy oli eeetesseeesate 400, 000 400, 000 80, 990 20 319, 010 80 New York, ID’...--------------- 95,000 |.-----------|--+--2--20- Udanienee joes ea ere! cele reeene Pennsylvania..-.---------------- 450, 000 360, 000 55, 000 15 305, 000 85 Rhode Island ..-.--.------------ 100, 000 100, 000 35, 000 35 65, 000 65 Witah Bee cients occ lislnic- <\wisreleinvens cin! 200, 000 200, 000 14, 000 7 186, 000 93 Virginia? ....---+------e--2-- 2+: 50, 000 50, 000 25, 006 50 25, 000 50 Wisconsin .«.--.--------------« 80, 000 100, 000 39, 000 39 61, 000 61 Motaleeenasseccseccce ose 4,155, 000 | 3,720, 000 1, 081, 390 29 | 2, 638, 610 71 ae 1875. nS yale dee Ae 940,000 | 240,000 | 40, 000 17 200, 000 | 83 Connecticut ..------------------ 480, 000 480, 000 20, 000 4 460, 000 | 96 Mlinoisesosee ceeaccse1= =a. 80, 000 80, 000 21, 300 | 7 58, 700 | 73 VOW. < occ wesc cnn ccicccceesecsesse 300, 000 300, 000 16, 000 | 5 284, 000 | 95 Maryland.....-.------+---+++-+- 560, 000 560, 000 291, 236 | 52 268, 764 48 Massachusetts. ....------------- 80, 000 | 80, 000 | 5, 000 | 6 | 75, 000 94 Michigan, I....---------------- #00, 000 | 800, 000 | 32, 000 4 768, 000 96 Michigan, II*.....--.----------- 988, 000 988, 000 235, 300 24 752, 700 | 76 Minnesota .....----------------- 400, 000 400, 000 | 100, 000 | 25 300, 000 | 75 INO WRMOL Keer eee ov aasa= = = 200,000 200, 000 | 20, 000 10 180, 000 | 90 Segoe See eee 740,000 728,000 | 259, 000 36 | 469, 000 | 64 10.—MICHIGAN. | til Gy Bis SRO ACR Ean ee oneness 120, 000 | 80, 000 2, 000 3 78, 000 97 Tye Oe ee ee et 755,000 | 750, 000 150, 000 20 650, 000 80 STAT ee te soe eees emis can cis 150, 000 | 150, 000 25, 000 17 125, 000 83 TGV, 19 ne co ORE ee oer r 800,000 , 800, 000 32, 000 4 768, 000 96 AGTH co alesse e252 === 988, 000 | 988, 000 235, 300 24 752, 700 76 TRO Ret. sae aceR eee ne acer 500, 000 | 500, 000 99, 100 20 400, 900 80 TST ee eS cos aie saeseiclsis 150, 000 | 100, 000 16, 000 16 84, 000 84 MQ Seeeeee eeceec scenes: 250, 000 250, 000 34, 579 14 215, 421 86 ATO V2 oe east tees nce sess 200,000 | 250, 000 | 25, 000 10 225, 000 90 a SSS | - Motalee eae ecco aca-= === ee 3, 908, G00 3, 868, 000 | 618, 979 16 3, 249, 021 84 11.—MINNESOTA. Wh ' [RGD ieee eee eee 150,a00 160, 000 110, 000 69 50, 000 31 Tv 0 (eh Shee Ree eee P95 O00. | S09sejeee << |-Beecteane co] eve mob a8- [+S 2 Pet anos looser, ST eens neia lee misloiseisi= Sissel aie 400, 000 400, 000 100, 000 25 300, 000 75 TET, See cue he oan Eanes 300, 000 300, 600 152, 900 51 147, 100 49 TLV eo Seep eee Soe ere 250, 000 | 167, 500 28, 850 17 138, 650 2 ey hn Gee Eee e see Soenene 1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 959, 000 96 41, 000 4 STO MM ae ee ae Moi eis asec > 400, 000 * 400, 000 376, 000 94 24, 000 6 ORO ee ee SE ccf Sti asa 200, 000 200, 000 25, 000 12 175, 000 88 Sr Cite eee 2, 825,000 | 2,627,500 | 1,751, 750 64 | 875, 750 36 12.—MIssouRI. | | “Cr: 6a ee 200, 000 | 200, 000 50, 000 25 | 150, 000 5 PESO wlke new seas = - cnc see cies = | 200, 000 | 200, 000 14, 000 7 186, 000 93 ABSOMMIO. . 2 schoo ses 2s + -5= = | CT esa ei tre asda otal eee es oe) Seana 410,000 | 400, 000 64, 000 16 336, 000 84 13.—NEBRASKA i AQT Gr eee Se See we stiactoc sate ctsis ois TOKOO0\ [sd axceniecies-|>+sSheess2—u]> mm -2aenm ee merece sash aaa Tey foe, Se ee anne eae 00: G00): -== =. 4s fern ers noo ou: =c G7 ees Secs Soitei: aeinis eS “fei | 200, 000 200, 000 10, 000 5 190,000 95 TEE ea eee eee eee 400, 000 — 400, 000 100, 000 25 300, 000 — 75 e | ———— | ——$$— ———e Motaleentsiea acest eeesath ei | 710,000 | 600, 000 110, 000 | 18 490, 000 82 14.—NEVADA. | ; | ASTab eas at ee eenmccs nce eeniee tens 250, 000 250, 000 50, 000 | 20 200, 000 80 Motels case sissisce sce s.ce 250, 000 250, 000 50, 000 20 200, 000 | 80 105, 000 100, 000 8, 500 9 91, 500 91 450, 000 367, 500 | 29, 460 | 8 338, 040 92 555,000 | 467, 500 37, 960 8 429, 540 92 30, 000 | 30, 000 24, 000 80 6, 000 20 600, 600 600, 000 50, 000 8 550, 000 92 225, 000 225, 000 60, 000 | 296 | 165, 000 74 250, 000 250, 000 25, 000 10 225, 000 | 90 575,000 | 525, 000 | 70, 800 13 454, 200 | 87 500, 000 500, 000 80, 000 16 420, 000 84 300,000 , 300, 000 20, 571 7 279, 429 | 3 2, 480, 000 | 2, 430, 000. | 330,371 14 | 2,099, 629 86 1 Boston Aquarium, for exhibition. 2By Frank N. Clark, account of Wis 3 Consigned to David Day, Saint 4Hatched for Missouri at Anamos 5Consigned to J Ed. Humes, 6Consigned to J. G. Romaine, Versailles, South Bend, Nebr. S. Fish Paul, Minna., and by a, Iowa. Morgan County, Mo.; Commission. him to Seth Green. all lost in transit. ~ 836 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 9 [12] B.—Tas.e IIl.—Table showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000 eggs, §e.—Continued. Years. 17.—NEW YORK. 1 Number of, T1.—ARRANGED BY STATES—Continued. | Loss in hatching and | Y oung actually in- eges sent | Received eae Loa troduced. Rs at State Tig Us 200 LA ua et ns cCloud | hatcheries. + 7 | liver. ae | Percent.| Number. | Per cent. Po a | 220, 000 220, 000 | 20, 000, | 9 | 200, 000 | 94. 400, 000 400, 000 80, 990 20 319, 010 | 88 ZHHOOO este iis. ce UMM nse TEN) uae Ta a ere as 400, 000 300, 000 27, 000 9| 273, 000 91 90, 000 60, 006 16, 800 28 43, 200 72 1,135,000 | 980,000 | 144,790 15| 835,210 85 4 i) e 350, 000 350, 000 116, 000 33 234, 000 oF 350, 000 367, 500 67, 500 18 300, 000 82 200, 000 200, 000 146, 000 73 54, 000 Py 200, 000 200, 000 40, 000 20 160, 000 | 80 1,100, 000 | 1, 117, 500 369, 500 33 748, 000 67 = ~~ Ife SS =o inne 250,000 | 250, 000 25, 000 10 225, 000 | 98 50, 000 50, 000 2, 500 | 5 47, 500 | 95 200, 000 200, 000 100, 000 | 50 100, 000 | 50 500, 000 500, 000 127, 500 | 26 372, 500 | 74. sole it oe: ae = 170,000 | 170, 000 169, 000 99 1, 000 | 1 450,000 | 360, 000 55, 000 | 15 305, 000 85 480, 000 515, 000 2, 000 1 513, 000 99 515,000 | 515, 000 38, 000 | 7 477, 000 98 75, 000 | 75, 000 37, 500 50 37, 500 58 200, 000 200, 000 60, 000 30 140, 000 | 70 100, 000 100, 000 25, 000 25 75, 000 | 7 150, 000 150, 000 14, 000 9 136, 000 91 100, 000 100, 000 28, 000 23 77, 000 | 77 200, 000 200, 000 60, 000 30 140, 000 | 70 2,440,000 | 2, 385, 000 483, 500 20 | 1,901, 500 80 ————] ———. — eons =| — = | 100, 000 100, 000 35, 000 35 65, 000 05 240, 600 120, 000 5, 000 4 115, 000 96 340, 000 220, 000 40, 000 18 180, 000 | 82 50, 000 33, 000 8, 000 24 25, 000 | 16 | 200, 000 300, 000 113, 000 37 187, 000 | 80 ——== 5a | 250, 000 333, 000 121, 000 36 212, 000 64 i= aa SS Zan ~ 9 TOG O00; | ee Leelee lees teu ee 1 NA 0;000) faces eet eee eee (ee |= oe oe | 7 | | a 40, 000 | 40, 000 | 2, 000 | 55) 38, 000 95 200,000 | 200, 000 | 14, 000 | 7| 186, 000 93 | 160,000 | 160, 000 | 40, 000 | 25 120, 000 15 | 50, 000 | 50, 000 12, 500 | 25 37, 500 1 100,000 | 160, 000 | 25, 000 | 25 | 75, 000 15 50, 000 75, 000 | 21, 000 | 28 54, 000 | 72 | 600,000 | 625,000 | ‘114, 000 18| 510,500 | 82 — = — {= SS ee — — =| a —=_ ———= |} | } | | ; | 50, 000 50, 000 | 25, 000 50 25, 000 | 50 320, 000 320,000 | 160, 000 50 160, 000 58 100, 000 100, 000 | 8, 000 8 | 92, 000 | 92 300, 000 315, 000 | 39, 000 12 | 276, 000 88 400,000 | 406,000 | 112, 000 28; 288, 000 72 100, 000 100, 000 | 14, 500 14 $5, 500 86 1,270,000 | 1,285,000 | 358, 500 28 926, 500 T2 { = —-— SS EE eee 1Consigned to H. H. Thomas, Randolph, N. Y. 2Consizned to M.S. Rodgers, Knoxville, Tenn. 3 Loss in hatching estimated. PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. $37 B.—Tas_e Il.—Table showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000 eggs, §e.—Continued. IL.—ARRANGED BY STATES—Continued. | Loss in hatching and / Number of | gree rae Young actually in- | eggs sent | Received Cou ROT RE PAS troduced. Years. | ie el at pints sea = Cre a | McCloud | hatcheries. TF | River. | N noe Percent.| Number. | Per cent. | i ——- SS Sl eS = — = se 1 _ 26.—Wersr VIRGINIA. | ICVTS 8 ses 5 pir ieee a ae es a 10, 000 | 10, 000 125 1 9, 875 99 EES dl eS eR i | 500,000 | 525, 000 25, 000 5 500, 000 95 Maes éodo0 sega SenetooncsE need | 150, 000 | 125, 000 11, 250 9 113, 750 91 viet gy USERS Ae ee ea a er 150,000 125, 000 11, 250 9 113, 750 91 Moun las eae #2) pao nie be | | 810,000 | —-785, 000 47, 625 5 737, 375 94 = === =| = = — —} === 27.~-W ISCONBIN. LSE anes Sous oda ES Ee ICB pee ser 80, 000 | 100, 000 39, 000 39 61, 000 61 ES Ome Rete afercleialeyasrt cinta, dis ase 80, 000 | 80, 000 40, 000 50 40, 000 50 DOW le ai an on SCS ao arate ee 100, 800 | 100, 000 22, 600 | 23 | 77,400 | Sf LV (ACS eee RE noe IC eee eee 220, 000 320, 000 120, 000 | 37 | 200, 000 63 BOG aes cen os soe eee cee 220, 000 | 230, 000 30, 000 13 | 200, 000 | 87 US CER Sep cere ea 300, 000 300, 000 48, 800 16 | 251, 200 84 BIE 6y Ge een ee ee | 1,100,000 | 1, 130, 000 300, 400 at 829, 600 73 | | | RECAPITULATION BY STATES. | | | Loss in hatching and , | Number of | : transporting to wa- | bade 2 cee ts: in- zs | q | eggs sent | Received | ters, roduced. 3 | State to which consigned. fromje i) atistate: | ee = 8 | McCloud | hatcheries. | Naber dl | &, River. | = ieee | Per cent. Number. | Per cent. A, | st. ——| —- a — == es — a S| Me ROOlOTAD OF = ment esc sae co oe 565, 000 | 565, 000 92, 100 16 472, 900 84 Ae TConnecticuti:c 0 os025-056 .| 1,410,000 | 1,390, 000 191, 714 13 | 1, 198, 286 87 Silphlinoiserscce hoe sce Poo 2 | 1,030,000 | — 930, 000 362, 300 39 567, 700 61 BNO Bin ma ob acinas ufnas soo -.| 1, 050, 000 | 1, 100, 000 86, 800 8 | 1,018, 200 92 GS) PICASA i= 558 Soko es seas seis | 400, 000 | 400, 000 20, v00 | 5 380, 000 | 95 Gui pWentucky, .cccccjeecssec ce os 355, 060 | 350, 000 | 232, 275 | 66 117, 725 34 Wp PMESINGS nies s Sees secees oe 215, 000 | 165, 000 77, 300 47 | 87, 700 | 53 RblaMarylandbe.cuee lee cosy lee) | 4,645,000 | 4,440,000 | 1,175, 601 | 29 | 3, 264, 399 71 § | Massachusetts ........--.-- | 740, 000 | 728, C00 259, 000 | 36 | 469, 000 64 POMMMOCHIPAN. 22 eco ck ed ooo | 3,908,000 | 3, 868, 000 618, 979 16°; <3; 249, 021 | 84 Alp eMnnesOlase ns. s moos ates 2,825,000 | 2,627,500; 1,751, 750 | 64 | 875, 750 36 POMMMUSHOUTD cc cst cscccces. sas-2 410, 000 | 400, 000 64, 000 | 16 | 336, 000 84 13 | Nebraska ............-..-- 710, 009 600,000 110, 000 | 18 490, 000 82 TADIBNIGV AUG «see wooo ee acm a ot 250, 000 250, 090 50, 000 20 | 200, 000 80 15 | New Hampshire....-....-.-.. 555, 000 | 467, 500 | 37, 960 | 8 | 429, 540 92 16 por LOLSOVRe eh ens eee 2,480,600 | 2, 430, 000 330, 371 14 | 2, 099, 629 | 84 Wn Now. Vork....c.-cces-.----] 1, 185,000 980, C00 144, 790 15 | 835, 210 | 85 18 | North Carolina............ ' 1,100, 000 1, 117, 500 $69, 500 33 | 748, C00 67 19 | Ohio . Se iaeleciseemaas occa. 500, 000 590, 000 | 127, 500 26 372, 500 | 74 20 | Pennsylvania ......... 2,440, 000 | 2, 385, 000 483, 500 20 | 1,901, 500 80 212) hodeisiand -...22.%- 340, 000 220, 000 | 40, 000 18 180, 000 82 22 | South Carolina ............ 250, 060 333, 000 121, 000 36 212, 000 | 64 POM MMONNESSCO <5 <2 )lo.ccpie~ n-n 2510 | 100, 000 (*) (*) (*) (*) eee, 24 ielercerratatsoeiatofice sins ’s.c cs "= 22 600, 000 HE 114, 500 18 510, 500 82 OM IVAL PANO) sc ScrcicSeice misses | 1, 270, 000 285, 358, 500 28 926, 509 | 72 26) |) Wiest Virginia..2....5......| 810, 000 785, 000 47, 625 6 737, 375 04 Mar UVASCONSING = oo. 5 ose eccck | 1,100, 000 1, 130, 000 300, 400 27 825, 600 | 73 4S (C1 a ee j 31, 193, 000 » 30, 071,500 | 7, 567, 465 | 25 | 22, 504, 035 75 * No report received. [14] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 838 2 | 02 ‘eLe‘L6 | 000 ‘929 ‘82 | 00 ‘68S ‘SI | 00¢ ‘GOT ‘91 | 006 ‘EST ‘TT | OOF ‘OE ‘9 | Oce ‘gc ‘zt | 000 ‘19g ‘e | 000‘E00‘s | 000 ‘6S8 Bn ie aes seer oemiee eine aie ieie eee ae are Oly 000 ‘OLT Weer Sere [es SS 2 ed ae ase “| 000 ‘00T FE S| ees ice (laa eae COO} OU me gles cs cca arene lie asin gains pei BoneGP 22 7777+ TISTOOST AL 000 ‘Gen eine | O00dce eae peepee come 000! 00Gs tl eanceen ess Sc joe 000 ‘08 lee oe piel Rader eh ig gre ae terseooss-° BITS IEA ISO AN 099‘FFL'8 000 “09T 000 ‘Ghg 000 ‘968 ‘T_ | 000 ‘OTT 009 ‘098 OGOrG0R hs eee es LOOOVON Tela ence cae aes ee a a ee eee ee TG, OUOMOGORCU Nae aan aye ST eas 000 ‘06 000 ‘Sk9 000 ‘ogg 000 ‘G6 000 ‘00F -* QOULI A. 000 ‘G seers sere sae teens wide aon atmier o eves | slatelctelel eveleie wicllaleieleic ates lea os ||(ximta-srelm/miaie) aceie| (Age Sey ae || tehelmer si etmtesaj spay] w¥=?=5/ovin| mm im! whe cela helu/mlmiat ie fe a(minteinje(eia-a'e ele ia)simia'alaiasis(etetetate qa. 000‘S69 | -7*" Geass OOO CLG iemmitercn ss ae Sees ae nea OO0K09) era a --- sexo, 008 ‘6ST ‘IT |7*"*-" "7-7" "| 000 's8@ | 000 “BIL 008 ‘968 ie iteceaake pi gece og ania es trae ee Ge eo nF sossouudy, 000 ‘ST9‘E | 000 ‘OTE ‘T | 000 ‘cL (OUD See ROO LOS sore, SO00N08 a = Ses ear a ice ae warpored yNOS (1) ISIC eae ee SO CAC ie pacer Sentai: 000 ‘98 ey Sona purysy epoyry 000 ‘899 ‘T | 000 ‘Ost 000 ‘OT sa See ae sie aece ape 000 ‘oes | sooo eeos pros [AstiMa gq 00L ‘S40 ‘LE | 000 ‘008 000 ‘00L 000 ‘09 "| 002 ‘FET 00 020) fe a A000! 0Gie = ODO ie xa levires oe cee ee Se me oly OOF ‘822 °L 000006‘ | 00S FEF ‘E | 000 ‘FEF WI eee pa gl Ham Sad “BULPOURD YON Dio 08, sien ss COPE bie ats Soa a a cae psi 7-77" HIOX MON 000 ‘Gar sissies Riera ssers age 7 SS IROOORGG Ts =| emea aceees oargysdue yy AON 000 ‘TL ‘T 000 ‘oss 000 ‘0zz 000 ‘00F 900 ‘008 +777 -"> LMOSSITL 000 ‘LE ‘T 000 ‘E28 000 ‘FL9 000 ‘001 000 ‘8FI BI STU COP ea re a ecg pie et is or ie sts a ed ee 1ddisstssiqy (WOT) CER Nc Ns Kate a aang eee 000" ‘0OL Bia See Te 000t00Te (|sessetsocer | O00LGCe. cess eo eee eg ie eee cians ----> BIOSsoUN 000 ‘OLE Fg a ea ag =a (areaataed goes eee seecics O00 LOOK eslRO00LO LG aay (Sean esse) |e ee eet eee pee ee ULSI (AYO) TUE a | eae ae eae ae eet eg reams | 000 ‘220'T | 000 ‘6¢F | 000 ‘eza‘g¢ | 000 ‘ose S}ZOSNTOUSSP |L 008 ‘829 ‘6E | 000 ‘Eze ‘FI | 000‘290'L | O00 ‘S8F‘L | OOF ‘6IE'L OOS 'TTE’S | OG lest ‘T | Set asec ace te ois Sl lecaie ic eiosele S| eciareieieeele See geen See ie are ee purpsreyy 000 ‘098 ‘T (NOUS SQA S | ~ RAO ai ieee eae eats O00 Ssh gsi eee 000 ‘00L BOOB DOS Fe. | COO OUT: eens sat emtintna esa ie ating eae aes Scie OUR yy (UTS: oe | Sans as 000 ‘002° |: 000 ‘00T a gege ae 28 secures 000K09 = sl aeeeee es wy +225 """°"> BOGISMOT 000 ‘09 ‘T | 000 ‘002 000 ‘oc 000 ‘66 000 ‘091 pectin orty | eormore cae ell aie -- sesury 006 ‘8&h ao INOOOKOO Mss =| asses scat 000 ‘00T SEcnGE Sones SiGe be BAO] 000 ‘OLE ‘T 000 ‘008 SOOO 0ST = | 000 'cOE —|-o2 7" === 000 ‘STé (IN AGIN fen Rae eo eee ee OOS ee aa ea BUIPUT QO000 Gree Stare 8 SSeS enee ss pall @OOOKO0G) =| cease ae 000 ‘OL Saal “--> SlourT[] 004 ‘E8L'6 | 000‘88E‘T | 009 ‘29g 000 ‘0zs 000 ‘OTF ot seeee 7777 BIBI0ED (UD) Wie = Ao ee Bec oe seca soe sels Gaietes aici SIS lea gioleie lsc n iat Cimicin SIaealacaieicie ees ie oss! Tcie Sao cie ae VPLlopy 000 ‘S12 ‘8 000 ‘ego ‘2 000 ‘OOF Secor = Sai clea cicera eisisiel| Sica cietsiaie igs ciniienisinielet = 2)2)='* VIQUINOD JO JOLAYSTCT 000 ‘ch9 ‘T | 000 ‘ose ‘T Seong se 000 ‘00L Bese ee all ie a ancien anal here mio) aocalacals | teeta ae nical mean Gc ae ga sees titan aces O1B MBO, OOOMOLF ee — 1S eae 2S Fae Se aergeee ee? 000 ‘082 qno1o90002 000‘ eee c ee ee ee =. alee mene ween e| sec ees teeee IOI RS IO CRAIC OV AV VV \ te 20k mete PIO CIC CIO II NE TREC Talitha bene Mad eet TMH td a | ope1o[o—r) 000 ‘66g 000 ‘GTZ “| 000 ‘0ST 000 ‘00L 000 ‘66 Geran gran 52 000.G ee ee a leranee aiumes See eeee St aie ne tae yk (oo oe ae ~* BIULOFLBL) OUGHRBED © us F527 “| 000 ‘car 000 ‘00T 000 ‘08 006 ‘6L SOO SERA Ration CG ROCCE ERO aire i wig att ae eater tae -oo° SUsURyIy 000 ‘LLL egg eS 000 ‘OFS 000 ‘993 000 ‘eh 000 ‘06 ee ae esas rerees ses emEqely THIOL “088 “6L8T “SL8T “LLST “9L8T “C18 “PL8T “EL8T ‘ZL8T *SOYRIS yshT says payug [‘MOTSSTUITMOD GST se7eV4g poy 049 Aq poyozeY oOste ynq poonporyur ATUO You o IMSNJIUWL “YABT-BLET ‘uorssnuwog . JIM TSG osoyy Jo [TV A[LLwoN—'ALON ] ay) fig sang quasagiip ay, fo s4aynm ay) 07Ur poonpo.yur (ecaIsstptdes vsopy) poys fo Laqunu ayy fo 91qnp Hapuwuns LTT ATi =") J) “- al # re.) Oe , [15] PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 839 RECAPITULATION, 1872-188), INCLUSIVE. See Hatched and returned: to same waters >-.---.-.-~-- 20-22. ec selec. cocccceceeee 43, 523, 450 | ‘Transported and planted in new waters .....-. 2.20. 2.220. .cceec ceeeee eee ceees 53, 849, 800 Y 97, 373, 250 Lost in efforts to transport in the United States ..-..-. 2.2... ..c. 2. cece cence cece ce cece 3, 845, 100 Bostaniehorts Loran spor FO (G@LMAMy te <= 22-25 ~~ wee on sees wc caso cee eScjee dcccce cess dececs 500, 000 RSG OTROS} CILUICNUS rans or tele met na ol =(niclelew on a SioacenooiseSesexvcs-acpeenceeeanceus 670, 000 Grand total of shad hatched artificially by United States Fish Commission.......... 102, 388, 350 Norre.—The figures in this and the following five tables are made to agree with those in the six specific lists of distribution which follow under D. For 18H0), the re- turns were not complete when these tables were made up, and hence the figures are somewhat too small. They should be corrected by means of the various tables in the report for that year. —_ [16] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 840) a | 096 ‘cee ‘ee | zo9‘cot‘e | gue ‘sec ‘p | L90‘Tc8‘L | S28 ‘221 ‘¢ 008 ‘628 000 ‘06 002 ‘TSz 000 ‘002 008 ‘LET GL8 ‘C6L 000 ‘L2z 000 ‘ez¢ 006 ‘F2L ‘T 00¢ ‘Eze 000 ‘922 000 ‘ce META GAS al eat ee OOT ‘ect Biel arin sini sYois ts |(efevole, «im eie a\nyove 000 ‘F1Z eae area eee tora aie 000 ‘82 Degas pea ee ee 000 ‘IL 000 ‘TE 000 ‘6z 000 ‘E8T eee ewes ee ee | 000 ‘268 ‘T [7777777777 "| 000 ‘21% 000 ‘012 =—|,:000 ‘FLT 000 ‘0z9 cen MOOK OOL 000 ‘pF | 000 ‘0% 00F ‘6G 000 ‘09T OOF ‘FS 006 ‘262 =|: 000 ‘62a 002 ‘G6L OO ara Pp aace e eceme| Na a Sica. yh owmeg als maa ie oa 62F ‘369 ‘T 62P ‘612 000 ‘027 000 ‘SF 000 ‘L9 000 ‘29S pe cera mers aro. 000 ‘L9g 000 ‘OOL 000 ‘002 ae ear cemn =| F000K006-> ~] 000 ‘9F¢ 000 ‘ELT 000 ‘O6T 000 ‘OST 008 ‘IL etme ee ee ee eee cog ‘009 mses ROUGE CC 000 ‘er 009 ‘GEL hE AP GRO el ae -"! [GP ‘GIS 00F ‘GL O01 ‘282 eee Bc aoe ee se --++| 90 68 681 ‘166 ‘3 $22 ‘FSS 9LZ ‘CLG 986 ‘269 | -:OOT'8 00L ‘LF meee aie ge lace sees 00) G 002 ‘eF enn een | ee aeny es eee a OLS oe CL6 ‘CFL ee ee ee iad 000 ‘688 000 ‘96 000 ‘16 000 ‘L6 002 ‘G9S bse ull eee ers *--"! 00S ‘18 006 ‘8FF a I ei Eo 002 ‘08h = Sate -*| 000 ‘06 000 ‘64 cate see ot - | 0006 00F ‘IZ 000 ‘TT Pal Osgncccute oe |ceraes es ela icer 006 ‘22 es ae ps Saar coils ae 000 ‘822 'FI | 000‘000'% | 000'000'S | 000 ‘son's 000 ‘002 ‘¢ 000 ‘II peat s 000 ‘TT poe ese 009 ‘Og eee -_see 000 ‘% werecces ee ‘opeoop ‘O88T Jo “6L8T JO "R181 JO | "LUST JO 1e07, $550 MOT, | 8850 WoL | Sos0 MOI 8950 MOLT | | | | | | | | | 180 ‘899 ‘F 000 ‘SL 000 ‘es OOF ‘SFT 000 ‘8LF 000 ‘og 006 ‘SI 006 ‘LZ 000 ‘8¢ 000 ‘00T 0£9 ‘6FI 000 ‘06 foo 000 66 006 ‘66 00 ‘09T 000 ‘0G 00F ‘OT 986 ‘LLP 918T JO $559 MOI | 8850 WOT 6£0 ‘ses ‘F 0002 000‘09T 000 ‘ZIL 000 ‘SIT 000 ‘E1¢ | 000 ‘OST 000 ‘L831 000 ‘Gh 000 ‘61g oon‘se | 000 ‘09F | 000 ‘0S8 “GLET JO 00¢ ‘Tes ‘% 000 FL 000 ‘89 000 ‘E31 000 ‘OL 00L ‘13 009 ‘908 000 ‘2 000 ‘621 000 ‘08 | 000 'g ‘SL OOL ‘F8% 006 ‘3a 000 ‘008 | gUb8t so | 85590 wor g | 0€2 ‘TIS ‘T 000 i 000 sé 000 ‘LL 000 ‘GL “E181 JO sn59 MOLT vote t tees ceeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeees rT, otto to* UISTOOST AA "7" BIULSITA 989A, SOIC LEM es/ THA sie is sicle= “/NTTOULIO)AY ve eteeeer ete <<" SBXOiT, “sooo 75> gagsouuay, “7 BUTpOIVD WyQNOg purysy oporyry sooo? prlupalAsuuog Se ONO) 77> BUTTOLBD YQ.0ON Sal ss actos bieiestese aiaredisiaters msisleetetalclteincs ---5= HIOK MON A810 ( MON, -- garysdumey, MON 52 = 22252 BPBAGN Pesaro LINOSSIPT scores: TAdISSISSI PT seo7 ">> BIOSOUUIPL ~* WBSIONT SPIOSNTOUSSL PL SE eign cae “77 puBl AIR yy oe" OUIRTL * CURISINO'T ---£yonj ue y SUSU IL Deecientnctoecs Sena sheers 1 BOT ‘sess guerpuy “°° SLOUITTT © cleo wc cle's)clains ase = BIO) OIVARTOT jnoTpoUMOD > ope10jop ~ BIULOFTT BO) FEE ot pause cea Cee tase --> sesaeyay ; BUIVGBL VW *SOILIS “IMISNJOUL “YRBI-ZLAT ‘uorssrUmoy YysLT saymrg parug eyy fq uayny shia Wouf payoywy usaag Hurany ‘s.ynn So 89)Qv) ayy ur parfioads ep ‘eajmg quatagip ayz fo 8..91/9M ay} 07uy paonpo.ger (euTINh onrpeg) wowpns mrusofyng fo dequnu ayy fo ajqn) hamwung— TT ATV L—"\) a) / _ [17] PRopUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 841 C.—TaBLE I1l.—Summary table of the number of Schoodic salmon (Salmo salar subs. se- bago) introduced into the waters of the different States by the United States Fish Commis- ston, 1873-1880, inclusive. From | From | From | From | From From , From | State. leggs of eggs of| eggs of eggsof| eggsof eggsof | eggsof| Total. | 1873. | 1874. 1875. 1876. | 1877. 1878. | 1879. i i | Relifarnin 5.000122 23.2: NS eee oe ee ale iby sit, [ey aoSa| uno Sb0r sees ibaa | 39, 950 @onnecicnt/2222.5..224522 - | No cemeiral emis 135,000 . 62, 500 165,000 , 178,715 | 91, 000 632, 215 TUN OS ES} a i neo (ea ae PN UL 4400/)\ ween Vie he asco 4, 400 Endiana ee ee a. Nace el eaee. ees ae ay 55.000 |occeshcccs | 10,000! 35,000 LOWE EASaS SoS 58 So peene 6 agen te hoes ae Naraisisiatesevors ec eee 20;1000) [es cseen Locke Sees 20, 000 TERT CE a Se iS inl Dea 1221: be Ae Jececntawsfessesecees} 20,000)! 93,000; |) hada O0p IGN) 9) Bea eee ee care SU SBC cN Ane inn See eeeers | 5;.900! |..255 bse eedsee 5, 500 MINING Ree na see et ome PHAN Ya Pe Se 250, 900 | 110,000 | 497,200 | 449,500 |......... 1, 308, 700 Maryland.....! Fede ec A ee Ce cot heats cored ae a cepa bre Sete Shere 40, 081 26,500 | 16, 900 83, 481 MIASSACHUSELES =< Recess) ealesccs cee 195, 000 | 151, 200 218,000 | 221,000 | 176, 000 961, 200 MTG VAN A ene cna acs s cc Ze000 sce eae 3 BO SOUU seen ae 2.2. 29;'000) [ezssos ce? 20, 000 | 71, 500 Miinmentia ees lie. 8 Cae 7,750 | 8,000] 48,500 |......... 69, 000 POW srl aI DSI Oris eee iersil ae aise 2m [tele -ctalcill leis ste caie-|e se Ae. oe | 20,000 | 104, 000 | 61,400 185, 400 Weyguierse ya eres. rah ee otic ewe eee can | ee heeee | 58,000) 66,794 |......... 124, 794 RANGE eee te | ce We ae WME aoe. 25 <-.000' |) - SOK000N| ae 41, 000 Romi anolinwecccee en ese cec te alese tense sa pR ares. | 205, 500 eee ee ee eee 15, 500 “Dita Acc Se ann NE ea PRS S400 (oir ss. 2: 12,000 | 6,000 |......... | 52) 000 PENNA VI WANA. cies ooo |e sasicine lan cace oie | eaters Brevenstc grec | 48,494 | 35,500 | 18,500! 102,494 RhodeRisland! cnc sess-se soculce Socelescacese 1 2956008) Seem ccm ssi 95 500R a 522 a wel se eee | 29, 100 DOnth Caroling as5 2. sect esos cis biels sco SAC ee ee eerie Logness ..---| 15,000 15, 000 WIGTINONG: 5s 68- coe Jose cc|socd-seclasec 40, 000 |.--.. | 24000" eee ee cce | deeeracttvers 64, 600 VAT OMNIA oe sess Soe cone eee 2 DOO Merete ae 10,500 | 40,300 27,350 | 23, 500 104, 150 Wiest Vireinia--.-.....:.- | SE See ten ee Bae oss aes ae 8,500 | 44,419 |.........| 52,919 WFABCODSIN 62s, ica) 2-23 | Reifel al Saas 889000 | amsece. ce 5, 000 37000") 3522 sa=. | 80, 000 Min tale te cess ase | 4, 000 | 7, 250 | 731, 600 | 341, 950 1,295,925 |1, 304,278 | 525, 300 | 4, 210, 303 C.—TABLE IV.—Summary table of thenumber of Penobscot salmon (Salmo salar) intro- _ duced into the waters of the different States by the United States Fish Commission, 1872- 1880, inclusive. | j | State. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875, | 1876. 1877. | 1878, 1879. 1880. | Total | Waliformides cewsclesa sess VE aapseeeaey BUDE eee e tee eee ns Some etl ere | cee bce one | 305 Connecticut... .)2..5-... IE SROD TA | sey us: 215,000: j----. 20. 97, 500 esis fetta os eee 286, 437 MNOS nes acess. ie A 25s 000't 195000 Is. os ence oe psi 2| Keo seca athe | 44, 000 ROWS 56h 5) 220 =< PE ea oeeee sat sees 25-1 170, 000) 1°70, 000) on ne as0s occas jizan’seae eceeaake | 140, 000 Maine ....5.....-|.:......1154, 750 | 228,613 209, 000 '320, 000 |........|..-.. Ll ceatsaee lees | 912, 363 Maryland.......-. ease eee Joe Sek 4 Eee TZ, B00 ects. soc leds cee eo) nea {sceaasen 58,729 | 131, 529 Massachusetts ...!........ 24, 310 47, 000 |..... O25 500000) 1s. s2e eee neeeee [23 eee | 121,310 Michipans scan 2o-15.c6%-3% T5500 elite GOO 5,000? 222.) eascse aces! ote eseee (aun cceae | 131,900 BTN OGOLS eee nel ass col See ae [oe cacar nas 24,600 '.....--. Peers marect Baer: cence | 24, 600 New Hampshire -|......- 14,500; 162/000 } 80,000 1200, 000 |........|.2<<+.|.---me-slecsucoee | 456, 500 ING@Wid OTSCY socio nec 5. 33,000 | 168,000 79,000 |.....-.- [owen certo ame 20, 572 |.....--- | 300, 572 Nowe VOLK 5 > 22 .\¢ 42.256 < Bi Ont creer eee 125,000) | occ sv cu| j5ecccecles chic eeeatee al soe MELO wee OHIO Seles ses se ee rae ESN coccmcte ts 50: 000) jan22- sec |, wicearams pacues specie ere jaseceews | 52,500 Pennsylvania ....| 10,000 | 25,000 | 187,000 .....--. eens ens iene [sie caaelsoene san | 23,000 | 195, 000 Rhode Island ..-.|....... .| 6,400 | 59,000 | 15,000 125,000 ........ Je----- Iigeoseke eocetese | 205, 400 Wiernmontte fern ecto es. 2 1 °72000))" 227,000 | 71,500} .2-. +2. eee oe ree Pree eee | 299, 500 BWasconsin's 5.0 |fin.a-2- | 19,000 | 15, 000 | 20,000 |........ lise eeeee ES eis (De ae | 54, 000 _—_—_—— | [= Lees oa | EE pd ——— | 2 | Ota Cece sc 10, 000 (437, 797 |1, 174,918 ,955, 900 '765, 000 ' 97, 500 jnreeael 20, 572 | 81, 729 |3, 543, 416 842 REPORT THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] C.—TABLE V.—Summary table of the number of white-fish (Coregonus albus) introduced into the waters of the different States by the United States Fish Commission, 1872-1880, in- clusive. ’ | State. 1872. | 1873. 1874. | 1875. 1876. | 1877. | 1878. 1879. | asso. | Total. Bi) CEE 2.1 cma A Re a [ete ti A ets California.....--. 25, 000 | 25, 000 )...-.. | 20,000'|...... 300, 000 ...... W565; 000) jzastue een | 935, 000 NGA a eee. eeelleate eee Joe eeeee| seen ee )- seen eee OOS OOO) Se aoe NE ete Sr oS Loe est OOS OO Te a ee ate Jeo 2 | seat Weer 000001) 2 eee eee Rien pees Ha Ce 100, 000 IM CHivane ns ose incase. elbeceece i Saat Fe Rs ae N47, 0 000) sey een eee eee eee 200, 000 1, 670, 000 ENO Wie CLSOViace fioell|s cae: |ee= => acorn ioH Scipocce [acai ates |e (ation 'wintel) = eretece) ROO WOUO MM aeateesipers 90, 000 Pa ee nee ea (A ets tie ae ae | 5900; 000) lee ace (eee alias lie oe | 600, 000 Wisconsin .--+:-.)--..-- NeSoeece |s----- | 100,000 | 100, 000 )..-.- Re eel ete see |isoeeecoh | 200, 000 Totaleoaee a 25, oe dooeasaes 120, 000 | 2, 370, 000 300,000 | Pies 655, 000 | 200, 000 |3, 695, 000 A Mate Bo td ea | | C.—TaBLE VI.—Summary table of the number of California trout (Salmo irideus) intro- duced into the waters of the different States by the United States Fish Commission, 1880. State. 1880. WINGS esas leeseines ee ee 2, 500 TOW a Ne neck scthns Sele satioe See | 1, 000 Maryland 22,500 | Michigan ae 5, 102 Minn G80 bales ccene ee neces 1, 900 New Hampshire.......--. | 2, 000 North Carolina 22--.-22.-5¢ 4, 300 Pennsylvania .......--..-.- | 700 | South Carolina. ...-.....-.- 3, 500 Pe MWieStpVaALoINig ers eee eae | 500 | be) } DotalSs-sjsaccere seeeeee | 44, 002 Recapitulation of young fish introduced into waters of the United States by the United States Fish Commission, 1872-1880, inclusive. Phableiy ple Shad eee cs se cease tice atte = ee oer ereeyereien wenspsiane Sie ee ee 102, 388, 350 ‘ LEY Calitorniaysalm Ons ye sei ee ee rane tes oe eee oe Ae 33, 922, 960 CORTE SCM OOGUC SALT OM 05 (veer eee By IL PNM PL it air, yi te ss geese 4, 210, 303 CCR esLiVie On ODSCOtMSALMONG eee e ee ee eae eke eer e eeer 3, 643, 416 Oe AVHRR ND GOM LIS Hg 3c eee et NU ee tL Sew REC RO eee eae RS 3, 695, 000 COP EVO AlitOrNdAa bTOWts <2) cre ee ces se Seth Pre at anette pine laste meet 44, 002 COSI) Dees eae ot ak ae RIE ere mN ean aer A Sem ere beererSTh Be bars 147, 804, 031 In addition to the above there were carp distributed in 1879 and, 1880 to the number of 61,410; for the particulars of which see Report of 18890, pp. xli and xlii. 843 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 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LAT vuaevyenbsng Sisjsiiesic esis LOAN BIULaTOg Se pee IOATYT SUIFLSSLS SMOLIVN orjnseds “"7"* SMOLIBNT OLgnSedg psig Saas IIANT VOISLOD i Sehr ees IOALY 1ogsaqQ SMOLIBAT OTySAdG A yur doyy SMOLIBNT OLySIdG SMOLIBNT OLpRSEdS SMOLIBNT OLNSIdG “LIAN 8 JOBQOIPL JUIVS “= JOA O3OULOD0 SMOLIR AT OFYRSIdG LIAL OYOOTPTL NT SMoaavN oNsodg “-"" JOA BuaRtndsug Borice SMOLIVNT OLynSEdG et eet DAT JUOXNYBT eee aay AAT JUIXNYV Sai es LIALYT OOTULOOT AA Yoo) STAT OAM sr rertesss"" WO9RIOC SOTAL "7775" SMOLIVN OLjnsedg ewes ss SMOIIVN oTynsedg SF eee IATY dopaodun+s) shee" -SMOIIBNT OIYNSAdG “sMOIIVN OIYNSIdG oe ae “7 dOATY TSNgL -** LOATY OYOULOI0T “ SMOLIBN OTpUSEdG trees JOATY QUexXNIeg eaten “-"" TOATY JUOxXnye | sc ogees TANT ooyvyouy, Torre e* doary yaL{doyH apo SMOIIMN oTynsedg Soc s SMOLIVN o1pnsedg ee ee “7 TOANT SOT RU ete = “* WAR] peody, roree ss -IOATY 10}80qQ “"" SMOLIBN oTynsedg “t7 77" SMOLIBN OIZRSIdS TIAN ULyouvyy eee “*" doATY OOTULOOT A IIALY OVULOJOT “ots ss IOATY OVULOJOT “7-7 SMOIIBN OLgnsedg “777 SMOLIBN OFYNSIGS os OAT Vaietpnbdsng ee ee “DI ‘MoVy la “- "py ‘o0R14) op O1AuTT PIN ‘9qsry Arogqeg carbaiaaare PIV ‘TMoTPPIYT a es PIV ‘UMOJO[PPLIT “PAT ‘90R14) Op OLARTT “-"pyq ‘90¥i4y op o1ARyT mer tess* DP ‘oTtaciymeg PIV ‘WORST UN[TT “-"pyy ‘eov1y op a1aeyT “sts - "snr ‘dOs1epuoyT “py ‘esovry op o1aeyy "py ‘ovr ep OLAvyT “"pyy ‘eon. op e1avyy nae A ates DIN /aratogr aroun * DIV ‘opassopey Ay “ pyT ‘eovasy op OLAV FL PIT ‘Sanqs[esz9pa “DIY ‘eBay Op OLAR FT “““ py ‘90vLy op o1aeey “pT ‘eovly op o1anyy sec PIN ‘atne'T amare ard PIV, ‘osvarg : * pI ‘Aunqsiyeg “py ‘dorjeys Baops0g “-"pyy ‘Moyryzs vaops0g "7" py ‘ovary op o1avy_T “PA ‘9014 Op OLAC TL pies “PIN ‘oT[tasLeyo09 “PY ‘90RLy op o1avyy “PIT ‘208.9 Op o1aARyyT ang a PIN ‘uvurt112g PITH Avous | °° py ‘vovry op olavy PIN ‘Tomne'yT 7" DIV ‘Torney “py ‘ysno1oqs [tH "7" DIL ‘YSno1ogsmeais) "7" py ‘vovry op o1Avyy “*"" Dy ‘o0v1y op O1ARyT et ewe ee wee PAL ‘moysegT shes DPT ‘MoV ones py ‘wos OTT "7" ppl ‘eovry op o1Aeyy “"" py ‘v0vly op o1ARyy “pp ‘ouny ssoourg verse reese spr Aanqsryesg ee rs PIv ‘quourA[y “* PIL ‘MOSuTYS A, 9107 “77 py ‘90BLy op O1Av TT “-"* pyr ‘90B.ry op OLAV] “py ‘oovry op o1Avy_ 6L8L‘T sane | 6L8T ‘— oun 6L8I ‘Tg AVIT 6181 ‘TE ABIX | 6L8T ‘1g ABIL 6181 ‘og ABT 6181 ‘og Avy 6LST ‘0g AVL 6L8T ‘og Av GLET ‘6Z ABT GLST ‘63 AVTT GLET ‘83 AVTT GLST ‘Le ABIL 6L8T ‘9% Av 6181 ‘93 ABT GLST ‘9% Avy GLST ‘6% AVI GLST ‘6% AVIV GL8T ‘12 ABT 6L8T ‘1% ABT 6LET ‘6 Avy GLE ‘6T AB GLST ‘6L AVL 6L8T ‘gt ABT 6LST ‘LT AB 6L8T ‘LT Av GLST ‘oT Av SLET ‘pI oun SL8T ‘Pr oune SL8T ‘IT oun SL8T ‘Oroune SL8T ‘OT oun SL8T ‘Oroune SL8I ‘9 ounr gist ‘9 oun 8L8T ‘¢ oun SL8T‘e oun SL8T ‘eg oun SL8T ‘g oun SL8T‘T oun sig ‘T oun SL8I ‘T oun Sst ‘Te AVL SLst ‘og ABIL SL8I ‘6 ABIL SL8L ‘62 ACW BL8T ‘62 AVL 8181 ‘83 AVIV SL8I ‘8a ABIL BLST ‘8a AVL SL8T ‘2% ABIL sist ‘oe ATT 4 7) S. Mis. 110 [26] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, 850 Daieiehs IOAIY vuuvyoubsug “""""19ATY vuuByonbsng aupisrisienie IOATY oTynsadg | =sisieiols sista IOATY OBULOLOT saps sicting IOAIY JUOXNYV | araausene SMOLIVAT OIYNSEdG SMOLIBN OLyNSIdG gore SMOLIVNT OIYNSEdG BAOIIVN orynsedg SMOLIN oTynsEdg SMOLIVNT oLynsedg sae WAN vuuvyonbsng res IOATY JUOXNYC | Saisie IOAN vuavyonbsng jee soee SMOLIVNY OTYRSEdG SMOLIVN OTynSEdG Reem eg ae LOATY JUOXNYVT hesans IOANT vuuvyonbsng Sects IQATY vuuvyoubsng passe JdANy vuueyonbsng jv 7 77" JeATY Jopsodunsy |"77* leary vuaegonbsng IA yueydoygD IOAN VOYVYON, lectmes IDANT LOJA HOV “> JOATY Suryvnbsuviy, pemereesicas IOATY OVULOJOT luis IOAN vuuvyonbsng |seisionciel SMOIIB NT OTYNSEdG JSeemecines IAT oosdeyeg | IOATY veuuvyonbsng serene SAOLIV NT oLynsedg errs IAN vuueyonbsng IAT Jopaoduny) SMOIIVN OTJNSOdG leaecce ee IOAN OYOMLODI0T Seacanrsat TOATY ULouR HL 5 I9ATY vuueyonbsng [ecicsies SMOLIN NT OIyNSEdG JOAN vauvyonbsng - IOAN vuueyenbsng SMOLIVN OInSEdS O00 ROR Gie = |teaut ss podloysuvsy JON | --~ PIV ‘00¥.L4y Op OLAV [*7 "77 -* Avg oyvodesoyo HO0KGGG Ih seeee es por1ejsuvsy JON [7777 > PIV ‘90814H Op olAvH [7-7-7 * 7" Avg oyvodesoyy OO0medce ohece es poLlefsmesy JON |-- 77> PIV {90814D Op OLABFT [777777 Avg oyvodrsoyp 1 U1 aa ii tea SIT “AP | 97177 WOT}CIS OVUIOJOT |**7 777 =" Avg oxvodvsayp 000 ‘o0e eae Sere RU OULILI SE N= | a= sic s TONRIG 9VUI0JOg |-° 77777 Avg oyxvodeseyo 000 ‘00 che aaee hea MOOS see | == aaa WOT}VYS OVUIOJOT | -" 77" ~~ Avg oyvodesay 9 000 ‘GIz fexelcnecsherans poLlejsuviy JON | ~~ “py ‘oovryg ep oraey_z |--7 7777 Avg oyvodesoyg 000 ‘0LZ | “- *°-* porreysmedd JON, |-7>-~ PIV ‘20VLD op otavy{ |----7 77 * Avg oyvodeseqg Cine epee Score porteysaviy JON |7- 77> PIN ‘eovry op o1aey | ~~ ---* Avg oyvodesoyy 000 ‘06 J c-"" =" poreysmer} FONT [>>> 7 - PIV ‘00815 op oLavy |---- 7 * Avg oyvodesoyp (TE. PSesooetns porl1ejsuery JON |o7--- PIV ‘008.145 9p oLAvy |---7--7> Avg oyvodesoyg 000 ‘SFT |fasisceretmtets POLOJRUVI} JON [7777 * PIN ‘9014 op oravy |--*77-7* Avg oyvodesayD 000 ‘002 Isat: Sl SULyuo le Fy SAK | = s MOI9VIG OVMIOJO |-"----*° Avg oyvodvseqg 000 ‘Oct [7--* =" perleysueVsy JON, |°7 >” PIN ‘0vry op o1aeyy |-- "7-7 Avg oxvodvsoy) 000 ‘oez \poae isis pol1eysuvly JON | --* py_ ‘eovaiy ep oravy_ |-- 7-777 - Avg oyvodesoyy 000 ‘E1F so-*"" == -NOTLOFSUBIE FON |°--- PI ‘Oovry) ep eraeA |------ "> Aug exvodesoyy | 000 ‘00g Neji seis uavUIENYyIS "MAO [7-77 - UWOIZV}S OVULOJOY |"" "77>" Avg oxvodrsoyo 000 ‘OL lease 2 porltojsuvt} JON [7-7 * PIV ‘o0v1y op oraepyT |-- 7-777" Avg oyvodesoya 000 ‘00 “"* poLlojsuely JON |**"pyy ‘SMore yy omynsadg |-------- Avg oyvodesoyg 000 ‘GL setsteleteinir PoLlajJsueV1y JON |-* “py ‘Savorre Ny orynsedg |----+--- Avg oyvodesaq 9 000 ‘GOT [ppemee rs es STOULMTIG "NY |** py ‘Soren ognsedg |-------- Avg oxvodeseyo 000 ‘OST | 77 777" poLleJsuBly JON |" "pyr ‘smoreyy ornsoedg |'------- Avg oyvodvsoyy | 000 ‘og pee eo af ‘yorqsny WL | pI ‘sorte Ny orynsedg |*---*--- Avg oyvodesey() | 000 ‘o¢ lfeiertohsaces al ‘jjorqsny VE |" pay ‘sore yy orynsedg |-------- Avg oyvadeseyy | 000 ‘ez leader Ss as af ‘qyoTysny yy, | pyr ‘SMoureN orynsedg |-------- Avg oyvodesoyg 090 ‘cz af ‘9jo[qsuy VT, |-* py ‘sasor1aeN orynsedg |---->+-- Avg oyvodesoyy | 000 ‘0¢ af ‘qjorqsny L **pyW ‘sore orgnsedg j-----> >> Avg oxvodesoyy (ULL) fat ae ea SSNY “WAL |* “PW ‘SMouieN orynsedg |------*- Avg oyvodeseyy | (101 a ae ie SIA ‘Wf |" *" PIN ‘smoareN oryneods j----"7- Avg oyvodesoyy | (EXD) Ste eed BS **podiejsavd} JON | py ‘sMorre yy orynsoedg |-------- Seg oyvodesoyy COORCUTS elas os pol19jsuvi} JON “py ‘SaolieN orynsedg |*------- Avg oyvadesoyo QUORGUT sc linger: meus moTMeH "AA |” PIT ‘SMorie yy orynsedg |-----*-- keg oyvodesoyy) 000 ‘cg “77 paLtejsavs} JON |-~ “py ‘Sorry orynsedg | --*-"---Avg oxvodeseyo COGHO0 Le. anise ees pol1ojsuvi} JON |" pyy ‘Sore yy o1gusedg |------ > Avg oyvodesoyg 000 ‘OSL jeucicreieiciniats poldeysuel} JON |-* py ‘saormeN ornsedg |-------- Aegq oyvodesoyy) 000 ‘ELT jor al getqsny L, |-* pI ‘sMorren orymsodg |-------- Avg oyvodusoy yg 000 ‘OCT [pe vaeseis Patdossuviy JON |-* pyy ‘sore orynsedg |-------- Avg oyvodesoyO 000 ‘SZ joc os al QQ0TqanA yy | - pr ‘saoreN orynseds |-------- Avg oxvodesoyy) 000 ‘OST Were r ss af‘qjo[q ony |" py ‘sMmorreyy ergnsedg |-------- Aeg oyvodeseyy) 000 ‘02 Seas po.l1oysuely yon \""- py ‘Aaoysty Avg plo |-77777 >> Aeg oyvodeseyy | (RI Mthg) NaS oars Pe LIoJsued} JON |-- pyy ‘sore orynsedg |-------- Avg oysodrsoyy | 000 ‘00g [acess ee pOLlajsUvl} JON |-* PY_ ‘SMOIIVN o1ynsedg |-------- Avg oyvodesoyy | 000 ‘00F |isseleeries rie’ poitejsuet) JON |"*"pyy ‘sMorre yy orgnsedg |-------- Avg oyvodesayg |--- 000 ‘008 isscierisise? pal1ojsuvd} JON (**-pyy ‘sore orgynsedg |-----*-- keg oyvodesoyy | | | | | “ysy jo | roqunu pol1oysuvly MOA Ag | ‘:payoyey o19A\ YSY OLS AA —jo Arvynqi4ay, pozyeMysy *poovid 010M YS Worm Ur 6.1078 |" py ‘eovry op o1avyzy “"* Py ‘90R1D op o1avyy "py ‘90RD op o1avyT “-"- py ‘syooy jo yu1og [Sse PIV ‘esvavg osGhinne PIN ‘purprequing “PY ‘oovry op a1aey “PIT ‘90R1LD op oLAvyT “pH ‘90v.1y op o1aeyy “pH ‘90vrLy op o1avy “PIN ‘908.19 Op OrAvy “PIT ‘e0v1y op o1avyy PIV ‘osvarg “PI ‘008g op otavyyT “PIT ‘0oV1y op o1avyL “PIT ‘eov1y op o1aey see tee ee eeeee “PI {omme'yT "py ‘o0vry op o1avyy “py ‘e0eLy op o1ae yy aeoees PIV ‘ysodeg 410g “py ‘Ajunog o1owmnyyeg pe See sry A19yzy egy PHA ‘dosi9pueyL heseur PI ‘Ysno10qs[ tH gece rie le PIC ‘es priquivy Gee PIC ‘d017e49 8, AoITy creters PIN ‘Sanqses9spa,y sisi esicleirins ‘PI ‘Quexnyeg Ost ‘oz AvTT ossl ‘6t ARPT O88I ‘BT ART Ogst ‘LE AByAL ogst ‘or Avy OSsT ‘GT ABT Osst ‘eT AvP OSST ‘PL ABT OSST ‘st AVAL ogst ‘er Avy 08st ‘sr ABIL OSs ‘st AVPL 08st ‘IT Av OSsT ‘IT ABT osst ‘It Av Osst ‘OL ATT O88T ‘8 O8ST ‘2 Avy AvIT 6LST ‘FT oan Le GL8T ‘FT oun GLST ‘IL oune 6L8T ‘TL oune 6L8T ‘OT oune 6L8T ‘OT oun 6L8T ‘OT oun 6L8T ‘OT oun 6L8T ‘OT oun 6L8T ‘OL oun *ponuty w0o9— puryAlvyy ‘1M0} ‘QOTJO-480d 4S91B9 \T trees PIT ‘syo00y Jo qurog | 61gT ‘OL ounE seteenee Aroysta Avg plo | 6181 ‘6 eune “"""pyq ‘eovry op e1avH | 6181's oune sees PA ‘worvyg Avjoy | 6Lgr‘g oun sececee? 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Ane Ajoe se | Ayn) AVP oun yf | Aen | Avy Ame | oung Ayu | Aine? oun oun eune oun oun | oun oung ouny | oun oun 6LSI ‘1 ABW 6L8T ‘Te ABT 6L8L ‘Te AV SigT ‘g ouns S/8T ‘oz ABIT Lust ‘¢ Ato LLel'b AToe Lust ‘> oune LUST ‘1g Avy “* BUTTOIVY AON YOK MON Ort SCuVyyT ALO NT [30] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 854 000 ‘8% 000 ‘002 000 ‘OOL 000 ‘09 000 ‘ez 00L ‘6S 000 ‘O0L 000 ‘ez 000 ‘c9 000 ‘e9 000 ‘et 000 ‘09 000 ‘09 000 ‘0¢ 000 ‘T 000 ‘00¢ 000 ‘os amp at 000 ‘01Z 000 ‘00L ‘ 000 ‘oct 000 ‘00T 000 ‘ez 000 ‘ost 000 ‘00 000 ‘og 000 ‘oor 000 ‘09 000 ‘STI 000 ‘ctr 000 ‘oor 000 ‘00 ‘ 000 ‘00t ea 000 ‘0ST 000 ‘002 000 ‘cy 000 ‘8 000 ‘00g “asy Jo Jequinu poyeuysyy “ponuryuoj—ansnjour USY Ora ar s109}0 Ay ‘aM0} ‘ooujo-jsod 4yso1ve Ny ‘OST OF LET mouf poys fo uounquysig—T ATAVI— Tress" HgTtOFSUVlD ON vq ‘juUsvaltg JuIOg Avg oivarvped |--- "7777" JOATY OVATE [---"7- vd ‘WUesvafq WO | Est ‘grouns |--> vLuval{suueg “-"*"* UUBULIONOS "AA "CQ | > -7 77>" WOTJVIS OVBWIOJOg |°-----*--- "77" OW ONVT |-- 7-777" qoaty Aysupurg | --------- Org ‘jUoMeIy | OggT ‘groune : csipipicie's sa.eiseie uain® “a H | PW ‘ssoren eynsedg ---+---------> otagy oxeT ~~ --- 77> aoaTy Aysnpuug |---------- oryO ‘JuomIaIy | GL8T‘, ounp Sern spe cicests uund ‘aH | PW ‘eovr4) op odavyy |-*---- > OL OYVT | - “+++ aoaTyy Aysnpurg |---+------ OlyO ‘uOMIeI | g4g{ ‘6 oune Bonaes ~- qreddipy “H “f |°-"* "pW 00815 op oravy | --*---*------a9ATY oTGO |-------- >> 7° doaTYT 0019S | ~~" -----OTYO ‘suquinjoy | 92gT ‘9z oune “""-XBylIByT pUV s[[esduy |---- PP ‘eovly op omavyT-|°------ +--+ 77> TOATY OIGQ (°° 777° dA UnsuTysnyy |--- 7-7 org ‘oT[LAsourp | o/gT ‘ep eung Se Pre 7 IBIO NA [997727 ‘sueorkeon |°---°>--------a9eary orga |-----: 198A wunsurysnyy |----->------ orgy ‘paedeg | gret ‘eg oun fp sisieise's s][VFuy paw wosuyy |---*"--"" AN ‘suvarkeo0y | --- © ------a0aTyy org | “77 ---7-* aaATT OJOIOG |°-++---- “Orgy ‘suquinjoy | ¢ygt ‘eroune qaicisse evaiziaig JOqS[O AA “ANH | S8ep‘sTe gq AeTpey qynog | Tr meaty OQ 7s doaTY Mornay |------- o1yO ‘oT[TAoormO PW | FLL ‘SE AtnE mess _ 08840 “WO | SPH sled AoypeH qynog |=" -----"-**-aoaTy O1YO [77777777777 Jeary MOeg |-----+ --*-7* O1GO “BLAST | $19T ‘Bt ATOp “--* Ao[va A pues roqyey | --- -"-" AN ‘suvurdeod | --*----------aaary orgo |---- qaary Bpoyesuryoug |------ oro ‘ouleyuOJaTIOg | F181 ‘6 AlnE seseaees TOUS[OM “MA “H |" °° °""" AN ‘suvarkeop |---------*---* orgy eHBT | ------- gaaty Aysnpug |---------- oryQ Guomoag | #18T ‘9g oune iopesins IIqJeA_ pus osvyy |°----*--* EN SUM OTAGO Sy | s-" "=< =e -S55= } 016 Xs 34 ol eee JOATY PUBID |--------* Oly ‘eT [TA Tseq | FAST ‘ez oun eeug scree ss MOSBIVOS (ligase ao AGN saeurteos:|=------7=">= ay Ol OMG. tees Joaty epuqeyysy |------ 7 orgo ‘eynqeyqsy | exgt ‘fz0une ee IMO “UA “AON | SSVAT'ST[BA ATpeH yyNOg |----°-------"- OL OH’T | ------- goaty eBsoqvdng |----------*-"- ogo ‘Quoyy | CL8E‘e A[np|------------- omo [eset giclee Seago Tar Pella ate asia Sc CSRs Na BOOS Wan 2-52 punog 9plemeqry |------ SAscrs TOATY YON |--- ON ‘Ayun0D wopmey | BART ‘er ABT Se SONY “WAN | 77777777" ON “e00ay |---°7- 7" * JoaTYy UyMoYD | -- -----*- oer Momeg |-------*-----Q “Noon H | BET ‘ZT Avy parses sis SOEITUME ns), [22 9 Soha Ne COOAy eo occa JOATY WeMogO |---- 77777 7- WOGIG) MQUITEG| | 22= == Js asr ee O'N ‘eooay | 6181 ‘6 Avy zcisire yas SUTBITEM “HO [°° 77°77" ON "B00AY |" --**~*"" JoaTy WeMOTD |°----------HeeIQ uoMIpEs |-------------D“N ‘wooayK | BIST 'S AVL pee ses siseies SSOY "WAN [7777977777 ON ‘Booay |---""** punog eyremoeqry |---------- -x9e1Q uowyTeEg srorossessse- Oy NT “BOOAW | 6L8L‘6 ABT seiree lopAvy, pus oysny |---°"--7"°"-- ON ‘wooay | -- --aaaly copeg yeory |------°--- “LOATY ULYPeA | --------- ON ‘Aangsipeg | 61gr‘9 Atty gers sss PIVAPOOM “WE | 77997797977" ON BooaW |--- 77+ +++" JOATY UBMOgD |---- ~~~ -eaTY UOyoy |------- ON ‘orpaqoueag | egT ‘e Avy soe ster et= OxSOH LO [0777777 ON BOA |----*---*- punog oormeg |------------ JeaTy osmany |----------" ON ‘qBrorey | GET ‘z AeA sacle 77 PIBAPOO MA “WE |'0 70°" 7" ON ‘Booay |------- punog opreuloqry |'---------seary oyouvoy |----------- O“N ‘ope | ezgt‘z LeTT gasses PIBAPOO AK VY OL 78ers ON BOOAY |°*-----"-" JoATYy WeMOND |-------"--=yoerD woupEg |------------"— "Nr wOOAY | GIST ‘6g “IdV geisisisinisie PIVBAPOO AM "WP [777777777 ON ‘BooAW |---*-*> punog ofremeq,y |°---------r9aTy oxouRoyy O'N ‘aoprom | 6L8T ‘6z dy Case seems “SSO ALAN [7722277 ON *Bouay |" ---- "> -pumog oorured |-77 7" 7----77-*-aeaty rey, |----- ON ‘gunoyy LHo0g | ezgt ‘cg “adv | sects. PAIVMPOO A “WG 77777 Crean FON BOO As [rie so JOAIY Ivaq odey |*------- **"YOolQ Weysoy |------ O'N ‘eAlO JUNOTT | 61ST ‘ez “ad y | Sp eee es oinzcs UE CORNY 99) tS Fo OS eS OSI GIG 9) sa 10). G7 Deane Uevd00 O1QURYV |----7"- punog efzeumeqry |----7*7777* “"O'N ‘B00AV | 6L8T ‘Fz “dy Bortae sits 77" OMSNH LO [°° 7777779" ON ‘Booay |°*-*----ar0ATY dea odeg |-------------*--sumy xtg |---- O'N ‘Agun0| urdu | 6LgT ‘bz ady ay assess poomAeTy df [777777777777 QIN WoOAW |--- >> +--+ TREO OYURLY |------- punog opremtaq¢y |---7- 2 “O'N ‘BOOAYV | 6L8T ‘63 “Ady gremeceeace SS e TC UL AN aa = seco me ol EN BOOATY. 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PIR ‘Wsangspes9 poy PIN ‘Ulog PIT ‘Aatnqsipesg “pIT ‘WOZOTPUA q.10 5 alta hel a a DIN ‘o[tasfopey A “--- pw ‘SanqsTyes Torr eseses HIT ‘TOs.opusyy PIN ‘Gops ay [yy PR THU 8,aeugULg an “77° "DR ‘s AMBIN) O(T Bete PIT ‘UAOSAOYonE ‘py ‘Ssuridg Apaesg eoeocess"" DAT ‘MOSMOT, corersesses NIT ‘OBBATS pIv rE INV’ "7°" DI ‘opfasd ee. “* PV ‘esplg §,.10},4n—9 ger pIv ‘AquUN0g [199g "DIL ‘qouvsgd Apaeg “py ‘wowed gee DI Lae G “PIT ‘WMO Iso UVP 7 PHT ‘Tsanqo[pPr sere DAT ‘UAMOISLOSVTT “PIT ‘WAOIS1950 FT “PK Wed betel nip 1, Gud BS G py ‘opassoluy AA pw ‘Aanqsteg “os pyr ‘Arnqsipeg trorersecsroen aT ‘AQILY JINOTT corrtttsssss* DAL ‘STAAL 8, pooH PIN ‘Hops TL mclssiviciscieiis= DING Sen Lutes PIT ‘plojoa0 ScePecicic'se.n si" - DAGS brs) CU roeeesses py ‘MIB, §, Weg "PIT ‘STUD Ss urwo[ yy cosece race Ss> 7 DIN, peo yapy PLST JO EL81 Jo €L8I JO OS8I ‘LT ORST ‘OL Osst's OSI ‘T Ogst ‘TL O81 ‘63 OS8I ‘62 ORT ‘9 OS8T ‘8a OBST ‘ES OBI ‘2% OSL ‘GT OSI ‘6L O88T ‘LL OS8T ‘ST OS8t ‘st OSSI ‘et OSST ‘ZI O88I ‘SB oat ‘6 SLEL ‘8S GLal ‘SI GLST ‘81 GLE ‘LT GL8T ‘OT 6121 ‘OT GL8T ‘OL GLSL ‘OL GLST ‘ST GL8L ‘SL GL8I ‘ST GLR1 ‘ET GLB ‘EL GL8L ‘I GL8T ‘ZL. 6L8T ‘3 GL81 ‘ZT GL8I ‘ZI GL81 IT GL8T ‘TL GLSL ‘OL GL8L ‘OL GLST ‘6 GLSI ‘6 GL8T ‘¢ GL8L'S 681 ‘9 ssvyy ‘snSnrgq | 9/9T Jo Tre, ssvqy ‘Aqunoy YINou ATT] poe “suridg {tot Ue 1B 097 09(L 09] ‘0a(T ‘00 "AON “AON "SON “AON ‘AON “AON “AON “AON “AON “AON, “AON "AON “AON ‘Ie “IVI “29(] ‘09q "09d Dries -2aqy 090 9, 9d 0901 "09d 09T 0. ‘9d OOM "007 “OCT 00d m2] @ & mkl@ § 00d, “090q “090d. “00d “090, "09d 09d "09d “>"> " sqosnqousseyy [48] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 872 “Us JO requmu poywurry sy ‘ponuUlyMoH—arrsnpous ‘OST 02 SLQT wouf uowpns miusofyvg fo uoyngi.zsig—II ATaAVL—'d pero OC at —OnOnmmocesOdil: stn s ie TOAD OCICUMO() 279s = 2 Yoorpj Oursvoeg jr2="*- "===" Wor ‘AyaN0D sseg | cigt‘g ‘oq Re GG 2p SOUN PUG GEOR) | setae esse JOALY OBIOVMOCT |--7777 TT YOOID S,ULVIYLAA |"" 7777 You ‘Ayanoy ssvg | Giet‘g “90d 2 a geek WOU COSe Oc: ||P eos. sss TOMAUOBTGBMO GE | os MOOLG LB LOU eee es Worm ‘Ajunoy ssvg | czgt‘g 00d Oo te eae pes AU OND Aiea ofS OS £9 eA a en le See a lias sees paog Areuraieg ysigdeg |e-- store {oun ‘oozemrey | cust ‘e Apne re DOO ee TOU UOseyOr |" ->-+ 52> OATS YdosomqmIeR [>> 22 s-s soe sores epmom [Pa =2 89" = "=<" OTA MOseMOr | GUST 1 [ay SSTUOU VE OGES|Ogis | 127” ays oa oe sane ROUGE TROME) lr see sees ee WOM eyeyT |-27-=-" yor ‘AjunopH purpyroO | cLst ‘0g “Ie “= -QOuAr CO0eNOd: ||; 2575s Eas Pe ag ast Q)LOTG ES (17 fl PREen Sere BeOS LC). 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TOATY MOJUNUY, | --- 7 OATY, JoxMIOUT A, |--- 77 SELL ‘DOBMOSpIIg | LL8T‘— ‘00d SSO COROT SSVI AOYSOTOULM | -7 7 rT puMOg prorg |---7 77780 dear y SNgNeG j----- o-oo BBVT_ ‘ens | L18T‘— ‘oom woe BSVIT “LoySoOULAA foo" Seg syjosnyovssvyy |----7-* Senseo TIATYMO MONG |e aoe SSUy ‘ployysavyy | LL8T ‘— ‘00d gsc" so""* SSBIT ‘OJSOMOULM |" --°-- «LOATY OVUILITETL IOALy vnyseny |-- ~~~“ ssvyy ‘AzuN0D 19389010 A, | LL8T ‘— “09 sose hci Se. FRITS OULAN | oe eee WLvIIQO OULD V IOATY WOUMSAy |--- 7-7 - ssvyy ‘Ajunoy xessq | 218T‘— 00d ws “"* SSBPT ‘LOJSOOUT AA |- ~~ IDANT OVUILLIOPT “LOATY BUYS NT errs" SSR] ‘1oysvouvy | 948T JO [[BL *ponurymoy pete “o-"°* geeyy ‘LoqSeqOULA, |°--------- Keg syjyesnqoessepy [o-oo OAT, YPIONT [ov eeByT ‘PLO YSIVPL | 9L8T JO [IBA | —89FOSuToOVsssyy ‘poor d ‘o58 ; d “ponopeT ATIEUY exom AN —yo Areqngyay, 919M [ST teak Ul 8199 AA IO ‘WM04 acide aod 489.189 NT ove 27818 873 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. lseansas cart ats YOUN ‘OTtAN}10 N yon ‘woseyog Yor ‘Wosvyog youy ‘uoseyog poe OR eh ie WOU ‘woseyog Se wes oe --"** Gorn, ‘uoseyog ete BO ey ==" TOT. 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REGO SRO SSE yoy ‘woseyogd ie TOT ‘OTT ATI10 N “-- TOIyY ‘dosvyog PavSOS TOW ‘woseyog poss LOAN WOSOSnL “LOANT PUBLY estes 75 sss LOAN puRry “LEAT puwsy “IOATYT PUBIT) ad these IOAN puBLy Sasa ne IOATY OOZBINRIT IL shoe nese tis LOATYY WOPUTLL) UVSTIPU 9YV'T ne ge roan ydosor yures aac qoaTy Ydosop quieg per IoATy Ydosor qureg ae JOALY Ydosor yureg aw LOANT Ydoso”r yureg nn ta TOA Ydoso pr quivg ictal TOA PAesor WUIRG “"77 > OAT Ydosor gureg otros TS eee OL] OXB'T cmc seta LOAN PUBIY) see ees IOATY PUBL ae: UVSIQOyT OYV'T pet ess nee IOATY PUBIY) 2215 Sea IOANT puvssy "7" LOATYT ALB) FUTVS TE SEIN SS ea wounyy OFe'T oye'yT yevory SSS tec sceae OLIGL OV'T Ol OYV'T pane! OYCT LVM PALS Nees eae LOATY OSTOY Seep ee an LOAN JLOLOT {eee *-7"JOATY OUT poe IOS JOANT AVULSLS peed Aegq MVULSVg crea eee IOATY MVUTSRS Seaces soe UVSIQOL ONV'T LOATY OOZLULETRIT IOANT OOZVUB[ LI ee” UvdoTYI WV] Uvsiqypory WV UVLO OUv'T ULSIOY OV'T UUs Ov] ULSI OCT A ae “IOAN puwiy "eo" TOATY Ydeso yr yureg eee TOA Ydosor qureg Ree eae come TOA OTQeg nw we eke “""" IOATY oTqrg ny cate DOAN OVS nW ee puske ce UVSITOITY Oxe'y LOALY OVINVAO(T Batic OFV'T 199UA\ JOS OA “OYV'T Uoz1OG WILT “OV [9101 "+ o¥v'T Yorn OYBT 8, pio0'y Ty Wdoso ¢ qureg oYUV'T W0951n4S IALY OSVIIOT OE a ONVT puourviq Otc cern cis ahaa nee oyBy] AounyT "OWT aoreg me ee Poe OUT UOSLLLo yyy dle SP0O AA OY JO OT | OYVT L9VMPLON IOATY UISteyy eyey ojddy u10q 7, oyey ojddy wioyy, OYVT 19}IVO eyey punoy ei eee saan 2 cee IOANT ofdeyy LOANY Youlgy Sores IAT ALTO wures Ppniey eGo Secs ee OXV] WOOPLLOFT gona aee Vein s'est UISILY, LOATY, PSS es syste UISIRY JOA esc ee ToATyY OPUS) OV] prvyqoig Helvasinieistieg'e rsinisar IAN OFNOY Joany eaoddiyg -* IOANT OOSSVALOLIILT, Seer Acie Soe ee eee IOATY OFT JOATY JUL IOANT ACT Mtg OWT ovesu0x) 7" OFBT TD Ree cok Oye] STAO'T has OFVT 8, UVIeLOW OWL] 8,00 AA caece Sars OV'T § MOAT pie incre sme ees eae ee ONV'T Suo'TyT IOATY OSRIIOT Fee oe Sa eee 2 me oyey uvipuy -s-oyey Aqqng REO SECU OCU OR DAD Ao soyey ULM phos eo aainge ee welche aes OyeT ososyo " JOA ty ydoso ¢ yureg yoorg wosryog yey meTD | Worl ‘oviyjuog eae eps ts Or ‘RIVA 99a TL, stasaich cates “=== YOU ‘Wofog YOu ‘BLOAT 091g, 7, ss sielein nsleinie’s org ‘Agunog sseg peeitaka te youn ‘Ayuno0g sseg Pate eer “---qoupy ‘Aqunog ssvy “Wor ‘Ayumog qouvig ape at yor ‘Ajuneg qouvig, 7 “yor ‘Aponog yourac Woy ‘Agunog oomvuoryT ose e rn st ory ‘Aqunoeg woop eae alas youn ‘Aqunoeg Aang qouy ‘Agunog Arauq Wu ‘Ajun0H wozaryy caetaad "ts" DOU “VIMOyT “7 ory ‘Woimyzy yao oe sicieisic Wor ‘Aqyunog purpyro poser rt iraore ou ‘WApPpoorg pe missle Te cine ree Wong ‘Josueutog i) Ee eine WOU “BO alata ony ‘Ayunoy purpyzo lt cath beak Ou ‘WL0q.tvocy pine giro Certara -* (Oly ‘pueTpIyy ie eieeageds: © TOUAL (PUeLPUAL Reyne: oS As youn ‘Ayunog Aver Senn “-* yore ‘Agunog yur eae so o°"" TOTAL ‘MU MUT gecaice:s your ‘Aqanoy anoy[rp Paka youn ‘Ajunog oozeueye y ge aie youn ‘Aqgunoyg unoyed sie shecs youpy ‘Aqunog unoy[Vg aks YOUN ‘Aganoy) oozeureype sy yorpy ‘Ayunog oozeurepeyyp Tory ‘Agunog oozeureye yy yorpy ‘Aqunog oozeueye yy seis eiciswicis youn ‘Ayunog Arieg youn ‘Aqunog oozvurrye sy youn ‘Ajonoy oozemee sy Youd ‘Aqunoy oozrvwmeyype yy Ou ‘Ajunog oozeureype sp OMA ‘OyeT 0308909 pee Prag TOU ‘SOTEN, TOMA ‘WosRyog “ory ‘wornyy ga0g | GLBL ‘GZ GLET ‘82 CL8T ‘83 GL8L ‘E% GL8I ‘83 ° CLT ‘8% GLEL ‘ZS GLET ‘2s GL8T ‘2% CLEL ‘TS GLET ‘TZ CLI ‘02 CLET ‘OT GLEL ‘OT LSI ‘OT GLST ‘OL GLET ‘OT GL8I ‘OT CLET ‘OL GLST ‘OT GLEL ‘OT GL8T ‘OT GLST ‘OT GL8T ‘9T CL8T ‘OT GL8T ‘ST CL8L ‘TL GL8T ‘8 [50] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 874 owe ccenrccsecn: qo ‘Woseyog (IOI OPI OCL O MOO JOA HOLA AL | vetcee eee “=== YOu U0dexyOge|>-- ==>" “<< = =o ONIARUOg ONT e)>| weet eeces Seiserr AMOUNT UOd G1 Ori |ss22 5s 224 ass sees" TeATY TONAL seecee =ise-=c YOUN UOSB Oe! sos 7 2 =e cose" TARY WOM AL voters “--""* Yor ‘woseyog |----°--°°--" +--+" eA Woinyy amaoesenc scsc= VOR UOSEyOde |s~ = 259-9 P ri GriuOs Ur: seeseeccseecres YOUN Woseyog |*--77 °° 7° otto 2+ OL ONVT rretee eset eee Yor ‘woseyog |-------77 77° “7 UBOTPONT Ofv'T settee trees ** WOL ‘aoseyog |----*- 77+ 7777 WRBITOI OFVT | tert eect eee eeee Yor ‘woseyog |---*------- Joary qdoso p yureg JpOse ORCA Roaaca TOA ‘Woseyog |----*° 7-77 WVSTQOLP Yv'T cece ce eee eeeeee Youn ‘woseyog |-----*--- > doaTy Ydosor qureg seeeeees so2-=< =O WOseyOge |= ""-- 97 === *--= = TOATIUISTE Ty: GORA Ree YOU ‘WOseMod |---* 7-77-7777 OAT UISTL YT sete ee ee eee eee out ‘UoSvyog Puss's es jsie)s\sie'siesie DIAL 09Mnepy IGE COMBE EI GIG0R WO ‘Woseyod |----** 777777 e rr OLA OYVT sorcetteseere: YOM WOsByO |2=222--2-c 52-2 UBS Oe'T sretere ee eee Wor ‘woseyog |---+-*1- 777-7 UST oYVT seeee see eeeeeee You ‘Woseyog |---*-- "+7777 > UVB oe'T soteseseeees -- WO ‘uoseyog |---**>--*7-- LOATY OozeMepey | Gory ‘wWoseyog |---------7- S22 Bye icigisaisee scat Ole MOouN Ore |(s7 12 +2 vee esos sem aeaee ess Wong ‘wosdyog |--2-2=-7--- +> = WesIqoIY Oey TOL Woduyog |=-->-==22<= IOAnT Ydosor quires YOu woseyog |" - "== 2s2> TOATY Ydoesoe qureg | Wore ‘woBeyod |----*770tttt tr dG PIG F geeeee seer ris GOUT ‘OUTAU}ION Jooo sooo rrr r cr OL ONT gacsgse tees WOT “OTUAMWON |oo- 00770808 * TONAL oYv'T we cece recon ee: TOT ‘OU[IAQPION [77° 7-777 -AOATY MBUTSeS | oe nent ewe eeecs TOU ‘OTEA TIO NE eon a a eae ni OU OM OU SSS enROOS Ado ae Wo ‘Woseyog |--- °° 7+ +7 °° + + URBIQOIP, OYVT Joscere er ceeeee TOR OMPAUIIO Nes |= ==> vss sess sce: TOATY WOIZOT SCRBSSSOnnKIIS TOU OP[LAMPAON [77-77 -OATY oOUTMIOMO TT Jrocsceeee “SSS One Op AUIIONG |==>>27°5e=2- IOATY VOUTULOUO TL settee eeeeeeeee YOUN ‘Woseyod |----- +--+ 7777 wed oYe'T wee cee eee eee ee TOUT ‘O[[TAT3.10 Nf ee ee OV] TOOCTTL AL. Jens eeee seen eee YOUN ‘OUtagaoNy | 77° >> IOALY oyonbaeyy o19g sarees cee ce ree. YOUN ‘Woseyog |*---°---**- Sie kee woIny, oxe'T Beer cer 2-52 WOIT ‘uodeyog Sretse- sci HOI OUT see ee eee ee sees Youn ‘woseyxog |---------- +> - WeSIqOITT eyv'T [se ewisae = nina gaimic qo ‘woseyog |°-°°°--°7> Avg es1oaely, ONT soecesis J Cseres TOMA UOSUIOre 2222 25s nes seas OYVT ould elvier= els aie aiicls ~- Gor ‘Woseyog |*---°-- "+777" °°" --eyU'T Yoo, Sressv ene *-7**> ol, ‘uoseyog “peqoqeg ATeay o100 AA --- Avg esleaviy, puviy —jo avynquy, a sooo @sery IBATIC procs tecseees sewer tory ‘107 X0CT ea sigris anes wie Sloe puod oywatrg |°-"*--- 777+ >> qorpy ‘te1seto03y Me sretesse cess se OCT pussy j---- "°° oro Gorpy ‘0p x0 tram ies te OMB WOOW JH |. - 777777 PON ‘wean rs U SSP eTess ss OB] wosioyjeg |-----"-° or + TOY ‘weagng Sressipyanccs "77°" OHVT O800X) [°° 7 7-7" *-* TOMY {9098po0o AA. SS ecosers rata ners OYVT OARS [°° -- 7-7 BOTY ‘HOOIspoo sieisicrs sreserorecess> QUIT UMOY, |°-- °°" > Wor ‘Agunog unoyleg Si Gece terete te areca spuod |-"°**> > Gory ‘doqaeyy Moyueg WeFesleestas sess cesses spuog |°-7"**"**"" Worm ‘qdosor yureg sieves "77" JOATY MBG MU BIG |°77 77777777" TOUT “JorpAroye Ay Bpeisisitiee= sess OYBT osoog-MuUg |°--- °° 777777 7* Wop ‘OTVpsTTLT meessiscs *alnisciss ONV'T 8, pavyynog j-- +++ OTP ‘ougmag user Bisimiseicicisis s***-~ puog eLAnlyeg. |--- 9°" °25=""==-gorr ersolled, pominsingeicie Sa aiaclstio TOAly UMBLL |°7777 77777 OTP “YOOYSpoo Ay. PHsSs civeiecsissis:: exey Auoppepg |--- 709s TOMA “903Spoo Ay SST e esas sisi see Oye] woLlvg |-----*---- +77" >> Yor ‘prvemoyy Besa Satie es sie “-- ONBT MOTIBVAN [°° °° Gory ‘AyuN0D xX1oaospieyD say a se'> aus cele ielnere eyVey sour | --*-* qorpy ‘Aqunoy uvselry Pei Set oyey yuoung | ---*--- Toug ‘Ajunoy uvsoypy gece ven Sra res Br: IG tL} 4 O28 § fal hereon a oun ‘Aqunoyg sseg prinitisie Sreiaiayeg eisieisints HOolg TOP | yorpy ‘Agun0g sseg pete ee neo aly seyv'yT J9}8tg |--**- WorpY ‘AjunoD uoing uv, sig) Sieleseis ee eee yoorg uoseyog |°-- ------ > -tporpy ‘Aqunog ssp one oe eae ree spuod oVeAtig: |----"* 79s" 9 = 2" TOTAL ‘SOTENT SOE CO ES: TOA Word |*---*"* ++ gory ‘AyunoyD ouke Ay eRe ooecen See ae DA Won |**-* gory ‘ApUNOD Avuszyse Ay pee cesses cere: IOATY 9[eg uW |-----* Gorpy‘Aqunog pazozavig coeccceresees JOATY OOSSBABIYG |°-°-7 7 YOR PY ‘ATO mS olalelosetera es eyelaiaes JOATY JLOMQOC, |-- POT “Groaqog Sarit cicls cia sse8-"*JOAINT PURIN) [77> *°> 77° ---- =" OT ‘Wosyorr Posse od oseesisiiisicics JOATY OONOY |-- 7-7-7 POUT ‘OTA IION gosrincion cas "oo" SoyUT oom, |*- 77 yorpy ‘Ajun0D oyjgonbavyy SS saege's OFT somvsiory | --- yorpy ‘Aguncy oyyonbavyy SE hat eae OMBTROOUOWLO NOTA |= = 22 cee ee ta rieteinirise Seeiaeiece sesieaeses'sssicicic -* HOoIQ qwog |*--** qorpy ‘Ayunog xtoaspwygO epee aes OV’T 1VIG Sig |---- 7° Gorpy ‘AquM0g oyeT CSO AD Ae TOATIPOTCCES pI to ras er oS Saeco eines tet BABE BEO DODO SOCSEEEES JOANY OPI [orettcr eters Saictin-faicieeclasisic(cie'e < OY] oulg |-----*---- 77" - ory ‘AoNsoJOT pamatenissele a\siseeisis etsiere YooIg wwog |*---> qorpy ‘Aqunog xtoaspregqg goss cece seis sae 5° TOATY OUAO iso 222225" TOK ‘Siva ousog cS aeig Shines See Joaty pidey |-*-*-- “yor ‘Sjunop eyseyrey t72°-°* JOATY UvuUIpIBog WWON [ott Te TOMAL ‘Vysey[ey “poorld *OOUTTTA OIOAL TS TOMA Ul 8199e AA Io ‘WM.0} ‘90gJ0-Js0d 4sorv9 jy "PORUTZTOQ—sarsnj0u “ORT OF SLQT wou uoW)DS DYULOSyDD fo NOYNNgLystT-~ JT] ATAVL—'C | 8481 ‘OL “aRe 848 ‘6 “uBe Sl8I‘g ‘Ter S181 ‘se “URE LL8T ‘ST “AON | LLST‘T “AON | QLST ‘TS “90 SLST'F ‘IVT | SLSL ‘pb ‘rey SL8T ‘F “AVL S180‘ “AVL 81ST ‘F “ABIL SLE ‘fF “AVTT SL8L‘F “AVTT SLST ‘PF “ABT SL8T ‘SZ “ARTY SL8'% “aBIT BL8E‘T “rByy SLB ‘FL “19 SL8T ‘FT “Qar BLAST ‘FL “Qoq SLST ‘FL “Gor SL8T ‘FL “Gon SL8I ‘SG “qa SLI ‘es “URE 8181 ‘7s “UeE SL8L ‘co ‘uee OL8T ‘8% “90, 9L, ‘8-63 90, OL, ‘8-Gz 99 QL8T ‘Zz “98 91806 “UOT OL8L‘6T “URE OL8T ‘6T ‘Tee 9/8L ‘LT ‘URe 9181 ‘FI ‘Uee OL8T ST “TEP 9L8T ‘ZT “uRe QLST ‘ZI “aee OL8L ‘ZT “Uee 918I‘g ‘uer 9L8t ‘8 ‘ure |9L8T‘L “aCe 9L8I‘L “Wee * p.quoQ—uesrqorpy ‘oye "O4R48 875 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. lal Sal Xo) (aes) ee eae cree UU [HV JATes Sane ghee TUITY ‘(NV yareg ent * aa [aT yareg [preetes eesee TUT [UVTI yureg ae roe UUIT [Neg yUIeS Sane hee cae uur ‘[uvg yreg Jee errr meet oa UUTTT [NV yureg \REcgu oe TUN [UV FUTVG Re MaMa Gn cue Un [nv JuIeg | SS eas UU ‘Vrg yares ee eee TUT AVY JUS Sciaie eost oe ae UU ‘(neg pureyg Smee a a oe uulyy ‘Vg wies cee eas uur ‘(avg pures ieeetined Ge MUTT ‘nV yureg \emroe as UAT [Ne PUIG ne cL Ve wary [ard Fu haus ea uur [neg 4u “* WUT] ‘(neg qureg “UNA [RV_ yures aay ‘ned yureg OU ‘Wosvyog TOL ‘woseyog You ‘aoseyog WU ‘Uoseyog (OUy ‘Wosvyog Tou ‘woseyog Ory ‘uosvyog ou ‘woseyog Dag sorrrets TON ‘wosuyog Papeete OL ‘Wosvyog OI ‘Woseyog IPT ‘Woseyog Tor ‘Woseyog You ‘uosvyog yoy ‘uosryog TOU ‘aoseyog SRGiRe PACS “o7"* TOU ‘Mosvyog WoW ‘Woseyog ory ‘Woseyog Won ‘uoseyog TOMA ‘Woseyog YOUN ‘woseyog You ‘uosvyog ee weceee WA ‘dos yog WOM ‘aosvyog ou ‘Wosexyog OU ‘woseyog * Tory ‘uosvyog > TOL ‘wosv yo "sree" TOU ‘Moseyog 5 niall "77> IOALY VAOT ---doarny 1dd Ississiqy jisrieeese etic "JOAN MOLI SUPERS OLTG WUSTG OT OYv'T tte ree eee eee UVSIQOL oye'y UBSTIOIPL OV'T uBSTTPOITT OYB'T UvSIGOY Oey UVstIqoly oyv'yT ULSIYO OYV'T neem cies eae TIANT MVUISES OLY OV'T UVSTYOT Ofv'T tener c ce enone uesiqony oyv'y ieteges 4 cae man ULSITIT OYv'T ULSI OYV'T IOAN OVISVAO IOAN OVIDVMOCT Bescon ssc oe IOAN MU ABT Bay ie ere ONY OYV'T DOAN OOZBULY|B YT IOANT OOZLUIL| LY “""* JOAIY OOZVUIL[ RIT "=" JOATY Wosoysuyy jessvors<="9° "Urey Tous AUER |"e<*"" ===>" ""<" IGATSS RENOL) [> 5°2°h*=s1s* 9945 oA POT sro rerecscon= “Bary FIO TW ONVT Stic latiay TOATY 09S ULOLLB cals {HON of} JO LANT poy eee a ar bi: OYUVT VjOsoUNyy Bete ororesess*-Onery repay Breiciersisis sree s-JOATy mOmURD Woesaae “** OMVT IvOT OFT AL ee ae ae OHVT AUT ---oyerT § Av “OUT 8. 9[00G SS ae OYe'T S OARTT * OYv'T 8 urUl109 ** OMT VIMO pega ents TIATY X1OIQ JuLeS Bo tee ie ee TOPRATINS ape "7 DOA XTOL Weg “** Oey STG SOWV'T UAT, + leisiaigis.0:@'0\e:sis'e OV] SULOSITT Go neiace siesta iar": oye'y ong ainlmieinin'= one ri “** OMB] ovosd0y CEC O OC ro -**°oVT]T UOAT siaisieis'ai-isiaiae "77 OB] UONITtG el oe “7-7 -OyVry wormeg pie aegis = cies tie spuod oyvalig Seicscis 252i miasisie eis OYVT punoy eye'T [esh1g WOO}XIG OYV'T OFV'T 0.1000}0 A srrteeesss OMeT LOPOULPL eines aisiohaie has. oSefe aie Oye] oa yy eiasiginietespicie* OCT YOON panor) iptioresse2-'soe TOAST SSA) Sige tetcacsSsaa LOATY UISTRY ee ae IOANT oJSturyy DIANT pursry Joany Ydosor yureg YOON ourg srr eesss""HOOID OULALOT tsr559** yo01g TOSeyOg T1Be.S TINA tas Bases Yooy ssjong “ LOANT 9DN0 Wests 2 Soe ee TOANY F1LO.1}0(T Sepa gs scoreescs OMUT SUOT hcaareeieca a 777" ONB'T 1H Mine ects tee eee ovnsoy cotttessscsssss* OMBrT poyoo.s) sorerorosumipr ‘AqUNOH IOMOTT Sones mary ‘AgUNOD U10qo0.1Y] einer ee uUryy ‘AyuN0D v} ated UOT ‘OD plidoayooag, WOrpy ‘Agunoy gyneqieiy mary ‘AQMD voy rate Ye a uulyy ‘Aganoy ony diaimone uuryy ‘Agunog Aosuey Mesa uuryy ‘Ajuuog Aosuviy cent uumiyy ‘Aganog Assure ae a uuryy ‘Ajunog Aosarery “oMnIpY ‘Ayanog wopsaLyse Ay “UUITL ‘Agunog woysargse Ay “TUN ‘Ayunoy woySmuysu Ay - tury ‘AQano0g woDULYse Ay TOY ‘Ayunog woyS ays Ay “> uur ‘Ayanog wopruryse Ay - nu ‘Ajyanog uopbuigse Ay “mary ‘Aqgunog wopoUIYSE AY poe uligy ‘Ayunog osvsiqg uu ‘Ayunog ourg mak pie uaigg ‘Ajunoy oul “77 (ory ‘Ayuno0g wommuvssoy ewes yory ‘Ayan0|D vysvyeyy peo re qorpy ‘Aganog unoyped saab TOU ‘Ajunog unoypeg aa qWoug ‘Aqyunog ssur ssa sce ste'ace your ‘Ayunoy sseg ea age gear pied cd TOI ‘Oomo0zy qoryy ‘AZuUNOD vuvaoQ Woupy ‘AVanoy vuvsg Wun ‘Ajunoy avsoipy Wor ‘Agunoy uvsolly qouy ‘Aqunoyg ues, v ory ‘Ajuno;) ueso[pw TO ‘Aganoy oozemeypexy ase aae TO ‘AQUNOD ABUSES a ele “"- “TOI ‘oOLaO PL aiesseioia qory ‘Azano0g prlopxo Ay YOUR ‘Aqano; wosyouse ein Sore qo ‘Ajyanog aorta qoug ‘Agunog ssep Wound ‘AzuNOgD sseg Wuy ‘Ayunoyg ssvg “-"* (Or ‘Aganoy ueaing utA eas TOU ‘AjunoD woang ae, “+ Wor ‘Agunog ouar Ay Se: Wouy ‘Agunog oule Ay : "> (On ‘purl qory evar =F Sean OU ‘paryyory “sos "Got ‘Myung dnoy[eg ee ee es TH ‘Ao.img | SL8T ‘— | 6L8I ‘ZL G18 ‘— ABIL CLgt‘— Avyq GL8I ‘— Avy Avy 6LSI jo GLE8T Jo GL8T JO Tet GLST JO [ea GL8T ‘23 SUW GLET ‘13° | GLST ‘6 ‘udy GL8L ‘61 * GL8T ‘9% GLEL ‘93 ° 6LET ‘92 GL8T ‘9 ° GLST ‘93 GLEL ‘FT * GLST ‘8T GLSI ‘L GLI ‘08 GLEL ‘€% 6L81 ‘OT * 6180 ‘OL GLST ‘6 GLST ‘8g ‘uee 6L8L ‘8 “ure 6L8L‘9 ‘uee BLSL‘t “AON sisi‘e Ae gist ‘e Ae SSI ‘63 ady SLgT ‘cr adv TN | * vjOSOUUTPL REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 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[71] 002 000 ‘F 000 ‘T 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘S 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OT CIL‘é 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OL 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘S 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OT 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘OL 000 ‘ST 000 ‘eT 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OL er So2 =e ULo ay’ eMsorrise eon nse ee sole leamisesitos regi et weiss ‘muon ‘yoouonbog pee ee *uu0g ‘yoouonbog lento ee ne *uuog ‘yoouonbog “uu0g ‘yoouonbog *au0g ‘yoouonbog *uuo0g ‘yoouonbog ‘uu0g ‘yoououbog “umoy ‘yoouonbog *mm0g ‘yoouonbog “muon ‘yoouonbog peat areas e Ss uuo0g ‘yoouonbog | aime mun0g ‘yoouonbog anaes ses ‘uuoy ‘yoouonbog we ece eee eeee “mun0g ‘yoouonbog BAe nite aiors auu0g ‘yoouonbog Asie sewe ss ce. ‘unos ‘yoouonbog Paine ses Alon ‘mn0g ‘yoouonbog HS eerere “a0 ‘yoononbog pewleecace ste *unog ‘yoouonbog ore e ee cee eee eee UN0G ‘4.100489 AL ve ee tees eee eee am0g 4.100389 4 seccercecesese m0 10d989 AA Sete casfertareter a TUOD 4400480 Ay st tses ee ceeeee- mmo) 420dys0 Ay. umo0g 1odqsa Ay att etiiar oat fata ud) ‘10d 380 Ay TUL “4.100489 AL um0g ‘y.10d}89 Ay um0y 4Qa10djso Ay “mm0g “.10d}89 Ay “uMOD ‘40d 48a AL “UmOD 410d}s9 Ay MMOD ‘7.100989 Ay “UUOD “4100489 AA TOL) ‘9.100989 AK mu0,) {4.100389 Ay WMO) ‘4.100}89 Ay W007) “y.10d480 Ay “U0 4.100489 AY AE Sa sap se UNOD ‘plosyuRIg TI19N Pinteleieis “umoy ‘plojuRig [ION gO Oc MUOD ‘ployaevage 10 NT aie/elwje weiwlois MMOH ‘pacyavarg [ION area ras UNO ‘proyuRrg [PLO N SB OAS g U0 ‘plosmerg ION Sap ens UNO; ‘paoyurrg ILO N DOR SSacoo UUWOD ‘ployuvig LON simcota'sfotessy = uU0L) ‘plojaRrg 410 N Jae SC Bie UND ‘pLoyURAg 910 Nf PaaS IC ULO/ ‘PlopABigT T[}.L0NT JOANY WOUSUTATIE IT LANL PROoIUMOD LOATYY JHOTOOUTOD LOALY WUNULYOOFT OSE IA ovrdraimey IOALY TOPSUOLLE yy Seacmeneesis LOA YOuVSnVA, | puanog pur[sy suoT punog purjs] su0'7 “LOAN YonyeTne yy -* LOAN ormoyesnoyyT a Sa ae IOANT O1moyrsno Fy, ae aia LOALT O1MOJRSNOF, PRS SS oo aie IOANT O1mo VsNno FT Sp eas as punog purys] suoT ~“punog pars] S00, Bae Se anne LOATY JNOTPOIUTOZ TOANY TOW "7" IOAN JorooUM0Z) Soiscmeriacriet LAY PNoToouNI0/) eae ise aes IOATY gHoTPOVMUOD clearness LOALY Somer, Sige eee DANT gnoyooeuu9y ace! RSS ne IDATY O1MOPVSNOFL Scie arin 4256 IOAIY OLMOYVsNO}FT sioieeciat tanks 1OATY OLMOPVSNO TT migaisine eietcie sjziceies LIAN SOTILTT, Sire eesictaietn IOANT WHOTD9MTIOD Ruger aioe teas IOANT YONYVINV LT Ripe einin/senicinin LIAL SOUTLILT, Seman se =e JOALY OLNOPBSNO Beg ice es IOATY O1M0JBSNOH Ba eta IOAY OLMOPESNOF eee ciao IOAN OLMOPRSNOF, seer emem aint IOAN OILOywsNoy eI IOANT SOMRILT, | puog Horie TLOALOSOZT OT[LANTR[ I al aE oyeT snvdoseni “ IOATY SNUBIPL pee eas puog 8,A119q LOAN SnvISM0g Fotis ain teis acre IOAN [US [SoS ie cine siaieins puog ovisouR yy jesse puog urejunoyy uveurg jorrrrt tt goary Aeazey [RiStoeteime i =i ots eye’yT snedoury ORT 819903 ayo eiceleteiars MOAIORNT TaNUeS TF] puog Sonbsyig ae ace nee, puog Wwody}N0 ~ isha aes dc oe Aas eye'yT oisdiag oe SgaNGie'e seis stale puog 9so01[OTT Peicicine ILTOALISOY Teer a OYVT Stuoqesur Ay > SOLAVINGLLT, Sissi sesGie es Suvdrzvo0g oyv'yT chore Oey Ureyueg ainsi reisiaicia.cis Oye'T Suermrine A ie S15 'p ase Sieh be ine. ein ata mle Areqnquy, sorereeresss > OMB § IOUIPIVY) “oyR'yT SOL eCioiacideieic.2 seine oyPrT [[esmoryes --- yey] soy “7 IOATASaYy SFUTIdG psoyey»s Neda calc oye'T onmodoosmodo Ay Shei Saletan tei eiatasn/sasie Gia puog meo14 Sgisisieinisielsin.c.s,si.cie'aie soye'y UIA, ESP inineisiaes niet ine VYSOUI yy OYV'T siefesicisieieieiaieiste “---- puog puuoy Bre misete seeeesesoes puog AOTIRA * OYBT [[VIS19}[VS Je eewicsiesaaeen esis sees syoouy “OYV'T S19d0yy Sood ““" MOAIosey ssaTidg pr0yeyg eyey daoT oe ania se Oyv'T Savimeine SS Se Sclsisieis IAG ks oye] mejor, Suse srotesses* poog woydureyy Sip ecicieieasisie ss25")- OMB] OISdIUg eter Tr ‘Us unoy ‘Aqua UN0D ‘Yoo. peroig ents eoiste eieserigia MMOL) “LOSPUT AA “*-"- MOD ‘OVLOKT fe cee batmemnmeas TUOD ‘HOpLLoyy sore onels d caisinn'a(a UuOH ‘oT [LAUTEL tie gas scm ome UMO/ ‘AInqo[PPLY eee ee re ee mao ‘snaeyy asecencceuses un0g ‘z0dqynog SiS ce se meene um0g ‘Arnqpoo A Or ee uU0g ‘plsy yoo: Mara fete enue as eit, un0g ‘Sanquaecy iobeePteces mug ‘OSTA STRAT o catesaetscaagici oor un0g ‘yooH Apusg 5 een nie eocang mU0y/ ‘paos—mMsy Someone n> ss eae= MOD ‘eulA’T raises sa saee un0y ‘muss settee eee eeeeeee uno”) ‘mequncy Saeannaeeabe > amg ‘10d qq Ng secce ec cene oe UMO/ ‘O[TLAH903L aiaks.¢ wis! 6: alataS Sicien & mm07) ‘osol PA TUL) ‘PLOFZABHT ISP Ad pret WMO D ‘OTZUBUNTTE AL UMOL ‘A1ZU9AOD YYNOG | resets und ‘doidurepy yseoy | eile UMD “PEF wy] ** MMOD ‘WO S91 AON, Be eer UUO0D ‘TMOTMANT SSS le Rises UNO ‘Wa[Rg SOASae Stee Spee ee umo0D ‘aMAT See So mace UUNOL ‘WaAVFT ysvgy ace ae UTOD ‘poISUTAA 989 AA. siciticizie:s un0g ‘ssuridg p.oyrig ela th oe UMOD ‘o[PAdyVT Hers. niT) Sie) Seu sisieie sh: UnOg ‘WeULIeys VeSeeciee ees *-amog ‘aytauideyo sreeieieieg= mon ‘Aunque Pini soe ieesinie Hane Un0D ‘plPeyIepHyz SSE SA geeie 1U0,) ‘OS PLIq poo. nies \eie 777" UMOK ‘MAABTT MONT -- unog ‘ory MEM sja.m esis SSR isiseia nie er munog ‘auAT Heseie*ieiely uno ‘e[rauosdmonyy, simone mug ‘ssuiidg progrys pee ieee UN0D ‘paqIsUrA, 189M rsiSisieie.cys mn0/ ‘AqMIAoD YING TO) “POH MFT Pepe Siwisiee uuo0g ‘uojydure yy sey ge ie eles oi eee UUOD ‘aT[TA Yoo 8L8T “TH ‘pauoarmory | g28T “* UMOD ‘pLoyyreAT | O88T O88T O88T O88T | O88T O88T seenne’ Ses OHTD [72] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 396 000 ‘Or 000 ‘Ler 000 ‘F 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘Z 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘OL 000 *¢ 000 ‘gl 000‘ OIL 000 ‘086 “asy jo coquinyy Jrrrer’ OTT ‘MIR0I99 oxe'T DUC ITE) Fee eieninciccic ws TOAT YE STOTG) PULCR aa ae ae = OURS, OULGO Ni ne sss ces eee eee OTT ‘STRTRO | SST Sar aa a Sa nis ai OWE wos yong | 9-222 25-- TOAST) RLOTG) AUG ji sais sin ate Saini ORVT puesry |------ a ‘Agunop WOPSULYSE AL RL8L | Rgteps ce ann i [5 SFr OWE LOUSH OD Giller om ee IOAN OOqouUey |-----------* =52 PUO A AIOMAONG |o oo aaaeeeicis on ‘jtodao N | SZ8T peseelemeieie? a aicaa OW ‘jaodsyong |°------- sSe5 “TOATY AGOSO OU cya eaentemace tne aa DUO ed WIC SEpTOG)) nena cea ata OW ‘PISMU | SLgT SS Nagle ei OWN ODO |= +> 2 s JOATY SvayeUxNpsy [7-7-7777 STESS OME SOMOULL Te |v. on ‘Ayuno0g yooysoory | g18T jets Sere sh ere elena OVAL UOT nop: |e“ <== == == IOAIY Svoyouxnpopy |*--7-** sisisieiin ie (aes OWE Sworn: ja" o5 ==" ew ‘Ayun0g yoozsoory SL8T eipizin's Soe cals -aaOIAe a OL UO eye | == 2s sSsaistcisis JOA WEnbeUleg [279 = "se OCT] SOMITE, |" mS eens OTT ‘0920TIVYD | SL8T Velsicloisairick=lere Seen 1 OL ULG eh |e pe ee TOATY SPAMUOGT ||) “sss es eet ai OMBTESO LB YN BS) 5 en oo Seo alee OW ‘10d0049 | g1gt Ngiasieininc)a =ichelaresc ois OL ‘oMOIq WoT FRO COPOOSE Es GV YON NA Mai ALG) | | SO aG SURE RICOIS puog sionserdg: |-~--- =e 22--2< OW ‘092 0T4RUD | SL8T pig arelsiae sipzisisteletsle 1g ‘oyomquieg OOO +2 STOMA URMOC UO ius 2s mass S109B AA WIOTOESOOTy |-~---- ~~ eo o = OTT ‘VOLVO | SAgT Wicoeeheepenente ca sie menace el tnt Leal >I fes— ==) | /=se:=\: ay : yoorg Suyadg |------------suvy aoyrey 410,7 | 0881 CONT LT ei tea SUBY ‘YOMSTT [77-77 TT HOATY TIM Aqours PSST SS Se OCI US [9s == SOB QIIOMETTT (G97 Pigicini-\nic ile .2.e7%2) suv y ‘(yLOMST[ A Soreness -geary [tH Ayoug UES a se MOOU ho WLI s jo oo oc = = STENT OMTpE KORST 1 orgs suse Neier eoxs! sie suv y ‘TOMS TAL TOALY [LH Ayoug SFO pera OCI OCOD |e er ara SAUNT STTASHUL O88T sletie ci e\wiaiaierelele suey ‘WIOMST A TOA TSG [ UREA ODIG) ister segs oe oct HOOI4)ALEOT Aina eee ee suey OTTASLIE,T | O88T 1 piace tsa saa suv yy ‘YMOMST[T TOATAT EUR OO UIS fie stiri c sions “77° HOoI) WG | *----- 7 SUB ‘OTTLAslaeT | O88T Sasa sles Sa, = Se! suv y ‘QWoMsy [A | IOATY TH Ayomg |-°-**---*-----* Suradg Ae[peag |-*--*--------- >>> suey ‘YPoATA, | 0881 or Ta yar “*" SUBS “GFLOAMST [OL TOATATE TUG AS O DIGS | See one payeer cs OOTY POT fos suvyT ‘TABU O8sT esi iacins sietn= ss suv y ‘TAOS TOAST TUR A OIG) 25 29s See sede oS eno, |e" =o Iaire yp OdUBOO AE OSST Siclesesn Sh oleic os? SUBY YPIOMST| A | DOATS TTT EET AS] O ULC | SoS cinsscieinansrncis nicieiscre acne PUORE Pass See sseice SUuvyL ‘YMOMST A | O88T Bie ance ea suvy ‘QLtOMSTL[ | IOATS I AOU Gn | > Gon mineenae Saco ron Pee ene ADL “HOSTEL AA _ O88T NI a suvy ‘WOMSTT Ay | JOATY [tH Ayourg |" -°*- °°" "OMT 8 pIBMOH |----------- “suey ‘OYIVAY ILO | OSBl a i ick ter noe (LEIS 2 G WHLLUENS CTE a ic ee A COS a eU INU NG “7 suvyy ‘Aqun0g wosiey qo | 6L8T PO rea suvy ‘YOST Gere Goat a game OATS SUSU [os sce a ss TOMA T Epa OULS) |= >> == “suey ‘AyMNOD THOMSTG 6L81 Se nine ime SURI SE Maer eset soe UN FSO Ne POSS BERGA SCS SOS IS ICU a spuod sumpoyeyy | ~~ BMOT “esoulBly | SL8T PCOS OD EB BaBUe cic BMOT ‘BsOWen | oO E SORE Ane eager a gle EE ee ee TOA GOUIONESSG: [297 2c ose VMOT ‘Qm00g | 8181 epics pcre seisa's' BMOT “esoulvu eee eee rene ces cae eer ene ne eee LOATSUOALO)) || altos Se AO Te AQTS) LB IU Is OLOT eins sieicie sine isi37S (ENO) SETA PSO OEE GUE OR ERO a ECR GOOLE Ha PCa aOR ODO A GIN OY iti N10) vroooos=- BMOT ‘spidey cepa | g1gT “eMoy ‘Azuno;) pein sigia(s'sis'2\F =,eies= ECO Te ESO LG Ua yee lipaieiiage coder nega ome ois ga icicicis coral cincini crane eS OMB TOTO) OplOH OLLI ‘OYVT IVITO | 8181 ae Ss eas a are oe BMOT ‘vsouvuy i ee reee nt ee i ae aa aoe ee eee ae eee MOOT IOATICN (GAOT ATUNOL UCU IANO) |QLeT Se ae ae CMOT [ott tte eens tween (oun ‘moSseyog i i ee ee ee ee fe OYeT Amos eee ccer eet ecccscs purl ‘oq10g VT | O88L SSR, ae he Jem mwwe rene wees You ‘mosByog ee eee cee cew ase nes dev cain viceccclenemenremccr scenes wees me neesiasas|cevececccnscccsnccuasesecsswanee 8L8L o - eur tpuy | PsiSisieie sicisiei sine isinis: ste icreree TUTGS EES LOT: iiss Src telte = oeloinre sic iclorcietalesciiaia |= s-'2)s'si- CE ae es he riieee PMO di liso 2s eae lta te Tl ‘Wowmery, | syst | ponuyu0g—sloulyyy | ‘poor[d fc 5 5 ‘poyoyey, ATTVUy oI T AA —jo Areynqri4y, o10M Sy ae A UE 81098 A, Ajipeoo'7] eq e4eqS “ponurpuog—aarsnjaur ‘ORBIT OF PLET wmouf UOW)Ds DpOOYyoY fo woyngL.ysiT— TI] AIAVL—'C 897 OF YOUNG FISH. PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION PT eee eee eee eee PIT ‘rom Teg eo eee ty Pa “"* py SLOUITy BET PIV ‘o10nryy | eg PIA ‘eroungeg PIA ‘o1omy eg PIX ‘o10ulig [Vg PI ‘10owmy eg PIV ‘o1omyyeg. PIV ‘os00Ty [eg ee eee ela PHT ‘10m [eg * pA ‘orowny [eg PA ‘erourny [eg PIV ‘osomny eg PIV ‘e1oumyyeg iene srortr sss DIV ‘e1ouyg[eg PIN ‘o10urty [eg PIX ‘otouNy eg pV ‘osomny eg PIV ‘es0ury4 Bg PIV ‘oLoun peg PA S10MITy [eg PIV ‘oLounry eg DIT ‘oLomnny eg PIN ‘O10mIy [eg PIV ‘oro [eg PIV ‘sou eg DIV ‘e100 Teg PIX ‘oL0uny peg 7" PIN ‘orournygyeg "> PIN ‘o1ourtg Teg. jee PIN ‘o1omny eg PIN ‘0.0m eg DIN ‘eLomyg [eg PIX ‘oso eg PIN ‘o1ouryegr DIV ‘dounypeg PIN ‘olomnyyeg sieie asteisiei ae cores pK ‘Q1OMLyTeq Seo Fekete oa * PIN ‘o10mITy [VE oo) oe sooo eesess DIN ‘oLowmlyyeg 77" pA ‘eaomy eg, ep “> DIN ‘orourny peg. ears OTT ‘Wvedyg eyeT puvry Sree ee OA ‘WBvII}S OYV'T puvry Sea at “ey ‘Qaodsyong OW ‘aodsyong qe OCC IEC OE on ‘qaodsyoug peice > Pine -- oy ‘yaodsyong see SOREN ‘yiodsyong oy ‘aodsyoug ’ on ‘yodsyong Yoo o10uvsOLT Pe aee oe ene AIOATY FUOXNYV Sec icieenono JOAN JuoxNyeg en Senineioinn sey oosdeyeg etter tee reece puvloy oyVT ot ee eee eee eens s][vq 8 uasaA sy IOATY AOVOOMOTL ks IOAN OvULoJOgT --- JOATY AOVIOTOTY ape YOY SOUL aoe HOD SOLA “"YOol) Soll -* S]TB seuo sr’ "7" S[[By souor ie ae sey oosdeaeg bite aad at ar Yyovln odrg sig ea srrstrress HogmD OdIg DIG eee wee ere wee ww we uny AU0}S Mote eecrais "117 aoany Jo aodun+) *-yoor9 odig of wy Seeece trre29- yoory odig opty puog Prise sees Secs: qouvig uo. puog | Ausysorqsno X op ywwy | puog | “7 > puog | Seer Core - puog | “ puog -uny Suridg uwsadty “* puod IH pra - ONBT puog EN ie li iit ae youvlg? §,.qqos) cheet Yeghit ce dart t eek oma puog eee ONT WE PI ia ae ieee ees 8yeT TlH pid eee aie ao eg ore Toa pad IOANY SOTIVYO JOATY vuuvqoubsng sigte'srersiaveseisie/ si yoo) tivpiloavog ascisieeivisizicisie wenn lay oosduyeg Sissere sees cesSe pug! f° Ser ne sisi sine TOA OOSGUIEA |ose es ss eae ouvig epvosvy See Sa cir en Lael Seas Te JOATY dopsodunsy wee eet ewe eee wens STR Suk) more cree eer Saas a0 el: ee tS rosy as JOA OOSduyesy ito ot 82 229 ns" os eaeee DOT: pieces Sore STOAT IT TUORNIU Tes gc <5 55 toa Lae ae DO Sem esct ns aee roary Aovoouoy |°--"-7 77-780 Suradg Wory [vysAID Tbsicisisieraisleisieiwinie IOAIY JUOXNyB |-°" 7°77 TABOTAS eeroweselsteicicicimieie vie TOA OROLOGO Mi | "229 ete es ean gee PLO e'vicisinrs ss.ea'> = JOA XIOIQ JUIVG | “oot ONVT 8, Y8e yy Seo TOAST KLOLO} ULES tee coe ers einisiais oye] purr) Trererrereesss JOALT QaqoNUOy *- OYV'T v0} MOdass0qqonD puog Avgsng puog Se ket eke * puodg eeerretee *puog |- Bee eee DIN ‘BUT AL “PIN ‘OlftAuoruy) PIN ‘osL0aryg [VEL ‘PIN ‘Ayun09 esommnyyeg ‘[[ty Aly PIC ‘oromyy (eg via ck DIN ‘PUBPLVO | ee on ae nee eee Pr “MOP [OLIE SY) PIN ‘Saridg wseay ns eer PIN ‘OT A804 PIAA ‘GAvo}s AOX ONT a esca inl ws ein eles em raenetar ats PI ‘purpyzvo --° py ‘umojsfoxpong ooeege DIV ‘aoysegy PIX ‘WOpSsVaT ere rs to SSS eee PIC ‘Wopsvgr eS oe Seine siirig Si aes PIV ‘doysugq oa ei tat OneT TLE Pry PIX ‘Lou Ve PW ‘Ajunoy paopse yy is Gis oy ‘Agta ow ‘87 ,O0STIBUIB(T “OMB poonssoayr seresesee=s*Qg ‘ooury FUNO;T | OS8T ‘2% O88T ‘TZ | OSs ‘02 | O88 ‘02 | OS8T ‘03 O88 ‘02 O88I ‘6T O88T ‘6L O88T ‘81 OBI ‘ST O88 ‘¢ GL8T 6LEL 6L8T 6L8L | GL8T 6L81 6L8T | 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6181 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6181 6L8T udy iudyv udy aidy audy dy audy audy ady addy dy OBST ‘ZS “AVL rrreeeesspoupsauyy t~ i) S. Mis. 110 [74] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 898 000 ‘06 ee eee ewww eee SSUTT ‘ToISoTOUT AA eee eae seer nee pe eae eer seg ser ee 5 EDT Owe ANT TET wee bse be srensay sseyy ‘WyhomsTg OLET CONNER] =e] F2ES555 ears SSUTT ‘LOJSoOUT AA |--"- "7 * Bscae er ee Ae Be ebooks Rae sccmee OYVT OSAP [----- 7+ seep ‘ue}SoTOUIAA | 978T (0) Soe at RO Se SSUTT ‘ToIseyoOULM |--- 7-7 Te Sie xo “2/5 ous SEs Sen Paes cad puog espa |="---°"*>°>> SSvy_ ‘IOJSOPOUTA\ | 9/8T 000 ‘¢ Se a lie SRE LOTSA PON pp ceuee Scan Somer ein ecetiaisic sic foinrai-e|| Pe laieleiexemolm is piel ae IeATY Armqpng |---*-7*->*- SSv_ ‘WVYSaIMVAyT | 9L8T (YN Fo el Rae SSVI LOJSOUOUL NA [72-96 > sme ese s nee aie geet Nayar) | ipa cae eee os PECqcNG |Essa=5 See Serie SSL ‘NWOWVN | 92ST CU0h eee = Sleoasgrcr sas CHT CHC OU WIE RE BC REECE SO0 DROS ROARS O ISG. 6.) BSR OCGODO AS MER RS IO SOONG a {re icue em ereainis wisteln =) ele ssveJq ‘[OUJV | 9L8T (100) Sf aC SEEM MLO NOU OLA Nes aims sescinp ergs mr ce meteor alas Siac Cielo isieyei a =I puog seyey |--*--- Se eet S8LIT ‘UI[Ieg | 9L8T Gnade IPESER Ooo BRAN edlO tse UO Uy Nea |e min credence ec eh cemiehteinicis aiaieici-sIai=/|isielaie\si>\se\alwi=\ele/e:einiale(ojetfalmtarel~ late a ere ee ae es SSVI ‘9INJOD | 918T O0OeGe = psa sce Paes SSN TOUNO UOMO NG ioc saan oua eamina nrc meni pene deteaglics pioastre = ots Sixcogacaba ete eceaiaeeiel ssae aa ie SSB ‘TIALVD YANO | 9/RT 000 ‘8 Soe oe ee SEU Wie lor sOU UU Ned ages tes cee ae cumneiectin “leecne acim iN ss oyVyT onsooyuog |**---- sooo" -"-S8BIT ‘plOGsHid | 9L8T 000 ‘cI es CITC EH STE Oa, Oa ee 8G FCB O OR SC RICE OE in BO SOO rao abe anos a0 on BpUO el eee seer" SSB ‘IopsvouBT | 9/8T (AYA) 2 eR ES Pai SER Tp OTSA OULU AA a imes > tices eis ele ncaa aim hn siciainintetaeii| eis micinin = pees *--oHey SvoyueN [7777 °* "seep ‘WLyuIngysy | 948T (Nt) {2° AES oR eae: CISC RIE UGH ECW OI) al EGR ia ORI OSG OR GERI ROBO oO OC reat: puog: Avmgery | 07-2" sgeoo- SSB ‘YINOULATT | 9L8T (1). SS RRR SOUT UGINOU OUT Nestea mas aa ante sie ominieeleta cise ins nie sicle all eile leica io aie) sinn cistern puog 9voix) |*---*--: SSUTT ‘IZAOPUY YAON | 9L8T 000 'o weeecescees ssvpl ‘10]SOTOUL A. [[s[e:e a aie nel ae aa se seins alee alee ie'eiaie aie aw |'olele oa u's a(aie\e A) d/o, m=. s'wiw.6leimin ial pale le ala lane) || mie alee ws may e mye a Sssvy ‘SOTSOTTO AA QL8T (00) 50 bea Pilea eaees SEINE GWENT Ll [POSER RAR ERG A ROG ORCS SCG BESO ROC OR aaa coc ata D1o OCI OcieG Sseyl ‘WOISTIQY YINoG | 9/8T (VL {5 a a eee tae te REG WRNOI SOQ OUUNY poo ss Sass rset a oy erin sae mer Saiaasa nile cleistainieisiess MOG, ONULOTN= |e creer eo cecine ssvyq ‘Uopueyy | 9L8T 000 ‘g Bares tas CSTE ANT RSA STEM (10) (RES ai a IE Beal aT ULE FwOIy) |-----7-- SSB]T ‘TOIMpurg GyION | yLSt CSTD 2 aeons BET Vde TSO U OU AWN Gy | 2cis ar crect ns os nee tee mimeigrnie ss fcr mac = Tnin\nlais ot OYVT onsoopmog |*-- "77" "7" SSBP ‘PlOgsId | OLET 000 ‘¢ oan ae SSB Nerl ol SOU OU UA Ng line cease cata oie geo loln a jolmnnisiecleiaictinse|s)inia'= a puog yvaixyy yynouse A |-> 77>" sseyy ‘YJnoutso A, NOY | 9/8T QOURG ie see Sree Fy SEBIT ‘TOYSONOUL MA [o-oo notte Pe Bee (ees noe gs ee OY] puouVsMOD |---**--- eda SSP ‘PIOBISOM | OL8T (V0) 9777 a SS (tale SSVI ‘TOISOYOULM | ~--- rene TOA OTM SO fis) 2 292250“ ace PUOg SPOOR | SSVTY ‘plojxog | 9L8T (R011) (Oc ae ees SAE i SEB Ve AO} SOU OUI C |nmaes tas iste re tcielonie IS Sore cient 0) e(ciciociicinin'=\ = oiisine DUO eA DUES | P< et na = sis sininicl- SBT ‘AlOoULy] | 9L8T CYL) ae ae Paes NSC te loISOUOUU NG oso eges > ean oe acronis ccieiriecat/s 2 o> 5" DUG ULOTeMeTOeyuA (---7=7--°-"" ssvyq ‘qounquouny | 918T 000 ‘g ae or sa es BRU LOSOUOUUMG le pec acaes tana GREE Soe ee (eee ses cua oer ee eyVy]T wostumeq j*--*"---"°° ssey_ ‘TOpusqourM | 918T CHOLES = 9 eects BEEN LO SOU OURAN lnwariees soe pre ee Ageing) |( ire tin evel slaterelelere puog opovzoedg j-*--** 777° “"""sBBPT ‘Gormpuvg | 9y8stT sid SyJOSnTOVssV]L UME: (Ramee y's 2 5 wars PIN ‘oromiyyyeg |*-"*">-77-*-- TOATY JSOMYPION [o-oo otter steteeees puog [overs + sess pyy ‘Suradg Apuss | ogel ‘ze Avi (9: SSeS ae ae DIVE OTOUITT (UGfalta- as 2s ses TBAT QUORUM EET | Sito a ainle cicteteies licence UO ges cess gos see PIV ‘Sutdg Apurg | oget ‘zz AVL (UCR as seers Fe jeans PI LOM eg |-s5255 2-2-5 TOAT YY; TOP AAO GUIS) sessile ilo celal a eel DUO gal ssoss re sce PI ‘proxy YOR | OBse ‘+g AVI COUGAR |aa eas SS eos DitscrtoOugeq: ipso s=92s><+ 72° TOATOOSM BS Gh |e ciate en ceiee ese peedays fal ete a PIV ‘Surids anyqdyng | ogst ‘gt Avyr (UU FS (a eee PWV ‘orounngyeg |----77 7-7 LOATY ONGVOTOOMOD oo = 7 svt MOTE es Shia eek ara eens PIV ‘M0LArreT | 880 ‘8 ABT CUCM eS clescce pain PIA ‘e1ourny[eg |-----------> TOAP EEO PAN OCT) | ci Soria ae een cieene ie cima VOLE CO tel a ete SCG PIT ‘otowryfug | Ogg ‘ZT AvyT Q0G Meee Snecesc ress PIV CLOUT eG: |'o2+2s- 2-4 22>- TOA Ey ORICON Gh sco esee eager eens coe DMO Aa [esi ae ae ee “PI ‘Wozued | Ossi ‘FT ABT (If8() oe ae RE aoe PIV CIOUIN eg: |rrsor:s=s>><2° LQ AT A080 OULO [Alea Soares ene ec pole PU de | Sees oe PIV ‘Juvsevo|q JUNOT | Ogsrt ‘st AVAL OUGREENEEn. |eacdesraCSrl ore. PIN ‘otommnyeg | --* 7-7 oe LOATSROBUIOTO Gi |ame era aaa qoary Aowoouoyy |-----7 777 PIN ‘YOMopory | OSsT ‘LL Av OUGiee aeea|Scc nes oe oS RIN BLOOM B Cl eecennrs tascc ct 2 REO AGE Gp PO Fo Rse One One Sr Ee BSRabe POO iy eae aas aa PIN ‘O[[ASILION | 08st ‘'g Av COCR E|entco sas tors se PIV ‘eromny[eg |---***- qoary dopmoduny sig |---7 77-7 rrr Se aes as UO ese cmos see's PAV ‘Woorg SuoT | Oggi ‘9 AvTT (Wo. a ee See BI OLOmI Tug esses as- == oaTYyY rapmoduny |---*-+ 7-777 ° BUUILAG 5 UG OT Cy | an en sae a Ie oget ‘p AvTT UO0geee = clesscrcsr srr es8 DIL 910m gTeg: |os55"2s°2>s=-- Avg oyvedeseyg |------ Gormatcini= TOATSo TUOMENG Raion sees mene a PIA ‘stom | Ogst'r Avy OU 2 teeemeieee Catm cc sas cose DINOXOULIN eet eins paseo eee TOATY MOOR CET B ea | asics meme cae Sas aD LLO lig sae sice eee a PW ‘aepa | osst ‘og wdy 00g i es Gea Seu LOLI G fan nine Gel esiecae cue n CREAN G8 (la fe] he boo SERS Oo SSO aoe DUO Male ernie age PIV ‘IEW [9G | 0880 ‘gz “ady CGC es fescs ER BPGEE DING CLOUT RQ aos seceiace sicac LOATSTOG LUT Opfea| es soccer aan oialsin = UB DETICING: |ic as cae eae PIN ‘Buridg rv9IQ | Ogst ‘gz “adv (UE > Gee RR elected DING OOM Teg: ise as ea eae S[[@q § WUAMD |------- 77-7 sisieteieiacia GOBSil 11 (Fs fete OCIA PIV ‘OtAsuo}Vy | ogg ‘oz ady (05). Se ee ba PIV ‘erournyeg |------------ LOA TF1O PANO MU) geese a rc sec oo = niin some DUO a eeo ee eons soo7> py ‘ouommmypeg | oggt ‘pe Ady | pquog— puvpAreyy | “Sy , = ‘poor d . : : jo roquinyy poyoqey Ayemy oxeT] MA Jo Areyngqyay, O10M YSF YOM UL S10}B AL ATION ved 7848 PEeLUTyZWONH—aaisnpowr “OQRT OF PLQT wouf uowpps orpooyoy fo uoyngr.ys~g~—' TI] ATAVL—' A 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘8 090 ‘8 000 ‘02 000 ‘P 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘F 00¢ ‘T 00S ‘T 000 ‘F 000 ‘L 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 000 ‘oe 000 ‘8 000 ‘F 000 ‘T 000 ‘L 000‘ 000 ‘8 000 ‘OT 000 ‘9 000 ‘ST 000 ‘é 000 ‘e 00s ‘2 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘F 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘F 000 ‘¢ 000‘% 000‘ 000 ‘¢ 00¢ ‘% 000 ‘6 000 '¢ 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 000 ‘g 000 ‘0% s 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 002 ‘T 000 ‘F 899 YOUNG FISH. OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION [75] f ‘ ; eee rs SSP] “19 SSV]T ‘1aySotouUrl AL. “"SSRTX ‘LOJSOLLOUT AL SOTPOUTL AA SSUY ‘AIISOTOUL AL SSU]Y AOISOYOUL AL SSUTT ‘OJSOTOUL AL SSR ‘LOJSoTOUL AL ai saad te SSR] ‘TOJSoOULAL jeese sass ss SSUIY ‘LOJSOTPOUL A SSVI] ‘LOJSOTPOUL AL SSUIT LOJSOOULAL SSC] ‘LOPSOTOULAL Ssuyy “LOISATOUL AL SSU]T “Logsotour Ay \eeaepeasa 2° SSL] “lOpsolOUL AA. een oS SSL] LOJSOTPOUL AL Sean = See se SSL]T ‘LOJSOTOUL AL ij ---ssuyy ‘Loysotqpoul AA, SSR] ‘OJSoTOUL AL SSBIT ‘LOISOTPOUL AL SSUTT ‘LoJSoTPOUL A Ssvyy ‘A9qsaTOUL AL SSVIT ‘TOSOTPOUT AL sso] ADJSITPOUL AA SSVI ‘1OJSOTLOUIL AA I “7 sseyy ‘TOJSOTPOUL Ay CET scorees SEV ‘TISOTOUL AA s2Sces ses “*SSR]T ‘1OJSoTOUT A, - -**" SSRI ‘LOJSOTOUL AL teeeess seers SSB ‘1OJSOTOUL AA Sees s.Sic ns SSBIT ‘LOJSOTPOUL AY “SSB “LOgsoTOUL AY torrrss ese" SSB ‘1OJSoYOUL AA soeeseoro eso SSRI ‘IegsaTOUl AA toecrerscce*- SSRI ‘1OJSoyOUL AL some ss es SSVI ‘LogsatoUL Ay eet sae eusisin lee SSVI ‘LoySotpoOUL A, ; SSUIT ‘IOJSOTOUL AA. “SSBIT ‘TOJSOTPOUT AL --7* SSR] ‘19YSolpOUL A, Geeta, “SSB ‘LOPSOTPOUL AA Secs. mao “SSRI ‘“LOJSATOUL AL srcttos esos SSVI ‘IOIsSaTOUL A, “SSRI ‘LoJSOTOUT AA trosreoss sos SSB ‘TOISOTOULAL tretec sess - 9 -SEUTT ‘ldJSOOUT AA ROE OAS SSsv]_ ‘IoJSotpouL Ay Se a ie SSVIT ‘LogSoTpOULA, CaSO aa Sse] ‘LoJSOOUL AL “SSBY ‘TOISATPOUL AA roseecsssse: SSRI ‘IOISOYOULAL (SRE OCAR ORE SSB “A9}SOYOUL AL, puog ecer ee ereces puog yodg me esc ovules qVYL yey] "ress ss"""-SpTOg OFBUYLOS ores "Ts" "IOATY JOONINVE pains puog 4vory Siar esciste sis puog 8,aoug “°° ONBT TUT AA De aaeees veeeseeeees: DHog XLT wreeeseeens NUOgT SULIGG uate ones puog [It 1e90gq IGS ee sie): puog 8 moyyINOH “= =<" OMGT. ous AIX errr seas plo oSpaAy “ete ees= NUOd § Souq A aoa s Sees OMUGT uostuTa(y aes doo es UO suq seteeeeeee oyeT Wosdurrmessy ag ae puod 11M) See ae "so 5* pMOg oooRqoTY) tar ee srr e*"-- DUOg OSPOM a aie tee ste oMery OsAT 7th" NUOg TOTALON “775+ TOA OUTYSATYS Sas sor77* puog ABAJTR EL : “77 puog Yoorg purysy ve cete rete eee -gpmog sscees sorts pUOg Yeo sree esse DOO 809Bx) Presses “777? puog yoouumyy "so" OMB ONSOO}MOT S96 S255 cs pes DUOd: Su “OAT Aamqpng tees te25= puog epovyoodg as 7 eeres yuo O[TT-OUIN RAR S OSA RCr ere" puod 00 plog Jyoxyonyueg oe tani pod 19 puodg TOJTPPIA age wr rseses pao §,19uoy OAL Sova Gears tsp go tae, SUSE Ses ae ees eo -enai loo WBC Ss BONEN: hea “TT TOATY JOIONINVG Pieters Bee see 2 OCG TeISAI() etniste}s a Sasi So sles aicialel sn 9 wish cicisiegs (sec seeve<'7 cro yur LOSLaUa Cy “*-puog Jeory YINOMAD Ay PSverasr eos OyeT [eyshig “ts -oMery qjosduivaussy soe Nu ApuEs “77> puog MOTR MOTO YT) ABS DARMEBAS co - ++ spuog --- qqrmodeuunn’ oye] . . sorressrss-SeBTy ‘ToIsparvqqny Bec a “7 ** SeByy ‘OOUsIABT igo eines See SsVyy ‘ULypamMoOyS * SSUL ‘OD plIqyIoIS SSB] ‘OPVNILIOS 4SO AL |-----" SERTT ‘oVAOT pg 4S |J---+2eee- ssull ‘IOAOPUY GION “+ SeUyL ‘19yS9 YOO yo N ssuyy WENO A ier ate oldie naa sseyy ‘uaATy Se eae pO SCE ssuyq ‘umAT ee eee Ssuyy ‘pavarvyy so" SSByq ‘WOU SSUTT ‘LoJSOOUL AA Ssu]X ‘OISOQOUL A, a dr SSvyT ‘WOpmoyour Ay areas Gana ee Ssuyy ‘UOpuolTpoOUr A, See stg "==" SSUTAT ‘OB NT “-ssvyy ‘WSno10ge[ppryy srrreress ess" SEB YOOHTIOAL til alka Nati ale ie: SSvyT ‘Xossgy vorrsseress=- Seu o}sITOUL A srr eeseorsocs= SER ‘plospory soreeesesess SSRI ‘MOUoUyUNy oe a ester nsias SSvyl ‘BOLLT[TG srttesesescees seer 'GqnoulA,d oro ts-ssepy ‘Arnqxnqg sores? SSB ‘IOJSBVOUBT ea aie ss “> gsvyq ‘oorpureag settee eee ee eeee SSTIT ‘UTLog nena m argh alle tal ase ssvyy ‘JayouZUB\T “ssUTT ‘plgs}td orres sss SSB SHOTGR NN “7 gsuyy ‘Wey o oes “ors sey ‘Torapung socmecceoss* SEB ‘MeVYBI LAL rosererse ss S9Ryq 'TA0JOS1004) “so ssuyy ‘UMO}JODIONX) 2 SSUTY JOOPTIO AL le Seo a> AOS CL ‘moJO[PPUAL ee eee ee “"" SSB ‘ploy xogy sos ttt ssepy ‘UIVaIngys py coors gpBPY UOIBMOTpUg yseor sierde.n\eieieig cee sev ‘pooauear4 Sprites 2 sa ssey_ wopmoqour A, “c+ geByT ‘Yynoutde A Gynog “77> SSBIT 'MO}MON srreee spay ‘Wsno1oge[ppyL “-"" g8Ryy ‘ULOOULT sores sseyy ‘qoamquounyT totrecserses ss S8BAT TIBI BAL srtscsso sso" -g8eTy ‘pleyoHUM | 8L8T 8L8T 8181 8L8T ssi 8L8T 8L8T 8L8L 88 8181 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8181 8L8T 8L8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL81 LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T LL8T [76] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 900 Aaa UTR oe ates sent ee OMor CBU Uo: "7" puog Ysa “77 ss"""* HuUOg OIMOOTODRUSYW -* RPI Erol oie eee eyuryT SvoxyueN Spelt ysnices oYVT snegang “-* puog Wey eile e ee =O oyVyT wivymto A ; “"“puog §,u0yT sno 5 Se aaa a mae ore HOT gyry Tostunaq ip ghee nes a see" NTO ooVUIn yy a 22S = Nut THe leog: oy | aeiele eaeas puog 7eary qanoutsd Ay zi > puog Avayey ROS puog SA DICH sette cesses puog snwdty |°-*-**-77+ +--+ >* sseyy ‘uopueyyT =< DUOGES ADLE Teas errs ase cee Su Weyye AA Fine elects oyVyT [eysAig |*--*---------- > sseyy ‘oodyseyy cess 2" SGIAr ‘TY NOW LCT premeceer Seis puog snudiy "77" SSBIT ‘PLOFAL Host gee ease oe see DELO EI UO RANG ee ee aee 7°" SSB ‘ayo ALOH a 72-SEOMeKOIOEC SN) oss asa seas “""* SSB ‘XOSSq Bee igre ie “"""""puog ayoouroyo0xT SSL ‘YON010GISO AA “7 c7>) puog 8, Arey Sse ‘1oyseooyy, -9oyey puouesu0) “SSUyT ‘PlEUISA AA SPUCd VISUINgoUsiy, |= =< 9 ssocs == cess SSVI ‘MOPXVT Sees ese Spo OFVNYIOG 7° * +7777 ssRVPT ‘opENyTOS 4SO AA ieeyneh sae Spee puog sumdry ssvyy ‘Uopaoyy aa OVMOIYYVYY OYWYT oo 7 7-7-7 ssepy ‘OSpraqyoo03g : pea aes ce STON ROM BGS lee o rat ssvy_ ‘MOySuTivg wary Jpn ees OYVT JJOSMUIRMUSSY "7777 SSRPT ‘YSnNoLOQo[ppIL Bem res qqrmodvuten’y oYV] oot ssUyT ‘ployoyVAy Ha OOS Ane Beata arse OYUT cOsBYE |-°> "2-2-7 so s--s"seupE MOOI rag ee “sr -"" pod oovting, "+7777" SsRByT ‘ploy yoo ysegy “ SSBYL ‘moyspreg aA pase roses BSPIT ‘Urey OAM SF TB BR SS "soo" gsey ‘propuaAry aS ee eaaSe Ssvypy ‘WeyouUIe. 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(WYO) C0 Oc ia SSUTY ‘oSOTPOUL AL 000 ‘8 77> SSUTT “toJSoTOUL A, CTC Se a SSL ‘TaISoTPOUL AY OCORU Tees oS iliger cre so" SSVI “Lo}SoOUrL A, 000 ‘9 pres resicce SSU]Y LOJSOYOUL AL. 00) ‘8 Saecreisss ose SSUPT LoIsoTOUT AA, (OLN) “Cs, 2 ag) a ae are SSUTT ‘LOPSaOUT A, (Do Sees “77> ssvyq ‘1aqseqoUr AL 000 ‘OT geercee Forts SSUTT ‘1OSOTOUT AL 000 ‘9 oa “= -- SSUPT ‘1OS9T[OUT AL, 000 ‘F neers +7 *--ssvyl ‘Laysooul Ah 000 ‘F aa tae Ssvpy ‘LoJsoypour Ay COOneee 9 |e soess Seoges Ssuyl “1oqsoi] UT AL COO} Sfee es t|ceSrse'ss ses SSUPY “AOSOIUL AL 000 ‘9 Bee Sees SSUPT “OISOYOULAL [o> ---- (QONS meeting esecaro-s se = SSUPY “10JSOTOUL A, CUOKO Tae es oats = 777" ssvyq oysoqour Ay 000 ‘2 77> SSUyT “oqsarpour AA, 000 ‘¢ SSByq ‘IoJsoOULAY |--- 7-7 -- corene 000 °S SSVPT ‘LIJSITOUT AL 00g 'Z SsVy ‘1O}SOYOUT Ay 00g ‘% s2or2c 75 °*>-SRByAL a}SOUOUL A. 000 ‘8 sreroso sees SEB TT LOqsaTOUL AA 000 ‘F stores ocr ss SRR HT eISOYOUL AA. “Ys yo senna NX. ‘poyoqyey AT[Buy o1eT AY —Jo Arvnqia4y, “poor d OLOM YSTF TSIUAL UL S1O}U AL aS eTSOONL 2 Se “PONULUOA—ausnpour ‘QQRT o7 PLS Woes uowpns aipooyosy fo woungiysty~— TI] ATAY TL — “-7-> ssvpy ‘oyoATOHL * SEV]Y ‘MLTBS SSRI ‘WME]eg SSUIT OaTy Weal SSeS ahs clas sev ‘IOATY [[CL ssuyy ‘aeyoingys y “Ssupy ‘WOLapueg qII0NT iG | 088T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8E 6L8T 6LRT 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6181 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 6L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8281 SL8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8L8T 8Z8T 8L8T 078 *ponulya09 —s}jJosnorssvyy “OPIS 901 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. [77] 0c? 00% OOT 000 002 00g 00g 00 Ost 008 00L 00T 00T 006 00¢ 000 ‘0% 005 ‘F 000 ‘2 00s * 00S ‘F 000 ‘F 000 ‘+ 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘8 000 ‘L 000 ‘e 000 ‘8 000 ‘¢ 000'T 000 ‘F 000 ‘% 006 ‘§ 006 ‘e 000 ‘8 000 ‘02 000 ‘% 000 ‘0z 000 ‘0% 000 ‘F 000 ‘F 000‘ 000 ‘F 000 ‘8 000 ‘9 000% 000 ‘F 000 ‘8 000 ‘F 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘OT 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘81 onl ‘Sul A\ Poy ‘SULA PET ‘SULA DIY mary “SULAY poy UULY SULAY poy aU “SULA por “UU ‘DUT AY pory mary “SULA pow Meh SP Tro MOLY “SULAY par = ds ciate nae Un ‘SULA, poy WULF, “BUT A\ Por Tos UAT “SOLA pay oa0 oS gene ee UuY ‘SATA, pez 1 ene UY ‘SULAA poy ye ee WI] ‘SUTAY por > [YY ‘Worvyod WHA “OLEAT ON you ‘WOsEHAOd TorpY ‘UoDKyoOg uy ‘ose yo IPT ‘Woseyog You ‘ose yog TUL ‘uostyod You ‘doseyod leon te os =" “7° Wry ‘Woseyog (UY ‘Wosvyod “ YOU ‘coseyog | “> YY Wosvyog lear TOU ‘wosexod | ory ‘Woseyog oly ‘ose y0g SSv]Y “oJSolpoul Ay -- SSuyt “eqsolpoul AA SSBIQ ‘19}SopOUL AL SSV] ‘LoySouO TL AA “SSUTT Lo} SOTOUL AY - SSL] “LoJSoTOUL A, - BSRPT JOJSOTOUL AL maces sorts" SSRTT “WO}SOTOUL AA SSX ‘1apSoTOUL AL srtcrs ser ses Sse ‘19ISOlOUL AA “SSRI ‘LoJSoTOUuT A, ea "rrr SSRYL ‘Taysoyour AA SSL ‘TYSoyOUT AL SSR] ‘1eJSOTOUL AA SSBT “laJBoTOUL A toocescrsoe “SSB ‘Ia1s9TOUl soecorensecs “SSB ‘IOJSaOUL AA srcccesmeres -SEBTy ‘1OISOTOUl MA “SSB ‘Lo}SooOUL A, srecrsees so -SSBYT ‘Ia}SOTOULAL sorrotsssss* SEB ‘Tagsoqoul Ay THU uutyy TUL * pulog TBUTLEYS ** LIANT 19910 “* ppayyowy mw aN OyVy] vy MoJoUUl yy gary aes aie es OYL'T Wood BUUOPVA(C) LVON “"UHON OG} JO JOATY Po “=o uvIsdTEE OeT OYV'T] PLOYUION qynequvyy won BUUBYO ( OVT ee CeCe ee ae owmoy oye] OYU']T sseg. OYV'T vag oy Ad “TOA SMO'T GuLRg ayVy] SUDO] “TAL YSNOY OCT USPooT A - gyeryT Avuoyy BYBT poyoor,) aye] oveusory OV] 9J[VoPO “ oyeT weary, eee spuog §,peey spuog oso] OYUV'T ovunory oyVyT urlpquieyy ayey soy sotto s* ONV] SWOT ORY LayIvq SIILL) OVLOVMO(T Boats Ses ale cis oem OMe] oIQsayy “puog 9X5 pa Ay “spdodg -- aye] puouredsa0” puog Joug PYe'T ~ OVIIOYTVI OYV'T (puog 8 Areyy puog yeorsy -*> puog opeqoedg aos SSBRT ‘PLOBSHId | | | Let ‘pt ‘ady -*-**-| gygT ‘— oun {‘—9une st ‘— orn iL8 | ‘— oun GIRL! — oun E181 ‘oun eLst ‘— vane GL8T ‘— oune CL8L ‘— ony: GI81 oun GL8T‘— oun GL8T ‘— onne O88L B8L8T SL8T 8L8L 8L8T 8L8T L81 8Z81 9L81 ‘T OLRT ‘TL 9L8L‘T OLRT‘T oun OLE ‘BT AUTT OL81‘8t AVI QL8L ‘81 Av PLET OR8T aun oun OS8L O8sL O88T O88L O88T O88 1 O88 Oss O8xT O88 08ST O88 ogst | O881 Oss oun | | | * VIOSOUULPL sores WBAIPTPL [78] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 902 ‘USE jo caquinyy HN ‘qqnouATg HN ‘yjnousATg cia THN ‘qjnowsTg “-" "FN ‘qgnourdATg 7" AN iqynourdtg Ping Ficicinke mers) a\o 9\¢ H'N ‘you ATT pats Ee HN ‘qynoudtg pesmi Speen ee ee HN ‘ygnourda,g Spee oasis sis sieieie:n's HN ‘Wqnow AT Soa DUCaa EE HN ‘Wjnow AT gees fs N ‘yynow AT aatsyesieieisr/=ters orsje HN ‘Wnourt{{g Ee ceisisrsrosereae “HN ‘yqnowsATg eain\e cia sie ances HN ‘qynowsTg eee ete e eee enee HON ‘yynourAyg SSUPL ‘LOJYSolOUur A SSRIT ‘LoSoTOUL AL “SULA\ poy pus | SULA\ poy pus | BULA, Poy pur SULAY Poy pus SULA, poy pur SUA, poy pue “SUT poy pus “SUIAY poy pues DUTA\ poy par | SOTA poy pur “SULA\ Pay puv |; SatAy poy puw -SULAL py pare LOOT MOTIEAL yoorg MOT[LMA. OORT MOTLAL Yoorg AOTTLAL SOOT MOTTA SOOT AMOTILAL YOO MOTILAL yoorg MOEA YOO MOTEL OOTT ALOTTEAL { | | | YOO MOTTA any ‘SUrA\ poy eae Se eeeaeeag UU ‘SULA, Por UNIT ‘SUT AY pary schapisie a en esses HN ‘ygnoadATg | "HN ‘qjnow Tg | Fen icini sees HON ‘Wgnoursyg | Sa GaOodadi: HN ‘(ynowayg | HN ‘qjnourd,q ~ “HN ‘qynoursyTg | rey clas gia HN ‘qqnowtATg | ical seca ea HN ‘qynowdsyg | SSL] LOJSOTOUL A | YOOLT AOTITAL O01 MOTILAL | pred een WU “SULAN Par | SSBI ‘LaJSoOUT A, | “‘peqo.ey ATTwUy e197] Ay | vhta ee LOATY, FNOTOOUMOL) |" oes F TTT TS ste puod WRION |“e er re eal pea HN ‘14e39 | 0881 ‘6T Avy Seirise " AN ‘VIMOOwT gst ‘gT Aer rip ata puog salupy |" ---"-"" AN ‘gotapurg | Oger ‘et AvpL poe a puog uvmyog, j--- 77 AN ‘UOSTONT | 088th ABT Biren shail spuog Arpung |----"-- EN ‘AquMO0g oatysayyO | 6L8T‘— Ainge Bags a ae puog NUyseyD |---°- APN ‘pleyYBON | 61gT ‘— Ane pucd &,projperg: |= ga HN ‘ployprag | 6481 ‘— Ane SS PUO Gea OI Nall sse ne > "AN ‘dogsoqouvyy | 6ug8T ‘— Ane Sa ee puod |°""°--777""7""" AN ‘qorapaeg | gygt‘— Ajne oyeyT soynesediunr Ay H'N ‘oqavy ayue9g)=«gzgT‘— oune SS Seite ee, OYVT Jnoro908ud0d vorttsss Fr NT fQounqsztd | 6L8T ‘— 9unge See eee OYVT VldoOoseyy jr AN ‘ppeyu | 6L8T ‘— oune see tie cay ie eyey menbg |" ----- EP ‘ssouLoploH _GLRT ‘— oun Se Oa a ae OYVT pUNOJMON [ANY ‘ogeMospug | 6LgT ‘—9une Fe RC IE ONVT oo |" ‘BrmooURAy | GLgT ‘— oun Datu [PLEO EG CLS ea ea HN ‘ppysutidg | gygT —oune epileite sects fos s2 eyey oodvuang |--------------- APN ‘AanqMony | G18, ‘—oune Bo out eae puog WOyeT |--- AN ‘Quounsorg | 6481 ‘— Avy TES chee niie mist OWT Olsoqessryy j--* 77°" AUN ‘doqsoyouey | gLgT ‘— Avy Pod eae eat EL OYVT vodissQ |----*----" 7-7" EEN ‘vadisso | 6igt‘— Av a rtn biae as OUT y8vql [7777 AN ‘PIOgONe A | 618 ‘— ABT OMV'YT SUYooTY Aly [>>> 7 * > “ALN ‘Wiegand MONT | 6L81 ‘— ABVTL pi ieteislelale stele rele ere puog Souopf j 7777-77 AEN ‘puourdey | gxgT ‘— Avy Sir ieee PUOd 81OMOOPS [oo AN UeygUery) | gZeT sisisiscelaislelnieio else: oyey sedvung [-------*-"+-> > AN ‘AanqMon, | g28T Ravel sieb nniieieinecrimiaiets GOES COC IOOON >: (iq Geahed Oey eG 2) Ap HN ‘ueyang MON | gg Sd ep ee ol etal Se arg |e oe AO CTE LO ATS TTT" BEN ‘Gosipeyy | 18 - garysduvy MON BAC ee be ee es es a nd a ee ee DO ATATD ONLY Q)ig lin eile TUT AAT UNO ARGO TT Gl eles— OLLULe he toantesoretele mur tote teacloieolole (el noie ieseicrliricpelaisi- stor" * puog 8,WemjedyQ j------ au “Ajunoy vysequA, | 6L8T‘— Ane PO 06 OOOO IRA ia Oe COD ICIS Paani tO OAGe UOjsoL{ OYVT |----- ua ‘Aqanog ‘oTprauey | 618T — Apne Fro i ee ha ie i sa eda (hana Tate AAC AOTTV O4B'T [oro aay ‘A3an0g eT[tauoyy | gust ‘— Ane Sg eee OV] Wwpog jos aR ‘Agu n0g uryaeyz_ | gLgT ‘— oune sre saree tno eee oYVyT suoy |----- ua ‘Ajunog uvauozw mM | 6L8T — oune Ce So et Sra ied ONT wpeD [oor UT ‘A3un0D sony | E181 ‘— oun Sener aa ONVT 8 yLoqoy j--- 77-7 GUT ‘Ajun0D sory | BLgI ‘— euNn Lr SES ORG IO OOO COO: ONV'T visouvy |---------*---- 77 UU ‘qnINGq | 6LxT ‘— oune SGI ge sIswicisic ste puog 8,mnuieg | -"-- > aarp ‘Aqgunog uojsnoyy | giyT ‘— oun HSE EGU aeetee iene eine OULOD OYVT |----- 7° muy ‘AgunoyH uoysnoxy | G81 ‘— ABT Be aa Na a ances eyVyT Saiadg |--------- warp ‘Aqgunog vyoxvad | 6L8T‘— Av PASC ORR G AS SOU oyey Apueg j----------- uarpy ‘Ayun0g ssvQ | 6181 ‘— Avy oe O18ET DIC UUGIONs|5= oo 5 aa es unr ‘AqUNOD CON | 8L8T Ree eee puog 91% “uy, ‘Aganog Aoswvy | g/g OFV'T § UUBOoPT -- uuryy ‘Agunog sesmvyyz | gs Perch aceite oe] wwog OPAL (~*~ aay ‘Ayun0D Aosmey | List ‘PL “Ady | pyuog—vzosounryy —yjo Arenqiy, pevsid “AVBOO'T ‘oye “OVE LOM YS] GOA Wl S19} AL *‘poudizUoOj—arrsnpoUu “ORBT 02 PLQI Worf uowpns orpooyoy fo wornguigsug— IIL E GUO YN2OUY OSS 92 PL8T l 198’ J Ed f ATAVL—'C 903 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. [79] PIV ‘oromrgyeg PIV ‘o.L0uLy [eg PIN ‘oromgy [eg PIV ‘otown[eg Nr Nanqauoore ‘Lanqsmoorg. CN ‘Sanqgsuooyg 'N ‘Aunqswmoojg | Saar ect as a leat £'N ‘Arnqsmoolg CN ‘Sanqsuo0lg peert=, 30% PN “N ‘Aunqsm00|q Bisiraisiei ase 24° £'°N ‘Aanqswuoorg f° N ‘Atnqsuoo.g ag "'N ‘Aanqswmoo[g, CN ‘Aanqsuoopg “AT 'N “qqnourdy ad ~ AN ‘qqnouidTg ee ee es wee H ‘nN ‘qqgnowms[q aaa Seams H 'N ‘qjnouraTg pet weet ca HN ‘qynoursTg reese nee HN ‘qynoursTg eee HN ‘yjnomATq apes pete H ‘N ‘qqnow4Tg Brcaiane 777" HIN ‘qjnour4Tg HN ‘qynowsig H 'N ‘qynowATq HN “yjnousyT “HN ‘qqnoursTg HN ‘yjuouraTg “7 AN ‘qqnow Tg ae, HN ‘Ujnow Tg Smee tot veces Search ‘qquoud[g ed ‘eIONTT | anew natal avs a's pe prieclee iin ates o'ej< nie Sq SMOMeHy es eee 52s IOATY OIVABTOCT POURS GO OO Bq ‘odo MON [OUT LOAN OIVABIOG i el ah a O1YO Opefoy, jo 777 Tt 777? ONG ORVT Rieke cia aeinls SSS aei= ses OLNO‘Ope]oy, | *-"-- tt OL ONVT Vip to ene soa © O1yYd ‘opelog, [sere nonce Sees OLgQ ‘Ope]OT, Se eee a SFOS O1gY ‘Ope[oy, Mise wee) A peg PIN ‘oro my eg a eat = SD Wie GLOULTI TREE: || S's 2 P's = =r! v2 Seisisiele'ein TOATY UL "pi odour: [oso soo esac IOAY ULpPVA === PIN OUOUITN Tey |e ees TOA BQOABIVO ~-1OATY Ava odvyg * LOATY VYAMVBIVD TOAD VOMVILO TOATY BAB) “OATY Uvpuvy Yoursg YMG “OAT gsoubog Pas JOALY OLBSSBT IOALY OLVSSUT LOATY YOVULLTT ~ JIANT quoyoouu0g BSA SY BOs e 2 JOA JNOIQooUNOD eee LOAIY JOVUTLIOPL Beecieyecees IOAN QUOTOOMNOD iRsee vr ane'2 LATY gnoyoound0g Si gas Pees 2 yess LOATY OOBG aie ae PEPE IOAN YORULLIOW Petepaeels "7" IOATY YOVULILO PL sresss s s22% JOATY HOBVULLILOTY pnt Ce BUTLOIeD GQNOYg HOCH|sao oes? Et wesuesouo gy?" ---------- RS ER ie eS lil ee ta ea aa puog 8,doowg |o- 99-50 == I 'W ‘ovenqiog qyAoNy | gst 000 ‘2 emiege seen tc TOPS STU NAYS Ea Ch EN COs la tee Ni A I IO OIC aaa dete puog JNOIwULASOTY "°° 7” IY 038@N410G YQION | gZgTt OO0RCeMECEe coe s ceo TAO IeSUBHS UO |= 2 a TOATAT YONIBOANG pe pe ass i DUO Ais UO PIBANG [sesso oss ona JW ‘Uoyssary | geet (MTG A ESSE Ose rE LY JJesuvsou0g |°-" “atloArosoy Svooseg dmesg | --+777 7777 =/=il DUO TAU ROW || <2 ia aus ake oo TU ‘PA ang | gst Cote lesk oss: eo ae TTR OS UB SOMO Yilesse tomes” peas ae TOATIT TOA GO [soos scenes Lote Rs ak Teh s fal amet Oa I'Y ‘puowyonuys | ogt 00s ‘% Tee Ose coo yy |= sss sin =i IOAIY VOUOPIAOIg [777777 * BOCOHES puod YOrMAe AL LW NOTMIR AA | OL8T 00¢ ‘% Weve VOsSuVceuOry esse sein TOAIY QOUGPTIAOIG |-°-*-- ttc c cess puod §,U0}.104) IW ‘Yormivs Ay | 9181 00S ‘2 IY ‘}osuesouo0g | TOMI TUI OUYANG To lle goa oo vee gee puog Aqly ~ T'Y ‘oyso | OL8T 00S ‘% I ‘Y ‘jesuvsou0g OATS ENON | ANG qin |e veces oe cia po LeiCaha 7 AL) Ades | POORER SAO Sano LW ‘toysoy | gS 006 ‘2 eM IVORUEcOMOriel Gemrmn on cae car in ees mee ii es ew areca slaiss ei puog §1909§ “J -Y ‘oywnzWOg GION | 9L8T 00¢ ‘2 IU ‘0savs0u0g i “> puog JOOISUBMBOPY [--- 777 IE ‘(0780S YILON | 918T 00g ‘2 [UY ‘y0suvsouU0g |*--“afoArosoy Svooseg Cuvag j---*77 ttre DUO FT UOTE |e es ee Te OlrATMangE oyen reese pUuysy oporyy CID Ce, 9 lei ns dc vd ‘A100 OAL HONI Os Pots Jeary AUOYSOTTY |" -~ Bq ‘AJUNOD puvpesorw ys Ay | OB8T 000 ‘2 Fee S Re ae gar as 8 CTO ALO (ger aig: cate geo Terie agit ess Sy ee cme YoOorg WOuory |= 2 w= soos vq ‘AyuUN0D elug | Vgst 000 ‘2 . pee Cle NUON casein eae oo eee ase peer Cmts a a SOS bi CEN Eg Antes 1214 (Peo ree we OS vq ‘Ayun0D eg | Vssl 000 ‘Z eee ahem oy ek get a 0 CG 09) | PSE OR nC ag ole Ora aor Gir pet al erie Yoolg yNBoMUOLD |----~ 7-77 eg ‘AjunoD ogy | Ogst (UNS a Sia laa tare Ve CMOWMUin | as ee TOA EVUUB TON DSNG) |= se crcces sais uny yesouog |--------- eq ‘Ayano Joysuouv'y | oggt ‘et adv 000 ‘T SN iT Nae aoa (Ge AIOE TA CSI e | RES SERGE ESC YOolQ Suisn[wd MA [oo tt toe erctee oxey AST, |*- 777 eq ‘Agunoyp euuvyonbsng | oggt‘g ‘ady COOMA Gace Sees Vy BMOWBAL P= oss = TOA BAUe TEN bsNG! | == s2 omen ane eYe'T yoodneg |------ Beg eee Vq ‘WOYUBLOS | BLET 000 ‘€ POT OUNG Aen | peice oe ree IOALY YSiyeT |-----*° Peis CPs fg OL Om EL PANG COPD Bo ha lace Bq ‘W0JUBIOG | EL8T 000 ‘9 ‘BQOLIV PL -->- JOA euMeyonbsng |----+-++--- + +7 >> oye sjAOAIe |--7-- oot s=°" vq ‘o1ieg SoX[tM | LST 000‘ eq ‘ALL0) S--RSPUOCso UT OVCfallas oie once iene cs vq ‘ALLOD | SL8T 000 ‘2 Gq ‘AII09 puog | eq ‘Aqunog uwo11v Ay | 818 000 ‘¢ | TOUS) iC -| Weenie Sega lag ty ence pve en eemiy a age Pa ay a Eg “--wq ‘AqauoD omhw A\ | BLT 000 ‘¢ ‘BOLL ORV] SMoaivy j-- 77 eq ‘OLIV SOX[LAL | 8L8T 09% TTOTATS ONE At RR a SOS SiO ER | SRA ee eee a oe ar | eee vq ‘Ajunoy) YosioMOg | gLgt 00g % ‘V4QOLIe AL PASE lisa ta Pees vq ‘AyauOD o1MOW | 8181 00¢ ‘3 ‘eqqgoreyy |* SOM Bape | an ean aay vq ‘Ayuno0D ox! | g1at 000 ‘F “Lis I).0 Cy | isan titel pre ae eins a ces ieee | (pea ate seas Seen a pre ine a eo ag RT eq ‘WO}O[ZBH | 8LsT ‘ponuy doy 00g ‘Z ‘eqoLlEyl OYVT Joaveg |°"-----77** eg ‘Azunog oui0zu'T | get —viuealAsunog suey ‘poyoyey Al[euy ero T] AY —jo Areynqay, ‘peoeyd “AqpROO'T oR “RIE jo 1oquin T 2 819M YS YOU UT 8.1078 AL ‘ : ‘ponuryuocgjg—anrsnjour ‘OBST 02 PLBT mouf wowpps oipooyoy fo woyngysig— TIT LIVI —'d 905 OF YOUNG FISH. PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION Princes c= msec AVS AAe ADULOION: Sinan eens nme TA ‘A\ ‘AouUIOYy igapiabea sate Riemer BA AY ‘Aouuloy prin Ses la site BA Ay ‘AOUULORY weet ewee eee BA “MA ‘Aoumoy oes oaecic ess eer SAK AOUMIOY Regis ee gen “BA AN ‘MomTTOY noe e trae “s BA AA ‘AOUUOIy pect as ae ee “At ‘Momo y Hess ia sorte BA * AN ‘AOMUIOY pogaserecSses IAA OM: SOUULONT, ee trrecseem a Sorraoygs AA “7° RA ‘OTTTAONI A AL RE hy 4 “BA ‘OTLAougA AL treresseee sss A Soqpraeny a AL ee es BA ‘oTAOMIA AL sa Popgoree:! « ‘OTTAOUFS AL "BA ‘WOYDULXO'T esieisieieie\s ah taeetciatet a: ‘dOYSULXO'T QOS SSE ris isissenielsies ag A) ‘Toy SULXO'T Seeccorsss= BA TOISUIXOT CA ‘WO, DULXO'T “BA ‘TOPS UIXO'T BA 10} 5UIXO'T vA ‘doySULXo'] Soo og eases ‘MOJDUIXA'T wisiessie sige ts * in BA ‘YSIMGsyoryd BA ‘qsanqgsyorl rorressessg an ‘Kimgsnyor Utes 2A ‘Aungsayo er UIeg sorteeesee gay “Cinqgsago pe pues “9A ‘Aamqsuyor gureg socceesceeg a ‘AINGSUTOL JUIBS peiniciainsiscie/ At ‘Aangsayo pr yULLG payee ss gia ‘Aunqsuyo sl ures “IOAIY MON Peeing sean lei Sarale s IOALY AO NT piaiiaG esi a= aie = TOA TSE MON, echitsaeee JOA VY AVUR YL SSSR RS Ire “59-* JOATY Sommer - SosSvmoaydue pL OYV'T > Sosvmoi1ydute pl 9Ye'T LIAN JNOYOOUUOD -** JOATY JNOIOIUMOD, verses sert7> JOATY QNOTOOUNOZ * doaty FNOIjooUUO/ wos teeeeeeeeseeeees sorte NIT, pre ivineng AS oonles = Une 20d 1; ce sisie sore sseess HOOTO 8 UOT men HOOT) TOA yooig opeyng “any 8, pavqoLig aos cre 4901) oyeygug? 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VMOT ‘LOPSOOUR]T VMOT ‘UMOPT[VYSIV 2MOT HOTU) 489 AL VAOT 'ALLOAB AL vxoy ‘spidey 1epod UMOT ‘SQL [LounE”D rMoy ‘onbuquey SIL sg UMT TQnOg vee a ea SUIT “POOASPTLAL leech Aiea eae og SIL ‘MOLD UISUO JT aCe) ‘PLO eH MON | WULOY) ‘P.LOF[UAL ALONE WuoLZ ‘4aodqynog uno *yL0d 489 At un0g QaodtyyNog UTOD ‘OLARMTTL AL Sia gleivialyieseie Shela umoOg ‘paoypay ; u00;) ‘ploy, MON UULOD ‘plopPIVAL MON | 9 ‘surppey | “AQIPROO'T , “UENJIU “RRL OF LLQT WOuf LOW) DS JOIBYOUId SO UO}NgLYST— AT ATAVI—'O PLET FL8I PL8T EL8I €L81 €L8T OL8T ‘$3 QL8I “bs OL8L ‘Ps OLB ‘PL OL81 ‘PT 9481 ‘FI OLBT ‘ES CLEI'¢ CL8L ‘3 SLST ‘3% GL8T GLOT ‘LT GL8T OT C181 ‘9 GL81 ‘9 st CL8T PLET bL8T L8T LLL ‘61 LLST ‘LT LL8E ‘91 LLSL ‘sl G81 CLs CLS CLI GLE 2g Lgl GIST 5L8T LET | SL81 | SLI ELsl PL Ajne Aju Ang Aine Aine Aine oun Aynp Ayn Aque oun oun oun | oun AVI ARIN ARTY ABIN AVIT oureyy ata er a UMOT BLOWN qnorjooauog jemiasiar eet VIULALOFLTBO "O7UIS [84] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 908 00g > You ‘Woys yrvyo, CGM eo tae 5 het WOU ‘UOysyIRLO Ol) Famine ice re TOU ‘GOS yLeTO (NOU) > eel ee a SSVIY LoISoOUL AL Wit e2eses ttr5-> gsepy MLoysatouL A, 000 ‘LT Sainicicrciacre “ALOOIVA 03VIS QUOROGIMIND Slipeseacccas ss THON ‘Yoouq so Ay Ob ‘LT eae a “SSUIY ‘LoJSOOUL A, Og? 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UOT ‘AQUnO/) Ops LH "7" Ou ‘Ayano AUUOTYSB AL GLgT ‘— oun cLgt ‘—oune G18 ‘— oung GLgt ‘— oun Gigt ‘— oun | ¢/8T ‘— oune | e/gT ‘— oune | GLET ‘— oun ¢2f ‘— oun GL8T ‘— oun ¢ ¢181 ‘— oun ys ¢Lgt ‘— oun ¢/gT ‘— vung GL8T ‘— oun GLST ‘— ounr GLgT ‘— oun ¢LgT ‘— oun gLgT ‘— oun GLgT ‘— oun SLET ‘— oun | GLgT ‘— oun se ¢LgTt ‘— oun CL8T ‘— 9une ost ‘— oun ¢LgT ‘— oun GLET ‘— emnt | CL8T PLET PLET FLET PL8L €L8T S181 ELBT €L8T €L8T €L8T €L8T €L8T SL8T €L8T €L8T €L8T S181 SL8L EL8l ~~ garqysdueyy AO NT VOSIUULPT [86] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 910 000 ‘ZT 000 ‘62 000 ‘og 000 ‘sg 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘OT 000 ‘0g 000 ‘OL 000 ‘OL 00S ‘Z 009 ‘SF 000 ‘OL 00S ‘98 000 ‘02 000 ‘ot 00S ‘2 000 ‘ST 000 ‘eT 000 ‘0f BLS ‘0G 899 ‘Fz 999 ‘Fa 999 ‘6% 000 ‘s 000 ‘T 000 ‘T 000 ‘og 000 ‘OT 000 ‘Te 000 ‘69 000 ‘2 000 ‘81 000 ‘ST 000 ‘0S 000 ‘0S 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OL 000 ‘26 000 ‘ST 000 ‘0¢ 00S ‘Z 000 ‘e 000 ‘8 000 ‘& eg “eqjorieyy eq ‘ejjonvypy eq ‘vONV A Vq ‘VLOLIVIY Nae eq ‘Wosnq -+ £19 FL 93RIS ect ROS org “elpeysey beer “7 O1TO “BIpeaseD eps OLY ‘VITVysVg * O1TO “BT[LISVD, HN ‘Ga ogsoprunre HN ‘UAvojso[i1eg¢ eee twee A 'N ‘ermop [VO K'N ‘etuopo[eg f'N ‘Arnqsaoo0[g A'N ‘Biuopeye) ~A‘'N ‘vitopsteg CE Robie Rede: KN ‘eraopsyeg fN ‘Aanqgsu00j,q PN ‘Aanqsmoolg f°N ‘Aimqsarwo0pgy f'N Arnqs moog f° N ‘Aaunqsmocpg LN ‘& INQsuLoolg f ON ‘Atuqsaroopg CN ‘Aanqsuoolg C'N ‘Arnqsu1oo0lg f'N ‘Aanqsaoolg e°N ‘Aunqsmoo[g CN ‘A. Inqsmoolq CN ‘Aanqsuoo0pg. f£'N ‘Aunqsunoo0[g Soe s aranaels SSBIT ‘1OJSOTOUL AY papa ean oe Gimiala's\c SSUPT ‘1OYSATOUL AA palsigssisieveiaisin sir SSBIY “Loysoyoar A. aoe ‘IOPSOTOTT AL ty ‘Losoyour Ay as - "N ‘UMOJSOLIVD Sem oe H'N ‘pioot0g H'N UITPeLOTL “H'N Wrps9107T ACN ‘Q3tper9yy HN ‘W}tper9 Ty HN ‘UMO}S9TIeEGg | IOATY vudeqenbsng IOAyT vuaeyonbsng Oye pas LAT vameyonbsug Sep SRO SUS IOARY OLVALTIC, Saas ee abe IOAN OIVAVIOT ISATY OIVAMVIOC oll, Oe Avg Aysnpurg Sinise) seco Avg oommnvyy OL OYVyT LOALY ospny IOATY WOSpuyy LAY wospnyL IOAN WOspnyL OLIvIUGY OCT Boe pecan punog purjsy SuoT O1IVJUO OYV'T OLIRJUY, OYV'T TANT wospuyy Fev niger i abe JOATY CIVIC pies a a[eve ois tsieis LOATY. OIVALIOCT altiec cise neers IOALY OLR MBO IOATY OIBALTOT TOATY Wej}LIeY grelersis io ssie sein (cists IOAN OLesseg Fone leer tieisincins JOAN OTeSseg sigie gs ictereic sic: eicialnine IOAN olesstg Zo vaseisscs IOANY YoustoyoryT LOALY ULPLIVIY gigi gs see a inse IOAN OIVMVLAT piel ein waa JOAN] OIVALTOT pecan c mieicici ose IOAN o1vArvpoq IOAIY URPTIVA, IOAN OVMLLIOTY IOATY OVOMLIOTL TOATY OVMITLIOYTL IOATY OVUIIIOT IOANT ynonoouN0D DANY gnotpooun0D JOAN QNOTDOUTOD IOAN OVUTLIOPT IOAIY OVUILLO PL IOAN OVUILIIO TY IOATY OBUITIIOPY owe cece ae-- “2° "5" 010) [esouog i i ies oo ele YoolN vouoyesonbryy |**---"-* eq ‘Xyumo_H Jozsvoue'T YOOID VIVjyeMg |------"--- vg ‘Ayanog urqdurqg yoorg Tyysnug | -- vd ‘Spun0) wo} durey}10 N enininini’ yoorg Surdg wemzqr7y tq “U0svq 5 “- yoorg TETysug ed ‘TELasag donnoe pau Sse pop eee as unee Hondas eeuanoe, Jbbace orga $ Avgq-UL9n Sp-cooecossegn zoary Aysupurg |--*77 777-7777 -* OTYO ‘tome Se leke nein cin iainsin JoaTy oommneyy |-=*7 777-7777 777 77" OLTO ‘OpefoL, teres wrreryg Smadg wypeyseL) [7 r OTTO “elpeysey a@rcecenesnenincate LOA AZBU® {7250022522 ° 5 AGN ‘y5.109 COTTA SERRE RE CORE IOS t JOAIY WOUNTEG |-- oT ACN ‘neg ORO SASC “o75* goary ovumdeg |-7-7 7 AN ‘TFIMQspyeL 989 A, Setite weer nee IOATY HMVYOPL |---7 EN OULOT Schanecos HoCbe "yaorg suattTW |-°°°-7 7 XN ‘Agung Se ge cea iclaiaicls SOTILINGTI [[VUIG sis Rites, Sie ie isle IOALT OFOMSO goa ele ore ae IOATY WoUpeg seose Sees sis Appy soyvumys “TOATY SuOJoMoosn SOS SIS IS JOATY Suooyweyog pone caneges: TOATY TAS BEGG ROnOL er yqourig, yynog - SMIGAT EAU MB MOO [926522 p-eriec oe ses £°N ‘190g, reece ce eee zoary Snvddiqay |---"-*"°""-" LON “WANO}STLIOPL WospoRee os IOATY SUOMOUGOSIP: | 22> os sto eee aoe scuciaeis IDA GUOOTOUOOSUTYE | 7s scaa ts cer sere a sae am eee Lae AP Boaeatoae amy woupug |crtirt ccc ec eect ec cette Sonor coopacur aoce IOATY doyeg |-2"-°2° 777-7" ENT fmeare AA ge acicie "7" IOATY Jossemosimlog |--- 77777 AN ‘Op uea TSS cise eeisials IBATY YOOI00} TOD FSi aatar ce Bay hd Oa e ee ht recesense IOALY JOSSvAOSTMOg N ‘yqnoudyg -* gOLIRINGLLT, puv S19yVA POF, “Usy jo 1oquin jy *poqoyegq ATeuy o10T A. *poy00}8 S19}T AA “ponurpmog—sursnjour ‘QQaqT 07 SLOT woLf UoUmpns yoosqousg fo uoyngr.usig— AT AIAVIL—d teecreeese> -gggRTd AIpaNng H‘N ‘CUMojsopIvaO Sia eel anae aes seorid Arpang H‘N ‘qynourdyg ee ee ae H NG ‘uoyd ues *N ‘toydurey 480 A “> ACN ‘aozyus04, “SoLIeyNqIty, “AITBOO'T 6181 ‘9% ‘00 GL8T GLB GL8T GL8T GL8T GL8T PLST PL8T PLET FL8L PL8t 6181 €L81 9L8T 9L8T GL8T GLET PL8T PL8T PL8T Pee ae *yIOX MON | KOS10 fF AO NT *ponuryuoy —orrysdmepyE AO AT OPES 911 eo) R —_ i O a = ‘s) 000 ‘ ey 000 | alm eatin (o) ae pees fig aber en BI = 00 sreeeteseesete TA Z 008 G |n--- Pusan ora ate a Rea = ro) Map serveise:s 8 a abe enor ~- = 1 Repeat St TAA ‘[aqoo Oe: (a oe eee zy 000 ‘ ANS tee ee TAA ‘OT us ig SOg Tie ES ENE TOAT ~ ie 0 I Soot SAA 4 fojooseg | oro iG Ty sour - 5 pe feces BTA TALIA EE ae mite staal = (en) 00¢ ‘LP Erte R a St a ‘ofLEStOIEAL O; nage ot a See ee pre ae Rane oe oyV - — Bi os SrA ‘oMteaaoye gt PEER Ee 3 pete! SE |oee ee. iss leet ——_— Be. sc \ OU[TAL fae eevee “OAT. gee oye Lepay |-*" aa 17 d cee 1o4}e -- aL OOH | a. ae ee a 600 {en ames TN eat seL oe | bobs ter een weer OH ner ne ere uae pet else a oe poco sconsapaeig 22200007 : i eaaceen ae r PUTO |° = I ‘ us 7 aa ee oe ag EE Geren tat TNs 000 ‘sz Nate hrs seo a itores eq ead x IOATY . alt eee AIAN 9 OSIpeyy |°~ — ie : Z UNO : Soqav SL8T GG ea ee N ‘uA opreyy | ureydu y wospu EES oFVT qaoswpen fire ou lap (=) 000 ‘G3 feces ~ AO] 891.18 OD | JOAT iat f@ it) AG nae 10 DOMOUTO ise oe eaeaemeig ees qeus |¢ gt ; = ang cos aoe are aeahn. eee oe ae aa LGoTuOG Met Sa e ANT somo ee are < 000 ‘08 petictesreee wae ‘10d 18: eee es Pere qno1yoo Se eee ¥e0I) TP tr eee ark MeOneL FEST Hig! ee: eee ‘y100 rN Cees Ty nor Th aR yood cereal eee SEAN"? rca Leds ae eee 04 « Pan ages sco axe IOATYT Rooutog [0000-7 wpmoneat foes pesoreG M | EL A ge | ge ut Q ‘yatodys WNalsasc se put IY yNoT}O iH cee JOA navat coco rrrrtr aa amor 000 ST 009 ‘2 Eas cemerete 109 HOUSOAL fo0 oo AA anoHoomay |r ar ee) ee TTT 2a, onsonomeRE ast = 00¢ is Resor Snerice ce ‘aod4sant Ser rae See purer 200 eine acs ar onto eee: ght ‘qaanqSILIOME ea s 000 ‘s¢ Peri odeces ro 5 sq0dso.At eee Soa * Penee purysy ua ee io aan IOANT Ci ee ee IA ‘PI! {SILO riya oc eeeceee Sie Scan shmopopey | --- - punog pUurys] ye eae feet eee DA Utst098) v8 cla iG - Hoel se ool de ae mat ia e feces goa IOAt ae ue ooh 4 ax Q 000 ie x a; ‘Hosta steogy pete aes Wont Ae meas Pee Sas ae res pes HART 88 | 4A’ “ ufo ae 5B 000 ‘01 bss eee Fie | escescaeeoees Bf auaTAoUIOD |" 94 TORRE Ig) oumog | ->" mooRL | FASE me «000 w ‘9 Buo ureyd 9 oxy | Be oat oot) |r 779A es ¥b 00 ‘OF TM! josursem d | Big i Sel Ld ll baa BE yas OD |r77: aK er ae) po ar Ay 000 ‘ST STF a ostseuolf oie iene eee eee pals ered Pe eteaaet A eTlear 8 e0puyoye | vat 000 ‘F | -T aT ‘Wosuvee OF § Toke anerncMee Leen oth aes IOATY 0 cra 4 CPELOW le 008 ‘% | "Wy yqosues mod aly ouo qed |"7""* Doodavec seen tl eae 9 A goured ret 002 ‘z "TH 9308 ienod IOATY © ead [ooo qo ‘oqpouey | ooosrrssesrr Eaciesd ee G LU asuvovl OAV UOS OV Ai eeeee ee - uel P| eaisior te: TA ‘3190 °9 = 000 2 1 ‘iowuvienod Seco 10 ee ARCEMIS “> Your, A adn marie ee SOR aE e A eres ist a 0 ‘IL T “TS osuiogg [2007700007 TOA: yy quoxn zee Sa qol ale OT[LA i eeeeeeerery ; : aan ee "yf yjesue ped eee: iy qn uel S19}VI |” vssssss++ ggoeyd Sapttng oe ania Ar L aS ie eae O31 soumoavd a arleasieye |G ceeseteeeeees sould Puss bust soos ug ematad rence geen teers ao ayane re ould ceetceessetiseset+g0g aes ie Sel + Boe lls fedouod | Pet sonqvoat “CI rggead or O13 Hous yorueyy |--* pease ae aes orig TESTES aseueit oe ae ere W SE aUE Tene Wesce shar cat vd gz L8T eel SA AE Sore eae coe seoouts aL PL8T sng |i-rs- as 777 doany vyVIT ovld pT PL8T coat oe yo ia one BR CEOOEGD : es s,nttopor) paca a eae —— oo NT aanste a 088 aye a NS Lfrey a ames roWSTEA | OSL’ oe purj[sy opo FL8T Ww Ta [88] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 912 000 ‘oT 00S ‘L 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OT 000 ‘06 000 ‘02 000 ‘02 000 ‘0% 000 ‘0% 006 ‘ZI 000 ‘OF 000 ‘0% 000 ‘02 000 ‘0z 000 ‘G2 000 ‘SZ 000 ‘Sa 000 ‘cz 000 ‘00T 000 ‘OF 000 ‘cg 000 ‘0S 000 ‘00 000 ‘002 000 ‘008 000 ‘00T 000 ‘00T 000 ‘0% 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OT 000 ‘00T 000 ‘2% 000 ‘09 000 ‘OL 000 ‘oz 000 ‘GLI 000 ‘0¢ 000 ‘GL 000 ‘0a 000 ‘cz 000 ‘cz “ysy jo roquinyy "aaignjour ‘OQRT 92 SLOT wouf ysif-anyn fo uoyngi.ysiqg—'A W1aVL—d sooceeerrsc ss TOTAL ‘OTTAG}I0 NT Seo See re OM BICOMOOT ees Pisce eee a ie ga hd pa a ER SU (87 WERE LG SIM RN OG eee IGE vorcrereses ss" OTAL OTTAGs10 Nt erauice faeces T= Sais OS (OG PUTLOS] 2 Sos cass ao: SS SL ae ee ilecie eres “*""""" UOT ‘vasfouy | 94ST ‘FZ “GOT pene LOL IN OLLCU TLO.Nis | Sct eee cnet OME EUING POON ena sos OLS SS Se Seek hes align ce te meee aires YOu “to}x0q | OLS ‘ba “Qoa ee MOI REELS O RNG FS ey Ree Ge OS GHGD WEIS IE eee y ce ee eo Sen ed Seay | Picante wigan TOUA ‘10yXoq | 9Lgl ‘Fe “Go worreree esses TOTAL OMAGIION. [77777777 person OM GENO TET es o's! airin nines rie!=' sais sisie Silene pile ai ce a s[pinicielsieteie cise Or ‘1e9xoq | 9Let ‘bz ‘qo Saleteisisisiirisief = qo OTTAT}I0 NE IRS SRT es CODE: (3g Ry] Old £4 pil [DO ORES Bi OO OO EI sisicle leis cls -ielain ia ci zisieis aco sleet ale * YOUN ‘199x0q | 9181 ‘be ‘qo me saerisris) = Se OUING OLTAUTION |i eins = 22cm cee ROM CM NUOSIOTYC Tg oS Scs sian 5 velo sso saan ere oamimne > cle ORIN OIxOG: | OL RE EC dOM pee a ee MOL AURIONG (705559752 <° 25S OMB MOOI TIBEL | o— "o-oo nS a8 os oe me nee Se orre ress | tr cores cess eo OPN tee ked | UOT FG, Aur steichcis oy oieicin "7 GON OTTAQPION [ooo noon" * OMe] oss Pepe S eS. Se Cass cee oem eink llega ae nee sea aceRORNE LOTR OG (Ol GierCe OO, pide pS aie WOU ‘OTA 3.10 NC eee eer eee ONEi ROO RL Oreoltfala mss. “come orcas salar Sere rein olor i Orme) XOCne OLS TEPC ROM: BOIS EOS AGO OOS YOU (OTL T4.10 NE io eee ee sn sere pee OC Me ob TO | ara ncinck tate ace oer eee eee cnr Sie eA OL ATL T KOC ORG ep ca ur: ahs ae: GOUA OTAGIION [ooo ree Seer OMELTPIO ATES iS og” SS SSS =e wenan a Brdeee PS eee os a ie Youn ‘10}x0q | OL8T ‘bs “GOL BeOS alo WON ‘OTTAT}ION. Sis teas ee ie PO CNRS Pll fe cre nn nc mine arene a oene eee (ene reer Ol NeteoAOCeu nl Ola TeT CaCO ul aga RN SSE Se "77 TONAL STA U9I10 NT cette OIE pO TOOLS) SGT SRST SSS Sis I aa pias tees | rere cro meee sel OLN A SOTO TT: QL8L ‘IZ “GO eco o> se MONNS OfEAUQION.S | 32 205778 F temo t ses OBIE PUNO Ys |r ao o 5 Sse sence secre aia s,s merle resets ss TOU ‘ANS0J9T | LBL ‘TZ “GON Se ee ou OT [TA T}.LO NT Sp ee a OOH CaaS, See riparia ae ene ain aia pialaiadeie icacic enone ir mera ent OTA AS RO LOTT QL8T ‘TZ "qo, siaiel7.slelsicieisie See COMING OMCAU) IO Nel ae pene sane Se O MUNN WOOT s ||* Se manice + a ninc maar eae aia cielensiols |esmielini= cisco MOLE OIONG) ||| OV aTe 1c deu pees "7777 WOT (OTTTAFION PSA as LS S5 8 ed aaa NI ee ficial TATA YG) G ect END CAN ED PAL Ach Gol PALA IG E tec cibie’ COHESION Fs ee car See ONC MOTI Cores ons sces sss emma s nn) Es, cee eg ee OLN EO Galati e OLOTe TGs GO: cea aA MOUNE-OTTCAUITONE |S teecse ecco ewan emONCCLONOME Io cation ences new oe mhinvecd|t parecas boss seMGOLN A AOWUOMn | OVaTe Loon: pies eric oascis i= YOUN ‘OT[EAUQION, [o-oo oon os oMBTY SOMIOR [o-oo OATY GSnoy |o-----o 7 OTP ‘OTTATIION | OL8T ‘6T “G9, pierre oesien Se Se IOLA O TCA TIONG Poe otioa eis te siiso = OMB GTEMOU XE): |e ccc ne eee aoe aaa meee |e mie ie cies qo ‘Ajanog yxO 9OLST ‘6L “G97 [gee Scorers anes eee TOV ‘OTTEAUJAONT [oor OMENS FTC IG a aes SSeS re: See eee aetna =| ee se aot n Worry ‘AjuNoD HVO | 9L8T ‘6 “qoT ecco zee rsces HOUAL (OTA M}ION. [voor ror rte Sec O OM DOUG (C250 5-2 eee oe ere pecraenecny leat encore OHA ‘AJanOD HBO | 9L8T ‘6T “GOT eee en ORAL OTEAT WON: |S eS AQT HPA MLO Nps [Eee SS ir se iso haiaias ae pe ciee ie | e/a aie Seiden aie YOU ‘OTA GWON | OL8T ‘ST “qa.7 = Cais as TOU ‘OTTAUPION [o-oo MOAT SAYS NOW | ceS FSSC Er ees See earn eacmetens, anc eee rene ri QOUN ‘OUTAUJION | 9181 ‘6 “QO lpi wae ee CORA OTAUION: ||ves seas scc Jae ss AOA U SMO MS re sree oS ee sige asa sas eros as ei YOUN ‘OTAGIION | 9481‘8 “qoq|77 UBSIYOLAL rae riageke co ore ies" MOU OPAUIZONG |poe are “cee oie OMEN ALEO[O) s\eass = omen eae eee ceeinin nsec eS PANO TALI NOO RMON GLO Tele “CIs esos een MOT SO200 OAC SCCr OU OMAUT ONG |egcn see sare a O MBE ADI CULO NS | se seach mein a rite sedaiie Weneee |e aes me oeee ieee ee DUC OOM OLS eg a aU IN|. 19 22 eee UCI DUN 0 gaan tl [BO OmpuBeT WEG | -o9> > ooo som" oNBT goqeyl) | --9 9s moo PSs ses on oes al omnsesos 18 AVUNO/ epenleyy: |'GL90 LI “1a “ILOALOSOY | 7 vortsscocssesss1eQ ‘olpuvey ueg | s,Auvda0g 107844 980 Eg |------ dd telerik each Ae ato eaerry [eo ‘Ayunog Vario BIUVS | GL8T ‘ZT “Qoq piste gciris Sie (EM LOLPUCO TT UES +| 2-2-5" TOOT MSO AN HIVE |- 950 Se cr sse ase seeees| ssc occc sc Ter) AFUNOD BMLONOS: | GIST T *d9u7 pa oes cual [UAROIPUVORUBCy Pemecc rss ko O Me OLUIy a|ccss eer So ae a ee ees meme tewne|s on Gas ee TOO ALUM OG dU Nita (G5 EEG. see a [eQ ‘oupueoe'T ueg Oa OCT: (1a BC) PAL CB ee ee ee ee torseceress red ‘Kquno0g messe'y 6L8T ‘SE “Ue e PRP ROR OTR GIG ie) ‘olpuve'T ueg ek SOyVv'T ee ay eceees! ee wo ‘Aguno0g BPVAV NT 6LST “GE “Uee ee ERO 1G) -OIpUBON Weg, |= sales i=i== sie) eieree OX /BrpO WU O (fei ie ene Genii eerie er eis rin eater o/s eae a [vo ‘Agunoy vpeaon | 6LET ‘TT “uer i ea [GQLOIpmeonaUG: | osc oes -Ower QOUUL lieriata ete) oe ee eee ee MUD) AQUNOS 1008 a: G28 LL wee enclose elreselesaici as RUA) PAGIONUO ca pire ceeeemeen ne ae OMB NISOOUG Ira 2 as aang pase geal eat aaa (ane eee ome oa ar eee Soe aes ele OMS pS rade Si tS a [ep Acjosiog: |< 7-< "= sexe 19090 preio1oMeG) ||" 9 = soso terete eens ete ccm sete cscs sie AgUMOD edb A | LAST ‘sulids Bete nig siaic'n/nien!syeiel- [GOV ACIO MIO Gere a acecr= sein Oyu AOUUO (| as. 1 atas eee te ree eee ors [BO AIUNOD) BPEAGN «| JOT sULIdG psp nate ae [Kefo) ONG) Gs) CYS 1a SOR SSAC ERIS R COCO a ECC] (1 Fil ean Senin lea Esra CS rors" Teg ‘Aqunoy orvpny, | ¢Lgt ‘— “ey ee es ee ee ee OYV'T Iv9[O es “=. re 3 EA 9) ‘AqUnoOD oFv'] EL8T : Scere cer ALO TONE PaO) Oi ack circ ee anes OT ROTTS] Gi leans eal grine nce an nine n mee re Scans S rey AVUNOK OMe VGLeL emma 181 70) “‘poqoyey ATeayg e190 AA *peyo0js $.193v A *BOTIBINGLIT, *AqYvoo'T 098q *O9BIS 913 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH [89] 96 000 ‘00 cae aac ere oie eine ae i or ee Sats ete eet Ie! 10:66 01a’ e'e one a's cells aauleine s BOHVT O9L8T (1) (1) Gl Date at beh CC eee error 80YB'T CPA Co Roepe ee eal USMOOSt AA 000 ‘o0¢ i ou ‘olay qo N |[- in Oe \s\s/e ese le viva cretes's Claacg oyey 9L8T TZ “qo fms) 000 ‘00T WON ‘OU[TAJION [oo "ooo oer eee cence OO OME Ti roo Coase ciclnicts ake Scteisis'a'ais\e mlele|| ae ~i0.n6\<\e 0.c.ein ninimioicl ONO ‘OpaTOL, | 9L8T ‘LT “qauy |*" "ot tte eee ogo ee 000 ‘ct £°N ‘Arnqsunoog |--------++-+-- Suooywdoy oye'y £°N ‘Agun0D sr10 pT | BLET ‘LT “qo rt 00 ‘ce £°N ‘Aanqsumoog |*--°+---++ +++ paog 8,pasqdeyg LN ‘Apun0H sizr0p | 61ST ‘LT “qa,q |-----°-- Asia MONT wn 000 ‘00z pce eee ere ems gered rn =.=, Pn lee male mpetlatelai ie eta || 1m o(e <'w0h0 10. o.0je « ciejsio'es ease du case’ c|wics ees ~---: qoary sepaModuns 008 OAS OCIDO acusee. Pw. ‘e10NITy [eq LO 2.e = a c\e.e (e's ee .= TIDAL OBIOTO LL 008 Peee tess S28 =" pp eLOUlTy Ted: |----- eae ear eee TOATY OVALOJOT 00¢ BODGOCE OCIS EOC J PIV CLOUIMTUG |: = °- °c cess 2 2-=- 49919 190 00¢ em eeer ere tame PIAS OLOULIT CEs | 22 oo tmic= cin ten me JOATY YOVT 00¢ eass OOCIOIL2 COG DNs OLOUNIT TR fea a cina =i IOAIY O1OUBsULT 0090s rteteteeseeeeeee PW ‘o1omiqteg |------+--++--- Jeary ALovoou0y 009 Fe Sa ge abe) 0 UCR CUG 2 Tie eal Sif ¢, CRAM) 009 see ccec ccc eceees PHT ‘ost0uinjeg |---°---°°s----- AJOALY JUOXNgVT 00$ retire ress eeteee PIN ‘Oloungyed |---ccc--- +r -- JOAIY JuexNnyeg 009s renee se eeeeee PWV ‘otounngpeg |----+-7+-------- S187 8. uuLMy 009 PARC L aie Sol PI ‘erounspeg |----7+ 777-7 +-°- JOATY JUOXDVT 009 reece c cc ccccccs PIL lou eg | === '*'< <<< IOANT oosdnieg 009 tote ccecec ec ccee DIA OLOOIIA Te Gye cicienmsicic’ain Geary Aovoouopy 00G. 0 [eee cceeeeeeeeeee PIX ‘oromnyypeg |---------+++--- STB sucka (INGE POR RO OBR COCR STIG ED | TSO Af BROCCO OS OICHOGIOS SOAR OROUOG 009s ve tettr ese ereeee PIAA ‘etounrgyeg |----°7ss°o ee? JOAIY BIPSOoRUN VY py be "poyoqey Ayreug ory AA spereos8 yo aoqurayy x P9Y9078 8.1038 AA puod seerceroreroesigary LovoouOy uny 8, pleUoqow Pie to ch eet een “** MUBelIg nog peeialelac siete stascisete yourig Au04g ee ete med TA 27081 Jeary soapmodunsy sieiiercisle pomieg eee oN yc wuts| nipjeirieiser snicnes = oo se asp uOEy aIee11S ap pail ie die tae Yoon ysng nay es 1 Be Se a eie aw LO ey: biinatig aceseber ysIolN ysng LIE pear g gee =e PUN Wade Sed ee ee qouvig jno1y, TWvd1Ig ct ecee cress AroqoyeA Ye spuog puodg “*SOTIVINGIIT, “O88T 9n0.4 viusofyng fo uoyngiusig—TA AIAVI—'C parecer ses Sey aa PI ‘omrasurely oggt ‘er Avy Warktigoraea PIL MelAlwTr | Oss ‘st AvP faeeetiae 17" PTV SotaseyAg | ogg ‘gt Ava apeerion PIT ‘Sutids anyding | ogst ‘st Avy fraser PIC ‘Werte AN | Os8T LT Ae Sea ws PIX ‘odourrgieg | gst ‘et Avy a “T7TIT DIK Fuesvorg Juno | Ossi ‘eT AV anseny 7959" DIC OMeperT | OBst ‘Tr AVTL paetetes ete PIN ‘OTfastit0N | ogst‘'s AVIV pee Sava cs PI ‘UMojsarAoy | ogst’, Avy es eee ee ORS TeV Avy pe abt Santas PIV PH OMT | O8st 'b AB picigiesisia Sisie scree PW ‘usozuorng | ogst‘g AvTT pape at SRcy egies PAC ‘o1omnyyeg | osst‘T Avy Reran OSAr ENE. Peeeme PIN ‘UspaA | Ossi ‘og dy Ban en ea Nae PIN ATV 19M | O88T '8¢ “dy pea tar tre iy Sulddg wel) | osst ‘sz “adw apr eee PIN Stuads Surddiq | oggt ‘zg -ady ie aia Ceara. PIV ‘VopourTy | Oger ‘2e “Ady TTTTTTT TTT PIN Moqsurayss A | 088i ‘92 “Ady Torort sss Ses" DIT eySUTUNysa AA | OBST ‘9g “Id? pate Spee ee a PI X1uMyd | Ossi '2s Ady | Seer CrrTTr rr st) PA ‘xtae@qd | 0gst ‘23 “ad ¥ | BPRe an ea Pn PIC ‘Xia@qd | oggt ‘23 “Ady | WES DS BUTEA | 088 ao “Ady Siem s a PIX ‘J9H1eW AON | OB8T ‘TZ “Ady | SCR RUERER ote PW 'Oatoray) | Oggi ‘TZ “ad y | Sree: TTrrtee* PIC OHI MON | O88T ‘1 “Ady | were ewe eens 0 ee eo O88T ‘IZ ad w Reese. PESTO RENT SES Eo Sree ce ORS OG ACV ~| ec Nich Bakes PIT ‘PULTAVO | O8sT ‘0G “Ady | eiaaietien ss PIV ‘IH Atty | ogst ‘oz dy | PESTA USS TE Eee ie ae ee Ost ‘0g “adv pares aserseesce PH ‘woyjorieD | oggt ‘er “dy She bt PIN ‘Buridg wei) | Ogg ‘6t dy Says aoe “"7°"* DIN ‘PAST | O88T ‘st “adv | gekes | scie.cesicis/s\a siecle PI ‘Wo01H Su0T | oggi ‘zt ‘1dy ve ae “TTTT PIN ‘OTTASTOZBD | OBBT ‘LE “dV Pee eae se neee PWV ‘Aptoav Ay | Oss ‘ZT “Ady | Wigieaay bac PIC ‘jaoxuyeg | ogst ‘gt “adv | oo cisisitinis sisitis PI ‘usojshoyong | oggt ‘et dy | feiss gsicicise se DEGne ana eee | OSS Tac ul divs CUT pasrsrepy Teh Salam telat VMOT ‘soMVay | O88T ieee eS CAkOT: peaee RIE a Old -shscoemy ORs Aan [#FAIMMIOD F090 FSC ———— | — “AqTTVOOT ‘oye | O48 * 915 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. [91] Tan Gee en eo scen eto“ ocSasecucne IDO OE a Ee ada 5 Har CICS GHB BACMISE)) [see sore ences cnvcee acde ns spu0og 1 5 la OS COR CERO DODD IORI IE “IOATH OVUIOJOT OUI YIMOG [errr creer rete eee uny 1 000 RUM |Qbisni v2.2. mateemaseigun ("ons ose omeemae aes S| <5 reece eisieie~ yoo1lg uoydme pT 000 ‘T | oS ae Cg ee pt aim ee OOO tate Pe SIIOH COC COIS C00 Cb) TG ad tana a tes H9010 TIAL 003 ‘T | Se le ie I Be ORO O0O IT Sg tll Viet a 8 aaa aI ISI ISO OOOO IE Ma HM NN IS TIATY BOOTOG O0L [enccoine nc == *\0« elclelnide.sicinie/se.«.s.cje's 2) v\c'e e s'n\e eir,ciwisiujnlw(siniaivinisininis)=\-injeinivisir||\es\m e'e.0/e\s\o.0.c'e Aloyoun yy 4 spuog 000 ‘T lime ay aig ca. Ss Seeds ean wake pr en| sce tare Siete SAT ATIB CAAT B G)y ("rp = he mele n c/ereessiciesece LOATY 8 UO Lr 00¢ pong saa &/*/ n= a uejelc\ninnie/svleieyeieinis||(s e\e.e eie/eeieiemieraiaiar TOATH VQUMEIGH) |=" ocseceo ses er ces yoorg raddq 008 JFSEORS BER IGE ROC OS S000 0 20008 A GOCE R Ein TOATS PBON eT OUGT Hes |\sa == sec @\> °'P'°'* Sek a LOA MONT sar ined aia eg So vapid spaog ANDES SIRES RE CRCRC SOL ROCOCROOCUREGOOG CSS OOP TIBCOOGCGS JOAIY OVUILIOTE [°° 77°77 -* IOATY JOSSVMOSIMIOT 000 ‘T PP EPR 2888 OOS 0 ABD OGCIECOD GOTO DOOD OR Lor IOAIY JOSSUMOSIMIO [oot ttt tte: IOATY 8,19HBq OCOSST rrr wren cecitc ce eee ne se ce ccinle ee comes meme ne eccenrencccicnsa|asncns access Aroyoywyy yw spuog (1G ae iat MONA AHCAUOOM ICE, \|po° reste os cameos aaa ike | Guaza tune Aroyoye Hy 4v spuog (a, GPE RSSR REE TOU ‘Hoorn oped |---"-°s° 87 o" IOATY OOZVUIBTVY. |>--- "7777 yoorg 8,paeddeyg Pep) U8 BSecoce pride cere MOUNa MOSBY Occ oon eimai eltaiieloiele sta hessieic||(aiainln'= ele 0)2,n'a\= A1S TO VT YB spuog PROM ~ Saas U TT CL Corb (8 (al OOS TOOK OATS ROULAO Cel om ccrieweciniss sciatic slbneieni: PROM loos ee ee WOT NC LOAD (8 Cl PICS TOATY MU MU [toot r errr eee qouvig 4910 \T COTE Ee Sealigc coos ose ae UA Ne Gif) il BOGROR GOO CO Src TOATATRO DLO Vinee = s/0.e s\s'a:cic's\e/eie/eiclnseieiai-ine spu0g CUGMMI GE | cise Rete ee PIT croung Teg, |<2-=-scccss TOATAT AS PA OCUM Ds cls ics=socinsicice she ao rs puog A) AGROB ORI COC oa DINOLOUTIOTe GE is > 22 @ sina civic RDO SO) AAG || niaiani< male aeielsinisieinie «i nininisiate Wv91yS 00¢ WeeeeBL seer oc a ae TONNE AECL Gh (ys pal UI IRE SURO FO NEE LDS fp ea the Oe puog 00% lec are mae OIROLOULIATE Gy |--'sin'e'= icicle aie TOATATOR WOT O feline aa icsleiniels\-ials icine ei-iciei puog 00¢ IP SSree ar PIV ‘donne |°---°"<+---*-- WOOI4) 9/41 QUO Gp |=" === GSS eae R had Sade SEC SOaCA TRO OCee REE CREB EE CBOE Oe Mer reine 10 18 200, 000 DO ee ee ene ee Renae a Mee a8 53 Sac sch cance ocho oe aoe 16 28 300, 000 LO ee eae ete etse cles s cine ea einisccneates secee sebcc onesies cate smsineecice 42 70 850, 000 DD See eee tee crys. saa Sa aise oe ba eisane Ue cle tte ae seciaeie sis semen 25 40 450, 000 WO Pactewtaae seetiesaonsteeminisee nema s(jseceieisia ceeds samen scctonssels 21 36 400, 000 DOO Th Se AGRO O SC ee EO SS a aa a a pr nS RE 4 10 100, 000 0} Ooch DE BEE DAO UBD OUS CD OAD ICCD BARBER ECA EC PDE en Ma nOmariccr arte 4 9 75, 000 TUE ote Cap Gonehe SB nbh ope pene Canoe HOC HORE AH aGaeneMBepral Hebe cans lnascocs tne 2, 575, 000 The eggs were packed and conveyed to the hatchery in the flannel- tray shipping-cases, substantially in the same manner noted in my last report (1880-’81). At Alpena, Mich., whence I anticipated receiving a large number of eggs, a very decidedly off year for the fishermen, and in consequence for the spawn-gatherer, was experienced. The continued warm weather of October and November delayed the cooling of the water to that degree necessary to drive the fish from the deep waters to the shoals and reefs for the purpose of spawning, until near the usual time for winter to set in; so that the fishermen, fearing a repetition of the experiences of the preceding season, when winter was precipitated upon them so suddenly that a large amount of fishing appurtenances were frozen in and destroyed, entailing heavy losses, were affrighted at the first cold snap, and had relegated all their paraphernalia to winter quarters before the ebb-tide of whitefish—the fisherman’s bonanza— had set in. S. Mis. 110-——66 1042 kEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] In this section the first runs during the fall season are made up almost wholly of lake trout (Cristivomer namaycush), and usually a sufficient number are caught to compensate for cost of fitting up and setting the nets and current operating expenses, leaving the measure of profits to be determined by the length of time the work can hold out against the weather during the whitefish run. This would seem to be and invariably is sufficient inducement to incur the taking of great risks; but the fishermen seemed only to remember the disasters and losses of the previous season, forgetting that the early and intense cold of that period was quite exceptional. a | 8 # eS 8 A 1881. | ° oe i NON 22H ee | PSO sly light sees. ee Ons eee | Aboard the Tom Merrill. 2a V4Gu 301) We al) Very Stronger. |= sdOm cs. 22 -)=c'r| Blowing a gale. Boats remained | | in port. 24) 18 | 34 Ww. Strongeessecce! See GOljantccsip ei 0. 25! 24 Soe eOWel Jake nO Oleea ee eens Eee AOmorecmecees | Blowing strong. Boats remained in port. 26} 30 | 33 INIWie litte dow ce 2e.ce Beste Owes sietaicrscie Went out with the Tom Merrill. | | Fish in nets mostly dead; nets | | not reset. 27 | 23 Slay) CNIWice | see OOue teak ac er Bee COs ace see At Alpena. Nets of all kinds be- | p ing withdrawn as fast as weather | will permit. 28] 35 323 Sy eae dOhestseakas Clear sat sass seer Do. 29 | 48 SR lm Wists iliaeiel CLO) ee = (ee =, ieea OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1047 the hatching vessels to a number of wire trays in the picking trough, and carefully feathered over to show up the dead and unimpregnated eggs, which are removed with nippers. After collecting the eggs by overturning and submerging the trays into a large tin vessel partially filled with water, they are skimmed up and measured in an 8-ounce graduate (equivalent to 10,000 eggs) and poured thence into the ship- ping trays. These are then removed to the packing room, or where the temperature is between 30° and 40° Fahrenheit, tilted and drained, and the eggs spread with a feather uniformly two layers in depth, a half inch margin being left around the outside. A single fold of dampened mil- linet is then thrown over the eggs, and a sufficient quantity of live moss, previously picked, washed and wrung out just enough to prevent dripping or drainage, piled on to fill the tray when rather snugly pressed down. When practicable, the trays are allowed to stand a few moments in a temperature of 27° to 32°, or until needles of ice have be- gun to form in the moss, then placed one above the other and firmly held to position by cleats nailed to top and bottom boards. The pack. age is then transferred to the shipping case, having a 4-inch coating of fine, dry, hardwood shavings in the bottom, and surrounded with the same material quite firmly pressed in. The case is now soon ready for its journey, not, however, until the usual printed instructions and pre- cautions to express messengers are pasted to the cover, and which, if observed and heeded, would deliver the eggs to consignees in practi- cally the same condition as when packed ninety-nine times out of a hundred. Following is the table of shipments: Date. | aun eee Consignees. 1881. Meremper 19s. os cccs-oc05% 300, 000 | F. Mather, Newark, N.J., for von Behr, Germany. Oates jaa 12, 600 | EF. Matber, Newark, N.J., for G. Ebrecht, Germany. Depa sate a atalae ats ayae 250, 000 | B. B, Redding, California. 7a We ee Re eg ae 250, 000 Do. Diese ac siscisic 10,000 | Prof. S. F. Baird, Washington, D.C. 1882 JIERTET SE, (GaSe aoe SE eoao ae 250,000 | F. Mather, Newark, N. J., for France. 16 SG SS BeBe Re eeeEe 500, 000 | B. F. Shaw, Iowa. HG see eee occa t seals 10, 000 | H. J. Fenton, Connecticut. Boa cieiscnis ae escaie 250, 000 | B. B. Redding, California. By eee vedussee st | 100, 000 | Prof. S. F. Baird, Washington, D.C. SIs balsa seca 100, 000 | Mrs. J. H. Slack, New Jersey. 60) 12 ee 2, 032, 000 I am unable to report the condition in which the transatlantic ship- ments reached their destination, correspondence relating thereto having been made directly with the United States Commissioner, or with Mr. Mather. Indirectly, however, or from Circular No. 1, 1882, of the Ger- man Fishery Association, I learn that the whitefish eggs arrived “ in the very finest condition, fine beyond comparison”; from the same source, 1048 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] | also, that of the 20,000 lake trout eggs shipped from Northville, Decem- — ber 10, ‘“‘only 100 were dead.” Mr. Redding reported that the two lots of a quarter million each, shipped December 23 and 24, arrived at San Leandro, Cal., ten days later, in rather poor condition; accounted for in part by their having taken the Southern Pacific Road, which passes through a warmer cli- mate, besides being four days longer in transit than if they had gone over the Central Pacific. The third quarter-million lot, consigned from Northville January 3, arrived at San Leandro in very good condition. Mr. Woodbury, superintendent of the San Leandro hatchery, reported the hatching of 90 per cent. of this lot, and about 35 per cent. of the others, the fish being planted as follows: Jan. 19—Donner and Tahoe Lakes. ..:....2).-. 02.82. 5.0 2) 13,00m 30—Shafters Lake (Marin County) .............-...... 5,000 Hep.» 1-—Clear Hake, bake County. <2 2.20.20 ancse 2c 75,000 March 7—Concow Lake, Butte County.......-......-.... -- 10,000 4 hake: ‘Tahoe, ‘Placer County. 22... 5 225 -teee eee 100,000 J Clear Dake, bake ‘County : - 2.5.5) a2 -eeeee seer 100,000 10—Radcliff Lake, Santa Cruz County...............- 20,000 1i—Lake Chabot, Alameda County.................. 5,000 390,000 Mr. B. F. Shaw, Commissioner of Fisheries, reported that 75 per cent. of the eggs sent him for the State of Iowa hatched, and that the minnows were released in Lake Okibozi and Spirit Lake, Iowa. Mr. Fenton reported that the 10,000 eggs forwarded him for the State of Connecticut arrived January 20, and upon opening the package about 2,000 of them were found frozen to death. The subsequent loss was a little over 900, leaving about 7,000 fish, which were set free in Long Lake, Litchfield County, Connecticut. Mr. Anderson, who had charge of the hatchery of the New Jersey Commission, in which the eggs consigned to Mrs. Slack were developed, reported that the eggs reached Bloomsburg February 3, at 4.39 p. m., in very good condition. About 90 per cent. were hatched by the 11th of February, or 90,000 fish in all, of which one-half were liberated in Shepherd’s Lake, and the remainder in Greenwood Lake. At the Northville hatchery the fish began hatching from the oldest eggs January 27, and all were out by the 25th of February. At least three-fourths of them hatched between the 6th and 12th of the latter month, taxing the capacity of the receiving tanks to their utmost. Per- forated tin boxes are fitted to these tanks near the overflows, to keep the fish away from the currents at that point, which would be too strong for them to resist. They are also provided with compartments which are supposed to catch the shells; but while the fish were hatching so freely, a sufficient number of shells would float over these divisions to [13] OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1049 clog the screen-boxes every few moments, so that unremitting attention ' was demanded day and night to keep the outlets unimpeded. _ The United States Fish Commission car, with Messrs. Ellis, Moore, and Simmons to assist in the work of distributing and planting the minnows, reached Northville February 3. Arrangements for the gra- tuitous transportation of the car and its messengers having previously been made with all the railroad companies, with one exception, whose lines were to be traversed, the distribution proceeded smoothly and with little expense from the initial trip, February 7, until the successful termination of the work, March 2. Much credit is due Mr. Ellis, who had charge of the trips, and also to his experienced assistants. The car itself was also a great convenience, as well as an important and efficient factor in carrying forward this work. Following are the railroad companies to whom acknowledgments are due for free transportation of car and messengers: The Flint and Pere Marquette; Michigan Central; Chicago and West Michigan; Mil- waukee, Lake Shore and Western; Chicago and Grand Trunk; Great Western; Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg; and Lake Shore and Michigan Southern. Table of distribution. | Number of fish | Waters in which the Date of deposit. eal banca Point of deposit. Gal were acuirces PHO DY ATVs ele eee oe claps eae 1, 500, 000 | Saint Joseph, Mich ............. Lake Michigan. Sianake seme sot: | 1, 500, 000 | Muskegon, Mich............. =| Do. ET eee raat | 2,000,000 | Port Huron, Mich.-.....-........ Lake Huron. NG ssoscice shone | 1 Yo0,,000" MRacine, Was". ooe- eke, se ee nase | Lake Michigan. UG. Soot ae eee 1,750, 000.) Sheboygan;)Wis.-<...--2-- -2.-- Do. Deas esis Sete mis Se 3,,000':000: | Oswego; N.Y -cac.ce2 cc. ce steees Lake Ontario. DARE ete eee 3, 500, 000 | Islands of Lake Erie.-.......... Lake Erie. 7A SA COE ee 1,000, 000 | Ludington, Mich..-............ Lake Michigan. Waren 2 iense eee ee eons: 15:250:.000) | iDetroits) Mich 42-425 4-5.25.4..-2., | Detroit River. Motalisesss2nsscasne 17, 750, 000 | TROUT-WORK. When the trout-ponds in connection with this station were established the stock of breeding fish was comparatively small, and the ponds them- selves were mere excavations irregularly outlined. At the beginning of the year under consideration the embankments were quite unsafe, having been burrowed and undermined by muskrats, while the pond- room was quite inadequate to properly accommodate the increased stock of fishes. The work of enlarging and otherwise improving them, and the construction of an additional pond and new raceways, was therefore begun in the latter part «f August and carried forward to completion by the last of October, or barely in time to give the ripening Spawners undisturbed possession of the new premises during their spawning season. Three new ponds were also built the following spring, as before noted, making 7 altogether, 6 of which are 83 by 20 feet, and the other 51 by 14, showing a total pond area of 10,674 square feet. 1050 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] The ponds are planked all around, the planks being spiked to stakes driven in front. Between and around all the ponds, and of the same height as the planking, is a pier of’earth 8 feet wide, and across this are laid pieces of 2 by 4 firmly spiked to the stakes to which the planks are nailed. Being thus secured it is quite impossible for the earth to cave in or the sides of the pond to bend in or out. The bottom plank is set in a bed of gravel and blue-clay, and a heavy body of the same material, well champed in, backs the planking up to the top of the pier, so that the ponds are practically water-tight, while the efforts of musk- rats to invade them by burrowing underneath will be futile. Hach pond is usually filled to within a foot of the top, the bottom sloping gradually from the head, where the water is 18 inches in depth, to the foot, where it is 4 to 5 feet. The overflow gates of the discharging flumes are easily raised by a lever attachment at the bottom, so that the water can be drawn off in a few moments. The gates are made in sections, one or more of which can be removed to give any desired depth of water. As quite a number of fish will spawn in the ponds instead of running up the raceways, if the former have gravel bottoms, which they should have, those in which the breeders are placed during the spawning season are divided into two sections by a temporary partition, and the bottom of the upper section covered with boards. The fish all being placed in this, but few, if any, eggs will be lost, and as fast as the fish are handled from the raceways they are transferred to the lower section. At the close of the spawning season the partition is removed. At the mouth of the flume connecting the upper section with the race- way a trap-gate, sprung with a string leading to the hatchery, is fitted, a simple but very useful device, for no matter how stealthily one ap- proaches, nor from what direction, some of the fish in the raceway will detect the movement and dart back to the pond before the gate can be dropped to head them off. The fish are given access to the raceways at all seasons of the year, and hither they resort largely at other than spawning time. A raceway fed directly from a copious spring of cold water, and given sufficient fall to create a sparkling current over its clean, gravelly bottom, affords an attractive ‘summer resort” to trout having admission to it, and here, in warm weather, many of them congregate, lying nearly motionless, with head up stream, for hours together. At the approach of cold weather, when an equally satisfactory temperature is found in the ponds, this practice is discontinued, except with the ripening females, which, with a heavy body- guard of males, and in response to that instinct which impels them to deposit their eggs in a current, begin to prepare spawn- ing beds in the raceway, whence they are easily captured at the proper time for the purpose of expressing their eggs. The breeding fish are quartered in ponds nearest the feeding springs for some time preceding the spawning season, and, when most conven- ient, continuously. This gives them the least variance of temperature Tate Ste [15] OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1051 obtainable, and ripens them at about the same time each season, there being but little fluctuation of temperature in these ponds at correspond- ing periods of one year with another. The spawning season therefore opens almost invariably from the 1st to the 5th of November, and closes practically from the 10th to the L5th of January, although much the greater portion of the fish spawn from the middle of November to the middle of December. During the past season, perhaps a half-dozen spawned later than the latest date men- tioned, and from one of these eggs were not taken until February 2. Some 140,000 were taken altogether. The first 120,000 turned out very well, a loss not to exceed 10 per cent. occurring during incubation; but the last 20,000 showed a loss of 50 per cent., due to the plan of handling the fish from which they were taken. A majority having spawned, we placed the remaining fish in the raceway, and carefully ex- amined them every morning. As a result of this repeated dipping up and inspection of the fish for several mornings in succession, we were compelled to pick away quite half of the eggs so taken—which is pretty good evidence that the less the fish are disturbed or manipulated while ripening, the better the eggs produced. The following statement accounts for the disposition of the eggs and fy: otalmmmM ber em es (ake sc. 0. ee ne os ws ewe Sele 140, 000 PASS COULSON CWO AMON. 20, wkd ian ee wen yboeeelicaees 22, 000 January 10, shipped to F. Mather, for reshipment to MUG Om ot hs oe teh aoxsiS oie) dorsidis wile Gas oon. oie aah See sieleieie 20, 000 January 24, shipped to Druid Hill hatchery, Balti- BTLOU Cre UC ete eles isos ah walt ce A viclel steleys"s,2 ware ey a/eity telarere 350, 000 72, 000 Nim ber iny havehed:2 toss, Jose ka sel eeee see se , 68, 000 March 8, planted in Washtenaw County, Michigan, in spring roo wri pUbAry LOMIVer TOURE))-t1-2 ti nae i eile ise Jal rae 10, 000 March 15, planted in spring brook near the Northville hatchery, BOUMoLt OU baAlry. GO TIVELeWOUPG. 7). sec eee usc ee antes he 10, 000 May 8, shipped per United States Fish Commission car, in CUTE OPO lie fn KiNLUS marietta, wale eteet ress te il ate Vaniate tonal (Yorn 50, 000 Hoss onviry since hatching’ Jl. -os.6. Sees ses PERN e A chai a Soe 8, 000 Piynow on hand: 1n-nursery tamkSi 22. ccs. eas 1 os cele am mere wie 10, 000 68, 000 Average period of incubation, 84 days. As our breeding force of brook trout will receive large accessions next fall from the stock of growing fishes, we confidently expect to take at least a half million eggs during the next spawning season. 1052 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] HATCHING AND DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIA TROUT. On January 24, Mr. Myron Green, of the United States station at Baird, Cal., consigned to the Northville hatchery a case containing 45,000 eggs of the rainbow trout, and on February 6 a second lot of 30,000. The first shipment reached Northville February 2, and the last February 14, both in excellent condition. Number of dead eggs picked from first lot on arrival, 615; from the last, 272; subsequent loss on eggs, about 2,600. The fish began hatching February 24, and all were out by the middle of March. Shortly after these fish hatched an accident occurred by which 18,000 of them perished. On the night of March 21 a flooding rain-storm washed into the feeding reservoir, and thence into the tanks supply- ing the hatching boxes, a sufficient quantity of moss, leaves, and débris generally to almost wholly clog the screens, diverting to the overflow or waste channel the water that should have passed through the trays on which the fish were still retained. The oldest fry fared much worse than those more recently hatched, and especially those in boxes at the foot of the row, the limited amount of fresh water still running having become de-oxygenated before reaching them. In the head boxes, and also in an adjoining row of boxes containing fry of brook trout (of about same age, but much smaller), the loss was merely nomi- nal. In athird row containing the Schoodic salmon, just hatched, there was no loss whatever. I had felt that everything was secure and free from danger of acci- dents—that every precaution for the safety of the fish had been ob- served; but since meeting with so serious a loss from a source wholly unanticipated, I can but feel that the only safeguard against accidents or insecurity lies in never leaving the fish alone, and shall, therefore, in the future, employ a nightwatch so long as fish in any considerable numbers remain in the hatchery. Appended is a statement of distribution, &e.: Number eggs received from California ..... ..... .--... zoic (iog ane Hoss. omeses during incubation. oe 25.56 ye eee eee ee 3, 500 Namber fish hatchedi.. 82 22445 at AEN oe ee 71, 500 GSS Vy ACCICENU, as MOLEC 0: 4. se tyes ere ee ifs, 000 Loss of fry to date (June 30) in nursery tanks....... 3, 500 Pry om hand in nursery tanks 22-8 o-2o2e 22. Saas 10, 000 April 28—Deposited at Beitner Station, Grand Tra- verse County, Michigan, in Boardman River,tributary to Grand Traverse Bae EL EC APES AVES Let: 3 May 2—Delivered to A.C. ames of Madison, Ind . 3, May 7—Deposited by George N. Machosoen of Samia, Ontario, in small stream in Western Ontario, tribu- tary, to Lake Saint Clair ™s.<% ae. Sh eiaee Se aces 3, 000 — ply | OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1053 May 16—Deposited by James R. Bull, of Saint Louis, Mo., in Island Lake, Monroe County, linois...... 5, 000 May 29—Deposited in Oakland County, Michigan, in Deer Lake, through which flows the Clinton River, mipibaty. tO Lake: Semi lair. 2.) sce) s Dae sie cele 10, 000 June 1—Deposited in Oakland County, Michigan, in Straits Lake, through which flows the Huron River, tributary. 0 Detrothi Rivers. 22'.5 f26.6.5% 025i oe. 10, 000 June 3—Deposited in Wayne County, Michigan, in northeastern branch of river Rouge .............. 8, 000 pa | (01) From eight adult California trout, five of which are females, all brought from California four years ago and since confined in the ponds here, we took 5,150 eggs between the 13th and the 29th of March, which hatched on an average in 38 days. The loss on eggs was 850; and on April 26, 1,200 eggs were shipped to F. Mather for reshipment to Herr von Behr, Germany. The 3,100 fish that hatched were deposited May 16, by James R. Bull, of Saint Louis, Mo., in Murdoch Lake, Monroe County, Illinois. Next spring we expect to take at least 100,000 eggs from the stock of California trout now on hand, that will then make their début as spawners. About half of these fish are the progeny of the eight adult fish above mentioned. They were two years old last spring, an age at which a majority of our brook trout have always spawned, although a portion of them, perhaps one-fifth, do not until three years old. We had therefore anticipated getting a nice supply of eggs from them, but failed to find a single mature spawner. Several females were opened at various times through the winter, with the result of finding only mi- nute ova to mature a year later; still, we felt confident that a few of them at least would spawn, thinking we had missed the right ones; all the more so, too, from the fact that ripe males were numerous even three or four months in advance of the regular spawning season; in fact, the eggs taken from the adult California trout were mostly im- pregnated with milt from the two-year-olds. Failure to obtain a single egg from these fish, of which there are at least four or five hundred fe- males, leaves little room to doubt the conclusion that the iridea seldom, if ever, spawn when two years old, at least where they are confined in ponds from infancy. HATCHING AND DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS OF SCHOODIC SALMON. On the 28th of February, Mr. Charles G. Atkins shipped from Grand Lake Stream, Maine, for the Northville hatchery, a case of 46,500 eggs of Schoodic or land-locked salmon. They arrived March 4, and opened up in excellent condition, only 45 dead eggs being observed on unpack- ing. Previous to hatching, 1,065 more were picked away, showing a total loss of 1,110 eggs after arrival. 1054 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] The fish began to come out March 16, rather slowly for two or three days, the water being down to 433° on an average; but on the 19th the water ran up to 54° at noon, and the fish then came out with a rush, scarcely an egg remaining the day following. Quite a number of mon- strosities and imperfect fish were observed, outside of which, however, they looked unexceptionally fine. They were also exceedingly active and strong in view of the great disproportion between their large, kidney-shaped saes and light, slender bodies. Soon after they began hatching, the novel spectacle of occasionally seeing the body of a fish on one side of the tray, with its sac under- neath, was presented—due to the wonderful mobility of the sac, which sometimes permitted the downward current to draw it through the mesh of the tray, although four or five times larger than the aperture through which it had passed; after passing through it would soon as- sume its natural shape, protruding like an immense hernia, from which position the fish would be quite unable to extricate themselves. By in- verting the tray and agitating in water, the soft, ductile pouch would soon pass back, releasing the fish unharmed. To overcome this diffi- culty, which at one time threatened to become quite annoying, the hatching boxes were reversed, so that the water passed upward through the trays instead of down, as before. . Below is the statement of distribution: Number of salmon hatched - TUS Uiit ata iden Rake azatetehatots ates a eee 45, 390 Imperfect and dead fish picked from hatohine boxes and MUNSON Y. CAMS, 22'2 tik ctw os Ate clade tae eee aere se ort 4, 540 Fish now on hand in nursery tanks..:--.-....---... =-- 2, 850 April 27—Deposited in Long Lake, Mecosta County, Mich- TAIN eet heats Suid soci hie teet a ual ets eta oe ere toate 6, 000 April 28—Deposited in Higgins Lake, Roscommon Coun- yee MICHIGAN 04. eho fess he eet eae iene ee . 3,000 April 27—Deposited in Chippewa Lake, Lake County, VIC IMOPAIN cy 2c EE Set es elec ree eh eee oe lee eke Me een 6, 000 May 1—Deposited by S A. Osgood in Goguac Lake, near Battle Creek, Michigan, (fish shipped by express)... .- 3, 000 May 3—Deposited at Piqua, Ohio, in water-works reser- voir, containing 150 acres.-....-....----.---+--++---- 6, 000 May 10—Deposited in Union Lake, township of Pontiac, Oakland; County, Michigan)... 29 sco. 2s see erat 8, 000 May 15—Shipped per express from Toledo, Ohio, to 8S. E. Walliamseweane orte.s Linde scl Moris cues sateees ones eter 3, 000 May 15—Shipped per express from B. & O. junction with the Wabash, to T. B. Wightman, Cedar Beach, Ind ... 3, 000 ——— 45, 390 The fish were all planted in excellent condition, with the exception of the last two lots. Mr. Wightman reported that the fish sent him were [19] OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1055 all dead on arrival, and Mr. Williams that nearly all were dead when received, the remainder being deposited in a lake near La Porte. After successfully shipping 3,000 by express to Battle Creek, using in transit three to four hours, I was not a little surprised at the non- success of the other shipments; all the more so from the fact that those to Battle Creek were sent in one 10-gallon can without the loss of a sin- gle fish, whereas with each of the other lots two'10-gallon cans were used, which would more than offset the difference in time occupied in transit to their respective destinations. In all three consignments the water was reduced to icy coldness before starting. The results attending these shipments, which were, to a certain ex- tent, in the nature of an experiment, justify the conclusion that with the transportation of live fish success in one instance fails to establish a basis for calculations in other instances, where even the conditions and circumstances are, to all intents and purposes, alike; and that the chances of failure are reduced to the minimum only when the fish are under the constant surveillance of an experienced messenger. DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS OF LAKE TROUT. (Cristivomer namaycush.) When Mr. Wires started for Alpena in the latter part of October to look after the collection of whitefish eggs at that point, instructions were given him to obtain, if possible, a few eggs of lake trout if he arrived too early for the whitefish work. As the few whitefish then being capt- ured in the inshore fisheries showed little indications of spawning, Mr. Wires, on the last day of October, put out about forty miles to the gill- net fisheries, where he found the lake trout nearly all spent, but sue- ceeded in getting 57,000 eggs. These were shipped by boat to Bay City, whence they were met by special messenger and delivered to the Northville hatchery, November 2. The loss of eggs while in the hatchery was 3,600; December 10, 20,000 were consigned to Mr. F. Mather for reshipment to Herr von Behr, Ger- many; and on January 3, 30,000 were forwarded to Commissioner Shaw of Iowa, who reported that they arrived in prime condition January 6 and commenced hatching the day following, the total loss on eggs and fish being less than 5 per cent. The eggs were now well along in advance- ment; in fact a few hatched the same day that the Iowa shipment was made; nevertheless a package of 2,000 was shipped to Newark January 7 to be transmitted by Mr. Mather to France, if their condition when received by him would warrant it; but despite their being reduced to a temperature of 31° before leaving the hatchery, a few hatched on their way to Newark, and Mr. Mather, therefore, hatched the remainder, the fry being subsequently released in Culver’s Lake, Sussex County, New Jersey. The stock of embryos and alevins was now reduced to 1,400; and these, . after the hatching and sac-consuming process was completed, were 1056 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] placed in one of the largest nursery tanks, where they still remain. Less than two dozen have died since hatching; they now average 3 inches in length, and are doing remarkably well, having learned to devour the liver and kidney “hash” given them as greedily as the brook trout in the ponds. SUMMARY OF THE WORK AND ITS COST. Number of eggs of whitefish shipped.......-- EELS els qed) ee Oem Nimnber or dry of whitefish planted W522. 2222. oe 17, 750, 000 Number of eggs of brook trout shipped..... ......---.+.- 50, 000 Number of fry of brook trout planted:.......-......- ee 58, 000 Number of fry of brook trout‘om hand oc. 2.2 ol ae eee 10, 000 Number of eggs of California trout shipped............-.. 1,200 Number of fry of California trout planted ................ 43,100 Number of fry of California trout on hand.............--. 10, 000 Number of fry of Schoodic salmon planted ......-.--...-. 32,000 Number of fry of Schoodic salmon on hand.......-........ 2,850 Number of eggs of lake trout shipped...--.........-..--- 52, 000 Number, of iry of lake‘trout-om hand 2... .22.0..22.2. Ab 1,400 Numberot carpismippedtie 32. 2.) Pac se Sars oti. Meee See 1,500 Approximate cost of the work, including the construction of seven new trout-ponds with their raceways, twelve new nursery tanks, and the cost of fish food for the year..... $5, 000 Temperature of Lake Erie from March 20 to June 1, 1882, taken daily at 12 m., near North Bass Island, by Chas. Hasford. | | | Temper- | Temper- | Temper- | Temper- Date. | ature. Date. ature. | Date. ature. | Date. | Nae | | | | oF. oF, oF, | oF. March 20...-..- 38 ADT Se sacs 45 April'26 2. <2 46 May 14..... 49 ae 37 9.25.25, 44 QT saisere 48 WBE GS. oo 48 Ps genoa Mee Oe 49; | D8 ase ses 49 Wsssse 49 Doane | 38 d Wi Fares 41 PA ene bic 49 Ay (eae 51 Dasari 37 TDP re Pdr. 42 | 30. - 49 See 53 D5 wmarais c | 37 [Senos 42 la Mianyam ale ssc 49 LOSE sees 54 26.5265 38 doers 42 Qecses 48 20) eens 54 Die eee sal 40 15Ss cen 43 Bereciae 50 | Qe ee 54 OBrasan's 39 16) Sse 44 7 ar 50 Dy ee 54 29). cecil 41 Giese 2 47 Ceara 49 Wsseee 53 Bi heat 40 | V8.2 i352 49 (enacts 48 | Davewicisirs 54 BIEL es 39 fhe ee es 47 VBE ae 48 | Pees 55 PANTO E see oa 40 20 Foaxes 46 Sizhaes 49 262 -sse 56 De erica 42 Diets a1 47 Ofer eeae 49 Qissentae | 56 Bea eyes 42 Domne 46 IAs one 50 WSs 55 Gin 44 | 23. 46 ete 49 29 coc 56 ae eae 43 Daeriaaiae 46 1D reese = 49 BOSS ae 58 6rscncs 44 252-205 47 Lo eae 49 Slee 58 Herts | 45 ~ ‘Apnoig | ueelg | tea | INSTT “yNOg ‘qusrr | ‘aqgnog | “qzry | ‘amos | ge | 0h | Te | 8h |ee joe fat |r---t-°- Seiesieie's -+---- kepangeg Ne ‘Apnotp | ‘Apnoig | “szBeID | “Used | “qyMOg ‘qmary | ‘WMog | “3UFIT| 380M | Th | Le | 68 | OF jee jo for [ttt ieee een Be ao epg SS "IBID “IBOTD, ‘reat | "GUST “BON qqsIT | “MS 4USUT | 980A | TF #3 OF 8% 68 Sie Gl = ees aaa cee COSI. NaC Gp - ‘reat | “ApnofD | “ApuojD | “94SPT | 380AA ‘qseng | “AN ‘ysorg | ‘MN | & | 82 | br | 38 | |oe [or = fro: mosienivgie oo isinnsics Aepsoupe A “Apnorg | “Apnoig | ‘Apnoig | "‘qsemy | “AAS | ‘W8eLT | “AAS ‘yysrT | ‘qyn0g | gy | ec | 24% |99 |ch [0c |ét pi eonseees rena caesere Aepsony, “Spnoyy | Apnoig | “Apnoig | 905rT “AS | NSIT | AAS AUStT | gnOS! cp 1 | SFO Ty cr Ie GG fer ester tsesrgsers ss ss77+* ABpUOPT ‘ Kepsoupa Ad an ‘Apnorg | ‘Apnorg | “Apnoip9 | “‘yysrT ‘aS «| 3uSIT | “yynog ASU “SMS en eey PCE) 1 Cie MOh. MTR OS 9. 9 lot ees eee ---- Kepsony, iS ‘Apnopy | ApnolO | ‘Xpnoig | 4a4g3tT | “MS ‘SIT | “MN | ‘9U5YT | “380M | Cho | GE | Sh OL 68 | eh OLS g nace Seer s Spee vooee* ABPUOTL i ‘Xpnorp | Apnolg | “Apmorg | “9USIT |) "MS | 2G5IT |) “MS ‘WU51T] “AS | 9% | 68 | eh | OF | eb |e |F upg RRL seid Prada, oe Aepung “Apuotg | “avotg | “Apnolg | “ASMA | “AAS “ysug | “SOM ‘asug | “MS | OP | Ge |6e |98 | Le | 8 Go* | Wise Ber aes aus ~-> Avparngeg eo ‘Apnotg | ‘Apnoig | awarg | “HSM | AS ‘ystig | ‘qynog qusty | “MS |S |93 |ce |8c |€8 | 8t | 92 pices beans =: pear Avpig ei “€pnopp | “Apnorg | ‘Apno[g | “HStq@ | “FROM “HSI | AAS ‘qgsIT | “980A |'98 | 02 | 98 Fo 198 02 |Fe Irrrcerroteceteces vores" KBpsIngL on ‘Apnorg | “awaty | “Apnoig | -ausrT | 380M ‘qg5'T | “MS 4qq3tT | “MS | er | 08 |Z OFe a NCES NLS mat O Cte. Wel oan trees ae seer ---- Aepsoupe Ay © “Ba1Q | Apno[g | ‘Apnorg me | “MN “TRA “aS UTTE|) SISVHee eh 0S pe Ge CS ee cee ne ene erce=eriiencnesres Avpsony, A ‘ApnoTD | ‘Apnop) | Apnorg | 3qs1T “MAS "A8ugd | “MS ‘qustT | ‘mS |e |9e | |ee |6¢ | ee j|T2 eae ere sSoco8 crocs ABpPUOTT *IBOTO “IvoTQ | “Apnolg ‘VSTT | “80 ‘QqSIT | “qSO AA “‘qyory ‘480M | 2h | 9% | GE 8Z Le 14 02 TEP Mesesiee cic sso seee* Kepung ian “Apnorg | Apnorp | -Apno[g or | “980A, ‘yqstT | “WSOAN ‘qy3rT | ‘asom | ze | oe |cb f|se |i |ee jet fro Serenata eee 2 ABDITIES i -Surmoug| -Apnorg | -Apnoig | aqsry | “ase ‘PIN | “98PaT ‘qqstT | “WION | OF | OF [OP | OF | 8h | 8e |8T ane ata Sata eee eag Fe ‘Apnory | “Apnotp | ‘Apnotg | ‘ysuqd | “AAS “ysug | “MS ‘qqstT | ‘yM0S | 8h | FS | OF | Fo «| «| 8h OLE CTT ese vseceessencas= AepsIng, ‘Apnotg | “avotg | “Apnoig | “yqsryT | “ynog “4USTT | “qynog raat egsere Ch WGP. eh | Ope icra lees I OLs ae we | ce sweeter eos = ~--*-epsoupa A = “wot | “‘Apno[g | ‘Apnotg | “9qsry | 380A. ‘qqsrT | “380 AA asug | 380M | ch | 28 | OF | 98 | 88 | Lo | ST “AON [oerocret tcc crer ers eeeeo* Sepsony, a oa fos) a eee ee er ee) ee) Pe ee LR S| Be TE | as g B F 7. 8 . B. = 8. a | 8 g 5 jo keq goo go eC > 1 OE ee Mee a aes el (ex) ‘ma oe “SHS ‘mds urd ‘HS 8 um'dg ‘ad T WBg ro) —— “aLVa —d0O NOLLIGNOO —ILV GNIM —LV TAALVaAAIWnAL "2QQT ‘cl dp 07 ‘TRel ‘GT uequanoar mot ‘yorry 60271AY)LONT 90 apYU suoYNnaAwasgo aingnsedumay fo p.L00exT ‘SSHUIYMHSIA ANV HSIA WO NOISSINWOO SHLVIS GHLINN S. Mis. 110-———67 it [22] 1058 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ‘kpnoty | Apnopg | “Apnord | “34ST | “AAS ‘ausrT | “MS | ‘3USIT! “AS [o> | te |f [26 | 18 | te | Te Bee SES Serer EDO “ApHoTO “IVIT) "way | “JUSIT | “AS “WUSIT | "AAS wep | 38eM | Th | 8 | OF | F8 | 8E |B 10 SRE ae tee Avpiy PU) (6) ARID | ABET. | “HALO “AAS ‘myrO | “MS ‘weg | ‘3s0An | TP | es | or |e |8e fuze |6T eee ase ee ec Avpsany, ‘ ABpong ‘Spnoig | Apnoto | ‘Apnolg | 9usrvyT | “4svor “USVT | “48Bor qUSTT | “WWON | Th | 98 Ip | 88 | OF BG heel Direb eemwrac Pre acs ate oes vorees Avpangyes ‘Apnotg | “ApnotpD | “Apnoig | “qsery | 4s An “YSoT | “SOAL qUsvy | ‘WON | OF && 88 0g ge C7 pm Oine ees aoe aaee cance ae: cores ABDI ‘Apnoty | “Apnotg | “ApnoIg NSIT | "AN ‘qUS1T | “ON TU ell ae Nome |. 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Alameda County, California...............- 12 rAllnena: eMich = -.2:sscwcccccuccsceistcsces 5, 6, 7, 8,19 FANOGISON: MT scoacscecscswccoccScecescesce. 12 PAST RING | CDATION Grice siccc ceca Geen vecsesiae 17 Baird Cale soc cc sscceicsesacccssscencseeseees 1,16 BRING | Seiktsce ceases ce sto sahiesseeeses Keetto 11 Baltimore (MG (sows oes le ccoccce aes ceeeueses 15 IBBESISIANGS -2-sccc nce eciccaswccuss secees 8, 4, 5, 20 Battle| Cros Mich ./:.2\.jo2000' cue os science 18, 19 BaViCib yy MIGH 222 [oo te caine ce ascsaces cose 19 BehrvHermVvON. 2 -Sc cece cee ce sical 10, 11, 17, 19 Beitner Station, Mich ............... swale 16 Bloomsbury Ned scams tess aascsconeessaae 12 Boardman River, Michigan........-.-..-..- 16 BONS nonin acct ect cece cisloa bers tc eacete 8 BOWeIN SOV MOND <2 wecostine scence sence 9,10 Bower's hatching-box.-.....-:...25-.cscse- 10 Brookstroutees- 0-2: euewoseeeeck- 1, 13, 16, 17, 20 Bu Samesiics oe ~ eceanaticsacasecbececcse 17 Butte County, California..................- 12 Walifommia ios o ias cesses Saisie soi 'sis 11, 12, 16, 17 Californiatrouts=_. 2 .scce~ cece cts 1, 16, 17, 20 (Oise Oe eee ee 13, 15 WAIN eto cele inisewaale sicccoeccias soy 1 CedarsBeach Nd tees. Ses cscsccmisingceccsccce 18 Central Pacific Railroad......--.......---.- 12 Chabot, Lake, California...............---2- 12 WhASOMAtCHIN GjaP as acc sais oleinecicele acie.s cas 9 Chicago and Grand Trunk Railroad.....-... 13 Chicago and West Michigan Railroad ...... 13 Chippewa Lake, Michigan ..........-...-.. 18 GlarkehrankiN 2-2 38<2sch oscuse cease ewes ese 1 Clear Lake, California «2... 2.2-cecesseessne 12 Clinton River, Michigan ............--....- 17 Collecting of whitefish eggs.......-.....--. 3 Concow Lake, Butte County, California .... 12 WONnTOMVA ae cs -ca cc seeiccses BA orAdanoceceo 8,9 Connecwout: >. «25 os ceca woes scesesccssince 11, 12 Coregonus albus.......----+--.---02-se00 soe 1 Oost Of OPeTatviaNS..-<-2.--< 22. 5- 502 sc. ccesee 20 Cristivomer namaycush.........-..-------- 1, 6,19 Culver’s Lake, New Jersey ...........----- 19 Deer Lake, Michigan .............--.-----. aT, MIGtOLb MACH 2 soe es -/oe 2 acin dein ce eednccide'e 13 MOLTO R VOL es oceecianicceesiscconasencssae= 13,17 Distribution of brook trout eggs and fry --. 15 Distribution of California trout -........---. 16,17 Distribution of lake trout eggs.--....------- 19 Distribution of Schoodic salmon eggs -..-.- 18, 19 Distribution of whitefish eggs and fry .---. 8, 13 Donner Lake, California... .......+--...--- 12 Drainage pipes........---.c-s2e0ccesseenene 2 [20] Page. Druid Hill Hatchery............ eccnccewcces 15 eibrecht; Go-*. 2-2. ssveeee soccer ceese a ateclcen 10, 12 IDA erete ese cscnacenesauccemmaas AOCOS 18 Mrio, Lake: Jesse is=2sscdclecscac Qocksccese ss 3, 4, 20 HentOn Hs Vincaasa-ssasccsceceh eer ndeaames 11,12 Mish Commission Caries ocscone coceeeacess 13, 15 Wi RHOTIGKS = 2-25 -c cues tcineocpesnnateeenn 3, 4, 5, 6,19 Flint and Pere Marquette Railread ........ 13 Forest and Stream, cited .............-...-- 9 (Mirance sce tot te Pa oo ha 11, 15, 19 Free transportation of car..........-.--..-- 13 German Fishery Association ...... Sieceeeee li GOrMmany:-o32< scebccicerces cseseeesseee 10, 11, 17, 19 Gul: neti ea. sess ceie tees ocscacacasiccenes 3, 7,19 Goonac Wake nsse sence ssasccessnssoeaeeciaae 18 Grand Lake Stream, Maine............-.... 1,17 Grand Tranverse County, Michigan........ 16 Grayling: fishing tug). cscceceasacerecenscscs 7 Great Western Railroad....-..---.--------- 13 Green, Myron .....- ote omeae eee eee celens 16 Greenwood Lake, New Jeorsey-.-.-.--------- 12 Hastord, Charles: [2-2-2 sec sceatessmcse tenes 20 Hatobery..-ceses-se--ce6 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19 Hatching and distribution of California trout OREO aici cecal oGacewenecriaccceecisees=aa'a 16 Hatching and distribution of Schoodic sal- MON isda. si desecesce 18 MDOT WAKO FLOW Ai sac.ccicesencuce veweiceccns 12 MONTAPLO Rete sec eatin ee cece eee rauinc acres 13, 16 ‘Operations at the hatchery .....-...--...-. 8 OSPOOG INGA ses sen sec cents oaececeece sessie 18 OSSINSKE: Mesh sae Sawn ces comet eee etisieaa 7 Ws weroyiN: Wiest. saesscce acs scecsceesescue 13 Mutletipipesissso--\seccehecoe sce assseeenes 2 BACking Of OPES asec ca ste roctecesessewens 5 aLtrid fouhoimtsecass-sanweacsctee nee ecaestee 7 Period of incubation for trout eggs ......-. 15 iPAGUAN ODIO Me ys ceciow ee soos aoe eee 18 -Placer County, California. ...-<-22<..c0--0< 12 Planting of whitefish). 52.0... .cess-ces-ee 13 POnAS es eee ne esha oe satcssece tt eae 1, 3, 13, 14, 20 PoOnviae pMICh se eer ssecenae Se cececsineas 18 Port: Haron Mich 242842 cacsaeccee seeicciee clos 13 PETIGCSLOM MISH ooo os case aos anemones se 4 iProductiof fisheries? =. .c2-cceascesaeeogse 4,5 HRACOW AVS ac cran iat wrceieiae slemisclese paicein atest 14 RACING MWS tesnce'sene =m sce eee clcaciceceace 13 Madclit Lake; ‘California.2:-.2..--..cckcccs 12 Railroad companies furnishing free trans- POrtAONY. jaqsos soca iskamisecije ee ceinwecicets 13 AR AINDOWELLOUb acc oseacc cies cesses eerees 1,16 PVE CIN MB bales dare seers le tec a teierste weet 11, 12 SROSCIVOLL SE cciecic sons cces ence scigsss erences 3 Rivalry between fish commissions ......-.. 3,4 Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Rail- ORM saceatete'ciclaisiviac civ e'civcis cise Son seasicicntes 50 18 15 | OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Page. toscommon County, Michigan ............. 18 Rouge River, Michigan ............-....... 15,17 Nant; ClairMlakemmescecsce cence se cee eens 16,17 jsaintigosephs Mich esses stare np oes meee te Nalnt VOUS; MO steed res shee pee eee ees VW Salmo ividéa- 2.8... o-.vesacsemocc cescee oes pass b7 Salvelinus fontinalis)5-2 2. 8-2-2 eeseee coe 1 San Leandro (Cal.) hatchery.......--...... 12 Santa Cruz County, California ............. 12 Sapna: ‘Ontarione-ssosesean ee ck pose eee 16 scarecrow, -lsland! seceseeeeacnss seer eae eee ili Schoodic salmoni2e----14--seoeisaceesee 1, 16, 17, 20 Seawing) fishing tug 22 kee eee eee 7 Shafter’s Lake, California .................. 12 Shaw, Bun oceans casekatelesitemcnmeeere 11, 12,19 Sheboygan; Wisk cce se seaceeecine Se ete 13 Shepherd's ake yNe ie - ese sesee eee 12 Shipments of whitefish eggs ........-.-.--. 10, 12 Shipping’ cases: 42.0824 eo socom eee 5 Simmons, “Mir aesat. ses cesses eee ee eee 13 Slack; Mrs: Ji H.2..22 joseecds se senemeame tees 11,12 Snide'and Hox, Messrs .2-=.-c2.eciseeeecieae 4 Southern) Pacific Railroad <2. .----45-seese 12 Spawning erounds). (22h ss 5)-.92 secs 3, 4 Spawnineseasonie-.--.sne= ees 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15 Spawn-taking operations......-.--..-.----- 4,5,7 Spirit Wake, Towa). 222 -t24.cseepaceseeceeies 12 Sprin Py Pond essence sen eeeceescieeeeeeee ees 2,3 State fish commissions...... 2. -2.c.-.csecess 4,12 Ntraiteiake: Mich: 252 2230 sheen cence 17 Summary of work accomplished...--....--.- 20 Survey, of hatchery \.2--6-ccps-eqssereccesee 1 mussex County, aNe disse seesee sem aesnee 19 Tahoe Lake, Placer County, Cal ....-...... 12 Temperature/ol, Ponds). e6 osemnc- econ aici 14 Temperature observations ...-..-----.-- 7, 8, 20-24 Moledo; Ohio sss... tees svess ste. ceeee eee 18 Tom! Miermll iWiesselieeae} sian eleiia= selaieeie 9 Transportation! Cals... s<-ee-eanenseee 13, 15 Transportation'Case-2-=--a-.<--2 see ee eee 10, 11 Trap-nets soe eeeb oes eens semeeaes eee 3,4,7 Trontiponds sees cel- amelie eeiaeaec ieee 1, 18, 20 Wni0m. Lake jos. soccs = geetes eo sea eceaenene 18 Washington, Cee sas ecl ciocsaelanee ec Ld: Washtenaw County, Mich .....--.-....---- 15 Wayne County, Mich.......-.----.---.----- 17 Weather observations.....-.------.----- 7, 8, 20-29 Whitefish: -2-s2e 2.5322. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 19, 20 Wightman, T. B..22 2 cc csie cece seen en = = 18 Walliams, S$. Bio. 2 jos ons cece ao ccee ecnieinieiinte 18, 19 Wires, tSHEy csiasossjaneees Piso so seer ie cee 7,9, 19 WiASCONSING Ss fos soaccls casein enaesiniclaa serie ote 13 12 Woodbury, Mr ...-..-..222- none cee eeeeecee XXI.—THE REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE UNITED STATES SALMON-BREEDING STATION ON THE McCLOUD RIVER, CALI- FORNIA, DURING THE SEASON OF 1881. By LivinGston STONE. Hon. SPENCER F. BAIRD: Sir: I beg leave to report as follows: When my last report closed in October, 1880, 2,000,000 salmon eggs had been left in the McCloud River hatching-house to be hatched by the State of California for the Sacra. mento River and its tributaries. These were successfully hatched and placed in the McCloud River before Christmas, when all work at this station was discontinued for the season. Up to this time the rainfall had not been unusually large. Indeed, there had been more than the customary number of fair days until the 18th of December, when it began to rain and continued to rain eleven days in succession, the river rising on the 25th 8 feet and 2 inches above its summer level. This was nothing extraordinary, however, and no fears or even misgivings were entertained of any disaster from flood to the fishery buildings, they being built from 18 to 19 feet above the river. There was a dense fog over the McCloud River the last two days of De- cember, but no rain, and when the new year opened the river had fallen back to within a foot and a half of its usual level. The month of January, however, was attended by a rainfall wholly unprecedented in Northern California since its settlement by white men.* Forty-seven inches of water fell at Shasta during this month, and in the mountains where the fishery is situated the fall must have been much greater. Onthe 27th of January the McCloud had risen 12 feet, but the water had been higher than that in previous years, and still no one supposed that the buildings were in danger. Again the river fell, but this time the fall was succeeded by the greatest rise of water ever known in this river before, either by white men or Indians now living. During the first days of February the rain poured down in torrents. It is said by those who saw it that it did not fall as rain usually falls, but it fell asif thousands of tons of water were dropped in a body from * Rainfall at Shasta, J anuary, 1881 ead Se Sayer Role eee de tise ek sniecels 47 inches. Huniatlat Shasta; February, FS8liso25022d.5. 5. ses wee een cose sees TVS nckes, PRO tolerant ll SON SCASOD: - =F ae este cte kerio << mes. ccecrote eae 109.7 inches. I hereby certify the above to be correct. JAMES E. ISAACS, Weather Observer, Shasta, Cal. Smasta, Cau., August 1, 1881. i0es Ox [1] 1064 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] the sky at once. Mr. J. B. Campbell relates that near his house, in a cation which is dry in summer, the water in not many minutes became 30 feet deep, and the violence of the current was so great that trees a hundred feet long were swept down, trunk, branches and all, into the river. On the 2d of February the McCloud River began to rise at the rate of a foot an hour. By 9 o’clock in the evening it was 16 feet and 8 inches above its ordinary level. This was within 4 inches of the danger-mark, and two young men who were at the fishery, Richard D. Hubbard and Oscar Fritze, made an attempt, at the risk of their lives, to save some of the most valuable movable property in the buildings. With great courage and determination they waded through the fierce current, in the blinding rain and pitchy darkness, and rescued many val- uable things, but the water around the house was then up to their shoulders and the unequal struggle could not be long maintained. These young men are, however, entitled to great credit for succeeding in rescuing what they did from the flood on that frightful night. The water was soon a foot above the danger-mark, and the buildings began to rock and totter as if nearly ready to fall. There was now no hope of saving them or anything in them. At half-past two in the morning of the 3d of February, they toppled over with a great crash and were siezed by the resistless current and hurried down the river. When the day dawned nothing was to be seen of the main structures which composed the United States salmon-breeding station on the Me- Cloud River. The mess-house, where the workmen had eaten and slept for nine successive seasons, and which contained the original cabin, 12 feet by 14 feet, where the pioneers of the United States Fish Commis- sion on this coast lived during the first season of 1872; the hatching- house, which, with the tents that preceded it, had turned out 70,000,000 salmon eggs, the distribution of which had reached from New Zealand to St. Petersburg; the large dwelling-house, to which improvements and conveniences had been added each year for five years—these were all gone, every vestige of them, and nothing was to be seen in the direction where they stood except the wreck of the faithful wheel which through summer’s sun and winter’s rain had poured 100,000,000 gallons of water over the salmon eggs in the hatchery, and which now lay dismantled and ruined upon the flat-boats which had supported it, and which were kept from escaping by two wire cables made fast to the river bank. The river continued to rise the next forenoon until it reached a maxi- mum height of 26 feet and 8 inches above its summer level. This, of course, is not a very extraordinary rise for a slow-moving river, but when it is remembered that the McCloud is at low water a succession of cascades and rapids, having an average fall of 40 feet to the mile, it will be seen at once what a vast volume of water must have been poured into this rapid river in a very short time, and with what velocity it must have come to have raised the river 26 feet when its natural fall was sweeping it out of the cation so swiftly. [3] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1065 Those who saw this mighty volume of water at it highest point, rush- ing through its mountain cafon with such speed, say that it was ap- palling, while the roar of the torrent was so deafening that persons standing side by side on the bank could not hear each other when talking in an ordinary tone of voice. It must be over two centuries since the McCloud River rose, if ever, as high as it did last winter. There is very good evidence of this on the very spot where the fishery was located, for just behind the mess- house, and exactly under where the fishery flag floats with a good south breeze, is an Indian grave-yard, where the venerable chiefs of the McCloud have been taken for burial for at least two hundred years, and there is no knowing how much longer. One-third of this grave yard was swept away by the high water last winter, and the ground below was strewn with dead men’s bones. Now, the fact that the Indians have been in the habit of burying their dead in this spot for two centuries proves that the river has never risen to the height of last winter’s rise within that time, for nothing could induce Indians to bury their fathers where they thought there was the least danger of the sacred bones being disturbed by floods. When the waters subsided, it became apparent what a clean sweep the river had made. Here and there the stumps of a few posts, broken off and worn down nearly to the ground by the driftwood rubbing over them, formed the only vestiges whatever to indicate that anything had ever existed there but the clean rocky bar that the falling water had left. The inventory showed that over $4,000 worth of hatching apparatus, house furniture, tools, and other articles were lost or destroyed by the flood, besides the buildings themselves. The whole loss could not have been less than $15,000.* At the time of the disaster all communication with the outside world was shut off by the high water in the rivers. On the 6th of February, Mr. Myron Green succeeded with great difficulty in taking a telegram from the trout ponds to Redding, a distance of 25 miles. Mr. Green was three days in accomplishing the journey, and in several instances swam the intervening creeks, carrying his clothes on his head. As soon as the news reached Professor Baird he telegraphed to Hon. B. B. Red- ding, of San Francisco, to telegraph Senator Booth, at Washington, to obtain an appropriation for rebuilding the fishery. It was now almost at the close of the Congressional session, but Senator Booth succeeded in securing an appropriation of $10,000, to be expended under the direc- tion of Professor Baird in restoring the buildings and property destroyed by the flood. As soon as this appropriation was made Professor Baird gave me instructions to proceed at an early date to the McCloud River and enter at once upon the work of restoring the fishery. *An account of the effects of the high water at the United States trout ponds, 4 miles farther up the McCloud River, will be found in the report of operations at that point. 1066 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] In pursuance of these instructions I arrived at the fishery on the 19th of May, having previously arranged to have 50,000 feet of lumber deliv- ered on the premises before my arrival. I immediately engaged work- men and ordered material, and on Monday morning, May 23, the work of rebuilding was under full headway, with a force of upwards of twenty white men and about a dozen Indians. There being no building of any magnitude left, we lived in tents until the mess-house was finished, one large tent, 60 feet by 30 feet, divided by a partition into two compart- ments, Serving for a sleeping-room and dining-room for the workmen. We encountered one serious difficulty at the very outset in putting up the new buildings. When we first built here it was supposed that the flat or nearly flat land lying 12 or 15 feet above the level of the river was safe from high water, and we accordingly erected our buildings there, protecting them from a possible rise of 3 or 4 feet more by a very ponderous breakwater. As the water last winter rose to the almost in- credible height of 26 feet above the river’s natural level, we were only jeft the alternative of putting the buildings on the hill-tops or on the hill-sides. The first being out of the question, of course we were driven by necessity to build on the hill-sides. This involved a great deal of grading, which in turn necessitated very laborious digging and exca- vating, sometimes even into the solid rock. It was a long, slow, and expensive work. It was a provoking paradox that here where land was as free as air and almost as boundless, it should cost, as it did in some instances, $1,000 an acre. It seemed at first as if we should never get through digging, but after the foundations were all laid the work went on rapidly, and progressed without any drawbacks, except a lack of means, until everything was done. The lack of means resulted from an attempt to accomplish with $10,000 what could not be done for less than $15,000, but it was work which could not be done by halves, and I con- cluded to go on and finish the work and trust to subsequent action of Congress for indemnification. On the 1st of September we had on the fishery grounds a mess-house, hatching-house, and stable. We had also built a bridge 150 feet long across the river, and had added to it as usual a firmly built fence or rack that allowed the water to pass down but prevented the salmon from going up the river. The mess-house is a well-built and nicely painted two-story house, 40 feet by 25 feet, containing a kitchen, pantry, store-room, dining-room, and men’s room on the lower floor, with three large sleeping apartments on the second floor. It is well supplied with running water from a spring on the hill behind the house, so that there is always a full tank of fresh cold water in the kitchen, another tank on the second floor to be used in case of fire, and another on the porch where the men wash. This abundant supply of cold water in this very hot climate is a great convenience, not to say luxury. The mess-house rests on bed-rock, well up above high-water mark, and is perfectly safe from any future floods. [5] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1067 The stable is a well-built, substantial two-story building, 40 feet by 20 feet, with accommodations for four horses. It has two commodious _ store-rooms and a loft. On the north side, where it is protected from the sun in summer and the storms in winter, a shed is built joining the barn. The hatching house is a large, handsome, painted building 80 feet long and 30 feet wide. It stands well above the danger mark of high water, and is provided with forty hatching troughs, each 16 feet long, furnished with seven hatching baskets, each 2 feet long, making two hundred hatching baskegs in all. These baskets will carry 35,000 salmon eggs each, giving a total hatching capacity to the whole house in round num- bers of 10,000,000 salmon eggs. The hatching-house is provided with nine windows on each side, one window in each gable end, and five sky-lights on the roof, all of which combined furnish a good supply of light even on the dark, rainy days in the fall when the salmon are being hatched for the restocking of the tributaries of the Sacramento. On the east end of the house is a large shed built for the purpose of furnishing room and shelter while packing the eggs intended for distribution. The water supply for hatching the eggs is lifted to the house by a current-wheel in the river. This wheel is a fine piece of workmanship, and a credit to the builders. It is 32 feet in diameter, is furnished with thirty-two arms and thirty-two pad- dies, and revolves on a shaft 18 inches in diameter. It rests on two very substantially built boats, each 36 feet long and 8 feet wide. On these there rests, sustained on suitable supports, the current-wheel. The boats and wheel are placed at a point in the river where the current has the greatest velocity, which gives the wheel a lifting capacity of 24,000 gallons an hour. In addition to the structures already mentioned, there was the post- office building, which was washed off its original foundation and some- what injured by the high water, but which had been replaced, raised higher, and somewhat enlarged. This is now used as a dwelling-house. A small store-house which survived the flood, and the spawning-house for taking the eggs, complete the list of buildings at the McCloud River salmon fishery as it is now restored. As may be supposed, some of the metheds of work employed here are of a primitive character. To illustrate this, allow me to trace the boat gunwales through their various stages of progress till they were framed into the boats. The boats’ gunwales were to be 36 feet long and 29 inches wide. It was therefore necessary to find a tree which would furnish a stick of good timber 37 feet long and 30 inches wide; and we hoped at first to find a tree from which could be cut a rectangular joist 30 inches by 24 inches, and 37 feet in length. The work of getting out the gunwales began, therefore, with finding the tree. With this object in view, Mr. Campbeli spent three or four days in the hills hunting for a suitable 1068 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] tree, but could not find one within four miles of the fishery. He did find, however, a tree which would furnish a stick of timber of the re- quired length and width and 12 inches indepth. This being the largest tree that could be discovered within a reasonable distance, it was cut down. Then four men spent three days scoring and hewing the log to get it reduced to the proper dimensions and shape to be sawed into two gunwales. When this was done a saw-pit was made and the timber was hoisted on the pit. Then two men spent nearly two days sawing it in two, lengthwise, with a whip-saw, one sawyer standing under the log and one above it. We now had in the rough two solid plank gunwales of the required length, width, and depth. As they lay on the saw-pit they weighed nearly a ton apiece, and were too heavy for even ten men to move any distance, so we forded the river with a pair of horses and drew the planks down the hill-side to the river. From here they were floated down the stream and across the river to the landing nearest the point where the boats were to be built. From here they were drawn by horses again to the “ship-yard,” as we called it. Then after consid- erable hewing and finishing they were framed into the boats, making two very solid and satisfactory gunwales. After these were got in, the same process was repeated with another tree with the same results, trom which we obtained two more gunwales for the other boat. I men- tion these details to show that we have something more to do here when we want a thing of this sort than to go to the lumber yard and order it. In the four gunwale planks just described there were 1,600 feet of lumber. But this was not all the work of this kind that we had to do, for before the season was over we got out from the woods over 20,000 feet of square timber. The hatching house and the wheel, and the flume for carrying the water from the wheel to the house, were no sooner completed than the salmon began to spawn. This was in the last week of August. The first ripe salmon, indeed, was caught August 25. This reminds me that I must mention the work that had to be done on the seining ground, a large nearly circular basin in the river, where we draw the seine for capturing parent salmon. When we left off fish- ing last fall the ground over which we drew the seine was smooth and safe for seining. When we examined it this spring, after the floods, it was found to have been plowed through and through by the violence of the current. Such deep cuts had been made through the former bed of the river that both bowlders and sharp points of bed rock, before entirely covered, now projected 8 or 10 feet above the general level of the river bed, and made it wholly impossible, of course, to draw the seine over them. Our attempts to draw the seine before repairing the ground resulted in getting snagged the first few times and finally tear- ing the net entirely in two. The restoring of the seining ground being absolutely necessary, we went to work at it as soon as the mess building was completed and the [7] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1069 workmen had a house to eat and sleep in. We began with carefully examining the ground by going over it with a boat, and by feeling of the bottom of the river with long poles. After finding out in this way where both the depressions and projections were, we went to work with giant powder and blasted for two or three days till we had broken up and leveled down to a great extent the projecting ledges and bowlders. We then took one of our large flat boats or scows and ran it out over the places to be filled up, and, bridging over the space between the boat and the shore, we set a force of a dozen Indians or so at work on a soft bank on the shore. The Indians with picks and shovels cut down the bank, and then with wheelbarrows carried the earth and gravel out to the scow and dumped them into the holes where the earth was needed in the seining ground. This work was carried on until all the depres- sions on the seining ground were filled up, and the tops of the broken rocks wholly covered over. After this was done a few hauls of the net smoothed the whole place over, and the seining ground was as good or better than before. Before proceeding further with the taking of the salmon eggs, 1 ought to say that a strange and fatal disease made its appearance among the salmon of the river about the 25th of June. We first discovered it from observing dead salmon collecting in the eddies, and others floating down the river. Dead salmon during and after the spawning season are common enough in the river, but to see them in June was a very unu- sual sight. In fact it was a sight never seen before in our ten years’ experience on the McCloud. The chief peculiarity of the disease was that many, if not most, of the dying fish presented a perfectly healthy exterior. They were clean, plump, silvery fish, free from fungus and parasites, and without a mark or sign on the surface to show that any- thing was wrong about them. I examined several to discover the cause of the mortality. In most of the fish that I dissected the mouth and gills seemed healthy and intact, while the viscera were very much con- gested with dark blood, and the spleen was very much enlarged. Later in the season, those that I examined all had unhealthy gills. The gills in these cases were very much abraded on the outer edges, and were almost stuck together by a slimy or gummy substance, as if the gills had been injured and had freely maturated. This was found to be the case with many living fish which were caught in the seine. Neither of the symptoms just described were ever observed here in the salmon before this year. I preserved in alcohol several specimens of the viscera of salmon dying from this disease, and sent them to the National Museum at Washington, where an examination of them will probably throw some light upon the causes of this mysterious epidemic. Proceeding now with the taking of salmon eggs, I will go on to say that the number of ripe salmon caught at each haul in the seine soon commenced to increase, and on the 18th of August I thought it safe to begin to collect salmon eggs for the hatching house. On that day we 1070 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] took 140,000 eggs, the parent salmon appearing to be very thick in the river. The next day we took 225,000, and by September 2 we had ex- ceeded half a million a day. The next day we took more yet, and from this time till we stopped fishing we could have taken a million a day if necessary. Ripe salmon never were so abundant before in the fish- ing season. We caught frequently at one haul of the seine more than we used to catch, a few years ago, in twenty-four hours. The salmon were very large, too, the average weight of the spawned fish being sev- eral pounds more than last year, and the average number of eggs to the fish being 4,205 against about 5,000 in 1880 and a still smaller number in 1879. In consequence of the abundance of spawning fish, combined with their large size and average of eggs, the fishing season was made comparatively easy this year. When salmon are scarce we have been in the habit of drawing the seine continuously night and day through the twenty-four hours. When they are plentiful the regular time for drawing the seine is from 4 a.m. to 10 a. m., and from 5 p.m. to10 p.m. This year, on account of the extraordinary abundance of the fish, we frequently had to make but two or three hauls a day, and even at this rate we took all the eggs needed (7,500,000) before the spawning season was half over—a piece of good luck that never came within our experience before. I may add here that this vast increase in the number of salmon in the river is the direct result of the artificial hatching of young salmon at this place. For several years past the United States Fish Commission has presented to the State of California 2,000,000 salmon eggs or more each year. These eggs the State fish commission has hatched each year at its own expense and has placed the young salmon in tributaries of the Sacramento. This artificial stocking of the river has resulted in a won- derful and wholly unprecedented increase of salmon in this river. So great has been the increas ethat the annual catch of salmon in the Sacra- mento River is worth nearly half a million dollars more than it was seven. years ago, before the hatching operations were resorted to. This one result of the work done by the United States Fish Commission on the McCloud River would be ample compensation for all the outlay which has been made there, supposing that it were attended with no other results. There was not much else done during the fishing season except to catch parent salmon and to collect eggs, as it takes nearly all hands to draw the seine and to take care of the eggs when taken. However, © some work was done in adding conveniences to the hatching house and in preparing for shipping the eggs. The last eggs for the regular season’s supply were taken on the 8th of September, making a total of 7,500,000. The salmon in the river on the day we left off fishing seemed thicker than ever. If they had been needed I think we could have taken 20,000,000 eggs this season. The time between the end of the season’s spawning and the begin-- [9] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1071 ning of the packing for shipment was devoted to the taking care of the eggs, to making crates and boxes to ship the eggs in, to picking over the moss to pack with, and to cleaning up generally for the season. Everything went on smoothly till packing time, and without accident,. with one exception. This exception, however, was one of the gravest character, and consisted of an accident to the wheel, which filled us all with consternation and alarm. It happened the 18th of September, on a remarkably quiet and pleasant Sunday morning. The white men em- ployed at the fishery were scattered over the grounds, and there were three or four Indians about. No one had the slightest expectation of any disaster. Everything connected with the hatching of the eggs seemed to be going on with the utmost success and safety, when sud- denly, in the direction of the current-wheel, which lifts the water for the hatching house, an ominous sound of a blow was heard, followed by a crash, like the breaking of a board—then another and another—and those who happened to be in sight of the wheel saw that it had begun to break up and was rapidly going to pieces. A moment before, hardly half a dozen men could be seen. A moment after, more than twenty men, white and red, were gathered on the bar opposite to where the wheel was stationed. It seemed at first as if the wheel would be torn to pieces in a moment. It was revolving at the rate of five revolutions & Ininute in a very rapid and powerful current. But the injury itself was the cause of its own cessation. Though no one knows positively the cause of the accident, it is sup- posed that it was occasioned by driftwood coming down the river and catching somewhere about the wheel so as to obstruct it. The mo- mentum of the current here being so great that it forced the wheel around, notwithstanding the obstruction, there could be but one result —the breaking up of the wheel. But, of course, after five or six paddles were broken off on one side of the wheel, there was a large space on the circumference of the wheel, where it did not reach the water at all; when this part of the wheel came around again to the surface of the water, there being no paddles to reach the current, the wheel stopped of its own accord. As soon as the accident was discovered not a moment was lost in es- tablishing a line of buckets from the river to the hatching house to supply water to theeggs. Every white man and Indian that could be pressed into the service was employed. and in less than ten minutes we had three lines, of eight or ten men each, bringing water from the river in buckets, tubs, watering-pots, and anything that could be found, that would hold water. This being accomplished, and the eggs released from immediate danger, I gave attention to the wheel. It appeared that seven paddles were broken off, with a portion of each arm attached. The question now was whether the men could hold out bringing water till the wheel could be repaired. I do not know what we could have done in this emergency without the Indians; but I do not think we 1072 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] could have saved the eggs except by their aid. They worked splendidly, most of them from eleven o’clock in the morning, when the wheel broke down, until four o’clock the next morning, when it was started again—seventeen hours of continuous work, with two very short in- terruptions, when I allowed them, three at a time, to run to the bouse to get something to eat. During all this seventeen hours some of them were carrying buckets of water that weighed sixty or seventy pounds each. They did not work as if they were working merely for pay; but they worked with genuine enthusiasm. They kept in good spirits, too, till an hour or two after midnight. But about two or three o’clock in the morning it was evident that it was all they could do to keep at it. I do not think they could have held out much longer. I have seen white men look as tired as they did, but I never saw such a tired look on Indians’ faces before as there was on the faces of those red heroes who saved our salmon eggs. When it is remembered that we consider 10,000 gallons of water an hour necessary to keep all the eggs in good condition, an idea may be formed of the labor that was involved in bringing the water to the eggs. 1 must not forget to say here that the white men worked as heroically as the Indians, though their work was not as exhausting, and I must especially mention Mr. J. B. Campbell, who took charge of repairing the wheel, and who worked with all his might from the time it broke till it was fully repaired. At four o’clock in the morning the wheel was again making its accustomed revolutions and raising the regular current of water to the hatching house. When this had been accomplished the rest of us, leaving one man to watch the wheel till breakfast time, retired to sleep the remainder of the night. Before leaving the subject of the accident to the wheel, I will mention a contrivance which we adopted for furnishing water to the eggs, which, though very simple, saved an enormous amount of labor and is strongly recommended for any hatching house that may be unfortunate enough to have its water supply cut off for any length of time. The device was as follows: A long, large, receiving tank was placed under the outiet of the hatching troughs so as to catch and hold the water that flowed from them. In addition to this, a line of raised spouts was erected from the outlet end of the hatching house to the filtering tank at the other end, sufficiently elevated to deliver into the filtering tank the water that was poured in at the other end. Several men then went to work at the outlet end of the house to dip the water up in buckets from the receiving tank and to pour it into the head of the elevated line of spouts. The water so dipped up flowed down the line of spouts into the filtering tank, and thence over the eggs again into the receiving tank. In this way a constant circulation was kept up through the hatch- ing troughs by the small stationary force of men dipping and pouring at the elevated spout. This, with the water that was also being brought from the river, formed an adequate supply, and the eggs were kept in [11] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1073 perfect condition all night, and, strangely enough, there was no per- ceptible loss of eggs during the whole time of the stoppage of the wheel, although there were 7,500,000 salmon eggs in the hatching house. Everything went on smoothly and prosperously after the wheel was restored, the eggs matured with less loss than usual, and on the 24th of September they were ready to be packed for shipment. On that day we packed and crated 1,450,000 eggs. On the next day we packed and erated 1,700,000, and on the third day we packed and crated 450,000, making in all 36 crates, containing a total of 3,600,000 eggs. These were all taken to Redding in wagons and then loaded into a car as usual, nearly all the spare space in the car being filled with ice. This car left with the passenger train for the East on Wednesday morning, September 28, and arrived at Chicago on Monday, October 3. From Chicago the eggs were distributed by the United States Express Company as follows: Record of the distribution of salmon eggs from the United States salmon-breeding station on the McCloud River, California, during the season of 1881. Applicants. | Destination. eee PR eD eHOrPUSON se aeeee sone calian sonieis sei Drudge Baltimore, Midis 422.2 sj.cce- oncom e tet | 500, 000 RUA SV CNLO Vie mistetetain cia.stearaistainiasiasisiaisicis ose fotsenbalie 2thri ba bbe eeeeasr marEEAnr rcp socbe Dance 200, 000 Pee U AN IT SSUOM cele iale ose deoses sects sinsise Omaha: pNebr bso: 25500 cccecnses aeons ose ceceeee 500, 000 PAP IPE OMVOL Se aia lela ale aiaraisiie]eisiaisis'=\ctajm (nfo <= IB VMOU DU Neg acts ate c\eisiteie cisterns alee ere wine ste seers 50, 000 HG Parkers... Nha cata v Se Rt or oer Carson! City, INev..2--4--5-- 2 50, 000 SBUNNWICOEStccscccacrt «sianlee'e Ps Wi OX0) oad ef: Pe a ae 100, 000 MONSMEITIG KOR te eee ce ge ee ee eee hese Walhalla, S.C... 3060, 000 MNO MW ALIUGr ose crcfae oot ee cielo nem ies cee ens: Romney, W. Va. Roe : 100, 000 OMVVLIMNO Dae Citeccas saciieis ccc ckc-secies New Castle, Ontario .-...- 500, 000 Rerey © sO) 2 sn. ace cc dc anisinie piece ncwese Plaintields Nidicoctcns kuiate sewaccas eieidacecccosceel 50, 000 CUTS ONNSOM fe cewieacisadalctiee - =o 6 i~ = Saint Petersburg; Pal osocc ec cmscissccssmase eee 50, 000 One Mat nh Onieeaees ecko seem cen alesse oak! N6Wark Ned. coose nti sshincc Sahat ee pees 500, 000 Besides the eggs mentioned in the above table 50,000 were sent on the 21st of September to the New South Wales Zoological Society, Syd- ney, New South Wales. There were also sent, on the 28th of September, from Sacramento, by express, to Hon. B. B. Redding, California fish commission, 200,000 eggs ; and to the Lenni Fish Propagating Company, Sonoma, Cal., 500,000 eggs. Allow me to say, in conclusion, that this closes the tenth season of the labors of the United States Fish Commission in taking salmon eggs at this station. During that period nearly 70,000,000 salmon eggs have been taken and distributed, and, though sometimes great difficulties— and some that appeared insurmountable at the time—have been encoun- tered, fortune has favored us through the decade, so that every year of the ten has been a successful one. 3elow will be found tables showing— (a.) The daily record of eggs taken. (b.) The number of fish taken in the seine. (c.) The temperature of air and water during the season. (1.) The various collections sent to the Smithsonian Institution. S. Mis. 110 65 1074 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] Table showing the number of female salmon spawned each day and the number of salmon eggs taken each day during the season of 1881. Number | Number Date. of fish | of eggs spawned.) taken. 71 a IS AC re Ag RE Se Ae eC e DRO as aD) SoMa 45 SE OHO OOH a SemS Sor oma oeeae tc 55 225, 000 BOM case 2a athe waa a ARR Meee aed tan te EAE dl Ei sel 98 | 370, 000 nia a ies Jute Cat Si Les SSE ONC AT kanes AAU RRR ORL 7” SIRES Ve ges 81 | 331, 000 SOD be tbe le ciccleiicen sy Mene et eattae ei lcls se caeclene Reem sewed ccs bistaiches cleta cinteeratetstsi nee 104 439, 000 eet eles sraialonlee wlaietatalape ciaterntcla icicles ateinlanioieiote aetna rs einieleia clelets nicieiniaiceinete siatestenins 172 665, 000 Boreal ctals a sce a ora iainle Share ce lstelaiisit minis isrevater elle alate a cintcte sam clsis winictciminioleielaaleiwitiee ait eteteraye 179 770, 000 ie ae Ele (ol i A a RM ALES 1 Ra RNS mG BO Ay LE ALT 7 190 | 945, 000 ieee aeration ie teateerc ote era iais SM jaca Sa ere Fete ictoiete 2 tm cc tolena Meet n Rotate Be Rta Qaeeaaee: 221 914, 000 Giese yck ce boca catnncies swine Oc cle sind © Swisieme Minato Osan ne he booekbeabaeeoneeecee 200 836, 000 ire ciewje erelalals wicca lale aisiclae aie Sele ew btw als ole Seetole Sinaia ate Soe’ Crerete bicidie Me peta arom ae oieeie 213 875, 000 Rg Siete Mia Tae POR CA een Reha ee ah SAO MEE hint oy pT Be Besii 181 | 725, 000 Oat eRe pas Ae RED a is Son hie oa Ra uM LIT Tae od | 1,729 | 7, 270, 600 | Average number of eggs to fish, 4,205. Average weight of females, 112 pounds. Table giving list of specimens collected for the Smithsonian Institution. (Catalogue of alcoholic specimens from McCloud River, California. Contributed by Livingston Stone.] 700. Dolly Varden trout. 1881. 701. Salmon. June, 1881. 702. Salmon. June, 1881. 703. Salmon. June, 1881. 704. Salmon. June, 1881. 705. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881. 706. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881. 707. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881. 708. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881.. 709. Jar of trout from trout ponds. 1881. 710. Jar of trout from trout ponds. 1881. 711. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881. 712. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881. 713. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881. 714. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881. 715. Jar containing— 1 split-tail fish. June, 1881. 2 young humming-birds. June, 1881. 1 beetle. June, 1881. 1 young mole. June 12, 1881. 1 young rat. June 12, 1881. 2 spleens. June 16, 1881. 1insect. June 16, 1881. 5 lizard eggs. June 16, 1881. 716. Jar containing gills and viscera of a female salmon that died of the disease prevailing in the McCloud River during the sum- mer of 1881. The spawn was very far advanced but not loose, August 4, 1881. Also viscera of three more. August 5, 1881. [13] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1075 717. Viscera of diseased salmon. July, 1881. 718. Female salmon. August 31, 1881. 719. Female salmon. August 31, 1881. 720. Head of salmon. Gills and eyes partly destroyed by fungus and healed again. July 8, 1881. 721. Jar containing— 1 rattlesnake. June, 1881. 1 king snake. June, 1881. 1 king snake. July, 1881. 1 small striped snake. July, 1881. 1 small snake. June, 1881. 1 lizard. June, 1881. 1 lizard. July, 1881. Memorandum of nests and eggs of birds collected on the McCloud River From May 29 to June 12, 1881. . King oriole. Nest and young. . Redheaded woodpecker. Found in stump of tree. . Male and female linnet nest and 3 eggs. Found on rafters of barn. . Female blue jay. Nest found in tall live oak. . Flycatcher (male) and nest. . Humming-bird. Nest and 1 egg. . Cat-bird and nest. . Goldfinch and nest. . Unknown nest. . Unknown nest. 11. Humming-bird’s nest. 12. Quail’s nest. Four eggs. 13. Dove and egg. Found in hollow of ground (no other nest). 14. Quail’s nest. Seven eggs. 15. Unknown nest. Three eggs. 16. Unknown nest. 17. Sundry unknown nests. 18. Oriole’s nest. 19. A yellow-breasted bird and nest. 20. A yellow-bird’s nest. 21. Unknown nest and egg. 22. Meadow-lark’s nest and 4 eggs. 23. Unknown nest and 2 eggs. 24. Humming-bird’s nest. 25. Flycatcher. Nest and 2 eggs. 26. Unknown bird and nest. Found on ground. 27. Unknown bird. Nest and 4 eggs. Se MmAN OTP WHR 1076 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] 2 List of geological specimens contributed by Livingston Stone. 1. Bones from Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29, 1881. Teeth, McCloud River, California. July 29, 1881. Portion of skull, supposed to be that of a bear, from new chamber of Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29, 1881. 4. Portion of jaw-bone, from new chamber of Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29, 1881. 5. Bones from Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29, 1881. 6 to 12, inclusive. Bones from Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, Califor- nia. July 29, 1881. 2. 3. Table showing the number of salmon taken daily in the seine, with temperature of air and water, during the season of 1881. {Record of salmen operations conducted at United States Salmon Hatchery, on the McCloud River, California, from August 25, 1881, to September 9, 1881, on account of the United States Fish Commis- sion, by Livingston Stone. } | Temperature of— Fish taken. Ripe fish. Date. | Hour. bee | | Air. Sriaee Males. | Females. Males. Females. | | ee pares =e] |sae pened ie Le MS Mieteeee acta seer etoellne nese cle Jeeeeer eens ; SRR ans 10 ind = 9 | | ou m. 70 59 | 200 | 100 | § Seeertns 8 _m. 70 60 | 200 | 150i dope seen ae ae 27 m 65 59 | 250 OO Bers LO meereeye ste 19 m 64 54 | 10 IA) Soe) Saocsoace 30 m 72 54 | 150 | SORE eed Of eee ae 12 m 78 58 | 100 DOP |e O) seaantns oe 1 Ts sseseaae| eee ees 15 NOS |e ead Owe asecncee 2 m 72 60 175 Dees Os seoermece 11 m 63 | 56 200 | 200 dove ccna 17 m. | 58 | 56 | 250 250) (fee doen esease Tel m 45 54 150 | 1504) 522200) Scineceeee 9 m 45 5514 125 125 20 7.52 55S te 3 m 63 | 56 | 100 | 25 ~L0O}sc2e ences 12 m 68 54 40 | 40 SLO OE- =: sees | toeeeeeees m 86 56 | 25 | 25 ae Be er, 2 m 86 56 60 80 | esd Oberon aac 8 m 66 54 30 BOs eee ae sala 14 5 ou m 66 54 300 300 | § Nora erin 16 m 55 54 150 150!) Syed OWS aee 10 m 45 56 300 300 | Goya ees re 32 m 45 56 50 50 Gore nsatseic 5 m. | 47 56 20 | DOC Re tdOme capone 6 a.m. 65 56 | 20 PM ee Ona acedsc 3 m. 84 56 75 | 25 Pita ae 10 . ou -m. 82 55 | 250 250 ; one eho : 5 | 60 56 | 150 | 150 5 Msn i i 58 56 600 | UD eek) eee eae 51 BEBE 2 BEEBE BBE H g 2 a = © a. [15] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1077 Table showing the number of salmon taken daily in the seine, §c.—Continued. Date. Sept. ig 3 Hour. . BESEESES BEEEPPSEER SEER EERE SEES EBES BEEBE: Temperature of— Fish taken. Ripe fish. Air. Suntec: Males. | Females. Males. Females. 51 750 | 750 sae 86 54 250 | 250 nae 3 53 300 | BOOS corer 54 54 240 | 110 41 BY. 250 250 e 45 55 800 800 |....do 118 55 300 300 | One-half 33 56 250 150) | 522660 22, 56 150 150 I; 20 57 255 | 255 lkoe 27 58 400 400 Ne 137 56 300 S00r eed 95 56 | 150 1502 |. - 42 57 25 | 25 1. 6 60 800 400 156 54 | 200 200 64 54 200 150 16 55 200 2 21 58 | 150 | 150 20 55 200 | 200 39 55 300 300 25 54 200 100 13 54 125 | 125 15 55 110 110 8 55 | 200 200 46 56 150 150 6 57 125 | T25ul = 9 Gy 50 50F |e 6 58 | 275 rye ie 2 58 100 100 | 8 56 | 130 130 20 54 250 200 27 54 175 175 28 54 200 150 18 56 160 160 |.. 24 56 | 125 125 8 Lyf) 115 LSS 11 58 | 50 50 12 ay | 50 25 | 9 54 | 150 150 | 24 54 | 300 200 19 Table of temperatures taken at the United States salmon-breeding station, McCloud River, California, during the season of 1881. Month. wn Air. = Water. I Shade. Sun < Weather. eee 7am. |3p.m.|7p.m 3p.m. 7am. 3p.m./7 p.m 5 safer SW. ! Rain. Sw. Do. SW. | Do. SW. | Cleac. --------| Showers. ees ke | Rain a. m.; clear p. m. SA A | Clear. Gmaviasee Do. S. Do. Ss. | Do. S. Do. 8. Do. Ss. | Do. 1078 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] ' Table of temperatures taken at the United States salmon-breeding station, §c.—Continued. Rain through night. Heavy rain; thunder. Clear a. m.; rain p. m. Heavy rain at night. Air Water. A Mouth. Shade. Sun. = q T7a.m.|3p.m.|/7p.m.|3p.m.|/7a.m. |3p.m.|7 p.m & oO oO ° ie} ie} is} ° May 2 55 Sh |sensenies 96 54 58a nesec eine s. Clear. 23 55 O48) sealants 109 54 tl | eSeeerc Ss. Do. 4 53 Oa eeeeemes 81 54 DO aera seas Ss. 5 56 GU | obariose 96 eo Lo ta | aioe Ss. 6 60 ifs (eeapapaa 104 52 Ge Basson Ss. Clear. 7 Bis) SSR SS esl See Se bebe saris 52 bys ase aso s. Rain. 8 59 re UA Ga PES Ne 53 Bo u|caec cee S. | Heavy. 9 61 65: eh sssese 82 54 Balas seine S. Clear. 10 Aa lene ees eens 91 50 52) Mercere NW. Do. 11 57 O40 Beebe 94 51 62) laa sites NW. Do. 12 56 Mids, Westenra 89 53 56 lige erste NW. Do. 1B} Seadoo tel Fi ae eee 106 53 SOnl ce secre NW. Do. 14 58 SEH Pas ae 104 53 BY (R) MIPERee sc NW. Do. 15 OY | Es creiote eliotn: Ares arora esterase DAA toree ve lyes ener NW. Do. 16 65 Cre le Bootes 101 53 OOH aeeetcee NW. Do. I eesosces Suleman = OB ee eter bi asoenee NW. Do. 18 56 SOR aeeecee 106 53 RDG eeiaee eos NW. Do. 19 55 ees a5588 111 54 Sp seers eet NW. Do. 20 58 (tot Iaeeeee 100 55 His oeeeed 4 NW. Do. 21 60 TOm| messes 88 55 bY hl eaasocan NW. | Cloudy 22 60 (Oe eeoeooss 90 55 By id eee S. Clear. 23 51 Zi eMiteeiste} ieiaisiolera'e 52 DE erence NW. Do. 24 51 AU eee 91 52 BB ipaeers sierete SW. Do. 25 57 86h) tases - 101 52 Oh qoron oe NW. Do. 26 57 S00 eae. ee 82 54 BG Renee. NW. Do. 27 54 SL sees 52 53 D4 Wisccemecte NW. Do. 28 Th BSS ceed tesonose psetoace G4 eeamesd BGenmarne NW. Do. PLY laeeocdon Gs Be eaceec LOT eee HOtlisecseects SW. Do. 30 60 ty Ree anass Soossoot 53 D4 Ney ccterenyal sieie ie ernals Do. 31 61 TO Nee sense 105 52 SV ailiyeteriesormjs'| stotagsiootors Do. June 1 63 BAe a aielats eto 109 55 BB aleoeec ey SW. Do 2 62 SEH someon 102 56 it) ESesenee SW. 3 63 UXf Be cacaealleacooscr 56 Gliese seece SW. 4 59 to) A ee eae 103 53 Gy ile Sas beee SW. 5 60 Ted" Gacooea|lconcsace 53 Ei peoeores SW. | Clear. 6 61 (teh BSSeeoed looseaoce 53 DO i cemicetse SW. Do. 7 53 (oil eSooeacallpospcar 52 53 | Sopebade S. Do. 8 55 i teeta lpaebracdc 52 BA eee tere S. Do. Wb anboaoc Nile | see stciee 97 54 GT Warten tie Safe Do. 10 61 1S eS ace Sacaneae locdeoosee (hi Bonerccae S. Do. Mi iSaShecar TH fiieauader 2) Sesame ance BT |e cteiee ae S. Do. UP oaactass S4n Pose OU eters S8eleseeeces NW. Do. 13 62 CU Ecemccee soseoece 54 ih!) |Basocorallasade soc Cloudy 14 63 et 6 | PSBaeas| peda aae 53 GO Bap Bored tose ane Clear. 15 63 84 64 108 54 59 BON levarsters efor 16 62 t=) SS SeSe 114 54 [ifs ep a seca at UA rea erareta 8&6 66 OSG ere setts 59 56 N. 18 65 aD eaeeesae 94 55 OO Smeala yas S. TO) pooéegss 70 66 OBE asic cise GM asco S. 20 60 75 65 94 55 58 | 57 S. 21 64 82 68 108 54 58 57 | NE. 22 64 89 79 110 55 58 50 | NE. 23 61 Cp ascdaeere 103 By epee chore oll PAS Sse all stem telarere 24 61 90 78 114 56 60 GO serlemoad 2e 64 94 eos ciahet 116 57 GOD eects eters tactaectatse Hazy. 26 68 96 80 124 57 61 ON Se eeseisc 27 68 97 82 123 57 $13 61) NW. 28 68 84 80 103 58 614 61) SW. 29 60 73 69 84 57 59 58 | SW. Clear. 30 53 74 70 89 55 60 57 | SW. Do. July 1 54 79 74 106 55 57 57S Do. 2 52 72 64 92 55 57 56 | SW. Do. Bhoogpodsao 90 71 DIOR eecteses| 57 57 NE. Do. 4 58 Ly aaa 122 55 BOB stasiee NE. Do. 5 55 94 84 117 55 60 59 | SW. Do. 6 54 87 74 111 56 60 58 | SW. Do. 7 62 84 77 105 SD 58 58 NE. Do. 8 62 78 | 77 97 55 |! 57 56 | SW. Do. 9 53 80 | 74 102 53 | 58 58 | SW. Do. 10 |.---.--- 91 81 115 56 | 60 59 | NE. Do. 11 72 93 81 116 | 56 | 60 | 60 NE. Do. | | Weather. . y > XXII.—REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE UNITED STATES TROUT ee? M°CLOUD RIVER, CALIFORNIA, FOR THE SEASON OF 1881. By LIVINGSTON STONE. Hon. SPENCER F. BAIRD: Sir: I beg leave to report as follows: At the date of my last report, December 31, 1880, everything at the trout-hatching station on the Me- Cloud River appeared to predict an unusually prosperous season. No exertion had been spared to collect breeding fish for the ponds, and it is estimated that at the beginning of the year the ponds contained 3,000 very large breeding trout, none of which weighed less than a pound, while half of them weighed over five, and a few upwards of eight pounds. The average weight of the whole number was not less than three pounds. It was undoubtedly the finest collection of living trout in America, if not in the world. They would easily have yielded nearly a million eggs. But the bright promise of Christmas week was doomed to bring only disappointment and disaster. As I said, everything was favorable at that time. There had been no great rainfall up to the Ist of January, the trout were healthy and doing well, the water was good, the spawn- ing time was close at hand, and the trout ponds seemed to be on the verge of a great success. But never were appearances more deceitful. In January it began to rain as it had never rained before in this region since white men came here. Four solid feet of water, lacking an inch, fell at Shasta City during this month, and here in the mountains the rainfall must have been much greater. The McCloud rose to an alarm- ing height, but still no danger was apprehended at the trout ponds, be- cause this station was built so far above the river, and no injury did come from the rise in the river. The mischief that was done proceeded from an entirely unexpected source, which well illustrates the fact that in a new country like this when trouble begins no one can tell what will come next. The calamity that befell the trout, and it was a most serious one, was caused directly by mud, and. only indirectly by water. The enormous volume of water poured down from the sky almost literally liquified the soil on the hill-sides, so that it actually flowed down into the valleys below. In some instances on a steep hill-side a whole acre of soil to an [1] 1079 1080 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] unknown depth, completely saturated with water, would in this way flow down into the gulch beneath.* The effect on the creeks into which this enormous mass of earth de- scends is indescribable. The first result is that the creek is completely dammed up by the ay- alanche. Now, if this were a dam of dry earth the creek would rise till it overflowed the crest of the dam, and then, cutting a channel over the top, it would finally wear a gap down through the dam to its own natura} level. But in this case, instead of being dry earth, the dam is almost mud, and the water above it as it rises pushes this saturated mass before it instead of waiting to rise up over it, and mingles with it, the whole commingled mass then flowing down through the cation to the river below. What has just been described as happening to creeks generally when land-slides occur from an excessive rainfall is what actually occurred in the stream on which the United States trout ponds are built. The con- sequences to the ponds were terrible. The trout-pond station was built so far above the McCloud that the river could not reach it. It was also so guarded from high water in the creek that the floods could not reach it in that direction. But for this invasion of mud no provision had been made. It had not even been dreamed of, nor did the possibility of its occurring ever enter any one’s mind until it came. As the mass of mud rolled down the creek towards the ponds nothing could be done but to let it come into the ponds, because to shut off the mud would also shut off the water-supply from the trout, which would soon be fatal. On it came, increasing in volume till it began to fill the upper trout pond. In a very short time this pond was filled nearly to the top with mud, and then the men had to get into the pond and shovel out the mud. By the time this pond was excavated it was time could be discovered in no other way, namely, the intervals at which great rains have fallen in past generations. It is as follows: The size of these land-avalanches corre- sponds very considerably with the amount of rainfall at the time the slide occurred. The greater the rainfall the larger the slides, so that when a very large slide is found we know that when the slide occurred there was a very large rainfall. Now, as vege- tation begins very soon to cover a land-slide after it has subsided, it follows that the age of a slide occurring in past seasons can be approximated by ascertaining the age of the vegetable growth above it. For instance, if we find that a very large slide has occurred in some place we know that there must have been a very large rainfall the year that the slide moved, and if we find a tree a hundred years old growing on the slide we know that it must have been over a hundred years since the great rainfall came which made the slide. A good illustration of this is furnished by the experience of Mr. J. B. Campbell, who found the remains of a very large land-slide on Town Creek, near Pittsburgh, about 10 miles from the fishery. The size of this slide indicated that when it occurred there must have been as great a flood as there was last winter. Now, there was a tree grow- ing on this slide which on being felled was found to be two hundred years old. We know, therefore, that upwards of two hundred years ago there was a season when there was a very heavy rainfall. [3] OPERATIONS AT M’CLOUD RIVER TROUT PONDS. 1081 to dig out the lower pond. Noscreens or nettings availed anything, for they became completely clogged up in a moment. This went on for eight nights and days, and so great was the accumulation of earth in the creek channel where the slide occurred that it was two weeks before the mud subsided so as not to require constant attention. The direct mischief which it caused, of filling up the ponds, was bad enough, but the ulterior injury resulting from it was worse. This arose from the mud getting into the gills of the trout and producing an inflammation in them. Some were killed from it immediately, others survived for some weeks and even months, but succumbed at last. The total loss was very great, for when summer came there were not over a thousand fish left of the magnificent collection which the ponds con- tained in the fall. Those, however, which were left alive, on the Ist of June were all healthy, and no more deaths occurred after that time from inflamed gills. : During all this trying time of the floods, there were only four white men at the trout-pond station, and the labor and hardships entailed upon them were very great. These four men were Mr. Myron Green, Mr. Loren Green, Mr. Robert Radcliff, and Mr. George Hume. The energy and courage with which, for two weeks, in the solitude of these mountains and with the rain pouring down in more than torrents, they combatted with an enemy wholly unknown to them before, and which could neither be overcome nor successfully resisted, entitles them to a great deal of credit. They certainly showed no hesitation in encountering hardships and exposure which could not be expected of them for any mere pecuniary compensation. By the end of the month of February the rainfall had very much decreased, and, though there were times when great vigilance and care were necessary, no serious trouble occurred after the Ist of March. It so happened that the trout began to spawn just before the time of the highest water. The spawning season opened very auspiciously, and Mr. Myron Green, who had charge of the trout ponds, sent to the rail- road station at Redding on the 26th of January 75,000 trout eggs for distribution at the East.* At this time Pit River, 7 miles south of the trout ponds, was very high, though not quite impassable, and Mr. Green succeeded, at considerable risk, in getting the eggs across the Pit. By the time they reached the Little Sacramento at Reid’s Ferry this river had become all but impas- sable, and no one could be found who was willing to venture to cross it. The eggs consequently lay there several days. In the meantime the floods had spread over the whole country, and the California Pacific Railroad for a hundred miles below Redding was more or less under water. The consequence was that the trout eggs spoiled in the crates long before they could be started on their eastern journey. I know *These eggs were directed as follows: T. B. Ferguson, Baltimore, Md., 25,000; B. Fy Shaw, Anamosa, Iowa, 25,000; N. K. Fairbanks, Geneva Lake, Wis., 25,000. 1082 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] that some dissatisfaction was felt by the eastern consignees of these eggs, butif they could realize the difficulties which had to be encountered at the other end of the route in shipping the eggs they would not want to attach any blame to any one. It was over three weeks before the waters had subsided sufficiently to allow the forwarding of any more trout eggs, and it was not till the 18th of February that Mr. Green succeeded in getting any through to Red- ding, Cal., which is the terminus of the California Pacific Railroad and the nearest railroad point to the McCloud River trout ponds. On the 18th of February 25,000 eggs were sent to Hon. B. B. Redding, secretary of the California Fish Commission at San Francisco. On the 19th 15,000 more were sent to Mr. Redding, and on the 23d of February 10,000 were forwarded to Mr. N. K. Fairbanks, of Chicago, IIl., and 10,000 to Mr. B. F. Shaw, of Anamosa, Iowa. From that time until May 1 Mr. Green continued at intervals to ship eggs to eastern points. There were still occasional washouts in various places on the overland roads, so that many of the eggs were sixteen or seventeen days making a journey of five, in consequence of which some lots were lost en route. On the other hand, where no delays occurred, the eggs went through in good order. There will be found appended to this report a memorandum of the distribution of trout eggs from this station. There was one result of the land slides that made us a good deal of work, and this was that in many places portions of trails that we had built along the hill-sides slid away entirely, so that not a vestige of a path was left. This often happened where the slide itself was only a small one. There are fifteen miles of trails along the river that we keep in repair, and we had spent a good deal of time and labor upon them in order to facilitate the bringing in of the live trout that were caught for the ponds; and it was a work of no small magnitude to get these trails into good order again after the injuries caused by the rains. When the rebuilding of the salmon fishery began, about the Ist of June, most of the trout-pond force came down to the salmon-hatching station to assist in the work there, only one or two men remaining at the trout ponds, and their time was chiefly occupied in taking care of the breeding trout, in capturing wild ones, and in making general repairs and improvements about the place. The condition of the trout con- tinued to improve throughout the summer, and on the 1st of September they were all in splendid condition. I may add here that their food in winter is mostly beef, venison, and dried salmon. In summer it is chiefly boiled salmon, with beef and venison, often enough to keep them in good condition. I mentioned in my report on the salmon-hatching station that during a short period in July and in August, a large number of salmon in the McCloud River died of a mysterious disease. A good deal of alarm was felt when it was reported one morning that the disease had extended to [5] - OPERATIONS AT MCCLOUD RIVER TROUT PONDS. 1083 the trout in the river, and that they also were dying like the salmon. The alarm was a very short-lived one, however, for the mortality among the trout only lasted a few days, and it was found upon investigation that only a very few trout died, and it is quite possible that these were made sick by feeding on the salmon that had died of the disease. No trout in the ponds were affected by the sickness at all, which showed at least that the cause of the mortality among the trout, whatever it was, did not extend up into the creeks. After the season closed at the salmon-breeding station in Ovtober, the fishing for parent trout was vigorously prosecuted, and much hard work was done in repairing the trails and catching and bringing to the ponds live trout, which had to be carried in some instances several miles. The winter’s wood was also cut and brought in, and on the ditch which takes the water from the creek to the trout ponds a deep pond was sunk a Short distance above the trout ponds, to catch the mud that is brought down by the water in the ditch. No great rains fell during the fall up to the present writing (Decem- ber 31). The river had not risen to any considerable extent except once, when it was 4 or 5 feet above the summer level. The breeding trout at present in the ponds are looking well, and unless there is an excessive rainfall like that of last winter there seems to be no reason why we should not take several hundred thousand eggs during the next spawn- ing season, the beginning of which now appears to be close at hand. Table showing the distribution of California trout (Salmo tridea) eggs from the McCloud River station in 1881. 1881. Pinon, 20... Lercuson,, Maryland. ....<%' o« descem ss one cee 25, 000 Gee cl SAW OWL 2 Sei vee dre ete 2 oe oe Bay scmiaelaiey ds wie chase 25, 000 204 No Rairbanks,WUimois ioe tes favs cee Botts hah 25, 000 Hevo 13,B. B. Redding, Cahtormia. «52.222 2.0.2 same 2/222 2b,000 fe os 5, CCCI se Ca MOLINA io iia ‘sche oh pa 2s) ares vee 15, 000 Zee Ne Wa ae Acs ULNOLS ea) chch alot hyate tarepe te e e 10, 000 ZED M Siem Oo O12 Ve pe LO) SoH sed eae a Sete SI dn a 10, 000 Mirage su. VV ebber, New ampSsnirG soc cteg 2 cts ols wow ave en 4, 000 (eb. herensons Maryland seo aloe creck he 1 ee 700 ole. Jo. Perguson,, Maryland: 2. jc'.). sj eicie die. jae pe eich 10, 000 Yorn. 41. bo. berguson: Marylamds = aso/c5 2 o1d2 sccee o oe'e th 700 16. J. G. Portman, Michigan ....... Be eae Pe se 6, 000 HO nee). Weeney, .MINNESOta 4 5. 2'. Gas cock ose debe 8, 000 2 EO SUTIN VWISCOMBIMie Sola) oo hale ci 2 har clas cee 5, 000 29. William Griffith, Kentucky ....... SU Ee aes: 5, 000 20.20... 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Mis. 110-——69 | XXIV.—REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON. IN 1881-’82. By CHARLES G. ATKINS. 1.—PREPARATIONS. Hatchery No. 3 was the principal scene of activity during August, September, and October, 1881. The location of this hatchery is an ex- ceedingly favorable one, and it is a matter of regret that the facilities existing at this spot were not discovered at the initiation of the estab- lishment. The ground was, in its original condition, heavily strewn with bowlders, large and small, and beneath them were interstices through which the water of the spring stole away in such a manner as to give the impression that the supply was not only small but incon- stant. It was only after the tangled maze of shrubs was torn away and part of the surface earth removed that the permanent character of the spring could be observed. Meanwhile three other sites had been occupied, and the main part of the work of developing the spawn and hatching the reserve had been for years carried on at great disad- vantage with an inadequate supply of water (spring water at that), no facilities for aeration, and a liability to occasional flooding by rains. I make no doubt that all the serious losses which during the early years occasionally befell the stocks of eggs in development and transporta- tion might have been avoided had we then possessed the facilities of hatchery No.3. Among the minor disadvantages which we might have escaped may be mentioned the labor and risk of carrying the eggs by hand from the fishing grounds over half a mile of rough road, often by night; the difficulty of guarding well the property so far out of sight and hearing; and the many weary days spent by Mr. Munson in the transfer of the young fish from the house to the stream in the month of June, amid tormenting clouds of mosquitoes and black flies. The new hatchery is at the head of a small cove that indents the west shore of Grand Lake within a few rods of its outlet, and not over 20 feet from the water’s edge when the lake is full, as is always the case in June. The fish cans are taken in a boat, and easily rowed tothe place of liber- ation, with great economy of time and effort. The fishing and spawn- ing ground is not over 300 feet distant and almost in sight. Within stone’s-throw, an excellent site for the superintendent’s house has been secured, and will be occupied another season, so that the premises 1091 \ will always be under surveillance. The surface of the ground presents a steep incline, of which advantage has been taken to arrange the _floors of the hatchery in a descending series, with a total difference in elevation of about 11 feet. The water is introduced upon the highest — of the six floors devoted to the development of the embryos, with ample room for aeration and reaeration at each plunge. The latter circum- stance atones for the small minimum volume (9 gallons per minute was the lowest observed this season), and in part for the fact that it is wholly spring water. The volume is least from August to early March, after which the spring rains and the melting of the snows produce so great an augmentation that there is a great surplus during all the season of hatching the reserved spawn and growing the alevins. The minimum volume can be augmented by the introduction of water from other, not very distant, springs. This house was founded in haste, in December, 1880, and was at first only 30 feet long and 20 wide, but this season we have added wings that increase the floor area to about 1,500 square feet. The floors have all been cemented, and the foundation walls, of massive masonry carried up to a height of from 1 to 8 feet above the ground. Cement pipes were laid to introduce the water from the principal spring, and an aqueduct, partly of bored logs and partly of assorted gravel, brings in the water from another spring 600 feet distant. This will henceforth be the headquarters of the establishment. Here the eggs will be packed for shipment, and the reserve hatched. Here will be the storerooms and workshops. The fixtures for the development of the eggs are similar to those in use at the other houses and also at the Penobscot establishment. Plain wooden troughs are furnished with movable frames in which the egg- trays are arranged in tiers ten deep, with provision for change of water by a horizontal current. A single new feature has been introduced in the method of aeration. Two troughs are placed side by side and the water allowed to pour from one to the other nearly the whole length, exposing a very broad and thin current to the action of the air, and in- creasing the opportunity of aeration probably twenty-fold over that afforded by a connecting open spout 6 inches wide. In a rough way it may be estimated that by the repeated use of this arrangement in the new house a gallon of water there is fully equal in efficiency to five gal- lons in hatchery No. 1. No change has been made in the location of the fishing ground or the fixtures and appliances pertaining to the work of spawning, except trifling alterations in the form and proportions of the inclosures. 2,.—FISHING AND SPAWNING. The spring fishing of 1881 was much better than usual, both as regards: the numbers and size of the fish taken. Through the summer there was more rain than usual, and in August and September the lake and 4 1092 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] [3] PROPAGATION OF SCIIOODIC SALMON IN 1881-82. 1093 _the stream were higher than any year since 1875. A sudden rise of water, owing to copious rains in August, 1880, had been followed by an abundance of fish in the stream early in September. The high water of 1881 did not have the same effect on the fish, scarcely any salmon en- tering the stream till after the middle of September. The inference naturally suggested is that the condition of the stream favorable to a late summer or early fall run of salmon is not so much a high stage of water as a sudden rise; but the phenomena observed are hardly sufii- cient for confident generalization. Moreover, during ten days in August the gates at the dam were closed for certain repairs on a dam at Calais, and meanwhile the flow of water was confined to that entering the canal. From August 3 to September 10 there was a fall of 54 inches, and from September 10 to October 29 a further fall of 154 inches ; November 5, a rise of 2 inches, owing to rains on the two preceding days; and after that date there was neither rise nor fall until December. The usual nets were placed across the stream and canal about the middle of September, but no preparations for the capture of the salmon were made until October 29, when it was observed that the most for- ward of them had begun to form their ridds above our nets. On the night of October 31 the capture of fish began. The manipulation was delayed until November 8, when some hundreds of salmon had been collected, and a part of them exhibited great uneasiness, a few actually beginning to spawn in the inclosures. The work proceeded as usual until November 19, when all the salmon taken had been deprived of their spawn, and the almost entire cessation of the catch told that the season was at a close. An accident during the work of spawning confused the different lots of fish so that the number taken from day to day cannot be stated with the usual accuracy, but the tally-book shows exactly the number of females that were manipulated, and enables me to make an estimate of the total number of males, which, I am very confident, is within 15 of the true number. According to these estimates there were taken 652 female salmon, 370 males, and one of unknown sex—total, 1,023. There were 621 females that yielded spawn, and the eggs obtained from them are estimated at 947,000, being an average of 1,525 eggs from each female. 3.—SHIPMENT OF SPAWN. The development of the eggs intended for earliest shipment was car- ried on in hatchery No. 3, the remainder being kept in the colder water of No. 2. It is from the latter that the reserve is always selected, since the retardation of their development will bring them out in the spring much nearer the natural date than if developed in the warmer water. The shipment of eggs began January 12 and closed March 1. The losses up to the time of the division of the eggs, when they were either shipped or set aside for the reserve, aggregated 87,091, of which 62,159 are known to have been unimpregnated eggs. From this we may fix 1094 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [4] the proportion impregnated at 92.9 per cent. Total losses before divis- ion 9-45 per cent,—about the ordinary rate. The eggs were shipped in the customary method—packed in wet moss, inclosed in dry moss—and sent down to Princeton, 12 miles distant, in the afternoon; thence by stage 283 miles to Forest Station, the next forenoon; this part of the journey occupying about 54 hours, during which the cases of eggs were exposed, with little or no protection, to the wintry blasts. Excellent success attended the transportation, with a single excep- tion. A case containing 32,000 eggs, addressed to Mr. Brackett, at Winchester, Mass., packed in an experimental manner, which proved to be less efficient than our ordinary mode, was partly frozen on the way, and 8,000 eggs lost. The temperature of the air at the time this package started on its 284-mile ride in the open air was 20 degrees be- low zero. In 22 other packages (including all save three, which were not reported on), the entire number of dead eggs on unpacking was re-_ ported at 1,806, being three-tenths of one per cent., or three in one thousand. An attempt was made to economize in bulk, and thereby in freight charges, by the use of asbestos felt in place of moss, but it was found that bulk for bulk it was in no wise superior, while at the same time it was tar heavier and more costly. ‘The experiments tried in this con- nection gave results indicating that, considering only the question of bulk, the best material to save from freezing was wet moss; but if the weight and consequent freight charges be taken into account then the best material is dry moss, which is exceedingly light and as efficient as an equal thickness of asbestos felt or building-paper. The division of the spawn available for shipment, pro rata with the contributions made by the several parties, was as follows : Winited States received . 3. tis s-- . jc 2 ss bie oe ee tte 311,750 Maine received. «...\.(55\0./.\- Wie twiare by dietle = its, ccieites Re tegen 64,500 Magsachusettsireceived!. 1! . 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OCS sage i° Aquos PLOFIEP |e" = eee ee JoATy wuusyenbsng |*--*----*"- soe"* Hoel) 1007 000 ‘¢ GIBOMO Dt reese cie geen tc gles meas ss AVON) PLOPS (atin assy press OYVT wospavyony |----*-*- JeaTy Ulssoosoipuy 000 ‘8 OTQULO ( eeeaas ce et aes ude Se ais ee OD gebtenalenc csr 5 ounce sass cen nee Pigs Ao Nein eae cei WveT}G sitdog 000 ‘¢ GT oun |----- SOAS ESO SCH ee SR SORE OREO DSS EOe (7299204 SSC URS COS ERO CIO RS 30300 wves}g Ajosueyy 096 ‘F SEE oe Oy eS Rees SRE Pink 1 Pre onan rae OD eigen sas OyV'yT] olyunsvuonposooyy |----* "77° WBIlS Oseqouue sy 000 ‘¢ GeO nceciae eiaicie'sininnic\isis sinelaisinie sins APUNOD Ul WEL alesse ss oe = se “"*- oye] Aposuey joss ttt" wBelg Sog [NOS 000 ‘I Sh (LY Si ee ee ce a ar syun0H smnbeyeostg |--- °°" 7077-7" IOATY ooqouuey j-“--°°-""°-" eyVy] pesyosooyy 9% oune PEORCIGE IONCGABCIU |. owe oe ecco Ayunog woydurygse My ‘AopyUurE |-t secre oee IOATIHOTPOOTOGs | Jae s= seme isisinssis eyeyT puvisy 0000L [trtt ctr r cc frt ttre PIOUU Halla seas ein ei DOAT YE TOOS OWS ca Sas career aaa puod plop Ty ee Cee eee Ayunog uosuryorg ‘oyery yratdg |o+-+++--- 777° JOATY XNOIG OWT |o-- 7707720 oxeT tfoqryo (Ne — Ro sestoO id SSE SCROC DOr AYUNOD OpIOY) OLIVH ‘oYVT Avo[O |°--- AOAY IVpeH pus Hooy T[oyg |--o-- 7-7 oye'yT voi) 000 ‘T CABIN worse acanigeicoerinin isis oelninGic/sinias: \wisininisi= sees Ghia iiag fil PROGR OR ee moo CR SOO SS IRS S SSSC OSB BORO SCrOIO SOC OOSSon oyVeT TYG) Ge Gee Ceo ee eee we cccececees ONEAMOOW des 22ss co oeas IOATY JNOTIeUTOD |---"-7--7 7-7 oXe'T orsdiag GPP IT es ea OUTAR SSB GT lee so ch '= sks Sie rieicienicis meisisin= cin si minic to eee clnisic reir sess puod 9plig O00 OL [rrrrtr crc fcr ce etter c reer c ttc pleyate,g MON |---cce o-oo TOATIPHOLMOIVANOP [Parga seas eo ss puod 8 [ea TDM e 2 JPSSS S00 > 7 POOR ESR SS CSE IS SIS OCI COOCG DSCC Oba aie SUPOOJi os asa eee TOATY JDOMOOMUUOD |--* ooo ee oyVyT uvjuvg TR) Ge Ge Ooo eo eee coos preguretd |-------°-°---- IOATY Sneqouumy |----------- paog Ainqioz0R— OU0KOMEEE aeaedcne GoStats cs on were sn aaa teseiisiccae. DICTBIG seo sewininie aa sees TUG TOL TRANS is cieee eee rake eae OD aaeas O00{OL frrrrcetc cc [rtece tere ctccc cect eee eee woIsaNT |o--° eo IOATY FMOTZOOUMOY |---- o-oo puog o1enbg OOOO era eee eros one on inn sinienie sininnina wie winnie GC) Agee: (39 fol GES CROOO CUO SOS IOATY OTMoZBSNOH |'--- oYeyT snouodoosnouv GM) Iyt — [|Poereeogos DonooeSeeSoR lm SROIs Sa06 GOCE COanG OS MIN SITU ce seine smcmccislenicines Cyne Cea STC) 8 Bal ie soyey UAT, CUO GHeen esse sees rc Seem icn seecsriven rinsigesecisecis $e DLOPTEINGANG NGA ie aoe once o ems SS eicin cs Sc oats seis cecice IOATY OIMOVSNOF OO OuG ree ee aise ini inin en wm vivinieie.c'e/eininim niniaininje mninininlcieicisicie=i= DICUUHE Piss ss wees AGATYEANOT OO UM OD ea wate ee ett ie puog 194eyg 000 ‘T fi, SiG hr? SoC oCoSsacnconcacobhor ee ATUNO A OUSTOWEI RUNES glors soc sae a enisicieio sin clic Siecineco | -/c=./cieie Serene epuoy o4vT LFF ‘2 GT idival ses=s ===" = SODA OBOSSNSCRIC seocscls AVUNO POH Bape |e a eines aoa te Sleisis Sivin sin Socio sicle en eo ais iaceinie veeees’ SOMVT ONL 986 ‘T fi, ~ Siiih=7|pooeCoaoc cen oKock --£quUNOD Bpeaon ‘Boog TWaNT |oc-ccr er ct sree IOATY 9aONIT, Peres aS Wooly 10ssorg ‘C88T “qs *IOJSURL 3 , *poovtd e190 “nye jooye qsodop yo AyTe00T Toye IOTIO Fear oF ATEWgIAT, Say oy} "ra ur STO BAN "TSsT uw paiayyob shha wowf pasnet uowpvs opooyoy fo buyuv)gJ—]II TTAVL wnwnwcccaa- neg yueg |---*-**** eJosouUTPL pelea s 7°" OTTLATQION [ooo toe * WeSTYOTPL eee wcenee IO}SOMOULAMA |°77** S}JOSNoVsse pl SBC OSS UOTE: eroungpag |------*---puepdre py olga siceigicicicls Ajosury poricreinis ooury JUNOT “" TIBeIIS OYeT puviy Soe ee eces plepug [7 oo ouTEy_ SOGH6 500700 esomvay | 7"" 777 97" * BAOT 777° TOI ‘OTLAQIION |°°7°°° ed euerpuy oes ccceee yoouonbog |*---"** ynotjoeuu0D paises sats oapuveT ug |*---**- 7 BIm@LOsITeED “poyozey O10T AL °03898 1105 PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1881-’82. [15] 006 6 Bincle looms} e.c ce ccine = cisisice ccs ssc Ses > se DUBLIN: VON | os a = =o OOGE S| Seen ee gee so Soliseincnie'>> : IAC SF aa ea a ae a “endl 777-7 OOOK ONCE) site coe oa sretrsersecere sess Kaunoy solo ‘proyuamyy oce ‘¢ messenecccsi> ==> ave sie's + yun0D esepuoug |--°-"*>- 7°" oe ‘¢ See |Sictortncin'e eojeeeeteeetee sis oetite Te mec deemaes PRU MMEE RE REAGING ora cannes Sees ster co Ayumog xossng |-~***° COORG tee cA BIN) poo a = * QUORZ eNOS ACTING sence eee <<< AquUNOD uoyyesry ‘uorqop |*--*>* COORG PIG ARINNIS as os oce seein: Aqunog uvary[ug ‘proysai S UORGHEEE eT AC Nilo > = efeiniais'a'< inte Ayunog yovmuiuoepy ‘Aunqsaony |-777> : (NNN) MN RR ANGE PC OSES CORSOS CIC OR Or Ayunoy pzoyesyg ‘woz |--7-7 7 000 ‘F * AJUNOD YSnos0qs][iA ‘WMOJS9oUvALT 000 ‘cg ee ee op ee ODD RG 0G Tue OCs |e ne pon = on1a.*\nlninleial*ia in alein'e)=\0/s/mialeloin ini nian OD eae ens | cea sunents ok aes OOGe Tem |i Gl O OWN ||| ie eae om eee me a alainimince'= coo-> LVMH weuejong |°*--"- CONG Meee FenOULEN (aif nin ceca iain lain ein ie jrorhes AIUD BOUL ANG | seen 000 ‘2 “sO1JUNOD pRoysSM[O puB o1OMYTTE IT |-- 77> as ae at on DUO Armmqsaoiyg a epee eet fr = puod OAT Prete Sez areas OFC] [TeUs V “*"""" TTOATOSOL SHIOMIO}V AL, Canard a2 deci Crh quali §,deur “810g OPTS FINS Jo S19}V AK PRO COR oyeT Joquiayg Sip eis Singin OYVT poomusvalsy Fn ae ae eae puog qWAON Sees a Blac ee es se eyvyT wenbs meleleleie puog WRIT JUNOTT mg Seeie im aenaee siecel= puog sa0'T sinieics "7-7" OMe] punoymoyy Eireann sien Stale ee puog 14g Tei? tale Soe oyey oodeung sl Sac acenn aa spuog ory, Ae pene a ae puog yuesvo], gems haps sae on ee IevBug SORES *cosectesee- ONEry UBOg spline sie a:cic\ciclee eyey Arwsyaog Sintata'atel [ate er cecceeeres eooes- SUTBANG Sree "to" QTIOULIO A if OOO gossouua y, “-e"- grIeaAlAsuuo gq ae Satie tac a oro Se sGGn mss HAO X MON Sees AOsi0~ MON “+> oargedurezy Wo Nt Sens ee * “LIMOss] AL srereses BIOKOTUI . 110———70 S i Ss. M , i > ‘ 4 ‘ 4 ; { ~y we ? s ia eee : sf ¢ ‘ é . 4 ad - ae Fa = a ' . Bei ‘ 1 J ‘ be 4 - j - i ¢ > i j i . s = ‘ ‘ ’ E mY 4 - 4 . iw . . r 2 - XXV.—STATISTICS OF THE SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS CON- DUCTED BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION IN 1881. By CHAS. W. SMILEY. From the reports of the various persons in charge of shad-hatching stations during the spring of 1881, and from the reports of messengers in charge of shipments, I have prepared a series of six tables to show the operations at each station, and the seventh fora summary exhibit. From these it will appear that 87,441,000 eggs were obtained and hatched with an average loss of 20 per cent. A comparison with the number of shad hatched in previous years is of interest, and the constant increase gratifying. Number of shad hatched: USI Aa oss Sete, GAA APU ea Le 16, 842, 000 es Sp A Ae att Oy ls hae Leta lence 29, 473, 000 PR GIMM Me HL ayed eren. oic.c ioftli ders hatha ae 70, 035, 000 oqo MSS i mnelnsivGs< 5 va sex o.<\cini Genbinaarecia ess tucban 172, 423, 350 Of the fish hatched, a part were deposited in waters near the several hatching stations, as follows: Deposited in local waters: “USED ee MN > Ag a Ue Stel ee Re mE 5, 587, 000 HSS aenre ie Peer Ae te oe) yn eee ee, 7, 864, 600 Psst sts nen Ah ah, FIO e dL wale, oe 46, 518, 500 Of the fish hatched, the number transported to other waters was as follows: Transported to other waters: PSM e NAM oie Sa) se STs et ae ae ae 10, 002, 500 [SEDC toe DS EN en Rie ere RS A ee ee 20, 761, 400 PSU Me 98 (iatiyss Ms Pretec meat ree em OSE ... 23, 516, 500 The number of shad deposited within the waters of the different States the present year was as follows: SPISTONG CHICO Sine a2, o/ ayes sine iets le ie sisis oes ois in eae’ s wares 1, 000, 000 Delaware. ... 2... Dei cet ds ORANG ale arte niimcw 3 5th akel Seat Sten 940, 000 Biehl OOMMDIA a2 2 o/s S212 ls = em 'alape ins we ee = 5% oS or 205, 000 RERUN hex ois apaichejoia esta @ ey ain) ale cian miaieiele oi) een re - 1,800, 000 WOR ee alae a2 nya eis ere ia veel ices = aim tenia elalis) snl ie falaya is ae 1, 100, 000 [1] 1107 1108 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] HRGNSASS Jose oo eatin ce ac eiticine oeteela ers piece rae eva /s Sree 200, 000 ONTMCK Yrs ein a s'ans oh che staal s aralniol crajerehstnse letelenaie ene cers eerie 707, 000 Maine....... A Sasha eG SS SSM Gs Sctos Jso6s5054 HaS Aso dor 1, 150, 000 IVEAT YLANG 3.205 is va['si dais slots ota Sto a lola clea leperaes eo mietol enters eyo 24, 705, 000 North Carolina 2 .).50 024.0 +6 Sarat etek eateesc tas cee ciate meen arate 4, 357, 500 COTO Fea eo 2 apeath ws atone ore) orePe es slate aie a ashicia' aerate iaeta aictateretats Om 1, 020, 000 Pennsylvania). cites tc. ostecie eo icle Sialyie ate sw eieiee Mic\enere See ---- 3,500, 000 node Usland <5... 5. -— Bras a Siete «Se nle Meae(pe cece 500, 800 South’ @arolinas <2 75.2 2.00 wc dis Seta eliets ole w cicye etnies s eiae 620, 000 Tennessee ....... Bopdos Sabon SSS oOeAd os lee ere ee 400, 000 PR OAG stoi sie eo ema e ed sjevee Viewers Hc AOS 56450 Sloman Riser 4 277, G00 NUTT Ae Bene oA A GaSe a STE, svelelenjectolontteeat ee 24, 280, 000 IVESE VAT OITA) << cers ocicvec cet ce a veec BS i AS li eo 175, 000 POtal Fess) iaialnsicrsiecle oie sree eins ors tele eters ckes eee ate 67, 002, 500 Fuller particulars of these deposits, the time, streams, places, &c., will be found in the tables of distribution—Tables VIII and IX. For comparison with the number of shad sent to the various States in the years 1872—80, see summary tables published in another part of this volume. TABLE I.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by United States steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z, L. Tanner, commanding, at Capehart’s Wharf, in Salmon Creek, Avoca, N. C., from April 12 to April 30, 1881. =) Ripe shad taken. | 3 Ks id 5 E — 3 re) os ie i=] Date. 2 3 38 os : e faa | eee = 8 =I Males. | Females. Ep eo 3 As aos | & a 3 3 66, 000 665.000) Vacs. .0. ooo eee eee 2 2 66/0001 facct cheb. cs|feseecweseee eee eee eee 4 4 117; 00075 2: foes cS Sees ce eens |e 1 1 84.0005 oceet ise al Osea |S 9 8 182: 000/l suc Sads caMM Ge ooM ces me ae eemennea ies 3 3 107000 5 eeeen Seas as] eee ee | ea eee 11 11 BBY -AL U0 eae spo pcocan boosbacssonad losaoseeéacac 21 21 649, 000 1490005 pean nn see 18 18 489, 000 835000 eee seca 28 28 929, 000 43500) |ia ceo crit cc ewes aernmatas 34 32 979, 000 62,000 |.:c..- .occcises| ccwcisalcceiate 32 30 931, 000 16) 000 ise ic cmmeecl ease scene eas 11 10 298, 000 CG TR hl eens Pee | ey he as 13 13 432, 000 34, 000 498,000) |b. o ose eee 5 5 166, 000 8, 000 830, 000 | *3, 029, 500 AVI Susy gal lies a a Conroy Sal SCP GRRE (RS SG Ril eae oe oe | ee $002 000%) 7. 205.2 Sites eae ae Danco ecins casinces clauimeecine laces acter | coeisnscteint tase eases 37900082 face ccesa| hemes aeetere Totaltesccsesacccscrossene 195 189 | 5,727,000 | 1,369,500 | 1,328, 000 3, 029, 500 *Captain Tanner states that these eggs were transferred to North Carolina Fish Commission at various times. [3] - STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS, 1109 TABLE II.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by M. McDonald, at Gunston and other places on the Potomac River, under the direction of the United States Fish Com- mission, from April 20 to May 30 inclusive, 1881.* nD Eg . m 23 aS Date. | 8 Ss B a aS i?) ra 1881. April 20 | 5,000 21 5, 000 22 | 5,000 23 | 5, 00C 25 | 5,000 26; 5,000 27 | 5,000 28 | 5,300 29 | 5,300 30 | 5,300 May 1] 5,300 2} 5,000 3 | 6,650 4| 6,650 5 | 6,650 6 | 6,350 7 | 6,350 Sill aetoeretate 9 | 6,350 10 | 6,350 11 | 6,350 12] 6,350 13 | 6,350 14! 6,350 15 | 6,350 16 | 6,350 17 | 3,650 18 | 3,650 19 | 3,650 20 | 3,650 21 | 3,650 22| 4) 850 23 | 3,650 24] 3,650 25 | 3,650 26 | 2,350 27 850 28 850 29 850 30 550 BOR wascnnicie Total . . .|184, 150 Eggs obtained. 3 Haye te & 3 &, Ba Fe 8, 534 4 2,479 1 2, 801 5 OMitey pal epee 4,616 | 30 4, 567 28 4,783} 11 3,997 | 31 4, 938 21 5, 046 20 3, 761 15 2, 685 20 7, 067 50 5,178 90 5, 678 90 4,682 | 50 5,101 | 101 4,951| 51 4, 698 aly 2,977 41 1, 907 36 2,909 | 21 3,191 4 2,059 | 17 2, 357 46 2, 840 63 1, 835 162 1,797 || 27 1, 937 vid 1, 656 30 1, 481 17 1, 544 107 1, 046 54 1, 481 4 1, 554 43 1397 | 74 826 12 3 US ee 120, 047 |1, 470 25, 000 1, 565, 000 500, 000 1, 220, 000 1, 060, 000 620, 000 100, 000 510, 000 1, 360, 000 1, 880, 000 4, 870, 000 800, 000 2, 290, 000 900, 000 500, 000 3, 215, 000 1, 620, 000 120, 000 |. 1, 290, 000 2, 200, 000 375, 000 §43, 200, 000 Fish transported to other waters weet www ene eee eeewne 250, 000 250, 000 350, 000 1, 000, 000 $00, 000 1, 100, 000 300, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 2 ae o& 4 Se 8 ie Bp 4 3) i MIST ODI. | 234, 000. i MP OTAOUDH|Sokcncnica.e eee 1, 383, 000 OFOOON Sse ne seme 175, 000 625, 000 i ea ee 1, 510, 000 PREONOUDI Peso. cease 310, 000 1, 130, 000 300, 000 230, 000 TASHOOO [Mae saeseat s 101, 000 2, 887, 000 100,000 | 1, 834, 000 119, 000 1, 730, 000 10, 000 2, 576, 000 650, 000 40, 000 P5330, CO0s| kena shied See ee 2, 585, 000 "J, 520, 000° |. .-0.- 02-0. eet aa. 1, 125, 000 1 BAB O00H 23. ceases Bee Wee eae | 5, 490, 000 300,000) |acaneeeseo>s Lge Paitin 140, 000 200;000 [52-52-50 250, 000 1, 905, 000 “870, 000 | 1, 096, 000. #11619) 000rlbcaseeeesess 7, 905, 000 | 26, 515, 000 \5, 950, 000 * For a more detailed statement of this work see report of M. McDonald. t For details of deposits of fish see tables of distribution. 5 Where released in local waters.t Pomonkey, Md. Guuston, Va. Gunston, Va. Do. Gunston, Va. Do. Gunston, Va. Gunston, Va. Gunston, Va. Gunston, Va. Gunston, Va. Fort Washington, Md. Fort Washington, Md. 220,000 of these eggs were used in experiments; the rest are unaccounted for; probably a loss Of this amount 2,630,000 eggs were sent to navy-yard station. 1110 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. TABLE III.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by Frank L. Donnelly, at Navy- [4] Yard Station, Potomac River, under the direction of the United States Fish Commission, from May 4 to June 2, 1881. | I rs PH oO os a o 2 5; Ha eS 6 a) aS Aa f Date. a aS) © Ss a & i) 3 Messenger in charge of transfer.* nD nD i a bp ep gas | SEE I a) Fy 1881. May 4 200, 000 TCC | SiS SSeaeBel bepadaoadeas 200, 000 SOOO s| Meneses 6 270, 000 50008 Sacer eae eee 7 370, 000 LOW): |peseesssSslloossenbosecs 9 430, 000 2020003 | cccccsceeia em ce eiciciesie 10 300, 000 10, 000 105, 000 85,000 | J. Frank Ellis. al 230, 000 TSU DG BRASS So oalloeeces caacds 12 65, 000 BA000u| eee cee. 460, 000 | G. G. Davenport. 13 100, 000 10, 000 100, 000 260, 000 Do. Pal sees stuie saseaceee tl lseaccmaees 410,000 | N. Simmons and C. W. Schuermann. 16 35, 000 2000 |czstarscichenare 290, 000 | C. A. Stewart and C. W. Schuermann. 17 70, 000 BN esses eposdlocuco0ccden- 18 180, 000 TOMOOO Stet seen ccc 19 300, 000 PANU [Racosapaae 220,000 | H. E. Quinn. 20 865, 000 GoNOO008 eaeeeeen t=. 150, 000 | C. W. Schuermann. 21 AROMOOON octets Al cadkecaAe Soc cee eee 27) oe aoiecad sa] econo ueedes | |peoseouobs 100,000 | C. W. Schuermann. 23 3975/0008 ||seeteaemacie ol alee soa o'=|| -netelnicislate arate 24 AOTHND le coscacacoor| poccaogeceaclsoocsssesoos 25 | 11, 600, 000 |. 170, 000 | N. Simmons. 2G |eisesccsecee |e 280,000 | N. Simmons and C. A. Stewart. 27 +720, 000 500, 000 | Geo. H. H. Moore 28 Fe ZONOO OM Bee ree xt te ett tet eiscetel|ineiotere ie oleic wale OR | eae nl eae eect eee setee allem cinicle elstelen’= 30:1. $855,000) '43,:465,000 |S2- cece ca|cnere- a. -5- A fobitey PA Bseonsosacee 2002000!| fees ae 150,000 | W. H. Jenkins, jr. Total ...| § 7,730,000 | 38,850,000 | 205,000 | 3, 075, 000 * For final destination of these fish, see tables of distribution. + Of these eggs, 2,630,000 were received from Potomac barges. +t Eggs unaccounted for; probably lost. § Of this number, 600,000 were reported turned over to M. McDonald on his assuming charge of the Navy-Yard Station. TaBLE IV.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by Frank N. Clark, at Havre de Grace, Md., on the Susquehanna Iiver, under the direction of the United States Fish Com- mission, from May 15 to June 13, inclusive, 1881. * For final destination of these fish, see tables of distribution. . ‘ + May 15 includes a number of previous days’ operations which cannot be given specifically. S de 23 S # g Ze ga 3s oe 5 og noes . ater 2 g 3 ‘S g i & 2 E Messenger in Charge of trans- be! “an ~ vi mn m H 3 Ss a ct 2.88 ZOE 23} ea) & i S 1881. May 151| 6, 625, 000 504,000 | 4,101,000 | 4,101,000 |.......----- 16 275, 000 64,000 | 1, 566, 000 566, 000 | 1,000,000 | J. P. Creveling 17 375, 000 5, 000 100, 000 1005 000s| asus bee aee 18 135 000)|ssa33 Dee bike, Gee Bene. Lee Ns Soe 19 105s O00 oe asec tl sescemeceetstel lemme a oteiselninlel = aisinlwsteiniminjals 20 150, 000 25, 000 260, 000 G0 0008 eer rete 21 PLO WO0D| Ss 222ecoaete| see sbeceec CS aee ase ee aeeate eae 22 CUI RULIWS ecooorasrece| ssaccceubond seooon Hoorcollsosbacpooqdc 23 QOOLOO0) | saccades cae Seek ah We ae Seen eee ee Se DAU ATONOOO! | Gesaee cs ese |noe eee ip ilies enrages A OR Se ge 25 705, 000 92,000 | 1, 048, 000 48,000 | 1,000,000 | J. P. Creveling. 26 750, 000 30, 000 330, 000 330, 000 |...--------- 27 765, 000 40, 000 365, 000 365; 000) Joo -. c-.ce8 28 450, 000 290, 000 825, 000 825, 000 |.----------- 29 325, 000 75,000 | 1, 900, 000 400,000 | 1,500,000 | J. P. Creveling. 30 O50s0008 eae neces GTHUOOO | Laee eke Eee BoE lpenacanéecho 110, 000 925, 000 400, 000 900, 000 | C. W. Schuermann. June 1 50, 000 75, 000 LUE panenspoedes |ledcaaskosact DF AWA aw MRE el et te Be a S60/ 000s aa soe aee sane omen EE [5] STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS. pe wala TABLE IV.—Record of shad-hatching operations, §:c.—Continued. = o a ” 3 % Date. iS iS) nN Q 80 80 a0 80 & 1) 1881. RUNON 7S) |'ose soc ee 2 see see ccs 4 OOH 000i aces eeeeere 6 300, 000 10, 000 7 45030003 | feea-e once oe 8 BOOSO0G | Soctecitae eis Ohl seraisiicimee wie aca bth waelotere 1) |e ctaerreseeneer 150, 000 Uae Boe eco ee mttaer 1. eee a aS eR ole er eric AAc ee a ssyesese [eee eee eee eee | Total ...| 15,030,000 | 1,470, 000 Messenger in charge of trans- fer. | Se #5 g ae ars st Ce ao 2 a3 ee a Ee a B23 4 gas | 23e ia) i Fy 115, 000 775, 000 ““"""50, 000 eR Ae aed OSO00 | See ance Ses pepeeeoren "450, 000 hes oe AAS ONY: te caegee ee Ie oes Bet 300,000 | *900, 000 |....--....-. 13, 560, 000 | 8,385,000 | 5,175, 000 C. W. Schuermann. * Remained on hand at close of daily reports; probably deposited in local waters. TABLE V.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by Marshall McDonald, at Navy- Yard Station, Potomac River, under the direction of the United States Fish Commission, Srom June 1 to June 25, inclusive, 1881.* Length in fathoms of visited— Date. Haul : eaten Gill-nets. June 109, 600 Shad taken. | Ripe females. Lo} tH to) oO x ; as iS ea Ao 2 ° Boek ° Lam BS eo % Bey |e tee £0 50 2 F | i] ay £60,000 |. 0-3 [eneceeers 102000 \eninctawicle 300, 000 40000) escace oss] 2 a- sae BU De Bere cemcac 120, 000 175,000 | 150,000 |.....-.-.. 250; 000¢|- hace eee 370, 000 10, 000 100, 000 75: 000) |22 aes 200, 000 pee ea tere 20,000 | 200, 000 455000) cca seca: 200, 000 Seite ee a ail sae aeweees 150, 000 330, 000 |......-2-- 670, 000 450, 000 270, 000 |. 200, 000 290, 000 170, 000 10, 000 40::000)|scs-seo- <0 1, 140, 000 405000 ee reclenteeac 120, 000 BONOUO ac Sees fee eee 1,538 | 127| 3,840,000 | 240, 000 |3, 800, 000 | Messenger in charge of transfer. W. H. Jenkins, jr. F. L. Donnelly. N. Simmons. G. G. Davenport. Ellis and Moore. Quinn,Schuermann, and Simmons. F.N. Clark. J. F. Ellis. C. A. Stewart. * For a more detailed statement of this work, see report of M. McDonald. + Received from Frank L. Donnelly’s navy-yard station. 1112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] TABLE VI.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by United States steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner commanding, at Havre de Grace, Md., in the Susquehanna and North East Rivers, from May 5 to June 5, 1881. oS F +o Ripe shad taken. 2 3 iS 3.4 's + 5 | a6 * Date. = g 28 Bok A = Fea | £8g Males. | Females. Ee &0 cle 3 4 ge >) <>) i oy 6 6 182, 000 17 17 462, 000 21 21 506, 000 49 47 | 1,660, 000 11 11 341, 000 28 28 913, 000 30 30 979, 000 8 8 265, 000 9 9 348, 000 14 12 857, 000 10 11 357, 000 10 13 424, 000 9 8 957,000) | Aeanee eee 498, 000 12 14 B23 000M Seeeccererctoec 166, 000 20 25 CE IRN! pbb Gacacooeallbeckaatasatic 53 Bal || e17 925 O00 eee er ee et 18 19 DOT O00n eee | ee ee 17 23 650, 000 325, 000 14 15 463, 000 313, 000 |. 28 31 781, 000 275, 000 40 43 | 1, 062, 000 406, 000 |. 22 22 625, 000 |...-. SOCBSOC 1, 250, 000 22 25 675, 000 |.2..--25---- 500, 000 10 10 B695000)) | ese areeeo|(sssiseeeeese 2 2 SONO00 eseeae eee =e 1, 000, 000 ‘ 6 6 106/000) Seeeenaecees come acnecen OUNCH Waco ease coscccccce esiscue 8 8 AS87000 | 2 = 5s )n%5 re cisiciell e Steeisis -teeieiets 500, 000 ORR eee Dee er eee 2 2 38/000 | ecseee ee 625, 500 312, 000 &}, -onchooneucboscsonceood 2 2 UE UY) ese cos SSoedlledosaboqcbac 125, 000 We eeeoraecemacececses Spo 2 2 50,\000) | 25 Bega socal cece once onlececmeme eee FS emai Al ORIN Ler ery on ean Ae mt Ip 0 RO ee eR AIP a e082 300, 000 Motaleseree te ee 500 524 | 15, 444,000 | 2, 871,500 | 10,085,500 | 2, 487, ov0 1113 STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS. 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Bernie oa a op -~"| 000 ‘08% op OD ois tai | = san eae OD Cee atl ae ce op’ -~ "| 000 ‘ost ‘T op OD SF sects As wae De amyl toe i eta cn Op -~*| 000 ‘OTS ‘T ; op O Deere ii aan nats sae O Dalle mee ot aes op ~~ | 000 ‘629 - -- Arg oyredesey( IOATY O8M10ZOg |*°2°"-7 777" mogeuns) |°""""" ">= BlulsItA | 000 ‘eRe ‘T er es op ee eee “< JIA OLUOJUY UBS eee mre ee ee (epee a ee er (1) ROP 000 ‘0k fees ae Pree SISS (1) YEOORO A FASS CY NOS EAL 42 3 El Sarees or © BS AY a Pela San ee O Dae LOOK 000 ‘gece ‘L9 000 ‘SLT 000 ‘000 ‘T 000 ‘OFT 000 ‘06% ‘¢ 000 ‘eat ‘T 000 ‘eg¢ °% 000 ‘OF 000 ‘TLg ‘% 000 ‘OfL ‘T 000 ‘FE ‘T 000 ‘L88 ‘% 000 ‘02% 000 ‘ost ‘T 000 ‘01S ‘T 000 ‘s29 000 ‘egg ‘T 000 ‘ze 000 ‘83 Opies sas sodivq ovm0jyog ee fe tudy XXVI.—REPORT OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARP, DURING THE ie OF 1881-82, BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMIS- N. on By MarsHaLL MCDONALD. The first applications for German carp were filed in 1876, one year subsequent to the successful importation of this fish and to the estab- lishment of breeding ponds at Druid Hill Park. The total number of applications filed during this year was 3. In 1877 the number in- creased to 20; in 1878 to 98; and in 1879, when the first distribution was made, the number of applications for the year was 324, The fragmentary records of this first distribution show that there were distributed directly to 181 applicants 6,203 carp, being an average of 34 to each applicant. In addition there were distributed to State Com- missioners and agents of distribution 4,743 carp, making a total dis- tribution for the year of 10,946 carp. In 1880 the number sent to applicants direct had risen to 31,443, and to State Commissioners and agents 19,021, making a total for the sea- son of 50,464. In 1881 we were confronted with the problem of distributing 160,000 fish over a much wider geographical range and at a consequent increase in the cost per applicant. To relieve the messenger service of the pressure of the increased work, and to reduce the cost of the distribution, recourse was had to express shipments in all cases where applicants were willing to defray the increased cost of delivering. The shipping packages first used were wood-bound tin cans, holding about eight gallons of water, and making a shipping package weighing about 65 pounds. The principal lines of express transportation promptly responded to the request of the Com- missioner and arranged a tariff of reduced rates of charges to all points reached by their routes. Even at the reduced rates the cost to appli- cants of express delivery was quite a serious matter, ranging from $1 for the nearest points to $6, $8, $10, and $12 for the more remote. Early in the season, by direction of the Commissiener, a half can was substituted for the can first used. This materially reduced the weight of the shipping package and the express charges in each case. Parties receiving these cans had the option of retaining them at a stipulated price or of returning them. When parties declined taking the cans, they Sr itise 1 10-77 1121 1122 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] were, under our arrangements with the express companies, returned free. The distribution made prior to December 15 was accomplished by the methods above indicated; meanwhile experiments were inaugurated looking to reduction both in the weight and bulk of the shipping pack- ages. An account of the result of these experiments will be found in Vol. I, p. 215, Bulletin of the United States Fish Commissfon. So satisfactory were they that early in December I was instructed by the Commissioner to take charge of the Division of Distribution, and to inaugurate, sys- tematize, and perfect the more economical methods of distribution ren- dered practicable by the reduction in the cost, size, and weight of the shipping packages. The standard package adopted was a covered tin bucket having a capacity of 4 quarts. For facility of aeration several holes were punched in the cover of each bucket. A shipping-tag with room for the address on one side and the requi- site printed instructions on the other was devised by Mr. 8. C. Brown, so as to inclose securely a blank postal receipt, to be filled and returned by applicant on receipt of the fish. The buckets were to be returned by the applicants in all cases, the cost of the same (20 cents) being added to the express charges, and collected from the express agent in advance. Where a number of buckets were to be sent to one destination, for convenience in handling and better safety in transmission, light crates were prepared, each having a capacity of 16 buckets, and weighing about 100 pounds. As from their shape several of the crates may be stacked up on each other, it is practicable to pack 1,000 fish on a floor-space not greater than that occupied by two of our ordinary transportation cans. The convenience and economy of these methods of transportation is therefore apparent. Shipping crate. All arrangements having been perfected and all necessary material having been collected, express shipments were made in the small buck- ets instead of the larger tin cans, to all points within a radius of 500 [3] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1831—82. 1123 miles from Washington. The weight of the shipping packages was thus reduced from 60 pounds to about 8 pounds, with corresponding redue- tion in express charges. ; At the time I was placed in charge of the work of distribution mes- senger shipments were in progress in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, portions of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee, and all of Florida being at that date (December 15) still unsupplied. The messenger lists necessary to regulate the distribution were at once pre- pared, and the fish destined for the supply of Southern Georgia and Florida sent forward in charge of Mr. Newton Simmons. Mr. George H. H. Moore and Mr. I. L. Donnelly were then in the field, one in Ala- bama, the otherin Mississippi. They weredirected not to return to Wash- ington, but to await instructions at Meridian and Jackson, Miss. To these points messenger lists and explicit instructions and the number of carp necessary to complete the distribution were forwarded by ex- press from Washington. These bucket shipments reached them in ex- cellent condition, and by December 24 the distribution in the sections referred to had been completed. Texas, with 950 applicants, Arkansas, Indian Territory, Western Louisiana, and Missouri, with an aggregate of 150 widely scattered applicants, still remained to be supplied. It was planned to accomplish this work by one movement of our refrigerator car No.1. All details of the distribution were arranged before we ieft Washington, the route to be traversed definitely determined, and no- tices forwarded by mail to each applicant informing him at about what date to expect his fish. So far as practicable, arrangements were made by which each should receive his fish either from the car en route or from one of the messengers temporarily detached for the purpose of sup- plying those remote from the route traversed by the car. It was not thought safe to attempt to carry more than 12,000 fish in the car. It was therefore arranged to have the additional number needed forwarded by express in lots of 2,000. Arrangements were made to have the fish rested and the water changed at Saint Louis. As these methods were novel, and the results considered doubtful by the most experienced mes- sengers, it was thought best that I should accompany the expedition in order to enforce the observance of the necessary conditions of success and to take the responsibility of whatever failure there should be. It was thought prudent to make use of both methods of transportation. The complement of the car was therefore made up as follows: 40 large cans containing each 100 carp; 7 large cans containing each 150 carp; 18 crates containing each 320 carp; 3 crates containing each 400 carp. This made a total of 12,000 fish in the car. The crew of the car consisted of Mr. J. F. Ellis, messenger in charge ; Newton Simmons, George H. H. Moore, M. S. Thompson, messengers ; and the cook. We left Washington at 4 p. m. January 3, 1882, going through to Saint Louis on the fast express of the Pennsylvania Railroad. I did 1124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] not think it necessary to examine the fish or change the water until we reached Saint Louis, where all the cans and buckets were overhauled and the water changed except in the crates containing 400 fish each, which were left undisturbed until we reached Texarkana. The fish were all found to be in good condition and the change was made rather as a precaution than as a necessity. At Washington I had placed 100 fish in a 6-quart bucket as an extreme test. At Saint Louis these carp showed signs of suffering and were turned over to Dr. Steedman. From Saint Louis seven buckets of fish were forwarded by express, to ap- plicants in the first Congressional district of Iowa, who had been over- looked in the previous distribution. They reached their destination safely, though two days en route and in very severe weather. On the 5th of January at 9 p. m. the car left Saint Louis by the Iron Mountain route and reached Texarkana the next day. On the way fish were delivered to all applicants in Arkansas who were accessible, postal notifications having been previously sent from Washington directing them when and where to meet us. At Texarkana a complete change of water was made on all the fish. The three crates of 1,200 fish which had not been touched since leaving Washington were found to be in fair condition, though a few were dead and the remainder apparently weak. They had traveled three and a half days without any change of water. The rise in temperature as we proceeded south made it prudent to take measures looking to refrigeration. Application to the railroad authorities procured a ton of ice, which was placed in the ice-chests, and the refrigerator portion of the car maintained at a temperature of 50° from that time onward until the distribution was completed. At Texarkana I detached Mr. Moore with a supply of fish for Shreve- port, Western Louisiana, and for such applicants in Texas as he could reach conveniently by the route he traveled. Mr. Simmons was sent with a supply for applicants along the narrow-guage road between Tex- arkana and Waco. After remaining at Texarkana twenty-four hours in order to rest the fish and to give due notice of our coming, we started Sunday morning, January 8, for Sherman, Tex., delivering fish on the way to all appli- cants in that section of the State. Moore rejoined the car at Dallas, and Simmons at Fort Worth, while I proceeded from Sherman to the Indian Territory to supply applicants in the Choctaw Nation, and re- turned via Sherman to Dallas. Dallas being the point to which the express shipments were to be sent, Thad arranged to rendezvous the car and all the messengers there, and thought it best to await the arrival of all the express shipments, as it would be safer to transport the fish south in the car than to trust to their being forwarded by express. The first lot forwarded from Wash- ington came as far as Saint Louis in charge of Messenger Donnelly; there the water was changed, and the fish expressed to Dallas. Don- nelly remained at Saint Louis to re-ship subsequent lots, which followed [5] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1881—82. 1125 at intervals of twenty-four hours. These shipments, amounting to about 6,000 fish (scale carp), reached Dallas in fair condition, though they were much weaker than the leather variety brought in the car, and less fitted to endure rough travel. From Dallas the car with the full complement of messengers pro- ceeded to Austin via Hearne, supplying as arranged all applicants along the route. In order to provide for supplying the numerous applicants in the vicinity of Corsicana it was found necessary to lie over at that place twelve hours, the train agent kindly making arrangements to take us up on the next train. On reaching Austin I was met by Mr. R. R. Robertson, the Texas Fish Commissioner, who was kind enough to take charge of the delivery of carp to applicants in that vicinity. From Austin we proceeded to San Antonio, where I remained, but sent the ear on to Laredo. At Laredo Mr. Ellis was detached with enough fish to supply applicants in the extreme south of the State. From San Antonio we returned via the Sunset route to Houston, where I left the car, and with Messenger Thompson proceeded via New Orleans to Wash- ington. I delivered on the way fish to isolated persons who could not be reached in any other way. Meanwhile the car proceeded to Houston and was here joined by Mr. Ellis, who had been instructed from Wash- ington to take the car to Saint Louis and await further orders. The routes traveled by the car and detached messengers were planned so as to completely reach every part of the State, aad the measures taken beforehand to notify applicants were so thorough that of upwards of 800 applicants not more than 7 were unsupplied. The fish were delivered to the applicants or their authorized agents, or else they were left at the most accessible point and the recipient so notified. The satisfactory issue of our work is largely due to the liberal facilities accorded us by the various lines of railroad traversed. Anything in the way of supplies or service was unfailingly rendered. Special acknowledg- ments are due Mr. H. M. Hoxie, the general manager of the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railway. From Saint Louis westward until our return to that point, free transportation for car was granted on all lines of railroad traversed by us. The result of the work demonstrated that in making shipments by the ear-load we can carry a much greater number of fish by using small buckets instead of cans, and also that buckets can be used with great advantage and economy in shipping by express, provided the passage does not last more than thirty-six or forty-eight hours. [am not satisfied, however, that this mode of shipment is practicable in warm weather. This must be decided by experiments. The State of Texas seems to possess extraordinary facilities for rais- ing carp, and as many of the recipients went to great expense to pre- pare ponds it is beHeved that carp-raising will soon become a valuable industry in that State. 1126 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] The following summary of the distribution by States is respectfully submitted : Summary of carp distribution for the year 1881-82. State. Alabama DATIZONA Ae ssae wees acleeeeamces PAT IGANISAS ss cicisaieeeieer ess spec stan cincieletcio @alifouniaecs cassser cr eee eee. seeecae ceo Colorados seeeee ee ete eee neeas es seesneee Wealeobanes series oh eeecnisia me we kema ce © cee ae MW elawWwanre’s-cicseosctcesstesadee sestccnenine IO oC a So aa erOnO a scimec Sapdeamastccenre (Gayot cd Ar oes cadsdodasteoc seecus nekode MANO Was aire setcsa cts cenise ee alsicicisetcieeciciet. MUM N OS aa oc te Se sees eee ce eres moe gee IMCQiNMN Ailes se ee ate caee oes wacisie aio eine meisiciats tndiameverritory ce aac actos ales sae sy=isinrs OW eects aioe ae oases oe ceiaiote Semceia mine alas IKGIMS RSs cena en ceinc cctersewloie seers Kentucky Louisiana IVER MO one cet o sccittee Maryland . Massachusetts! s2ice sce en coc cccewccicccees Nite hiner ee Saket Ss saquedeuacoeucesacocEE IMMNMES OTA tee ctecasics sae stot easccuce scares IMSS 0) NM Recon dada coenpeuBascoudaSTse MOUSROUT eee aceteeeeee wick Sete eeyseinere INT OT TAT aes sete e ere Pas nts ets ayaa nine rast Nebrask aise gat So ets 2 et eek es ENO VARIA ete tie tameyen sae 3G cece Mem eee iNew Hamp shires poco. secs se ine INOW CLSCY fo: ca 5 seceacaccwels ence cllccsins INO WALK COrck deerajaee cecthccintsetim cisions ING Wa MOL Ke eiea caacme tas sae elieemaa taceeeas OO eee ween eae Sun ce naj eenie ae Oresony 2222 = ssece ce Pennsylvania ........ mhodemslandeeceesascot aces eee mesare se South Carolina. ce2sacscorccloee cece eee ees PRLONMOSSED) ccs ticles civ asics sidlecinawloe enews MerMONT Sse sees cmsisescs soaeismatire sie sia WinriMinimecsceeeoess San Soe eee ee elec nen ee Was hin otonlie scree s hcmieace cee ete West Virginia DWAISCONSINiee seme coe ater sateen nen ianeee SWAY OMIT Dy cee caciemia ce taiee Sane ceeatanlee aac ted ' D Ss el 0 SH eS [ae |s3..| <8 Sew) ete S » a ene a) D eA 4 oa. | Beau. | Gece | 2 2 Sc) eal eae 2 Sle Suey cera aig es | 25 CHEESE ON Ser ON sees | balisie Aas Sa Se 3 Chao asics 5 3 2 oe 5.2 So gen fee oot oo ese ee a2 Bel een | Sesils ae a2] ae Bee Eee Ba ee era) an Eee eee A A A 526 WUTOO. WtSHOOd sae so6. + ae ee eee 757 iuymn seus; ate food: <----;< ccc 764 Lynceida, their food and enemies-.756,757 768, 769 Lynch te A’ Clbed ---ocnce eee se ss 694 Jabs jClbed eco. cose sec 694 WilliamMas = essen 69 M. McCloud River Station, operations Bbeeetee weno tes ce cece eee 829, 1063 MeCord) Johns: 5- 23. oo e eee 630, 631 McDonald, Col. Marshall .65, 800, 801, 06, 1109, 1111, 1213 McDonald’s hatching apparatus. 800, 805, 806 Mackerel (see special index, p. 521) .91-531 TiS {OO 22 cee cate =< 41, 105, 111 its importation.....-.-.- 301-307 itsmovements.. -. ..135, 137, 526 Norwegian fishery for-. 611, 612, 613, 615 statistics of fishery for.214, 220 Spanish, its propagation. 1131 Magdalen Islands, mackerel fishery Bie ccoste ssc enc eee ociniaes cine 526 Maine, distribution to--. .829, 834, 837, 841, 847, 867, 896, 907, 1089, 1104, 1108, 1117 use of fish guano in. ..666, 669, 683, 684,693 Gulf of, its mackerel fishery. 526 Markurson, Capt. Knud....-. ..--170, 429 Martin; (Capt: Sidiosc5. Sacco ssc 159, 161 Py 1 arch ys Lg ee a 693 Maryland, distribution to .829,834,837,842, 847, 867, 897, 908, 1051, 1104, 1108, 1117 use of fish guano in-.. .666, 670, 688, 689, 693 Massachusetts, distribution to. -.829, 835, 837, 841, 851, 871, 898, 908, 1089, 1104 her fisheries... ..-.-. 526 use of fish guanoin. 672, 691, 693 | Menhaden (or pogy), its food ....- 41-755 its habits and movements. 97, 169 Merchant, Captain........-.....-- 526: Messick, J..B., cited- 2.2. -2..c25¢ 694 Meteorological Institute, Norwe- PIAM sss secs os csaetccsce see 57 Methods of fishing for mackerel .. 142, 175, 197, 203, 205, 510 in Norway ---551, 554, 556, 558, 587, 593, 597 Mexico, Gulf of, no mackerel in--- 94 Michigan, distribution to- ..829, 835, 837, 842, 852, 872, 901, 908, 912, 1053, 1054, 1104 ‘a use of fish guano in..... 664 Microbia, its food and enemies .... 762. Microciona proliferum ...-....-... 766 Maller; ‘(Georges ss52 2 cccce concen 630, 631 Milne-Edwards, H., cited ....-.-.. 795 Milner, Ji. Wiisscece cesses 765, 773, 774 Miner’s History of Wyoming, ex- TLACTS ATOMS aejocfece sao awoke ss 641, 642. Minklers He) Bitte ascetic nse 69 Minnesota, distribution to. -.829, 835, 837, 842, 852, 875, 901, 909, 1089, 1104 Mississippi, distribution to ..---. 838. 840, 852, 882. use of fish guano in... 664 Missouri, distribution to -...829, 835, 837, 840, 852, &82, 1105 MobiussCarl;, cited 52. sc a22-6 759, 766 Mollusks affected by salts in sea- WaLOLES snonesa namaste 749 collected by Fish Hawk. 40, 41 Monerz, doubtful of their existence 3808 Moore; éMire : 3 826eu. 25 See ee eace 1049 Mosely; work cited: -...-55.222--2 759 Mousel; Monsieur. 22 2235 3222 2S222 823 Mulhall, Michael G., cited ........ 661 Munson, Mr .-.....--. 1095, 1096, 1097, 1100 Murray.) Ohne setae tee eee 759, 760 Mussel, experiments with......-.. 751 its price in Norway ..---..583, 588 Miya ATOnarlg <52352--o6 awe eeeere 73e 666, | Mytilis edulis, experiments with.. 751 Myxostoma macrolepidotum .-..... 75S 1142 INDEX. N. Page. Page. | Ohio, distribution to... 829, 836-842, 854 Nais, food of a..........---------- 77 887, 903, 910, 913, 1054, 1105, 1108, 1117 Nautilus, specimens of, obtained. -. 40 Ohio, use of fish guano in ......... 664 Nebraska, distribution to.829, 835, 837, 883 | Ohl, Perey C .......22-2--ee- eee 1073 Nets in mackerel fisheries.......... See Olsen Hee een see ee 534 in Great Lake fisheries. - ..1039, 1040, | Ombre, its abundance in Belgium.. 816 1042, 1043, 1044 | Ommastrephes illecebrosa.....-..- 118 in Norwegian fisheries.... -- 549,591, | Ontario, California trout put in.... 1052 594, 596, 582, 587, 589, | Opalina, its mode of feeding ...--. 762 591,594, 597, 615-617 | Ophiurans, collected by Fish Hawk 40 patented in 1881........-..--. 88 | Orbulina universa ..............-- 759 Nevada, distribution to....-. 829, 835, 837, | Oregon, distribution to..-......--- 829 S40/823 "| \Ospaod, No Ate scee stecaus a aoseee 105 New Brunswick mackerel fishery - - 526 Osmerus eperlanus2ecseoosece sects 815 Newburyport, Mass., its mackerel Osterhout, Hon. P. M........---.- 630 fisheries ...-....---------------- 527 Isaac S., standing of... 630 Newfoundland, its fish trade. .601, 602, 605 Oswego bass... 6322208. 5.8 624, 629, 631 New Hampshire, distribution to. .829, 835, | Otter trawl........---.------ 20, 45, 47, 49 837, 842, 853, 883, | Oyster, its cultureat Saint Jerome. 37 902, 909, 1089, 1105 its food) ./s.42233 sossse 755, 764 use of fish guano its histology ::-.2. 2525-24 808 in .666, 667, 676, 677, 693 its production in Norway.. 611 New Jersey, distribution to-.....- 829, 835, 837, 840-842, 883, 903, 910, 913, 1105 use of fish guano in.666, 667, 671, 690, 691, 693, 695 New pOth; wsdles case cacse 30, 34, 35, 43 New South Wales, eggs sent to.... 1073 ING WHSDOCIOS ES tions cet ic sae cteitine sieete rs 39, 40 New York, distribution to.- 829, 836, 841 853, 885, 903, 910, 1049, 1089, 1105 New York, use of fish-guano in. 665, 667 675, 676, 693, 695 New Zealand, shipment of eggs to. 830 North Carolina, distribution to. 829, 836 842, 853, 886, 903, 1108, 1117 North Carolina, use of fish guano 666, 667, 677, 678, 679, 693, 695 Northeast River, shad-hatching on- 61 63, 72 North Sea, English fishing in.-.... 653 quantity offishtakenin. 659 value of fish taken in... 658 Northville hatching station ...-..- 1037 Norway, her fish trade-..-.. 599, 600, 604 her herring fishery. .--.-.. 659 statistics of her fisheries. 533 606, 609, 611, 617 Notodelphys ascidicola....-...--..- 758 Nova Scotia mackerel fishery... 407, 527 O. Octopus, collected by Fish Hawk. 40,41 =. 2-2 767, 829-837, | Sheepshead, its food.............- 766 840, 850, 1063, 1073 | Shipwrecks in Norway. ..539, 570, 571, 572 Penobscot . .. .841, 907, 1085, 1088 | Shore mackerel fisheries ...--....- 529 Schoodie - ..829, 830, 831, 841, 894 | Sigsbee, Lieutenant-Commander .. .19, 20 1037, 1052, 1053, 1056, 1091 27, 28 Susquehanna --25-22624,/625, 631 4)"¢Simmons MTree ose. ewes ea 1049 Salpingeeca, its mode of feeding... 761 | Simocephalus americanus. .... 77 Salvelinus fontinalis.....--.-.--.- 1037 Veluloss se sreeeeeee 777 Sandwich Islands, eggs sent to.... 830 | Skate sold at Billingsgate market. 660 sardine; its) food: 42222 5-.cee ses sae 755 7|RSlac key Mrs) serene ee 1047, 1048, 1103 Saxe, Dr Ay Wencltedesss. sc. oae 663 | Slipper-limpet, its eggs ...--...... 808 Scaling and dressing machine pat- Smiley, Charles W., articles by... .825, 917 ONS Series ot ane sa Sees ineemiese 88 1107 Schizomycetés, their food and hab- Smith; (Capt; Joseph --eea4-eseeses 529 TES ees ee ne nC ee 761, 762 DLs eel eR Rei e aes 2 4, 69 Schoodic salmon, its distribution .829, 830, ProksGslicee eee ee see 765 831, 848, 894, 1052, 1053, 1056 Silas ARE eh cs ee ane ee ee 642 salmon, its propagation.. 1837, | Snappers, animals eaten by mack- 1052, 1091 @rel tess See eee eee ee ee 106 Schwannicibedssss see eames see 808 | Snide and Fox, Messrs........-... 1040 Sciznoids,their food --..-........- 765 | Soles sold at Billingsgate market.. 660 Scientific results of Fish Hawk’s ex- Sounding apparatus -.....22, 25, 31, 32, 33 plorations.. 2 ch meee eee eee 38 | South America, its fish trade. -.... 601-603 PCOMPEIMOTOX case scpascase oe een 129 605, 606 Scotland, her fish trade. ..598, 603, 604, 605 Carolina, distribution to-.829, 836- herring fishery.-.---. 659 842, 855, 889, 904, 1108, MEM Witla CLLCOs eee meee ee oes 758 1117 Sea-trout fishery of Norway ..611, 612, 617 use of fish-gnano in..666 Sea-water, biological action of salts 670, 687, 688, 693, 695 1 ae HG Se Ae ees CHOOT Sees 749 | Spain, its fish trade.............. 598, 606 Seawing, fishing-tug....-.--..-..-- 1043 | Spanish mackerel, itspropagation.. 64,71 Sellman?Henty-- mesos -nease cone 226 | Spawning grounds of Great Lake Selys-Longchamps, Baron de. -...815, 823 fish ....1039, 1040 Shad, amount of water necessary mackerel ...111-115 forkeepingitseggsandfry.. 783 season of brook-trout....1049 fisheries for, in Susquehanna 1050, 1051 RIVED, seein ee eoee ee eos 619 Great Lake fish. 1040 its abundance in Belgium. .815, 816 1041, 1042 distribution ....... 825, 838, 843 mackerel ...111-115 embryology. .--. -2ss 767,768, | Speedwell, United States steamer. . 1 797, 798, 809 | Spencer, Herbert, cited.......-.-.. 795 fOOW a saee es escaes MOO OUMEOO || SPiLIalis SOUlMMes ase eee. ose eee 105 former abundance. . 625, 627, 632 | Sponge, red, its food and enemies.. 766 DYICC asses se 621, 622, 635, 642 | Squalus americanus...........--.- 161 propagation ... 16, 17, 60-63, 70, | Star fish, new species of..-.-..-..- 40 72, 826, 827, 828, 1107 | Stellwagen Banks, water tempera- SIZO yascmicey since eee see 622 PUTS sOME GaSe ae eee 123 retardation of the develop- | Stephanodiscus niagare ....-. ---- 774 ment of its eggs. ...- 787,795, 811 | Stone, Livingston, article by- ..1063, 1079 Shadwell, proposed fish market at .656, 657 | Strasburger, cited ...--.-.--------. 808 Striped apes of the Sues 624, 629 INDEX. 1145 Page. Page. Strdm Boye, article by ..........-- Git Lowanemeten cscs oeses ss acces nee 41 Sturgeon, its occurrence in Bel- Traps patented in 1881............ 38 SUOMI: He cereseeseers 815°} Dalipssteamer::_ 254 tase. ooze 59 sale in Billingsgate....- 660 | Turbot sold at Billingsgate market. 660 Suctoria, their food...-........... 763 | Transportation of eggs..787,793, 794, 795, Suckers in the Susquehanna ....-.. 625 800, 803, 1046, 1047, 1049, 1051 their food: 22. ccceeces =e 765 | Trap-net...............-..-1039, 1040, 1043 Sulphate of soda, shellfish kept Trawl-line.. ..33, 39, 551, 554-556, 558, 587, MIVA, eastern c ass see ae 753 589, 591, 594, 597, 615, 616 Sunfishes, their: food)... .-. 4/25... 765 | Trawl-net ...-.... 20, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 47, 49 Susquehanna River, its shad fish- Trichonympha, its mode of feeding 762 eries ...--.. 619 | Tritonium undatum, experiments shad hatching WLM s seta ceaivie wit ae Jas ase eee 751 into seetsee = 62,72 | Trout, brook ........1037, 1049, 1051, 1056 Sweden, its fish trade............ 600, 606 California). 325. - - 7 - 1g - oe ae i = . ° a - - oa : _ a 7 — - J : 7 - - 7 _ 7 i ) - - : - : \ 7 q - 7 ay - - : ; - - . 7 : - 7 : 5 : - : 7 - : ®) f : - q 7 a) - : - - y i SS i \ G | ul dy \y \"4 soa a Wah S 7 os . Ay Sh 8 : i my Ne i nee " We x i APA ae 8 ea 1H hy, My ? ) My, & ees AS 28 Ps a <2 iby Re Sy 4 | th : a “syed | a S SP ZEB Y, . AN SS ny wnah ie qh : - > ” fe AN RKC GP Re Saas Ne * Cee ves. BRI HR ROR re 9h * : fanhohes chemo i PDA ae > Pas 4 his Drea lpethenp tienes aA PPO ETT : i ~ 2 > : . tie Pants So Bint tr D's te - ~ = t t me it : ae aes ate * ‘ ‘ > as te Gabataewis eager — ~ — . . highs pepepeyalorpesrctesiatinan = ee i . + pe ypia ibn sedge ba} Ora) sai “ a e-* a a x . ~ - > rr NI 2 4 : , j ,