OS iS} Bice MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. te Received ...... Nhe, (oe ! Was Accession No. ‘ 2 is f | ra Given by KL, J. Te, al Place, *,* No book or pamphlet is to be removed from the Lab- oratory without the permission of the Trustees. ey x ite aay. ah AOS Uo GOMMISSION. OF FISH AND: FISHERIES. GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner. PAE | Oe NA REPORT THE COMMISSIONER FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 380, 1902. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1904. CON TEN Ts: Page. Repanwonpie CommMmissignercs «acer s otis owieten icote noe coccinea cieminescine 1-21 Report on the propagation and distribution of food-fishes. By John W. NEES) aye aad iat MI Se ak aaa al ager 2 late eh Dr ea AD 22-110 Report on inquiry respecting food-fishes and the fishing grounds. By TEES OTN Coe (SPADA Oy Lees Siar oes oe cS in ga ory a ee eRe eaeel Eee A ee 111-142 Report of the division of statistics and methods of the fisheries. By Coes 1a od UCN TST EV fag ae i iy BA ap (Es Ra RN A Ade Ale 143-160 APPENDIXES. Cobb, John N. The sponge fishery of Florida in 1900..................-. 161-175 Evermann, Barton W. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic iE PES) oi, 2 SPN ia aay sake oe Sie ay sl eae EA oe MESS ee WS oe 433-540 Smith, Hugh M. The common names of the basses and sun-fishes -.-.-..- 353-366 Stevenson, Charles H. Aquatic products in arts and industries. Fish oils, fats, and waxes. Fertilizers from aquatic products ...............------ 177-279 Stevenson, Charles H. Utilization of the skins of aquatic animals........- 281-352 Wilcox, William A. The fisheries and fish trade of Porto Rico in 1902.... 367-395 Records of the dredging and other collecting stations of the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1901 and 1902................---- 3897-432 Supplement to list of publications of the United States Fish Commission AVA leOMmOTS CEU TLOM sae eSeminar ree eran ra She tha ere en ae eran oe 541-543 a os age rw ay wi Ree ki 8% § iPr ist ‘ts PLATE 1. 9 5: . View of menhaden fleet at Provincetown, M&SS ............cc0ccecneccecsccccccnennees . (1) Primitive form of kettle and press for rendering oil from herring on the Maine List OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Beaufort laboratory: (1) PiversIsland and laboratory. (2) Exterior view of laboratory. 2. Beaufort laboratory: (1) Interior view. (2) Observation tank .................-..... 3. 4. (1) Stones found in the stomach of a sea-lion, Point Arena, California. (2 and 3) (1) Sea-lions at Cliff House, San Francisco. (2) Pups about 4 weeks old .............. Specimens of salmon from gill nets, Astoria, Oreg., supposed to have been MiLtAtediby Sea-llONs vio ctcaraiceiiats Sais e seme we oe sieisioamssiereieietice soa his okie Bee Saison . (1) A part of the Afio Nuevo rookery. (2) Purissima rookery..................:..--.- . (1) Bringing sponges from the vessels to sponge wharf at Key West. (2) A sponge BUCHONIAUIAN COLE Sees ae sess ties caliac. cs sa seee ee eae dem note wikis aa sas ia[Uo eee abtad eee ee . (1) Spongers at work. (2) Sponge yard at Key West, showing the sponges drying.... Vessels and Krag sat BALleysvBIUih ceescisctmscs Seeecee 6 eemue ea amine tetas ce cee ace eae ee DR sponse AUCHON: WihALMaAtaCey NV ESL 2. Nsarc\ciniclc.cclm creel niwiciewioce serie Mllemioezecis qaceeane . Origin of the whaling industries at New Bedford, Mass .........-.......--.--ceeceena . Whaling vessels at New Bedford, Mass., in October, 1901.............20.........------- . Removing blubber from whale beached on California coast. (2) Try works on modern WiNALler LOOKING eit we cterctasiaisine cece cet saceretcemeciecimosecisiin seme cine sietiocetce eee . Deck of modern whaler, showing try works, scrap hopper, and utensils employed in GIVI PHO Ol ecretetarstreiere eiatejainistelsiarctets stoletalstatsyettinicisrele sisieetcla ia cteininins Siete ese eee ieee eee . (1) Grinding and pressing crude spermaceti for removal of taut-pressed oil. (2) Interior view of oil refinery. Filling bottles with sperm oil....................... School of black-fish stranded on the shore of Cape Cod, Mass ...............-..------- coast. (2) Modern type of hydraulic oil press used in the menhaden factories. .... . (1) Spermaceti refining. Vat for boiling and removing sediment. (2) Packages of maplocksseakesvand) candles:Of SpenMACELIS = hence semeee soe oe eee eee ee ee es Mm Menhad emtactory, aby DIviervon win Mase qseism wine sista stesiawicteinon no sacie eisai ae aaee . (1) Discharging menhaden from vessel bymeans of tubs. (2) Discharging menhaden from steamer by means of bucket elevator, at Promised Land, N. Y........-.-...--- . (1) Receiving-bin for fish at menhaden factory. (2) Continuous steam cooker, used pyaisheries:companyateeromised Land, Na Ycsssescenecsceteeeeneeee sees eeeeeee . Press room of menhaden factory, showing arrangement of tracks, curbs, presses, etc. . (1) Artificial drier in factory of fisheries company, Promised Land, N.Y. (2) Fertili- zer room in factory of the fisheries company, Promised Land, N. Y...............-- . Drying skates for manufacture into fertilizer, opposite Provincetown, Mass.......... . Fertilizer department, Russia Cement Company’s glue factory, Gloucester, Mass....- . (1) Sealing steamer at St. Johns, Newfoundland. (2) Weighing seal pelts at St. Johns, Nema OUmailan Gees Sain ceaen Sete eer se ie Leelee oie (Se) See aime Rg he are Wed ea Od . (1) Tubbing, combing, and reversing furs. (2) Fleshing mink skins ................. . (1) Skiving beaver skins. (2) Beaming and plucking beaver skins .................. . (1) Seal skins tanned without removing the hair. (2) Shaving mink skins .........- . (1) Cleaning drums. (2) Beating beaver skins for removing sawdust, ete ............ . (1) Fur-seal skin, dressed, natural. (2) Fur-seal skin, plucked, natural. (3) Sea- OMT SKN ATEHSCG eM ApUT As ce cen cic isc aie miata a ee eee ne coc oi cia aue einen eee eee . (1) Nutria skin, dressed, natural. (2) Muff of mink skin, showing method of sewing REFN PIC CIP: oso ajsie ae esiso ls naee satel = eieicisi sisiaies ica = edie te wees ciesigs cematseateeaeeuee BVRiTikaskKins CAscd ian diGresseGMcotcsee come lee woes Noe cahcus ce che eben eeacee ete ee ee . (1) Walrusleather. (2) Skin of Brazilian shark. (3) Manateeleather. (4) Sea-lion leather. (5) Skin of mottled shark. (6) Skin of white shark. (7) Seal leather. (Sjeleopard-seall leather) 2's ecn. caste cer ok Gis wine claw icinc acelin = Bee le stom Ontone ns aRclee sete . (1) Section of European sturgeon skin. (2) Skin of Delaware River sturgeon, tanned ETB WV SLT KoWN tad iafetate etsy a nara Ra | eae a cha aia asta air tn clare ttn ce eee uae Cate TE MU PAllieator skins und er-suriaceiand hom-backs.. 0. coc emanece sts nas nonaces cece tedeotaee 37. 38. (1) Skin of watersnake. (2) Skin of beaver tail and jewel box covered therewith -. (1) Section of gar-fish skin. (2) Letter box mounted with shark skin, gar-fish skin, Sidi OtneLOf- pearls. caces ae oa itace Kewes sain oes wis teles be ocememlisie ois eld dee hen coemacinuiene 342 gta : * CA aon nate 4 < ae ; ie, heer . WN, 1) ae ¥ ; : b y : Ae: $ Fee Re 8 heh wees ee! v4 Deas Wise Rah vc aeatnrts iy : ; woe ane mts cgigent y ¢ mepom VU, oO. Fr. w\, IFUL, | 1O TACO page |,) FLAITC |. PIVERS ISLAND AND LABORATORY. te Wi Rk td BEAUFORT LABORATORY—EXTERIOR VIEW. Bel) PO RT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES POR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1902. I have the honor to submit a report covering the fish-cultural work and scientific and statistical investigations of the United States Com- mission of Fish and Fisheries for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, together with the detailed reports of the assistants in charge of its different divisions. PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES. Natural conditions governing the collection of eggs were generally very favorable at all points where operations were carried on, and increased appropriations made it possible to take advantage of these conditions. The Commission was therefore enabled to keep up its record and show an increased output of nearly all of the species han- dled, and in the aggregate there were distributed over 1,495,500,000 fish and eggs, or 821,700,000 more than last year. Of these, 99 per cent were in the interests of the commercial fisheries and 1 per cent, or 14,900,000, were game fishes. Popular interest in the Commission and wider knowledge of its functions are shown by the increasing number of applications for fish to stock interior waters, 3,814 having been received, or 25 per cent more than the previous year. The propagation of quinnat salmon was carried on in California, Oregon, and Washington, at 12 stations, including several collecting ‘amps, and the season’s work was considered very satisfactory. The runs of fish in the various streams were in most cases good, and over 56,000,000 eggs were collected. 29,300,000 fry and fingerlings were hatched and planted and 17,480,000 eggs were transferred to the Cali- fornia State Commission. As far as possible fry were held and fed during the winter and planted when about 24 inches long, but lack of room and other facilities prevented pursuing this policy to its full extent. A few silver-salmon eggs were taken on a tributary of Rogue River, Oregon, and steelhead-trout eggs were obtained at the same F.C. 1902—1 1 2 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. point and at the Baker Lake Station in Washington. The collection of steelhead eggs was hampered by unfavorable weather and scarcity of fish. At Baker Lake 3,694,000 blueback-salmon eggs were taken and hatched with a small percentage of loss, and the fry were planted in the lake. Over 41,000,000 lake-trout eggs were obtained from commercial fishermen in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan; of these, 5,000,000 were assigned to various State commissions and other applicants, and the remainder hatched by the Commission, the fry—except some 700,000—being planted in the Great Lakes. In Lake Erie the number of white-fish eggs secured from fishermen exceeded any previous record, the hatchery at Put-in Bay at one time being so crowded that they were retained in temporary devices. The facilities for holding the white-fish in pens were increased, but, owing to unpropitious weather, not many eggs were obtained from fish thus held at Lake Erie points, though at the collecting stations on the Detroit River the results were very successful. . The total take of white-fish eges amounted to 701,900,000, of which 111,000,000 were assigned to State commissions and others and the balance hatched at different stations of the Commission, whence the fry were planted in the lakes. The quality of the fry was unusually good. Although April was cold and unfavorable, 437,000,000 pike-perch egos were taken in Lake Erie, but the weather conditions were such that the percentage of fry was comparatively small. At Swanton, Vt., 118,000,000 eggs of this species were also obtained. No lake herring were taken, as the work was interrupted by ice before any spawning fish were found. On the New England coast 338,120,000 cod eggs were collected and hatched at Woods Hole and Gloucester, Mass. Those from the brood fish taken off Nantucket Shoals and held at Woods Hole were of ex- ceptionally good quality. Cod were scarce on the Maine coast, and the number of eggs from this source was not large. From Plymouth fishermen, however, the supply was good. The flat-fish work was more successful than in the preceding year, both in the collection of eggs, which amounted to 194,000,000, and in the hatching of fry. The collection of lobster eggs was also more satisfactory, though some of the territory in Massachusetts formerly depended on was abandoned. In Maine, however, egg-bearing lobsters were abundant. Eggs from all sources numbered 103,898,000, which, except for 5,000,000 devoted to experiments in hatching and rearing, were hatched at the New England stations and yielded 81,000,000 fry. The runs of shad in the rivers where the Commission operates were small, owing to the late spring, and consequently the take of eggs shows a falling off, the station on the Potomac being the only one REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 3 where there was an increase, while on the Delaware, where the collec- tions have usually been large, there was a great decrease. 141,239,000 eggs were secured from all points and 107,000,000 fry were hatched and planted. Considerable consignments were sent to rivers north and south, where the shad runs have been diminishing in recent years. The propagation of the trouts, basses, and other fish appropriate for interior waters has been satisfactorily continued, and these species supplied to applicants in all parts of the country. The collections of wild fishes from overflowed lands along the Mississippi River con- tinued throughout the summer, and large numbers of bass and other native fishes were saved and distributed. On the Illinois River this work was curtailed by the excessive heat, which caused the death of many fishes in the shallow ponds. In continuation of the policy of acclimatizing certain species in sec- tions of the country to which they are not indigenous, steelhead and grayling eggs were brought from the West to be hatched at eastern stations, and white-fish, lake-trout, and brook-trout eggs were sent to the Pacific coast, where they were hatched and planted. Landlocked salmon eggs from Maine were sent to various places as far west as Utah. Twenty-nine species of fish and one crustacean have been handled during the fiscal year, and in the following tables and in the reports of station superintendents are shown the results attained in hatching the eggs and the disposition of the product. Distribution and assignments of fish and eggs among the States and Territories. State or Territory. | Species. Eggs. apes: | eae PNISNOING ee oh ese Se Shad se sae sf eesos te eee kos cal eeeeee aes 450000 1S ace pee 6231001] OC gt 10) DF Aes ns Ee VIE Se * Ae a A a 8 3, 400 IBTOOR SURO U bis ee ae ef ea beeen ee cle a cs fale 200 CR THHS Er ne eae nS eye te eta aed eee Pee a Leyte Aad 1,300 IBIDCKS DASS eats oe a ace a al Pee ena cee a eeeereee ee 9, 000 CTA DIC eee ee ee | me eed ote SII ic SSS cea) 500 IROCKSBESS Jao seen ee aes are eee nie Saute aoe aoe eee 300 ST CaITIM se Bo SREY SSS ee Sa ee ee e y atallin he erate eaaias 7, 000 PTA ZATREDY oa er ta Notas Ss Rainbows LOW 42 cee ace. ese eaten gaa eee eseetalltcmeeewan ences 1, 400 TKO Fed SLES Sareea meee Seadencedd 4 Saeneeontdoa ISChoeaa be rermas 550 Sta wiDenry: PASS sao ese rea te a ae a 400 SUNS hee a sss Sa ees eee tes Hale [ee eee Mees ot ieee oS vege 3 500 PATVICAUTIBELS tarot eh = tne Rainbow, tloullssscs zeae eee os |p eerie: te meee tes eoed 2,700 (BIGCEAD ESAS Ss Seana s Sane a eee SR See oe |e cciyce acon nes 2, 225 CTAPPIOW sseeae seek eae ean eee reise |S aoaeineataeewe 200 IROCKIDASS ee See ee Arse See A ee ew ee Ce Se EE 100 SUMEAShy sesae ss Sees se stee ce os (Oo ces | kama sonteenee 500 Californias se. tos e5e2k5 Qirinnat salmoneeseeasseseeeeeeas 17, 480, 410 7A DUS S515) 0] Eerie See MOTadORin se eee eee ote Landlocked salmon .............. DXO00) Il yesececmenaece | Waseeeaemnse pucelhead trout 222 ass-cscsecen ee OOOO. |S 2 seca ee ee lagen raee Ihochelbevien" trout oes a Ses pee ose ees SOOO! eemacent pete Rainbow, trout sssscas2 22224 eee | sesso sews see 160, 000 5, 200 Black-spotted"trout;-s.--2-c-4scce 20) OOO! Ss xesee sas Sane 765, 000 BTOOKSULOUT Essense see eco tae ee eee 745, 000 85, 500 LAVA Pee sees aS a poets lee hee el eres LOO; OOO iE - =eaeecese Black bass! Sess ssn Fao ss TA eo ence oe cawesceuieeeber 75 SCORRCCHCUL cones cers .cce = 5552 SHAR eh scces caste ts oa ceajaccae ae eseceeadte cee Atlantic salmon ssc se score Landlocked salmon Rambow troultiz-ce soo se eee Brook trout... Lake trout .. Black bass Crappie Rock bass Lobster Dela waresercccacveccsdsseses Shadie eee. RANVOWALLOU ces socee eee eee + REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Distribution and assignments of fish and eggs among the States and Territories—Cont’ da. State or Territory. Species. Eggs. ms ube “ra pee District of Columbia -.-.-....-- SabKol AS AapacoboesePepesentacasnocdlaagscocancer 800, 000 2, 000, 000 Catfish ys oft te ae eects nape e as | See eee , 000 ele ORR Socrbocenacdasac Ses 5 Sas ee eee sees lees meee 1 Wloridaic. se eeeteiseoae-c ses: SONG et mee ob naocogSedcoS Soup Saab Sospeaeaens 6,010; 000!) 22-2eseeseee Caitstish) 2 sos ties ons seerasnaesieniel sol ee eeme secs +e | sae Reemeee 300 BACK ass iat ce cscs cee entails = ete rete ectote relate staleereetetere siete 1, 650 Ili¥enhiel Apso seg ouna Oeescnsoeeno0e> |nooe spocosod||peceloosstosce 310 Georgia eee OSA es: SEO Le Roos spec nee pscaocdsrcsc sees lassagoccoccoc 2) 550, 000 | 2:2. 2eeeee Rainbow trout q-iecmcjjcace esos lacoeeee as] ese ee eecee se 16, 700 C@at-fishy2. M2222 sc hes Sl saass - PS CEE SaaS Saeed 4, 250 INEVOe ORCS awe cnae ae Ses ora soo Saad |senosccee sec boaesasqssccice 8, 684 ROCK bass Mee Fase Fas eas ae ae eee Stee sees. oda 500 IRI (eis) ace goneco Joes eb snes CoOL ae sooeaaenesoc|haaaceooessc-< 7,059 [Tdainoy 23-28 ss. Sea sacar Black-spotted trout -.-.---.---2-% 75, 000 100, 000 38, 000 IBTOO KILO bee teers eee eee nes eee eee as ae ee eee 11, 500 MMRinoiswese ess se eee eles Rainbow troutss. is caueeee seer J| Beck ose s-\4o] pose eee eee oe 500 IH EKO OCC) SSE saa coaso ae bosessecllasnogdaacoed paanacsosaccac 6, 700 Crappieeij.cec o=oce sass cee aees Cees eee tae =| See ee arama 1, 990 ROCK DASS i acrcsacisjsseciecte aelonees leeneseek oe -| eee ene meres 400 Warmouth bass'....:.-:-.-4 Ley Bee eee sa Pesaran mee - 100 SbinsiS Oe ssa aosoooscceae aca. sosnel|ssosoaocsncallpoocobecnssscc 300 TnGiangd esas tees. see ae Ve OW bLOU Ge citers oie siete eee | aero aration tas ohaia 4: 500! (25322 eeeeee IBTOOKATOMtE see ene ai eerseeioeoe leans see 45) (000) )|2Seceeeeeees Pikeyperchis 2. sges es Asses ick ote eee weenie 16,000,000 |22teecnerene Black: DaSS 2 ccnce sacce ecw erences all erncteee a =e besear= enbeieteeteiote 18, 600 (Git OOS So Ee Sessa sonopab-seosc|icone chose sece|leasccooscomccc 945 TROGKE DaSSit aancjeie tate releases all ees nore ratate tell erate met utele tetera 900 Imdian: @erritory,2--e2o4-—- TRENDY STO}| 2 KW Rares to Seese see booosbatsonelsesocosctoncce 1, 000 IES AER SaaaseduSee oe oacesoemec|ccomeeeSessellcceseesoneccec 1,675 (Chitty 0) OG) Ns oe ene ne Be Rens spcdcic|Soeansaoos sa eacseoccacosr: 500 TROGKSDASS 2a Sei wee oninte oe See teiere | trate = Geineais ciate nie see inee ate 200 Strawibemy bassttr- =e ee oe eee seen cee ees tone eee eee 350 OW 82 eceen maser seememicitese Quinnat salmon 4,000 Rainbowitnotcesaeseeee- eee =e IBroOKsmOU tease eeess se sieaee see Wakenroutsstas--seecsces ccc cle Graydine eee ees seine oes G@at-fishiSeeeeccer seas asec = alee Rikewperchessere easiest aeisaeee PIiCkKerel Se oes emesis ewisioelateeicie = Vellowaperehieenenceitmsccseseeens Burftal O=fisht see = c/s a2 tee sicie- = IBIS CK DESS|c oacac =e sins eiwclsocceielre 19, 630 Crap pies acc ceaacasiciseeee aan sea 702, 620 IRocksbassteeeceessccreecseeeeeres 200 Sumehish seo nese cewere rence tenes 603, 890 Ugh SadesacaspasoppsedoCOe IBlacksbassmeseene ee essiseeeeret 12, 675 Crappleeseees=seeeeeee ee eee 2,960 ROCK Dass os sok wees -2e eee sels 1, 500 Keentuckiyier ee eee re meee Black bassizecc= sees -eeeeeee eee 13, 885 Crapplemeeesae see eee eee ee eeeeece 1,395 IRONS SEISS a Sogea doemeeaodocescdec 700 MOUISIAN A eeee secre eee “Ut s\SBIaek! bass). s sccnaceeneeeceie- ore 2,275 Crap plee esas eee e eee ee eee 1, 425 Strawberry, Dass!---ss-- 2-2 see 600 MaIiN eG a2...5 2205 cot Jocueeus At ati Csailim OM eens ere ees Seer ere 48,715 282, 000 Landlocked salmon..........-... 20, 000 519, 785 74, 582 Steelheadstrouteeces sn cee eee peeeeeee ee | 12, 046 84 IRCHI MOONS AKON IouigeeoEeciooecanaS nec ene secccd lbosedanagesoce 1, 406 Brookitrouls-ceteeeeeeeneeseee sae 370, 000 1, 080, 863 643 Scotchisea trowteac cee ecclesia el eerie 7, 694 6, 837 Grayling eo socee ee eae ee ee | 36,388 |... .0eaeee THODSbGTs oa ae ne Hosen see eee ee |e eae eee |’ 337-1100: 000),| seems Maryland’ . Se ccacieeestene INPDIASKS 2 2-4 se262sc 0002 < INE VAG Sie tess ope a a lone ne INewEGISOV= <0 -. 0c seman 2-- Ne WaMEXICO es oss -ci0055ee-0 New York North Caroling)... -- =. .<<-- = North Dakota _White-fish Species. BrOOR UOUU gel jnuis oei-2-65 RATT DOW ALLO Wiersiclanlaletaararsiaia a toaee smolts a icisln|| wrac.w Sees 7,100 Brdokitroml. as owes tees 1O0;'000) | ’ The collection of brood cod off Nantucket Shoals was commenced by the schooner Grampus on October 2 and closed on November 3, when 3,179 had been captured and conveyed alive to Woods Hole Sta- tion. These fish varied in weight from 3 to 10 pounds, the average being between 6 and 7 pounds, and from them 118,745,000 eggs were taken, which were all of good quality, with the exception of a few of the last lots secured. Of the brood fish 2,106 were released alive, the remainder dying from natural causes. Some of the smaller fish were barren and yielded no eggs. On November 29 the Phalarvpe reached Plymouth, Mass., and the auxiliary station at that point was opened on December 2. The first egos were taken on December 3, and collections were obtained up to February 28, when 125,559,000 had been secured. Of these 38,621,000 were shipped to the Gloucester Station and the remainder, 86,938,000, to Woods Hole. The total number of cod eggs received at Woods Hole amounted to 205,683,000, from which 128,810,000 fry were hatched and planted. During the month of January arrangements were made for the col- lection of flat-fish eggs, and on February 5 the boats, nets, and other equipment were sent to Waquoit Bay, but owing to the ice in the bay it was impossible to set the nets until February 15, and it was only done then by breaking up quantities of ice. Nets were also set in the harbor near the station, and from these two fields 553 females were secured, of which 105 died and 123 failed to deposit eggs. The product of the egg-bearing fish amounted to 194,059,000 eggs, of which 144,800,000 were secured from the fish taken at Waquoit Bay. The average yield of eggs this season was larger than that of last year, the average from the fish captured at Woods Hole being 808,000 per fish and from those taken at Waquoit Bay 548,000 per fish. About the middle of April arrangements were made for collecting egg-bearing lobsters at Scituate, Mass., and from the fishermen at Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound. At Plymouth only a few men were fishing and this territory was abandoned. Later in the season a ¢ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 37 man was employed at Noank, Conn., to collect egg-bearing lobsters from the fishermen there and at Stonington. The work heretofore done at Newport was discontinued because the commissioners of inland fisheries for the State of Rhode Island were engaged in collecting at that point, and arrangements were made to receive such eggs as the State commission did not have use for. The receipts from these sources were less than one-fourth of the number received last year, but the receipts from Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound showed a slight increase over the collections of the previous year, and the col- lections from Connecticut waters showed a gain of over 900 per cent. The total number of eggs received during the season was 20,480,000, a slight increase over the previous year. Of these 5,176,000 were delivered to Mr. G. H. Sherwood, an assistant in the Division of Sci- entific Inquiry, for experimental purposes, and from the remainder 12,857,000 fry were hatched. Of the fry 6,177,000 were delivered to Mr. Sherwood for rearing purposes, 2,462,000 were shipped to the Rhode Island Fish Commission, at Wickford, R. I., and the remainder were planted in the waters of Connecticut and Massachusetts. During the year several collections of live fishes were made for the Pan-American Exposition and also for the aquarium at Central Station, Washington, D. C. The usual repairs necessary at such a station were made during the season, as well as the necessary repairs to the vessels. GLOUCESTER STATION, MassacHuserts (C. G. Coruiss, SUPERINTENDENT). During the summer months the station employees were occupied in overhauling and fitting up the cod-hatching apparatus, making repairs to the equipment and buildings, and also assisting in the construction of the new coal-house. The old coal-house, being past repairs, was torn down and a new one, 29 feet by 14 feet, with a capacity of 45 tons, erected in its place. After the cod season closed a woodshed 12 feet by 9 feet was built adjoining the coal-house, and all the station build- ings were painted. Early in November preparations were made for collecting cod eggs at Kittery Point, Me., and on November 15 Capt. E. E. Hahn, of the schooner Grampus, and a force of 7 spawn-takers reported there and at once began operations. The first eggs were taken and shipped to the station November 17. Eggs were collected daily until November 24, when bad weather put a stop to egg-collecting until December 6. Throughout December, January, and February the Ipswich Bay fish- ing was very poor and irregular. Cod were scarce and many of the boats were laid up for a week or two at a time, it often being difficult to find boats for the spawn-takers. The results of the collections were very disappointing, especially as the weather throughout the winter was exceptionally mild and favorable for fishing. The last eggs were taken March 20, and a few days later Captain Hahn and the Grampus 38 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. force proceeded to Woods Hole to fit up the vessel for collecting egg lobsters on the Maine coast. During the entire season 132,437,000 cod eggs were received at the station, of which 87,468,000 were collected at Kittery Point, Me.; 38,621,000 were received from the collecting station at Plymouth, Mass., and 6,348,000 from the Woods Hole Sta- tion. Asa result of these collections 83,191,000 fry were hatched and distributed on the natural spawning-grounds from Ipswich Bay to Massachusetts Bay. In the meantime preparations were being completed for collecting lobster eggs. Early in April collecting stations were established at Kittery Point, Me.; Boston, Mass., and Beverly, Mass., and the cus- tomary arrangements were made with fishermen and dealers for saving their egg lobsters. Collections were also made on the Maine coast from Wood Island to Eastport by the schooner Grampus, assisted by a steam smack which was chartered for the purpose. Active opera- tions began April 18, when the first shipment of egg lobsters was received from Boston. The collections in April were unusually large, and in May were greatly increased, the collections at all the stations showing a substantial increase over those of the previous season. During June the collections in Massachusetts dropped off considerably, while at Kittery Point and along the Maine coast egg lobsters continued to be found in fair quantities up to the latter part of the month. The collecting stations at Boston and Kittery Point were closed on July 10, but the Grampus continued making collections up to July 18. The ship- ments of egg lobsters from the several collecting fields arrived at the station in excellent condition, with the exception of a few lots late in the season, the eggs on these being so far advanced that some of them were affected by the heat. The collections from all sources aggregated 5,901 lobsters, which yielded 83,418,000 eggs. Of the fry hatched from these 37,100,000 were distributed in Maine waters, 2,200,000 off the coast of New Hampshire, and the balance, except 180,000 sent to Woods Hole for experimental purposes, were planted at various points along the Massachusetts coast from Rockport to Boston. Carr VINCENT Station, New York (Lrivinaston STONE, SUPERINTENDENT). During the year eggs of the white-fish, lake trout, brook trout, and pike perch were handled. In November 3,771,000 green eggs of the lake trout were received from the Duluth Station which turned out very well, 2,347,600 fry being hatched from them and distributed. Later 4,088,000 green eggs ot this species were sent from Charlevoix, Mich., but these turned out very badly, producing only 741,280 healthy fry. In December 31,212,000 white-fish eggs were received from the Put-in Bay, Ohio, Station, and 10,003,000 from Detroit, Mich. Both lots turned out well, yielding, respectively, 27,346,000 and 6,954,000 strong, healthy fry. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 39 During the months of January and February 816,250 brook trout egos were received from commercial fish-culturists in Massachusetts, the product of which, as distributed, amounted to 749,350 fry. In February 50,000 rainbow-trout eggs were received from Manches- ter, lowa, resulting in 38,360 fry at the time of distribution. In March an auxiliary station at Swanton, Vt., was established for the collection of pike-perch eggs. The superintendent assumed general charge of operations at this point, and was in the field in northern Vermont from March 27 to May 24. The run of pike perch up the Missisquoi River began unusually early, and trial hauls of the seine were first made on March 17. The first ripe eggs were taken April 7. The spawning season lasted fifteen days, during which time 113,550,000 eggs were taken, including the eggs contributed free of cost by the commercial fishermen on Lake Champlain. Most of the brood fish from which eggs were secured were captured by operating a seine on the Missisquoi River, and the green eggs collected from the fish thus taken turned out about 65 per cent of eyed eggs. The total number of good eyed eggs, measured just before the hatching began, was 48,000,000, of which 32,000,000 were turned over to the State of Vermont, 11,925,000 were taken to the Cape Vincent Station, and the remainder, a little over 4,000,000, were distributed in the waters of Vermont and New Hampshire. In the course of this work it was found that the use of muck is not essential for separating pike-perch eggs, the finely pulverized silt forming the upper layer of the river bed answering the purpose fully as well. It was also found that pike-perch eggs conveyed to the hatchery in the milt in which they were fertilized and put into jars immediately after being washed proved to be better than eggs treated in any other way. Thirteen hundred steelhead-trout fry were liberated in the St. Law- rence River during the summer, the remarkable feature about this event being the fact that the fry were the product of eggs that had been taken from fish that had been hatched at the station four years earlier and had spent their entire life inside the hatchery building. The fry seemed strong and healthy. Several of the parents of these fish were subsequently liberated in the St. Lawrence River, together with some of the quinnat salmon, which had also matured in the hatchery building. Those of both varieties remaining in the hatchery were sent in September to the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. During the year some minor repairs were made. STEAMER Fish Hawk (JAMES A. SMITH, IN CHARGE). The vessel arrived oft Gloucester City, N. J., in the Delaware River, on April 29, and the hatching apparatus was immediately erected and spawn-takers from the vessel’s crew detailed to attend the fishing shores at Howells Cove, Bennetts, and Cramer Hill. 40 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Having received information that the Pennsylvania Fish Commission would not operate the hatchery at Bristol, three spawn-takers were detailed to attend the fishery at Riverton, N. J., 9 miles above Cam- den. The first eggs were taken on May 1, but owing probably to the prolonged season of cool weather and the consequent low-water tem- peratures very little spawn was secured until May 14. Contrary to past experience, the majority of the spawning fish were found in the upper river above Philadelphia, and the fisheries below that point yielded very few eggs. Howells Cove, which has each season yielded the greatest amount of spawn, the take there last year amounting to nearly 50,000,000 eggs, produced this season only 6,500,000. The collecting season ended on June 9, the total take of eggs aggre- gating 36,977,000. Of these 621,000 impregnated eggs were shipped to Central Station, Washington, D. C., and 25,997,000 fry were hatched; 4,835,000 of the fry were distributed on the spawning- grounds at Howells Cove and at the mouth of Timber Creek, New Jersey. The balance were planted by the regular car messengers in the waters of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Florida. Battery Sration, Maryuanp (GrorGcE H. H. Moors, rn CHARGE. ) The station was opened March 24 by J. J. Glennan, who, with a small force of men, prepared the buildings and apparatus for active operations. The superintendent assumed charge of operations on April 21, and the first shad eggs were received April 22. The total collections of eggs for the season, which ended June 5, amounted to 20,707,000. Of these, 2,134,000 were shipped to the Exposition at Charleston, S. C., which were subsequently hatched and distributed from that point. The balance, with the exception of 267,000 sent to Central Station, were hatched and produced 14,948,000 fry. As at the other shad stations, ripe fish were scarce, and it is a notable circumstance, as reported by old and experienced fishermen, that while the proportion of roe or egg-bearing fish was greater than usual, the percentage of ripe fish was smaller than ever before noted by them. A supply of herring roe was canned and shipped to the stations at Wytheville, Va., and Erwin, Tenn., to be used as food for trout fry. A few cases of shad roe were canned with a view to testing its edi- ble qualities. From those who have tested it many favorable reports have been received, and it is the consensus of opinion that it would be difficult to distinguish it from the fresh roe. The method pursued in its preparation and preservation is simple. After being washed a set or pair of roe are put in a 2-pound tin can, which is then capped, exhausted, tipped, and subjected to 15 pounds steam pressure for about an hour. To prepare for the table it is removed from the can and cooked the same as the fresh roe. The milt has also been success- fully canned, and it is quite as palatable as the fresh product. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The following table shows the details of operations: Operations at Battery Station in 1902. Date. April 22 p 23 24 May 1} 2 | 10 | June Number of eggs when received. 589, 000 1, 355, 000 1, 681, 000 185, 000 974, 000 1,713, 000 3, 003, 000 871, 000 1, 856, 000 361, 000 215, 000 1, 402; 000 1,741, 000 2) 754, 000 1, 691, 000 3, 231, 000 815, 000 366, 000 1,179, 000 1, 022, 000 777, 000 782, 000 1, 374, 000 1, 020, 000 492, 000 689, 000 1, 498, 000 837, 000 593, 000 902, 000 126, 000 128, 000 70, 000 184, 000 189, 000 49, 000 82, 000 14, 000 271, 000 280, 000 176, 000 112, 000 37, 649, 000 41 : phe g of Number of | Number of | eggs36 hours} y ae + ‘ Mean eggs 12 hours | eggs24hours| after re- Fry natene d pombe of! water after after ceived or janted aheeeaal tempera- received. received. |number pat P , eee ture chased. 577, 000 560, 000 249, 000 AON OOD) ees State inarenielays 57 1, 322, 000 1, 283, 000 596, 000 DSO OOO! | rcstac men sae 60. 50 1, 640, 000 1, 495, 000 $22, 000 618,000 se cepie cits sae 60. 25 180, 000 151, 000 83, 000 ZOVO000 |zeceacin---- ae 59. 50 914, 000 887, 000 488, 000 SOS OOO Ee aes pees 60 1, 617, 000 1, 495, 000 657, 000 ASO OOO Kes sascteas ses 61 2, 895, 000 2,721, 000 1, 430, 000 OVA) IP ee ee Aaceaoe 60. 75 830, 000 756, 000 416, 000 STOROOO NE eee es eee 62. 25 1, 762, 000 1, 711, 000 941, 000 7091000) leurs aeemiet= se 62 339, 000 329, 000 181, 000 255000 Serivces 62.75 197, 000 191, 000 105, 000 $4),000))| Se -< S-- cee se 63. 25 1, 348, 000 1, 207, 000 - 609, 000 AOS OOOH Ne Ste stats caratae'e 63. 25 1, 696, 000 1, 647, 000 906, 000 S19) OOO: 2a 55- se 63.75 2, 685, 000 2, 607, 000 1, 484, 000 1228000) eee ese eee 65. 50 1, 649, 000 1, 601, 000 881, 000 840s O00; Sa steee as 66.75 3, 178, 000 3, 081, 000 1, 695, 000 1 AM OOOH escase nese 67 798, 000 726, 000 621, 000 280, 000 229, 000 65. 50 350, 000 336, 000 292, 000 56, 000 222, 000 62. 25 1, 122, 000 1, 089, 000 1, 053, 000 248, 000 671, 000 60. 75 980, 000 932, 000 751, 000 BWONOOO See ees ccitec 61.25 725, 000 670, 000 577, 000 ATL OOO ee tote see coe 62.25 768, 000 724, 000 624, 000 BLO OOON een ctoseiser 61.50 1, 336, 000 1, 216, 000 1, 076, 000 S841 000! |ixcis\=on,-cioense 61.75 982, 000 871, 000 748, 000 145, 000 530, 000 62.75 465, 000 385, 000 247, 000 148, 000 91, 000 64, 25 651, 000 599, 000 520, 000 92, 000 391, 000 66.78 1, 402, 000 881, 000 605, 000 (UH OUM Seecacaosse se 68.75 789, 000 597, 000 460, 000 ADO SOOO Wee see 69.50 549, 000 497, 000 295, 000 O86)000 |e so55stee ese 69.50 836, 000 634, 000 471, 000 402)\000)| Sanaa eee 70. 25 109, 000 87, 000 78, 000 ids OOO1| See seek ce eit 72 124, 000 91, 000 79, 000 79;000))|5)- saaqincses = 73. 50 70, 000 57, 000 30, 000 28 O00 sae sce eee 73. 25 1638, 000 98, 000 60, 000 675000; |-eeeeeaeemels (B25) 189, 000 180, 000 128, 000 ATL O00M tz rete see 68.75 49, 000 49, 000 20, 000 PAU 0 erate a omebie 63, 25 82, 000 36, 000 34, 000 BA O00 eee reee 22. 65.75 14, 000 OOOO ya ee arto Sistah) Saiem ater Sarees ls auc erase nee 66, 50 226, 000 194, 000 146, 000 15, 000 131, 000 71 272, 000 140, 000 40000! | Sa sease ence 136, 000 73. 75 102, 000 66, 000 66, 000 66; 000))|- sess sheer 75 100, 000 93, 000 93, 000 Oey (00 Pee codaeencor 73.50 36, 067, 000 32, 980, 000 20, 707, 000 14, 943, 000 2, 401, 000 | Bryan Point Sration, Maryann (L. G. Harron, In CHARGE). The old pump-house being badly out of repair and disadvantageously located with reference to the new hatchery, a new and substantial pump-house was erected near the east end of the hatchery and the suc- tion pipe extended from the pumps to the river on the bracing under the new wharf to a point where the water is 10 feet deep at low tide. This change in the location effected the saving of 248 feet in the length of the discharge pipe from the pumps to the supply tank, with a result- ant saving in fuel whenever the pumps were operated. pumps were removed to the new pump-house, and the old pump-house was fitted up as quarters for four of the spawn-takers; 354 feet of 3-inch discharge pipe was removed from underground, and 106 feet of the same relaid; 240 feet of 83-inch suction pipe was also laid, and the necessary steam-pipes connected. adjoining the pump-house. The boiler and A suitable coal-bin was constructed 42 The launch Blue Wing, which had been ordered from Woods Hole, Mass., arrived at Washington on March 23 and was taken to Bryan Point the following day. Some necessary repairs were made on her stern post and her hull above the water line, and all her house work and decks were thoroughly cleaned and painted, after which she was in good condition for the season’s work. sf The station was opened March 24. Sixteen tents were set up and the necessary equipment installed therein for quartering spawn-takers. The hatchery and other buildings were painted with a coat of indurine, and by April 15 all necessary repairs were completed preparatory to active operations in collecting shad eggs. Small lots of eggs were taken on April 15, 16, and 17, which were placed in jars, but they died and no record was kept of them. On April 18th 60,000 good eggs were received, and oa April 20th 791,000 egos were taken and fishing began in earnest, the entire force of spawn- takers being set to work. The collecting of eggs was pushed vigor- ously with a full force until May 9, when operations were discontinued. The total collection of eggs for the season was 45,971,000, of which 2,421,000 were shipped to Central Station, Washington, D. C., and 2,007,000 were shipped to the Fish Commission exhibit at Charleston, S.C. Of the 41,543,000 eggs remaining, 84 per cent, or 34,994,000, were hatched at Bryan Point. Of the fry resulting 9,018,000 were delivered to the Fish Commission cars at Alexandria, Va., for distri- bution in southern waters, and 25,976,000 were planted on the prin- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. cipal spawning-grounds in the Potomac River. The following table shows the daily collection of eggs, the number of fry planted, and maximum and minimum water temperatures: as Temperature of Eggs ggs Eggs Fry Fry water. Date. received, | hatched eniaved shipped. | planted. - Max. | Min. 1902. SY OURY ATION Sees ee eee oe GO\OOO3 2s eae ee ee |S eee ee 53 52 Le asain eessa te cite $1,000) 232 d0cne= a) ceeeoscee ot judo eeee ead beeeee meee 53 ro DOSS aL assis POT 000 VRS. Se. Fae Sea SS Se ee eee ty eee 55) le aSb2 DNR ee tee Soesce i:'599! 000.) ooo. os toc klaccceceecaee le opeee ee eee | Cae eee 56 | 654 IA Aaa 8 eee an eee 2) (48; 000233221 Besos | Poe coe ears See ee Eee eee 60 53 VEE ES Oa eae a 2929: OOO Spe ia sire 5 S| ee sie ios letine ceemas eee eee 63 57 Day Asche osanvasee 33706; 000 Wat 255 Se Sack | ee aes as | eee oc seers 63 60 DD Sieiaciee cles 5 oeiocwecice ecteeceyere « Lake Tohope Kaliga, Kissimmee, Fla Ogeehee River, Midville, Ga Savannah River, Augusta, Ga Ocmulgee River, Macon, Ga Potomac River off Pamunkey Creek, Md.....................- Piscataway Creek, Md SRAM OMe MC aces Seco e otece neues Point of Rocks, Md. Swan Creek, Swan Creek, Md........... HERES ELVOL DUSHWILV er TLC. 22 snlaccaase cise nin sleisce wobec ce acs Elk River, Elkton, Md Susquehanna River, Port Deposit, Md Havre dei Grace: Mais. 2s Jjo-226 os sectenes Gunpowder River, Gunpowder, Md............02--.esseeeeee- Norta Hast River, Charlestown) Md: ...c..s-s..ccskcces os ccs PA EXeMPRUVer WAUrOl MM das2sccoc access Socceme nee cuoeeeee Wamkinioukiver, Wareham, Mass :oo.5.2.-25-2-- cece cc ese ee Assawomsett Pond, Middleboro, Mass Furnace Pond, South Hanson, Mass Delaware River, Howells Cove, N. J off mouth of Timber Creek, N. J............- ampPexrevilles Nedescs. sccacssecsnecceticoees BCUGGErSs Halisy Nia Uieecue boon cmemcnceeraeanoe Washingtons Crossing, N. J FREOINGOMS Minds seas sees ciao eens oe oe bec cee Navesink River, Redbank, N. J Puen KOCKe SALOMON dita tomas co annceec scree nae eaise ates c mae cme PM ROMM ERY. Gl CHLSKALL NU Voome seeose se cone acoe. | cee nna Cape Fear River, Wilmington, N. C Neuse River, Newberne, N. C KIM StOM, NiO) tesa coer ses te as SaaS a AEH LVer EOLOCKSV ILE! Ni (Oiee stone te cece ess oldu casecede Bisse iver ClmibOuw Ne Gas escent cette sae eee tenes New River, Jacksonville, N. C Chowan River, Hornblower Point, N. C................---.0+- MPSMVHOUSE ING Cuesee coc cce eee cee eccee nes Reedy Point, N. C Pasquotank River, Elizabeth City, N. C Tar River, Washington, N. C POU BOLE LT AVOCA ON Clenan ceca cc os cctmentseunuacs de nodeete Perquimans River, Hertford, N. C Roanoke River, Plymouth, N. C NeuseiRiver, GOoldsporo. Ni Coons code cece ssc cccie Reece cscs sas Hdéntonsbaywwaenton; NaC... ce lscseec ccc ccc scene eecmsccnses Lake Waccamaw, Lake Waccamaw, Chowan River, Holleys Haul, N.C....- Susquehanna River, Wites Hddy; Pa... .-......52-2-.--222.05- SOLDIER Ss eae ono oe ee eet oiemsatals RunningiRiverserovidence, bh, loo: 2. .-...2522.2ssieccens cues Shad Factory Creek, Providence, R.I................-.---0-0- CooperRiver) Wonks! Cormmers, 8: Corsi 5c. Jos oo oo eee ee eee Ashepoo River, Ashepoo, §. C Eggs. Fry and finger- lings. Adults and yearlings. 450, 000 3, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 4, 435, 000 400, 000 450, 000 450, 000 450, 000 512, 000 450, 000 |. . 450, 000 |. 2, 123, 000 956, 500 750, 000 760, 000 270, 000 1, 000, 000 300, 000 2, 103, 000 2; 802, 000 1, 245, 000 1, 448, 000 728, 000 3, 409, 000 1, 012, 000 84 REPORT OF Details of distribution—Continued. Species and disposition. Eggs. COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Fry and Adults finger- and lings yearlings. Shad—Continued. Big Pedee, Pedee, S. C Sampit River, Georgetown, 8. C Black River, Harpers, S. C Edisto River, Jacksonboro, S. C Salkehatchie River, Yemassee, S. C Nottaway River, Courtland, Va Blackwater River, Franklin, Va Nansemond River, Suffolk, Va Potomac River, Occoquan Bay, Va off Occoquan Creek, Va Little Hunting Creek, Va Pohick Creek, Va Doves Creek, Va Quinnat salmon: McCloud River, Baird, Cal MeiRIiveruCaletace scot naee seer Price Creek Hatchery, Cal Lake Okoboji, Spirit Lake, Iowa Spring Branch, Clackamas, Oreg Clackamas River, Clackamas, Oreg Columbia River, Viento, Oreg Cascade Locks, Oreg Hood River, Oreg Hood River, Hood River, Oreg Columbia River, mouth of Lindsey Creek, Oreg Osterguarde Creek, Ores. Shell Rock, Oreg The Malles (Oreste seer eC es Memaloose Island, Oreg Eagle Rock, Oreg Wasco County, Oreg Seufert’s cannery, Oreg Rogue River, Rogue River, Oreg Trail, Oreg Tanner Creek, Bonneville, Ores sah Ce AOS e tea eee eS Five Mile Creek, Wasco County, Oreg Lindsey Creek, Wasco Coumty NOLe se ccen sons se ecco een eee ee Five Mile Creek, Seufert’s Cannery, Oreg Des Chutes River, Free Bridge, Oreg Sandy River, Multonomah County, Oreg Mill Creek, The WallesORe pa secoe ace eee cette center eoe Currens Creek, Currens Creek, Oreg Eagle Creek, Wasco County, Oreg Tanner Creek, Wasco County, Oreg............. Herman Creek, Wasco County, Oreg Willamette River, Portland, Oreg R. B. Hume, Wedderburn, Oreg Little White Salmon Riv er, Skamania County, Wash Big White Salmon River, Skamania County, Wash Columbia River, mouth of Dog Creek, Wash Cooks Landing, Wash Underwoods, Wash Eagle Rock, Wash Klickitat County, Wash Huntsucker Point, Wash Dog Creek, Skamania County, Wash.................-----s--- Rock Creek, Skamania County, Wash Olsen Creek, Skamania County, Wash Wind River, Skamania County, Wash Hamilton Creek, Skamania County, Wash Klickitat River, ‘Klickitat County, Wash Baker Lake, Baker Lake, Wash Total Atlantic salmon: Connecticut Fish Commission, Windsor Locks, Conn East Branch of Mattawamkeag River, Oakfield, Me East Branch of Penobscot River, Grindstone, Me Pleasant River, Brownville, Me Phillips Lake, Bangor, Me New Hampshire Fish Commission, Concord, N. H Salmon River, Altmar, Nc 14, 472, 380 2, 008, 030 1, 000, 000 19, 346, 410 | 104, 986, 000 29, 337, 308 282, 000 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 85 Details of distribution—Continued. Adults and yearlings. Fry and finger- lings. Species and disposition. Eggs. Landlocked salmon: Gusseusniinn POUUIMGC WCOlOUnc sdescicacd scons seccccseccdes } Connecticut Fish Commission, Windsor Locks, Conn......-.. 25, Sysladobsis Dake. Grand Lake /Stream) Me!) 2355.2 se25-6sec|--'\- nse secws|sceccenemanss- Grand Lake Stream, Grand Lake Stream, Me...............--|..---------- 28: Grandiake Grand Take Stream: (Mes so. 2s 2 2acccdoesacoee cesta 4 Phillips Lake, Dedham, Me odd verona. Orland) MiG we eee) et eu begdecomstiees's|t Jodaesesccls Wiliams Pond. bucksport, Mes. 22 si ose 28sec esses sad soda) ish ee et eeee Wonusehead Fond: MOOkeEheaM Me sso on) do eR cc occcc cee ssl beceaecccece Second Debsconeag Lake, Norcross, Me............-.------+---|-------e-=- PRCrG ONG NOXCIOSS WN Gwae eens 24 eee see see Saesces s saeaee| ier ceeaenee Nickerson bakev Houlton) Me... cccce cease ace sescsscssogeec|beceecs cases Parmachenee Club, Camp Caribou, Me.............-..-------- 20, 000 WibysResenyvoirs Worcester Mass3- 522552 555ccc0 ac scaeacsesess|tsacesecce= 10, 000 Massachusetts Fish Commission, Wilkinsonville, Mass.....-... GubRichards Wepnalimet, Wass 222552 ccoce ce coset asc4sse. E. C. Wood, Plymouth, Mass Massachusetts Fish Commission, Paris, Mass... Lake Winnepesaukee, Laconia, N. H Crystal axes GLrantone Na Eb vere uscemncnc cess asieasesoser acces as|sccecemicee nis] Penacook Lake, Concord, N. H GTAMITOPUS KO MMCEMOUN (EH) a. o2 cob oeseccidewecie o oes deeeescieecees Lake Winnepecket, Warner, N. H Tewksbury eoug Canaan, Nom 2.265 esse ooo csa cece css esse hakesrarieton: Pike! Station, Ni Hoo. .2sc2 sce. c2eekeee cee oe See Dan Hole Pond, Moultonville, N. H Sunapee Lake, Lake Station, N. H APMaBISclOWwNEranchville Nd ccs asacs ececccosseseesecceeccee New York Fish Commission, Caledonia, N. Y.......--.-------- JamesAnmim 3 T- OAledOnia Ns Vocco2sn- cc ncccees secs eactee ce. Wailmurt Club yNorthiwalles NOY. 2 Ssecd sa ced eek. states 2. oace5 Wieioikell thoxedoParkoNi toss cnecccscesccdoes sdaewceeeds Otserouwbake Cooperstown Ney ooo ccens-sabesets scot ea eemes oes Harris Pond and Mill River, Woonsocket, R.I...........-.---- Utah Fish Commission, Murray, Utah Clyde River, Derby, Vt Cunpinn lake Greensporos Vibiew oaseosc cose se csescsteceesccess|sceonceesees ItHerAverlsrona AVerll Vtuscsacccstcstccderescesasoce sees MOREPEONGMWVESHMOLCS Vili. oo2s6 2. a cnesecetcacscesescse stele ses Willouch by bake Westmore; Vito. cc ces sectccisacseescsée he ctee PakerMiuimMore Salisbury Viboa2.sssces chee soo neeecessttceessee Vermont Fish Commission, Roxbury, Vt J.B. Fielding, North Wales, England 523, 655 98, 565 Silver salmon: Roruemivers Pratl Ores? 23328 ache ks oes ASS Ue eee neces Roguemiver Rogue River, Oreg 22s. s6eetcsnste os seee sec sceks 90, 000 334, 5380 424, 530 ce mw ew meee cece cee ec eee ees e reece estes wees tween ewe ewww ewww ene) ‘Ea VOU |--- eee eee ene Blueback salmon: Baker Lake, Baker Lake, Wash Steelhead trout: Alex. Von Boxel, Cimarron, Colo Lake Cobbosseecontee, Monmouth, Me..................-.--- 3, 371, 000 Big Sturgeon River, Indian River, Mich Thunder Bay River,’ Turtle Lake, Mich .2:2..) 2 s..2..2<5+ 25+ Baldwin and Sanborn creeks, Baldwin, Mich..........-...... Spring Fork and Sweetwater creeks, Wingleton, Mich.......-. Greens and Floodwood creeks, Leota, Mich..............-.--- North Branch Pere Marquette River, Branch, Mich Little Au Sable River, Fountain, Mich Tobins Harbor, Tobins Harbor, Mich Mesterniver Dulith, MIN sos sccanssescsckncesisss sacs eke MieeberGreeke ) Wluthe Minn see cskt kee eels ee ecb eee cette Lake and Stream, St. Paul, Minn Pickwick Creek, Pickwick, Minn Lake Reno, Deerwood, Minn isang smake seronnwells Minn sch: sasacchmaccesaeteaaccoscse Lester, French and Sucker rivers, Duluth, Minn West Branch of Lester River, Duluth, Minn Bridge Creek, Gallatin Co., Mont St. Lawrence River, Cape Vincent, N. Y.- LAGE Taliere Wino) OMeSh: (oece onaeeanessousenaorencorsodnces Willoughby bake. Westmore: Vte.-.5..-56..scceeeacck ete seee Bean Pond, Wheelock and Snyder, Vt..........--------ee---- Crypt ak cp BAnLOU Vinee teases asm asns sem aso ees se eneee eee Fairlie Lake, Fairlie, Vt.........- Peewee wwe eee eee eee eee eee eet eee eee eee eee ewes ee eee 86 Rainbow trout: Black Water Creek, Jasper, Big Cove Creek Mill Pond, Big Spring, Huntsville, Ala Applicants in Alabama .... Oak Creek, Jerome, Ariz .. Oak Creek, Flagstaff, Ariz Clear Creek, Jerome, Ariz. Big Creek, Rich Mountain, Fish Lake, Pine Bluff, Ark Spring Brook, Rogers, Ark Eagle River and Lake, Berrys Station, Colo Artificial Lake, Salida, Colo Fryingpan River, Thomasville, Colo Platte River, between Grant and Cliff, Colo Eagle River, Berrys Station, Colo Trout Lake, Grover, Colo Applicant at Sterling, Colo Copeland Pond, Seymour, Conn Connecticut Fish Commission, Windsor Locks, Conn Applicants at Windsor Locks, Conn Beaver Pond, Pine Orchard, Conn Pembleton Creek, Ellendale, Del E. G. Shortlidge (State waters), Wilmington, Del Spring Lake, Cedartown, Ga Cherry Log and Rock creeks, Ellijay, Ga Tallulah River, Tallulah Falls, Ga Wolf Creek, Turnerville, Ga Anderson Creek, Turnerville, Ga Deep Creek, Turneryille, Ga Big Spring, Calhoun, Ga Fish Ponds, Calhoun, Ga .. Ivy Creek, Clarksville, Ga Santee Creek, Clarkesville, Amys Creek, Clarkesville, Ga Crystal Lake, Dalton, Ga Pacolet Lake, New Holland, Ga Lookout Creek, Rising Fawn, Ga Fish Lake, Toccoa, Ga Applicant at Dalton, Ga.. Bee Creek, Olney, Ill .... Spring Brook, Bristol, Ind Trout Pond, Rolling Prairie, Ind Early Lake, Durant, Ind. T Crystal Lake, Dewitt, Jowa Snymagill Creek, McGregor, lowa Spring Creek, McGregor, Iowa Maquoketa River, Forestville, lowa Mill Creek, Bellevue, Iowa Lime Creek, Mason City, Iowa Upper Iowa River, Decorah, Iowa Big Cedar River, Osage, Io Turkey River, Cresco, Iowa. Wapsipinicon River, McIntire, Iowa Tonia, Upper Iowa River, Chester Turkey River, Fort Atkinson, Iowa Red Cedar River, Charles € Des Moines River, Estherville, lowa... Details of distribution—Continued. : Fry and Species and disposition. Eggs. finger- lings. Steelhead trout—Continued. Skacit River “bhinney Creek. Wastsac ce = ase ceciesee esse ens seeeee een 85, 000 Quartz Creek, awash 2: 5: cc.7 weksecsieees sect bee teasers 25, 000 Hischer’ Creek: Orienta; WAS. -ceele cose ce sos cassis Sot wee coos ceee SH Cee eee Christiebake Spooner, WAS*.~. ose esse sens sone cence ainatee| pale ee eae | 10, 000 SE hands Centennitaly Way Orecacers ce ccc oc /les einaice elncinisine see 33; 000% | 23. aaeeerere ss Se VaenOsna prick Genmanveaaecsa-eecaseascereencesscieseeee 25; (OOO lis sseeraarate etereecs PO tae aie See te aes cies x eina ats selene Sas cceaieciemeesee 68, 000 389, 196 Loch Leven trout: Troutuake dsho Springs Colo scpesesscmsc seen ceee cin me oer oeeeeneeee 3, 000 Orchard:hall Brook Plymouth, Michs = c.-sssce=eesese sees) econ seeeee 10, 000 Wan vEtteni@reek: Ai Sables Mihir scenes sas -aeeeance cee eeee |= See ese eee 39, 000 intermediate Lake, Bellaire, Mich oe on ee eee aia eel 15, 000 Lake) Hamlin, udington, Miche. oe oe en ne a minal 15, 000 Spearhshi Creek smimorey Sw Wallkomepe oe ees cic seiceenioanes same ae sa aeiee sce lsd charec eae Box Hider: Creek; Benchmark, S. Dak... 2.4.22... wecee ss soecie| oeulo sees siaee 4, 760 SpearfishiCreeks Speartish, S2Dalkers --b ase oe mas camciacle ese aeee neers 4, 000 Trout: Ponds; ROUbaiKS. Dakss Kock cede ceueccescc ce aceee ee tee ee eee 5, 000 Total se Sacdeccade eos essansceme casicisees eeiucseaiviaessniece| mek eaaaaeias 91, 760 WANs e nts occ ciske caass mee pee eae Gadsden, Ala eee ae PORN RR Gian ee re pepe sree eure ape ereine ieee Rieielejats Sms iwinve c eoeinlls me alee ott al] Ce et erates 50, 000 WWelinc dee ecco s enemcee nonce Aol eee oo 25, 000. We sists occ arecraioniae sieiovsya alelatetoass ste) mine a lerein ate | eisiemrnrchettacise se TOW rene cee ie oe ee ae Cee ean 25, 000° MEO WE dein Sciccine haat oe ceu'sias saree sos nee ee Eee 25, 000 nia sro ala‘eiaie a Selig oni wlale wae eee sl Rietetectaenint 25, 000 CY) LOWS. oc cuca accunesaeencion soot Cremeneeend 25, 000 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Adults and yearlings. 77, 686 eet et 09 et et es SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSES2 REPORT OF Species and disposition. 87 COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Details of distribution—Continued. Adults and yearlings. Fry and finger- lings. Eggs. Rainbow trout—Continued. Maquoketa River, Manchester, Iowa Spring Branch, Manchester, lowa Canaan Lake, Camden, Me Lake Penneesswasswee, Norway, Me Phillips Lake, Bangor, Me Twinings Branch, Belair, Texas Branch, Texas, Md Turkey and Painter branc Spring Branch, Garrett County, Md Muddy Creek, Garrett County, Ma Fishing Creek, Frederick, Bennetts Creek, Frederick, Md Mine Branch, Minefield, Md Branch of Youghiogheny NorheBlade Pond) Swanton Mdiie so 2. Ss -coe oe cee eer ee ae (ars See ten ae | Brownings Dam, Oakland White Oak Run, Oakland Marsh Run, Oakland, Md Trout Lake, Oakland, Md Lake Jorosa, Glyndon, Md North Branch and Paint creeks, Hyattsville, Md i Gana Sais Si a thes, Parkton, Md i bee ee fe i NPR De ae Ta RA A River, Mountain Lake Park, Md ..-|.----.------ | , Md Md Maryland Fish Commission, Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, Md . Lake Quinsigamond, Worcester, Mass .........-------..------- Pine Grove Pond, Williamsburg, Mass................--.------ Massachusetts Fish Commission, Hadley, Mass....-. Wilkinsonville, Mass....-..- Eek sphrook Millbury. -Mass <7 os... .cec.scccdecem eccece-decee Westie@reek Hastings! MICH .. 2c ec ececsscsecckessseeeesets St. Marys Rapids, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich..............---:--.-- West Branch of Cedar River, Harrison, Mich PELChe Greeks SGM ower MIC Mier sciaa cnc cisecee ise ccna aw eiuie ct Tributaries of Paint Creek, Oxford, Mich Black River, Onaway, Mich Titibawassee River, West Branch, Mich Huron River, Milford, Mich Pigeon River, Rondo, Mich MERTECeR VEE MUTE N MII So. assets tains cen aicccotacaaace as Branch of Lester River, Duluth, Minn Fish Pond, Gloster, Miss Brazil Creek, Bourbon, Mo Flat Creek, McDowell, Mo Lake of the Woods, Fulton, Mo Spring Lake, Republic, Mo Ash Cave Lake, Dixon, Mo Distillers Pohd, Southwest City, Mo Galloway Cave Pond, Galloway, Mo Bryant Creek, Mansfield, Mo Spring River, Verona, Mo Bennetts Mill Creek, Lebanon, Mo Baker Lake, Dixon, Mo Hahatonka Lake, Hahatonka, Mo HinhyPougd’ Carthage MO cc se6c soocnic essen os one sient ees gone Kansas City, Mo Exeter, Mo Hickory Creek, McMahons, Mo Bennetts Mill Spring, Bennetts Mill, Mo Schlichts Springs, Crocker, Mo Blue Lodge Spring, Bourbon, Mo R. D. Kellogg, Lebanon, Mo John A. Williams, Verona, Mo Nebraska Fish Commission, South Bend, Nebr Penacook Lake, Concord, N. H [Simi lAesRAVeLr yDOMET WN Elietsecn tee ae siieane occas oe aniciciesmicrent Webster Lake, Colebrook, N. H Cocheco River, Dover, N. H Chas. B. Clarke, Concord, N. H Spring Brook, Ramsey, N. J Fish Pond, Gallia, N. J Riegelsville, N. J ECL OSI aEV OI GIOMEtA IN GION: = oan cces clescieccesiecn tse asicecs Gonzaloy Aroyd Creek, Springer, N. Mex .................---- Alamositos Creek, Springer, N. M MIsHEbOnO aS pLMeer INOMEX..--sorcccecccsc-i cence sn cnacew nels TBR em pee ate ra ie iain w/olatsinieininie ontel ale aelererate = AN VCP AS NE MCI sence sais sos Seem = sina ecaa= BEST ca ye Nae WL © Seas eta alerts = icicln se wise istere ati imtalatelatatel= IEDR ES IN PRES tee e cieistiansietsic,<'= eisiv sista easel Jone Indian Creek, San Marcial, N. Mex ............--...---.2---0- Wynantskill Creek, Troy, N. Y TISHELONGMPEMIGROM AN AuY te nec ao oe niu'c mainjecininin cicie aim ainiaeielesieainare Batten Kill Creek, Cambridge, N. Y wee wee e eens ee leew eee { -- wee eee twee ee 88 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Details of distribution—Continued, Species and disposition. Rainbow trout—Continued. Jacobs’ Creek, Watertown, Na Xiesevecesece car cecceoecasaseses J. Stens Creek, WalterloOwniiNic \icmcscsm aces cos ess Seen nas Jimmey Creek, Watertowms Ni sscesessecseans ssc scccmnc cen Silver Mine Branch, Hot Springs, N. C............:-2--...---- Sprine Creek MHoneprimeaiNe Claw lesessscacccoecssnncsoaneces Nokomis: Mill Pond, Wexinetons iN: © teccs-c.scnccseeeese cscs Rishi LakevOakiRiggerin. Ce ces. scsact cece scccaseccce neceer Blk River, BilkePamle WN Cec teewinccccasset ens ceeacnsesaceene PASH MAOMC nS OLA Nel cmtctemstie eta cena Morrisville, N. C Mill pongo wlang: aN ©rcce serine cs eceeeue ete met cate eee French Broad River, Hot Springs, N. C Swannanoa River, Black Mountain, N. C .................... Savannah and Green creeks, Dilsboro, N.C ..........-.-.-.-- Steele Creek, Morganton, N. C Camp Creek, Morganton, N. C Rose Creek, Morganton, N.C... ccc ccccccccceces Johns Creek, Morganton, N. C Upper Creek, Morganton, N. C Devils Creek, Huntsdale. N. C Hollow Poplar Creek, Hollow Poplar, N. C..............-.--- Bolden Creek, Bolden Creek, N. ( SURES amie s esis be esbioe aeine Trowt Fong Durham wNaiC ers ees coetecateeenncecne cheeeeene Mine Porki@reek MinerWorkwNeiG 22 esecsceeececue nce seamen Jacks Creek Jaeks'CreekiNOu pecs cescesccces cenee an enenee Boyds Creek, Boyds Creek, N. C Applicant at Roxboro, N. C.........-.--. CrAsischenck = Biltmorepin. Chrssscecn ce tene: ceeue oe toseenoene Horest River inesters IN, Dakoccss cane cesnaenccece oceessescbee Beaver and Cedar creeks, Springfield, Ohio .......-...2...--- rat Peter BbeAmManda ODO esas nae eceee eee ne eaten eee none IndianiCreek Woodward: Okla. 2-ccneseee scoot ocemeenne meemos North Canadian River, Oklahoma, Okla ..................-... AD PLICAN TETAS Oki ates ieee sen eh pen net ee ene ae ce a mmeemen NecanicumiRiver Seaside Ones cca. cereseeeeec sree ee aleeee Spring lake ChestersVallev, Passccssease- soln sees sce cee ene Tributary of Susquehanna River, Cush Creek, Pa... Musqueto Creek, Williamsport, Pa .................. Mountain Brook uandstreet Pars =..ecccee cee meeeeace ceases Windsor Furnace Creek, Hamburg, Pa..................------ Dolphinihum TOMMsSto wie ace seceancace ones cece eeseeeneneenas North Kall Creek iRObesSOnIs PAs stece-e-ee-e ee eeceeeeeeoeeene Sphaxolfcposabol=nd ey oh ay U(elautea act yee ee Sd Bs OT oaces sae ARDGapyRun Ween aba s sso. sea tele ee ee Rong Creek min uehiehw Pats soe see ee een Dead eal Prout Creek.Lehioh wasters nics ee ein LCE Nee eee StonveNune Mahan oviGitvelbaesteeckerebes tt eeent ceemen meer Messer, Nigger, Hollow, and Rattling runs, Mahanoy City, Pa. tone Creek Huntingdon Pac asoeesnenee seen cee eeeceeccberee Spruce’ Creek, Spruce Creek, Pa .............-cctsece Shermans) Run, Riddleshure iar san scccees see eeseceeeskeeenne CleamiRun Dubois Pas sasseccs semen cet ok co eeee te Eeteebuheee Allegheny River, Coudersport, Pa OU CreekemiTansh el ae reas. seco cnecisecaeelseiste Pcie cere ceLeee Bailey. Creeks Mansheld Pal os soo. csmeion oes e eee seen Ml Creek Mansieldib alent shake oe oe oe on Po ces celereioieretasloe MishyPongbellevermon th aesns-cec csc ccte ce deeieniceeieecee ARojoval=Coyakdaebaty ifalakals(oya opbud spud oto n ee oy ne enn OE Oe Gap aD PLU HEV na yD aim AiG Visi nb sees cet ceis coe ciccictciecictelate se tre elcicetnns Cushen Creek, Grant, Pa .....- Sa ae eR InY seve teinlclate wer eto Falling Spring Creek, Chambersburg, Pa ..............---...- OucensRun WockHaveny Perec aca. ecscanacecs seuss eeeesoee Sugar Creek, Columbia CrossRoads, Pa.............-......... LTOWUU SUC AM MICH tbeM, Bla taninteclslseteraicte ae valsicere era grete ciate Rattline Run Gordons eat. oces- accesses ccs cece ceaeaeseeaes EocustiGreek sMahanoy Clty. Par cnnectes ace caeecieaioesaaenemene Trouti/Stream, Mahanoy City, Paso cescs. cece eccccccencoacacens North’ Fork Creek, Johnstown, Pa sohlsssssseeccccescoceusence } DTOWU STPCAIS FUMUCININ Sie Bisa cic elsetae re st ataietatetstelnioretciciate mraletet crores | Starnucca Creek, Starruccad, Pasnctc cade cunsecweccienenenerees | Reform School Pond; Morgamza, Pa. .cs.2..chssctocecceccsacne ; Tributaries of Clarion River, Foxburg, Pa ............-.....-- | Clover Creek, Altoona, Pa BopsiCreek, Altoona: Pa eee sass ode aoa culodee sire MomiCnreck Stroudsbule WPastee css sa sccce cones one beeeecae Sonal GOGEeIROD CRUD CKEsSCOMP A are cisieismiainiainisneetecimeistehteme mem ereetee Fry and Eggs. finger- lings. Adults and yearlings, wee ewe ee REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 89 Details of distribution—Continued. Fry and Adults Species and disposition. Eggs. finger- and lings. yearlings, Rainbow trout—Continued. PROUD OLSRCO PO xin atesame baw cee .cimseie.c.e memes BNA e os ed Reamer cece Pamceer scene 500 ORAM ORM GLesGO ae cis areck acre ceeianesaasaiciclsins sacisccalllwsivpcisiew ona Sace@ateteicd ae 500 UNIMON COLO AAU GIS ToTe Ne Set = AP A ne ee Site IE ie EA me Mme] (mine ee eae ae 500 RAE cue DLLME CO DA rotate a ateteraloleerecereieincelatcininiarsiaim= “iniisiai-gal ieiaie fo) = -|» slam oo slew aa 500 REUSE OPEL! NOPE SCOR Pike Bien cise etre aetna st ha cicalnnw eldiaiaraseatere,all else aie ciemre [ee eee atid wlekc 500 MEISEL CORO Re EL OMEN: MBit vaya'atotorare etoarajercin nid -eravan capa m=\as,c:6'5 2.0)<)n/e/3;0]| a wieele elem ete lemae Siakaciaw ace 1, 600 RTCTINITIONG DOC Key DRELDO UU Mele eee el nox kako ctsiaimale aimpare jaca atom ah] cote o Graiok os all arms lac Patera ate 500 FAO He CLEOK MLRCMON balk Bui seam a nraiepatiayys\a.) tae eet 10, 000 Trout ONS eNOLtLODNOLEL seo se ose cleieelnisieteints eats ate)=i-1eiel“i-ioaieioe | =e sere eee see eiee eee 5, 000 Little Spearfish Creek, Spearfish Falls, S. Dak .... 2.2.2. ..---|.--e--0-0-0s|------0cecence 30, 000 Box Elderi@reelk: NemOnSe D alkas ofa os Ses am tots sie cisieiieisicisie else ae rate eee eo see 25, 000 FSyayerayer Ohare es 1B HUDL Oring (Sh, IDEN eh eke sya sana aSonencbeoneecesooos eoaeaorstone|>coscaed-scacs5 10, 000 Hast Horkspearisn Creek MlamorenS.Da kee oni aninllisicieie ee ste sees ee eee eae 20, 000 Speartish Greeks Mlimoren Sei a kee oi ceys tejiasiaiciaielsiajatelois) eels aa eee eee re 47, 500 Middle and East Forks of Spearfish Creek, Elmore, S. Dak ...|........----}.---------.--- 12, 500 Upper and East Fork of Spearfish Creek, Elmore, S. Dak -....|.-.--------- jalsziserne doar 25, 000 Lower East Fork of Spearfish Creek, Elmore, 8. Dak..........|--.--------- [ecsiars evar aeareisors 25, 000 Spearfish Creek, Spearfish, S. Dak..............--.-.----+----- 60, 000 Crow: Creeks smears pearhsh, Ss Dako coo cor saielainisiei-ieisieeisiein= 30, 000 TOWEL LONOSy SPearHsShyS. Wa Kes eo cian em eeieieie vere vee rere 15, 000 Whitewood Creek, Englewood, 8. Dak 10, 000 Rew Mi RoR aeonds.Mnplewoods GS: Dakes. .ascicsiosccisctsepsaine | Sac ee eeee | eaeie cients see 5, 000 Tributary, On box Hider Creek, (Rochford) |S Dalkks = <2 assets aol eee eet alate eta ta etter 3, 500 TributaryoLspring, Creek, Mull City, \S. Dak: 2.2.2.2. 5-46 se =| seem ee eee| sesame sete 3, 500 Squaw: Creeksveermosan soul) ake 2 ssn) icrei alain iateiateialalatalclelsisiat dala ela | erate atte ta | Rte et 5, 000 MishvROnG pening lens sD) a kaemncacaecnecisceiesesnieeelaseiteee sees seer eee ae ae eee aete 5, 000 North foro Rapid Creek. Rochford, S; Dale 23. sss.) s2 a4 oes pease ema 5, 000 Apbany Olwe(e) <5 INIerAa) (Shp IDEN 5 Se ose conacacedancecceeedebkeceoreee||asacas seocca||Sosccmacenccs 5, 000 Red Butte Creek salt Wake: City. Utes sas cercsmce a seeeelsee cae eae ce tstele oll eee aise 10, 000 Hreemanvuaken ING WPOLU WES sic lsis c(clsieie/sialcicteteinicleleiele] oaini-iala sala | eaicie = ace aet eeeeestae Teeter 3, 000 ORE ly Rivers NC WDPOLe Washes |. ccsoe. see eeess se ceue-stealaemeemeseeee 10000) |ehsc2 petty Risselh Gree ma CIerer MLC aces xiccce cece asco sctectewaesses te |(Sa-ecinereise 202000) s25Gbharlevorss Mich. 22 i=22-2225 30-25 22222252csaooee eee 3,100, 000 |...........- near Beaver Island: Mich: =2::5.23225222422.22/2555-2 22225 52), 000 |. .2o ee eence Machine Giby. Wich =25 *2:2ehe see se eee Ue Breese’ - 2 ss5 Lake Huron, Alpena, Mich .......-.:-.---- North Point, Mich ...---- Scarecrow Island, Mich Titan PGi aL. UG REE ELSE fe aaa ee ee ee be Detour Mich 22.2. 2. 552252 ss ese st eee ee ake Superior: Rock Harbor Mich =: 2 = {ts=2 Psi tees asad Le 12S AE ee 140,000") 2 eee Washington Harbor, Mich ............2....---- | CREAT 140, 000:|..) Saaeee Marquette, Mich <2. = 9222522 s.i5. 5 fit itll ee 1; 0005000) [32 =e Todas'Harhor, Mich <22-- 222 225222 = Sect |ooscs eee 360, 000") <55_eeeee Basle Harpor) Mich: -o-)o22 2022 cose eee eo eee Wy Pee Honey Pomt wien |= << +5225 os eee oe eee eee 320; 000") 22 sae Ontonaron Michio) 22-5254 ienursiecestirap ee 3605s 5a wee 960,000: | ee EK CyNLONG (Michie *= oe = Seon eee aan e ee raise eee ee i San Bish isiaviG= Wich === 5-2 ) ere tee ee ee eee take Pulaska-"Buftale Wem o! oo. 22 oo ete! ho is. ee eee take Superior; Poplar River, Minn --)..-.. 22... 22. -S26525s5225)ec2 22 260, 000") = =. Sere Grand Maraiss Winn 22:22 < 62 oo SoS 2s ee alee eee 250; O00 ee eee Chicase!| Bay Wann 25 Se ee eee 220. O00" ee GrangPortaze: ‘Minn £2.25... 2252252 5.0222 s) eee 320,000". 2 Sees ‘Two Harbors, Mann 2222.0. ose. 282 eee a Se ss eee 000 ||. 2 See Dulnth Mann = oS et eee Ce Nese aie a eee 200, 000" | ae Newfound Take Bristol Ne Be 2 ono ke re oes 000 2s eee Squaw and Black Nit ponds; Meredith, N--H --...-.--2-222-<2|--_-<--2- = OOO 223 Seas Spoor wake CHEILErHElG Nor > se ee ee rene eae oh eee , 000] 52: Saeeras iake Winnepessukee) Weir N= ERS i28 S522 See oe cen eee el eee 20, 000i}: 2 22 seae SCT Veo. Rind Pars bil! 2G § De eR ee Bo a eee eos |e Seay see O00 1}. Saas Ghas: Be Clarke Concord ?NoH 2-2 —. 2s = 222 22 2b Sees eee Pleasant Lake, Pleasant Lake, N. Y St. Lawrence River, Cape Vincent, N. Y= -.--:--.--+-:.--:----- Gisezo Take: Cooperstown; NY 22222 0. c eee oS Lake Ontario, near Cape Vincent; N.Y ...--.< 222.2 522.225 522) 52-252 =o 166, GOO) | St ee off Grenadier Island. N.Y 2-323). .22 22.72. -2 2.2 =" 1,256; 000" eee Datch(Pomionsy -—.~ = 25-5 2. see so ean oe foes ae eee 450) 000") 2a TipnetisPomtoN: ¥-2-- o> ~ Sess site ee feceaee tee 530; 000 [2-23 See St. Lawrence River, off Carlton Island, N. Y-....-..---.-.-----|------------ 20000 |. eee PaMCS A THI Caled OMIA: Navin 255 Lees = ch ecees ered Fee 10,000 |. 22 eee WAH: Boardinian halion Gitar NW coe) ses oe 2 ee cee 200: 000 |... 92. eee New York Fish Commission, Caledonia, N. Y-----..----------- 2,900; 000 |2°: 222... See MaALMECe ALVer T OlCHO MONIC = 232550 ae ee Ce eee ee 3; 5900) | See Triangle and Nash lakes, Lane and Lincoln counties, Oreg...)........---- 18°000| aes Hawthorne take: Portland*Ores=-. =) 2285-2 =. 2S Sea een Soe 1; 0008} 2osaeeeee Meadow Eake: Yamhill County: Ores: 2 son 62 ost eee ee ee eee 26, 498 ||: <2 eee Saxton MI PONG Spartan Durer. Gi ann ee eee ee aol eo ec eae 20, 000 "[E = =e eee Sunset Take? Orwell, Vii 2: °22222222 5c ee ls. 2 2 ee eee 3,012 Holland Pond, Holland, Vt...-...--.-.-.- : 1: OOO. een Big Averill Pond, Averill, Vt ........... ‘ 0: OO oS. Sees Caspian fake; Greensboro; Vitis: 2-6-2223 ss oo eee eae eee A9' 900 "1. S- o oeeeee Willoughby Lake, Westmore, Vt O00 ee eee GCryptatiizibke Barton. Miesss 2 cscs es oa ee ee ee 36;:000 11o* eee Stone Pond GiOver Mise soe eee ee SE ee | (pe ee 2), 0008 See ae eee Vermont Fish Commission, Roxbury, Vt ....----...-----..--- 2ONOUD ee. 5 an cance aoe Lake Sequalitchew, Lake View, Wash ------------... 2.2. -.-<-|- 22 -sse2nes= ea eee Lake Superior; Madeline Island; Wis-..----. ---.<.<5.222------|--<--seesess 320, 000 |-2 eee Ashland: “Wis 22.3 222-224. 22-2 Ss on eeee ee bee 470; 000". sesneeees Wyoming Fish Commission, Sheridan, Wyo ........----...--- BOO. O00 1: .. <<... .2 a2. ene eee J. B. Fielding, Upper Downing, England ...........----..---- 72551 tL pa eS) Sy Sa Sac Lake Superior: Ross Point, Ontariol2./ 222. 22. 2-5 2202 360; 000 {SS ase POC Sa on ke et eee ae esas ere ae Scotch sea trout: Phillips Lake? Bancor! We s+. <* * ro et a eens | 2s ae eee Oraie Pond, ‘Hast Orland We sss a en Alamoosook Lake, Orland, Me ‘REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Details of distribution—Continued. Species and disposition. Higgs. Fry and finger- lings. 101 Adults and yearlings. Golden trout: ane ONG ME OOUWA WIN Seles ene ates wen ccc decaca ss sieclcbiacesl|ctiew epeciace 10, 000 aketarleronweike Station, Ni Ho! . 2.2.5. secede encece-ceee|-ecmece seen 10, 000 Pakeisunapes wsunpapee: bake Ny His)... 65 e 500000) |Z aaesee Clarion ‘River: HOXDOTOWRa sien cc sis cose none siseisisiermisie om ersisiale' || mola arate oieaagos 800;:000:)|... coe eee hake mNephawiny Cantons baserceerte sss. emeereteosceenasee Sa | eb She 5002000" |S ee sence St. Clair, White, and Wahlamah lakes, Gough, S. C .....-.--.|...--------- 1,900,000) 222 seneeaeee SalemsPond Derby, Viti soon cence cose ce sceeccesc cnc ceteec sees seesceraners 500;000: ||. 22. SSaeeee WairficlaveondySheld ony Vitew-k oo es ance etee cede cee t ess see cee|eme cessor $99,000) |. 452g aeenee VWeETMONt Mish COMMISSION SWaANtONs IV tacccaceeeces ceicceecce |eece seme 16, 000, 000: 5 o3segeees Total peteeos Siam een a Rtas eho Lukas Nemes soc Sa rs oy eos 60,000,000 | 177,099, 000 575 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF Details of distribution—Continued. FISH AND FISHERIES. 1038 Species and disposition. Sino Species and disposition. pert Cat-jish: Black bass—Continued. Benton Pond, Seale, Ala.........-- 300 Verde River, Jerome, Ariz ......... 75 Buzzard Pond, Eufaula, Ala.....-- 300 || Sycamore Creek, Jerome, U Nin VA eee 225 Turner Fish Pond, Eufaula, Ala... 300 Railroad Resery oir, W illiams, Ariz. 100 Clubs Pond, Eufaula, Ala.......... 300 Reservoir, St. David, ATIZ: caer eee ne 150 Mill Pond, Columbia, Ala ......... 100 Clear Lake, Pine Bluff, Ark ........ a Potomac River, Fish Lakes, D.C .. 30, 000 Lake Taylor, Pine Bluff, Ark....... 75 Lake Ella, Umatilla, Fla .......... 300 Ouachita River, Malvern, Ark ..... 8 Brickyard Pond, Columbus, Ga. --. 500 McHenry Fish Pond, Malvern, Ark. 300 Ockmulgee River, Macon, Ga ..... 1, 000 Artificial Lake, EurekaSprings, Ark 75 Hudson Pond, Hamilton, Ga -.----. 200 Little River, Wilton, Ark .......... 150 Bussey Pond, Cuthbert, Ga......-. 500 Grassy Lake, Wilton, Ark .......... 150 Hood Creek, Bostick, Ga........---. 300 Fish Lake, Earle, TE ap onli et a 200 Fish Ponds, Atlanta, Ga..........-. 450 Applicants in Arkansas.......-.-...- 906 Bullochyville, Ga...--- 900 Applicant at Lamar, Colo.......-..-. 7d Greenville, Ga ........ 200 Mudge Pond, Sharon, Conn ........ 100 SuIMsOneiGae once: LOWE eaemes = seen cana se aee ae 4, 820 Applicants in VH LOT di seee eeeee eee 550 Spirit Wood Lake, Jamestown, Cumber Mill Pond, Morris Station, DiS hed DUH Fee, a ee oe i 2, 000 GR ye are aciaissicich awe Ses ela eee ees 150 Bell Branch Pond, Haddocks, Ga. . 75 PRO Leiria sc tener Semen 95, 970 Artifical Lake, Box Springs, Ga.... 100 Pickerel: ——— eat Cee Mill Pond, Abacous Ga. ZN ax bes ? Re TeCalls Pond, Macon, Ga....-...-- 20 Be nOkete River, Manchester, 500 Spring Branch, Upatoie, Ga.......- 150 Dw ca cin cee wns emma tenes ccerces “ ATi o rR Wapsipinnicon River, Independ- Mill Pond, Howerd, Ge hee SPCR aM ence, lowa -..---.-......--+.2+++- 105 Savannah River Grovetown, Ga... 300 Mississippi River, Dubuque, lowa 500 St. Elmo Lake, Columbus, Gan 100 Total 805 Lake Carmichael, Gracewood, Ga . 250 HORE ES CORR IEG FoR Bae Tay Augusta Game Club Pond, Au- Yellow perch: UST: Gale pss sec ee sciiaisteteie sere 250 Maquoketa River, Manchester, King Lake, Box Springs, Ga.....-. 300 lOiiGieccs chee eee ee 500 Caldecott Lake, Atlanta, Ga......- 150 Cedar River, Cedar Rapids, Iowa -. 300 Roundabout Pond, Kirkland, Ga-. 200 Wapsipinnicon River, Independ- Lake Benson, White Sulphur CHECMOW Rie ee eee e een acme see ae 300 Springs; Gai S- pie- ete -ccme acess 100 Spirit Wood Lake, Jamestown, N Mill Pond, Greenville, Ga ......... 200 SP BC Barer shcta era aie aietsiaiais ayerereisinrere Sei= 600 Ruby Lake, Fort Valley, Ga....... 100 Fish Lake, Cussetta, Ga|.......-..- 500 MOtae aes aoe eae: ae 1,700 Holly Springs Lake, Americus, Ga. 150 Mill Pond, Hazlehurst, Ga......... 200 Buffalo-fish: Lake Mohignac, Box Springs, Ga.. 400 Mississippi River, Dubuque, Iowa... 200, 000 Panther Creek, Reynolds, Ga.....- 350 a Coleman Lake, Coleman, Ga .....-. 489 MOU Sass oko seninatasenfeice 200, 000 Applicants in Georgia ............- 3, 520 —————— Long Lake, Mitchell, Ill .......... 400 Black bass: Lonetree Lake, Lonetree, Ill ...... 500 Big Cave Creek, Gadsden, Ala..... 300 Cherokee Fish Lakes, East St. Betheas Lake, Faundale, Ala...... 100 Tbouis! aM eee eccpiscitacitesenistaacse 250 Mill Pond, Birmingham, Ala...... 150 Black Walnut Lake, Goodenow, I11. 100 Ingrams Mill Pond, Opelika, Ala. . 300 Spring Lake, Barrington, 1d) ae 300 Mill Pond, Attalla, Wale secre ak 100 Spring Lake, Wheaton, Ill.......-.. 300 Spring Lake, Epes, AUS Re xc .ccseee 200 Scotts Lake, Belleville, jaa mee 150 Mill Pond, Brantley, JS eee eee 500 Fox River, Olney, es Sa ae eyes ae 500 Avery Lake, Goldhill, Ala........-. 150 Pine Terrace Lake, Crete, Ill ...... 250 Fletchers Lake, Opelika, Ala ..-.-. 150 Ahern Lake, Columbia, Ill........ 100 Oak Lake, Hooks, Ala...........-- 50 Clear Lake, Columbia, I] ......... 150 Locust Warrior River, Warrior, Ala. 800 || Gilmore Lake, Columbia, Ill.....-. 200 Black Warrior River, Warrior, Ala. 200 Long Pond, Columbia, Ill.......-.--. 300 Town Creek, Town Creek, Alas 300 Kneipp Lake, Belleville, TUS sears 300 Mill Pond, Spruce Pine, Ala Bee ope 200 Priester Lake, Belleville, ise 150 Town and Short Creeks, Gunters- Artificial Lake, Olney7 Hee wees 100 VIN ePAN pummel 2h ieae 200 Jacks Run Lake, Freeburg, I1l..... 200 East Sheffield Lake, Tuscumbia, Burghardt Lake, Belleville, Ill ...-. 150 JUD ec ASC OES Oe eee ee 200 Kretzer Lake, Harristown, Ill ..... 200 Chambliss Mill Pond, Montgom- poder Home Lake, Danville, [11 . 200 OLY ep Aer es oie sen eee aahe sce 300 pplicants in Illinois .............. 1, 900 Simmons Spring, Florence, Ala.... 100 i. e Maxinkuckee, Culver, Ind .. 800 Bradley Mill Pond, Millport, Ala.. 200 Winona Lake, Winona, Ind........ 800 Briggs Mill Pond, Jasper, Wiaetas,. 300 Webster Lake, North Webster, Ind. 300 Blackwater Mill Pond, Jasper, Ala. 150 | Lake Wawassee, Wawassee, Ind... 800 Jones Mill Pond, Way erly, 74 Cee 180 | Tippetanie Lake, Leesburg, Ind . 400 Oxford Lake, Anniston, ING Ree eae 200 ‘all Creek, Malot Park, Ind ....... 150 Lake Baxter, Birmingham, AU Bie = 5s 200 Car Lake, Claypool, Ind ..........- 300 Eufaula Fish Club Pond, Eufaula, Homan Lake, Claypool, Ind ......- 300 HATS Bete e roe sete eee einer ow alates ss 350 Mud) hake: Macyind =<... .<.5--- =. 150 Applicants in Alabama.......-.--- 3, 150 Lake Manitou, Rochester, Ind..... 300 104 B REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF Details of distribution—Continued, Species and disposition, lack bass—Continued, Gravel Lake, Adamsville, Ind..... Black River, New Harmony, Ind.. Indian Pond, Ib aKoy esp MAG eee ace Swan and Snider Ponds, Washing- COM, Uni cl sce cee emere cette cee Kankakee River, Kouts, Ind Notre Dame Lake, South Bend, Ind. White River, Muncie, Ind.......... Tippecanoe River, Winamae, Ind . Tippecanoe River, Monticello, Ind. Big WalnutCreek, Greencastle, Ind. Hii bake “Arcos; indie res. so ee 2 Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Ind....-. St. Joseph Lake, South Bend, Ind.. Pretty Lake, Plymouth, Ind....... Gravel Pit, Ossian, Ind Indian Creek, New Albany, Ind... Sugar Creek, Crawfordsville, Ind.. White River, Castleton, Ind....... White River, Winchester, Ind Wabash River, Williamsport, Ind . Sugar Creek, Thorntown, Ind ..... Mine Pond, Clarks, Ind............ Blue River, Shelbyville, Ind.....-. Lewis Reservoir, Lewis, Ind.....-- Shriner Lake, Columbia City, Ind. Round Lake, Columbia City, Ind... Cedar Lake, Columbia City, Ind .. Quarry Pond, Bloomington, Ind.. Clements Mill Pond, Chrisney, Ind. penne Factory Pond, Chrisney, In Walnut Fork of Kel River, Green- castle, Ind Simonton Lake, Elkhart, Ind.....- Wabash River, GibsonCounty, Ind. Applicants in Indiana............- Spring Lake, Davis, Ind. T........ Rock Creek, Davis, Ind. T ........ Mountain Stream, Talihina, Ind.T. Shannon Pond, Purcell, Ind. T.... Bratcher Lake, Ardmore, Ind. T... Fish Lake, Ardmore, Ind. T....... Applicants in Indian Territory... Fish Lake, Buffalo Center, Iowa .. Fish Lake, Corydon, Iowa........- Boyer River Mill Pond, Dow City, TOW. «\.c2etatuesewecor wre ad coat Crane Creek, Riceville, lowa...... North Fork of Maquoketa River, Dyersville; Wow arcticne sacs. eens Maquoketa River, Manchester, WOW aver a seer eon ce ees cose heae ONCE; OWA vescaacne cememaaeecence Mississippi River, Dubuque, Iowa. Little Turkey River, Waucoma. LOW Aisa atate scree a eceere cee mae Applicants in Iowa ................ Smoky Hill River, Enterprise, INAS credstee ce ticis teem stile cet Wisner Creek, Hutchinson, Kans.. Spring Lake, Abilene, Kans ....... Connor Creek, Connor, Kans ...... Little Arkansas River, Hutchinson, 19:10 BMS cicce Pm CRprCaGeReanar Spring Lake, Nashville, Kans. ..... North Fork of Sappy Creek, Ober- iti; Kamiss sees shewecee cee ecee es Spring Creek, Coldwater, Kans.... Willow Lake, Bavaria, Kans....... Little Arkansas River, Wichita, KANS) cecatsencmatesnncesee mene tee Spring Creek, Grainfield, Kans .... Lake Chanute, Olathe, Kans ...... Elkhorn Creek, Lincoln Center, SATIS. <:<:s,nigiatesola de ow eRe ae Rock Creek, Sabetha, Kans ....... Mule Creek, Wilmore, Kans......- Hazel Dell Lake, Garnett, Kans... West Park Lake, Parsons, Kans.... FISH AND FISHERIES. eines Species and disposition. eee Black bass—Continued. 150 Wea Creek and Bull Creek, Paola, 275 KANIS 5. isjecte ie hatcaidehdats ete aerate 150 200 Rattlesnake Creek, Macksyille, Kaus. .digech cece eee come 200 200 Saline River, Grinnell, Kans ...... 300 300 Spring Branch, Prairie View, Kans. 150 250 Branch of Solomon Creek, Topeka, 500 Kango... cscs. Jdews seta ee eee 350. 300 Lakeview Lake, Larned, Kans .... 200 500 Fish Lake, Hilltop, Kans.......... 600 300 Dennis Lake, Manhattan, Kans ... 200 100 McDowell Creek, Manhattan, Kans. 300 300 Blue River, Manhattan, Kans..... 150 300 Baldwin Creek, Manhattan, Kans. 150 200 King Creek, Manhattan,Kans..... 15 100 Deep Creek, Manhattan, Kans..... 150 300 Wild Cat Creek, Manhattan, Kans. 300 300 Pfeil Creek, Manhattan, Kans..... 150 500 Mill Creek, Manhattan, Kans...... 150 300 Eureka Lake, Manhattan, Kans... 150 500 Lowland Lake, Muscotah, Kans... 200 300 Mulberry Creek, Dodge City, Kans.| 300 200 Playters Lake, Pittsburg, Kans .... 250 500 Spring Pond, Coldwater, Kans ..... 150 650 Applicants in Kansas.............-. 4,050 300 Rolling Fork Creek, Lebanon, Ky - 200; 300 Spring Lake, Covington, Ky........ 300 300 Dix River, Lancaster, Ky .........- 500 150 Oak View Lake, Versailles, Ky..... 150: 83 Deaf Mute Institute Pond, Dan- Ville, Ky. . deidiataue re astemens aes 100 167 Geigers Lake, Henshaw, Ky.......- 200: Cumberland River, Pineville, Ky .. 400 300 Reservoir, Springfield, Ky.........- 180 200 Clear Creek, Shelbyville, Ky ....-... 200; 275 Kinniconick River, Vanceburg, 4, 700 BGY, Se sisters eae decree me eed 600 100 Railroad Reservoir, Cumberland 200 A WU EI (6s sla A Re cE es edi 825 200 Elkhorn Creek, Georgetown, Ky... 300 100 Little River, Hopkinsville, Ky ..... 400 100 Jones Pond, Nolin, Ky.............. 100 100 Lake Reba, Richmond, Ky......... 200 875 Spring Lake, Madisonville, Ky..... 200 500 Mill Creek, Fredonia, Ky.......... 200 500 Willow Pond, Hodgensville, Ky... 200 Livingston Creek, Fredonia, Ky... 400 750 Waterworks Reservoir at Spring- 500 Held Ky itor eeseeucses sseccees 180 Isley Lake, Isley, Ky..........-2. 100 1, 000 Guiest Creek, Shelbyville, Ky...... 300 Clear Creek, Shelbyville, Ky .....-. 300 3, 000 Bull Skin Creek, Shelbyville, Ky .. 150 4, 000 Tyler Pond, Shelbyville, Ky....... 100 Wild Cherry Pond, Brent, Ky...... 250 3, 880 Barber Pond, Hopkinsville, Ky.... 200 5, 000 Green River, McKinney, Ky......- 300 Fern Lake, Middlesboro, Ky....... 400 200 Floyds Fork Creek, Fisheryille, Ky. 100 800 Washiers Pond, Hodgensyille, Ky .- 100 Applicants in Kentucky .........-.- 5, 750 800 Sunrise Lake, Mansfield, La ....... 150 400 City Park Lake, New Orleans, La-. 225 300 Chaplin Lake, Natchitoches, La -.. 15 200 Lake Marie, Natchitoches, La ..... 150 Manheim Pond, Robeline, La...... 75 300 Red Bayou, Shreveport, La........ 200 100 Youskee Lake, Shreveport, La... .. 200 Lake Julia, Brevelle, La ........... 100 50 Mill Pond, Keithville, La .......... 75 200 Spring Branch, Lafayette, La...... 150 50 Magnolia Lake, Verry, La.......... 175 Banner Pond, Kentwood, La ...... 100 600 Applicants in Louisiana, La ....... 525 150 Antietam Creek, Hagerstown, Md.. 100 150 Chevy Chase Lake, Chevy Chase, IMG) s diars, ee emieenteme tae sora wimraeterele 100 800 Applicant at Cumberland, Md..... 50 800 Percival Pond, Orleans, Mass......- 75 200 Factory Pond, Fall River, Mass. ... 75 75 Lake Acoaxet, Fall River, Mass. ... 75 250 Middleboro Lakes, Rock, Mass ...- 50 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF Details of distribution—Continued. Species and disposition. Black bass—Continued., Applicant at Hamilton, Mass ...... Boardman Lake, Traverse City, PULGLieie EMetatiec weeded deesdnéubs 0 na Gull Lake, Yorkville, Mich........ Crooked Lake, Watersmeet, Mich.. Big Platte Lake, Beulah, Mich..... Burgess Lake, Greenville, Mich.... Condy Lake, Coral, Mich........... Devils Lake, Devils Lake, Mich.... Whites Lake, Kalamazoo, Mich.... Fagle Lake, Edwardsburg, Mich... Juno Lake, Edwardsburg, Mich.... Christiana Lake, Edwardsburg, ECL te cane sera erate a efeie alee ils a)¢i6, nin drm Round Lake, Hanover, Mich String of Lakes, Oxford, Mich..... Stony Lake, Oxford, Mich......... Bald Eagle Lake, Oxford, Mich... Pleasant Lake, Leslie, Mich ....... Klinger Lake, White Pigeon, Mich. Holland Lake, Sheridan, Mich .... Bailey Lake, Claire, Mich Eagle Lake, Willmar, Minn Pike Lake, Duluth, Minn.......... Madison Lake, Mankato, Minn.... Lake Minnewaska, Glenwood, Minn Fish Club's Lake, Holly Springs, (MBER Rctctiowics ca ea sib aicia Reeth Beech Spring, Topton, Miss........ Tupelo Park Lake, Tupelo, Miss.... Artificial Lake, Tupelo, Miss ....... Spring Branch, Myrtle, Miss ....... Arundel Lake, Meridian, Miss. ...-. Horseshoe Lake, Aberdeen, Miss... Lower Dead River, Aberdeen, Miss. Tibbs Lake, West Point, Miss ...... Spring Lake, Macon, Miss.......... Mill Pond, Olive Branch, Miss ..... McPherson Lake, Mhoon Valley, MARR e Sets abe cu cama cach ac ealan Mooreyille Park Lake, Corinth, HVS Win ahi siete april eiatihnatdinisimsy 65? w 0:\00n Tuscumbia River, Corinth, Miss. ... Alligator Lake, Columbus, Miss .... Buttahachie River, Greenwood DRUG hIMABAtisé55 Ae eee 250 ae Creek, Manhattan, Spring Lake, Bonham, Tex........ 1,900 RATS St Prehin aomawine coke an a aceiode 150 Seven Springs, Roanoke, Tex ..... 100 Eureka Lake, Manhattan, Kans... - 230 Onion Creek, Manchaca, Tex ..... 500 Wild Cat Creek, Manhattan, Kans . 255 Bonita Lake, Marshall, Tex ......- 1, 000 Blue River, Manhattan, Kans...... 55 Carlisle Pore tie a Hill, Wexs.2: 500 Ped win a elt ety Kans... 55 Paradise Creek, Vernon, Tex...... 400 ings Creek, Manhattan, Kans -.... 55 Railroad Lake, Coleman Junction, Dee p Creek, Manhattan, Kans ..... 55 At 29. ie Sn 1 ES alain ees brane 100 Pfeil Creek, Manhattan, Kans....-. 55 Little Conch River, San Angelo, Mill Creek, Manhattan, Kans ...-.-. 55 25 aes Ae rot cae maser 200 Lake Chanute, Olathe, Kans. ....-.-- 170 Tanks, Cactus, Tex .. speese eet eeeee 1, 000 Fish Lake, Hill-top, INSET 0 Saaiage gee 200 Fish Lake, Longview, Tex ........ 175 Applicants LNG AITSAG) eae a een eee 855 aap ce ee ee See SERED en eerste See Eee Ie ee 25 ish Lake; Terrell; Tex-:...<.2.2 ( Fern Lake, Middlesboro, Ky.....-- 15 Bois D’ Are Creek, Wetherford, Tex. 450 Cemetery Lake, Louisville, Ky.... 125 Fish Pond, Aldine, Tex ..........-. 400 Reservoir, Slaughtersville, Ky....-. 100 Applicants in Texas .......-..---.- 14, 540 Barren River, Bowling Green, Ky. 100 Been ae ee Se cease 50 Kinniconick River, Vanceburg, tddy Pond, Rutland, Vt........... 50 Keven ccc ecemeee cae sei 2 175 South River, Grottoes, Va.........- . 50 Lake Mingo, Nicholasville, Ky 25 peeeencoeh River, Boyce, Va ....- 50 epring Lake, Madisonyille, Ky 100 Spring Lake, Parkersburg, W. Va -- 500 Iisley Lake, Ilsley, Ky............- 100 Big Sandy River, Naugatuck, W. Nolin River, Nolin, Ky...........- 100 ee ae sete eer ean oe 250 Paynes Pond, Georgetown, Ky 77 Kanawha River, Fishing Camp, W. Applicants in Kentucky........... 453 Wiest snosoesacecososcosshsdasece¢ 200 City Park Lake, New Orleans, La. 125 Elk River, Charleston, W. Va ..-..-- 207 || Chaplin Lake, Natchitoches, La... 200 mg ue Cross creeks, Wells- Pes Pond, Robeline, La..... 100 LES NN Sk eee ee rice Miere cine ithe =ye 150 | Red Bayou, Shreveport, La........ 200 rat Valley River, Fairmont, gues rere, SS IO = 200 ee Viebintalage iaicattin ea wate coe wlcacc(nes = 150 | Lake Julia, Brevelle, La........... 200 S ring Run, Bunker Hill, W. Va... 100 Bayou Dorchita, Haughton, La .... 200 E k River, Centralia, W. Va. ae 100 | Yarbrough Lake, Mansfield, La ..-. 100 Y ellow River, Necedah, Wis - eee 1,040 || Applicant at Mansfield, La eae, 100 Diamond Lake, Drummond, Wis. - - 1, 000 Eagle Lake, Willmar, Minn ........ 250 Ome eae Lake, Florence | Leech Lake, Walker, Minn ........ 250 OUDIYA RWIS eee see nos eso s.n 500 || Little Spring Creek, Waterford, Dinwiddie Lake, Sheridan, Wyo -.. 200 IMSS is ose : Rt Se eee Ase nee 200 Chautauqua Lake, Crystal Springs, FROUGIN See ce tae cate acts ose we 262, 157 || IVUISS?S SSE RE St ie CBA Beene 200 ‘ Lutz Lake, Canton, Miss ........... 200 Crappie: | ConstantineLake,Shuqualak, Miss. 100 Jones Mill Pond, Waverly, Ala .... 300 || Fords Pond, Waterford, Miss....... 200 a ring Pare Opeuea, Alle Se 100 Mooreyille Park Lake, Corinth, ue Creek, Johns, Ala ..........-- 100 IM Sg 28 A See eee eect ha co tieicicic 200 Sie te wes ae ERS Aa 200 | Bubiehecne River, Greenwood udge Pond, Sharon, Conn........ 100 Sprin parMisstecne ee eecre tase 200 Ponenee repeat ial Soe ah Seen 1, 000 Tombigbee River, Bigbee, Miss .... 200 oledo Reservoir, Toledo, Ill...__. 150 | Aberdeen, Miss . 200 Soldiers’ Home Lake, Danville, Il. 790 Columbus, Miss . 200 Applicant in Mlinois.........:....- 50 || MTehula Lake, Tchula, Miss......... 200 Leatherwood Creek, Bedford, Ind. 50) Yokanookany River, McCool, Miss. 200 Indian Creek, Bedford, Ind........ 50 || Big Black River, Pickens, Miss... .. 200 Salt Creek, Bedford, Ind........... 50 || Silver Creek, Yazoo City, Miss ..... 200 ite River, Navlecvilie id 175 || Dhek Lake, Schell City Mow... 330 " arn Ch see 5 uck Lake, Schell City, Mo........ 25 Waterworks Lake, Bloomington, Lake Ericson, Greeley, Nebr ...... 200 ‘ ae eRe pepe chad eat 26 | es LS G seek he bg ieee 100 alumet Lake, Jasper, Ind ........ 150 ancocas River, Mt. Holly, N. J... 50 2 ige Be pond, B cero, Ind 25 || OD ettesie gered Morristown, N. J. 50 igeon Creek, Boonville, Ind...... 120 || Spring Lake, Morristown, N. J .... 50 Indian Creek, New Albany, Ind... 25 || Elkwood Lake, Newark, N. J....-- 50 SEER TERE eats; iImdeses.: 200 Richmondtown Lake, Woodstown, pplicants in Indians ....-.-.5.... DO GE Smet OP ao seen ee net colors aeons teeters 50 Mountain Stream, Talihina, Ind. T. 500 Quick Pond, Swartswood, N. J .... 50 North Fork of Maquoketa River, | Fish Lake, Kingston, N. J......... 100 Paton as ale a ae aE ee 500 | See Broad River, Henderson- aquoketa iver anchester, | Willey. Conc cerrone rete eae 100 a ee wige a i “a oa grecerr” 600 | Spirit Wood Lake, Jamestown, N. edar River, Cedar Rapids, lowa .. 700 || tO Ceara Rose Bee EAnoareaa. =< seeie 300 eV epaipinnicou River, Independ- ppaneseld Lake, Aaa Quinta. 100 CCE OWA saene=se ener sees so 720 Cliff Lake, Springfield, Ohio....... 90 Mississippi River, Dubuque, lowa.. 700, 000 Buck Creek, Springfield, Ohio..... 140 Applicant at Leon, LOW lemceccit= =e 100 | Pennypack Creek, Hatboro, Pa-.... 200 Spring Lake, Nashville, Kans...... 100 || Crystal Lake, Carbondale, Pa-....--. 100 Spring Lake, Syracuse, Kans....-. 4 100 || Porters Lake, Stroudsburg, Pa..... 100 Little Arkansas River, Wichita, | | Deer Lake, Stroudsburg, Pa ....-... 150 Keangttense sence mena ea eaees se 200 || Forest Lake, Stroudsburg, Pa...... 100 Bull Creek, Paola, Kans............ 170! Lake Minisink, Stroudsburg, Pa... 100 108 REPORT OF Details of distribution—Continued. Species and disposition. Sone Species and disposition. Crappie Combined, Crappie—Continued. e Taminent, Stroudsburg, Pa... 100 Cold Run Creek, Hancock, W. Va.. Jones Lake, Montrose, Pa .......-.- 390 Dinwiddie Lake, Sheridan, Wyo... Perkiomen Creek, Norristown, Pa.. 100 Schuylkill River, Norristown, Pa . 100 Potal . <2 oo asseeeec aooeeeeseee Sugar Loaf Lake, Hazleton, Pa..... 250 Lake Clerno, Hoadleys, Pa......-.- 100 || Rock bass: Juniata River, Huntingdon, Pa ...- 400 Sandy Creek Mill Pond, Opelika, Stone Creek, Huntingdon, Pa ...-.. 200 ANG) Seek as eset eee eae eae Harveys Lake, Alderson, Pa .....-- 100 Applicant in Alabama............. Frankstown Branch, Juniata Riy- Applicant in Arkansas..........-.. er, Spruce Creek, Pa......-..--.-- 150 Mudge Pond, Sharon, Conn ....--. Frankstown Branch, Juniata Riy- Reservoir, Covington, Ga.......... enruBarres Paya. eanctes soeictatete nice 175 Applicants in Georgia ..........--- Aughwick Creek, Hopewell, Pa...- 50 Vermillion River, Danyille, 11] . Lake St. Clair, Latrobe, Pa ......... 100 Applicants in Milinois: 5.3 Ce oeee Raystown Branch of Juniata Waterworks Lake, Bloomington, River Hopewell Passe sseeoos-ee- 25 INE! scsi sete ot eeeesaes See Raystown Branch of Juniata Applicants in Indiana ............- River, Riddlesburg, Pa.......---- 125 Applicant at Dewey, Ind. T........ Raystown Branch, Juniata River, Applicant at Harlan, Iowa......-.-. DVerett,bameacwnceaiseere ceeeee eae 100 Fish Lake, Hilltop, Kans.......... Raystown Branch, Juniata River, Fall Creek, Caldwell, Kans.....-.. Salons Pancaesere hee ease se eseoe 225 Applicants i in Kansas See are Ludwig Run, Ebensburg, Pa ..-.--. 100 Reservoir, Slaughtersyille, Ky....- Conneaut Lake, Cambridge, Pa --. 100 Fern Lake, Middleboro, Ky Se ae Trough Creek, Mapleton, Pa ....-. 50 Spring Lake, Madisonville, Keys. pee Twelve Mile Lake, Stroudsburg, Applicants in Kentucky.....-....- 1 27 PRR aie ee I ae i ee rel SRC 100 Middleboro Lakes, Rock, Mass ...- Silver Lake, Morton, Pa .......-...- 100 || Applicant at Northampton, Mass.. Applicant at Jermyn, Pa.......- mee 50 Horseshoe Lake, Macon, Miss ..... Foot Creek, Aberdeen, S. Dak ....-. 700 || Harpers Lake, Brooksville, Miss... James River, Huron, 8. Dak ....... 700 Applicants in Mississippi ........-- Lake Donald, Huron, 8. Dak.....-- 150 Fishing Club Pond, Glasgow, Mo-.. Shoe Creek, Huron, 8. Dak ....-.... 200 Woods Pond, Schell City, Mo.....-- James River, Mitchell, S. Dak ..... 300 Spring Lake, Schell City, Mo.....-- Frasin Lake, Mitchell,S. Dak...... 150 Eden Green Ponds, Chillicothe, Mo. Beaver Creek, Huntingdon, Tenn.. 500 || Cutoff Lake, Brunswick, Mo -..-..-- Orchard Pond, MO a WMex. =o poate 45 || Fish Lake, Billings, Mo ....-.......-. Old River Bed Pond, Marlin, Tex.. 100 Applicants in Missouri....-.......- Restleys Creek, Dublin, MOK ene cnn 200 Nebraska Fish Commission, South Greens Creek, Clairette, Tex De esioen 100 Bend, ‘Nebr. 5: J22s/-eat ee ceeeeces Bosque River, Clairette, Tex....... 200 || Las Palomas Creek, Engle, N. Mex. Four Ponds, Marfa, Tex............ 100 || North Spring River, Roswell, Crescent Lake, McNeil, Tex ....... 500 | IN... Mex. i ohaceis beeen ae eens Litttle Brazos River, Hearne, Tex... 300 Applicants in New Mexico ........ Onion Creek, Manchaea, Tex ....-- 100 Fish Lake, Rockville Center, N.Y . Oltorf Lake, Marlin, Tex ..........- 150 | Rhetts Lake, Hendersonville, N.C. San Gabriel River, Georgetown, | Mattamuskeet Lake, Elizabeth DOK «oe Selec os mee om eae eames ae 350 City, (N.C) 2224 26 scheee ene Cannon Creek, Marfa, Tex ........ 100 | Applicants in North Carolina...... West Side Lake, Crockett, Tex .... 200 || Applicant at New Salem, N. Dak .. Elmendorf Lake, San Antonio, Tex. 75 || Odell Lake, Lakeville, Ohio........ Waterworks Pond, Taylor, Tex.... 100 || Applicants in Ohio .......-.---.... Washita River, Canadian, Tex .... 250 || Applicants in Oklahoma........... Dads Creek, Canadian, Tex ........ 150 || Antietam Creek, Reading, Pa...... Du Tait Creek, Canadian, Tex..... 100 || Porters Lake, Stroudsburg, Pa ..... Beaver Lake, Canadian, Tex ....-.. 30 Aughwick Creek, Shirley, Pa...... North Creek, Canadian, Tex......- 100 Harveys Lake, Alderson, Pa.......- White River, Canadian, Tex....--- 50 || Juniata River, Lewistown, Pa...-.-- Bear Creek, Manchaca, Tex ....... 100 || Swatara Creek, Meyerstown, Pa.... Clubjlake WAvistine Mex: e- 55.202 cee 40 Cocalamus Creek, Mifflin, Pa Applicantsin Texas see. . oe csscece 985 | Ludwig Run, Ebensburg, Pa Potomac River, Daysville, Va--..--- 200 Middle Creek, Fairfield, Pa ........ Hish-Pond sWanston, Vase e-e 200 || Applicantsin Pennsylvania....... Broad Run, Manassas, Va.-......-.- 200 || Fish Pond, Allendale,S.C.........-. Bull Run, Manassas, Va ........... 200 Fish Lake, Carthage, Tenn......... Cedar Run, Manassas, Va...---....- 200 || Duek Run, Columbia, Tenn........ Occoquan Run, Manassas, Wais- ss: 200 || Mill Pond, Lawrenceburg, Tenn ... Fish Pond, Amherst, Wiisenc=cia—25 200 || Hurricane Creek, Waverly, Tenn -. Shadybrook Pond, Glencarlyn, Va. 100 Aughtry Lake, Richland, Tex...--- Piedmont Pond, Charlottesville, || Upper State Lake, Rusk, Tex....... VS sre see ses asneceenc carcass 200 || Bold Spring Lake, West, Tex......- Fish Pond, North Garden, Va..... 200 || Creek, Carrizo Springs, Tex ........ Tinker Creek, Hollins, Va......... 50 Mish: balkenWaeo: Mex. osacec.. cue Fish Lake, The Plains, Va......... 200 Gibson Lake, Palestine, Tex ....... North Fork Creek, North Fork, Va. 200 Gordon Lake, Paris, Tex ........... Applicants in Virginia............. 400 || San Gabriel River, Georgetown, Kanawha River, Fishing Camp, | A NGS. Ger ang Bn Oe = ake ee See WEY Bin wc eincintns Sorta hie ereieicice 1,000 || West Lake, West, Tex .............. Elk River, Charleston, W. Va..---.- 240 Railroad Lake, Walnut Springs, Sleepy River, Hancock, W* Va..... 200 Tex PPP eee eee COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Adults and yearlings. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF Details of distribution—Continued. Species and disposition. Rock bass—Continued. Railroad Lake, Cisco, Tex ......--- Trinity River Fort Worth, Tox2-. Fish Lakes, Chico, Tesi ee oss ss San Antonio, Pex an licantstin' Texas *—..stee. sc. Fish Pond, Richmond, Va........- Spring Lake, Luray, Va Tacoma Fish Club Pond, Rich- mond, Va James River, Bia meh Va City Reservoir, ‘Charlottesville, Va- Dowdy Creek, Petersburg, Va Appomattox River, Petersburg, Va. Powell Creek, Petersburg, Va Taylor Mill Pond, Warsaw, Va ...- Tinker Creek, Hollins, Va Davis Branch, Catron, Va Piney Creek Mill Pond, Clover, Va. Orrix Creek Mill Pond, Evington, Goose Creek, Edwards Ferry, Va Applicants in Virginia............- Kanawha River, Fishing Camp, Strawberry bass: Verde River, Jerome, Ariz.....--.- Fish Lake, Ardmore, Ind. T Lake Macia, Natchitoches, La Chaplin Lake, Natchitoches, La-. Youseeka Lake, Shreveport, La - Lake Ninock, Ninock, alse. ott s2e Scoutaway River, Leasburg, Mo... Clear Creek, Bois D’ Arc, Mo Lake of the Woods, Fulton, Mo.. Non Spring River, Roswell, N. Yost Reservoir, Guthrie, Okla Spring Lake, Guthrie, raya ieReianee Sanders Pond, Okarche, Okla-...--. Applicant at Mulhall, Okla........ pot Gabriel River, Georgetown, OXiGo ceases odes semeteeessecenss Warmouth bass: Soldiers Home Lake, Danville, Ill. Sun-fish: Verde River, Jerome, Ariz Beaver Creek, Jerome, ATiz......-- Little River, Wilton, ya ele mre as Soldiers Home Pond, Danville, Il. Maquoketa River, Manchester, ON WY Slee pereiate ota lel acaletajoretciete ee mise me Cedar River, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.. Wapsipinnicon River, Independ- BUCO DOW ees vcisieee sec erate oss ss Adults and yearlings. FISH AND FISHERIES. 109 A : : Adults and Species and disposition. yearlings. Sun-jish—Continued. Mississippi River, Dubuque, ia 3 600, 000 eired Spring River, Roswell, Been cciaisndeenee yotee eee 600 spirit t Wood Lake, Jamestown, N Dake Sa tweed cutse se daewe ene 250 UNOS Aas IO Sssaaeee does) sos2d0 44h Not MOWED ce CORN Eee ates Nea 4 ahaa hee si aeacre | July 15 | 7a.m_..| Yes. 104 eee PU erie an 085 Peg ohh ase tl Mati sc\ te as ace ioe don do Do 0 eee COS eee cee) ae eee Reese Aug. 29} 9a.m. Do OB eee Boe a ene eee ot) Weim :|Se isd kde do...| 3p.m No If eee C3 3055 Oe 3 Seas eae LEB Aug. 30} 8a.m Yes OEE as are aa eo) aoe. Warab aiid iad delete Oral nee Sa Fee Do 1GY 2. 25 pee croton 58 Sete ee deck coh Wem. Is ek aaa do 3 p.m DO iV eee Beare eh Sees ee nt eae 2c | Renal te Mtn aks ce doe |-.2-do>..| No sto] ena oe Bee ge aeteraee rece reo teen || Mem | doe do...] 6p.m Do 19 | China Harbor, Santa Cruz Island 2 July 23 | 7a.m...| Yes. 7.10) Beer 20 soccer au eR See ee é : do....| July 24] 8a.m_.. Do. 7 ANG) ees (Oo ait CCAR SESE a aes a ORE 2 EEE ae Ome anol Ove Do. 22.4 eee “loco chp. oe Ree ee See ae a ane 2 Spbal{s seneley 55 5)( Cli iakeae Do. Pat ES aes Peres ete tes Nae : ----| July 31 | 8a.m._._| No. PGi eae Dib ist 5 gSe ii ea ae ale . year ....| Aug. 1] 5a.m...| Yes, 743 3 rset ie ice se ale . July 23 | 8a.m..-_] No. 26 eee PE es ow, : 0 July 29/10a.m-.-| Do. PH | ere 2) BOSCO RD messmo ic =. 00)=25 |e. G eee DG epeeeicbind 7 July 28 | 6a.m Yes 29 ast End Cove, Santa Cruz Island : ---| Aug. 1] 4am!!! Do peemmmebethor 83. ae ----| July 23 | 8a.m...] No. 7 (i [a preerrere ae = foals = Ores ee dopeals Wess 118 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table of stomach contents of sea ions—Continued. Kind and quantity of food. mM =) Fish bones. a a Kj S ele pels ES. a] |Sgg8 a 2 sh eee Se lel |g |g ee sales x -— _) . Ho le — = 5 ° 8 |Z] |s\3| Bala a\g|o# [82 |) & | ela | . | gh A lela] Ss |#leleels lela l2lsie4 lg23) 2 12/2/48) .12 | lselge € [Se] sso he] Sls] s |e E) Ee leod] S 1a) Sa |4| la lesias = ' o “4 oO oS it B l@leis sims |elalaleis|z 2°°| & ls|sladléls lela fe iF ees | sae See) ae lacce 2 oe 4 52 il Lice cco nila oes See 2yi | Sere ie BB AliScalacsaleaeclioas See y) 20) es fae Bans Bebo Sealgac|soale---)/2--5 (3 4 |See| aa ae aye = a Gelex | See |2 82 2 DE beeaeae 2. |S sn) ey Se 8 Ale ecallacc siee|ione Seo Ssee|o50 ee 3 40 1 PS S| es PRES! ee alla 4 acre | aes 2s lees eoallen 3 7 2 2 Resse) Soc) Socal\2-- = eles selleac zoe Ssag|eeoa|eos BS oa See) sesea sberion ae eee Bod Sees Sser|lacse||-- = - iseeee oe ge YN aa | ha tees (0) [32 -| soe Se ee fs} || Jeb = sac lasolisacellassollse= Dr aes ll eee ee 15 aes sae = aia ill tee ate CM lesgedlicas saelspallsoddiSecdladcloanelPecliacallogot&ellocetasll-o-56 Paes era \lpaceoos|i< sos) -4- LOW Seealeee Boeilsaollssecllbeor||b52 2 2 aS Sec Aol assalecolloeas |so=\loaaal|on5- THE IS Sed\iSsebanaissasiaocssee 2 1 Gabe eee - eer asl ae | =o 3 AD Acari SOW See merase aise Geeta ae ell sere econ sas 3l (illoa Algood oss SASS) (55¢ =e 1 163) eel eee loose ae 88 SSeS as oor Bean) ao ec ears Gace eae (Seer ee re See Eo mis ae 1 Sel Se Gl Seon es) soelsdoc Sone acellsroe elon 3 Sree ane a a ee eel ees | Sse. gH) [yeseges| (eS Ia cee esc WS ceed eerie reas Ieee 2 oR ae eser sea Ac btm tel Sl oie = CC Ne ce||BS ol Raa S-ctlBe 4 loese sere eaelaars =e 3 B lh sc cate ise ce! seen eet o| Soe ee ee pL fal (Sess Sisto ees) (mses) see (eesti [eee neSes| ese tines) [Ses ese eh ete el pais ae Ray mH ES Bcc Sacylsccclinn- - LB iissee| tobe ste [Secs | asc Seteellls or Siclfe ele areal] S lasdiloocel abs 1 5 |lneadiiscoollesoc Nacollocs cnet AD | es Seles ee] eee el eNater2)| (Seana ects We eB =e | leo | Re ce P| ene =i hecaae ete pees 7 SOg | PeO nes | Shale 2a Sal lal 18 286 |1, 122 1 1|(6)| 1 1 |...| 50 | 34 } < Indicates that the forms mentioned were present, but their number could not be determined. aSeveral ‘‘sea pens.”’ dShell apparently empty when swallowed. b Few. e Filled with clear liquid, in which floated a light, ¢ Unrecognizable material. yellow, flaky substance. The following additional information regarding the number of sea lions on the California coast has been submitted by Mr. Rutter: In 1902 the Ano Nuevo rookery contained 150 pups, which would indicate as many adult females. As there are more males born than females, there is no apparent reason why there should not have been as many adult males, so that the adults of the herd certainly numbered 300, not including the 1 and 2 year old individuals. The number of pups could not be determined at any of the other rookeries, and there is, therefore, no basis of estimating the number of adults at any point except at Purissima, where the adults themselves could be counted. But as Purissima was not a regular breeding rookery in 1901 and 1902, and as it is probable that many of the Ano Nuevo sea lions spent part of the year there, the Purissima counts can not be relied upon for statistical estimates. The most that can be said is that there were more sea lions at Point Arena than at Ano Nueyo Island, and that there were several REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Os: times as many at the various Farallon rookeries. Probably half the sea lions of California are found at the Farallon Islands, and it seems doubtful whether the total number on the coast amounts to 5,000. During the breeding season of 1901 there were about 400 adults at Ano Nuevo rookery. The larger males began leaving in July, and were followed by the younger males, and these by the cows and pups. The rookery was entirely deserted by the first of September, and remained so till the middle of the following May, the begin- ning of the next breeding season. Such was not the case with the Purissima rookery, however. This was not an important breeding place, though a few sea-lion pups were found there in 1901 and also in 1902. The Purissima rookery is located on a single flat-topped rock lying close to a high bluff, affording an excellent opportunity for observa- tion. Mr. James Mosconi, an employee of the Light-House Service, was engaged to make a count of the sea lions on this rookery at regu- lar intervals, and his figures are as follows: | Date. No. Date. No. Date. No. Date. No. 1901. 1901. 1902. 1902. DRUG AD, See =e 225 || October 15 .....-. 417 || January 15.....-. 16H | April be: oe aoe = 66 Duby Sle ssS..- 312)|| October: 312. -.... 3137} January ole seee = AD PAprilig0ns= 5-2 36 August 15........- 578 || November 15..... 311 || February 15 ..... OUP Miavallb see a= cers 122 AUPUSBL. < -s.-5-< 558 || November 30..... 59 | February 28 ..... | 368 May 302s cite cia 64 September 15..... 302 || December 15..... 48 || March 15 .......- Wa \lSUUIeND Sa acee nee 78 September 30..... 370 December 31 ..... 90 || Mareh 31°.....-.. 200) UME! SOL esate 143 THE REARING OF LOBSTERS. Profiting by the experience gained from the previous season’s obser- vations and experiments in rearing lobsters, the Commission, during the spring and summer of 1901, made substantial progress in this impor- tant work. It having been shown that the station at Wickford, R. I., on Narragansett Bay, afforded better facilities and conditions for lob- ster rearing than did any of the other stations occupied in 1900, the experiments of 1901 were chiefly conducted at that place, where, as heretofore, the Commission cooperated with the Rhode Island Fish Commission, represented by Dr. A. D. Mead. The essential factors in lobster rearing are (1) to keep the larval lobsters in motion so they will not settle to the bottom of the retaining vessel and there suffocate or devour each other, and (2) to provide them with suitable food so they will grow and molt quickly and take on the habits of the adults. The vessel in which young lobsters may be best held was devised only after much study and experimentation. The following report of Dr. H. C. Bumpus, who directed this work, may be advantageously quoted as to methods and results: Large salt-water ponds, small pools, artificial pools made by the building of dikes, inclosures made of wire screen and floated, and of wire screen and submerged, huge canvas boxes and cars, cars of scrim floated and anchored at the bottom, glass jars of various sizes, running water in vessels of wood, glass, porcelain, and stone, and various rotary devices, all proved eflicient agents for the killing rather than for the rearing of lobster fry. After many experiments a relatively simple and inexpensive device was adopted. Several bags of scrim about 3 feet in diameter and 4 feet in 120 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. depth were so suspended in the pool of the floating laboratory that the current could not change their general shape or cause them to collapse. In each bag was placed a dasher, the blades of which in rotation would constantly lift the water through the mesh at the bottom of the bag and urge it with obviously less velocity through the pores of the vertical walls. The dashers were kept in motion by means of a small gasoline engine. We found that when the mechanism was in actual operation, the current, in rising through the bottom of the bag, brought with it large numbers of pelagic animals, while the reduced current of the water passing through the greater expanse of the vertical walls was not sufficient to carry this living material out of the bags; thus the apparatus sufficed not only for keeping the fry and artificial food from the bottom, but also provided the fry with living natural food. To Mr. G. H. Sher- wood is due the credit of devising and installing this aerating and feed apparatus. In practice it was found that the eggs stripped from the abdomen of the female would hatch in these scrim inclosures under much more favorable conditions than in the McDonald jars. Indeed, I am inclined to believe that a far higher percentage of eggs would hatch in these bags than in the McDonald jars, and I am sure that the young are in a much more healthy condition than when hatched by the older method. Even a superficial examination of the young that have spent some hours in the trituration of the McDonald jars will show that a large proportion of them have the appendages broken, bent, or indented. The number of fry that were available for the purpose of experimentation during the first season was considerably less than in 1900, and the period of experimental work was also materially reduced. Nevertheless, Dr. Mead, who had the work imme- diately in charge, reports that by actual count in no case was the number of lobsters that reached the fourth stage less than 16 per cent of the number of fry originally placed in the inclosure. In a few cases it was above 40 per cent, and in at least one case it was as high as 54 per cent. In previous years no experiments had yielded more than a fraction of 1 per cent. The total number of lobsters raised to the fourth stage during the season of 1901 (in the 12 cylinders) was a little more than 9,000.4 OYSTER-FATTENING EXPERIMENTS AT LYNNHAVEN. For several years past the Commission has been conducting experi- ments in Lynnhaven, Va., under the direction of Messrs. H. F. Moore and W. W. Blackford, for the purpose of developing a method by which oysters may be fattened artificially with the same degree of certainty attained by stock-raisers in fattening cattle. The practice of allowing oysters to fatten on the beds where they are grown is haphazard in its methods and uncertain in its results, and coves and other places where the natural food supply is sufficiently great at all times and under all conditions are too rare to be available to most oyster-growers. Ordinarily there is no difficulty in raising oysters to a marketable size within a reasonable time, but there is often considerable difficulty in producing them in a marketable condi- tion. Frequently a grower will be unable to ship during a large part of the most profitable season because for some reason, which he can not control, the oysters will not get fat. This difficulty often happens unexpectedly, even within the most favorable localities, and causes the grower to hesitate to enter into contracts which he could profitably aThe results attending the experiments in lobster culture made by the U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Science, December 27, 1901. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 121 make had he available some method of fattening his oysters as they were needed. To overcome this difficulty in a measure, it has been customary in some places to resort to ‘‘floating” or ‘‘ drinking,” which consists essentially of transferring the oysters to fresh or brackish water. That practice, while giving them an illusive plump- ness, injures them in both flavor and nutritive value. The experiments which have been carried on by this Commission have nothing in common with this method, but are designed actually to fatten and improve the oyster in weight, flavor, and food value. The progress of the work has been briefly noticed from time to time in the annual reports of this Commission. Each year the results have approached more nearly the desired end, and during the season 1901-2 the work has been attended with such success that it is considered desirable to give a more extended account of the plant and its opera- tions than has been before attempted. The work, however, is still in an experimental stage, and the financial results have not vet demon- strated the practicability of the method. During the coming season it is believed that the operations can be so simplified and cheapened and the output so increased as to show pecuniary advantages. The plant at present consists of a 2-acre pond having an average depth of 25 feet. Originally it was a cove with a narrow mouth, giving tidal communication with the main body of Lynnhaven Bay. Across the mouth a substantial dam has been constructed of such height as to exclude all save exceptionally high tides. There is some drainage into the pond from the surrounding land, so that after it was dammed it became practically a claire according to the French method. During the first season of its operation oysters were spread on the bottom of the pond in limited numbers, but there was practically no improvement in their condition during the season, and it was evident that the diatoms, which constitute the principal food of the oyster, would not multiply to a measurable extent under these conditions. In the meantime laboratory experiments carried on in Washington had demonstrated that the growth and multiplication of these microscopic plants, like that of other vegetable organisms, could be stimulated and increased by using certain salts in solution; in other words, by the application of fertilizers to the water in which they were growing. During the following year ordinary commercial fertilizers, such as are commonly used for potatoes and similar crops, were placed in the pond and the number of diatoms increased very considerably, and during that season about 50 or 60 per cent of the oysters in the pond became reasonably fat, some of them excessively so, but the others remained poor and lean. It was evident, as a result of the season’s work, that the food supply was ample, but that for some reason it was not equally accessible to all of the oysters, and a comparison of the conditions in the pond with the open waters of the bay indicated that the cause probably lay in the absence of the currents necessary to 122 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. transport the diatoms within reach of the sedentary oysters. In the open waters these currents were furnished by the tides, but in the pond there were only feeble currents produced by the winds and local differences in the temperature of the water. To supply the necessary currents a canal faced with sheet piling was constructed along one side of the pond and communicating with it at both ends. This canal is about 150 feet long and 9 feet wide, and is provided with 16 wooden floats or trays 8 feet 8 inches square and 4 inches deep inside. Each float is capable of holding about three bar- rels of oysters in a single layer packed nib up, and is hung by ropes attached to small roller windlasses about 6 inches above the bottom. A current through the canal is produced by a propeller at the inlet driven by a gasoline engine connected by rubber belting. During the first year power was supplied by a windmill, but it was found: that much power was lost, owing to the frequency of calms and winds too light to carry the load, and the more reliable motor was substituted. The method of operating the claire is briefly as follows: Before the opening of the oyster season a supply of commercial fertilizer is applied in the shallow water around the edges of the pond, whence it gradually reaches the surrounding water, stimulating a vigorous growth of oyster food. Poor, unsalable oysters are then placed on the floats in the canal and, the propeller being set in motion, a current of about 1 mile per hour is maintained, carrying over the oysters a constant supply of diatoms from the rich store contained in the pond at large. It was found that by this means the oysters in the canal fattened quickly and uniformly, an extremely low proportion of blanks or watery oysters being found. Owing to the exigencies of experimental work, the utmost capacity of the claire in fattening oysters has not yet been determined, but the fact that one lot was raised from a very poor to first-class condition in eight days indicates that it will be considerable when the proper arrangement is discovered. With the present canal capacity, which could probably be considerably increased to advantage, a maintenance of this rate would give a capacity of about 175 barrels per month, or 1,400 barrels during the season of eight months, from a 2-acre farm. During the past season two difficulties which militated against a true test of the capacities of the ponds were encountered: Occasionally a very slight marshy taste would be notigeable in the oysters, and at such times no shipments were made, for fear of injuring the demand. It has been learned that this can be overcome by the application of lime to the water at the end of the canal. The other difficulty is that in wet seasons with few high tides the water in the pond becomes too fresh and the oysters rather too insipid to bring the highest price in the market. A plan is now under consideration and will be put into operation during the ensuing season which it is thought will obviate this. Under the best conditions, oysters placed in the pond in an REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 123 unmerchantable condition sold after fattening for $6 per barrel in Philadelphia. It is believed that at the close of the next oyster season definite plans of a plant anda method of operating it can be placed before the oyster-planters of the country. At present the Commission does not feel prepared definitely to recommend the method. INQUIRY REGARDING DESTRUCTION OF OYSTERS BY DRUM-FISH. In the latter part of June, 1902, the attention of the Commission was called to the destruction wrought by the drum-fish (Pogonias cromis) in the vicinity of Tuckerton, New Jersey, and Dr. H. F. Moore was at once sent to that place to make an investigation and if possible deter- mine what measures should be taken to mitigate the losses. Ovyster- growing is the main industry of Tuckerton, and most of the available oyster bottoms of Little Egg Harbor and Great Bay are taken up by persons living in that town and its vicinity. Although there is some good spawning-ground in these waters, the industry is mainly depend- ent on seed brought from other localities. Until within a few years, most of it was brought from Chesapeake Bay and other parts of Vir- ginia, but recently it was discovered that seed from Long Island and Connecticut grew with remarkable rapidity when laid down in that vicinity, and it has since been heavily purchased, almost to the exclu- sion of other seed. It is stated that in some instances seed oysters from Great South Bay, Long Island, have increased 400 per cent in bulk within a period of six months, and to a somewhat greater extent in value. For several years past the oystermen have sustained losses for which they could account only by attributing them to theft, but in the spring of 1901 it was discovered that the drum-fish was eating the young oysters in considerable quantities, and during the spring of 1902 the destruction became so great as to demand concerted action upon the part of the oystermen. A meeting was held at Tuckerton, at which most of the principal planters were present, and a fund was created to defray the expenses of fighting the common enemy. Spe- cial permission having been obtained from the State authorities, an attempt was made to kill the fish and drive them away by dynamite and nets. The nets used were some that had been discarded by stur- geon fishermen, and had a mesh of about 14 inches extension measure, rather too large for the drum-fish. They were set at random over the oyster beds and at first made fair catches, but their efficiency gradually decreased, owing, the oystermen supposed, to the fish being frightened away, though it seems very probable that the fish deserted the beds owing to their practical depletion and to their consequent loss of attrac- tion to the fish which came upon them in search of food. At the time of the visit of Dr. Moore about 100 pounds of dynamite had been exploded during four days’ work, and about 1,000 fish of large size hae been killed. The dynamite is not used on the oyster 124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. beds for fear of killing the oysters as Well as the fish, but near the inlet, where the fish school at ebb tide. Two charges of 3 pounds each are attached, 50 feet apart, to a conductor, towed over the schools of fish, and exploded about 4 feet below the surface. On several occa- sions from 100 to 200 fish have been destroyed at a single explosion, and the survivors within a considerable radius of the disturbance are apparently badly frightened. As the dynamiting takes place at a con- siderable distance from the oyster beds and in the daytime, however, while the fish appear to feed on the beds principally at night, it is by no means certain that the effects will be very manifest in preventing the destructive inroads. The most efficient way of protecting the beds would, of course, be to inclose them completely with nets or stockades, but, owing to the large extent of the beds, to the navigable character of the water, and to the amount of material which drifts with the tide, this plan is not feasible at Tuckerton. Some very extensive beds examined by Dr. Moore were found to be practically depleted of oysters. In one case where 15,000 or 20,000 bushels had been planted, and the owner estimated the loss at 50 per cent, an examination of areas selected at random indicated that upwards of 80 per cent of oysters had been eaten by the drum-fish, and nothing remained of them but a few ground-up fragments of shells. On these same beds native seed, owing, doubtless, to its much heavier shell, had not been destroyed. Should the present efforts of the oystermen to protect their beds prove unavailing, it seems probable that the only recourse is to abandon the use of the thin-shelled eastern seed and restrict planting to heavy-shelled varieties. If the beds can be efficiently protected each year for a period of two or three months after they are planted, it is probable that no further trouble will occur, as by that time the seed oysters will be large enough to resist the attacks of drum-fish. TRIP TO THE TILE-FISH GROUNDS. On July 28 the schooner Grampus, with a small party from the Woods Hole Station, made a short trip to the tile-fish grounds lying off No Man’s Land. The grounds were reached during the night of July 28-29, and on the morning of the 29th four tubs of trawls, baited with squid, were set in water 65 to 70 fathoms deep, in latitude 40° 6’ north, longitude 70° 24’ west, 703 miles south and one-half mile east from No Man’s Land. One part of the trawl, owing to fouling, caught no fish; the other, after being on the bottom for about two hours, was hauledand found to have 62 fine fish, with an aggregate weight of about 700 pounds. The Grampus returned to Woods Hole on July 30, and the fish were shipped to dealers in New York, Boston, and Gloucester, who had expressed a willingness to handle them and endeavor to create a demand which would lead to the establishment of a regular fishery. The reports as to the food value of these fish coincide with those REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 125 received in previous years in being unqualifiedly favorable. The following, from Mr. William H. Jordan, collector of customs at Gloucester and one of the leading vessel-owners and _ fish-dealers, shows the way in which the tile-fish is regarded in the leading fishing port of the country: The tile-fish arrived in the best of order, having been very carefully prepared, and I distributed them among fourteen of my acquaintances. I have heard from nearly all of them, and they have expressed themselves as highly pleased with the quality of the fish, considering them delicate and of high flavor. I, myself, found the fish exceptionally good, and enjoyed my dinner from it. Certainly it would seem to me that if the people could become familiar with the tile-fish in some such manner of distribution as you have made through me, it would open up a demand for a large quantity of the fish, should they be caught. The prospects for the inauguration of a special tile-fish fishery from Gloucester, Boston, New York, and several other ports now seems much more promising than at any previous time. The investigations of the Commission have shown a great abundance of tile-fish over a wide area adjacent to our shores and clearly indicate that a profitable industry may be developed. THE GROWING OF SPONGES FROM CUTTINGS. The experiments in sponge-culture begun in Florida under the diree- tion of Dr. H. F. Moore during the preceding fiscal year have been continued during the present year, and it is believed that considerable progress has been made toward the development of a practical com- mercial system of sponge-culture. The constant aim has been to reduce as far as possible the niceties of experimental work to a basis adapted to the requirements of the practical sponger. As stated in a previous report, several thousand sponges were planted in January and February, 1901, and at the end of six weeks these were found to be growing well. Examination in November, 1901, however, showed that most of the cuttings had died and that some of them had been stolen for the value of the wire to which they were attached. Most of these plants were made upon copper wire, which, while it has the power of resisting to some extent the action of salt water, is in some localities more or less subject to corrosion, and the salts produced are inimical to the sponge, causing it to die near the pointof attachment and fall from its support. During the present year it has been sought to overcome this difficulty by using insulated copper wires, so that the cuttings would not be brought into contact with the bare metal. Further improvement was made in slitting the sponge cuttings and placing them astride the wire or other support to which they were attached, and then binding the surfaces of the flap in close apposition by means of a wire. In the course of a few days the two flaps grew together and the cutting became permanently attached, independently of any artificial binding. Temporary tie wires of uluminum wire were 126 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. used, which, while slowly acted upon by salt water, lasted a sufficient length of time to permit the sponge to permanently heal. During the winter months the growth of the cuttings was rather slow, so far as increase in bulk was concerned, although eyes, or oscula, were promptly put out and the circulatory system quickly reorganized and completed. During the spring when the water, especially in the more southern part of the State, was becoming warmer, there were indications of more rapid growth. About six thousand cuttings were planted in Biscayne Bay, Sugar Loaf Key, and in the vicinity of Anclote Keys, and in the latter part of April, after they had been planted for periods varying from two to five months, most of them were growing and in an apparently healthy condition. Between the lower end of Biscayne Bay and Matecumbe Key there is a long stretch of water where sponges de not grow naturally. An investigation of this region was made to determine the reason for their absence, and an experimental plant of about a thousand cuttings was made in a small sound back of Key Largo, with a view to deter- mining whether they could be artificially introduced there. At the end of six weeks practically all of these cuttings were dead, although others planted at about the same time in more favorable localities were alive and growing. A series of observations developed the fact that the water in this region is of a much lower salinity than in places where the sponge grows naturally, and it is probable that this is the cause of their absence naturally and of the mortality of the cuttings. Practically nothing is known of the rate of growth of sponges under natural conditions, or of the rapidity with which they will develop from fragments and cuttings, and it will probably require several years’ investigation to determine these points and to develop, if it can be developed, a system of sponge-culture which will be of value to the State of Florida. At the present time the production of sponges in this State, which is the only one in the country producing them, is about $500,000 per annum. An equal or perhaps greater value of sponges is imported from abroad, and it is hoped eventually to supply this excess of demand over production by sponges raised artificially. Many of the sponge-dealers are showing considerable interest in the experiments, and it is believed that they will promptly undertake sponge-culture if a reasonably practical method can be developed. SURVEY OF THE FLORIDA SPONGE-GROUNDS. The steamer /“%sh Hawk, working under the direction of this divi- sion, in October, 1901, resumed the survey of the sponge-grounds of the western coast of Florida, and in March, 1902, completed the exam- ination of the waters lying north of Tampa Bay, comprising all those grounds designated under the names ‘‘ Gulf,” ** Bay,” ‘* Rock Island,” and ‘*‘Anclote.” The location of the sponge-grounds has been plotted REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 127 on charts, and, for the first time, the extent, position, and relations of the grounds have been determined. The sponge-bearing bottom stretches in a continuous but irregular band or zone, 5 to 35 miles wide, from Apalachee Bay nearly to Tampa Bay, the length, following the curvature of the coast, being about 175 miles. The grounds are widest off Withlacoochee Bay, Deadmans Bay, and Rock Island, and narrowest off Cedar Keys. Three large disconnected areas, between the shore and the sheepswool grounds, on which grass sponges grow rankly to the exclusion of most other kinds, are in or near St. Martins Bay, Deadmans Bay, and Apalachee Bay. It is intended to continue this work by detailing the /'sh Hawk to survey and plot the remaining sponge-grounds, of which those about the Florida keys are the most important. RIVER AND LAKE INVESTIGATIONS. GREAT LAKES BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. Prof. H. S. Jennings, of the University of Michigan, directed inquiries addressed to various subjects connected with the animal and plant life of the Great Lakes, in continuation of the work begun a number of years ago. As in previous seasons, Lake Erie was the field of investigation, and the Fisb Commission station at Put-in Bay was the headquarters of a party of specialists employed throughout the summer. Among the fishes specially considered were the white-fish and wall- eyed pike, by Dr. Raymond Pearl, of the University of Michigan, the arp, by Mr. Leon J. Cole, of the same institution; and the sturgeon, by Prof. S. O. Mast, of Hope College. Mr. Pearl’s inquiries had for their object (1) the determination by detailed statistical methods of the existence or nonexistence of different races of white-fish (Core- gonus clupeiformis) in the different lakes, and (2) the demonstration by the same methods of the relation of the blue pike to the yellow pike (Stizostedion vitreum) of the Great Lakes. The study of the varia- tions of the white-fish will not be completed for several seasons, owing to the wide field to be covered and the extensive series of measure- ments of individual specimens necessary for the purpose in view. The work on Stizostedion need not be resumed, as enough has been learned to show that the wall-eyed pike is a species of remarkably low variability and that there are no structural differences between the blue and the yellow varieties, this being in accord with other observations. The continuation of Mr. Mast’s examination of the lake sturgeon at the spawning season resulted in the collection of additional information as to the past and present abundance of the fish in the rivers of Michigan, and furnished data of importance in the event of the Commission taking up the artificial propagation of this species in the Great Lakes. 128 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Prof. H. B. Ward, of the University of Nebraska, was in charge of the plankton work. He completed the field tests of the efficiency of the large plankton nets. Further work with these nets should be specially directed to the comparative abundance and food relations of plankton organisms. The small minnows whichabound in the plankton region and form a link between the plankton and some of the larger fishes should receive attention at the same time. Prof. Ward also continued his study of the vermine parasites of fishes, assisted by Mr. H. W. Graybill. Dr. Charles Fordyce, of Nebraska Wesleyan University, was engaged in a study of the small crustaceans of the order Cladocera, which are an important element of the fish food of the lakes. Prof. F. C. Newcombe, of the University of Michigan, was in gen- eral charge of the investigations of aquatic flora. Dr. Julia W. Snow, of Rockford College, continued her work onalgae. Prof. R. H. Pond, of the Maryland Agricultural College, completed during the fiscal year his study of the nutrition of the larger aquatic plants. During the summer he assisted Prof. Newcombe in his study of the distribution of water plants in relation to soils in Lake Erie. For several weeks in April and May Prof. Jacob Reighard, of the University of Michigan, was engaged in studying the breeding habits of fresh-water fishes. The forms chiefly studied were the black bass, the brook lamprey, the stone roller, and the horn dace. During the year Prof. Reighard and Prof. Ward were engaged in discussing and preparing for publication the results of their work in determining the efliciency of plankton nets. At the same time Professor Jennings studied one of the families of rotifers (the 7attu- lide), and prepared a monograph of the family. A bill ‘* to authorize the establishment of a biological station on the Great Lakes under the control of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries” was introduced in the Senate on December 17, 1901, and favorably reported back by the committee on fisheries on April 1, 1902. The report of the committee embodied a communica- tion from the Commissioner advocating the passage of the bill. The bill passed the Senate on May 16, but was not acted on by the House. THE STATUS OF THE CARP IN THE GREAT LAKES. With the probable exception of the Illinois River, no body of water in the United States appears to be so well-stocked with carp as Lake Erie. There is also an abundance of carp in Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and other Great Lakes. In view of the continued disfavor with which this fish is regarded in some quarters on account of its supposed objectionable qualities, the Commission decided to institute a systematic investigation of the species in the Great Lakes, and assigned to the work Mr. Leon J. Cole, of the University of Michigan, who began his inquiries in the latter part of June, 1901, and continued until the last of November. The points to which special attention was REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 129 given were the food and feeding of the carp, the relation of the carp to other fishes, the relation of the carp to wild fowl, and the food and market value of the carp. Much information of interest and impor- tance was obtained, but it will require another full season’s inquiries in order to render the investigation approximately complete. The carp investigation was begun in Lake St. Clair, where Mr. Cole went to investigate some statements of a fisherman which were pub- lished in the Port Huron (Mich.) Z?mes of April 16, 1901. These assertions were to the effect that ‘‘the carp eats the spawn and destroys the perch, bass, and other good fish of these waters”; that ‘‘the sup- ply (of these fish) is already much reduced,” and that ‘‘in three years more there will be no fish except carp left in the lake.” At New Bal- timore and other places on the lake Mr. Cole found the same senti- ments prevailing in regard to the carp as those expressed in the newspaper article referred to. Inquiry among the fishermen, mostly city sportsmen, showed that certain stock charges were made against the carp, and it was not usually claimed that these charges were based on direct knowledge or observation. The sentiment against this fish in this region was due largely to a belief (1) that the carp thrashes about and stirs up the mud, so that the breeding-grounds of other fish are spoiled; (2) that the carp roots up the vegetation, destroying the wild rice, etc., and thus ruining good duck-shooting grounds; (3) that the carp eats the spawn of other fish; (4) that the carp eats the young of other fish; (5) that the carp is of no value as a food-fish; (6) that the carp is of no value as a game fish. The fact that black bass and other fish were nesting at this time afforded opportunity to make observations on several of these points. In a small bay where carp were commonly found in the shallow water among the weeds and grasses, there were a number of bass nests. At no time was a carp seen among the bass nests, which were some dis- tance apart and hence covered a considerable area. A fyke net was set with a view to intercept any carp that might cross the tract covered by the bass nests, but with negative results. On several nests young bass were later noticed, and Mr. Cole thinks it probable that more would have hatched if the parent fish had not been speared (in viola- tion of law) or caught with hook and line (in conformity with law), thus leaving the eggs exposed to any fish that might come along. Nests of some of the sun-fishes were found close inshore where carp were com- mon, and these nests contained eggs; when the parent fish were fright- ened way, it was noticed that swarms of minnows, which seemed to be waiting this opportunity, rushed in and began to devour the eggs. The observations showed that the carp makes the water very roily where it splashes about and evidently tears up more or less vegetation, but there was no evidence that the flags often found floating were not torn loose by muskrats or other animals. F. €. 1902——9 130 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Considerable time was spent at Port Clinton, Ohio, as this is the principal market for carp on the lakes. The wholesale dealers here rendered every possible assistance to Mr. Cole, including all the carp needed for examination anda room in which to work. Many carp were here examined with reference to their food, and the study of various related subjects was made possible by the abundance of material. During the course of the season all important points between Buffalo and Detroit were visited, and the fishermen and dealers in each place were interviewed. Among the data thus obtained was a statement from each wholesale dealer of the quantity of carp received from Lake Erie fishermen in 1900, this representing the approximate catch of carp in the lake. The figures as tabulated give 4,595,000 pounds as the carp product in 1900, an increase of 964,000 pounds over the pre- vious year; of this quantity about 4,069,000 pounds were landed at Monroe, Toledo, Port Clinton, and Sandusky. Carp ponds at Monroe, near Sandusky, at Port Clinton, and on Catawba Island were visited and information regarding the feeding, etc., of carp was obtained. In the fall of 1901 the inquiries were addressed particularly to the relation of the carp to the white-fish during the spawning season of the latter, and were conducted at the Bass Islands and Port Clinton. As a basis for the investigation, the following assertions of the fisher- men of North Bass Island were taken: Carp are abundant about the Bass Islands when the white-fish are spawning; carp eat the spawn of other fish, especially white-fish; white-fish spawn has been taken from a carp’s stomach; when carp are numerous on a reef, the white-fish are not there, being driven away by the carp. At Port Clinton Mr. Cole made trips to the fishing-grounds with the fishermen and also examined the carp landed by the fishermen; and at North Bass Island examined carp brought in by fishermen using white- fish gill nets on the reefs. He reports that very few carp were caught on the white-fish grounds, and that the result of their examination was entirely negative as to any damage done by carp to white-fish. The evidence indicates that the number of carp on the white-fish spawning- grounds in fall is very small, and the carp which are there have not been found to contain white-fish spawn. The eggs of the white-fish, not being adhesive to any great degree, probably become widely scattered over the rocky reefs; and unless the carp were present in large num- bers, the relative number of eggs destroyed would be small. There is no direct evidence as to the destruction of white-fish fry by carp, except that during the entire course of this investigation no young white-fish or any other kind of fish were found in carps’ stomachs. Considering the shape of the carp’s mouth, the lack of teeth, and other anatomical peculiarities, it seems very doubtful that the fish-eating charge against the carp could be very serious. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 1381 FISHES OF CHAUTAUQUA LAKE, NEW YORK. In September, 1901, this lake was visited by Prof. B. W. Evermann for the purpose of determining its general biological features and the variety and abundance of its fish fauna. A report” on this inquiry gives an annotated list of 31 species of fishes known from the lake. Although this lake is only 8 miles from Lake Erie, it is in the Ohio River drainage basin, and its fish life partakes of the character of the latter. Among the important species are bullhead (Amecurus nebu- losus), rock bass, blue sun-fish, large and small mouthed black bass, and muskallunge. The last named is the leading fish, from the standpoint of both angler and commercial fishermen. Although extensively caught, its abundance appears to be maintained from year to year as a result of limited protection and artificial propagation by the State authorities. It appears from this investigation that the Chautauqua Lake muskallunge is not identical with the muskallunge of the Great Lakes (sow nobilior), as has generally been held, but is a distinct species (Zou ohiensis) peculiar to the Ohio basin. The two gars or bill-fish (Zepésosteus osseus and L. platostomus), worthless as food and very destructive to other fish, were systematically destroyed by the State Fish Commission for several years and their numbers much reduced. FRESH-WATER FISHES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. During September and October, 1901, Dr. Tarleton H. Bean col- lected and studied the fishes of Long Island, New York, in the interests of the Commission, with headquarters on Great South Bay. Particu- lar attention was given to the fresh-water species, which, while few in number, are of considerable interest. The peculiar topographical features of Long Island are responsible for the scarcity of fresh-water fishes. The total number of such fishes known to occur in the streams and lakes is 27. One of these—a hybrid trout—has been artificially produced; another, the black-nosed dace, is of doubtful occurrence, and 13 others have recently been introduced. The permanent residents in fresh water, as determined by Dr. Bean, are horned pout, chub sucker, chain pickerel, killifish, pirate perch, silverside, sun-fish, yellow perch, and darter, all of which could easily have been introduced by man within the last century or two. Mitchill, in his Report on the Fishes of New York (1814), mentions only the yellow perch, brook trout, and pickerel as occurring on Long Island. Mitchill, in 1790, transplanted yellow perch from Ronkon- koma Pond to Suecess Pond, Queens County, a distance of 40 miles. FISHES OF LAKE MASHIPACONG, NEW JERSEY. Lake Mashipacong lies in the New Jersey mountains about 10 miles south of Port Jervis, N. Y., and covers approximately 100 acres. In a Notes on the Fishes and Mollusks of Lake Chautauqua, New York. Report U.S. Fish Commis- sion for 1901. 132 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. October, 1901, Prof. B. W. Evermann made an examination of the lake with reference to its fish fauna. The maximum depth, as determined by numerous soundings, was 14.5 feet. Although fish food is abun- dant, the larger fishes are limited in both species and individuals. The following fishes were found to inhabit the lake: Common bull- head (Ameturus nebulosus), white sucker (Catostomus commersonit), chub sucker (Arimyzon sucetta), roach (Abramis crysoleucas), eel (Anguilla chrysypa), banded pickerel (/soa wmericanus), common east- ern pickerel (Aso reticulatus), and blue-gill sun-fish (Lepomis pallidus). A few large-mouthed black bass were recently planted in the lake, and the conditions seem favorable for their rapid increase. FRESH-WATER FISHES OF MAINE. In accordance with a request from the Debsconeag Fish and Game Club that the waters composing the fishing privilege of the club be examined to ascertain why trout attain only a small size and if the lakes were suitable for the introduction of trout and landlocked salmon, Dr. W. C. Kendall devoted the month of August to the study of these waters. Debsconeag lakes are a chain of five or six small lakes, which from the westward debouch into the West Branch of the Penobscot not far from Debsconeag Falls and about 20 miles from Norcross. Other waters not connected with this chain of lakes, but comprised within the Debsconeag privilege, are Hurd Pond and tributaries and Rain- bow Lake, besides a number of smaller ponds and streams. These waters are not exclusively controlled by the club, being public waters, but the club has camp privileges on all of them within certain town- ships. The water area was found to be so extensive that only super- ficial examination of all of them could be made, so most of the time was devoted to First Debsconeag Lake and Hurd Pond. Brook trout are apparently uncommon in Debsconeag lakes and Hurd Pond, but very abundant, though of small size, in Rainbow Lake; in some of the small ponds they occur in fair numbers.. Togue (Cristivomer namaycush) are doubtless common; some of large size have been caught, but only small ones of 2 or 3 pounds were obtained during the month of August, and these only in Hurd Pond. There seems to be a scarcity of species of the minnow tribe in some of these lakes, and the fish faunas of the several bodies of water seem to differ somewhat in character; for instance, the chub (Semotelus corporalis), common in the Debsconeag lakes, was not found in Hurd Pond, but there its place is taken by the brook chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), which, so far as ascertained, did not occur in the Debsconeag waters. If the conditions prevailing in August obtain throughout the year, the scarcity and smallness of trout is probably due to paucity of food. In order to obtain important information regarding small salmon occurring in the East Branch of the Penobscot, mention of which was REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 133 made in last year’s report, Dr. Kendall visited Matagamon Lake, and the East Branch was examined from the dam at the foot of the lake to Stair Falls. The small salmon were found common in the pool below the dam and at Stair Falls. Specimens were obtained by fishing with very small artificial flies, but none over 9 inches long was found. All but one of these fish were males in well-advanced breeding condition, the exception being a female with distinct eggs, but which would not have matured before another fall. From here opportunity was taken to visit more northern Maine waters to obtain much-needed information regarding the character and distribution of the fish life of this region. Accordingly, a canoe voyage was made from Matagamon via Matagamonsis, Webster, Telos, and Chamberlain lakes to the Allagash River, thence down the stream through numerous lakes to the St. John, and from the St. John a trip was made up the St. Francis to a few miles above Beau Lake and return, thence down the St. John to Fort Kent. It was the intention to haul from here to Cross Lake, thence proceed by canoe down the Eagle lakes or east branch waters of Fish River, up Fish River to Portage Lake, and thence haul to Ashland; but owing to the uncer- tainty of getting through the proposed route on time, it was decided to bring the explorations to a close after making some collections in Cross Lake. Very interesting collections were made in all the lakes en route, as well as in some tributary waters, and much valuable knowledge was gained. Some interesting facts regarding the geographical distribution of the Maine fishes were developed. The recorded range of some species was extended into the State, and others already recorded from Maine waters were found in new localities. At least four species of fishes apparently new to science were obtained, the most interesting and important being a white-fish (Coregonus). Two species of white-fish were already known to occur in the State, the round white-fish (Coregonus quadrilateralis) and the ‘‘attahawmeg” (C. labradoricus). The latter is the best known and reaches the largest size. The only locality in Maine from which the round white-fish has hitherto been recorded is Clearwater Pond, at Industry. It was ascer- tained to be very common in northern Maine. The little stickleback (Gasterosteus atkinsi/), for many years known only from a few specimens from Grand Lake Stream, was found to be widely distributed over northern Maine and is not so insignificant as from its size it at first might appear. In the fall it was found to con- stitute the principal food of the lake trout, or ‘‘ togue,” sometimes to the exclusion of everything else. Many togue were caught gorged with these little fish. Couwes‘us plumbeus, until recently not known from Maine waters, was found to be one of the commonest minnows. In the lakes it seems to be a deep-water form, seldom approaching the shore except at night and in breeding season, when it enters streams 184 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. and shallow water to spawn. This habit and the abundance of the fish would indicate that it must be an important food for larger fishes. Coherent reports and descriptions of a red forked-tailed trout in some of the waters of St. Francis River suggests the possibility of another char occurring in these waters. BIOLOGY OF THE SACRAMENTO SALMON. On the conclusion of the sea-lion investigation elsewhere alluded to, Mr. Cloudsley Rutter resumed the study of the quinnat salmon in the Sacramento basin, on which he had been engaged for a number of years. The work began September 1 at Black Diamond, California, where by weighing and measuring many specimens of salmon recently from the sea a standard weight was established for fishes at the mouth of the river. Then 150 specimens were weighed, branded with serial num- bers, and released, in the expectation that some of them would be taken again at the hatcheries and light thus be thrown on their rate of travel upstream and their loss of weight during migration. Three of the marked fish were subsequently recaptured. During October two trips were made down the Sacramento River in a skiff for the purpose of charting the spawning-beds and noting the dates at which the beds were successively occupied. November was spent at the Mill Creek hatchery near Tehama, the principal work being the weighing and measuring of salmon in various conditions for comparison with those examined at the mouth of the river. The run of quinnat salmon in Papermill Creek, Marin County, was investigated, as the species had never been known in that stream prior to the planting of fry there in 1897 and 1898. The preparation of a general report on the salmon investigations and the study of material with a view to a report on the embryology of the quinnat occupied Mr. Rutter’s time during the remainder of the year. The habits of the Pacific salmons are vitally different from those of the Atlantic species, and as these have an important relation to natural reproduction, artificial propagation, and commercial fishing, the Com- mission deemed it desirable that the species be subjected to a careful physiological investigation. While the Atlantic salmon, Sa/mo salar, has been studied from the standpoint of phy slology,* the Pacific sal- mons have up to this time been neglected in this respect. The Com- mission therefore engaged the services of Prof. Charles W. Greene, of the University of Missouri, who has devoted much attention to comparative physiology. Professor Greene began his field work early in July and continued until September, examining the salmon before they entered the rivers and after they reac ene ae span uwning- grounds, *See Investigations on the Life History of the Salmon in Fresh Water, by D. Noel Paton, M. D. Special Report of 1898, Fishery Board for Seotland. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 135 and at intermediate points in the Sacramento basin. Most of the time was spent at Baird hatchery, where there was an abundance of material and where the superintendent, Mr. Lambson, and the foreman, Mr. Wallich, rendered valuable assistance. INTRODUCED FISHES IN UTAH AND IDAHO LAKES. Continued public interest in the planting of the Great Lakes white- fish (Coregonus clupecformis) in Bear Lake (Idaho and Utah), Coeur @Alene Lake (Idaho), and Pend d’Oreille Lake (Idaho), induced the Commission to make another effort to determine the results of the plants of fry in these waters a number of years ago. Accordingly, in July, 1901, a party, consisting of Mr. $8. P. Wires, superintendent of the Duluth (Minnesota) hatchery; Mr. 8. L. Pritchard, of the Washington office, and Mr. Dwight E. Miller, was dispatched to these lakes with an equipment of gill nets of various sizes, seines, and other appliances. Fishing was carried on in Bear Lake (and Mud Lake con- nected therewith) at ten different points and during six days; in Lake Coeur d’Alene at thirteen different points and during eight days; in Pend @Oreille Lake at nine different localities and during six days. No introduced white-fish were discovered, and no evidence of the existence of this species in any of the lakes was obtained, although three other species of introduced fishes were found. The water of Bear Lake is reported to be very hard, unfit for domestic use, and possibly unsuited to the white-fish of the Great Lakes, although Williamson’s white-fish (Coregonus williamson?) is found in it. During the first week in August the surface tempera- ture of the water in the vicinity of Fish Haven was found to be from 69° to 71°. The minimum bottom temperature determined was 50°, at a depth of 105 feet; fishing, however, was carried on in water 175 feet deep, but no temperature data were obtained therefor. Suckers (Catostomus macrocheilus) and chubs (Leuciseus lineatus) abound and are the characteristic fishes of the lake; black-spotted trout (Salmo clarkii) also occur. Mud Lake is reported to be little more than a marsh during July and August, although it contains some black bass, carp, and a few black-spotted trout. The water of lakes Coeur d’Alene and Pend d’Oreille is deep and cold, resembling in every respect that of the Great Lakes; and it would seem that the white-fish whose introduction has been attempted should do well in both of them. Besides Williamson’s white-fish, many fine specimens of bull trout (Salvelinus parke?) 11 to 12 inches long and of the black-spotted trout were found in both these lakes, and suckers (Catostomus macrocheilus and C. catostomus) are abundant. The introduced species, large-mouth black bass and yellow perch, seem to have become well established in Lake Coeur d’Alene; examples of the latter 103 inches long were obtained. 136 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES. Woops Horr, Massacnuserts (Huan M. Smiru, Director). During the season of 1901-2 the work at the Woods Hole laboratory was under the direction of Dr. Hugh M. Smith, assistant in charge of division. Dr. H. C. Bumpus, who had been in charge of the labora- tory for a number of years, was unable to continue his relations with the Commission owing to other duties. The usual facilities for research and collecting existed, and the rare opportunity for marine biological work here afforded was appreciated by the representatives of many institutions of learning. Two large fish-traps operated for the laboratory in Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay furnished much useful material. The steamer /7sh Hawk and the schooner Grampus were temporarily attached to the station during the entire summer, and the steam yacht Phalarope and the steam launches Blue Wing, Cygnet, and Merganser were in constant service. The director had the efficient assistance of Prof. R. W. Tower, Mr. George H. Sherwood, and Mr. Vinal N. Edwards. Among the biologists who occupied tables, the following carried on special investigations in behalf of the Commission: Dr. Gary N. Calkins, of Columbia University, studied the marine protozoa found in the vicinity of the station. This group of animals has been neglected by systematists in the United States. The protozoa are numerous, and are important as being the ultimate animals on which the higher animals are dependent for food. Dr. Calkins found the water in the immediate vicinity of the station to contain many species and individuals, including a number of species not previously described. His report, published in the Fish Commission Bulletin for 1901, is an important contribution from one who is a leading authority on the subject. Dr. George H. Parker, of Harvard University, studied and reported on the effects of light, temperature, gravity, currents, and other natu- ral agencies on the movements of copepods. These minute crustaceans are found throughout the year in varying abundance, and constitute one of the most important foods of young and small fishes, young lob- sters, and other animals. Dr. Parker’s observations and experiments were directed to the determination of the physical factors controlling the appearance and disappearance of copepods in a given region at different times, and his conclusions bear on the movements and abun- dance of the food-fishes whose immediate or ultimate pabulum the copepods are. His paper is published in the Fish Commission Bulletin for 1901. Prof R. W. Tower, of Brown University, conducted a number of chemical and physiological investigations addressed to the food-fishes of the region. An inquiry regarding the organic constituents of the scales of fish and their use in the manufacture of gelatin was conducted REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 187 jointly by Professor Tower and Mr. E. H. Green, and a special report thereon was published in the 1901 Bulletin. Numerous gallstones were found in several of the squeteague caught in the pound nets, and the determination of the chemical constituents of the calculi formed the subject of a paper by Professor Tower and Mr. A. K. Krause, forming a part of the 1901 Bulletin, which is an important contribution to the diseases of wild fishes. A related subject which received attention was the bile pigments and bile acids of squeteague, blue-fish, and bonito. In the course of a general study of noises produced by fishes, some important physiological observations were made on the ‘‘drumming” of the squeteague. The drumming of the drum-fishes (Scéxn/d), of which the squeteague is the most prominent representative at Woods Hole, has been variously explained by different writers; and in the case of the squeteague, at least, it would appear that no accurate account of the factors producing the characteristic sound has heretofore been given. Professor Tower’s observations and experiments have developed the following facts: 1. There is in the squeteague a special drumming muscle, lying between the abdominal muscles and the peritoneum, and extending the entire length of the abdomen on either side of the median line. 2. The muscle fibers are very short, and run at right angles to the long axis of the muscle. 3. The muscle is in close relation with the large swim-bladder, and by its rapid contractions produces a drumming sound, with the aid of the tense bladder which acts as a sounding-board. 4, This muscle exists only in the males, and only the males are able to drum. In continuation of the plan of issuing from time to time systematic reports on the various groups of water animals in the Woods Hole region, studies of the following groups were carried on during the year: The crabs, by Dr. Robert P. Bigelow, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the jelly-fishes and sea-anemones, by Prof. Charles W. Hargitt, of Syracuse University; the parasitic copepods of fishes, by Mr. M. T. Thompson, of Brown University, and Mr. C. B. Wilson, of the Westfield (Massachusetts) State Normal School; the isopods, by Miss Harriet Richardson, of Columbian University (Wash- ington, D. C.); the amphipods, by Prof. $. J. Holmes, of the University of Michigan Foliowing is a list of those in attendance at the laboratory, arranged under the institutions with which they were connected: U. S. Department of Agriculture: W. T. Swingle, Ph D.; Dr. Geo. T. Moore; Karl Kellerman, B. §. Brown University. R. W. Tower, A. M.; L. W. Williams, Ph. D.; George H. Sher- wood, A. M.; M. T. Thompson, A M.; A. K. Krause, A. B. Bryn Mawr College: T H. Morgan, Ph. D. Columbia University. Gary N. Calkins, Ph D. 138 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Harvard University: George S. Amsden, A. B.; Henry B. Bigelow, A. B.; J. H. Con- verse; Julius M. Johnson, A. B.; Clarence H. Lander, B.8.; F. T. Lewis, M. D.; James H. McMurray; Thomas Ordway, A. B.; George H. Parker; H. W. Rand, Ph. D.; M. E. Stickney, A. M.; R. M. Strong. Ph. D.; William A. Willard, A. M.; Robert M. Yerkes, A. M. Indiana University: W. J. Moenkhaus, Ph. D. Johns Hopkins University: Caswell Grave, Ph. D.; Henry F. Perkins, A. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Robert P. Bigelow, Ph. D.; Erik H. Green, A. M. College of City of New York: Francis B. Sumner, Ph. D. Princeton University: Ulric Dahlgren, Ph. D.; C. F. Silvester. Syracuse University: Charles W. Hargitt, Ph. D. Yale University: W. G. Van Name, Ph. D. Miscellaneous: John Barlow, A. M., Fairmont College, Wichita, Kans.; E. W. Barnes, Tabor College, Iowa; W. B. Bell, University of Iowa; W. A. Denny, A. M., Anderson (Ind.) HighSchool; Otto Folin, Ph. D., McLean Hospital, Waverly, Mass.; Henry R. Linville, Ph. D., De Witt Clinton High School, New York City; Porter E. Sargent, A. M., Browne & Nichols School, Cambridge, Mass. Beaurort, NortH Caroutina (H. V. Witson, Director). The Fish Commission laboratory at this place was in operation at the beginning of the fiscal year and remained open until September 25, the same temporary quarters being occupied as in previous years. Prof. H. V. Wilson, of the University of North Carolina, continued in charge. A dwelling-house near the laboratory was rented for a dor- mitory and mess-house. The launch Petrel was attached to the station during the season and was in constant use. About 20 persons availed themselves of the privilege of working at the laboratory; these, with the institutions with which they were connected, were as follows: Johns Hopkins University: Prof. W. K. Brooks, Dr. Caswell Grave, Messrs. R. P. Cowles, D. H. Tennent, O. C. Glaser, R. E. Coker, and J. A. E. Eyster. Columbia University: Prof. EK. B. Wilson, Messrs. H. B. and J. C. Torrey. University of North Carolina: Prof. H. V. Wilson and Mr. C. A. Shore. University of Missouri: Prof. George Lefevre and Dr. W. C. Curtis. Washington and Jefferson College: Prof. Edwin Linton and Mr. C. W. Stone. University of Alabama: Dr. J. Y. Graham. Bryn Mawr College: Prof. T. H. Morgan. Dartmouth College: Dr. J. H. Gerould. Professor Brooks studied the eggs of the oyster and preserved material for further work on the same. Prof. E. B. Wilson was engaged in experimental studies of the living eggs of the sea-urchin, Toxopneustes, and Professor Morgan worked on the eggs and larve of the same species in connection with his researches on regeneration. Professor Linton began a systematic examination of the food-fishes of the Beaufort region with reference to their parasites. Professor Graham studied a trematode worm which is parasitic in the oyster. Dr. Grave, assisted by Mr. Glaser, continued the work on the biol- ogy of the North Carolina oyster and conducted experiments with a view to develop a method by which oyster-farming may be success- fully carried on in the North Carolina sounds, where, on account of the peculiarity of the bottom in many places, the ordinary methods of planting are inapplicable. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 139 Mr. Coker investigated a barnacle ()chelaspis) parasitic on the gills of the common edible crab. From a report submitted by Mr. Coker it appears that this parasite affects over 50 per cent of the male crabs and about 90 per cent of the females; that it is not found in young crabs, being thrown off by the frequent molting; that crabs whose gills are heavily burdened with the parasite have less vitality, are sluggish in their movements, and are the first to die in captivity. While the usual number of barnacles found in one crab is from 2 or 3 to 8 or 10, in some the gills are filled to overflowing and may contain 500 to 1,000 of the parasites. The new laboratory buildings on Pivers Island were nearly com- pleted by the end of the year, and on May 26 it was practicable to throw the laboratory proper open to investigators. Prof. H. V. Wil- son, the director, having gone abroad, Dr. Caswell Grave, of Johns Hopkins University, was appointed to the position. The operations of the laboratory during the last few weeks of the fiscal year 1902 will be referred to in the report for the next year. WORK IN FISH PATHOLOGY. The occurrence of serious disease among fishes at the hatcheries of the Commission and elsewhere has required the almost constant atten- tion of Mr. M. C. Marsh, the assistant assigned to this subject, and has shown the wisdom of making special provision for the study of this increasingly important branch. A part of the summer and fall was spent by Mr. Marsh at the North- ville (Michigan) station of the Commission in considering the disease affecting the brook trout. A bacterial organism was isolated from the dying fish and the disease was reproduced in healthy trout by inoculation. On the recommendation of this division, two ponds were constructed entirely of concrete and cement for the purpose of exclud- ing disease-producing bacteria, and the ponds were stocked with healthy trout from the Au Sable River and from a private trout farm at Osceola, Wis. Mr. Marsh visited this farm to inspect the fry and yearling fish prior to securing a supply for Northville. The large spring pond constituting the main water supply was drawn down, cleaned, and thoroughly disinfected with chlorinated lime. Patholog- ical material and cultures were brought to the Washington laboratory, and a study of the the offending organism was taken up. This germ can not be identified with any hitherto-known species, and a full description of its form and behavior is substantially completed. At the meeting of the American Fisheries Society, held at Milwau- kee, Wis., in July, Mr. Marsh brought the brook-trout disease to the attention of the assembled fish-culturists. An investigation of the mortality among brook trout at the Paris station of the Michigan Fish Commission disclosed the same disease as at Northville, but in a milder form. Mr. Marsh visited by request 140 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. the hatchery of the Pere Marquette Club at Wingleton, Mich., where brook trout were found to be slowly dying of the Northville disease, and some suggestions for the amelioration of the conditions were made. The existence of fungous disease among fishes in the Government aquaria at the Pan-American Exposition, as noted in the report for last year, continued during the summer and required attention. Ex- periments with potassium permanganate and formalin confirmed the previously expressed opinion that they had no advantages over com- mon salt as a remedy for this troublesome disease. In March a visit of about one week was made to the Charleston Exposition to look into some cases of mortality among aquarium fishes. No serious losses were occurring, and some previous trouble was probably due to polluted water from the lagoon from which the water supply was drawn. The brook trout were slowly dying and these were infected with the Northville organism, which makes an interest- ing addition to the recorded distribution of this species. Local fishes taken for the exposition were not in the best condition and this accounts partly for the aquarium losses. Both salt and fresh water supplies were rather peculiar and not of the best for aquarium pur- poses, the river water being subject to contamination from phosphate works and the fresh artesian water containing considerable soda, like all of the artesian water of the region. MISCELLANEOUS LABORATORY WORK, REPORTS, ETC. FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. The Commission received through the Surgeon-General of the Army specimens of fishes and fish cakes from medical officers in the Philip- pine Islands. The fish were from Lake Buhi, in southern Luzon, and represented five or six species, several of which were previously unknown. The most interesting and important of these was an exceed- ingly diminutive form, caught in large numbers by the natives and used for food. In forwarding specimens of these fish, Dr. George A. Zeller wrote as follows from the military hospital at Buhi: I inclose herewith samples of a strange article of diet greatly relished by the Bicols, among whom I have been stationed for the past eighteen months. Rice and fish are the staple articles of diet for most Filipinos and in the provinces of the Camarines there is little variation from these two. Fishes of every size and many varieties are prepared in every conceivable form, but the samples inclosed are unique in that they are found here and nowhere else. * * * Many varieties of fish abound in the lake, but by far the most numerous are these minute specimens. They are called in the native Bicol tongue sinarapan, and when dried in the sun on a leaf are called badi. They are caught by a large sheet of close web, which is dipped under wherever a school congregates. They are put into tightly woven baskets from which the water soon drains, leaving a compact mass of fish. They are not minnows or immature fish. The natives buy them eagerly; and-when the little fleet of fishermen return from their morning’s quest and place their baskets upon the ground on the market place, they are instantly surrounded by a crowd of waiting children, who, armed with every sort of dish, are anxious to take home the family REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 141 meal. They bring three or four potatoes, tubers, a handful or two of rice, or a few copper pennies, and in exchange receive about a pint of fish. In the kitchen the fish are made up with peppers or other spiced herbs, and they do not taste bad. The soldiers have become quite fond of this food, and liberally patronize the little native restaurants where it is served. This fish proved to be of an undescribed genus and species, and its diagnostic features were given in an article in Science (January 3, 1902), where the name Mistichthys luzonensis was applied to it. The maximum length of the species is only 0.6 inch and the average slightly over 0.5 inch. It is the smallest known fish and probably the smallest known vertebrate. Through the courtesy of the Surgeon-General of the Army, the Commission was enabled to place three collecting outfits in the hands of medical officers located in various parts of the archipelago, and it is expected that additional specimens of interest will thus be obtained. SHAD OF THE OHIO RIVER. Prof. B. W. Evermann concluded his study of the shad of the Ohio River, referred to in the annual report for 1898, and submitted a paper thereon which was published in May, 1902. Publication of this article was delayed in the hope that opportunity might be afforded for obtain- ing further information on this fish, especially its migration from the Gulf of Mexico up the Mississippi and its tributaries. This shad proves to be an indigenous species, and is not, as some have supposed, the transplanted shad from the Atlantic coast. It has appropriately been named Adlosa ohiensis. It is an excellent food-tish, probably not inferior to the common shad, but is not highly regarded by the people of the Mississippi basin, the price received by fishermen being only 2 cents a pound. Its abundance and distribution are not yet known, and the annual catch is quite small and localized. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, AND LAKE CHAMPLAIN. The extensive collections of fishes from these waters obtained by the Commission during a series of years have been reported on by Prof. Barton W. Evermann and Dr. W. C. Kendall, in four annotated lists published in March and April, 1902. The number of species and subspecies known from the Great Lakes and their tributary waters is 152, of which 27 are peculiar to Great Lakes basin. From Lake Ontario 73 species are recorded, and from the St. Lawrence River 71. The fish fauna of Lake Champlain includes 54 species: SILVERSIDES OF THE EAST COAST. The silversides are among the most abundant of the small fishes inhabiting the salt, brackish, and fresh waters of the Eastern and Southern States. Their maximum length is but little over 6 inches, and most of them are hardly half so large; they are, therefore, only sparingly eaten by man, but they constitute one of the most important 142 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. foods for many of the best food-fishes of the coast. Extensive col- lections of the Fish Commission, supplemented by material in the National Museum, were studied by Dr. W. C. Kendall, and a report@ thereon was issued in April, 1902. In this paper the abundance, uses, habits, food, ete., of the silversides are considered, and a detailed description, with figure, of each species is given. FISHES OF MEXICO. _— Recent collections of fishes from various parts of Mexico, obtained by the Division of Biological Survey of the U. 5. Department of Agriculture, have been referred to this Commission for identification, and have-been reported on by Messrs. B. W. Evermann and E. L. Goldsborough in a paper issued May 3, 1902. ‘These collections, sup- plemented by several smaller ones from various sources, comprised 56 species, of which 5 were previously undescribed. FISHES OF LABRADOR. At the request of Prof. Leslie A. Lee, of Bowdoin College, Maine, Dr. W. C. Kendall identified and reported on a small collection of fishes obtained on the Labrador expedition of that college in 1901. The report will form one of a series of articles on the natural his- tory collections of that expedition. Professor Lee donated to the Commission specimens of all the desirable duplicates. a Notes on the Silversides of the genus Menidia of the East Coast of the United States, with deserip- tions of two new subspecies. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF STATISTICS AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES. By C. H. Townsenp, Assistant in Charge. The commercial fisheries of the United States employ about 200,000 persons, the amount of capital invested is $60,000,000, and the annual value of the products to the fishermen is approximately $50,000,000. The different regions in which fisheries exist are the New England, Middle Atlantic, and South Atlantic States on the Atlantic coast, the Gulf States on the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific coast States, Alaska, the Great Lakes, and the various rivers and minor lakes. At the commencement of the present fiscal year the statistical agents of this division were in the field engaged in investigations of the lob- ster, sturgeon, menhaden, and salmon fisheries of the Atlantic coast. A thorough canvass was made of the entire lobster fishery, Mr. W. A. Wilcox canvassing Massachusetts; Mr. T. M. Cogswell, Massachusetts and New Hampshire; Mr. E. 8. King, Rhode Island; Mr. C. H. Ste- venson, New York; Mr. W. A. Roberts, Connecticut and a portion of Rhode Island; Mr. John B. Wilson, New Jersey and Delaware; Mr. G. H. H. Moore, Maine. Mr. C. G. Atkins, superintendent of the Fish Commission station at Craig Brook, Maine, made a canvass of the salmon fishery of the Penobscot River. Mr. J. N. Cobb, who during the summer had been detailed to assist in an investigation of the fish- eries of the Hawaiian Islands, was for a short time engaged in making inquiries respecting certain fisheries centered in New York City. In the autumn Mr. C. H. Stevenson made inquiries in Connecticut and Massachusetts respecting the preservation of fishery products. Mr. E. A. Tulian, superintendent of the Fish Commission station at Lead- ville, Colo., made a canvass of the fisheries of Utah and Colorado. A canvass of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States was then begun, Mr. W. A. Wilcox taking up the work in Virginia and Mr. J. B. Wilson in New Jersey. Mr. Roberts was assigned to the canvass of Maryland and was assisted for a time by Mr. Wilson, who later took up the work in New Jersey. Mr. Cobb was assigned to New York and Mr. Stevenson to portions of Virginia and Maryland. Mr. Thomas B. Gould was temporarily employed in canvassing the fish- eries of Pennsylvania and New Jersey on the Delaware River. At the close of the fiscal year the investigations of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States were still in progress. 143 144 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Mr. Townsend, assistant in charge, after representing the Commis- sion at a meeting of the American Fisheries Society at Milwaukee, Wis., in July, made a reconnaissance of the fisheries of the Great Lakes west of Lake Ontario. In June he accompanied the Assistant Secretary of State to The Hague in connection with the arbitration of American whaling and sealing claims against Russia. Capt. S. J. Martin and Mr. F. F. Dimick, statistical agents of the division located at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., have continued to submit their monthly reports on the quantity and value of certain fishery products landed at those ports by American vessels. Mr. A. B. Alexander, of the steamer A/batross, was employed for a short time in making inquiries relative to the increase, among commer- cial fishermen, of hook-and-line fishing for salmon at Monterey, Cal., and elsewhere on the Pacific coast. The following bulletins, issued as single sheets, containing advance statistics in condensed form, were widely distributed during the year: 114. Lobster fishery of the United States, 1900. 117. Statement of the quantity and value of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., by American fishing vessels during the year 1901. Other bulletins, showing the quantity and value of fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, have been issued monthly as usual. The publications appearing during the year which were prepared in this division were: Records and bibliography of the steamship Albatross, by C. H. Townsend. Statistics of the fisheries of the Great Lakes. Notes on the fisheries of the Pacific coast, by W. A. Wilcox (in press). BOSTON AND GLOUCESTER. * The local agents of the Commission at Boston and Gloucester have continued to make monthly reports on the great fisheries centering there. The total quantity of products landed by American vessels during the year 1901 was 151,165,191 pounds, worth $4,245,951. These figures as compared with those for the previous year are some- what smaller, there being a decrease of 11,053,730 pounds and a decrease in value of $139,151. The total number of fares landed was 6,964, a decrease of 549 as compared with the year 1900. The fish landed at Gloucester amounted to 92,173,060 pounds, valued at $2,674,551, a moderate decrease in both quantity and value from the previous year. The decrease is shown in the quantity of fresh fish landed, the amount of fish salted being somewhat larger. The fares landed at Gloucester numbered 3,561, of which 2,899 were from grounds off the New England coast and 662 from the Eastern Banks. The total of fish from grounds off the New England coast was 34,835,456 pounds, worth $1,050,211. The quantity from the Eastern Banks was much larger, amounting to 57,337,604 pounds, worth $1,624,340. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 145 At Boston the decrease amounted to 7,828,781 pounds and $27,106 in value. The fares landed at Boston were 3,408, 170 being from the Eastern Banks and 3,233 from grounds off the New England coast. At this port the greater quantity of the fish was derived from grounds off the New England coast. The total quantity of products landed at Boston was 58,992,131 pounds, worth $1,571,400, the fresh fish amount- ing to 56,855,111 pounds, the salt fish being only 2,137,020 pounds. It should be noted that at Gloucester the quantity of salt fish is greatly in excess of that landed in a fresh condition. Summary, by fishing-grounds, of certain fishery products landed at Gloucester, Mass., in 1901 by American fishing vessels. No. Cod, fresh. Cod, salted. Cusk, fresh. Cusk, salted. Fishing-grounds. of 7 trips. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank........ 132 | 3,740, 485 |$75, 619 798,450 |$27,814 | 198, 130 BuOTO eae seul aseece Western Bank........ 187 | 9,178, 636 |172,777 | 5,501,347 |185, 690 36, 600 OME Ee ome ts aN Quereau Bank........ 142 | 2,104, 738 | 39,834 | 4,856, 906 |152, 664 8, 000 121 | 5,000 $175 Grand) Bank -.:.-5.. 73 35, 620 Sbo9| 1254055293: |Sb0; 240) llnacce deci sisters ooleocaeiiebleates <- St. Peters Bank....-.. 77 SSC SSEIe SE] GOCE EOL 9, 730 Bi brant sone ence eede cebbeee! emEee Bacalieu Bank ....--. 22 25, 000 500 AS s OOOH ol SOI eee esr [es om saeco eames |oomeees Off Newfoundland ...| 88 12, 185 274 PE AVE Dae bic 15 ee a Le a 8) ea ee [aR Cape North. -----.....- 1 41, 230 86) |loncasossccd|aseSoaeellcosécocer |Sceapsoel|aeoooner Cape Shore .......--.. 15 SOS OOD ree Tien ttre eae eo TG ZOO Pas GOOk| Ee at oo eee MOA. ios seceiced ae 662 |15, 221, 894 |293, 063 |23, 851,468 |761,955 | 358,730 | 5,361 | 5,000 175 West of 66° W. longitude: Browns Bank......... 25 298,010 6, 424 230, 830 7,743 | 118, 494 1,952 } 10,000 251 Georges Bank ........ 298 | 1,208,656 | 24,856 | 5,502,683 |200,293 | 27,210 550 | 18, 000 456 Cashes Bank ......-.. 43 | 512,630 | 9, 954 26,710 | 1,025 | 249,960 | 3,783 | 18,980 495 Jeffreys Ledge........ 104 8, 250 : 3, 000 AGN eas ase kaise Ipswich Bay.........- 19 Gy ised lees (85). Reese neenea| lana SeCn SSeBe eee ane one ser cones lseecmee South Channel ....-.-- 25 358, 637 49,795 tae en eeced ees: Nantucket Shoals ..-. 1 BOs COOR i ele LOOP sors ate arate lticescte at ko stares tere ll eiaseyoje rectal lanes eee Seeeciee Off Chatham ......... PDA er Redo San sop tc basdcsaacea| Headeota eas osocs Meauese lccce nd) ne naan Bay of Fundy ........ 129 148, 130 L245 315 | 1,8885|ss2ctec-|eeenen - Bip ek TslanGe oe ec s- 17a | exesta erties esol eeaye ayerayeiall elie Oe ek MODS Ie ares cllemamiere SAS e tate ote SL ere o Shore, general....-....|2,226 | 1,253,079 7,114 NODA Eas eawel ate e Motels: 2. sss 45 2,899 | 3,858,180 | 87,091 | 5,851,333 |212,019 | 579,888 | 9,061 | 46,980 | 1,202 Grand total....... 3,561 |19, 080, 074 |380, 154 |29, 702, 801 973, 974 938, 618 | 14,422 | 51,980 | 1,377 ¥ r Pollock, fresh. Pollock, salted. Halibut, fresh. Halibut, salted. Fishing-grounds. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank........ 88, 164 $578 | 20, 000 $250 144, 110 EAS DOD. | |Soe eee ect ets Western Bank ........ 56, 820 428 2, 622 39 67, 462 5,110 960 $58 Quereau Bank ........ 16, 130 Sea et ae celle aires 1,332,971 | 119,337 4, 660 368 RAMU DEE ae een a | Petes cer sme alse nese a| sae eioe bemaice ae 368, 633 30, 052 1, 650 99 ‘sii, EUGisd a aWnl:cg ee Bee ee el Und een Hoee Hae Semen Been GeEe 47, 559 AeRDO', |= a ciseis actos | aeianoa< JEy2 (CNET 1 SFT ep tol (Oe ctl WE Rd ee eee 367, 042 28, 499 447, 970 40, 128 ONC wilO UT Chass: | eos Sean See ewe FS ee 1, 034, 527 57, 043 7,350 398 Mota See ot ose s see 160, 614 1,103 | 22,622 289 3, 362, 304 | 259,022 462, 590 41, 051 West of66°W.longitude:| ik Salen. IEOWLIS SHUM pe scene eee a MU Re ks 23, 120 290 4,000 PAO) So acini atesee Georpes (Bankes 5 222_)|2ais ss eee SREB eee Dead) 668 274, 029 DAES Ai aap See oa|| eects Cashes Bank <2. 52. = 2: 3,500 Po Vag See eal AR 3, 000 TS (i) Choe cos eee eee ee Jeffreys Ledge ........ S458 G20) Mall 28 1s | See eR eS Se re i Eee Rae ee eae tree me Se South Channel........ 14, 000 SAT Pe seat aaae ae earl aaree aienceaea late Sons ciers elem caches cltmamete Off Chatham===>-2--.¢ 135, 000 GAT Se yee [e oeso ing lane c eee ea ne ciate eter] Ceeiare see Ne iene oe Bay of Bungyiss:. ts 12, 000 pd ee ae tee, 23] Ste eMinene All Pee ap enl| > Ae oe ell be SS Block Island==s>----=- 20, 000 ROO SA ee ee ose cpl eet ks SRN ets EA ee eee ene Te ea Shore, general ........ By d00s 2007 220; 00S" | Aaneeeedine oo sae 122 AG) Acer eae Beeeeee Totals ses.t5e-< 4, 990,526 | 37,511 | 75,120 958 281, 151 27, ON |e == a al Spee Grand total ....... 5, 151, 140 | 38,614 | 97,742 | 1,247 | 3,643,455 | 286,033 | 462,590 | 41,051 F. C. 1902——10 146 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Fishery products landed at Gloucester, Mass., in 1901—Continued. Haddock, fresh. |Haddock, salted. Hake, fresh. Hake, salted. Fishing-grounds. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank ....-... eee eval HSE CVA Booucdaed ascaeqoc 1,114,410 | $11, 216 10, 000 $225 Western Bank ........ 767,316 | 10,719 | 18, 690 $370 129, 455 1D10..|-sceeeeees Ee eeeeee Quereau Bank ........ 75, 370 OEE see ea acasacce 37, 000 459 1,560 39 Cape Northy.s 35.20 See bter cece Soeiew ac fees oe oe se seretoe 2, 000 23) | ootcaealee | Eee Cape Shore...........- SI 2800 | V903 Bees oes ellesee eee 51, 180 611 |... .c22c2 25 Soe Motels: jasc aeeeeee 2, 252, 237 | 37,532 | 18,690 370 | 1,334, 045 13, 682 11, 560 264 West of 66°W. longitude: EA Browns Bank ......... 149,160 | 3,201 3, 000 75 196, 113 2, 554 §, 000 181 Georges Bank........-. 1, 268, 954 | 20,545 16, 160 220 21, 240 356 19, 200 418 Cashes Bank.......... S24680 [tl VO LOM Gy rete | eee eta 806, 556 9, 033 39, 460 493 Jetireys ed get shee | ae eee aac sree eheyarll Saisie estate| es sepa 85, 000 903)| 2:5). 28 eaten South Channel..-.-..-... 1341800) a OGN| emer |eeemecee 256, 108 2, 686: | 2-2. cssen!| emetes Bay of Fundy......--- O00 |) sp Sur Sheerness 578, 000 6,067. |: 22 532e68| Seeeeee Blockwisland: a: = 322 sas|'-Gaised seiscies asses 8, 120 N62 ses: aes ee ee ae 3, 560 80 Shore, general ........ SOR MOaTeV/Allebasocasoclssecasss 386, 035 4, 838 66, 700 834 Notale essere meee 1, 946, 654 | 33,557 | 27,280 457 | 2,329, 052 26,437 | 136,920 2, 006 Grand total ....--- 4,198, 891 | 71,089 | 45,970 827 | 3, 663, 097 40,119 | 148, 480 2,270 Mackerel, fresh.| Mackerel, salted. | Other fish, fresh. | Other fish, salted. Fishing-grounds. = Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: Bacalveu Banks sss sess Gs cl ene smerlee See ee eaers beaeeeeae 250 $33 '|\-.= = Sen oes eee Gyan MKeyAroouaclenavelQeesle Gossecllaodacoccl bacaseocassa|Gsoucnose 1,308, 800 | 51,380 | 8,561, 400 |$138, 509 CaipeiShore esses sss seeee el eeeee ere 405;400''|' $2060) |e. sees Sce 2s bee aoe] 8 8 = pe eee eee ee TOU rose. ces ee cea ccnae cee | semester 405,400 | 20,601 | 1,309,050 | 51,363 | 8,561,400 | 138,509 West of 66° W. longitude: ae Georges Bank......... 34,740 | $1,973 | 1,622,200 |} 95,546 17,610 | 1,514 2, 080 229 WEMrey sed Pers ee etisic- clllsaaeoanisl see Mescic tcl emeee eae 105240") 1086: |. - 55). e sees | ere IPS WICH UB ay eee cee ocaal ew ce eee leis cose leemnans oaemelmeenenes 167;040"') ~1);856"))...2- 2 See see | See Off Chathame--------e 81,000 | 2,803 397,000 | 24,817 260 31. 05 ee eee Bayconmhundyeseseeccs 118, 260 5,344 | 2,504,600 | 155, 306 522 42 40, 000 400 Blockulslan dee sessctan| se csoece eee ee 16, 000 TOO: |e oem e oes Sal oo sessesl oe cee een Eee Shore, general ........ 756, 440 | 31,354 | 6,435,400 | 260,395 413,740 | 5,523 | 2,095,240 | 23,983 Moteilseesosee sees 990, 440 | 41,474 | 10,975,200 | 536,764 609,412 | 10,051 | 2,137,320 | 24,612 Grand total ._....- 990, 440 | 41,474 | 11,380,600 | 557,365 | 1,918,462 | 61,414 | 10,698,720 | 163,121 Total, fresh. Total, salted. Grand total. Fishing-grounds. : Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. re ay el East of 66° W. longitude: Map Hav.euBamnikes-essmeesen ese 6, 618, 570 | $128, 584 828, 450 $28,289 | 7, 442,020 $156, 873 Vester iB amnikansssanereeeceae 10, 280, 789 190, 978 5, 623, 619 186,157 | 15, 754, 408 377, 1385 QuereanBamikies = een cence see 3, 574, 209 160, 791 4, 868, 126 153, 246 8, 442, 385 314, 037 Grandsbanikyereeee ss eeceek sae 404, 253 30,907 | 12, 406, 943 385, 344 | 12,811, 196 416, 251 Sinibeters Banks erase se. seee 47, 559 4, 756 9, 730 315 | 57, 289 5, O71 Bacalicuy Banka eecsesseeeee 392, 292 29, 032 495, 970 41, 929 888, 262 70, 961 Off Newfoundland........... 2,355,512 ; 108,647 | 8, 800, 492 147, 333 | 11, 156, 004 255, 980 CaperNonthieee sercceccee se eeee 43, 230 US OUGEe tree cetateene | cre retseta ere ages 43, 230 1,016 Capeshoreteccsceriaccenecmene 337, 460 6,415 405, 400 20, 601 742, 860 27,016 Totals sees eee eee oo ee 23, 998, 874 661, 126 | 33,388, 7380 963, 214 | 57,337, 604 1, 624, 340 West of 66° W. longitude: | IBidonyadtsy leh alice ossaseonsbenee 765, 777 14,371 274, 950 8,540 | 1,040, 727 22,911 Georges Bamkos-erececee coeee 2, 852, 439 TACT |) TEPEP-EBPR 297, 830 | 10, 084, 762 374, 200 C@ashes*Bamlkae asec secencenee 1, 658, 831 24, 281 85, 150 2,013 1, 748, 481 26, 294 Jeffreys Ledge ....--.....<..- 1, 557, 310 19; (44 An ee fo a cromnstentargers a 155 S10 18, 444 TpswichtBayieooeeeencecoceeee 199, 828 DSI OMe easheteneeeemetaesmsle se 199, 828 2,515 Sowmthi@hanmneseeas= seep 812, 720 1243 Ee os So ecn| yaociteeeas 812, 720 12, 543 Nantucket Shoals............ 88, 000 TV A690 | rote cstencinis sslell aepeiteye sien e's 38, 000 1, 469 OmiChathamissseseeoeeeeeeee 216, 260 3, 782 397, 000 24, 817 618, 260 28, 599 BayOm HUN dyes ccseeee eee 982, 227 16,0381 | 2,544, 600 155, 706 | 3,526, 827 171, 737 iBlockaislandesseee see eeeeee 20, 000 100 118, 790 3, 900 138, 790 4, 000 Shoreeenerall siz acnsees eee 6, 482, 411 107, 287 8, 597, 340 285, 212 | 15,079, 751 392, 499 Mate kore ae ae 15,585,303 | 272,193 | 19,250,153 | 778,018 | 34,885,456 | 1,050, 211 Granditotalesessseeeveees 39, 584,177 | 933,319 | 52,588,883 | 1,741,232 | 92,173,060 | 2,674,551 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 147 Summary, by fishing-grounds, of certain fishery products landed at Boston, Mass., in 1901, by American fishing vessels. Cod, fresh. Cod, salted. Cusk, fresh. Haddock, fresh. sata No of SVists hives 3 Fishing-grounds. trips 1 igs Lbs. Value.| Lbs. |Value.} Lbs. /Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank........ 42 669, 500 |$18,985 |.......}....... 91,500 |$1, 449 909, 300 | $21,172 Western Bank........ 38 AOSOOO! O98 4) comnts ere imicme 63,000 | 1,005 103, 000 2,705 Quereau Bank........ 13 266, 000 j Green Bank .......... Me Ses etm crcl eeittteea btaime sce beeiee ce Grand Bank. .-2.../-5: 12 9, 000 Off Newfoundland ... 20). | Saeeesisehinn|o amore. Cape Shore ..........- 44 622,500 | 15,430 |10, 000 300 45, 000 780 760,000 | 20,838 1X0) 7 ee eee 170 | 2,287,000 | 55,868 |16, 000 420 | 204,500 | 3,334 | 1,772,300 | 44,715 West of 66° W. longitude: re Browns Bank ........ 61 927 200/125; O58 pl samen lereitecinl= 137,000 | 2,128 | 1,222,000 | 25,148 Georges Bank ........ 268) )|-25,809)/6005 65,088) sere cle aais eaves 68,000 | 1,057 | 4,631,500 | 101,160 Cashes Bank.....-..-. 51 AGS SOON PAL 929 oe oe |setee oe 206,900 | 3,201 344, 200 9, 234 Glark Banks: 2202.56. AIT eet OG COON PT 24980)) bememen eee e cee 12,000 | 180] 169,000) 3,985 Fippenies Bank ...... 9 441000" aR BZD ||Senacoeeeccses 14, 000 220 46,000! 1,585 Middle Bank ......... 219 39158001) LOVG08 ale. =<) eco 12, 500 190 | 1,117,500 | 33,071 Jeffreys Ledge.......- 233 5107200) | M6 b04s s--- asa 5eee 63, 700 970 | 1,092,900 | 34,0938 South Channel ......- 450) |/°3;'528,300) |/-993224|5 oe. <5 ceeeminis 70,500 | 1,155 | 8,097,800 | 188, 125 Nantucket Shoals ....| 102 | 1,552,400 | 37,241 |.-...-.]....... 83,300 | 1,429 194, 800 3, 828 Off Highland Light... 65 LOTESOO PP ONb D2 esate cael eid voce anh 519,000 | 14,894 OffiChatham: 22-7 2... 84 S28 2300 nec OelGSi ee seer lease 8, 000 110 839,000 | 22,309 Shore, general........ 1,685 | 4,245, 450 |124, 886 |.......].-..--. 209, 900 | 3,573 | 4,685,350 | 136, 088 MOA ce eectcciaase 3,203 114,650,450) [409,626 |...-.-.|.--=-.- 885, 800 |14, 213 |22, 959,050 | 573, 520 Grand total.....-- 3,403 |16, 892, 450 |465, 494 |16, 000 420 |1,090, 300 |17, 547 24, 731, 350 | 618, 235 Hake, fresh. Pollock, fresh. Halibut, fresh. Fishing-grounds. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: ia eVeL BAM se occ 5 cjenivis nienjores 76, 000 $946 29, 000 $390 9, 300 $1, 088 Western Bank .. 101, 000 1, 528 28, 000 374 307, 800 24, 699 OvercaweBank 5222. /scocceee cess s 21, 000 Pt AS AOA See EA ees OSeee 207, 000 17, 200 Green Banik aasks «fs Sh seis sea e| eccnls sce Jac |eies kalo sae edsteere see easseeeece 20, 000 2, 000 (Gr ORDA Ka oo ae sitet ee ccs ee |S esmece esas [snseee cmc o|amemcen seach eek wsee eee 368, 000 28, 370 Wie Ne WAOUI Gan Get See pe kha A ee ere i eae ee ee eae y 393, 000 27, 500 WADE SOLON ereci-ocineeieoe seni e 57, 500 938 38, 000 548 31, 700 2, 640 1X0) Cl eee eee ees ees eae 255, 500 3, 697 95, 000 1,312 | 1,336,800 103, 497 West of 66° W. longitude: Bro wasBanike we. ees see 67, 700 1,189 26, 500 355 11, 350 1,109 Georges’ Bank. ./.--.<<2020-sme-c- 216, 000 2,563 69, 200 1,124 32, 800 3, 831 Cashes Banks. 2 so2scscccsceeees 546, 100 8, 829 65, 500 807 3, 600 512 Olark Banke So S.scceeeee este 99, 000 1, 435 18, 000 175 2, 900 447 Fippenies Bank.....-....-.-..--- 94, 000 1, 600 2, 000 20 400 60 Middletpamk. 2:2 -22.5-22o-sceeei 540, 400 6, 757 107, 200 Se ae Ee eal tate hin JCHLEVS MCAS. socm.-siscee cece 721, 400 12, 082 367, 900 4, 202 2, 600 374 SouthiGhannel on. 2: ceccseacc eee 2, 430, 300 39, 218 350, 200 5, 509 23, 100 3,110 7, 000 120 97, 300 1, 306 3, 000 390 107, 000 1, 408 49.100 547 200 20 195, 800 3, 037 134, 800 2,582 300 36 2,177, 650 35, 392 811, 100 10, 301 4, 666 583 7,202,350 | 113,680} 2,098, 800 28, 370 84,916 10, 472 7, 457, 850 117, 327 2,193, 800 29, 682 1, 421, 716 113, 969 | Mackerel, fresh. | Mackerel, salted.| Other fish, fresh. | Other fish, salted. Fishing-grounds. = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: OfffNewioundlandise shoo 2 jee | Cates ioe eee nee Salis eects 410, 000 |$12,300 | 1,468,200 | $23, 005 West of 66° W. longitude: Georges Bank.......... 208, 250 |$11,285 | 127,200 | $7,407 8370000 e832 bISt a=. cemeceee| eeeeecee MiddlewBankteeee ss sce. 645 -450)i| "£4; 430 | ase epeclee eases 1, 400 TAO} | RSeSee arccie|btee ssase PORTEVAVUCASOR tee eee ne «\sseas ins ac Neem casts sleismaecwl se eccene 4, 400 5087 See sas ot tae South Channel......... 16,250 | 1,300 1, 000 40 8, 700 Tibet ORB oerne ene Nantucket Shoals. ..--. 2, 000 90 Sten eee Geer see 4,000 AGO) eer see Shore, general......... | 1,501,405 | 69,968 | 504,620 | 19,741 509, 790 | 23, 431 20, 000 325 Motel easels s sees | 1, 792,355 | 87,073 | 632,820 | 27,188 865, 290 | 58, 835 20, 000 B2E Grand total ........ 1, 792,355 | 87,073 632, 820 | 27,188 | 1,275,290 | 71,135 | 1, 488, 200 23, 330 148 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Fishing products landed at Boston, Mass., in 1901—Continued. Total, fresh. Total, salted. Grand total. Fishing-grounds. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: Ma Have Bam: fe seccssenesome 1, 684, 600 $39)\030%| 22 ciinsten aie nena 1, 684, 600 $39, 030 Western Banke sess este cee 1, 372, 800 50} 289) | Sree ee | eee 1, 372, 800 50, 289 Quereau Bank ......------..- 494, 000 23, 16D )| 2-22 camcoess|aeeemeeee 494, 000 23, 765 Green! Banke s522h2esseeee ee 20, 000 PERU UOC eenometboduc||assocsasos 20, 000 2,000 Grand Bank ss222 ese oes 377, 000 28; 560) |(5sssce522245|Soeee>2 se 377, 000 28, 565 Off Newfoundland ....-...--- 808, 000 39, 900 1,474,200 | $23,125] 2, 289’ 200 63, 025 CapeiShorestesse-eet cece 1, 554, 700 41,174 10, 000 300 1 564, 700 41,474 ToOtalaitec sete secs see stee 6, 311, 100 224,723 | 1,484, 200 23,425 | 7,795,300 248, 148 West of 66° W. longitude: IBTO WIS salt Kase ee esi 2,391, 750 54; 982: | eos s2cnececletecens aa 2,391, 750 54, 982 Georges Bankes see ss astee se 7, 922, 350 219, 576 127, 200 7,407 | 8,049, 550 226, 983 (WashesiBanik- are ee see tec 1, 630, 600 34; O12 \|-2 soscaueallssicis cisco 's 1, 630, 600 34, 512 Glanke Bankes ss2% cae aoe 406, 900 O62) eo rae eee le amet = fe 406, 900 9,152 Hippenies| Bank: ---.--.---.-- 200, 400 Ce) | peesiondodcac||saossesecs 200, 400 4, 860 MiddleiBamnle: 5-22-24. ee 2 , 235, 250 56; 688el Ss sce ee eee cee ents. <4 2, 235, 250 56, 638 Jeffreys Ledge .....-.------.- 2) 763, 100 G8, "7831 tet octe eee sonmep ee ae 2,763, 100 68, 783 South’ Channel: 5-22 522--: 22-- 14, 525, 150 338, 517 1, 000 40 | 14, 526, 150 338, 557 Nantucket Shoals....-..----- 1 943, 800 CT So lees uoecee aaa trcertce & 1, 943, 800 44, 864 Off Highland Light ...-....-- 873, 200 22390 r|\Ga bance cece alsece te cier 873, 200 22, 391 Off Chathamee=!---s-6sa--=- 1, 506, 200 B75 DAD Mined eee ee ellos ate ener 1, 506, 200 37, 242 Shore senerall cose socom eis 14, 145, 311 404, 222 524, 620 20,066 | 14, 669, 931 424, 288 Motaleete sca eee ee cere 50,544,011 | 1,295, 739 652, 820 27,513 | 51,196, 881 1, 323, 252 Grandhtotalieeseess sesso 56,855,111 | 1,520,462 | 2,137,020 50,938 | 58, 992,131 1, 571, 400 Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester , Mass. , by Amer ican fishing vessels during the year 1901. Cusk, salted. Lbs. | Value. No. Cod, fresh. Cod, salted. Cusk, fresh. Months. of = | trips. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. |Value. VANUATY eeenroseee = eee 237 O88 7800 PAS SL ZD aN cme se etal seiisiacteioe 99,000 |$1, 654 Woh PSosseoesdesee 283 917,100 | 37,396 6, 000 $120 5d, 200 1,221 Marchi sensecesscos-se 342 | 1,738, 800 49° D7D) | Pee eee eal eee 57,700 | 1,144 APY Siseechee eases se 308 | 1,007, 200 34, 416 esicie feet eesti ea 44)500 766 May bcc aswose ncecccres OSS ce bols ODE Rola aorl meme abeiceme | meebo 195,000 | 2,759 JUNC we semeaeccsceeacee 206 | 1, 632) 400 39, 937 10, 000 300 | 133,000 | 1,920 UN eee rS aces entossoe 246 1,257; 600 39. 734 Ste eee see al becistere eal 24,000 360 ATI SUSb tele cease ieee 27: TOL A000 OTA Se bees cremicine some 109, 800 | 1,852 September...-...-.--- DHS Wlelo0SsO00 MP4 s2Oe ease ceeeeee | sasee eee 28, 900 446 Octoberitca-s---252=-- SH ANG4S OO PAO RA OTN ereintetete eres ll ee eee 132, 000 | 1,925 INovembereanc.2-c2<-\- 313 | 1,387,700 | 35,103 87,700 | 1,313 December ss 2... 284 | 1,646,150 | 47, 546 124, 500 | 2, 187 Total landed at Bos- TONE ee cele 3,403 |16, 892, 450 |465, 494 16, 000 420 |1, 090, 300 |17, 547 APARNA fans oparooecacn 172 443, 971 | 11,622 622, 465 21, 731 29, 475 372 IRV HDEN AR ose oaconoe 122 349, 449 | 12,025 55, 480 2, 026 12, 460 286 Marehis i) o..Sss2iseeae 246 | 2,382,102 | 50,053 233, 539 8, 019 3, 680 92 April 205 | 1,698,776 | 83,739 279, 300 9, 621 17,740 224 May .. 857 | 1,819, 231 | 38, 687 915, 342 34, 231 298, 269 | 4,593 June.. 377 | 2,250,147 | 41,462 | 2,368, 714 80, 594. 395, 730 | 5, 402 July 445 | 2,367,707 | 43,011 | 5,792, 307 182, 311 150,610 | 2,255 IA CUS eee eee 368 | 2,075,340 | 38,957 | 4,759,911 | 165,112 8,000 | 260 September...-....---- 834 | 1,803,920 | 33, ae 8, 899, 928 129, 423 5, 000 83 Octoberin-cess-- =e 370 | 1, 903, 656 34°2 2388 | 4,019,358 | 125,458 9, 364 141 November .........-.- B85 908, 005 | 18,306 | 5,715,343 | 178,217 44,010 660 December ........<--- 180 | 1,127,770 24 417 | 1,041, 114 37, 231 4, 280 54 Total landed at Gloucester........ 3,561 |19, 080, 074 |380, 154 |29, 702,801 | 973,974 | 938,618 |14, 422 Grand total......... 6,964 |35, 972,524 |845, 648 |29, 718,801 | 974,394 |2, 028, 918 |31, 969 Landed at Boston in 1900) Fa Seats , 781 |17, 717, 650 |397, 415 131, 000 1,850 | 916,800 |18, 262 Landed at Gloucester shay &9)0) US Se a 3, 782 \16, 333, 742 |293, 248 |29, 837, 821 722,366 |1,101,100 |12, 5384 23, 000 569 5, 000 138 “"6,000| 175 51,980 | 1,377 51,980 | 1,377 131,000 | 2,348 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 149 ‘Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., by American fishing vessels during the year 1901—Continued. Haddock, fresh. | Haddock, salted. Hake, fresh. Hake, salted. Months. SS |e Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value. Lbs. Vaiue.| Lbs. |Value. GAMUBNY.| cee ees < ani has opees TOL O00 | BAL SUD oo 13 2 aie nate haloes 409,800 ||, $8249) I... -necteem ace MGBIDANVS. 26 saccesece Stesnse- 2 b21 6000 | 7806. F-22252) sn son~ 2 B20; 800) | LOS 230) care cece | eee Mart hir sce cnen cat ae st sees =55 DOD LNGOO Ms GL AL4e Ne ters a oilers aster 2 ae 19055003); -5;b560|0—-2. nc] lees JAD Wee ae ee 1 VAL SOOM Pb 25102 sect acc lls cae GOOOO! | Pa 4b |e eee ag eee Nie SR aes ee Seay roe A 5205900 Me SS sp l00 Mes satac ae | Nem race 400,900 | 4,418 |........ \ 2 fuerte Jini. coke es aes ee MAD Ts S00) |e sols SOO! | eneiaas ~ 2 [tition ae. 3405760) )| 3,957 22.20. ene Sp eran oe cet eich mae ees s SSS SOOO! ersot O46 tas Soh ~ 3 | canara QT ALOO) (08D 562).1\ ae -- Carpreieenecsieee sce 194,685 | 2,434 85 INEMU A Oye ROW Sse aol bcose aos sone sos- 900 Suckers and mullet..| 387,880 | 3,879 108 \idabt esi Nes Sees epnolssooeenoos|Saaceeosl|) JliU0y is aK 0s Res Sasa Re Aaeerlloaceecdoaacooa||oce ss6he)|--Ge--- Total spent ==. 592,615 | 6,916 2, 593 Lines: Black Passiice- seeciee 92,300 | 9,230 1, 875 Black-spotted trout: .|......----|-------- 2,030 Mroubi seek. wceheeweee AD1098 16201955552 erie dia eicieclllesseisecie| ste ee sels ctctete =< =| stetetetalere'| Cletetar= Scrat eee Wihite=fishta™ 7. <) 11, 298 23.34 31,476 13.99 12, 831 8.05 Cape Horn. G pee 2 Australasian. Unalaska. South Sea. Yearly catch. : Average Average Average Average Average Skins.| price |Skins.| price |Skins.| price |Skins.| price |Skins.| price realized. realized. realized. realized. realized. 2,171 $3.36 | 3, 156 39 0 dl eee) (erste | 4,214 C3 LAL) dl ee ee See 2, 867 4.95 | 1,439 3.55 345 $4.28 | 4,705 1. 60 200 $37. 43 4, 662 5.37 | 4,794 4. 87 183 7.54 | 1,416 4.80 120 DALES Y/ 3, 812 7.79 | 3,195 5.70 265 6.97 | 3,333 3.93 315 13.38 3, 627 10.03 | 2,308 7. 64 428 ORD Aeeoceo conpoecod acseeao boocoscas 4, 389 10.91 | 4,005 8.70 322 9.77 | 2,276 5.33 126 26.79 6, 386 7.99 | 1,397 6.45 393 SeSleese ces eeeecece 834 21.39 2,131 10. 28 | 1,127 7.91 73 5.66 | 1,329 3. 67 43 26.46 62 5.47 | 1,528 10. 20 15 6.08 | 1,272 Bs 86uleesG cele ees cose 1, 888 7.81 | 1,394 8.74 | 2,354 8.74 | 1,148 sil seal eiceaasee 2,510 7.28 | 3.080 6.77 | 2,011 6.49 | 2,602 1.70 589 12. 57 3, 451 4.09 457 3.91 747 3.45 555 Ditch ee eel (PSE eee 4, 204 6.14 | 2,337 3.91 619 3.20 571 WiS2ilbcceepelteseceeen 6, 908 7.40 651 3. 55 617 BELG hice dsc c|eeccesiewe brosccns looses sins 8, 765 6.49 | 1,379 3.93 87 DOD! \\ocecre cvcjal[lerave eres sraiinll bare e cieisllareteserelois ere 11, 329 6.91 | 4,773 4.11 5 OB cera eye ccatetatee ierellleee ere rael| ee te severe Besides the above, data exist as follows: Robben Island, 1886, 1,832 skins at $7.87; Galapagos, 1886, 993 skins at $1.70; 1887, 99 skins at $1.46. Sundry sources; 1887, 239 skins at $4.14; 1899, 64 skins at $0.44, a Figures for August not obtained. b Not yet all sold. 160 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The sources from which fur seals are derived are as follows: The skins known to the trade as ‘‘Alaskas” are those of surplus male seals killed on the Pribilof Islands, under United States government super- vision; ‘‘ Copper” and ‘‘ Robben Island ” are similar in character, and are killed on the Commander and Robben islands, respectively, under direction of officers of the Russian Government; ‘‘ Lobos” skins are those derived from the Lobos Islands in the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and are killed under supervision of the Government of Uruguay. The term ‘* Northwest coast” is used to designate the entire pelagic catch of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Skins known as ‘*Cape Horn,” ‘* Cape of Good Hope,” ‘‘Australasian,” ‘‘ Galapagos,” and ‘‘South Sea” are the result of irregular sealing in all of these regions, seals being killed indiscriminately on their breeding-grounds. ‘*Unalaska” skins are those of young seals of the year, commonly knownas ‘‘ Gray Pups,” and are killed by natives, in the passes of the Aleutian Islands during their first southward migration. THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. BY JOHN N. COBB, Agent of the United States Fish Commission. HC 1902——=til 161 Report U. S. F. C, 1902. PLATE 6 BRINGING SPONGES FROM THE VESSELS TO SPONGE WHARF AT KEY WEST. A SPONGE AUCTION AT ANCLOTE. THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. By Joun N.-Coss, Agent of the United States Fish Commission. In 1901 the writer was detailed to make an investigation of the commercial aspects of the fishery, and the following notes give com- plete data showing its condition in the calendar year 1900: GROUNDS, VESSELS, METHODS OF THE FISHERY, ETC. 4 There are two well-defined areas of the Florida coast in which spong- ing 1s prosecuted. A chain of ‘‘keys,” or islands, starts from the mainland at about Miami, on the east coast, and extends, in the shape of a horn, far into the Gulf of Mexico, the Dry Tortugas being the westernmost point of the horn. In the waters surrounding most of these keys, and also between the keys and the mainland as far as Cape Sable, sponges are found. This is called the ‘*key grounds” and is worked exclusively by spongers from Key West and the few inhabitants of the many keys. The earliest sponging was on these grounds. The ‘*‘ bay grounds,” which are the most prolific, are on the west coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, and extend from Johns Pass, a few miles north of the entrance to Tampa Bay, to St. Mark’s light-house, a distance of about 200 miles. Sponges are also found in the Gulf between Tampa Bay and Cape Sable, but not in sufficient quantities to justify making trips specially to this region. The sponges taken from these grounds are classified as follows by the spongers and buyers: Sheepswool, yellow, grass, velvet or boat, and glove. A few other unimportant kinds, suchas ‘‘ wire,” ‘‘ hardhead,” etc., are generally included with those previously mentioned. Vessels of a schooner or sloop rig, ranging from 5 to 46 tons (aver. aging slightly over 11 tons), operate chiefly on the ‘‘ bay grounds,” while small sloops, usually of less than 5 tons burden, work mainly on the ‘‘key grounds.” The larger vessels, which average about $1,168 aNo effort has been made to give these subjects in detail, as they have been covered in other reports, to which the reader is referred as follows: The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States. Tenth Census of the United States. The Fish and Fisheries of the Coastal Waters of Florida. Rep. U.S. Fish Com. 1896, pp. 263-342. , ate Florida Commercial Sponges. By Hugh M. Smith. Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. 1897, pp. 225-240, 9 pls. Notes on the Florida Sponge Fishery in 1899. By Hugh M. Smith. Bull. U.S. Fish Com. 1899, pp. 149-151, 163 164 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. in value, exclusive of outfit, carry from 5 to 18 men, while the smaller vessels, which average in value about $780, including outfit, carry crews of from 3 to 5 men. The larger Key West vessels make three to four trips per year to the ‘‘bay grounds,” and some of them make one or two trips to the ‘*key grounds.” Each ‘‘ bay” trip occupies about two months, while the ‘‘key” trip is made in about a month. The Tarpon Springs and Apalachicola vessels average about five trips each year, each trip oceu- pying about two months. None of these latter vessels visits the ** key grounds.” ; The ‘‘ bay” trips are usually arranged as follows: The first trip begins about the first week of January, and ends from the 10th to the 20th of March, the spongers working from the mouth of Anclote River to St. Martins Reef, about 40 miles. Many of the vessels do not make this trip, as the weather is usually cold and windy. The second trip begins about April 1 and ends from the 10th to the 20th of June. The grounds between Johns Pass and Cedar Key are visited during this trip. The next trip begins about July 1 and ends from the middle of August to the Ist of September, and is also carried on between Johns Pass and Cedar Key. This is usually the best trip of the year. The fourth trip is called the ‘‘ hurricane trip,” from the fact that it is prosecuted during the hurricane season, and lasts from the middle of August to about the 10th of October, the same grounds being visited as on the two previous trips. The last trip usually begins the early part of November and ends December 20, the Rock Island grounds being visited. A number of the vessels refit previous to the last trip, while others wait until the first two months of the year for this purpose. The crews work on shares. The owner, or ‘‘ outfitter,” furnishes the food, fuel, boats, apparatus, etc., for the trip. While sponging in the ‘‘ bay” each member of the crew is assessed 35 cents per trip for watchman’s fee at the *‘ kraals,” and 50 cents per trip for wood. After deducting these two items from the gross proceeds of the trip, the vessel takes half of the remainder, and the other half is divided up equally among the crew. Besides his regular share with the crew, the captain gets 10 per cent of the vessel’s share, and each ‘* hooker” gets one-fourth of one share from the vessel’s portion. Should the captain also be a ‘* hooker,” which is generally the case, he only gets his regular 10 per cent. | The same division of proceeds is followed on the ‘** key” trips, except that there are no charges for watchmen and for wood. ‘The men gen- erally camp on the keys where wood and water are convenient, and as settlers are scarce in this region the ‘* kraals” do not have to be guarded. The only apparatus used in this fishery is the sponge hook, a three- toothed curved hook attached to poles of varying lengths, according THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. 165 to the depth of water in which the sponger is working, and the sponge glass—a common water bucket with the bottom knocked out and a pane of window glass substituted. The latter is used for seeing below the surface when the water is disturbed by ripples. A sponge ** kraal,” or pen, is generally about 10 feet square, built of wattled stakes, and is placed in shallow water in the shelter of some key or island. Each vessel usually owns one, and for better protection from thieves, a number of them are congregated at some convenient place and a watchman employed to guard them. Fora number of years many of the ‘‘ bay” spongers had their kraals at the north end of Anclote Key. As these were exposed to the full force of the wind when blowing from certain directions, considerable loss was sus- tained on several occasions by the storms washing the sponges out of the kraals and carrying them out to sea. Owing to this the kraals were removed in 1890 to Baileys Bluff, on the mainland about 2 miles north of the mouth of Anclote River. In 1900 certain of the spongers became dissatisfied and established kraals at Sawyers, about half a mile nearer the Anclote River. The latter are sometimes called the “Cabbage kraals,” from a large cabbage palm standing on the beach just opposite the kraals. At Baileys Bluff there are about 85 kraals, while at Sawyers there are about 40. A few kraals are also located at North Key, close to the town of Cedar Key. This was.at one time & very important kraaling place. ‘*‘Kraals” were also located at Rock Island and near St. Mark’s light-house at various times. The key spongers build their kraals at various places, no effort being made to keep them together, as in the ‘‘bay.” The spongers usually select a convenient key and make their camp on shore, and build their kraal in some sheltered cove close to the shore. They suffer very little from thieves, so do not require watchmen. Should the key have any inhabitants, these usually watch over the kraal. When first brought to the surface the sponges are black and slimy. As soon as a dingy has secured a load it is sculled to the vessel, unless the latter is too far away, when she sails down to the boat, and the load is transferred to the deck of the vessel. They are then spread carefully over the deck in their natural upright position so as to allow the slimy matter, or ‘“‘gurry,” to run off easily. At first they havea strong ammoniacal smell, exceedingly disagreeable to those unaccus- tcmed to it; but this is soon succeeded by a scent very similar to that of decaying seaweed. After several days’ exposure on the deck the sponges die and a good part of the ‘‘ gurry” runs off. In the ‘* bay” the vessels usually return to the kraals every Friday. The sponges are then transferred from the vessel to the kraal; where they are allowed to soak until the vessel returns from the next week’s trip. Those brought in the previous week are then beaten out with a short, heavy stick, which removes most of the slime and animal matter still 166 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. remaining in them, while those to which the black scum still adheres are scraped with a knife. The sponges are then squeezed out quite thoroughly with the hands, after which they are removed to the shore and strung on pieces of coarse twine about 6 feet in length, in which shape they are ready for sale. All sponges are sold by auction. SPONGES GATHERED IN FOREIGN WATERS. In September, 1900, the schooner Serafina C., of Key West, made a trip to the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, and brought back about 1,016 pounds of sheepswool sponges and 44 pounds of velvet sponges. Most of these were taken in water shallow enough to permit of the sponges being secured by wading. No effort was made to gather other kinds, as they would not have sold for enough to pay for the collecting. The sheepswool and velvet sponges were of an inferior grade. On land- ing the sponges at Key West they were compelled to pay duty on them. Owing to the success of the Serafina C. several other vessels have since been working on these grounds. For some years past Key West vessels have made occasional visits to these grounds, the schooner Sea Gull having been wrecked while returning from such a trip in 1886, Shortly after the close of the Spanish war one or two of the vessels visited Cuba and brought back a few sponges. These were not gath- ered by the crew, however, but were purchased from the natives. As they were of an inferior grade, and duty had to be paid upon them, no effort was made to continue the business. PREVIOUS ABUNDANCE. The four tables given below show for a series of years the catch of the sponge fleet by places, by kinds, the average price per pound, and the relative importance of the different kinds in percentages of the total quantity and value of the crop. In these the overwhelming prepon- derance of Key West is very evident. Cedar Key and St. Marks have dropped out of the fishery entirely, while Tarpon Springs and Apa- lachicola have decreased slightly since 1897 so far as the quantity is concerned. The catch for 1900, in both quantity and value, exceeded that for any other year for which figures are available. The catch of — sheepswool sponges for 1900 is lower than for 1895, but higher than for the other years. The value of this kind has increased very much, however. The catch of yellow sponges increased nearly 90 per cent, while the catch of grass sponges has almost doubled since 1899. In the table showing the average price per pound the most notice- able features are the great increases in value of the sheepswool and the yellow sponges. While the sheepswool has been steadily increas- ing in value for years, the yellow suddenly jumped from 29 cents per pound in 1899 to 59 cents in 1900, which is the highest ever known. In 1901 they soared even higher yet, some lots being sold on the Key West sponge wharf for an average price of about $1 per pound. This Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 7. SPONGERS AT WORK. SPONGE YARD AT KEY WEST, SHOWING THE SPONGES DRYING. THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. 167 increase is accounted for by the fact that the high prices prevailing for sheepswool sponges has caused many people to use yellow sponges in their stead for certain purposes. The general average for all kinds is also the highest for the period under question. In the percentage table, while the average catch of sheepswool has been decreasing the average value has remained about the same. In 1900 the average value-of yellow sponges is the highest of any previous year. The grass sponges show an increase in the average quantity over all other years, except 1897, which was an exceptional year for this kind. Table showing, by places, the yield of the sponge fishery for a number of years. 1880, 1889, 1890. | 1395. 1900. Place. Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.} Lbs. | Value. RENAWIES Dera acciete feces sais) oasis «ot 307, 595/$367, 954) 358, 467/$427,375 280, 372'$844,.015) 359, 854/$488, 744 PRUNDOMS PRINGS sone | eee oc lee ene wes saane oes [sae ee ae See eele aeaee | 16,344) 27,168} 53,173} 70,320 Cedar Key .......-. le Danie ees oe ees £ 952 965} 4,160} 5,000). 2,048] 3, 707]....:...|....050e Se See cabin de ancl acc elees 990 990 640 (210 so SHeRa] PRB aecoe Moca nee nae ne APAAEHICOlB iii ca)hocmncc Seni|= cece 7,022) 11,178) 3,505). 5,667, 7,356) 11,981) 5,098) 8, 621 . NG} eee 207, 000 $200, 750} 316, 559] 381, 087) 366, 772| 438, 682! 306, 120, 386, 871) 418, 125] 567, 685 Table showing, by kinds, the yield of the sponge fishery for 1895, 1896, 1897, 1899, and 1900. 1895. 1896. 1897. | 1899, 1900. Kinds. Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. Sheepswool .......- | 231, 272 $363, 107) 149, 724/$248, 196] 157, 476 $240, 599, 153, 700|$332, 390) 181, 311/$483, 263 Mellow. .-2.2-..... 29,509 11,798) 23,655} 9,318] 32,362) 13,082} 55,800] 16,205| 74,466| 44,045 ee 21,387, 5,464) 44,617] 11,508] 128,622) 29,188] 76,900] 14,319) 143,112] 33,263 5/51 a car ie 23,952) 6,502] 18,315) 3,990} 13,086} 3,171) 18,000] 5,000) 19,236) 7,114 Mavala sss. - | 306, 120 386, 871] 236,311] 273, 012| 331,546] 286,040) 304, 400| 367, 914| 418, 125| 567, 685 Table showing, by kinds, the average price per pound for a series of years. Average per pound in— Kinds. side Z 1895. | 1896. 1897. 1899. | 1900. JSST O08 gue ei ee al le RO eae ei $1.57| $1.66| $1.53| $2.16| $2.67 VD Seo gel eer Be eg ne a Se ee .39 40 | -40 29 -09 RCE ee OAT Wn RE Oo os Late . 26 26 .23 .19 as: Date ase te Pee eee 2 Re oS Fee Moke s no's 27 22 24 . 28 a7 BIgOer ot etd YM ais sets. See: 1.26 1.16 86 1,21, |) Rak ge Table showing the relative importance of the different kinds of sponges in percentages of the total quantity and value of the crop for aseries of years. 1 1895. 1896. | 1897. 1899. 1900. Kinds. = = ae == 3 Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value: | Lbs. | Value.} Lbs. | Value. Sheepswool .......-. | 75.55 93. 86 63. 36 | 90. 91 47.50 $4.11 50.49 90. 34 43.35 85.13 Yellow 9. 64 3.05 10. 01 3.41 9.77 4.57 18. 33 4.41 17.81 7.76 Grass.... 6.99 1.41 18. 88 4.22 38.79 10, 21 25. 26 3.89 | 34.23 5.86 Orie StF. 2 7.82 1. 68 US( BA ee (5) 3.94 ilealg 5. 92 1.36 4.61 1.25 pl Wo js Gee = ee | 100,00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100. 00 | 100. 00 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 100. 00 168 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF SPONGES, As the yield of domestic sponges is not equal to the demand, large quantities are imported each year, the greater part of these coming from the Bahama Islands, Cuba, Haiti, Greece, Austria-Hungary, and - Turkey. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, the imports of foreign sponges amounted in value to $536,303, almost as much as the value of the catch of domestic sponges for the calendar year 1900, which was $567,685. During 1900 we exported 71,642 pounds of domestic sponges, valued at $32,199, most of which went to Great Britain, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and France. Most of these were grass sponges, for which there is very little demand in this country. We also exported $84,100 worth of foreign sponges which had been previously imported. Except in the imports during 1900 there has been very little fluctuation during the last three years. The following table shows the imports and exports for the fiscal years 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900: Table showing:the imports and exports of sponges in 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900. = ~ noe = * ____|Exports of domestic) x Imports sponges. | Exports Fiscal year. jof foreign PA of foreign sponges. Libs Value, | Sponges. 1SOG AMET sec seh Gee ete a a OR” = SR | ae $499,766 | 36,398 | $14,237 | $73,704 1897 Ses cee ete eo wedse S oee seeks Sees ea A eee cen eremtes 487,143 | 125,492 53, 962 | 75, 007 TBO See” ES Meehepe. Tenet 5 ie Be aero Fae oe on Ret el ee Se ee 401, 725 75, 819 34, 547 | 89, 192 B09 Sod ce ame ois sane ee mameoeicnc Som siemicis oes lois ccininme Oe eleaeeine 430,231 | 71, 657 26, 452 | 92, 664 QD Rte Pea ee a oe re Rta SR ery NE ot ey hee Oe, Se 936, 803 71, 642 | 32, 199 84, 100 STATISTICS OF THE FISHERY. The season of 1900 was one of the best that the spongers have had for years. Owing to the unusual clearness of the water on the ** key grounds” the spongers were enabled to work over almost all the grounds, a thing which has not happened for some years. This was especially noticeable around Sandy Key, near Cape Sable. Usually yellow, muddy water is found stretching out for about 40 miles in every direction from this key, except toward the mainland, which is about 4 miles distant, and from a distance the surface looks like a light yellow mud bank exposed at low water after the mud has had time to dry. Last season was the first time in about fourteen years in which the spongers were enabled to work this section. A noticeable feature was the unusual number of rotten sponges gathered on this ground. No sign of this rot appeared on the surface of the sponge, but after it had been cleaned it could easily be seen by pulling aside the fiber at the bottom. In some of them the whole inside had been rotted away while the exterior présented a clean, healthy appearance. The tables show the condition of the industry for 1900. The great preponderance of Key West is very noticeable in all of the tables, THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. 169 and this place leads in persons engaged in all branches of the business, with a total of 1,827 persons. ‘Tarpon Springs is second, with 354. An interesting table is the one showing the color and nationality of the persons engaged in the business. Among the spongers themselves the colored people predominate, there being 1,356 engaged, while the whites number 757. This disproportion is especially high at Key West. Among persons employed exclusively on shore the whites predominate, with 119 to 13 colored. Of 2,113 persons employed directly in sponging, 1,268 are British provincials, mostly from the Bahamas; of these, 1,013 are colored. The native-born Americans num- bered 839, of whom 3438 are colored. One Norwegian and 5 Portu- euese are also engaged in the business. Among the shore employees the native-born Americans lead, with 114, of whom 13 are colored. The British provincials numbered 17, all white. There was also 1 Greek. In the matter of vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore and accessory property, Key West far exceeds ali the others combined, with a total investment of $518,932. Tarpon Springs is second, with $65,014, fol- lowed by Apalachicola, with 510,652. The total investment for the fishery amounts to $594,598. The Key West fleet shows a most grati- fying increase since 1895. In the latter year there were 99 vessels of over 5 tons, and 185 vessels under 5 tons measurement hailing from this place, while in 1900 there were 136 vessels of over 5 tons and 183 vessels of under 5 tons measurement, a gain of 37 vessels of over 5 tons and a loss of 2 vessels under 5 tons. So far as vessels of over 5 tons are concerned, Tarpon Springs has practically held her own, while Apalachicola has dropped off considerably, but in the matter of vessels under 5 tons Tarpon Springs has made a considerable increase. Key West leads in the catch of all kinds of sponges with 359,854 pounds, valued, at $488,744, followed by Tarpon Springs with 53,173 pounds, worth $70,320, and Apalachicola with 5,098 pounds, valued at $8,621. All the glove and velvet sponges were taken by Key West vessels. The total catch amounted to 118,195 pounds, valued at $567,685. An interesting feature is the showing of the catch by kinds and grounds. The ‘‘key grounds” were worked exclusively from Key West and the surrounding keys. The total catch from the bay grounds amounted to 228,461 pounds, valued at $389,890, and for the key grounds 189,664 pounds, worth $177,795. Sheepswool sponges are more frequent on the ‘‘bay grounds” than on the key grounds, while the reverse is the case with yellow sponges. The grass-sponge catch is almost equally divided between the two grounds. Very few glove and velvet sponges are taken on the ‘‘ bay grounds.” 170 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH A ND FISHERIES. Table showing, by places, the persons employed in the sponge fishery in 1900. | Key Tarpon |/Apalach- : | West. | Springs.| icola, | Total. | Vessel -fishermen=a. 25.08 3.20 tat ce ee ee eh Se eee fr eres 080 120 39 1, 239 Boat Ashermen -2ja-ceec sents see ae eee or pee as Eke | 669 180 25 874 Shore: employeege-- er saer ose eee ener aacerrs eae ee ee se 78 D4 | Pose heee 132 MO heel hs PALS Saas Eee ee pan eRe Le eee 1, 827 354 64 2, 245 Table showing the nationality and color of persons engaged in the sponge fishery in 1900. eth ares Key Tarpon Apalach- Nationality. West. | Springs.| icola. Total. Vessel fishermen: imericans, (whiters:. ja: Chee sce ceet bo. eae -Pacecaeadstes 240 26 30 296 AMeTICAMS: COLOTEM 2 cijetrecmeere sei eee ore ae oe eee eee eee 120 54 6 180 Britishprovancials white ei be.-ae see eel sa eee am ee 144 8 2 154 Britishiprovineials «colored as= = see eseeer Eee ee ree 576 32 il 609 Motels hee ose sees ew auloebommec ace sear eatimeette ce Seine 1, 080 120 39 1,239 Boat fishermen: | SATMETICHMS Whites aes: Reet Soke. ose Lee ee Ree a eeeiee eae 146 40 14 200 ATM ETI CATIS KCOLOTEE ween semeae eae sere cei dees secs eee ane 77 80 6 163 British Provan cialls: white sees. «assesses ee a= ate nee 90 Re anne: 101 British provanciails colored eassaeteeseseeeee eres eee eee eee 356 AB ial Be eters 404 INOMWE RIAN S222 tak ce cen areca ees ce eees areal ae te emienee | Rae SAS 1 IRON ANDIS KER RAB CBM OH amen aGaCss ade o SSeanC cee aa Hnobe ames aso Phd bane eecdodMaddasapad 5 5 Totals 2ktee same seicheiesee seas ese ae cass eerste tees] 669 180 | 25 874 Shore employees: | JAMETICANS) WL -Betteet Saat t pence neo bemearte ce thet te 59 46)| Sa.see ae 101 Americans {cOloredeacas seca sacle octet csc asroores-ie\aieisaie 7 Gal see Uaaceme 13 British Prowl Cals; Wille aye seer ee oe tela - ae eee 15 Rolbeie.< seal 17 Greeksigs. elec CHAAR oe oe Aasnem a asencasmaccoriocsoraaras | Me Re pedosese Peeascssee i 0) fe eg pee ee Se crn es a oe ee | 78 og eer 132 Corsi EOE gee eRe I EE oe ee eee fe 1, 827 354 64| 2,245 Table showing, by places, the sponge fishery in 1900. vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed inthe Key West. /|Tarpon Springs.| Apalachicola. Total. Items. - No. | Value. | No Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value, Viesselsrwe ania a eet lets week ee 136 $167,170 15 | $11, 831 5 | $3,150 | 156 | $182, 151 MOMMA Aes eee ees aececee sae teers Wel tOO4 ol Sa entarevse DOM ecto cers Ot Aleeeeorere 17501325 Omit aa ee eee fe 2 eee 1003950) || 75-2 1035 Pe ees Oy eaOna ste stee 115, 499 BOBS HE Sarees onan rc ma neaininnatowaater 183 | 146, 450 40 28, 100 5 3, 915 228 | a178, 465 Apparatus used in vessel fisheries. .|....-.- 2 TOLG peer CEBMlesssocs OG) Ie eat AB me Te ; pe ® BFS ws = SP cde, ‘1SAM ASM LV SYVHM NOILONV SONOdS SHL Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 9. THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. £75 undoubtedly have been greater had it not been for the exceptionally good catches on the ‘key grounds” during 1900, All the ‘‘ key” sponges are sold at Key West and will likely continue so to be sold, as Tarpon Springs is too inaccessible for the ‘* key” boats, but it is prob- able that in time most, if not all, of the sponges from the ‘‘ bay grounds” will be marketed at Tarpon Springs. Over two-thirds of them were so disposed of in 1900. All of the data in the first table, except wages and buyings, have already been shown in the regular fishery tables. ; Table showing the extent of the sponge-buying business in 1900. - Key West.a Tarpon Springs. | Total. Items. —— i= = No. Value. | No. Value. No. Value. eee. EES SRV ONS =o aoe ie as Bete Seee a Lille esos sass (5 SR cece | Sra eiaaes Employees. ..-.- vi DAS PSs aie NAVE a ea RE a ee eee 978 $43, 947 I MEO OHA G55 Sen ae... e eee do eep cop SSeAaDeSe 4 99, 732 TROVE <2 Scheie Cs Aaa Ga de em eee Saeee ee ELEY /cva eee eae Be ys Ul ES sae ee | 143,679 | | Kinds. Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. RU RC TS WOO line wes an ate eee joclsniem nace 95, 490 | $229, 483 85, 821 | $253,830 | 181,311 $483, 263 Be lO Wier steel cs as fe ee ee 49,135 | 31,975] 24,129] 12,070| 73,264 44,045 (GSES Se es a gi ee eer eae 81, 055 20, 613 63, 259 12,650 | 144,314 33, 263 (CHOI c Sa age Seas OSes ceo ae ees | 12,428 PER/O4. Naisee Uae ae ate c eee 12, 428 1,794 MelVveDOrn boat. —cceeee-nc. rocabeeee sleet 6, 808 Sy 820 See eeace ad aancsco aac 6, 808 5, 320 Rae = hector ose saa e mean eee ce | 244,916 | 289,135 | 173,209 | 278,550 418, 125 | 567, 685 aIneludes one buyer at Lemon City. Table showing, by places, kinds, and grounds, the extent of the sponge-buying trade in 1900. | Key West. Tarpon Springs. Total. Kinds and grounds. — ee ee Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. |- = as eee From bay grounds: Bheepswool 22 s.32 seas sce koe ot eewiee cocks 37,196 | $102, 215 85, 821 | $253, 830 123,017 | $356, 045 VOU aaa eh ie Ne eee pe 9, 095 6,027} 24,129] 12,070] 33,224 18, 097 “SR TISS iF ects ees 7, 990 2,866] 63,259} 12,650] 71,249 15, 516 (GWE 34 Bae SRE SE ie See el eee eer eee 1,185 Ns) |p accossae aseacetese 1, 185 168 MeLVEL.GUINORU ss os scent ems cecinas since 386 (i ee eee Tee eee 386 | 64 SROs eee as a eee cies on seen se 55, 852 | 111,840 | 173,209 |- 278,550 | 229, 061 | 389, 890 From key grouids: : | | SHEEPS WOO Ss =. = sex eo eas eae ease ier Dade. AO pODT Gh Sse cce ec seccs vote | 58,294 127, 218 Wellowaeasase<- Sap ate Ee er se ee 40, 040 DHS 9480 Ss cause eax soem oa toce 40, 040 | 25, 948 SDSS eS a Oe eet ee ere Pees | 73,065 TEE V/A ane eae eaceeaces 73, 065 | 17, 747 GOV Grete toes | ate Soe ee ncaa brie | 11,243 W626) | coo eee ba sce a sale 11, 243 1, 626 WeEhVeE OM DOAL sseces aut setae eens cick 6, 422 BiZ5G6) sco ck> cc 55 eso ar 6, 422 | 5, 206 15 eI esha ih Se ae ee et er Arcs) ee | 189,064 177,795 Grand: totali2-2eeeeanee scene sens 244, 916 | 289, 135 | 173, 209 278,550 | 418,125 567, 685 AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. FISH OILS, FATS, AND WAXES. FERTILIZERS FROM AQUATIC PRODUCTS. By CHARLES HEH. STH VENSON. F.C. 1902——12 TABLE OF CONTENTS. FISH OILS, FATS, AND WAXES. Page. Goneraltreview. sesso este ec ese eee eee 183 Tho whale oils: Brief review of whaling industries... 186 The blubber and its yield of oil__--- 189 Conversion of the blubber into oil__._. 193 Refining sperm oil and whale oil--_---- 199 Porpoise and black-fish oils ._.___--.-.-.-- 204 Oils from seals, walrus, ete.: Sealioi] seis eee eee ee eye eine eee 209 Sea-olephantioillassssee was eee eee 211 Vials Olle cee meee ee eae ae 214 Oil from sea-lions and fur-seals -____.- 215 Oils from livers of cod and related species: SOUTCESOL Suppl yp peas ese eee ee eee 216 Description of liversand resulting oils 218 Preparation of medicinal oil --.--.-.-- 221 Production of curriers’ oil _ 22 .425-22-2 | 9225 Oils from the livers of sharks and related ‘ species __.__... Se ees ee See Eee Se Be peek 178 FISH OILS, FATS, AND WAXES—continued. Page. Menhaden oil $2.¢.......-... eee Herring oil. v2 222. eae @ill from waste tish™= -2-25-—- === 239 Oiltiromutish heads 2) 2—) =e 240 Oiltfrom viscera ol DSH ee. 241 Miscellaneousioils= 222220 Sees esse 242 Spermaceti refining and manufacture__.. 214 AMIDOrPTIS’.—.- 222 5e5-.5.92 nae 247 FERTILIZERS. General review - ----= -<-22=22-se8soese ee The menhaden industry: History and extent of the industry... 256 Cooking and pressing the fish--------- 259 Treatment of the scrap ---.----------- 265. Fertilizers from fish waste or refuse-_.-- 269 Fertilizers from crustaceans---.-.-..--.-- 273 Agricultural lime from mollusk shells... 274 Seaweeds as fertilizers -_......---.-------- 278 PLATE 10. Report U. S. F. C. 1902. SOL h TUM Aq Surjured yo Adoy “osvW ‘GYOJGSd MAN LV SSINLSNGNI ONIIVHM AHL JO NISIYO AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. By CHARLES H. STEVENSON. PREFATORY NOTE. The diversity and magnitude of the industries based on the utiliza- tion and manufacture of aquatic products are not fully appreciated. In a previous publication of this Commission” the great variety of fishery products used for food and their methods of preparation were discussed. In addition to the numerous items of food articles, the materials employed in the arts and industries compare favorably in variety and interest with similar products of the land. These may be roughly separated into five classes, viz, (1) oils, fats, and waxes; (2) fertilizers from aquatic products; (5) skins of aquatic animals and their products of furs and leathers; (4) the hard substances, as shells, scales, bones, ivories, ete., and (5) miscellaneous articles not properly classed with any of the foregoing, as glue, isinglass, seaweeds, sponges, marine salt, etc. The total value of the annual product of these throughout the world roughly approximates $45,000,000 in the condition in which they are first placed on the market, of which the United States contributes $11,000,000. Some of the most extensive fisheries of the world have been prose- euted almost wholly for the purpose of supplying the oil markets. Whale oils were the first of all oils—animal or mineral—to achieve commercial importance, and for fully a century the whale fishery ranked as one of the principal industries of America. Indeed it was of far greater relative value in the industrial wealth of the country than the petroleum industries are at the present time. The seal fish- eries of Newfoundland, Norway, and other northern countries, which rank among the most daring and venturesome of marine enterprises, are dependent for their prosperity on the oil obtained from the thick blubber underlying the skins of the animals. The taking of men- haden on the Atlantic coast of the United States for conversion into oil and fertilizer gives employment to thousands of men and to several million dollars of capital. And in the various cod fisheries of the world the rendering of the livers into oil for medicinal as well as for technical uses is a source of great profit. In addition to these exten- sive industries there are numerous minor fisheries supported entirely, or to a large extent, by the oil markets. aThe Preservation of Fishery Products for Food, Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1898. 179 180 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. From all varieties of aquatic oils may be separated, at a low tem- perature, a solid fat or grease known as “‘ foots” or ‘‘stearin,” some- what similar to the tallow obtained from sheep and oxen. This is obtained in the process of refining the oils, and the yield ranges from 3 to 20 per cent of the bulk of the crude oil. It is sold at a few cents per pound, and is used as a substitute for tallow from sheep and oxen in sizing yarns, as emollient in leather-dressing, and for various other technical purposes. Bleaching the various marine oils produces a semi-solid fat known as ‘‘sperm soap,” ‘‘ whale soap,” ‘“‘menhaden soap,” ete., according to the variety of oil treated. This material is used in smearing sheep, washing fruit trees, soap-manufacture, ete. In the process of refining sperm oil, instead of the foots, the wax- like spermaceti is obtained, the quantity yielded approximating 11 per cent in weight of the crude sperm oil. Spermaceti is used princi- pally in candle-making, as an ointment for medicinal purposes, for producing a polish on linen in laundering, and for self-lubricating cartridges. Another wax-like substance peculiar to the sperm whale is amber- gris, an extremely valuable substance found at rare intervals, but sometimes in comparatively large quantities within the intestines of that animal, and also afloat on the sea or cast up on the shores. A single whale has yielded $50,000 worth of this material, and several intances are reported in which $20,000 worth has been obtained from one cetacean. Ambergris was formerly used as an incense, in cook- ery, aS a medicine, and as a perfume. Its principal use at present is in the preparation of fine perfumes. The principal aquatic products used for fertilizer are seaweeds, shells of mollusks and crustaceans, non-edible species of fish, espe- cially the menhaden, and waste parts of edible species. At present the quantity of this fertilizer produced annually in the United States alone approximates 420,000 tons, worth $2,120,000. This is capable of very great increase, especially in the quantity of seaweeds and waste fish employed. Doubtless 50 per cent of the world’s stock of furs is obtained from aquatic animals. Formerly this percentage was greater, but it is reduced by the decrease in product of beaver, fur-seal, otter, and sea- otter, and the large increase in quantity of certain land fur-bearers. Fully 75 per cent of all the furs produced in the United States are yielded by aquatic animals, principally the fur-seal, mink, muskrat, beaver, otter, and sea-otter. The value of the annual output of these in: the United States approximates $2,500,000 in the raw or undressed state. Leather is made from the skins of practically all the aquatic mam- mals and of most of the species of fish, but these usually rank among novelty or fancy leathers. Seal leather is produced in large quantities, the value of the annual product averaging $1,500,000. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 181 The hide of the beluga, or white whale, is one of the best of allskins for leather purposes, on account of its durability, strength, and. pli- ability. It is sold as porpoise leather, and probably $200,000 worth of tanned hides are marketed annually. Alligator skins are also obtained in large quantities, and owing to the peculiarity of their markings, are used entirely as fancy leather. Tanned walrus hides, especially the thick ones, are in great demand for polishing-wheels and other mechanical purposes, and about $100,000 worth are sold annually. Among the aquatic skins used to a less extent for leather purposes may be mentioned sea-lion, porpoise, sea-elephant, and a very large variety of fish skins, especially those of sharks. Of the hard substances existing in the form. of shells, bones, scales, ete., shells are by far the most important. Nearly, if not quite, 1,000,000 tons are secured annually in the United States, consisting principally of the shells of oysters, clams, river mussels, and a very much smaller quantity of other varieties. A fair valuation of these at the places of consumption would doubtless amount to $1,500,000; to this should be added about $600,000 as the value of pearls secured during the last year in the Mississippi Valley and elsewhere. The value of the shells secured outside of the United States, principally mother-of-pearl shells, amounts to $5,000,000 or $6,000,000 annually, and the pearls secured sell for nearly an equal amount. Pearls are not obtained in the seas in such large quantities as formerly, but their value is greatly increased. The manufacture of mother-of-pearl and sweet-water shell in the form of buttons, buckles, knife-handles, pistol-stocks, etc., gives employment to nearly 10,000 persons in this country and to probably three times that number in Europe and elsewhere. The yield of whalebone in the United States fisheries is less than 5 per cent as much as it was 50 years ago, but the reduced yield has been largely counterbalanced by the inerease in value per pound. The product in the American fisheries now approximates 120,000 pounds each year, worth $500,000, and about $150,000 worth is obtained in all other parts of the world. At the present market price the total value of whalebone secured in the United States fisheries since 1850 is not far from $200,000,000. Comparatively little tortoise shell is produced in this country, the annual yield approximating $12,000 in value. The West Indies, South America, Africa, East Indies, Pacific islands, ete., supply probably $500,000 worth each year, much of which is manufactured in the United States. Little economic use is made of fish scales, except in the production of artificial pearls and other ornamental objects. Unique and attract- ive artificial flowers are made from the scales of .sheepshead, tarpon, drum-fish, channel bass, ete. Cuttlebone and coral are not produced in the United States, but large quantities are imported into this country. 182 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The yield of ivory in the form of walrus tusks, sperm-whale teeth, ete., is small at present, amounting to less than $25,000 annually. The principal industrial use for bones of aquatic animals is for conversion into fertilizer. Several varieties of curious bones are used for ornamentation, but their aggregate value is inconsiderable. The sponge output of Florida approximates $500,000 annually, and the value of the product throughout the world is probably not far from $5, 000,000. The uses of seaweeds are numerous. They furnish thousands of tons of fertilizer, many nutritious foods, and a variety of chemicals, especially iodine and bromine. Other uses are in sizing fabrics, as a mordant in dyeing, in refining beer, in making paper, fishing lines, ropes, for stuffing upholstery, packing porcelain, ete. The Japanese have been especially adept in discovering uses for seaweeds. Glue-manufacture provides an outlet for the profitable use of much waste in dressing dried codfish. This material was formerly dis- earded as useless, but now tens of thousands dollars’ worth of choicest glue for postage stamps, court-plaster, adhesive paper, labels, envelopes, for mechanical purposes, and for sizing of straw goods and textile fabries, and likewise office and domestic mucilage are manufactured from fish skins. The product is very much stronger and more durable than glue made from the skins of mammals. Tsinglass made from the sounds or swimming bladders of sturgeon, hake, cod, squeteague, etc., is used for clarifying fermented liquors, the cellular construction forming a sort of net which carries down floating particles. However, the use of this material has been much reduced, owing to the numerous substitutes obtained from domestic animals. Commercial albumen may be made from the eggs of cod and other species, but it has not yet been extensively manufactured. The preparation of oils and fertilizers, to which the present report is devoted, is intimately associated, especially in the case of the men- haden industry. The tissues remaining after the extraction of oil from herring and other waste fish, from the blubber of seals, porpoise, and the like, from the livers of cod and related species, the livers of sharks, from the waste parts of fish in dressing, ete., are commonly prepared for fertilizing purposes, and the preparation of the two materials is usually carried on in the same factory and in some instances by the same workmen. [or this reason it appears desirable to combine in one paper the account of the preparation of oils and fertilizers from aquatic products. This paper, however, is divided into two parts, one relating to the preparation, characteristics, and uses of fish oils, fats, and waxes, and the other to the utilization of aquatie products as fertilizers. FISH OILS, FATS, AND WAXES. GENERAL REVIEW. Previous to 1600 there was comparatively little demand for oil of any kind. Tallow dips, pine knots, and the like afforded the princi- pal means of illumination. The quantity of machinery in use was small and lubricants were in little demand. The leather industries were undeveloped and the greases required in currying were obtained principally from the fat of the animal furnishing the skin, supple- mented later by certain vegetable oils. The value of whale oils for purposes of illumination was not unknown previous to the seventeenth century, but the fishermen were unequal to the task of capturing the cetaceans, in large numbers. A few that drifted ashore were secured, the use of the oil for illuminating pur- poses developed; and, as the experience and daring of the fishermen increased, their wanderings extended not only offshore, but to distant seas. After the invention of the Argand burner in 1784, whale oil became the principal illuminating agent, and at the beginning of the nineteenth century it was in general use. Not only were residences lighted with it, but also streets and municipal buildings. A large quantity of sperm oil was used in residences of the wealthy and also in lighthouses, that being the principal iUluminant in the coastal lights of the United States, England, Scotland, Ireland, France, and other advanced countries up to 1852. The currying trade had in the mean- time increased in importance, and grease for softening was secured in the form of oil from seal, walrus, sea-elephant, cod livers, ete. The increasing use of machinery resulted in an enhanced demand for a lubricant, which was generally furnished in the form of sperm oil. This resulted in very high prices; sperm oil, for instance, ranged from $1 to $2 per gallon, although the fishery increased until it was one of the most important organized industries of the world. Other fish oils became important commercial products, including oils from the livers of cod, haddock, sharks, ete., from herring, menhaden, sardine, pilchard, and other species of the Clupeide family, and a miscellaneous variety of minor importance. The continued upward tendency in prices, as a result of an increased demand, led to endeavors to find substitutes. Lard oil was success- fully introduced as a summer lubricant in the place of sperm oil for ordinary uses. Colza or rape-seed oil likewise entered into competi- tion with it as an illuminant, and the process of refining was improved until it became a fairly satisfactory substitute at about half the price. In 1852 France adopted colza in place of sperm oil as a light-house illuminant, and in 1845 it was adopted in the light-houses and light- 183 184 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ships of Great Britain. The difficulty of obtaining rape-seed oil in the United States and the importance of the whaling industry to the national welfare caused the use of sperm oil in this country for ten years longer, when through the researches and experiments of Pro- fessor ilenry it was found practicable to use lard oil, and in 1862 that became the illuminant in the light-houses of the United States. A few years later both colza and lard oils were superseded by forms of petroleum. Not only did the products of petroleum take the place of aquatie- animal oils as illuminants, but they seriously interfered with them in the markets as lubricants. Then came the development of render- ing and refining a large number of vegetable oils, which are now used for many purposes formerly served by fish oils. Among these vegetable products are olive oil, cotton-seed oil, linseed oil, and, to a less extent, palm oil, cocoanut oil, corn oil, ete. The employment of these substances and a large decrease in the abundance of whales have resulted in a great reduction in the extent of the whale fishery, the fleet decreasing from 735 vessels in 1846 to 38 in 1902. Those marine enterprises more or less associated with the whale fisheries, as the taking of seals, sea-elephants, walrus, etc., have decreased corre- spondingly. Fish oils have therefore, to a large extent, given place to land products, and their diminished sale and reduced price have greatly decreased the prosperity of many fisheries. At present the use of fish oils for illumination as compared with that of mineral oils is very small in those countries where the latter are obtainable, their prin- cipal use being in miners’ lamps. But among many semicivilized people, especially those of subpolar regions, marine-animal oils are more easily obtained than petroleum, so that the native products con- tinue in use. And notwithstanding the large amount of mineral oils now used for lubrication of heavy machinery, there is yet an extensive demand for fish oils for that purpose, experience having shown that by their judicious blending with hydrocarbon oils a greater uniformity of lubrication is secured, and that less quantity is required than by use of mineral oil alone. The outlook for an increased use of fish oils in leather-dressing is said to be not encouraging, owing to a decrease in ‘“‘hand-stuffing” and the increasing popularity of chrome tannage, in which only a small quantity of oil is required, and that usually a superior quality of neatsfoot. There is a wide field of technical uses wherein certain fish oils can not readily be dispensed with, espe- cially for lubricating delicate machinery, in steel-tempering and serew- cutting, as a body for paints to be applied to out-of-door surfaces, in the textile trades where only saponifiable oil can be satisfactorily employed, ete. In addition to their many technical uses, marine-animal oils are also used for nourishment to a considerable extent. The Eskimos and other primitive people depend very largely on the blubber of AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 185 seals, walrus, and whales, for food supplies. Among more civilized nations fish oils are not used ordinarily as an article of diet; an excep- tion, however, is the well-known and valuable cod-liver oil, of whieh twenty or thirty thousand barrels are annually consumed. in cases of malnutrition. Certain therapeutie qualities are also attributed to various minor oils, as those from the shark, eulachon, manatee, dugong, alligator, terrapin, ete., but the use of these is not general. The marine-animal oils are divisible into four principal groups, viz: (1) blubber oils; (2) head oils; (3) liver oils, and (4) body oils. The blubber oils are obtained from the layer of fat between the skin and the flesh or muscular tissues of whales, seals, walrus, sea-lion, por- poise, black-fish, ete. Head oils are secured from cavities in the skull and from other head parts of sperm whales, black-fish, porpoise, sword-fish, halibut, ete. Some of these are of superior quality, as those of the black-fish and porpoise, for instance, which sell for $5 to $10 per gallon. ‘The head oil of the sperm whale yields the valuable spermaceti. Those of the third group are obtained principally from the livers of cod and toa less extent from haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, ling, sharks, and skates. The bodies, heads, and viscera of these fish are so slightly oleaginous that they are rarely utilized eco- nomically for oil purposes. The body oils, or fish oils,“ as they are now generally known commercially, are obtained principally from species of the herring family—the menhaden in America, the herring, sar- dine, and pilehard in Europe, and the iwashi in Japan. In ease these fish are used for food in large quantities, the viscera are generally devoted to oil-rendering. Most of the other species of food-fish con- tain so little oil that it is profitable to use only the intestines or other refuse dressings for this purpose. And in some the yield of oil is so small that not even the waste parts can be profitably utilized in this manner. In addition to the foregoing, there are a number of oils produced in various localities which enter largely into the domestic economy of those procuring them and yet are of little commercial importance, as alligator oil, turtle oil, terrapin oil, ete. The total annual product of crude oil from marine animals through- out the world is estimated at 18,500,000 gallons, of which 5,500,000 represents the product from the blubber and fat of whales, seals, and the like; 5,500,000 gallons is from the livers of cod, shark, ete., and 7,500,000 gallons from menhaden, herring, sardine, and other species, including waste in dressing fish. Even a brief survey of the fish-oil industries reveals the fact that they are not by any means so extensive as the natural resources per- mit. True, the right-whale fishery is prosecuted apparently to an «The term ‘‘fish oil” is used by chemists and other technologists as comprising oils from all aquatic animals. Previous to 1800 it generally referred to whale oils. At the present time its commercial use is generally confined to oils obtained from fish alone. In a restricted sense it refers especially to oil obtained from the principal species of the herring family in the locality in which the term isapplied. Thus ‘fish oil” on the Atlantic coast of the United States indi- cates in a restricted commercial sense the oil of the menhaden; in Norway, the herring; in France, the sardine; in Japan, the iwashi, etc. 186 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. extreme limit, and the same is possibly true of the seal fisheries of certain regions. However, there is probably no other oil-yielding fishery of which the same can be said. Sperm whales are more numer- ous than they were fifty years ago, when the United States employed 300 vessels in their capture, securing 100,000 barrels of oil annually, as compared with the present product of less than 20,000 barrels. Porpoise and other small cetaceans exist in such large numbers that hundreds of thousands if not millions of gallons of oil can be secured from them. Only a very small percentage of the oil-yielding sharks are utilized. Much greater quantities of menhaden might be taken than are secured at present, and comparatively little of the abundant waste fish and dressings or refuse from the markets, canneries, etc., are used in oil-production. The principal reason for this is that the present economie condi- tions do not warrant an extension of these industries. The market for fish oils is regulated by that of the mineral and vegetable prod- ucts which are used as substitutes, and which can be sold at very low prices, making it necessary to exercise very great economy in the production of fish oils. Vessels, factories, etc., already on hand may be used, but in the United States at least it is questionable whether the building of new and costly equipment for oil-production would prove profitable under present market conditions except in specially favorable instances, unless the closest economy be practiced. The vessels composing the present sperm-whaling fleet, for instance, may be kept employed with a fair profit, but with the present prices the fitting out of expensive new vessels can scarcely meet with a large return on capital invested. The present equipment of menhaden steamers and factories was built and paid for during a “period of prosperity, when menhaden oil was high in price, and they may be continued in service with profit, but the conditions are not encour- aging for a great extension of the industry. If a profitable market could be found for the product, the yield of fish oils throughout the world could probably be increased many times its present extent. THE WHALE OILS. BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WHALING INDUSTRIES. It is scarcely within the province of the present report to enter into a detailed history of the whale fisheries, unquestionably the most picturesque and once the most extensive of all marine industries of the world. In order, however, to present a fair idea of the produc- tion and utilization of whale oils, it is desirable to review briefly the history and present conditions of these industries. Whales are divisible into two groups, (1) toothed whales and (2) bone-bearing or whalebone whales. ‘To the first group belongs the sperm whale or cachalot, which yields sperm oil, spermaceti, ivory, and ambergris. This group also includes the bottle-nose whale, the PLATE 11. Report U. S. F. C. 1902, WHALING VESSELS AT NEW BEDFORD, MASS., IN OCTOBER, 1901, AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 187 pilot whale, the beiuga or white whale, and many species which are not popularly known as whales, including the narwhal, grampus, orca or killer, dolphins, porpoises, ete. The bone-bearing whales are divisi- ble into two classes, (@) smooth whales and (>) furrowed whales, or rorquals. The first embraces the right whales of different species and the bowhead or Arctic whale, all of which are prized for their oil and baleen. Of the rorquals, or those whales possessing longitudinal folds of blubber on throat and stomach, may be mentioned the hump- back, finback, sulphur-bottom, and California gray whale. As these are ordinarily difficult of capture and are of minor value, the whale- bone being rather short for commercial use, they have not been pur- sued so extensively as have the sperm, right, and bowhead whales. In the United States markets the standard varieties of oils are ‘‘ sperm oil” and ‘‘ whale oil,” and sometimes ‘‘ humpback oil.” ‘* Whale oil” is a mixture of the product of all whales except the sperm whale, and sometimes includes that of black-fish and walrus. The use of whale oil appears to be of ancient origin. Doubtless it was first obtained from whales accidentally stranded on the shores, a more frequent occurrence during the early abundance of the cetaceans than at present, when their numbers have been so greatly reduced by excessive fisheries. As the demand for the oil increased beyond the supply available from stranded whales, individuals sighted from the shore were attacked and beached. Owing to the frailty of the boats and equipment, this was a more daring attempt than might be sup- posed. It is difficult to trace the origin of the fishery, but certainly it was prosecuted a thousand years ago. Just prior to the Revolutionary war, according to Starbuck and other authorities, there were 183 American vessels in the right-whale fishery of the North Atlantic waters, and 125 were engaged in cruis- ing for sperm whales from Newfoundland to the coast of Brazil. The Revolutionary war and the war of 1812 interfered with the fisheries; but during the period of peace following 1815 they increased greatly in extent until 1846, when the fleet numbered 678 ships and barks, 35 brigs, and 22schooners, a total of 735 vessels, with an aggregate ton- nage of 253,189 tons, and a value of $21,075,000, exclusive of outfits and supplies. The entire capital invested in the fishery and its asso- ciated industries at that time approximated $40,000,000, and 40,000 persons derived from it their chief support. During the same year the whaling fleet of all Europe numbered but 230 vessels. The crude value of the American catch from 1840 to 1860 averaged about $8,000,000 annually. The greatest value was in 1854, when 2,515,924 gallons of sperm oil worth $1.453 per gallon, 10,074,866 gallons of whale oil worth 592 cents per gallon, and 3,445,200 pounds of whale- bone worth 594 cents per pound were secured, the total value being $10,802,594. In the preceding year, 1853, the total product was 3,246,925 gallons of sperm oil, 8,195,591 gallons of whale oil, and 5,652,300 pounds of whalebone, the whole valued at $10,766,521. 188 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Sperm oil and whale oil then served nearly all the diversified uses for which oil was required, the chief exception being leather-dressing, for which neatsfoot and cod oils were largely employed. The prin- cipal uses were as illuminant, lubricator, in cordage-manufacture, screw-cutting, and steel-tempering. The streets of the principal cities were lighted with the oil, and theaters and public buildings were lighted with gas made from the foots. A stock anecdote at the time referred to foreign sailors climbing up the posts of the New York street lamps to drink the whale oil, thus leaving the city in darkness. The extent of the fisheries soon began to tell on the abundance of the whales, necessitating much longer and more costly voyages, and consequently higher prices for the products. With the increased price came the active search for substitutes, and colza oil and lard oil were largely employed. The competition, however, had little effect on the market for whale products until the adoption of petroleum as an illu- minant, and subsequently as a lubricant. Its dangerous qualities at first greatly checked its use, but as improved methods of refining were introduced it was quite generally adopted and proved most influ- ential in decreasing the profits of the whale fishery. The restricted market and the reduced price resulted in a gradual decrease of the whale fishery. Various agencies accelerated this decrease, while others retarded it. Among the former may be men- tioned the destructive influences of the civil war, including the sink- ing of 36 vessels in blockading Charleston Harbor, and the burning of 46 vessels, with outfit, supplies, and cargoes by privateers; also the loss of 53 ships in the ice of the Arctic Ocean in 1871, and a similar abandonment of 12 vessels in 1876. Among the agencies tending to retard the decrease in the fishery is the greatly enhanced value of whalebone, which increased from 13 cents per pound in 1835 to $7 per pound in 1891. Indeed it is the whalebone market alone which sus- tains the present right-whale fisheries of the world. The table on page 204, showing the annual produet of sperm oil and whale oil from 1860 to 1902, inclusive, presents a fair idea of the gradual reduction in extent of the American whale fisheries. Owing to the decreased extent of the fishery, sperm whales are increasing in numbers and are apparently more abundant at present than at any time since the fifties. The bowhead and right whales, however, are doubtless more scarce than at any time since their capture became an object of com- mercial pursuit. In 1901, the 20 sperm-whalers cruising in the Atlantic Ocean met with good success, especially those on the Hatteras and Charleston grounds, securing 12,550 barrels of oil, according to the Whalemen’s Shipping List, an average of 627 barrels to each vessel. The same season in the Arctic and North Pacific, however, was the poorest for many years. The fleet there consisted of 11 steamers and 6 barks. Three steamers were lost, and the total catch was only 43 bowheads and 15 right whales, as compared with 80 bowheads and 14 right AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 189 whales in 1900. The yield of oil approximated 2,870 barrels, and of whalebone 105,150 pounds. Five barks were employed in sperm- whaling off the coast of Japan, taking 4,100 barrels of oil. The mar- ket for sperm oil in 1901 opened at 55 cents per gallon, but gradually increased and closed the year at about 68 cents per gallon. The price of whale oil at San Francisco was 32 to 38 cents and in the Eastern markets 38 cents per gallon. In 1902 the whaling fleet of the United States consisted of 8 steamers, 18 barks and brigs, and 12 schooners, aggregating 8,366 tons. Of these, 11 barks and 10 schooners were sperm-whale fishing in the Atlantic Ocean, 8 steamers in the Arctic, 6 barks in Okhotsk Sea and off the coast of Japan, 2 schooners in Hudson Bay, and 1 brig at Deso- lation Island. The total whale-oil product of the world at present approximates 3,000,000 gallons yearly; of which 750,000 gallons are produced by the United States fisheries, 900,000 by those of Norway, and the remain- der by Seotland, Russia, Japan, Newfoundland, and other countries. THE BLUBBER AND ITS YIELD OF OIL IN DIFFERENT WHALES. The blubber is a layer or blanket of fat lying between the skin and the flesh or muscles and encompassing the bodies of all cetaceans and likewise of most of the other aquatic mammals. It varies in thickness from 1 to 22 inches, according to the species, size, and condition of the animals. The blubber of right whales is thicker, on an average, than that of the cachalot or sperm whale, although an individual of the last-named species has afforded fat 22 inches thick. The blubber of most species is tough and elastic, but that of the humpback is soft and yielding, and the ropes and chains encompassing it tear out easily. The blubber of poor whales is hard, compact, and tenacious; but when the animals are fat it is softer and yields oil readily, even when handied. In color it varies from a yellowish or dirty white to a somewhat unusual pinkish or reddish cast. The whitish blubber is usually found on young whales, more especially sucking calves, and is of a milky appearance. That of old whales has a coarse grain, and yields or gives out the oil freely; hence it is not so difficult to boil as is the fat of young whales, from which it is almost impossible at times to extract the oil, the texture being so fine and close. In case of the baleen whales the blubber from all parts of the ani- mal is commingled and boiled together. With the sperm whale, how- ever, the process of saving the oil is different. The most valuable oil of this species is found ina large cavity or reservoir known as the “ease,” situated anterior to the cranium, which yields clear oil and spermaceti, in equal quantities. These products are known as ‘‘ head matter.” Lying beneath the case is a wedge-shaped mass of pinkish 190 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. fat, composed of oil, spermaceti, and ‘‘ white horse,” the last being am extremely tough and sinewy blubber-like substance found about the head and neck, as well as upon other parts of the whale. The lower anterior portion of the junk, known as the ‘‘nib end,” is similar to the body blubber and devoid of spermaceti. Spermaceti is also found on certain parts of the body, especially in the core of the ‘‘hump” and about the ‘‘ridge,” situated along the back toward the ‘‘ small,” but not in so great abundance as in the ease. The yield of the head averages about one-third of the total oil-product of the sperm whale. Instances have been reported, however, in which it has been 50 per cent and even as high as 60 per cent of the total. The following parts in the sperm whale are utilized as an oil-yield- ing product: The body blubber, case, junk, hump, ridge, lower jaw, head skin, scalp, small flukes, vertebrae, and fin bones. The bones of all whales are porous or spongy in texture, and the cavities are filled with more or less oil. The small bones, such as the fin bones and the vertebre, as well as the ‘‘ pans,” or broad posterior extremi- ties of the lower jaw-bone, are chopped up with axes and boiled out. The cranium, or, as it is known to whalemen, the ‘‘sealp,” is gener- ally thrown overpdoard, but sometimes it is chopped up and_ boiled. The ‘‘head skin,” or the great mass of fat covering the scalp, may be rendered if whales are scarce, but when they are plentiful its utiliza- tion is not profitable. Some of it is exceedingly tough, and the small quantity of oil it contains is difficult of extraction. Whales are generally rated by the amount of oil which they yield rather than by the size or length. The yield is expressed in barrels, and an animal may be a ‘*40-barreler” or a ‘‘100-barreler.” In appearance they are often deceptive, the largest ones not always yielding the greatest amount of oil. Usually the whalemen approxi- mate the product with remarkable accuracy, but sometimes their guesses miss the mark widely. Blubber yields about 75 per cent of its weight in oil, 4 tons of blubber producing about 3 tons of oil, each containing 252 gallons wine-measure. Sperm whales yield from 5 to 145 barrels of oil, averaging about 25 or 30 for the cows and 75 to 90 for the bulls. The oil-producing parts of the right whales are the body blubber; the tongue; the head gear, comprising the head, scalp, throat, lips, and head skin; and the blubber on the fins. The right whales yield a larger quantity of oil than the cachalot, and the bowhead or Arctic whale yields a larger quantity than the right whale of tem- perate waters. In 1861 the General Pike, of New Bedford, took < right whale on the Kadiak ground which stowed down 274 barrels of oil. The sehooner Lizzie P. Simmons, New London, killed a bow- head whale on October 28, 1882, in Cumberland Inlet, which yielded 2,550 pounds of whalebone and 6,000 gallons of oil, the value of the former being $7,687 and of the latter $3,500, a total of $11,187 from a single animal. According to whalemen, the right whales now cap- AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 191 tured are not so large as formerly, but the sperm whales seem to average about the same. The humpback whales and the finback whales of all oceans are fre- quently captured by deep-sea whalemen and often by shore whalemen, especially in the Finmarken fishery. Since both of these varieties usually sink when killed, they are rarely hunted except ‘‘on sound- ings.” The oil-yielding portions of the humpback are the body blubber; head skin; lips, which are small; tongue; entrail fat, the source of a large percentage of the oil, and the striated folds of fat on the breast and abdomen. The entrail fat resembles very closely in appearance the corresponding fatty substance of the ox; its oil is of the same grade as that of the blubber of this species, which is equal in grade to the oil of right whales. Not only are the oil and whalebone yielded by finback whales much less in quantity, but they are also inferior in quality to those obtained from the right whales. For this reason, and also on account of their great activity and the difficulty of capturing them by harpooning, they were formerly neglected by whalers; but since the employment of steam vessels with bomb guns and explosive lances an extensive fishery for them has been established on the Norwegian and New- foundland coasts and minor fisheries on the coasts of Russia and Japan. The California gray whale is occasionally taken in the lagoons of Japan and on the west coast of the United States. The oil-bearing parts of this species which are utilized are the body blubber, head skin, throat, lips, flukes, and entrail fat. According to Capt. George O. Baker, of New Bedford, during several years following 1866 a brig from New Bedford, Mass., made quite a business of catching California gray whales for the food markets of Japan. The bottle-nose whale, so called from the peculiar shape of its head, yields on an average about 12 barrels of oil. The principal places where this species is caught are along the edges of the ice fields of northern Europe, between Bear Island and Iceland, the fishery being prosecuted principally by Norwegians hailing from Ténsberg and Sandefjord. Like the sperm whale, the bottle-nose possesses a quan- tity of oil in the cavity of the head, which yields spermaceti in the process of refinement. The blubber oil of the bottle-nose comes next to sperm oil in quality. It gives no residuum, and is therefore employed for lubricating small machines, spindles in mills, ete. Besides the above, a number of minor cetaceans are occasionally utilized for their oil; among them the orca or killer whale, the nar- whal, the beluga or white whale, the black-fish, and the porpoise. These have a coating of blubber ranging from one-half to 4 inches in thickness, and, although not extensively sought after, many are taken in various parts of the world. The beluga is plentiful in the Arctic seas and in the North Pacifie and comparatively numerous on the Labrador coast and in the St. 192 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Lawrence River, where it forms the object of a small but profitable fishery. The steam-whalers sometimes pursue and capture it in great numbers in the Arctic, but only when the Greenland whale can not be found, for the yield of oil is small and the animal is so swift and active that it is not readily captured. The adult is from 10 to 15 feet in length, and of a creamy white color. The blubber is about 2 inches thick, and each animal yields from 20 to 100 gallons of oil exeellent in lubricating qualities. The orea affords a good variety of oil, but owing to its aggressive- ness it is not often attacked by the whalers. It has occasionally been captured on the New England coast, and has also been taken on the west coast of Africa, especially off Walfisch Bay. The blubber is 2 or 3 inches thick, and simila~ in color and texture to that of the sperm whale. The narwhal yields a small quantity of oil, which is used consider- ably by the Eskimos and Greenlanders. It is ordinarily very pale in color, in fact almost colorless. The narwhal is not usually an object of pursuit by our whalemen, as its capture is surrounded with many difficulties, owing to its retreats in the ice floes. The valuable black-fish and porpoise oils are discussed in a separate chapter. The following tabulated statement of the yield of oil from the sey- eral species of cetaceans has been prepared with much care after con- sultation with the most experienced whalemen of various ports: Yield of oil in bar- rels of 314 gallons. Species. aaa Tae Vans Average. Right whale, Pacifie 2002222282 bie 5 2 Soe A ae ee ee ee | 25 to 250 90 Rightiwhailes-Atlanticls 22 See oe Oe ee ee |e DLE 75 IBOw head’ See eo ee eee ee a Oe ee | 80 250 100 Sperm whale BS 5 145 45 Humpback, Pacific __- 10) HO 42 Humpback, Atlantic _-- 10-100 40 lalinenvole leh vetako. Woon oe eee 10 70 35 Hinback, Atlantic #22: 22 2 3g $4 ae ee ee eee 20 60 38 California gray whale -_--.-------- ERR Pain wpb herons: iv ge Bat LR oe | 15 60 30 IPobile=nose whale iter. so. Seete Sas ee ee eee | bea 25 12 Oreaion killer whale... 22. - 22 ote. eee eens fe oe eg eee eee eee eee | 6 2h iBeludearor Winiteiwhales.< 2522 382 2 ose 2S Sk Sn eee ee eee 2 3 14 BI RCSB ae ee oo es oes oe rn eek ree ee ee Soe: 4 + lt The methods of cutting-in and removing the blubber have already been deseribed by numerous writers, and especially by James Temple Brown,“ rendering unnecessary any extended description in this paper. Suffice it to state that the whale is attached to the side of the vessel, and by cutting in a spiral line and at the same time rolling the eetacean, the blubber is removed in a helical strip 5 or 6 feet wide, and this is boarded in lengths of 12 or 15 feet, called ‘‘ blanket-pieces.” The manner of doing this and of boarding the head gear is germane to nautical engineering rather than to the subject of oil-rendering. «Fishery Industries of the United States, Vol 2, Sec. 5, p. 278. Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 12. REMOVING BLUBBER FROM WHALE BEACHED ON CALIFORNIA COAST. TRY-WORKS ON MODERN WHALER, LOOKING AFT. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 193 CONVERSION OF THE BLUBBER INTO OIL. The following notes on the present methods of converting whale blubber into oil are the results of inquiries and investigations made by the writer during the last four years, and especially in October, 1901, when many practical whalemen were interviewed. Especially are we indebted to Capt. George O. Baker, Capt. Charles 1. Robbins, Capt. James Avery, and Mr. W. R. Wing, of New Bedford, Mass. The reduction of oil from the solid mass of blubber, though tedious in detail, is an operation of simple character, requiring merely that the substance shall be exposed to heat. The blanket-pieces, 12 or 15 feet long and 5 or 6 feet wide, are first “‘leaned,” consisting in removing the pieces of muscles which cling to the fat during the process of cutting-in. By means of spades they are cut into smaller sections, called ‘‘ horse-pieces,” about 2 feet long and 6 inches wide. These are passed to the mincers. If the blubber is too thick, say over 12 inches, it is sometimes split before it is minced. Two methods of mincing the blubber are employed, viz: by hand and by machinery. The former was the first adopted and is gener- ally used at the present time. It is extremely laborious, but most whalemen prefer it, since the pieces are minced more uniformly and consequently the oil boils out more freely. The horse-pieces are laid lengthwise and with the flesh side downward upon a bench called the ‘‘mineing-horse,” and are scored or cut into slices varying from one-fourth to three-fourths ineh thick, called ‘‘ minced horse-pieces.” The knife cuts through the skin, but is stopped within about an inch of the base, so that fhe slices are held together like the leaves of a book, and in this condition they are pitched into the try-pots. The try-works are built of brick athwartships between the foremast and the mainmast. The usual dimensions are 8 or 10 feet long, 7 or 8 feet wide, and about 44 feet high. The first course of bricks, or the base, is laid in openwork, forming channels through which the water may freely circulate. The fireplaces, or ‘‘ arches,” as they are known aboard a whale ship, are strengthened by pieces of iron and are furnished with sliding doors. Two large metallic try-pots are placed within the try-works, with their bottoms resting upon the arches or furnaces. These are shaped like the old-fashioned 3-legged pots so intimately associated with the domestic hearths of our fore- fathers. They range in capacity from 120 to 200 gallons each. While boiling the blubber, the fires are kept up day and night. Naturally, the fuel supply is an item of no small consideration to the whalemen. A quantity of cord-wood, each stick sawed into two pieces, and all kinds of refuse wood are included in the vessel’s outfit and relied upon for starting the fires. But when fairly under way the highly combustible residue of the fat, known as ‘“‘scrap,” is mainly depended upon. Once in awhile a whale is secured so fat that the scrap is not sufficient to keep the fires going and the ‘‘fat lean” and F. C. 19022—13 194 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. similar materials are burned, and sometimes even a part of the rich blubber is consumed as fuel in order to save the remainder. It is well known that the boiling point of oil far exceeds that of water. So intense is the heat at times that the solder upon the imple- ments used about the pots is melted. It is important that all water should be expelled in order that the oil may not become rancid when barreled. It is equally important that every precaution should be taken to prevent water from getting into the pots during the process of boiling, the action of the oil under such circumstances depending upon the quantity of the extraneous fluid which is suddenly brought in contact with it. If the pots are not sheltered heavy rain may cause the oil to foam up, and when the vessel ships a heavy sea or when a very heavy rainstorm occurs, the contents of the pots are apt to throw up an immense cloud of steam and seatter the seething oil. Commu- nicating with the fire, the oil is ignited with a flash, and the streams of burning liquid pour out upon the deck, sometimes with disastrous effect. As soon as the contents of the pots show a tendency to boil over, pieces of fresh blubber are pitched in, and if this is not suffi- cient the fire is immediately banked. To prevent the vagrant pieces of lean which have accompanied the blubber from clinging and burning to the side and bottom of the pot and thus darkening the oil, the boiling mass is vigorously stirred. This is one of the most important duties in the process of oil-rendering. Instruments are never used on a whale ship for testing the heat or culinary condition of the oil; the men rely mainly on their experience as to the best time for removing it, Judging either by the color of the serap or by spitting into the boiling mass, this producing a peculiar crepitating noise when the blubber has been sufficiently cooked. As fast as the pieces of blubber are resolved into oil, the residuary fragments are transferred to a rough box called the ‘‘scrap-hopper ” or ‘‘strainer-cooler.” Its size depends upon the dimensions of the try-works, but usually it holds from 1 to 15 pots of scrap. It consists of two compartments, the upper portion, or hopper, for the scrap and the lower part for the oil, the two separated by a wooden partition containing numerous holes, so that the oil may readily drain from the material. The best and most economical way of utilizing the scrap has always been an important problem tothe whalemen. The body of the sperm whale usually boils out freely, and consequently the scrap is dry, contains little oil, and is valuable only as fuel. The refuse of the right whale, however, retains considerable oil, and the whalemen are averse to burning it until after they have extracted the oil by com- pression. The scrap from both the sperm and the right whales is regarded as an important fuel supply and is economically saved at each fare during the voyage and used for boiling the blubber of whales taken subsequently. Although the oil may be thoroughly cooked when the first scrap AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 195 is removed, it is not bailed off, the usual plan being to fill the pot with fresh blubber and again boil it down until the pot is full. In this manner the hot oil melts the cold blubber and the latter reduces the temperature of the oil already rendered. The bones of cetacea contain more or less oil, but they are utilized in oil-rendering only when whales are scarce. On a good voyage the endoskeletons are thrown overboard as fast as the coating of fat is removed, provided they are not required for fuel. The blubber of the ‘‘small” and the lobes of the flukes are cut into horse-pieces and boiled out with the body blubber, being of the same nature. The entrail fat of the humpback whale may be boiled by itself or with the blubber, whichever is more convenient, the oil of the fat and that of the blubber being of the same grade. The fins of the sperm whale are cut up with spades; the fatty covering is boiled with the body blubber, and the bones with the fat-lean. The oleaginous covering of the fins of the right whale is cut into horse-pieces and boiled with the body blubber; the fin bones of this species are rejected. The head skin, or the fatty covering of the crown of both the right and bowhead whales, and, indeed, the ‘‘headgear” of both, are cut into horse-pieces and run through the pots with the body blubber. The tongue of the bowhead as well as of right whales is also reduced to horse-pieces and boiled out. The tongue blubber is close-grained, orof much finer texture than that of the ordinary blubber, and is usu- ally boiled out last. When ‘‘green” its oil is extracted with great difficulty, if, indeed, this can be accomplished at all when cooked by itself, unless very finely minced; hence it is sometimes laid aside and run through the pots in easy stages with the body blubber of the next eut. A muscular, fibrous substance known as ‘‘ plum pudding” per- meates the blubber of the tongues of these two species of whales, extending longitudinally through the central part and in greater abundance near the roots. Most of it is utterly worthless and is thrown overboard when detached from the fat of the tongue. At times, however, when the fat predominates, the ‘‘plum pudding” is saved and boiled out with the tongue or the refuse of the whale. It is almost impossible to render it when cooked alone. The ‘‘ginger rolls,” or plaited folds on the throat and breast of the humpback, are cut into horse-pieces and rendered with the body blub- ber; but the intermediate substance, resembling ‘‘ white-horse” in some respects, is extremely tough and elastic, and is absolutely worth- less as an oil-yielding substance. In trying out a sperm whale, either the body blubber or the head matter, including the junk and case, may be boiled out first; but they are never cooked together, since it is not policy to mix the oils, the head oil being worth a cent or two per gallon more than the body oil. The manner of preparing the case and junk for the pots being different, they will be described separately. If the body blubber is tried out first, the head matter is deposited 196 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. in junk casks as fast as it is whipped or bailed from the case. The junk is reduced to horse-pieces, placed in similar receptacles, and held in reserve with the head matter until the body blubber has been disposed of. The junk casks are ordinary oil casks with one head removed, and vary in capacity from 100 to 300 gallons each. They are also used to hold the scrap which is saved as fuel. Instead of the casks some of the larger vessels have one or two tanks between decks, which are used as temporary receptacles for the head matter and also for storing the oil. When ready to boil out the head, the try-pots are well scrubbed, greater care being taken than when boiling the body blubber. They are next about half filled with some of the head matter as soon as it is bailed from the case, the remainder being stowed away as just mentioned. With legs and feet bare, men get into the pots and, standing in this odorous compound, squeeze out the soft pieces of fat. The oil flows freely between their fingers into the pots, while the refuse, called ‘‘ twitter,” is thrown into another receptacle, called the deck-pot, or perhaps into scrap-tubs. Notwithstanding the many improvements that have been made in the oil industries, no process of eliminating this membranous texture from the crude sperm oil has yet been discovered except the one just referred to—that of squeezing by hand. If is necessary to remove these fibers to prevent them from charring and darkening the oil. The case being carefully squeezed, the fires are started and the cooking then commences. The pots are spaded constantly to prevent the small but sometimes numerous par- ticles of twitter, which have not been removed, from burning against the sides and bottoms. Meantime other men are squeezing out the remainder of the head matter deposited in the junk cases, and this is kept in serap-tubs and poured into the pots as soon as the first install- ment has been properly cooked and bailed off, this operation continu- ing until all the head matter has been boiled out. While the case is boiling, some of the crew cut the junk into horse- pieces somewhat larger than the body-blubber horse-pieces, and these sections, after mincing, are pitched into a pot of thoroughly cooked head matter. The hot oil of the case soon dissolves the junk, the two mingling most intimately, being of a kindred nature. Sometimes the ease and the junk are boiled separately. White-horse in considerable quantity ranges through the junk in streaks. It is tougher and whiter in large whales than in small ones. The fatty substance found between these layers, or strata, is soft— about the consistency of butter—and is of a pinkish cast, resembling somewhat in color the meat of a watermelon. The white-horse of large whales, especially of an aged male, isremarkably tough and is detached by means of sharp cutting-spades and thrown overboard. There is little oil in it, and its extreme toughness prevents it from being minced. If attempts are made to boil it out with the junk, it usually soaks up more oil than it yields. But the junk of small whales, more 1902, PLATE 13. Report U.S. F.C. SS ay IO OE ee coos “f j j j Y DECK OF MODERN WHALER, SHOWING TRY-WORKS, SCRAP-HOPPER. AND UTENSILS EMPLOYED IN TRYING-OUT OIL. | aie j a“ ; 1 , 7 : : i 2 a S 4 i , ; a ¢ ‘f a - : ‘ é * bs \“ Ps 7 f : y a " . ae Pca . r i] } - " 7 ' F ‘ i a : ' i ' ' es v ’ i 4 4 L 1 ' 4 i | 4 ' - } i 1! ’ : j 7 i Ea | ‘ ' £ t a AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 197 particularly the cows, including both the white-horse and the fat, may be cut into horse-pieces, minced, and boiled out together. The process of mincing the pieces of junk and pitching them into the try-pots is identical with that previously described in connection with the body blubber. While some of the men are cutting out the white-horse and preparing the junk for the pots, others are scraping up the oil, which flows out profusely during the operations. The hump and ridge of the sperm whale are cut into horse-pieces and boiled out with the head and with the fat secured from the jaws. The term ‘‘ twitter,” which has been previously referred to as applied to the thread-like or membranous substance ranging through the con- tents of the case, is also applied to the lining of that reservoir. This is from 2 to 3 inches thick, glutinous, and extremely tough. In decap- itating the sperm whale, especially in severing near the bunch of the neck, a very sharp spade is required to cut through this tough and elastic formation. Although it is very difficult to manipulate, an economical whaleman never throws this substance away. Since it ean not be boiled out with the case, for the reason above given, it is saved and run through the pots with the fat-lean after the case and junk have been cooked. There are two kinds of ‘‘lean,” the ‘‘clear-lean” and the ‘‘ fat-lean.” The clear-lean, as the term signifies, is composed almost entirely of muscles, and is rejected as utterly worthless to the uses of whalemen. The fat-lean is composed of fat and lean so intermixed that sepa- ration by means of knives is impracticable. It is obtained prin- cipally about the jaw, as well as from other external parts of the whale. A large portion of it is cut from the blanket pieces during the process of leaning. When whales were abundant, the fat-lean was thrown away, but at present many, if not all, of the whale- men convert it into oil after the oil from the head and body blubber has been boiled out and bailed off. The fires are then drawn, the try-works cooled down, and the fat-lean is pitched in. This isa deli- cate operation, and if not performed in the proper manner there is danger of cracking the pots. Water is usually placed in the pots first and the fat-lean is pitched in until the pots are about two-thirds full, and then the twitter and lipperings are added. The fires are started, the admixture brought to the boiling point, and the works are again cooled down. When cold the oil floats upon the surface, and the water and cracklings remain at the bottom. If the process has been skillfully conducted, the oil may be almost as light and clear as any obtained from the better and purer parts of the whale. As a rule not more than two pots of this substance are boiled down, for the oil obtained from it is generally more or less sour—a result probably from either mixing it with water when boiling, or because it had become tainted through decomposition, or it may be due perhaps to both causes. This oil is usually barreled separately. The oil obtained from the fat-lean of one whale is sometimes mixed ce 198 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. with that obtained from the blubber of the next capture, this being effected by putting a few gallons of it into the cooling tank every time a pot of the subsequent fare is bailed off. Notwithstanding the impor- tance of keeping the different grades of oil separate, some whalemen adulterate the blubber oil to a greater or less degree by the addition of fat-lean oil, yet they are prudent enough to save several casks of the latter grade to show on their return that the fat-lean has not only been economically saved, but also that its product has not been mixed with oils of higher grades. The slivers, or small pieces that have been cut and hacked from the blubber while reducing it to horse-pieces and mincing it, are also saved and boiled with the blubber. The ‘‘slumgullion” and ‘‘lipperings” or ‘*dreenings ” of the blubber—consisting of a mixture of the blood which issues from the fat-lean and the salt water and oil which flows from the blubber while the men are handling it as they hoist it aboard ship, stow it away, and prepare it for the try-pots—though discarded in the palmy. days of whaling, are now carefully husbanded and amalgamated. Like the sweepings of the floors of mints, this liquid refuse of the eatch is refined in the whaleman’s crucible in order that nothing may be lost. After the solid matter has been disposed of, both the deck lipperings and the blubber-room lipperings are usually deposited in barrels ortubs and there scalded with hot oil. The oil thus obtained is raked off and transferred to the cooling tank. In ease the lipperings are not clean they are cooked with the fat-lean. “Slush” is the skimmings from the tops of the pots, and is usually saved by the cook, who is commonly entitled to one-half of it. On arrival home it is sold to manufacturers of soap, and it is even clarified and mixed with lard. At sea the whalemen sometimes eat the slush as a dressing in the form of gravy on sweet potatoes, ete., but it is doubtful if they could be induced to eat it ashore, although it is quite clean and nutritious. The different varieties of oils are barreled separately. A cask that has contained whale or humpback oil should be thoroughly cleansed before putting sperm oil into it, but a cask that has been used for sperm oil need not be cleansed should it be necessary to use it for whale oil; the small quantity of whale oil that might be left in the eask would perhaps make the sperm oil somewhat heavy, but a little sperm oil would not injure the whale oil. The casks of a ship engaged solely in right-whaling are not marked at all; should the vessel incidentally catch sperm whales, the casks containing oil from this species are marked §8 O, and the other casks are supposed to contain whale oil. Casks containing right-whale oil taken by ¢ sperm-whaler are marked W or W O. The head oil of the sperm whale, unless the quantity be very small, is always kept in separate packages, which are marked H; those containing the body oil of this species are marked SOorSp 0. The packages of fat-lean oil bear the initials F L O, and black-fish oil BE O. Except when large catches are made, black- AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 199 fish oil may be kept in meat barrels. The lettering is done in white paint, on the heads of the casks. When the oil is shipped home by another vessel the tame of the ship is also branded on the cask, the impression being made with an implement called the ‘‘ship’s marking iron,” and the easks are numbered consecutively. REFINING SPERM OIL AND WHALE OIL. The rendering and eare of the oil on shipboard having been described, there remains to be discussed its further treatment for commercial purposes, especially extraction of the foots and bleach- ing. The headquarters of the refiners of whale oils in the United States are at New Bedford, Mass., and San Francisco, Cal. Twenty years ago New Bedford monopolized the business, but large refineries have been erected at San Francisco, and at present about 20 per cent of the sperm oil and 60 per cent of the whale oil are refined at that port. The subjoined description is prepared almost wholly from information furnished by the principal refiners of New Bedford in 1901. The writer wishes especially to acknowledge, in this connec- tion, the courtesies of Messrs. William A. Robinson & Co., and of Messrs. Frank L. Young & Kimball. As received at the refineries, the casks of oil have been inspected and gaged by customs officers. They may have been kept in storage for months, and in some cases years, before reaching the refiner. Formerly, on the wharves at New Bedford might be seen thousands of casks filled with oil awaiting sale, being preserved from great leak- age in the meantime by a covering of seaweeds; but in recent years the quantity has been much reduced, and on the occasion of the writer’s last visit to New Bedford (October, 1901) not a single barrel of oil was on the wharves. The oil is of two principal kinds, viz, sperm oil and whale oil, the former being obtained from sperm whales and the latter from all other varieties of whales and also from walrus, black-fish, sea-elephant, ete. It ranges in color from clear amber to very dark brown, depending on the variety of animal, the condition of the blubber, and the success of the rendering. The quality.is determined by appearance, odor, and flavor. There is some difference in the value of crude oil of the same species of whale from Northern and from Southern seas, the former selling for a few cents more per gallon. Crude sperm oil was formerly worth about double the value of whale oil, but in recent years the dif- ference has been much less. Little use is made of unrefined sperm oil, but considerable of the product of whale oil is sold in a crude state to steel-workers, miners, and cordage-manufacturers. The products from refining sperm oil are the ‘‘ winter sperm,” which is the first running from the crude oil after it has been granulated by refrigeration; the ‘‘ spring sperm”; the ‘‘ taut-pressed,” and sperma- ceti. The refined sperm oils are not generally sold in their natural color, however, but are usually bleached by a process which leaves 2900 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ‘“sperm-oil soap” as a product. The products of whale oil, including that of walrus, black-fish, sea-elephant, etc., are the winter, spring, and summer pressings, a tallow-like substance known as whale foots, and ‘‘oil soap.” Sperm oil.—The two varieties of oil obtained from sperm whales, viz, body oil and head matter, differ greatly in appearance. The former is of a light straw color, while the latter when first taken from the head of the whale is as clear and limpid as water, but after a short time thickens and hardens into a white mass. Each animal is sup- posed to yield about two-thirds body oil and one-third head matter. These are kept separate on shipboard, but when received at the refin- eries they are generally mixed in natural proportions and together sub- mitted to the processes for separating the oil and spermaceti. In the process of refining, the crude oil is drawn from the casks and heated for the purpose of driving off all the water. This is conven- iently done by running it into large iron tanks of several hundred, or even thousand, gallons capacity, where it is subjected to heat by means of coils of steam-pipes running around the inside of the tanks. When heated in excess of 212° F. all moisture is soon expelled, and the oil resists water; thatis, water will refuse to mix with it and will ‘‘snap” when dropped into the oil. By continuing the heating from six to ten hours the crude oil is converted into a clear liquid state, all particles of fat and blubber boiling out and the impurities settling at the bottom of the tank. The steam is then shut off and, after the oil has partly cooled, it is drawn off from the top of the tank into barrels or casks with capacity of about 50 gallons each. The sediment which precipitates at the bottom is drawn off and made into soap. In the barrels the oil is chilled. In cold weather, from December 1 to March 31, this is done by exposing the barrels and their contents to the weather; but during the balance of the year it is necessary to place them in large covered pits, where the oil is frozen by using ice and salt packed among the barrels. To avoid the expense of artifi- cial refrigeration, it is preferable to do the refining during the winter season. : After remaining in the pit from ten to fourteen days, at a tempera- ture of about 32° F., the oil is thoroughly chilled, shrinks, and sepa- rates or granulates into little balls or grains. Itis then removed from the refrigerator, shoveled from the barrels into canvas or hempen bags holding from 2 to 4 gallons each, and placed in a press, where it is sub- jected to a pressure of from one to two thousand pounds to the square inch. There is thus pressed out a clear, cold oil known to the refiners as ‘“winter sperm oil,” which will stand bright or will not congeal at a low temperature fixed as a standard. Formerly the standard was 32° F., but at present the usual commercial test is 38° F. Oil of Oey F. test has been prepared, but there was no demand for it. Since the lower the temperature at which the congealed oil is pressed the less the quantity yielded, it is not desirable to use any lower temper- Report U. S. F. C. 1902, PLATE 14. Ai INTERIOR VIEW OF OIL REFINERY. FILLING BOTTLES WITH SPERM OIL. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 201 ature than required. When producing oil of 38° F. test, the amount of ‘‘winter sperm oil” yielded is about 75 per cent of the original quantity. In former times when a 32° F. test was used, the ‘‘ winter sperm oil” was about 67 per cent of the original bulk. This may be sold either in its natural state or bleached. It is used principally as a lubricant, and, to a less extent, as an illuminant in mines. After the ‘‘ winter sperm oil” has been pressed from the bags there remains in them a solid of a brownish color, which is again submitted fo pressure at a warmer temperature, say 50° to 60° F., and there is produced an oil known as ‘‘spring sperm oil,” which congeals at the test of 50° to 60° F. above noted. The quantity of ‘‘spring sperm oil” is about 9 per cent of the original quantity of crude oil. The solid now remaining in the bags is emptied into receptacles and, after remaining for several days at a summer temperature, is dumped out in the form of solid cheese-like cakes. These are stored where the temperature is kept at about 80° F. and in the course of a week or so are shaved up by revolving knives and again bagged and sub- jected to a pressure of about 100,000 pounds to the square inch. This yields a third grade of oil called ‘‘taut-pressed oil,” which will chill at a temperature of 90° to 95° F. The quantity of oil of this grade is about 5 per cent of the original bulk, making a total of 89 per cent of refined oil obtained. The residue in the bags after the extraction of ‘‘taut-pressed oil” is crude spermaceti of a brown color, which will melt at a temperature of 110° to 115° F. The methods of refining spermaceti are set forth on page 245. As refined at the present time, sperm oil, including both body oil and head matter, yields about 11 per cent of crude spermaceti and 89 per cent of refined oils, in the following proportions: 75 per cent of ‘‘winter sperm,” 9 per cent ‘‘spring sperm,” and 5 per cent ‘‘taut- pressed oil.” A barrel of crude sperm oil of 315 gallons, weighing 231 pounds, yields 25 pounds of refined spermaceti, 25.6 gallons of ‘* win- ter sperm,” 2.8 gallons of ‘‘ spring sperm,” and 1.5 gallons of ‘‘ taut- pressed oil.” The prices of these (January, 1902) are: Spermaceti, 23 to 24 cents per pound; winter sperm, 75 to 77 cents per gallon; spring sperm, 60 to 61 cents; taut-pressed, 50 to 53 cents, and sperm soap 3 cents per pound; a total of about $24.50 resulting from one barrel of crude oil. Sperm oil is one of the most characteristic and valuable oils in com- merece. It is very generally conceded to be the best lubricator in existence for light, rapid machinery, such as the spindles of cotton and woolen mills, its viscousness, tenacity, and high flash-point causing it to work with great uniformity and with a small amount of friction. But there are many cheap substitutes—made from petroleum princi- pally—which, though not so good, answer the purpose nearly as well; consequently the demand for sperm oil is far less than formerly, and even much of that sold as sperm contains a large admixture of hydrocarbon and other oils. 202 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Whale oil.—The color of whale oil depends on the ‘‘age” of the blubber, or the time that elapses between the death of the whale and the trying-out of the oil. Usually it is brown, much darker than sperm oil, with a slightly disagreeable odor. In a erude state it is used to some extent by screw-cutters, steel-temperers, cordage-manu- facturers, and as an illuminant for miners’ lamps, but more than half is refined in a manner similar to the treatment of sperm oil. The first boiling and freezing processes are the same as with sperm oil. When removed from the refrigerator the congealed mass is usually dumped on woolen strainers, 2 feet wide and from 10 to 20 feet in length, stretched across frames. The process of straining is employed to reduce the bulk, since much oil will pass through the woolen cloth and leave a less quantity to be pressed. The thick part remaining on the strainers is placed in bags, as in case of sperm oil, and subjected to great pressure. The first oil from the press congeals at 36° to 40° F. and is called ‘‘ winter whale oil.” The foots or stearin that remains in the bags, averaging one-tenth of the original bulk, and about the consistency of leaf lard, is usually white and clean. This may be reheated and refrigerated, and upon a second pressing yields “‘ spring whale oil” of a higher degree test; but this is not frequently done. The oil with the foots removed may be sold in its natural color or it may be bleached. One-eighth of the whale oil and probably half of the sperm oil is bleached by the refiners. In this process it is first placed in the refining tanks and heated. When partially cooled the water and sediment are drawn off from the bottom of the tank, and while the oil is agitated or stirred some soda ash or caustie soda is added. This so acts on the oil as to cut the gum, and the thick part settles to the bottom, leaving the oil clearer and of a lighter color. It is also accomplished by exposing the oil under a glass roof to the sun- light for a few hours, or even days, in large shallow vats or pans from 3 to 12 inches deep, each with capacity for several hundred gallons. The refuse in the bottom of the tanks is drawn off and boiled down into oil soap, which is worth about 3 cents per pound. The first bleach- ing will give about 2 per cent in hard soap, the second and third each give about the same. If the oil is clear and sweet the first bleaching is sufficient. Much of the oil soap is shipped to California, Florida, and other fruit-growing sections, where it is employed as a wash for trees to protect them from the ravages of insects. It is also used to some extent in fur-dressing. In the usual pressings, the oil of the right whale taken in high northern latitudes gives about 8 per cent of foots or stearin; if taken in the vicinity of the equator, or south of it, about 15 per cent of stearin is yielded. Humpback and finback oils yield about 12 per cent of foots; sea-elephant yields 5 or 6 per cent; menhaden from 5 to 10 per cent; and seal oil yields only 3 or 4 per cent in the customary pressings. Of course this varies according to the temperature at which the oil is pressed. Tallow regulates the price, in a measure, as AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 2038 the stearin is substituted to quite an extent for that article. The market price approximates 5 cents per pound. It may be refined in a manner similar to spermaceti, though it is generally sold in the crude shape, packed in barrels. The chemical constituents are mainly glycerides of stearic and palmitic acids, mixed with oil. It is used principally as a sizing for yarns, smaller quantities being used in Europe for smearing sheep after shearing. Other uses are in making soaps and in filling or stuffing leather. The various whale oils are hard and strong, and range in specific gravity from 0.990 to 0.927 at 59°F. Oilof the right whale has specific gravity of 0.925 to 0.927 at 59° KF. Oil from the humpback and like- wise from the sulphur-bottom whale is somewhat lighter in weight, the specific gravity varying between 0.915 and 0.920 at 59° F. Ac- cording to Brannt, the composition of right whale oil is carbon 76.85 per cent, hydrogen 11.80 per cent, and oxygen 11.35 per cent; while that of humpback and sulphur-bottom whales is carbon 77.05 per cent, hydrogen 12.05 per cent, and oxygen 10.90 per cent. Refined whale oil is extensively used in machine shops to reduce friction, particularly in cutting bolts and screws. It is also used as stuffing in leather-dressing, especially in the manufacture of chamois leather. The following summary, compiled from the trade journals, shows the range of prices per gallon for crude sperm oil and for whale oil during a series of years ending in 1901: Statement of the maximum and minimum prices per gallon of sperm and of whale oil each year from 1868 to 1902, inclusive. ie l Nl : 3 me | Barrels. | Barrels.| Barrels. | Barrels. | Barrels. | Barrels. 5 bor) eh eh ae es Se ae 73, 708 32, 792 38,507 | 140,005 13, 007 143, 009 USGL See ROT ee ae er ene ee Sees 68, 932 37,547 31,091 | 133, 717 49, 969 105, 839 TOG 2 eee met ee a ST eS se ee ee 55, 641 27, 976 2/,759 | 100,478 68,583 67, 254 ANS a 5 eed ea eaten Ree a lyn ee OE Reh ee ce 65, 055 18, 366 32,527 | 62,974 11,297 65, 352 dots Ce enn ie Te Ona Ud Clair re eee 64,3872 | 45,000 30, 190 71, 863 12, 000 62,528 SGD oes one eee oe ee oe Nee nae em 33,242 | 20,158 27,666 | 76,238 1, 660 64, 107 NSCB RECS Nien a ee mec Sona Geers eee ere 36, E63 10, 680 19,183 | 74,302 618 69, 534 TSG yea ae ee ee) acl hep when ie epee aS 43, 43% 25, 147 22,968 | 89,289 18, 253 58, 8386 NSGS es eee tee a sa eee se ee eee ee 47,174 | 18,916 23, 258 65,575 9, 885 72,390 a1 REG Vets eet NSE arene eee od | 47,9386 | 18,645 17,239 | 85,011 3,842 56, 236 ay (Ua ee le Ee On at Se ane a 55, 183 22,773 28,812 | 72,691 9, 872 68, 452 Boil Weaker ener» Sea EAE ck Mn x Cb kee: 41,5384 | 22,156 33,528 | 75, 152 18, 141 63, O11 1872 45,201 | 24,344 24,052 | 31,075 1,528 42, 852 42053 | 16,238] 24,190 | 40,014 2, 15% 33, 881 32, 203 18,675 21,768 37, 782 3, 800 44,357 42,617 22, 802 18, 453 84,594 | 5, 424 31,860 89, 811 23, 600 14,473 | 33,010 10, 800 22,620 41,119 18, 047 31, 737 27,191 6, 390 20,501 43,508 32, 769 11, 124 33,778 14,371 12,557 41, 308 11, 843 23,315 23,334 | 7,374 | 24, 885 37,614 12, 283 17,750 , 34,776 4,395 | 23, 856 80, 600 16, 600 25,275 | 31,650 | 6,450 | 32, 000 29, 844 18, 006 13,053 } 23; 371 4,421 21, 425 24,595 13, 996 17, 324 24,170 4,543 19,052 22,099 5, 143. 15,481 24, 670 2,343 23, (17 24, 203 7, 554 18,279 41,586 5, 384 50, 529 23,312 3,118 15,170 27,249 | 18,253 9,176 18, 873 4,955 | 14, 953 34,171 8, 205 34, 786 16, 265 1,345 21,410 17, 185 8,578 7, T47 18, 727 5, 823 13, 339 14, 247 440 12, 667 14, 480 2,000 11,015 17,565 4,366 14,549 13,015 3, 218 14, 412 14, 837 608 13, 864 12, 944 1,787 12, 757 13, 382 291 12, 746 15, 2538 1, 165 11,088 8,110 1, 064 6, 721 16, 333 1,720 7, 764 9, 720 276 8,379 16, 585 19225 15,949 4,009 825 4,534 15, 124 215 |} 20,419 4,800 500 5, 050 15,050 280. | 18, 020 3, 600 422 3,17 12, 520 1, 952 11, 848 5, 295 675 4,450 11, 903 550 13, 095 SeOeT | ease ee 3, 997 18, 525 1,100 17,973 5,510 | 500 3,410 TAROT OMe ea sae 17,990 D080) | ae 4,530 21,970 470 | @18,250 4,725 400 b4, 325 | aOn hand Jan. 1, 1993, 3,600 barrels sperm oil. PORPOISE AND BLACK-FISH OILS. b There was no whale oil on hand Jan. 1, 1903. Among the minor oils of technical importance are those of porpoise and black-fish, which are nearly equal in texture and are used for similar purposes. These oils are in two grades of widely different characteristics, viz, blubber oil and head or jaw oil; the former is worth about the same as right-whale oil, or 35 cents per gallon, while the latter sells as high as $10 per gallon. They are generally known as ‘‘porpoise oil” and ‘‘ porpoise-jaw oil,” respectively, although the black-fish yields many times as much oil of each grade as the porpoise. Porpoise have at times been taken in considerable quantities in shore fisheries established primarily for securing the hides for tan- AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 205 ning purposes. 6,450 porpoise secured on the North Carolina coast in 1887 yielded 10,460 gallons of body oil; 2,283 porpoise in 1889 yielded 3,397 gallons, and 1,747 in 1890 furnished 2,746 gallons. This oil is pale yellow to brown in color, and has a slight fishy odor, which disappears on exposure to air. The specific gravity, according to Brannt, is 0.918 at 59° F., and it congeals at about 3° F. When fresh it is indifferent to litmus paper, but absorbs acid proper- ties from the air. It is used for tanning purposes and in compound- ing with mineral lubricating oils. The sperm-whalers of the Atlantic occasionally harpoon Hatteras porpoise from the bow of the vessel and lift them aboard for food pur- poses. In many eases the blubber of these is removed and tried-out for oil. This blubber is of a yellowish white or pearl color, varies in thickness from § to 14 inches, and is of about the same texture as that, of the beluga or white whale. It_is cut in longitudinal strips 4 or 4 inches wide, mineed, and placed in the try-pots with other blubber. The yield of oil is usually less than 2 gallons to each animal, conse- quently the whalers do not often render it. From the jaw-pans of porpoise taken more particularly for food, the whalers obtain the highly renowned ‘‘ porpoise-jaw oil,” which is used for fine lubricating purposes. The lower jaw is removed from the head, the pans extracted therefrom with a knife, minced, and placed in a small tin, such as a meat-can, and placed on the stove to simmer or boil gently. The quantity of oil obtained from each jaw is very small, probably about one-half pint, and the total quantity secured by the whaling fleet of New Bedford probably does not exceed 5 or 6 gallons annually, the market price of which is upward of $6 or $8 per gallon. Some years ago the Passamaquoddy Indians on the Maine coast cap- tured numbers of porpoise. Indeed, at one time that fishery furnished their principal means of support. As the animals were taken mostly during the winter and inshore, where food is abundant, they were very fat. The largest individuals measure about 7 feet in length and ® feet in girth, weighing 300 pounds or more. The blubber of a large porpoise is from 1 to 2 inches thick and weighs 75 pounds and upward, yielding 5 or 6 gallons of oil, but the average for all taken was only 2 or 3 gallons. In the primitive method employed by the Indians, the blubber is stripped off and cut into small pieces, which are placed in a large pot. Inside a semicircle of large stones a fire is made, and when the stones are hot the fire is scattered and the pot containing the fat suspended over the stones and sufficient fire kept up to insure the melting of the blubber. The oil rising to the surface is skimmed off and placed in suitable receptacles. This oil, when pure, formerly sold for 60 to 80 cents per gallon, but was frequently adulterated with seal oil and sold at less price. It gives an excellent light, and also is good for lubricating machinery, as it is free from sticky characteristics and has quite a low weather-test. The superior oil in the jaw-pans is 206 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. _also extracted by hanging the jaws in the warm sunlight and permit- ting the oil to drip into cans placed underneath to receive it. About half a pint of this oil may be secured from each porpoise; it is sold at a very high price for lubricating watches, clocks, and the like. Very few of the Passamaquoddy Indians are now left, and these few have almost entirely abandoned ‘‘ porpusin” for other occupations. The ‘‘ black-fish” (Globtocephalus melas) occurs in many parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Individuals vary in length from 8 to 22 feet. They are zaptured by the sperm-whalers, and also at irregular intervals they are secured when stranded on the shore, especially in Cape Cod Bay, where they have gone in pursuit of food, the fishermen getting to the seaward of them and driving them ashore. They are likewise secured on the rocky coast of Scotland and other parts of northern Europe. According to Capt. James Avery, of New Bedford, the sperm-whalers take them at all seasons of the year and throughout the Atlantic, but probably in greatest abundance on the west coast of Africa in 20° W. longitude, and 6° to 10° N. latitude. The number caught annually has greatly decreased in the last fifteen or twenty years. In 1881 the EKleanor B. Conwell. caught 196, probably the greatest number taken in any one year by asingle vessel. During the last three or four years the entire whaling fleet probably has not captured more than 20 or 25 annually, yielding about 800 gallons of body oil and 50 gallons of head oil, the former worth $280 and the latter $350 at fisherman’s prices. The black-fish are captured in much the same manner as very small sperm whales, and for cutting-in they are hove up on deck by means of lifting tackle. The blubber is nearly white, from 1 to 5 inches thick, and is removed from the carcass in longitudinal strips 8 or 10 inches wide. These strips are cut in horse-pieces and minced in the same manner as already described for whale blubber, the blood being washed off the fat by dashing buckets of water over it. The minced blubber is then placed in the try-pots and cooked, and subsequently treated precisely as that of the right whale. The product of oil ranges from 5 to 120 gallons from each individual, averaging probably about 35 or 40 gallons. This issometimes mixed with whale oil, although it has a greater value, selling usually for several cents per gallon more than that of the right whale. The head oil of the black-fish is taken from the melon or junk and the jaw-pans. The melon is a fatty mass on the top of the head, reaching from the spout hole to the end of the nose, and weighs about 25 pounds. This is washed free from blood, minced, and placed in the try-pot. The lower jaw is cut off, the jaw-pans cut out with a knife, minced, washed, and placed with the cleaned jaws and the melon in the try-pot. Some whalers cook the melon and the jaw materials separately, but the above is the usual method. It is customary to cook the head matter of black-fish in fresh water. About 15 gallons of fresh water is placed in the pot, the fat is then AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 207 added, and the whole brought to a gentle boil by means of a slight fire. At this pointa little overheating will effect greatinjury. When the cooking is completed the pot is allowed to cool and the follow- ing morning the oil is skimmed off. The product of head oil from individual black-fish ranges from three-fourths of a gallon to 3 gallons, averaging probably about 2 gallons. At ordinary temperatures the blubber oil and the head oil of black-fish are much alike in their appearance, thus furnishing great temptation to the fishermen to mix a little of the cheap product with that of greater value, resulting in much vexation and loss to the refiner, as it is only in the process of refinement that the adulteration is revealed. In addition to the black-fish secured by the sperm-whalers, large numbers have been captured on the shores of Cape Cod, where they are attracted by squid on which they feed. The animals are surrounded by boats and driven like cattle to the beaches, and are there stranded in endeavoring to escape. They are lanced to death and when the tide falls the blubber and the oil-producing head matter are stripped off and conveyed to try-works on the shore, where the oil is extracted in much the same manner as already deseribed for the vessel fishery. The greatest catch of black-fish on Cape Cod was made in 1884. On November 17 of that year 1,500 were killed at Blackfish Creek, South Wellfleet, where they had been driven ashore. About a month later 500 more were slain in a great round-up in the bay. Since that time very few have been secured in the bay, nor have they been seen at sea in any such numbers as previous to the slaughter above noted. The oil from the blubber of porpoise and of black-fish is refined in precisely the same manner as whale oil, but the process of treatment applied to the head oils is far more complicated. These are very lim- pid, of an unusually low weather-test, and have little corrosive effect on metallic surfaces, making them when refined superior for lubricat- ing such delicate mechanisms as watches, chronometers, typewriters, ete. Practically all of these oils secured in the American fisheries are refined at New Bedford and Provincetown, Mass., there being two refiners at the former place and one at the latter. We are indebted principally to Mr. William F. Nye and to Mr. Joseph K. Nye, of New Bedford, for the subjoined notes relative to the methods of refining. In the preparation of watch and chronometer oils much depends upon the freshness of the fat at the time the oil is rendered and the freedom of the material from adulterants. Fresh substance pro- duces much better oil than that which has partly decomposed, the product being sweeter and less rancid. No choice seems to exist between the porpoise-jaw oil and the black-fish-head oil, both pro- ducing refined articles of equal merit; but that of the black-fish seems to be the favorite by a slight margin among the refiners, owing to its having more body, and possibly also to its greater abundance. A peculiarity of these oils is that they improve with age, differing in 208 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. : this particular from blubber oils. This is accounted for by the alter- nate gathering and emission of moisture upon exposure to changes of temperature, and by this and other treatment they become clear and brilliant, in consequence of which they are seldom used within less than a year or two after they are obtained. On receipt of the oil at the factory the first step in the process of refining is to gently heat it to complete the process of cooking begun by the fishermen. The oil is then placed in tanks or casks to await the process of grading, and often two years may elapse ere the trained and skillful eye of the refiner can determine to what class it belongs. It is almost impossible to describe the extremely delicate variations in color, texture, odor, and flavor which enter into this grading. The claim is made that there are not half a dozen men in the world who have had the training and experience necessary to separate these deli- cate oils into their proper classes, and yet a very large part of the reliability of watch and chronometer lubricants lies in the gradation under the almost instinctive skill of the refiner. According to Mr. Joseph K. Nye: After two years or more of rest, the oil has got to a condition where its surplus oxygens have united with whatever animal or loose organic matter may have been floating in microscopic particles within it, and they are easily removed by the ordinary strainers of an oil factory. But something is still left in the oil which is very sensible to the high or low range of temperature, and to remove this requires its subjection, while spread out in thin layers, to a temperature far below zero. No further change in its construction can be made except at this very low temperature, nor must it be cooled too rapidly. When properly done the process is one most interesting to watch. AI] through its liquid amber little flecks of translucent material appear, joining and rejoining like frost on a win- dow pane into most beautiful forms, resembling a miniature forest whose foliage is white. By means of a certain fine and close-grained fabric these particles at this juncture are filtered out; and strange to say, this residuum, once a portion of a brilliant, almost colorless fluid, never even at normal temperature becomes anything but a slimy mass, resembling poor lard. In order to get this low temperature, one of the New Bedford refin- ers has established a chilling plant at St. Albans, Vt., where long- continued cold can be depended upon. To be thoroughly satisfactory the refined oil must be of uniform quality, entirely devoid of acidulous properties, absolutely gumless, withstand the rigors of the coldest climate without congealing, and maintain its body or stability in a high temperature. This is the most delicate and highly refined lubricant known, and some has been produced for which a temperature of —50° F. has been claimed. While all watch-oil users do not prefer colorless fluid, the average customer demands an oil almost if not absolutely colorless and of erystal clearness. Much of the product is sold for repairers’ use in wooden boxes containing | dozen half-ounece bottles, each bottle inclosed in a small pasteboard box. The remainder, in tin cans having capacity for | pint, 1 quart, or of larger capacity, goes to the manufacturers of watches, clocks, chronometers, typewriters, ete. PLATE 15. 4 Report U. S. F Cc. 1902, SCHOOL OF BLACK-FISH STRANDED ON THE SHORE OF CAPE COD, MASS. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 209 OILS FROM SEALS, WALRUS, ETC. The blubber or fat lying between the skin and the muscular tissues of the various members of the Pinnipedia yields oil of much impor- tance for technical purposes. The principal varieties on the market are from the common seals or hair-seals of the North Atlantic, the walrus, the sea-elephant, and the sea-lions. Each of these will be discussed separately. SEAL OILS. Seals are found in various northern waters and especially off the eoast of Labrador and Newfoundland, in the waters of Greenland, the Arctic Ocean north of Europe, in Caspian Sea, along the Nova Seotian and New England coasts, in the Northern Pacific, and to a much less extent in the Antarctic seas. The principal fisheries are in the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans, especially off the coasts of Newfoundland, Greenland, and Northern Europe. The Caspian Sea also affords an important seal fishery. The blubber of seals ranges in thickness from 1 to 3 inches, accord- ing to the species, age, and condition of the animals. It is removed from the pelts usually as soon as the latter are landed. If the weather is warm, considerable oil of prime quality flows from the blubber dur- ing the process of separating it from the pelt, and provision is made for this free oil to flow into suitable receptacles. The oil may be at once extracted, or the blubber may be stored for a more convenient season, especially if the weather be cold, as it is much easier to extract the oil during warm weather. If the blubber is stored, it should be in well-ventilated apartments, so arranged that the oil forced out by compression and warmth may run inio suitable reservoirs. In the best-arranged storage rooms the reservoirs are oak-wood casks, lined with lead in some instances, with capacity for a thousand or more gallons. These are placed at intervals in the floor, which is so inclined as to cause the oil to flow into the receptacle. The oil which flows under these circumstances is usually clear, sweet, and of prime quality. There are several methods of extracting the bulk of the oil from the blubber, the one adopted depending to some extent on the proposed use of the product and also on the amount of capital available for equipment and the quantity of blubber to be handled. The methods may be divided into three principal classes, viz, (1) by maceration exposed to solar heat, (2) by cooking in open kettles, and (3) by the application of steam. The simplest method of extracting the oil is by exposing the minced blubber in a mass to the weather. The blubber is heaped up in large tanks and—when the temperature is suitable—clear, pale oil flows from the mass. As putrefaction advances and the cellular texture is de- stroyed, the mass yields oil of a reddish yellow and then a dark brown color, with somewhat disagreeable odor and flavor, owing to the F. C, 1902——14 210 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. decomposition products evolved. When the oil ceases to flow, usually at the end of two or three months, the mass of fat is boiled in water with the fleshy or fat-lean portions. During this boiling the oil rises to the surface and is skimmed off. The residue is evaporated by pressure and drying, and is used for fertilizer. This was formerly the usual method employed in rendering seal oil in Newfoundland, but during the last twenty-five or thirty years the steam process has been generally adopted. In treating a small quantity of blubber for extraction of the oil it is usually more convenient to mince it finely and cook it in a kettle over a fire. The oil rises to the surface and is skimmed off and placed in casks or other suitable receptacles. This is the method commonly employed by the shore hunters whose catch is small. At the large sealing ports, as St. Johns, Ténsberg, Dundee, Astra- khan, ete., the oil is usually rendered by means of steam. The minced blubber is exposed to the action of steam in large inclosed tanks. The oil flowing therefrom passes through pipes into large reservoirs, of which there are usually three or more, the overflow from the first passing into the second, and the overflow from the second into the third. This furnishes the first quality of steam-refined oil. By pressing the steamed blubber, a second quality of dark-brown oil is obtained. The steam process of rendering has the advantage of rapidity in operation, also the oil is free from disagreeable odor and is of superior burning qualities. However, for use in mines the sun-extracted oil is preferred, especially that of young seals, owing to its greater freedom from smoke, the odor being of little consequence to miners. Accord- ing to Mr. Carrol,” oil from old seals is more smoky than that from young ones; it is also of greater specific gravity, and when the blubber of both are rendered together, the young seal oil comes out first. Although the catch of seals in the Newfoundland fishery in 1901 was almost as large as in 1900, being 345,380 in 1901, as compared with 355,276 in 1900, the yield of oil was about 120,000 gallons less, representing a difference in value of about $50,000. This was princi- pally because the average weight of the seals was small, owing to the fact that in 1901 the seals whelped some days later than in 1900, and furthermore, they were taken two or three days earlier than usual, the absence of pack ice enabling the vessels to reach them promptly after leaving harbor. In 1900 the average weight of the seal pelts was about 46 pounds, whereas in 1901 it was but 58 pounds. The young seals gain daily two or three pounds in weight of blubber, and if the vessels had been three or four days later in reaching the herds, the yield of oil in the Newfoundland fishery in 1901 would probably have been approximately the same as in 1900. The decadence of the seal-oil industry, especially in the waters north of Europe, has been gradual but certain, owing to the introduce- —————————————— = ——— ——_—____. a The seal and herring fisheries of Newfoundland, by Michael Carrol, Montreal, 1873, p. 30. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 211 tion and adoption of cheaper substitutes for the relatively high-priced seal oil. Every year shows a decrease in the number of vessels employed in the fishery, and when a vessel is lost or sold it is rarely replaced. Comparatively little seal oil is imported into this country, the quantity in some years amounting to less than 1,000 barrels. The price in bond approximates 45 cents per gallon. The Newfoundland oils are marketed principally in St. Johns, Glasgow, London, and Leith; those from the waters north of Europe, at Dundee, Copen- hagen, Hamburg, and Archangel, and that from the Caspian seal fish- eries at Astrakhan. Seal oils vary in specific gravity from 0.915 to 0.930 at 59° F. According to Brannt, they are composed principally of glycerides of physetoleic acid, of palmitic, stearic, and a small quantity of oleic acid and traces of butyric acid, valerianic acid, ete.- They show a slight acid reaction when fresh, the acidity increasing with age. Instead of the albuminous substances present in vegetable oils, the seal oils contain a small quantity of glue which can be precipitated with tannin and metallic salts. They are very slightly soluble in aleohol, and require almost an equal volume for solution in ether. Mixtures of equal volumes of nitric and sulphurie acids produce a reddish color, quickly changing to brown. The adulteration of seal oils is detected principally by the incomplete saponification if resin oil be the adulterant, and by the degree of solubility in alcohol if other blubber oils are employed. . In addition to the pure oils there are several well-known compound seal oils on the markets, the best known being the ‘‘ three crowns.” Greenland ‘‘ three crowns” is a mixture of several varieties of blub- ber oil, chiefly seal oil, or rather seal-oil foots, and small quantities of whale and walrus, combined with oil from shark livers, the fluidity and low specific gravity of the shark oil imparting the special quali- ties to this compound. Swedish ‘‘ three crowns” oil is a compound of various seal oils with herring oil. The principal use for seal oil is for burning in miners’ lamps, and it is also employed in currying and to a very small extent for miscel- laneous purposes, especially fiber-dressing. About 2,500 barrels are used annually as an illuminant in the light-houses in the British North American provinces. Owing to its sluggish nature it is usually improved by the addition of mineral colza. An excellent miners’ lamp oil is said to be composed of seal oil, 40 per cent; whale oil, 25 per cent; lardine (0.980), 10 per cent, and mineral ecolza, 25 per cent. SEA-ELEPHANT OIL. The sea-elephant or elephant-seal has furnished a large quantity of oil to the American markets during the last eighty years. The whalers operating in the extreme South Atlantic, and also the fur-sealers sail- ing to Falkland, South Georgia, and the coast of Patagonia, secured odd lots previous to 1803, but the first vessel specially fitted out for 212 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. securing this article appears to have been the ship Alliance, which sailed from New Bedford in 1803 for Patagonia, and returned home in 1804 with a full cargo of oil. This was the pioneer of a large number of vessels sailing to the Patagonian coast for sea-elephant oil. That coast seems to have been abandoned about 1820 for the South Shet- land Islands, which for seventeen years furnished many cargoes to the fur-sealers sailing from Stonington. Since 1837 Desolation or Ker- guelen Island has furnished the great bulk of the sea-elephant oil. Heard Island has furnished many cargoes since 1857, but on account of the exposed situation of that island vessels do not usually go there when a cargo is obtainable elsewhere. South Georgia, South Shet- lands, and the Patagonian coast also have many sea-elephants and are occasionally visited by the hunters, but the great bulk of the catch has been. obtained at Desolation Island. Although the taking of sea-elephant oil originated with the Nan- tucket whalers, it has been peculiarly a New London industry since 1820, the neighboring ports of Stonington and Mystic furnishing a number of vessels during certain seasons. From 1820 until the pres- ent time 94 per cent of all the voyages have been made by vessels from these three ports, and 80 per cent have been made by the New London vessels. The fleet was largest in 1858 and 1859, 18 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 4,527 tons, being employed in 1858, and 20 vessels, with 4,461 tons measurement, in 1859. The last vessel to return with a cargo was the brig Leonora, which arrived in 1902 with 2,900 barrels of oil and a quantity of hides. In 1900 the schooner Robert S. Graham brought in 2,600 barrels of oil and 70 hides, the oil selling at 38 cents per gallon and the hides at $2 each. In 1898 the bark Swallow, of Boston, returned with 2,000 barrels of oil, the product of 4,000 sea-elephants secured during the three months of the summer of 1897-98. According to Capt. James W. Budington, of Groton, Conn., to whom we are indebted for most of the subjoined data relative to methods of eapture and of oil-rendering, sea-elephant blubber is somewhat whiter than whale blubber, and ranges in thickness from 1 to 8 inches, aceord- ing to the size and condition of the individual. It is thickest on the males, especially the ‘‘March bulls,” from the neck of which 10-inch blubber has been secured. On the cows the thickness is from 2 to 3 inches and on the pups it is much less. Much variation exists in the yield of oil from sea-elephants. The quantity secured from the March bulls taken shortly after they land is very large, amounting sometimes to 220 gallons from a single indi- vidual. Only asmall number of this variety is secured. The Novem- ber bulls yield from 100 to 120 gallons each early in the season, but after remaining on the shore for months, abstaining from food, they become emaciated, and yield scarcely more than 30 gallons. The prod- uct from females and pups is much smaller, some of the pups yielding only 4 or 5 gallons, especially when the season is well advanced, thus AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. O15 greatly reducing the average take, which probably does not exeeed 12 or 15 gallons to each individual throughout the season. The cargo of 2,000 barrels secured by the bark Swallow in 1898 represented an average yield of 15.75 gallons per individual. Another cargo of 600 barrels, secured late in the season when the animals were in poor condition, represented the capture of 2,000 individuals. The hunters endeavor to arrive at the islands as soon as the sea- elephants come ashore, usually the early part of November. The ani- mals are found in herds or pods varying in number from 20 to 300 or more each, the favorite resort apparently being the numerous mud puddles. The largest and fattest are selected for killing, females and pups being unmolested if a sufficient number of large bulls is obtain- able. The bulls are sometimes of enormous size, frequently 16 feet or more in length and 12 feet in cireumference. The females are very much smaller, probably one-third the size of the bulls, but generally they are fatter for their size and their blubber is somewhat more yel- lowish. A number of seals of various species, especially the leopard- seal, are frequently met with and are driven out and slaughtered when sea-elephants are scarce; otherwise they are not molested, as they are not nearly so fat as the sea-elephants. Rifles and lances are the weapons commonly employed in the slaughter. After killing a sufficient number the skin is roughly and quickly gotten out of the way and the blubber taken off in horse-pieces of suitable size for handling, say about 18 inches wide and 2 feet long, or less, this varying according to the thickness. The horse-pieces are strung on a pole and carried down to the shore, 15 or 20 making a good load for twomen. At the shore the pieces are strung on raft- tails or ropes, 18 or 20 feet long, and towed to the ship. The long immersion in the water soaks off the sand and blood and cleanses the blubber. The oil is extracted in much the same manner as in the whale fish- ery. The blubber is lifted on deck, cut into strips about 2 inches wide, and these are minced or partly cut through at intervals of about 1 inch and placed in try-pots, precisely as in the case of whale blubber. The cooking is only slight, much less than applied to the whale blubber, being continued for only about 15 minutes. The fuel consists of the dry scrap, supplemented with wood procured on the islands. After cooking for about 10 or 15 minutes and dipping off all the oil on the surface, the scrap is placed in a receptacle and subjected to considerable pressure, in the manner customary in the right-whale fishery already described. The oil does. not run as freely from the blubber as whale oil; especially is this the case with the fat of the pups, which is fine-grained and ‘‘ milky.” Occasionally the oil is tried out on shore in a manner similar to that aboard the vessel, the try-works being erected near a running stream wherein the blubber may be washed free from sand and blood. The product from all the southern islands from 1803 to 1900, 214 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. inclusive, amounted to upward of 242,000 barrels, .or 7,643,000 gallons, worth $5,420,000, apportioned as follows: Decade ending ala | Decade endin 2 Tune soe Barrels. || pers se & | Barrels. 1810 Ss ee es 2500 1) D860 eae ae 4s Sree | 62,754 aot 08 Be aie BS S000 aS Oe 2s eee eee 48,783 nls | UB ee ears OS ares 9 00H MGSO sae2 2s eee | 34,015 1G40t loans aes Zo OOOMLSGO Ss. see ee 8, 150 Fi Rots) 0 Bees eee ey Ore Eo 0,0 O38) | eed i, 0 Cee es eee 6, 300 - This oil is classed as whale oil and has been included in the product of that article, as shown on page 204, although it is usually sold for 3 or 4 cents per gallon more than the latter. The process of refine- ment is precisely the same as in case of whale oil, the foots yielded amounting to 5 or 6 per cent of the original bulk. Its principal use has been in the dressing of morocco leather. WALRUS OIL. When the whalers entered the North Pacific, walrus were found in great numbers, but were not disturbed, owing to the abundance of cetaceans. At times when whales were not to be found and many- walrus were met with, a number of these were killed and the blubber tried-out, and this practice extended with the increasing scarcity of whales. About 1865 the northern whalers began to make a business of taking walrus during the first part of each season, some vessels securing upward of 500 barrels. Mr. A. Howard Clarke estimated that, during the eleven years ending in 1880, 1,996,000 gallons of walrus oil were secured by the whaling fleet in the North Pacific, the value of which was about $1,000,000. The hunt was carried on with much waste. It is stated that on one occasion 1,600 walrus were killed on a sand bar in one day, and the whole number were washed into the sea by an unusually high tide and thus lost. Since 1880 the quantity secured has decreased, and at the present time not more than 100 walrus are obtained annually by the entire North Pacifie fleet, representing an oil product of less than 2,000 gallons. The blubber of walrus averages 2 or 3 inches in thickness, and usually it is is not detached from the skin until after the removal of the latter from the carcass. In ease the hide is to be saved for tanning, the pelt is placed on a flensing board or platform, skin-side down, and the blubber is cut off in irregularly shaped horse-pieces of 10 or 15 pounds’ weight each. During the height of the Pacifie walrus fishery the hides were not used, and then the skin and blubber were removed from the animal in horse-pieces of convenient size, say about 10 by 14 inches, and these were separated aboard the vessel. The horse-pieces are next prepared for the try-pots. They are placed on the mincing-horse and scored or minced precisely in the manner described in the treatment of whale blubber. The cooking must be aThe Fishery Industries of the United States, Sec. V, Vol IT, p. 318. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 915 slow, the pot being well spaded during the boiling to prevent the blubber from sticking and burning to the bottom or side. The individual yield of oil varies considerably, walrus being much fatter in some years than in others. But in general it is small in pro- portion to the size of the animal, an individual weighing 1,500 pounds yielding only as much blubber as a seal of 600 pounds. An old bull weighing 2,500 pounds might yield 600 pounds of blubber, but it is seldom more than 450 pounds, and the average for the entire catch is probably not in excess of 200 pounds. Nor isthe blubber as rich in oil as is that of the seal, LOO pounds of walrus fat yielding an average of 10 gallons of oil, whereas an equal weight of seal blubber yields about 11} gallons. In 1869 the ship Progress secured 565 barrels of oil from 700 walrus, an average of 25.42 gallons each. This was con- sidered an extra good yield. One thousand walrus secured by the ship Onward in 1874 yielded 600 barrels of oil, and 2,000 taken by the Mercury in 1877 produced 1,100 barrels of oil.“ Walrus oil is usually of a yellowish color, with greater fluidity than seal oil, and has a specific gravity of 0.925 at 59° F. according to Brannt. It is more difficult to refine than the oil of the right whale. Although classed roughly as ‘‘ whale oil” in the United States, it is usually kept separate from the oil of the right whale and sold for 2 or 3 cents per gallon more than the latter. It is stated that the product in the fisheries north of Europe is generally mixed with and sold as seal oil. OIL FROM SEA-LIONS AND FUR-SEALS. The blubber of the sea-lion is from 1 to 4 inches thiek, and that on each individual yields from 6 to 20 gallons of oil. Thousands of bar- rels of this oil were formerly secured along the coast of California, but owing to the decrease in number of these animals, comparatively little is now prepared. It is somewhat inferior to sea-elephant or walrus oils, but much better than fur-seal oil. A number of years ago when whale and seal oils were quoted above a dollar per gallon, there was some sale in this country for oil pre- pared from the blubber of the fur-seal; but owing to the small quan- tity available, the cost of production, and the technical inferiority of the product, there has been no market for it for many years. The blubber may average 15 inches in thickness, varying according to the time the animal has been on shore. The oil is of a yellowish-brown color, gummy, and possesses an offensive odor. According to the terms of the lease of the fur-sealing rights on the Pribilof Islands to the North American Commercial Company, the United States Govern- ment is entitled to receive 50 cents per gallon for all fur-seal oil pro- duced there. This is in excess of the market value of the article, leaving nothing for the cost of production and transportation, and, needless to state, there is no revenue whatever from this item. aThe Fishery Industries of the United States, Sec. V, Vol. IT, p. 318. 2916 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. OIL FROM LIVERS OF COD AND RELATED SPECIES. SOURCES OF SUPPLY. Cod oil is obtained from the livers of several species of fish. In its pure state it is obtained from the livers of cod only, but those of had- dock, pollock, hake, cusk, ling, and even shark and dog-fish are also used. The last two, however, are not generally recognized as cod-liver oil sources, but are used mainly for purposes of adulteration. In the trade the term ‘‘cod-liver oil” is used in a restricted sense, applying to the best quality of oil made from choice fresh cod livers and intended for medicinal purposes; all other oil manufactured from livers of cod and related species, not of quality fitting it for medicinal uses, is des- ignated as ‘‘cod oil” or ‘‘curriers oil.” Cod oil is of comparatively recent development as an article of com- merce, although it was used locally previous to the nineteenth century. On account of the ease with which whale and seal oils could be secured, cod oil was not in great demand for technical purposes until after the — beginning of the nineteenth century. There is nothing to indicate that in the early cod fisheries on the American coast the livers were utilized to any great extent for oil-rendering, and the same is true of the early fisheries prosecuted in the seas north of Europe. The small demand for medicinal and for technical purposes was readily supplied by a few fishermen of economical and industrious habits, but their output bore only a small proportion to the total quantity obtainable. Curriers used a small quantity, and some was employed on fruit trees for destroying insects and fungous growth. Early in the nineteenth century the production of cod oil became quite general on the New England coast. The livers were placed in butts and permitted to decompose, and the oil exuding therefrom was dipped off from time to time. Not only was this done by the fisher- men who landel their catch ashore each night, but also by the ‘“bankers” who carried butts and barrels for the purpuse. As the tanning industries developed, the output of cod oil increased, and by 1845 practically all the livers secured were rendered into oil. The output, however, did not keep pace with the demand and during the sixties the price went up to $1.25 per gallon. Mr. Eben 5. Phillips, of Swampscott, was one of the pioneer dealers in this product and amassed a fortune in the business. Gradually other substances were introduced as materials for dress- ing leathers, especially sod oil, degras, and compound greases, the cheapness of which has greatly affected the market for cod oil. The substitution of machine stuffing for hand stuffing in leather-dressing and the introduction of chrome tannage have also reduced the demand. However, the market for medicinal oil has constantly increased up to the present time. As a result of these combined uses, the rendering of the livers into oil is almost coextensive in point AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 917 of territory with the prosecution of the cod fisheries. ‘The only excep- tion is in certain market fisheries where the men do not have time to handle the livers properly. The market price of medicinal oil frequently falls so low that it pays the manufacturer better to prepare only low-grade oil for leather- currying, soap-making, and the like. The common oil is, of course, turned out at much less cost than the white, odorless, medicinal variety. The stearin, which is worth comparatively little and forms a considerable portion of the oil, need not be removed from the manu- facturing grade. The use of the expensive refining plant required for medicinal oil is also obviated. And, finally, there is a very con- siderable saving in the cost of packing, as the ordinary oil is shipped in old petroleum barrels, while for the finer grade expensive new casks or metallic drums have to be provided. For several seasons there was a large overproduction of low-grade medicinal oil, and three years ago it sold in New York as low as 50 cents per gallon. Curriers’ oil does not often sell for less than 30 cents per gallon, and the demand for it is fairly constant. The principal sources of cod-liver oil are the coast of North America from Labrador to Cape Cod, Norway, Scotland, Iceland, the Pacific eoast of the United States, and, during recent years, Japan. On account of its greater value, efforts are made on all these coasts to produce the light oil for medicinal purposes; but in most sections, on account of unfavorable natural conditions, only dark or low-grade oils are practicable. Medicinal oil is prepared chiefly on the coast of Norway and to a limited extent on the Massachusetts, Maine, Nova Seotia, and Newfoundland coasts. Owing to the favorable conditions under which the cod fishery is there prosecuted, Norway ranks first among countries producing medicinal oil, the annual product amounting to about half a million gallons. The fishing-grounds are concentrated and situated very near the coast, so that the fish are landed in quantities within a few hours after capture and before decomposition of the livers has set in. Furthermore, the temperature during the fishing season is very low, being close to the freezing point, and this tends to retard putrefac- tion. In no other part of Europe are the conditions favorable for producing medicinal cod-liver oil. A large quantity of low-grade cr curriers’ oil is also produced in Norway, amounting probably to as much in bulk as the medicinal oil. In Newfoundland much attention has been given to the production of medicinal oil, the manufacturers endeavoring to make it as near like the Norwegian product as possible. Freezing machines were introduced and a considerable quantity of white, odorless, and non- congealing oil was made. The general experience, however, was that the difference in market value of the medicinal and the trade oils was not sufficient to warrant the extra care and the additional 218 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. expense. At present comparatively little medicinal oil is produced in Newfoundland. The livers are mostly all converted into eurriers’ oil, resulting in an annual output of about 1,100,000 gallons. The situation in Nova Scotia is pretty much the same as in New- foundland, although much less oil is produced, the annual output probably amounting to about 20,000 gallons of medicinal oil and 250,000 gallons of curriers’ oil. The bank fisheries of America are situated too far from the land to permit the use of the livers in making medicinal oil; but the shore fisheries during autumn and winter, when the spawning fish visit the coast, furnish good material for that purpose, resulting in the prepa- ration of about 25,000 gallons each year. Much of this is of supe- rior quality, and unsurpassed for color and pleasantness of odor and taste. The livers taken in the bank fisheries are practically all used in preparing curriers’ oil, the total annual product of which is about 450,000 gallons. Considerable cod oil has been exported from Japan for medicinal purposes, but that received in this country has not found favor with the wholesale druggists and has usually been sold for currying. The first shipment of 200 cases, made in 1889, sold at 35 cents per gallon. We have no data bearing on the cod-oil output in Japan, but with an annual cateh of 7,000,000 fish it probably does not exceed 100,000 gallons. The entire product of cod oil is estimated as follows: Norway, 1,200,- 000 gallons; Newfoundland, 1,100,000 gallons; Dominion of Canada, 300,000 eallana United States, 475,000 gallons; Japan and all other countries, 450,000 gallons, making a total of 3,525,000 gallons of all varieties of oil produced from the livers of cod and related species. Of this quantity about 650,000 gallons represent the piso of medicinal oil, and the remaining 2,875,000 gallons is curriers’ oil. DESCRIPTION OF LIVERS AND THE RESULTING OILS. The following description of livers and the account of rendering them into oil are the results principally of an inquiry made by the writer on the New England coast in October and November of 1901. Most of the oil factories were visited and many of the principal fisher- men were interviewed. The writer is especially indebted in this con- nection to Mr. A. W. Dodd and Messrs. George J. Tarr & Sons, of Gloucester, and to Messrs. Geo. H. Leonard & Co., Mr. John B. Baum, and Mr. F. F. Dimiek, of Boston. Normal cod livers in good condition are of a cream color, uniform texture, and very soft, so that the finger may be readily pushed quite through them. Lean livers are frequently found. These are tough and dark in color, the toughness and darkness increasing with the degree of leanness, the color finally reaching a dark brown hue. Lean livers furnish very inferior oil, as well as only a small quantity. a 4 = m Zz a aD (= DM a) > oO m = m z =| (e) e) = vU > Pa < n 1?) fe (= m n > (2) = (e) aD = ® Ting ie) Cc oO m 199) + m aD = > n ® AQUATIC PRODUCTS AS FERTILIZERS. 273 FERTILIZERS FROM CRUSTACEANS. Among the most curious of the marine products used for fertilizer is the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), which is found in com- parative abundance at several points on the Atlantic coast and espe- cially on the shores of Delaware Bay. The use of this fertilizer dates back at least a hundred years, old records indicating its employment by the farmers of Cape Cod in the eighteenth century. It is reported that they were first used in the Delaware Bay region about fifty years ago. In that section they are taken during May and June, when large numbers visit the shallow waters for spawning purposes. During the remainder of the year they are scarce inshore, although a few may be obtained. They are secured by picking them up at night on the shore either by hand or with pitchforks, or they are taken in pound nets constructed especially for that purpose. The pound nets cost $25 to $75 each, and they secure by far the greater number. At present the cateh is very much less than it was twenty years ago. In 1880, accord- ing to the returns of the United States Fish Commission, the total eatch in Delaware Bay amounted to 4,300,000 in number, worth $16,300. In 1890, it was only 1,939,670, worth $8,580, and in 1897 it was still further reduced to 1,206,095, worth $8,393. The value of the horseshoe crabs ranges from $4 to $8 per thousand and the weight averages about 2 pounds each. In preparing them for fertilizer, the entire crabs are sometimes merely stacked in piles until they putrefy and become somewhat dry, when they are broken into fragments and composted with muck, lime, or other suitable materials. Two or three small factories exist at which the crabs are dried and ground, or they are ground while green and then mixed with sodium sulphate or sulphuric acid. The product sells for $15 to $25 per ton, and is an excellent fertilizer for grain and fruits. The output in 1880 approximated 1,950 tons, in 1890 it was reduced to 880 tons, and in 1901 it was still further reduced to 500 tons. When lobsters were canned on the coast of Maine, a desirable grade of fertilizer was made from the shells and other refuse of the can- neries. This refuse was sold at a nominal price at the factories, or given away for the hauling. The farmers collecting it would usually dry and grind it and then spread it on the land. Letters patent were issued to William D. Hall, in 1865, for the preparation of this ferti- lizer, but his rights in the matter were never protected. This waste is thus utilized at the present time at the lobster canneries in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The shells of shrimp produced in the fisheries of California and Louisiana are used to a considerable extent for fertilizer, which is employed by the Chinese not only on the Pacific seaboard but also in the Orient. The shells are removed from the dried shrimp and sold F. C. 1902——18 274 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. at about $5 per ton. In California they are especially valued in strawberry and vegetable culture, while in China their principal use is as fertilizer for rice, tea plants, ete. In strawberry culture, from 300 to 400 pounds are commonly applied to each acre. It has also been used in wheat-growing, being spread broadcast on the land after the first plowing. AGRICULTURAL LIME FROM MOLLUSK SHELLS. The shelis of oysters, clams, mussels, etc., have long been valued for agricultural purposes. All along the Atlantic coast of the United States, the extinct oyster beds, the old shell heaps, and even the living oyster reefs have long been resorted to by the neighboring farmers as a storehouse for top-dressing for their fields. In the Gulf States the most luxuriant vegetation along the shore is upon the shell mounds and marl deposits. Most of the material, however, is obtained from the shucking establishments where mollusks are opened in large quantities. Previous to the discovery of the limestone resources of Pennsylvania and other States, large quantities of shells were burned for lime; but at present their use for this purpose is confined largely to localities where the shells are unusually abundant and cheap. An article in the Country Gentleman, volume 7, page 155, refers to the use of mussel shells for manure with especial reference to Essex County, Mass., as follows: Thousands of cords of mussel shells are annually taken from the beds of the streams bordering on the sea and used on cultivated ground. I have repeatedly witnessed the value of this fertilizer in the growing of carrots and onions. The very best crop of carrots I saw the last season, more than 34 tons to the acre, had no other fertilizer applied to the land. For the last thirty years I have known it applied to lands on which onions have been grown, with a product varying from 300 to 600 bushels to the acre. It sells, delivered several miles from where it is dug, at $4 to $5 the cord. It is usually gathered in the winter months, taken to the shore in scows or gondolas, and thence to the fields where it is used. Sometimes it is laid in a pile of several cords together, and after it has been exposed to the frosts of winter, distributed from 4 to 8 cords to the acre. At other times it is laid out in heaps of a few bushels only, which remain for a time exposed to the frost. According to Storer, ‘‘lime is not a fertilizer in itself, but is of indirect value on land in unlocking the available potash, phosphorus, and nitrogen in the soil.” It also renders heavy, compact soils looser in texture and tends to bind particles of loose, leachy soils. It is difficult to approximate the sum total of value which shells confer on agriculture, owing to the extensive use of marl deposits. Of refuse shells from shucking-houses and the like, the quantity used in this country is doubtless upward of 60,000 tons annually. The prepared lime is generally preferred to the ground shells. Analyses indicate that the organic matter contained in shells is well- nigh free from nitrogen, and there is no evidence that itis of any use as manure. It appears, therefore, that there is no need for the expense of grinding the shells and of carting the useless constituents AQUATIC PRODUCTS AS FERTILIZERS. 275 which can be expelled by burning. Since grinding does not reduce the material to so fine a state as burning does, the ground shell is not so active chemically. The most popular manner of utilizing shells is to burn them and slack the product with water. The slacking may be done in heaps covered with moistened earth, and the fine powdery hydrate of lime spread directly upon the land; or the lime may be used in the com- post heap; or the quicklime may be left to become air-slacked by exposure to the air, and the product be applied to the land instead of leached ashes. AQUATIC PLANTS AS FERTILIZERS. Although it does not appear that the many properties of aquatic plants have been fully exploited, their uses are far more numerous and diversified than is generally supposed. Their most widely known economic value is as furnishing thousands of tons of fertilizer and a great variety of nutritious and wholesome foods. In addition thereto, they are utilized in the production of many chemicals, especially iodine and bromine, and as a constituent in glues and gelatines, and as a basis for trade fruit-jellies. They also serve in sizing fabries, in refining beer, as a mordant in dyeing, as composition in cement for covering boilers, for stuffing upholstery, packing porcelain, in making paper, fishing-lines, ropes, buttons, handles for cutlery, as tents in surgical operations, ete. The gathering of seaweeds in Great Britain early in the present century is said to have given employment to about 100,000 persons, the product being used in the manufacture of carbonate of soda. On the coasts of France and the British Isles thousands of tons of seaweeds are collected annually for fertilizing the crops. In China and Japan they have been used as fertilizer for many centuries, but in recent years the employment of seaweeds for this purpose has been much reduced, owing to their more extended use as food and in the chemical and manufacturing industries. In the New England States they are probably the most important fertilizing material used on those farms immediately adjoining the sea. According to Storer, with the exception of the farms of the Connecticut Valley and those enriched by fish scrap or by manures received from the cities, ‘‘the only really fertile tracts in New England are to be found back of those sea beaches upon which an abundant supply of seaweeds is thrown up by storms.” In the Middle Atlantic States the use of sea- weeds as fertilizer is not so extensive, but in the aggregate very large quantities are employed. Elsewhere in the United States their use is of less importance. There are three principal groups of aquatic plants used in this country for fertilizer, viz, rockweeds, kelp, and eelgrass or grass rack. Rockweeds are the large dark-colored plants furnished with small bladders or snappers, which constitute at least 75 per cent of the 276 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. covering of rocks and stones between high and low water marks on the coast from Nova Scotia to New York. There are two prominent species of these, the round-stalked and the flat-stalked. The principal species of kelp, viz, the ribbon-weed and the broad ribbon-weed or devil’s apron, are common on the rocks at and below the low-water mark from Newfoundland to the New Jersey coast. In the north of Europe both of these species are used for food to a considerable extent. Dulse, Irish moss, and other species may also be used for fertilizer, but the quantity obtained is so small that they are of little importance in this connection. The principal fertilizing agencies in aquatic plants are nitrogen and potash; the quantity of phosphorie acid is very small, amounting to only about 10 per cent as much as the above two combined. Seaweeds also contain considerable quantities of lime and magnesia. By the addition of some material containing a large percentage of phosphoric acid, as bone meal, for instance, a ‘‘complete fertilizer” is formed. This is frequently very important in order to secure the full value of the nitrogen and potash contained in the seaweeds. : According to analyses made by the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station,’ the average percentage of fertilizing constit- uents and of water contained in various aquatic plants in the fresh state collected at different seasons on the coast of Rhode Island is as follows. For convenience of comparison, analysis of average barnyard manure is appended. Materials. | Nitrogen. | P POspHoE 1¢ | Potash. | Water. Per cent. | Percent. | Per cent.| Per cent. Rockweedflat-spaliked sess eee eso- ener eee eee = | 38 12 65 76.55 Rockweed .wround-stalkeds 25.2 6-2 see eee meee . 24 .08 64 77. 26 Broad ribbon-weed, or devil’s apron___.._-.--___----- 123 | 06 Rol | 87.50 Ribbon-weed, kelp, or tangle ------ Suse savas IGE e U 05 BG 87.99 IDS teh sept oD Re eS ek ed oe ee il eee ol 09 1.07 86. 25 (She OSG Hae oS ee Se ee ee ee 57 | 13 1.02 76.03 GL OTA Gas eee aroun I OY eM ees aur ace em ee .35 07 oe 81.19 Barnyvardimantre sees i ete ee ee eee eee ae 49 32 43 ules The total quantity of the fertilizing ingredients in plants is very small in proportion to the weight of the material, this being due prin- cipally to the large content of water. Usually at least 75 per cent of the weight of aquatic plants consists of water, and about 80 per cent of the remainder is a soft, easily decomposable form of organic matter. The plants decompose rapidly, and the water separates from them quickly, the weeds left in heaps on the beach being reduced to one- half or one-third of their original bulk in a few weeks. Since much of the fertilizing constituents, especially the nitrogen, wastes away in this process, it is important that the plants be used within as short a time as practicable after they have been collected. For the same reason it is much better to collect weeds directly from the rocks, or aBulletin No. 21 of Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, January, 1893, AQUATIC PRODUCTS AS FERTILIZERS. 217 those just thrown up by a storm, rather than those which have lain on the beach for a considerable time. The large content of potash makes sea plants, particularly rock- weeds, especially favorable to the growth of clover. Storer refers to the abundant natural growth of red clover upon the tract of country back of Rye Beach, Maine, which has been manured with these plants sinee the settlement of the country. Seaweeds are also excellent for wheat, and are used for parsnips, turnips, and to some extent for potatoes, although it is claimed that they impart a somewhat unpleas- ant flavor to the last-named. The general opinion in this country is that potatoes grown with seaweeds are much less liable to be affected by seab than those grown with barnyard manure, but they are less mealy and of inferior flavor.“ Seaweeds have been strongly recom- mended for tobacco-culture, but owing to their effect on the quality of the leaf, they are not much used for this purpose. They are also highly recommended for cauliflower and cabbages. They act very quickly, and the effect of their application is confined largely to the season in which they are used, having little action upon the second and succeeding crops. Owing to their small content of fertilizing materials and the large amount of moisture, aquatic plants are usually rather expensive for fertilizer if long cartage is required, at least 4 tons of water being transported for every ton of dry material. This limits their value to the immediate vicinity of the beaches, and they are rarely used on land more than 10 or 12 miles from the coast. However, the manurial value of seaweeds must not be regarded merely from the point of view of the fertilizing agencies which they contain. They have a mechanical action on the soil, tending to make it friable and binding its constituents together; but the manufacture of soil is rather expensive where there is so much good land avail- able as in this country. They have an advantage over barnyard manure in the freedom from seeds of land weeds. Formerly it was considered desirable to apply the material in the form of a compost with lime or gypsum, but experience of recent years indicates that it does not pay as a rule to compost them, except possibly in case of eelgrass and also rockweeds, to be applied as a summer or autumn top-dressing for grass land.? The usual practice in applying them is to plow the seaweeds into the soil or to spread them upon the land as a top-dressing, the plants being in either case in as fresh a state as practicable. They also tend to prevent the crops from suffering from summer droughts, grass fields dressed with seaweeds frequently remaining green when adjacent fields are suffering. So important is the crop of seaweeds in the Channel Islands that special laws are enforced to govern their collection and distribution. The cutting of weeds from the rocks is restricted to certain seasons comprising about four or five weeks each year. Those cast up on the «See Bulletin No. 21 of Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 20. b Ibid p. 8. 278 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. shores by the action of the waves are collected throughout the year and especially during stormy weather, furnishing employment to a large proportion of the inhabitants of Guernsey and Jersey. They are applied to the land not only in a green state, as in this country, but are also burned on the beach and on the cottage hearths and the ashes used as fertilizer. Large quantities of seaweeds are also burned on the coast of France, especially in Brittany and Normandy, and on the coasts of Ireland and Seotland. In this process the plants are usually treated for the obtainment of iodine and salts of potassium and sodium, leaving the potash salts as the principal fertilizing agent. Although greatly reduced, owing to the production of iodine from South American caliche, the quantity of iodine made from the ashes of seaweeds is yet very large. The ashes of seaweeds are not used as fertilizer to any great extent, if at all, in this country, owing to the fact that, in burning, the valuable nitrogen is driven off and lost. However, for use at a greater distance than 12 or 15 miles from the coast it might be found practicable to burn them if this can be done with a small expenditure. Several unsuccessful attempts have been made in this country to establish a profitable business in preparing commercial fertilizer from seaweeds. About thirty years ago a factory was built for this purpose at Boothbay, Me. Dried seaweeds were ground in a mill formed of 40 circular saws, 20 having teeth and 20 without. These were placed alternately on an iron shaft and so adjusted as to revolve in a concave trough fitted with 40 steel plates. The shaft weighed 1,000 pounds and made upward of 2,000 revolutions per minute. With this appa- ratus 3 tons per hour of the thoroughly dried seaweeds could be reduced to about the fineness of oats. There proved to be an insuffi- cient market for the fertilizer, and its manufacture was discontinued in a few years.“ Most of it was sold in Connecticut for the use of tobacco-growers. The average price at the factory for the prepared material was about $8 per ton. Notwithstanding its relatively large content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, as revealed by chemical analysis, eelgrass is of very little value as a fertilizer, owing to the difficulty in making those constituents available. According to Storer’s well-known work on fertilizers (pp. 167-168, vol. 2): Eelgrass taken by itself has little or no fertilizing power. It will hardly rot anywhere, either in the ground, in the hogsty, or in the manure or compost heap. It isa distinctly inconvenient thing, moreover, to have in the way of the plow- share or the dungfork. It has long stood as a kind of reproach among the vege- table manures, much as leather scraps stand in the list of animal products. For mulching for covering bins or piles of roots as protection against frost, moldi- ness, and decay, and for banking up in autumn around stables, greenhouses, cisterns, cellars, and pumps, eelgrass has been found useful, and this is about all a See The Fishery Industries of the United States, Sec. IT, p. 69. AQUATIC FRODUCTS AS FERTILIZERS. 279 that could have been said in its favor until very recently. Considered as amanure, it was rejected by the farmers long ago. It has been tried and found wanting by numerous generations of men. Still, on analysis it appears that eelgrass con- tains a considerable proportion of fertilizing matters, and there can be no doubt that it will be found amenable to proper treatment and will eventually be prized asa manure. Besides 14 per cent of nitrogen, air-dried eelgrass contains 1 per cent of potash and 0.25 per cent of phosphoric acid. The ashes of eelgrass con- tain 7 per cent of potash and 14 per cent of phosphoric acid, which is about as much as is contained in ordinary house ashes from wood fires. The trouble with eelgrass is, as was said before, that it will not rot in the soil. It must be coerced in some way in order to make its fertilizing constituents available for crops. It might be burned, for example, to ashes in order to get the potash and phosphoric acid; or, much better, the organic matter may be disorganized by composting the grass with lime or with rockweed. That is to say, the eelgrass may either be thrown into heaps, with layers of lime interpolated, in order to reduce the resisting tissue to a manageable form, or it may be built into a heap, layer by layer, with fresh rockweed or sea manure, and so subjected to destructive fermentation. It is quite impracticable to form a close estimate of the total quan- tity of aquatic plants used for fertilizer in this country. The latest returns of the United States Fish Commission show an output on the New England coast of 75,000 tons, worth about $1 per ton, but these ‘figures probably do not show the total production. According to the Rhode Island census of 1885, $65,044 worth of seaweeds were used in that State alone during the census year, compared with a total of $164,133 worth of ‘‘commercial” fertilizers. This represents only a small percentage of the total quantity obtainable, it being possible to collect a thousand or more tons to the mile of that coast. The growth of the plants is rapid, and rocks seraped bare may be covered with kelp 5 or 6 feet long the following year. oe aes a eae 4 areas t naa Ree yi cul Rv musts: tin ris iC} etm Sven Naat ads Ry “dds + ns RTS a! ; Rigg ae en ae beat, Mi HSB derby ah sae 4A" patie a. {8 ss, ei te: Mes ene ry ta age ie aon it aroha es at ied tai A ea ieee tite: ee tie hb Seer yore ey a Shen Tats Risser, oF! ee hy Le pie oe eaegnl' ety Mira 2) OU errgay u Lf a 4i3t nalts me iy F SS wit Fe ees Ae ted 2 ate Say OE F Bee ES Tileas Sk eA ke ae ee a5 pe cat Pe Poet ih ie sien STN TERY ATE eng Rat de: Shi et phic Re aay, NO gat) eR te viG is ye Pal) SE bcp ie ee ary er pe ie Pe 2 Li oS — > ine pert es 2 F de net eae Gey FER Rt Oe see a eee r . WE Si 5 Me ee eee” | ayies ; ~~? pan a Pye erat: = : a - ey 2 ie strrts ty 5 -esitkisnte ata g a wld fj=% ‘ Pig els i & 5 ; 4 : Herp sear : SEER 7 mt Ore L 5 g : + 3 i ; ‘ +1 54S Mine Np alta . 4 rl be gees, 4 ° a ia — ‘ UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. BY CHARLES H. STEVENSON. 281 Prefatory Note ee occ teen oe ccee ooo e eee Aquatie furs: General revi ewes ecsmccicce sista cio aiiostc aes The fur supplies and markets ..........-- Fur dressing and dyeing Aquatic furs used by hatters -.........--- Fur-seal skins: Descriptionliof the skinsss-se. ms -eeeeee Kur-seallamarkets s-—-.5-- seeeeeee eee =. Methods of dressing and dyeing Beaver furs: Description of beaver skins ........---- The markets for beaver skins -......--. Dressing and finishing beaver skins.... Muskrat furs: Description and characteristics of fur.. Produch On muskraiste-seer een eeee eee Dressingimiuskratiskainste-seees seers Fur of the coypu or nutria Otter furs: Characteristicsof pelagess--- -.----2-=- Tradeanyovtenskimsieeen esse eee DressineOLteriskims| sn ese eee cece ace Sea-otter furs: (ChiGieKo erat (itece San a eS RGe ne eaeeeise Markets ama ivallittesiessece scene nee aanene Dressing sea-otter skins ...........-...- 282 SYNOPSIS. Page. 283 Page. Aquatic furs—Continued. Mink furs: Characteristics of fur s--2-ee eee eee 324 Markets for mink/skins 22 5=2=—=see see 325 Dressing mink’ sking:..---esee- cee Seeeee 326 Aquatic leathers: IRGVICW. mscceeecc2 sce eek eee 327 General methods of preparation........-- 328 Leather from seal skins: The'sealisupplies...26. oss] -- 4-2 eee 332 Methods of tanning seal skins......---- 333 Sea-lion leather) 2 4.5. 52as.2-¢ ccs sa eee 336 Walrus leathenmsennsseee aeeeee Aso eee 337 Leather from manatee and dugong -..--- 338 Porpoise leather: Varieties of porpoise leather .........-- 339 Tanning porpoise skins....-.-...2-:.--- 340 Alligator leather: Product and varieties of skins........-- 342 Tanning alligator bides!-2---sseseeeeeee 345 Skins of sharks, rays, and dog-tish .....-- 347 Sturgeon Skins:. 5... << -sedecaee eee eee 348 Beaver-tail skims 222... -c ene eee 349 Water-snake Skins’... :.=--«csmsseee eee 390 Skins of gar-fish or armored fish -....-..-- 350 Frog skins... 32265505202 wee Sese eee eee 351 Miscellaneous fish skins .............----- 351 Internal membranous tissues........ gece, 008 Report U. S. F. C. 1202. PLATE 26. SEALING STEAMER AT ST. JOHNS, NEWFOUNDLAND. WEIGHING SEAL PELTS AT ST. JOHNS, NEWFOUNDLAND. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. By Cuarues H. STevEnson. PREFATORY NOTE. The utilization of the skins of animals is coexistent with the devel- opment of human activities. To the primeval man they were invalu- able. They clothed and protected his body from the weather; they supplied him with tents, with boats, with thongs for the chase, and with innumerable articles requiring the use of firm membranous struc- ture. The development of the textile industries, however, greatly reduced their relative in:portance, and spinning and weaving now to a very large extent supply the articles formerly made from the skins of animals. While by no means so important to man as formerly, numerous uses yet exist for these products and create a demand for them approximately equal to the present resources. | The skins of most mammals are covered to a greater or less extent with hair, which serves to protect the body against external influences, especially that of low temperature. In addition to the hair, and coex- istent with it, many animals, particularly those of cold latitudes, have fine, soft underhair, termed fur. When the fur is sufficiently thick and soft, its value, left on the skin, exceeds that of any leather which can be made from the membranous tissue alone. This gives two classes of skins, (1) those deriving their value from the covering of fine under- hair, which are used as furs, and (2) those dressed as leather without the hair. The present paper is, therefore, naturally divisible into two parts, the first relating to aquatic furs and the second to aquatic leathers. While the writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to all per- sons who have rendered assistance in the collection of material for this paper, yet the number is so large that to cite each one individually would be to list the principal manufacturers and merchants handling furs and fancy leathers in America and many in Great Britain, each of whom has been uniformly obliging in furnishing all information asked for. However, it is desired especially to refer to the courtesy of Mr. Alfred Frazer, Mr. Max Bowsky, Mr. Adolph Bowsky, Mr. Samuel Williams, Mr. Joseph Ullman, Mr. Belden, and Mr. Robert Badcock, of New York City. To Messrs. John Russitz & Co. and to Messrs. Revillon Fréres, of New York City, we are indebted for the loan of furs for photographing purposes, and to Messrs. Tiffany & Co., of New York, for photographs of several aquatic skins. 283 284 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. AQUATIC FURS. GENERAL REVIEW. Exclusive of the great variety of rabbit, squirrel, and opossum skins produced in all parts of the globe, a large portion of the world’s product of furs is obtained from aquatic animals. Indeed, the trade in fancy furs is made up very largely of the skins“¢ of those animals. An examination of the sales made in 1901 by the largest fur- brokerage house in the world shows that the aquatic furs constituted 49 per cent in number and 54 per cent in value of all peltries handled. Of the furs produced in the United States, fully 75 per cent in value are yielded by aquatic animals. Formerly the proportion was much greater, but is reduced by a decrease in product of beaver, fur-seal, otter, and sea-otter, and the large increase in quantity of rabbit, opossum, raccoon, etc., which have multiplied with the settlement of the country. The principal fur-producers among the aquatic animals are the fur- seal, mink, muskrat, beaver, otter, sea-otter, and nutria. The greatest value is placed on the sea-otter, the choicest skins selling for upward of $1,200; the number of sea-otters obtained annually, however, has been reduced to about 600. This fur has never been fashionable in western Europe or the United States; the market for it exists in China and Russia, those countries using probably 85 per cent of all the skins secured since its introduction into commerce in the seventeenth century. For two hundred years previous to 1800, beaver was by far the most important item in the fur trade as regards the total value of the product. The increasing scarcity of that animal, however, and the adoption of substitutes have greatly depreciated its prominence. During the last thirty years, fur-seal skins have outranked all others in commercial importance, being the fashionable material in Europe and America for ladies’ garments for use in the cold weather. Since 1890, the product of fur-seal has greatly decreased, especially in the_ territory of the United States, and at the present time the yield of mink in this country is more valuable. The latter is probably the most durable of all furs, but the demand for it is very irregular, the market sales not exceeding 200,000 or 300,000 skins in one year and in a short while increasing to a million or more. Next to these in a Among the furriers the term ‘‘skin’’ is used to designate the fur and the membranous tissue com- bined, while “pelt’’ is restricted to the membranous or coriaceous portion of the animal's coat, which is contrary to the general usage. The term ‘‘fur”’ ina general sense refers to the soft underhair of the fur-bearing animals. The skins of these animals, when removed from the body and cured, are called peltry. When the membrane is converted into a form of leather by a process called “dressing,” the skin obtains the name of furin a restricted sense. . The term fur is also applied in a still more restricted sense to the underhair cut from the skin and presented in the form of delicate filaments for felting purposes, but this is more commonly known as hatters’ fur. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 285 aggregate value, but of far less value individually, is the muskrat, of which about 5,000,000 are slaughtered annually. The nutria or coypu isa small, beaver-like animal found in large numbers in South America, and about 2,000,000 are taken annually. Many thousands of beaver and otter skins are obtained each season, and each of these forms an important item in the fur trade. ; The following summary, condensed from the table appearing on page 287, shows approximately the total quantity of aquatic furs pro- duced throughout the world in 1900: Classified statement of the world’s product of aquatic furs in 1900. Designation. | N Ce of | Total area. | ‘ Square feet. PERSE Ee rarerctnsmetatal eintete stair ie aan (evstmysia ie avetetn ove ain ave a¥elsleve aistaincie aia eia/ateveraa\sjare Mas nieemniete ne 66, 000 264, 000 TOPS TOTN SS es SSeS EE Se Oe Gane oe ae ens ie ee gS ee a seine 95, 485 535, 700 ELT ee Se AR eA I aE ce a CE i 728, 000 400, 000 NIST S Se Uae oro ae as Se pearie Sean ae Settee s meee oe Seale Sees Se ole Se Sipodionins ton ee 5, 285, 000 3, 488, 100 IU: oo das Sh AS So Ge B OS DB RO COC SIEGES Scie eater et icone pepirtrn yarum eie ES 1, 950, 000 1, 891, 500 RNB Eee ieee Setanta cote A ett acres tema as ettia.s =. breton sake Swe Se Semis cig ek em eed 33, 640 93, 183 SBDa TUDES Sete SESS SAS GOES CEES ICIS SIT ee cree le einem oe 590 4,595 AU GUOW! de See Aa oe ae ee ete Co a Ai seer eRe EAM Ri eae NS Ae ed co A ae 6, 677, 078 The foregoing table shows the great importance of the muskrat in the trade, the aggregate area of the skins yielded annually by that animal being as great as that of all other aquatic furs combined, and more than six times as great as that of the fur-seal. Indeed, the agere- gate area of the muskrat skins secured annually in the United States is approximately twenty times as large as that of the fur-seal product. The nutria ranks second in total area, but about 30 per cent of those skins are used by manufacturers of hats. Far below these two comes the fur-seal with 535,700 square feet, or scarcely 8 per cent of the total area of aquatic furs produced. Lower yet, in this particular, rank the mink, beaver, and otter; while of sea-otter fur only 4,595 square feet were produced in 1900, or less than one-fifteenth of 1 per cent of the total area of aquatic furs yielded during that year. There are many industries more or less directly associated with the fur trade. Omitting the manufacturers of traps, guns, boats, vessels, and other apparatus and equipment, the men principally interested are the many hunters, trappers, and the like engaged in securing the pelts. Then come large numbers of men who collect the furs, trans- port them to the trade centers, effect their sale, and distribute them to the places of consumption. Next are the fur-dressers, who prepare the raw, greasy pelts and make them suitable for manufacture. The fur-manufacturers employ a very large number of skilled workmen, including assorters, cutters, nailers, sewers, etc. In addition to these are the wholesale fur-dealers and the numerous retail merchants. It is estimated that the number of persons employed in the United States in the various branches of the fur trade approximates 15,000. 286 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. THE FUR SUPPLIES AND MARKETS. From the Middle Ages to 1600, Russia was the great source of furs for the world. Many skins were obtained in other parts of Europe and Asia, but even in the aggregate the quantity was relatively small. The discovery of the resources of North America changed the current of the trade, this continent soon becoming the great fur territory; and during the last three hundred years the United States and Canada have been the principal fur-producing countries. The prominence of the United States in the product of aquatic furs is especially notable, the value of the raw skins produced in 1900 being $2,302,100, whereas the total for all other countries was $2,960,610. This country yielded 80 per cent of the muskrat, 70 per cent of the mink, 56 per cent of the sea-otter, 35 per cent of the otter, 30 per cent of fur-seal, and 12 per cent of the beaver produced throughout the world. The importance of the Dominion of Canada as a producer of aquatic furs is very much less than that of the United States. Indeed, exclud- ing the take of the fur-seal in the pelagic fishery, the total value of aquatic furs secured in that country in 1900 amounted to less than $1,000,000, only 40 per cent as much as in the United States. The aquatic furs obtained in the limits of Canada are beaver, mink, otter, and muskrat. The fur-seal fishery as a Canadian enterprise is of com- paratively recent origin, dating from about 1880, and the animals are caught in the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea at a great distance from Canadian territory. Russia, especially that portion bordering the Pacific Ocean, at one time yielded the great bulk of aquatic as well as of other furs on the market, the product of sea-otter and fur-seal being particularly large. Owing to the cession of Alaska to the United States and the increasing scarcity of furs on the Siberian coasts, the importance of Russia in this particular is now greatly reduced. South America yields only two aquatic furs of consequence, viz, nutria and fur-seal. Several species of otter occur there, but they are of little value and few are taken. Japan yields some fur-seal and sea-otter skins. From Europe, Africa, Australia, and the southern coast of Asia the product of aquatic furs is of very little importance. The annual yield of aquatic furs fluctuates greatly, and an estimate of the collection is far from reliable, except for the particular year to which it relates. When furs of a special variety are fashionable, hunting becomes active; as a result the quantity placed on the market lowers the price and the hunt declines, giving the animals another opportunity to increase in numbers. While there are no means of learning the exact quantity collected during any one year, in view of the fact that the great bulk are handled at the London auction sales it is possible to form a very close estimate of the total product. With the assistance of several of the principal fur-houses of the world, including the Hudson’s Bay Company, Mr. Alexander Fraser, Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 27. FLESHING MINK SKINS. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 287 and Mr. Joseph Ullman, the following estimate is made of the number of aquatic skins produced in the United States and in all other countries combined during the year 1900, and their value in the wholesale trade: . Classified statement of the product of aquatic furs in 1900. United States. All other countries. Total. Designation. Number of Numberofl ~.... |Numberof) 5 aiins.” Value. retrial Value. pia! Value. BGRVGD oe traw cc x's Sas safes cee sise 8, 000 $39, 860 58, 000 $301, 200 66, 000 $341, 060 IPERS ene eee asec same oes 24, 000 660, 000 71, 485 1, 471, 000 95, 485 2,131, 000 Writes tnccecteccecn ft aeock ows 578, 000 810, 000 150, 000 330, 000 728, 000 1, 140, 000 INIUGL 2 ie SS 4, 035, 000 565,000 | 1, 250, 000 188, 000 | 5, 285, 000 703, 000 DS See ee eee er Seen See een eee | 1,950, 000 444,000 | 1,950, 000 444, 000 01) Sa ee 14, 600 93, 260 19, 040 170, 850 33, 640 264, 110 Den OUlelicc wen= ooo strc oe eee 330 133, 980 260 105, 560 590 239, 540 Total value .......----- aay aes 9.902. 100: Jae, 5c. 2,960,610 |.......----- | 5,262, 710 During the summer months the skins of most of the fur-bearing animals are practically worthless, the thickest and finest part of the fur being shed as warm weather approaches, growing again in the fall to protect the animal in winter. This deterioration furnishes great protection to the animals, their value in the summer pelage being so small as to not warrant their capture. Furs in best condition are designated ‘* prime,” and this state is indicated by the color of the pelt. That of a prime skin is generally very light and clear, but as warm weather approaches it becomes bluish and dark. Most aquatic furs in the United States become prime about the middle of November and remain so until March, but beaver and muskrat are not thoroughly prime until late in December and are good until the last of April, while the fur of the otter may be prime as late as the end of May. There are two prominent exceptions to the general rule of taking fur-bearers during cold weather only, viz, the sea-otter and the fur-seal. The fur of the former is prime throughout the year, and the latter is taken principally during the summer for convenience of capture. In addition to the protection afforded by the poor condition of the pelage, many governments have interdicted the capture of certain fur- bearing animals froma definite date in the spring to a fixed date in the autumn. There is no uniformity in these regulations in the dif- ferent States and frequently in different counties in the same State. None of the aquatic fur-bearers is utilized to any extent for food, though the meat of the muskrat is used by some persons; nor are these animals valuable except for the furs, which constitute the prin- cipal, and in most instances the sole, object of their capture. With the exception of the taking of the fur-seals on the rookeries, practically all the aquatic furs are obtained by a vesort to skill and stratagem. Many muskrat, mink, and otter are obtained by farmers and villagers. During cold weather, when furs are prime, compara- tively little work is done in rural sections, and thousands of men and 988 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. boys find profit and sport in matching their skill and cunning against those of the wary animals. The greater portion of the peltries, how- ever, are secured by professional trappers and hunters, who devote themselves entirely to that work during the season. In taking or killing fur-bearing animals the use of guns or spears is avoided whenever possible, as they injure the skin by making holes in the pelt. Shooting is especially wasteful in taking aquatic animals, since a large percentage of these sink when shot, and are thus lost; furthermore, the shot cut paths in the fur, sometimes several inches in length. Neither should they be taken by poisoning, as this spoils the skin, the poison spreading through the body of the animal and injuring the texture and gloss of the fur, greatly depreciating its value. The best method of taking these animals is by clubbing them on the head whenever that is practicable, as in the case of fur-seals, or by means of steel traps in case of the smaller and wilder animals. Previous to 1670 the fur trade was centered in Leipsic, Amsterdam, Paris, and Vienna, the markets of Leipsic being the most important. Comparatively few choice furs were handled in London or in any mar- ket center other than those named. But shortly after the inaugu- ration of its business in 1670, the Hudson’s Bay Company began dis- posing of its receipts of peltries at public auction in London. Within a few years the continental markets relinquished the bulk of their trade to the new insular rival, and from that time to the present London has been preeminent as the greatest fur center of the world. The series of sales occurring at stated intervals at the various ware- houses in that city dispose of the great bulk of the world’s product of fancy furs. The American merchant, for instance, goes to London to buy the pelts that were obtained and shipped even from the vicinity of his own home. The reason for this is not difficult to discover. The principal fur company of the world has its headquarters in that city; the fur trade is better understood there at present than in any other large commercial center, and the importance of its being centralized makes it comparatively easy to hold when once secured; also the busi- ness ranks well among the London bankers, and they advance money on consignments of furs, and the consignor can negotiate his bill of lading on the receipt of his bales of peltries. Although none compares in extent with that of London, there are several other markets which assist in the general work of distribution. Most celebrated among these are the fairs at Leipsic, which have existed over five hundred years. The Easter fair is the most important. This commences a week after Easter and lasts about two or three weeks. Large quantities of American peltries, especially muskrat and mink, are disposed of there. Furs are marketed in much smaller quantities at two other fairs held in Leipsic, one at Michaelmas and the other at New Year. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 289 New York City is the great fur center in this country, not only for accumulating the raw goods but for dressing, dyeing, and manufac- turing as well. Indeed, New York leads the world as a consumer of furs, the sales to individuals there exceeding that of any other city in the world. Many firms long established, with large capital and of international reputation, carry on the business. At present there are 93 fur houses in New York, many of which have branch establish- ments and resident partners in London, Paris, Leipsic, Shanghai, ete. In view of the fact that avery large percentage of the furs of the world originate on the North American continent, and that the rank of the United States as a fur-consuming country is constantly increas- ing, it seems not improbable that the enterprise of New York may result in that city securing a large portion of the wholesale trade which now centers in London. In addition to these large centers, the work of fur distribution is carried on by traders and merchants in almost every section of the world, scarcely any large town being without its quota of fur stores of greater or less importance, according to the climate and the wealth of the inhabitants. In the markets, the skins of each variety are graded according to their size and the condition of the fur, the number of grades or classes depending on the importance of the particular variety, the cheaper peltries requiring fewer grades than those of greater value. For the purpose of showing the comparative value of the different aquatic furs, the following summary is presented, indicating for dressed prime skins of each variety the average area in square inches, the average value in the wholesale markets of the United States in 1901, and the resulting value per square foot of area.“ Comparative statement of the average area, value, and value per square foot of the different aquatic furs in the United States markets in 1901. | = ] | Value per | Value per Designation. Area. |- skin. (square foot. } Sq. inches. Sea -Ouben Ganka * sess soe ee a ae cars eicehein ee sSaee cralclctone sjcre sealers 1, 285 $600. 00 $67. 24 SLO WET eee eth ee ee Cy UL RL hE PE 7S 38 1, 285 200. 00 | 22, 41 PETES CHIRAL SUS ah sot En eh eee a ieee hy Ne ae 940 45. 00 6.89 Gopi eh es slat Pett ed ANE Sea Se SC 890 34.00] @ 5.58 Witkolte CERACK Ohh ERS eee oe ok Oe eee Oe aCe eee are 73 2.60 | 5. 12 BUIRT RIPON OLE eee tS Siete one OS oes Na toe Merce ae Bone 90 Pir} 4,38 EBV CHNG. Soe. esate Beacons ae BCS ab OH NC AEE SeO CREE aaeeor 83 1.80 | 3.12 iter GarerGigni mets eae ents Say AMEE a es OAL shia cieiclane 160 | 10.33 | 8. 23 eRe 2hc Bic Aa oe Sees Be ie Set See ey ee a eee er 448 | 7.90 | 2.54 (Slovuildevsj cal, Sele MRS ESA he ba Te Re eae ieee ere 400 | 6.80 | 2.08 BEB Ver aCumMAGlanlan= sss eae eee oe yh eon See cal Secs cane 635 | a O8 [poate i gal L225 6.116) fe Ope ee SEE EN Seer 5 a 650 7.05 | 1.56 LO) UI ailcai ia tits Sree Sin spec ei | Be Se he es ee eee eee 560 5. 80 | 1.49 NRIs ee eee St et eR eee ona: cee LE BOM 3 | 214 | . 78 | 52 Muskrapcamksgumeeres. osetnce meon pata one me ease earn Bae tae eiaencleete 100 . 34 | .49 LTS Cette else cea Se here Re ae a ee eee ke RE 100 .23 | 128 aIt will be observed in comparing this summary with the tables on pages 285 and 287 that the average areas and values used here are in excess of those in the tables. The explanation of this seeming discrepancy 1s that the figures in those tables refer to all classes of skins in a raw state, including the smallest and cheapest, whereas the present figures are for dressed skins and only those of prime grade. F. C. 1902 19 290 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. FUR DRESSING AND DYEING. The appearance of aquatic furs as they come from the hunters and trappers is quite different from that which they present when ready to be cut into garments. They are more or less greasy and dirty and require thorough cleansing. The pelt or membrane must be converted into a form of leather and made soft and pliable, and in some varieties it must be reduced in thickness. The overhair of many skins is quite undesirable and must be removed, this being the case with the fur- seal, beaver, nutria, and cheap grades of otter. The overhair is not removed from all varieties, however; for in some it constitutes the principal attraction, as in the sea-otter, mink, muskrat, and choice grades of otter. The fur-seal alone among the aquatics is usually dyed, but many cheap grades of other varieties are also dyed for the purpose of imitating more valuable ones. In the dressing of aquatic furs thereare no especially valuable trade secrets; but, as in nearly every other industry, some establishments have methods of treatment which they consider superior to those used by others and which they desire to keep from general use. As a rule, however, these secret processes are for the purpose of substitution or imitation, and have little standing among the most successful fur- dressers. In the best establishments the excellent results are due to conscientious application of well-known methods, without stint either in amount of labor or quality of material. The fur-dressers of the United States are preeminent in the prep- aration of otter, mink, and beaver, while those of Germany rank well in dressing beaver and muskrat furs. The English have excelied for forty years in the dressing and dyeing of fur-seal skins and have pre- pared the great bulk of those on the market, but the Americans and French now prepare them equally well. The Chinese fur-dressers are the most ancient and among the best in the world. They dress sea- otter skins remarkably well and secure wonderful effects in matching furs of all kinds. The principal fur-dressing establishments in this country are located in New York City, where the great bulk of the skins are prepared. Smaller establishments exist in Chicago, St. Paul, Newark, and Phil adelphia. In Europe the fur-dressing is centered at Leipsic, Weis- senfels, and Lindenau, Germany; London, England; Paris and Lyons, France; and Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russia. When received at the fur-dressers, peltries are usually hard, greasy, and dirty. If very greasy, as in the case of mink skins, the surplus grease is scraped or beamed off. The skins are soaked in water over night for softening and opening the texture preparatory to the unhairing and leathering processes. Salt water is generally used for soaking, especially during warm weather, as its tendency to loosen Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 28. SKIVING BEAVER SKINS. BEAMING AND PLUCKING BEAVER SKINS. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 291 the hair is less than that of fresh water. Heavy pelts, as of beaver, otter, etc., are beamed the following day for the purpose of breaking up the texture of the membrane and softening it. The beam on which the skins are successively placed for this purpose is made of some hard wood, as locust, boxwood, ete. ; it is about 40 inches long and 8 or 10 inches wide, and is placed at an incline of about 45 degrees. The breaker is a dull scraping knife, with a handle at each end like a earpenter’s draw knife, and is always operated in a downward direc- tion. After beaming, the pelts are washed in warm soap water until perfectly clean and then they are freed of moisture. If the overhairs are to be removed, that process is next in order, except in the dressing of muskrat skins, when it is usually postponed until after the dressing. In preparing for plucking, the hair side is dried and warmed by artificial heat, the membrane being kept moist in the meantime. Each skin is placed flesh side down on a flat, hard- wood beam, similar to that used in breaking except that it is covered with thick, elastic leather. Chalk is first sprinkled over the hair, and then, using a knife similar to that employed in breaking, a workman rubs or works most of the overhairs out of the membrane. Those not removed in this manner are subsequently plucked out with a dull knife of soft metal. With this knife in his right hand and his thumb protected with a rubber cot about 4 inches in length, the picker grasps the hairs between the edge of the knife and his protected thumb, and with a quick, jerking motion pulls them out, going over the entire pelt inthis manner. The fur-seal is quite difficult to unhair, and the process is more complicated, as may be seen from the description on page 305. After plucking, the heavy pelted skins—as beaver and otter—are placed successively on a beam and shaved to a thin, even surface with a skiving knife. The blade of this knife is a straight piece of steel sharpened to a keen edge, which is then turned at right angles to the plane of the knife by means of a peculiar flat steel. This blade is fastened in a tool having two wooden handles differently attached, one running parallel to or in direct continuation of the blade, and the other placed at right angles thereto. Each skin is placed, fur down, on the beam, and by pushing the skiving knife downward and forward from his body, the workman scrapes the pelt perfectly clean and shaves off some of the membrane for the purpose of rendering it less bulky and more pliable. The skins are now ready for leathering. The pelt side is dampened over night with cold salt water, and the following day butter or other animal fat is rubbed on the membrane. In dressing very fat or oily pelts, as those of mink, the greasing is omitted. The pelts are then tubbed. This is probably the most noticeable operation in the fur-dressing establishment. Tubs or half hogsheads, slightly inclined backward from the floor, are located in a row along one side of the room. A number of skins are placed in each one, 292 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. usually with a small quantity of sawdust. A workman with bared feet enters the tub, with a heavy cloth or piece of bagging tied about his waist and to the chimb of the tub to prevent the sawdust from flying out and to retain the heat. By treading and twisting movements he works the skin over and over for two or three hours or more until the pelt is thoroughly softened or leathered. It is a strange and interest- ing sight to see 10 cr 12 men working in an equal number of tubs placed in a row, each person monotonously treading and swaying from side to side in solemn manner. Tubbing is gradually giving way in a greater or less extent to the ‘*tramping machine,” whenever anything less than the very best work will suffice. This machine is adapted from the French apparatus for fulling wool stock. It consists of two wooden hamme®s, which are moved alternately back and forth or up and down in a suitable recep- tacle, agitating the skins slowly and constantly, turning them over and over each other, and developing by friction the necessary heat, thus rendering the pelts soft and pliable. This process is far more eco- nomical than tubbing, costing only 10 or 20 per cent as much. The result, however, is not always so satisfactory, and for the choicest skins tubbing is yet generally used. At this stage of the dressing process comes the fleshing or skiving, the former being applied to small skins and the latter to large ones. Fleshing consists in removing all particles of flesh and fat by means of a fleshing knife, formed with a broad blade having a sharp edge, fas- tened in an upright position on a bench. The workman sits astraddle the bench immediately behind the knife, with the edge turned from him, and proceeds to flesh each pelt by grasping it with both hands and drawing it repeatedly across the sharp edge of the knife, cutting off the superfluous flesh. Only small skins, such as mink and muskrat, are fleshed in this manner. Large skins, as those of beaver, otter, ete., are shaved on a beam with a skiving knife, in much the same manner as before the leathering. process, except that the operation is performed much more carefully. After fleshing or skiving, the skins are usually put through the tubs or tramping machines a second time, and on removal therefrom are cleaned of grease. In this operation two forms of revolving drums are used, one known as the cleaning drum and the other as the beating drum. The purpose of the former is to extract the grease by means of dry sawdust, and of the latter to remove the sawdust. The drums are usually about 4 feet wide and 6 or 8 feet in diameter, but the size is entirely a matter of convenience and desired capacity. The cleaning drum is made of wood, and upon its interior circumfer- ence are four or five wooden shelves about 6 inches wide and at suitable distances apart. Instead of these shelves some drums are provided with rows of wooden pins or pegs 6 or 8 inches in length and similarly situated. Sometimes each cleaning drum is inclosed in a wooden Report U, S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 29. Blueback seal. Harp seal. Wool seal. SEAL SKINS TANNED WITHOUT REMOVING THE HAIR (SEE P. 335). SHAVING MINK SKINS. Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 30. CLEANING-DRUMS. BEATING BEAVER SKINS FOR REMOVING SAWDUST, ETC. 99 ad & UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 3 closet, which is heated by steam pipes or a charcoal fire. A number of skins, with a quantity of fine, dry, hard-wood sawdust, are placed in each drum. ‘The latter is revolved steadily, making about 20 revolu- tions per minute, and within three or four hours the dry sawdust absorbs the grease, leaving the fur clean and soft but filled with saw- dust. The beating drum, also sometimes inclosed in a closet, has wooden ends, and the side or circumference of wire gauze, with meshes about one-fourth inch square. Along the interior circumference are wire- gauze shelves about 10 inches wide, which catch the pelts at the bottom of the revolving drum and carry them nearly to the top, when they slide off and fall against the wire gauze covering the circumference of the drum. In this manner the pelts are cleaned of every particle of sawdust. Many of the larger pelts are beaten with rattans for the same purpose. After removing the sawdust and straightening the fur with a steel comb, the dressing process is at an end. ‘This general process would suffice fairly well for all varieties of aquatic furs, but it is modified to suit the characteristics of the different sorts. The special ‘methods applicable to each variety are described at length in appropriate chapters. Except in case of very cheap skins, the expense of dressing furs rep- resents only a small percentage of their value. The following tabular statement shows the average charges that prevail in New York City for dressing skins in quantities for the trade: Statement of average charges prevailing in New York City for dressing aquatic furs. é * We taieies ills DRESS S Species. Dressing. and plucking. | RE Va Teataelae oe aaa = so ee eran so 0 dlaiaicidee abiad ane ada doata kia tincieeseed $0. 50 $0. 69 WI SSGO) Top sence s4d56 55 55 OSHS oe Re Ee OCOD OEE ee ta aren iia Lae See ae 3.00 ARES cm teeecl ee meen rene meee ates 2) 2 Set Ee had ecceece aaeeece| Pl Th eee se CESS - cee cast Sabot ct do ese eo See ae ee ee al tele ea aetse Beoeee Wirt ect peer nee te ee maar ee eee. ola beige donee beeen baa doseee aeees MOS a[Bs ee ees e eee WTR eect BS Gee RAB SOC Cee Tse oe a an RO to ee ee 06 | . 08 Pa ee ee ene ee TS a aes Bo he ee ye Ons PSN ty ee oe 25 UDF ce ee ee ie Ie BS Ore OE el aa ae a ee nee eee 50 | 65 SDS TUIGH BA oe BR ke SOE Gar GRE BER OCDE Ae aaa eee a eee ee eeeess ae eee 2A00) faa ae S42 23 SI5ee a Dressing, plucking, and dyeing, $5. With the exception of the fur-seal, the choicest furs of any particu- lar species are rarely dyed. Indeed, their degree of excellence is determined by the nearness of their approach in the natural color to the most desirable shade for that species. So important is this that a skin of the proper tint may be worth three or four times as much as one whose texture is equally fine but lacking just the right shade. For instance, the present average value of prime dark sea-otter skins is about $600 each, whereas the average price of prime brown skins is only $200. Incase of mink, otter, and other choice species the difference is as great in proportion. 994 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. In order to obtain those shades which taste and fashion have deter- mined to be the most desirable, much of the aquatic fur is dyed; either the ends of the fur and hair are merely tinted, or the color of the entire skin may be changed. The object of tinting or blending is to make all parts of the fur used in a garment of the same color, to make an inferior grade of fur like that of a superior, or to cause the fur of one animal to resemble that of another. Certain furs so closely resemble choicer ones in every particular except color that when dyed to a similar hue they are almost indistinguishable to the casual observer. While dyeing may be a cheap and ready process in the treatment of low-priced furs, it is an art when applied to choice skins. Its perfec- tion consists in the exact imitation of the proper color and tint, with the preservation of the glossiness of the fur and its natural firmness and pliability, and, finally, in the durability of the dye. In case of the fur-seal, fashion has decided that the color shall be changed to a lustrous blackish-brown, an original color resembling nothing what- ever in the animal kingdom. Some skins of beaver, otter, etc., are ‘‘silvered” by passing lightly over them a solution of sulphuric acid, and also some are made a golden yellow by means of peroxide of hydrogen. Dyed furs are generally not so durable as those left in the natural state, the artificial color fading and the garment sooner presenting an old and worn appearance. The dyeing of furs is of great antiquity, but its principal develop- ment, in America and Europe at least, has been within the last forty years. Experiments on the part of conscientious and able chemists have resulted in greatly improving the permanency of the dyes and lessening their injurious effects. The methods are constantly under- going changes and many improvements are introduced from time to time. The composition of the new dyes and the methods of applying them are carefully guarded from general knowledge. One frequently runs across published directions for compounding the dyes and methods of applying them, but usually these descriptions are totally valueless, the methods described being either superseded by better ones or lacking in certain essential ingredients. The number of successful dyers in the world is very small; their prosperity is dependent as much upon the elimination of competition as on the excellence of their work, consequently they are not proclaim- ing from the housetops the composition of their dyes, frequently the results of long and costly experiments. In the separate chapters devoted to each variety of furs certain general methods of dyeing those particular skins will be described, but the writer is unable to promise the formule and details of the newest and most successful dyes in every instance. e UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 295 AQUATIC FURS USED BY HATTERS. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries an important if not the principal use of aquatic furs in Europe was in making fashion- able hats, commonly called beaver hats, beaver fur being the chief material in their make-up. The general adoption of the silk hat about sixty years ago resulted in greatly reducing the quantity of aquatic furs used by hatters, but those manufacturers are yet large consumers of these articles for the production of fine grades of soft hats. The principal felting furs among the aquatics are nutria, muskrat, beaver, fur-seal, otter, and mink, named in the order of the extent to which they are now used. Rabbit, cony, and hare furs are used far more extensively than all the foregoing combined, owing to their cheapness, but are less desirable than most varieties of aquatic furs. Hatters’ furs are both cut and blown, the former being taken from the whole skins, and the latter from small pieces, clippings, roundings, and other waste obtained in cutting skins for sewing into garments. The choicest felting fur is that of the beaver; but its high cost limits its use in hat-making. A felt nat of average size and weight made of fur cut from choice beaver pelts could not be made for less than $500 per dozen, and no demand exists for such expensive goods. But manu-. facturers receive a quantity of beaver cut from damaged skins of little value as dressed fur and also considerable blown from clippings and the waste from cutting skins into garments. The choicest beaver fur for hatters’ purposes is obtained from the cheeks of the animal, with that from the belly, the back, and sides, following in the order named. Beaver clippings sell for about $1 to $1.25 per pound, and the fur, when blown free from hair and impurities, sells for $8 or $10 per pound. Cut beaver has been sold as high as $224 per pound by brokers yet in the business. The quantity of beaver fur used by hat-manu- facturers throughout the world averages about 6,000 pounds annually. It is made into very light soft hats, which sell wholesale at about $80 or $90 per dozen. These are very durable, and if occasionally cleaned or dyed may be worn almost indefinitely. A small demand still exists for the old fashioned beaver-napped hats, shaped somewhat like the present style of silk hat, being the fashionable headgear for the guards on drags and coaches, and to a small extent for ladies’ riding hats. The next highest grade of fur used by hat-manufacturers is nutria, which is the standard choice fur for making into soft felt hats. It is estimated that about one-third of the total product of nutria skins are cut for hatters’ use, and in addition the hat-manufacturers receive large quantities of blown fur from manufacturers’ clippings. Nutria is very nearly as desirable as beaver for felting, selling at present for about 80 per cent of the value of the latter, whereas in the dressed-fur trade it is worth only 30 per cent as much as an equal area of beaver fur. During the past twenty-five years the average value of cut and blown nutria fur has ranged between $2.25 and $7.50 per pound. In 296 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 1877 it was $5.50, and gradually decreased to $2.25 in 1886; it increased to $7.50 in 1897, and in 1900 it averaged $6.50 per pound. Single sales have been made as high as $14 per pound. The total product of nutria fur used in hat-manufacturing in 1900 is estimated at 80,000 pounds, valued at $520,000. It is claimed that a single manufacturer in Philadelphia has at times over a million nutria skins in warehouse. Otter ranks next in grade among felting furs, but only a small quantity of this kind is used, and that is obtained from fur-cutters’ waste. The clippings and waste sell for about 45 cents per pound, and the cut and blown fur for about $3.50 per pound. The quantity used by hat-manufacturers annually probably approximates 700 pounds. Muskrat fur is used extensively in hat-making, the whole skin as well as cutters’ waste being utilized. Like beaver fur, it is assorted into three grades—backs, sides, and bellies—on account of difference in color and texture. The belly fur is the choicest and is used for making light or pearl hats. During the last 25 years the price has ranged from $1.80 to $3.25 per pound, averaging about $2. In 1876 it was $2.25, from which it varied little till 1890, when it began to increase, reaching $3.25 in 1892, and since then it has steadily decreased to the present price, $1.80 per pound. The cutters’ waste sells for 35 to 40 cents per pound and the blown fur for $1.30 to $2 per pound. The standard mixed grade of blown muskrat fur usually sells for 30 or 40 cents less per pound than the belly fur, while dyed muskrat sells usually for one- third the price of cut belly, or about 60 cents per pound. A small quantity of mink fur is used by the hat-manufacturers, the amount not exceeding 1,500 pounds annually, obtained entirely from cutters’ waste, no whole skins whatever being used for this purpose. Mink fur is rather poor for felting, as may be inferred from the price at which it sells, the clippings fetching about 15 cents and the blown fur about $1.10 per pound, or only one-sixth the price of beaver. The cheapest aquatic fur.received by the hatters is that of the fur- seal, of which probably 5,000 pounds are used annually. This is obtained almost exclusively from cutters’ waste of dyed clippings, and when cut and blown sells for about 75 cents per pound. The preparation of all of these furs for felting purposes is practically the same in each case. Preparatory to cutting them from the whole skins, the pelts are scoured thoroughly with soap water to remove the grease and other impurities, then they are properly dried and plucked, each one of these several processes being performed in much the same manner as in the fur-dressing establishments, except that it is done with ereater expedition and less care. The overhairs are of no yalue in felting, and are sold as stuffing in upholstery, for plasterers’ use, ete. The plucked skins are next carroted, consisting in moistening the fur with a solution of quicksilver and nitric acid or chloride of mercury, and then spreading them out flat to dry. This is done either in the open air or in rooms heated by steam, according to the color desired. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 297 When dried in the open air the fur becomes whitish, and when dried by subjection to steam or other artificial heat it assumes a yellow, earrot-like hue. This explains the abbreviations W. C. (white carrot) and Y.C. (yellow carrot) always given in connection with the designa- tion of each kind of felting fur. In the preparation of beaver and some other furs, the carroting is occasionally omitted, but this raw stock does not felt so readily and is usually mixed with properly carroted fur. After drying, the carroted skins are brushed by holding each one for a few seconds against a revolving wheel studded with quills. This is for the purpose of removing all dust and to straighten the fur so that it may be readily cut from the skin. Originally the cutting was done by manual labor, a pair of shears being used, and later by means of an ingenious mechanism giving a chopping motion to a ver- tically mounted knife. At present a much better machine is used, which with great rapidity cuts the pelt from the fur in little narrow strips about one-sixteenth of an inch in width and equaling in length the width of the skin. These strips of coriaceous membrane fall into a receptacle and go to the waste heap or to the manufacturers of certain oleaginous compounds. An endless apron carries the fur for- ward without disarranging it or changing its natural formation, where it is properly assorted by experienced operators. Each assortment consists of the fur from a particular part of the skin, the chief divisions being the back, the sides, and the belly. Fur cut from the back is the darkest in color; that from the sides is lighter, and somewhat lower in quality. The belly fur is nearly always the lightest in color. It varies in quality, however, being the finest of the principal grades when cut from the beaver, nutria, or muskrat skins, and the lowest when obtained from the skins of land animals, such as the cony and rabbit. Minor assortments consist of the fur cut from the tails of various animals and from the cheeks of the beaver, the latter being the choicest felting fur obtainable. Belly fur is used in making light-colored hats; that from other portions is available for the production of felt hats of every desirable color. All of these assorted furs are placed separately in paper bags, contain- ing 5 pounds each in America and England and 1% kilograms each in France, in which they are stored or marketed. The blown furs are those obtained from fur-cutters’ waste, which every furrier establishment saves carefully. These pieces are assorted and sold to the cutters of hatters’ furs at prices ranging from $1.25 per pound for beaver to 15 cents per pound for mink clippings. The fur- cutter runs them through a chopping machine, where they are cut into minute pieces, and afterwards are repeatedly blown to separate the fur from the overhairs and pieces of skin. Blown fur is not usually carroted, and since it is short and is not readily assorted into various grades it sells for considerably less than cut fur. 298 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. THE SKINS OF FUR-SEALS. DESCRIPTION OF THE SKINS. There are two distinct groups of marine mammals commonly called seals. The members of one family, the Otaridx, provide the fash- ionable fur, and are known generally as fur-seals; while the Phocidx supply seal leather and oil, and are called seals or hair-seals. The northern fur-seal pelts on the market are of three sorts, viz: Alaska skins, Copper skins or Copper Island skins, and Northwest Coast skins. Of the southern pelts the principal varieties are the Lobos, the South Shetland, the Cape Horn, and the Cape of Good Hope skins; but the present yield of these is quite small compared with that of the northern skins. ‘These several classes of pelts are distinguishable from each other and sell at different prices. The Shetland Island skins are the choicest, but they are now very scarce and are rarely on the market. Of those obtainable in marketable quantities, the most valuable are the Alaska skins; next are the Copper skins; and the Lobos and Cape of Good Hope skins are of least value. The pelage of the Alaskan fur-seal consists of a nearly uniform coating of dense, soft fur overtopped by coarse rigid hair of varying length. The coriaceous membrane is thin, pliable, and of light weight. The fur increases uniformly in thickness and fineness all over the body until the third or fourth year, when it is about three-eighths of an inch in length and is in its greatest perfection.: After the fourth year it grows longer and thicker on the neck and shoulders and becomes thinner on the posterior parts, thus deteriorating in value. The hair overtopping the coating of fur is longest on the back of the neck, where in case of 4-year-old males it reaches a length of 2 inches or more; on the posterior parts it is shorter, and near the hind flippers it is usually less than an inch in length; on the limbs it is much shorter and less dense. and in some places quite absent. It is shed annually in August and September, new hair appearing as the old is cast. The process occupies about six weeks, and while in that condition the skins are known as ‘‘stagy,” and are of inferior value owing to the amount of labor required in the process of dressing. The Alaskan skins have constituted the greater part of those on the market since fur-seal has been fashionable in Europe and America. The Pribilof Islands, whence they are obtained, have probably yielded one-third of the total product of fur-seals of the last two centuries, and 80 per cent of those secured in the last seventy-five years. From the reports of the United States Treasury Department, it appears that from 1870 to 1900, inclusive, 1,837,563 marketable fur-seal skins have been shipped from the Pribilof Islands, and the revenue to the United States Treasury has amounted to $7,812,036. The fur of Copper skins, from the Commander Islands, is coarser and less dense than that of the Alaska skins, and commands a lower UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 299 price in the markets, usually about 70 per cent of the price of the latter. The pelt is also less porous than that of the Alaskan skins, this being especially noticeable in the process of working them pre- paratory to leathering. It is far more difficult to unhair a Copper skin, as the membrane is harder and stiffer and the hair more brittle. Since 1871 the Russian Government has leased the sealing rights on the Commander fslands under conditions similar to those in the Pribilof lease. Following this, the number of skins secured averaged between 35,000 and 40,000 for upward of twenty years, but during the last six years it has greatly decreased. The skins from Robben Island, in Okhotsk Sea, were formerly classed separately from those obtained on the Commander Islands, and were regarded as inferior, owing to the greater difficulty in removing the hair and the lighter color of the fur. Improved methods of dressing and dyeing have lessened this difference, and within the last fifteen years they have been combined with those caught on Copper Island and included in the term ** Copper skins.” The Northwest skins are obtained in the North Pacific Ocean and the adjacent seas, and are the product of the so-called pelagic fishery, which has occupied so much attention in diplomatic correspondence and in the public press during the last twelve years. Previous to 1881 the output of this fishery never exceeded 10,000 skins; then it increased until 1894, when the catch was 141,148 skins, and since then it has greatly decreased, the product in 1900 being 38,923. Notwith- standing the fact that the Northwest skins are from the same herd as the Alaska skins, they are of much less value, many of them being taken out of season, when the fur is poor and the pelt stagy. Asa rule they are not so well cured as the skins taken on the islands, and have many raw spots, a result of their being salted in the foul air of the ship’s hold under indifferent supervision. They are readily distin- guishable from the Alaskan and Copper skins by the fact that they are all pierced by bullet, buckshot, or spear, furnishing another reason for diminished value. The Lobos Island fur-seal, at present the most numerous of all the southern members of this family, is obtained principally from Lobos Island, at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, which is owned and con- trolled by the Republic of Uruguay. It is of a greenish or yellowish- brown color, with sides of a darker brown, and the fur is comparatively long. ‘The pelt is thin, rather spongy, and easy to work. Since 1825 the right to take seals on the island has been leased under a system of regulations resembling somewhat those in force on the Pribilof and Commander islands. The annual product is from 15,000 to 20,000. The total number of skins obtained since 1873 approximates 415,000, valued at $4,000,000, a remarkable output for an island covering less than 1 square mile in area. The rookeries on this island are the only ones in all the southern seas which have been protected, and they 300 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. are also the only ones whose output has continued undiminished to the present time. The general color of the South Shetland or Cape Horn fur-seal, according to Mr. Henry Poland, is light gray with a silvery hue; the neck and cheeks are whitish, and the sides and belly are of a rich brown. The fur is thick and heavy, and of a reddish or deep pink color. The habitat of this seal is the islands in the Antarctic Ocean, and it is more numerous on South Shetland Island than elsewhere. When in good condition this fur is the choicest on the market, its quality being much superior to that of the Alaskan seal, the high latitude and the rigor of the climate developing the fur into full per- fection at the time when the seals seek those shores. During the seventies the skins of the South Shetland fur-seals sold for nearly twice the price of Alaskan skins, although, owing to the inferior quality of the leather, they are less durable. Since 1882 the receipts of Cape Horn skins have been small and irregular, ranging from 6,000 to less than 100 a year. The high prices of the pelts have resulted in the searching of every accessible beach and rock in the southern oceans and the removal of all fur-seals that could be secured, their only pro- tection being the severe weather, which often makes it impossible to effect a landing on the rookeries. The total number of fur-seal skins marketed since their introdue- tion in the early part of the eighteenth century aggregates probably 13,000,000, of which 5,000,000 were secured from northern localities and the remaining 8,000,000 from the rookeries of the southern seas, the great bulk of the latter being marketed at Canton, China, a hun- dred years ago. At the present market price the total value of these pelts would approximate $500,000,000, but owing to their cheapness in the early years, when the greater part of them were obtained, the actual returns have probably not exceeded a tenth of that amount. In curing fur-seal skins preparatory to shipment it was formerly customary to dry them while held stretched upon the ground by the use of stakes and twine or by means of wooden pegs driven through the edges. It was often impossible to dry the skins thoroughly in the damp climate of Alaska; and even when artificial drying was resorted to, it was frequently difficult to prevent them from dete- riorating while en route to market. The drying process also made it difficult to unhair the pelt in dressing. This led, about 1855, to the salting of the skins, which is now the general practice. However, a few are dried by the natives along the mainland and on the adjacent islands of Alaska, a thousand or more being marketed each year. FUR-SEAL MARKETS. Previous to 1855 fur-seal skins were in little demand in Europe or America. The fur was not fashionable and the skins were made into gloves and riding rugs, caps for cabmen and street peddlers, and even UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 301 for the covering of trunks and boxes. Another use to which they were put when unusually cheap in the European market was to clip the fur from the skin and tan the latter for the generai purpose of leather, while the cut fur was either discarded or manufactured into napping for ‘‘ beaver hats.” But few hats were made of this material after the adoption of sill felt. About 1825 the unhairing and dyeing of fur-seal was introduced, and although the article was very poor compared with the choice product of the present time, it was a decided advance over the former methods of dressing. Between 1855 and 1870, through experiments on the part of Messrs. Oppenheim & Co., and of Messrs. Martin & Teichman, in London, and of Mr. George C. Treadwell, in Albany, the methods of dressing and dyeing fur-seal were greatly improved, resulting in an exquisitely soft and downy texture and rich dark-brown color, which was quickly adopted by the fashionable world for cloaks, jackets, mufts, trimmings, etc. So popular did the fur become that the demand quickly ran up from 10,000 skins in 1860 to 20,000 in 1865, to 150,000 during the seventies, and 200,000 during the eighties at greatly increased prices. The high prices resulted in excessive drains on the rookeries and unwise methods of slaughter at sea, so that the quantity of skins obtainable now is very much less than ten or fifteen years ago, only 95,485 being handled in 1900, and the price is much in excess of what it ever was before. Previous to 1871 fur-seal pelts were comparatively cheap, the un- dressed Alaskan skin rarely selling for more than $4 or $5; but since that time the market price has greatly increased. In 1875 Alaskan skins averaged about $13 each; in 1880, $20; in 1885, owing to the large number received from the pelagic fishery, the price fell to about $16 each, but in 1890 it increased to $35, and in 1900 to $40. Since 1870 practically the entire world’s product of fur-seal skins has been sold in London. Most of them are handled by Messrs. C. M. Lampson & Co., who receive consignments from the North American Commercial Company, the lessees of the right to take skins on the Pribilof Islands; from the Russian Sealskin Company, the lessees from the Russian Government of the rights on Commander Island and Robben Reef, and a large portion of the Northwest skins. Other prominent firms in London handling skins are the Hudson’s Bay Company, Messrs. Boulcher, Mortimer & Co., the consignees for Lobos skins, and Messrs. Culverwell & Brooks, who receive many of the Northwest skins. The skins are duly catalogued, and public-auction sales are held at stated times during the year, usually in March, October, and Decem- ber, when all the leading furriers of Europe and America are repre- sented, the number averaging about 50. Generally the entire stock on hand is sold at each occasion. 302 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The consignments of skins are assorted according to the size, the following grades being recognized: Name of class. Age. Wee aie aisiein Sekainie = aes SEE SE 6 to 10 years. MiIGG@Iin gs! =): ea- 32 sae wee ae toe ee eee \ Middlings‘and smalls ---2.-2-25..2.- fs to 5 years. SmAlsses ees ey aa eee teat oe ee 4 years. Lares DUDS esac ese em aes acess 3 years. Id Gling UpS a eeee oe soe eee ener Dees Smravlipupsisccsrececeeseec nee eee 2 Meee: Extra small pine: ES Seat tee eros 1 year. Extra extra small pups-.---.---..-.- lamde ‘ Gang ound hee eet go jUnder 1 year. } The following summary, compiled by Mr. Alfred Fraser, shows the total number of skins offered at the London auction sales during each year since 1872: Statement of the number of each variety of fur-seal skins offered in London during a series of years ending in 1900. oe Y Copper | Northwest; Lobos Cape ES STB SEG-A) Stalerial! | coast. | Island. Horn, | Total. | | 1872 Pee epee teen tee eee ee eee 96, 283 | 7,182 16,312 | 7,000 320} 127,097 Ie ViGie soca = Senerere seas soce aSabe nose 101, 248 | 21, 614 931 6, 956 9, 000 139, 749 0 A eae oe pe eee Me Se Se 90, 150 30, 349 8,843 | 8, 509 8, 600 146, 451 STDS eee sate asst alaae iet eacee 99, 634 34, 479 3,575 8,179 9, 500 155, 369 TUG seetce cet ote rine eaaciiemeas ee ere 90, 267 33, 298 4, 097 11, 353 6, 306 145, 321 UST Sone es anecdote en ieee cee 75, 410 25, 380 1, 945 13, 066 7, 631 123, 432 TS TBreo a aaceten meio eeiae eerie 99, 911 19, 000 3, 610 12,301 8, 227 143, 046 Teeter Hoes ata were ocsarece 100, 036 28, 211 15, 527 12, 295 12, 180 168, 249 ASSO aoe ek Cakee soeee oes Soe eaees 100, 161 38, 885 13,501 | 14, 836 17, 562 184, 945 SB Iuseeies son onconcbeeme steeee sees 99, 921 45, 209 16, 573 13, 569 13, 164 188, 436 1 BBO): SUSE wots sets ctgen ee soeeimec cote 100, 100 39,111 23, 765 18, 200 11, 711 187, 329 TS83 cece ae po coce meee ome ne eae eee ae | 75, 914 36, 500 5,028 | 12,861 4, 655 139, 474 1 ee SEES EEE eRe ae Soi eee 99, 887 26, 675 19, 269 16, 258 6, 743 169, 705 T@8b ter ecee nethe eee ema eee eee oar 99,719 | 48, 929 20, 265 10, 958 3, 404 183, 270 1S86 REESE eee een toaster mes seeme | 99, 910 | 41, 752 33, 973 13, 667 909 190, 213 Iislel/ Sea Sse anes SouSo maha snob saccnese 99, 940 | 54, 584 43,339 | 11,068 2, 762 211, 693 IS8Bi2 Sees centers OSE ea es aoe eal 100, 000 | 46, 333 40,000 | 20,749 4, 403 211, 483 ICCC) Rok ona gaa oammoocasodotadssoSass 100, 000 | 47, 416 41, 808 | 8, 755 3, 021 201, 000 W890 ees ecas nek melee ae sine cement as 20, 994 | 95, 486 39,014; 18,541 2, 450 176, 485 MBO Toi rasa sisiseiere eae eaeiece = Siaictaloieteeors 13, 473 | 17, 025 5d, 263 15, 834 3, 114 104, 709 Ie eo Maa seen ese saebrdcpana goose 7, 504 | 30, 678 64,108 : 12, 202 6, 292 120, 834 BR} A Seecice Bose onnocgnonopesosocecs | 7, 492 32, 832 121, 618 13, 624 2,181 177, 697 Oh abe Snee secs adodese Hoses aese | 16, 030 27, 298 171, 914 12, 145 62 227, 449 IEE) cmacoscospesbcocesseasodeue secs 15, 002 | 17,721 57,842 | = 12, 017 1, 888 104, 470 Iso) Gn asceae soon se deps2cesecoasascc 7,500 14, 415 30, 651 14, 019 2,510 99, 095 IW So cacoceepsch socbddsocead=ocsee 4 22, 504 (@) 68,623 | 13,407 2,037 106, 571 Uke Sat Soeces 54 seo noees voc osocece 20, 762 | 13, 726 46,178 ; 30, 348 3, 900 114, 914 ISS 5 os acnonasooss as seduasanhoesse | 26, 434 8, 942 44,993 ! 15, 381 6, 291 102, 041 DIDO seen cepacia cis sem aim alee te 19, 935 | 9, 784 | 42,829; | 15,116 7,821 95, 485 | aThe 1896 skins were sold in December, 1896; no 1897 skins were sold until March, 1898. Previous to 1820 no market existed for fur-seal skins in the United States, and practically all of those received from the Southern oceans were reshipped to China, either direct or by way of Europe. In 1822 Mr. Denison Williams, a cap-manufacturer of Albany, N. Y., introduced fur-seal caps to the trade. From a manuscript written by him, and now in the possession of Mr. Samuel Williams, we have extracted the following notes in regard to the development of this business: — . In 1822 the first fur-seal came into our market. At that time no one knew a process of removing the hair from the fur, therefore we made them into caps with the hair on, which took well. The next season we used large quantities of fur-seal, and after a number of experiments succeeded in removing the hair, greatly increasing the value of the fur. Those skins were from the South Shetlands, then just discovered, UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 303 and were the finest ever found. The next season we prepared a lot of hair-seal caps which took well in the Southern markets. In the fall of the following season (1825) we succeeded in coloring both the fur-seal and the hair-seal skins, the first ever colored in this country, thus enhancing their value 100 per cent. Mr. Williams was quite successful in the fur-seal cap business, establishing agencies in Boston, New Orleans, and Nova Scotia, and having made a net profit of $60,000 in four years, retired in 1827. The business was continued by Mr. Williams’s former associates, Messrs. Packer, Prentice & Co., who built up a large trade, their manufacture of various furs in 1831 amounting in value to half a mil- lion dollars. In 1833 Mr. George C. Treadwell, who in later years enjoyed so prominent a reputation in fur-seal dyeing, began dressing the skins, and in a few years others embarked in the business, making Albany the principal center in the United States for this industry. Fur-seal skins constituted a large item in the business, 20,000 being unhaired and dyed ina single year, nearly all of which were used in the manufacture of caps. Previous to 1835, most of the skins were dyed ‘‘ London brown.” In that year Mr. James Chase, of the Treadwell company, discovered how to give them a dark plum color, and afterwards deepened it to a deep sable hue. The skins were obtained from the South Shetlands and other places in the vicinity of Cape Horn and from various places on the west coast of Africa. With the decrease in yield from these localities about 1840, the business at Albany began to wane, and finally fur-seal skins became so scarce that nearly every manufacturer ceased using them. Mr. Treadwell continued their use for caps and gloves, obtaining his supply of raw skins from the occasional lots received from the southern seas, supplemented by shipments of Pribilof skins from London. The attention of Mr. Treadwell having been called to the growing demand in London for fur-seal sacques, he began dressing and dyeing the skins for the trade in the United States. He did not produce the seal-black fashionable at the present time, but a reddish brown, which became known as seal-brown. This product gave excellent satisfac- tion, the dye retaining its bright color without fading. Meeting with sufficient demand for his output, he did not attempt to secure the black shade of color finally adopted by the London dyers in response to the demands of fashion. Mr. Treadwell was the only fur-seal dresser in this country up to the year 1878, when Mr. J. D. Williams, of Brooklyn, the son of Mr. Denison Williams, referred to above, began dressing and dyeing the skins a dark brown, similar to the London color. At the present time, the sons of the late Mr. J. D. Williams, above noted, are the only fur-seal dressers and dyers in this country, although there are many who redye skins. The reason fur-seal skins are not dressed and dyed more extensively in the United States is not due to the high cost of labor here, for that is more than counterbalanced by the 20 per cent 3804 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. import duty on the prepared skins; nor is it due to the lack of expert workmen. ‘The principal reason is that the raw skins are sold in London and harmonious cooperation exists among the fur-brokers, fur-dressers, and bankers there, so that a first payment may be made on skins purchased in the fall, and most of the purchase money be withheld until the skins have been dressed, dyed, and made ready for manufacture six or eight months later. In estimating the industrial value of the manufacture of fur-seal articles in the United States, seven of the principal furriers made affidavit in 1892, as follows: The number of Alaska fur-seal skins that are imported annually into the United States, after dressing and dyeing in London, is, upon the basis of the importations during the past ten years and upon a catch of 100,000 skins at the Pribilof Islands, correctly estimated at 65,000 to 75,000. The value, before paying duty thereon to the United States, of each dressed and dyed fur-seal skin so imported, may be said to range between $15 and $50, with an average value during the past ten years of about $25 per skin. The wages paid annually to people engaged in the manufacture and remodeling of seal-skin articles are, on an average, about $7 a skin, or upon 70,000 skins, $490,000. The profits made annually by merchants, wholesale furriers, and retail furriers amount to about $30 a skin, or upon 70,000 skins $2,100,000. The amount of silk consumed annually in the manufacture in the United States of 70,000 fur-seal skins into articles and in the repairing of these articles may be estimated at $150,000 to $200,000. All silk which is being so consumed at the present time is made in the United States. Working men and women are employed in the industry of manufacturing seal-skin articles in the United States as follows: Ala cai finati Num- | Wages per Classification. ere | aiaha | Fur-cutters (i. e., people who trim, repair, and prepare the general shape of | hCG) Ree | ae AO ee eee eed een eRe ket, Be eS oe eee 2 1,200 | $8.50 to $4. 50 Nailers (i. e., people who stretch and nail skins into shape on boards).....--- 600 | 2. 00 2.50 Sewers and finishers (i. e., people who put the article into final shape).....--. 1,500; 1.50 2.00 Those who machine skins (i. e., remove the portion of guard hairs left by CHENIN TAITERS)) Seo ew ese Fe Sees OR ey) SRE 2 ee ee ee eae 60 | 2.00 Motil ie JA Geass eh, alls Naber ek ee hee JEN ee ASCE | 3,360 | The fur-cutters represent skilled labor of a high order. No account is taken of porters, clerks, salesmen, etc., employed in the large establishments. @ Owing to the smaller quantity of skins received on the market at the present time, the number of persons employed in manufacturing them into garments is much less than in 1892, probably not over 60 per cent as many. The total number of persons actively employed at present in various parts of the world in handling fur-seal skins from the live animals to the finished garments probably aggregates 4,000, and the total value of the product $6,000,000 or $8,000,000 annually. METHODS OF DRESSING AND DYEING. The present method of dressing fur-seal skins represents the highest development in the fur-dresser’s art. The difference in appearance between a raw and a finished pelt of beaver, otter, or muskrat is com- a Fur-seal Arbitration, Washington, 1895, Vol. ILI, p. 526, UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 305 paratively small; but the raw fur-seal skins, as received at the fur- dresser’s establishment in their dirty and unsightly condition, bear little resemblance to the finished product delivered to the garment manufacturers. The following account of the present methods of dressing these skins is based on information furnished by fur-dressers of New York and London, and especially by Mr. Samuel Williams and Mr. Max Bowsky, of New York City: The moist skins are first freed of salt and then ‘* blubbered,” con- sisting in placing each skin, fur down, on an inclined wooden beam somewhat like a tanner’s beam, and with a two-handled knife removing all particles of blubber, flesh, and other extraneous matter, care being taken that no cuts or uneven places are made in the pelt. These blub- ber scrapings are oleaginous and are usually handled by manufacturers of oils and greases. The skins are soaked in cold water over night and then washed in strong soap water, the amount of washing depend- ing on the condition of the pelt, some pelts standing more than others, too much washing loosening the fur. Whale-oil soap was formerly considered necessary for this, but its use is now almost abandoned. After the washing, the skins are placed on a beam with the fur side up and the grease and water are removed by scraping or pressing with a beaming knife. ' Then comes the depilation or unhairing, the most difficult and important single step in the process. In preparing for this, a slight difference of practice exists among the various dressers. Usually after the washing, as above noted, each skin is stretched and sewed with heavy cord to the rim of an iron hoop and suspended in dry atmos- phere until thoroughly dry, usually requiring several days. Next they are soaked in cold water from one to three days, the length of time varying according to the condition of the skin and the tempera- ture of the water. On removal the fur is dried and the skin made quite warm, doubled together, and sweated in a warm place from one to three hours or until the hair commences to start. In some estab- lishments the drying of the skins on iron hoops is omitted entirely, and the fur is dried and the moist pelt warmed and sweated as above noted immediately after the washing process. When the skins are in good working condition, the picker or unhairer bends several of them across boards by the side of a stove, and thus warms and dries the fur side, keeping the skin side moist in the meantime. Each skin while warm is successively placed on the unhairer’s beam, pelt side down, and the hair removed by using a dull knife of soft metal, known as a picker’s knife, the workman grasping the hair between the knife and his thumb, the latter being protected by a rubber cot. Extra force should not be used in case the hairs do not yield readily, for they are liable to break off; but the pelt should be again moistened and the fur side warmed. After a portion of the skin has been unhaired, it is necessary to warm another part of it at the F. C, 1902—20 3806 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. stove, keeping the pelt moist as before, and the operation is continued until the entire skin has been unhaired. In order that the hairs may be easily removed, it is necessary to heat the skin to the limit which it will stand without injury, and much experience is required to determine this limit. Many skins have been so injured in the unhairing that the fur loosens and readily comes out after a few weeks’ wear. For economy of time, a workman generally operates on three or four skins at the same time, unhairing one while the others are warm- ing. The hairs must be pulled out and not broken off. Care is also taken to avoid removing the fur with the overhairs, and thus leaving bare spots on the pelt. Even after the above process stagy skins retain many short or second-growth hairs which reach a short distance above the fur. Many of these may be removed by the picker warm- ing the skin and passing a dull beaming-knife rapidly over the fur. When the skins are very stagy they are sometimes unhaired in part from the skin side. The roots of the hair penetrate the membrane farther than those of the fur, and when the skin is pared down thin the hairs may be pulled out by grasping the base of the roots. The skins are next stretched and nailed on boards and dried very hard, the drying continuing from two to five days to remove every particle of moisture. On removal they present the appearance of thin, uneven boards with little curls of brown fur on one side; these may be cracked or split by a person walking on them almost as readily as though of wood. When opportunity presents, the dried skins are dampened on the pelt side with fresh or salt water and skived or shaved on a beam with a currier’s knife to a thin, even surface. Salt is used in the water to prevent the fur from coming loose, but too much salt ‘‘cuts” the leather, and its use is not desirable except in hot weather. Some dressers postpone this shaving until after the fur has been dyed, but others are so annoyed by the grease coming out of the thick mem- brane and interfering with the dyeing of the fur that they thin the pelt at this stage of the process. The pelts are stretched and partly dried, being ‘‘ worked” in the meantime to prevent their drying stiff and hard. The pelt side is then covered with butter or other animal grease, and the skins are softened or leathered by tramping them in tubs, with a quantity of fine or veneer hard-wood sawdust, or in a tramping machine built on the principle of a fulling mill (see p. 292). This leathering is continued until the grease is driven thoroughly into the pelt, requiring from two to four hours in either the tramping tub or the fulling machine. The skins are then cleaned free of grease by revolv- ing them with a quantity of fine sawdust, and this is in turn removed in the beating drum, thus terminating the operation of dressing. Next comes the dyeing process. All holes and defective spots are first mended. If the pelts have been already partly shaved, a sheet of UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 307 paper is pasted on the flesh side; but if the pelt has been left thick, as is commonly the case, the paper pasting is omitted. The fur is treated with an alkali solution, followed by an acid mordant, for the purpose of ‘‘killing” the surface. Each establishment has its own formula for making the dye, the secret of which is usually carefully guarded. Formerly the fur was frequently bleached to a golden hue by means of chloride of calcium or peroxide of hydrogen, or, as was the usual practice in the United States, by a brushing of aqua fortis, over which hot trons were immediately passed; but this color is no longer fashion- able. In most establishments the dye for the ends of the fur consist of various combinations of copperas, alum, salt, litharge, antimony, copper dust, verdigris, red tartar or argol, and salmiac. The ground color is formed of combinations of logwood, hippuric, fustic, nutgall, and iron liquor, in varying proportions, according to the experience and fancies of the dyer. The fur is prepared for coloring by the application of a lime solution. Then the surface coloring is applied with a large brush, the points of the fur being carefully covered to the required depth. After lying folded, with the points touching each other for 6 to 12 hours, the skins are hung up and dried. When dry this dye forms a thin layer or crust, which is broken and beaten out with.rattan sticks. Other coats of dye are then successively applied, dried, and the crust removed until the desired effect is secured. For the light brown shade formerly popular, 18 or 20 coats of the dye were necessary; but for the very dark shade popular at present fewer coats of a much stronger dye are used, the usual number applied being 8 or 10. Some years ago a process of dyeing was introduced by which the fur was dipped into the dye, which in this case must be hot. Fewer coats were necessary and a more brilliant color was imparted, but the texture of the fur was injured to some extent by the hot liquid. When the desired shade is reached for the top of the fur, four or five coats of the more delicate dye are successively brushed on heavily and tramped in, forming a base or ground color. In tramping this ground color in, two pelts are placed together on the floor with the fur sides against each other, and the dyer lightly treads on them for two or three minutes. The skins are thoroughly cleaned with sawdust and all superfluous dye removed. The pelt side is then moistened with water and shaved down to the required thinness, removing all super- fluous flesh and leather and leaving the pelt clean and free from dye. The skins are revolved in a cleaning drum, with maple or other light- colored veneer sawdust for several hours, and on removal, and after beating free of sawdust, are ready for manufacture into garments. While the foregoing is the general process, it is necessary to vary it for different skins, and successful dressing and dyeing require long experience and much judgment. Owing to the necessity for drying the skin a number of times in the dressing, and also after the applica- 308 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. tion of each coat of dye, the length of time required for both opera- tions is six to eight weeks. The expense of this work in London is about 14 shillings, while in New York, owing to the higher price for labor and materials, it is about $5 for each skin. No matter how carefully the unhairing process is performed, a num- ber of hairs are broken off near the surface of the fur, and there remain many of young growth and not yet above the surface, detracting from the beauty and_ softness of the fur, but adding thickness and durability, owing to the protection afforded. In the early history of fur-dressing in England and America these few hairs were left in, but when fur- seal increased in fashion it became important to have the fur as free from coarse hairs as possible. From 1870 to about 1882 the few hairs remaining after the process of depilation were removed commonly by hand labor, a slow and expensive process. Most fur-manufacturers employed girls to *‘ pick” the skins. Blowing open the soft fur with her breath, the operator cut off the stiff, extended hairs with small shears, requiring one to five days for one person to complete a single skin. Since 1883 most of this work has been done by complicated mechan- ism which accomplishes the work as effectually and far more expedi- tiously. In this process the skin is bent across the upper edge of a vertical board and the soft fur blown aside and divided by a thin, wide current of air from a bellows, when a pair of small knives descend and cut off the stiff, upright hairs. The knives are raised, the skin advanced the fraction of an inch, and the operation repeated until the entire surface is gone over, requiring about one hour to complete an average skin. This removal of the short hairs is invariably postponed until after the dressing and dyeing are completed. On the adoption of fur-seal as a fashionable material, about 1870, and the great increase in price which quickly ensued, many substitutes were introduced, and since then few furs have been so frequently imi- tated. These were prepared from numerous cheaper furs, as otter, beaver, nutria, muskrat, cony, and even sheep. The otter, beaver, and muskrat imitations were fairly successful, especially for the man- ufacture of caps, gloves, and trimmings. They were not satisfactory for cloaks, the membrane being too thick and too weak to trim down sufficiently thin. The garments looked well at first, but soon showed wear, especially at the seams, and the dye faded. > Byres Oe sie eee se area | 584 The sales of Messrs. C. M. Lampson & Co., London, for March, 1901, included 409 sea-otter skins,“ of which 145 were large black skins, which sold at prices ranging from £52 to £280 each, or a total of £12,585 for the 145. The next largest class was a total of 118 large dark skins, varying in price from £48 to £125 each, or a total of £7,640. Only 14 brown skins were offered at that sale, of which 13 were large and 1 was of medium size. Out of the total of 409 skins, there were 276 large ones, the others consisting of 96 medium, 25 small, 1 extra small, and 11 cubs. The average value of the large skins of all classes was £75 6s. Td.; of the medium size, £50 8s. 10d.; of the small size, £35 6s. 5d.; of the extra small, £12; and of the cubs, £2.1s.10d. Four very small cubs sold for 10 shillings each. While it is extremely gratifying that the large skins formed so high a percent- age of the total number, yet it is to be regretted that there were any small skins whatever, and the taking of cubs was wanton destruction of valuable resources. The prices realized in 1901 were practically the same as in 1900, when 584 sea-otter skins were offered. The following summary shows for each grade of skins at Messrs. C. M. Lampson & Co. March, 1901, sale, the number sold, minimum and maximum prices, total selling value, and average selling value: F - No. of | Minimum |} Maximum] Total | Average Besenauon: | skins. price. price. value. value. Ropere slack \= 32a Heee es sh oo cs RMS | 145 £52 | £280 | £12,585 £86.79 Gates aaa arerss elsercse rea pain ate Soni sietercia ce 2 Sacee, 3/2 118 43) | 125 7,640 64.75 DLOW Disses sei- sis csesica caste weentels Sa Saleeiw lode s 13 38 | 68 570 43. 85 NIGGA EKA ine eae Se See Ueene Coe OC eeee 43 40 | 75 2, 258 52.51 Garces. aossasee uaa taccace ee ae 52 By 70 2,549 49. 02 DEON so -eraneeeecls cane ce ceeic med aadend 1 36 | 36 36 36. 00 Srila ae Kenan See eye Sa imoes ee aoc iecuaaesoas alof 32 | 42 393 30. 73 (bid ame SEE ne ee Os a = | Ae See ee eee ae 14 30 | 40 490 35. 00 Patra Small Gankss 532.\ cence} sue aces ae acme as ee ce. 1 12 12 12 12.00 CH Sicc So tecs nose pees qaenesoac coor CEO pO pe snDeSeecee | 11 | 2 | 3 | 23 2.09 MOU Se aa sesaae wc esis else nie clea se Xe wo sin von EB eeac Onecee | asec ane 26, 556 64. 93 DRESSING SEA-OTTER SKINS. The sea-otter should be skinned as soon as practicable after killing, and if caught far from the shore or from the vessel it should be laid out smoothly in the bottom of the boat and covered over with seaweed aA total of 422 were offered, but only 409 were sold. This comprises the bulk of the sates of sea- otters throughout the world for that year. 324 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. or otherwise protected. In skinning, a cross slit is made down the hind legs and a longitudinal cut made along the under side of the tail throughout its length, and the pelt drawn flesh side out over the body and head without cutting along the abdomen. No fur whatever is left on the carcass—tail, legs, and head being carefully stripped of their covering, though the fur on the legs and head is of relatively little value. The pelt, with the fur inside, is then tightly stretched on a stretching board. The fat adhering to the flesh side is carefully removed, the holes made by spears, or otherwise, carefully sewed up, and the pelt placed in the open air, protected from the sun, to dry. When quite dry, the fur is combed and the pelt rolled up and stored in a safe place, whence it is occasionally removed and examined for moths, ete. The present method of dressing sea-otter pelts is much less com- plicated than the treatment of beaver or mink, but, owing to the great value of the fur, extreme care is taken at all stages. The flesh side is first dampened over night with salt water, and then greased with choice butter, and several skins at a time tramped in a foot tub for four or five hours. Fine hard-wood sawdust is then added, and the tramping continued for two or three hours longer. On removal they are mois- tened with soap water over night and then shaved to thin the pelt, the same as in dressing beavers. Next they are worked in a tramping tub with fresh sawdust for two or three hours, and on removal are cleaned of sawdust, either in a beating drum or by striking with rattan sticks. After combing with a fine steel comb, the skins are ready for delivery. Owing to the care necessary in the process, the cost of dressing sea- otter skins is about $2 each, compared with 50 cents each for those of beaver and otter. Unlike other cased pelts, sea-otters are rarely ever cut open at the fur-dresser’s. MINK FURS. The pelage of the mink consists of dense soft fur, of excellent qual- ity and nearly uniform on all parts of the body, overtopped by stiff, lustrous hairs about three-fourths inch long. The color shows marked variations, ranging from a light dull-yellowish brown to a dark brown- ish black, but is ordinarily of a rich dark brown or chestnut brown glossed with black. It is usually slightly darker on the upper parts than below, the back and tail being the darkest, and the gloss is also most marked in the fur of the upper parts. The choicest are nearly black, approximating the desirable hues of sable, these being generally from New England, the wooded districts of Nova Scotia, and the Province of Ontario. The lighter colored are of less value, and are usually dyed or blended to the desired dark shade. Albinos, as well as mottled and drab-colored pelts, are occasionally secured. Some- times skins with white hairs sprinkled in the brown fur are obtained. Often there is a white spot on the throat similar to that of the marten, and a white spot or line of varying length sometimes occurs under- Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 33. MINK SKINS CASED AND DRESSED. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 325 neath. At times the long, bushy, and somewhat tapering tail is tipped with white. Minks from southern localities generally have fuller and thicker tails than those from farther north. The fur is generally dark bluish-brown and sometimes dark blue in case of very dark pelts. It is dense, glossy, short, and exceedingly durable, making it one of the most economical furs in use. The skin is very thin, the thinnest of all the aquatic fur- bearers, yet it is very tough. The mink pelts from cold localities are the choicest and most brilliant; those from southern regions are coarser, harsher and with less difference between the fur and the overhair. They are marketable only when taken late in autumn, in winter, or early in spring. When the fur of the mink was very fashionable and correspondingly high in price thirty years ago, several attempts were made to raise these animals in confinement. But it was found difficult to rear them when large numbers were kept together, the breeding being reduced and the females quarreling and fighting and frequently killing the young. Practically all these experiments ended in failure. MARKETS FOR MINK SKINS. Few furs surpass that of the mink in richness of coloring, quality, and durability; yet, owing to the capriciousness of fashion, it has frequently sold at a comparatively low price. It furnishes a striking example of the vagaries of fashion in the fur trade. Formerly it was used almost solely for imitating marten. About 1860 the fashionable world took a fancy to it for cuffs, collars, trimmings, and even for garments of various sorts, resulting in increasing the market price of the pelts from about 50 cents each to $8, $10, or even $20 for very choice skins. A mink muff of good quality sold for $75 or $100, and a full-depth mink wrap sold at times as high as $1,500. Indeed, dur- ing the sixties, it was the leading fashionable fur of this country. Then its popularity gave way to fashion’s demand for change of color and shorter pelage, and the price of prime skins decreased from $15 each in 1864 to $8.50 in 1866, to $3 in 1878, and to $1.25 in 1883. For many years the mink was out of favor and it almost disappeared from the market, But among those who could besindependent of fashion, -this warm, durable fur maintained its former popularity. -It is now somewhat more in demand, but is moderately cheap compared with prices prevalent thirty-five years ago, rarely selling for more than $3 each wholesale, except for very choice skins. In consequence of its many good qualities, it merits much greater popularity than it enjoys. About 400,000 mink skins are sold in London each year. This represents about 55 per cent of the total product of mink, the other skins being disposed of at private sale to furriers in Europe and America. About 80 per cent of the total product is obtained from within the limits of the United States, the remainder coming princi- pally from Canada. 326 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. DRESSING MINK SKINS. Mink skins as received at the dresser’s are usually cased, the fur being turned inside and only the greasy skin appearing, and they usually remain cased during the entire operation of dressing. As may be required, the fur and the leather sides are successively turned outward, and this tedious process forms one of the principal items in dressing this fur. The first operation is to place each pelt on a beam and scrape or beam off all the grease and surplus flesh adhering to the membrane. They are next moistened on that side with salt water. After remaining thus overnight they are placed in a tramp- ing machine, 2,000 pelts at a time, and revolved for four to six hours, until they are thoroughly softened. In the best establishments, the same result is accomplished in the tramping tubs. They are next turned fur side out and cleaned in a revolving drum containing saw- dust and a few handfuls of plaster of paris or fuller’s earth. This is continued until the grease is entirely removed, when they are revolved in the beating drum and the sawdust, etc., removed. On removal therefrom the skins are turned leather side out, moist- ened with salt water over night, then fleshed, as described on page 292. After fleshing, they are stretched as wide as possible with special iron stretchers, hung up and dried. The following day they are placed in the foot tubs—L00 skins and 1 peck of sawdust to each tub—where they are treaded by barefooted workmen for about three hours. On removal they are stretched lengthways and beaten with rattans or in a beating drum. Then they are turned fur side out, placed in the cleaning drum with fine hardwood sawdust and reyolved until thoroughly clean, which may require five or six hours. They are again placed in the beating drum to remove all the sawdust. On removal therefrom the fur is combed straight and they are turned leather side out and cleaned and polished with a fleshing knife, or, according to more recent practice, on an emery wheel. Mink fur is manufactured into muffs, wraps, gloves, caps, and boas, either in ratural state or dyed. Many skins are also used for coat linings. The tails are usually made into capes. Mink pelts are never plucked unless the overhair is exceptionally poor. This fur is very durable, lasting with moderate care a generation or more. The writer recently examined a mink muff ‘talmost as good as new,” which had been in use for more than fifty years. Mink furis very frequently sold under the name ‘‘American sable.” Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 34. WA itt if) 1) LUN. GAOT on ‘ah WE: J Hey es FSPC7 } 432 eee Li j 4 EE (Pee Mi %, "y is, geil i bt bs hate hd ; We i Ah ital {} 4 Whi § é t Onsen ; Lidia’ ae Taw 5 a 4 GRE Sidhe aaa set: ”, po ‘ CG CLT hse 5 ne SEA-LION LEATHER. LEOPARD SEAL LEATHER. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 327 AQUATIC LEATHERS. GENERAL REVIEW. The crude skins and hides of aquatic as well as of land animals are easily putrescible when left in a green state, and if dried they lack suppleness, and are hard, unpliable, and almost impermeable to air. Leather, on the contrary, is one of the most imperishable of animal products, and is supple and porous to a greater or less extent accord- ing to the process of manufacture. To transform the crude skins into leather is the business of the tanner and the currier; the former removes the tendency to putrefaction and incidentally increases its strength, durability, and imperviousness to water, and the currier renders it soft and pliable and at the same time imparts to it such finish and coloring as suit the special purposes for which it is intended. Leather is made from the skins of practically all the aquatic mam- mals and of some species of fishes; but at the present time, except among primitive people whose stock of raw materials is limited, these products rank among novelty or fancy leathers. Ordinarily the sup- ply of aquatic animals yielding skins suitable for tanning is so small or so difficult to obtain, compared with the enormous quantities of domestic animals available, that the leather made from the former can not compete in price with that from the latter. The nearest approach to competition is in the case of seal leather, of which large quantities are produced each year, the value of the annual product averaging $1,500,000; but the durability and choice grain of this article secures for it a much higher price than is obtainable for a good quality of calfskin. The hide of the beluga, or white whale, is one of the best of all skins for leather purposes on account of its durability, strength, and pliability; it is sold as porpoise leather, and probably $200,000 worth of tanned hides are marketed annually. Alligator skins are also obtained in large quantities, and, owing to the peculiarity of their markings, are used entirely as fancy leather; the total value of the output amounts to about $500,000 annually. Tanned walrus hides, and especially the thick ones, are in great demand for polishing wheels and other mechanical purposes, and probably $100,000 worth are sold annually. These are the only aquatic leathers which at present have an established position and a fairly constant price in the markets, but they are not the only aquatic leathers obtainable, the writer having collected 31 ofher varieties, although these are used in such small quan- tities that no constant market exists for them. Among those used toa less extent may be mentioned sea-lion, porpoise, sea-elephant, manatee or dugong, water moccasin, frog, ate! beaver, beaver tail, muskrat, and a variety of fish skins. The art of the tanner has been so developed that the preparation of certain skins in imitation of others is by no means a difficult process. 828 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The hides of walrus, sea-lion, sea-elephant, etc., are generally so damaged by the animals fighting among themselves, and from other causes, that, while the raw pelts may be abundant and ‘cheap enough, it is dificult to secure them sufficiently free from defect to permit of their use as fancy leathers with economy. On this account, seal skins, which are comparatively free from the objection noted, are generally used to imitate those leathers, the tanning and currying process being so modified as to develop the peculiar grain desired; and while there is much genuine walrus leather, sea-lion leather, etc., the great bulk of that on the market sold under those names is made from seal skins. The skins of fish are generally glutinous and soluble in water, but the texture of most of them is sufficiently firm and strong to permit of their use as leather, although their employment for practical pur- poses is rather limited. Skins of cusk, cod, eels, flat-fish, and the like, have been converted into leather suitable for gloves, purses, boot tops, etc. The tubercular skins of many sharks, rays, and allied fishes are largely employed under various names for polishing purposes and for covering boxes, sword grips, etc. All of these miscellaneous skins are valued principally because of their peculiar grain or markings, and are tanned so as to bring the grain into prominence. Their use is principally in small articles as belts, cardcases, pocketbooks, and the like. Recently they have been applied to the artistic binding of books, planned at the suggestion of Mr. George F. Kunz. Among these was the catalogue of the Izaak Walton exhibition at the Grolier Club, New York City, in 1894. Beautiful effects have been secured by the use of variously colored shark skins, polished to a smooth sur- face and frequently inlaid with some other material. The possibilities for the development of this use of fish skins are remarkable. Fish skins are employed extensively in the preparation of glue and fertilizer stock. Especially notable in this connection is the waste from the New England factories engaged in preparing boneless codfish in the forms of bricks, and thousands of dollars’ worth of skins of cod, hake, haddock, etc., are annually converted into fertilizer and glue. GENERAL METHODS OF PREPARING AQUATIC LEATHERS. Leather manufacture is of great antiquity. A process of tanning, differing principally in detail from that practiced at the present time, was doubtless followed long hefore the days of Simon the tanner. While its kindred industrial arts, spinning and weaving, have made enormous progress, the art of tanning has remained almost stationary for ages, the methods of the present day surpassing those in vogue centuries ago in expediting the process rather than in the quality of the product. Leather-making is simple, consisting in unhairing the skins, removing the fatty matter clinging to the membrane, soaking them in an infusion of tannin, and then softening them by means of oreases. PLATE 35. 1902. Report U.S. F.C. Sis gu @* SECTION OF EUROPEAN STURGEON SKIN (SEE P. 348). (SEE P. 348). TANNED IN NEWARK, N. J. SKIN OF DELAWARE RIVER STURGEON, _ ~~ =r = UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 329 The skins of most mammals are composed of four membranes or parts. The first is the fat-bearing tissue, situated between the flesh and the body of the skin; the second or middle portion, known as the dermis or true skin, is made up of layers of fibers interwoven and intersecting in every direction; the third or outer part is a more or less horny membrane, which contains the nerves, the smaller blood vessels, and the base of the perspiratory glands; the fourth is a thin, semitransparent cellular tissue, known as the epidermis, in which the hair is rooted. The dermis or true skin forms the leather, and the third layer above noted—the horn-like tissue containing the nerves and perspiratory glands—forms the ‘‘grain” or ‘‘ bloom” of the leather. The fat-bearing tissue and epidermis, as well as the hair, are removed in the various processes of preparing the skin for tanning. In some leathers—for instance, porpoise—the grain or bloom is also removed. Many persons in securing aquatic skins fail to appreciate the impor- tance of care in removing them from the dead animals, and through carelessness make many knife-cuts in the membrane. In the case of furs these cuts are not so very serious, since the membrane can be sewed together and the damage concealed by the fur; but when skins are to be used for leather the cut portions are wholly valueless. Under ordinary conditions, as soon as life ceases decomposition of the skin begins unless a detergent is applied. Salt is very generally used for this purpose and is plentifully sprinkled over the skin on its removal from the animal. Although effective, salt is not the least injurious agent that may be used, borax being generally more satis- factory and more easily removed by soaking. On account of the great range of raw materials and requirements of the leather tride, the various processes of leather-making are neces- sarily numerous, differing even for skins of the same variety, accord- ing fo their quality, the season of the year, and many other conditions, the correct understanding of which is the outcome of experience. However, the general principle is so far identical in all classes of leather-making that it may be outlined here. The skins and hides usually reach the tanner after remaining in salt a greater or less length of time, depending on the distance from the place of slaughter. The first procedure is to cleanse the skins and to loosen and remove the hair and epidermis, neither of which is desired in the finished leather. In case the skins are received direct from the animals, they are easily cleansed from blood and dirt by soaking a few hours in fresh water and then washing for a few minutes in a per- forated rotating drum, known as a wash-wheel, through which a stream of water is constantly flowing. If the skins have been salted, as is usually the case with aquatic pelts, a more thorough soaking and wash- ing, with several changes of water, is necessary, the soaking sometimes extending over several days. In case of large hides which have been heavily salted the process may be assisted by a ‘* hide-mill,” in which, 38830 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. by means of cranks, heavy hammers are moved in pendulum fashion on the hides, or in which the hammers are alternately raised by cams. It may also be aided by using caustic soda in the tank water in the pro- portion of about 1 pound to each 100 gallons of water. Various agencies are used for loosening the hair, viz, putrefactive fermentation; lime, either alone or in connection with caustic soda; calcium or sodium sulphohydrate, etc. The first is of ancient origin, | and is the method even yet employed by primitive people. The green hides are permitted to remain several days in a warm, moist condition. Putrefaction soon begins, and quickly dissolves or destroys the epi- dermis and loosens the roots of the hairs embedded in it, when the latter easily slip out. This sweating process has little effect in split-. ting up the fiber bundles of the true skin and is usually employed only where a firm, solid leather is desired, as for polishing wheels, covering the Alaskan bidarkas, or more commonly in the preparation of sole leather. A more important method of removing the hair, and the one in gen- eral use, is by means of a solution of lime or calcium oxide in water, making a milk of lime, or calcium hydrate. This not only has a solvent effect on the epidermis, but splits up the fibers of -the skin, both of which are essential to the production of good, pliable leather. The skins are sunk flat and smooth in a tank or pit filled with milk of lime, and after twenty-four hours they are removed with hooks or tongs, the lime stirred up, and the skins returned, this process being repeated daily for a week or ten days, or until the hair is sufficiently loosened. The immediate effect of the lime is to swell the fibers of the skin and to split them up into their constituent fibrils, the dissolving of the epidermis being attributed to the action of the enzym products of bacteria. In preparing leather of different degrees of solidity or pliability, variations are made in the freshness and the temperature of the milk of lime, fresh lime at a low temperature being used for heavy leathers, while old lime at a high temperature is used in making thin, pliable leathers. Comparatively few fish skins are limed, since it destroys the fiber rather than loosening it; therefore they are usually tanned without liming. Shark skins, however, will go through the lime, and eel and cat-fish skins may be limed for one or two days. On removal from the liming tank the skin is laid, flesh side down, on a sloping beam having a convex surface, and scraped on the grain side with a blunt knife to remove the hair; then turned over and scraped on the flesh side with a sharp knife to remove all the adhering flesh, fat, and other loose tissue, this process being known as ‘‘ fleshing.” Next it is necessary to remove the lime from the skin, as its presence would interfere with the subsequent tannage. Also, when soft, pliable leathers are desired, the swollen condition of the fiber produced by the lime must be reduced, and in some cases a further portion of the =~ UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. ool cementing substance of the fiber must be dissolved. Removal of the lime is sometimes accomplished by neutralizing it with an acid, as sul- phuric or boracic, and then washing out the neutral salt. A more common method, however, is by the ‘* bran drench,” either alone or supplemented by dung bates. Hot water is poured upon bran, and the mixture set with a few pailsful of a fermenting drench liquor. When the skins are placed in this liquid, maintained at a temperature of 70° F., fermentation soon ensues, floating the skins up to the surface. They are again forced mechanically down into the liquid, but soon rise as before. When this has occurred three or four times, in 12 to 16 hours, the action is generally sufficient. Large hides, especially those of alligators, are sometimes submitted to the action of paddle wheels to hasten the removal of the lime and make that removal more uniform. This process is often preceded by treating the skin in a fermenting infusion of excrement of dogs in the preparation of lighter skins, and of pigeon or hen dung in case of heavy leathers. This not only acts on the lime so as to make it possible for it to be easily washed out, but it also renders the leather soft and pliable. The dog dung, called puer, is dissolved in water at a temperature of 90° F., and in this liquor the skins are kept in gentle motion for an hour or more. The previously plump skins become extremely soft and flaccid, and may be stretched in any direction without springing back. This operation is known as puering. The treatment with hen or pigeon bate is similar, except that it usually takes place without artificial heat and the process requires four or five days. The hide is now a simple network of fiber, all the interfibrous sub- stance, or filler, having been removed in the various processes above noted. Next comes the principal operation in the process of tanning, viz, dehydrating the skin and combining with it certain agencies which change the fiber network into leather. These agencies are (1) mineral salts, when the product is known as ‘‘tawed leather”; (2) oils and fats, making ‘‘ chamois leather”; and (3) tannin or tannic acid, resulting in ‘“‘tanned leather.” Mineral salts are rarely used in tanning aquatic skins, being employed mostly in preparing laces for belts; and the chief use of the oils and fats for aquatic leathers is in preparing por- poise hides for shoelaces. Most of the aquatic leathers are prepared by the third process, the use of tannin or tannic acid. After liming and bating, the hides are submitted to the action of infusions of tanning material. They are first worked by wheels in the tanning liquors for one to three days, according to the result desired, and then placed in tanks or pits, where, for several weeks, they are subjected to fresh tanning liquor, with frequent renewals of the liquor. On removal therefrom the skins are finished. This operation differs so much, according to the variety and quality of the skins, that accounts of the special treatment of the different kinds of skins are reserved for appropriate subchapters. 332 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LEATHER FROM SEAL SKINS. The seals whose skins are utilized for making leather are quite des- titute of the coat of choice fur which gives to the fur-seals their great commercial prominence. Yet on account of the valuable products of leather and oil, the economic importance of this group of animals is searcely less than that of the fur-seals. They are found in various northern waters, especially off the northern coast of Labrador and Newfoundland, in the waters of Greenland, the Arctic Ocean north of Europe, along the Nova Scotia and New England coasts, in the North- ern Pacific Ocean, in the Caspian Sea, and to a much less extent in the Antarctic seas. The principal sealing districts in the north are Newfoundland, Jan Mayen Seas, Nova Zembla, Kara Sea, and the White Sea. The Newfoundland fishery is by far the most extensive. It ranks among the most venturesome and important of all the marine industries of the world, giving direct employment to 5,000 men, while thousands of others are engaged in preparing the resultant products of leather and oil. American vessels have not engaged in this fishery except in a few instances, but the fishermen of Scotland unite with those of Newfoundland in reaping large returns from the seal hunt off the northeast coast of America. According to Mr. Robert Badcock, the total product of seals in the Newfoundland fishery in 1901 approximated 345,000, of which 27,000 were young hoods or bluebacks, 13,000 were old hoods, 10,000 old harps, 4,000 bedlamers, and the remaining 291,000 were whitecoats or young harps. The catch of bluebacks was far greater than usual, the average take of that variety not exceeding 5,000 in one season. A small percentage of the whitecoats are known as ‘‘ fast furs,” the long, thick woolly or hairy covering not easily separating from the pelt, as the name implies. These are usually very young animals, less than fifteen days old. Owing to the vessels reaching the seals quickly in 1901 a larger number of fast furs were secured than usual, the total amounting to about 10,000, whereas it is usually much less. In the markets these are commonly known as wool-seal skins. After discharge from the vessels the pelts pass through the hands of the ‘‘skinners,” who remove the blubber, take out the flippers, cut off the noses, etc. The skins are at once dry-salted and placed one over the other, with the flesh side uppermost, in piles of small height. There they remain for about three weeks, when thev are sufficiently cured for shipment to Europe or the United States to be tanned. After removal of the blubber the skins of the young harp seals average 5 or 6 pounds each in weight, and are worth about 80 or 85 cents at the present time. Bedlamers’ skins average about 12 pounds in weight and $1.30 in value, and old harps, from 14 to 18 pounds in weight and 90 cents in value. The skins of the young hood or blue- back seal weigh 6 or 7 pounds and sell for about $1.35 each, and the UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 333 old hoods range from 15 to 24 pounds and average about $1.65 each in value. Of the old seals the skins of the females are preferred to those of the males, as the latter are frequently damaged about the neck and foreflippers, by the animals fighting among themselves. The principal seal fishery of northern Europe is prosecuted in the seas about Jan Mayen and Spitzbergen by vessels sailing from Dundee and various other ports of the North Sea, and engaged also in the cap- ture of whales and walrus. As in the case of the Newfoundland fishery, the Greenland or harp seal is the principal species secured in the Jan Mayen district, but many hooded or bladder-nosed seals are also obtained, principally by shooting. During recent years about 35 ves- sels have been engaged from the various ports, mostly from Norway and Scotland, and the annual take of seals has ranged between 100,000 and 200,000, the proportion of mature seals being much greater than in the Newfoundland fishery. Owing to increasing scarcity of seals north of Europe, the British vessels have almost abandoned their pursuit, leaving it in the hands of Norwegians, whose more economical outfits enable them to continue the fishery at a profit. In the seas north of Russia, especially the White Sea and in the vicinity of Nova Zembla, many harp seals are taken in the spring by vessels from Norway and also by natives of the coast. ‘The fishery is not so extensive as that off the Newfoundland coast, the product amounting to probably less than 20 per cent of the latter. Another important seal fishery is that of the Caspian Sea, the species captured being peculiar to those waters. This industry is centered at Astra- khan, and the annual product is reported as less than 100,000 pelts. METHODS OF TANNING SEAL SKINS. The total quantity of seal skins received in the markets of the world approximates 650,000 annually, valued at $600,000. The majority are sold in London, but some are sold in Liverpool, Dundee, Hamburg, New York, Halifax, St. Petersburg, and Moscow. Most of them are tanned in Great Britain, London and Dundee being more extensively interested than any other places; but some aretanned. in Norway, Russia, Germany, France, and the United States. Previous to 1901 the number tanned in the United States was small, not fre- quently exceeding 30,000 in any one year; but during 1901, owing to an overstocking of the trade in Great Britain, about 75,000 skins were purchased and prepared by leather manufacturers in the United States. The general methods of tanning seal skins employed in Europe and America do not differ greatly from the treatment of similar pelts. As received at the tanneries, seal skins are thick, heavy, and extremely oily, but except in the last characteristic they closely resemble other raw skins. They are roughly cleaned of adhering flesh and blubber and as much of the oil as practicable is pressed out, when they are placed in lime pits to loosen the roots of the hair and prepare them for depi- 334 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. lation. The skins are put first into an old-lime solution and frequently changed to stronger solutions until the liming effect is completed, three or four weeks being generally required for this operation. The action of the lime is usually hastened by frequent ‘* handling” and changing the skins from one tank to another. When the bulbous roots of the hair are thoroughly loosened, the skins pass to the flesh- ing house where each one is separately laid on a beam and carefully unhaired on one side and fleshed on the other. In some establish- ments the skins are partly unhaired before the liming process is com- pleted. The choicest grades of hair are used largely by plasterers, but most of it is suitable only for fertilizer or the waste heap. After a thorough washing and ‘‘striking out,” currier fashion, the skins are in condition to be converted into leather. Owing to the excessive and irregular thickness of the skins, it is desirable at this stage of the process to split or shave them, although many tanners, especially those in the United States, postpone this until the tanning is complete. The splitting is effected with a machine of clever mechanism, its principal parts consisting of two metal roll- ers, revolving horizontally one above the other, between which passes the skin spread out smoothly. The advance edge of the skin is pre- sented to a keen blade, moving with great rapidity parallel with the line of contact of the rollers, thus splitting the skin into two pieces of equal superficial area, of which only the grain or outside portion is desirable for leather-making. The other half is sometimes used for making an inferior grade of leather, or cheap and somewhat deliques- cent size or glue, but ordinarily it goes to the waste heap to be con- verted into fertilizer. The thinned skins are puered with bran or dog dung, followed by drenching and a thorough working out on a beam to remove all traces of lime salts and other refuse materials, as already described on page 331, and thus made ready for the tanning solution. The skins are next steeped in tanks or vats containing successively stronger baths of the astringent infusion of oak bark, japonica, sumac, or any other tanning agency. For fancy shades of coloring, sumac only is us@d, asarule. During the first few days the skins are fre- quently ‘‘handled,” so that the liquor may quickly strike through them. This ‘‘ handling” or ‘‘ working” is cheaply effected by means of paddle wheels, which turn the skins over and over in the solution. The more they are worked by the paddle wheel, the larger the grain of the finished leather. From four to six weeks’ time is usually required to complete the tanning process, even with the use of paddle wheels. In England and Scotland large quantities of the skins are tanned by sewing together two skins, flesh to flesh, around the edges, so as to form sacks or bags, which are then filled with liquid sumac. This method is cheaper and gives a better color. It is also more expeditious, requiring usually less than one week. The tanned skins are next submitted to a sumac bath containing a UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. ooo cleaning acid, such as oxalic acid or sulphuric acid, then ** struck out” and lightly oiled. They are afterwards selected for coloring, and dyed if desired. To *‘‘ finish” the skins, they are dampened, sammied or partly dried, and ‘‘struck out’—that is, stretched out on each side witha tool. Ifa bold grain be desired, in using the skins of old seals, they are embossed and dried out; but if the natural grain is retained they are blacked at once. A finish is imparted by a good bottom coat of logwood, prepared by subjecting 1 hundredweight of Campeachy hard wood and 5 pounds of carbonate of soda in 50 gallons of water until the logwood is extracted, the liquor being at once drained off. After airing slightly in a warm place the skins are ready for ‘‘ wet graining.” They are again dried out in a warm place, laid away to cool, and then seasoned with three-fourths of a pint of milk and about 13 pints of blood added to a gallon of water, which is rubbed in well with a stiff brush. The skins are now moistened with a mixture of milk and water, in the proportion of 1 to 6, and rolled up, half a dozen skins together, grain to grain. After a few hours they are rolled, grained off, and oiled with warm cod oil, when they are ready for the market. When carefully prepared, seal leather has greater strength and dura- bility in proportion to its weight than almost any other on the market, and on account of its choice and attractive grain it is very popular for such articles as cardcases, pocketbooks, shopping bags, etc. Much of it is enameled for belts and upper shoe leather. The market value of seal-skin leather in the United States is from $20 to $30 per dozen skins, equivalent to about 50 or 60 cents per square foot. The ‘‘ fast furs” or ‘* wool-seal” skins are blubbered in the same way as the ordinary pelts, and are sold to the fur trade in the salted state. By the fur-dressers they are washed and leathered as in the first stages of fur-seal dressing. The thickness of the pelt is reduced by shaving or by friction on an emery wheel. When the dressing is completed the hairs are dyed black or brown, scarcely any of these skins being left in the undyed state. They are used for various purposes, especially for gloves and military busbies. During some seasons they are fash- ionable for trimmings, and a brisk demand exists for them. This was especially the case during the early eighties, when they sold for $3 to $6 each, dressed. At present the average price in the dressed condition is $1 to $2 each. Many furriers—in America, at least—fail to recog- nize the fast furs as from a species of hair seals, considering them as the skins of a distinct and separate species, to which they give the name ‘* wool-seal.” On the Continent of Europe the bluebacks are used mostly for fur trimmings after they have been dressed with the hair on; but in Great Britain and America they are usually tanned for leather purposes. During the last season some blueback skins were tanned in this country with the hair on, but they did not take very well. 336 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LEATHER FROM SEA-LION SKINS. Sea-lion hide was formerly considered unfit for tanning purposes, owing to its thickness and coarse texture, consequently the hunters taking these animals for oil-rendering rarely saved the skins; but at the present time the hide is worth as much as the oil. When properly tanned the skins of the young animals make a soft, velvety leather, quite popular for fancy articles. The thick hides of the old animals are used to a limited extent as a substitute for walrus hide in polishing wheels for metal-workers. It is much like bull-neck leather, and, although inferior to walrus polishing wheels, is prized by silversmiths for small work. The hides suitable for polishing purposes are one- fourth to one-half inch thick, weigh 30 to 40 pounds when tanned, and are worth about 30 to 40 cents per pound wholesale. The poor or cheap hides are used to some extent as glue stock. In preparing the skins of sea-lions for covering the Eskimo kaiaks or bidarkas, the green hides, as soon as removed from the animals, are closely rolled together and permitted to ‘‘sweat” until the hair becomes loosened, when it is readily removed by scraping with blunt knives or stone flensers. When ##haired, the moist skins are deftly sewed together in suitable patter!#fand stretched, flesh side out, over the boat frames, the entire structure being covered, with the exception of a circular hole or holes in the top. This boat is perfectly water- tight and substantial, and, although weighing usually less than 100 pounds, will carry several hundred pe ds of goods in addition to the crew. Because of the softening innucnce of the water, after each day’s use the boat must be hauled up out of the water, turned bottom side up and air-dried during the night. Protected in this manner and oiled occasionally, it lasts many seasons. Sea-lion skins are also used to some extent for covering the bidarrahs, which differ from the bidarkas in that they are much larger and more substantial. Usually, however, walrus hides are used for that purpose. The natives make various other uses of sea-lion skins, such as tent coverings, harness for the sledge dogs and reindeer, and, in case of very young animals, even for clothing. When used for these purposes the hides are sweated, as when used for covering the bidarkas, then stretched for about ten days to cure, when they are taken down, rubbed between the hands to render them pliable, then cut into suita- ble size for use as may be desired. In the fisheries of the southern seas, sea-lion hides were sometimes saved and brought to port. In curing them for this purpose they were removed from the animal with half an inch of blubber adhering. After washing and while yet wet they were plentifully sprinkled with salt rubbed well into the fat, particularly around the edges and neck folds, and then packed in tiers in the ship’s hold. Sea-lion skins for fancy leather are tanned in precisely the same UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 3387 manner as seal skins, and especially those of large seals. The only difference in treatment is due to the greater size and body of the former. On account of the difficulty in procuring sea-lion skins free from scars and markings, and also the ease with which its peculiar grain is imitated on seal leather, the great bulk of the sea-lion leather on the market is prepared from seal skins. The value of the genuine skins when converted into leather ranges from $2 to $12 each, accord- ing to their quality and freedom from damage. LEATHER FROM WALRUS SKINS. Formerly the principal use of walrus hides in Europe was for the rigging of vessels, for which it is especially adapted. For many years nearly all the rigging of vessels on the north coast of Norway and Russia was made of this article. The skins were also employed for protecting the rigging of vessels from chafing. Later came their use in northern Europe for manufacture into harness and sole leather. Then the thick heavy leather was adopted by silversmiths and other manufacturers of bright metal objects, for removing mars and scratches and to polish fine metal surfaces. The hide is particularly desirable for this purpose because of its peculiarly tough grain. It is usually cut into circular shape, forming a wheel of solid leather, but some- times a ring of leather is cemented to a wooden center by which it may be attached to a revolving head or mandril. Other than that made from bull neck, buffalo, or sea-lion hides, there is no satisfactory sub- stitute for walrus leather for these purposes. The thickest parts of the hide are the most valuable, and the demand at the present time is quite large, the principal silver works of the United States and Kurope making use of it. The London value of an average hide suitable for polishing purposes is in excess of $100. About 30,000 pounds of tanned walrus hides are imported into the United States annually. The import value is about $25,000 and the selling value after it is cut in the form of wheels is from $40,000 to 90,000. The quantity used in Europe is probably double the amount of the importations into this country. A small quantity of walrus hide has been tanned on the Pacific coast of the United States, but the quality of the output is reported as inferior to that prepared in Great Britain. As shipped from the tanneries, the ‘‘ sides” weigh from 30 to 200 pounds. The cub sides weigh from 30 to 40 pounds, measure from + to $ inch in thickness, and are worth about 30 cents per pound. The largest sides weigh 180 to 200 pounds each, are 13 to 2 inches thick, and sell for $1 to $1.25 per pound. The average sides weigh 80 or 90 pounds, are $ to 1 inch thick, and sell for 60 to 70 cents per pound. Of course, when cut into circular shape these are sold at very much higher prices. The average price paid by metal-workers in this country is probably between $1 and $2 per pound, and for the very thick hide as much as $5 per pound has been paid. F. C, 1902—22 338 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Another use to which tanned walrus hide is put is as covering for the rollers used in ginning long-staple cotton, such as Sea Island or Egyptian. This is a comparatively recent use, yet probably 6,000 pounds are consumed in the United States annually in this manner. The tanned hide is cut into thin strips and attached to the surface of the roller, entirely covering that portion that comes in contact with the cotton. It is peculiarly adapted to this use and much more satisfac- tory than bull-neck leather or any other material formerly employed. Formerly the light or thin hides of walrus were little used, as they were not suitable for polishing purposes, and therefore they were of small value. But during the last few years the leather made from these thin hides has become quite fashionable for such articles as card- cases, pocketbooks, belts, etc. For this purpose the leather is split and so tanned that the grain has a remarkably smooth velvety appearance. The process of tanning walrus hides depends on the purpose for which the finished material is designed. If intended for polishing pur- poses the hide should be tanned as thick and heavy as possible, with a hard, tough texture. The tanning of the heavy leather consumes from six months to one year or more when properly done. Accelera- tion of the process is likely to result in uneven texture, with the interior fibers imperfectly tanned. It is claimed that the best of the heavy hides are English tanned. For thin, pliable fancy leather, the skins are tanned in precisely the same manner as seal skins, except the changes and the greater length of time due to the superior thickness of the leather. It is proper to state, however, that the greater portion, indeed possibly 90 per cent, of the so-called ‘‘ walrus leather” manufactured into cardcases and other fancy articles is nothing more than seal leather with a walrus grain, which is easily given to it in the process of currying. The walrus skins are so difficult to obtain and are so frequently cut and damaged that they can not be economically used for fancy articles. The seal leather is equally durable, and when properly grained and finished the substitution can be detected by comparatively few persons. LEATHER FROM MANATEE AND DUGONG. For many years the market has received small quantities of curi- ously grained, tough, and durable leather made from hides of manatee and dugong. The manatee is found in the shallow waters of the tropical seas on both sides of the Atlantic and in the large tributary rivers. It occurs principally among the West Indian Islands, the coasts of Brazil and Florida, and on the Senegambian coast of Africa. Owing to its gre- garious and inactive habits it is easily killed. Being valuable for its oil as well as for its hides, it has been so extensively slaughtered that it is now quite scarce. The dugong or halicore is the manatee of the Asiatic and Australian UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 3389 coasts. It differs from the Atlantic manatee only slightly in outward appearance, the difference being most noticeable in the shape of the tail, which in the dugong ends in flukes instead of being spoon-shaped. The dugong is reported as much less numerous than formerly. It attains a length of about 10 feet and is reddish brown in color, some- what lighter than the porpoise. The hide is so thick and tough that harpoons used by the whalers are almost ineffective in its capture. The skin of the manatee, as well as of the dugong, is hard and thick, exceeding 1 inch in places, and has comparatively few hairs on the surface. When removed and salted it is of a dark lead color. The number of skins received on the markets of Europe and America is relatively small, probably not exceeding 50 annually, most of which come from Queensland. They are tanned in the same manner as seal skins, but as they are larger and heavier more time is required. These skins produce the most characteristic grain of all marine leathers. It is quite unlike that of the seal, walrus, or sea-lion, con- sisting of closely associated and irregular rows of well-defined ridges, and at intervals of about one-half or three-fourths of an inch there are peculiar indentations or pin marks surrounded by a circular ridge, the locations of the hair follicles. Unlike that of walrus and sea-lion leather, this grain is rarely imitated. Indeed, it is difficult to make a satisfactory imitation. Owing to the small quantity received, there is no regular market for this leather and no standard price. It is used almost wholly for small articles, such as cardcases, belts, and the like. PORPOISE LEATHER. The most abundant porpoise on the Atlantic coast is the harbor porpoise or puffing pig, which occurs from Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico, ascending the rivers to the limit of the brackish water. This species is not at present an object of fishery at any point on the United States coast, although occasionally it is taken incidentally in pound-nets and seines set for food-fish. Owing to the fact that the skins are rarely free from the markings of sharks’ teeth, they are not used for leather purposes to any great extent. Of much greater economic importance is the Hatteras porpoise or bottle-nosed dolphin, which occurs in great abundance on the coasts of the United States and Europe and at times has been the object of extensive fisheries. This species also has shark markings but the skins are usually in far better condition than those of the harbor porpoise. On the North Carolina and New Jersey coasts profitable fisheries have been maintained for its capture and its utilization for leather, oil, and even for food. Porpoise fishing has been prosecuted during the winter season since 1810 at several points on the Atlantic coast, and especially along the **Banks” of North Carolina. It was abandoned for several years fol- lowing 1860 and again in 1893, the period of greatest extent being 340 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. from 1885 to 1590. During the last few years the fishery has not been prosecuted, owing to conditions in the leather market, but. it appears probable that it will be reestablished at an early date. The porpoise are dressed as soon as practicable after they are dead. The flippers and the dorsal fin are cut off and the skin and blubber cut along the middle of the back and of the abdomen from nose to fiukes, and the whole peeled off in two uniform parts, the hide and blubber being removed together. The halves are laid on an inclined beam, similar to that used by curriers, and the blubber shaved off and processed for extracting the oil, while the skins are salted for the tan- ners. The largest catch of porpoise on the coast is reported to have been about 20,000 in 1887. The value of the green hides was about $2 per side, and when tanned they were worth $10 or $12 per side. The commercial porpoise leather of England is made from the skin of the beluga or white whale. This species attains a length of 18 feet or more, and averages perhaps 14 feet in length and 10 or 12 feet in circumference. Atseveral places along the coast of northern Europe, and toa much less extent in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in Hudson Bay, on the coast of Newfoundland, etc., the beluga is captured chiefly for its hide, to be used in leather-making, and also for the oil that may be rendered from the blubber. The principal fishery is prosecuted by vessels from Dundee, Scotland, and from ports of Norway and Sweden. It is estimated that the annual take is over 7,000, of which 6,000 are obtained north of Europe, leaving 1,000 as the catch in the northern part of the American continent. The value of the hide when green is about $8 per side, and when tanned it averages probably $25 per side. While the skins of other cetaceans are occasionally tanned, the product is of no commercial importance. These skins are very spongy and usually have a villous or woolly surface. TANNING PORPOISE SKINS. According to Mr. R. G. Salomon, of Newark, N. J., to whom we are indebted for most of our information in regard to the method of tanning this leather, skins of the beluga and of the Hatteras porpoise are tanned in precisely the same manner, but the former require much longer time on account of the greater body. Both are received at the tanneries in a salted condition, and the first operation consists in cleaning out the salt by soaking them in water for two or three days, according to the state of the hides and the temperature of the water. After this soaking, they are washed thoroughly in warm water and again soaked for a day or so, and the grease worked out by hand or by machinery. They are next immersed in lime solution for a length of time depending on the condition of the hides, but usually much shorter than for cowhides. After liming they are bated and washed thoroughly to remove the lime and other impurities. The skins are now immersed in whatever tannic acid is desired. When half tanned they may be reduced to the required thickness by splitting, or this UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 341 operation may be postponed until the tanning is at anend. After the tanning is completed the nap is shaved off and the leather scoured and prepared for stuffing with oils and then finished in the usual manner. The new chrome or metallic tannages seem likely to produce excellent results in porpoise tanning and will doubtless soon be adopted. Most of the beluga skins are tanned in Dundee and Glasgow, but several small tanneries in the province of Quebec prepare this leather. Porpoise tanning in the United States has been mainly at Newark, N. J. Leather made from porpoise hides is remarkable for its tractility; a portion one square foot in area is easily drawn out to 14 feet in length, losing correspondingly in width, a feature possessed by few other leathers. This makes it especially adaptable for shoemaking, for in whatever direction the foot is thrust by the weight of the body the leather will adapt itself to that shape. It is also exceedingly dur- able, readily outlasting two or three pairs of calfskin shoes. It has another recommendation apparent only when it is wet; then it swells up, becoming almost twice as thick as in its dry condition, and absorbs water but allows very little to penetrate it. This, added to its strength and suppleness, makes it most desirable for hunting and wet-weather boots, since it is not easily penetrated by moisture under ordinary conditions. It is sold by the pound, the price varying from $2.25 to $3.75 per pound, each side weighing from 13 to4 pounds. Ordinarily a pound is sufficient for about three pairs of shoes. The skin of the beluga is among the very best for leather purposes of any obtained from either aquatic or land animals. It resembles the hide of the Hatteras porpoise in many respects, especially in hav- ing the fibers running mostly in one direction and in possessing great tractility. However, the beluga is more solid and durable than the latter. Beneath the nap it has a membrane like the ‘‘ shell” on the rump of a horse,“ which becomes soft and flexible in dressing and makes strong and durable leather. In comparing the tensile strength of the two, it is found that a shoestring of average size made of belug: sustains a weight of about 300 pounds, whereas one of Hatteras porpoise supports 85 to 100 pounds, and calfskin only 40 or 50 pounds. If a porpoise lace lasts three months, the life of a beluga lace subject to similar usage is said to be nearly two years. Beluga leather keeps its shape when made into shoes, whereas porpoise leather gives with the movement of the feet. Considering its great tensile strength and the large pieces obtainable, it is apparent that beluga leather is remarkably well adapted to the purpose of machinery belts. A continuous piece 60 feet long and 18 inches wide has been cut from a single skin. a The shell in horsehide is the flat muscle spread over the horse’s rump from the tail to the forward point of the hips and extending down to the legs, making an oyal-formed sheet about 2 feet long and 14 feet wide in the widest part. This muscle grows firmly to the grain of the skin and furnishes remarkable pulling power. When shaved clean of its sinewy matter and properly tanned, this shell makes most durable leather. The members of the equinal or horse family are said to be the only land animals possessing this membrane, but it extends nearly over the entire skin of the beluga. 342 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Leather from the beluga is especially suitable for use as shoelaces on account of its tenacity and durability. That from the Hatteras por- poise was never much used for this purpose, owing to its unfavorable size, causing much loss in cutting. Many shoelaces made of inferior leather are sold as porpoise. The genuine can be easily distinguished by grasping it with the thumb and forefinger of each hand about one- half inch apart and contracting or pushing it together in the direction of its length, when the contracted portion will increase about one-third in width. ‘‘The genuineness of the article is positively assured by this simple test, for no other leather has this feature.” @ The beluga laces sell for about $8 or $10 per gross, while calfskin laces sell for about $1.25 per gross. No beluga laces are made in the United States, nor is the demand for them here of importance; but many are made in Scotland for the English and continental markets. LEATHER FROM ALLIGATOR SKINS. Occasional attempts to utilize the coriaceous epidermis of alligators in leather manufacture have been made for one hundred years or more, but not with much success until about 1855, when this novel leather became somewhat fashionable and a considerable demand devel- oped. The market, however, was not long continued, and after a few thousand hides had been shipped from the Gulf States the demand ended. During the civil war another raid was made upon these saurians to sup- ply shoe material, and they were again slaughtered in thousands; but with the cessation of hostilities and the restoration of free commerce in shoe materials, the alligators were again left to repose for a period. This rest, however, was only temporary, for about 1869 fickle fashion again called for the leather for manufacture into fancy slippers, boots, traveling bags, belts, cardcases, music rolls, ete. An immense demand was soon created for it, resulting in the slaughter of many thousands of the animals every year, giving employment to hundreds of men. The demand soon exceeded the productive capacity of our own country, and large numbers of skins were imported from Mexico and Central America. The consumption of this leather at present is greater than ever before, and owing to the large importations the market price is somewhat less than afew years ago. The output of the tanneries of the United States approximates 280,000 skins annually, worth about $420,000. It is among the most characteristic of all aquatic leathers— indeed, of all leathers—being curiously checkered in oblong divisions, known as ‘*‘scales” or ‘* bosses,” separated by intersecting grooves, and varying in size and character from the rough horn-like scutes on the back to smooth pliable markings on other parts of the body, giving the skin that peculiar effect which makes it so popular for leather purposes. There are several distinct varieties of alligator skins on the markets, the most important being the Floridian, Louisianan, and Mexican; aShoelaces, by R. G Salomon, 1886, p. 21. PLATE 36. Report U. S. F, C, 1902. ALLIGATOR SKINS, UNDER-SURFACE AND HORN-BACK. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 343 rach differs from the others in certain well-detthed characteristics, and owing to these differences each variety has its special uses. The Florida skins are longer in the body—that is, from the fore legs to the hind legs—than those from Louisiana and Mexico, and consequently they are largely in demand by manufacturers of large handbags. They also have a number of so-called ‘* buttons” or ‘corn marks” on the inside or under surface of an equal number of the scutes, resulting from embedded horn-like tissues in the center of those scales. These increase the difficulty in tanning the skins and detract somewhat from the appearance of the finished article, and for this reason the Florida skins are ordinarily the cheapest on the market. The farther south the skins are secured in Florida the greater the number of ‘‘corn marks,” and those from the vicinity of Key West are almost valueless on this account. The Louisiana skins differ from those of Florida in the absence of the ‘**corn marks” above noted, and from both the Florida and Mexican skins in being more pliable and in having the scales more artistically curved and shaped. Consequently they are preferred for such small articles as cardcases and pocketbooks, and usually sell at the highest prices. Skins obtained in Mississippi and Texas are similar to those secured in Louisiana, while those from Georgia and South Carolina are similar to the Florida skins, except that the ‘‘corn markings” are not so numerous. All the Florida and Louisiana skins show greater uni- formity of coloring, being of a bluish black on the upper surface and a peculiar bluish white on the under side. In addition to an absence of the characteristics above noted, the Mexican and Central American skins are distinguished by having from 1 to 4 small dots or markings like pin holes near the caudal edge of each scale. The length of the Mexican skins varies greatly in propor- tion to the width, sometimes equaling that of the Florida skins. Those from the east coast of Mexico are the best, being lighter in color and with neat and attractively shaped scales. The west coast skins are yellowish in color when in the green state, and the scales are larger and not so artistically formed. The Florida and Louisiana skins are almost invariably split down the back, or rather along each side of the back, so as to preserve the under side in a solid piece, but most of the Mexican skins are split down the middle of the abdomen, keeping the back intaet, making what is commonly known as ‘‘ horn alligator.” On all of these hides the scales or bosses are far apart, without mutual articulation or overlapping. The number of nuchal scutes is usually four large ones, forming a square, separated on the median line, with a pair of small ones on front and another pair behind; there are 17 or 18 transverse series of dorsal scutes, the broadest series containing 8 scutes. The skins of the alligators or caymans from Brazil, Venezuela, and other South American countries are distinguished by having ® much 844 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. heavier or more horny covering than the foregoing. The cuticular plates on the back are articulated together, and those on the under surface are more strongly developed than in skins from Mexico or the United States. They are of very little value for leather purposes, owing to the difficulty in properly tanning them. Of the 280,000 skins used each year in the United States probably 56 per cent are furnished by Mexico and Central America, 22 per cent by Florida, 20 per cent by Louisiana, and the remaining 2 per cent by the other Gulf States. The South American hides do not come on the market in the United States. The quantity of alligators has greatly decreased in all the Southern States, and it seems only a question of a few years when it will be impossible to obtain the hides at a price that will justify their general employment. Thousands of the animals have been slaughtered merely for sport, no use whatever being made of them. It is estimated that the number in Florida and Louisiana at present is less than 20 per cent of what it was twenty years ago. This decrease is attributed largely to the shooting of them in wanton sport. It has been deemed neces- sary to legislate for the protection of alligators in some localities, especially in Florida, owing to the rapid multiplication of the cane rat which threatened ruin to many harvests. There is a strong sentiment among the hunters in Florida and Louisiana favorable to a law inter- dicting the killing of those measuring less than 5 feet in length. The hide should be removed shortly after the animal is dead, for in the warm climates putrefaction ensues quickly and the value of the hide is depreciated. The operation is begun by cutting through the scaly covering longitudinally from the nose to the end of the tail, along either side of the horny ridge along the back, or in the middle of the under surface of the animal. The former is the usual method in Florida and Louisiana, while the latter is common in Mexico and in Central America. Formerly it was considered difficult to tan the horn-like back properly, but it is now prepared almost as readily as the more pliable portions, and its use is very extensive. After making the incision above noted, a cut is made running from the longitudinal one to and along the middle of each of the legs on their upper side; or, if the back is to be saved, along the under side, extending almost to the wrists. After cutting around the jaws, the skin is peeled off in a blanket piece. Great care should be exercised to avoid careless cuts in the membrane. A very large percentage of the hides received in the market are badly damaged in this manner. These knife cuts may be scarcely noticeable in the raw skins, but when dressed are so apparent as to render quite valueless the part of the skin in which they are contained, resulting in much waste. The hide should be salted immediately, the salt being carefully rubbed in all folds and crevices as well as over the entire inner surface of the skin, the use of coarse-grained salt being avoided. The edges along ~ UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 845 the abdomen and the parts from the legs are folded over neatly and the entire skin rolled up in a compact bundle and placed in a dry, cool place. Many hides spoil by reason of insuflicient or indifferent salting, the grain side becoming so damaged that at best they are suitable only for second-class leather. After thorough curing, the salted hides are placed in boxes, barrels, or bags, and are bartered at the neighboring trading store, whence they are duly shipped to the tanneries. The price received by the hunters for alligator hides varies from 15 cents to $2 each, according to the length and condition of the skin, and averages probably about 90 cents. Prime hides 5 feet long, with no cuts, scale slips, or other defects, are worth about 95 cents each, in trade, when the hunter sells them at the country stores, and about $1.10, cash, at the tanneries. Those measuring 7 feet are worth $1.55; 6 feet, $1.12; 4 feet, 52 cents, and 3 feet, 25 cents. Little demand exists for those under 3 feet in length. TANNING ALLIGATOR HIDES. The principal tanneries in the United States handling alligator hides are situated at Newark, N. J., and New York City, N. Y. Some hides are also prepared in New Orleans, Jacksonville, and in one or two of the tanneries in Massachusetts. Many are also exported to Germany and to England and there tanned. Alligator bides of all lengths, from 2 feet up, are used, but those most in demand are about 7 feet long. Hides over 10 feet in length are not much used, owing not only to their scarcity but to the hardness of the cuticular plates, making them difficult to tan properly and almost valueless for leather purposes, although some over 17 feet long have been prepared. Formerly only the skin from the underpart and the sides of the animal was used, that from the back being so heavily armored with tough, horny plates and shields as to be of little value, except in case of very small hides. During recent years, however, a demand has existed for *‘ horn” alligator, i. e., leather from the back of the ani- mal, and this demand has been supplied by the importations from Mexico and Central America, a very large percentage of which are cut down the abdomen so as to preserve the back in one piece. The Louisiana and Florida skins are not cut ‘‘ horn back” because they are not so flexible on the back as the Mexican. On receipt at the tannery the hides are assorted according to their size, the small, medium, and large being treated separately on account of the difference in texture. With plenty of salt they are placed in a suitable storage room, whence they may be removed as required. In the process of preparing for tanning, the skins are first immersed in vats of clear water, the smaller ones remaining about two days and the larger ones six days, according to the condition of the membrane. When sufficiently soaked they are immersed in a solution of lime, which should not be so strong as for depilating, and there they remain 346 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. from eight to fifteen days, according to their size and the conditions of the water and the temperature. Each day the hides are reeled or removed into a stronger lime solution, great care being observed to avoid injuring the skin during this handling. The wet hides are now placed on a beam and shaved on the flesh side, all fat and superfluous flesh being removed. The bate of bran into which they next pass is made very weak, and in it the hides are gently agitated by means of a wheel, remaining there for ten to fifteen hours. The hides are next cleaned in a wash-wheel tank and then immersed in a vat of oak bark extract, gambia, or sumac liquor of about 4° strength. Every day or so the liquor is made stronger, increasing to about 20° at the end of eighteen or twenty days. A gentle agitation of the tanning liquor during the last ten or twelve days is very bene- ficial, as it aids in the more thorough tanning of the skins and pre- vents the sediment of the liquor from settling in the creases, which is liable to rot the tender portions, especially in case of small hides. The hides are removed from the tanning liquor and suspended in the open air for samming, or partial drying and hardening, so that they may be again shaved on the flesh side to further reduce the thickness. They are returned to the tan liquor, where they are reeled for four or five days, the strength of the liquor being increased from time to time. On removal from the tan liquor the second time, the hides are scoured with sumac water and selected for the different colors. Many are left in the natural color, yellowish brown. ‘The popular dyed effects are black, and various shades of brown, green, yellow, red, ete. The coloring is done in a bath with wood and aniline dyes, the immer- sion lasting from ten to sixty minutes. The skins are next stretched out, and in most cases nailed on wide boards or frames for drying, and when thoroughly dry they are ‘‘ staked” over iron beams or stakes for the purpose of making them flexible and pliable. If intended for shoes they are seasoned before staking, this consisting in stuffing them with tallow, fish oil, etc. But very few alligator hides are now pre- pared for shoe leather, since they are rather fancy for that purpose. After dressing them on the polishing machine, the skins are measured and stored in the warehouse or delivered to the leather manufacturers. Although green alligator hides are sold according to length, tanned hides are sold by the width of the leather at the widest part. The price for skins of standard grade ranges from $1 to $1.65 per 12 inches of width. Some skins tanned and dyed in a superior manner sell for $2 or more for single skins 24 feet in length. Asarule the Louisiana skins fetch the highest prices, and those from Florida the lowest. Initation alligator leather is now prepared in large quantities, prin- cipally from sheepskins or the buffing from cowhides. These are tanned according to the usual process, and before the skins are finished they are embossed with the characteristic alligator markings by pas- sing them between two rollers. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 3847 SKINS OF SHARKS, RAYS, AND DOG-FISH. The skins of sharks, rays, and dog-fish are commonly very rough and studded with numerous horny tuberculous markings or protuberances. Some have small imbricated and triangular scale-like tubercles; others unimbricated and nearly rhomboid, which in one species are ranged near each other in quincunxes, or they may be quite square, compact, _ and comparatively smooth on top. These protuberances are usually firmly fixed to the skin so that they are not easily separated therefrom. They are rough and hard and take a polish almost equal to stone. These skins, like those of all cartilaginous fishes, are very durable. A peculiarity, in addition to the markings above noted, is the non- porous character. The pores that are everywhere present in the skins of most mammals, which give the natural grain in the tanned leather, are entirely indiscernible in the skins of these fish. The result is to render them almost proof against water absorption. Although by skillful tanning the fibers of seal and other skins may be plumped and the body of the membrane solidified, yet much water exposure loosens up the fiber and gradually permits absorption. Not being of a porous nature, shark skin is naturally free from this defect. But the advan- tage is also a disadvantage in some respects. The nonporous leather is practically airproof as well as waterproof, and that is a serious defect when its use for footwear is considered. Beyond this, the skins of sharks and similar fishes may be prepared in a very durable, noncracking leather, for which many uses may be found. Formerly, large quantities of these skins were used for polishing wood, ivory, etc., for which they are excellent, owing to their rough- ness, hardness, and durability. But the great improvements made in preparing emery compositions and sandpapers have resulted in sub- stituting them almost entirely for polishing purposes. However, a small demand yet exists for shark skins for cabinet-workers’ use. The principal uses made of the skins of sharks and allied fishes at the present time are for covering jewel boxes, desk ornaments, cardcases, sword sheaths, sword grips, and a great variety of small articles for which the tuberculous markings peculiarly adapt them. The demand for these purposes, however, is small and restricted, and each producer has to develop his own market. Comparatively few of these skins are prepared in the United States, and diligent search among the tanneries and leather stores will result in the finding of only a few skins. Many, however, are prepared in France, Turkey, and other countries of southern Europe, and also in China and Japan. A Parisian manufacturer has made quite a reputation tanning the skin of a species of Malabar shark into morocco, and establishments in Turkey make green leather from the skin of the angel shark found in the Mediterranean Sea. The skin of the diamond shark obtained in the North Sea, and so called because of the shape of the markings or protuberances, is used to cover the sword grips of German officers, 3848 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. and for this purpose is not surpassed by any material obtainable. Some parts of the skin of certain varieties of sharks when dried and hardened take a polish equal to that of stone, and bear a strong resemblance to the fossil coral porites, and are much used in the manufacture of orna- ments and jewelry. In preparing them for the use of cabinet-makers, shark skins are merely cleaned and not tanned. The hard, dry skins are soaked in lukewarm water for three or four days, shaved on the flesh side to remove surplus flesh and muscular tissue, and then dried. The skins of some species of sharks are so hard that they can not be shaved. The appearance of these skins is improved by bleaching, using chloride of lime and sulphuric acid. The durability of some of them is remark- able, outwearing many sheets of sandpaper of equal area. In tanning shark skin for leather or ornamental purposes an alum process is generally employed. Each establishment usually has its own particular method, but the general process is much the same, con- sisting of a preliminary soaking, liming, bating, and fleshing, and then tanning or preserving in an alum compound. The hard skins are first soaked in water four or five days, and then in limewater for two to six days, depending on the condition of the texture, temperature of water, etc. The skins are washed free of lime and bated in bran water; then shaved on the flesh side to remove all excess of flesh and the like. The alum solution in which they are immersed is composed of a pound of alum and one-fifth pound of salt to a gallon of water. The skins remain in the solution two or three days, with occasional stirring. On remoyal they are dried and are then ready for manufacturing. STURGEON SKINS. The skins of sturgeon are thick and unwieldy, and at first it might appear impossible to use them for any purpose other than glue or fer- tilizer stock. They are covered with rows of large prominent horny bosses, leaving space for comparatively little flexible membrane between each row. In the skin of the sturgeon common on the Pacific coast, and especially in the Columbia River, and those common in the Great Lakes and on the Atlantic coast the membrane between the rows of bosses may be tanned into a comparatively flexible and very durable leather, used as laces for mill belts and as durable as the belts them- selves. But it is as ornamental leather, employed so as to display the rows of bosses, that sturgeon skins are especially desirable. _ Some of these skins are remarkably attractive, particularly those from a species found on the coasts of Europe, which are distinguished by rows of small but very horny bosses, between which are numerous horny protuberances varying in form from a mere dot to beautiful, irregularly shaped bosses nearly half an inch inlength. (See plate 35.) Considerable variation exists in the methods of tanning sturgeon skins. Some varieties may be limed, while others go to pieces in a Report U. S. F. C. 1902, PLATE 37. SKIN OF WATER SNAKE. 25 ; AAT AS LA 4 ae ary YS ST i i SKIN OF BEAVER TAIL, AND JEWEL BOX COVERED THEREWITH. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 349 lime solution. Alum and bark tannings are generally used, sometimes both together and at others first the alum and then the bark liquors. The method of tanning the skin shown in pl. 35 was as follows: This variety of skins is very oily, and half a gill of oil may be removed from the cavity beneath each of several of the bosses. The skin was soaked in lukewarm water for 24 days, and then beamed to remove all grease, surplus flesh, and the like. It was then immersed in a solution of 1 pound of alum and 4 ounces of salt to 1 gallon of water, where it remained about four days; then retanned in oak liquors, the strength of the liquor being increased daily. On removal from the tan liquor the skin was dried without any special finishing. BEAVER-TAIL SKINS. A very characteristic leather seen occasionally in the markets is made from the skin of beaver tails. This is one of the most curiously marked of all of the aquatic leathers, being entirely covered with unimbricated scale-like bosses of irregular outline, usually hexagonal, a few pentagonal, and some quadrangular, the sides in all cases being slightly curved. Each of the bosses is about a third of an inch or less in length. The tail itself is about 10 inches long and 4 or 5 inches wide, and the skin produces a piece of leather about 8 inches square. Probably not over 50 pieces of this leather go on the market in the course of a year, but it might readily be increased to 20,000 or more. It is not especially durable and is used mainly for covering small jewelry boxes and the like. For the preparation of this leather the skin is removed by cutting an incision along the middle of the under side from the base to the end, and stripping it off in one piece. Sometimes this is done by the trappers, but more frequently the entire tails, preserved in salt, are received at the tanneries. The skin is cleared out by soaking in tepid water for a length of time ranging from two to eight days, according to its condition, and is then limed for two or three days. It is shaved on the flesh side and submitted to a japonica, sumac, or alum tanning solution for about two weeks, shaved again, and cleaned with a sumac or sulphuric acid solution, and then colored if desired. Very tough and durable leather may be made from the skin covering the body of the beaver. Before the adoption of the present method of cutting hatters’ furs the tanneries received many of the skins from which the fur had been clipped, and beaver leather was comparatively common in the markets. Among the Huron Indians, whose wants were largely supplied by the beaver, the skin was much used for belts, bags, thongs, and even tent coverings. At present, however, leather made from beaver skin is comparatively unknown, many dealers in fancy leathers never having seen any. The grain is noticeable, but not especially attractive, no more than that of pig skin. 3850 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. WATER-SNAKE SKINS. The hide fiber of water snakes is scarcely distinguishable from that of alligator, being close and compact. - While its thinness and conse- quent lack of durability render it unsuitable for many purposes, the curious markings and the novelty make it desirable as covering for cardcases and other small articles. For this purpose the skins should be treated in such a manner as to retain their original coloring and appearance as much as possible. The market for these skins is so small that the tanning of them does not amount to an industry at any place, although probably more are prepared in France than in all other countries combined. The quantity prepared in the United States prob- ably does not exceed 100 skins a year on an average. In preparing these skins bark tanning is not often used, and most of the methods are secret, being the result of individual experiments. Mr. A. M. Villon gives the following process in use in some establish- ments in France where these skins are prepared. Theskins are soaked for a long time in water containing sulphate of zinc to prevent putre- faction. This requires at least ten days. They are fleshed, scraped, yashed by hand, and placed in a bath made of water, 1,000 parts; borax, 10; boracic acid, 100; tartaric acid, 25; precipitated alumina, as much as liquid will dissolve. They are left in this for a day, then transferred to bath No. 2, containing water, 1,000 parts; phosphate of zinc, 25; benzoate of aluminum, 25; glycerine, 50; alcohol, 20. They are left for a day in this solution, then placed in the first bath for a day, then back in the second bath for another day, this being continued for five or six days, when the tanning is usually completed, and the skins are dried, lightly staked, and finished off. SKINS OF GAR-FISH OR ARMORED FISH. Among the very ornamental fish skins seen in jewelry and novelty stores, and used for covering picture frames, cases and boxes of vari- ous sorts, is that of the gar-fish or armored fish. The skin of this fish is covered with slightly imbricated and firmly attached layers of rhom- boid horny cuticle. It is very hard and may be polished smooth and even, retaining an ivory-like finish. The rows of scale-like cuticle readily separate from the mass, but the rhomboid sections in each row remain firmly attached to each other. In using the skin as many rows of the sections as may be necessary are broken off, and these are bent and shaped as may be required, and firmly glued to the body of the frame or box. When the whole has been applied and thoroughly dried it is polished as desired. These skins are obtained mainly from Louisiana; only a few score are used annually. In preparing gar-fish skins for tanning they are first soaked in luke- warm water for from two to four days and cleaned of surplus flesh. In some establishments skins of this kind are not limed, owing to UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. aon their tendency toward disintegration when put through that process. If limed at all, it must be done very carefully in a weak solution. The skins are then bated in bran water for eight or ten hours and washed in lukewarm water. Next they go into the tan liquor, consisting of a solution of extract of bark, sumac, and alum. This liquor is made somewhat weak at first, and the strength is increased from day to day until the tanning is completed, usually at the end of ten or twelve days. After drying in a flat shape, the skin is ready for use. Certain tribes of savages have used the horny cuticle of the gar-fish in making breastplates which turn a knife or spear and even a hatchet, although they are readily pierced by bullets. With such a breastplate is usually worn a helmet of the skin of porcupine-fish, which is covered with formidable spines. The helmet serves not only as a protection to the head, but also as a weapon of offense in butting. FROG SKINS. The skins of frogs and toads are used to a limited extent for leather purposes. Two or three factories in Francé pay much attention to tanning them, obtaining the raw skins from northern Africa, Brazil, and other tropical regions. Elsewhere than in France comparatively few are tanned. Occasionally tanners in the vicinity of New York City prepare a few frog skins on special orders, but no regular market exists for them, and it would probably be difficult to find 50 prepared skins in all the tanneries and leather establishments of the country. This leather is thin and very pliable. It possesses a delicate but not especially attractive grain, and is used principally for cardcases and other small fancy articles. MISCELLANEOUS FISH SKINS. Although fish-skin leather can not yet be considered a commercial article, successful experiments have been made in the preparation of good leather from the skins of the cod, cusk, salmon, and other spe- cies. At Gloucester, Mass., shoes and gloves have been made from cod and cusk skins. Some very serviceable gloves were made at Berlin in 1880 from the skins of these fish sent from Gloucester. The skin of the wolf-fish (Anarhichas) is especially adapted to leather-making, and quantities of it have been placed on the market for cardcases, shopping-bags, and the like. In Egypt fish skins from the Red Sea are made into soles for shoes, and burbot skins have been used in Russia and Siberia to trim dresses. Eel skins have been largely used in Europe for binding books, and to a considerable extent in making whips, and have also been tanned and dyed and made into suspenders. In Tartary they are dried and oiled and used as a substitute for glass in windows. Along the Yukon River, the Amur River, and in other ‘northern regions as well, the skins of salmon, cod, and other fish are utilized garments. They are taken from the fish in blanket for making various g 3852 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. pieces and the scales carefully removed. The skins are then dried and afterwards worked with a scraper until they become pliable. When finished the membrane resembles kid in appearance and soft- ness, but is almost as tough as parchment. They are frequently dyed brown, red, yellow, and indigo, and some of the garments are highly ornate. They are sewed together with fine thread, made also of fish skin. The American Museum of Natural History in New York has many of these garments, obtained principally from Eastern Siberia. Bags and sacks of various kinds, with capacity varying from a pint toa bushel or two, are made from fish skins by some primitive peoples. Nelson describes one made from salmon skin and intended for storing clothing. It is neatly sewed with sinew thread and ornamented with bands of russet-colored fish skins and white parchment-like skin from the throats of seals. The bottom is oval shaped, with the seam inside. The upper border is hemmed, and through a series of rawhide loops, sewed at intervals around the top, passes a cord of the same material for use as a drawstring in closing the bag. These bags are said to be in common use from the Lower Yukon to the Lower Kuskokwim. INTERNAL MEMBRANOUS TISSUES. In addition to the skins, certain internal membranous tissues of sey- eral aquatic mammals are used for purposes of leather, especially among primitive peoples. Prominent among these are the throat lining, stom- ach, and intestines of seals, fur-seals, sea-lions, and walrus. The throat linings of all these animals may be made into gloves and similar articles. The most important use of these membranes is for waterproof over- garments, or kamlaikas, from the intestines of pinnipeds, and especially of the sea-lion. For this purpose the intestines are distended with air, dried, and cut longitudinally, forming a long ribbon 3 or 4 inches wide. A number of these ribbons are neatly sewed together with a close seam in the pattern of a loose shirt, closed behind and before, provided with long sleeves, a hood fastened to the back of the neck for drawing over the head, and drawstrings around the wrists, neck, and bottom. These garments are very durable and are said to possess greater strength than india-rubber garments, are equally water-repel- lent, and are not affected by grease and oil. Walrus intestines were used by the Alaskan Eskimo in making sails for their bidarrahs, or family boats. Although its total weight is only about 4 pounds, the sail is remarkably strong and durable. Report U. S, F. C. 1902, PLATE 38. SECTION OF GAR-FISH SKIN. NNN MILLI LL LLL. SIC ‘ Na WEAGNG Geese | BN NX ‘ \ Tirrany® Co EXw1BIT NEG. NO. 2420 PAN AMERICAN EXPOSITION BUFFALO (901 LETTER BOX, MOUNTED WITH SHARK SKIN, GAR-FISH SKIN, AND MOTHER-OF-PEARL, THE COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. By ElQiGeey M. SMPTE. EAC woos 353 THE COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. By Hue M. suki. The strictly American family of fresh-water sun-fishes and basses (Centrarchide) consists of numerous species, including some of.our best-known fresh-water fishes, which are much sought by anglers and contribute largely to the food supply. The family is well represented in nearly all parts of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, in Canada and Mexico, and one species. is found in California. Some of these fishes are known only to the ichthyologist and have no distinctive names by which the layman may designate them; others ean claim only book names which have never come into use and probably never will; and others have received a large number of vernac- ular names, some general and some local in their application. Some of the popular designations are appropriate and distinctive, but others are misleading, inaccurate, and indefinite, and much confusion has been occasioned thereby in popular literature and in legal papers. This compilation is offered in the belief that a key to the numerous names of these fishes will be useful to fishermen, fish-culturists, and legislators. There is no intention to lay undue stress on the impor- tance of common names; on the contrary, it is thought that the multi- plicity of names here shown serves to emphasize the necessity for definiteness which can, in many instances, be secured only through the use of the technical names. The common names are presented in two lists. In the first an effort is made to bring together, in alphabetical order, all the common names that have been applied to the sun-fishes in the United States and Can- ada, to show the distribution of these names, and to identify the species to which each common name is given. Practically all the names in print are recorded, together with a number of others reported by cor- respondents and associates, which have apparently not been printed. The following explanations of the list are given: 1. The vernacular names are arranged in strict alphabetical order and are recorded in the various forms in which they are spelled or pronounced. The fish may be identified by its vernacular name by noting its technical name, and then, if necessary, referring to the latter in the systematic list of the members of the family. 2. The geographical distribution of the names is indicated as accu- rately as possible.. Names used over a wide area and appearing often in print are marked ‘‘general.” The absence of locality indicates either a lack of knowledge as to where the name is employed or the appearance of the name only in books. 35! OL 356 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 3. Whenever practicable a reference is given to a published record of the use of the name for the species and region cited. In the case of many names this record was the first known, but for other names, whose earliest application has not been determined, it has been con- sidered sufficient. to refer to a standard work. The works are men- tioned by numbers, which gorrespond to a full citation of titles and authors at the end of the paper. In the case of names which have not before appeared in ichthyo- logical literature or other writings, so far as known, the authority has been indicated by Roman numerals corresponding with those pre- fixed to the names of the following persons, all connected with the U.S. Fish Commission, who have furnished information: (7) Charles G. Atkins, (77) William Barnum, (777) 8. P. Bartlett, (77) John N. Cobb, (v) T. M. Cogswell, (vi) R. E. Coker, (viz) 8S. W. Downing, (viz) B. W. Evermann, (7) Waldo F. Hubbard, (a) Alexander Jones, (ai) W. C. Kendall, (i?) EK. F. Locke, (2777) W. F. Roberts, (av) Hugh M. Smith, (av) J. J. Stranahan, (xvi) John W. Titcomb, (xvi) S. G. Worth. The second list comprises the scientific and approved vernacular names of the Centrarchide, and under each species all the common names that have been applied to it. NOTES AND COMMENTS ON THE COMMON NAMES. The fertile imagination of Rafinesque induced him to coin many names for the members of this family, and he is responsible for a large proportion of the book names mentioned in the list. More recent writers have, however, contributed a number of such names, as will appear from the list. In some cases, where common names are given without comment in local lists of fishes and in general works, it has not been possible to determine whether they were in actual use or simply supplied by the writers. This compilation is therefore proba- bly subject to correction in a number of such names which could not be corroborated from other sources. The names ‘‘sun-fish,” ‘‘ bream,” and ‘‘ perch” are applied with lit- tle discrimination to all the smaller species, more especially those of the genera Lepomis and Hupomotis in the Southern States. ‘‘ Bream” is often corrupted to ‘‘ brim” and ‘‘ perch” to ‘‘peerch” or ‘‘ pearch.” The same names are also given to Pomoxis, Ambloplites, Cheenobryttus, and Centrarchus, with or without qualifying words. The name tobacco-box, which is applied to Hwpomotis gibbosus in Maryland and Virginia, doubtless was based on a real or supposed resemblance in size, form, or color to the old-fashioned pocket recep- tacles for smoking and chewing tobaeco. In regard to another fanci- ful name of this fish, ‘‘ Frank Forrester” remarked that ‘‘ the numer- ous spots on its body have procured for it the absurd name of pumpkin-seed in many States.” The two members of the genus Pomoxis are very Similar in appear- ance and habits, and exist together in many waters. It is, therefore, COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. 357 ho wonder that they bear many of the same common names, although each has some particular appellations. “Strawberry bass and calico bass seem to be very appropriate desig- nations for Pomoxis sparoides and have the additional advantage of being already generally in use in a large district.” (Goode.) For Pomoxis annularis, crappie may be recommended. The names ‘‘campbellite” and ‘‘newlight,” which appear to have originated in Kentucky and to have spread thence to Indiana and Illinois, are said by Goode (33) to have been given to P. annularis “ by the irreverent during the great Campbellite movement in the West nearly half a century ago,” and Klippart (35) shows the origin of the name in Kentucky by recalling that the fish ‘‘appeared in the waters of that State simultaneously with the advent of the disciples of Rey. Alexander Campbell.” These names are seldom heard nowadays, but are carried along in the books on fishes and are interesting nomenclatural relics. That they have not entirely died out, however, is shown by the fact that as late as January, 1903, the Fish Commis- sion received from Kentucky an application for ‘‘newlights” for stocking a pond, and Dr. 8S. P. Bartlett, of the U.S. Fish Commission station at Quincy, Ill., reports that he has occasionally heard the name ‘‘ campbellite” in that State. Klippart attaches these names to P. sparoides, but other writers have restricted them to P. annularis. Monsieur Montpetit (‘‘ Les poissons d’eau douce du Canada”) thus discusses the names crappie and ecrapet: Crapet? Nothing similar exists in any French dictionary to designate a fish. I have reason to believe that the American word crappie is simply a transforma- tion by the ear of the Canadian word crapet, which must have been applied to this fish a long time before the colonists of New England could have known it. Whether this fish took the name of crappie in the limpid waters of the Great Lakes or in the muddy waters of the mouths of the Mississippi, there is not less reason to believe that this name is only the alteration of the French word crapet which was given to it, either in Canada or Louisiana, a century and more before the English had become acquainted with it. Aw! le crapet! That is an essen- tially Canadian expression which we have all heard from the mouth of our mother, when for some teasing trick or mischievous act she threatened us with soft and affectionate blows. Ah! le crapet! Which meant: ‘‘No matter by what end he is taken, he is always bristling, ready to do us an injury—he is a crapet.”’ The euphonious French name sac-a-lait (bag of milk) which is heard in the lower Mississippi Valley and now apparently is applied to other centrarchids as well as to P. annularis, to which it was originally given, has been corrupted to ‘‘suckley perch” in Louisiana near New Orleans. John Demon and shad, names mentioned by Mr. Goode as being applied to the crappie, have not recently been heard, and their geographical distribution is unknown to the compiler. According to Professor Evermann, tin-mouth and paper-mouth are names now often heard in Indiana, the former having reference to the color of the inside of the mouth of the crappie, the latter to the fact that the mouth tears easily when hooked. 358 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Of the numerous names applied to members of the genus Microp- terus, none is so distinetive as black bass, with the qualifying terms large-mouthed and small-mouthed, and these are the designations which should be generally adopted and adhered to, even though few, if any, specimens are really black. Mr. Goode (33) recalls that ‘‘Charlevoix, a Jesuit missionary who explored Canada in 1721, mentions a fish called achigan, which is thought to have been the large-mouth.” M. Montpetit, in his ‘‘ Les poissons d’eau douce du Canada,” has adopted achigan as the most appropriate vernacular name and writes as follows regarding it: In the province of Quebec, in more than one American State, the name achigan will persist and will perhaps finally prevail even on the continent of Europe. By priority, recognized as a principle by the naturalists of Europe and America, it has incontestable titles, since for centuries and centuries, doubtless, before Lau- donniére called this fish salmoides the aborigines of Canada designated it under the name of achigan. It is a name of terror, the Algonquin name, picked up by Charlevoix and religiously preserved among us. One savant, versed in the say- age languages, the Rev. Father Lacomb. O. M. I., has claimed that the word means the fish which disputes, which struggles, which shakes and bungles the line. Those who have seen it at work will admit that that is just its description. Alphabetical list of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes. Common name. Achigan petite bouche- Bachelor Bachelor perch ______..- Bonded sun-fish Bar-fish Basse ee eer eae Bass hog-fish Bass'sun-fishis2: 2 25_-22 Bayou bass --_--- Big-ear sun-fish Big-hnibasse sees) Genes Big-mowthose ss ee Big-mouth bass__-__- Clee Big-mouthed black bass Big-mouthed sun-fish _- Big-mouthed trout Big-nosed sun-fish Bitter-head Black-banded sun-fish__| Black bass Black bass of the Hu- | ron. Black crappie ........-- Black-eared pond-fish _- Black huron Black perch Black-tailed sun-fish ___- Black warmouth Bloody sun-fish Locality. Lake Michigan; Wis. General 22-22-- reese | Upper Miss. Valley- General Kentucky; Ohio? _ | Kentucky \intiitavoyist4g Se eet | Ohio Ohio Valley ists Soaps | eter | Remarks. Identification. 9,28 | Indian ......- Micropterus salmoides. SF28r e252 dots Micropterus. onl BOO kee mene Micropterus salmoides. 2834222 do ....---.| Micropterus. BSi| anos don as Micropterus dolomieu. Dorllt Mig See ee Pomoxis sparoides. Soe ears eet Pomoxis annularis. 4 SSD ae pe Oe Se Do. 24|\eBocka ee Enneacanthus obesus. 1S ees dos Mesogonistius cheetodon. PANS Dera Ss onl eet ld aes) Pomoxis sparoides. SAB Se eS Se als Do. y Seen || ee eee ye ee lar | Micropterus. BL eBooks ae Micropterus dolomieu (young). 1g eee dost: Acantharchus pomotis. Giese iis Sie Se al | Micropterus salmoides. 31: |§Book= 2222222! | Lepomis megalotis. Of ep Ad ba ae ee P| Pomoxis sparoides. fof el OC Cheenobryttus gulosus. as aye od ST eed ee on ee oe | Micropterus salmoides. Quis eres ee ade Oo. 2154.0) ee ee eee | Cheenobryttus gulosus. AQ S| 2 324 2252 | Micropterus salmoides. 15} fell BOLO) Cee we Apomotis ischyrus. BeOS ily ot yes ome Pomoxis sparoides. VRRIIA SY o\0} ey sh 9 sees Mesogonistius cheetodon. budge |eescaneen- ceo s| WheEroptenius: 1} WBOOk ees sseeee Micropterus salmoides. pL ieee ee ee ee | Pomoxis sparoides. Oia |pBOO keer nee | Lepomis pallidus. 30K) eae =e doy Lepomis auritus. SIS CRs et sie Lepomis megalotis. 1 See ee eee Lepomis cyanellus. 31) (Bookeene=ne Do. 6) |= 222% do 23252 Micropterus dolomieu. (ie ees OOeceeeree Micropterus salmoides. NOV SL nvid | ea tee ce ne one Micropterus dolomieu. LG | IBOOK) Seen eeee Cheenobryttus gulosus. PIP OT = cee 2 ad eee Amblopltes rupestris. Slyke os Sere Lepomis megalotis. On PBookwcsce eee Cheenobryttus gulosus. PAV taser Go zee see Lepomis megalotis. COMMON Alphabetical list of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes— Common name. Blue-and-green sun-fish Blue bass Blue bream Blue-fish Blue-gill (or blue-gills) - Blue-gilled bream 15.1 Vaya CO pa, ee N.C Blue-mouthed sun-fish _ Blue perch.--.)~—-- =. Blue oul: -fish Bréme Bride perch Bridge perch Brilliant sun-fish Brim (see Bream) Bronze-backer______-.-- Bronzed centrarchus _- BTOWMUDAASe: oe. ee Brown river-bass- ---.-- Brown trout___-_-- BU alobassoe ses. e252 Buffalo sun-fish________- Butter-fish @alico basses 22 S.2222_- Calico bream Campbellite D Chain-sided sun-fish___- Chain side Gemduapin perch Chup. robin Common bass=2-2-25---- Common sun-fish Copper-headed bream -- Copper-nosed bream -_- Crapet calicot Crapet jaune Crapet mondoux -_-_----- Crapet noir Crapetivert==2..2 = -5.-- Crappie Crappy (see Crappie) -- pErle (see Crappie), - 1D Toye py (see Crappie) -- Dat ardee Dolly Varden Dotted painted-tail_-____ Diwark pass)s e225 see Eared sun-fish - -___- — Female perch sige Fresh-water bass Fresh-water perch Fresh-water sun-fish NAMES Locality. General Ohio Valley Maumee River, O.; Maine; Mass Maine States. General NC: Refer- | ence. 23 31 OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. Remarks. Book 359 Continued. Identification. Lepomis cyanellus. Do. Lepomis pallidus. Lepomis cyanellus. Lepomis pallidus, Lepomis cyanellus. _Enneacanthus simulans et gloriosus. Eupomotis gibbosus. Lepomis auritus. Ambloplites rupestris. Cheenobryttus gulosus. Lepomis auritus. Eupomotis gibbosus. Lepomis, Eupomotis,ete. Ambloplites rupestris. Micropterus salmoides. Pomoxis annularis. | Lepomis megalotis. Lepomis, Eupomotis,ete Micropterus dolomieu. Ambloplites rupestris. Meroueorus dolomieu. 0. Do. Cheenobryttus gulosus. Lepomis cyanellus. Pomoxis sparoides. Do. Do. Pomoxis sparoides? Pomoxis annularis. Lepomis macrocheirus. a d Lepomis punctatus. Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxis sparoides. Cheenobryttus gulosus. Micropterus salmoides. Eupomotis gibbosus? Micropterus salmoides. Eupomotis gibbosus, Le- pomis megalotis. Lepomis pallidus. Oo. Micropterus salmoides. Pomoxis, etc. Pomoxis sparoides. Eupomotis gibbosus. ABnDIOD ICS rupestris. Do. Do. Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxis sparoides. Ambloplites rupestris. Lepomis pallidus. Pomoxis sparoides. Micropterus salmoides. Micropterus dolomieu. Lepomis megalotis. Eupomotis gibbosus. Do. Lepomis auritus. Centrarchus macrop- terus. Lepomis auritus. Eupomotis gibbosus. Centrarchus macrop- terus. Ambloplites rupestris. Eupomotis gibbosus. Lepomis auritus. 860 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Alphabetical list of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes—Continued. Common name. Locality. Hetpe i Remarks. | Identification. Fresh-water trout _----- SuGunGasy Hla Soe : 35 eee ee eee oF | Micropterus salmoides. Gilded'sun-fishi sarees tere oan 2 oe { ate |Book aes oe ; Lepomis macrocheirus. ? Goggle-eye-_....-------- General in West _--- Ob eres em cl | Ambloplites rupestris. DOxsoSs er. 2st eke oe GeneralsNn. C2 Nexa| ai Syoolll eases see ee | Cheenobryttus gulosus. IDO Sos See eae ee Southern States -_-- fof See ees eee oie , Pomoxis sparoides. 1B Yate Re pee Sneha Ue we chee a eee Be ee iia ea ce ; Pomoxis annularis. _ Goggle-eyed bass-_-----. OO aie ee oe PALAB Yi | Stove Sees A Ambloplites rupestris. Goggle-eyed perch --_-_-- Southern States ---- Skate ease ee Pomoxis sparoides. iD fo ice eae at eh cig cies Gees ae see ee ae Nee oe ld See ee eee Lepomis auritus ? Goldibass aaa sae Ohio Valley --------- BI S56 ee ee Micropterus dolomieu. Gold=tish aeons Ohiovetewseeensa ae pl ee Serene Lepomis macrocheirus. Goldring sss Ohio "Valley Baa ee BD Gabe oo eey sae Pomoxis annularis. Gold-ring pomoxiseses essa eee eee Bil |) LBLOON een Do: Y Grass basse. seo IbaYoles Wikhehey oes viii, oT ue en Micropterus salmoides. Lake Erie; Ohio: II11.; PE a len (ee setae oem . c Do. stp he ee { Miss. Valley. aaiiel RCT nah ae Pe RGs Bpaolies (Graybadsenes- seca ee Mi CHa esa eee eee Bl See eee Micropterus salmoides. Green basse ee Mich.; Ohio River __ Sha. ee eee eee Oo. ? Pe aE Spee Eh OWE IKiy a0 see en een AQ uk t2 2ais2 Ce Micropterus dolomieu. Green perches sae ie ne eee we ae (1h aR ener ees ee Micropterus sp. Green sun-fish_________- Generalete eee BME See ce ae oes Lepomis cyanellus. Green trout SK BXo Vind ci ee ee eee Micropterus salmoides. Quieter ee ase Oe Se ae Micropterus dolomieu. (Growleie eae ee a bocce eee oe mremeel [luk ee On| pODSOletem ces Micropterus salmoides. Earle qantas. chee tees cea ae een oe roe | BES. OO kee menepeeees Eupomotis gibbosus. Hom bass™ ssa). escent | FOhio Valleys te eee eo | Eee Micropterus dolomieu (young). TELRTIIO TG ee ene, ate ER es rs ree ne eee || | ee ne | BOOK: -aennnee *Micropterus salmoides. JDoOhM Demon i kyes esse eee eae Oa WA wate ieee cie Sewn Meare Pomoxis annularis. SUPE OWE eee SNC ote oe Se oN SRV ATT! 9) eee ce Chenobryttus gulosus. dinates 2 el Nl se eal isioiindavercn Shiny) 22 i! ee es Micropterus salmoides et dolomieu. CGS) ONE PS eg eared Lepomis auritus. DOt ene aa eee Eupomotis gibbosus. Malke'basseoa: ses ee oene Ambloplites rupestris. DOs ee st ee ears Micropterus salmoides. IDO Saas oe eee Ea sae Pomoxis sparoides. Lake crappie ____...---- Do. Lake Erie bass_-_....__-- Lake Huron black bass- Kamplighters 2) Large-finned bass -__.-- Large-mouthed bass - Large-mouthed black | bass. Large-scaled sun-fish __| eather-ear. -._...-_2..- Little bream Little red-eye Little sun-fish Do. Long-finned sun-fish - Many- auieed sun-fish _ Marsh bass ----- Mill-pond chub Mill-pond flier _=_______- Mill-pond perch More-mouth bream ___-_ Moss: bass #62 es Mountain trout Mud bass 5B Yo ee ae Ls ee eS sf Mud chub WibealjoryRola oe ee Ee Mud sun-fish Northern crappie -_...- Northern pomotis- -.... Obscure fresh-water bass. Orange-spotted sun-fish Oswego bass..........-.- Great Lakes; New York. A at Cheenobryttus gulosus. Do. Micropterus salmoides. Pomoxis sparoides. Centrarchus macrop terus. Micropterds salmoides. oO. Lepomis megalotis. Lepomis auritus. Do. Micropterus dolomieu (young). Enneacanthus obesus. Lepomis cyanellus. Enneacanthus. | Lepomis megaiotis. Lepomis auritus. Centrarchus macrop- terus. Do. Micropterds salmoides. | oO | Pomoxis sparoides. | Centrarchus macrop- | _terus. | Micropterus dolomieu (young). Micropterus salmoides. | Micropterus dolomieu. Micropterus salmoides. Acantharchus pomotis. | Cheenobryttus gulosus. Acantharchus pomotis. Do. | Pomoxis sparoides ? Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxis sparoides. | Eupomotis gibbosus. Micropterus dolomieu. Lepomis humilis. Micropterus salmoides. COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. 361 Alphabetical list of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes—Continued, Common name. Locality. Bee Remarks. Identification. Painted-tail........---.- (O} cate Ea ae se Slt leceatweecpe se eee Micropterus salmoides. Pale crappie. _-..- -.-.-- Vics eo SENSE oak Se Lilt, | Pees sees se ee Pomoxis annularis. Palesrivercoass cease keen mae ete ree Lo BIS BOOK sancs = — Micropterus salmoides. Pallictsumanshy ss sss jee sonata en eta e = o> - ah eee (OVE ee Eupomotis pallidus. Paper-mouth - .....--.--- Unters Vill |e oe= see eee Pomoxis annularis. Pearch or peerch- ------ Southern States -.-.|---------- Corruption --| Lepomis, Eupomotis, etc. LET Rel Le a ee ee eee General -.2...2-.s5-- 8 | i Do. OR ee ee a See eee eee 9 Centrarchus macrop- terus. WO SA se. Sooo 5 Bena n as = Southern States - (Ree esas one Rae Micropterus salmoides et dolomieu. DO! sss necaacee=s-sees aoe GOW nase ete eee | Oe | bem aes 2 oes Cheenobryttus gulosus. IDGEER Reaves ee oe (OP GE Saas See BU Esk ae eee es Archoplites interruptus. Perch-mouth bream ---| Florida --....-.-.---- >.< Pe eatery Cheenobryttus gulosus. ROG! DORON Cas eeaa See ses|| Seer es aeeee se eee sees BO MB00 keaeeeneas Eupomotis gibbosus. DOes se shee aast =~ 2 Ohio? =--5- seh 2 oss QO NE aoe ea cee nee Micropterus salmoides. Pumpkin-seed ---------- New. Hneland cand: |" os 0hoon |paeeen asses Eupomotis gibbosus. Middle States. Quivers os--50.--5252--~ Main ereet o258e esac Ti|| See CER ea ae Lepomis auritus. 0 aR eee eee GOlssei eee eee its Seema eee een Eupomotis gibbosus. IRaZOL-DAGK eee e- - oe e nl esan hoe coweaseeeans ORSs sa) Pomoxis sparoides. Red-bellied bream ------ NEC eS ee Oe Bus| ee bree eee seam ee Lepomis auritus. ID fee Se eee ee | eee eee sere i | PBOOK a= sas ane Lepomis megalotis. Red-bellied perch ---..- a a Ws Atlantic Ol om See ak eee soe ee | Lepomis auritus. ates. Do ae ae ae ere (Cee ae ee ee eee | Lepomis megalotis. Red-bellied robin perch | N. C -_------ | Lepomis auritus. IRédsbelliy ae. 225 Leth sae do Do. DOs Soe eee eee eae (ClO See ey ese Eupomotis gibbosus. IDO} See eee Ohio Valley Lepomis megalotis. eGebreasbossses oe -| (Seas aes eaten ae | Lepomis auritus. IRed-6yie = -o2642-2=5-4-2 General Ambloplites rupestris. WOS tees Seon sate ee bon 2 GOs sme oe reese Cheenobryttus gulosus. IDO Es 5 eae ae eee Tn Oise eee Lepomis cyanellus. 1D eee Seen AKO ae See cage Been Micropterus dolomieu. Red-eyed bream -------- sn Atlantic Bot Sees Seat Cho Ambloplites rupestris. ates. MD One tvacweewa nc bescee Towa; Ark.; Ohio’ __| 17,24,25 | Book ?_-.----- Cheenobryttus gulosus. Red-eyed perch -------- Genera lessees ee eee ee oe oe eee Ambloplites rupestris. Red-cyed sun-tish).< 222s) 2... Js520-~ sco -o-5 se 215 | Bookses-==-=3 Lepomis megalotis. 1G Sse ee Re | es Se ae ae Sh eeea doe==—=— Ambloplites rupestris. Red-headed bream - ---- 1 Bi as ae a oR ae ee ene eS Lepomis auritus. Hedsperenic= 22: 2. == 3 Dex Lee eee eee (Gl ase Sees aber Lepomis miniatus. WO berena- ase ga Georgia RAV) Ere eee sera Lepomis auritus. Red-spotted sun-fish__-_| Miss.; Ark.; Iowa?_- 11, 25) | Book ?_- --=--- Lepomis humilis. ied sun-tish =~. -..--=--- Xs eocete ee Lepomis auritus. Red-tailed bream_ ------ Pail ead Sa ate ere Do. Red-tailed pomotis - ---- 30) BOO Kees ene Do. Riven bass2u--25-6cs 2 AO ga ee Sea ees Micropterus salmoides. OME ae een tenee san OA ee sees see Micropterus dolomieu. River crappie ---------- TT eee ee See Pomoxis annularis. Roaches s:- 25. --< 5-22 25-- by SUE Sees ea Lepomis auritus. 1D Yo} eae ene 9 OE 1 exe |e eee ee Eupomotis gibbosus. Mose esc: Sea ee 1AM Set ee Pomoxis sparoides. IR(6| olin SS et eas SOY | eeeee se meee ee Lepomis auritus. 1D Yo SESS See ee ae eee BOW yee rape | Eupomotis gibbosus. Ropini perch): -- 2-22-25. (6) Gai eee es a Ree te Lepomis auritus. (Doe See eames Vases Caan x05 2 BiH 3109: 0 Se eens eee Eupomotis gibbosus. Rockbassee,.e--2-5-- =" Genera lean see 28 | tare = serena Ambloplites rupestris. (0) eae Ree rh as |e Sees See ae Oe see ee | Micropterus sp. ROC Kan Sheeran as bene Sw Allee ESE eee 227 | Booka. ssase-= Pomoxis sparoides. ISOM ORD ASS e = ean eee -e =| ote eee ke LG ESE Com eeeas| Centrarchus. Gums GMS Hise sss 2s So a ee es No} dee Copers esa Cenirarcbus macrop- erus. (CUS eee eed oe ae ee BOBS hese Be Eupomotis gibbosus. Sac-a-lait (lai) Sule ses See ee Pomoxis annularis. Sac-a-lait Relies a ah ee Cheenobryttus gulosus? (0 ee eee erie pease UT) |S ee ee Centrarchus macrop- terus? DOP sso sesseterseees (Ri sede eeeeesae Pomoxis sparoides. 1DCpiat Seah See eS (ge een eee es Pomoxis annularis. Sacramomso poren ee ese eee oe eee eee =a Books s=- = Archoplites interruptus. Salmon-formed grow- | ....---------------+--- Lon sesce Gort tent Micropterus salmoides. er. Sane perelin asses NOs oesee eee eee LS 35) eee onsen peer Eupomotis gibbosus. DO eae Oa eee ee Se | Orne anaes es Opole. eee Pomoxis sparoides. SAC eee eee ee Pek ee eee ne ome Oi | Pee ee eae Pomoxis annularis. Shell-cracker -......---- Wlorida/ see wssss-soes RAD oe ye ae ee! | Eupomotis holbrooki. SHinin eo basses see eee |b eee eeae menos eee Wis BOOk-see.cee- Centrarchus macrop- a terus. Silveribasseaces aoe cnes UE eee ee Oa | Bae ee Pomoxis sparoides. Silverperchys-s---2cs--— Ohio Valley --------- £34 bd ers, Seas yey etd Pomoxis annularis. i 5 Yo epee ma AO eee ae Os) barter et | Pomoxis sparoides. SIGU PD DRDRAS sesso ene oe lene eae anes are 9 | Micropterus salmoides. 362 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Alphabetical list of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes—Continued. Common name. Locality. Smallioreentsum-fish esl s ee ~ seen oe ee Small-mouthed bass_-_.-| General -_--.-------- Small-mouthed black |----.- Cho eee ee tee St bass. Southermehubseerseacee| ean aee. sae oscee es eeeeee Soubhernicersp pices sss |e ee oe cee eee ee Speckled bass__--_---.-- VM Cee nes es eel Speckled hen ._....--... Canddasr "sen s3 Speckled perch--_---__-- {Pac Ark Gai. DOS: 22 eh or hee elle ae ed Rees ee oe a Se ye Spobted buss sos ss ea eee eee ee sees Spottedubresmis es es ees ce eee oe eon eee Spotted perch --..-...-- Mori da === sesns semen Spottedmivierbass=.-o-olle-- sees sone eee eee Spotteditrout: == ee Gams Rect r hse arse eare Str; hy bassE== see eo MiGheindeeses eases Se Se 5 eae OhiOe se een eee Str; Eaanee TY Dass ee =e eC NCLal 2a kane, Strawiberyyperchs=22-24||2.= eeeeee ING Ara ereocr See ae Sune fi She eee ee eee eo eee ae ee Oy pet ea see ee N. cS Southern States. WOSS ee cease eee ee loam ate ete = Seno aes WOs sks yeaa se eee Generale ene Sun-tishybass esses Kentucky River _-_-- Sun=fisheriver-passicet 24 |e a—eseeene eee aee Sumniyges9- a eee eee INaWes Nine ee eee Sun perchvesssese ee s= MAS ha eae oe eee cee DOS ties se eee Monn sco ate lessee DOM aes Seek ot Seek Pan ene eee eee DOR ree eee Cates = sess Pe SunMitrouteen sees eas Gases eee SWatom teens eee eens IN, NS Vibieee secs eee Swear oassesss sees eee Opec ee ee ee SWeOPO = see ee eee ease eee does Meee Swe20) Dass aae aan es a eae Gol a2 a2e8 (So ae=3 AMMIPSLICTOPDIC Hess sass ||P seek ae eee Min=IM Obs ne, Foca LL ee eee eee all! Over esses: see Ohio Valley; Ind - Mingperche:: aha ere peal eer ais Ae Se aoe MObaCECO- NOx ea-- ae eaee | Ma. Vie GD) Clee ee TMromtee seis eae ot ee eee Southern States ---- Prout basse. sesso Ohio Valley --------- (Prowtsperche=---seae-= Ohio Valley, South- ; ern States. Mrout tl Ver-VASss 425 -4|(= -.2-o sss-c55-e=se see Warm-mouphperches-e lt Gatircsss.saassseeeeea— Warmouths---seeeere Generall222. se2224 Warmouth bream--.--.-- Da soee ee eee Be Warmouth perch __---- SaCasGatwhlasse 2 Mie Shimane Sao eee IN Ci Viasaoe ete ee AVVED TRG OES A feces Saal ee ee ye Mee apes DONS teense saree Ohio Valley ----- ---- AWANILS CROP DLOss ssa ee tall ec ree ee see eee ene Ete One hee oes eel ae Vien eee Bees iti yt Al ba Chepeete se eee White Salmonpose cee Widice ens eee White trout 225 esse WAGGA oe ee ee DOleeeiescisgs .| Ohio Valley ---.------ Wide-mouthsun-fish...| -.--..-----. 2-2 --22.-2 Yaw-mouth perch_-..._. Ga ere es ee ee Wollowiibass eases nase Ohio Valley, Chau- tauqua Lake, N.Y. eS a Pere OhioaVialleya2-2 ee Yellow-beliy A Pe ale Rte Wide seINi © Sac aan ee <5 1D Yok See ees ese NG Cs se Wace Wellow rears ae sos So ee ee ee eee Wollow perehes-asasseee fee Gaeta (0 eee SE ee ae Sea se aes eee eres Do. | Ohio Valley se sses Yellow pond per ye ea AR aR ha ae Uy se Refer- Ears : : aaa Remarks. Identification. Pes ed BY010) 2 ey see Lepomis megalotis. DS, Sie ae ee See Micropterus dolomieu. ar sctaeeea| Seeteasee sc cseee Do. 34 |p BOOK. o.2-2s—— Micropterus salmoides. De ee a Goes wee Pomoxis annularis. Bh ee ee ed Pomoxis sparoides. OFS pei iee2 ee ao eee Micropterus sp. 10, 35, 36 | ---.------------ Pomoxis s id VEEW acne ne ees paroides. PN paar Sache Sa Pomoxis annularis. O34) cae a Se ec Micropterus sp. SiGe aoe Meee Lepomis punctatus. Kl, |e oe ee Pomoxis sparoides. 31 Bookeee=s-—-5 Micropterus dolomieu. BO | Gees ae eee Pomoxis sparoides. POs VALIY |e oe on Se, cee Micropterus salmoides. Wale ee sae secs Pomoxis sparoides. Syl bese eee Do. dl ee ten ee a a Pomoxis sparoides.et an- nularis. F 315 Books a= Micropterus dolomieu. Sl EBOOKeaesseee= Do. VALI | eee ee ee Micropterus salmoides. pease Cor.Sac-a-lait|} Pomoxis annularis. Eupomotis gibbosus. Ambloplites rupestris. 35, Centrarchus macropte rus. Cheenobryttus gulosus. eee eee | Lepomis, Eupomotis, etc. Ambloplte rupestris. oO Eupomotis gibbosus. Lepomis megalotis. Ambloplites rupestris. Lepomis auritus. iv, iv, iv, iv, X 2, iii 2 viii 35 14, viii 31, 34 18, 36 | 36 13 xi, XV xi 9,31 29 Cor. War- Pomoxis sparoides. Cheenobryttus gulosus. Micropterus dolomieu. Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxis sparoides. Pomoxis annularis. Oo. Eupomotis gibbosus. Micropterus salmoides et dolomieu. MDC HOp teri dolomieu. 0. Do. Cheenobryttus gulosus. Micr opter us salmoides. Ambloplites rupestris. Pomoxis annularis. Do. Pomoxis sparoides. Micropterus salmoides. Do. Micropterus dolomieu. Cheenobryttus gulosus. 0. Micropterus dolomieu. Micropterus salmoides. Lepomis auritus. Mepomote ibbosus. Lepomis holbrooki. Lepomis auritus. Eupomotis gibbosus. Micropterus dolomieu. Micropterus salmoides. COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. 363 Systematic list of the basses and sun-fishes, with the common names applied to each species shown thereunder, “ 1. Pomoxis sparoides (Lacépéde). Strawberry Bass; Calico Bass. Bachelor. Crappie. Mill-pond flier. Speckled bass. Bank-lick bass. Crappy. ; New Light (?). Speckled perch. Bar-fish. Dolly Varden. Northern crappie. Spotted perch. Bitter-head. Goggle-eye. Razor-back. Spotted trout. Black crappie. Goggle-eyed perch. Roach. Straw bass. Calico bass. Grass bass. Rock-fish. Strawberry bass. Calico bream. Lake bass. Sac-a-lait. Strawberry perch. Campbellite (?). Lake crappie. Sand perch. Sun perch. Chinquapin perch. Lake Erie bass. Silver bass. Tin-mouth. Crapet. Lamplighter. Silver perch. White perch. Crapet calicot. 2. Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. Crappie. Bachelor. Crappy. Paper-mouth. Strawberry perch. Bachelor perch. Goggle-eye. River crappie. Suckley perch. Bridge perch. Gold-ring. Sac-a-lait. Timber croppie. Calico bass (?). Gold-ring pomoxis. Shad. Tin-mouth. Campbellite. John Demon. . Silver perch. Tin perch. Chinquapin perch. New Light. Southern crappie. White crappie. Crapet. Pale crappie. Speckled perch. White perch. Crappie. 3. Centrarchus macropterus (Lacépéde). Flier; Rownd Sun-fish. Flier (or flyer). Long-finned sun-fish. Perch. Sac-a-lait. Flying perch. Many-spined sun-fish. Round bass. Shining bass. Large-finned bass. Mill-pond perch. Round sun-fish. Sun-fish. 4. Acantharchus pomotis (Baird). Mud Sun-fish. Bass sun-fish. Mud bass. Mud perch. Mud sun-fish. 5. Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). Rock Bass. Black sun-fish. _ Crapet vert. Red-eye. Sun-fish bass. Bream (Brim). Croppie. Red-eyed bream. Sun-fish river-bass. Bréme. Fresh-water bass. Red-eyed perch. Sun perch. Bronzed centrarchus. Goggle-eye. Red-eyed sun-fish. White bass. Crapet mondoux. Goggle-eyed bass. Rock bass. Crapet noir. Lake bass. Sun-fish. 6. Archoplites interruptus (Girard). Sacramento Perch. Perch. Sacramento perch. 7. Cheenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Warmouth. Big-mouth. Chub. Perch-mouth bream. Warm-mouth perch. Big-mouthed sun-fish. Goggle-eye. Red-eye. Warmouth. Black sun-fish. Jug-mouth. Red-eyed bream. Warmouth bream. Black warmouth. More-mouth bream. Sac-a-lait. Warmouth perch. Bream. Mud chub. Sun-fish. Wide-mouthed sun-fish. Buffalo bass. Perch. - Sun trout. Yaw-mouth perch, 8. Enneacanthus obesus (Baird). Banded sun-fish. Little bream. Little sun-fish. 9. Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook). Blue-spotted sun-fish. Little sun-fish. 10. Mesogonistius chetodon (Baird). Banded Sun-fish. Banded sun-fish. Black-banded sun-fish. aThere are 8 or 10 other species of sun-fishes to which no common names have been given. 364 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Systematic list of the basses and sun-fishes, with the common names applied to 11. Apomotis punctatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bream (Brim). 12. Apomotis cyanellus (Rafinesque). Black-eyes. Black-eye sun-fish. Blue-and-green sun- fish. Chinquapin perch. Blue bass. Blue-fish. Blue sun-fish. Blue-spotted sun-fish. Green Sun-fish, Bream (Brim). Buffalo sun-fish. Green sun-fish. Little red-eye. 13. Apomotis ischyrus (Jordan & Nelson). Big-nosed sun-fish. 14. Lepomis auritus (Linneus). Black-eared pond-fish. Bream (Brim). Flat-fish. Flounder. Fresh-water sun-fish. Goggle-eyed perch (?). Kiver. Leather-ear. Leather-wing. Long-eared sun-fish. Perch, pearch, or peerch. Quiver. Red-belly. Red-bellied bream. Red-bellied perch. 15. Lepomis miniatus Jordan. Red perch. 16. Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). Big-ear sun-fish. Black ears. Black-tailed sun-fish. Bloody sun-fish. Bream (Brim). 17. Lepomis humilis (Girard). Bream (Brim). Brilliant sun-fish. Common sun-fish. Eared sun-fish. Large-scaled sun-fish. Long-eared sun-fish. Orange-spotted sun-fish. Red-bellied robin perch. Red-breast. Red-headed bream. Red perch. Red sun-fish. Red-tailed bream. Red-tailed pomotis. each species shown thereunder—Continued. Chinquapin Perch. Spotted bream. Perch, pearch, ov peerch. Red-eye. Sun-fish. Roach. Robin. Robin perch. Sun-fish. Sun perch. Yellow-belly. Yellow perch. Long-eared Sun-jish. Perch, pearch,or peerch. Sun-fish. Red-bellied bream. Red-belly. Red-eyed sun-fish. Small green sun-fish. Red-spotted Sun-fish. Perch, pearch,or peerch. Red-spotted sun-fish. 18. Lepomis macrocheirus Rafinesque. Bream (Brim). Chain-sided sun-fish. 19. Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). Black-eared pond-tish. Blue bream. Blue-gill (or Blue-gills) Blue-gilled bream. Chain-side. Gilded sun-fish. Blue joe. Blue-mouthed sun-fish. Copper-headed bream. . Blue perch. Blue sun-fish. 20. Eupomotis gibbosus (Linneus). Bream (Brim). Chub robin (7). Common sun-fish. Crapet jaune. Female perch. Flat-fish. Flounder. Fresh-water perch. Harlequin roach. Kiver. Northern pomotis. Perch, pearch, peerch. Pond perch. Pumpkin-seed. Gold-fish. Sun perch. Sun-fish. 6 Sun-fish. Perch, pearch, or peerch. Blue-gill; Blue sun-fish. Bream (Brim). Copper-nosed bream. Dollardee. Perch, pearch, peerch. Sun-fish. Pumpkin-seed; Tobacco-box. Quiver. Red-belly. Roach. Robin. Robin-perch. Ruff. Sand perch. 21. Eupomotis holbrooki (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Yellow bream. Shell-cracker. Sun bass. Sun-fish. Sunny. Tobacco-box. Yellow-belly. Yellow perch. COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. 365 Systematic list of the basses and sun-fishes, with the common names applied to each species shown thereunder—Continued. 22. Micropterus salmoides (Lacépéde). Large-mouthed black bass. Achigan. Cow bass. Large-mouthed black Slough bass. Achigan grande bouche. Dotted painted-tail. bass. Southern chub. Achigan noir. Fresh-water trout. Marsh bass. Speckled hen. Bass. Grass bass. Mill-pond chub. Spotted bass. Bayou bass. Gray bass. Moss bass. Straw bass. Big-mouthed bass. Green. bass. Mud bass. Striped bass. Big-mouthed black Green perch. Oswego bass. Trout. bass. Green trout. Painted-tail. Welshman. Big-mouthed trout. Growler. Pale river bass. White bass. Black bass of the Hu- Huron. Perch. White salmon. ron. Jumper. Pond perch. White trout. Black Huron. Lake bass. River pass. Yellow bass. Bride perch. Lake Huron black bass. Rock bass. Yellow pond-perch. Chub. Large-mouthed bass. Salmon-formed growler. Common bass. 23. Micropterus dolomieu Lacépede. Small-mouthed black bass. Achigan. Dwarf bass. Perch, Streaked-head. Achigan noir. Gold bass. Red-eye. Swago. Achigan petite bouche. Green bass. River bass. Swago bass. Bass. Green perch. Rock bass. Swego. Bass hog-fish. Green trout. Small-mouthed bass. Swego bass. Black bass. Hog bass. Small-mouthed black Trout. Black fresh-water bass. Jumper. bass. Trout bass. Black perch. Little bass. Speckled hen. Trout perch. Bronze-backer. Minny bass. Spotted bass. Trout river bass. Brown bass. Mountain trout. Spotted river bass. White trout. Brown river bass. Obseure fresh-water Streaked-cheeks river Yellow bass. Brown trout. bass. bass. Yellow perch. BIBLIOGRAPHY. BaikD, SPENCER F. Report on the fishes observed on the coasts of New Jersey and Long Island during the summer of 1854. Ninth Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. BEAN, TARLETON H. The fishes of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, 1893. BottMan, C. H. A report upon the fishes of Kalamazoo, Calhoun, and Antrim counties, Michigan. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission 18838. Catressy, M. Natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. London, 1754. Corr, RK. D. The fishes of Pennsylvania. Report of Fish Commissioners of Pennsylvania 1881-82. Dr Kay, James E. Natural history of New York. Part Iv, Fishes. New York, 1842. EV=RMANN & KENDALL. The fishes of Texas and the Rio Grande Basin. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission 1892. GoopE, G. Brown. ‘The food-fishes of the United States. The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States, Section I. Washington, 1884. GoopE, G. Brown. American fishes. A popular treatise upon the game and food fishes of North America. New York, 1888. HALLOCK, CHARLES. Winter sports in North Carolina. Forest and Stream, New York, February 18, 1892. Hay, O. P. On a collection of fishes from the Lower Mississippi Valley. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission 1882. . HENSHALL, JAMES A. [The American Angler. vol. II. ] . HENSHALL, J. A. Report upon a collection of fishes made in southern Florida during 1889. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission 1889. . Hopes, ORLANDO. A list of Ohio River fishes sold in the markets. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission 1881. . JARDINE, WILLIAM. The Naturalist’s Library, vol. 1. Edinburgh, 1835. . 366 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 16. abyhe 18. JORDAN, DAVIDSTARR, and EVERMANN, BARTON WARREN. The fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin 47, U. 8. National Museum. "Wash- ington, 1896. JORDAN, Davip STaRR. Report on the fishesof Ohio. Report of the Geolog- ical Survey of Ohio, vol. tv. Columbus, 1882. JORDAN, DAVID STARR. Report of explorations made during 1888 in the Alle- gheny region of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and in Western Indiana, with an account of the fishes found in each of the river basins of those regions. Bulletin U.S: Fish Commission 1888. . KENDALL, W. C. Notes on the fresh-water fishes of Washington County, . Maine. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission 1894. . KirscuH, P. H. Report upon investigations in the Maumee River Basin dur- ing the summer of 1893. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission 1894. . KIRTLAND, J. P. Fishes of Ohio, in ‘‘The Family Visitor,’’ Cleveland and Hudson, Ohio, 1850-51. . KIRTLAND, J. P. Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 11. 23. Kuippart, J. H. Catalogue of fishes of Ohio. Report of Ohio State Fish Commission for 1875-76. . MEEK, SETH EUGENE. A list of fishes and mollusks collected in Arkansas and Indian Territory in 1894. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission 1895. 5. MEEK, SETH EUGENE. A report upon the fishes of Iowa. Bulietin U.S. Fish Commission 1890. 26. MicHIGAN FisH Commission. Reports of the State Board of Fish Commis- sioners (especially Eighth). . Mircnity, 8. L. The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review. New York, 1817-18. . Montpetit, A.-N. Les poissons d’eau douce du Canada. Montreal, 1897. . Ou10. Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of Ohio for 1873. . Putnam, F. W. [Notice of spiny-rayed fishes of Essex County, Massachu- setts.] Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. 1, 1848-1856. . RAFINESQUE, C. 8. Ichthyologia ohiensis, or natural history of the fishes inhabiting the river Ohio and its tributary streams. Lexington, 1820. . RICHARDSON, JOHN. Fauna Boreali Americana. Part m1, The Fish. London, 1836. . RoosEVELT, R. B. (*“‘S BARNWELL”’). The game fish of the Northern States and British Provinces. New York. 1866. . Scott, GENIO C. Fishing in American waters. New York, 1869. New edi- tion, 1875. . SmitH, HuGH M. Report on the fisheries of the South Atlantic States. Bul- letin U.S. Fish Commission 1891, vol. x1. . SmitH, HuGH M. Report on a collection of fishes from the Albemarle region of North Carolina. Bulletin U. 8S. Fish Commission 1891, vol. x1. . STORER, DAviID HuMPHREYS. A synopsis of the fishes of North America. Cambridge, 1846. . STORER, DAvip HumpuHREYs. A history of the fishes of Massachusetts. Cam- bridge, 1853. . UHLER & LuaceErR. List of the fish of Maryland. Report of the Fish Com- missioners of Maryland 1876. . WooLMAN, A. J. Report of an examination of the rivers of Kentucky, with lists of the fishes obtained. Bulletin U. S.-Fish Commission 1890. THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO IN 1902. yay. AL wee Ox, Agent of the United States Fish Commission. 367 THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO IN 1902. By W. A. WItcox, Agent of the United States Fish Commission. INTRODUCTION. During the winter of 1898-99, soon after the occupation of Porto Rico by the United States Government, an investigation of the fishery resources and fishery business of that island was made by the United States Commission of Fisheries. Four years having elapsed since the change from Spanish to United States rule, it was thought desirable to revisit the island and make a canvass of the fisheries, with special reference to the present conditions, the amount of capital invested, apparatus used, amount and value of products, and number of fisher- men; also the amount and value of fishery products imported during the past four years. The results of this canvass, which was made by . the writer in January, February, and March, 1903, are here presented. The statistical and general information pertain to the calendar year 1902 unless otherwise stated. For courtesies and assistance rendered acknowledgments are given to the following persons: Hon. Charles Hartzell, secretary of state; Hon. James S. Harlan, judge-advocate; Hon. John R. Garrison, auditor; Hon. A. R. Cruzen, collector of customs and deputies; F. D. Griffith, of the auditor’s office; Messrs. Fritze Lundt & Co., of San Juan and Mayaguez; and the French Transatlantic Steamship Company. IMPORTATIONS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS. Porto Rico is divided into seven districts, the population of each, by the census of 1899, being as follows: AS UAGI ee Peery Sac aise ckie «Bee bs ee sk se sye eee 99, 645 LATREC OG) oS ee Sk es I eee De ee eee ater rant 162, 308 1S 97EE PEG oT ee pane oR aang i a ie Pig eee 160, 046 CRU YIN Aer e ee ye aede Dees rola e eek Sats ie Bee 111, 986 EMEC ee ae re na a ye ee ek 88, 501 Ing HER ET Ae a, Sa le et rane aden ie oe eate naa 127, 566 PONCER as Ee Goo ee eels S Ca ent es ee eae 203, 191 CELE Mote? wees ore eee Se een es ee ae 953, 243 The values of fishery products imported into Porto Rico during the past ten years, with the duties paid, are shown in the following table. The amounts given for 1899 to 1902 are in United States money, F. C. 1902—24 369 370 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. but for 1893 to 1897 are in the fluctuating Spanish currency, which averaged in value about 60 cents on the dollar: 7 Year. | Pounds. Value. Duty. | Year. Pounds. Value. Duty. —| | : | Z {SOS se eee | 21,901,407 | $1,325 070 | $87,677 || 18984..........|..........-- |. ee 1804 3 eee | 26,046,061 | 1, 649, 601 Oa 854" 1899 cee scce 17, 867, 619 $634, 559 $43, 246 1895 ... See SONeoo O22 || O87 676) dee KOS Tell 1900 menses one oe 11, 934, 589 397, 548 38, 869 N8OG ee bese Ssaeicecls 29; 93 1815; O10.) Aili AS 7a TOO ee aoc. 14, 145, 017 537, 645 80, 993 2,123, 931 | 139,661 |) 1902-.-.--..... 16, 757, 923 641, 409 97,914 | | a Data for 1898 are not attainable, on account of the war. This table shows a large decrease in the importations of fishery products during the past four years. This is partly, perhaps chiefly, accounted for by the great destruction of property and loss of life caused by the hurricane of August 8, 1899. The coffee districts of the western and southern parts of the island, which are the largest consumers of imported fishery products, were the heaviest sufferers from the hur- ricane. Under the most favorable conditions recovery from such dis- aster is necessarily slow, as several years are required for the planting and maturing of coffee trees. The very low prices for coffee discour- aged planters and prevented capitalists from advancing financial aid to the impoverished native coffee-planters. In the opinion of some the generally improved conditions in the island have enabled the people to buy better food, hence the decrease in importations of dried fish. Labor of all kinds, city and country, has been in steady demand at increased ~ wages over those received under Spanish rule. With increased incomes a more varied food is said to be in demand at the expense of fish products, which for many years furnished so important a part of the diet of the natives. The decrease in fishery imports has probably been in part from both causes. As time restores the devastated sec- tions to normal conditions, with continued prosperity, the demand for fish products may equal that of former years. Trade conditions in receiving and handling fish products show few changes. Of the imports 90 per cent are dry fish and 10 per cent pickled, smoked, and canned. The proportion of dry fish is about 90 per cent cod, 7 per cent haddock, and 3 per cent hake. Boneless fish have been received in small shipments. Besides being more expensive, these products have usually been imperfectly cured, and are therefore not received with favor, and future shipments are not encouraged. ‘tanned sardines from Europe are quite largely used, the imports in 1902 being valued at $12,094, while those from the United States amounted to only $2,185. All dry fish intended for this market should be thoroughly and well cured and dried. The best keeping season is said to be January, Feb- ruary, and March. The largest demand for dry and pickled fish is from October to February, inclusive. Since the occupation of the island by the United States several of the custom-houses under Spanish rule have been discontinued. At THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO. 371 present the chief office remains at San Juan. Mr. A. R. Cruzen is collector of customs for the entire island, with branch offices in charge of deputy collectors at the following ports: Ponce, Mayagiiez, Are- cibo, Aguadilla, Arroyo, Humacao, and Fajardo. The fishery imports at San Juan, Ponce, and Mayagiiez will be referred to in some detail. The five remaining ports of entry, with several ports of less size and note, are quite large receivers of fish, most of which is drawn from the three first-mentioned, very few goods being imported direct. A large amount of fish donated as relief supplies for sufferers by the hurricane of 1899 was admitted duty free during 1899 and 1900. Since July 1, 1901, all fishery products from the United States (except bonded imported. fish) have been admitted free of duty, those from foreign countries being subject to the following duties: Duties on fishery products. (Approved May 23, 1902; revised to July 1, 1902.) Duty free: Lobsters, canned or uncanned, shrimp and other shellfish, and turtles. Dutiable: Anchovies, sardines, sprats, brislings, sardells or sardellen, packed in oil or otherwise. In bottles, jars, tin boxes or cans, containing 7 cubie inches or less, 13 cents per package; containing more than 73 cubic inches and no more than 21 cubic inches, 23 cents per package; containing more than 33 and not more than 70 cubic inches, 10 cents per package. Fish (except shellfish) in tin packages or packages containing less than one-half barrel: Herring, mackerel, salmon, and other fish, 30 per cent; caviar, 20 per cent. Cents per lb. | Cents per lb. Cod, haddock, hake, and _ pollock: Mackerel, fresh, pickled, or salted... 1 Dried, smoked, salted, or pickled, Salmon, fresh, pickled, or salted... -- 1 fresh frozen or packed in Ice -.---- # | Alewives, smoked or salted ...-...-- z Halibut, fresh, pickled, or salted... 1 | Other fish, dried or smoked, pickled Halibut, dried or smoked_..-...---- Herring, dried or smoked..........- Herring, pickled or salted........... LE te isi e/2 S00 2'2)—) oa pe ee or salted, fresh frozen or packedinice ? _ Fresh-water fish, not specially pro- RiSVOWSYO! THON ee By ee hes Mies ae 2 ea NS Re 4 os] er M = mM Be aE = ~ =) © joy; (o) 5 a LY fe) =} © fon} SAN JUAN. San Juan, the capital city, is credited by the last census with 19,487 population, the district of San Juan having 32,048. The city is one of the leading ports of entry for fishery products, a large portion of which on arrival are at once reshipped on local steamers or by sail to the numerous seaports of the island to which they are consigned. Several commission houses are large receivers of fishery products, the business in 1902, as compared with 1897, the last year of Spanish rule, showing an increase of 567,416 pounds and a decrease in value of $75,853, the decrease in value being chiefly due to the change from Spanish silver to United States money. The fishery importations for 1897 and 1902, were as follows: 1897. 1902. From— a ee Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. British North American provinces ............--..----.-- 4, 929, 328 $290,588 | 3,328,959 | $116,178 WLC CNS Tas eerie ote oS bo oes ek ea ae ee ga 270,955 | 15,458 | 2,377,801 | 103,163 SDAIN co sem see ene ean nee eee. coke sete 4, 863 287 56, 380 9, 956 ral Conner eer eneme = Stee te ee re Ae ee eet 4,850 | 865 (Spine: toh pac So See Cy ee ee ae Se | ey Oe ee Ree We eee 4,572 | 318 | ID OLADSS Is eee ae oa ae eee eee d Bh ashok. ut 5, 205, 146 | 306, 333 5, 772, 562 | 230, 480 312 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. MAYAGUEZ. The city of Mayagiiez ranks third, with a population of 15,187. The district of Mayagiiez has a population of 127,566. This district suffered severely from the hurricane of 1899. The importations of fishery products received at this port in 1897 and 1902 were as follows: 1897. 1902. Country from which exported. ‘ aa Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. British North American provinces ............--.-------- 4,929, 328 | $290, 588 947,560 | $32,418 mMibedi Statesr ke ee ceeiccec cree = are osama eeseeminee 270, 955 15, 458 420, 192 16, 199 Spaintat ss. Sta eee olathe cE Lhe se ae Eas Ne seat 4, 863 287 125 24 IMO. S555 perm nop aobUSadsdcse ppsonue seman cas osoUEnNOAS ooaceeacesa6 jseosaosoce 550 152 POtal See. cls cnaese wes ae a see ee we we maee schss ee ce maale 5, 205, 146 | 306, 333 | 1,368,427 48, 773 Besides the direct imports here shown, quite a large amount of fishery products from the United States was received in 1902 by local steamers from San Juan. ~The fishery products are handled by Fritze Lundt & Co., Morales, Gonzales & Co., Sabater & Co., and Bravo & Co. The wholesale prices of fish at the date visited, February 16, 1903, were as follows: Codfish, 54 cents per pound; haddock, 44; hake, 3; pollock, 3; split herring, 56 per barrel; smoked herring, 20 cents a box. Average wholesale values per pound of dry cod at Mayagitez (expressed in cents). Year. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. |June.| July. | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Noy.| Dee. | = | = Sees — —— = 1899 Moi eceecket dec deepest 4} 5k | 43 | 43 5 | 52 54 4} 5t 5+ dE 43 POND Sra weiss nek eae sewers 43 43 | 42 | 42 4 | 4h} 42 4 4} Bra 63 5} OOM acess aes Saece sess wer 4} 64 | 63 | 5% Bi | 64 6 61 63 5} 52 5 TODD meee AheM ECE, TEAR, 5 5g 5 | 5 43| 43] 43/| 43] 53] 6 4 5 Hake, haddock, and pollock meet with only a small demand; split herring in moderate request; round herring, alewives, and boneless fish are not desirable. Quite an amount of canned fishery products of various kinds is imported from Europe, sardines predominating. With the exception of canned salmon, canned fish from the United States is seldom seen. PONCE. In the number of inhabitants and the amount of fishery products handled the city and district of Ponce largely lead any other section of Porto Rico. The last census reports the city with 27,952, and the district 203,191 inhabitants. The Spanish records show the total amount of fishery imports received at Ponce in 1897 as 17,289,196 pounds, of a value in Spanish silver of $1,030,854, on which the duties amounted to $72,332. In THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO. 373 1902 the total direct imports amounted to 8,377,680 pounds, valued at $330,074 in United States money, on which the duty was $56,008. The imports from the United States in 1902 being admitted free accounts in part for the decrease in duties. The large decrease in direct imports in 1902 is due partly to the fact that the receipts were entered at the San Juan custom-house and forwarded from that port by local steamers, which was not the case in 1897. The following quotations of values and notes on the market are of interest: Feb. 10, 1903.—Total receipts of the past two weeks, 285 tierces, 79 drums, and 42 boxes of cod; 80 tierces of haddock, 8 of pollock, and 2 of hake. Last sales, cod 53 cents, haddock 4} cents, and split herring $6 per barrel. Feb. 24.—Reeeipts past two weeks, 619 tierces and 100 boxes of cod, 90 tierces of haddock, 253 barrels of herring. Sales of cod 5} cents, haddock 44 cents, and split herring $5.50 per barrel. The demand just at present for cod is anything but satisfac- tory, and the explanation we offer is the low prices which our planters are receiving for our Porto Rico coffee, owing to the unsatisfactory situation of this article in the world’s markets, and for this reason merchants and planters in the interior are buy- ing only what they require for immediate consumption; therefore sales of round lots, such as were formerly effected, are nowadays quite out of the question. THE DOMESTIC FISHERIES OF PORTO RICO. Although there are many species of excellent food-fishes native to Porto Rican waters, none of them are canned, dried, smoked, or pickled. The local demand is good, yet poorly supplied with fresh fish at high prices. Whether fish can be well cured in the trying climate of the Tropics remains to be demonstrated. If some of the fine food-fishes now found are in ample abundance after supplying the local demand, they could be sent to northern markets quicker and cheaper than is now possible with fresh fish from the Pacific coast, from which shipments are made every year in increased quantities. The profitable canning of the spiny lobster, which is quite plentiful on the south side and eastern end of Porto Rico, is also a possibility. Oysters of good flavor and small size are quite plentiful in the lagoons and arms of the sea at several places on the south side of the island; also in the waters of San Juan Harbor. At the latter place the sea wall is covered with small oysters $ to 14 inches in length. On the south side of the island they are usually attached to the roots and lower branches of the mangrove trees at the shore. The largest of the oysters compare with 2-year-old seed of Virginia waters, but are very poor and quite salty. No oysters are planted, nor is any attention given to their improvement or cultivation. Occasionally a few are gathered and peddled at 10 cents a dozen through the streets of the cities. The few fishermen at most of the numerous ports are satisfied with small incomes derived from a small amount of labor. Many of the men combine a little fishing with work on the plantations, hghtering 314 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. of vessels, and other work. During the past few years a steady demand for labor on shore at increased wages has induced the most enterprising of the fishermen to give more time to shore work at the expense of the fisheries. The only boats employed in the fisheries of Porto Rico are small open sail or row boats, and these are used only when the weather conditions are favorable. The total consumption of fish-food products in Porto Rico during 1902 and the average amount per capita were as follows: Average Kind. Lbs. pounds per capita. IM POrbed ACUTE Ge esse ms fe esl ere esc oe ae ei ele oles sen ee = ae eet 20, 503, 507 | 213 ocak catch ofireshifishisoas! : Lbs. Value. Duty Lbs. Value. Duty 1899 | Dry, pickled, smoked, canned HISHVELC aa ce oct a osieenioae sicewaisee 18, 309 $1, 369 $60. 00 43, 347 $2, 562 $242. 00 1900 | Herring, pickled .............-2--|...--- eo See ee 57 5 1.00 SOTGINCS Bet san Me oe case cc totes 1, 270 213 40.15 1, 807 309 63. 62 UOTE i 2 = US ee se ee 1, 270 213 40.15 | 1, 864 314 64. 62 Mea pSprdantes: o0-- eu cee 3. ssa de sc 4, 350 712 | 231.85 | 5,000 816 | 260. 60 PETSE MTN NTRS Soy ere te on ey aiere em |e elena [eater cee ceclaiersrsisjouhere 6 200 34 10. 20 MO tale Sete sc atic aster eames 4, 350 712 231. 85 5, 200 850 270.80 POOBE Pardines.. los.-beece dee secusck os 3, 550 609 | 108.62 | 4,600 836 | 148.11 HUSK ELMS’ oo aet cece sence soe eeticls 1, 300 256 76. 80 1, 300 256 76. 80 MOtaly we ace eh omen eee 4, 850 865 185, 42 5, 900 1, 092 224, 91 Table showing the quantity, value, and duty paid on fishery products imported into Porto Rico during 1899, 1900 1901, and 1902. Foreign importations. Domestic importations. Total importations. Year. Lbs. Value. Duty. Lbs. Value. Duty. Lbs. Value. Duty. 1899.7 =. 13, 187,928 |$481, 817 $33, 142. 67 |4, 679, 691 ‘e150, 742 |$10, 103.43 |17, 867, 619 $634, 559 |$43, 246.10 19005 =2- =. 9, 124, 351 | 300, 281 | 36, 442.60 |2,810 2388 | 97,267 | 2,426.86 |11, 934, 589 | 397,548 | 38, 869. 46 L90LE = = 11, 098, 123 | 439,931 | 80,993.01 |3,046,894 | 97,714 |...--...--. |14, 145,017 | 587,645 | 80,9938. 01 G02 SS 5 12, 987, 929 | 486,541 | 97,914.35 |? 769,994 | 154,868 |........--- 16, 757,923 | 641,409 | 97, 914.35 : eT sie Alp Ay att) ere ate al at ee hae a Dye aaa line we TT hie nah Steet eh aan 4 ae Py « -. i ae me tips CD ib: 1 vgn RE poghewre OT ke Oy i \ j ; 5 it Ay 3 + en) 3 te ee ee Bon gat Pd. ree ee At wo lS Pps yee Pog? . : ‘ ba Galt — rs hy oe a ‘ #*: oe ye. bp Téa aie ry) - eure Tl eee as Ts Me a Oe | - ‘ “J : ned abe: epue cman (aka! : | eae eee ee ed ee Yh, ae eee ng ry) r <4 a : =e i ee a lee ‘ ee a wenbigieee Wks Kieniee« oe! Be a ob £.4's & OSS rr I ay U ¥% i t ’ P ote ee aed ~~» 7 t — qi be Pig wee : iy: ace oor Se as t ‘Pie (4 4 i= J a (4 a vom jee pie : ee . a r Ve "9 _ =~ y eT Pay ihof ae he ‘ ns a _ " i eg * " ® y = " . RECORDS OF THE DREDGING AND OTHER COLLECTING STATIONS OF THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER ALBATROSS IN 1901 and 1902. 097 . List of abbreviations employed in these records. Abbre- . Abbre- A Abbre- 2 viation. sHEDENN 5. viation. a TES viation. Meaning. ale 225. se algee. Mie esis miles. Alb. Blk ....| Albatross pattern Blake beam ks ss. se black. havbbaloa eee mineral. trawl. botm ....| bottom. mitsi: =<. minutes. 4’ Blk., 5)’ | 4foot Blake beam trawl, 5:-foot Dreeeeces brown. mode. =- nodules. BIk., ete. Blake beam trawl, ete. brkeesrse broken. OZ2L=- ee ooze. Bik. Dr Sse. Blake deep-sea dredge. bwesctsse blue. Dieescas- pebbles. Bt. Dre eee. Boat dredge. (MeSH a re clay. part ....| particles. Ch. Tgls ....| Chain tangles. Choce=see chocolate color. || posn ....| position. DUN 2255255: Dip net. COL e ss coral. pter-..<..< pteropods. Dra: Se ocer Dredge. corln ....| coralline. pum ....| pumice. Mies escces Electric light. GIsetcc-s coarse. Diencetee rock. GIEN eres Gill net. dds see: dead. Tad! 45:24 radiolaria. Hip 2s-0 2256 Hemp. dk s4:55 dark. rd! 2.222 red. LAB sj. 4. Large beam trawl. estd! cee estimated. rkey Ssece rocky. Ops ant) 525 Open intermediate tow net. ib sceos fathoms. ROteee ees rotten. Re soo 33- 5855 Reef collecting or reef collections. finels kes fine. Siedece ees sand. Sie sasuer eon Shore collecting or shore collec- foresee foraminifera. Nets aieeersese soft. tions. {Tae se fragments. shi Fee shells. SOB. De S225 Small beam trawl. Pion oem ets gravel. slates: slate color. || Sh. Dr .....- Ship dredge. elobieseee globigerina. smilies small. Sig.S.M ....| Sigsbee sounding machine. PTY cic sce green. SDrece ce: specks. SuriiNee see Surface tow net. PY sacs eee gray. Siete * &- stones. Swhbs 2.3.62 Swabs. horhr.-.| hour. stbd ....| starboard. Abell tn assse Townsend intermediate tow net. lnindl So eese hard. at oseess stiff. Pelsizs ese Tangles Ih eee lava. Stk csccs sticky. 8’ Tnr., 10’ | 8-foot Tanner beam trawl]; 10-foot Neer sass large. VOL ssnee voleanic. Tnur., etc. . Tanner beam trawl, ete. tienes light. Wht sens white. nr nites es Tanner intermediate tow net. Ms ees mud. Wilecteaece yellow. Tnor.S.M....| Tanner sounding machine. marg..--| manganese. RECORDS OF THE DREDGING AND OTHER COLLECTING STATIONS OF THE U.S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER ALBATROSS IN 1901 AND 1902. Tn 1902 the dredging, trawling, and other collecting operations of the Albatross were all embraced within the limits of a cruise to the Hawaiian Islands in pursuance of investigations concerning the fishes and fisheries of that archipelago. In 1901 but four stations were occu- pied, all on the west coast of the United States. In the following records all stations where apparatus was employed for the purpose of collecting natural-history specimens are given dredging numbers in chronological order, and each piece of apparatus used at each station is given a separate line. The time of a sounding is the time when the plummet strikes the bottom by the ship’s local time. : The time of a net or dredge haul is the hour when such apparatus is in place or position and the actual towing or dredging commenced. In the case of open intermediate nets the time occupied in hoisting to the surface is also noted. Where two surface nets were used the actual time that both nets were in the water together is given as if but one piece of gear were employed. The remarks show how many single hauls of a surface net were made at each station. Almost invariably the dredging stations were located by soundings at each end of the line, and a majority of the dredgings were on lines of continuous development. The drift is the direction and distance traveled over the ground in the case of bottom gear, and through the water—after getting in posi- tion—in the case of other nets. No account is taken of the distance traveled by the ship while nets are being lowered or hoisted. ‘*Tanner with brace” is an ordinary Tanner beam-trawl frame with a T bar joining the upper sides of the runners near the heels, thus increasing the rigidity of the whole frame. This modification was suggested by Mr. A. B. Alexander. The ‘‘Albatross-Blake beam-trawl frame” embraces a number of improvements on the old Blake frame, suggested by Commander Chauncey Thomas, U. S. Navy, and Mr. H. C. Fassett, U. S. Fish Commission. 399 400 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 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GL | GL sels A Gia ‘urd 2e°T J L ABN | Fo68 “Cd VW -1n0O 9[suR, 9jJo[duUI0D 4sOT “ORL Ht | ‘UMOIO JO INO MaIp I[OG-9AG | 8° TR cOSG s §& ‘m101}0q |°""* Spay ‘d SALSA OL -698) 1° : Ue Ca 6 L2G Degg oa ae costo ES eel ean He teeta ee, Rees aysemlecaes I rpeaGm (eae | 0 oGL'N ‘1USTT mr 82-01) , cue | ecee “a jou pue oureIy d ee) ¥ [pBoH = =©puocurRId | [ABI] - TIBeq «ARV ySOT | Z° “""M 0609'S | 8 SOLO} OF an eens MG 8 |g ‘s AS arf| 698-186] FF] 9L | LL “SSL )| W'8 &L 6 SP ec || ae Neha Ly GES a ee, "00 "ys “A ‘of N SUSIT L SRW | 6066 °C | W'S ‘SIS ‘and “3 “KS ih 18% Chr) 9L | LL |l\pBaH puourErd))Ur'e 6E°8 ae nny 6's -OUOH YO ‘asv10yous YU SIN Nee da Ke bees ca a 6h SOOBTIM Gliese NC eee AUS Ce SsOO Glen ares (yy Wve Det ores) I sy Srt ‘md ers | 9 AB | 1268 ‘ ; proH = puocurRid os "Hl of8'N | ST POEOuU Ofer [Pee eas JUL /IT |"° US"HIq ‘8 °A3 | 397-082) 9'FF| 9A | GL Pee ree lean a coe \ : ; BS eetere | ers are oe aeral| sarereie rors ai| ersiahee eel = iors pa erens [eerste iC , a ‘ofl N ‘IUSIT , f| 9 ABIL | 0268 “A W'S SIS |" US "AIG's "AS | 08% 9% 9L | 4 ||peog puourerq)| M4 SI's : g' | MoLE'N | 92 “uroyog |777 7777 AUT FN Rd a Se 8°48 | oze-29¢1 9°G] 92 | OL Wer eoear ote | Ed 98 8} 5 : seis ee Soe ase Se sie Spl wlets)| Siem sic iolorere: e's ial) a eT | ea Sa ll OR 9°CF] 92 | GL Nene ei ‘ma 'd 60° J 9 ABW | 6168 ‘d reise AMCoP LON |) GP 51019. a) een IU, /IT LGC-PAC| GFF] OW LL Wet coe Gaare Vt deat | : : Sp sciata ae lek et Ge Gai a ‘W'S‘SIS igual Rade |pOlse | eee “pusteta anid ic ATW lich aA PIS I r6c-08e| oF! 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EST a 4 “L'6 088-862] OFF OL | FL | conn aust fee Olt 9 cuw | ores a 66 OFF] 9L | FL ||peag puowerq)| M8 ot OF ‘IayuIs Sursperp punod : -0¢% OS[R ‘Jou puB suUTBIT [Mei]-trR98q JouUBRy, aod “6°CT “M109 PUB ‘d[QBO SUT} 08 ISO'T | T° “<"@ o0L'N | & "m0}JOg |°°°" "°° IU, {IL |°7" "°°" 1'8"AS | 66Z-Z6Z| 0°9F| 9L | GL | ‘ nee I: "Ur" 8G*Z, | Ana p ona OBe eo eeeESscl bee (Ganclnaneeeee jl epee ss pare atllocaciece i d Mee 2 ‘A ‘O08 N “QUSIT g Avy | cT6e ‘a W'S ‘318 I's"A3 | 762 0°9| 94 | ZL ||peagy puourerq)| UY 82°4 J | \ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 412 *parlaAooad Jou quomseiy ‘0}0 ‘s}]ySTOM ‘uoide ‘yeoy ‘omBIy 4so'T ‘Iney T *‘SqBas Sol SUB} ULBYO 9 pue ‘ojard -M10) OUIBIT 4SOT ‘UMOIO JO pvay ULINO Mop ypoqaAG ‘(aps YoRe A[SHOOURI[NUIS G) S[NBY OT ‘(Opis [ove A[snoouBy[NUIs Z) S[NeVy F ‘(Opts YoRe A[snoouey[NUMs 9) s[NBy ZI “‘SyIBULOY 69-891 s9L S9T-8PL SPI SPL-081 OST 61-84 && SULT "SULT ‘yaded “OVI Le “""J o29'N | TE ‘mIO}}Og | ITM “WUL 8 | I°gs yIq "sy paipcierasis isin Teimaiciolei=ial| otic. sieieicle||[evelefojninlorstoe) iotaie = W's aug, | ys yaq‘s‘y ms (5 ~~" M 099'S | 06 POOR OR Sai ae yom AIG /7¢.|° US “HIq ‘Ss TAM SOS OS ESI ECOU TESORO IOBS OOS A SCH Aer iods W'S IU, |° ys "yIq ‘sy 6 ““"M 068 °S | 06 ULOM OFT ck een nite fq ‘US |° US *[UIs ‘sya PRHOGES CRIA CSS CBE gales PCIE SEIS 2S OOS ye tal Gudory pp ioe ao) ews fiss O10 NN | Moke 'S [OT ‘oowjmg 7 NCTM etme ee : “u[1oo tS “7M o46°S | ET “WCOAUL OFS Ty | oer Se eke Iq‘us | “Us “yaq ‘[UIS “ups0o ececcccs See ees ee SO Oeil Keene (TSU 4 069 “ys “yaq “Tuas | “upIoo F we oL6'8) | SE “H0}}0G |” Iq 19}shQ | “YS “HAq ‘s “YM up10o Sueded oa Ades che aca oul beuedann| eecsscoeD 4|ladaees Ws-ray, | ‘ys "yaq"s “TUM 6° “7M o84°N | ST “m0}}0g |-*--squg ‘dH Z |" Ys "HIq’s "TA EN NE eRe AGS SIS ele or Srl and ah a nai barf oT W'S JUL |” “Us “yiqg’s "UM 8: “MM oG8'N | 8E | ‘wtoyjog |---7- SIRE "UO 9 |t-Us Haq ‘sy A poanctanen tone |iescleb=isbagcapesale lo || Sie Se Shem Ss He Sey eo W'S ‘10, | “Us “yiq “SoUM ‘Opis yous G “Mo0GN]|O T | 808}INS | T +N Jang @ (*punos jou pid) ‘Opis owe L “- M o0G°N | 02 ‘ooByNS | T +N “FINS Z (*punios jou pid) ‘Ops YORa G ““MoOUN]O T |‘208}INS | 1T+N Jing Z@ (*pumos jou prq) ; Wa | sy re ‘uoMooartg |wysuey) ‘yideq “pasn “W101 queumaysuyt | -30q Jo pury Wad [BILL < ital Os G°LG) 9L | LL {J sate urd 6¢ ‘ZI : : a 08 068 'S ‘IUSVT Brea \ gT ABW | 6868 “A (gkg OL | LL pus, uvsseq) Wd 18 “Or 4 USh ae 5 €'09| 94 | 64 J. seks Sarat ees, : ets 09 92 | 62 ee ) wart | ue ge"Tif| QE ABIN | 8868 “d ccal GL : RESIN CVA YA Wr a Gat Hy : ae) o-e9| 92 | 62 tte 8 wart | “ure 6G “OL| IEABWN | L868 a | 94 | 18 /UL'8 OF ‘OT | Gk ti | 0°89| 9L | 18 |p'H ‘ofR'S ‘IUSIT 4) U'B CE ‘OT ’] TABI | 9868 “ | puvBIs] UBSAB'T 0°89) 94 | 18 “ULB £Z ‘OL Dyer Gh 198. | “SLA {wees | 108 064 °S “FUSBVT 9T ABW | e868 ‘d TTL) GL | 94 |JpuBisE UBSABT| “UL'S FF'6 aay Gana Ee. GGL) G4 | Sh ide “gg! |W "8 $2'6 UI oF cay | eece- zen] on | OL tos 8 ea B76 {| SEABIN | F868 “Cd | | ; 83a |: ; : OL) GL | 9L |Je at Ul “8 878 wie. || aac eli PUG, Ws) MM ee ee } 9T ABW | S868 “A O°FL| GL | 92 tase ueskey) ULB Go '8 Et &L | FL | 00 28 TLT] 00 GF Ga | MBEt'F | 9TABW | ZE6E ‘A “puvjys— | é upshoy fo hyvur1,4 | Sees FL | PL | 00 80 TLT| 00 22 cz | w"d OO'TT | STAB | Te6g “a -----! 57 | $2 | 00 0¢ oztl 00 20 Gz |‘ur'dzg'9 | oT ABW | ogee ‘a (EE 1) GEMM CLC ey Ce “GO6L ‘penuguopj =| | —pupjpsy unshivtT — | 07 NYNJOUOHT Wok | | Be & -| joourz, | °C juonmg ‘soinjeia due J, “UOT}ISOd | ‘ponunu0g—Zo6r Ur ssoumqyy ay) fo suoynys Buroayjoo dayjo pun burbpaup ayy fo pLooay 413 OF THE ALBATROSS. RECORDS *poseulep ATpRq paleaod -a1 uoide pur You ‘ourRIy ‘sapyoRys pur o[puq ydeoxe SurqyAoaa “JUSTO TFB} pure ‘jroy ‘you ‘auresy qsOT ‘sures AAvey AOA ‘s}UouINI}s -UT 4sOT ‘pajyied out Aes “A[UO qusTIOM 10 ‘IauUNI 9UO uo payono} ‘neq Jae ‘UMODp SUL -O5 OJIM ‘SUTpUNOS TTY AL pee, eul[-ABs 4Iq yaIRys "[nBy T “m10}}30q UO Ou Ajqeqoid Jou ‘(ney I3IBAK “09% 'S i ied eas W “g “SIG Cee orga lene W'S peo patch tore eisai | eVateray ats W'S ‘IU aitan ae nis “1°00 “3 ‘SUA “"1'00 °8 8" M “OO “8 ‘OO "UA - Ys Iq ‘s "TM "ys Iq 's s'00 “Ys “HIq ‘Ss ‘YM ‘ouy "ys “HIq ‘Ss ‘UM ‘ouy - BBIy “OOS "YM - BBIy “OO "8 "YM se S‘UM ‘ouy aie S*UM ‘ouy bacoese oe S*UM ‘ous oes S “UM ‘ouy Ste S°UM “ous ne 8 ‘UM ‘ouy Ys “Haq ‘YM YS “Yaq ‘8 "YM “u[soo ‘pr “ys "Iq “uIOo ‘px "ys “yIq Ys “HA “8 “AL YS “Hq "8 “YA vIG-LEE L¥E LPE-1GE 1s TSE-668 628 6GE-CE1 Gol CST-6¢ 6¢ 6o-8E 8& 46-661 661 661-Fo1 FOL OFT ‘T —06¢ 06¢ 06G-8¢6 berg 00T-Zaa GGG GGG-9FL oo oo eae oe co = re a a CL | ad Salt =) | a b a ts Toe oa To cL cL ce) bY De ta oe Od ae ey ee ee a eee a SSS = Bh ‘oL8 “S “QUST heh “M ‘oLL ‘S ‘JUSIT . O°) “M ‘OOL “8 ‘TUSrT : OEiBeh ‘A ‘o8 “8 “GUST : _ 0'8 ‘A o6L'S ‘JUSrT Bane ‘AH “oG8 °S “IUSTT “6L HS ‘IW svT /9'8 ‘A ‘o8L 'S “VUSrT E “/0'°8 “Hh ‘oG8 °S “QUST ; eb “Hh ‘oI8N QUSIT "19'8 )°H ‘oLL N ‘VUSYT ; 88 “a {068 "NIST eae ‘A (068 'S WUSIT ete UBSAB'T ste uBsAB'y] “0'L “H ‘ob8 ‘'S “USIT puRIsT URSABT puxRys] uvsAVyT DURST uRsART puis] uBshV'yT pussy uBskey puBy[sy UBSABT pusjs[ uBsARr'y puvysy UBSAB'T puRyIsT UBsABT puvyIsT uBsiey purvysy uBsi{v'y (siecren UBSAB'T Sais sd dsdd ‘utd OF] \ ‘Ul ‘d ZL iG “und Zz 'T \ ‘u'd LP ‘CT UL "8 61 at Ul “8 Ch ‘OL “U'8 10 ou ‘MU *B JE °6 one "2 €% 6 \ “Ul “B90 °6 ‘Ul "8 FRR \ ‘ULB 8Z°8 "ll ‘d €F aa \ ‘utd gL 'F “Ur ‘d FE ‘g \ “Ul ‘d 60 e ‘urd $§ ca “ULB 88 "TT ‘ut’ OC OTL “ULB FZ OL Ef 10S H Nw ian som ae eee, N iS iss N ro a >) REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 414 q* “* WH 006 °N | 06 “ULO}Og |" - 77” TUL /8 ee eee pois sonny, Ss “BIS *posvuep 10} BR] NUINIOB 4svy “UId oppoRYs YO Morp pue pousdo soso o[plq uOIt ‘espoIp J0jysfO 48O0T |} T° £|--°°7” M'N|G SOLOMIO Gee os = Iq eee) ee eet ee eet sess | oe Sure ollietecercisisie store ers ace W ‘9 ‘aug, We "WoO N | ¢ ‘moog 7" "* SIS “dA Py Baars eet rre atl le Seas sia'a See eee lereie WS 4UL 9° “""M 84'S | 9T "m0}0g |°-~- SISL “dH 9 reeset ss alin ate oa Fe Seat | garage | Nib pRol pueys “4SO[ Jou pus seq ‘payooIm euredy | ¢° “*"Mo8G'S | ST SOLO}IOG |i visas iq ‘US . peiaietad | he ero va | cae a sia | eo cleric SOS Se peo, puey g "77M 099 ‘8 | ST “u10},0 |" "* SIAL “dH 9 Sn FRE | || ch a aed aac Oe |e era |g heeat Woche at area peo, puBwH ie “""M068'S | & | “moog |- ~~~ sis, “dy 7} SER GORE | bE soap o reel Oseeen oe Somes sii. lamers peol pury i ““"M 006°S | 06 UL0}}0€ | IUD /8 | ee ee W “g "BIS L “Gol N | 8 BULON OCT nmin IUL /8 adalat Rickey casino nal earizisieL iis! isiaes elms sinisie|l tela ole W'S ‘31S “ojo ‘QBoy “Jou ‘oUTBIZ 4ysOT | Z =" M of ‘N | 8 BUONO Ca | ieaeataas IU, TT ee W ae} “SIS G +77 off “S!| SE "u10}}0g |" SIL “dH 4 SR ae gam i aa | [ra aa | ca na ao (i W'S 40 jyueq A[peq YIOMoUIvIA | T‘O Bam ANS OGSU Greek SOLON OC aes iq 104sfO | Sap ipa ginal | meeeaer AMS pe Alfie teeming ak eo | ae W'S 10 L | / WT | “SU “90U8B} | . ; : : tats SI uorjoerrg |Yyysue7}) “yidoq “pesn {udUINIIsUy “Wud “TRLLL : | WG. edness OTI-LPL! 0°89} G2 | 84 Wi 6 0g a ag eee eiraltcara: Ut | 0'89|.22 | 82 |puepsr ~ unsder|| Ue 086 J) SENN | $968 "a | | | SOMA L6 “09 hie any | Be es] 5; pK | \ ee , (Ae nite oe ud g0'¢ || - « oars rah ; tPF 9 |9L a ‘o6G°N ‘QUSIT fF]. 29.3 2} 7z Aun | F968 *C S> (Ment purrs] uBsARyT urd $9°7 : ‘ | : At cc ot || ee “ys "Hq's'ym | ore | L"ez/ 22 | 9k |e o9¢°N ‘TUSIT fae Fee \ ZABIN | S968 °C |] PURIST uBsAB'T | | Dh aXe | | eee : fate osm | gt | [te"**| an | oh ts ‘09G “N ‘VUSTT rg 8} ce sem | cose a | [puBys] UBSAB'T alas veeee GROOMUSENIINGTSOT nsaeal Gus WMTSE esate eo 2 eee, al cua ce ee meee pags 1°00 "Ys ‘S | 61 ESOP GC {se N ae “UU igh gilltee ey lene wizicinieie s Oorasse | TOR Wee oy, 18 Were eee. hme d og:s ll. canal r be Seae oo ‘ys ‘8 | OF -----/ 97 | Tg ie N a “urd g1°z f| CABIN | 0968 “C | “ET “U—* . e | ap OdESSA ORE | sas g. [08 fa ‘og NIUaIT fg SP TY az cen | oces ‘a | | purest uBsAB'T a pire s ‘ya ‘sxo | zgt-ezt| ov6s] 92 | 18 [Ji qe || re cer) era ben. apse Sry 0 igen |(orealay | 18) \OReoe = el} m-weocmts| oe | eee eiseee re : "G8 meatal | S'UM “OUT | SLT-08d| 9°84] 92 | 18 ene ¢ po +a ys U8 TT or ty eS ae aopaeaerne. 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SEV | LbIF ‘a DANG, GG | rood [75 " ST8 “Ge 6 |-2" 3-7") os-8e | 8h) Le | 64 ih 1970 “AA ‘oad "ur'B 29°83 Vg «any! optp: | WAS AUD | > OF SOO "S10 | gz L°SL| LL | 64 IJ “PI pata roa ntag “W'8 OFS J a “punysy ping 0 ‘nUDyT Minoan repreoee npoy fo lywio, -NUIIS BpIs Yowe 9g) stnVyZI | ¢& ““M ol9 N | 08 T | ‘oovyamg| UOT: N ‘Jangz (punos you pra) = |"""""| £2 | 84 | 00 OF O9T| 08 2a as | W'dgo, |F “SnV | cr a (fh i fo} “ {ftma\©) “M‘SUOT | “N }'T “puvnpsy plug Lo NUD npoyy pup ‘pl vwnYy Uwaanjag So: |i oP "moog |""7° 777" “ATL ,8 [7777778 "AB ‘ouy | 292-098] P48] 84 | 18 aia canoe "dle GN aes ‘ Saas a akcks cee aS cel RE acc he eos mmm Sines Leh | samen sBeeAca OLE || OCS PLE) SL Ig BY oa le sCiponaiite any | PPLY “a “q44NO ssoryRqTy se I i -IyBI_ oajotduroo Rone “SRM ‘oppeys ye poyed o[pug 0% “U10}}0@ |" --AIA-"ATV 8 |-"7" 1 'S"AS‘OUy | 9TO-OTL! 0'8E] 84 | 64 if ‘mR OO TL . . ; Fo BO ESOT HESS AAT TS) Teds) PP Seer AN akon (ayy 088] 84 | 64 GF oF9 -N OsOY ‘mv go 01f|o “BNV | Shr a ‘sgo] Surmou i, ee et GRE eI ‘opis auo poyred sdoys o[piig | 1° “""H ofL'N | 8 “U10}J0g |" “ALA-“ALY_/8 |"1°8 “SUvUE "sO | T88-Ze9| 9'Se] LL | BL é ‘ULB Zh'9 Wi, . apne BE ee ae ieercee ces eee BAS Sa SEGA Pe ster Sh aE anor [baat ‘ e eee Logh's Senoe ; (1% “SQV | Clb W'S ‘Sig |r's‘suvut's19 | Zg9 9°se| 44 | 84 || rea npueueuey { “ULB OF 'G J oe “""H o8Z'N | 06 "WO}OM | 2° 7 ALA-"AT VW 8 |27227 2227777 "| SSO-LEF| OTF] LZ | 8b (09 sont ce te 2 lea 5 Bears ater eae eines aa Bea chet icte | eter sical esleneiecnes toes See ane Ae 5 “M ‘o9P °S ‘ASnoly miaie (lo 2uW | Try W'S “SIS TOF "8 "JOA | LEP O'Th| 44 | 84 ||. na ae es "maw 10" J] * 430 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. *S-y ‘sny ‘asvioyo -UB JYystu sB UOoT}ISOd ourRg JON i “U10} ATISI[S ‘SW 0OO'T Jnoqu 7B uo} 0d er Avery yeh porveUyss ‘posvorour qdeq ‘ur0} uo1de ‘peyoorar you yo qaved zoddn ‘yys10M [1R} punod-cg puB oulviy 4soT ‘Sus OCS JNOGB 4B W10}}0q 4JoT [ABI 1BYY poiwuse ‘pessorour yydeq | 9°0 “‘SHIBULOY oat “"" o8S"N | 02 ‘ur0yjog |*"-* spay, ‘dg |***-* ys‘d‘s‘oo eist=sieieleia|| ep nian osha )=)='c AOI his OG FOOT Sf TOE, POO af UG LE IEtoTa) ig “°° of8°N | OT “10140, ars si gna ho 8 8 tif sig| epee aS 090 alee charerelell lathe coaterets aye] atetsje cw nal ltctetslcsaista weefeeeee nrg rug, fot Baan (Ey 9°T "Hf olG'N | 06 woo lofs elo Nye (if Cob el ty | [anaes aoe ees 09 OPS. ISTO tel PS OO aa as cal Boca ana aaa SOS) oes) jody sf |B SCE POE Oe ays) SSeS Tae Gee Go| sao ae LOO OO pase W ‘9 ‘aquy |"°"""* Upz00 ‘00 PaaS Ta CUE Gt lene LOO OD nineise W ‘9 ‘uy |"""-~* Ujz00 ‘00 *10J “YS QT ~~ M 099 N | #3 u10}j0g |"*"" s[d ‘dH 8 | “H41qQ‘s “Oa ‘suo *IOJ "YS saisieisie sic) (sievaiieleser esis sassielsis © SOOO IGN IIIS ALT SY OCT phe ||) 4 POISE too) Gs11 0) T “~ M of 9'N | 1G ul0}}0g |" "" SES, “dH 6 |*"**** Up100 "09 ais opines |e miniginrs BROSOO OCR ES ase aH eS ors | (hal ielaaaiaeaaien on fs (Oya L019) iz “* M o89°N | GG ALON) OG iia amae ““HTEL 8 [o> @ OF UL AA Pare ase Sere eet aie SO IOS) BORO SAGES | ean W'S ‘sIS |-> r°10; UM CG “* M 069"N | 9T EULO1 OF | een MIG .7G |7° ILOF UTM ssc Bis sie Leimieie i el=hs||icievsirinieie.s| elsisicisinicisei ans car ag TS ins LieOy UL sTpAL L° ~* M oIL"N | 08 LO} O C1 een canna AIG /7G|""- "°°" ZO “qoys BOO ee a lt a ear aad Wis sisi |tes==== 70" g0ps “* M 009°N | GZ O LO} OF ene AIG /8 | ° > 8 “WA “out peice selein|iereinicleia(cieiris\s|| cicie/sisieicisiis ciggie oo.c =i)peicl= sini W ‘§ ‘S19 |°°°*" s*y AM ‘ouy / W 4 “SUT as “HOTOIIC |"qsueT| “qIdoq “posn “W104 = qudTINASUT -j0q JO pulLy “Wad ‘TBM : St SanOP a TBA Le GL Wirentae sein 6 ; A ‘ofS 'N ‘pury OF T'84] 244 | 82 ST pale Jo put ; “0'0% OFZ | 1°84) LL | SL ; ‘08064 °N ‘puey ¢|. ¥G T*SL) 22 84 -S] DATE Jo ‘rtf a eee Wrom ( . poe Pacer oh | Se iy fo “N ‘Duel | -S[ Pilg JO 19}U0p , "0'9 |. €si-68 | 6"LL] SL | 28 |). : aA ‘oG4 ‘S ‘pusr ¢|. 68 6'LL| SL | 28 {a ate 30 10109, t ; "B'S @aa1a4||0%eHl er 31 /c8 |) eect ; A ‘o€8 ‘S ‘purt Ig 0'SL| 84 | 28 Hi arg. JO Jaquay 5 “107% Te-08 | 8'ss| 84 | 62 Ie“ (Dae 02 e'gz| 2 | 6L a parg Jo 193uap]}. 0g-02 | 9°84) 84 |64 |L “0'L‘N‘puey ii: 02 9'84| 82 | 6L 'S-SI patg Jo 1oyue0 ||" 000 ‘T “LIL -29 | 0°'8e| LL | 64 |)'08 oLL’S ‘pURT Z9L 0'se) LL | 62 |-SI parE Jo 10yUaD 899-982! 8°GF| SL. | GL [err ay, - S ax 62 °S ‘put ; 98% 8°Ch SL | 6L tg par Jo pant 6G ‘T "0°81 "M i —F9L'T | 0°98] 84 | 28 |} 108 ofS ‘S ‘pURT pOL'T | o-9e| 92 | 29 |L-SE pata qo zaqua9) | 08-989) 8"ge] LL | 6L , ore Gn, 989 TST AMRIT MACs cee ae -S[ palq JO 19}uU00 ‘su | ‘Tol Hol To ‘P.AO—spunjpsy pug Lo ‘nuDnyy npoy fo fipur91,4 "W10}/'908I} «ry, | qydoq | 708] ANS] ” “MOTIISOd ‘soinjeiodmo.L dd dé da aa Ss as No 8 SIs “dH 8 Bigs eee fe eon W'S ‘318 rage atone IUD, 16 pa ae = W'S ‘SIs “woyog |7""""""" AUT 8 wee eee eee epee ees S319 ulo}j0g |°"-" "> AIG 8 pea wes na W'S ‘S18 w10}}0g |"""” SISL ‘dH 8 5 Resa sahil oe ‘SS 10D “w0}0g |"""" SISL"dH 6 Baal Mes meio sees Brig BIG “w0} Og |" "~~ SIL “dH 8 Bek | setae ee WS “TUL “u10}40g |°" ~~ SES, “dH 6 Po Saal Cae a SPSS SIRE AS Meh, “mo}Og |" " SIAL “dH 8 a || Ee ae | iceman) | AS “BIS “Ul0}JOg |" " "AIL 8 “9° WT “8 “SIS “ulo}Og |"*""**** “HIG BOS Ro ip apr | P2025 10 (a) frei PQS (oH ra} Aol SOREGE GL Gi 2}{ 00) SII 5 fa >; 049) SS ELM WHS H0y9) PRG LQ! |0}9) SS eaC Of aah ehud) "77" qops's*Ad "> IOF ‘Ur ‘Ss *AS PACE ONS) WN} Sood “Siva co Uy Teel eA oul Faas ae HOO Peart ae bot F019) “I*LOF ‘SOO “SIO “I°LOF ‘SOO “S10 ace ara ~ LO} *S*00 ee a IO} 421019) eteta ele -2--- Og retest eeee es 99 IOy SOO IO} “Ss ‘00 =- §°00 hha aad > AU 6 IOF'S 43 | 80G-Z89| T"ss] 22 | 94 KagnG “utd ggg “3 ERE pos Bee ee aculy alanine (| eae hae el levi sipat Sia) ts ~ LoF"s AB | 789 (eS) Lie, || 2 Ae ane esc tellay aN eke 9° “77H oLL'N | 8% “W0}}0@ |----7F AUT, 6 |"* 7 Loy WA's “AS Ue 9°98) LL | T8 |< oe cep eon | wd 8b | or-sny | esta eh cage Pt ene Ie as (aaa W'S “SIS |" TOF UL'S*AB | oye, | 9°98) 24 | T8 || _Sremnneueuepg|) “4 OL's F 9° Airots NaI Ge sutonog |--7-*- Saye le qops's 43 ee 8 |f. CF ol ve ant ‘ur'd 28°T Vi ot-sny | petF ‘a eee ey ee ed I ee et ee eee Pe g°SIS seeee tae ad c ya oll ve . “Cc W'S Qops "S43 | 499 4 18 !|- crea nnemeuepy) | Ud Te or Bree A A Bore teei= aa I0 490 ‘T ¢ “709 “M ‘UL: : if H oGG'N | 02 U10}}04 TUL, 6 | A018 's “AB uy | & god on for fe, sehen W'B FO'IT) o- Fre: susiniclsisisiissi tele) usisis.ninis | sisisvei=i|'. 2.2 Seihe ene [sea eeeeee Alewives, fresh ............ 1, 363, 614 $19, 106 3, 347, 491 19, 425 801, 925 $2, 448 YC VOR! SHIBCU a8. oc ceo c eases cn ebat ae 0+ |csex suas sae 374, 000 2,865 334, 000 6, 960 PUACRN DBRS co's aovni- So Nac Canes eacce tinca feast eeacd mals 3, 000 159 7, 556 762 RUPNAD eee oon dpe cace sus 9, 350, 502 473, 366 6, 110, 318 254, 682 1, 345 67 EAL data ncca a doe aces 194, 727 7, 307 1, 459, 418 SHB he ees ecw seeete seen ISIOLET “DIST ona cose wee 174, 144 8, 822 256, 859 14, 229 193, 199 10, 163 MENGE ac nce dese cece avcc-koeen 1,570 123 22,789 TAS Cemeteries | eee reeee MAO ala Sais c ieee alsa oslo ano stse 1, 172, 291 51, 921 2,300, 771 B75603ii| os pst ecec ene see eee “CRREYAILCY S SR S | P Reno tte Se De, aa reaes NGRORASOTS Se Soot oe cc oe celamige semweatas'laselomaahons TONE ag Soe Oe Sacccise ce gee MeISSINES Nahas cess Saas | eee ee eee saecle nice ais = 409, 800 MO DSLOTS ence cistc 22. t se 1, 180, 200 4, 091 ODStersi..--.s-5 55 | 2,760 DA). i Ree esl Pee Anne ane remonenel acae con ac 252, 242 30, 376 Mussels ssn.cceess ee ee ee eee el Re ees | I Se eA Reed rakeoe bodc 637, 000 2,780 Oysters, market ...| 678, 300 40, 290 |39, 798, 927 |3, 031,518 | 42, 478, 683 |2, 621,915 |110, 260, 528 | 9,129, 992 Oysters, seed ....-- HSA TOSO M2253 1S isl ers cere eet secetaieetas 12,724,446 | 301,541 | 27,987,211 | 1,157, 564 SIE sano ap cobnen|leosonacod Atco boas) Gassecnbeed eapbaocccdlroosaspocesolsenoooe Soo! 2) 430, 000 1, 362 ATEWaliis cicetcteteiae eine | 2, 850 142 Seallops. | 1,223, 724 110, 587 Shrimp 4, 823 2, 696 Squid! s.cseccimen eye 198) 594 5, 940 Merrapineesce secer 512 491 1, 593 1,189 5, 180 1, 444 | 15, 807 6,549 DULG ase ecisae sie 50, 050 2,445 4, 835 203 56, 897 1, 444 | 142, 412 6, 015 | —- = SS Motels zaeccn (5 835, 186 (203, 372 |82, 975, 245 |3, 767,461 |378, 188, 358 4 618) 384 is19, 046, 576 17, 485, , 500 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 44] Supplementary table showing certain of the above products in number and bushels. New York. | New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Products. = =| No Value. No. Value. No. Value. Clams, hard 184, 736 $257, 686 530, 759 Clams, soft . 77, 945 58, 848 90, 277 GlamMAeREl oes. oa Oso 5 also te tice cee] paces sce 1, 667 Crabs, hard ...... 2,375, 175 4, 993 2,159, 985 Grapbsysoft..---.---.< 121, 320 2, 104 1, 2538, 730 RPTL DS s oot oa. GOSS. =| -BaSe cee soe sce e aca 204, 900 Lifts) (er 10, 240 1, 860 11, 860 Oysters, market ..... do.. 1,768,703 | 1,703,985 2, 092, 335 Oysters, seed ........ do.. 544, 075 268, 555 1,516, 796 Sie ee ee do. 38, 100 1, 3380 2, 400 BCRNODS sos 2. sane Soogenoon|sscsaecd babe dodanlqosaesns 924 463 1, 200 600 Suckersige-ce-cseeeeeeecie sees 8, 494 326 6, 784 242 25,300 | 1,265 2,345 86 Sum-fish cee. ccccsseecccckissccis 1,015 102 1, 752 148 4,491 369 312 31 Motaleeeces Ose seses ses 219,365 | 4,579 | 819,591 | 20,528 /1,081,340 | 35,886 | 304,816 | 8,823 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 449 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fisheries of New York in 1901—Continued. Kings. Nassau. New York. Orange. Species. - — Lbs. Value Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. | Lbs. |Value. AUG a be) pk tag 12, 870 PSOOON Wo acca sells oneal Em cictetre ere |aereece eins 500 | $15 TILES ee eee ee 90,400 | 5,290 | 166, 800 |$12, 124 |8, 754, 420 |$437, 825 |........|.....-. OUULO Resa e ance at sas0 oe cs sian 3,125 125 260 ds) Reet ere (ee Penremet| e a DAWU ONG Sy oe eS RSME SIRE SoMa valk. eee eed Woe. Bree 100 5 | 8,350 418 IB tGPO ISD eos cates le mela st cele GONG50s Pols asOals 2:2 Ss.s| bo aaeaad eu cet caae|Samcwleetie | cee oem eee NGHUTBANIHET TCAD Am. 25. fran soe cara teeie Paarl oe oe stearic lnc eee 440 22 | 24,800 | 1,488 NOPGG CLE REIN hat so. Se ser) a oo een cnet ie cars ce ee ee tieee ine 2, 800 224 | 21,600 | 1,296 Cory izes) age ees ; (CO 6) 2 ee ne ao ne ere Belspayese sto asocheanecschccuse HNGUNGeETSS 05 hes aci6 ce oe 3 ae LBICKG (6h YG ico ee ee ee ee Ha Peas Sa caama acess cocked ae NTE RL COU cas Coe a sacreace [secs m com ovee tase t ec semecel one saes 180, 000 D025. |an ote ae oe Rein et aheeeae 7g. 4o YESS bee ae AS ae 470 NOG: ae ceee cello sAseaacd lessen ee eee ces TUTTE oe oe er ge aes 22, 900 ABSN as once ns clea aes St tmecioass|ccmecaee [eee ne asl sees NEAR Sr Sk 2 ee ae ee ee re ee ee ee | (eee eee! Pee eee 193, 500 713:8002 22525227 | Ree Menhadent $232.0. eees 222 -cue 4, 200 Oi Bans a [ey ree Aas lotro eels cee toh varios eres Ree bimsvyslal teem errs; er IRE eee Se Sie ean Be All eee 2 eS Spero te stale te asierethe 2, 958 177 TEER LEA WON ace GOR Ee net ARE ae] Ne el Poets Ea bie a 200 16 4,648 329 S(Ciia) oc Re eee / 8,900 450 9, 500 S731 212) 0m lh 79 428) |e anes ere BeRsDASsseesses ch eecede cscs | 7,050 DOS tsa m ates as|teee See 90, 152 OFA09)|S2 oe 5a |e BHAQI cess ot conse ce encsacsccc| 45 SO7 Dale aa alom |e ssoesonis cles fee 3, 600 250 |207,600 | 6,228 SHE CHSCs. soy es canis oa|binice teas be|\caeatenas 100 a Ale |S oe A Se | erage ae dal bree he oboe Spanish mackerel....-.....-..-. 60 12 185 Ob sae oelewe | ose e een tae sees poeeees DVO Hosea e see ce ese ects ce 4,800 DQOGT Ree esse alee et aol seo oses almanacs calcesnesce ee omse SURI GR SOS es ee eee a SENG008 || ele DON | MeaL GS 2G parse Sli7a |p| 276250) | elk 090)) | eee e eens apni ee MEINE ON DASH Bees ne coe eterna | ne aie cles |incice Saas 6,886 | 1,028 500 BO! S65 200 780 (SITRUG RENO Ta) ep ee Se ee | (ge ees (Ps e (ee | eeer ee Ee 3, 253 132 RAEN OR RT eer. ee ete alii ee concn moa ean Sseieets mes leeew ce ee | eee cae ais smieels cece 32 16 SUE RDN. SSE Se dO a en (nee ae eee ge nies | ec 841 29 | 30,672 1,534 BUILO RY Cee tesa koe sn ie anise 13, 300 188) 22 fed eet Goa e te alknsece eo aerel mesons Ssoet ane paneer Tomcod or frost-fish --........ 300 LDP aint eee | Pteoae|easeeems raeeliandrs toe eee eee eS Oo eases 12, 000 DIO esse sece CHIN, Solth tele a Le I ae PRONE Bey 0), || IRIN |) Sa Ae 1050) 8S 115) ne ae ee ae oper AOL9GO) all 26 el eeciss tes lees es 21, 000 Clams, hard, public reefs -.... | 158, 880 | 24,542 | 359,824 | 61,591 23, 600 Clams, hard, private areas....| 60,960 | 22, 400 E3512) ONL GD bemece see (CHET TRS) ISO) 1 Pee te eee 328, 050 | 24,684 | 115,300) 7,915 |.--.-:-..- Oysters, market, private areas 2, 194, 220 /295, 737 |2,012, 080 |320, 506 79, 800 Oysters, seed, public reefs ....|...-.....-|.------- 63,630 | 4,460 14, 000 Oysters, seed, private areas...|.....-....|.------- bY Bin (Oe aay fa © Ul I ee bee jt aeee TEES, a ae eh a lee Ree Ss een G2N4 00 idl asl 740) eee anes a eae [5 2 ech | Seance es Scallopseessscacce~ ccs os seaeee ee Eesaes ae boneeee SBLOG0R | S780 tesco ase Se cetealto| eostae ets | eee ee 2 10) 2 eee See 38, 881, 355 |398, 343 |4, 522,050 (511, 345 /9, 871, 256 | 494,056 313, 334 | 12,546 Putnam. Queens. Rensselaer. Richmond. Species. << Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value. | INewa yess: sssc-uke eee soso (es OER Bee eterna coal emer 222, 615 |$3, 350 3,600 | $10 IBiMneA ds tee 39 ode ce cose 790 HOME A oS 2ee scl saeeeets 5, 142 257 \acccesea=e oseeoee Carp, American: 2.2. casesse. 3, 700 Pal (eee nee SE ecerel TORE ES SBE Ena pmerincce ce) DoSeetar Carp, German: .-22-2.---224025< 2,600 Gi ae ees eto cke eras, 1, 746 Rote al IE Peres els Serie Perch. White. 2... .25.<-sss5-scs 80 yl aera sa yes sereiae 119 128 | Sa2e5s ces eeseeetee Perche Veuow ae... ite wisseeees 290 7 2 aa Se ee ee 527 E35 || Reena) ce Pe 2 RSE ISS Ee ss Sos mains Se Sam re ee ete ae essen te egal ee Scie sree ote] ea sretwinie | cree se Stolle teloree 5, 200 312 SUG She aoe ee BS OOON mel D24n eee es eulese ones 88 4} 118,700 6, 360 MIME OARS 50. | = wc oe eee 250 Bot eA Pee eee | een ene SMe acd Pomoc SUSUR Rs 35 Sara SAREE EEE See Saeco Soe oene) Menem SCnore Eachocor 1, 682 33 1, 500 165 SOG ESS ee 3, 500 1/3) | eae meee oes 2, 731 96) osactsatee ce) sceeee ee Sitti 6h.) 4S el eae eee ee ae Beer So eRe eee oo 951 95a sad.saccecn eee OD SCUS ee oS xoaisicctaeelo se ees cae lees eee lore ee cate «| Ceeehy ace laste el secs. 62, 067 7,448 Clamsshard) public reefs ...-2.|222s226-- Veecatiad 710)430) VINOD 8 | Seem aces|naeneee 175,200 | 18, 485 GIGMA SEO tieee seas. ostes cies ass joe ae wea? esra-ts- 832 200!|| (25824 is cteos| 5-2 neo neseaase|- Sees Oysters, market, public reefs ..|..-....---. WeseSeece 700 HOO! |S S2h seals seater Bess stare ee eee Oysters, market, private areas.|.-..-.....|-.--.- Sb te S4ONTBONSSo! cesar ce|= seat 2,042,887 | 273, 617 Oysters, seed, public reefs -.-.-. Beteenoocs| Bob ssee| ee atenscs onoaesdlesconced Seaouce 56, 700 3, 430 OMsiGisth GEG joan ARE es eee Reeser ese] ane esol Romoemocod |poccceed |Seecaged| -eraec = 42, 000 3, 000 RET sac costes wep oe er Dee MMeL eee s=|o-bocked|]carectdesr |caconada accesamc|sre cere 60, 000 3, 000 MOUSE oe es Se 62,085 | 2,183 |1,508, 430 |199, 565 |235, 755 | 4,007 |2, 644,405 | 319,723 1G (eR 902——29 450 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fisheries of New York in 1901—Continued. Rockland. Suffolk. Ulster. Westchester. Species. = Lbs. |Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value. PAV EWAV.ES HE ccc sete taaie sie 225 $7 267, 105 $2,315 | 101,536 $1,635 | 1,166 $35 IBIWe=tis hat Sees ee cee ela lmao 338, 882 BOMLOP Seren eer S Sotelo see ees sees 191, 342 Bulb CaGSteec-seesc cae eae te 6, 282 SIDA Pace sectece cc ABU Leno Slol tye eee one et aiay eee osincemnsleceence 521, 032 Canps Ailericanees-.---ss4-8= = 8, 893 Dodane se eee Canpy Genmantsseeaeee eee 20,160 | 1,210 176, 440 | ORO NS tease me eet abe eee 991 50 30, 700 CBN) pocdccecoenomcanenemseccacisllSoucoos|asasaze 1,570 OP a Pog ea a iy A 440, 620 Ie See saat ys one a 4, 873 245 404, 628 Mloumn@erseseeeteeeere-e aa ec(teeeeleocteses 1, 182, 433 iad docks se eee enacts Worechs ae 91, 295 ISU (Ses Se aCe e en en tee Ee a ae See ome sre 4, 980 KG Pi S las Selo ems ere sy alae callie ees 29, 356 dO hay Oe ae a eee eae ae Beato locker 3, 240 Mackerel sacneere cece cee selec ctse nal oe cee 314, 338 Menhaden 6 oer se eaeyocclbecuebecloeeseee 180, 405, 567 Mimmimi Choe esse 22 2. Yeaseia.2-,04| Set see) ass eae 140, 000 ere wwiitermaaeee aoe oem 1,945 118 31, 910 Perch, VWellOW zee s eee eee 3, 083 PAY (4 ees See JR Yey Abo cae ence sea aboe Selle ossoe amante 2, 050 ROM OGK ee Aes. eee cece eee JScoeesooloaosecs 42,581 avlinny aber Pyare cre coca oes | sie cterotoerel | eee terse 163 SCUP Pe ecics cosa os near ere ete | cab ae all ere ee 574, 184 Seniibassty ie Bas Sake sso ee ena | eee or eee ee 129, 115 Searo bins sass eae- Seeck Se eee | aeae re eeceraae 385, 000 Sha dint. Aes en Pe eo ee 232, 240 | 7, 160 9,771 GIRaite ghee tee eae eee cell. ee ee ae ees 139, 200 Spanishpmackerelt = seers Seas eeeseslseee eee 3, 859 Squweteasuwe 2% 2-66. oo iaeee et = eedacl ase naer 2, 064, 558 Stnpedibassssses-ee-e eee oe 5, 285 670 39, 454 Stine eoneee anes ae ae eee 1, 629 49 63, 106 (OE ahi eis Se cate es tne Be ere leon aes: leas Sac 2, 024 Suckers .....-- IGE ars Sane 19, 943 O98 st ee 2 eae SUMP Sacco eer cee eee ale erciepeecac meeeatsliaeee oe eee Swell-fish ......... esa A ea Se eh Sets ee 134, 870 MAUTOS RAs acces ace tee La Ah Aah ars Se 2 oh | ge Sh 36, 362 MomeCcodiontrost-tishien hea an |eeer eee aeee eee 38, 000 Wahiite baits e~ 2 aS ase ke ce eee, Ol a [ee eae 24,510 Val P= Bees ste ere eee ant ee ll aise Se lee 33, 975 Crabs hard aeeee aeosnee wane naae| os stacoaaleeseae 779, 725 Cra bs SSOitgaes ce sexaene ee as oa Aes Seer ce eee 7, 240 TG OWSUCTS ares see oe eee peal > eet Boe 72, 712 SOUT ee sere ayaa serene ayer rclvel Sect rapes |ereirennisy a 180, 846 Clams shards publicmeeis| seas! ssoenes|pneecee 469, 104 lamest sons sese tee ce tees a Na ee oer ee eames ATWO . TEOAD I kl eselid econ 42,000 | 4,200 Oysters, market, public reefs _.]........|..-.--- 37, 660 £ : Oysters, market, privateareas. .|........}....--- 4, 647, 734 Oystersseedpublicimeets cas. 4\e os erees|accs sce 102, 900 Oysters, seed, private areas ....|........|...-.-- 2, 617, 125 IMSS OLS eee pee nee mice eit ete ence aie omc 200, 000 Scalllopsieess sce ose soe oie ole semen emcees 1, 015, 764 MONTANE EY ep = css Se ele hae |e eae | Bester slevage 340 Shielils ee asst aac Sere cts tees | eae aes | Ss ees 2, 286, 000 otal) seeoa sees eee 305, 549 |11, 573 |200, 976, 265 |1, 780, 688 |1, 034, 185 |32,123 |862,504 | 58,302 ~ The shad fishery. , | Counties. No. Value. Counties | No Value. AID ANVirciedesteacecho-Beeaneene 100 $157 || SRensselaereepes toss ae meee 25 $4 Columibisiee. -= ee st Ape et SEA 101, 455 24709 ee Chm ONC a eee eee | 31,800 6, 360 Dutchess its {i setenose5.. ee 232, 528 24), 04a | ROG kd amd tease eee eee sees 58, 160 7, 160 CHOON: | somcesoqcgrepechecsss= 39, 440 BeDSe || Sutlollk..-2 oo. ake 2,792 580 SUIS Siteste motes Sr eae 13, 186 QO | MOISbER: Stas a oceteneee eee esc 216, 704 26, 005 ING WaRYVOl Kany merits cce torse 900 290))|| \Westehesters..o.2e- ase oe 116, 600 138, 992 Orange ssa ee ee 51, 900 6, 228 || —— | Pima rn eee ere een 12, 700 1, 524 Total sta seep ose | @ 888, 240 110, 682: | @ 3,432,472 pounds, FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. Ail THE PRODUCTS, BY APPARATUS. The products of the vessel fisheries aggregated 199,925,663 pounds, valued at $2,240,582, and those of the shore fisheries 28,166,622 pounds, valued at $1,653,688. The yield of seines was 177,736,396 pounds, $538,351; gill nets, 6,235,399 pounds, $151,533; pound nets, 8,769,082 pounds, $164,557; fyke nets, 939,182 pounds, $41,884; lines, 10,963,390 pounds, $525,139; dip nets, 48,691 pounds, $2,299; lobster pots, 183,539 pounds, $21,742; eel pots, 486,158 pounds, $33,435; spears, 180,960 pounds, $12,192; and of dredges, tongs, rakes, ete., 22,549,488 pounds, $2,403,138. The following tables present, by apparatus of capture, the products of the fisheries of New York in 1901: Table showing, by counties, the yield of the seine fisheries of New York in 1901. Albany. Columbia. | Dutchess. Greene. Species. | | Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Shore fisheries: UE WIVESsaclotaces sce sce sel 182, 666 | $2,740 394,997 | $5, 925 32, 998 $520 136, 667 2, 050 Bmlineadss — 6 225s e/a reo | 416 | 21 2,055 103 994 51 150 8 Carp, American 25 CanpaGenm alls oo. 2 os.5- c= | Cati-ishie 2a. S225... MOISE ee seers se 2556 a IRErGhE Wie ss sa. = /<<5/-2== Rereb yellow, -<2-2-)-s..c.-| STEIG |e) Se eee hae a ee ee | t SHPO! (OSES leheedeasecesd seseesspocloeecesicn 150 6 2,134 PAO ECR See aletcoece SUULSeON So. 22 secede ees 897 30 315 6): Senemrerine SSe ce me |Pemose ects =| meeeeas SUGKEGIS: Ja. -cescer cs cies) 4, 860 194 3, 360 126 15, 700 785 1, 206 48 SUMMERS seo. 5 Soe soscseeis 100 10 309 OL | easter esl Semin 200 20 MOU ee eat cee ae 190,779 | 3,094 575, 660 | 12,376 131, 385 4, 972 204, 074 4, 433 Nassau. | New York. | Orange. | Putnam. Rensselaer. Species. - | , Lbs. | Val. Lbs. | Val. Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. Vessel fisheries: | Blve=fishis 236: 0-282 2232 ’ | 18, 000 Herring, salted 180, 000 WMackenelis asc. as 2 55¢ 6, 000 Wioundersey 2. S222 se2eee | oy 2000 L8bi|-Sae.<= =| Rein pafish Shoe esse cece 26H|saceee CUD Re asses sos sees 25 50 |194, 205°| SGBIDASSE eee e = see aaastee lsemiemeni|eemonee 47, 384 Squeteague ..............- 10, 200 408 | 24, 000 | Sfimlorsvol\| ots be eee oano one 106 Gee aaaueee | 10) 1 leSeeraemeeeasocnad 16, 626 769 |469, 589 Shore tisheries: aI AAG al (Cs eee ee corse cel uae see eee ITC =fiS Hees slat: aia) af=,1=/si2 erarel> 20) 2505) io piza ee etree jeu layetYo RES aeceeeeesce moc Masessec||sdooe | 100 Camp pA eCrI CAN =- 25225) )15| <2 fier |sbece | 440 Carp, German =<. 2.2). | a\s ars sites inci aes = | 2,800 OMUAt ts (5 eee See eee, \~ oes See eee | 15 lees ee See eee I MSAGOON Ma GAOMEe ssl ae Hipundersiso =. -- 222558. Iressa Eye | ROMETITITA| Memes eee eo Reino ASM se aes cecc ae aan | 340 SOU Re eeee Pease Perch awihiltess2 s=-.- = 2 16,800 3, 696 Motels Anh eee ect see eee 97,447 | 10,652) 86,092} 11,090 | 183,539 21,742 3 i - = * = 4s \ FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 455 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the dip-net fisheries of New York in 1901. Albany. Greene, Nassau. BORE Suffolk. Ulster. Total. Species. | _ cr icion Pa eee a a ed fu. Ge \ Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val.} Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. Shore fisheries: Alewives..... BSE S911. GOO! a6 Ramtec eel scrs == 24S}! HG) Bo ee.|| zee 3,866 | $95 | 6,148 | $146 Bullheads...5|) 210) Tlsjoo.-5s lhavatete Silfee pine 2 rel etote eto ave 106 ON (Bsa 2 ail tote nil bt atereteyelle eee 316 16 CarprGerman|) 275 | 014) ||; oscsnlaseee| Pewee aces 50 BE IREsAA | eee lobar ldeoos 325 17 HEGGueE CENCE 800?) Soe), On| ile Rote a sae elie e eee 8 toeemles cl ae eee le eeee 460 46 Bereh, yellow| 175) 18: |, 290)) 29%). .fes. |i... 72 17, sears Wesavereyai| eiererereteerate 537 54 Sturgeon..... 400 Sulisecaaltesee Eee, oa] Sarat. 300 Chl eee feat |Sapeed secon 700 14 Suckers ...... 380) |) Wb9|Pte-Salen.aleee-eclesee ses 185 Malte tine oe ltetarsic lle eeareterellSaee = 565 22 NOUN SS SOL Ue cca |e oacani a aerniaille ae cae leita DeZOO) ple PONS ecyaellara eters 6,440 |$844 |......|.....|89, 640 | 1,984 Totalss-.. 2,224 | 110 |2,000 | 76 | 33,200 | 1,140 | 961 | 34 |6,440 | 844 /8, 866 95 48, 691 | 2,299 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the line fisheries of New York in 1901. Nassau. New York. Richmond. Species. = = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: BUM ealis Memes sas oe noe aniomech on lesen neces sae eee BOC PAN aliitne Sih) CP) | eneecoabcusklleseceonene CINE! cde tn een Rae eee eee 276,920 | $11, 158 263, 700 18, 185 73, 401 $3, 673 LB IK OVS LOVE) Foe 4 ek Ree ere ea mee ee 44,750 1,772 3, 333 100 500 15 ISIS 232 GA REO ed Dene ae eee 1, 900 AG Sate eee ee erate cloereotaall ovate erosteeiae | eraleteteretsiare 17, 800 623) hace sere sec | Sosn se nece 42,768 2, 566 5, 200 312 3, 250 WSO Lees) Seen ee ees eee — (UO 2 ee ee aes 323, 570 12,976 | 9,067,271 | 453,529 79, 151 4, 000 Shore fisheries: (G36). 2 Se ee | 21, 200 BAB Ce arotar arto sre | seorarase srateta sail ererattavatass tare i= tell eynee Seeeastere SGA GUO NOVCI ES Se ee Pe enh ale aie se 3, 250 MBO) ie sta dase, oes cree | reverevaceres spar erarera crea, ott atc | nent reese Bueno eens =< ASM aoe cee 24, 450 O78) eee eee tno Deane Sesallececsee coanclt eapeeeees Total vessel and shore .....-- 348, 020 13,954 | 9,067,271 458, 529 79,151 i 4, 000 Kings. Suffolk. Total. Species. = = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: ; IGE ae eae eee eae eesseee 39, 000 2, 310 80, 495 $4, 467 8,855,915 | $443, 702 BOWIUO See erie risa cece eee eee 625 25 1, 820 75 2,445 100 WOR Penna nates soare se ecesiees see 37, 900 1, 830 74, 260 38, 622 726, 231 38, 468 BN OWUMN Crsie es a2 a ses seen sees lecunce ces cael seeemceeee 6, 499 242 6, 499 242 Rad OC kee see eee atone aeee eee 4,975 230 20, 820 843 74,378 2, 960 PU RIKC ee aeace Sodemen camer e 7, 800 1 (Dall ae es eae ee 9, 700 216 WANS SAS eee 4,100 CPi Soe Ee ness el Sane 4,100 82 SCUPieearecscss tease tea cone aee 2, 900 150 28, 365 1, 504 49, 065 2,277 BeaNbasey ; Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Shore fisheries: Me ISHeeS NS 2 11, 480 | $1,110 | 67,500 | $4,420 | 12,050 | $1,114 | 84,180 | $5,312 | 175,210 | $11, 956 HIGHUNGETS ya. |e oe sae|seees ao 5, 150 720.08 Ep oeserel peter 600 30 5, 750 236 Total 23.5 11,480 | 1,110 | 72,650 | 4,626 | 12,050 1,114 | 84,780 | 5,342 | 180, 960 12, 192 Table showing the extent of the menhaden industry of New York in 1901. Items. No. Value. Items. No. Value. MeO TCS ore caraleietelstereiclaea sais 3 | $405, 500 || Steam vessels fishing ...... a32 | $357,500 GASH C RGA ey tees ora st s| eerie Sores se 153, 000 TONNAL Cs hase mcs eee ens = 256461 |e cates Persons in factories ......-.. HOME| See ee OWthiieek. sess ae see cae sees saeee aes 99, 350 Persons on vessels.......--. 4b al ea aaasake DELNCS yc ee eee ae 63 32, 500 Menhaden received .......- 84, 043, 667 | 125,582 || Sail vessels fishing......... 3 3, 700 Tons of dry scrap prepared. 4, 357 97,716 MOMMA S Cee scene ere ae 64 letee sss Tons of acidulated scrap Outi ss ieee ee ee RS 2, 245 mrepared een: =e -t ce cne: 2,019 22,504 SeINeSe— ca emcee sreeese | 3 900 Gallons of oil made ........ 656, 286 | 156, 688 aThese vessels also supplied menhaden to factories in Delaware, Rhode Island, and Texas. Table showing the extent of the wholesale trade in fishery products of New York City in 1901. Oyster | « ; Fresh-fish | Salt-fish aaa Sponge | Miscel- Items. trade. | trade. end. clam) ‘trade. | laneous.| otal. | rade. MMe OL ATMS) 2/2. sj-i/seeeeoe see ae 55 25 27 12 6 125 Number Of PeLSONS) <- -. asscne- 2 cece 648 440 478 232 32 1, 880 Value of shore property -...........- $1, 081, 425 | $796,150 | $154,150 | $888,750 | $125,550 | $38, 041, 025 Amount of cash capital.............- $813,000 | $691,500 | $438,000 | $555,000 | $86,000 | $2,583, 500 Amount paid for wages..........-...- $344, 110 | $204,712 | $176,445 | $125,848 | $17, 258 $868, 373 458 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. FISHERIES OF NEW JERSEY. . New Jersey is very favorably situated for carrying on extensive commercial fisheries, and, as all parts of the State have easy rail communication with New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Jersey City, Newark, Camden, Trenton, and the immense population of the States of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania outside of the above- named cities, the fishermen have a constant and ready market for their catch. As New Jersey fronts on New York and Delaware bays, the Hudson and Delaware rivers, and the ocean, both salt and fresh water species are taken, and fishing is carried on throughout the year in at least some part of the State. In the spring many of the fishermen along the coast and in the interior resort to the Delaware and Hudson rivers and participate in the shad fishery, after the close of which some of the river fishermen engage in salt-water fishing along the coast. An important feature of the fisheries is the increasing number of sailing vessels and boats fitted with gasoline and naphtha engines as an auxiliary means of propelling them. This applies not only to the vessels used by clam buyers and clam and fish transporters, but many boats under 5 tons burden used in the clam, shad, oyster, and pound- net fisheries are so fitted, giving much greater facility In carrying on fishing operations in variable weather. The increasing use of steamers in dredging oysters from the planted beds in Monmouth County is a noticeable feature of the industry. Formerly this work was done by sailing vessels owned by the planters, but lately they have been using these vessels merely in the preliminary thinning out of the beds or carrying oysters to market, while steamers are hired to dredge the main body of market oysters. By operating in this manner but few steamers and men are needed to do the work which formerly required a much larger number of sailing vessels and men to perform. A point in connection with the pound-net fisheries which is not shown clearly in the tables is that for every net set in the water the owner has a duplicate on shore. As the net after being fished for sev- eral days must be brought ashore to be cleaned and repaired, the fishermen have the duplicate net to put in its place, thus avoiding any loss of time in fishing. The value of these duplicate nets has been included in the general value of the pound nets, but not the number. During the past ten years the ‘stop net” has been much used, prin- cipally in catching German carp. This is a long, fine-meshed net, which is stretched across the mouth of a small creek or bight at high tide, preventing the escape of the fish when the tide turns. As the tide recedes the ground is left bare, and the fishermen walk along the inner side of the net and pick up such fish as they want. Unfortu- nately this net does considerable damage, as the mesh is so fine that FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 459 but few fish can go through, and many too small to be of any value to the fishermen are left upon the mud to die. Bag nets, which are used only in Burlington and Atlantic counties, principally on the Mullica River, are large, bag-shaped nets and are operated under the ice. Holes are cut in the ice, through which the net is lowered by means of ropes attached to it at each side of its entrance, and the tide sweeping in fills it out and keeps it extended its entire length. When the tide turns the net is lifted out of the water, emptied, and fished the reverse way if the fisherman desires. German carp.—The catch of this species in 1889 was 2,725 pounds, valued at $218, while in 1897 785,409 pounds, worth $39,370, were taken. Since 1897 the catch has been steadily declining, amounting in 1898 to 245,983 pounds, valued at $13,884, and in 1901 to 227,419 pounds, worth $14,290. Asa result of the good prices realized this fishery will probably be prosecuted with greater activity in the future. Shad.—The shad season of 1901 was good in nearly all parts of the State, and all but six of the counties show an increase over the figures for 1898. The decreases in these counties are insignificant, while the increases in the other counties are important. In 1898 the catch numbered 2,749,723, valued at $293,173, while in 1901 the number was 3,243,142, which sold for $475,202, an increase for 1901 over 1898 of 493,419 shad and $182,029. The greater part are taken on the Delaware River and Bay, and the remainder comes chiefly from the Hudson River and New York Bay. == ==tea- ease eee 265, 041 4,519 IDTUMEe Sees reece tee 58, 33 868 ii Wodlibn oe ee eee 405, 804 7,874 IDG] S eee tee secon. s2 ees 1, 362, 988 HOsG360|| (Clams, harden. seencesses | @4,246,070 552, 953 IG uUNGers eee nee eee ae 1, 668, 221 2-993 (Clams 4so0lbasa-epeeeeeeeee b 902, 770 54,918 Germantcanpmsssecee eee 227, 419 TAS 2900 Clamsr suite eeeeecrrcerce € 13, 336 500 Maddock eee ee an. 42a-0 226, 963 SaOlsCrabs shard osee eee ee a719, 995 23, 558 aie ss 55 Sas amc se teers 26, 841 749) || RCrabssOibssceeeeeeeeree os e 417,910 51, 861 Horse mackerel .........- 224 5h | Kain ze ras ee eee f 409, 800 leva Konechishvees os seer 21, 036 3,085u|| MEO DSLETS tsar ee eeeeeer 2 Be 65, 943 8, 340 1 Diba ee ae toese eas arene | 317, 868 AS S7O)l||\ MRUISSElS ys eerie a ae 9 374, 600 920 Mackerel. dso sere teen: 10, 005 1,577 |} Oysters, market .:...-.... h14, 646, 345 | 1, 696, 767 Menhaden) see: -eerecres ie 32, 910, 666 88; 041. || Oysters, Seed). -- =. 22-2 --- 410, 617, 572 550, 918 Minletatneshiess se" seer 36, 300 3423||| Oyster/shellss. eee oe oee 7144, 000 32 Mile rscailtedi eres a= eee 57, 814 ba1235 ||" SCAUOpDShessee cesta cee eeee 114, 000 3, 200 Rerch enw niteemaer eee | 1, 270, 097 SI699N || Shrimp esses] sere eee 4,095 1, 988 Rerchsvellowesse se eeeeee 16, 569 HOSS iG uni cleeeee ean ene 17, 748 826 Pike and pickerel ....--... 2, 560 GAN) || Aver eNil So oe aceboee = 8, 282 3, 185 Salmoneee gees seeeaseee ass 238 (om DUTIES se sesceee nese: 5 20, 130 1, 053 SCUDeE Lene scene ceeeree | 607, 099 16, 367 | Sea bassies-s=acee-tocasee 1, 495, 247 76, 008 Totaliesesseeeece Pe 117, 930, 964 | 4, 755,522 Sava taet pe eee ees 14,031,002 | 475,202 2 530,759 bushels. e 1,253,730 in number. ¢ 1,516,796 bushels, 6 90,277 bushels. Ff 204,900 in number. Jj 2,400 bushels. ¢ 1,667 bushels. 9 11,860 bushels. k 7,333 bushels, d 2,159,985 in number. h 2,092,335 bushels. STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES BY COUNTIES. Fishing is carried on in 17 counties of the State. Essex County has no fishing, but there is considerable wholesale trade in fishery products at Newark. Of these counties Bergen, Hudson, Union, Middlesex, and part of Monmouth are on the Hudson River, Staten Island Sound, and New York Bay; Ocean, Atlantic, and portions of Monmouth, Burlington, and Cape May are on the ocean side, while Sussex, War- ren, Hunterdon, Mercer, Camden, Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland, and parts of Burlington and Cape May are on the Delaware River and Bay. Monmouth County leads in the quantity of products, while the large oyster industry of Cumberland places that county ahead so far as total value of catch is concerned. Ocean County also surpasses Cumberland County in quantity, but is far behind both Cumberland and Monmouth in the value of the catch. A feature of the fisheries of Salem County is the immense preponderance of the shad fishery. The three following tables show the extent of the fisheries by counties. FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 465 Table showing the number of persons employed in the fisheries of New Jersey in 1901. Counties. On vessels Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland NERN CRE ie e aso kc ac asc ante Be biaicietinerat eee in| eels rae a teiaie Gloucester Hudson Mercer Middlesex Monmouth “hi transport- fishing. ing. 211 25 per ictomtaeieis es 87 3 115 18 1, 356 16 rie) alt 2 On vessels In shore or boat fish- eries. 646 85 Shoresmen.) Total. ii 889 10 95 30 503 11 410 16 1, 072 289 2,438 85 85 8 342 29 217 il 100 aaraveaieisio sere 236 24 270 203 2, 303 96 1, 635 44 1,119 Book Oc iera Seine 26 7 217 BS ene a 73 860 12, 030 Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, and apparatus employed in the fisheries of New Jersey in 1901. Atlantic. Bergen Burlington. | Camden. | Cape May. Items. No. | Value. | No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value.} No. | Value. Vessels fishing .........-..----- lid | tes ata (Ne eee a a ae Oe a 13 $21,000 | 29 | $29,975 HOMMAR Chan asec sins Save HAST) Scatobade| bosGerclastacees||Sceeellsednasae TOG Sierras ecw ee] Bes oos. (OWN aaa osoS Sa SeSeeeSHaeepe |Saaee 1 IEE) |enetood sedasecc|pooaallkesecnodlsoce* 452082 = 5, 948 Vessels transporting ....--.-.--- 12 OR SOON Bete eee |e corre 3 | $3,350 1 900 | 7) 12,650 INGTTGRGhe Wak cheneapeeeoneee 1B) one oaena hesasosoceceeee Wd flessesece LSe Satelit 1G Sol eee Oiunnrems ae et cisess-ci-c= | sacee IO) Nlenonbeailconcoscas|Scooe SAON Reel DAA ana ze 1, 165 Idol des cos ee nee ae eee 659 | 60, 056 65 | $6,450 | 304 | 30,100 | 143 | 14,195 |.785 | 41,311 Apparatus—yessel fisheries: BRIGG seme nceerinas verse ciccisee 4 ROE | Sone sae aac ete se [ee com eee clan ots ues | anaes 1 400 Lines, hand and trawl....--.|-..-- (Oe Gen Msc Incenoned Gece Bacre tne ade esp Aecre| Meese 197 DEI Moe Aoetes see eos oeolles-odllonedognes|lossenalleceecoce| sscesa||Cene seed loneocllecccance 50 25 Oyster dredges and tongs.-.-.} 111 We icctkeadlosceacoclconcolecnoease 62 | 1,300) 72 1, 728 Clam tongs and rakes. ....-..- 102 AC eae os estore) oral setolata| fara tae tall Sie fatecal| tate as ae 16 112 Apparatus—shore fisheries: MOINES) es... f casos ose scee ee 53 De AA NRE eel etaystettet= 32 | 4,485 | 14] 2,960) 80 2,160 Gillbnels ees e choco 81 625 | 1,230 | 6,415 | 161 5,612 | 103 | 4,693 | 128 3, 924 Pound nets and weirs -.----- 3 AON) oe onad||asocencdllasces|orasoa aclasede|ocecoeae foal) Lp 135 BaP AN eisasces scons ccs. eee 30 (310) aseeee|enoaaeae DON 22360) | cece ae Meee eee HVC Met ees ee) a= soe see ae 27 340 3 60 | 672 1,197 | 45 54 33 540 SiiGyn WES ovens Dh eae onsoe sad seensllbosspaccdooudsad||s4cnqge- 11 | 1,030 2 OPH eis ciel lecrocidaios Lines, hand and trawl-.--..-.-|.--.- BAT Nerce ttl See itorrs| hs ate [a torenettctel| Che sana oreo 684 IDyei (ere te dose eesencocosasd|eecwalocseacnne 490 602 7 Ud seres||beeosoac 60 50 Oyster tongs, rakes, and | 722 A182) |eiaaisiato\=\ nisi Satalers 245 927 8 124 | 548 3, 562 dredges. Clam tongs, rakes, and hoes..| 704 AN 8860 | eas aera terest 104 AASMIEL A ARBs ae 552 3, 821 Minor apparatus ........-.---]----- (Mf |soceacloosesosclecoce |pospasaasoucs| Yada contllessac 98 Shore and accessory property..|----- 235060) \pascee 2200) Ee oat 10,693 |.-..- 2, 020 29, 429 (Cacia CoV oviM, BeaGapeseeacad sand Saco |csedccess||-ces-5)lonboe 566 poocd|lodasecoo Oncad|jyeapec = 5, 000 Motallins so: See shee aes os eee LS o reas loscicee IPO eatcc 60,499 ..... 52, 223 159, 914 Mercer Salem Sussex. Union. Warren. Items. No. | Value.} No. | Value. | No. |Value.| No. ; Value.| No. | Value. Wessolsitransporting .2.-2..---|-eee=\oce = =a De BSos OOON! S= 22 Alecia rata ae eps letaillererataceretece| oeeere ar eerste Sate Monnac Gee? 685-25 l222 -t22|saeeelseeeeee DAN ee omen Ns iellbc eco ee een Pema | SARE IG} ata OM UU Nee o soos own dares acme Lames Motes Bee Sg950) |. Shey 7 |e eee [ee sa 0| 5 Seema IRONS he oo eine ate See BeRBeeOe 109 | $3,800 | 524 | 55,500 8 | $100 | 106 |$10, 600 19 $335 Apparatus—shore fisheries: | EIEN ooemteite = cacao ee aielm elelae 25 1, 729 20 1, 667 5 GLENS er cee rere ts| Cescsperertte 15 693 Gillitiets essere een cence sori ahd| eaLOoNil 42x OL, SO0" | aa aee\ne dees e| © ones (sameeren entene |seeeeree MVE CMMC tS imine ace =)a\n/' >. 2-596 384 LA TR OE mses SN (a aeeartseal horns e Are leet eel een Gl Be Ses ee LOD ICUS eet ee teni-mtsisine ee aia il | LOO Te es oe oe eral ceretee [neces ote oai| te eee ee |e eral bere seme Lines, hand and trawl ....---|....- cence cee Oy leon [bene |Seowar eaonccraececc ltsecocce Oyster tongs, rakes, and GEC PES remem a elet setae ote are ierelararatere 2 UDG aaees ace eon NOG 2600 eee eleseteesee IN ilintopy Go) och quel ae meee mee ty onnel cocason| Gene ce 2 Oe So eee eens Gene ae eee eee once se Shore and accessory property --|.---- Ps, $ }!) ai ee Sop OO eee EUAN ee ae ICO0R aseee 781 (ORR aL Gna iG Lae Ak ee re eeema| moccal Re geeiod srr tame series (Acker teeter | baeeae 1000" tecoeAlseaenee AO eo ieee GORE pe EC Meroe NT 202, pace oe 197; 900" }eno.- 680R|s= 222. 14,460). 2.3. 1, 809 -¥. C. 190z-—30 466 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, and apparatus employed in the fisheries of New Jersey in 1901—Continued. | Cumberland, Essex. Gloucester. | Hudson. |Hunterdon. Items. | = | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. } No. |Value. 5 | | Viesselsiis hill See semen ere SOON RSO0E 770 eeclaaeseemeeleccce lsererere | 2) | $150500|Se2-s loa TLOnNAge eee 28 ee eee sececce BOLO sae ar stepatel| scree illeere ecsyerepers Ipaseelesesdaes 18)... 2583 | Gees eee OUTS erace eet cise bape eies ieheyDy lsasonllocopadoce Peete) barsreeteheses em 5§45::| 4223 eeeeee Vessels transporting ....-....-- 4 SOOO A erect Seite aimee eaeioe|| ase eee iL 7100) eet on| See MONMAL Ea. < Soe eck ails isc TD) soseeaseu||Sacugd)|seaccones|l6arteollacecdSec De a RR Seeicral ls micicici 2 (OLED EO Tip conta eget Re Saal Ole ae ae MOD Nei tees ce racer sce [Anse eee eeeee 310 |: =e pe eee IBOMtSis ac saceeer ieee sects BSI! VAT OS tl Neer) Sere ayatais oe 171 /$19,480 | 117 | 9,645 | 48 | $1,070 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Crabraredgesus 5-226 sie qf ss 5 eee eteral | eee este roe all erro tes esas tare Sie eretell erseenerstere 6 PAM eA eee Oysteridredgesiand tongs..-- =| 1186 |) “293700 ||.c26-|J5-4-2 5.4 |-c-2-loces cee dleeee clean ont See ees GlamytonpsanGdhrakesiss2 sateen lies creates ones se cee ee oe lesen cee eee 8 Ad eee kee see Apparatus—shore fisheries: Seines ese sate ae eae eae 18 Usir esas Soaeaaee ), 6 850: |2 22s eee eee 239 |) 285 Gillinotsnes ssa pee enter 17(5 |), TRC lo conclleceaaccec I) 1401 119993915921 4S Sot eee eee HVA GaMe teats cates etc cone 291 QI See |e yee | 407 585°} 830°] 4) 4500)oe2=s|2eeeeee Lines, hand and trawl.......|......- Bey oa allie cine ciejewial> cine |aalaieeisick lieve Salle alee arene ere ee POtSMeCElit etasscaceec-eaeece-|cakeess|cesecmece|saeeolaecaereealscees| seceecae 310 310! 222 4|eeeeees Pots Wopstewes--ee--= Be rasesel| ee eet ose iekc tre Sl ae a ciee eeietae| eeecee 125 1834).25-2 eee Oyster tongs, rakes, and 620 CBU) Seabee |smonc acca bone asascnae 107 806) |Cemnes seen red ges teat es ecetieeoaae Clamitongs era kessandghoes=|2— -hee|bee aes ceca eee aeerctall Re ore Serene 4 82. |. 5 IMIimOriipparaGuseeee reer sae sees CG See eee ceca eeeea| Seeeera esoo 2 | 32. Shore and accessory property-.|....-.. NG 70P4 Weooce $83, 000 |...-- AT eee ce | 23.2608 eeeae 6, 9385 Cashucapitalleens asm eee eee | eee eee 125000) |S=— = LVAD) Weare lepemrecct seca 30; 000) |= 2 S-5| eee PO tae Me eee eae ace cee sheers | seer 643 5027e| eee 1255200 neces BD, 080N| seers 74, 687 2-6 10, 290 i Middlesex. Monmouth. Ocean Total Items. = No. | Value. No. Value. No. Value No Value Messelsifishin ps2 nase ec eee 5 $3, 750 117 | $77,725 10 | $24,600 533 | $518, 025 Monnag ewe srar se sce acre cee ae Seas 09Gb gl seeeermace aS Pe eases See 5, of Ly | 22ers (Ooh al ents Seen eee o cel Mae eee I GIO) |e eeaaee 49°862) || -52--- 1; 445 | secre 143, 067 Vessels transporting ..........- 6 8,500 29 38, 650 14 12, 900 738 125, 450 MOomMMaAS Ciasiece = eee see lee nee S4i" | sewer AIG cecimosacice VB Nesoseeeens 1, 343) |store QO WELLER nee ote yn aS alll le PTS | seeensee 175 ee 1580) |b 8 eee 23, 746 BYORI shee eae Ree em oR 153 | 14,635] 1,395 | 91,569] 1,286] 96,622] 6,473 | 502,666 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Seimeseriacc anisole cee see ae Cll Mote ee lcs seceae 6 2, 700 3 1, 900 ai4 5, 785 Guillmets|peesee pe sesete coca eee coal bette cbc 2 1GOY| eae lee b2 160 Lines, hand and trawl....... | ake arose ll sarod hemes ell teseteeaccte | eects | ae es | eee 1, 052 IROUSHEC hare ee Be eS IS Se ee A 60 60 280 138 390 223 Grabidned sesvens2 aay na eee ol na Cell ee ee See 317 pe eel INGE ssc 323 1,135 Oyster dredges and tongs.... 6 51 210 3, 103 il7/ 111! |). 654 37,188 Clam tongs and rakes......-. 20 250 408 5, 100 23 150 577 6, 408 Apparatus—shore fisheries: SCIMES he ectee wie eines aes 5 2,550 67 3, 976 107 6, 359 © 469 33, 000 Gllline teateees se sos eee nse 15 90 868 9,900 ; 1,039 14,306 | @5, 0d8 145, 146 Pound nets and weirs......-. 1 300 67 | 120,344 12 18, 900 158 155, 679 BAP MOS ks 2 eee oan cel oceee nose sec siscese ale se beste ee aioe eel eae atom ise ene 89 3, 110 Myieemetsts case... tccencmeta ee 18 530, 205 3, 984 642 4,195 | 3,057 16, 955 Stop nets.....-. Pee a2 Oe Seee | a eA eee linen ae (See nal Mason orl semeome ae el4 1, 660 Iihaiss| laknarol yale Ale wl S555) saqcocllt boss sudec|bsoasoce ACR Be aoe 470) |. s=sheee 3,421 POtS NEG) eto clewis ss 115 95 | 1,343 1, 258 | 2,950 1,507 | 5,275 3, 829 OCS ODSUCR eee hee maine | estos tll osetia 695 2, 085 30 90 850 2, 358 Oyster tongs, rakes, and dred ccs maaan ee ee 962-| 1, 884 470 3,167 | 1,902 | 18,057 | 5,096 35, 660 Clam tongs, rakes, and hoes . 10 90 744 5, 293 | 1,218 1,460], O53. o0e 22,337 Minvoriapparatus' a. secies eee lseoace | nsbteceeaclssaenen - EO asec 21 \sawemaes 533 Shore and accessory property..|....-- 4 S150" ecceee GHG ROBB) jeacos—e 59) 640) |-sa2-ne= 785, 428 Cashicapitalisesescensee seems eters (000) ssansean 447350! eee £e 16;0008|Seaeeere 155, 550 Motaleseccce occa seen seen eee BORON baacasee G9330208| Baer 282,104 |a nets 2, 729, 571 a11,340 yards in length. 6320 yards in length. ¢ 68,303 yards in length. @888,253 yards in length. e 9,625 yards in length. FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 467 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fisheries of New Jersey in 1901. Atlantic. Bergen. Burlington. Camden, Species. SSH SSS SSS SS SSeS Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Alewives, fresh ........ 54, 500 bio 2: el ee RS ee et en 148, 370 $735 50, 500 $255 PUOWLV ES SAECO, 6. 5 o] os08 sea csics|o eee asese|wciceuccacs Norstnevoreias 368, 000 2160) | 52a ne eee eee IBING=Hishess-5- 25255 ~2 2 | 30 911 DN OG | FSeSe Se eee | he ol eee ad SPE Soc aiwel te arama seca tee metas ubertishis = oeseec scene 15, 000 SO0H | Raeeee wee [opedcded copa Gance|esccensddseraeoccmas Res (CLiusi ttl hy aa) See een 6, 100 BOD ene Se Sosa eee 56, 985 2, 836 15, 730 1,316 (Cts l Ze ae Roe Sale L40F | OA O9RN sat kee ee ESAS ee noapic Mel mera PASE SE be ool poodocdaS WRGHKETS So aecoan cc cn 78, 825 nA ?29)il Ie ee reel eee eee trentins ta PRS eral Emme ees [Smt ner ei lel seteece ce cecccis cc mminie 120, 800 6, 580 37,500 | $1,898 8, 125 410 3, 690 185 WUOUNGETS =.=... 2.50.55 38, 032 1 AY fel eee A See A re en Sel oer enc opbcneersre| |Ancice so5 EEMOMICAEDS co oe Sate cone ae noel eee mee macleade semocnliteece es €1, 613 3, 219 57,910,| 4,516 131CK04 0 (0\0) Coe ee ee 6, 846 Dither Se ee ees Oe Ee erie orl MOREE Oree lnqaciccec PROG eee ee ve bac a an 5,710 il {oll hee a enero ors aera at bts Senseo aol bases oo nae sicise sae BMP Nshie eos. ss2-2-5-5! 5,879 SSDN loses nacerelias eae |oege mck scoolageopSccd||cubceanedaalindaadosc Menhadense 5 -cc.22.4: | 4,500, 000 G3 G0O i seers See erent AA oe oe A ee ae el Saree eS I eesooes Mullet, fresh..........- 3, 000 all (0) ee eo ee ee ee Reet ae te tee nab SPR emma Accs Sar Mullet, salted ......-.. 5, 000 [0109 Peed a ene ae Sa eee Seeman Aealloaarcsce Perch, white........... | 202,019 9, 299 1, 200 | 48 112, 078 By 488N eee oe aaee: |e BerGhrovellOweecacteeaen| ace -mccee -lscieccementinc a eecmecsleee since 1, 483 (ial ABBR CRetee ol ao sse5 Pike and pickerel....-. Seen assay It See aee S aoe anally Aaa, 365 Boh Eases ceclee eee NuLMOn ween ses cose. ee meee Se clecne ese |siee See cee |eaacema 99 27 70 28 Seppe tem een ese | 12,600 DISs Ssseesee se (SST sase5 iu ll ron Wannet ¢ Sal pore Gers dre Sampras isso a5 SGUP ech cee oo ase sae 900 36 Ha eceeeeesensee se sloaeeeeclaceceesiD re 2OO) Sak. G47) Ol, G80! 485304 9321602) S270 leanne arate erate Spanish mackerel... 150 23 Striped bass......-.- 200 DUT RADNOR qld S DOOM AER SET es calle aaae nee oe a oeemeeee 806 69 SUULFR 01. = Aa anccempaleceeeed Heacesolaacoored sc eesose 60 Ore aononlstosancc 26,475 | 1,709 (CECI 4c. QS OS RABE] BE SREeol necan 35 Seen eces SeSaaaaa le cedeness. asec == Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Shore fisheries: E GMS Das a iar, owas os nee’ 1, 300 $65 2, 000 $140 INDUS 25 aetak eels ae Bale ee PR ee ea ae 1, 050 S Genman.carp...- 2502... 80,713 | 1,567 10, 500 MMGKOTE sue oc oS ccm tis Seats aye, eerie cs 1, 200 ING TS epee ae eee gee ag | 32,0138 1, 632 14, 750 1,129 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fyke-net fisheries of New Jersey in 1901. Atlantic. Bergen. Species. = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Value. Shore fisheries: Waltemc hier setts eee ceer Sian |t se Nae cicias [acta ote omreiee nicte allio eee oe MEDC RTOON || ple 447 Ss 2 oe Oe eee PHOT See ace aes lars Sea Mere Seah SI AS ees oa ee hee $132 PRG WHC S. =-5-.0.<.< af sac 9,319 $373 ZOOM!) SASH ee ee atts reco ake [ey eecce cles cle | eras Murped! PASS. 2 -)-.: sj -ce-.- 2,941 267 AGO) |) py it4 0s Beet eee oe ele sorcerers PROMICO Cpe ey a9 sais cco a ete |lecoc Saraataes mein ee eo SOD yh seam 4s ll cee s, Seppeya|| Pras = enolase RO UHM Soe. wee awe cee 12, 260 640 3, 400 | 132 Cape May. Cumberland. , Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Value. Shore fisheries: OSCE 0) 2c SeeeSese] CBSE en tac Se aeea eer 16, 850 $1, 217 $35 Belseeerre (50.5.3 6,800 | $590 8, 340 GDide l= SUBST |e AOD: hey eee lle ea ei Bloundersi-<- -.-< - 800 | AB) css sce | be oes seem einie aeclall Meee onic Meee a5 | Sees ee OREN SIME CHEI EE (or ale cic esos tel soe 5,seons ce ned eae oaabo bacesoe al Saqsanonealaacaace 144, 000 32 SCHINOPS ce. a. ccm =- IS2eeBecacesa| |pecodeboooce||-aoaascars||soqsearc bedcajannd beaanscc 30, 000 2, 500 | a en ee eee ——E——EE (ee Oba ee bye 2, 209, 802 105, 960 | 425,600 | 21,368 | 815,100 | 77,580 | 38,275,009 | 390, 880 Grand total...) 14,8138, 435 1, 361, 094 442,000 | 23,173 881,698 | 82,143 4,982,059 | 571,107 Ocean. Salem. Union. Total. Species. = = Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Vessel fisheries: malt Clams, hard....... 9, 792 dS DG Te Werccare are, ete Yateye ore te|latataratovaveretaiel| aie vererecee the 895,918 | $134, 891 Grabs wh atdvress 53 |i pen omen aes eel Seeley eee coal oe ee ee 432, 770 12, 985 Maissels) se ccnes-c leeate ete sie eat Sonneratoe wronal | eye eis ts | cre eter tee Sine a wie lenin seein 17, 000 170 Oysters, market...| 5, 600 (0) a Boeeepce |-nacoauclsenosecood||Hoeseqcaeas 8,530, 340 | 1,112, 165 Oysters, seed .-..-.. 11, 690 G27 A aeereces [soanaeacljaesoenucuc|seaneseace 6, 076, 483 338, 492 SONG OSE So oe se aegs seca cbe odd |lasetccsssq|CocnseSd|a45 sancy seceeoanen |asoccusoe 84, 000 700 Motale2.s.ee2: 27, 082 DEADOY | ens a's BAR ee LSS Sas call cece coe 16, 036, 511 | 1, 599, 403 Shore fisheries: rh | Clams. hard!....--: 609, 592 GON PAS ae te fet ote |leco-e ost aya |[areia,creve'Srorn lars erarerane 3, 300, 152 418, 062 Clams} soft... =... 111, 140 OGM Peters cai ae wetate| SoA etc alta: See ome 902,770 54,918 (Clam tain fees ol os cece es eee eel eect aia ecg. ee al enone sal beeen oe 13, 336 500 IRIS ETSI otters ces | a5 wate se 2 RAM eee ral eee eas alae ace| LeeGeccmen| waaseseas 357, 600 790 Oysters, market...| 3,230,129 2 OHS Ea lees mero ie ll era torslopell laa aisles sie ence mice 6, 116, 005 584, 602 Oysters, seed...-.- 270, 571 12,541 7, 700 $3380 | 630,000 | $31,500 | 4,541,089 212, 426 Oyster shells...... |= mw en eee nn [mee wnic emia lee wien nn|neweenss|eese-senes|eenenon see 144, 000 32 SCHNOPSes. eens wise PEO RBoSHo ORS EASA a Sepbellanaen octal Ldeocuadletccaroocal|secosentor 30, 000 2, 500 iitopres Saee nee 4,221,432 | 307,469 | 7,700 330 | 630,000 31,500 | 15, 454, 952 | 1, 273,790 Grand total ...| 4,248,514 | 309,894] 7,700 330 | 630, 000 31, 500 | 31,491,463 | 2,873. 193 476 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing the catch of eels and lobsters, by pots, in New Jersey in 1901. | Vessel fisheries. Shore fisheries. Counties. Eels. Eels. Lobsters. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.} Lbs. |Value. EVO eqD UI ae eet Se eae ke er ee ae eae 371500} | SRINGOS: |. sees ees | 37,500 | $1, 898 Burlinetomeeceec nest 8 a ysroshy eel eee oe | gets ee 1,150 58). tea eos | “1,150 58 CApenMiayiteaten fog each ty 5 Gia 7,100 | $355] 3,700 18H) eee Geass / 10, 800 540 ELIT SO ies eee is en Mele Sp OE eT Oa Ae 17,100 | 1,205 | 22,000 | $2,220 | 39,100 | 3,425 TGLoKa Say aut yk eee eg 8) iy el eS 14, 600 TG ll aes Geet | en 14, 600 841 WIGIMENO WN 1h sq ce mekccdnaeoonemeols 3, 600 180 | 156,884 | 8,230 | 40,043 | 5,574 | 200,527 | 13,984 Oca ene ean ae ee ie esas 45,300 | 2,265 | 545,300 | 27,181 | 3,900 546 | 594,500 | 29, 992 Mo tails coer ee cts aea ie al 2,800 | 776, 234 | 39,598 | 65,943 | 8,340 | 898,177 | 50,738 Table showing the catch by minor apparatus in New Jersey in 1901. Atlantic. | Cape May. Cumberland. Hudson. Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Shore fisheries: Ine eee eee 61,000 |) <$3%050)) 59-200 | $2: 960))| s2sa: tec. | o.oo eos = eee ee Crabsahandsecnee- 3, 767 283 1, 600 80 |Paou see eens 2, 000 $250 (Craps sOltecceeeee 2, 400 480 6, 400 dl 2000 aaa coos |Neecesemee 1, 000 333 RAM PRCT DSS Saree iaral| eee cies [aes sroreere ste || eecre ce metal le sine crac 51, 000 $128) |.2 2822 coee | ee manrees Perrapin ky. s5226 sss Sock ea osceeeee 7, 832 2985 2.052 255 <0 bac Gee e esl Sete eee eee Ne all Pe ei i ee Al are et el ee aa toc een Reem 1, 800 162)\|So-eeeeree |Baemeeec a Movaileeasesseee 67, 167 3,813 75, 032 | 7,175 52, 800 290 3, 000 583 Monmouth. Ocean Salem Total Species. = ye == Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Shore fisheries: (OPUS eR eS ae ed Meee sesace laseasadedel laaserescesolacsossaanc 2,910 $154 2,910 | $154 Helse assis eee se 126, 950 $6, 347 8, 100 105: eases |e 255, 250 12, 762 GermisnicaTpseasac| eee seeee Wau Sete feetoreleaeeebeeleeece rier se 16, 269 976 16, 269 976 Mom Coda -asen eee 33, 200 LR ARE ee eG PM ORGeRRAee Bo mere cs | bSemsaamee 33, 200 996 Crabs vhard:2 22-2. 116, 952 4, 004 2,672 V6 Te| asec eae loser seer 126, 991 4,784 CrabsSsott)s..2-s-- 173, 578 22,917 8, 100 TBST | coe a sere |come eres 191, 478 26, 287 TSE Opn) eee go ceed ecees soosd Ssanoor seh lenoseee red Mone c=ase|lsescenoces||bocssaance 51, 000 128 Savabeay Ds secoee soe 210 140 390 195, | esstmarstets erteteeciae oe 600 335 USER ON, hase ossllassanooecsallednodasosclsccenoares||corosooacd|acooseeddeleedescoocs 7, 832 2, 935 UM GId DV Re eee lloe SeeBe ee eecoemSsee 8, 000 640 1,275 89 11, 075 891 Totals seseses: 450, 890 34, 404 27, 262 2, 764 20, 454 1, 219 696, 605 50, 248 THE MENHADEN INDUSTRY. While the greater portion of the catch of menhaden is sold to the factories to be turned into oil and fertilizer, large quantities are also utilized by the line fishermen as bait. In 1901 one steamer, two gasoline vessels, and one sailing vessel spent much time during the fishing season in running menhaden from the fishing vessels to Sea- bright, Monmouth County, for the numerous colony of line fishermen located at that place. These are prepared as ‘‘chum” by the fisher- men and used for attracting the blue-fish to the vicinity of their boats. At many places the line fishermen have gill nets which they use in catching their own menhaden bait. In 1901 there were six factories for the preparation of oil and fertilizer in operation, viz: One at Keansburg, two at Belford, and one at Port Monmouth, in Monmouth County; one at Tuckerton, FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 477 Ocean County, and one at Leesburg, Cumberland County. Part of the plant of the latter factory is at Bakersville, Atlantic County, but as most of the work is done at Leesburg it is all credited there. Table showing the extent of the menhaden industry in New Jersey in 1901. Items. No. Value. | Items. No. Value. OR EHOTIOS ec ces n mice tae: canta s 6 | $124,000 || Steam vessels fishing -..--.| 4 $30, 000 MPR BICA MIbele se as ont od on sosa ws eeeiee 40, 000 MonMarzete = seat e se 69) lis eeeeee Wages paid factory em- Outhtes 5. tancccses con ece nest eeeeee 7, 655 GW GES Sa Sa eee ee see ee aS 22, 825 PUrseIseINeS!se225.0--5 eee 4 2, 500 Persons in factories .......- 0 A Seer Sail vessels fishing......... 6 6, 800 Persons on vessels. .......-- TSOM Ra aajmecns PONNALEC Fee aes te scence Bd) | Sorte Menhaden pressed .......-- 27, 090, 000 27. O90 | MOWth beosaee conic eacacaincs acer eeeeeee 12,575 Menhaden caught by ves- | Purse seimes sense se aceee 6 2,700 Tiki 2}, == Sane ee 38, 105, 615 51,810 || Sail vessels transporting. -- 8 6, 100 Tons of dry scrap prepared. 1,131 5220465) LOnnuees=-sco-mee a -se- OPM Sescbe oe cc Gallons of oil made ......-. 109, 789 25, 440 Outhitissa.caodeshec sess =Ssleeceeeseeees 2, 805 FISHERIES OF PENNSYLVANIA. As Pennsylvania has no frontage on the ocean, its fishery interests are quite limited. With the exception of the small fleet of vessels engaged in line fishing in the ocean during the summer and in working planted oyster beds in Delaware Bay, the fisheries of the State within the scope of this report are confined to the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. Several of the largest seine fisheries on the New Jersey side of the Delaware River are operated by Pennsylvania, however, while Pennsylvania capital controls a considerable part of the oyster industry of New Jersey and Delaware. The three tables which follow show in detail the extent of the coast fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901: Table of persons employed. How engaged. No. Gra ererel pine obh oven seen en oO eles ert Se ee Ee MEE TA ose 209 WNEVESSe SHELA SOORUMI Py eee ak ce oe etn a enema oe ceeeincaels accsisige saninat na ssteioesncsaeeeeenes OnmEbGatsrineshorenishen ciarp rr ererss sce eerie r sak same iets tC een ae ye acinar te etacleiseismclak se tsibiee 1, 532 RY NOTESTI GLI ros oe ees es Sea ease STC ae rarere crore ree = eave res cla ins tole ele oteinis Se 1a/2 aici cin Seteie cin cis 'in ey nme arele/owsiereloletm ie] 736 ‘T1eey TT SS RE oc a a ee A RTI ee es 2 2, 484 Table of apparatus and capital. Items. | No. | Value. Items. No. Value. Wessel ait STUN 27. fs xtee'elwie o'aiei-is |acincloee well eretainiee clots 29, 625 $345 Alewives, salted .... 334, 000 5 IBIRGKIDESS 02-|doc-acees|sckwenee 1, 000 DOU San gers ale cicteiectia eitem teal acinckte leeiceieee beeeeeets jot S00) a lle ee ee et 1,380 VEO | Pee as ealleee anal snose ose] s escicenelcaesaca| taacace las aeeme| Soe seme SSTNG a ee 595, 389 | 25,766 | 1,600 48 |245, 200 | 13,906 | 3,995 | $357] 17,800 | 1,275 Striped bass.......... 5, 040 418 200 WGW Secceaaelsoscesa<|icesicpes| (soon ect eer emeaaee NUGKCES he sek snack 12, 050 BOS |e jeteietacornte!l bs orcpacn etal ere tara cca eiwetayate hal ernetereta lal evotre cnye 1, 900 122 TROD Sea ae 1, 636,119 | 36,604 |130, 250 | 3,387 |245, 850 | 13,937 | 3,995 357 | 20,985 | 1,466 Philadelphia. Pike. York. Total. Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. = : Alewives, fresh ....-. 7, 500 PLOOF oem aes | coeeeccme| seacome se ems cnic oe 757, 300 $2, 066 od Spy SW BS} SERS NE Se AB ee eo oo gab soc| neo sages d poocn +5 Soel|esasesouce) Hema sees 334, 000 6, 960 GRiEpshisese ae ss 5c 53 11,370 Bt ease ie bhc5| Menara saree toad Meseaaee 17, 145 842 GIS eet Sess es 434 PPS | oS Aen | acon dad jascace Qooe| pos acade 3, 084 130 German carp...-.-..-- 24, 550 A AT Oe mace Sete ace See 4,350 $212 85, 320 5, 187 Perch; witite: =. -:::=. 265 IBM Ee =eesoccas||a2cs sec bocllnao scoeecu bocce ssc5 3, 265 193 Perch, yellow .--.---- 50 i eee lata seatatatey |sVoreletarate =ita flsiziatatatararataraillareta stale ale 1, 050 52 ETE yee a meee 2 | 5 eeicea wa lbioeaoteeas| Soke ct Sea Sie Sena tase ee OER SS 1, 380 185 Slinclt63 43s ee ae 19, 697 838 17, 300 $1, 275 71,763 | 3,894 972, 744 47, 359 Striped bass .......-.-. 792 115} A ceeeneecel Bee ceiacded| ladecesdasel osoncac 7, 032 593 SHICINGIS Sa Se pees 5, 480 BST bl esac cose Roanranan asanrecoca lacdoasKe 19, 430 922 Michele oes es 71,138 3, 407 17, 300 1,275 76,113 | 4,106} 2,201,750 64, 489 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the gill-net fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. ' Bucks. Delaware. | Lancaster. |Philadelphia York. Total. Species. Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val Lbs. Val UNV Cs ene BR aeos| Ace 22500 Elsie =5ci4|Saee ee 18; 600) $198|5-4---=|25---2 41,100) $335 German carp-..--.. CS G5 U8) |e 7/225) lero I a2 Pe aecd Sorrel ieconed pemece 12, 300 989 SHIMNONE oes - 252 eee es aera een eels Messe emer ees M7 | ecttciss =hee=ie oe 17 17 Singers 522 = 437, 700/17, 475932, 200/29, 216} 55, 896/$3, 494/547, 248)24, 636] 10,200] $516)/1, 983, 244) 75, 331 Strpedupasse =<; “sb S.3- cece Pre UE PSY] Bane deel loon da SeaSeon lpcocee ssnesad poaser 2,8 2387 Sturgeon 0c sew soca 530 BB Sse seal Gees eens losses -acess'==[tes se 530 43 Potalss-5--5 447, 200/18, 220/960, 870/29, 877| 55, 896) 3, 494/565, 865/24, 851) 10,200) 510)2, 040,031) 76, 952 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the stop-net fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Delaware. Philadelphia. Total. Species. ; Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. ONES SEG SA RISB an SOS Seoaaa eb ser) Sees saaee Saar aese 3, 525 $47 3,525 $47 CCHS PIS Bt Nee Re Se = ee Sea 1, 050 $118 5, 290 265 6, 340 383 Leeper 2 ne Seb ne eee See ee ee line ep aariellsiaatees oe 100 5 100 5 A CMMAM GADD 22m oo. wa als < cme ciaseaece aeeee ce 21,400 | 1,219 23,400 | 1,404 44, 800 2, 623 JPESTWELM ANG LESS ee ees Seer ae Aaa n ae err ts Me oe Sees eee 100 5 100 5 ROC Dy MELLO Mee «ints siein aa te He ie Seem ess aes stalls cis oleae Wet est 25 1 25 1 TEC RE ene ch ainant amelie nape cuneate bias smnee se sone 600 30 600 30 SHE OTR Sek 5 Be EOS O CS OC ose BH Ot ABE Cae Naane Aneme We rere 975 39 975 39 Oba ener st. soon s an cen econ sem eeeecioes 22,450 | 1,337 34,015 | 1,796 56, 465 3, 133 F. C. 1902——31 482 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fyke-net fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Bucks. Delaware. | Lancaster. |Philadelphia Species. Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. ICY ot Chea aaes eal a Seen sessed seescs| eeease 1500)? 28250 |Peo ee eles ter Catfishise.ncseceeecse 1,700} $85) 4,050) $187} 46,250) 2,725) 67, 144/33, 357 Welsive sacemcascte sees 400 36) 1,9 WOleee mecca sennce 13,865) 694 Stab avert SENSES S53 scon0n||baaced|agonoe||aosqcc) bcoccs 825 C8) Gapeesolsncoos SC sl Sea shee dees loebone|losssSellsoeaadllaaacod 3,000) 150 200 10 Rinne sees Seen M Reese se Lae Slade A ese sae L800) l44) Sts oes fo cene Wrall-eyedipilke ee eres| eee acess pence erin 6 G00)e1s032|S2eore sleet ee Motaloscieeessee 5,950} 263] 59,975} 4,284) 81, 209) 4, 061 Lbs. York. Val. 169, 234 Total. Lbs. | Val. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the dip-net fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Delaware. Lancaster. Philadelphia. York Total Species. = Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. Value.| Lbs. /Value.| Lbs. |Value Caitefishtes sea. eece 4 |aeneee el eaceceee 200 $12 | 2,800 BEAO |e cis sinin aicll esetsleiaroee 3, 000 $152 IMCIS ep aeteo hee ce oeclberseeer sees bene 2, 000 UN Ree eisoo laancmeda| ecceceacloaccess 2, 000 80 Germanicanpaeseass- 2,575 $137 | 10,500 525 | 6,400 BBA SS ae oicjsclias stele 19, 475 996 Sia ie Ses fae ob aera] Sees ae is 18; 280H evil SS es sata | Bee erste 8,000 | $475 | 26,280 | 1,608 Suckers esses ciatceee 2,625 QDI ELT er ale cxorstese rail ce ctowere sal ees cote wren | Chet ate rete reeterey ee 2, 625 92 Motalesseeecmesc 5, 200 229 | 30,980 | 1,750 | 9,200 474 | 8,000 475 | 53,380 | 2,928 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the line fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Bucks. | Delaware.| Lancaster. Northay P Pel York. Total. Species. sa paa| : | | | Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. (Val. Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. ‘Val. Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. Bla CksDassiceeasaecee 156° $21 eee eslsee ee 2,500) $250)... --- loagasilosssoc\saese 1,400) $141) 4,056} $412 Catfish yc ae 1,420} 71) 500) $30) 500} 25) 250) $20) 6,450) $323) 2,900) 145/12,020) 614 IBGISRE oo erro as see 1,160) 102) 2,000; 80} 3,500) 185 20 3} 9,600) 480) 2,400) 96)18,680) 946 Rerebwwihites asa ces aeeeos sees 190 Bis Se ccrclletjeree!las ceiace | eciarall sles eeere| mim etere eaters eestor 100 8 Benchrsyellowesuosss|tesoeeloeeee 150 Dh cacao eet Blea ets Steve ell nates el eto | ateseverese eererees 150 9 Stripedvbasss oe sasaslecesca|ec niga) +c ometie et ee eS = Selbasmollerobmd|sacas 1,495) 150) 2,395} 240 Suckers ees ccc se scal occa tect! ose sete ielele 200 G6) seccecleecee 300} 15] 2,625} 79) 3,125) 100 Sunsfish@e fen eee 70 5 aes sere eines SOO! oN 24 ae Ae Selene olllseines 1,800) 144) 2,170} 173 Waill-eyedipike® sc sac|tsoome|cisecleneced|--5e~ 2.000] (860) Stace sean lescice |= ceee 5,825) 879] 7, 825/1, 239 POLS Mere aicleseiose ss erieias | eeieielall =e ale all sitet 100|; 230)5222- - eaese |S secs|saaee 700} 210) 800} 240 AbUNtlesteesccceeuosee NEON SORE O00 tee PA Sees! aoacel asscodlsccoalleacoadl toese|leacaan| (Ses 2¢ 10,500} 870 Ota n eee ene 4,306] 349/11,750; 847/10,000| 970} 270) 23/16,350} 818)/19, 145)1, 844/61, 821/4, 851 Table showing the yield of the fish-basket and pot fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Fish baskets. Pots. Species. Lancaster. York. Total Bucks. Delaware. Total Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val Lbs. | Val.} Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val.} Lbs. | Val. Blaekibassepecenecas D3 000M $200 | Seectectee teers = 9.000) $2000}... a0]. oc oes) ee cee eee | eee Cat-fishi ee rer -cioceaes 14,000 | 740] 1,000} $50] 15,000 | 790 |......]....- 650 | $28] 550 $28 Mels cae ee eesc sees 48, 375 |2,025 | 43,600 |1, 714 | 91,975 |3, 739 |2,000 | $185 |6,500 | 260 |8, 500 445 Wall-eyed pike...... 250 SiON ramercsne| Msecese 250 S\N RSReeel Geet Garena sess | ee |ioc sont Motels cheesess 64, 625 |3,015 | 44,600 |1, 764 |109, 225 |4, 779 |2, 000 185 |7, 050 288 |9, 050 473 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 483 THE WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE OF PHILADELPHIA AND CHESTER. There is a large wholesale trade in fresh, salted, and smoked fish, oysters, sponges, and other fishery products in Philadelphia, while a much smaller business is carried on in Chester. The following table shows the persons employed, wages paid, and capital invested in both cities: Persons and capital in the wholesale fishery trade of Philadelphia and Chester in 1901. Philadelphia. Chester. Total. Items —— SS] == Fi = No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. PIS GAD LUIS MITOTIC ere ars asim ay atoloieim bicieis mnie wiciois eieleie sie 95 | $526, 306 6 $7, 584 101 | $5383, 890 Wenhicapitell ees ae cn ees cece -meitcmocisaee sellhacebites 673,008 |Jaccccce AD O99M Suances 685, 407 nme enidl teas 5. eee uh oasis eet chee D6288400| Were hee Ase 59 | eee 267, 401 IRersonsien Saeed oceen scien csmcciise nieces cas 585) les doocesee 26h seeetee ees bi tl Ree sorc THE SMOKING OF FISH IN PHILADELPHIA. The smeking of fish is quite an important industry in Philadelphia, and a few of the establishments located there compare very favorably with the best in the country. The following table shows the extent of this industry: Items. No. Value. St LISMNVeM (Suse ante oe each. asec a tatasae eel neenerime ne eee meeee s $148, 530 Cash capital ... : Wages paid .....-- ‘ 49,176 Persons engaged Products sold. Lbs Value TVET ee eine esis ete We eat Meg aad aH ed eh ad a ate Lt oe de eh a 17, 950 $2, 693 ER ACL COG Reseeeicsg nee Ena EE Seias Sire cisions = oe laters CEE eee co Sanne cule econ ae 114, 300 18,716 PI CETINE sae ance cana tere sees oe wie se siecle ee oe Pe oe ee beie ace ee ol ciclo S cleratelsisin'aysials 2,182, 0438 129, 853 Rakes Herrinry (CISCO) ome seetamse sae teak ae esas er siceaiocs Se sate tic comin sig aac 302, 050 36, 246 INES CRGVG lees rete oe ee crate ae Soe ainhes a eee ieierceyaese Stee. s eisisie sta cis sreieie'= cis icteraisicrae 300 45 Salmon: stc2.—-=-- Be Roe rte eyatate exrcistidio’b worm naval oie Sinfavore sins ©. lem siatem £6 cicieleiehtoneres ee 200, 200 40, 040 SHAG Shc saq cr ccisen se elses sioers Petey neste ica ee Tetee RII ee Seen Sefsinie ie ets seers 77, 500 9, 360 SPUR COM se ermecmrecasae cece cate aotene seein Seisine 54 512 Tongs and nippers...-.-.-- | 13,959 84, 580 Slerieve see Se eee a6 1,385 eee ae a IDS OES Gates oe se aoeoseee 1, 240 570 Totals 2 cess soe ee eee [ees are 6, 506, 066 a Total length, 1,445 yards. ¢ Total length, 348,061 yards, b Total length, 60,640 yards. a Total length, 7,520 yards. Table of products. Species. Lbs. Value. Species. Lbs. Value Alewives, fresh...-...--.--- | 135454) 757) | 2987020) ||P SCUP iene ais acsae cee aciecisss 32, 650 $1, 019 Alewives, salted.........-.. | 292, 400 AK D8 fral\@ Sear DASSi os. seneenss-o-jeeres 50, 800 2, 540 BIS ORBDESSN oso. ce ee onc ae 23, 383 22a eonad, trestesec2. coe eserne 3, 094, 181 120,177 Inst) eee 100, 145 4e37 Sr SHAG. StIbed: oss. sees see 17, 000 425 HOLME OME eee la oc.sieis = sna 250 LOW Sheepshead =. 22-24. -=-- 2 1, 350 52 LAVIN Ch 0k Se a Sere IS 458, 700 11,505 || Spanish mackerel..-...-.--- 2, 922 348 (Chie Ge Ces Een ene eSeeaest| 163, 180 DE SLOP IR SPObr esac. occ sisce eee sac a 22,470 387 @olpetinhee eee ise eee nsec e 488, 777 15,547 |) Squeteague ..-..----.--.--- 1,018, 775 26, 921 (C0 eee eee 500 10) || (Striped! bass.-----¢-----5-4- $24,418 68, 568 Growers se 47 557-22 = 2222 303, 405 44939) | SCULZCOMS 25 Sc me atte i= wie Sisls 107, 620 3,503 IO fs(htt = See ee 53, 450 570 Calais see scence eee 5, 818 3, 436° Helstireshiie. 2222520 Jase: 334, 811 120309) WP SuCKens ee Sab as2 see amas 14, 750 281 IDI (Sab iets PS ee 2, 200 GON |RStunietishi 822 2e ro ces «ceca 3,970 72 MMOUNGEIS so: a4. e 3 asece. | 51, 205 126257! Othertshiss=-s-eq-2-s4>->- 2, 300 143 Gizzard shad 6,010 1330||cCrabs) Wardi eee seee sees a9, 824,793 85, 884 PramVvest-nsnl see Ss ss.) 2s 5 12, 800 110) | SGrabs< sont See ee. oc e 6 4, 303, 582 202, 563 Hickory shad 8,315 209M | SUMS es eee rreetee eclae 728 708 manipehishierss se. -s2. 2". aoe 7, 215 955 || Oysters, natural rock .....-. C36, 298, 717 | 2, 732, 274 MAC KENG Weep tees eee see se 1,800 180 || Oysters, private beds.....-.. a3, 500, 210 299, 244 Menhaden is. 354822 252.5 7,122, 230 Tl S7o4| | Olams aren sssee ee eee se € 107, 600 14, 384 Mallete ess osecceescca ott ae 35, 295 SOO) i mrblesss225- ee... seta a bres 4, 835 203 Bere! wiitessece sts tee } 452,815 25; OOH | Merrapim-s5* J 5 AS Ss2c4- 29: oe 1, 593 1,139 Perchsvellow? <2. -5-2-- ee =a: 292, 720 SOL Wi NORS sae cee tecnico ce eencee 130 50 Rikeee eee ae eee tention | 67, 530 5, 390 | | (IPOMIPANO Pecos see sb sei lee 140 14 Total essaachesc esses 82,975, 245 | 8, 767, 461 229,474,379 in number. 6 12,910,746 in number. 2@500,030 bushels. 213,450 bushels. ¢ 5,185,531 bushels. 496 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Several fishery products shown in the preceding table in pounds, for convenience of comparison, are presented in the following table in number and bushels, as usually marketed: Products. Quantity. | Value. Crabs; shard! ccesjars)-cet cas cp cise.e ae eda ate Be Se REO eS anaes Seat number..| 29, 474, 379 $85, 884 CONF OS ASO) Ilha eee Secs SOS Cee eee ee eee een hE Dany SeeieEet sea Soasonas do....| 12, 910, 746 202, 563 OystersharatuTal TO Ck sae No Hse cote eee ee a ee ere bushels..| 5,185,581 | 2, 732,274 OVStersapruivereipedst sass oaec eet one Sen aes seein ome Seam ete eeteciats sae dors. 500, 030 299, 244 Clams a decsrep at en ceyes ae sa sceer selene Sersiow amis Seems os als ee eee een eins doses 18, 450 14, 384 THE FISHERIES BY COUNTIES. While the fisheries are prosecuted on both the eastern and western shores of the State, by far the larger catches are made in the former section, this being particularly true in the case of oysters and crabs. Somerset and Dorchester counties possess the most valuable fishery resources in the State, this preeminence being due to oysters and crabs. Dorchester leads slightly in the catch of oysters, but Somerset’s valu- able crab fishery more than offsets this advantage, three-fourths of the State’s soft-crab catch being taken in this county. Practically all of these are handled at Crisfield and Deal Island and shipped from these points to the large cities throughout the United States and Canada. Talbot County leads in the catch of hard crabs, the principal part of the catch being used in factories, where the meat is extracted and shipped in tin buckets. Most of these factories are located at Oxford, St. Michaels, and vicinity, and Tilghmans Island. Large quantities of hard crabs are also taken at Cambridge, Dorchester County, and Mount Vernon, Somerset County, practically all of these being shipped alive. The fisheries proper are prosecuted to the greatest extent in Worcester County. This is the only county bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, and most of the fishing is now done by means of pound nets, which, since 1897, have increased from 1 to 7 in number. Talbot ranks next to Worcester County in its pound net fishery, the principal catches being made in the Choptank River and in Chesapeake Bay off Tilghman Island. Squeteague is the most important species taken in Worcester, and shad and alewives in Talbot County. Increased values are shown in 1901 compared with 1897 in the fisheries of Anne Arundel, Calvert, Charles, Kent, Queen Anne, Somerset, and Wicomico counties, while decreases are shown for the other fishery coun- ties, especially in Caroline County, where a decline from $22,012 in 1897 to $5,787 in 1901 has taken place. This is due almost entirely to the decrease in shad. With the exception of Charles County, the counties showing increased values owe it to the better prices received for oysters. A decided improvement is shown in the crab fishery in every county except Kent and Queen Anne. This compensated to a degree for the poor showing made in some of the other fisheries, particularly the shad and alewife. Harford and Worcester counties are the only counties showing an increase in shad. The former county represents a natural FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 497 increase, while in Worcester County it was due to more extensive fishing. Ov the basis of persons employed, the most important counties are Baltimore (including Baltimore city), Somerset, and Dorchester, where 9,642, 6,340, and 5,229 persons, respectively, were engaged. Balti- more’s lead over the other counties is due entirely to its wholesale oyster trade. The extensive haul-seine fisheries formerly prosecuted in Cecil County are being superseded by pound nets, the advantages of the latter being reduction of first cost and economy of operation. Baltimore and Kent counties have the most important fy ke-net fisheries. The three following tables show the extent of the fisheries in each county of Maryland in 1897: Table showing the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Maryland in 1901. On vessels | In shore Counties. Sn vase transport- |} or boat SRores: Total. 8: ing. fisheries. ; ATIMOPATUN GC oc cleo msiseiscminsts coeeiees Genes 61 127 1, 962 375 2,525 MOTE maces = = aoa ob sas incct-momiaseewiatetoree 1, 257 243 170 7, 972 9, 642 WRI Ente ocak ca hcmeisne cl estaseecaui Selse me 209 82 1,195 10 1, 496 CaMOUMe Semcon. oe escman sc amibsnalscesieseeee cal siccc amet ccslleeneccceees ID(s | Scceesceoe 157 Geeeae sea ence mee ceecactncsses ateece oe so Stee de 2 341 4 347 GRATES Hee anes 5 eee sc cinassacece eee 6 12 653 45 716 INGREHCStON EL = Se teecsc cia arse cote tates 1, 791 146 2, 243 1,049 5, 229 EPRLOTO poses ee Feet oe wwe omnia aeiteieis oeelaes selbisees 6 468 154 628 RE Te teense wee doc whee classe eats sueece 35 69 1A eee boeses 1,275 JERI (GOO RES oa Soe Resor So bos acacheeareed| hapescboeese| Goacecscenss SOP eseaaeeceae 80 QuepneAnness 2. lose Ses cele ses asseel he. 2 36 Doe Oa ee cnece cae 1,317 Sie RD ae a ee ee eee eee 36 69 aval Wy i@eeenondcece 1, 220 Shai! = Se ee ee eee ceacer dace senceee 1 912 155 2,772 1, 501 6, 340 BaD OGeeatee e soee ac pe class ssid s seeiete Seca 366 70 1, 559 1,049 3, 044 WVICOMMLCO Meet ee nse cc apex ocicis sineisis se semiec elnino 40 58 975 379 1, 452 MOL CON DELI aict tame reenact -eeeeitae ecinelqaseace sees 37 740 15 792 THOT bce a EE ee eee eeeae 5, 715 Ti 16, 880 12, 553 36, 260 Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed in the fisheries of Maryland in 1901. Anne Arun- el Baltimore. Calvert. Caroline. Cecil Items. No. | Value.| No. Value No.| Value.| No. |Value.| No. |Value Wesseldfishin gy... <22--2525 13 | $5,750 146) 8325450"! 43: 1822300! cen c|Sseccecl-sceeee| eee cene PROMMALC sea ccs ees e cate coe 1194) esses 3; (DOU! sa aeeiee soe 010.0) BEBE Oo Ano peoeeet isecacnd] Sosbecn Outiti@es sce se-- 25/055 aa\Secnnle anaes 52D) eee 58, 005 |..... 6, 935 Vessels transporting 57 | 35, 800 68 95,350 | 24 | 28,050 PROM AEC, ceinaiecisinie ss ‘ Outfit .. Bettsiete. Gece assutcseececiceer Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Oyster dredges IUCN See Sep BeUeDaTeosee Apparatus—shore fisheries: mE MeStee em ce vce Goce oees 58 | 1,225 32 3,144 | 11 640 8 790 6 |) 3,025 Guillimetss=-225s0...coccccce 43 423 18 215 | 82 197 | 191 | 1,187 297 | 4,291 BoundmMets) =\ 25%. s--ssiese 56 | 5,580 4 230 | 62] 5,910 9 350 150 | 9,935 Hiyeanetem os = sii 3s 2 oo een ee cee 1,702 A093) (Meee een 34 152 | 1,134 | 1,460 Trammell nets..:.-<. 2... 1 50 1 Bil eigecac bocueea| Geciod (tacesns 4 255 MAMOM MEGS 255 c5 sec enc 157 83 6 20 | 100 20 1 aleiseen sclerosis PaCS eects Ace aas clea aaatewalosioaars ALON sce es pM eee 0G lel eee 22) Wiis erasis lemmas eli potseen + = 2 2soccmcsa| eles sels meen 147 71 | 152 TS aeoel econ 130 93 Oyster:dredgves....c\scs--2-- 16 DY best ecelisisienainecns oOo ea (ee 7 eee eee paaemool moccacr Tongs and nippers....--.-... L687), 20364) | cnc |e aceon GSE IAT eccnic ete cen | Mteetoret tieeerere Shore and accessory property.|...-.-- Di OAs |ln ciere ore 1, 814,655 |..... 968s) 5o- =. 2: SDD) |L eee mere 7, 200 Cash capital’: .. jonc.ccsssecs-|o=2s5- LON SOOT Senceee 1, 968, 350 |..... SOO Reese | eee | ameter 500 AOC SSR Se ee ees i Paka esses 450b1 227) le acne LOS) 482) \I\s ei . a asee sec tinwe eal nate hee bee cciemnsta| Wess bateel| ieee IO | Seite tl erserae ees | Aer 151, 250 Rotailllscc5secrees cee setes|| Morne ierake By teh Wiel eeesio oc 64S 975) Se ssa. 69) 020")- sees 776, 957 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 499 Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed in the fisheries of Maryland in 1901—Continued. Talbot. Wicomico. | Worcester. Total. Items. | No. Value. No. Value. | No. Value. No. Value. MeSSeIS Haine 35.2562 5-5545 | 66 | $36,700 7 SHPO Pee 955 | $512, 955 “ROY ELOY) ns OS ee ee en O78ul: oc ee : De cs ees ees eeeeeee LO! Sis sees (ORL Seed eeu See eee en eee HBS.) ||. ieee B48 chs clereial ocicio amie t salle = centers 193, 089 Vessels transporting -........ Zale 20.2 18 20, 550 15 382 374, 200 PROTA) ele. 2 osc cata wie siciee os BB0s |S aee SOD) |. cme 269 9256) \|s- ccm oon MEUM Uae o252s ees cee steep A260 | reciotner 25120) |p. CLNODT MH esecee ee 57, 118 TODS) = Sea ee oe cen Aes = 1, 186 60, 727 617 21, 657 446 11, 498 5538, 526 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Oyster dredges............. 260 | 3, 660 28 B00 | ee eaaae | esee teces RONDO 51, 730 Mra ISCTUDGS co soe = Sars cmon doe os Soe se eet ee ace |s sae se oma cheers | mee cn ems 178 607 LOTR 5 Se ee eee 3 | UD) Sax a0)= oe wea tanec een ears aeinell am meee eee 54 512 DCUMC sere aic ston ala cle icln es sR ra otal levcia amseiai ees eto tare eee esate er ee cise aoe rete eres eee | a6 1, 385 Biase tes kon et sot 165 5 LEE Maal ed Seta MEO Tal aeRO OF 1,240 570 Apparatus—shore fisheries: SEIN CS se sawe ss cee aces Ses ec 17 197 3 300 67 3,590 | a312 28, 648 SUIS TSS eS ee Bs 60 1, 141 488 4, 038 582 3, 538 | 63,653 34, 660 IPOUMGAMe US ices maseeccc ae 175 19, 445 32 4, 200 il 11, 355 997 98, 765 LTA MEIN AMG WelnS) fs 26 cil - casei center ecs al aemmtece| san semema kisecaon colelacceam ees 20 500 Mykemets 2-2 -5-ccs----- #s 12 95 157 WS OLB» |aeere sais) sins oie a ers 4, 064 11, 372 Slgren NEC eT CIS ot nae a Store| icine wi o'a | Satereloee aie'a!| b cetaeretnl| Sees sees | Slee eam lee sce se e18 1,570 BOWING te ce ae secede Seat ees -|bacomcmarar 4 18 78 391 106 529 INEINOR TIETS”. .42- stents 252226 30 LD! | eeiaw eee nah cces alemeadaselene ccc cee 2, 144 837 TAGS 2 See eee See eee! | Seoaeege OZONE yatcre a SHUI lee Saeeios 29) | 2 = cmisien 4,722 BGIMOUS tecncne ec 25-5 2 9! arises! le winin Sateen esis caine eee ene ae 2,653 9, 640 Tongs and nippers -..----... 2, 302 11, 478 761 4, 850 241 1,188 | 18, 959 84, 580 Shore and accessory property.|--.---- yr. 8 a ree O8460 | weeec ce DS 27h |eececoee 2, 164, 749 MOB SWRCADULA Lo. cre aisiotisteere.= Se salem ccice ZAOS TG ease 205000" | Soe = soma) Sere aise (oe ene 2,297, 515 IROL SS See Peso ser eee Eameeas 267,284 Weccecces Eee) eaadocs 625469) |. cos 25 6 506, 066 aTotal length of seines, 62,085 yards » Total length of gill nets, 348,061 yards. ¢ Total length of trammel nets, 7,520 yards. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fisheries of Maryland in 1901. Anne Arundel. Baltimore. Calvert. Caroline. Species. Lbs. Value Lbs. Value Lbs. Value Lbs. | Value. Alewives, fresh ......| 1,010,522 | $6,146 133, 600 $565 457,000 | $4,779 | 34,700 $688 iBgecka passers: #s-b c\ae-- oo ee |e aeons 543 DO! Hse ee ees alll 2 cts SSA Se AA oe |e Ses iplive-fishmees 22-0 750 BY fll Acree asec ees eine 2,300 19) ct alyete cs IBTULeT Stee ees — coe SE... Semen se ta Sainal ae wes eee ae beeaee ac 200 HO) ee tere] See CHE enor ean a5 = ee 24,185 890 4,700 184 21, 870 686 2,810 95 @ataishes ei. ee 2 22.058 11, 266 280 68, 820 1,917 24, 850 858 | 17,070 415 @raakersas sos. ok 2,100 69) | Saree secre eee ae 18, 950 ALAS |e. ents (oe eee IDNs p cee = — cee | bea eee es id (eae ees] (eee ee | See 1,300 13) oe cceeeee | aeceeee Meise fresh. ~ 25 ons 29, 370 1, 060 13, 041 388 20, 405 TQ NE cae ee WlouNnGders=s-2->----: 450 72) Roe ae ol eae Oe 9,515 330" |. esses Gizzard shad......... 110 3)" BEARS aces SORen en cae Seen nee See Eee aeee ae Pee se ee Lee) IV eS I fighies cen, see emo ee eo nosso Ea ee alle cisco 300 LO) |e ncmeeeee |b aaset Hickory shad ........ 1, 275 Bod eeoe ase ee a|boseoes es 2,890 74 | icsceteee| aeease iets 8 2se 2. ee 900 26 Pes -2e Amel coc mseesel ces eee ce |eelere see 3, 050 46 Rereh, whites: =-.-.. 17, 820 996 16, 235 905 33, 300 2,016 | 17,020 713 Perch, yellow...-.-.-.. 6, 650 321 120, 005 4,341 1, 380 61 5, 350 175 Pt) re eee 750 66 26, 800 2,695 510 49 300 23 Shad fresh ..-:-.--.. 141, 652 6, 047 10, 036 387 74, 200 3,605 | 84,250} 3,499 SUS) alo 0 ee ee ea Bose suc 3 eens oce sel He senocacsen nae anemone 150 NVA pRereeane| lo asencc Spanish mackerel’... |. 6 22. suao|seaeseencer => seeed|ense sane 100 IP Roe so seh Aacrome SO Ree ce SSE Osea Sacer ae seone| (Seam ce sel Meme ena [eae Sees 1, 000 28,22 eee ben seat 1, 000 PL RE Oe Ea ae Meu Seeoacl Isanbencre scare se (ranpss hands. 2s=. 5 1, 162, 565 8, 794 480 12 181, 333 BS 4a | Shares ees oll eres S CrapsysOtie se ccen. ee 171, 267 14, 435 16, 288 1, 258 60, 266 p39 | ee ee ae laste S Shri peers are | area tae e [saeceeme 728 708i |eoceeeseraoe bebe noe | pemenee NESS Oysters, natural rock.| 4,398,702 | 350,758 | 2,297,050 | 229,515 | 1,705,690 | 147,400 |.........|......- OVSLETSsPLUV ALE COS2| sce eee Sots eae eid ewan hae. k ieee cll UE ere | eer ree a Seo 14, 860 163|... 23) eee squeteam@ue ss. sixsse | sacescsoee ae cece sees 6, 600 291 4, 060 146 |2222 2222 538|2eenee Striped bass_....--.-- 8, 200 750 141,082 | 11,309 29, 325 22S 45, 750 6, 090 Sturgeon 7 1, 690 108./): 2232224 eee Caviar 130 65. |..2. -52ace pe eee Suckers es see seseee 1,170 22 \s2n2es sheen peewee Sum=fish=eeenaeso. see 600 8 | 2222 2.358en seers Other fish 300 9 |: -. See 0en 8 seen Crabs hardest estss Sania ee Sie eee 2105000) |) 2,100) || 16645333") 18i337)|S22s2e anes eee Crabs*soft sees hase settee solace eicieee Maen ee seal beeeenine 5185999 | 23)025 |-- 22-5 oseeleeeeeee Oysters} maturalingOeks lasses ee eee lececaeeae AA3) 275) | 27,340) |, °7,71705,490) |) 566;\024)| = eae an eee Oysters)private bedst|2s2scesceees|osscee see 25,900 | 2,400 6745350") 49:\082) |252 223 ee eee PELLAPUM fers steels oases acess |= eeeee eal Sessceere oe season 435 9104) 2 Scien eee otal went 3,660,100 | 35,089 | 3,593,328 | 80,241 | 11, 482,987 | 683,691 | 4,507, 55C | 538,110 Kent. Prince George. Queen Anne. St. Mary. Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Alewives, fresh ...... 542, 240 $3,122 | 358,500 | $2,034 160, 250 $1, 549 377, 800 $2, 490 Alewives, salted ..... 44, 400 552 5, 000 125 Wl. 2 scce-keteslsaceteces|2 ceceee aoe Cee Blackaiass ees eee Coes ee es |e 1, 000 100 oes Le 2 cecklleeencte c4|: och oeee eee eee IB UIO IS eye meet esos eee cote | eee see ee ail creece ns 2, 200 88 11, 475 530 D SAD WFLICSS re OSH Osa ea «| ae oe | eee cae ant A ree Sk, See 12, 000 363 Car pers Jeceseaeres anys 18, 025 242 14, 050 489 7, 720 225 2, 250 45 Catztishve Stee 83, 980 2,229 39, 200 1,108 27, 050 736 1, 000 26 CLOBKETS as sacar Ce ee same iose ce See ERE ER Paleo mene ea eeante 9, 000 210 17, 750 534 TD TIN etm. cys sees |= Ss seeks Boe &'lle em ato ee lewis ee a] Ga rem bel| Geee aoe tease aeeeanee 500 5 Hels. freshisss.. 528222 66, 725 1, 625 175 32 26, 030 883 3, 100 191 Hels) salted =: 222222222 1, 700 DO} |Ssccc cost eoscceuel Poel ecics coke leech ebee= ssc cen eee MILOUNGETSE 2k Pane ee oe Ok See al es ee ores eee eeeoet || ee ee ee 2, 800 117 2, 080 52 ELSEVIER C=T1S Talos epee ey hal SES SRS Hi OE PC RL Fe Ae Std Ba epee Seren | eet 500 15 Hickory shad) she wee fo| sontccl arco) cseniseteee| Soke scan | Onsidse nc soecenenenes lamest oeer 4,150 97 Mulleticsesss se eeeee 4,775 113 1, 300 38 1, 500 24. |. scccaccenec|smeneeee Pereh;, white: 5222-2 -- 66, 315 3, 487 14, 800 845 11, 825 540 7,375 420 Perch; yellows-!-2..- 95, 095 2,575 | 12,475 303 17, 530 655. |..o. -.-2eee Eee Pike eee once. 4,510 350 1, 480 137 450 33: | s2..03 S25 see Ee eee Shad freshieseso4- ees 314, 210 18, 028 62, 750 2,145 19, 850 1, 008 73, 925 3, 309 Sheepshead - 21 ci act [eas trese otha lose aces lata sone [bois at saul See ncs sees [Boeee cee 3 5 Spanishvimeackerelee. -|-ste |5-sn55ene = eee TSR AVEC AIA Mss Aoraren emma Saal lngaseaceacoc| BeGodoad ssososnoca|Sostooss 300 10" | 2202 eee Miekory shad’: 222 2e.22- 5 1,275 Biol ae Se eGaaee| | soacnece 2, 890 14. | co son ace See Mullene ae meee eee AS [poses ATs Sere 1B ore ase eae os A (eae |e 300 4 Perch Pswihiterss oe. aos" 12, 270 686 700 85 16, 750 956 8, 150 276 Rerch; yellow=-----------= 4, 275 213 9, 050 272 350 10 2, 645 68 Pilkkeeyeetecee te cen seen 200 20 800 80 200 16: | 200. cee | Ree Shaukat Rea hat conse 128,052 | 5,504 6, 400 160 59, 700 2, 967 2,050 77 Sheepshead dies sarsase eas | er erate er Nonequaralecussscced|eecresee 150 129) eee ese ee | aes Spamishaac kere lias Serer aocem ete ate lsdhafctoreraiel| besniisinersie|eele nome 100 12 4) 5...2c259s| eee SOUS Bas odnomsaoeebcsecoes|sceScupooudal scescacd|secasocced|issacqsos 1, 000 28 | =.-=secae eee Squeteapues eee - acces! 475 DR ERC S OR Eal cid nea 5, 850 224. | 2a..ecedee| Sees Striped" paisses esa eee = | 22,102 | 1,769 710 50 38,100 | 3,22] 2, 400 95 MErrapiN eels alert eee 30 PN Pee sandass|lasssaaed |aaceoe sosalleessaeaalsosssocscc|2-+2:2--- Motels. 2: <5 sehiewise © 1,129, 286 | 14, 036 71, 460 842 624, 500 | 13, 963 30, 815 782 Cecil. Charles. Dorchester. Kent. Species. ; ; Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Alewives, fresh .......-.--- 2, 430, 000 |$10,445 | 754,800 | $4,365 | 390,700 | $3,854 | 461,200 | $2,319 Alewives, salted | 44, 400 552 Black bassinet eee lavases cece eee IBNWe=fiShe snes osceee eae alae ance] See IBUtiErshSh 2. Shoe cee ule eae Cee cl seaweed aassceecaleecdsmen we lOON 00. 03s Seater een Carp eccee secisewariscis fe cet 3, 700 61 Catsisht aera eae eee 24, 600 670 Crobkers ae ce ee ae Pecacllee sein hice lo wice fctcrel| vem etore- 3 otal terete aie en 2OUT/OOi) ©” ae IDAs ya etree eee ere iD), ce Roe ete Rene nr te AO ee | ee a one ee gn eel | ee ees Semel meme NO cy ila Set oh TOYS) I oe oe a 485 76 E 5 18, 150 443 MIOUNGerso saa ss Sace sense see ea aete Saltese soee 3, 650 110 2, 270 100 |’. -s<.sscsc}ecee eee Gizzardishadis } a5 shea es cae te crue cee oes rayne ell eer 4, 400 94 |... 23S kee WIGMIGKGAMN Bee goon ade tgccellecasaeaoonce Yi BO aed | oe 2 9 I ei ee 6, 800 19.2. See ne xe MiIVGth Ss eaccastcecke aan betas ste mekinae aad sl Gamses seme Seeeemete 1, 900 48 3, 500 92 PRerehiwinitess--s02- cs ae 7, 300 292 55, 705) || 3,156 15, 920 754 17, 800 948 PEnch tyello wee sac sc aceeeel cece ee bee bers sh cee 9, 005 828 5, 670 184 10, 100 376 BURG Se Aaceccise anes esis seule bao anes ae alleetaeee 4,150 208 7,325 520 1,160 95 Shady yee aks eee 38,300 | 1,186 5,200 | 2,347} 163,580 | 8,126 29, 050 1,271 SPOltsesae acne meee = seen a cee eee maemial eee ccna |[semeinlemtectencemsems 14, 600 158 100 3 SQUeGlCaSuels 3.2 /eetas eee Cees ecee|Borceesu 5, 800 259 38, 660 136 200 Xf Striped bass......-.......- 1, 600 155 | 112,582 | 9,028] 25,585] 1,817] 52,065) 4,077 MUU EC OTe eretetetanrcotetatarstmintor |i meee eiteictell martes 150 13 1, 690 108+ S-c eat See eee Cai ateiwass saci het celtcite sb lactate elo mteieemse 30 15 130 65" e2 S22) ecto | eee Suckers esses ss oe seo tee sel Woseeset 2, 520 50 1,170 29) || Sscce seed Sees Siimetig hse nanan Ooi ane | eee Rae 7 oR a BCS 5 | ee ae OC oe nee 600 8 900 13 Ofheriishmeses essen eee eee Opis erceN LS yer aN DEG ein eel a Py 200 1 i232 Eee | Motel eee | 2, 482, 450 | 12,288 |1,081,170 | 21,773 | 726,005 | 17,637 | 666,425 | 10,927 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 5O7 Table showing, by counties, the pound-net, trap-net, and weir catch in the shore fisheries of Maryland in 1901—Continued. Prince George. Queen Anne. St. Mary. Somerset. Species. = ; SSS Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. Alewives, fresh ........... 76, 000 $420 122, 550 | $1, 086 377, 800 2, 490 80, 400 $905 Pee IN ese taco toa - «acc oniaacretoas erences Se 2, 200 88 4,475 200 700 35 PuUer Ne Mrsca20 2. oscar Be oie no SOs SSD eemecd paor coos 12, 000 363 3, 200 49 2, 250 ABI iss. eee erecta 500 ala 6, 975 195 17, 750 534 120, 985 675 500 5 19, 500 346 | f 200 6 300 9 TOU 0a 6 1 ge eee eee ate ae eS) ape ears 2, 800 117 2, 080 52 1, 925 39 Mamvest-nshs. 22.22 si4-.t.- Re, ne ae evar |S eee el (er ete ee rel Dea eaeee 500 15 12, 000 85 PENG VE SO LO ore hank wine ee eee ac coal eae corls pamela Slecin sl ae m scree 4, 150 fal | eee be eee MERE MeN! 2. soc scsece [a te eee Gene ebes BORRa eens beset banenaencc sean ccs 59, 600 71 VINTIMG Cretee ae in soma oe ot ce ade es teen |S Ane.cisee | 400 LOR ee ec cta re eS roe seeetens | eaetoaerte Rerehy wihites.-- 2.22222. 5: | 2,700 180 2, 925 151 2, 025 99 1, 740 41 Perch, yellow ...-...-..-.--- | 125 7 3,700 | als ool eee | ee see ao| ose See eecaetere PURO mesos c coches cele se 5s 30 2 150 | LOM eae |e edt a sale cat cates LEO TER DONC he ea es See ee ee entree cone ser ber onorase ar ictocboG boaereoned beareros 140 14 SHaGmecmano secs tetes Shas 4, 350 143 14, 100 | 750 73,925 | 3,309 20, 900 1, 083 phe psig! oo ade ook socees bonesenessenleecosdde lsesoaane eae oe 200 Filiitl peeeeecaaa SeeeraEs Spabishemuckerel as5cep 42h 6- a oo cele a aoe san] Seceine selec sees 415 59 540 54 STOULCE Oe aaee ee ee eee ae AROS SEG Sete ee | emeeteee ee) Sete 700 25 210 10 SUiereapue seer ese eer ase Ac eee leeeemene 940 45 25, 420 992 21, 950 655 SirlpeG Pass. <2 ....---- << 3, 720 277 15,550 | 1,222 27,685 | 2, 936 1, 437 135 (S UTS ee SESS EEG) CASS Remercre Seas ecos A cereb Habe Ise osr mee 1, 500 115 1, 100 59 (CLIGUNe Sogo psoeeeee cece esos Bae Besta oer sasale AeeeStcs|ecaassee 80 G0) \eonecossec\iooccocs Que Ta isa eee ee ee Mere eral ah Racine joc cc tae sees (Zee oeee ae ls ameres ne [asioeietsernie[eceeeeci 400 2 MOU ee cers ate e sce | 90, 600 1,125 | 192,165] 4,398 554,105 | 11, 428 390, 002 4, 462 Talbot. Wicomico. Worcester. Total. Species. Lbs. Value Lbs. /|Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Alewives, fresh ........---. | 707,400 | $7,548 96,300 |$1,015 27, 600 $213 | 6,971,342 | $44, 949 Alewives, salted 44, 400 552 IRIE VG 106755) eee ee ee 2, 250 189 BSUS 3 TES Ol Se ee 17, 535 823 A OULOR en ce. es oes 250 10 IPIRGGe TAS Daren 2 - hyce ce ee nee 458,700 | 11,505 Cote es 39,485 | 1,077 ( CH FELIS 0 he ep 143, 688 4,142 (CYTO es oS See AIT ee et 500 10 Git\ li 5 i ee eee eee 606 12 CLOMRCTS Serena ssaee aise: ‘ 287, 855 3, 882 MIN eee eos ee ace 200 Le \oceceeiinelee cases 26, 250 105 49, 650 498 Wel Stee = eee ee isc aes [eee roe ee al eae Aerete 250 OE eS eeecoe Domes cer 44, 540 1,396 MIGUMGETS: see eee ae eee 5,470 220 310 13 19, 600 490 48, 045 1, 497 Gi77arTagsnade eee 100 4 1, 200 Dial fates eee wiemeereteens 5, 700 123 Ta iASS AN Noes Cen Se) Sats Se ae enna eee CaS Sorc cl Bomecec Emo se Saco Remotes 12, 800 110 IGKOPRV SHAG 2225 22 eens tame e ocee -ele emcee eS eA at Sad Gan a eee es aa 8,315 209 RampeniShie neces on eee cose eee Se ee Sal oer eae Be leetesc|meeaee 5, 400 $10 5, 400 810 MACKETE eee Dee teas ae Me ep che Sy A] SN Re les rea eae te 1, 800 180 1, 800 180 NIG PGYG ID Der nee ested Sal Eaadaac noes GeeSosind Meaneerete| (Secetee! NAS rece! (Cesar et 62, 400 83 Miwa ts seiras ec) cae aces Bees eae 6, 100 154 Perch, white 152, 635 8, 064 IPer@h= Vellow:..<.. 525-05 | 47,320 1, 685 121 XS ea eee gee ae ee Re Soe Spenser 14, 015 951 IRQ PAM Os --nie seo eee eee eel 140 14 SOi eS ee ae see Aen a Stee 28, 650 859 ‘SHtG | 3c eee ee 1,010,202 | 47,011 Bheepsnead oo. .22--o5.c5- | eee eee 1, 350 52 Spanish mackerel....-.-.--. hone sseecie says 1, 455 175 WPOSeE ae alecinann ase ecnesc|secbcacsc coe 21,110 309 Squeteague -.........-.-.. 927,945 | 24,124 SiminedipaASss -o=e.ce<.-0 5-8 | 336,371 | 27,150 rl OUS eC. Re Sane ees) peo aS Ione 7,380 414 Caviar sea: 2220 socal es 825 186 DUCK EMS sees ane ss aseeenelecec cee me ae 3, 790 74 SUMetishtessese cemce ccs 1. tee peer eesae 2, 000 41 Other fishes. -\45~ 22 |e acon ee n- 600 3 MenraAplMlesese es en ss cep ance ee eee see 2 905 1, 000 20 WingatejanadwViemmac esis. ey aeeel Sees ast Gera state ro eerste ie tee 2 865 1, 000 20 Havre deiGrace and! Perryville; :.-< 2252 chen c ees ceicies 22 so sini 3 | 4,900 3, 000 28 Bivalveand Dyaskinc cnet wicstsa clonal eeine oe se beens elsloe 4 3,970 14, 500 287 WihitehavenrangduNanticoke -cecccssssees ceeen seeeneeeetneeees 2 2, 250 | 5, 500 94 SOLOMONS ANG BEM edICto -eeiaateck ee meee nici ielstetecte sie ieiatetats 23 878 900 17 TOU. tects hos. ok. se bas toper Rela de etic este stray cee eee 258 2,061,946 | 2,296,915 12, 358 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 517 FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA. The fisheries of Virginia, as compared with those of the other Mid- dle Atlantic States, ranked first in the quantity of products in 1901. The last two canvasses (1897 and 1901) of the fisheries of this State by the United States Fish Commission present some interesting com- parisons. The total capital invested in shore property, vessels, fishing apparatus, and cash capital in 1897 amounted to $2,891,536, and in 1901 to $3,633,104, an increase of $741,568. The number of fisher- men and shore employees in 1897 was 28,277, and in 1901, 29,325, an increase of 1,048. Of the employees in 1901, 5,565 were on vessels, 18,492 on small boats in shore fisheries, and 5,268 in wholesale fish markets, menhaden factories, and oyster canneries. The products in 1901 as compared with 1897 show an increase of 861,599 bushels in the quantity and of $881,773 in the value of the oyster catch. In the other fishery products there has been an increase of 94,158,216 pounds and of $552,113. The total yield and value of the oyster fishery in 1897 was 7,023,848 bushels, of $2,041,683 value; in 1901, 7,885,447 bushels, of $2,923,456 value. The fishery products, exclusive of oysters, in 1897 amounted to 228,827,013 pounds, of $1,137,815 value; in 1901, to 322,985,229 pounds, of $1,689,928 value. The greater part of the fish are caught by pound nets, gill nets, and haul seines, in each of which, since 1897, there has been a material increase in number. Pound nets have increased from 1,250 to 1,590, gill nets from 9,307 to 10,487, and haul seines from 107 to 257. Alewives, one of the most abundant food species, have increased in both the quantity and value of the catch, which was 13,689,510 pounds in 1897, valued at $70,841, and 13,913,444 pounds in 1901, valued at $115,424. There was an increase of 905,690 pounds in the squeteague taken and of $38,026 in the value. The shad catch is an important feature of the fisheries of Virginia, the most of it being taken in pound nets, of which many are owned and worked by planters who farm near the fishing-grounds. The farmer fishermen take up their pound nets at the close of the shad season. The shad catch of 1901 shows a large decrease from that of 1897, which is accounted for by the unusually cold and backward spring. The season at its best is short, and in 1901 the fish were late in arriving, after which much time was lost from the weather being unfavorable for fishing. The shad catch in 1897 amounted to 11,529,474 pounds, valued at $304,448, and in 1901 to 6,972,212 pounds, valued at $366,203, a decrease of 4,557,262 pounds in quantity and an increase of $38,245 in value, the better price received by the fisher- men in 1901 more than compensating for the reduced catch. The shad in 1901 were extra large and of fine quality, and found a ready market at the seaside resorts, as well as in the northern markets, the demand being steady and prices satisfactory. 518 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Crabs continue plentiful, with an increasing demand for those shipped alive, for cooked meat picked from the shell and shipped in bulk, and for that hermetically sealed in tin cans, the latter being dis- tributed as far as the Pacific coast. The crab catch in 1897 amounted to 6,399,514 pounds, valued at $68,245, and in 1901 to 7,401,701 pounds, of $118,835 value, an increase of 1,002,187 pounds and of $50,590. Oysters comprise more than three-fifths of the value of the fisheries of Virginia. The oyster season from September 1900 to May 1901 was the most successful for many years. The yield of the oyster fishery of Virginia in 1891 was 6,074,025 bushels, of $2,524,348 value; in 1897, 7,023,848 bushels, of $2,041,683 value; and in 1901, 7,885,447 bushels, of $2,923,357 value. The product of market oysters in 1901 was 2,991,144 bushels from natural rock or native beds and 3,076,525 bushels from private beds, and of seed oysters 1,817,778 bushels were taken from their native beds and replanted on private beds. Yearly the area of native oyster grounds decreases, as a result of overworking the beds and the abandonment of those that have become unproductive. As soon as a bed is depleted of oysters it is available for rent by any citizen at $1 per acre per year. This has proved of much benefit to the State, both on account of the revenue derived and in the reestablishment of beds upon a commercial basis. Grounds once noted for an abundance of fine oysters were, from overworking, cleaned of oysters and abandoned, after which they were leased from the State by private parties who prepared and reseeded the grounds, watched and cared for them until they equaled or exceeded their for- mer abundance. Others leased land up the rivers on bottoms that had never been known to have an oyster on them; seed oysters were planted on these grounds, and new areas of good oyster beds resulted. In some cases leased lands have been used only for a short bedding of market oysters that had been taken from their native beds. This gave the owner protection during the few months the oysters remained on the private beds and fattened. In case of an overstocked market with much reduced prices, many cargoes are returned and planted on private beds. These oysters having been counted as from natural beds were not again counted from private beds, which accounts in some cases for the entire absence or very small quantity of oysters from private beds in counties that are known to have leased oyster lands. ENDLESS-CHAIN SCRAPER USED IN OYSTER-SHUCKING ESTABLISHMENTS. Oysters are brought in vessels from the oyster beds to the plants of the wholesale dealers and there unloaded into storerooms adjoining the shucking rooms on the wharf. From the latter they are carried to the shucking benches. Shucking benches extend the entire length of the long, low building, some 100 to 200 feet long, there often being several of the tables with an aisle between. Each of these long tables has partitions dividing it into stalls just large enough for the oyster FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 519 opener to work to advantage. The opener picks up an oyster from the pile before him, placing its edge on an upright pin, and with a small hammer breaks off the tip end, then inserting his oyster knife with a quick motion, flips off the top shell which drops down a spout by his side; another quick motion with the knife and the oyster is thrown from the shell into a measure, the shell following the first one down the spout. From the chute the shells fall into an oval-shaped trough that extends under the entire length of the long table. An endless chain passes over the trough to which, every 2 or 3 feet, is attached an iron scraper that scrapes the shells as they fall from the hands of the opener. Arriving at the end of the table, the shells fall into another trough running at right angles, which is also provided with an endless chain with scrapers that passes on outside of the building and up an incline of 50 feet in height, out on an extended arm some 50 feet, around which it returns and continues its endless course. The extended arm at the top is provided with openings through which a continuous stream of shells falls so long as the 150 openers are at work. When one pile of shells reaches up to the 50- foot level the first opening is closed, the shells falling through the next opening, starting another pile from the ground. The endless chain is 1,000 feet long and is driven by a 45-horsepower steam engine. This appliance was first used in the oyster industry during the season of 1899 and 1900, removing 125,000 bushels of shells. In the season of 1900-1901, 190,000 busheis of shells represented the bulk of the season’s work of opened oysters by one firm. At the close of the season these shells were all removed and scattered over the private oyster beds of the firm, for the spat or young oysters to catch on soon after hatching out. For many years the removal of the large amount of shells was quite a tax on the business. Shells were gladly given away to anyone who would remove them. Then as they came more in demand for road building, the filling of low lands, for making lime, and other purposes, a small price of 1 cent or less a bushel was paid. As the leasing of land for oyster culture increased, the shells came largely in demand for planting on oyster beds and were so used for several years, the price advancing to 2 cents a bushel. During the years of depression their use was discontinued. With the return of more prosperous years and a large increase of private beds, an active demand for shells to plant called for nearly all the supply, at prices ranging from 8 to 4 cents a bushel, adding many thousands of dollars to the receipts of the dealers. FISHING WATERS AND SEASONS. The State of Virginia is bountifully supplied with waters that pro- duce many species of food fish. Beginning on the south near the State line of North Carolina. pound nets and haul seines are used all 520 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. along the beach to Cape Henry and in the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River, as well as on the eastern shore of Virginia in Accomac and Northampton counties. Pound nets are set in the early spring as soon as the weather will permit, but most of them are taken up when the run of shad is passed. - 255 Clam tongs, rakes, etc...... 359 556 a Potalleeeeaacete tee see So ectae ste 3, 633, 104 Table of products. Species. Lbs. Value. Species. Lbs. Value. jo LE Se Allewives,; iresh'. .:..:.<---- 36d; 4440 | SIL OND 24 Shade aa -— 2 sasereeecseeeces 6,972,212 | $366, 203 Alewives, salted........--- 280, 000 4,900 |) Sheepshead .-............- 8, 430 348 CKD ESA Sa eecieas «scale = = 199, 489 16,7385 || Spanish mackerel......... 520, 142 44,017 Bienisihen wee Rekha, Has Os.|| As, G0)\|| Sowisnasadsneeeaceotossonce 806, 827 24, 306 HVOQRIEUO Shee ae fers sche «2)6' =a 'mte.cl 14, 160 Dot | MSQUCTCH RUC a. mens5 ee 7,481, 496 127, 993 Iss UU ere atl oe Saco eececeoce 1, 071, 860 Q8rbolalleStripedipasseeeeeeccense sce 527, 507 45,177 (CHiN) Auge eee eeeeeaaeeeens 127, 930 ZrO4 ONE SUITS COM ae aa aree cease rate 183, 023 12, 161 CRIEHSH is oe conc Secmces cscs. 820, 325 23, 560 Caviar 2e-c 20 eee. eee se 18,318 10, 204 Crevailee esos soa. cienicsieews 468, 791 TES EBS SCO Werke s sap eooepeseecaees 48,165 927 COS wet occis hisses isa 100 AN WS tint Shihan ee Sars mtere cre ste 4,000 95 Crogkersetoccscente: sce se, 3, 937, 168 Day 4950 bar POM eas see maciae aces 75 i ADJ e bien), ee ORS oHACeR ee meaee 228,172 257078 ||MNV nine ee eee Emenee eee 600 12 MOIS sels ceeitec cei nict 105, 815 4°430),||\Crabs) Wards suse see soon 46, 113, 277 52, 863 MLOUNMETS: sea ess kaso == SE 209, 394 Ga2 558 | Crabss SOltysece ccm escceene 61, 288, 424 65, 972 Gizzaird shades 5 o..25- 5, 250 OOS Rraiw nis este tne ees ancinsee 2, 850 142 Bieckonyisnads 22.2% 2-2... 448, 600 IOC DY ENT Nesueshohobe aoen nce Hopmeccee 5,130 1, 444 Iigeatishies 226 22225 32 yee 44, 892 SOSH ell] MAUTGIES sie eee es es sis erstelcrte 56, 897 1, 444 RSPAS = 2 ee ere wcie eee 91, 122 | 3, ABGNIMNRORG seater aoe ene 15, 377 1, 283 aN (erall 930 (ern eo. sears 273,493, 799 | 433,109 || Clams, hard......-......-- ¢ 1,764, 680 134, 777 MOGR-OSN i. scccee eeieeeee 70, 400 | 2,161 || Market oysters, natural | @20, 938,008 | 1,145, 169 IMMUICT Ee we saece = sarees 190, 700 5, 420 rock. Rereb; white 252222. 22 5222 731, 925 32,582 || Market oysters, private | ¢21,535,675 | 1,476,746 Perch Vellowi sc. ci seinen 158, 939 4,472 beds. IDI KGn sso -s Socee een ese2 82, 103 2,848 || Seed oysters, natural rock .| f 12,724, 446 301, 541 BOMPANOK = 2226-as2~%)o aac 96, 186 7,549 a MGORDASS- Sabo os cate ee See 2,200 93 Total Ase seee eee 378, 183, 358 | 4, 618, 384 218,339,831 in number. 63,865,272 in number. ¢ 220,585 bushels. 42,991,144 bushels. €3,076,525 bushels. 1,817,778 bushels. The hard and soft crabs, clams, and oysters above shown in pounds are given by number and bushels in the following table: Products. No. Value. TR Sep uae Cl ee tee es acc ee Aer eee en ne aie etes are cia aloe eras See aot ewer 18, 339, 831 $52, 863 GT) OG} OUUNA RE oe ae ne ee en ae a ae ae ee ee abt. | oe pee ene 3, 865, 272 65, 972 CLINE ee eet ef ee ees eae A eA SE ee ee bushels. . 220, 585 134,777 Markel OVAtGIS, NAGUTALTOCK Ass ys sce cw aetonien ccc lee eto ailsen so seenine do....| 2,991,144 | 1,145,169 MATKCHOVSUCES PLIVabe: DEOSe ce oa sae Seine colon en ome ee Bomncces cls ne aes do... 3,076,525 | 1,476,746 SECRLOVSLCEN LL AUUTHL MOCKS ers saa naw oe eee Rae) a se oko aoe |e alata briswicess 301, 541 522 STATISTICS BY REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. COUNTIES. In 1897 the fisheries of Virginia were carried on in 34 counties, but since that time they have ceased to be of commercial importance in Dinwiddie and Hanover counties. statistics of the fisheries of each county for the year 1901: The following tables give detailed Table showing the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Virginia in 1901. Counties. Accomaec Alexandria Caroline Charles City Chesterfield Elizabeth City Henrico Isleo Wight James City King and Queen Kin George King William Lancaster Mathews ... Middlesex Nansemond Northampton Northumberland Princess Anne Prince George Prince William Richmond Stafford Warwick York In vessel fisheries. On vessels | In shore transport-| or boat Shoresmen. ing. fisheries. 129 2,615 45 120 Se meeeeeee 16 s)s2: Saeee a SP 248 | odccee tases 86 | 63 501 10 297 eas2 cite Sees 165 73 967 | su teee eee 146 7 299 | 4 80 3 264 Hse deseee 252 | 2, 62 256 234 89 1,773 837 111 1; 689 >|. 2eseeeeeeee 121 1, 689 52 21 403 | 124 aeteeeaemed D4 fil ees es Se 106 718 1, 959 88 829 370 49 1, 226 350 eeameacteos 585 52 See ee 128: | >... See 2 135 5 24 476 25 3 151 10 als wieisieiajee Rete 43) | 2. eee 27 346") 3.0 toce eee 12 394 31 86 1, 424 130 1,135 18, 492 5, 268 Total. Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore rien employed in the fisheries of Vi irginia in 1901. lexan- . harles hester- i Accomac. aoe Caroline. sete re wre Items. : No. | Value. | No.|Value.| No.| Val. | No.| Value. No.| Val. | No.| Value Vessels fishing ..........-.... LES AISLLO S021 isos) sowie cel wae] ereisie rel Sees oe aces cee see 13 | $18, 500 PLONMAS Or eeeena cee ceericls ACY ic eee os Seen Pec eras risa Meese ere earerinc SGaalIscosc.- LD posse OUbLE tea ase Sees eae all ee cee 38280) | 5 | meteim aetela net eeetetecte 10, 000 700! > 52.33 /-aeee Nad a haecisce se | 272,507) 18,703} 87,385] 3,613] 151,049] 5,023] 527,250] 35,150) 72,450) 4,140 Spanish mackerel.... BBs 352 Vas 4O4l toe cemudl becca sence cae alee eee 172, 000|13,,760|- 2255s sees SPOS Sass cis cates 102;082), 2,040... 2c ec|ecenec|nccicecicicncllecdsn 4e|ncec cnc es |peenee| - eee Squeteague .......... PSlesOalit2s sales, S2b|) wooo erecta tees 206, 400] -3,096}.-....-/22.2-- Striped bass.......... | 1,534 92 9,290; 537 31, 248} 3,261; 26,200) 2,994) so2eoSieeeaee Sturgeon) essa. sees. 2OFHOS||M, MAD Nee oe cee ues Sep ee ee 7,500 450) .0. 4.420) Caiyiatienseeaceee: | BCE ery 740 Bacapsace) Gosese Seseeeaned |ooseone 910 546). 2. 22S )2eeees Suckers) cos ss secatanac | naseeaaen cee ekaoe 165 5 8, 350 137) onic ows c| nicic = ete | ao ee eee Wihi time sess se seen eae 600 V2. mracratsine,« [Cc Aea.d|ioen oon eice.s |e sicresisis |lealeinicee £) secre] Soe Crabs hard=---) ee. Wi (044 S30 61b 987 Bassemiatss leca ces erence eects 177,000) 5/770) 5235e eect sPunmtlesses cos eee! 12, 525 QSG reek eicion [Meeaee Deter eac a | metas 5, 000 100). . 40, 595 3, 336 Ghent ton os. SOD! | a 400 (es |e Sega eel Ie anaes TRE LS 3,261 | 1,822 Totals e245 78,415 | 4,736 | 33,750 | 2,250 | 2,550 99 | 30,600 | 969 8,204,111 | 133,171 532 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the pound-net fisheries of Virginia in 1901. Accomac. Caroline. Elizabeth City. Essex. Gloucester. Species. SSS Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Val. Lbs. /Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value. Alewives.......---- 476,270 |$3,185 | 31,500 | $315 | 258,934 |$3,435 206,360 ($2,101 | 344,000 | $5,160 Black bass) --2---2- 1, 050 HOD Ameer ete Bepond Sesecosood bpeosed|Ssocosad beceecs|essencrec nce oe Blue-fish .....-.-...- WG 290" 3; SOL 02 5.5 re Beaaae 42,895 | 1) 287) |. 2250cis|s| eee eee Kairie fi she ssh) iS ree ee SUE lies SEE oo Ue 3, 500 140 Vos sse o20lSc 2 see]: eee eee ee Menhaden ......... if 700 S00! |) 25423 | One | octet 154645825 )9)\2; 930) lite were |lo sc mee 344, 000 688 . MOOM=fIShy coe oe cane aneseaed cetraee saee se ae ceetec 66;400-) 2,057 5 scnnaee|fo.. be Scan ee ee (Mae Sale eee SESE Nl. SSN hoes, See Bo 1, 000 20) acsetetel 2... So 5 See ee Perch, white.....-- 690 2Sviie nen 200 ue alee 3, 600 116 | 4,310 173). =e Perch, vellow 222626) 2 «stab sec lace seca | ee easeler seas [heck acetone ae ee 125 De Meese eees tc nn Pompanolens-tesene BUSOSHn Es O07 | eneeaecltensss 13, 870 O91 Seieeeeeral ssc tors 10, 000 700 Shad'essezocceeeecee 104,026 | 5,071 | 2,925 | 117} 272,507 |18,703 | 23,550 999 | 516,000 | 34, 400 Sheepshead ........ 600 AT ec cb ces) eee clleeiejenca sts ssse6| s+ ceecee| oes ce | sae eee eee Spanish mackerel.-| 68,625 | 5,968 |..-..---].---.. Do Sosa AAO TM Ak neceal eseeeer 172,000 | 13,760 Spots: fesse. 6, 100 DAT Nictarctereiafaal eisttete s 19, 082 B81 | is .ce se} secs6 se] sees ee eeee Eee Squeteague -.....-. 250,535 | 6,531 |.....- aailererevereye 1, 448, 681 [22,529 | 18,825 385 | 206,400 | 3,096 Striped bass.....--- 4,545 298 900 72 1, 534 92 | 4,940 306 3, 000 210 Sturgeon. ..:..---:= 8,115 TAN ee See Alcea 2ODOSR | aL 42S em area eeet= os 7, 500 450 (CRAG) de eee eee See ee aeed Easooes MESerse Sl Borese (es Ry-APAUT IN aS seisa) |= asoaks 910 546 Suckersisie oe erce s| pec cicessiais| sence cial eicreieyoe 2 alleemincencee aaemeel| site seas 165 5 || ciccice cre sete eee Want eee eye gaa Boies sete ais'| eee ell wine alae sl|io sets 600 1D | osise amici chostieniec tcc Seeee eee Eee Muartles= has s-eeec oc |e sows = Sel a sew see ese s elses 12, 525 D236. Mon tayo atc | eee aera 5, 000 100 ROtALE $2 sees 2,986, 966 |35,828 | 38,575 | 646 |4, 732,004 |82, 387 |325, 225 | 6,031 |2, 410,010 | 73,516 Fairfax. yee King George. Lancaster. Mathews. Middlesex. Species. : | “ Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val Lbs. Val.| Lbs. Val.| Lbs. Val.| Lbs. | Val Alewives.......- 386, 000)$2, 557).....-|..... 1, 116, 000/$5, 819) 280, 000/$1, 725) 811, 500/$4, 403/299, 600/82, 796 Black bass ....-- 3 SO0|- = BBO |-.3 5. La) diseie SIS arc a eellae ee walle actress eeleineecatee se ee eee ee ee ae Eee IBlMe=iShe as ssh ass cee laos ala seen enone seem melee eee 6,500) 455 9,380) °. 369)5 =sceee|aeeeee Bubterstish 4 sta |S2e Uo Nele ee eee ees | bas eas ee ene 109, 500) 2,310} 37,400) 752) 77,950) 1, 252 Oanprseeeeaes les 4,150 6b] Seees ocne6lloaressincd seesan lscpceanso|ronemallsanessoolsans so oscccs | -22- Caitefishieescen cadsoooar Pasco ancleiSssssand oc cpcaad|lsesqncaodd bnascbac 12, 400 750 UiTinsi Cline asoosoeaesacsaa soaaseoeos besos et aca sao Sonardosccnulseacoecncaa sackoces 917 163 ANGASLOM =. ce acicn coos oo =| Soeenc cou leee hentia cecee tee ntemeeees|| | OO O00H|lOSI00 96, 000 _ 9, 950 Mathew sre ocssna ace ee cee lease a tel ete ote r cl nineiete teratate | eterateteias te 4, 000 300 4, 150 400 MiddLesexg sane. ceeecee nase cb.ctee lees (hav See ro: «va atare eel rotates 6, 800 510 6, 800 510 INDIASEMON IE a sooerse sic c aeteleie mele Batecoce 7,000 $5005): 2 ssecce asl sec ae See 8, 000 520 ING WROTE Sie peeiaetiee nce | aaiaer st oatere BE Sea eadllbos see etodlmoesccsc|cesagpcanc| Sones 700 125 ING MTOM ceis Sorat te eave aya ate atte ral SERENE ohare oll Ste oe aceretet ave Cer etersiers | Soe ekeeaatata 2, 400 420 2, 400 420 info) etHobbeall ayordts hate Mey yonpeee else Ae ees) eco atiss a eseen see aloaoe anc 82,940 | 7,744 82, 940 7, 744 IPTIN GONG COLL CH scm tae ase [a reeinise toe ee cia cheats | etaie eink este eae reste | aietee te rerelete | eaeee et 2, 210 140 Stafford 800 50 MONKS ean ccoean sees see 2,500 200 Mentally book hes eae heals rel ae eee 7, 000 500 | 293, 696 | 93, 384 | 320,103 | 25,976 Grand total........-.- 47,700 | 2,132] 7,000| 500] 293,696 | 23,384 | 367,803 | 28, 108 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 537 Table showing the catch by oyster dredges and tongs in the fisheries of Virginia in 1901. Market oysters from Oyster tongs. Market oysters from Seed oysters from Counties. natural rock, private beds. natural rock, Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: PAULO Ce aac eee 129, 878 $6, 934 857, 437 $69, 895 773, 626 $21, 756 PIPRU PIRES Clement cee on Peal Ree crn Penis [lois chee tae ee | cccin egek ee Oe I ar See 213, 500 6, 100 LISS ote Sse cgeae Ia eae a DRS fecal oe ise sissiotereal| > ot caste ats 7, 000 200 FTOUCESUED 22-2 c 2 seceee 234, 150 1 tal I ee See nescseea 648, 900 14, 205 MAIS Of Witht. 22252... 65. 416, 199 DOS 908 | someone se anaes ne teers cae 583, 946 11, 438 RIEL Aree he, nese aie cue wi emai cs 2 Mcbe age apa CASTET Gene ee eae). oe. 113, 050 IRD WS sccm seine Usacns - 59, 500 Middlesex tS tee. 3: Sans 53, 200 INeansemondeacs os... ...-k. 245, 000 RVODIOMK S2 iteioeon es as acs-< 2, 485, 700 Northampton .:2..--..--.- 164, 577 IGHMON CRE eer oo on cece lace oom eee A WianwiGkcesseeewctce. oo 50, 400 COT ATU tad pee res te Sok fer ISON ae AOA Tee 346, 500 7,425 WORKS. Sons ct nes acne esis 459, 200 Da RBAOT Societe aca asia le eee eee 470, 750 10, 088 Ota eee cee. cee 4, 410, 854 223, 989 1, 773, 296 125,933 | 5,755,148 134, 378 Shore fisheries: ACCOMAC: Jsemeccenw sxe sare 1,507, 443 90, 317 2, 462, 768 196,613 | 1,805, 664 50, 140 Elizabeth City ....--.....- 250, 110 14, 292 980, 000 56, 800 750, 330 21, 488 ISRO Re 5 S52 sees eens o'er 122, 220 7, 384 634, 837 Ab 345. |. ao Sai ame sess GlOUGesLeEr seas ses «ai 573, 650 32, 120 759, 500 47, 200 514, 500 12, 525 Selon Wishes. ss2-8 = 2-825: 378, 000 18, 900 525, 000 30, 000 686, 000 14, 700 UGTTRES TOMAR ESS Es Sie Seeeeiee 4 (ae Seniesa es Renee Ane oe 133, 000 9.500). foe soc Sk ot eerie King George ..........-.-- 98, 000 600) ates face eaialtctas scission | sinire on aeeieeis | Eeoeeeeee King and Queen ...--...-.. 21, 000 1, 500 448, 000 3522005). dats aes Seele steer c PSU ERUV ANN ATTN aye oes cats cain all sje a die shevetme ciel elaine As anc einele 385, 000 32). 000M acs soec ewes (ees saeeee IL EIIXCNG) (2) ed 1, 674, 750 95, 700 1, 551, 200 109, 300 55, 300 1,975 MeTHEWSioc-.-0----2---s0-- 1, 984, 850 110, 920 585, 550 ATESGO cue ncis vical seme eee INICIO) feist a 2,115, 400 120, 880 1, 323, 000 94500 si) paceosseee laces eee INSMISEMONG....2--...-..-- 1, 107, 456 55, 373 a 546, 000 p12 Pees ee ey ce a te Wee tae eens 8 ee nee ct cet eealet ees ce salt 154, 000 L25T00 "| scieee wiatece |eeeseoreres INGTON = 522 c--- +2 s02-- 997, 920 49, 896 1, 692, 005 LOGSAOT: |Wosee mercies clone oan Northampton. . <<. ..-s<... 550, 963 24, 884 3, 066, 119 189,279 | 1,127,644 22, 688 Northumberland.......-.-. 754, 320 43, 104 85, 400 6,100" |E ace cceee oe lore eenaite PBRIUN ES SRANII Outi ies see SAA Sport ot cesel| se eatelemeie 157, 500 45, 000 14, 000 500 RIeCHIMONG =a. ce .c-2s- cs 141, 120 9, 072 913, 500 653250" ||S25-. cee eal coe WVEIWIGKA ec ssacccce ks 175, 840 11, 304 350, 000 18, 850 703, 360 15, 072 Westmoreland ..........-- 311, 850 TBE GLO MG? t. aoc eemtee lelete ted ees all lsinaee wae eaaclliaeceemeeate BYOT iene yiGieieiswe oa aieeeic'es 1, 391, 250 69, 800 1, 274, 000 75,050 | 1,312,500 28, 125 MObaewe rey Ae ae 14, 156, 142 779, 556 18, 026,379 | 1,254,573 | 6, 969, 298 167, 163 Grand! totel 2-2-2. 22. -| 18,566,996 | 1,008,545 19, 799, 675 | 1,380,506 | 12,724, 446 301, 541 | Oyster dredges. Total . | Market oysters from | Market oysters from ; Counties. natural rock. private beds. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: IAGCOMIRC. See emcee se ceecta 647, 542 $SSNIO TE ere ake cee lina Steers 2, 408, 483 $136, 582 TD1h/45)) ore nT (Os ll eeeee ceeeige el A eresrsetes Se Ese | Lee erie Bags ee 1,680,000 | $92, 240 1, 893, 500 98, 340 [BSG Spice ees ee MRR alee eee wl ua ees | Ee ee Vee Oe ea eee ty 7, 000 200 PHOUCESTER. a.. a: ose ee Se 10, 500 2b eS. SSE oe ee see 893, 550 26, 389 PRIETO MAWAC TIES cock ce cece sal tice et ae eal Roce eee Aen ecg ese eeelind comes 950, 145 32, 346 King George ............-- 16, 800 UVO8O Ss cosa sake lessee scems 16, 800 1, 080 RIV UTHIN «<< occts ca lemes wicca eena| Gaeeas sees cellbecose beaee ¢ | ee ees 546, 000 11, 700 LL SWTECG: FS] 2) ee [A REA Oe eee (See ee ecr eames oe 113, 050 6, 460 “SOSH OG he ee ee) Ie eee gee es [eos5 sees Ses lees saceee 59, 5v0 38, 200 MGGGIESEX: <5 croc. see | 56, 000 3,190 MAMSEMIONG «225 0 en cme 1, 426, 600 | 39, 245 OS ee a 3, 158, 400 142, 830 Northampton 1, 417, 262 70, 747 MONI OOLIANG sc cc. crcchy, 2202200" MMIDa7SE eo 8 seceee epoca aces > 220, 220 12, 734 ETO UTINESH Gta aise =e oooScl loco nccs Sone cl: oo cre aes ae ol cemis persistent all aa ctoersterere 21, 000 750 Wiiniyilc oes epee t Pars ain'so oe sla oe a0 RET See re a eee a | Sach ets 396, 900 10, 155 Westmoreland .........-... 235, 130 A703) lease tee areal ee eae ooo 235, 130 14, 793 WOH nc cap eee eae eee Cee Or eee) Serre Sod pear setae SRE ee aren 929, 950 | 33, 428 SOUS) Ge coer Z 1, 130, 192 67, 629 1, 680, 000 92, 240 14, 749, 490 644, 169 . _———— pas | —_ a Includes 12,000 bushels (84,000 pounds) of seed oysters valued at $1,799 taken from private beds. 538 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. « Table showing the catch by oyster dredges and tongs in the fisheries of Virginia in 1901—Continued. Oyster dredges. etre es | Market oysters from | Market oysters from Tokeal, ie apes natural rock. private beds. a Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. | Shore fisheries: | A CCOMABC IEEE ss sen ERE ae 645, 470 SSO NGL bse seer eee msc ciesieceee 6, 421, 345 $376, 985 Hlizabeth’ City =. -22222-22- |S soe FERRER E| acne Deepa s aoe me eRe ee cme au amen 1, 980, 440 92, 530 J SOISTSI os ed AS A al ea ena Ce ce | [en et ee || Sey ea 5 757, 057 52, 729 Gloucester se. eel a see eee Ce coe ee ene ee at ERB TS | Ree eee 1, 847, 650 91, 845 ISleroniWielhterie saeteeerer Net eas ek Ae a ie a secre J aoa 1, 589, 000 63, 600 James: City: 52scs2522-- 22% We sad ete eet oEe | ore oe ae oe el eae hee eae eee 133, 000 9,500 Kine Georges... 2. ieseene. 32, 900 TNGAOh |S eee eee ae See eee 130, 900 7,540 Kings an di@ueeni ee ceil sata eee ree il Secs | aes dallas ee ee ees 469, 000 36, 700 Lb akeg anu coho ee oe eed reat Se an | Pee Oop tee et een eel ers os 5 385, 000 52, 000 AN CASter Sa AVE ee oe eile oe Ee so pene ea tae, eae NL ea RAR ye Cee eee 3, 281, 250 206, 975 MATHEWS sone am, aL eee ee ae [ise ete hem eee lel mrorerme trate are Leis cio see 2,570, 400 158, 510 Mid dilesexie ivctem hey eke Vite = ctopseteeiere Aes Seen 56, 000 $4, 000 8, 494, 400 219, 380 Nansemond..............- bere o Seer selene eee ee eae oOo me ae cee eee 1, 653, 456 85, 072 New iKiemtzh aim. ost ieee Nie. s a5 bso tatesometoras| cine oe Neate HOM iia ioe eats es ee ete 154, 000 12,100 NOTIONS Ses see eee se aot) Fells eS A | eee ee od Sete lh eee reenter oe 2, 689, 925 159, 093 Northampton si. 2 eee lee -o awa nee | ieee wee cell eeeees se chee tee oleae 4,744, 726 236, 851 Northumberland 306, 600 17 (020 0] Seat ees Se ee aeons 1, 146, 320 66, 724 PTIMNCCSSBATING $2 See Basak ys Soe Me oe wie ctoee be oteeia Ree ee eee nel Soe 171, 500 45, 500 Richniondssee tee eee | oe ERE rs fisfe 2S SESE Sia coe Soe ay ge yam 98, See i, 054, 620 74, 322 WISE C Kea ede ta cs eekee |nsmie Seen Verorace ote aatare ia llera ee eee ee eee eee 1, 229, 200 45, 226 Westmoreland ..........-.- 255, 850 MASE DO MISE yet: MAC Sree ccc cscs 567, 700 33, 130 ViOTC aes Se eRe Ee yet ae Seen ye leeds terckeisel|s eicaies See a See Mere oe 3, 977, 750 172, 975 = | eS EEE Notale2:2e2les2 se seeete | 1,240,820 73, 995 56, 000 4, 000 40, 448, 639 2, 279, 287 Grand total .........-- 2, 371, 012 141,624 | 1,736,000 | 96,240] 55,198,129| 2,998, 456 The following supplementary table presents in bushels, instead of pounds, the quantity and value of oysters taken from publie and private areas in each county of Virginia in 1901: Market oysters Market oysters Seed oysters Total , from natural rock. | from private beds. |fromnaturalrock. : Counties. | E eae | Bush. Value. Bush. Value. Bush. | Value.| Bush. Value. ACCOMA CHEE eee Veh 418, 619 | $175,663 | 474,315 | $266,008 | 368,470 )$71,896 |1,261,404 | $513, 567 Elizabeth City .......- 35, 730 14,292 | 380,000} 149,040 | 137,690 | 27,538 | 558, 420 190, 870 ISK ED SGh MES ao beeen ee 17, 460 7, 384 90, 691 45, 345 1, 000 200 109, 151 52, 929 GlowcesterSae-se- se 116, 900 44, 304 108, 500 47, 200 166, 200 | 26,730 391, 600 118, 234 Isle:of Witht...522 ss. - 113, 457 39, 808 75, 000 80,000 | 174,278 | 26,188 | 362, 735 95, 946 Afmaaveisy Chas Bae ee ses lieve brstatsS tape tae sree es 19, 000 95500) | ceocne <5] temmeeres 19, 000 9, 500 King George .......--. 21,100 SB; |G2OG| Ean eer ake eee lnegenience eee ace 21, 100 8, 620 King and Queen....-. 38, 000 1, 500 64, 000 SOs 200M ee ee cee leeoeee ere 67, 000 36, 700 KOM SRV Taree sos ae eee eee |e mee tna 55, 000 32, 000 78,000 | 11,700 | 138,000 43, 700 Wan CAStereeseeene esos 255,400 | 102,160 | 221,600} 109,300 7,900 | 1,975 | 484, 900 2138, 435 Mathewsisnce on saceeee 292,050 | 114,120 83, 650 AT DOOD Ecc saw crete | eee eee 375, 700 161, 710 Whiddilesexaaa see eee 309, 800 | 128,970 | 197,000 98, 500 400 100 | 507,200 222,570 Nansemond........... 193, 208 68, 698 78, 000 29,699 | 168,800 | 25,920 | 440,008 124, 317 Newent eeu soe welll Sa Bil cra rSesele eee 22, 000 12.100 nse ctcance emeeeeer 22, 000 12,100 INOTIOlla 3-5 res. een 497,660 | 174,806 ; 241,715 | 109,197 96,100 | 17,920 | 835,475 301, 923 Northampton ......... 102, 220 32, 317 568, 854 245, 817 209,210 | 29, 464 880, 284 307, 598 Northumberland ..... 183, 020 73, 308 12, 200 6:1100) | cca en ere sees 195, 220 79, 458 Princess Anne ........ Fo8 Sais oes tiie Sea 22, 500 45, 000 2, 000 500 24, 500 45, 500 Richmond Aes ees 20, 160 9,072 | 130,500 65, 250 3, 000 750 | 153, 660 75, 072 Wiarwieksccc esis 28 | $82,320 14, 034 50, 000 18,850 | 149,980 | 22,497 | 282, 300 55, 381 Westmoreland ........ | 114, 690 AT 928 swe Se hosel eine sels ate eallislate a ase eis cremarne oe 114 690 47, 923 NOL Kees s cette coi 264, 350 93,140 | 182,000 75,050 | 254,750 | 38,218 | 701, 100 206, 403 AW) 1H lies Se eS 2,991, 144 |1, 145, 169 |8, 076,525 |1, 476, 746 |1,$17, 778 |301, 541 |7, 885, 447 | 2, 923, 456 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 539 Table showing, by counties, the catch by clam tongs, hoes and rakes, and crab serapes in the fisheries of Virginia in 1901. Clam iis: eyes and Crab serapes. Fisheries and counties. rj Clams, Wack: Graal soft Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: PRCCOMB.C Ret tie aeicnsces steers RS SARE EO EAS a are Ee. 139) 208:1)) “GlOs926) |e oo oa3 aap ere Northampton::. 9... =... San Gan eee nde ee ae peace | 46, 496 2; BLO en Seeeace seeeeeeee INGUCHES Dee ai bee esa Meet en car SOaoe Ena ee neers | 185, 704 ASS BAM |e Sasi ons em peste ser oes Shore fisheries: eae Xcoomactietern mera sct at! hts hth eh i tte Thee eS 3 a934,312 | 88,513 994,728 | $42, 638 Za St ti yes seco lone ls sas cle mee se Ane ean eee eaeee 42, 664 Se 20) eee eee eae GUC ERE Timers once ta econo ee ee ene SR ER eeme eee 50, 984 48098 Wel Dae eee ee ae Meth ews oases o ates eae Pence ce stan ete 196, 000 T5400 bi See cee rea cres IOLA LOUD ES 5 ie Ie ee ee a aR ESR Ie a Ae Rp 32, 000 SKQOON RS EPA he ss etc eae ANGI UN AIP LOM sieton So ssc's'eisccstewsiais ace cieleeee wis .etaiertislel s wiagntere 155, 664 7/13) Seine ee crear ORR See eee on Rao nena cele te sou Meco ts sek nnehobe 167, 352 a Pa 5 i rien er Ae, THE Sy cee 55. oe ea oie ee Pee ae Ce Nat Bla 1,578,976 | 116, 236 994, 728 42, 638 Grangditotaleyecee caee cee oe cae oo aaeaceas os sees 1,764,680 | 134,777 994, 728 42, 638 a Includes 20 bushels (200 lbs.) soft clams, valued at $20 MENHADEN FISHERY. The menhaden fisheries, with one less: factory than in 1897, show a gain of $455,693 in the value of products in 1901, the value being $362,032 in 1897 and $817,725 in 1901. This large gain may in part be accounted for by the higher prices received for the products and in part by the increased catch of 115,504,331 menhaden, the catch of 1897 numbering 263,203,000 fish and that of 1901 378,727,331 fish. During the past few years factories have been extensively enlarged and improved and new and improved machinery has been introduced. The increase in steamers was 7, in purse seines 15, and in vessel and shore employees 407. Menhaden were found fairly plentiful, and the season on the whole was a satisfactory one. The manufactured products of the menhaden fisheries amounted to 21,130 tons of dry scrap, 10,591 tons of acidulated scrap, and 723,215 gallons of oil. This business gives employment on vessels and in factories to 1,577 persons, the factory employees receiving $92,308 in wages during 1901. Table showing the extent of the menhaden industry of Virginia in 1901. Items. No. Value. || Items. No. Value. | : IHL MOML EA yaiaiatcia’e e'eleitie. cc <’aie 15 | $271, 025 | Steam vessels fishing -.-. 21 | $256, 000 (CHE SET (OD) OF | Se Sa eRe ed Vea er gee 121, 450 TORNETC. .ssees ces = Te 6os| jens Wages paid factory em- | Outhitehaso ase cco eee eee ee as 64, 580 PIOVCOS eaasan nas a nciotls|eceSc a's ae Heme 2,308 || Sail vesssels fishing ....-. 17 17, 600 Persons in factories ...... Gia aeeoeece || Tonmage......-....... BBD! lndseeoeeete Persons on vessels. ...---- O16 i eee cee | MO inti ere Sesesse = eese [putes SR 12, 565 Menhaden utilized .....-. 378,727,331 | 392,715 || Sail vessels transporting 18 | 19, 850 Tons of dry scrap.....-...- 21,130 | 517,872 MOnMAaAge:. 2 oc tots soeee B24 Oo cecmean Tons of acidulated and Wee OUbL Gee aces antec Sec olased este sates} 2,170 GLUGEISETAP 25-52 5-2-2 10,591 | 135,388 || Seines (total length, Gallons of oil made. ...-. 728,215 | 164,465 || 42,636 feet)............ | 52 36, 395 540 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE. The wholesale trade in fishery products of the State was repre- sented by 80 firms in 1901 and 56 in 1897, a gain of 24. Of the 80 firms, 67 were engaged in the oyster business, most of them, more or less extensively, from the planting of seed oysters to the gathering, opening, and distribution of the marketable crop to all sections of the country. This branch of business shows many changes and improve- ments and has increased considerably in importance. The wholesale trade in food-fish is carried on by a comparatively small number of firms. The fresh fish are handled chiefly during the early spring runs of migratory fish, the season being much earlier than for the same species in northern waters. This early spring catch has a wide range of distribution. The only cured fish marketed are salted alewives. The total number of employees in the wholesale firms was 4,182, the larger portion of whom were engaged in the opening of oysters. The wholesale firms paid in 1901 $701,807 in wages, most of which went to oystermen for their eight months’ work. Reference has been made to an endless-chain scraper for removing oyster shells from the shucking rooms. This device is employed by Messrs. J. S. Darling & Son, of Hampton, one of the largest firms in Virginia, and has resulted in saving much time, labor, and expense. The old and expensive method of removing shells by shovels and wheelbarrows is still practiced by all of the other firms. Table showing the persons and capital in the wholesale fishery trade of Virginia in 1901. Establishments. : Number Cash of persons Wages No. | Value. | C#Pital. | engaged. paid. Localities. Lewisetta, Whealton, Kinsale, and Mundays Point. - 7 | $21,000 | $31,800 | 551 $86, 650 WestiPointe: = =-- -- eee ee at 5 15, 500 46, 000 234 45, 600 aim p tonne eter: oe 6 65, 000 61, 000 510 66, 575 Suffolkiss..22.20. 5 ayo-0, 48,53) 139)140 |) Klat-fish ‘distribution--"o22255..-.ceseeeeeee 110 Distribution and propagation of food fishes 22-110 propagation. —.- == - 85 OPETAMONS aeolian 64 propagation ........... 3,67 | Newcombe, Prof. F.C., investigations of.... 128 Laurentian Club, waters controlled by..... 32) | New Jersey; HSHerles|Ofs. sects s - ~)-2 -erieleinininicc 458 Leadville station operations.............--- G5) |) (Newa VOL fisheries Ole. s-seeer sea eee eae ate 442 Leary, J. L., superintendent................ 62. |S Nortiivilleistationise-e ces oese ate eee ae 24 ihentnervallicator Joss oc2- 5-2 tencfaseren- 342-345 Operatlousttss.-e essen 53 AQUALLCS: sass = Some Sees oma- cee cee 327-828 | Noyes Lake, Vermont ...............--....- 32 GUPONE= alse s ssccebese sewcesienc ese BRIS bine, MUO OliaeSokroamasacooocenodcosce Soon 317 THAT LCOM pec ee Aekreicc ce cee ceevae ce S88 qi Olle Dlack-fis hl see spss selenite seaene een 204 DONPOIKC 2s ces ae clcinisciars alee aitis.ctars ate’ 339 COdiV ers Sitesamceslisecechte eee eee 216 B@a-HOM 26.5. soeibsecetcccassaesctees 336 HISHENER Oi. cece ele emcees elemtaetmeae 240 BEAN ao eae cen ooe ee emer cnee ee 332-383 ee RAE coe Sc Gonsmobessouetcocass 215 WHUITUIS'. soccccossceeteencccer scenic 337 lnteyg 8b 0(et eemaareeqaosaocconcr ssoectocc oS 236 Lime from mollusk shells ...........-..---- 274 Menhaden... .4-6 sp aaeee eee sone aes 232 Linton, Dr. Edwin, investigations of....... 138 DPOLP OSC! esse eee ae ee eee ace eae eee 204 List of publications of United States Fish Com- Beall eek seh nara te see eee eete oeae 209 mission available for distribution, supple- Ben-elephanties. cs-j-se=-ee seen noee 211 TG) (a ee ee ee craca ae 541 Reg -ON Ay eecces woe dame aeemeeate eer 215 Little White Salmon station operations .... 79 shark-liver=s- mes aeee cece seats 227 TAOESee GISUrIDUUON .. ---------2cce-cnce coe 110 frome visceral OLtsheeeeeee-e semen eer 241 HEN CTICR tes be cence ace sese ee 13, 156-158 OPTUS Seretciet oriaaete ce See sealers 214 hatchery in Maine -........-....... 16 PTOMW ASCO HIN Nes en aen emcee ee eee 239 propagation. ...---=----.- 2, 36, 38, 119-120 WEE a Solera cia mieten solic ae iaiamieieels 186-199 Loch Leven trout distribution ..........-.-. 86 | Ostend International Exposition........... 18 propagation........ B5161, 66569) +) Otter furs. ss soc cee oa emi siasle nella eeielaisinl=nl—teja 318 Locke, E. F.,superintendent..........---.-- 36) | LOYSter, DIOlOE VY Oleee- sone eaten casei eine eee 138 London fur-seal trade ...........--.------ 158-160 cultivation es: sects ~sn-e eee tte 11 Long Island, New York, fresh-water fishes of. 131 destroyed by drum-fish ............ 12,123 Louisiana Purchase Exposition ...........- 18, 65 farming, experimentin...... 120-123, 138 Lynnhaven oyster experiments.......-... 120-123 | Pacific salmon hook-and-line fishing. .... 154-155 548 INDEX. Page Page. Pan-American Exposition......--....------ 17 | Seales of fish, organic constituents of .... 136-137 Parasite orediple crabs acsemesee- ee esas Se 139) Scotch sea. troube: 35 scesaseee eck ee 31 Parasitic copepods of fishes.........--..-..- 137 distribution: s-=22--seeee 100 Parker, Dr. George H., investigations of. 136, 138 | Sea-anemones of Woods Hole region ......-. 137 Patten Ponds Maine seas ssececs oe cok cee 28, |\\Sed-elephant:oil) 24-32 oe ee see eee 211 Pearl, Dr. Raymond, investigations of....-- 127 | Seagle, George A., superintendent ......... 45 Pennsylvanian iisheries/ON----eenes case scene 477 | Sea-lions, destructiveness of.........-- 11, 111-119 Percide distributed by the Fish Commis- food: Of 2.2 3=.|.-seeiseeesseeeee 118, 117, 118 LOM Be oA eee ee eee eters ra eee Cen Sah ee 23'4)' ‘Sea-lion leather }..sc. -. donee eeneree eee 336 Peétrel launch) e eee ease eiess cae 138 Oil 2262425. oe eee eee 215 Phalaropes steamers ss: ace semasene aoe 36: Sed] oll oi. cece eoetas.t eee eee 209 Philippine Islands, fishes from........... 140-141. |) Sea-otter/furse 22. - a es24eeee eee eee 321-323 Pike-perch propagationess--ss- eee eee 2; (39) Seal leather: -.22¢ 22) -Seeeeeeee oe: = - eee 332 Plankton investigations. -2=-:-252--s-2----- 128 | Sea-urchin eggs, study of-....-.........--5s 138 MOUS woe isela saa s a= ease ees 128 ||) Seaweeds as fertilizers! -232552-------eeeeeee 275 Plants; (distribution! Ob ss: - sesso. s eos -eeee 128") (Senator; vessel. ’.225--esetee eee =e 19, 29 IOPLBALAO Ol Go oobsaneraoe boctopoeses 1281) Shad distribution =----=4-eeenee. = ee seeeaeee 83, 84 Pleuronectidz distributed by the Fish of Ohio River. -222e¢ee) 2===. oe eee 141 Commissiontsscsnck Nae eee ee eoeeEee 23 propagation(=:-.-cessenseeeeee 2, 40, 42, 43, 47 Pond, R. H., investigations of.............- 128 roe canned. 225.2550 .204ce eee 40 Porpoisenleathenwecss ses oe cee ee cose see 399))| Shark-liverioiliscc- esse ee 2 2s 227, AK O)U Lee Aas ea ae ee ae 204), ‘Sharkiskins: 2o:/23 cates sates eee 347 Porto Rico, domestic fisheries of ....-....-- 373:)|| Shearwater; vessel. «....<..5-..seesese see eee 19 fisheries and fish trade in 1902. 867-395 | Sherwood, George H., work of .....- 7, 37,120, 136 importationsof fishery products 369 | Siluride distributed by Fish Commission.. 23 Pripehands Srl wOlk Ole sso saeco seeeeeee 135) | ‘Silver salmon distribution® 22-225... 4seeeeee 85 Propagation and distribution of food- propagation: 2245222 -eeeee if FISIES Sis eae otras Sebati la eaten 1-3, 22,110 | Silversides of the east coast.....-........ 141-142 Protozoa of Woods Hole region.........--..- 186 | Sinarapan, Philippine fish..........-..-.... 140 Publications of United States Fish Commis- Skins of aquatic animals, utilization of.. 281-352 BLOM tae eee coe cise et ase ee Se eerie ae 19, 20 beaver-tailic2; 0h 5icscasneeae see 349 Publications of United States Fish Commis- dog-fish 025.05. . sckcegee Jee 347 sion ayailable for distribution, supple- PrOG i s..50 0. Sold Ssh ceeeeeeeeeeee 351 IMENT COMMISH Olas cance esos ence eee ceesese 514 fur-s@all o2i4U5 echo ssc at Ste cee 298-304 Putin Bay stations jo2ose.csoc 12 be see euecne 24 gar-fish or armored fish.....--..------ 350 OPeratiONst=s see. --eeseee 50 miscellaneous) fish 5-5. sess sees eee 301 Quincy station operations...........--..-.- 59 TAY ----------- 222222 eee 0 duo eee 347 Quinnatisalm onsen eee te ser teee os cto ta ae elete 31 Shatkiss. cose. os. se See eee 347 biological study of ........ 12 StUTPeON): 3... 32620. cee eee c= eee 348 Gisiributionieas--eeaeeeeece 84 water-smake ...... ek cscs sonoma 350 propagation. ......... 1, 71, 73-82 | Smith, Hugh M., on common names of basses Race, E. E., superintendent.............-..- 26 and sun-fishes......... 353-366 Railroad transportation. 2. e+ 4sces-eee eee 10 report on inquiry respect- Rainbowitloutss: oo s2osesc cence cee ccc sens 31, 33 ing food-fishes and the GIStHbDULLOneeeeseeeee aee eee 86-91 fishing grounds ....-... 111-142 PLOPAL ATOM sesame cose 39, | Smith, James A., commanding steamer Fish 46, 48, 55, 61, 65, 66, 69 Hawks) ccs 2. Bee 39 Rea tiwlide, SoUdyoln-2 so. 5scecis ccciess ccs 128 | Snodgrass, Robert E., work of....:...--.--- 115 Ravenel, W. de C., work of.............- 18,19, 24 | Snow, Dr. Julia W., investigations of ...... 128 VD Y SKINS Ras ccs c arse de alse Seether eee 347 | Sourdnahunk Lake, Maine................. 27 Reighard, Prof. Jacob, investigations of.... 128 | South Carolina Interstate and West Indian Rhode Island fish commission.............- 119 Exposition’: $2... ..<- 2c ssG-cce eee 17 Richardson, Harriet, investigations of....-. 187 | Spearfish station operations..........--..-. 68 IRODELtS) WWreAt eld wOlDKOLs.- eases eee 143 | Spermaceti refining and manufacture ..... 244 Rock pass distribution) se. .2-4--a-- cesses 108-109 | Sponge buying ....-......... . cee 172-175 PLOPAP AMONG ces senses easels 61, 63 Culltivationl-=. 7.3. -ossasaeees 11, 125-126 Rogue River station operations ............ 77 fishery of Florida in 1900......... 161-175 RoOtiers Study OLssaces: owes eet cee eee nee 128 statistics oie si sasseeseee 168-172 Rutter, Cloudsley, work of............... 115, 134 fleet, disasters tO)... ss... -ccee sees 172 Sacramento salmon, biology of........--- 134-135 grounds; Hloridasce-s.cs--eeoeene 163-166 Salamanders in artesian well............... 64 survey Of....... 126-127 Salmonide distributed by Fish Commission. 23 | Sponges gathered in foreign waters........ 166 Salmon itrollime tone ss cee ncceasees = 18, 154-155 imports and exports of ...........- 168 Sam Marcos statlou caine. iicine =<) s-iniae cose ele 18, 24 previous abundance............. 166-168 ODETATIONS Macnee cele oe 62 | Starks, Edwin'G., workiOf--2..-c-.cseeeeees 115 & INDEX. 549 Page. Page. PUAMIOUN USHEGLEGC << onc. osc mens ceeue mene 24 | Trematode worm parasitic in oysters ...... 138 Statistics and methods of fisheries ....... 143-1605) Trolling forsalmon’. -3.< jc. - ce ekececu ces 154-155 of fisheries of Middle Atlantic Trout PrOpRSAtON:.neee«dace. teceveaan eee oe 3 VISIR Gers atarche kin Sie eieleetoesicce mints 433-540 | Tulian, E. A., superintendent......... 65, 143, 151 otlobster fishery -..-.5.2..-Sence 156-158 | Tupelo fish-cultural BtavlOnec seh soe 15 PRP UNIEHOUULOU Val. clan main nadwn nid de die cas eoase 315,83: :| (Ue HSH SMIGES oc5 oes a avlee saa comices sta ween 18, 151 MISTI UTON. o.oo apd mele siatelo 85 | Utah Lake, fishes introduced into ......... 135 propagation .......-.0.2< 38, 89, 55, 67,77 | Utilization of skins of aquatic animals... 281-352 Stevenson, C. H., field work of............. 143 | Vienna International Fisheries Exhibi- on aquatic products in iC 0) «hg cee Te ARR CA IE RE A ee ye Mie oe 18 arts and industries... 177-279 | Virginia, fisheries of.................--.---- 517 on utilization of skins of Vogelsang, Alexander T., on killing sea aquatic animals...... 281-352 MONS Saabscene cee tee ce ete serene eee 113 Stizostedion vitreum, investigation of -.... 127 | Wall-eyed pike investigations. ...........-. 127 St. Lawrence River, AshesOne eee 141 | Wallich, Claudius, services of............-- 135 Stwonnsbury station. ..2..-0.5-.--o--.2-s6< 2D; o2i | Wels leathery a. vameasis cesta cele eteee 337 operations ....---.... 32 (0) be ie SE SS Saco oS 214 Stone, Livingston, superintendent ........- 25,38 | Ward, Prof. H. B., investigations of......-. 128 St. Petersburg International Exhibition of Wiater-snake skiing’) te) oseceaascesere cones 350 [PHEINSIEE) oss Soe ee Sep cnee bose seaebes score Leis | AVVieL COTE VAUUG Hy UEC Dew ceisler ate iatte treat 62 Stranahan, J. J., superintendent .......... 49 | West Virginia fish-cultural station ......... 15 Strawberry bass distribution............-.- LOSI Wihtle@oileer sense eeee see SE eke aia 186-199 Sturgeon investigations ....-......-..------ 127 |, White-fsh/distribution)..-.-csss~c2-s-scee 101, 102 SMS sane Celeste se sick ciewisie ciavaiaie 34° INVES EALOUS sere seseeseeeeee ee 127 Sunapee Lake, New Hampshire............ 35 propagation......-... 8, 38, 50, 55, 57, 76 Sun-fish distribution. .............-.-------- 109 | Wilcox, W.A., field work of ........--.-.--- 143 Survey of Florida sponge grounds........ 126-127 on fisheries and fish trade of Supplement to list of publications of Fish Porto Rico in 1902......- 367-395 Commission ayailable for distribution... 541 | Wilson;Prof. C. B., investigations of ........ 137 SA CTO ELC) 1 SE Se op oacese sees 25 | Wilson, Prof. H. V., director Beaufort lab- Thomas, Commander Chauncey, command- OPALORYsss acc srs oeece ccc omeae mentseee 138, 139 APRA TULOSS see eet ioe a ienen siecle selena 17 | Wilson, John B., field work of ..........---- 148 Thompson, Dr. M. T., investigations of.... 1387 | Winkempaugh Brook, Maine.-.............. 28 Thymallide distributed byFishCommission 23 | Wires,S. P.,superintendent ..........----- 58, 135 ile-nsh LOOdMVelue OL. 2-2-2 - cen csscc c= 125 | Wisner, J. N., superintendent..........-.--- 75 LOUNGES; Lp tO. .22---s2-----=- 124-125 | Woods Hole laboratory.......--------- 13, 136-138 Titcomb, John W., work of.........-.------ 24, 32 station operations ..........-.. 36 report on propagation Worm parasitic in oysters, study of .......- 138 and distribution of Worth, S. G., superintendent.......----.---- 47 food fishes....------- 22 ON wert hevall estat OW seaseaeeeereeeeeeeeceeae 24 Tower, Prof. R. W., investigations of ..-..-- 186 OperatiOus.. ose -ceeeeee 45 Townsend, C. H., fur-seal inquiries by..... 158 | yellow perch distribution.............----- 103 report on statistics and methods of the fish- NICS ee eereys's cise cee 143-160 O he, a ¥ "a ied { ven ; ser ee Bi) Wr at yee atau ae a ae rei na be ny cos Tale ye Pe Vi Dyha) ilired ats eae v , . Ga ens rah At Pe a Dae ahaa on : oT hh © ine banal Ree sake ee ha fs om fhe aki ak ven Wipe Pras a. Beri Nils Wee aa taa une ms at sei Me Hat chai rer aig awh } re hy a we Ab oh by ay i i rae {i Ne manent ; Det ae an ae sonia ' hay aN ath ye Loan DAME 2 yi Ae ‘ee: ‘ ae on yas nha hettihai ten, ie ius AO ti cad aT y;. Hn Rye iT ti, et ve a cilia eae? 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