2-25- 11, 350 269 200 4 2,000 60
Ait) 2) ee 68, 475 1,736 36,700 | 592 17, 040 549
Fyke nets: |
Mississippi River........-- 12, 750 | 204 | 5, 250 | 57 20, 800 746
Bi Crore Bivers.: 20 e..'-5 50 | Z| 100 | Ee Seales Meta teat ee
——_— —_ —_ | |
1 105 22 eee a 12, 800 205 5, 350 | 58 20, 800 746
Pound nets: |
Mississippi River.........-. 2,000 | OO ai esas | amie oats [a ecloes one ee lS eee ee
Sto Croix BIvVevse os. oss. eee> 45, 000 935 800 | 16 5, 550 185
WOtaleic sd es eas 47, 000 995 | 800 16 5, 550 185
Trammel nets: | |
Mississippi River.......... 4,000 | 78 | 16, 250 230 2, 400 74
Spears: }
St; Croix:River:>-:-:.---.- 45, 000 Qi sees ee bet See ane arte (Ray Mas Ange ee AN | Ee pre med
Total by waters: |
Mississippi River........-..| 76, 000 1,811 58, 000 875 133, 240 4,609
Si Croix Biver---425- 2 101, 400 2,180 1,100 | 21 21, 580 756
Miscellaneous lakes....... ee ee eM pin ea eich te lnsgeceuteece 99,575 1, 468
Grand total...........| 177,400| 3,991| ‘59,100 |
728
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Table showing the yield of the fisheries of Minnesota in 1899—Continued.
| Crappie. Dog-fish. | Drum, fresh-water. Eels.
Apparatus and waters. |
Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value.
Hand lines: |
Mississippi River.........-. 1, 525 Mab ae bdcclcanadac 625 S10 eee wectas 15 aici
Miscellaneous lakes ...... 60 SEB | SDE AGL ae eee ea eye ett ees | ee eae Ie rare
Rota laeacesesee ees ee 62/490) ii2 {OS Pte se ee | eames | 625 10) eee leasone
Set lines: | Ran, : “|
MISSISSIp PIMRAVeTa 4 = set mortal se ceiccier sere | creietareretore etesiel et cteval| srorsleve see 15, 100 206 700 | $40
StiCroisRivier sss. acne culess soos -e4|eatecesnltes cere acai eee fovase sete cell apcireces 200 | 22
Mo teliee ses heen cee 2 seem ee ofa meetaeene aloe eges epee 15, 100 206 900-62
Seines: rb |
Mississippi River.-......... 2,185 BS 2ia | Erarayersraiatel| eraretsieeicte 22, 885 291 || 2 Sccselseck Veer
SUACrOlLRERIV ER eae voee as) Sacks isis toda acre erated [eb rake etl orerareherees 5, 600 109) | Scec ce see eee
Rotalllies ise cts Ase DABS WARN B20 en es se aN 28485 7400) | ake ce se acer
Fyke nets: | 7 jes | hacer |
Mississippi River........-.. 1, 000 Ooi Peters wate lsraraieveeters 2, 875 BI LO era scaadal bosode
StiCroimRiver: sae sssee [aed ge Acs| bee orate a cneesalaaae tere 200 op) Were ye a(R wee
Potalse teste s-teoes: 1, 000 82 ees ceinn |e sence 3075... : w'a8ieeeeee eee
Pound nets: ; | | am
St-CroixsRivierseciass- see: |Eaa cee mac menveeee 100 $3 | 6, 000 SES Aveeeeces Seaces
Trammel nets: |
Mississippi River....-...-.- We 60 @ull\bssegens| boaassse SFL ZO) ROOM | Peter rerete | eee
Total by waters: TAS ‘
Mississippi River 4,770 LE Se | Bre eyerell scree ssa 44, 610 574 700 40
StACOrOLe RIV Gls aceon sense neers cias eo |semebes 6 100 3 11, 800 192 200 22
Miscellaneous lakes......- | GO} 96551254645 eases el eee cei |ovcecctctece|rocceces|eec ess pee |eccess
| ed :
Grandstotaleee eee | 65,735 | 2,682 100 Bu 56, 410 766 900 62
Pike and Pike perch (wall- Pike perch Rock b
ickerel. ed). sauger). eA IOI
Apparatus and waters. y 2 eyed) 5 is ne Us
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value
Hand lines: |
Mississippi River ..-....--- 1, 000 $40 6, 000 $328 2,400 | $114 200 | $12
StyCroimmRivers scar =< 800 Bi WeSecnens Salisceouarte 1, 000 50! |niceestoee lees
Miscellaneous lakes ....--) 65,8385 | 1,850 ZAlL-Sy(ay || “ay uls)) || Saocoacael baadoocc 9, 877 228
Ota les etm sake 67,635 | 1,924 | 77,875 | 3,487] 3,400 | _—:164| 10,077 | __240
Set lines: pers RE te eon
IMASSISSTD DIWRUVe te ee eeeere | eeeieee seis ee eee ae 2,375 114 | 3, 390 WPA, | cosh sowcaieasobe
Seines: a eer |
Mississippi River.........- 10,475 359 2,810 132 4, 925 TAG 4) eae caer {ec oee
St. Croix Rivienssssessece el 250 st el eh ee es Ee 150 ig aR tee eee oe
Total etere sao enee 10, 725 370 2,810 132 5, 075 aS Tel Meeeerericd a acoae
Fyke nets: | ‘
Mississippi River....-..-.-- 2, 500 72 2,600 | 126 5, 925 GON sas eons eae
StyCroixiRivers.-2sco---- | 300 2) | Sae Seees | peenean 100 5 /ssacce ees eee
| | a,
Total eee Nea 2, 800 84 2, 600 126 6, 025 174i Pare Seay [eee
Gill nets: AT |
StaCroixmRiver-2- acc... | 500 2D Mss ae ieasis |utc Sievers 500 25/ at Mee wees beeeee
Tramme!l nets:
Mississippi River.......... 9,350] 345 2,125 | 155 310 ABs seenpeea al eerste
Spears:
St. (Croix Rivers. ececsee 21,500 AL05| Eee eeeeee o|Boas ber c|cnesbadoss|ssaooocn|ssocspeacc|onccac
Pound nets:
MississippliRiver..2---.-- 400 24 200 18 600 Biel eposonease Saccad
Sty CrolxaRiv eneeccer nsecae 850 ABN Sis ek saiall siete 550 QD 28. oe eel eee.
ADO EAE ale ste cts | _ 1,250 67 200 | 18 1, 150 65! Care eee
Total by waters: 7 :
Mississippi River.........- 23, 725 840 16,110 873 17, 510 602 200 12
St Croiuxeliviersa- a+: ce 2,700 QBN | cvererateve sere telereterctee 2,300 LAG eect sostsl| sete
Miscellaneous lakes....... RY EBB ay |S PSPAROE I WARRYi BhIN) |Goeansseessllescadoss 9,877 228
Gin aitotalleaecseeryae | 113, 760 3,225 | 87,485 4, 032 19, 810 718 10, 077 240
FISHERIES
OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES.
Table showing the yield of the fisheries of Minnesota in 1899—Continued.
729
Sturgeon, lake eiureeou ehovel- Suckers. Sun-fish.
Apparatus and waters. # ae.
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.
Hand lines:
IMESTBGIG) OUR en ese eager secocodccd bescceddllecacssoqne||pboccnds leequepe ato Becepses 685 $25
Siig ( CHRO D- YR ne eee EARS ASS aeAl Goce cecullsonsace=delldes sqdco lOobebocnod Scudoese 50 2
Miscellaneous lakes) = 5525 |o2 Se 5 aes oes eh ease tate |eleretoreloteialllSicicicioere = s'c}| wie sieiejore 14, 995 353
= eee eee PEREme ee Eee ec nec | eee Oe _.|__ 15,730 | 380
Set lines:
Mississippi River........-. 1, 660 $30 20, 000 S300 Nee ee eens sacle |ecicteteraree cardia
SPs OLOLXGRIVEL «acc cseecenc eeseenenl beecses 665 OS | ete eeemretaye rete istese wiaistal ate aiete wialeinsl eisai
Motalewtce ese aoe soe 1,660} 30 20, 665 BLO Meee erates let nc str Seeem onctallecieeine
Seines:
Mississippi River.......---. 34, 125 737 50,750 | 1,022 27, 885 $439 1, 400 44
St. Croix#River2<2-=22-26=2 | 6, 450 192 7, 800 140 9, 075 128 100 5
Totals sos ieis cee > | 40, 575 | 929 58,550 | 1,162 36, 960 567 1, 500 49
Fyke nets: P
Mississippi River........-- | 3, 800 65 11, 000 149 6, 500 | fd Be ssenerica smear
St @roix+Rivers....-2: =: -- | Beeenece aeeariooa Ene ce ronee lsseaccae 600 8 50 2
tenes et cee kk. 3, 300 65 | 11,000 149 00) |e 50) 2
Pound nets: |
IN USSVEST Pay OU UN GIR coe Jodeaag BaeEeceode| Sseascsd Sao sccroce| Feaesaoe 6, 250 | 250 400 28
St. Croix River .-.2.¢-5-.- 12, 500 378 14, 500 258 18, 725 | 264 200 | 10
Morale onsets. sacs, 12,500 | 378 | 14,500] 258| 24,975 | 514 600 | 38
Trammel nets: ie
LORS Ero ay Lee Soe aon) bon seose a ssbebace| Sossessqsellogseseoe 17, 150 334 585 30
Spears:
SP CroOLmMRLVen ea. sees to 25, 000 | 750 41, 700 OOM abate ae eter atorel| eee ee tnfor aici geeeris
Total by waters: ; |
Mississippi River........-- 39, 085 832 81, 750 1,471 57, 785 1,090 SOLON Li
Si’ Croix: River 22-252-222- 43,950 | 1,320 64,665 | 1,168 28, 400 400 400 19
MiscellavrieGusllakies= a. casio se rein al waste: i- | stetinie w ie=)s|| Secimiminet |aosee soar |s\clecters os 14, 995 353
Grandkiotele 2-5-5. 83,035 | 2,152 146, 415 2,639 86, 185 1, 490 18, 465 499
|
White bass. | ee Other fish. Frogs Mussel shells.
Apparatus and waters.
Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.
E = |
|
Hand lines:
Mississippi River...:...---.
St. Croix River .-.-...-
Miscellaneous lakes
MOUS. cess cn ecaeasedss
Set lines: ‘ =
Mississippi River.......--- 250 1 Renan losnene| |AAGtiSan aeee ac ones oeea aceeeced eecec ad onace=
Crowfoot lines:
MIRssiSsippl RIVER: <<< = <425-|5- o-oo Sacebco|pooces|Sorsnoa|bosse 4 becceece|lbceuccos 40,000 | $160
Seines: E 7
Mississippi River........-- 1,310 G3) || pSccsce| |seboes 500 OO kiss axing eas cseecellonesmrcelletees
Sts Crouxaniger crs soe 2 ase | aoe see ao asioee os ae nee 250 Ao Rees ele atie a tellastactene Le ee
Tots ease se ae 1,310 55 Ectecon| Soca 750 261 ae eteeeetostosels Bp peoeoses pooec
Fyke nets: | : >
Mississippi River........-- GD | 723) | ibeeees sl Bee oes| sa koses lk seeic |e acta | Ges ciel eee ee eel aoeeae
St Cro Rivert.3-4 3-5 42-|So2s2e leeeane 50 Dall pens aril societal Rep es ana laos atolotols | sevelciaieiee exseeee
—— SSS
Pound nets:
MiIssissipph Rivers. essa--|--6s2> 2 i ebas Sh acesec] Meaane 400 24D es oo eeca|locodaoa||socsccsollacsSoc
St. Croix Riverts:2..2522.- 100 6 50 3 750 UL |aBik Soc] esess wcelsee se sete ses
Motel cde ad cnt ssc. 100| | 7 ea Ear eG ee NRE werece sa ens
Trammel nets: cs 7 Rit
Mississippi River.......... 60 3 400 Of) | Beaeeea Seccee les seacea ecto bod |aseeudar sdeaos
Scoop nets:
Miscellaneous lakes.....-. asaya See OSH OSS E EGE eee eee ete ten TS OSD u SINS 24y Ve eee erates
Other apparatus:
Miscellaneous lakes.......|.. coots|[Sacioed)sencS8e]|= {so o5lbeosacu| oaosr 74,199 | _ 8,285 |....----|------
Total by waters: = gee:
Mississippi River.......... Sen | 162)) e400) |e 20)|) 1 O00) = 461552222. |heeeeree 40,000} 160
St. CroreeRiversn ac ceen-=- 100 6} 150 7 | 1,000 1 REGS boa boSeccad|Sacocacd)botade
Miscellaneous Jakes. ...... 250 15 | 3,825 Tat Ae eee es 92/254 |! 95609) |b sesso cies.
Grand total ......... 4,270 | 183 | 4,375| 67] 2,000| 61 | 92,254 | 9,609 | 40,000| 160
730 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Summary, by apparatus and waters, of the fisheries of Minnesota in 1899.
|
Apparatus and waters. Lbs. Value. || Apparatus and waters. Lbs. Value.
|
Wu ey A pee ae = | ea As
Hand lines: | | Pound nets:
Mississippi River ....-... 14, 435 | $662 || Mississippi River ...-.-- 10, 250 $436
St CroixgRiver: 2.2---22 2, 080 | 9341\", (St. CroixsRiver--- se: 2: 105, 675 | 2, 222
Miscellaneous lakes ..-- 326, 697 9,577 || _— ae
| Potale.eecessceceee 115, 925 2, 658
TOtHIos. SeReeeeeeaae 343, 212 10, 382 ||
= Gill nets:
Set lines: St. Croix River ...-.--- 1, 000 50
Mississippi River ..-...- 138, 060 | 4,114 | Trammel nets:
St. Croim River ss. 522.2 14,715 548 Mississippi River .-...-- 55, 815 1, 323
= Seoop nets:
Ota sees pose 8 102775 4, 662 Miscellaneous lakes ~~. 18, 055 1, 324
Crowfoot lines: | Spears: |
Mississippi River ......- 40, 000 160 || St. Croix River ....-..- 111, 700 | 2,475
Miscellaneous lakes -.. 21,500 | 410
Seines: | | —_—_|—_—
Mississippi River .....-- 267, 915 5, 873 | Totaly eae coe 1338, 200 2, 885
StaCroixRiviereseeeesas 43, 225 929 | oe
| Other apparatus:
Motailictrs sassceeecee 311, 140 6, 802 Miscellaneous lakes --. 74, 199 8, 285
Fyke nets: || Total by waters:
Mississippi River -..-...-- 75, 400 | 1,744 Mississippi River ...--. 601, 875 14, 312
St CroixRivers... 2.2 1, 450 33 St. Crom River sss522s- 279, 845 6, 350
Miscellaneous lakes --. 440,451 | 19, 596
Motaliess peace e ne | 76, 850 | evict a
| Grand total ........ 1,322,171 | 40, 258
SOUTH DAKOTA.
In South Dakota the number of persons participating in the fisheries
was 72, and the capital invested amounted to $1,781. The yield was
135,893 pounds, valued at $6,941, the greater part of which consisted
of buffalo-fish and cat-fish.
The Missouri River is the principal fish-producing stream in South
Dakota. It flows through the State for a distance of nearly 500 miles.
The Dakota section of this river contains few varieties of fish, the most
abundant being cat-fish, buffalo-fish, carp, suckers, and sturgeon. In
the clearer waters of the adjacent bayous and the tributary streams
other varieties are found, such as grass pike, pike perch (wall-eyed),
bullheads, etc. Several varieties of cat-fish are found, but the channel
cat is by far the most abundant.
At the various settlements along the banks of the Missouri there
are a few persons who devote a portion or the whole of their time
from April to October to fishing. The principal resorts for the
fishermen are Littlebend, Pierre, Chamberlain, Yankton Agency,
Niobrara, Yankton, Vermilion, and Elk Point. At each of these
localities a number of set lines, bait nets, and occasionally seines and
trammel nets are employed, either in the main stream or at the mouths
of the tributaries, but the catch is small and all of it is marketed in
the immediate vicinity. Some risk attends the setting of fixed appa-
ratus in the Missouri, because of the liability of its being covered up
or borne away by the shifting sand; and numerous snags and the
shifting bottom restrict the use of seines.
FISHERIES OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. 731
The eastern tributaries of the Missouri are fairly well supplied with
cat-fish, bullheads, buffalo-fish, suckers, grass pike, fresh-water drum,
ete. At various points the farmers and other residents occasionally
fish for their home use, but the fisheries are of no commercial impor-
tance except near the mouths of the streams. Along the Dakota River
below Mitchell set lines and seines are employed at times from March
to October. On the Vermilion River between Centerville and the
Missouri a number of seines, trammel nets, and set lines are used by
the farmer-fishermen. Big Sioux River below Canton supports seine
and trammel-net fisheries.
The western branches of the Missouri comprise the remaining rivers
of South Dakota, principal among which are Grand, Owl, Big Chey-
enne, and White rivers. The fishery resources of these rivers are of
very limited extent, except in the headwaters of the Big Cheyenne in
the Black Hills, where several species of fine game fish are numerous.
There are no commercial fisheries in any of these rivers.
A number of lakes exist in the eastern half of South Dakota, the
largest of which are Big Stone and Traverse, which form a part of the
eastern boundary of the State. The former is 35 miles long and has
an abundance of game fish.
Of the great variety of fish in Big Stone Eales the most abundant
are Bisel bass, pike perch (wall-eyed), rock hone and yellow perch.
Jn smaller quantities are found crappie, sun-fish, cat-fish, buffalo-fish,
suckers, pickerel, etc. Formerly sturgeon were quite plentiful and of
large size, the catch of one weighing 137 pounds being recorded; but
at present they are scarce and of small size.
Although Lake Traverse covers about as much space on the map as
Big Stone Lake, it is far less important than the latter. It is about
25 miles long and from three-fourths to 14 miles wide. The most
numerous fish are suckers, and perch. This lake is not used for fish-
ing, except that the farmers living near the shores may occasionally
fish for home use.
The principal lake entirely within South Dakota is Lake Madison,
about 10 miles long by 13 miles wide. This lake formerly had quite
a variety of fish, but the species now remaining are buffalo-fish,
bullheads, and yellow perch. The State interdiction against com-
mercial fishing is strictly enforced in Lake County, and little market
fishing exists. For several years Lake Madison has been drying up,
and the fish are dying, the pickerel apparently having become exter-
minated.
Lake Herman is situated in Lake County and is about 2 miles long
anda mile wide. The fish found here are buffalo-fish, bullheads, and
yellow perch. The vigilance of the fish wardens has prevented com-
mercial fishing in this lake for several years, but prior to 1895 several
cheap, home-made seines were surreptitiously employed, the catch
being sold to the neighboring farmers and in the town of Madison.
Situated in the southwestern portion of Minnehaha County is Wall
To? REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Lake, which covers about 1 square mile in area. The principal nsn
in Wall Lake are bullheads, yellow perch, buffalo-fish, pickerel, and
sun-fish, all of which appear to be decreasing in abundance. They are
caught by means of hand lines, principally during May and June, and
also under the ice during the winter. On some special days during
the summer as many as 100 men are fishing for pleasure in this lake.
In addition to those mentioned there are a number of lakes con-
taining a variety of fish in some abundance which are resorted to by
pleasure fishermen, but are not utilized for commercial purposes.
Prominent among these are Lake Kampeska, Clear Lake, Bear Lake,
Lake Andes, Swan Lake, Long Lake, Red Lake, Lake Poinsett, Twin
Lakes, etc. These contain pickerel, buffalo-fish, bullheads, perch, ete.
In various parts of the eastern half of South Dakota are so-called
dry lakes. Formerly these contained considerable water and were
fairly well supplied with fish, but, depending on surface drainage, they
have become dry since the agricultural development of adjacent lands.
Notable instances of this are found in Kingsbury County, where flax
and other crops are now grown on lands covered by extensive lakes
previous to 1890.
Only a small portion of the fish obtained in South Dakota pass
through the hands of regular marketmen, the principal part of the
catch being sold in the towns by the fishermen and through the adja-
cent farming regions by peddlers. The fish handled in the markets are
generally obtained from outside the State, the quantity of fish brought
into the State exceeding that obtained from the rivers and lakes.
Table showing, by waters, the number of persons employed in the fisheries of South Dakota
in 1899.
iz ] : == = | CX CLUSLYC
Waters | | :
7 ays Trammel Weeweey = of dupli-
| Seine. | rke Se e,
lee eine. | ae Fyke net.| Set line ANG.
Missouri River ....... BESO RCo SHoE Sno se-sowsan seoanosleeaeeddéoe | Seep 6 | 21 23
Missouriand Dakota rivers.........-.....-.-.----.- 12 | 16 20
Missouri and Vermilion rivers . 2 | 7 12
MAISSOMMIANdBISs SIOUXenNVeTSee mee om eee see ae ae ate 4 | 2 ily/
Total <5. fasts nchacses sos eene teeis se raeeke aelewes 24 46 72
Table showing, by waters, the boats, apparatus, and property employed in the fisheries of
South Dakota in 1899.
| | Fyke is
Boats. | Seines. Trammel nets. |Set lines.) 7740 Shore
pees poses! nets. |andac-| Total
Waters. | zs = = cessory | invest-
Ixy r +, | Length’ ,,, 1. | Length} ,,. = Tal IN ts prop- | ment.
No.| Val.|N : (yds.). NAR (yds.). ees No.| Val. | No.} Val. erty.
eee jae cane ea Ee |—/- i= —| =! Z
Missouri River... ¢-|/26 |\gooeh|) cits Ae eee |e. sf) Ace |e 46 | $33 | 20| $61 | $95 | $417
Missouri and Da- | |
kota rivers.......- DA | LST Aare eee 3013) lesa teul Peceemesines al blends | 20} 20 | 52 | 208 100 600
Missouri and Ver- | |
milion rivers ..... 125 29S oa eel SON PSS ales 110 | $34] 9] 18] 4] 12 50 250
Missouri and Big | | | |
SIOUX TIVerseeecse- | 136 | 6 68C | 210 | 1 80; 20; 4 6 | 10 | 42 100 514
Wotaleea esses | 73 | 649 | 10 s60|233| 4| 190] 54] 79| 77| 86 | 328 345 | 1,781
| | |
| | | |
FISHERIES OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. (33
Table showing, by waters and apparatus of capture, the yield of the fisheries of South
Dakota in 1899.
Drum, fresh- Pike and | Sturgeon, Sturgeon,
water. Paddle-fish. pickerel. | lake. shovel-nose.
Apparatus and waters. \_
|
| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val.
: | |
Seines: |
Missouriand Dakota: Tivers-<.|2ssncsc| sees es aaeeenes\ecseee SL PZ010)"| A CLM oooass Eaeecs 300 | $12
Missouri and Vermilion rivers. | ea gu I | te ga re Ble Noch SOO RTs | Meter se ee /Eeaee ee. Reale
Missouri and Big Sioux rivers. 300 | $12} 1,900) $48 225 14 |......-| Maca) Saesee heels
Motale ss 240. ease 300 1) e900 48 | 3,225 | 297 |ecosecs|zose52 300 | 12
Tramme!l nets: i | If
Missourland Vermilion Ti yerss |e. co: hae - =| samcce ool acess 900 Ge een Seana Maas eee
Missouri and Big Sioux rivers.|....... Pee ees lssodacee cree 100 () Sa ooeso|eescna|socuscclosae
Motailee feces - tee sce ese en een crs nee noe | Basins | 1,000 GOW Sse scc| t= escent sane
Set lines: | |
WVISSOUTIC RIVED a5 sa. 0cie cesses ic oes -c|s2s sas 150 Cl eles st [ook > = 420) PeSLON eee leteeee
Missouri and Dakota rivers...)....---|...--- Sescoeee) eee | 200; 16 Seabee lente oers 100 4
Missouri and Vermilion rivers.|.......)...... Baseauet ees 400 BU | Pon=eme|aeotor|sececse vows
TS ES saad ee ee ee atone ee 150 4 600; 43/ 420] 15] 100| 4
Total by waters: | i
MGSO UTISRAVGEY sus f2 tee al eee aha lle ae od 150 | ON aeeia ae) Saas 420 15 |e cae ana Sime
Missouri and Dakota rivers...!....... eae aia Neve pera B eames TANNA aes Ss seen 400 | 16
Missouriand Vermilion rivers.|......- (hae eeeaeaan sear SiO, el OS(s Seer See eae ee wed
Missouriand Big Siouxrivers.| 300 12) 1,900] 48 | B25) || PAD) | oeesase [stress |------- eee
a SS SS SS —
Granditotall -e--2-2--- oe | 300 | 12 | 2,050} 52 | 4,825 | 380 | 4290) 15] 400] 16
| } | | | |
Buffalo-fish. | Cat-fish. Suckers. Total.
Apparatus and waters. fe |;
Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.) Lbs. Value.
pick | Bek | bones eh
Seines: : | | |
Missouri and Dakota rivers...; 3,800 $138 | 2,300 $145 ; 2,900 $89 | 10,500 $480
Missouriand Vermilionrivers.| 3, 200 118 | 1,100 68 900 29 | 7, 000 332
Missouriand Big Sioux rivers.| 29,260 1,160 | 4,128) 265 | 7,650 244 | 43, 463 1,743
Motal’ 232% s25 24-21-22 36,260 | 1,416 | 7,528 | 478 | 11,450 362 | 60, 963 2, 555
Tramme!l nets: | | |
Missouriand Vermilion rivers. 300 125) 3,250) } 184 390 12 4,800 | 262
Missouri and Big Sioux rivers.! 1,600 48 150 | 10 | 1,850 55 | 38, 700 119
POtAe Es eee Ses e 1, 900 60 | 3,400 194 | 2,200 | 67 | 8,500} e 381
Fyke nets: |
MiISSONTURIVER <-.44 <2 5~ 200,06 910 32 4,740 321 | 220 7 5, 870 360
Missouri and Dakota rivers... 4,500 167 | 14,340 | 946 | 1,100 40 | 19,940 1,153
Missouriand Vermilicn rivers. 390 14 | 950 58 70 | 3 | 1,370 75
Missouri and Big Sioux rivers. 950 32 | 4,760 | 303 | 300 11 6, 010 346
ob 0) £2 4 I eee nese 6,710 245 | 24,790 | 1,628} 1,690 61 33, 190 1, 934
Set lines:
Missouri RIVCL- < fn- oe cee fae Pi, ee ae a eeeiee lt Sears al sores Ree eo eoetee Ree nee oe opesod 1, 900 92
Platte: River = S222 222 300 | $25 | 1,650 Gd RS oa) Seen Mee aases Gactnms aceieal aacte Ss
Total by waters: |
WASKOUTIERI Vers 22 45¢--5|2cctees\ooenee 10,800 | 271 | 3,000} 218 800 48 | 16,650 694
Piaitte River oss. 22256 | 300 DOU LORD TON |e cL ioMler ane no |e ee oe Sack aa ac fee acere |eeeeeeee|e-ee ee
Grand total .......... | 300 25 | 16,375 | 444 | 3,000) 218 800 48 | 16,650 694
Suckers. White bass. Yellow perch. Total.
Apparatus and waters. - =
: Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value.
Seines: |
MissouricRiver.«.-— 5-5 DESO BL, GOO 2 cacao aes losecee ee leisieecie ore 194, 420 7, 448
PIStie Riwer.2<= 2. coe 6, 700 245 200 SLOE SER SESS ce 30, 000 1, 365
MOtMesecaee Lota ce | 64, 280 2, 201 200 LO) postgccsalsche nace 224, 420 8,813
Trammel nets: ie
Missouni#River.-=---2:-. 10, 110 253 100 6 300 $12 33, 230 1, 225
Platte Rivers. .2o- 36.2% = 200 ‘AS EEE SS Salt ee 2: ekieersale sce L see 845 37
Motabeses.- eee a thet 10, 310 261 100 6 300 12 34, 075 1, 262
Set lines:
Missouri River -........-- 3, 550 30H Ea aeeee kale eee Nes sees eens 43, 250 2, 236
Platte River Jsis.2 2225.5: 1,150 46 1, 000 OES 2 Seceas| eee 19, 600 1, 223
PRORHIE eae Fo ee 4,700 176 1, 000 DOW ess cscs be oeeeke 62, 850 3, 459
Fyke nets:
Missouri River......-....- 7, 640 | DOS) |e Memr maule saan icnia teresa Sosisreiare c 38, 522 2, 026
Platte RIVEr 2. see tee 1, 700 GAPE eee ot TS ee ea eT Ree ee 6, 750 377
Wotalten aoe see oe ce: 9, 340 SOOT | Bet! Sa eek he Sid ales oe (Soe 45, 272 2, 403
Total by waters:
Missouri River........-.- 78,880 | 2,604 100 6 300 12 309, 422 | 12,935
PIAttewnVer sc- ones soe. 9, 750 363 1, 200 ON Gee Sctiag ae ate 57, 195 3, 002
Grand! total! > =:--2 25+ 88,630 | 2,967 1, 300 66 300 12 366, 617 15, 937
Items. Number. Value.
Establishments (1 at Lincoln, 3 at Omaha)
Cash: capital! 52 eise! 22 52 2 ec eee eee te. ste!
Persons engaged
Pounds. Value.
Products sold: JE eee
ROR ESTIS ieee a oe ere es 2 A OR PRE NG Sie anos a soe nes 1,805,312 | $165, 484
ba) ei /ctys team San 8 GRRE ae Aare ae ee eS ee ee Cee ee 12, 562 2, 512
OPTRLE I Re ene ie enc ete See cee oate EO ENORY = boos w vatswiaeeecesiee 3, 158, 650 428, 402
PROLAL PYOUUCIS sees ence es ses es Ne Soma so Siocbe cass esiecer 4,976, 524 596, 398
F, C. 1901——~47
738 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
KANSAS.
While the fisheries of Kansas are of considerable economic impor-
tance in furnishing a supply of fresh food to persons living adjacent
to the streams, yet commercially they are of small extent. The total
number of professional fishermen in the State in 1899 was only 118,
and the product was 277,920 pounds, for which the fishermen received
$13,546. The investment in the fisheries was $3,836.
The fyke-net fishery was the most important, yielding 138,445 pounds,
or nearly 50 per cent of the total product. Set lines, seines, and
trammel nets ranked next in order and complete the list of apparatus
employed. The principal species obtained were cat-fish, buffalo-fish,
fresh-water drum, paddle-fish, suckers, eels, and lake sturgeon, the two
first named comprising a large part of the catch. Along that portion
of the Missouri River bordering the State of Kansas the fisheries are
located at the principal centers of population, viz, Atchison, Leaven-
worth, and at the mouth of Kansas River.
While the fisheries in the vicinity of Atchison are of much local
importance, they do not wholly supply the markets of that city. The
fishing-grounds are in the Missouri River and certain of its old beds,
the most important of which is Doniphan Lake, which is 24 miles long,
three-fourths of a mile wide, and 2 to 25 feet deep. Some of the
lakes are fed almost constantly by springs and small streams of clear
water, in addition to the somewhat irregular inflow from the Missouri
River. The fisheries are prosecuted in the spring and fall during the
periods of low water.
The principal fishes in the vicinity of Atchison are cat-fish, buffalo-
fish, paddle-fish, fresh-water drum, lake sturgeon, and suckers, three-
fourths of which are taken by means of seines and lines. Haul seines
are used on the sand bars in the river during low water, and in the lakes
more or less at all times in the season. Set lines are used to some
extent throughout the year, but principally during the spring. The
trammel nets and hoop nets or fyke nets are used in the ** slack waters,”
or arms of the main stream. Several lakes in this vicinity have been
stocked with fish not indigenous to the region, such as pike perch
(wall-eyed), pickerel, yellow perch, crappie, black bass, ete.
The fisheries of Leavenworth are of little consequence, consisting of
a limited set-line, fyke-net, and seine fishery, in which from 12,000 to
20,000 pounds of buffalo-fish, cat-fish, lake sturgeon, fresh-water drum,.
suckers, and paddle-fish are annually obtained. The fish markets of
Leavenworth depend on supplies from Illinois River, the Great Lakes,
and the Pacific coast, in addition to the small local production.
The most extensive fisheries of Kansas River are near the entrance
of that stream into the Missouri. Some use is made of seines and
trammel nets, but the fyke-net or hoop-net fishery is by far the most
important, yielding 80 per cent of the total product. Suckers are tie
most numerous species, with cat-fish and buffalo-fish next in order;
FISHERIES OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. 739
other species are fresh-water drum, eels, crappie, rock bass, black bass,
pike perch (wall-eyed), ete. All of these are less abundant than for-
merly, which is partly attributable to the increased demand of a growing
community. Other causes have doubtless contributed to the decrease,
among which are the dam at Lawrence and sewage from the cities.
The fisheries of Lawrence are the most important on the Kansas River
above Kansas City, yet they are not so extensive as a few years ago.
During the high waters of the spring cat-fish, suckers, and buffalo-fish
from the Missouri pass up Kansas River as far as the Lawrence dam,
where they are taken in large quantities. The fishermen operate
between the dam and Eudora. Set lines and fyke nets are used, the
atch consisting of cat-fish, buffalo-fish, suckers, fresh-water drum, and
eels. The cat-fish average in weight about 15 pounds, with a maximum
of 100 pounds, and buffalo-fish from 10 to 30 pounds.
Topeka is the center for the fisheries of the Kansas River above the
Lawrence dam, the annual yield approximating 15,000 pounds. The
catch is obtained by a half dozen men fishing between Lawrence and
Silver Lake, an old bed of the river about 10 miles west of Topeka.
Table showing, by waters, the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Kansas in 1899.
Fisheries in which employed. Total,
7 j === elusive
Waters exclusiy
tas Trammel|,_). : of dupli-
Seine. aAeii, |Fyke net.) Set line. Gationt
MISSOUTWRIVERS 26 2- oopsoewaaece oe se ne esceeeeees 12 9 8 36 45
Kansas River.....-- sedatecosseseossoncscoseseeecone 6 Z 57 38 73
POL leeene aasioe rie ae eee are odes seats 18 11 65 74 118
Table showing, by waters, the boats, apparatus, and property employed in the fisheries o
g, by ; apparatus, and 4
Kansas in 1899.
Boats. | Seines. | Trammel nets. |Fyke nets.| Set lines. Shore
SSS and
; : ze e : A> : : areca plot
Waters. | @ Se a) Sw o o 0) sory |22V est-
RS ly a= sf Seal) sea) tes a || 2 Sea mente
aes | on Ora eC orSaleecsma Gn is clan Onlbcs ally DAODs
ee cea eS No a erty.
= | | = :
Missouri River. ....| 44 | 466 | 5| 560] $218; 5 | 440] $140 | 35 | $176 | 56 | $124 220 | $1,344
Kansas River .....- 74 | 821 | 3) 225 60) 50 20 |247 |1, 213 | 45 81 | 297 2, 492
pe eee eens 2s aut
Totals. es 118 peal = 785 | 278 | 6| 490] 160 |282 |1,389 |101 | 205 517 | 3,886
|
Table showing, by waters and apparatus of capture, the yield of the fisheries of Kansas in
1899.
Crappie. Eels. Sturgeon, lake.
Apparatus and waters.
Lbs. Value. Lbs, Value. Lbs. Value.
Fyke nets:
KaANnsss River sooss-55-.2-- 100 $8 450 $36 600 $18
Set lines:
MGRSOUIIERLY Cl >= soe tee aes as ae nee eee eee eee ee es eee 1, 200 60
Kansas Rly Gre ea utes 3| sine ost oe oe meron 5 620 DShilESencwiaserione Jbcor oder ie
Total by waters: > z * |
NMIRSOUTI Fal ve te cere ice leon. ta er ee ae Bes | Seo eee 1, 200 60
Kansas Rivets ee ee | 100 | 8 1, 070 94 600 | 18
Grand total ........... 100 | 8 1,070 94 1, 800 | 78
740 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Table showing the yield of the fisheries of Kansas in 1899—Continued.
—
Black bass. Buffalo-fish. Catfish, || Dim, freshe
water.
Apparatus and waters.
Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.
Seines: |
IMUISSOUMIBRLV Clin =iiae eee ea crslateinieleiera/o|| ciaialsiminiare 9, 520 $390 6, 385 $462 880 $36
KeansastRiveracscceeeeees|] seeecce sel eet acer 900 45 1, 835 110 750 30
Mota a Vesta ee mene. CP =e age: 10,420/ 435/ 8,220|. 572| 1,630| 66
Fyke nets: Bere gs Cac mie eter pub aa
MissounieRiver=cne- smesens|(-o- sees cls eeetees 4,700 | 193 38, 945 269 540 18
Kiamsas Rivers 2--ceecnecee 60 $6 19, 545 | 825 31,680 | 1,913 2,500 101
WA MO ballets as aces eens 60 6 24,245 | 1,018 35,625 | 2,182 | 3, 040 119
Set lines: |
Missouri River ........---- 600 48 6, 280 291 23,130 | 1,569 650 21
IKGMSAS RIVED caacciscie se cee| see sete tellience males 4, 600 213 23,600 | 1,476 1,550 69
Totals s--22 Sascnsiee cise 600 48 10, 880 504 46,730 | 3,045 2, 200 90
Tramme! nets: : MaRRMeC lass ee
MAISSOUTIURIVER® yb saciee sa) steele islofec [alcatel ates 6, 210 256 4, 220 328 700 28
Kansas River ...-------++-|--+-+++++-|e+2+---4 240 12 165 10 375 15
Motalienge ce udia’ aller od aia ciniclotaleisteie al] Serer este 6, 450 268 4, 885 338 1, 075 43
Total by waters: TUT ape Bll aah Felit Ue Mad © Waal as i oy Ces RPee Ron Reais eae
MissouriRiver.-.-------=- 600 48 26,710 | 1,130 37,680 | 2,628 2,770 103
Kansas sRiver oco.e este 60 6 25,285 | 1,095 57,280 | 3,509 5, 175 215
Grand totals es-. ee. 660 54 51,995 | 2,225 94,960 | 6,137 7, 945 318
Paddle-fish. |Pikeandpickerel. Suckers. Total.
Apparatus and waters.
Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value.
Seines:
Missouri River....-------- 1, 700 $68 200 $16 14, 360 $502 38,045 | $1,474
Kansas River ....-. peserssae 500 It eae ae scee Seacace 2,370 95 6, 355 295
Motels. ssseweceee- cee 2, 200 83 200 16 16, 730 597 39, 400 1, 769
Fyke nets:
Missouri River...... SB goce] Baas ccna lesdosee| eaoobasoaalbaaoadas 2, 200 83 11, 385 563
Kansas River a.55-e\fceed |e tags stellen nine [eee se celacll see abies 72,125 | 2,898 | 127,060 5, 805
To tall. Fe Laas eed k ecnal| bis omits lislowtete eters ott laeeeeerts 74,325 | 2,981 188, 445 6, 368
Set lines: ‘
IMISSOUTIURAVCD 22 a ceiere scale Demet well Comic coe leg emer crseeleeieaees Pap) 316 39, 585 2,305
Kansas tRiveris..co- ss deee| Se sesiie evans toed ses meciccteis)| ae toe 2, 350 101 32,720 1,917
Motels? Oy Se hans A lee, Whee Tea eae ieee ee | 10,075| 417] 72,305| 4,222
Trammel nets: ;
Missouri River......-..--- 1, 650 62 125 10 9, 985 842 22, 890 1, 026
KansasiRiverectscne-e-- oe 4,000 120M Se. Sak ce Sieeeoeee 100 4 4, 880 161
Motalss es cceneOake see 5, 650 182 125 10 10, 085 346 27,770 1,187
Total by waters: |
MISSOUNIGRIVEr aeeees secaee 3, 390 130 325 26 34,270 | 1,243 | 106, 905 5, 368
Kian Sas (RIVCr seceeec cose = 4, 500 118} 5h eee eer ao | 76,945 | 3,098 171, 015 8,178
Grand totale ase. —
a ae oe SSS
ees Sy
Sy
SW 4
=
=
at
Large Dip Nets, Aitutaki.
Shark nets are of heavy material, are 40 to 50 feet long, 6 feet deep,
and have a mesh from 5 to 6 inches. Occasionally sharks enter the
traps. As soon as one comes in contact with the net, it is wrapped up
in it, which renders it helpless, and it is then easily dispatched.
Hook-and-line fishing is carried on outside the lagoon, off the reef,
the hooks being similar to those described on page 768. This hook was
at one time the only style in use in most parts of the South Seas.
The wicker-work fish-traps differ in design from those observed at
other islands. They average 2 feet in diameter at the bottom, 1 foot
across the top, and 20 inches high. The mouth or lead is at the top
780 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
and extends to within 4 inches of the bottom; diameter of lead, 54
inches. The bait is fastened at the top between the lead and the inner
side of the trap. A door opens on the side. In order for a fish to
reach the bait it must pass through the funnel out into the trap and
then to the top. When once through the funnel it is very difficult for
a fish to escape. The traps are set in various depths of water, in the
lagoon, on the reef, and outside. Stones are fastened to the bottom to
anchor them. Instead of a single buoy at the surface to mark the
spot where set, pieces of wood about 7 inches long are attached to the
buoy line about 5 or 6 feet apart. A string of these floats, reaching
from the surface to the bottom, is attached to each trap. Why one
large surface buoy is not used instead of so many small ones we were
unable to learn.
The canoes observed on this island do not differ, except in a few
minor points, from those of Tahiti and many of the islands in the Pau-
motu group. At the first glance it was quite evident that the style
and finish had undergone a change from the original; they lacked many
qualities found in canoes at isolated islands. One canoe measured 13
feet long, 13 inches wide at the gunwale, and 16 inches at the water
line. The original shape of the log had been retained amidships, which
accounts for the difference in width. Both bow and stern turned up,
commencing at the water line and carried out almost to a point. A
deck covered the forward part 23 feet and on the after end 14 inches.
There were mast steps both fore and aft; mast partners on the after
side of crosspieces. Outrigger 6 feet from the side; outrigger float
12 feet long, 6 inches wide, and 4 inches thick, turned up at each end.
Crosspieces of frame 7 feet apart and connected to the float by pins
or stanchions, consisting of a tree branch, the butt ends wedged into
holes cut in the float and the crosspieces seized to them. No brace of
any kind to strengthen frame. As little work as possible seems to
have been performed on the canoes of this island, and that in the most
careless manner. This arises from the fact that whale boats have been
in use here for many years.
NIUE OR SAVAGE ISLAND.
We arrived at this island November 25 and landed at Alofi village
on the northwest side. There are ten other villages, two of which are
considerably larger than Alofi. The total population of the island is
about 4,000. We saw nothing to indicate that any great amount of
fishing is carried on. There is no barrier reef to form a lagoon, and
the fringing reef on this side of the island being narrow, the oppor-
tunities for extensive fishing are limited.
The only fishing apparatus observed was a net 60 feet long, 6 feet
deep, with a 2-inch mesh. It could have been used either as a drag
seine or gill net, but was probably put to the former use. ‘The floats
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. 781
were made of koa wood, 3 inches long, 1 inch in diameter, and 10 feet
apart. On the foot line were fastened pieces of coral. The head and
foot ropes are made of the usual cocoanut fiber, the webbing of some
native material unknown to us.
In some respects the Niue canoe is different from any heretofore
examined, particularly in ornamental display. It also has a crowning
deck 8 feet forward and 7 feet aft. The main body is practically the
same as found at many other islands; that is, the bottom is dug from
a single log, the top is made of several pieces, and the two parts are
joined together with cocoanut-fiber twine; pandanus leaf between the
seams, covered with a white pitchy substance. On account of the
scarcity of logs of suitable size the bottom is solid and the top is built
up of strips.
At the place where we landed there were several canoes hauled high
up on the bluff, there being no beach on this part of the island, and as
the fringing reef is narrow it affords‘no protection. The canoes were
covered with heavy matting and palm leaves to protect them from the
AZ
Sketch of Half Canoe, Savage Island.
sun. Seeing that we were interested in the canoes, the natives gave
every opportunity to photograph and take measurements, and were
apparently pleased that we were interested in things which they
possessed. The large canoe measured 25 feet over all; decked over
forward and aft, the deck hewn out of a solid piece, carved on the top
and sides; width of canoe, 16 inches at the gunwales and 18 inches
where the top and bottom join together; depth, 13 inches; outrigger
float, 10 feet long, 54 feet from the side; outrigger frame, consisting
of 3 crosspieces 3 feet apart, fastened to the gunwales with coir sen-
nit and connected to the float by stanchions 12 inches high. In the
canoe under each crosspiece was a spreader, consisting of a withe bow
bent in, the top or ends about an inch above the gunwales, the bow
part raised from the bottom 7 inches. The bottom of the canoe being
solid, no strengthening timbers were needed. Hanging to the outside
gunwales was a single row of sea shells, all of one species and evenly
matched as to size. There was nothing in this and other canoes exam-
ined to indicate that sails are used.
The people of this island do not seem to depend so much on fish as
those living on atolls. Here the ground is more productive and fur-
nishes food in abundance,
782 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
THE TONGA ISLANDS.
EUA.
Our next landing-place was Eua, a small island in the Tonga group,
surrounded by a fringing reef and covered with a rich growth of veg-
etation. The eastern shore is very precipitous, with a number of small
caves close to the water’s edge, into which the sea rushes with great
force. Many ‘‘ blow holes” were observed in the old coral rock. In
a few places small sandy beaches had formed immediately in the rear
of the beach rock, but its ragged front would prevent any attempt at
collecting with a seine.
The ship lay to off English Roads, and a party landed at Ohonua
village, on the western side of the island, a place of about 300 inhabit-
ants. We could find no suitable places on the reef for collecting with
a seine. In a small stream on the outskirts of the village 14 mullet
were caught ina Baird seine. Numerous snags in the stream prevented
even a small seine being used to advantage. We followed up the
stream for a half mile without finding any better seining-ground than
at the mouth. By clearing out the bed of the stream fairly good
results might possibly have been obtained.
While there were no canoes at the village or anywhere in the imme-
diate surroundings, it is unlikely that these people are without them.
There may have been a number away on some excursion at a distant
part of the island.
Hauled up under cover, near the mouth of the stream, was a square-
stern, straight-stem, clinker-built boat, sloop-rigged, 25 feet long and
9 feet wide, decked over and with a standing room or cockpit aft, and
a 2 by 3 foot hatch forward leading into the hold. This boat had
probably been purchased from some passing trader and used only in
visiting neighboring or distant islands. It apparently had not been
in the water for a long time.
The entire absence of nets or other apparatus led us to believe that
but little fishing is carried on at this island, and as near as we could
learn it is all done with spear. In the evening three men, carrying
torches of cocoanut husks, were engaged in spearing fish on the reef.
TONGA TABU.
A visit of two days was made to Nukualofa, on the island of Tonga
Tabu. Shore collecting was carried on at both stages of the tide.
A platform makes off a long distance from the shore, and, like most
reefs of its kind, exposed at low water, contains many pools in which
are small fish. Compared to many other reefs of a similar character,
a scarcity of fish and other animal life was found. At low water a
collecting seine was taken to the reef and repeated trials were made
in the pools, but with only negative results when used in the ordinary
way. By using it in the manner of a trap, as was previously done at
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. 783
other islands, a few fish were captured. Several species of crabs were
taken with a dip net. It was impossible to haul a seine on any part of
the reef visited. Spear, trap, and dip net are more useful and are
used by the natives.
In front of the town, and for a number of miles on either side, is a
long, narrow, sandy beach; this suddenly merges into the reef plat-
form, and it is only when the tide is high that a seine can be hauled
on any partof it. One afternoon was spent in fishing with seine along
this beach. The principal part of the catch was mullet, and flounders
were also taken in a number of hauls.
Hand-lines with various kinds of bait were over the side of the ship
most of the time, but not evena bite was felt. A crab net was set and
repeatedly hauled without results.
Four wire traps were set on the reef, two near a native trap, and
two on the edge of the reef, in about 6 feet of water. They were down
24 hours and were visited three times, but nothing was taken in them.
A trammel net was set in 12 fathoms of water, remaining down 24
hours; no fish were found in it.
The natives of Nukualofa do not apply themselves very industriously
to fishing, but are more given to raising fruit for the Australian and
New Zealand markets, there being a line of steamers plying between
those countries and Tonga. Since this line was established the natives
have given less attention to fishing than formerly. The making of
fine canoes and fishing apparatus is looked upon as of minor importance
as compared to labor which will bring them a few dollars.
So far as we could Jearn, no fishermen are regularly engaged, except
when the steamer arrives; then men and boys repair to the reef and
capture enough for her wants; at other times the women and children
do most of the fishing, supplying the immediate wants of the town.
Like most places in the South Seas, fishing here is to a considerable
extent carried on in the night. Spearing is the principal method of
‘apture, though hook-and-line fishing is at times performed. We saw
none of the latter and very little of the former method. One evening
a few men and boys gathered on the reef, the men with spears and the
boys carrying torches. When the tide is high a canoe to hold the fish
is generally towed along the beach by one or two boys. When the
reef is bare, baskets made of palm leaves are carried on the backs
of men, women, and boys to deposit the catch in. At high water fish-
ermen confine themselves close to the beach, where mullet generally
school in considerable numbers. At other times they travel over the
reef, searching in all the pools for fish, jumping from one to another
in bare feet over the sharp coral, ever on the alert for the slightest
movement inthe water. ‘The light of the torches thrown suddenly into
the pools or little channels will startle fish that may be at or near the
surface, causing them to dart into holes or try to make their escape
(84 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
through an outlet. It is then that the accuracy of aim is exhibited by
the spearman.
On the outer edge of the reef was a native fish-trap, unlike all others
noticed, and built of bamboo poles and wire netting. The stakes were
8 feet long and 3 feet apart, driven in the crevices in the coral. The
wire was attached to the stakes 3 feet from the top. At high water
the top of the wire was
Pe just awash; offshore lead,
200 feet; inshore lead,
150 feet. The trap proper
was built somewhat in
the shape of a heart, 60
feet in diameter. This
was the only trap noticed.
There may have been
others elsewhere of differ-
ent construction, for the
reef covers a large area.
Our work kept us within
a few miles of the village,
and only a small portion
of the fishing-ground was
explored.
The canoes of Tonga do
not materially differ from
many of those noticed in
the Paumotus. The natives of Tonga Tabu, like the people of many
other islands, have been too long associated with civilization not to
have lost a great deal of their ability as canoe-builders, and probably
never again will the beautifully made canoes be seen among the islands
of this group. Boats of every description are fast supplanting the
dugout and all other forms of canoes.
One canoe was measured, which will answer as a type: Length, 17
feet; width, 14 inches; depth, 15 inches, dug from one piece of wood.
A top rail 4 inches deep and 1 inch thick ran the whole length,
and was seized on with the usual cocoanut-fiber thread. The holes
through which the seizing passed were 4 inches apart, and on each side
of the seam was a bamboo strip; nogum or pitch inthe seam. At the
water line the canoe was 2 inches wider than at the gunwales; very
round on the sides and bottom. Stem straight, stern tapering nearly
toa point. There were two thwarts, one forward, the other aft, and
both nailed to the gunwales. The crosspieces forming the frame of
the outrigger were 6 feet apart, and they were also nailed to the gun-
wale, the outer ends being fastened to the float by withes wound
around pegs. The float of the outrigger was made of koa wood, 10
feet long, 44 inches in diameter, and 3} feet from the side,
‘al
i b
LAIN
KILL ALM
CRI VO
Le,
Fish-trap, Nukualofa.
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. 785
NAMUKA.
This is a small island belonging to the Tonga group, about 58 miles
north of Nukualofa. The Albatross arrived here December 2 and
anchored 2 miles off the village. No collecting was done on Namuka,
but a landing was made on an islet not far from our anchorage, where
we found fairly good beaches for hauling a seine. A reef surrounds
the islet, and between its inner edge and the shore is a level stretch
covered with coral sand. It makes off from the shore quite steep for
about 30 feet, then continues level fully 100 feet, terminating in a
fringe of old coral, on the outside of which commences a growth of
live coral.
Nine hauls were made with the seine along the beach. The result
was a few half-beaks, crabs, a small flounder, and a variety of coral
fishes. The water was exceptionally clear, which, in all cases, is
against successful results. There was a scarcity of life on the reef
and in consequence a very small collection was obtained. In a hut
were four natives, they having come across from Namuka the evening
before to fish on the reef. They had taken one fish, which they were
eating at the time we met them. A number of small seines were
hanging in the trees in front of the hut; they were machine-knit and
require no special mention.
The canoes belonging to the natives were about the same as those
we saw at Nukualofa, except that they were decked over forward and
aft; the deck was made of tops and sides of boxes.
A wire trap was set on the reef, in which a hermit crab was taken.
Hand lines over the ship’s side-caught nothing.
VAVAU.
A run of 110 miles in a north and easterly direction brought the
Albatross to Vavau, the last island visited in the Tonga group, where
we remained part of two days, anchored off Neiafu.
While Vavau in most parts is rugged and precipitous, with prom-
ontories projecting into the sea, yet in the harbor of Neiafu was found
the best beach for seining since leaving Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands.
This beach lies about a mile from the village; it makes off to a point
and is very smooth, being composed of fine coral, sand, and mud. In
all other parts of the harbor within 3 or 4 miles of the village the
shore is very steep, and in the few places where small beaches appear
they are strewn with masses of broken coral.
It was stated that the natives do but little fishing in the harbor, the
water being too deep. At one time dynamite was used in capturing
fish. Fora number of years its use has been prohibited, since which
time fishing has been performed by simple methods.
On the beach above mentioned the seine took 350 fish in number,
among which were half-beaks (two species), mullet, and many small fry;
F, C. 1901—50
786 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
specimens of each kind were saved. Just back of the beach on a high
bluff is a small village. As the seine was being hauled the natives
came down to the beach to watch the operation. They seemed aston-
ished that we should save fish for which they had no use. They would
pick out certain kinds of fish, point to their mouths, shake their heads,
as much to say that they were unfit to eat. A fish not fit to eat was,
in their estimation, of no value. We were informed by a white man,
who had a boat-building establishment at the foot of the bluff and on
the upper side of the beach, that the people of this village do but
little fishing.
A trammel net was set in 24 fathoms of water not far from the ship
and close to the beach. Fish were abundant, but none was taken.
Just back of the village is a lagoon, in which the natives do most of
their fishing. Its entrance is cut off from the harbor by a high bluff,
around which the distance is about 7 miles. The beach in the lagoon
is smooth and makes off from the shore a long distance, and so far as
we could see is free from coral. A number of seines were hanging
over poles to dry; they were cotton and machine-made. The people
were all too busy trading with the ship’s company to do any fishing,
consequently we saw none of their methods in operation. -If one could
remain long enough at each island to witness the various occupations
of the people many interesting facts could be learned.
A favorite way of fishing is for men, women, and children to turn
out ina body, surround a school of fish in canoes, pushing before them
long branches of cocoanut palms. The branches frighten the fish and
cause them to crowd together; they are then easily driven into shallow
water and kept there by continual working of the leaves. Quantities
of poisonous berries are then thrown among the fish, which cause them
to rise to the surface in a stupefied condition, when they are captured
with spear and dip net.
The canoe of this island is practically the same as that of Tonga.
It is said that about thirty years ago canoes ranging from 40 to 60 feet
were common among the islands, but it is doubtful if there is now
one in the entire Tonga group. Large canoes were built of many
pieces, the logs being too small to produce one much over 20 feet in
length. The cutter, schooner, and small sailboat, introduced about
forty years ago, have taken the place of sailing canoes. The canoes
of to-day are made with modern tools; those previous to the coming of
the white man with native manufactured tools. The fact that a white
man can build a cutter and several rowboats in the same time it takes
a native to build a dugout has a tendency to discourage the latter
from entering into competition, and, moreover, his association with
civilization has not made him more energetic than he formerly was.
Report U. S. F.C. 1901. (To face page 786.) PLATE 33.
CANOE, KAMBARA.
CANOE, SUVA, FiJl.
“NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. 787
THE FIJI ISLANDS.
Kambara was the first island landed on in this group. It is small
and somewhat isolated, and as a result its people have retained many
of their old customs.
Fishing is carried on in the usual manner of natives, whose only
object is to supply their immediate wants. Basket fish-traps, hook and
line, spears, and seines are used. The reef extends off from the shore
but a short distance. At low tide it is mostly bare, leaving the usual
pools from which fish are captured with spear. The traps are the same
kind as described on page 780. They are set in deep pools on the reef,
and when the sea is smooth are placed in deep water on the outside of
the reef. Stonesare put in the bottom for ballast. We did not see any
buoys used for marking the position of the traps.
On the village side of the island, the side on which we landed, the
beach is not suitable for collecting with seine; but several attempts
were made, meeting with poor success, tearing the net badly. The
result was 1 flounder and 5 gar-fish.
Needle, Kambara, Fiji.
While we saw no beaches where seines could be used, yet no doubt
there are places where they can be operated, for in walking through
the village we came across several seines 40 to 50 feet in length and
6 to 9 feet deep. The mesh was small, averaging 2 inches. The
seines were made of fine cotton twine and were hand-knit, with floats
of koa wood, and small pieces of coral seized to the foot line. A bam-
boo mesh board is used, the same pattern as seen in all parts of the
United States. The needle is like that used by Italian and other fish-
ermen in the Mediterranean, and is also found in the Tonga group
and Society Islands.
At Kambara, for the first time, we saw the double canoe of the South
Pacific, but at a great disadvantage, it being hauled up on the beach
and covered over with palm leaves. There were also on the beach
several single dugout canoes, one of which was measured. It was 31
feet long, 2 feet wide at the gunwales, 2% feet at the turn of the bilge,
and 2+ feet deep; round-sided and quite flat on the bottom; bow quite
sharp; straight stem; stern gradually tapering to almost a point. In
digging out the canoe, raised portions of wood 2 inches wide and 1
inch deep had been left, forming clamp and bilge strakes. Body of
788 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
the canoe three-fourths of an inch thick. Outrigger float, 18 feet long
and 15 inches square, turned upat each end and shaped like the bow of
a boat. Distance of float from the side of canoe 74 feet. The frame-
work of the outrigger consisted of 5 crosspieces 34 feet apart and pro-
jecting out by opposite gunwale 12 inches, fastened to pole running’
parallel with the canoe. The stanchions connecting the outer ends of
the frame to the float were 15 inches high, and were made of tree
branches cut to form a fork, the butt ends being inserted in the float,
the crosspieces seized to the upper ends of the fork. The frame was
braced with 4 poles. These canoes have no braces, ribs, or thwarts on
the inside, neither do they carry a sail. In every part they are neatly
made, much care having been taken to make them smooth.
In every detail the double canoe displayed fine workmanship, show-
ing that the old style of canoe-making, at least on this island, is not
lost. It would be quite difficult to describe a double canoe; there are
so many parts connected with it and so peculiarly put together that
almost any description given will convey little meaning unless accom-
panied by a series of photographs or sketches. Photographs should
be taken from various points of view under sail. At this late date
these are hard to obtain, for canoes of this type are seldom seen
except in remote regions.
The following measurements may give some idea as to the general
features of a Fijian double canoe. One canoe is invariably larger than
the other, and the smaller is to the larger what an outrigger is to a
single canoe. The larger canoe was 40 feet 9 inches long, 22 inches
wide at the gunwales and 27 inches at the bilge. The other measured
374 feet, 204 inches wide at the gunwales and 23 inches at the turn of
the bilge; depth of each 2 feet 5 inches. Each canoe was dug from a
single log. They were 74 feet apart, connected by what may be called
a platform 16 feet long, 10 feet 10 inches wide, projecting out over
the opposite gunwale of each canoe and raised up 12} inches, the
forward and after ends resting on thick pieces of wood neatly fitted in
thwartships, which form a double bulkhead. Between the bulkheads
on each side a heavy piece of wood was fitted to the gunwale, the
whole forming a kind of coaming; similar fittings were on the small
canoe.
The platform connecting the canoes was made of stout poles and
seized to the coamings 15 inches apart. That part of the platform
covering the large canoe was covered with planks 5 inches wide and
3 inches thick, and fastened to the poles by cross seizings of heavy
cocoanut sennit. On the platform in the center of the large canoe
was a thatched-roof house, one side of which was open. In it was a
bunk large enough for two people. The house was 6% feet long, 4
feet wide, and on the front side 3 feet high, the roof sloping to the
platform in the rear. On each end of the platform near the outside
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. 789
edge was a hole 8 inches square, in which the steering paddle is placed.
Again, on one side of the platform, over the hold of the canoe, was an
opening 3 feet long by 18 inches wide, through which water is bailed.
The bow and stern of the main canoe differ considerably, the stern
ending somewhat in the shape of a top, big end up, 7 inches deep and
5 inches across; the bow gracefully shaped, sharp and slightly turned
up from where the water line begins. On the outside of each canoe,
commencing at the break of the platform, 14 inches from the side, on
Small Sailing Canoe, Fiji.”
a level with tne gunwale and joining at the bow and stern, was a pole
‘ail, and on the platform above a protection rail 8 feet long and 2 feet
high. On the top side of the platform was the mast step, carved out
of a solid piece of wood, resembling the hub of a carriage wheel; the
step was lashed to the heavy planking of the platform. The foot of
the mast in these canoes is not placed in the step, but rests against it,
first on one side and then on the other, according to which end of
the canoe points to the wind. The head of the mast always leans
790 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
forward, and as the bow and stern alternate in position when working »
to windward, it necessitates the shifting of the mast each time the
course is changed.
It is well known among seafaring men that the South Sea canoe does
not tack in beating to windward in the same manner as a sail boat—
that is, first presenting one side to the wind and then the other. With
the canoe the same side is always to windward. In running before the
wind great care has to be taken not to jibe the sail.
There were no sails or masts to be seen. The double canoe is steered
with two paddles. Those that we saw were 13 feet long, the blades a
little over 6 feet, made of hard wood, and very heavy.
At the village a double canoe, larger than the one just described, was
in process of construction. It was 48 feet long, 27 feet wide on top,
and 3} feet at the turn of the bilge, and 2% feet deep. That work had
only recently ceased was indicated by the newly made chips lying
about. Our appearance off the island had no doubt put a stop to any
work that might have been going on at the time of our arrival. The
body of the canoe was nearly completed, and heavy pieces of timber
for the connecting framework were on the ground ready to be worked
Steering Paddle for Double Canoe, Kambara.
into shape. No tools were in sight, but the marks in the wood led us
to believe that an adze and broad-ax had been used. Ridges of wood
had been left inside of both of the canoes, representing clamp and bilge
strakes. No trees were noticed on the island that at all corresponded
with the size of the canoes. It was not learned where the timber came
from for building.
SUVA, VITI LEVU ISLAND.
In the harbor of Suva a fairly good collection of fishes was obtained,
mostly taken in seines. Three sizes of seines were used, namely, 15,
75, and 150 foot. In the afternoon and the evening of our arrival
hand lines were kept over the side and were carefully tended, but with
no success. Two wire traps, set close by, captured 2 fish, both of the
same species. After dark the surface electric light was put over,
which attracted a number of small fry, and several species were taken
with a dip net.
The following day and during the time we lay at Suva hand lines of
various sizes were employed in different localities with negative
results. Wire fish-traps and crab nets were set ina number of places,
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. (91
the former taking 4 fish (2 species) the latter nothing. A trammel
net set in 12 fathoms of water, not far from our anchorage, was down
three days; it was ‘‘under run” each morning, but failed to catch
anything.
No great amount of shore collecting was done in the immediate
vicinity of Suva. The seines were operated in a number of places near
Suvavu, a small village 14 miles from Suva, on the north side of the
harbor. Hauls were also made at the mouths of Wai Lami and Wai
Navasi rivers. These streams converge into one at their mouths,
forming a shaliow basin. At low water the basin nearly runs dry,
except in the middle, where a small channel has been cut through the
soft mud and sand by the current. On the banks of the streams and
on either side of the basin along the shore it is impossible to haul a
seine at high water, owing to the heavy growth of mangrove trees.
These not only cover the beach proper, but in many places extend
some 30 or 40 yards below the beach line. Fully 100 yards from the
shore the bottom is smooth. Beyond this point commences the reef,
upon which numerous patches of coral appear, which extend offshore
some 1,500 feet and at low tide are just submerged beneath the surface.
It was found that the seine could be used to the best advantage at half
tide, as it was then free from the coral below and the mangrove trees
above.
A short distance to the westward of the above-mentioned streams,
and directly in front of Half Cast Village, is a short beach, where
several good hauls were made. Altogether 500 fish were caught here
and off the mouths of the streams, among which were many mullet.
About a dozen species were secured. :
Our success was largely due to the condition of the water, which at
most times was roily, caused by the seine stirring up the sand and
muddy deposit. In places of this kind it is quite an easy matter to
ratch fish, and an extended stay in this locality would no doubt result
in a collection above the average.
The natives of Suva do not seem to be energetic fishermen. During
the time the A/batross remained in the harbor we saw no fishing going
on. Ona number of occasions, however, several parties were observed
taking fish from a trap. Judging from the number of traps which
were located in different parts of the harbor it would seem that fishing
with hook and line, spear, or other apparatus is not carried on to any
great extent.
Suva is a town of considerable importance, having a line of steamers
touching regularly at different islands in the group, and the large
steamers employed between Sydney and Melbourne call here at fre-
quent intervals, creating a demand for native labor. It is therefore
natural that at times an occupation like fishing should be abandoned
for work more profitable.
(92 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
The formation of the harbor and the many small streams emptying
into it, together with the long flat reefs bordering the shore line,
makes a desirable place for traps, and the work of tending them is
slight as compared to chasing fish with spear and dragging with seine.
Thirty-odd traps were counted, scattered along the shore fora distance
of about 2 miles. These traps must capture more than enough fish to
supply the town and surrounding villages. No regular markets are
maintained.
The traps examined were of the same shape as the one described at
Nukualofa, except that on the side of the pocket is a smaller one 8 feet
in diameter, from which the fish are taken. The traps are made of
bamboo poles and palm leaves, the poles driven into the sand and dead
coral 4 to 5 feet apart, the average height 6 feet. The palm leaves
reach within 6 inches of the top; average diameter of pocket 30 feet;
the leads vary in length from 150 to 300 feet.
The cost of a trap of this kind is within the reach of every native
who has a shore privilege.
At Vavau we were informed that when we reached Suva we would
be apt to see many of the large sailing canoes, but only small paddling
canoes, such as are employed about the harbor peddling fruit, fish, ete.,
were seen.
The large canoe of early days seems to have been supplanted by the
English cutter. Those used here average from 40 to 50 feet in length,
10 to 12 feet beam, deep draft, and cost from $400 to $600. They carry
a large spread of canvas, mainsail, fore-staysail, jib, and club-topsail.
They are easy to handle, sail well, are seaworthy, and carry consider-
able cargo. The natives living on the large islands of the group were
quick to see the superior qualities of the cutter, which for cruising
among the islands is as serviceable as the canoe and in many respects
superior.
If there be many large canoes in the Fijis they are no doubt confined
to the outlying islands like Kambara, where little communication with
the main islands is carried on. While the cutter possesses qualities
not found in the canoe, yet, on the other hand, there is something about
the latter that appeals even to the white man; their barbaric beauty,
unique and original design, harmonize so perfectly with the surround-
ings and people that it is a pity they are passing away. To visit the
Fiji Islands without seeing the big sailing canoe, manned by natives in
their picturesque dress, is as unromantic as to visit Venice and find
the steam launch substituted for gondolas.
The single dugout canoe of Suva does not materially differ in gen-
eral build from many seen at other islands, except that in the center
they are platformed over, the platform being 7 to 10 feet long and 5
to 7 feet wide, projecting out over each side from 12 to 18 inches. The
platform is used for stowing things upon, such as fruit, vegetables,
fish, ete. On no occasion did we observe anything stowed in the
Report U.S. F.C. 1901. (To face page 732.) PLATE 34.
FISH TRAP, MBAU, FlJl ISLANDS.
0
ag Brag HES
* a mae. tie
FlJl CANOE, HUT, AND NATIVE.
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. 193
bottom. It is evident that this type of canoe is not used much out-
side of the harbor; but it is well adapted to carrying light freight from
point to point along the shore and peddling among the vessels in the
harbor. There are no particular points of good workmanship in these
canoes; nails, wire, bits of string, and rope are freely used in fastening
the outrigger frame together. Some canoes have three and others four
crosspieces to the outrigger frame; the majority have four.
At Suvavu several canoes were hauled up on the beach. The largest
was 30 feet long, 14 inches wide, and 14 inches deep, and straight-
sided; the bow and stern the same shape—very sharp, straight on the
bottom fore and aft, turning up quickly at either end. Some were
made of two pieces; this one was made from one piece. ‘The bow and
stern were decked over, and in the middle portion was a kind of a
washboard, 10 feet long and + inches high, which joins to the deck.
The platform and outrigger frame were attached to the washboard.
The platform was 8% feet long by 34 feet wide; there was an open
space on one end for bailing out the canoe. The platform and wash-
board were made of boards which evidently had been picked up on
the beach. The outrigger float was 12 feet long, pointed on the ends;
distance from the side of the canoe 7 feet. Stanchions connecting
float to the outrigger frame were made of withes 12 inches high and
four attached to each crosspiece.
The natives of Suva do not propel their canoes 1n the same manner
that most natives do. Instead of sitting or squatting down, using the
paddle at the side, these people stand up and secull. The paddle is
placed in one of the holes of the framework at the side of the canoe
and the sculling is performed ina manner directly opposite to the
way a white man sculls. The Fijian style is to face toward the bow
with handle of the paddle in front of him, it resting against the after
side of the crosspiece. The result is the same as in the ordinary way
of sculling except that there seems to be less power exhibited. The
paddle is kept perpendicular in the water, which gives it less leverage
than if held at a slant. Two or three men can scull at the same time.
We saw no canoes fitted with masts and sails, but were informed
that small sail canoes are frequently seen in the harbor.
Natives living in the interior of the island bring their products to
market down river in what may be termed freight rafts, made of
bamboo poles lashed together in the shape of a double canoe. Kach
bunch of poles is about 40 feet long and 4 to 5 feet in diameter in the
center, tapering at the ends. The bunches are placed side by side a
few feet apart, and connected by a bridge of the same material; on
this bridge is a platform housed over in a manner somewhat similar
to a native hut on shore, top and sides thatched. Under this cover
are the living quarters. This style of canoe is frequently seen at the
wharves at Suva.
794 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
THE ELLICE ISLANDS.
Leaving the Fiji Islands the A/batross proceeded to Funafuti, an
atoll in the Ellice group, arriving off the pass at Funafuti on the morn-
ing of December 23, and anchoring later in the day off Fongafale village,
about 8 miles from the mouth of the pass. The village and general
surroundings of the atoll resemble that of Fakarava in the Paumotus.
In front of the village is a long beach where seines were dragged each
day. In all the trials about 1,400 fish were caught, among which were
some 16 or 18 species. The beach is smooth for about 100 feet below
high-water mark; from this point, for 200 feet or more, the bottom is
very rough, being covered with a growth of live coral; from here on
into comparatively deep water the bottom presents a smooth, sandy
appearance. Where the fish were most plentiful it was found impos-
sible to haul the seine. We found this to be the case at most places
in the South Seas.
Only 2 fish were caught with hand lines from the ship. A crab net
and several wire fish-traps were baited and set on the reef until the
morning of our departure. Each time they were visited many fish
were seen around them, but nothing was taken.
On Christmas an excursion was made to an island 6 miles from the
village, four natives accompanying the party as pilots. Several long
trials were made with hand lines on favorite ‘‘ spots” known to the
natives. The catch amounted to 11 fish, 4 species, all of which were
saved. The native fishermen used the same kind of fishing gear that
we did. Instead of baiting the hooks in the usual manner, they seized
it to the shank, in the manner of the Alaskan Indians.
By the aid of the electric surface light displayed over the ship’s side
a number of small fishes were taken.
Small drag seines are used, knit of cotton twine, like those observed
at Kambara. The manufacture of small seines from native material
seems to have been wholly abandoned, it being easier to procure net
twine from passing vessels than to make the original article from
cocoanut husks and pandanus leaves. Large seines, made of coarse,
heavy material (cocoanut-fiber twine), are used in capturing turtle.
These seines vary in length from 60 to 100 feet; depth, 9 to 12 feet;
mesh, 55 inches. Turtle in this region are not numerous, but appear
periodically and are a delicacy much sought after.
In hand-line fishing common steel hooks are generally used, but
when they are not to be had the native hook is resorted to. American
and English hooks are much preferred. Hooks and lines were given
to the men who accompanied us on the fishing excursion, and they
seemed to greatly appreciate the gift. There being no trader on the
island, hooks, lines, and useful articles are not always easy to obtain.
Steamers and small trading vessels sometimes call here, supplying the
people with such articles as they may need.
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. 795
The spear is used in capturing fish on the reefs. Its pole is 8 to 10
feet long, to which is fastened a single iron prong with a barb at the
extreme end. Wooden spears have long since been discarded.
Wickerwork fish-traps are set on the reef near the village and on dis-
tant fishing-grounds among the islands forming the atoll. These traps
are made in a sort of network fashion, the openings 24 inches long by
three-fourths inch wide. Size of trap, 60 inches long on top by 50 inches
on bottom; front end slanting considerably, back end slightly. Front
end 38 inches wide and 12 inches deep; depth measured on the slant.
Rear end 35 inches wide and 19 inches deep. Mouth of funnel or lead
114 inches across by 84 inches deep, carrying its size inside for about
afoot, then gradually tapering, ending almost ina point. As the open-
yh 5
{iV cok
- Fish-trap, Funafuti.
ing is at the extreme end and on the underneath side, there is very
little chance of a fish making its escape when once in the trap. A pole
runs lengthwise through the top part of the trap, from which the inner
end of the lead is suspended. In the rear end is the door from which
the fish are taken. Traps are baited with fish hung near the end of
the lead, the bait being plainly seen from the outside. They are set in
depths of 5 to 20 fathoms, and at distances from the village varying
from 2 to 10 miles. They are not lifted for several days.
Coral reefs and shoals are numerous off the islands in the lagoon
and on the rim of the atoll; to these the natives repair for hand-line
fishing. Flying-fish, in their season, appear in considerable numbers;
also gar-fish and bonito. Unfortunately we saw no fishing by the
natives, except as previously mentioned. Torching for flying-fish is
one of the favorite sports. The fish are attracted to the canoes by the
796 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
light, and scooped up in Jong-handled dip nets. The nets are oblong
in shape, nearly the same pattern as those observed at Tahiti.
The dugout prevails in the Ellice Group, and is unchanged in most
respects from many which have been described, but in ornamentation
and small details a considerable difference is noticed. This canoe is
27 feet long, 17 inches wide, and 21 inches deep, with a kind of deck
forward and aft 45 inches long. Each deck is made from a single
piece of wood, and on the after one the top is serrated, supposably to
represent the teeth of a sperm whale. The stern is formed like the
tail of a fish. The bow is free from embellishment of any kind.
Scoop Net, Funafuti.
Just forward of the row of notches the deck is raised at an angle of
6 inches, forming a sort of break 14 inches high. On top of the break
is carved a ball, with a groove in the upper part. In the groove the
fishing pole is placed, the butt thrust into a becket attached to the
under side of the thwart. This is the only thwart in the canoe and is
used chiefly by the person engaged in fishing. There are three braces,
however, which may be used to sit on when paddling. The canoe 1s
straight-sided, also quite straight on the bottom, with an easy turn at
the bow andstern. Three crosspieces connect with outrigger float; the
float is 114 feet long and 54 inches in diameter. The crosspieces and
Sketch showing Stern of Funafuti Canoe.
stanchions are formed out of one piece. Heretofore, in all the canoes
examined, the float was attached to the outrigger frame directly under
the ends of the crosspieces; in this one the stanchions project outboard
at an angle, and are fastened to the float by means of pegs and sennit.
Flat, narrow strips of cocoanut wood run parallel to the gunwale and
are fastened to top side of the crosspieces, on which are carried spears,
fishing poles, paddles, ete.
The style of paddle does not need description. The bailer is shaped
like a common flour scoop. None of the canoes was rigged for sailing.
Report U.S F.C. 1901, (To face page 796,)
PLATE 35.
CANOE FUNAFUT .
SAILING CANOE, RONGELAB. (sce page 806.)
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. (97
THE GILBERT ISLANDS.
While coasting off the south shore of Arorai Island, we saw a large
gathering of people on the edge of the reef fishing with hook and line.
The lines were attached to long poles. Stormy weather prevailed and
the sea was breaking against and sweeping in over the reef. We were
of the opinion that the condition of the weather and roughness of the
sea were the means of bringing in fish that do not approach the reef
in milder weather. We learned that this was the case among many
of the islands. The ship lay too far offshore to see the size of fish
which were caught.
In the course of half an hour a canoe was launched through the
breakers and came off to the ship; shortly after another one came
off. Each made several attempts before succeeding in getting clear
of the reef.
The canoes were entirely different from any of those we had seen.
We had suddenly left the region of the dugout and entered that of
the built-up canoe. In shape they somewhat resembled the sea-otter
boat of Alaska. Their estimated length was 22 feet; width, 4 feet;
depth, 20 inches; material cocoanut wood. Each had 7 sets of timbers;
keel about 5 inches wide, planking 4 to 6 inches wide without butts,
that is, each plank running unbroken from stem to stern and fastened
to the stem and stern posts with cocoanut fiber thread. The edges of
the planks were fastened together in the same manner.
Instead of the seams being covered with bamboo strips, they had a
thick coating of gum on both sides. The stem and stern post were
neatly scarfed to the keel. No metal could be observed in their con-
struction. A few days later we hada better opportunity of examining
canoes of similar build.
APAMAMA ISLAND.
On January 1 we arrived off the northeastern side of Apamama.
The shore on this side is somewhat protected by a barrier reef. At
the time a heavy surf was breaking over it. A number of small bays
and indentations fringe the upper beach, a few almost cutting through
the rim of the atoll into the lagoon. Ona small isthmus formed by
one of these cuts is a village; in front of it is a sea wall built of blocks
of coral rock. On the lagoon side of the island, about a third of a
mile from where we landed, is another village. There were only old
people and children at home, the rest of the inhabitants having gone
on a visit to a distant island in the lagoon. Each house seemed to
have a water privilege, and all along the beach were net-drying racks.
The canoes of Apamama are built in the manner of a boat. A frame
is gotten out and put together in the usual way. The timbers are
round, consisting of heavy withes bent to the desired shape.
798 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
The length of the average canoe is 15} feet; width, 20 inches; depth,
2 feet; very sharp on the bottom, the sides rising almost V-shape; bow
and sternare alike. Outrigger 75 feet from the side; outrigger-float 8
feet long, 7 inches wide, turned up and pointed at each end. ‘The
framework of the outrigger consists of three crosspieces of cocoanut
wood. Seized to the crosspieces at right angles are four braces at
nearly equal distances apart. Under the crosspieces, near the gunwale,
is a brace three-fourths of an inch in diameter, extending fore and aft
Canoe, Apamama and Tarawa.
to within 3 feet of the bow and about the same distance from the stern,
the ends fastened to the gunwale and the middle portion to the cross-
pieces. On the frame of the outrigger, between the gunwales, are
several strips seized lengthwise. These act as an additional brace and
also take the place of thwarts. The stanchions connecting the ends of
outrigger frame to the float consist of forks of tree branches, the sin-
gle part fitted into holes in the float. On the outer end of the outrigger
is temporarily fitted a notched stick in which the fishing pole is placed.
This is quite necessary, as the poles are 12 to 15 feet long and heavy.
\
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. 799
When hand lines are used, either in trolling or for bottom fish, they
are hauled over the forks of the outside braces. The sketch shows these
and also the arrangement of frame, braces, and other parts referred to.
It will be noticed that the mast is not stepped in the bottom of the
canoe, but on top of the middle crosspiece of outrigger frame. The
step consists of a thick piece of board, 3 by 4 inches, hollowed out in
the center in which the foot of the mast is placed. In the bow and
stern there is another step, half the size of the former, against which
the tack end of the boom is placed. We could not learn whether
cotton or mat sails are used. In addition to the shrouds and stays
which keep the mast in place there is a heavy wooden support, the
lower end fastened out-board to the middle crosspiece, the upper end
halfway up the mast.
Sketch of Canoe showing Style of Planking, Apamama.
This canoe is planked in a peculiar manner. Instead of the ends of
the planking being fitted to the stem and stern post, as is ordinarily
the case, the garboard strake continued along the keel and up the stem
and stern. The second strake follows in the same way, and so on, each
succeeding row of planking being shorter than the one preceding it.
The canoe proper does not compare in strength with the outrigger
frame, mast, braces, ete. The plank is only one-half inch thick, and
is considerably weakened by the numerous holes in the edge, through |
Apamama Canoe Paddle.
which the seizings are put in binding the plank together. A canoe of
this build is not equal to the dugout for landing through the surf on
a rough beach, This was clearly illustrated by the number of broken
800 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
canoes lying on the beach and triced up in trees. When a canoe is
damaged so that it can not be repaired, the pieces are saved and used
in building a new one.
The paddle resembles a spoon oar. The bailer is made of one piece
of wood, and is very narrow to fit the bottom of the canoe; handle on
the outside like a dory scoop.
MAIANA ISLAND.
After leaving Apamama the ship skirted the eastern shore of Maiana
Island. From our view the beach inside the fringing reef appeared
to be steep. A few huts could be seen, half concealed by cocoanut
palms, and some of the natives were along the beach fishing with rod
and line.
Several stone fish-traps were observed. They seemed to be more
substantially built than those in the Paumotus, evidently to pees!
the heavy sea which at times must sweep over the reef.
Stone Fish-trap, Maiana Island.
TARAWA OR KNOX ISLAND.
In the evening of the same day (January 2) the ship lay off the south
side of Tarawa. Quite a quantity of surface life was attracted around
the ship by the electric light.
The reef on this side of the island makes offshore a considerable
distance. Late in the evening many lights were seen moving on the
reef, about 2 miles distant, indicating that natives were fishing. On
leaving the island the following morning a number of stone fish-traps
were noticed on the reef near where the lights had been seen the night
before. In shape these traps resemble a palm-leaf fan. We judged
them to be about 4 feet nigh and fully 3 feet thick; the lead was esti-
mated to be 75 or 80 feet, and the diameter of trap about 50 feet. ‘The
shape of these traps differs greatly from those observed at Maiana
Island, only a few miles distant. The same style of canoe, however,
is found at both islands,
NOTES ON FISHING METHODS OF THE SOUTH SEAS. 801
APAIANG AND MARAKT ISLANDS.
In the evening of January 3 the A/batross lay to off the southern
shore of Apaiang. The surface light attracted numerous forms of
minute life. The next morning, as the ship steamed on her way north-
ward, we saw at a distance what looked like a double canoe. Later in
the day we reached Maraki Island and steamed along its south and
east side. We did not land, but had a good opportunity of viewing
the shore line and fringing reef. On the reef were many pools and
small channels leading from one to the other.
Near the outer edge of the reef are outcroppings of old coral, in
many places forming barricades between the pools. Some of the walls
thrown up formed natural fish-traps, in some of which men, women,
and children were fishing. In a dozen or more places along the beach,
BTS Sly,
<2 i — . Sa 169-175 | commersonii, Catostomus-__- 171, 210,222, 235, 287
Moskallunpe:s 2-2 2--2 5-2. i?) We Common BlOD case = eee cee eee ee ee 216
@heney, A. Nelsolisres-n2 5-2 2222555526 227, 303 Builhead) =. 225 2.2s-sss5s 171, 210, 286
CRENGY sd. Senet et wees See ee 303 He)e 225-2 etie hooters 218, 223, 287
cheneyt, Cottopastersec-- s-- 2s. 2522oeee 240 IPickerelizzes 2276s see eee eee 213
Gheney’s Darters 22. -5 25 oe uss een te 8 240 Pik@ 22-02% cesacesese section ease 213
Chesapeake Oyster Pungy---.------------- B24 Redhorse.2+ ~~ 22s2202-55- 2 see 172, 287
CHOVESNC! 225 oss sas coca cawansacs assed eels 236 SHaGsos. Wess see tenses eee 213
F. C. 1901——43
834 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER
Common ‘Stickleback 2-2 =a eee- 214
Sucker 222-1 es nee 171, 222, 235, 287
Sunfish =22-. +s: 5 eae 174, 224, 239
iW hite-fishei2 ses eee 213, 224
Wihite: Sucker! -s=52-=)— === see 210
Concarneau Seaside Laboratory ---------- 138
concolor, Ichthyomyzon ---- ------------ 222,239
Conger Melo: 225-255 2--58s s22ee = seen eee 140
Congress of Aquiculture and Fisher-
16g ee ERS IS 6s ase ee eee es 18, 133-185
Conley BiG 22 eee 200
Connecticut Oyster Steamer ------------- 325
contectoides; VaVvapara je. =.= 42s 175
CONWAY kd eeace as see eee ae cinch see ae 304
Cook Islands, Fishing Methods, Appa-
Srafussand Boats... -o0 962s eee 778-781
CoopenvH Hc sse2se ee scene eee cee eee 355, 383
copelandi, Cottogaster -_--.----------=+-..- 225
Copelandis}Darters se oe oe eee 225
Copper-nosed Breamae: <= posses ee eee 174
Coregonus clupeiformis ----_-_---------- 218, 224
labradoricus = 2=se2-s25 =a nees eon
quadrilateralis-_.--.-._------ 223, 237
Corliss’ C3 Gyes cen sos eee ese es 35, 304
cornutus, Notropis --------- 172, 175, 212, 223, 236
corporalis, Semotilus -.. -.--------- 211, 223, 236
Corset teas Se eee ee eee ae Sees 572
Coster Mais: a as Se eae ones eet saeeee 139
Cottogaster | chene@yieess= ---- ane eee 240
Copelanditees sssee =e oe eee 225
Cotrushctalopsi=s=——e ess ee eee 174, 216, 240
Couesiusiplumbeust-se- 2 ea ee 223, 237
CowlessRit bes ere ease eee ea 127,130
Crab Fishery of San Francisco ------------- 563
INIG Gooey ae ey es Sees 326
Crabsion baciticiCoastiee---4---- eens. 544
Craig Brook Station Report -------------- 29
Crampton Heise s. sae ee ee 130, 132
Crap pic wees ee eee tenn e ee eee ae ae 45, 62
IDIStribublonOfsas= = sense 107
ate hin Shee ee ee ee eee 65, 68
Crawfish Business of Portland __-_----_---- 545
EO OTAZVaa wR NY fae eee ee a ee eee ee 125
C@reekiChulp enters! se oe eee eee 172, 211, 223
Cristivomer namaycush _________--- 213, 224, 238
Croatan Sound Fishing Boat-_--.---------- 326
Crowiloot;Dred gest a= es nee eee 662
Crustacean Exhibit at Pan-American
HX POSITION Sass bose eee ee ee ee eee 310
crysoleucas, Abramis --------------- 211, 228, 236
Cultus:cod!S2 i538 aan eee 525
Curtiss SW C2 sts- 52sec eee ee 2 60
@ushing SHerber tio s22 ssc e esse eee 127
Cutlip Minn owes senor ene 223, 237
Cycleptus elongatus-_-_--__- ppp ee ee 2S 286
Cy clopterusmumipustes esses seer 240
Cy, prinusicarpio sees = ae 172, 287, 373, 452
Dahleren Uli Ces ee ae eae eae 127
DROS see See ace Bae eee 355, 383
Davenport, C. Breas ecse oa ae eee 116
Dean Gira) See hae ee ek ea ee ee oe 65
decisum, Campeloma ----.-----..--------- 175
Decp-water: Blobissrese= =p ae eee ae 216
DennysWantiel de At sees. sess e ae 127
dentex: Menidiaa=-- ee ssse aan ee ee 264
IDetroieatcheryassesesese ee ee eee eee 59
OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Detroit River Fisheries___..__....--.-.- 627-629
Deyrolle-Guillou, Emile.___._._._....---.- 140
diaphanus, Fundulus --_-.-____._- 34, 112, 218, 239
Dick /Thompsontshad sass s==seeeene eee 275
IDIMICIE HY, ee yee ce ae 142, 149, 304
Diplesion blennioides'= sss s-eessee = 215
DIpNietsr ae eee sos ae ee eee 309
used in Hawaiian Islands _______ 406
Diseases of Fishes -____- 10, 54, 58, 63, 68, 79, 124, 298
Distribution of Fish and Eggs_-_-_---_----- 3-8
Dodo Passa res ss5202 2a. 2s ne eee nee 817
Dogfish =*: sos tS. ape ee 171, 677
Mohrns Anton 22: sou = Se a sen) eee 137
Doles. Pe - 5522 eS ee ee ee 383
DolesjSantOcd ss eas me ees 355, 383, 387
DollyaVarden’Dro uta. eee =e ee 84
dolomieu, Micropterus--_--____--- 174, 214, 224, 239
Dorosoma cepedianum.-._-_____--__---_--- 75, 287
Downing: SocWitkene se eee ae ee 55
Dredses foricollecting == ee =a 308
Dudileye Walliam Ess ae seen 127
Duluth Station Report_-_--_.___-- epi. Se Rae 60
HB) ye hal shy o eee) Ul cs (peep SiR 8 Wie ea Mel re a 304
DunmoreWMaket== so-so eee 32
Dunn;'George Hi se ee 384
Dry-salting, Food Productspreservedby. 348
Dynamiting Fish in Hawaiian Islands__._ 412
Mdenton) Stations 2232 a2 = eee eee dF.
Reports. be eae 50
edentulus#S trophites 2.2225 assem
HTL yyreut CLs a Vain iene N ee ees 128, 241, 248
DOS) i ee ee ees ei oe one 237, 287
Cate: foncke Stas Stet oe ee eee 286
POtiS2= Se SA ee ee ee a eee 328
ReproductionOfse-==--sae === 128,129
Iaaegerabaaemah ial Oylalo eevee es ee 127,128
Electrical Storm, Effect on Fish Eggs-_--_- 51
Ellice Islands, Fishing Methods, Appa-
Tatus; an deb Oates aes aaa a eee 794-796
SS ie) Ree. eo ee eee ene ee ee ee eee 304
Himore Atolle sae soe eee eae eee $11
elongatusy Cy CleptuSs = =sss== see aes 286
Weuciscus spo ssee ne eee aes 211
HIMerson, dae eee see eee 355, 383, 405
Erimyzon sucetta oblongus_-__--.._----- 210,236
Hrwan station Reporte: sss) oe eee 52
erythrogaster, Chrosomus---...._-.----- 210, 236
Msox lUuCius 22tes. St ee cee eee 238
MASQUINON Py sees = eee 224, 239
Teticulaitusses! eae eee 224, 238
Htheostomalboreslesess2=-s2 === ae 240
Cosnuleuim = sss e see 174,215
flabellare=s= ss eae 174, 215, 240
Hua sland). esse ee eee 782
Hucaliainconstans=sss-----— eas 214, 224, 239
Eupeneus porphyreus. -------------------- 371
trifascia tis ee es eee mL
Eupomotis gibbosus___------ 115, 174,214, 224, 239
European Biological Stations- ---------- 135-139
In Vermann: bai s-eeeee ee ee 18, 113, 124, 241
Evermann, B. W., on Fishes of Lake
Ontario: 22225222225 ee eee 209-216
Evermann, B. W., on Fishes and Fisheries
of the Hawaiian Islands-_--_----------- 353-380
Evermann, B. W., on Fishes and Mol-
lusks of Lake Chautauqua ---.--------- 169-175
INDEX. 835
Page. Page
Evermann, B. W., on Fishes of Lake Fisheries of Lake Superior --__--_--_---- 584-596
Champlain and Tributary Waters ___ 217-225 Ontario) —- 42 -seeese= == 645-649
Evermann, B. W., on Fishes of St. Law- Mississippi River -__-..._--- 157-160
rence: River. .-. sae 227-240 Oregon -.... 2.22 eee 535-549
Evermann, B. W., on New Species of Pacific|Coasties---220 == 163-501-574
SHAQ 2c. 20 be ee eee 275-283 Washinoton = -sse==s==s==e 512-534
A VELMANNS LSE ia epee eee eee en ee 1138 Statistics and Methods of ____ 141-166
Exoglossum maxillingua____.______- 212,223,287 | Fishermen, Hawaiian, Religious Beliefs
Experiments in Tagging Cod_ __-_-.__--- 193-208 and Superstitions --_---- 389-393
Exports of Fishery Products from Ha- of Hawaiian Islands- ------- 387
Wallan Islands.2- 2-2 eee ees 451 | Fishery Exhibit at Pan-American Expo-
EEXIDOSIGIONS = 2c ke ee ee a See 15 Sition=32-- 20. eee eee 294
Exposition, Pan-American----...__-_---- 289-351 TeewSiOte Ele yei ieee 359-370
By Stel Ji. As Bits too! cee sana Sree 130 Mecislationes:.2:-- 5 ae eee 714, 725
KRakarava;:Islands222 9-2 se eee 752 Products, Exhibit at Pan-Ameri-
LMS Uae es eens Se ae ee 211, 236 can Exposition ____ 343-351
Han-tailedsDarter 2-2-2. 22 -- na eee 215,240 exported from Ha-
Nase bere Osa Fe cee Cee en es Sa 743 waiian Islands-_-_--..--. 451
Hatheads Minnow ee sae oe eat ee 211 imported into Ha-
Fattening Oysters for Market--.-_.--..-- 10 waiian Islands___-- 443-450
Rereuson Hatching-jar-- 9 ===) eee 317 in Hawaiian Islands_-_ 376
Fertilizer made from Fish Waste ----__-- 300 of Hawaiian Islands,
MiBldaGeorgenWie. aces see hee ee 127 Preparation of _--.-- 433
Fiji Islands, Fishing Methods, Apparatus, Rights of Hawaiian Islands __-_-.- 455
NG e Boats o2- =e ee ae es 787-793 Statistics of Hawaiian Islands. 461-465
Filtration for preventing Fungus on Fishes and Fisheries of the Hawaiian Is-
MishesaniG@ap tivibyeo----2 =o e25 ee re 299 lan Sis ee 2 Cee ad eee 353-499
HindonshHad docks =- 222+ ase ea eee 269 Mollusks of Lake Chautau-
HNN ANvHAGGies seen nee eee ee a 269 QUBi Se Rhys 25 eee toe 169-175
Fish and Fish Eggs, Distribution of-_----- 3-8 introduced into Hawaiian Islands. 451
Bait in Hawaiian Islands _________- 423-425 of Lake Champlain and Tributary
Baskets in Hawaiian Islands__-__-____- 408 ‘Waters: £25225) ee ee ees 217-225
Diseases! ===... 10, 54, 58, 68, 68, 73, 79, 124, 298 St. Lawrence River -__-...----- 227-240
ExhibitatPan-AmericanExposition. 323 | Fishing Apparatus proposed for Hawaii. 423
OOG ares eee Bee eae eae 298 Gazette: = 222 ee eee eee 304
Fry, Apparatus for transporting---_ 315 Grounds and Food-fishes ~------ 11-140
Hatching at Pan-American Exposi- Leads and Sinkers --_------------ 338
(HG) d): Bee eee soe eae See eee mente 293 Min @sSee- cet ein one a eee 329
HOOKS ie a. Senn ese eae aoe 338 Machine of Niagara River ------- 650
used in Hawaiian Islands ___ 416-421 Methods of South Sea Islands__ 741-829
Legislation of Michigan_--_-_---_-___-- 585 Scenes on New England Coast- 323
Markets of Hawaiian Islands_---_- 373, 434 (laurounked oy Weis Bee ea Su, es}
Ponds of Hawaiian Islands- -.-- 374, 427-433 with the Hands in Hawaiian Is-
Skins used in Leather Goods --_------ 300 lamdsievas Nace: ome. SR Ss ay 415
Trade of Hawaiian Islands ------___- ASO MIM IST WEY ax 22 See Eto as NR Sees 320
Traps in Hawaiian Islands -------_-- 411 | flabellare, Etheostoma -_--.._--_---- 174, 215, 240
Weirs in Hawaiian Islands ------ ee Sow abliSNes 29: ose | seme e pene tae aie 37
Fish Commission Publications available DIstribubionlofjessess-- 2 == ee 110
Tors Distriputionl =~ 325 + eee. = 177-192 Propagationiotece ses == 2,23
Mish Hawk Model--.s3: S22 2522 ease =- 25 306) | Sflavescens, Perca-.-----------2- 174, 215, 225.239
Operations Of 2s. sees. 1342 ol flaws. INOUULUS= oes. -2sbo-- sac eee 210
Mish Lakes Stauonie-s-o--eoos-a-s5-- coe == 45) | Plorida Wisheries 262 -s-seec soe eae eee 12
Fish-cultural Exhibit at Pan-American Sponge Misheryse -222-o-ss secre 156
Exposition = 224225. = 315-322 Sturgeon Wishery~ -.----2--soeee= 155
Results eeteccete teen a 25 || Rongatale iVillage s.232----.--2 as eee 794
Operations for 1901_---.---. 1 | fontinalis, Salvelinus---.-...-.-..-.--- 172, 224, 238
Wish Eggs; Adhesioniof=_-..- --2----2--.-+- 56 | Food-fishes and the Fishing-grounds__._ 111-140
Fisheries and Aquiculture, International PropagationoL 222s esse eas 1
Congress of ie . = -=--- 138-135 of Hawaiian Islands, List of_ 357-359
of Hawaiian Islands ----------- 10,128 | Food for Fish in Captivity -.-.......-..-.- 298
Oalifomia==>..---2 a DAD-DT4 Silversidess=. = - aes ee 247-2
Lake viel... 2. == ee oo = 630-644 Young Fish_-21, 48, 49,52, 54,68, 78, 79, 81
ruTrons oo s ee = 616-627 | Formalin used to prevent Fungus on
Michigan ............ 597-616
Fishes in Captivity -....---.-.-.-....----
836
Page
Free Transportation by Railroads--_-___- 9
Fresh Salmon, Exportation of_---.._....- 537
Wide Distribution of _____ 509
EKresh-water Drum = o---- 2-2). eee 216, 225, 287
Fishes at Pan-American Ex-
Posibiontst222-2--- 296
in Aquarium---__-_--- 47
Mussels -_------ 390, 707, 714, 722, 725
Mrophisheryiof tilings see ase aaa a= 677
Minnesota = aoa -o sce 726
Frogs in Hawaiian Islands_.________---- 378, 452
Mrost-1sh ye a cee Ue ee 223
Pry, Methods of Planting?=5--2--22-----—- 61
Mryer,. Charles) Hy 225 nese. ro eee ae oe 139
Mma irtivA toll 2S. dite tis jee. Bea 2 7
Hundulusidiaphanus 2-2-2. ----_--2-- 112, 213, 239
fULCHTUS IC balers esses eee eee eee 286
Hur-seal-hisheries)so2secs~s 22-6 Sassen see 12
Rookeries of Pribilof Islands_-. 165
Skins Sie take a ht wee aoe oR OUL
Furs, Exhibit at Pan-American Exposi-
Likes RPSL Ee sarc Et Se eS AS ee Seen NS 347
EMNISILOMIN Darter. ees sete eeenoeees 215
fusiformis, Boleichthys==---ssse sss. s6—-2- 215
IRL VAKOEIN Osea sae ere I Pe 327
Gadus: callarias#: 2822s e5cc see cee ee 524
Gargdoni eaters! Reel Mee eee ee te 236
GarsPikoene. -Seoeat oss. Saeki ecnomes 171, 222, 235
Laws for Destruction of__-___-- 171
Gasperote ss: S eee ete ee 237
Gasterosteus atkinsii: 32-22 222--2 222. 22 == 112
bispinosus=-.-=te-+24---2--5) ele
GansehrancGis=2acses ee ee see ete saee= 384
gibbosus, Eupomotis ----___- 115, 174, 214, 224, 239
(MIO see see se pee eee ee 5 ee 175
Gilbert Islands, Fishing Methods, Appa-
TacusandpDOatse = pees sees eee 797, 802
Gill Nets oateee eee oe eee 809, 327, 328
ines KkeveUrOn ss: ase eee 618
IRFesenvatloniot as 2) sscceee ee ee 589
used in Hawaiian Islands__.._.- 397
Gallum Robert! Ge-sest eee eees 113
Gizzard( Shades: 4275s. 2 Selle se See 287
GlasendO i Cee sees sess eee e Coss eee S15)
Galaseoiw.l Wisden oo Sc ir aes 76
Gloucester Fisheries __....-.-.-.----- 11,144-146
Station Ac 32a. oes oe eee 35
Glue made from Fish Skins ___----.-.-.-- 200
Glues, Exhibit at Pan-American Exposi-
TION sh os kee Co Se Va poe eee Et ee 349
Gorvle-cy ess 2a0 so a sos eee 174
Golden Gate, Steamer -....--2-222-----2-- 325
Goldentide 3. 54).8 22 nee Se eee nee 45
Goldfish. 23-3 2se5 0 oe ee eee ee 45
introduced into Hawaiian Is-
lands ooh sec25 foe Le eee ee eae 452
Goldsborough byl eess oe 124, 355
Goldsborough, E. L., on Fishes and Mol-
lusks of Lake Chautauqua---___------ 169-175
Goldsmith: Zi by se soe eae sae eae 45
COU Ons ss ea ee ee i ee ea ee 296
Gould? ThomasiBosgece- 22-2 ene eee eee pee 121
Gourdesii sh oer eae Fea See 804
Gourd-seed) Suckers oes ene eee 286
gracilis Meni dincsess. ee steam a= aes 259, 261
; Menidia beryllina ---..--.----.-- 259
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page
gracilisi/Uranidea=s =. sess eee 225, 240
Graham) Jonni Nols ee -see repent soe eee 130
Grampus) Modeliotis tose eee eee 323
grandis, Anodonta footiana-_-___.-.-.-.___- 175
Grass Biketsi ce. se i BES ee ee 213, 238
Grave; Caswell se... eerste 127, 130
Grayback.2.2.-- 4 eee 213
Grayling: 22.25... eS eee 63, 73, 80
Distributiontoleee ss. =e 100
Great Lakes, Biological Survey of -_-.._- 118
Catfish 22-. 22 ee ee 222
Fisheries___-..- 12, 152-154, 575-657
Fish-cultural Operations in_ 1
Green! Bay Hish) Tradee 2). ss essee ee 616
Green, C.K 2322 eee Se 45
Green, Hriksh ote. eer eas 127
Groen HAS. . -oet ee eee ae eee 127,128
Green Lake Station Report----......_--_- 28
Green-sided'Darter_2.. a ee 215
Greensword, Di Jp eee eee ae 587
Grinnel' Cabs -222. 2-2 eae eee 677
grunniens, Aplodinotus -_.....------ 216,225, 287
Guam Island, Fishing Methods, Appara-
tus‘and\Boats 228525 ee ere 828
Guillow) MW...) 2. ss. ceeee cane eee 138, 139
Gulf of Mexico Biological Laboratory __ 11,132
Gurley. sh sRace- 2 See eee ee 209
euttatous), Rercopsisiess-- see 214, 224, 239
eyrinus)) schilbeodes pass saeese eee eas 210
Haddocks, Scotch Methods of Smoking. 269-271
Hadropterus\aspromsss.--eesee anon 215
Hahn sh Hesse ee RS ee ek ae ES CO 193, 304
Halt'Cast Villagebss acs 22a. cence See 791
Halibut: oss 26S Ae ee eee 528
HallwAnsleyiiccs.. co eeec peteeees canes 576, 660
Hamaker ds 2.22 ee ee ees 130, 132
Bandy; b'B ee tas fo Bee a eee 26
Harbor Seals at Pan-American Exposi-
bONi os eee Se ee ee ee 297
harengus; Clupeases sass sae eee 237, 269
Har cith.) CharlesswWissses sess see eens eens 127
HarrascekethRiver: sss seea eee ae 112
Marron a. Gay aes ae ema 44, 46, 305
Hatchery Modelit i -=ae a= ss.) sean eee 316
Hatching Ap paratusiecss see ee ae eee 317-319
Barge Modeliofe 2 ee 317
Hawailll..22 25-0 See 384
Hawalianskisheriegs ses) 2 eee 466-480
Hishery luawsiso-s sss e es oon 359-370
hishesWistiOfe.s-2ses-s- =e 458-460
Hishine Boa tseoses ses aaeeee 394-396
Appata tigen 396-421
Fish Ponds ------ Psa ee eeaee 427-483
Islands, Commercial Fisheries
Of Se eret na ae 378-499
Fishery Regulations
suggested.-_..-.-.--- 372
Fishes and Fisheries
(o) peace ee ee 353-499
Histonyoh 23 en 386
Introduction of Ad-
ditional Fishes ----- 373
Investigation of Fish-
Gri@siOfi 2226. 2eo- .. 10,122
WihaleWisheryiee- sees erene 481-496
Hawksbill Turtle--. seen bes edhe Sere ae a
INDEX. 837
Page. Page.
Hay: Wi Poo et ee ee 120 | Isinglass made from Fish Sounds_________ 300
Heart) Trap or Weirs2225-- ese 7 | Ivory Exhibit at Pan-American Exposi-
Heaths Harold: &!2 ie eee ees 12 tions. 28. So ee ee ge eee 350
Henshall. tA\ =F soe eae oe Se ee 1Ssi5o|) 7d alUitlslan disse oe) eee eee 803
iHereheretue Island) - 222280 eee (68) || Jarsifor Fish-hatching -_--..----.._--.--.- 55
ELGr iN 6 Ji Via < _-tee Ds er ee ea 300; 664) Jenkins: Oy P22) ee 2 ee ee 124, 355
Herrick. }UuGsone= = eee eee IziRetie lt: Johnny: Dartenne-- ssa aah ee ee 240
iHerrinp Seine |... 8 ee en Sein he ObNSon Js e a. oe ee 127
Trade inhuropel_--- 2.22. 1304 PORNSONy Bt Sie ee fe eee i at 62
Hervey, Group :.3. ee Seen ere ae 8h) Jones, -Alexand er 2252 ho eee 52
Eessel Rudolph eee ee ee ee AD ONOS die, Busan 2 4 SC oN eee ee 303
heterodon; NOtropise. 259 ZI JordanyD! Sivas ose a eee ee 18, 124
Eickory Shad 3: te2. eee ee ey ee 287 on Fishes and Fisheries of Ha-
ELTON UG 5-9 te Seas ee sae eee eee ee > 760 Wwaiian Islands__...._..._...- 353-380
(EIS Wea ose eh a) ae ee ee Se 113) |) Kelhoolawetes.=- 2-5-2 eee 385, 469
EnlojRisheMarketes<.30 soe ee et 316-440) | i Kiarmibararisl ang) ee eee nna OG
Pinkley- oh: H-- 0) ae tee Tye ere eee 209 | Kansas Fisheries, Statistics of __..__--_. 738-740
Eiodonvalosoidess 4-5 205. a OS ei Kamal yo ieee a? 2S 2 ee 385, 470
LOPCiSS eee ee ee eee 2eas200 le elloee Jamesiine 22s.) eee 121, 127, 128
Hippoglossus hippoglossus_-____-...---.-- 528) endall spe 5 ae a ee 78
HOP Sucker Ane ae se = ee ee ay |) Kendall William) Clo 8.22) -25- 18,111, 121, 138
IHolbrooky Gharlesieies--s een = See 127 | Kendall, W. C., on Fishes of Lake Cham-
EPOIMGS = dis. Ae mek o> oe eee ere eee ae 14 plain and Tributary Waters _-_....___- 217-225
Holmes. S: Jian e ee eee. 127,128 | Kendall, W. C., on Fishes of Lake On-
Honolula Wish Markets oc ste sene = 376, 486 LaTIOLs-2 4s 2s Saas SS oe ee 209-216
TE KG AEDT CO che = tej ee ee a 223 | Kendall, W.C., on Fishes of St. Lawrence
IORN POU mean ees a oe ee ee ee 222, 235 Rivers osse eo 1S re Beet 227-240
Eo wewhireo lant -2 sae eens eon Se oe 127 | Kendall, W. C.,on Silversides of the Genus
iHasaibym@harles>-* =e ae yee. meee = re 64 Moni dig so— see te Se a ee 241-267
Hunhemensland seen soe yes ean eh 776 | kentuckiensis, Hybopsis_-__....__...._---.- 212
TS hel oy ete 0 CN) El ee ee ee a ge 34 | Kentucky Fisheries, Statistics of ______- 685-688
inmd sons: Ch Bes. 22 oa. 5 eae Bae 1851245355), | Oy. Wiest SMaACkeen = ape ee eee 825
hudsonius, Notropis________- Hea isele eeaneoo) | Reins Salmon: see as 22 ete eee eee 506
Human Flesh used as Fish Bait--_-.--.---- ADO e | Aya S ee Se ea ee eters ates ata ee 141,576, 660
Ja habaiveqel seed Oat shrd 7 Ee eee ee ees ES Opal ed 2G so) alee 257 5 Pea ees ae Ee oe oe 18
im Foden eee. ses ee ee es 2367 ||. Kartlandia =) 52222. 2a OE ee geeee 242
Ta haiee| sfinid Sees ee ote eS A ee Gel PaCGhars ad oe ee eee oe a ee er 823
Feber tsp eleg Wie eee oe gs Pe ees Goele kno wlton> Mullard] sss ees eee 113
Ebybornathns nuchales: -- =. 2- ee. Pil | Kenox Tslandiee, = feos er ee ee 800
Hybopsis kentuckiensis_-_.....-...----..-- ZiZalekoebeles-Allbertass. sees ae ee ns ees 383
SLOTOLIADUS oes) A ee 212s peo se oy olan Gene ee ee ee serra 818
Hypomesus pretiosus.-...........--.------- 548 | Labidesthes sicculus --....._.....-_..---- 174, 214
AEA). a Se SS ete eer ee 224 | labradoricus, Coregonus ___-____- eae 224, 237
Ichthyomyzon concolor: —--=—- -=-=---==- 222,235 | Labrador White-fish __...._...........-_-- 237
ietalops; Cottus=225---<- 5 se. 9-5-2 57, 60, 61, 80
DOSMAON 95 do aco es ease ee a 349) || uamibson; Gi, Hie. ono .c5 soos cae eee 21, 74,77
838
Page.
amon, Wi eee ea ae ee 2 eee 304
MampsilismuteolusSs2 2222 =4--- ee ee eee 175
1 Dita o teh oe ee eee RS MEE Ene ee 385, 471
Bandlockedi Salmon 20-2) 222s eee 30
Distribution of _____- 86
Bankester, Ho Raye css 22 es eee 136
Large-mouth Black Bass__ 45, 47,174, 214, 224, 239
Raurentian © lip pes ee 32
Laws for Fishing in Chautauqua Lake_-_ 170
Leadville Station Report ---.------------- 69
W6ar ye dase owas ee Sere oye See te ee 67
Leathers from Water Animals, Exhibit at
Pan-American Exposition _------------- 349
Megislation, Wisheryies- = )---s=eee=) = === == 245
Lepisosteus osseus -------------- 171, 209, 222, 235
PIlstostomMuUss- =) eases eee 171
Bepomis pallidus mss sa. Setese as eee 174,214
WEptOps Olivas s=— ee oe ee 286
Heuciscusielongatus: 2-52. = sees eee 211
pag Hy) es ek a ee eee Ss 211
Tlewis.-AlbertD) 23 22-2 ee aa 127
Teikte bpAT Olas eee AS Sees eee ee eS 812
limi sWimibraesses-- eso ee ee eee 2138, 224, 238
imnsaay pa lUStTisys === a ae eee ae ae 175
lineatus, ROCCUS2=29-sssstae see see 240
Line Fishing in Hawaiian Islands -------- 415
U Dri ae a ee Ee he a ae 216, 225, 240
intone Mdwinlyea ees ese eee 18, 127,128
THISTOCS St sooe Sees eee Ae oa ee a ee 139
Little White Salmon Station Report----- 81
WorBianco Pree eee eas ae oe eee eee 137
mobstersDistribubioniOL 22.55 4essesse———— 110
Hegs, Collection of 22--2_2---==_- 36, 37
Fisheries of Foreign Countries. 140
IPO tie Siete Soo an Nes eet Sas 326
IPOUN GSH sa =s4— sass Sas rene eee 138
Proparabionio fees esas saa 23
Rearings +223 ies 225022 ' hee Lee 10,121
Loch Leven Trout, Distribution of----_-- 88
Hatching_.-+.. 59,63, 70,71
ID ove evel OI Dl se Se ee ee ewes 36, 304
Logging detrimental to Fish Life __--____- 121
WopsRerclier ss eases eee = ere 215, 225,240
Loli Fishery of Hawaiian Islands __--__-. 498
MSONL Ces a 2 ease aca ee ee eee eeea te 224
Monge=] awa wWibiite-tshty=2 2 eee eeee see 213
mong-nosed = Dace aaa 8 eee 8 a eee ae 223, 236
Sucker 23 = 171, 210, 222, 235
Wotamaculosase ss sees ee eee 216, 225, 240
Louisiana Fisheries, Statistics of_--.... 697-701
THOUD ELV OIA DS? cept > bie Se See nes 735
luciuss MSOx22 2s) sosees— cee ee ee eee eee 238
UCIUSWUCLUS eee saree set ee een ans 213
OhIensis' 354s oo es eee 172
reticulatus: hee ss eee eee eee 213
Vermiculatus 2. ss 9) sees 2138
Tem y= Sh Ss A eee ae ee 240
Jumpus;Cy.clopteruss-- eon eee 240
Munatia tes x22 ee eee aes Soe eae ee 208
Juteolissiampsilisie=s=- = 522s =e 175
Lymphosporidiym truttee ___...---------- 125
Mackerel: tk fie: eek Uh! ee eee 239
IMI SHOTTES GR ses beat ao ees eee 11,149
Macropternotus maqur -2222-. 22-22. -- 2 373, 452
NVA CUHIOSas 100 tales a ee 216, 225, 240
Mad" Toms: 2352225532 acs ees eee 171, 210
RAPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page.
Magruder, William T __...._.... .._----.- 114
Maianayl sland tess seins ae ee ee: 800
Makatea Islande--:--2-- =e ees 749
Makemo -2 2222 e 4 ee 756
Mammalian Exhibit at Pan-American
MXpositions 22e2 tee eee eae oe 323
Mant iy. Ane 2. ea. en 9. se ee eee 139
Mancha H(A each. ee ae 57,60
Manchester Station Report------_-------- 62
MarakilIsland 222332 lace See eens 801
margarita, Leuciscus -___. .-22----2_-- 2-2 211
Marine Biological Laboratories ___-_____- 10
Mary ksi ably 2 25 Seen oe a eens 26
Marquesas Islands, Fishing Methods, Ap-
paravus, andsBoagtsis = ee 743-746
Mansi Mis C2 aee" Sane 58, 64, 119, 124, 183, 241, 304
Mason’ Ra Gara sar 0s.) MAL eae ere 26
' Marshall Islands, Fishing Methods, Appa-
TAbUS and BORtsS-2=— soe 803-817
MATSON. Salvelinus = =s2- sess Seea eee 238
Martin Novelty Company ----.---.-------- 303
Martin: ‘S.J 3 =--e 3a tte ee ee 142
Mason, ViicAs =o 2 eee ee 38
MASquINON sy. SOX =e eee 224, 239
Mast 4S. ©. 2203 22-2 eo ew ee ee ee 115
Mata camoni ia ke sees a eee 11
Mat Island. - 2.222225 322 ess sees eee S18
Maui. 5. Se of Goes ae Spt eee i 3885, 472
maxillingua, Exoglossum----------- 212, 223, 237
Maxinkuckeesuake= 22-2 ee 112
MaveriA:, Gis. See es Ss See ee 743
MeClures Cs With! 2-2 =. eee 127
McDonald Egg-transportation Crate____- 315
Hatching =) aie seas eee ee 318
Universal Hatching-jar-_-__-_- 318
Wihite-fish Jar sees ee 318
Y-shaped Hatching-Box ---_-_- 317
McMurray: J: Hee eee 127
Mead. pAc Dr tie Sn I Ee ee 37,121
Measure for counting White-fish Eggs... 319
Meek: Sethhin- Sse, 25 5h ee nee ae cee 18
Meo ers )it Gots ee es ee ees 78
Melander Axel Tite s sos ee eee ee 127
Melanogrammus aeglifinus -_____--------- 269
MOTs; ,AMOIUPUS tea See see eee 171,210
Menhaden= 2. 22-2 SS. t eae eee 112
menidia; Atheringicss 222s eae eee eae 264
Atherinichthys ===) -— see =e == 264
Menidia.2-325-5 te eeee 242
audens j522 3234 See eee 259
beryllina == 22.2 Sa ee 241, 259, 261
CORCB: 252 2a2.c- Ses oeeee 261
‘brasiliensise-5 yess eseesee eee 264
dentex: 222%) 2. eee 264
gracilis!j2.2 36 -.e eee 259, 261
beryllina seco
peninsullss 4-2 e eee a ene 257
atrimentis@es=.-==ss= 258
monidia= 2255228" - == 2 eee 262, 264
NOtAtas 3 ees eee 264
notatate-2- 332) oe ee 262, 264
Notes on the Genus------------ 241-267
Menominee White-fish -------.------------ 223
Meth yaaa os nee eee 225
Michigan Fisheries-------.-- 637, 652, 653, 654-655
Statistics of - 593-594, 604-609
{NDEX. 839
Page Page
Michigan Fish and Game Warden-.-----.- 58 | Neiafu Harbor --..----- perp Pees 785
Berisiation= 28 . ee hee ee 825%] 7 Ninna. be a a ee 386, 475
Moenknhausiiws diester era k eo eb ao eT PNUetslands => =20 8 2 eee eee oe 780
Observations on Eggs Northern Darter. = 9s nl-2 ae ee eee 240
of the Silverside -__-- 247 | Northville Station Report __....__....---- 57
Mohicamy slain des seeseeeseaee eee eee fats enocave,-Attherina=s!-- 2255. ok seen 264
Molluscan Exhibit at Pan-American Ex- Atherinichthysis-2 2254-2 se eee 264
DOs tION Sees =. SE ee ee nee BS 809 Ménidia®--- 2.2.28 eee ee 262, 264
Mollusks of Chautauqua Lake_____--_---- 175 | notatus, Pimephales- -_-_.________- 172, 211, 223, 236
Wolo Kai Soe sen ee eS ST 385,475 | Notropis atherinoides___-_______---- 212, 223, 236
Iolo Rani eae tees oP ae to cces She 386 iblennis 22252 222s s2 2. see 211, 223, 236
Moloney. Je scoran==2 << 2+. <2 = ees 355, 384 CRY Sa a ee ee ee 172, 211
MWOONGY.Cmeee = Bae es ke Nee eine teats A 228, 237 COEDS Sane eens 172, 173, 212, 228, 236
MoorerGabe Hd 2225 2 see sere ee. 441, 660 iheterodon(=2—-. 2---==) =o 211
MOORE Seam Hees J o28 So 8s ae eee: "_ 122,138, 304 hudsonius=---=— 172, 173, 212, 223, 286
MOOTe em Se oo 115 MUSKOKA Ts. vee ose eee 112
Moorea lslarid ost ad Veet ee eee 776 THON TU ROV ee nes con 212, 223, 236
MOLdaAxV OSMorUs se: 2) see ee Uae 224, 238 \Aeneyovb bls es eo ae 172, 212, 223, 236
Di kay peering ta Be eS eee ee pone eee ee TSO Ge No Gurus flavicdseese ses - see eee eee eee 210
IMO PATER bien ee = es ee ee ere 804 | nuchale, Hybognathus --.._-......--__---- 211
Mottled Mad’T ori) Sir res 298 at ee FO eNukualofae 482-2 42-- e e ee 782
Rey ron, UisinaGhe ee a T6Ou | PNukubiva islands esses oases = een 743
MoxostoMa ‘anisurum_-.-.-----.--=:-.- Zl OMB a ieNukubayvalkee aise se see en eee ee 765
aureolum___---- 1262105222) 236" 287 |) Nuttman) James Re 222222 =-2- 222222252 --28e 139
ARGUS id OFS) I 2 Sat Se, ee ll a ee eS ON eb ss anes aes eee | eas a en eee eee 386, 477
ighipersmeen ne Ske <4 Son een. og LE 220) 935 nll OCLOPUSE 222522 = 2-28 == eee ee eens 140
WIN O Were tee ene eens ee en ee ODA E |e OCI BeACO lle na == eel he ee ae ne eee Se 811
Mimic apn allude een ee ene 128 |Sohicnsis) -Alosates-seseee- = seo eae 277, 279, 664
Cobt ls: Stas lees Son ee ee 371 IMU CLUS eee ea eee 172
Ren se ee oe epee ee eS 22a Ohio MiSheries==ssssesee ass aes = 639-641, 652, 653
Mallinis i panrbabus:- 23222252 bee ee 372 Statistics\of= == 22 672
Mrskallunge 5 52:20 2552 2!- thar ee nee 224, 239 River Wishes 45-22: .2.22)..2 s8 275-288
of Chautauqua Lake _______- 170 Shadis2s2252 6222 8k es ees 279, 664
Mussel Exhibit at Pan-American Exposi- Sturgeons=-= --= 5.452: jee eee 285
lone eS see eee Ene oe 350,351 | Oil, Food Products canned in---.-.------- 345
Shellindusiry «ee ee eee 678 | Oils and Fats, Exhibit at Pan-American
Shells used for making Buttons.. 300 Exposition ss: <= i258 20 i eee 347, 348
Valueioniese ss sea es aes 12> | Oldenburen Ge by. es aces oe eee aes 78
Mutoscope; (Exhibit: of! sees 2s--- eee 302" |wolivaris: eptops)- see ses: o- ase seee nee 286
My kiss Salmo es 35 2ts8 528 Pe a eee ee 72:5 \"Olmsted’s Dartens- == sees — aes a oeee sens 215
Mivriophy lam :* 22. Sos os eee 169 | Oncorhynchus nerka_---...--------------- 506
namaycush, Cristivomer__-__._--.--- 2138, 224, 238 tschaw ytsehaiss.ses= se - 28 DUG
Namoiislande 2) <4 re ee ee, 825 | ontariensis, Thymallus --._.-...-.....---- 213
INS MCAT: 250 2 S552 ee ee 811 | Ontario Lake, Fishes of -.-.------------- 209-216
Naum tik isla) Soo ee a bee ee 78 | Ophiodon elongatus|.----.-222 22222 42-e=- 525
Naphtha Engines used in Fishing --__-_--- 589) laoquassa, salvelinus::=-- 2 2 2.2us soe ssa 111
Naples Zoological Station-_-....-.-...---- 196" | Oxciyay., 12-2222 2 ee oes ee ee 127
Nashua stations se ee s- ee ee nest eee 14 | Oregon Fish and Game Association ------ 80
GpOrb-<=* 2 ot Seas es 34. Misheries: 2h. 2-~ ies eae 12, 585-549
Nebraska Fisheries, Statistics of ______- 7342737 |) OBMerus; MOrdax -=- 2-4-3 eee ee 224, 238
nebulosus, Ameiurus-.--- 115,171,210, 222,235,286 | osseus, Lepisosteus---..--.------- 171, 209, 222, 235
840 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER
Page.
ouananiche SalmOjs sss) == eee 238
Oyster Beds of California ----------------- 564
Gulture} 2-22 ee 131
Dredge ssesso226 oe: cee eee ae 333
Exhibit at Pan-American Exposi-
tions sat ea ee ee eee 310-312
Fattening Experiments. --------- 10,121
Serape o22ct ieee eS eee 333
TONGS oes ee ee ee eee 333
Oysters in Hawaiian Islands- ----------- 374, 453
Pacific American Fishery Company ------ 524
Coast) Misheries#==) === 2a 163, 501-574
Herning. soe ee ee eee ee 534
‘Pad dle-fish=s.--52 ose eee 171, 284, 663
Cavid reErOMmen: eee 160
Pavesi le Scale masse eee ae eee eae 319
Pa rov Howard essa eee ene aaa 302
pallidus WuepOMIs= s2a= sess see amas asa 174, 214
palustris; uimmnsea sy yee ee eee 175
Pan-American Exposition ------- 15, 183, 289-851
‘Papeete a= = SSte> ot sae S 2! Sa ee eee 395
River and Lake Fishe- ies of Maine___-__- ETS ES en WP ice Se xe ake a Fe ee 174
‘River: Seine 2-2-=: = ee 326 | San Francisco Fisheries-.-----..---------- 563
Rivers of Hawaiian Islands- -_---.-.-------- ion endnnis CUA paras ea -.52s—= eee eee 828
TROWGR < 220 iad he ote ee ens ee Zi zes) || (Sane Marcos! Stavlole =. 2a oan -= eee 27
Roberts; Wels aa - 1415765 660 Reporti:--05 24 =: 2235. ee 67
IRoberisonyaw eller 2-252-252-2222 1594 sapidissima--Alosases== 5 = see —ee= 213, 237, 277, 281
IRODiMNSOn Pay Ome sea aes a en eS 128 | Sardine Industry of France_-_--_----------- 11
RObiMsony Worl isms eS 355, 384 RradeninehUrope pees 2 ne eee 139
Roceusichrysops e2-e = aca ee 216; || Sargent, Porter Mdward _---_----- 2-5-2222 127
TiNGH Gos See ane ne eae ee 240502" i (Satin-fins Minnowis225.2 = 222-—- Se 212
Rock Bass: =-- ea 49640140 214, 224-239) || Sauerhott, W «2 s2ste 2 os= eee een 304
Distribution of--=—=--------— 108°|| (Sanger s.2 23s. 22. ee 215, 225, 239
iHatchinpin4 2-22. 202s ee 66:67 | Savage Island=<.-24-225--<.5 =<: S222. 2eu- oe 780
Chiba See ha es eee 236". Sestt INGGEE so s4 eee Se ee 319
Yea lee a ee ee ae 225: || 'Senledtanip® << 2b See 2 eee oe ee 222
Rogersiopeb 2a ese sas. See neeesccemes SlveScallop- Dred 2e 222. =2 522. - 2-22 ssee a a= 333
Rogue River Station Report-------------- 80 | Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus ---_------ 285
iROBpelA DrAtollie =e as fs ee ee Side “Schil beodesisyrinuss=-~ 4----- 2 eee 210
Rongelappelap island. __.2. .2-5--.---.-.2- 811 MUUTUS Ye see asses ae 71,210
Roosevelt, Theodore, Letter of Trans- SchneiderGeoree:Al =. 22. -2-22 252-2 304
Mit ballsiromeer ers 22 oe eee a ee S54) | Scirpus)... 222 viee ec Sooo es sh esa een n ee 169
TROOP ELeTI Tyee 28 Aas ed Sie | Scomber colias) -~22s45-- 5-2 a0 ee 569
Rose Bresgne re: se es ee 236 Scom PruUs ses eeu ee ae 239
Rosemtlostine rap 22s 22. - = ee 327 | Scoop Nets used in Hawaiian Islands- ---- 406
RGsy-cront Minnow 2 2 oe oe 223 | Scotch Methods of Smoking Haddocks. 269-271
ROTOR Oe ne ae a Ee ee eee 752 Sea Droutise osc nscus= asnse52-- ses 31
Roma IW Hite-fise 22 2a ee 223, 237 Distribution of-_-------- 100
Rowell br at os ea ee Ql Seovelladeul) .-. sto sssee essa ataaees. seeeee 113
Royal, Steam schooner ~_--------.-=------ Bob ulll SCLAPOINOGLS see ea ae eee 309
rubicundus, Acipenser-_---_------ DIG 222. 23h 28h il SCUdGeT sO. Wea eee ne en eee 304
PU bYrILrOnS; WNOLOpIB=s.- 2s en a -==- 2122223, 286 | Seagle, \Georee Ac n= a= e ase naenee en 47
rupestris, Ambloplites---------- 174, 214, 224,239 | Seagle Egg-transportation Box ----------- 315
Runick Pass’. 5.205 eek ee ee ee.) - 816 Hatching-trou gh 22). 2-25) S-2-e- 319
nstin: Henry: =: =o-Ae ee ee ee 8)’ Sea Horse:2 3-38 see ee Ae 333
Rutten Clondsley: =< 2-35 Sa eee 116) |, SealewAs: S8ee. 8-2 Feces eee ee 355
Ryder, John A., Observations on Eggs of Seal Fishery of Hawaiian Islands--------- 496
Silverside@g ca ooo eases oe eee DAG) | SOasviOns's 2 oss. eee oe es 569
Saint Bernard Club, 2--:.-s=-:sasee 2 31 on’Pacific:Coast..2-<-- 22 =2--=-=- 549
salary Salmi. inc. 52-05 28dcs-c5 See PAB ed hea) 9 SCC Oh Co ae eer pose ee eons OS Oe 301
SalinOmisterses 325 eee nnn ans 307 Fishery of Hawaiian Islands... 497
Salmogairdneri e525. .9-2- 22. 587 | Seaweed Fishery -----.---.-..------...---. 140
ITIG OUR A. so Bet fo ess eC 587 | sebago; Salmo 22 s2zee 324255 ee ota 111, 224
MY KISS! esse ose eee she see 72 | Sebastichthys rosaceus -......--..-.------ 57.
OuUaNANICNG =o: =e ease ee 238 AOTTICOPS-- o=c-004-e2ee ea 573
Sele ae eee na eee 315 904-957 || Sepec ake s=2-5-2os- 2 =eee nso a ane 111
BODGEO fas an. sate eee eee eae 111,224 | Seines used in Hawaiian Islands--..-.-.---- 396
842 REPORT OF
Page
Semotilus atromaculatus -__..__---------- 112,
172, 178, 211, 228, 236
COLPOLalis assess eee 211, 228, 236
Shadhe a: Sub Ie he F-3 ee See ee 224, 237
DistribubioniOLmes=a ==) alae eee 85
Iatchin yy Sees es eee 2,42, 48, 44,5
inveennsy lvaniaie sso eee 150
INie@weSPeCies Of sete eeeen eee 275-283
onwWwiesti Coastie. t= 22.5 See ee 504, 587
IPrOpaCabiQnie sees ese eee ee 24
Shad=wailterracses ooo oes le eee ae sea 224
Shark Fishing in Hawaiian Islands- --_-- 421,498
Shawene cam Cli pega eee 32
ShaynenG ACs tis Ok ee eae ess 17, 303
Sheepshead es. sees ee kek esas Me eae 216, 225
Sherwood, George H-.....---------- 121, 127,128
Shiner nese sas oi see ee ee ee 172, 236
Shore Fisheries of Lake Erie __________- 637-642
Ena rone=2 sere 623-626
Michigan ______ 606-614
Superior -__-_.-- 593-596
Short-nosed) Gave soe ee ee eee 171
Sturgeons:22 3-0-4 253
Shovelnose Sturgeon.____...__.-._---- se 1285
Shrimp Fisheries of California -_________- 550
sicculus, Labidesthes -______-- ttn eee 174, 214
Signalosa atchafalayee --__...-------------- 275
Silvieri@hubs css Sates eee ce eee 223
Silversfinet. 2 ee ak ee ie SEES 172, 223
Silver: Salmonysss--os ee eee eee 22,81
Distribution of --..----..-- 88
Silyerside Minn owies sees eee ee 228
Silversides of the Genus Menidia______- 241-257
Silvery Lamprey ----- eee Se ner ea 222, 235
MINN OWisaeas ne eee ee eee 211
Silvester Cn ess seen ae ee 127
Silvester! Ges Wika ee eee ae ea eee 127
RSET CLO SVE Se Bee er ee ae pen Or eye 355, 384
Silken a@ keene ek ee Se ee 174, 214
SlendersVinn owes ee eee 212, 236
Sma aC peg see eee ee 207,208
Smaill-mouthed Buitalo 2222552252) 286
Black Bass---.-- 174, 214, 224, 239
in Hawalie--— 5 34:
Sime thaesoeee sees ee op or tee 224, 238
OfePaciiichCoastes sss 0 5 see ere 548
Smith Carly Saree ae eee eae 355, 384
Smith eG ees eA ieee seeeel 355
fSheathwow Ie hr vedal dibs oo Se ss 18, 133, 134, 241, 304
Smith, Hugh M., on Inquiry respecting
Food-fishes and the Fishing-grounds_ 111-140
Smith, Hugh M., on Scotch Methods of
Smokineviliad docks == =ne. see =e 269-271
Smith, Hugh M., on Tagging Cod at
IWiOOdSHHOlo se sees sant aos hess sane 193-208
Smith: JamoesvAyes a ers ets eee 42
Smoking, Food Products preserved by __ 344
@SNAD IN Ob esses eee ee ee eee eee ae ee 326
Snappin oer] oes ssn eae ae ene 677
Snaring Fish in Hawaiian Islands_-_--_--- 414
Snows d UliasWiys scans aise see eee eee 115
Society Islands, Fishing Apparatus, Meth-
OdshaNndiBoates see eee 769-778
Soldioen-fishy: S22s5 se soo see eet eee ee eee 174
South Dakota Fisheries, Statistics of .. 730-733
COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page.
South Sea Islands, Notes on the Boats,
Apparatus, and Fishing Methods of__ 741-829
Sparoides;Fomoxdss 2s 214, 239
Spathula, Polyodon ess.) =e- eae 171, 284
Spawn-takers, Instructions to____________ BY
Spearfish Station Report --_...._.....___-- val
Spearing Fish in Hawaiian Islands__-_____ 411
Spherium rhomboideum _--...______---_- 1%5
Striatingm) ==) 4-2 eee 175
suleatumi 22S ee 175
Spiny Lobster Catch of California --_-_--_- 574
Split-hip avin owas ee ere 212
Sponge Exhibit at Pan-American Exposi-
GON eee ee ee ol e=olasaolt
RISherys t-. Sess ahe) pasate eee 12
Appliances= sass sese a 333
Experiments _-____-___--- 10, 122
@PIMGyG Eb) 8 es 156
Spoonbill Cates =a BL 160,171, 284
Spot-tail Minnow __..--__.... ease Beer 212, 228
Stackable; Res) -2- 25S eee 355, 383
Starry Mound erases. = as= aeons ae eee 527
Statistics and Methods of Fisheries -_---- 11,
141-166, 323-342
Statistics of Fisheries of Alabama_______- 693
Arkansas ----- 701-707
Great Lakes __ 575-657
in oisssss==—s" 676-684
Indiana -__..._- 673-676
LOW ese ee ee 714-722
Kansas 222-2 738-740
Kentucky ----- 635-688
Lake Erie__-___ 632-644
Lake Michigan 598-614
Lake Ontario 646-649
Lake Superior_ 590-596
Louisiana ____- 697-701
Minnesota ____ 725-730
Mississippi____ 694-696
Mississippi Riv-
er and Tribu-
baries=a nse 659-740
Missouri _____- 707-7138
Nebraska -__-_- 733-737
Ohiotes os es 672
South Dakota_ 730-733
Tennessee_____ 689-692
West Virginia. 671
Wisconsin ____ 722-725
Salmon Fishery of Pacific
Coaste.2245 2582 eee 507-511
Steelhead Trout... wee see ee eee 22,70, 587
Distributioniof=--sse.2-— 88
Hatching =e 61-74
in Lake Superior -------- 26
Stanley, sO) 3.8 Sa ee ees 11
Stationsinspectionvotes===se=== == =e 27
Station sRepontss sees esses eee 28-84
St. Clain WakeiWisheriesss22s 45-525 627-629
River Misheries: = -s-e2-sse ee== 627-629
St. Johnsbury Station Report ---.-------- 31
St. Lawrence River Fisheries -__....------ 650
Mishesiotsesssee sess 227-240
Stejnecersleonhard a =. =e ee 18
Stevenson, (CjHes sees. eeeeaes 18, 141, 576, 660
INDEX. 843
Page Page
tone Cateel + Sooo oh See a eee ee 11 | thompsoni, Carpiodes ------ 22222-22222 222, 235
Pike 2 re XO ee 174 Tig OpSish ee 2 = an eee 216
Roller] _ 2 e eee Hize210 | hom psony Men = eee. eee 127
Stone: Charles! Wt == ee ee ibyfel| Mi shagriaa ye Walasearre( Ghee eee 383
Stone ivin Ts Con =e ees eee Bon) Laymallusiontariensis.— sess: ae 213
storerianus, Hybopsis -_......-.-..------- 212 thymalnsie2 se) eee eee 213
Storer sUMinnG Wiese 212 |pluttany: &: Companys. 2228-2 stee aeeee 304
SticknGy