UMASS/AMHERST ^

3iaDbbD0S15^b32

Connecticut
Pomological
lociety

Proceedings of the
Fourteenth Annual
'-^' - ^ ^ 1905

LIBRARY

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

vJjDY

P

Soc .

SOURCE s^. yy.Ts.. _ A om

an

C8

Plate I.

PROF. ALFRED G. GULLEY of Storrs.
President Connecticut Poniological Society. 1903-1904.

REPORT

OF THE

v^onnecticut
1 omological Society

For the Year lOOJt

WITH

Proceedings of the
Fourteenth Annual
Meeting ts « fs 1995

■-IP--:^'^

Edited by the Secretary.

published by
The Connecticut Pomological Socie
1905.

ETY.

CHAPfL

Press of Rvoek's Printing House, New Haven, Conn.

Officers of the Connecticut i omological Society

FOR 1905.

President.
JOHN C. EDDY. Simsbury.

Vice-President.

JOSEPH H. PUTNAM. Litclifield.

Secretary.

HENRY C. C. MILES. Milford.

Treasurer.

ORRIN GILBERT, Middletown.

County Vice-Presidents.

Hartford— A. C. INNIS, Berlin.

New Haven— JOHN R. BARNES. Yalesville.
Fairfield— STEPHEN HOYT. New Canaan.

Litchfield— CHARLES L. GOLD. West Cornwall.
Middlesex— CHARLES E. LYMAN, Middlefield.
New London— W. S. THOMAS, Groton.
Windham— H. B. BUELL, Eastford.

Tolland— ANDREW KINGSBURY, Coventry.

Standing Committees.

Legislation.
J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury.
N. S. Platt, New Haven.
J. M. Hubbard, Middletown.

Finance.
L. C. Root, Farmington.
Prof. A. G. Gulley, Storrs.
W. E. Waller, Bridgeport.

Membership.
Stancliff Hale, South Glastonbury.
Sherman W. Eudy, Simsbury.
Orrin Gilbert, Middletown.

Exiiibitions.
Elbert Manchester, Bristol.
Geo. H. Hale, South Glastonbury.
E. R. Bennett, Storrs,

Injurious Insects.
Dr. W. E. Britton, New Haven.
Clarence H. Savage, Storrs.
Geo. F. Platt, Milford.

Fungous Diseases.
Dr. G. p. Clinton, New Haven
E. M. Ives, Meriden.
Louis H. Warncke, Cannon.

Nezi- Fruits.
Harvey Jewell, Cromwell.
Chas. I. Allen, Terryville.
Geo. W. Spicer, Deep River.

Markets and Transportation.
J. Norris Barnes, Yalesville.
A. N. Farnham, Westville.
Chas. E. Lyman, Middlefield.

.4uditors.

G. W. Staples, Hartford.

A. B. Plant, Branford.

3925G

CONTENTS.

Proceedings: page

President's Address . 2

Secretary's Report 5

Report of tile Membersliii) Cnnimittee 14

Treasurer's Report 16

Report of Committee on Exhibitions 19

Report of Committee on Legislation 21

Report of Committee on Injurious Insects. F'rof. W. E.

Britton 27

Report of Committee on New Fruits 31

Report of Fungous Disease for 1904. Dr. G. P. Clinton. . 34
Experiences of a V'irginia Fruit Grower. S. L. Lupton... 38
A Few Thoughts on the Production and [Marketing of Ap-
ples. T. E. Cross 57

Our Worst Apple Insects. Prof. VV. E. Britton 79

Conditions and ^Methods in Nova Scotia Orchard. Ralph

S. Eaton gi

Remarks of Visiting Delegates 108

The Trend of Present-Day Fruit-Growing. H. W. Col-

lingwood 115

The San Jose Scale Problem 131

Experience of Controlling the San Jose Scale in New York

State. Dr. E. P. Felt 132

The New Kerosene-Limoid Mixtures for Controlliug the

San Jose Scale. C. P. Close 147

Experiences of Connecticut Growers in Spraying for Scale. 164

Resolutions 179, 180, 184. 212. 216

Election of Officers 182

Money Making Ideas in Fruit Packages. J. H. Hale 187

Hints on Selling Our Fruit Crops to Better Advantage. S.

L. Lupton 191

The Successful Culture of Berries and Vegetables. A. N.

Earn ham 203

The Successful Culture of Berries and Vegetables. A. E.

Plant 208

Report of Special Committee on Fruit Exhibit with List of

Awards 208

The Implement Exhibit with List of Exhibitors 222

A Brief Record of Field Meetings, Institutes and Exhibitions,

1904.

Summer Field Meetings 224

Field Meeting at Charles E. Lyman Farm 225

vi CONTENTS.

PAGE

Field Meeting at the Connecticut Agricultural College,

August 10. 1904 227

Report of Institute Work of 1904 229

The Seventh Annual Fruit Exhibition, 1904 233

Additional Papers Presented at the Annual Meeting.

Fungicides and Insecticides. S. B. Hollister 238

How Domestic Varieties Originate. W. W. Ohlweiler . . . . 240

The Classification of Apples. R. G. Tryon 242

Hotbeds. D. J. Miner 243

Grafting. J. H. Desmond 245

Germination of Seeds. C. J. Grant 248

Connecticut Fruits at the St. Louis Exposition 251

Some Notes on Apples at the St. Louis Exposition. G. C.

Comstock 255

Necrology 258

List of Members 260

Constitution and Dy-Laws of the bociety.

CONSTITUTION.

Article I.— The name of this Association shall be The Connecticut

POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Article II.— Its object shall be the advancement of the science and
art of pomologj', and the mutual improvement and business advantage
of its members.

Article III.— Any person may become a member of this Society by
paying into the treasury the sum of one dollar per annum. If the annual
fee remains unpaid for tw^o years, the membership shall cease and the
name be taken from the rol-e.

Article IV. — Its officers shall consist of a President, First Vice-Presi-
dent, one Vice-President from each county in the State, a Secretary and
a Treasurer, to be elected annually by ballot, to hold office for one year,
or until their successors are duly elected.

The President. First Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer shall
constitute the Executive Committee of the Society.

Article V. — The Society shall hold its annual meeting during the
month of Feliruary, the time and place to be decided by the Executive
Committee, at which time the annual election of officers shall be held,
various reports submitted and an exhibition and discussion of fruits
take place : also other necessary business be transacted. Other meetings
for special purposes may be arranged for and called by the Executive
Committee whenever it is deemed advisable. Printed notice of each
meeting to be sent to every member of this Society.

Article VI. — The following Standing Committees of three members
each, on the following subjects, shall be appointed by the President, to
hold during his term of office ; the appointments to be announced at
the annual meeting of the Society :

Business and Legislation, Fungous Diseases,

Membership, Nezu Fruits,

Exhibitions, Markets and Transportation,

Injurious Insects, Tzvo Auditors.

Article VII. — This Constitution may be amended by a vote of two-
thirds of the members present at any annual meeting.

BY-LAWS,

Article I. — The President, Secretary, Treasurer and the chairman of
each standing committee shall each present a report at the ainnual meet-
ing of the Society.

viii BV-LAIVS.

Article TI.^The President shall appoint annnally two members to
andit the acconnts of ihe Secretary and Treasurer.

Article III. — The Treasurer shall pay out no money except on the
written order of the President, countersigned by the Secretary.

Article IY. — It shall be the dnty of the Executive Committee to
arrange the programs for the meetings of the Society, to fill all vacancies
which may occur in its offices between the annual meetings, and to have
general management of the affairs of the Society.

Article V. — The Committee on Legislation shall inform themselves in
regard to such laws as relate to the horticultural interests of the state,
and bring the same to the attention of the society and also the need of
further legislation. And when so directed by the Society, shall cause
to be introduced into the General Assembly such bills as may be deemed
necessary, and to aid or oppose any l)ills introduced by others, which
directly or indirectly affect the interests of the fruit-grower.

Article VI. — The Committee on Membership, with the cooperation
of the County Vice-Presidents, shall bring the work of the Society to the
attention of fruit-growers throughout the state, and by such means as
they deem best, strive to increase the membership.

Article VII. — The Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from time
to time such methods and improvements as may seem to them desirable
in the conduct of the exhibitions of the Society, as well as fruit exhibi-
tions throughout the state ; and with the assistance of the Executive
Committee shall arrange the premium lists, and have charge of all Exhi-
bitions given by this Society.

Article VIII. — It shall be the duty of the Committees on Insects and
Diseases to investigate in regard to the ravages of these enemies of fruit
culture ; and to suggest how best to combat them and prevent their
spread ; to answer all inquiries addressed to them by the members as
far as possible, and, when necessary, promptly lay before the Society
timely information on these subjects.

Article IX. — The Committee on New Fruits shall investigate and col-
lect such information in relation to newly-introduced varieties of fruits
as is possible, and report the same to the Society, with suggestions as
to the value of the varieties for general cultivation.

Article X. — The Committee on Markets and Transportation shall
inform themselves as to the best methods of placing fruit products upon
the market, and bring to the attention of the members of the Society
this and any other information concerning profitable marketing.

Article XI. — The Society will adopt the nomenclature of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society.

Article XII. — These By-Laws may be amended by a majority vote of
the members present at any regular meeting.

TIKIE

lP@]M@ll@gn©siB
S © © i @ (t y

Proceedings of the
14th Annual Meeting

PURSUANT to the call of the Executive Committee and
in accordance with the provisions of its Constitution,
the Society convened for its fourteenth annual meeting Feb-
ruary I and 2, 1905, in Unity Hall, Hartford.

The meeting was called to order at 10.30 o'clock Wednes-
day morning, February ist, by the President, Prof. Alfred
G. Gulley of Storrs.

The opening session was held under very favorable con-
ditions as to weather, larger attendance of members and
others, and a lively interest in the various reports, addresses
and discussions. The hall was tastefully decorated for the
occasion, the Society's banners with their unique mottoes
being hung about the side walls, while over the president's
chair was suspended an attractive sign bearing the suggest-
ive words, "This Society wants 1,000 members in 1905. Will
yoii be one of the thousand?"

A beautiful display of choice fruits with plants and cut
flowers adorned the stage. In the exhibition hall below a
splendid collection of apples and other fruits was shown in
competition for the prizes offered by the Society, and in con-
nection with the exhibit of implements made this room a
center of interest throughout the meeting.

In opening the meeting. President Gulley said :

2 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

We have postponed our opening exercises a few moments
so as to allow the people to collect. The weather has been
a little inclement for getting in from the country towns, and
the exhibits down stairs also have attracted considerable
attention, so that it has delayed us a little.

The first thing I suppose is to follow the usual custom
with an address from the chair.

President's Address.

Members and Friends of the Connecticut Pomological Society:
In compliance with the requirement of the by-laws of this
society this address is respectfully submitted. In length, at
least, I propose it shall be a model for my successors in office.
W^e extend a hearty welcome to you all, and, in the excliange
of experience and information which our sessions are sure
to draw out, we are certain that you will return to your
homes feeling refreshed and well repaid for the time devoted
to the meeting.

While the present winter has not been a mild one, still,
up to the time these words were written, it has not been one
of extremes of temperature, and, as fruit trees generally went
into the cold weather in good condition, there is as yet ever}-
probability of a full crop of fruit- the coming year. The
results of last season's severe weather fully demonstrated
the necessity of choosing only the most valauble sites for at
least the tender fruits. Perhaps never before has the import-
ance of elevation and good air drainage been more perfectlv
illustrated. As a rule, orchards located between 250 and 650
feet above the sea level escaped severe injury, and in most
cases bore fruit, which found a ready and profitable market.
Those on the lower levels were seriously damaged, or killed
outright. I might say this to you, that I was a good deal
surprised that a good many of them came through in as good
a condition as they did. Personally, I was very much afraid
for a good many of the tender fruits, but I think in most
every case they went through perfectly. I mean, of course,
those that were on the higher levels. There are indications,
though, that we have not yet learned the full extent of injur}'-,

FOURTEEXTH ANNUAL MEETING. 3

aiul may not for another year. This injury was not to
peach trees alone. Many apple trees, which looked healthy
early in the season, showed lack of vigor before the fruit
ripened, and were not able to carry it to perfection of size
and quality. The same thing was noticed in all the other
fruits. Evidently the trees, while not visibly injured, were
so weakened that when the additional tax of ripening a crop
was added they could not meet it. The apple crop had some
troubles peculiarly its own. It was very unevenly distributed
over the state, and was not a large one, yet at selling time
there seemed to be a very light demand. The impression
prevailed that other sections had a large crop, and the price
would be low. Added to this, the losses experienced the two
previous seasons, while those who bought for cold storage
seemed to put that class almost wdiolly out of the market. So
many growers found it difficult to dispose of even a small
crop. The scarcity and high price of barrels was another
source of trouble, which resulted in much fruit going to
waste. That is a difficulty that we ought to be able to over-
come. It ought not to be possible for good marketable fruit
to go to w^aste in Connecticut for the lack of barrels or pack-
ages in which to send to market. However, these difficulties
combined caused many orchards to produce but light income,
but those who secured their crop in good shape, and still hold
it, have promise of their reward from growing demand and
advance in price.

It is true that the export trade has taken only about half
of last year's supply, but the western demand has used much
more. Stored stocks proved to be lighter than estimated,
and those still existing are rapidly decreasing. We do not
think there can be much risk in holding apples if one dollar
and a half per barrel can not be obtained when harvesting
the crop.

In one direction the horticulturist has had cause to be
thankful. That is in the remarkable freedom which has
existed from the common insects and diseases during the past
season. None of the usual pests were as numerous as we
had reason to expect, and in some cases familiar diseases were
conspicuous by their absence. Perhaps this benefit should

4 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

be credited to the winter so disastrous in other directions.
The season has also been a very vahiable one for the growth
of trees and enabhng them to largely recover from the severe
aphis attack of the previous summer.

In accordance with arrangements made last year, this
Society had charge of the Connecticut fruit exhibit at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. Desirable
space was secured, and about eight hundred square feet was
occupied in the Horticulture Building. This was filled
throughout the season with fresh fruits. The supply was
kept up from cold storage from the 1903 crop, until July
15th, after which new fruit was forw^arded, and later than
September 15th only fruit of 1904 was used. With the excep-
tion of raspberries and blackberries, all fruits grown in the
state were shown in their season. The display was a credit
to the state, both in quantity and quality, even in comparison
with the larger fruit states. Aside from showing our
resources in this direction, and being able to compare the
quality of Connecticut grown fruits with those grown in
other states, perhaps the greatest value of the exhibit was
the lesson taught as to the possibility of shipping even tender
fruits long distances, when properly packed. Peaches and
plums sent by ordinary express opened with little or no
waste forty-eight to sixty hours after shipment and remained
on the tables in good condition for nearly a week. Three
gold medals were awarded to the exhibit, and several of other
grades to individual exhibitors.

The annual exhibition of the society, held the past season
in connection with the Rockville Fair, was fully as large and
interesting as its predecessors. The equality of the exhibits
improves each year with the experience of the exhibitors.
To a large share of the people who attended that fair, such
a display of fruit was a revelation. Many well infonned
people had no idea that such a collection had ever been or
could be made in this state. As a means of education such
exhibitions are well worth all the trouble and expense they
entail. We must, however, hold them where the people will
see them. The society has received a vcrv heartv invitation
to hold its next exhibition at Rockville acain.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

5

One trouble with the Rockville Fair was that there was
such a crowd. There were several thousand there each day,
and the result was there was a jam all the time. That exhi-
bition, however, tauj^ht us this lesson, that it is possible and
wise to hold the exhibitions where the people can see them.
People, as a rule, take a good deal of interest in exhibitions
of fine fruit, and we want to hold these exhibitions where as
many as possible can have the advantage of them.

In conclusion, it is a pleasure to report that our society,
as a whole, is in a healthy and prosperous condition. Its
institutes have been a valuable means of spreading the infor-
mation so helpful and necessary to successful agriculture. It
has, however, much more work to do. Many portions of the
state have already to feel its influence, and its resources will
have to be increased to fully carry out the work which is
demanded of the Society. We have faith that this will be
forthcoming when a proper showing is made that it is needed.
(Applause.)

The report of the Secretary, H. C. C. Miles, is next in
order.

Secretary's Report.

Secretary Miles : Mr. President, and members of the
Society : I sometimes think, in looking backward over the
year's work of the society, that your secretary is very apt to
feel that there are a good many matters which he should
touch upon, which may not seem of very great importance
to you, especially at the opening of the meeting, and I am
very apt perhaps to make too long a report. I have w^ritten
out a report covering the usual number of matters, and, since
there are but very few matters which need your attention at
this time, I will leave the reading of most of it until some
later time, or you will all find it in print and can read for
yourselves.

Mr. President and Fellozc Me rubers of the Poiiwlogical

Society :

The annual gatherings of horticulturists are becoming

more important every year, not only to those who attend

them, but also because of their widespread influence upon the

6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

fruit interests in general. Hardly a state in the union but
what has its representative organization of growers and its
Annual Horticultural Convention. They afford an oppor-
tunity- of meeting with friends and fellow workers, and much
valuable information is obtained from the addresses and dis-
cussions which are given by leading growers and scientific
workers. Also, by cooperation in the business affairs of the
Society, the members are able to obtain valuable aids to their
trade in matters of markets, transportation, legislation, etc.

These statements apply with special force and truth to
the annual meetings of this Society, wdiich are anticipated
with so much interest and pleasure by all fruit growing people
of Connecticut. If. in its fourteen years of active life, the
Society had accomplished nothing more than the bringing
together, once a year, of all who grow and love fine fruits,
binding them closer with a mutual interest in a mutual work,
it would have fully justified all the expenditure of time and
effort and money. But, as we all know, the organization
has done vastly more, and may well feel proud of its record
for practical, earnest and progressive work in behalf of the
fruit growing interests of the state. A fact that should not
be lost sight of is, that many young men and women who are
to be the horticulturists of the next generation are joining
the ranks of our Society and attending its meetings as a
preparation for their life work.

This cannot help but be inspiring to those older leaders
in pomology who have labored hard in building up the
Society, and to whose unselfish eft'orts its success is largely
due.

With the opening of the new year, 1905, those engaged
in the culture of fruits in our state have reason to feel encour-
aged. After two most unfavorable seasons, the prospect for
fruit crops the coming year is bright, and while climate and
weather conditions are not yet within our control, still, with
the help of organization and the experiment stations, and
with better and with more exact knowledge at hand, such
difficulties as the San Jose scale and other insect and disease
pests are being overcome, and it is now possible to produce
fine crops of fruit at profitable prices in every section of the

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 7

state. Indeed, we are only just l^eginning' to appreciate
Connecticut's possibilities in this direction, and, with the
influence excited by this Society, the next few years should
witness a large increase in the acreage devoted to fruits,
especially apples and small fruits.

During the year just closed the work of our Society has
gone steadily forward. The growth in strength and num-
bers has been healthy, though not as large as in some years,
and our efforts have been extended over a wider field. In
short, the good work of the organization is recognized and
appreciated throughout the state. The first item upon which
it is my duty to report is :

Our Membership.

On February ist, 1904, our total membership was 567.
During the year we have enrolled 87 new members, making
a total number of names on our list February ist, 1905, of

654-

There have been seven deaths in our membership during
the past year, and 68 members have failed to renew their
memberships for the past two years, and, as this is the time-
limit prescribed by our rules, we must drop them from the
roll, which leaves us an actual membership to date of 581.

The gain for the year has not been as large as we could
wish, in fact.it is entirely too small, considering the strong
efforts made by your officers and membership committee to
increase the membership. That some w-ho have been mem-
bers should drop out from year to year is to be expected, but
a loss of almost nine per cent, in one year is most unfortu-
nate, and the subject should have our careful attention. Where
many members neglect to renew their membership, it means
a financial loss to the Society, which, at the present time, is
severely felt. It is not much that the Society requires of
each one of us, only a single dollar a year, but surely it is not
too great an obligation to ask in return for what the Society
gives. That which costs us something we usually appreciate
the more.

To make the work of the Society so helpful and necessary
that it shall appeal to every single member every year, is no

8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOEOGICAL SOCIETY.

easy task, and yet does not our success largely depend upon
doing this ?

A certain way to cure any loss in membership, for the
present at least, is to secure a big list of new names. Does
anyone suppose that the limit has been reached in this
respect? By no means. All that is necessary is for each
present member to bring in at least one new name this year,
and our aim of "one thousand members in 190^" will be
easily accomplished. Let us try for it, for by so doing we
shall benefit ourselves, and our friends as well.

Finances.

From February ist, 1904, to February ist, 1905, I have
collected and paid over to the Treasurer, $482.08.

From Membership fees $474.00

From proceeds of Annual Exhibition 8.08

$482.08
I have drawn orders for the payment of bills to the
amount of $1,575.01. These expenditures are classified as
follows :

Annual [Meeting of 1904 $230.45

Institute work 107.46

Secretary's Office —

Salary for the year $100.00

Balance Salary for 1903 50.00

Office expenses and supplies 68.26 — 218.26

Annual Report 382.81

Annual Exhibition —

Premiums $392.05

Express and sundry expenses i5i-99 — 544-04

Field meetings 14-97

President's Office 4-~6

Treasurer's Office i-30

Miscellaneous, printing, postage, etc 60.96

Total $1575 01

Our ^Meetings.

Besides the annual meeting in February, the Society held
two summer field meetings, one at Mr. C. E. Lyman's fann,
Ixliddlefield, June 28th, and one at the Connecticut Agricul-

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 9

tural Colleg'c, Storrs, Aiip;ust loth. Also, the annual fall
meelino^ and exhibition in connection with the Rockville Fair,
September 27-29.

The field day at Mr. Lyman's was very successful and
well attended, and all who were present were well repaid, for
not often does one have the privilege of looking over so large
and fine a farm. Mr. Lyman is a model farmer and his
extensive peach and apple orchards, immense fields of grass
and other crops, his sheep barns and dairy, present one of the
best examples of successful business farming to be found in
New Ensfland.

The visit to the Agricultural College in August was, as
always, pleasant and profitable. While the unfavorable
weather prevented the fullest enjoyment of the trip, yet the
excellent progress being made in all of the college's various
departments of work was noted with great satisfaction, and
the close sympathy and acquaintance already existing between
members of this Society and the institution was increased
and strengthened.

We wish that more of our members would come forward
W'ith invitations to the Society to hold field meetings. Xo
other feature of our work is productive of so much real
benefit to the membership as these outdoor gatherings on the
fruit farms of the state. They are informal and social, and
we meet and exchange ideas under the pleasantest of condi-
tions, and, whether the place be a large or small farm, the
opportunity ofifered to study and learn from the growing
tree or plant is unlimited. No W'inter meeting held within
four walls can compare with the pleasures and profit to be
derived from a successful Field Day.

A very flattering ofifer from the Rockville Fair Associ-
ation Co. led the Executive Committee to arrange for the 7th
Annual Fruit Exhibition of the Society with the Rockville
Fair, September 27-29. As regards the amount of fruit
displayed, the generally high standard of excellence of the
exhibits, also the large attendance of members and the general
public, the exhibition was as great a success as those of pre-
vious years. A total of 1.207 Plates of fruit, 369 cans pre-
served fruits, jellies, etc., and 2-j plates of nuts were shown

10 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

by 58 exhibitors. Premiums were awarded amounting' to
$398.75, divided among 54 exhibitors. The exhibition
formed one of the most attractive features of the fair, and
its increasing value is attested by the fact that offers for next
year are coming from several fair associations, and from
Rocl<ville again as well. Perhaps in no other way does the
work of the Society attract public attention so favorably as
through these annual exhibitions, and they are certainly
worth all they cost for their educational influence, not alone
upon the growers who participate, but upon every person
who attends them.

Along the lines of Farmers' Institute work, this Society
has taken a prominent part the past year. Since 1895 ^^'^
have conducted institute meetings in various towns through-
out the state each year, and we believe with most beneficial
results. In 1904, under the "Consolidation Plan," with the
State Board of Agriculture and the State Dairymen's Asso-
ciation, the Society took part in 20 institutes held in the
towns of Collinsville, Southington, Danbury, Waterbury.
Rockville, Trumbull, Wilton, Westfield, Coventry, Plainville,
Clinton, Berlin, Cheshire, East Haddam, Winsted, Xew
Canaan, Fairfield, Woodbridge. Danielson and Bethlehem.
The entire series was very successful and could not help but
result in arousing renewed interest and faith in the possibil-
ities of Connecticut agriculture.

Owing to the peculiar conditions existing in our state, no
system of institute work has yet been tried that exactly meets
the demands of the times. Many are of the opinion that the
organizations representing the different branches of agricul-
ture can each carry on institute work in their own way and
obtain the best results. For my part, I believe we shall not
reach perfection in institute work until we establish a central
system with a regularly appointed director in charge. But,
whatever the system, it is certain that at present the funds
available are not sufficient to carry on the work as its import-
ance demands.

It is for this reason that our Society will ask the present
general assembly for an increase in its appropriation, to be
used chieflv for institute work. We are coming to recognize

FOURTEEN TH A NN UAL MEETING. 1 1

more and more that "the institute is the farmer's school." It
goes farther than even the Experiment Station or the Aj:Ti-
cultural College. In fact, it is the medium through which
the results of station and college work are brought directly
to the farmer and in such shape that he may put the teachings
into practice.

The present tendency is to devote the annual state meet-
ings to the discussion of the important matters connected
with the business end of farming, leaving to the institute and
the smaller local gatherings the teaching and discussion of
those details that enter into the production of the crop. This
is as it should be, and is a wise economy of time and money.
Probably not more than one-fourth of the farmers of our
state can attend these state gatherings. For the larger num-
ber, therefore, the local institute is of the greatest importance.
Then let us not cease our efiforts until Connecticut shall have
put in operation an institute system worthy to be compared
\\ith that of other states.

The Society's Annual Report of i66 pages was prepared
and issued to the members in the spring. Like the preceding
volumes, it was a book of great practical value and interest
to every cultivator of fruits. Numerous requests for this
publication come in from other states ; thus the work of Con-
necticut fruit growers is known and honored over a wide
area. Another line of work continued in 1904 was the gath-
ering of figures for a fruit crop report, also statistics relating
to the injury to orchard trees by winter-killing the previous
wnnter. Such a census is of value for reference in future
years and we believe should be continued annually.

In conclusion, a word in regard to the work of the Society
in the year to come. This is a problem that should have our
thoughtful attention, because no organization of this kind can
live unless it earns the right to live. To begin with, we would
do well to ask w^hat lines of work need most to be done. In
brief, the needs of the Society are the needs of the growers.
The growers' needs, as we see them, are : First, a stronger
belief in the possibilities of Connecticut as a fruit growing
state, as a state in which to build pleasant homes surrounded

12 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

by every beautiful growing thing, whether its product be for
use in the home or for sale in the market. Second, to under-
stand the importance of selecting the fruits best adapted to
our section and soil and climatic conditions, then to grow
them to the highest perfection, to pack them honestly and
according to the best business methods, and sell them on the
best market at the proper time. We need to keep our fruit
growing up to the highest standard and advertise our pro-
ducts, even more widely than do our competitors of the West
and South and North ; in short, make a reputation for Con-
necticut grown fruits. Third, we need to appreciate and
take advantage of organization, which is one of the most
remarkable features of the development of modern fruit
growing; and whether it be co-operation among the farmers
of a single neighborhood, or grange, the associations by
counties or the larger state society like our own, be prompt
to secure the benefits which invariably come to those who
adapt themselves to the changing conditions of the times.
How else can the fruit grower hope to succeed in these stren-
uous days?

Can anyone doubt but that it is the future work of our
Society to encourage and help the growers to accomplish
these things, and in so doing aid in developing the resources
of the commonwealth.

We hear on all sides that the Pomological Society is doing
a grand work, but let us not rest content until we have done
better yet. Let us get close to our members and their needs
as well as carry the gospel of growing and eating more and
better fruit to those still outside the ranks.

In closing this report, I wish to thank all who have so
kindly assisted me in the work of this office.
Respectfully submitted,

H. C. C. MILES, Secretary.

Secretary Miles: I want to say just a word further about
our membership. I presume our membership committee in
their report will speak of this matter, but in mentioning the
membership committee I wish to say, in behalf of the offi-
cers, that T think we should pay a tribute to the work that

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 13

they have been doing. W^e have been in close touch with
them in their efforts, and we know that they have given time,
and money also, to help along- this work, and what they have
done has contributed very largely in building up the strength
of our Society. I do not know that any changes in our rules
could be made to cover this matter of getting in renewals of
membership more promptly. Our members ought to realize
the importance of this without any urging. It seems to me
that the only way we have open to us at present is to make
our work so good that each one will feel under obligations
to stay in with us.

Possibly it might be thought best to adopt some such
methods as they have in some other state societies. Many of
you are familiar with what they do in other states. In New^
York state they have three classes of membership. They have
one thing that we do not have, and that is a life membership
for $25.00. That point of a life membership may be some-
thing which we ought to look into and perhaps take hold of.
It has been suggested by many of our members every year.
I will leave this matter, hoping that it will be taken up by
the membership committee.

I would like to call your attention to this point, however,
the necessity of making the membership of the society one
thousand during 1905. That should be the aim of the society
to be reached this year. I think it can be done very easily
if everyone will interest himself to bring in at least one
new member.

The President: Is there anything to be said in regard
to the secretary's report? If there is nothing further, the
report will be accepted and printed in the proceedings.

We will now hear the report of the Treasurer, Mr. R. A.
Moore.

Secretary Miles : For some reason or other, Mr. Presi-
dent, he does not seem to be here. I met with Mr. Moore
last Saturday and we went over the books of the Society
together. I know that he intended to be here this morning.
He does not seem to be here now, but I presume he will be
later.

14 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The President: If Mr. Moore is not here, I will ask
Mr. Orrin Gilbert, the chairman of the membership com-
mittee, to come forward and give his report.

Report of the Membership Committee.

Mr. Gilbert: Mr. President, and ladies and gentlemen
of the Pomological Society :

I would say that, after the very full report of the secre-
tary, it would not seem to be necessary to call upon me at all.

Now, we have had but a small opportunity this past year
to meet the members, or to meet those whom we wanted to
get into the Society, because we have had only two field
meetings. The result has been that we have not obtained
as many new members as we hoped to do this year. I have
been thinking about the matter and wondering hoAV we might
best meet this emergency in regard to the membership busi-
ness, and I have thought of a plan which is this : For each
one, when he pays his membership fee to-day, to hand in two
dollars, instead of one, and we will give him a receipt for one
dollar, and he may pledge himself to look for one new mem-
ber, and, when he gets that new member, just simply send
the name and the address in to Secretary Allies, and he can
keep the other dollar that he receives. I do not know of any
better suggestion to make than that. I think it would work
well. I think if the members took hold of a scheme like
that, the thousand new members that the Society wants
this next year would be obtained in less than a year.

I do not know what more I can say, Mr. President. That
is about all I have to suggest.

The President : You hear the report of the membership
committee. Any remarks upon it?

Mr. Hale: I think if anybody can do that job, and do it
well, it is the chairman of the membership committee, and I
move, Mr. President, that he be authorized to get two dollars
out of every member, if he can. (Laughter.)

The President: Last week I attended the meeting of the
Western New York Horticultural Societv, where thev were

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 15

talking about this very same question of membership. One
of the things that they tried to spring was to double the fee,
making it two dollars, instead of one. They got to talking
about it pretty seriously the last day of the meeting, and they
decided that they would put it the other end to. They decided
that they would let each fellow bring in two members. And
they asked how many there were that were willing to pledge
themselves to do that, and there were more than one hundred
that got right up there and then and promised to do it. They
raised over six hundred members right there in that room, in
the two days, and over a hundred arose and pledged them-
selves to put in an extra member, and to do all they could to
help push the membership up to a thousand this next year.

Mr. Hale: Mr. President, the impression might go out,
from what our officers have said, that there was some trouble
in the Pomological Society about getting members. Of
course, we all know that that is not the fact. There is no
state in the Union, according to its population, that has a
pomological society as big as the Connecticut Pomological
Society, with- its 580 odd paid members. We want more,
but we can not afford to have the impression go abroad that
there is any trouble. The great Western New York society,
that has been in existence for fifty years, and located in the
center of the greatest fruit growing region in America, has
not a membership as large in proportion to population, even
though they have been at work for fifty years, as this organ-
ization here in Connecticut, which has only been in existence
fourteen years. We are better oiT by a good deal in point of
membership, in proportion to population. I say this, Mr.
President, because I do not want to have any stories go out
that there is any trouble about our membership, \^'e do not
want to have the newspapers print any stories to the efifect
that there is any lack of interest about the matter of mem-
bership.

The President: That is the fact, just as Mr. Hale states
it. There is no state in the Union that has got as large a
number of members in its pomological society, in proportion
to the population of the state, as Connecticut. Some of the

1 6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

large western states have not got so many members in their
societies.

Secretary Miles : Mr. President, I do not want to pro-
long this discussion on membership matters, but I do feel like
saying a w^ord so as to correct any wrong impression that the
members themselves might get from what Mr. Hale has said.
That statement that he made about our membership will bear
looking into a little deeper. While we have 581 members on
the roll, there are at least 150 of those members whose dues
are unpaid for 1904. Under the rules, we have to carry
them on our rolls for two years, but if they do not pay up
we have to drop them at the end of that time. I presume
there will be many of them that will pay up, but there is
quite a loss most every year, because those who have joined
this Society do not always remember to continue their
membership.

Mr. Hale : Well, Mr. President, in spite of that we still
have one of the biggest memberships in the country. I will
call it 450, and even then we have got more in Connecticut
than in any other state, in proportion to population.

Secretary Miles : The problem wdiich your officers run
up against is not so much how to get new members, as it is
to get all the new ones that we obtain to remain active mem-
bers of the Society year after year.

The President : Air. Aloore is here now, and I will call
for his report as treasurer.

Mr. R. a. Moore: Burglars attempted to blow up a safe
on me at the post office last night, so I had to do some tele-
graphing and telephoning before I could come here this morn-
ing. That has made me a little late.

Treasurer's Report.

For the Year ending February ist. 1905.
1904. Receipts.
Feb. I. To Balance from last report $58.84

2. Cash from A. G. Gulley 1.00

Cash from H. C. C. Miles, sec'}', Alembership fees, 186.00

3. Cash from H. C. C. Miles, sec'y, Membership fees, 92.00
25. Cash from H. C. C. Miles, sec'y. Membership fees, 33-00

Apr. 7. Cash from H. C. C. Miles, sec'y, Membership fees, 3900

Plate II.

ROSWELL A. MOORE, Kensington, Conn.
For twelve years the efficient Treasurer of the Connecticut Pomological Society.

Sept.

26.

Oct.

3-

Sept.

29.

Nov.

I"-

Sept.

7-

July

5-

Dec.

21.

23-

1905.

Jan.

30.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. ly

Cash from H. C. C. Miles, Sec'y, membership fees, $ 36.00

from H. C. C. Miles, Sec'y, membership fees, 22.00

Sales of Fruit (exhibition) 8.08

from Comptroller (State appropriation) . . . 560.16

from H. C. C. Miles 7.37

from O. Gilbert (loan) 100.00

from H. C. C. Miles, Sec'y, membership fees, 35-0O

from H. C. C. Miles 2.00

from Comptroller (State appropriation) . . . 392.05

from Sec'y Board of Agriculture* 14170

from H. C. C. Miles, Sec'y, membership fees, 29.00

$1,743.20
1904. Expenditures.
Feb. 3. By Cash to R. H. Race $ 12.50

E. R. Bennett 1.58

13. Milford Post Office lo.oS

George C. Comstock 4.00

By Check to The Whitehead & Hoag Co 12.3a

New Dom Hotel 29.00

F. A. Waugh 3.75

C. H. Ryder 10.50

The Tuttle Morehouse & Taylor Co 6.25

Wm. Francis 60.00

H. C. C. Miles 27.46

A. G. Gulley 4.76

18. N. P. Daniels 19.00

Paul Thompson 2.00

24. Mortimer Whitehead 30.00

Mar. 2. H. C. C. Miles (Balance salary 1903) ... 50.00

8. Mortimer Whitehead (3 checks) 13-67

15. B. H. Walden 7.31

26. A. G. Gulley 21.54

Mellen & Hewes 3.00

Apr. 8. Milford Post Office 5.34

May 12. Geo. W. Brackett 21.0a

H. P. Daniels 6.25

June 17. Miss E. G. Fowler 14.00

July 30. The W. W. Wheeler Co 32.97

J. R. Clark 23.73

H. C. C. Miles 19-43

Aug. 31. H. C. C. Miles 16.50

July 19. E. M. Ives 11.44

Kilborn Bros 4.35

A. G. Gulley 7.58

*Bounty on Fair Premiums.

1 8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

July 19. By check to Edwin Hoyt $ 4.00

Samuel Knight 2.50

The Whicomb Press i.io

Oct. 3. Geo. C. Comstock 11.00

T. E. Cross 11.00

L. C. Root 11.66

E. Tucker's Sons 2.31

J. M. Hubbard 7.60

Laning Co 5.00

Clarence H. Ryder 12.00

Adams Express Company 9.45

Nov. 22. The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Co. . . . 303.65

The Mellen & Hewes Co 21.60

H. C. C. Miles 17.95

J. R. Clark '. . 42.40

A. G. Gulley 4.60

G. P. Clinton 5.19

The Whitcomb Press 3.25

H. C. C. Miles 28.43

H. C. C. Miles (salary 1904) 50.00

R. A. Moore 24.14

W. W. Ohl Wieler 5-79

E. R. Bennett 10.53

The Whitcomb Press 9.00

The Case. Lockwood & Brainard Co 2.00

1905-

Jan. 12. H. C. C. Miles, office expenses 25.52

30. O. Gilbert (loan) ico.co

H. C. C. Miles (salary) 50.00

$1,272.96
Premiums paid — Rockville Exhibition . . 392.05

$1,665.01

SUMM.'XRV.

Receipts $1,743.20

Expenditures.

Miscellaneous Expenses $1,272.96

Premiums 392.05

Balance in Treasury "8.19

$1,743-20

Due on account State Appropriation $ 47-79

Available Funds 125.98

Amount of Permanent Fund (Jan. i. 1905.) on interest at Ber-
lin Savings Bank 54.66

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 19

Auditors' Certificate."

Hartford, Conn, Feb. i, 1905.
We liave examined the accounts and vouchers of the Treasurer,
Mr. R. A. Moore, and find them correct.

GEO. W. STAPLES,
ALBERT B. PLANT,

Auditing Committee.

The President: Gentlemen, you have heard the report of
the treasurer. If there is no objection, it will be received
and published in the proceedings.

I will now call for the report of the committee on exhibi-
tions held during- the last year. Mr. Manchester, who is the
chairman of that committee, I understand can not be present,
so the report will be given by Mr. E. R. Bennett, of the
committee.

Report of Committee on Exhibitions.

Mr. Bennett: Mr. President, up to yesterday I supposed
that Mr. Manchester would be able to be here to make this
report, and consequently I have not much of a report to pre-
sent, excepting as to the number of plates of various kinds
of fruit that we had at the Rockville Exhibition. As to the
other exhibitions, I have no report at all to make.

At the Rockville Fair, as a good many of you know, there
was a pretty good exhibition of different kinds of fruit. Of
apples, single plates, there were 337, and with the different
collections made a total of 725, the total number of plates
without counting the canned goods and the fruits put up in
glass. Of the canned fruits there were 192, that is, of the
various kinds of fruits, and of pickles, jellies, etc., 177.
Plums, 55 plates; peaches, 133 plates; quinces, 6 plates;
grapes, 133 plates; pears, 161 plates; nuts, 27 plates. Mak-
ing a grand total of 1,234 plates.

I have no particular recommendations to make, but one
thing I noticed in the judging of the fruit and which I should
like to recommend to the members of the Society, inasmuch
as one of the objects of our association is to raise the standard
of fruits, and that is. that the association make it clearlv

20 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

understood that nobody should be allowed to exhibit any
fruit that shows any signs of the San Jose scale, or of the
Codling- moth, apple scab, or any other disease. There were
a good many plates shown at Rockville that had these trou-
bles ; I noticed some San Jose scale, and quite a good deal of
scab, and a whole lot of fruit that showed signs of
the work of the Codling moth. Of course, these same
defects were not very noticeable, but I think that they
should be thrown out, and, so far as we can, only
allow perfect fruit, or as nearly perfect as we can, to be
exhibited. I think it should be understood beforehand that
the exhibitors should not be allowed to show any such class
of fruit, and then they will not be disappointed when their
exhibits are thrown out on account of these diseases. I think
that is all we have to report.

Mr. Hale: Air. President, I am in hearty accord with
that suggestion, but I just want to make one other suggestion.
I agree with all that has been said, but I have noticed at fairs
many times that the judges do not take into account the
bruises on the apples. They are too much inclined, many
times, to regard an apple as perfect, and not to take into
consideration, as much as they ought to, bruises and blem-
ishes of that kind. I think bruises should count just as much
against fruit, as where it shows evidence of fungous disease
or insect troubles, because the bruise shows that the man who
packed it did not pack it properly. When fruit is put on
exhibition in a bruised condition it shows carelessness in the
handling somewhere. A man may say, 'T packed it as well
as I knew how," but the trouble is that fruit that is accepted
in such a condition as that, shows that the man who packed
it doesn't know how, and that is just what we are aiming at,
to make him learn how to exhibit perfect fruit. I think the
judge should take bruises into account just as much as he
would insect troubles or blemishes of any other kind. I think
they ought to be included, and that it should be understood
that such things are to count in making- the awards.

The President: I think that is a very good suggestion.
I had several come to me at Rockville and they wanted to
know why they had not been recognized on single plates,

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 21

because, so far as thev could see. the}- thoug-ht llieir fruit was
just as good and up to just as high a standard as some others
in the same class that had received a premium. I believe
that the trouble was accounted for because of the blemishes
on the fruit, and it was ordinarily due to the blemishes caused
by insect pests, and not especially to bruises. That is a thing
that we are trying to accomplish ; not to exhibit fruit that
shows an} blemishes whatever.

I notice that I omitted to call for the report of the treas-
urer in regard to the permanent funds of the Society. I will
call for that now.

Treasurer Moore: Mr. President, there is a permanent
fund. I should have mentioned that before. There have
been two contributions made to this fund of $25.00 each, so
that there is now in the savings bank at Berlin, including
accrued interest, $54.66 to the credit of the Society on account
of its permanent fund.

The President: That is, of the permanent funds, which
are not to be used for ordinary expenses ?

Mr. jMoore : Yes, and wdth the interest added.

The President : I wall now call for the report of the
committee on legislation, ]\Ir. J. C. Eddy, chairman.

Report of Committee on Legislation.

Mr. President, and Members of the Pomological Society.

There is just one matter that your committee wishes to
bring before the Society at this time. As is generally known
by members, the Society has received one thousand
dollars per year from the state to promote the interests of
pomology. This is not an annual appropriation, but has been
granted at each session of the legislature, a bill being put in
at each session for that purpose. It is thought by our officers
and many of our members that a larger appropriation is
necessary to carry on the work of promoting the interests of
fruit growing, and that in view of the benefits to the whole
state we are justified in asking for an increase of five hun-
dred dollars, or fifteen hundred dollars per year. If this
action is authorized by the Society, your committee proposes

22 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to present to the legislature a bill asking- for an annual appro-
priation of that amount, so that in future it will not have to
be brought up at each session of the legislature.

The President: Gentlemen, you have heard the report
and recommendations by the chairman of the committee on
legislation. What will you do with it? I think it will need
some action as to whether the Society had better go before
the legislature and ask for an increase in its appropriation.
It is certain that w'e can use it. It will all be useful in insti-
tute work. That is the idea in asking for this extra five hun-
dred dollars — to use it in institute work. Last year
we devoted over $100.00, but it was in partnership
with other organizations, and it has been thought that
if we could secure an increase, that very much more work
could be done, and undoubtedly the state would receive a
good deal more for the investment. There is no doubt at all
but what this money would be well invested by the state. I
should like to hear what Mr. N. S. Piatt has to say about this
matter, or if he has any suggestions to make.

Mr. Platt: Mr. President, I do not care just at
this moment to make any motion in this matter. I know,
however, that there is some feeling in the state that would
be against an increase in our appropriation, a feeling that it
is a sort of class legislation, but how much that would affect
the matter I do not know\ Our Society could use, and would
like to use, fifteen hundred dollars a year, if it can be secured,
in the same way we secured the appropriation a few years
ago, and I think w^e ought to try to get it in the way our
committee proposes. That is about the condition I am in so
far as I have thought about the matter.

]\Ir. Kelsey : ]\Ir. President, I think this organization
ought to take into consideration the fact that the State insti-
tute work has been growing very rapidly in most of our
sister states, and more rapidly than it has been in Connecti-
cut, I am sure. In those states the appropriations for that
purpose have been doubled and doubled, and then trebled,
year after year, and it seems to me that the state of Connecti-
cut ought to be willing to do something to keep up with the
procession. ]\Ioney has been appropriated year after year in

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 23

other states, the amounts fre(|nentl\- increased, and it has all
come back in g^ood round hundred per cent, profit to the state,
and the people that have paid the bill have been well pleased.

Perhaps it is not wise to make this extra demand upon
our legislature, but I believe it is wise to show our colors and
to fii^ht for it whether we are turned down or not.

I think we are fortunate in that we have several members
of our Society who are members of the legislature, and it
seems to me that they can do something in this matter. It
seems to me it would be well to have them interested in it,
and I think it would be well for our officers to consult with
them.

Secretary Miles: INIr. President, in order to bring this
matter before us in proper shape, I will move that the report
of the committee on legislation be accepted, the recommend-
ations adopted and the committee requested to follow out
those recommendations. (Motion seconded.)

The President : It is moved and supported that the
report of our committee on legislation be accepted and its
recommendations adopted. Are you ready for the question?

Mr. J. M. Hubbard : Mr. President, I should like to say
just a word on that before you put the motion. I have been
a little in doubt what course would be best for us to take,
because I have anticipated that a bill would be presented
before the legislature for organizing our institute work in an
effective form. It has not seemed to me that our institute
work should be left as it has been for three or four years, to
be carried on by several different societies, but should be
organized and worked in accordance with the plans suggested
in the report of our secretary. I will second this motion in
order to bring it up, but I am still under the impression that
we would have a better chance of securing the appropriation
by having the institute work organized under a director or
conductor, in a way that compares with the work in other
states where it has been so successful. We need the work.
The work ought to be done. It would pay. And we need
to have a fair share of whatever money is spent for institute
work directed to the interest which this Society represents,
but whether it is best for each societv to go to the legislature

24

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and ask for an increased appropriation, or best for a measure
to be presented for a more effective organization of the insti-
tute work itself, is a matter upon which I am somewhat in
doubt. At the present time I am rather incHned to favor the
idea of putting our institute work in charge of a director, who
shall organize it and carry it on as it should be. I do not
know about this, and, as I say, I am somewhat in doubt as to
just what is the best course to pursue. One thing is clear in
this matter of going to the legislature for money, and that is,
that every society in the state is going there. And that is not
only true about every agricultural society, but every institu-
tion is going to the legislature for more money. They are
not all of them going to get it. Some of them have strong
claims, and you must make out an exceedingly strong case
in order to get an appropriation in the face of this universal
demand for money. The question now is, can we make the
strongest case by going before the legislature and simply
representing the interests of this Society on the line of insti-
tute work, or can we make the strongest case by going in as
a part of a general agricultural department, thoroughly organ-
ized and placed under efficient management, and asking for
an adequate appropriation to carry on the instituted work for
increased agricultural education. That is the question.

The President: My understanding of this matter is that
so far as that idea is concerned, it has not been sufficiently
developed, and the kindred associations have all made their
plea for this appropriation, or, if they have not already done
so, the other ones will do so besides our own. Of course, as
Mr. Piatt says, they are all asking for money, and what the
outcome will be, of course, can not be told at this time. Are
there any other remarks?

Mr. Hale: Mr. President, I want to say just a word. The
question before us is just simply this, Mr. President. Do
we w^ant to work simply for the Pomological Society, or d,o
we want to work for the general agricultural interests of Con-
necticut? It is plain, and we all know it at the present time,
that we have a State Board of Agriculture, which orig-
inally had an appropriation of twenty-five hundred dollars a
year, and which some years ago got, as a special appropria-

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 25

tion. an increase of a thousand dollars for institute work.
But tiie fact is, it has not spent this money for institute work.
Then we have the Dairymen's Association, an association
specially organized for advancing the dairy interests of the
state, and a splendid organization it is, too. It is doing a
great deal of good work. Then we have the Pomological
Society, which has a splendid membership for a state the size
of Connecticut, which has more largely attended meetings
than any other agricultural interests in the state. Now, if I
were the State of Connecticut, Mr. Chairman, sitting over
there at the capitol, and with half a dozen interests and differ-
ent societies coming over there and asking for money, I should
begin to think pretty seriously about putting them all into one
bureau with an efficient head to manage the whole thing and
to direct the expenditure of money. It seems to me that that
would be the wise thing to do. It is what we will have to
come to sooner or later. Besides all that, Mr. Chairman, the
legislature is being asked for appropriations for the Agricul-
tural College, and for the experiment stations at two different
places, and the result is we are scattering the agricultural
money in a dozen ways and spending it for a dozen different
kinds of purposes, although it is really in the end all for the
advancement of the agricultural interests of the state. But
there is no question about it, Mr. Chairman, some of this work
duplicates the other, and it ought not to be carried on that
way. I think the Pomological Society has accomplished
more good for less money in the state of Connecticut than
any organization that is now in the field w^orking for the
improvement of our agricultural interests, and I think if it
had four times as much money, under the present manage-
ment, that the state would get more for the money than with
any other. I think if we go there and ask for what we need
for carrying on the work of the Pomological Society, we will
get it, because we ought to get it. If we go there because we
want to run some more institutes for the education of our
fanners, or because we want to double up with somebody,
I think they will double it for us, just as they ought to. The
legislature has usually been hiclined to treat the agricultural
interests pretty fairly.

26 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

oMr. Fenn : Mr. President, in conversation with one of
the members of the present legislature, he said that the amount
of the appropriations that were being asked for this year, if
granted, would probably result in a renewal of the state tax.
He thought that anything that the farmers might ask for
would be cut out. How true that is I do not know. ]ylany
of you who have followed up the proceedings of the legis-
lature know that immense appropriations are being asked for,
and, should it be likely to result in the state tax being revived
again, he doubted very much whether you will get vers' much
money, even though you ask for it. He took that view.

Mr. Hale: Mr. President, if anything of that kind will
bring the state tax back onto the statute books of this state,
then, I say, let us have it. We have been getting a lot of
money, to run the state, out of the corporations and throwing
it away recklessly. That state tax bogie doesn't scare me a
little bit. It isn't such a bad thing as some people think.

Mr. Fenn : T see by the roll that there are ninety-seven
farmers in the legislature. They ought to be able to do
something.

Mr. Hale : That, sometimes, is more of a disadvantage
than it is an advantage. My experience shows, Mr. Presi-
dent, that they will hold together on everything but agricul-
tural legislation.

Mr. Fenn : I think that criticism, to a certain extent, is
true. Every agricultural appropriation that has been asked
for has been obtained by the aid of the lawyers and members
who are not farmers, more than it has by the farmers them-
selves. That is one trouble. They can not be depended on.

Secretary Miles : Mr. Chairman, I want to say just a
word in connection with this matter, because I have given
the matter some thought. It seems to me it is a little too late
at this session of the legislature to attempt the plan which
Mr. Hubbard and Mr. Hale have suggested, and, if that is
the case, then I think we should press for this increased appro-
priation. Alany of us believe that that is the best course for
us to take. I am told that the Dairymen's Association is
asking for an increase for institute work. I believe they will
be likely to get it, and it seems to me the Pomological Society

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

27

should take the same course, or else in the next two years we
shall find our funds will be entirely inadequate to carry on
the work which will confront us.

The President: I do not think we can give any more
time to this now, and I will put the question. All those in
favor of adopting the recommendations as made by the legis-
lative committee will signify it by saying "aye." All those
opposed "no." The motion is carried, and the committee will
be governed accordingly.

We will now hear the report of the Committee on Inju-
rious Insects.

Report of Committee on Injurious Insects.

By Prof. W. E. Britton, New Haven,
State Entomologist.

The severe winter of 1903-1904 was destructive to certain
forms of insect life. San Jose scale was greatly checked in
some parts of the state. In our spraying tests we examined
many thousands of individuals and in most cases more than
half had been killed by the winter. But trees were badly
injured, and in many orchards the scale-infested trees went
into the winter in a weakened condition to be killed by the
freeze. Frequently one or two branches on a tree would be
coated with scales while the remaining portion of the tree
would be comparatively free from scale. Such infested
b];anches were killed almost without exception even where the
others were not seriously injured, though in some portions
of the state many infested trees were injured or killed
outright.

Over 100,000 trees were sprayed in Connecticut with the
lime and sulphur mixture during 1904. The results were
generally satisfactory, and in some of the orchards where the
work was done with thoroughness it was hard to find living
scales late in the season. In other cases, however, on account
of climatic conditions or the mixture not being well made or
carefully applied, scales were afterward abundant.

We may feel gratified at the results of using the mixtures
prepared without artificial boiling. Last year it was stated

28 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in this meeting that sulphide of sodium seemed a promising
material and was cheap enough so that it could be used
extensively. At that time, however, it could be obtained only
in large solid masses which could not be dissolved without
first breaking or crushing them. I wish to announce here
that it is now on the market broken into small lumps which
will dissolve more readily. It can be obtained from the
Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co., No. loo William street,
New York, in iron drums containing no pounds each, at 3^^
cents per pound. From 8 to lo pounds of this sodium sul-
phide, with the same weight of sulphur and 20 pounds of
fresh stone lime and 40 gallons of water, a very good mixture
can be made without artificial boiling.

The mixture of lime, sulphur and caustic soda is effective
and can be made without boiling. One of these mixtures
should be used on small trees in the garden, or where the
orchard is too small to warrant the use of a cooking plant.
The boiled mixture is fully as good, however, and is prob-
ably cheaper where made in large quantities.

The plum curculio Conotrachelus ncnupJiar Hbst. was
unusually abundant and attacked not only plums, cherries and
peaches, but caused much injury to apples. The crescent-
shaped marks were seen on many of the small apples in June.
Some of these dropped, but most of them remained on the
trees, becoming irregular in shape with hard streaks or knots
running through the flesh. The apple curculio Anthonomns
quadrigibbiis Say. has been supposed to carry this injury, but
it is a rather rare insect — at least when compared with the
plum curculio. The punctures in the young apples are made
by the adult beetles of both sexes for food, and earlier the
young leaves and flowers are eaten for the same purpose. In
addition to the food supply, the females deposit eggs and cut
crescent marks around them, to prevent their being injured
by a too rapid growth of the fruit. There is but one brood
of beetles each year and the winter is passed in the adult
stage. Professor J. M. Stedman of the Missouri Experi-
ment Station has recently pubHshed a bulletin on his studies
of the plum curculio injuries to apples. He concludes that
spraying with the arsenical poisons, as is done for the Codling

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

29

moth, will partially control the plum curculio. If, in acklition
to this treatment, we can stir the soil or cultivate under the
apple trees, once about July 15th, again about August ist,
and the third time about August 15th, the disastrous results
may largely be prevented. All infested apples which drop
should be destroyed every seven days.

Professor S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of Illinois,
has also conducted spraying experiments with arsenate of
lead against this insect in apple orchards. While the fruit
could be greatly improved by the treatment, a certain percent-
age of injured apples (about 28 per cent.) always remained,
even where thoroughly sprayed. He tried to account for this
percentage by considering it the amount that must be attacked
by the curculios before they could get enough poison to kill
them. In other words, it is necessary for them to do some
eating before they become poisoned, and in so doing they
injure nearly 28 per cent, of the fruit.

The codling moth Carpocapsa pomonella Linn, was fully
as abundant as usual, but this insect may be controlled by a
proper spraying with arsenical poisons after the blossoms
drop.

The apple maggot Rhagoletis (Trypefa) pomonella Wahh.
is on the increase in Connecticut, and no practical remedies
have yet been discovered. Destroying the fallen and infested
fruit is about the only thing that we can do, and this merely
reduces the number of adults for the following season.

The apple aphis Aphis pomi DeGeer was fortunately not
injurious during the season. Eggs are now to be found on
the twigs and we may expect to have more of them next
season.

In October, the strawberry root borer Typophorus canel-
liis Fabr. destroyed two acres of strawberries at South Man-
chester. This insect feeds on the roots of the plants in its
larval stage, and is usually worse in old fields. The adult
beetles also feed upon the leaves, appearing late in summer.
Strong mixtures of arsenate of lead or Paris green sprayed
upon the foliage is about the only remedy.

From rather limited observations on pear trees sprayed
with the lime and sulphur mixtures, the pear psylla, Psylla

30 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

pyricola Forst., has apparently been held in check by the
treatment.

The tent-caterpillar Malacosonia (Clisiocampa) Ameri-
cana Fabr. has been rather abundant, though perhaps less so,
on the whole, than last year. The fall web worm Hyphantria
cunca Dru. was found throughout the state in late summer.
Proof was obtained that this insect is partially double-
brooded at New Haven.

I wish to call your attention to a maggot which is infesting
currants in some parts of the state. Several samples have
been received, but too late, as the insects had escaped. This
may prove to be the currant and gooseberry fruit fly Epochra
canadensis Loew. which has caused considerable damage to
the crop in some parts of the country. I would be glad to
have every member of the Society on the watch for this spe-
cies next season and to send me specimens and notes. We
will try and find out what insect causes the mischief.

In the report of this committee last year, attention was
directed to the fact that our state law is regarded as uncon-
stitutional by the legal committee of the American Nursery-
men's Association, because it requires outside nurserymen
to fumigate, when it does not require it of tl>e Connecticut
nurserymen. In case our legislative committee think it best
to make a change in the law to cover the points in question,
I shall be glad to confer with them. It is thought by many
that our nurserymen should be compelled to fumigate with
hydrocyanic acid gas before sending out their stock. This
is already practiced in the larger nurseries and would aflfect
chiefly the small dealer who digs up a plant or two at a time.
Respectfully submitted,

W. E. Britton, New Haven. Chairman,
H. B. BuELL, Eastford,
Theo. M. Savage, Berlin,

Committee on Injurious Insects.

The President : This report will be received and printed
with the proceedings.

We w'ill next have the report of the Committee on X'ew
Fruits, bv Stanclifi^ Hale, South Glastonbury.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 31

Report of Committee on New Fruits.

Mr. President, and ladies and gentlemen: Your eommittee
has had rather poor success in getting material for a report
which will be of very much value in giving any information
as to New Fruits. On account of the extreme cold during
the last winter, man}- new varieties failed to fruit, which
made it impossible to take notes. I have written several
members, and also to some of the leading growers, and the
general concensus of opinion seemed to be that very few new
varieties had fruited this past season.

I had a particularly good opportunity to study straw-
berries last season, as we had a test plot of a great many new
and old varieties, and I am able to give you the results of my
observations on some of these.

Auto; this is a perfect flowering strawberry, ripens about
June 1 6th, large, firm, good flavor, strong plants, fairly pro-
lific, and has a good, solid flesh.

Challenge ; perfect flowering, comes in about June 12th,
bright red in color, firm, red flesh, is slightly conical, rather
medium size, good flavor, and very productive variety. It is
a pretty good variety.

Climax ; perfect flowering, ripens about June loth, a fine
grower, prolific, large for its season, fine flavor, in a good
season, and has a deep red color.

Connecticut; perfect flower, ripens about June i6th, large,
deep red in color, particularly fine flavor, a good grower, and
quite prolific.

The Fairfield; perfect flower, ripens about June 14th,
rather weak foliage, good quality, bright red in color, fair
size, and firm and solid in fruit.

Kansas; imperfect bloom, ripens about the middle of June,
deep red in color, a shy bearer, a rank strong grower, covers
a long season, medium size, very firm in flesh, and rather
sour.

Lester Loveit : perfect flower, it is more shy and comes in
later than the Gandy. There has been some discussion about
this variety, some holding that it was a very fine berry, but
that is not the way it has appeared to me. It does not seem

32 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to improve much. There are only three or four berries, and
they never seem to mature as they ought to.

Lady Garrison; perfect flower, ripens June 12th, fair
quahty, productive, bright red. This is a berry that prom-
ises to be A I in most every respect.

Midnight; perfect flower, ripens a httle later than the
others, about June 25th. The first of that variety come along
about June 25th. It is large, firm, broadly conical in shape,
and a bright scarlet in color. It was a late bearer, and rather
inclined to be a rank grower. It is good flavor.

Mead; perfect flower, matures about June 20th, pro-
ductive, firm, and of very good flavor.

President; perfect, ripens about June i8th, a shy bearer,,
large, good flavor.

Parsons' Beauty; perfect, ripe June i6th, or usually
about the second week in June, medium large, irregularly
conical in shape, acid in taste, fairly firm, but not so firm as
is desirable. Rather large, and a fair bearer.

Uncle Jim; matures about June 15th, large in size, pro-
lific, perfect, good grower.

That is all the newer strawberries that we had of any
particular value.

There was one thing in currants, of which great things
are claimed. The climbing currant — I have not seen very
much of it, and I think it would be better to wait before we
go into it very deeply. The originator claims it can be
trained on a trellis, but it has not been tried much in Con-
necticut. Therefore, I think it would be better to wait before
we say very much about it.

Last winter was an exceedingly severe one on peaches.
There have not been any new varieties that I know of, the
varieties being the same as we have had in our reports for a
number of years. We have mentioned most of these vari-
eties, including the Carman, Triumph, Champion, Belle of
Georgia and Waddell of the newer varieties. I have had
reports from a number of people relative to the hardiness of
these varieties. The Champion, Belle of Georgia and Wad-
dell are particularly so. They have stood our nonhern
season in good shape, except in a very few cases, where they

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 33

have been planted in low places. We had one orchard, the
lowest orchard which we had, and the trees in that looked
kind of tong^h for a wdiile, but it gradually recovered, and is
in fairly g-ood shape now.

T have not been able to get much information about the
newer plums. We had a few of a new variety, for which
some good points were claimed, but it proved to be a rather
shy bearer.

In apples, I have had some opportunity to study, but have
not found very much new information to give you. I went
to the meeting of the Western New York society, but was
not up on what was new. There are two or three that have
been brought out from the Agricultural Experiment Station,
like "Dudley's Winter." It is a good winter apple, a good
filler, bright in color, good appearance, large, spreading tree
in growth, and it is a good winter fruit. Has good cfuality,
and the only objection to it is that it is a broad grower.

There has been some discussion among horticultural
people as to the value of the Bismarck. We had quite a dis-
cussion about that on the floor in the New York society.
]Many thought it was a first-rate variety, but there were some
that were a little against it.

There is another apple that came to my attention that
seems to be a good apple for business purposes. I don't
know just what value there is in it. I refer to the new seed-
less and coreless apple that is mentioned by John F. Spencer,
of Grand Junction, Colorado. I presume some of you have
seen the little circular that he sends out. The gist of that
thing is that he wants to form a company to grow it, and
he wants to sell trees at a pretty high price apiece. He makes
big claims for it. I would not advise anybody getting into
it very deeply. It might do for somebody to try it and see
what it would do in this climate.

I do not know as there is anything else that I can men-
tion, Mr. President.

The President: The report of the committee on New
Fruits will be accepted and published in the proceedings, if

34 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

there is no objection. If there are any growers here that
have anything to add to this we should be glad to receive it.
We will now hear the report of the committee on Fungous
Diseases.

Report on Fungous Diseases for 1904.

Bv Dr. G. p. Clinton, Xew Haven.

The past year was not especially distinguished for serious
outbreaks of fungous diseases when compared with the two
previous years. By far the most serious trouble was the
injury resulting from the unusual cold of the winter 1903-4.
Since winter injury to fruit trees has been confused by some
as possibly the work of fungi, a brief statement of its damage
will be included here. We will very briefly consider these
troubles of the past year, according to the host, as follows :

Apple. No very serious outbreak of any of the fungi that
alawys occur on the apple has been obtained or reported.

Winter injury, on the other hand, was observed in a num-
ber of young orchards in which cases the wood had been black-
ened and often killed, usually down to the snow line, while the
bark, cambium and roots remained uninjured. The injury
was worst in the low protected places rather than on the higher
exposed grounds, thus indicating that it was largely due to
the wood not being thoroughly ripened for an unusually cold
winter. Greater care should be used in selecting sites for our
orchards. Trees only set out for a year or two that were
severely injured could in most cases be saved by cutting
back to the uninjured wood below the snow line, provided
this did not extend down to the stock, and starting a new
stem from a single bud of the scion. Trees not so severely
injured can be helped by severe pruning. Of course, some
trees were killed or so severely injured that the most effective
treatment was their replacement by a new one. With older
trees the injury often showed itself through girdled areas at
the base of the trunk or by its splitting. These dead areas
should be scraped and the wood painted to prevent subse-
quent rot from fungi.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 35

Grape. The powdery mildew, Uncinula nccator, was
unusually prevalent last fall. It appeared most conspicuously
on the fruiting- pedicles and fruit. Except on the thin skinned
varieties, the damage was not very great. On those varieties,
however, not only was the presence of the fungus on the fruit
objectionahle for appearance, but it also induced earlier
wilting.

Mulberry. This plant in Connecticut is apparently grown
only as a shade and not as a fruit tree. In one of the local
nurseries the past summer there was observed, for the first
time in this state, the European bacterial disease, Baeillus
lubouiaiius, that attacks both stem and leaves. This trouble
produces small cankered places on the stems that finally work
their way between the cambium and wood internally, killing
these, or else are crowded out by a vigorous growth of new
bark. Badly diseased branches or young trees show a yellow-
ish foliage and make an unsatisfactory growth. On the
leaves the germs form small, reddish brown, semi-pcUucid
areas that more or less thickly cover them. Severe winter
pruning is the only remedy to be suggested.

Musk Melon. Last year, for the first time in several years,
growers succeeded in raising a fair crop of musk melons.
This was in part due to the more favorable season for growth,
and partly due to the absence of the downy mildew, or blight
(Plasiiiopara lubeiisis) that recently has played such havoc
with this crop. Discouraged by previous failures, however,
many growers last year planted no melons or greatly reduced
their acreage. The last two seasons have shown that the
downy mildew is disappearing, as is its habit, and provided
July and August of this year are fairly warm and not too
moist, little need be feared from this trouble.

Peae/i. For the past two seasons, due to winter-kill of
the fruit buds, the peach crop of the state has been small. For
this reason, the browai rot has not been especially conspicu-
ous, since it does most damage with a full crop in a wet sea-
son. It is ^mentioned here because last spring, for the first
time in this state, the mature or winter spore stage of the
fungus was found both at New Haven and Storrs. This
stage develops funnel shaped bodies, about an inch in length.

36 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the long sterile pedicles of which shove the cup-shaped fruit-
ing surface above ground from the half buried peach mum-
mies. Besides the infested twigs and the mummies adhering
to the trees, both of which produce only summer spores like
those formed in the rotting fruit, we have this third method
by which the fungus is carried over the winter and infects the
blossoms and young fruit in early spring.

Last year attention was called to a physiological trouble
of strawberry leaves, termed frosty spots. A similar trouble
has been reported on peach leaves. The under surface of
the leaves shows purplish discoloration, and finally a silver
grey appearance, as if attacked by a mildew. Miscropical
examination shows no fungus present, but does reveal the
epidermis, and later the leaf parenchyna discolored and their
cells finally collapsed. The trouble seems to arise from an
insufficient water supply or the inability to control its trans-
piration, as it is confined to the lower surface, where are situ-
ated the stomales that regulate the loss of water, and as it
shows most severely near the bundles, which bring the water
to the leaf. It has seemed to the writer that possibly it may
result from winter injury to the roots.

The peach sufifered most of all the fruit trees from winter
injury. A number of orchards were so severely injured that
they were partially cut out. The injury was chiefly the
damaging of the immatured wood down to the snow line. No
doubt the snow saved the orchards from more severe injury.
In some orchards, where the snow had blown off the ground,
trees were found where the injury was chiefly in the roots.
The outer roots that spread out near the surface were often
killed, while the inner ones that tend to penetrate deeper into
the soil were less severely injured. Most growers cut out
the dead trees and those badly injured and severely pruned
those less injured.

Pear. Pear scab was not unusually conspicuous last year.
It is mentioned here to call attention to the beneficial results
in preventing it that possibly follow spraying with lime and
sulphur for the San Jose scale. It is well known that certain
varieties of pears scab worse than others, and it also has long
been known that the funo-us carries over winter on some trees

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 37

through its parasitic stage on the young twigs. These infect-
ed twigs have been found in this state and probably are not
uncommon on certain varieties. For two or three seasons
the writer has observed a few trees in a yard in New Haven
which furnished plenty of scabby fruit. Last winter these
trees were sprayed with lime and sulphur for the San Jose
scale, and last summer, for the first time since under observa-
tion, very little scab was found on the fruit. If this result
was due to the spraying, it came through the prevention of the
infected twigs forming spores to reinfect the young leaves
and fruit.

Raspberry. The writer's attention has been called to an
apparent winter injury of blackcap raspberries very similar
in its appearance to the wait fungous disease of these plants.
In the exposed part of a certain field some of the varieties
about ripening period showed a serious wilt of the fruiting
canes, many of which eventually died, leaving the half matured
fruit dried up and attached. New canes started from the
roots, showing these were not injured, at least not severely.
An examination of canes showed no sign of the wilt fungus,
and as the trouble was severe and noticed this year for the
first time, it appears to have been due to winter injury. The
wTiter would be glad to hear froin any who have suffered
from a similar trouble.

The President: Have you any questions to ask of Dr.
Clinton? If not, this report will be received and published
with the other committee reports.

We will noW' take up the regular program of the session
and listen to the addresses and papers from those who have
been especially invited to be with us, and w^e shall begin by
calling upon one who lias come to us from a distant state, and
from whom I am glad to say w'e shall have at least two talks
before the meeting closes. We will now^ have an address on
the "Experiences of a Mrginia Fruit Grower," by Mr. S. L.
Lupton, Secretary of the X'irginia State Horticultural Society.

38 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Experiences of a Virginia Fruit Grower.

Bv S. L. LuPTON, of Winchester, Va.

Mr. President, members of the Connecticut Pomological
Society, ladies and gentlemen : I am exceedingly glad to be
with you to-day. and especially glad to see so many ladies in
the audience. There is always room in a horticultural society,
in this and every other state, for the ladies. There is always
room in agriculture for the ladies. Those of you who have
not yet succeeded in attaching yourselves to some coming
Connecticut horticulturist must bear in mind that there is even
room in agriculture for single ladies. Perhaps you are not
aware of the fact, but it is stated to be a scientific fact, that
you can not grow clover without old maids. (Laughter.) Old
maids keep cats, cats destroy field mice, and field mice, if
allowed to propagate, destroy the bumble bees, and the bumble
bees carry the pollen, without which we cannot have thrifty
clover. So if we have no old maids we would have no cats
to destroy the field mice, and the field mice would destroy the
bumble bees, and we would have no clover. (Laughter.) I
merely throw that out as a suggestion to add to the comfort
of some of you to-day, if any of you need such comfort.

I feel somewhat embarrassed in talking to an organization
like this, many of the members of wdiich have grown old in
this business, and all of whom have had the pleasure of hav-
ing such a horticultural teacher as our friend Hale. Perhaps
I can best explain to you just how I feel by telling you a
story, and as the theme of my story is laid in that better land,
where moths do not corrupt, and where thieves do not break
through, nor steal, you may like to know about it. Xot very
long ago a citizen of your neighboring State of Pennsylvania
died and went to his reward. He went up and claimed admis-
sion at the pearly gates. St. Peter asked him upon what
ground he asked admittance, to which he replied : 'T am one
of the survivors of the horrors of the Johnstown flood, and
I claim admission to this celestial country by reason of the
good service that I rendered on that occasion." St. Peter
recognized the justice of the claim, and he was admitted to
fellowship within the gates. This so pleased our friend from

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 39

Pcnns\lvaiiia that thereafter, upon all occasions, he talked
about the Johnstown tlood. In season and out of season he
talked about his experiences at the Johnstown flood, but
alwa\s. under all circumstances, he noticed one man who did
not seem to be interested, and who turned away with a shrug
of his shoulders and seemed to be bored. Perhaps he was
rather a heavy set, square built fellow, about such a man
as our friend Hale. (Laughter.) Somewhat disturbed at the
discourtesy, our friend from Pennsylvania went to St. Peter
and asked him why this old man turned away when he was
talking about the Johnstown flood, and he asked St. Peter
who he was. "Why," he said, "that is Noah. He has been
in a flood himself, and he thinks he knows something about
floods as well as you do." (Laughter.) So that I imagine
that perhaps Hale, and may be some of the rest of you, feel
the same as our Pennsylvania friend did after that, when he
undertook to talk about floods in the presence of Noah. You
can understand my embarrassment, therefore, when I under-
take to talk about fruits in the presence of J. H. Hale.

Now, it may also be true that before I tell you about the
fruits that grow in Virginia you would like to know something
about the country in which that fruit is grown. I think it
is more than likely that some of you visited the Shenandoah
valley along in the sixties, and, although we gave you a very
warm reception at that time, my impression is that you over-
stayed your invitation and came very near wearing out your
welcome. Before your visit to us in Virginia "F. F. \ ."
meant "First Families of Virginia." At that time, like Hale's
peaches, they were all firsts, and no seconds. As the direct
result of your visit, and for some time after, you left us,
F. F. V. meant "Fight for Victuals." Nozv, F. F. V. means,
of course, the "Finest Fruits of A'^irginia," which in turn
means finest of the country, barring none.

We have, however, not forgotten that visit of yours in the
sixties, and if you left us at that time with the balance a little
in your favor, we propose to get even with you some day, anvi
we believe that day is not far ofif. And this is the way we
propose to do it : We propose to ask you to close up your
cotton factories, to surrender your mill sites and move down

40 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

south, where labor is plenty and cheap, and where the ravv
material will be at yonr very door. We propose to ask you
to draw the fires from under your furnaces, and to bring
them down South, where iron and steel and its products can
be made cheaper than anywhere else in the w'orld.

\Mien President Roosevelt gets through revising the
freight rates, we propose to send our goods cheaper to you
than you can make them for yourselves. Wlien President
Roosevelt gets the tariff revised we expect to buy our clocks
cheaper in Germany than you can make them in Ansonia.
And I want to communicate to you the fact, which may not
be generally understood here, that our Virginia hard woods
make the very finest flavored nutmegs in the world, and I am
afraid when that fact becomes generally known, Connecticut
will have no market for her well-known product, ^^'hen all
these things have been accomplished, and you are ready to
give up yourselves and come down and make your home in
our favored country, we want you to bring your sons and
your daughters, and you will be as welcome as the flowers
that bloom in the spring, but we do not want you to think that
you are coming to a new country. V\e do not want you to
understand that you are going to be pioneers in any sense.
All that has been done for you and is part of our history.
Furthermore, we want you to understand that in A^irgina
there is no question before the American people that we have
not already fought out and settled. So that peace reigns
there, and inasmuch as it is for your interest and your future
prosperity to come and dwell among us, I felt that I ought
to tell you these few things, just by way of introduction,
about old Virginia.

Now, you know there has been a good deal of talk about
subsidizing our steamship lines and building up a great mer-
chant marine. That was the favored scheme and purpose of
the late senator from Ohio, Mark Hanna. Lots of people
thought that was a new thing in the United States. \\'hen
you go down to Washington, as some of you may do, to attend
the inauguration, you want to go over to Arlington, on the
Potomac side of the river, and you will see over there a bronze
tablet giving the history of tlie first ship subsidy bill which

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 41

was ever passed in this country. That tablet will tell you
that it was to an English ship for freighting emigrants to
this country that the amount was granted. That was the
first ship subsidy bill ever known in this country. It hap-
pened a hundred years before Mark Hanna was born.

Recently, here in Connecticut, you have had some agita-
tion, I understand, in favor of good roads. I am told that
you have had experts here from Washington to talk to you
about them, and, as the expert is usually the last man to tind
out the facts, they have probably told you a great many things
that were not so, about good roads. Virginia is away ahead
of you in that particular. You see we have got a few things
to boast of. In 1815, a French engineer, by the name of
Crozet, who was in the French army, escaped after the
battle of Waterloo and came to Virginia. He was immediately
employed by the State of Virginia and sent over into that
great valley of the state w^here I live, to build some good roads.
The state paid three-fifths of the amount and the land owners
paid the other two-fifths. He built some roads, and those
roads are as good to-day as they were when they were built.
In my own little County of Frederick there are 75 miles of the
best roadways that we have anywhere. In 1861, just before
your visit to us, a gentleman by the name of Jackson acquired
from the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad forty locomotives, of
large type, and his master of transportation hauled those
locomotives a distance of 125 miles over one of those roads
with horses. After the war, Robert Garrett, who was at thaj;
time President of the Baltimore & Ohio, heard of that feat of
hauling these locomotives 125 miles, and he thought that the
man who did that would make a good master mechanic, and
Thomas R. Sharpe was made master mechanic of the Balti-
more & Ohio by reason of that feat in hauling those locomo-
tives that distance over a road that had been built since 181 5.
So, gentlemen, you will observe that we have been preparing
for your contemplated visit and your contemplated residence
for a long time.

Now. it only remains for me to tell you about the orchards
that we have planted upon our sunny hillsides, and of the
great prospect which has opened up before us from a com-

42 THE CONNECTICUT POMOEOGICAL SOCIETY.

mercial point of view, to fill the measure of your discontent
and bring you to us in a body.

I want to say here, before I proceed any further, if any
gentleman in the audience desires to ask any questions during
the progress of this talk, I should be very glad to have him
do so. I think it is sometimes better, when a question comes
into one's mind, to ask it then and obtain the information,
which perhaps may be of value, rather than to hold it back
until the conclusion of the address. Then it may be forgotten
and not asked at all. So in the progress of the paper I should
be glad to answer any question at any time.

The oldest orchard of which I have knowledge in Vir-
ginia was planted in 1814, in Nelson County, the varieties
consisting of the old Newtown Pippin, Spitzenberg and vari-
eties of that kind. The trees were bought on Long Island,
and for a great many years the Spitzenburgs raised in that
orchard were famous throughout the whole country for their
fine flavor and quality. Not very long ago I visited one of
the largest trees in that orchard, which is in an immense
forest, and it is still in a thrifty condition.

In . 1835 my grandfather planted the first commercial
apple orchard in the valley of \ irginia, not thinking, at the
time, of shipping fruit for general consumption in the
markets of the country, but only planning to cater to local
consumption. The varieties that he planted were very much
the same, some of which are gone, but I remember very well
ttiat there were quite a few Newtown Pippins among them.
Since I have been with you to-day, some inquiry has been
made of me concerning the famous Albemarle Pippin, and
I am pleased to say this to you now, that we have the Albe-
marle Pippin, but it is in reality the old Newtown Pippin,
just the same as you have here in Connecticut, and in New
York and Maine, but growing under diflrerent conditions of
soil and climate.

The President: Is that what they call the Yellow New-
town ?

^Ir. Lupton :' I do not think there is any difiference. I
think the one which you have here would become yellow if
Sfrown with us. Personally, I like the flavor of the Green

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 43

Newtown apple the best. I think it has a finer texture and
a finer flavor.

In 1875, my father planted forty acres of Newtown Pip-
pins, and the neig-hbors in that community thoug-ht he was
insane and would wind up by reaching an asylum. Eleven
years later, in 1886, the apples from that orchard sold for
fifty-two hundred dollars on the trees, and from that time on
commercial apple raising- was an assured success in that com-
munity.

Nearlv all of the commercial apple orchards in Virginia
have been planted within the last fifteen or twenty years, and
to give you some idea of the growth of the business in that
time let me say this : We had a fairly good apple crop
last year, and we turned out at the station at Winchester,
where I live, about a hundred thousand barrels, and we ought
to add a hundred thousand barrels to that each year for the
next ten years, even if we do not plant any more than what
we now have in the ground. So that, at a very conservative
estimate, within the next ten years, even if we do not extend
the operations which we have in hand now, when all of the
trees come into bearing, these orchards will turn out some-
where in the neighborhood of a million barrels of apples.
What I have to say is more specially in reference to apples,
because that is our principal orchard fruit, although the past
season we shipped from Winchester about 136 carloads of
peaches. Just over the line in West Virginia there is one or-
chard wdiich turned out about 150 carloads of peaches alone.

Mr. Hale: I want this audience to appreciate what that
means. You say that you are going to turn out a million
barrels of apples within the next ten years? There are a thous-
and other stations in the United States that propose to do
the same. What are you going to do with a thousand million
barrels of apples?

Mr. Lupton : Well, sir, I do not think your statement is
accurate, if you will allow me to say so. (Laughter.) There
is one thing, I expected to find just the same condition here
that we have in Virginia. It has always been a little sur-
prising to me that wherever Hale goes he always scolds
people, and people somehow or other seem to submit to it.

44

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Just let me talk to you a little about that. My impression is
that in a good many localities you have got to go out of the
peach business and plant apples. My impression is that the
localities for growing first-class fruit, both in peaches and
apples, is very much more limited than a good many of us
think. I know there has been a great deal of talk about Con-
necticut being a splendid apple and peach state, and about the
same condition prevailing in some sections of Pennsylvania.
Virginia, West Virginia and other states of the further South,
but I am of the opinion that the people have gotten the wrong
idea from that kind of talk. Not very long ago, in conver-
sation with a gentleman — that gentleman there — (indicating
Mr. Hale) he said to me, "You hill fellows are going to be
an example of the survival of the fittest, and we will have to
go out of business in Georgia." It is the hill people that are
going to make the success in fruit growing in the future. I
do not think that my statement about the quantity of fruit
that we are likely to turn out need scare anybody. When I
say that we shall ship that quantity of fruit from my own
station of Winchester, that, of course, means the whole sec-
tion in that immediate neighborhood, because that is the ship-
ping point for that whole section of country. At any rate,
those matters, like others, are regulated by the law of supply
and demand, and people are not going to raise apples for mar-
ket if they can not sell them.

Of the varieties that we grow in \ irginia. I see practically
none here on your exhibition tables. \\'e grow the Ben
Davis, which is not an apple of high quality, as we know, but
it fills the barrel, and it brings the price. Xot long ago, in
an address delivered by Air. Collingwood, of the Rural Xci^'-
Yorker, he made the statement that there were two millions
of people in New York who did not know the difference
between the Ben Davis and the Baldwin, or any other better
variety. Now our people down in Virginia, in growing the
Ben Davis, are catering to those people. The Ben Davis
seems to fill their demand. We think our market for the Ben
Davis is going to be pretty steady. That explains why we
grow the Ben Davis. We grow the Ben Davis, and also the
York Imperial, the Greening, the Albemarle and Newtown

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

45

Pil^pin. the Jonathan, the Mammotli IJlack Twig, and some
other varieties as well. Almost our entire output are of the
late keeping;^ winter vareties. We grow very few summer
varieties, or earlier varieties. Some early varieties are planted
merely for the sake of having some for use at home, but
apples like the Baldwin and the Northern Spy. and the King,
and the Roxbury, and the Greening, do not do well with us.
The fact is we can not do much with them in Virginia, because
they ripen too early, and do not keep long enough in our cli-
mate. The Baldwin, which is one of your favorite apples up
here, with us grows to be very fine and large, but we have
to get rid of it by Thanksgiving time. That is a little too
early to make it thoroughly successful with us from a com-
mercial point of view. The York Imperial with us is one
of our greatest commercial apples. That has a defect, how-
ever, but we think our scientific men will be able to discover
some remedy for that before the sale for the York Imperial
is hurt very much in the markets.

]\Iyself and two other gentlemen, who are interested with
me, have planted nearly seven hundred acres of apples, most
of which are coming into bearing, and our operations do not
excite nearly so much comment now as did my father's oper-
ations at the time he planted forty acres in 1875. Most of
our growers insist upon hardy, strong, well grown, two
year trees. Very few^ of us are willing to plant switches. The
trees are planted in fields, that are intended for corn,
the sam.e spring. We try to get the trees out in March, and
have the ground ready for corn the same year. The corn
rows are spaced so that one hill is missing where each apple
tree is planted. The apple trees need no cultivation the first
year, other than what is given to them incidentally by culti-
vating the corn. The second year wheat follows the com,
leaving a space of three feet on each side for cultivation dur-
ing the second summer. We think the best implement is the
spring tooth harrow, running that up and down by the tree
rows on each side. After two crops of wheat are taken from
the young orchard, it is usually seeded down with timothy or
clover, and the whole thing allowed to remain for two years.
Usually, routine farming on the land is very little interfered

46 THE CONNECTICUT POMOEOGICAL SOCIETY.

with until the trees get to be six or seven years old, when
they have grown so large as to stop the growing of the crop
upon the same land. As soon as the orchard comes into bear-
ing it is seeded down into grass and allowed to remain so
permanently. You have heard a great deal lately about the
sod and mulch method of caring for orchards. I have been
somewhat amused at the outcry that has been raised at this
new discovery in horticulture. With us the sod and mulch
method is an old story. We southerners have been practicing
that method because we thought it was the easier way to grow
fruit, and there are some that have thought that the roots of
a bearing orchard should not be disturbed, and that you could
not put a plow and cultivator in without disturbing the roots
of a bearing orchard, and thus doing more harm than good.

A Member : Wliat do you think about that yourself ?

Mr. Lupton : Do I think the sod and mulch method the
best method ? I do not. As an evidence of that I have, within
the last ten days, signed a contract with the government at
Washington whereby they have agreed to come to my place
and establish an experimental orchard, in which the work is
to be carried on according- to original methods. Nor do I
advise the sod and mulch method, because I think disaster will
follow if you practice that method to its logical conclusion.
If it were not for the fact that most of our orchards were
young, we would already be suffering from this method of
cultivation. One of the serious drawbacks to the sod and
mulch method, to my mind, is the fact that the mulch
brings all of the roots of the tree near the surface, and the
tree suffers from dry weather in August and September, just
at the time when the tree needs moisture the most, in order
to carry its fruit to maturity. Another very serious draw-
back is the injury which is liable to result to the tree from
mice, rabbits and things of that sort. I observe in your list
of questions to be answered here to-day, "What is the best
protection against mice and rabbits for apples in sod mulch ?"
My answer to that question would be, take the sod nuilcli
away, and the rabbits and mice will probably leave. One of
my neighbors undertook the sod mulch method about four
vears agfo, and last vear he had four hundred twelve vear old

FOURTEEXTH Ai\Xi\-lL MEETING. 47

trees, destrcncd in that orcluird by mice. I'erhaps some of
you will ask wli}' we pursue that method at all in \'irj;inia
if we do not think it is the best method. My reply would be
that I was not asked to come here to tell you rvliy we did
things in Mrginia, but to tell you how we did them.
(Laughter.)

Pruning with us is practiced very little. In fact, very
little pruning is needed if you get first-class trees from the
nursery, well grown, and well developed, strong, vigorous
stock. We practice pruning just as little as we can, thinking
as a rule that more harm is done in that direction than good.
Our people, the growers in our country, think that the best
lands are none too good for the orchard, and the best lands
in my section command prices ranging all the way from sixty
to seventy-five dollars an acre. I do not mean by that that
our fruit lands can be held at such prices, taking them right
through, but what I mean is that if you want to buy a farm,
well located, well improved, and with good buildings, you
will have to pay, on an average, of at least fifty dollars an
acre. There are man}- miles of so-called fruit lands in Vir-
ginia which, of course, would not be worth that, but for good
land you have got to pay a good, fair price. Of course, the
nearness of the land to the railroad station makes a good deal
of difference with its value. When you come to talk about
land that is five miles or more back from the railroad, of
course that is a different proposition. The difficulty in get-
ting fruit to market promptly is one that is quite serious, and
of course, where a farm is situated some distance from a rail-
road station, making it necessary to haul the fruit a long dis-
tance, that militates against the value of such a farm.

No fertilizers have ever been used in any orchard with us.
Just what the result w^ould be after a liberal fertilization, I
am not able to tell you. So little has been done in that line
in our country that I have practically no information. I do
not know of a single bearing orchard in my country that has
ever been heavily fertilized, with the possible exception of
one. There is one orchard in West Mrginia, near where T
live, which is said to have been taken care of in that wav, but
I have no definite information as to the results that have been

48 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY:

obtained from it, and I am not prepared to discuss it. Mr.
Hale has been in that region and he may be able to give you
some information.

Considerable damage has been done with us by the apple
borer. For the first ten years we thought the borer was not
causing much damage, but of late it has developed into quite
a pest. Of course, the treatment is as well known to you as
it is to us. We go over the orchard twice a year and find the
holes and dig them out. We also have found that an appli-
cation of white lead and oil is very effectual in treating them.
It affords protection to the trees, helps to do aw^ay with the
borers, and on the whole we have had ver}- good results from
this application.

The San Jose scale is with us, like the Heavenly Twins,
I think, it has come to stay. Xo great harm has yet been
done, but our people are beginning to treat it with the lime,
sulphur and salt, and other washes, and I am inclined to think
we will hold the scale in check. We have a fairly good scale
law in Virginia that is getting into good working shape. In
the discussion this morning about some business before the
legislature, which your people are interested in, it occurred
to me that when your legislative committee gets to work they
might do well to look into the law w^e have in Virginia,
because we have a fairly effective law for all insect pests.
Your legislative committee might get some useful points
from it.

If we are in a sleepy condition in the matter of growing
our trees, I think possibly, in the matter of picking and pack-
ing our fruits, and delivering our fruit to market, our methods
are as good as those anywhere in the East. I think possibly
our western growers, west of the IVIissouri River, and
on the Pacific Coast, may outstrip us somewhat in that
particular, but I know of no other fruit section of any
magnitude where the fruit is put down in the market
in any better shape than we do it. You will excuse me
for bragging a little about that. Picking with us begins
about the first of October. An eft'ort is made not to
allow the fruit to touch the ground at all. Portable
])acking tables are provided, which are carried along with the

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 49

pickers in the orchard, and it is not infrecjuently the case
to find the fruit on the shipping- station platform at the depot
the same day it is picked. We do not think it ought to he
allowed to be piled up on the ground, or to be picked when
it is wet, even when the dew is on it. Some days it is picked
and put into the barrels, sorted and classified, and before
evening of that same day that it is picked is on its way to
New York or to some other market where it has been sold.

Nearly all our fruit is sold in the orchard to buyers, who
come to our section from as far west as Chicago, and from
many of the intervening cties, and also from up here in
New England, from Boston, as well as from New York, Phil-
adelphia and other large centers. We have had several men
from New York who have established agencies with us, and
who visit us every year that we have a crop. The usual way
for selling our fruit is for the buyer to contract to take all
fruit which is free from defects, which will measure two
inches and a quarter. Alost of the men are furnished with
an iron ring, gauged for two inches and a quarter, and they
use that in packing. The same price is secured for all grades
of fruit. At first, when the buyers used to come to our sec-
tion, they used to pay so much for first grade, and so much
for seconds, but that did not prove to be satisfactory, because
the tendency was to make too large a number of seconds. So,
without exception now, we sell to the buyer at so much for all
apples that will measure two and a quarter inches, and we do
not care how many number twos he makes. The barrels will
cost somewhere about thirty-two or thirty-three cents, and in
our country they are frequently made in the orchard. We
have a local man who goes around and makes the barrels in
the orchard at a cost of about thirty-two to thirty-three cents
apiece.

Of course, the method of packing is about the same in the
smaller orchards as it is in the larger. In the larger orchards
however, some growers have apple sheds, or what they call
packing houses, in which they store away the farming imple-
ments during the winter, and some of them have sleeping
places for their men. They hire a colored man for a cook,
who attends to all that sort of thing, and boards the men

50 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

who are engaged in the picking. And that suggests a
thing which may be interesting to you — no colored labor is
employed in the orchards in our section. It may perhaps be
interesting for you to know that we have no negroes in the
section of the state from which I come. That is, none to
speak of. They have never been there. That section of the
state, therefore, has not been troubled with the perplexing
labor problems which have arisen in sections where the col-
ored help has been abundant. The labor in pur section is
almost entirely, in fact I may say, entirely white.

A good man will pick about 45 to 50 bushels a day, and
with five men at the packing tables and ten to pick we are
able to grade, sort and barrel from 80 to 100 barrels a day.
So that we estimate it will cost us from sixty cents to seventy-
five a barrel to pick and sort and lay fruit down at the rail-
road station ready for shipping. Of course, it depends, to
some extent, upon the distance from the railroad that the
orchard is situated and what it will cost to haul the fruit to
market.

The last year apples sold with us for less money than I
have ever known them to sell before, and yet a careful study
of the statistics, kept by our local horticultural society, of-
some 60 to 100 places, shows a net profit of about one hun-
dred dollars per acre, even though the fruit sold for less money
than ever before. I do not know whether we wull have a
repetition of that or not, but we have been fortunate in this
respect, that our crop }ears have been good wdien your people
in the North have had a short crop. I do not know of any
particular reason for that, but that is something that we very
frequently hear spoken of. Our scientific friends say that
that condition will continue. I have no information on that
point, so I am not able to dispute any of their statements, but
I don't know why they think so.

Plums are being planted quite largely with us, and have
done fairly well, but the market for that fruit, which has
existed heretofore, seems to be rather overdone. There does
not seem to be the same encouragement for the grower in the
plum line that there does in some others.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 51

Cherries seem to be at home in our country. , Although
I know of no one who has tried cherry growinj^ on a commer-
cial scale, yet there are tons and tons of cherries shipped from
\\'inchester every season. There is this queer fact about our
local situation : I do not know of a single cherry tree in that
whole section planted by hand. The road-sides and fences
are filled with cherry trees, planted by the birds dropping the
seeds, and many of those trees have attained immense size,
measuring as much as two and a half feet across the stump,
with wide spreading branches, and big as a sycamore per-
haps, and bearing- sometimes anywhere from 20 to 30 or 40
bushels of cherries of very fine quality. The method of gath-
ering cherries is sometimes very much like that of the boys
who go nutting. In the spring of the year a company of young
people will g-o out and the men will climb the cherry trees,
obtain all they can, and then they will saw oiT the limbs and
let them down with a rope to the girls. After a season of
such treatment as that those old cherry trees look as though
they had been dehorned, but they seem to come along the next
year and produce a new crop. The final and inevitable result
of that sort of treatment for the trees, of course, is that they
die, but they do not do so for a long time. I am inclined to
think that in the future the cherry orchards of the country
will be found in Virginia, on the foothills of the Blue Ridge
Mountains. I do not know of any place where cherries seem
to develop as they have been doing with us.

The small fruits are grown with us almost not at all. In
fact, I am in doubt whether our heavy soil is suited to the
growing of berries. We hardly grow strawberries or any of
the smaller berries in sufficient quantities to furnish a supply
for our own home consumption.

The subject of marketing our fruits is too complex and
too important to be discussed within the limits of this paper
It is possible that you may have an opportunity later on in
your meeting to discuss that very important question, and
with a view of some possible discussion later on I want to
give you some figures to think over. We may have some dis-
cussion on it to-morrow. I have heard several of our growers
say that they would be satisfied if they could get a dollar, net,

52 THE CONXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

for their apples. That does not seem to me to be enou.e^h.
I am not satisfied with that price for first-class fruit. The
result of a calculation which I made, for which seemed to
me successful fruit growing, perhaps will answer the ques-
tion which Mr. Hale asked me some time ago, about what
w^e were going to do with the quantity of fruit we w^ere rais-
ing. To my mind, the solution of the problem of successful
horticultural work in the future lies in putting your fruit in
the hands of the consumer in a package so that that fruit will
not be handled in transit any more than oatmeal and corn-
starch are handled in transit. I do not see why it is necessary
for you people to pack your fruit in a way which makes it
necessary for the groceryman to unpack before he can put it
in the hands of his customers. I can not understand it,
although you do it.

Now I w'ould like to have you pay close attention to these
figures, and, if I am wrong, correct me. If the grower is to
net a dollar for his apples, let us see what they should cost
the retailer when he gets that fruit in his store, ready for dis-
tribution. We will take New York as a basis, because all
our fruit goes to New York. Suppose the fruit did net the
grower a dollar a barrel. Now the barrel costs 35 cents, the
packing, loading and hauling 12 cents, freight from \Mn-
chester to New York 24 cents, cartage 10 cents, storage 25
cents. Perhaps some gentleman here will object to that and
say it ought to be 50 cents. I put that in as an estimate,
because all apples do not go into cold storage. It seems to
me that on the average it would cost at least 25 cents. Com-
mission 20 cents. Making in all $2.25 per barrel as the cost
to the retailer of the fruit laid down in his store. That is,
it costs the merchant on the street that amount for the fruit in
his store. Now, he adds 25 cents, so that that makes the price
to the retailer, in round numbers, $2.50 per barrel. Now I have
tried to make a summary and to compare the price obtained one
year with another, and have carried that on for some 13 or
14 years, and the result of my observations has been
to show that the retailer realizes about $4.80 per bar-
rel, leaving a profit to him of $2.30, or more than twice
as much as the grower got for the fruit. Now it seems to me

FOURTEEXTH .AXNCAL MEETING.

53

tliat rig-ht there is the mil) of this whole situation, for you
must divide that profit with the grower in some way or other.
We have learned to grow two apples where one grew before,
but neither the grower or the consumer have received the ben-
efit of that knowledge. Now, I am not here to make any
attack upon the middleman. He is necessary to our trade,
he is necessary in distributing our product, but I do say that
there is something wrong when the retailer apparently makes
twice as much profit as the fruit grower gets for the fruit,
leaving out. of course, the question of waste, which can not
be estimated. I hope. Mr. President, that later on in the
meeting some discussion will be had upon this subject of mar-
keting fruit, because, to my mind, it is one of the most import-
ant subjects that we have to contend with to-day, and it seems
to me that a correct solution of the problem will be of the
greatest importance to us for a great many years to come.

Xow. ladies and gentlemen , I have perhaps kept you
longer than I intended, but I want to thank you for your
patient attention. I am extremely glad to have been here with
you. and I should be glad to answer any questions which are
within my ability. I would be glad to have any of you come
to our country that can find your way down there. I know
you will not be disappointed if you make us a visit. A great
many of you gentlemen know all about that country, but for
all that, come down and see it again.

I have some photographs here, Mr. President, showing
some six year old York Imperial trees. I have some other
photographs showing some fifteen year Grimes' Golden, which
yielded an average crop of fifteen barrels per tree. They
were taken in the orchard during the picking season, and give
a fair idea of the size of the tree and of the appearance of
the trees.

Mr. Lupton's very interesting address was attentivelv lis-
tened to. and thoroughly enjoyed by all present. At its con-
clusion the following discussion took place.

Mr. Hale: ]\Ir. Lupton, may I ask one question? In your
discussion of the cost of putting a barrel of apples on the
market and the supposed cost of those apples to the retailer,

54 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

you stated that on the average, when the retailer sold those
apples, he got twice as much as the grower did. Now you
state that you allowed the packer in your orchard 25 cents.
Why in the name of good business don't vou do that vour-
self?

]\Ir. Lupton : That is a problem I have been trying to
work out. Perhaps you will think I am blowing a little,
but

Mr. Hale : I know you are.

Mr. Lupton : Well, I can afford to when I am with you.
(laughter). Every year I have determined to pack and ship
my own fruit. I have made up my mind to that, and four
years ago I bought 17,000 boxes. I sent up to New York and
I was determined to put my own fruit into this market, but
the fact was the New York men offered me two dollars a
barrel for that fruit, and I could not resist the temptation.
There was about seven or eight thousand barrels of it, and
all I had to do was to walk around, or sit under a tree, and
let him do the work. I simply could not aff'ord to take the
risk of loss in the face of that offer, and the buyer refused
to let me pack any boxes. I said to him, "Won't you let me
pack five hundred boxes and see what I can do," but he
said to me, "If you are going to sell me your fruit I must
have it all." Up to the present time I have not had the moral
courage to go into the market and sell my own fruit. As
long as the price oft'ered was so satisfactory I just simply
could not do it.

Now I should be glad to answer any further questions.

The President: If there are any of you that have any
questions to ask Mr. Lupton he certainly can give us a good
deal of valuable information, and we ought to try to get all
we can out of him.

Mr. Waller: Did I understand you to say that 2)^ cents
apiece was the average price that you have paid for your
barrels ?

Mr. Lupton : It has not been as high as that. Until last
year the average price was about 31 cents. Last year barrels
were higher with us, but I think they will go down next

FOURTEENTH ANNrAL MEETING. 55

year. \\'e make coopers' stuff. We cut the slabs ourselves.
I have .Q;ot a man on my place now, and when the season
comes on we make provision for that. So we are fortunate
in that particular. I have run a cooper shop myself, and
sold barrels for 32 cents, and made a little profit on them.
That is, for what we call a first-class ten-hoop barrel.

J\Ir. Waller : How much does that barrel hold ?

Mr. Lupton : It will hold three full bushels, and perhaps
a quart of apples or so- over.

^Ir. Innis: Is it as large as a flour barrel?

Mr. Lupton: The Virg-inia law specifies the New York
barrel. It is the same barrel that we use for flour, exactly.
We sell barrels to the flour mills sometimes, when we can
not sell to the orchardists.

A Member : I would like to ask Mr. Lupton how he ac-
counts for the retailer not getting the price that he ought
to. so as to give the grower a fair price for his fruit. Is
it because there is not enough choice fruit?

Mr. Lupton : I think the trouble with the retailer is
that he gets too much inferior fruit. If he got good fruit,
and got it straight from the grower, he would not be able
to get that price, that is, if the market was full of carefully
selected good fruit. I have never been in a meeting of a hor-
ticultural society that there was not some criticism of the
way the fruit grower packs his fruit, but that criticism, so
far as our section is concerned, is entirely out of place, for
at least eighty per cent, of our fruit is all packed by the man
who buys it. The grower never packs his fruit, with us. I
don't suppose there is one-half of one per cent, of the fruit
that comes from our section that shows up in the New York
market but what is packed under the direct supervision of
the buyer himself. The fact that they come down there and
take all our fruit that way shows that it pays to put in good
fruit.

In New York they are up to all sorts of tricks. They turn
the barrels upside down before opening, and all that sort of
thing, but if there is any difficulty it can not be laid to the
growers, for we do not pack our own fruit at all. Never

56 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

have done it. I never knew of any section of the country
where that was so universally done as it is with us.

We have had no trouble in selling all our windfalls and
culls. They are sold to buyers who make a specialty of
picking up that class of fruit, and they are sent up into
the mining towns and sold there for immediate consumption.

A Member: Do you thin your fruit, Air. Lupton?

Mr. Lupton : Xo, sir, I have only practiced thinning fruit
just a little, but only enough to keep the trees from breaking.
Where I thought a limb was liable to break ofif I would take ofif
enough fruit to save the limb. It has not been generally
practiced, although some of the peach growers have prac-
ticed it in an indifferent way.

The President: Have you anything further to ask of
Mr. Lupton ? I would say that we do not propose to let
Mr. Lupton get away from us, but if any of you have anv-
thing that you wish to ask him, now is your chance. We
want to get as much out of him as possible.

If there are no further questions I would say that the
time for our adjournment has already passed and if there is
no further business —

The Secretary: Mr. President, before we adjourn I
want to call your attention to the fact that a report has been
handed in from the auditing committee. The report is as
follows :

We have examined the books of the treasurer. ]\Ir. R. A.
Moore, and compared the vouchers therewith, and find the
same to be correct.

George \\\ Staples,
Albert B. Plant,
A udifiiig Committee.

The President: If there is no objection this report will
be accepted and the meeting will now stand adjourned until
1.30 this afternoon.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. . 57

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The afternoon session, which was called to order at 2
o'clock, was very largely attended. Both in attendance and
in the interest and enthusiasm displayed in the subjects under
discussion, this session holds the record in the history of the
Society. The leading topic of the session was "Apples," and,
together with the prominence of the several speakers, no
doubt accounted for the strong interest in the program.

After calling to order, President Gulley said :

I want to say that if there are any of you too bashful to
ask questions, we have a question box here in which you can
place your questions at any time during the session, and they
will be opened before the end of the meeting and the ques-
tions taken out and read.

I wish to say again, as I said at the opening of the meet-
ing, that if there are any visitors here from outside of the
state, we wish they would come forward and make themselves
known, so that we may receive them and give them proper
care and recognition.

Mr. Eaton, who is the first speaker on our program for
this afternoon, doesn't seem to have reached here yet. As
he is not present, we will pass his address for now, and I will
introduce to the audience a speaker who has been with us
before, and whom many of you have met. I am sure he will
give us a very interesting talk. I take pleasure in introducing
Mr. T. E. Cross, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., who will give us
the first address on this important subject of apples.

A Few Thoughts on the Production and Marketing

of Apples.

By T. E. Cross, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Ladies and Gentlemen : It gives me great pleasure to be
with you on this occasion. Last year, as some of you know,
through circumstances which I could not control, I was com-
pelled to be absent. I was, therefore, more than pleased when

58 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I received an invitation from your secretary to be with vou
this year.

When I was a boy, my ancestors used to occasionally
drive throug^h Connecticut, and whether it was from obser-
vation and experience, or whether it was from their say-so,
I used to hear a good deal about Connecticut people and "Con-
necticut apple-jack," and I believe in those susceptible days I
did hear something- about the famous Connecticut "wooden
nutmegs," to which my friend from Virginia referred this
morning. I never supposed, however, that you would have
to go to Virginia to get the wood to make them of, nor do I
believe this state will ever have to get the apples to manufac-
ture your "apple-jack" from any other state, for I believe you
can raise enough in Connecticut without going elsewhere.

Coming from the Hudson River valley in New York state,
as I do, my experience in apple growing is based upon my
observation in that locality, but as the Hudson valley almost
touches your western counties, you can readily see that, as we
are such near neighbors, having the same climate, similar soil,
the same insect and other pests to combat, and practically the
same market conditions, wdiatever afTects the Hudson river
districts must also affect Xew England in a similar manner.
What affects one locality affects the other.

The growing and marketing of applies is now an entirely
different proposition from what is was a generation ago. and
it requires entirely different methods, both in the growing and
selling, tO' what it did then. The time was, and not so long
ago either, when apple orchards were planted and then left
to the tender mercies of the elements, and with but little help
from their owners, and it is surprising that so many of them,,
under such conditions, did in time reach maturity and pro-
duce profitable crops of fruit. It seems to me that they do
remarkably well in Virginia, and it is surprising that they are
able to produce such fine crops, particularly of cherries, as
Mr. Lupton described to you this morning, under the condi-
tions that they have there. Of course, it must be largely due
to the character of the climate which they have there. We
are not so highly favored in this country as they are there.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 59

W'c have to fight for all we g^ct. Back in the days when our
fathers and grandfathers set out some of the orchards, in
those days the soil had not been impoverished, it was full of
humus, and was more nearly in its virgin fertility than at
present. The San Jose scale was unknown. The codling
moth, canker womi and other pests, now so troublesome and
costly to contend with, were but little known, and it was no
trouble whatever to produce good apples at little expense,
compared to the present costly warfare we are com-
jjclled to wage for out: orchards and their fruits. Again, the
marketing conditions were entirely dififerent. There were
few peaches grown, and, therefore, an orchard that produced
early summer apples, and a succession from that time through
the winter months, was profitable in the extreme, while at the
present time there is but little profit in the summer varieties,
except in such localities where the other fruits are high in
price. In those days the orange and banana were rare and
costly fruits, and came in competition with the apple to a
very small degree, while now millions of boxes of oranges
and ship-loads of bananas are each week dumped on or^r
docks, all of which divert the xA.merican people from the apple-
eating habit. With the great annual increase in the produc-
tion of these tropical fruits, the competition with the apple is
growing fiercer all the time, and the apple growers must
combine and stand together, for all that vrill be to their mutual
benefit, or they will lose their markets to a greater extent than
ever.

There are many agricultural writers at present who indis-
criminately advise their readers to plant apple orchards, with-
out regard to the man, the location, or other conditions. Only
last week I saw in one of our most representative papers such
advice given, and, if every one were to take that advice, in a
few years to come there would be thousands of disappointed
city men who have bought farms, planted apple trees, and who
are now waiting for them to grow to maturity, knowing that
when that time comes they W'ill be able to retire from their
strenuous city business and live like princes from the product
of their apple trees. Now this, I think, is all wrong. The

6o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

apple business is already overdone, and if one-half of the
trees now in bearing were to produce half a crop each year
there would be such a deluge of apples that they would not
pay for the picking, packing and selling, and there would be
nothing left for the producer. This applies to the man who
produces the common quality of fruit, for there will always
be a market for the best. We have had a very strong illustra-
tion of this point in the past season. While the wind in
September blew off thousands and, perhaps, millions of bar-
rels throughout the apple growing sections, yet in the face
of those facts people that had apples allowed millions of
bushels to lay on the ground and rot. because there were no
buyers around to take them. The buyers had been losing
money for the last two years, and they were afraid of a repe-
tition of the exnerience, and therefore they held back. There
was a time when in the hotels of Rochester and Syracuse the
apple men monopolized the hotels. The hotels were filled
with apple buyers. They all combined to a certain extent
and agreed not to buy unless they could buy at a certain
price, and that price was lower than the apple producers had
expected to get. For that reason the picking and marketing
of the crop was delayed for several weeks, or until almost
into earlv winter, when the cold weather came on and caught
some of them, and then they had to sell their apples at the
buyers' prices, and there were not many of them. I am afraid,
that got what they ought to have had. The result was that
there were thousands and thousands of barrels that rotted on
the ground. If that was the condition last year, what will be
the condition when these hundreds and thousands of trees
that are being planted all over the country, come into bearing?
There are millions of apple trees that have never paid for
themselves, and that never will, and there are more millions
that will bear for the first time in the next ten years that will
never pay for themselves, and yet people, who can grow good
crops of hay, corn and wheat, and produce dairv products at
a profit, will continue to plant apple orchards at a loss. With
the great increase in the price and demand for cereal products,
hay and dairy products, one may well consider very carefully

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 6i

bcfcirc plantiiii;- an apple orchard. Until one has gone through
tlie trials and paid the expense of g-ro\vino- an apple orchard.
they fail to realize what it means. I have a friend who is an
apple grower. He planted an orchard seven years ago of 35
acres. He estimates that it has cost him, up to date, more
than $225.00 per acre, and he has not picked a crop yet. This
man will make his fortune from this orchard in time, as it is
admirably situated, has had the best of care, is planted with
three of the best and most profitable varieties for his locality,
and, above all, he is an expert apple grower. How many in
this audience would have the capital, patience and ability to
develop such an orchard as that ?

I do not wish to be pessimistic on this subject, as I am a
firm believer in the future of the apple business for those who
are willing to care for their trees in the proper manner, and
who know how and where to sell the fruit to the best advan-
tage;- but I know there are thousands of men who would be
better ofi:' financially to-day if they had not planted any apple
orchards. As an illustration, one of my nearest neighbors
twenty years ago planted about five hundred apple trees,
largely Baldwins. He struggled along, hoping against hope
to get some proper return, but he was growing to be an old
man, and the tide seemed to be against him, and finally two
years ago the farm was sold under the mortgage to another
man. Xow, the man who planted the trees thought, as many
others do, that it would be a waste of good land not to save
the hay that grew under those trees, and he, for years, had
been getting good crops of hay, but he wondered why his
apples did not grow more and better. The new owner mowed
the grass and let it go down, and the second year he had fifteen
hundred barrels of as fine fruit as I ever saw. The orchard
has now gone into the hands of the right man, and he will
make money from it. That is one side of the picture. On
the other hand, if one has land which is adapted to the pro-
duction of apples, and is able to grow the trees up to a bearing
age as they should be grown, and above all and beyond ?\\ is
up in the little details that go with the business, T say by all
means plant apple trees, and you will receive a rich reward

62 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

when the time comes. The fruit business, like all other lines,
has become specialized, and the need of specialization becomes
more apparent as the years go by, and the specialist will make
money while the novice will make a failure. It is coming- to
be so in every line of business, and especially in every branch
of farming. The dairyman, if he is onto his job, has got to
take every means within his power to make the product of his
cows the best. There is room at the top, but, while that is
true, there is a mighty small platform at the top, and the man
that once gets there has got to struggle mighty hard to main-
tain his position. We have got to have everything in the
best of condition and keep it there. The farm in all its
branches has got to be right up in tip-top shape. Everything,
as I say, is becoming specialized. Farming particularly, in
all its branches, is becoming more and more specialized, and
the man that doesn't pay careful and constant attention to
every little detail can not make a success in the dairy business.
That is so in all lines, but the truth of that statement was
never better illustrated than it is in farming operations at the
present day. I don't care whether a man is trying to grow
fine fruits, or whether he is carrying on a dairy farm, or try-
ing to do general farming, he has got to pay the most careful
attention to all of the little details, and be right up to date and
wide awake all the time, in order to be successful. And just
that sort of thing is becoming more and more necessary with
the man that grows fruit. It is something that is going to
increase, rather than diminish. The demand upon the thought
and care of a successful fruit grower is going to be a larger
burden than it ever has been before.

In planting an apple orchard the location may make the
success or failure of the orchard. The land must be well
drained, and the n:ore elevated the better. An apple tree will
not thrive with wet feet, nor will it produce an annual crop
of fruit if the situation is so low that the air drainage is deli-
cient. The reason why some orchards seldom miss a crop,
and some others near by with the same apparent advantages
seldom raise a crop, is more likely to be found in the fact that
in the first orchard the fruit buds are seldom injured, because

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 63

the trees are surrounded by ground on two or more sides that
is niueh Ujwer than the orchard, thus giving the cold air a
chance to settle a\va\ from the trees, while the orchard that
seldom has apples will he found where the above conditions
are reversed.

In bu}ing trees the greatest care should be exercised. One
has the choice of many standard and reliable nurserymen,
whose reputations are established and whose word is to be
relied upon, and they can be relied upon to sell only good
stock, and to deliver what they sell. On general principles
I would avoid the traveling tree agent above all others, unless
he represents some reputable firm. Let no man beguile you
into buying a large assortment of varieties for a commercial
orchard, as you will certainly regret it when the trees come
to bear. Select two or three good varieties that do the best
under your conditions. Two or three good varieties, that do
the best under your conditions, are much more preferable than
a large assortment. Buy only first-class trees, and take,
nothing els?. Then plant them carefully, and you have just
begun. The experts and professionals, almost without excep-
tion, say that we must cultivate our trees intensely to get the
best results, but Mr. (irant G. Hitchings, of Western New
York, tells us to mulch them thoroughly, and Mr. Hitchings
has taken more premiums at the New York State Fair, during
the past ten years, than all his competitors put together, from
apples grown on an orchard that has been in sod since it was
planted. Mr. Hitchings' success is certainly to be considered
as a great object lesson for those who do not believe in his
methods. Personally, from my own observation, I believe in
a young orchard it is better, in order to secure the best results,
to handle the trees with greatest care, and to cultivate thor-
oughly, so as to give them a good start. When those trees
reach maturity and begin to bear fruit, then, of course, is the
time that the owner's interest in them is most thoroughly
aroused, and it is the time when he must use all the means at
his command to light the enemies of his fruit in order to
secure Ihe legitimate reward for his labor of the past years.
I assume, of course, that the trees have been carefully pruned

64 1^I-IE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

each year, care having" been taken that no branches have
crossed, that no bad crotches have formed that will weaken
the trees under a load of fruit, and, above all, the middle of
the trees should be kept open so as to allow the sun and air
to enter and color up the frtiit and keep it dry, thus preventing
to a great extent damaging fungous troubles. There is a good
deal in that, and there is a great deal of difference in w'hat
apple trees do among the different varieties of apples, regard-
less of differing treatment, too. There is a great difference
among varieties in regard to the results that you get from
them in the way that you treat the trees. With an open
headed tree there is much less trouble in thoroughly spraying
every part of the tree and every apple thereon, which should
be carefully and repeatedly done during the growing season.
That is particularly the case with the Northern Spy and some
kindred varieties that produce such rank growth of wood. It
is absolutely necessary that the tops of such trees as that be
opened up in order to secure anything like a successful color-
ing of the crop. The Northern Spy grows very thick, and
produces a tremendous amount of wood, and, unless the
branches are thinned out, so that the sun can get in, your fruit
will be lacking in color, and will be lacking in those qualities
which make it such a favorite among the buyers of good fruit,
when it is raised to perfection. Those who have examined
fruit from the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast States
remark on the wax-like color and texture of the skin, and
attribute it to the peculiar nature of the climatic conditions
there. When we learn that the successful apple growers in
that region spray before the fruit buds open, and then just
after the petals drop and every ten days thereafter, until it is
nearly time to pick the fruit, we may understand why their
fruit is so choice, and this is the fruit that sells for two and
three dollars for a forty-pound box; on the cars at their rail-
road stations. Eternal vigilance is surely the price of success
in growing choice apples. Whether we cultivate our orchards
after they come in bearing, or mtdch them, we must give them
the verv' best possible care, and we must spray. Experience has
proven that it is the spraying that does the business every

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 65

time. I am a sort of a crank on spra_\ing-. Frc^m \\^\^ own
experience I have learned that it is simply a question of spray-
ings or g-ettino^ nothing at all. If you do not sprav. the codling
moth is very apt to get the best of you. T know it is so in
our section, and I dare say it is just as bad here, or is becoming
just as troublesome a pest. If we do not spray our apples
we really do not have any apples. By spraying in time, and
spraying often, and thoroughly saturating the interior
branches and twigs, so that no spot or surface of the growing
apples escapes being touched with some of the mixture and
poison for the codling moth and other insect pests, then we
are pretty sure to get some good fruit. Experience has amply
proven that apples may be grown that wall be ninety per cent,
free from codling- moth b}' persistent spraving. and this from
trees that without the spray would produce no first-class fruit.
In our orchards our Xorthern Spy trees never produced a
barrel of saleable apples until after we commenced to spray,
and by thoroughlv spraying we can grow them absolutely
perfect. I believe, and in fact I know, with the market condi-
tions as they are and the value of good apples the way it has
been in recent years, if we took the utmost pains to offer only
the best fruit for sale, I believe that the effect would be that
the apples would be worth just about double what they bring
in the market. I know that the price w^ould be increased if
everybody would spray, provided, of course, there was a
market that would take all the apples that we could produce
of that quality. But there is no use talking about it, every-
body ought to understand nowadays that it would increase
the value of his orchard pretty nearly double if he would
spray his trees, and spray so as to get the best result of that
spraying. Personally, I am satisfied that a higher colored
and a better keeping apple can be produced on sod ground
if the conditions are right, than on cultivated land, and the
labor required is very much less. I want to qualify that state-
ment in this manner. T believe in this climate and in this
latitude we should do all we can to cultivate our young
orchards so as to bring them into a bearing age just as soon
as possible. Life is. short, and I do not believe any of us
want to wait anv longer than is necessarv before our trees

66 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

come into bearing. It will certainly take five or six }ears
longer for them to reach a bearing age in sod, or at any rate
it will take some little time longer, but it costs money to culti-
vate this land, and especially if you are going to cultivate it
as it should be done. Perhaps some way may be suggested
yet by which we can get our trees into bearing sooner than
can now be done by following the sod method.

One of the complaints that we hear of is. wdth regard to
the early dropping of the fruit from unsprayed trees. As a
matter of fact I have never heard that complaint about trees
that have been sprayed. The reason is not difficult to find.
The life and vigor of the tree, and of course of the fruit as
well, depends \ery largely on the foliage. If the leaves begin
to turn yellow and drop early in the season, you may be sure
that the fruit wall soon follow, if it has not already dropped,
while in orchards where the leaves cling tenaciously to the
twigs the apples will be hard to pick until late in October.

In picking our King apples we find it difficult to get them
off the tree until the first of October, while all the King
apples in the neighborhood have either dropped oft' the trees
or have been picked several weeks, and this, beyond doubt,
is the difference between spraying and not spraving. I
believe it is simply because those trees are thoroughly
sprayed, and the apples are protected from insects, are pro-
tected from ravages of fungous growths, so that the substance
of the stems and the twigs remain strong and healthy, thus
enabling the fruit to stay on the tree until it has reached its
natural period of life. I know, in a good many cases that I
have observed, where there was not much attention paid to
early spraying, that the fruit has begun to drop, in some cases,
probably six weeks before it ought to have done. Before we
began to spray our trees thoroughl}' it was almost imposible
for me to pick a barrel of choice Northern Spy apples. I do
not think a man could go in and get a dozen samples of really
perfect Northern Spy apples. Since we have practiced
spraying so thoroughly and commenced to apply the Bor-
deaux Mixture and Paris green thoroughly to those Northern
Spy trees, I do not believe we have had -five per cent, of those
apples aft'ected by the codling moth. I do not say this in any

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 67

boasting spirit, but simply to show the difference between
trees that are sprayed and those that are not sprayed. And
what is true of the Xorthern Spy is also true of some other
varieties. The Xorthern S])y is a mighty o-ood market apple,
and it is foolish for a man to complain on the ground that
he can not produce a Xorthern Spy that is tit to send to mar-
ket. We can get just as good Xorthern Spy apples as of the
other varieties if we go at it right, and there is no question
but the X'orthern Spy in the Xew York market, where they
are known, will bring good prices right along-. I know to-day
that I could take a hundred boxes of choice Northern Spy
apples, well selected, high grade fruit, and get from two to
three dollars a box for them, in bushel boxes. They wouldn't
be worth a dollar and a half a barrel if they were not perfect.

In order to get the best returns for our fruit it is neces-
sar}- to grow such varieties as are in demand, and for which
high prices are paid for the right quality, and we must make
these of the right quality if we expect to make any profit in
the business.

In selling oar fruit the quality and condition of it. of
course, count for much, and the appearance must also be
taken into consideration. If fruit is of the right quality and
properly packed in attractive packages, and if it is consigned
to reliable commission houses, it will, as a rule, sell for its true
value. For the man who is to ship to the city and sell through
commission houses, it is good policy to select from among
them some good reliable firm and consign all your fruit to
that house. By so doing you will establish your brand with
the customers of that commission house, and if you pack
honestly and have choice fruit, there will eventually be a
demand among the customers of that house for your brand
of apples, and your brand will always sell, but unknown marks
of fruit will find no one to buy. I think that is a very
important thing to look out for. In the fall of the year, wdien
apples are going to market, and especially in years when
there are plenty of them, sometimes good apples are sold at
a sacrifice, so that the owner gets little or nothing out of
them. I know of a case wdiere a consignment of apples w^as
sent to X'ew York a short time ago to a commission house,

68 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and after a few days the commission man sent the owner back
a bill for balance due on the commission, and the owner was
complaining because he got nothing for his fruit. The
commission man sent him back a statement showing that it
cost 17 cents more to sell those apples than they sold for.
Now there was onlv one of two things at fault in that man's
case. He either packed those applies in such a poor condi-
tion, or in such a careless way, that they wouldn't bring any-
thing in the market, or else the conmiission man was a thief.
I do not believe that the conditions last fall were such that a
barrel of apples that were packed in a proper manner would
not sell for less than the cost of transportation and the com-
mission added. I told him so, and he said that the fault must
have been with the commission man. A great many apple
growers have established customers of their own, so that they
can dispense with the commission man, but there are a great
many growers who, of course, have not done that, and fror"
their situation can not do it. ' With them the commission man
occupies just as necessary a place in the selling of fruit as the
producer does himself. It would be absolutely impossible
for a small grower to reach the consumers in a city market.
Here in Connecticut you are more favorably situated than
we are in New York State, or than they are in Western New
York, or in the far West, for the reason that you have a great
many large cities, containing a large number of inhabitants,
and the people are constantly employed in the mills and fac-
tories, and getting good wages. That is what makes a good
market. Good prices prevail. If you will use proper means
to develop your markets that are near at hand to you, you
ought to be able to sell an immense quantity of first-class
fruit. You have your home market at your very doors, and
you ought to be able to get good prices for your fruit, and you
can get good prices for it if you are only careful to raise good
fruit and put it on the market in first-rate condition. It doesn't
pay to send fruit to market with a few good apples on top of
the barrel and a lot of nubbins underneath. The man that
buys that kind of trash of you once is not coming back for a
second order.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 69

Of course, each man must be his own juclj^^e as to the best
time and place to market his fruit. Some will find it to their
advantag^e to arrange to Imkl their fruit until winter, and
others, under dilYerent conditions, will make more by letting
it go when picked. If one has a good local market, and grows
good fruit, he should have no difficulty in selling for profit-
able prices during the winter, after the other kinds of fruit
are out of the way, but if he is to ship any distance, by rail,
I believe it better to let the fruit go when picked, either to the
local buver or to the commission house in the city. In ship-
ping by rail in winter the freight service is so uncertain unless
in carload lots, that it is too risky to ship on account of frost,
and the express charges are so high as to be prohibitory, and
there is the same danger of frost when shipped by express
that there is when shipped by freight, so that by shipping
when the apples are picked these risks are avoided, and the
money is in hand for immediate use. The shipping and sell-
ing of fruit in winter is a business by itself, and the ordinary
farmer will not be able to master it so as to successfully com-
pete with those who make it their business.

There is one thought in this connection that has come to
me. I believe it is worth elaborating upon a little. My friend
from Virginia reminds me of it. In Western New York,
where they devote such large areas to the cultivation of
apples, and in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, apples are
produced in such a way that the buyers can go to those sec-
tions and buy all the apples they want in a week's time. The
people who make a business of buying and selling apples are
educated up to a standard, and the growers who deal with
them after a short time become thoroughly acquainted with
what the buyers want, and know how to pack to such a degree
of perfection that they can be trusted. I think that is usually
the case. Where the producer does the packing and ships
off to a distant market, without understanding fully the on-
ditions that exist in that market as to what is demanded in
the packing, the producer, of course, is apt to make a mistake.
\\ here the comUiission man or the i)uver does the itack'ing,
and the producer has nothing to do with it, then, of course,
it eliminates all of the danger which otherwise might exist

70

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

for fault finding:. I wish that the conditions which exist in
W'estern New York and in the Shenandoah Valley existed with
US. I am sorry to say that in the Hudson Valley we are still
dependent on the city commission houses for the sale of our
fruit. There are not enough good fruit men in any partic-
ular locality up there to induce the larger buyers of apples to
come in there with the expectation of buying a large quantity,
and the growers all have more or less complaint to make.
Some of the buyers and houses that have taken apples from
such sections say that they have been scorched so and robbed
by the men that pack the apples that they are going to stay
out of tliere. That makes the situation rather bad for all
growers, and I suppose it is nothing but what we must rely
on time to correct.

In packing apples too much emphasis can not be- laid on
the necessity of making each package and each grade imifonn
throughout. If vou are making a package of fruit fancy, be
sure that every apple in that package is up to the standard, .
and sell the lower grades for what they are worth. By making
your grades uniform your commission man will be able to
recommend your goods to his customers, and he knows that
they will prove as good as they should be. There is a certain
class of people who buy fancy apples, no matter what the
cost, but the bulk of the apples sold must go at a moderate
price, or the people will not buy them. It is to the working
man and his family that we have to look as buyers of our
apples, and we must place before them a good quality of fruit
at a moderate price. With apples selling to the retailer at two
dollars per barrel there will be perhaps twice as, many apples
consumed as there will be when sold for one dollar more, and
in years of great plenty, such as last year, no matter how
cheap the price goes, there will not be a sale for all that are
produced. Therefore, those men who grow the best fruit
are the ones who can sell when prices are low. I have never
seen the da}- when a man could not sell choice fruit at good
prices. I can go to Xew York and sell apples of the best
quality for two dollars a box, when the common run of apples
that are sold by the commission men will not bring one dollar
a barrel. The people that are used to buying first-class fruit

FOURTEENTH ANXUAL MEETING.

71

will insist upon just about such a quality year after year, and
to that ])articular class of people the price makes very little
difl'erenco.

The Inishel box is a very convenient form of package for
fanc\- fruit, but it will never pay to pack in it anything except
fanc\- stock, and it must be very carefully placed, else the fruit
will be in a worse condition than if packed in a barrel. It is
very difficult to pack apples in boxes so that the layers will
come out just tight enough to prevent the fruit from shaking,
and not so tight as to cause it to bruise, and only an expert
can pack for shipment any distance. For the choice fruit
that goes on the rich man's table, the box is the best package,
liut I believe the apple of the common people will be packed
in the standard apple barrel for many years to come.

Xow. Mr. President, certamly to an observing person wlio
has exaniined the different fruit exhibits at the different fairs
and societies, and winter horticultural meeting's, there is shown
a wonderful improvement in the quality of fruit, and this 1
believe more than any other one thing goes to show what a
far reaching influence these meetings and the competition that
is brought about are having. I have noticed it not only at
the meetings which I have been fortunate enough to attend,
particularly the meetings in New York for the last two years,
but at many different shows of fruit in our own State, i
believe it is safe to make the statement that many of the
apples that are sold to-day as No. 2 are almost as good as the
apples which were sold ten years ago for No. i. There has
been a wonderful improvement. We can see it in these exhi-
bitions, we can see it at the different fairs, and we can see it
from year to year. We can see the improvement from year
to year in the quality of the apples over those that were shown
the previous years. We can see a vast difference in favor of
the later produced apples over those of several years ago.
Now what is the reason for this? I think I can explain just
what the secret of it is. If I am interested in producing apples
and I come here to your fair with a box of dift'erent varieties
and place them on exhibition, it may be that I am not well up
in the art of picking or packing those apples, and it doesn't
take me long to find out that I have got a whole lot to learn.

72

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

When I come in here I have to rub up against the fellow that
has been showing his fruit and has learned a lot of things that
I don't know anything about. I have to rub up against the
fellow who has been watching the judges when they scored
those apples, and who has watched them when they have taken
up those apples and looked them all over. Perhaps I have
been in here two or three times and have gone away wonder-
ing why it was that I have not taken a prize. Naturally I
have wanted to find out what was the matter. By and by, little
by little it begins to be clear to me what standard first-class
fruit is, and I eo back on to my farm determined not to raise
anything else. Hundreds of times fruit that the exhibitor
thinks is first class in every particular, when the judges come
to examine it, is found to be blemished from insect attacks.
Now if I am any kind of a fellow at all I am going to learn
something from all that. I am going to learn to bring some-
thing to the fairs and exhibitions that has not got any de-
fects in it. I am going to raise standard fruit, and I am going
to keep at it until I do. Now it seems to me that that is just the
situation. There are a wdiole lot of men all the time learning
what constitutes first-class fruit, and it is having a wonderful
influence all along the line to improve the quality of our ap-
ples. The men that can not keep up with the procession have
got to quit. And that is not the whole story either. A whole
lot of people who attend these fairs and exhibits are learning
what apples ought to be. and that helps to increase the demand
for first-class fruit. I am selling apples in the City of Pough-
keepsie to-day, selling apples for seconds that ten years ago
would have gone in there at first-class price. People that I
am selling No. i fruit to will not touch that other grade.
They are a lot of fanc}' grocers, and just as soon as they find
any of that lower grade they will have them right out, and
tell you that thev are not in the habit of selling a Number 2.
and that they would rather, pay you for the No. i and have
you take the other lot away.

Now I believe, Air. President, that the results that we see
on the apples in these different horticultural shows can be very
largely attributed to the usefulness and activities of the dif-
ferent horticultural and pomological societies throughout this

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 73

country. Let the "ood work i^o on. The more of these vahi-
able meeting-s we have, the better it will be for the fruit busi-
ness, and the better it will be for the different men that are
producing these apples. The time is coming when if a man
does not grow choice fruit he can not sell anything.

Now, Mr. President and ladies and gentlemen, I thank you
for the attention which you have given me, and if any one has
any question, or has any suggestion to make, if 1 can help you
out any about giving you the benefit of what little knowledge
I have about the apple business, I shall be only too glad to re-
spond.

The President: Now is your opportunity. Mr. Cross
knows what he is talking about. I have done a little work with
him once or twice, and I know that he knows a wdiole lot about
apples. Now^ has anybody any questions to ask?

Mr. Lupton : Mr. President, "the gentleman from A'ir-
ginia" seems to have made some sort of an impression upon
the gentleman from New York, but just what that impression
is there seems to be some doubt. Virginia is in the minority
here to-dav, but ^Ir. President, minorities since time began
have shown the majority the benetit and wisdom of a moderate
course and perhaps a better way altogether. Now I have felt
very much encouraged since listening to the gentleman from
New York. I feel like going back to Virginia and telling my
people that we are safe from competition so far as New York
is concerned, (laughter). Now- there is a lesson that we ought
to learn from what the gentleman from New York has stated.
He says that last year the growers and buyers got into some
difficulty so that the growers were very late in putting their
crop on the market ; that the farmers couldn't sell their fruit,
and the apple orchard men were unable to make favorable
terms with the buyers, and that as the result of their quarrel
that Ihey got into, the growers got caught by the cold weather
coming on, and they wasted a lot of fruit because they did
not have a proper opportunity to box or pack their fruit, and
the buyers were at the hotels waiting for the growers to accept
their prices. Well, ladies and gentlemen, that was a surprising
statement for me. I never expected to hear a thing like that
from the State of New York. What would vou think if we

74 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

farmers should do that? \Miat would you say if we waited
until some buyers come around and offered us a price which
was not satisfactory, and then we made no further effort to
sell our crops. What w'ould you think of an Ohio farmer, or
a farmer in any other State, that sat down and waited until
his crop was already in bearing- before he got any one to come
along and buy it? It doesn't seem to me that that is a very
sound business principle, and just as long as that method is
pursued, or that policy is pursued, the apple growers in Vir-
ginia are going to be all right. That is an answer to 'Mr. Hale's
question, too, by the way.

There is another point I would like to make. I think from
the standpoint of a member of the Connecticut Pomological
Society, (and since I made my address I have joined your Soci-
ety [applause] ) the statement which was made here this morn-
ing in regard to a rule covering the quality of exhibits at fairs,
is a little erroneous. The chairman of the committee on exhi-
bitions, Mr. Bennett, who made his report this morning, made
a recommendation that hereafter one of the rules of your exhi-
bitions should be that no one should be given a premium for
any imperfect fruit. I took the liberty, as a member of the
society, to tell your reporter and the newspaper men not to pub-
lish that statement. The idea of the Connecticut Pomologi-
cal Society being reduced to the necessity of coming here and
making a formal statement that it will not give a premium to
Brother Hale or any other man because he says that bruised
fruit ought not to be permitted there. That is something that
ought to be perfectly understood anyway, such fruit ought nev-
er to go into the barrel either. That is the truth of the whole
matter. The whole proposition is just here : There ought not to
be any difference between No. i and Xo. 2 apples except
in size, ^^'ormy apples ought never to go into the barrel. ^^ly
theory is that a box should contain good fruit, and perfect
fruit, no matter what the number. You cannot afford af any
time to either exhibit or place inferior fruit on the market. You
ought to have your No. i and No. 2 boxes made up in just the
same way as is the rule in the West.

Now. another thing. A few days ago I took up a news-
paper, a Pacific coast fruit paper. I noticed that Oregon ap-

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 75

pies are selling: in New York Citiy at four dollars a box. while
at the same time New York ^rowers are shipping Baldwins as
far west as San Francisco and under-selling- the Oregon apples
in that market. That is a good thing for the service, but it
seems to me that that contains a little lesson which we ought
to learn. If the Oregon growers can ship their fruit to New
York and get bigger prices than the eastern growers, there is
certainly some reason for it. There is certainly something
wrong about the way in which we handle our fruit. Possibly
it is because some inferior fruit gets in in that way and tends to
hold .the averao-e price down. You do not want any inferior
fruit on the market. We do not want anything but good fruit
on the market, and I am really surprised to think that the fruit
growers of Xew York State should so far forget their busi-
ness princinles as to get caught in any such snap as the buyers
seem to have worked on them last year, according to Mr.
Cross's statement. When the apple buyers came down to
A'irginia they commenced to tell the same story, that there was
an enormous crop and the price was low, and all that sort of
thing. They wanted to buy our apples, but we said "No, you
cannot have them." The apple buyers came into our section
and said "We can get apples cheaper home," but afterward
they came around and said "We have got a market for Vir-
ginia fruit, and we have got to take back some Mrginia fruit,"
and so they took twenty thousand barrels. I think it was main-
ly on account of the quality and the way we handled the fruit.
I assure the gentleman from New^ York that we do not put
any wormy apples into the barrels. No bruised apples go into
the barrels. No apples that have any punctures of skin go into
the barrels. We are very careful indeed in picking to prevent
bruises. I have discharged a number of men for being care-
less in picking, by holding his thumb in such a way so that in
breaking the stem it was almost certain to break the skin. That
ruins an apple for the purpose of going into a barrel to be
shipped.

I am very well satisfied since I have heard the gentleman
from New York tell how they do things up there.

Mr. Cross: Mr. President, the gentleman from Virginia
said that he was not up here to tell why they did those things.

76 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Xow that is mv case. I am not here to tell why those people
in \\'estern Xew York allowed themselves to be caught in
such a snap, but I suppose in the years that have gone by they
have been able to get $2.50 to $3.00 for their apples, and when
the buyers went there and told them that they were going to
buy for $1.50, the growers rebelled and said that they would
have to come to their prices, or else they would not buy them
anywhere. I don't know as I blame the growers for trying to
get a fair price, and perhaps for holding oflf a little, and you
want to remember that they did not have any of these fellows
with big cold storage houses in which the apples of the prgduc-
ers could be stored and taken care of until the prices were bet-
ter. They had to sell, and the buyers felt that they could af-
ford to wait. They finally compromised, but it was done at
such a late day that the growers could not get all the apples
into the barrels, and there were a good many of them that went
to waste.

Mr. Lupton : Mr. President, there may be some people here
to-day that will not be here to-morrow, and I just want to make
one statement that I rather expected to make in my address
to-morrow. It is in reply to a suggestion made by Air. Cross,
and also in reply to one of the questions on your list, ^^'hat
can you do to avoid such a situation as occurred in Xew York
last year? That is not the exact question, but it is practically
the same thing. Xow I want to tell you what we have in \'ir-
ginia. In my home we have a little organization that we call
the Frederick County Fruit Growers' Association. We have
a secretary, and it so happens that that secretary is also now a
member of the Pomological Society of Connecticut, (laughter).
That secretary is authorized by that society to put himself in
communication with every kindred association in the United
States. Last year he must have communicated with nearly 160
secretaries of diiterent organizations, and he secured all the
information he could from every agricultural department, and
it is a clear fact, but some people there do have more home in-
formation than anywhere else we can find it. Xow when our
secretary has exhausted every means of getting information as
to the fruit crop, that report is made to our local organiza-
tion bv tlie local secretary, so that we have reallv more accurate

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 77

(k'tails as \o tniil conditions tlian anywhere else that 1 know
of. Tlie resuh is that when the huyers hegan to tan< al)ont the
enormons crops and low prices we told them it was not so.
We simply had our information at hand and utilized it 1 think
verv laroelv. So, ]\lr. President, we simply told those people
that they could not put up any such job as that on us.

Xow I do not know whether your local societies do that or
not. Perhaps vou do not engage in the fruit business large
enough here to have such local organizations, but tliat is what
we did for ourselves last year, and we found it was a wonder-
ful benefit in that particular, aside from one or two other little
matters. Tt think if the Xew York people had put themselves
in touch with the market so as to know thoroughl}' what the
conditions of the market were, before they allowed their fruit
to go to waste, that they would never get caught in that way
again.

Mr. Cross: Mr. President, let me state for the information
of the people on the floor, that the New York State Fruit
Growers' Association has one of the most perfect systems for
gathering statistics in regard to the crops that there is, and it
is about as perfect as I believe can be devised, and their re-
port turns out very nearly to the actual result as the statistics
have shown. That was very largely the reason why they got
left on selling their apples. They knew that there was no such
tremendous big crop as some of the buyers tried to make out,
but the fact about it was the New York buyers were down there
and when the) oflercd such a low price the growers simply fell
back and said "We are not going to sell you for such a low
price, because there is no such big crop as you say." Then the
buyers said "We know better, and we are going to wait until
we can get our price. Now either the fact w^as that the gen-
tlemen did not state that they came to the buyers' prices, or
else the buyers had to have some of that kind of fruit. There
was little or no diiiference between the two situations, only the
Western New York fellows held off a little too long, and then
didn't have time to get their fruit in proper shape to go on the
market. In the other case, the Virginia people had a little long-
er time to pack their fruit. Out in our State the season is

78 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

later, and the buyers get together down there quicker than thev
do in the western part of our State.

Ti-iE President: I want to have it understood that we are
going to keep these gentlemen here and are going to have a
chance to question them several times before the end of the
meeting. Neither Mr. Cross or Mr. Lupton is going to gel
away from us until to-morrow.

Now, if there is nothing further we will proceed to the next
topic on the program. Before that, however, I would sav that
the life and usefulness of this socjety depends on getting a
good big membership. We want to largely increase our mem-
bership this year. We are only about in the middle of the
thousand members that we ought to have. While we have got
a good Society and already have a good membership, we want
to make an especially good record this year and become one
of the biggest and best in the United States. The more mem-
bers, and the more means we have to do with, and the more the
fruit growers of the State support this society, the more benefit
it will be to them. The membership fee, as you know, is only
one dollar, and there will be some envelopes passed around
among the audience, so that any of you who are not already
members will be given an opportunity to join. I hope there
will be a generous response.

I may say that in the hall below there is a large exhibit of
fruits, and a still larger exhibit of implements of various kinds.
You are requested to give your attention to that feature as well
as to the meetings in this room, but only when the sessions
here are closed. You vrill find there plent}- to interest you.
That the exhibits may be properly reported upon, especially in
the matter of the fruits, we shall appoint a committee to judge
them and award premiums.

A brief recess was then taken, during which the hall was
prepared for the next address, which was an illustrated lecture
on "The Worst Apple Insects," by Professor AW E. Britton,
the State Entomologist.

This verv important phase of the apple question was inter-
estingly discussed by Professor Britton and a large number
of lantern slides were shown illustrating the various insects
and their work.

The following is a brief synopsis of the lecture.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 79

Our Worst Apple Insects.

Bv Pkok. W. r,. Brtttox, New Haven.

In iirosonting" a paper on this snliject I wish to call your
attention to the fact that there are over four hundred different
kinds of insects which attack the apple in this countrv. It is
obvious that I can mention i)nl_\- a few at this time, and 1 shall
therefore use my judgment in selecting the worst ones. This
is largely a matter of individual judgment, and in various lo-
calities the degree of injury will vary to such an extent that
what may be regarded as a serious pest in one place will be
almost unheard of by the apple growers in another.

I finally decided to put the San Jose scale at the head of the
list, because where that is present in an apple orchard I be-
lieve it to be the very worst pest we have.

Sax Jose Scale, (Aspidiotiis peniiciosns Comst.)

I think we will all agree that the San Jose scale is the
most serious apple pest wherever the apple orchard has become
infested by it. First discovered in California in 1880, this scale
spread throughout the Pacific coast region, was brought toward

i-!»«\\

c-iiim

San Jose Scale — Female shell, much enlarged.

the East on nursery stock, and was probably introduced into
the Eastern States as early as 1888 or 1889, though not dis-
covered until 1893 in Virginia. It was found in Connecticut
in 1895. though it is reasonably certain that it had.been brought
into this State four of five years earlier. This insect injures
trees by sucking out the sap, and is found not only upon the
twigs and branches, but also upon the leaves and fruit. Its

8o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

injury is not confined to the apple, but peach, pear, pknn,
quince, and cherry are all attacked.

In fact the sour cherry is about the onl}- one of our fruits
which is not seriously injured by it. The winter is passed in
a partially grown condition, and when spring- comes the in-
sects continue to feed and increase in size until about the last
week in June, when the breeding season commences. The fe-
males do not lay eggs like most other scales, but bring forth
living young. When first born, the young are yellow in color,
and crawl about for a few hours. They then find a suitable
place to begin feeding, insert their sucking tubes in the tissues
of the bark and begin to suck the sap. After this they are
stationary upon the tree. They begin to contract in -length
and assume a circular shape. On the back several slender wax
fiJaments are given out, and after three or four days these wax
filaments melt down, and the insect molts. The wax and the
cast skin form the beginning of the shell or armor. Then
comes a period of about four w-eeks in which the insect is suck-
ing sap and increasing in size. The females keep the circu-
lar form of shell throughout their existence, but when about
half grown the males can be recognized from the females by
their elongated shells, and finally a pupa stage is entered by
the males terminating in the appearance of the adults. The
adult emerges from under the shell, has wings, legs, antennae
and eyes. It flies about, but it does not take food after reach-
ing this stage : in fact, it has no digestive system. The female,
on the other hand, remains under the shell, and if we examine
a specimen we find that a di fife rent development has here taken
place. The female has no antennae, eyes, wings or legs, but
the mouth parts and digestive system are very strongly devel-
oped. Between three and four generations occur each year
in Connecticut, depending somewhat upon the season, and al-
though the breeding season is late about commencing, each
brood IS far more prolific than the preceding brood, and toward
the latter part of the season vast numbers of young are pro-
duced, and often the trees are coated over completely in a
short time. 'The breeding season lasts until about December
first. The San Jose scale is carried from one tree to another
on the feet of birds or insects which mav alight on the infested

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 8i

tree \vhen the younp^ are crawling. This is simply a mechani-
cal method of spreading-, and the young scales can probably
n(^t crawl o\er the grciund from one tree to another, and can
onlv reach adjacent trees by themselves when the branches in-
terlace.

You all know the methods which we are using to combat
this insect. The lime and sulphur mixtures have been used
extensively during the past season. More than 100,000 trees
have been treated in Connecticut, and in most cases the results
have been satisfactory. The boiled mixture has been used
chiefly, and the salt may be added or left out ; it seems to make
little difference in regard to the eft'ect on the scale, and to the
adiiering qualities. Great promise has been given by some of
the mixtures that liave been prepared without boiling. You
will remember that last year I showed you some of the sodium
■sulphide that we were using in the preparation of the self-
boiled mixture. This could not be obtained in convenient form
for use at that time, but it can now" be obtained from the Roess-
ler & Hasslacher Chemical Company of New York in a
crushed form in drums containing iioi lbs., each at a cost of
33^ cents per lb. In making this mixture we can use about
20 lbs. of wliite\\-ash or finishing lime, about 10 lbs. of sulphur
and 10 lbs of sodium sulphide. The lime is started slaking,
and the sulphur and sodium sulphide added, and stirred con-
stantly. After the action of the lime has ceased, allow it to
stand for about thirty minutes, then dilute and apply to the
trees. The caustic soda mixture recommended by the New
York Experiment Station at Geneva, New York, has also
given good results in Connecticut. This may be prepared
by using 20 lbs. of lime, 14 of sulphur and 5 lbs. of caustic
soda, the caustic soda being added to prolong the boiling, as
heat is generated when the caustic soda and the hot lime are
jHit together. This should also stand for about thirty min-
utes before diluting and applying. The potassimn sulphide
and lime also gave good results during the past year, and
this is a very convenient method of treating a few trees in a
garden or back yard. It is too expensive, however, to apply
to orchard trees.

82 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Scurfy Scale {Chioiiaspis furfiira Fitch) and Oyster
Shell Scale {Lepidosaphes nhni Linn.).

I wish to mention these scale insects and to exhibit illus-
trations of them in order to show the difference between them
and the San Jose scale. The scurfy scale is pear-shaped, and
light-grey in color. The males are much smaller, narrow
and nearly white. The oyster shell scale is long and narrow,
and usually of the same color as the bark upon which it is
fastened. The San Jose scale is circular in shape. These
three species are shown in the illustrations. Both of these

Scurfy Scale — Female shell,
much enlarged.

Oyster Shell Scale — Female
shell, much enlarged.

scales (scurfy and oyster shell) are single brooded and live
through the winter in the Qgg stage. The scurfy scale eggs
hatch between the 20th of May and the tirst of June, while
the eggs of the oyster shell scale hatch about June first, or
usually about a week later than the eggs of the scurfy scale.
The remedy is to spray with kerosene emulsion or soap and
water during the first half of June, or while the young are
still unprotected by the shells or armor which later cover
them. There is very little use in attempting to destroy these
insects by spraying at any other time of the year, especially
when they are in the egg stage, as it is then very difficult to
kill them.

FOURTEENrH ANNUAL MEETING. 83

Tin-: C()r)LiX(. Moi'ii {Carpocal'sa poiioncUa Linn.).

This IS the insect wiiich makes onr apples worm}-, the
hirva being- the common apple worm that we find inside thie
fruit. The adult is a small brown moth which lays eggs (jn
the young- fruit or leaves soon after the blossoms fall in spring.
The egg is white, and does not project far from the fruit or
leaf upon which it is placed. It looks like a white dot on the
green background. Wherever this egg is laid, about nine
times out of ten the }oimg larvtC enter the fruit through the
cal}-x cup. Soon after the blossoms fall you will notice that
the young fruits stand upright on the stems with the calyx
w-ide open. It is extremely important to spray at this time
with Bordeaux mixture containing Paris Green, and to cover
the tree so thoroughly that poison is deposited inside of tlie
calyx, so that the young larvae will get it when beginning- to
tunnel into the fruit. Soon after, the calyx begins to close up,
and finally is closed completely, so that it would be impossible
for poison to enter the calyx. The poison should be applied
within a week or ten da}s after the blossoms fall in order to
do the most good. We should also keep the leaves and fruit
well covered with the mixture for a period of about two
months.

There are two broods each year and the codling moth
passes the winter in the pupa stage.

Apple AIaggot {Rhagolclis poinoncUa Walsh.)

In some parts of the country, especially in Northern New
England, this is probably a worse pest than the codling moth.
Though it does not attack so many varieties of apples, it ren-
ders some kinds wholly worthless, and there seems to be no
good remedy for combatting it. It is especially fond of the
early sweet or pleasant-sour varieties, while the very hard and
acid kinds are not so liable to be attacked. This insect does
not injure the fruit in such a way that we can detect its pres-
ence from the outside. The adult is a two-winged fly, which
lays an egg through a puncture in the skin of the fruit, and
the niaggot develops inside, going through the pulp of the
fruit and scraping ofif small portions of it, from which it

84 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

sucks the juices. This causes brown spots to be found
throughout the pulp of the apple, and finally the fruit decays.
Frequently the inside will be wholly worthless, while the exte-
rior surface of the fruit shows no indications of the presence
of the maggot. As the maggot is inside, wholly out of reach
of sprays, it cannot well be controlled by spraying, thougii
it is said that where trees have been properly sprayed for
codling moth the attack of the apple maggot has been some-
what lessened. As a rule, however, we can do nothing more
than to destroy the infested fruit, and to endeavor to grow
such varieties as are not subject to its attack.

Plum Curculio. (Coiiolrachclus ncnnpliar Hbst.)
Apples have been seriously injured by the plum curculio
during the past few years. The adult beetle punctures the
young fruits for the purpose of food, and the females deposit
their eggs inside. The tgg, is white, and oval in shape, and
around the tg^ puncture a crescent-shaped mark is cut to
prevent the growing fruit from injuring the egg. It is found

The plum curculio (Conotrachclus nenuphar Hbst). Adult beetle.
About six times natural size.

that many punctures are made and even the crescent mark is
cut in many places w'here the eggs are not deposited. When
the egg hatches, the young lan^a tunnels through the pulp of
the fruit, but, instead of causing it to decay, as is the case
with the apple maggot, the wound usually heals, and a hard
streak is formed through the apple where this tunnel was
made. The general effect is to cause the apples to grow
irregular and knotty, and of course the quality is much injured
as well. This injury was supposed to be caused by the apple
curculio, but this insect is a rather rare species, wdiile the
plum curculio is extremely common, and attacks the plum.

FOVRTIlRNril ANNUAL MEETING.

85

cherry, peach and apple. This subject has recently been
studied by Prof. J. Al. Stcdnian of ^Missouri, and he finds that
the injury is very serious, but that it can be controlled. Only
a small proportion of the eggs laid ever hatch, and a small
proportion of the larvae ever reach maturity. The apple does
not seem to be a suitable host for the insect. The experi-
ments conducted by Prof. Stedman show that spraying with
poisons will prevent much of this injury to the fruit, and that,
in addition, if the infested fruit which drops from the tree can

A

m

Young apples showing punctures made by the plum curculio.

be gathered and destroyed, and tlie ground cultivated lightly
from the middle of July to the middle of August to destroy
the pupating curculios, the insect can be held in check. Pro-
fessor Forbes of Illinois conducted some experiments in 1904
in spraying the trees with arsenate of lead to prevent curculio
injuries. While he greatl}' reduced the amount of damage,
there still remained about 28 per cent, of injured fruit, and
he explained this by the statement that in order to obtain the
poisons, it was necessary for the beetles to feed upon the

86 THE COXXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

leaves and fruits, and in so doing- they injured 28 per cent, of
the }oung fruits before they could obtain a sufficient amount
of poison to kill then. The plum curculio is shown in the
accompanying figure.

Apple Tree Borers. The Flat-headed Borer {Chryso-

hoihfis fcinoratc Fabr. ) axd the Rouxd-headed

Borer (Sapcrda candido Fabr. J.

In Connecticut a great deal of damage is done each year,
especially to young apple trees, by the borers which attack the
tree at the base of the trunk. There are two kinds of borers
responsible for this injury. One is called the round-headed
borer, and the other the flat-headed borer. Tiie round-headed
borer is probably more injurious than the flat-headed one.
The eggs are laid in slits cut in the bark near the base of the
trunk, and these soon hatch, and the larva begins to make a
burrow ni the bark. As it increases in size it works through
the bark and into the sap-wood, where it makes a broad, fiat
burrow, it working its way downward on the approach of
winter, coming back again in the spring, and sometimes going
several inches up the trunk. Three years are required for
the round-headed borer to complete its full development, and
the pupa stage is passed in the burrow. The adult is a long-
horned beetle, about tliree-quarters of an inch in length,
brown in color, with two white stripes extending longitudi-
nall} . When thic adult is ready to emerge it eats its way out
of the burrow, leaving a hole about one-quarter of an inch in
diameter. The flat-headed borer attacks the tree in a similar
manner, but its complete development requires only one year
instead of tliree years, and the adult belongs to a different
family of beetles, and does not have long horns or antennas
like the adult of the round-headed species. The larva also
dififers in that it has a broad, flat head, much broader than the
other portion of the body, while the round-headed species does
not have a head of this shape. The remedies for the apple
borer are to examine all trees in the early fall and again the
following spring, and wdierever we find the chips or sawdust
thrown out at the base of the tree we mav be sure that a borer

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

87

is at work inside. We can cut into the burrow and destroy
the borer, or we can insert a few drops of carbon bisulphide
and close the mouth of the burrow with clay, wax or soap,
whereupon the fumes will permeate the tunnel and kill the
borer inside. These borers are more serious in the vicinity
of woodlands, where they probably live in some of the native
trees. They are apt to be much more serious in sod land
than in tilled orchards.

Apple Aphis. (Aphis pouii Geer. )

During- 1903. apple trees throughout the State were

attacked and considerably injured by a green plant louse that

was found on the under- sides of the leaves and the new

growth. This is called the apple aphis. ]\Iany of the new

The green apples aphis A. pomi. Wing-
less viviparous female, enlarged. Antenna,
still further enlarged, is shown at left.

Eggs of green ap-
ple aphis as they
appear on the twigs
in winter.

shoots were also literally covered by these green plant lice and
the growth much checked. In nurseries it was a serious
matter, because here the condition and value of the trees
depends largely upon the annual growth. The small insects
suck out the sap, and do not devour an_\- portion of the tissues.

88

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

They pass ihc winter in the egg state, and we often find these
egg'S around the buds on the twigs. They are black, shiny,
and oval in shape. The eg"gs hatch early in the spring, soon
after the leaves unfold, and the aphids may be found on the
leaves and twigs throughout the summer. The appearance

The green apple aphis A. poini. Winged viviparous female, en-
larged. At the left may be seen the third joint of the antennae with
sensory pits — very mucli enlarged.

of the insect is shown in the accompanying illustrations. Tlie
remedies are to spray thoroughly with strong kerosene emul-
sion or with common laundry soap dissolved in water at the
rate of one pound to six gallons. During 1904 this insect
was not abundant, and therefore very little injury resulted
from its attacks.

Discussion.

A Member: Mr. Chairman, one of the facts that was
given as an illustration of a method that was used to destroy
the tent caterpillar, suggested a question that I wanted to ask.
I would like to ask Professor Britton if those can be obtained,
and, if so, where?

Prof. Britton : The M. Leiner Company, of New York,
would manufacture them if there was any demand for them.

A Member: I would like to ask Professor Britton if it is
necessary to scrape apple trees in order to remove the rough

FOURTIIENTH AKXi'AL MEETING. 89

bark so as to make iiiorc tiiorough work of tlie spraxing t\)r
the San Jose scale.

PuGF. Bkittox : Vou can get the mixture where it is
needed better if the loose bark is taken oft. Of cotirse, it is
almost impossible to get it in under the loose bark. So I thinly
it is a good tln'ng to do.

Till' I'kilSidf.nt : Will Professor Britton tell us whether
there is any good way to prevent tiie ravages of the ci]:iple
borer?

pROi^. Brittox : I have not been able to find anything th.al
was absolutely efficacious, except digging them out.

A ]\Iember : I would like to know if there is any device
that could be used to wrap around the trunk of an apple tree,
at the base of the tree, or any wash or paint that could be
used to prevent the ravages of the apple borer.

Prof. Britton : Quite a number of things have been tried.
]\Ir. Lupton says that whale oil soap is a good thing. Also
that ordinary paint is a good thing. But in working against
other borers I have used strong arsenate of lead. That sticks
on the tree for a long time. At least, it will stay there through
one season very nicely. I have not used it against this apple
tree borer, but I have often wondered why it would not be
effective.

Mr. Ives : I have been using common coal tar for the last
three years on peach trees, and we have only recently found
but four or five that had anything like the peach borer on them.
And the same is true of some of the apple trees. I think there
were no borers found in any" of the young apple trees when
we made our last examination. They were principally young
trees.

Mr. Huhbaru: L^ tar injurious to the trees at all .■'

Mr. Ives: I never saw peach trees making a more thrifty
growth, and I do not think it injures apple trees in any sense
whatever. It certainly did prevent the peach borer from get-
ting in his work.

Prof. Britton : 'W.v. Chairman, Professor Slingerland
tried some experiments with gas tar, and he found from the
results obtained at different places, and under various condi-
tions, that while in some instances the tar causetl no injury.

90 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

yet it may cause injury to the trees. Tar from certain places
ma}- cause injury, while that from other sources is safe. I
think it would he well to try a few trees at first, so as to make
sure that your tar is all right.

Mr. Lutton : Professor Britten made a statement a few
minutes ago in regard to the use of paint, which possibly
might be misleading. He stated that I said that ordinary
paint would be efifcctive against the borer. Ordinary paint
would be apt to kill your trees. You want the very best qual-
ity of white lead. If you do not get the best quality, injury
is apt to result. So you want to be very careful if you arc
going to use white lead and oil, to get the pure stuff.

. A jMember : How are }ou going to know^ if }ou have got
the pure stuff?

Mr. Lufton : I do not know except to go to some first-
class dealer. I should go to some first-class dealer and get
a good quality of white lead and linseed oil, and mix it up
yourself.

Prof. Brixton : I would like to ask !vlr. Lupton how
would it do to put in a Ittle Paris green in that when you
mix it up ?

Mr. Lupton : I suppose that that would not do any harm.
It certainly would not do any harm.

Prof. Britton : If you put in Paris green, and put in
enough of it, it would do the work.

The President: I think we will have to draw this dis-
cussion to a close. We have still other speakers on this sub-
ject of apples which we must now call upon.

\^'e have had an account of apple growing in Virginia,
and in Xew York, and now we propose to go further north
and east and bring on a speaker who was scheduled for the
first thing on the program this afternoon. Mr. Eaton, who
will now talk to us. comes from far away up north of us, fromi
Nova Scotia, and I know that he will tell us as good a story
as we have had from Xew York and from ^''irginia, and it
gives me great pleasure to introduce to you Mr. Ralph S.
Eaton, of Kentville, Xova Scotia, President of the Xova
Scotia Fruit Growers' Association, to talk to you about the
"Conditions and Alethods in Xova Scotia Orchards.''

FOURTnnxTH annu.il meeting. 91

Conditions and Methods in Nova Scotia Orchards.

By KALi'H S. Eaton, Kentvillc. N. S.. President Nova Scotia Fruit
Growers" Association.

"In the Acadian land, on the shores of the Basin of Minas,
Distant, secluded, still, the little village of Grand Pre
Lay in the fruitful valley. Vast meadows stretched to the eastward
Giving the village its name and food to flocks without number.
West and south there were fields of flax and orchards and corn-
fields.
There in the midst of its farms reposed the Acadian village,
There dwelt together in love the simple Acadian farmers;
Dwelt in the love of God and of man.

;!: >ic * >tc * * *

"Still stands the forest primeval; but under the shade of its branches
Dwells another race, with other customs and language."

Thus sang- your sweetest New England poet in his Evan-
geline, which has rendered classic and almost world renowned
a most interesting portion of Nova Scotia, from an historical
as well as a horticultural standpoint.

Just on the opposite side of the river from "these vast
meadows and dikes which the hands of the farmers raised
with lahor incessant to shut out the turbulent tide," is a
picturesque little cemetery where a stone marks the resting
place of Major Samuel Starr, who was born in Norwich of
this state, and the first of my mother's family to come to
Nova Scotia. This was in 1759. A farm of two hundred
acres, a mile west of the court house in that town, is said
to bear his name to this day. An Empire Loyalist, and
one of a committee from Connecticut to examine
the fertile lands vacated fifteen years before by the
French Acadians, he afterwards settled where is now in sight
of the Grand Pre village, one of the finest fruit districts of
Nova Scotia — Starr's Point, the early home of my mother
and within a few miles of my own home.

In the little cemetery just referred to, alongside the grave
of Major Samuel Starr, are the graves of Starrs of six gen-
erations. But four miles distant, at Canard, close beside my
boyhood home, is another cemetery containing the graves of

92 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

David and Deborah White Eaton, my paternal grandparents
twice removed. Deborah was the great, great granddaughter
of Elder John White, of this town of Hartford. She lived in
Coventry, Conn., married David Eaton in Tolland and came
to Nova Scotia in 1761. The wedding ring which sealed that
compact was worn by my mother during her married life.

When I received the cordial invitation from your Secre-
tary a few weeks ago to attend this convention, it seemed
like a call to render up an account of the stewardship of those
relatives and the one hundred and fifty settlers who came
with them, mostly from Connecticut, and who, with their
descendants, developed the fruit industry which has made
our province quite famous. It is a very great pleasure to
come to the home country of these forefathers. It afifords
me great pleasure to be with you. I appreciate the
honor which your Society has conferred on me in being
selected from among Canadians. But I must tell you
that in addition to the pleasure I anticipated in com-
ing, I felt I had a duty to perform. I feel that Nova Scotia
in recent years has been under great obligations to Connecti-
cut, an obligation which I should take this opportunity to
acknowledge. Not a little of the knowledge of small-fruit
culture and of the use of commercial fertilizers ; not a little
of the inspiration, the enthusiasm for larger projects, the
knowledge of how to conduct them and the spirit of hustle
which has been absorbed in Nova Scotia, has come from
your most generous hearted fruit grower of South Glaston-
bury, Mr. J. H. Hale. This can be very distinctly traced in
the large and small fruit industry of our province, and many
are the expressions of gratitude I have heard from our lead-
ing fruit men for the unfailing kindness in answering at
length their numerous questions plied from time to time.
Some men claim to have horticultural secrets. There seems
no knowledge in this man's possession too good to give
away. Truly, with him it seems more blessed to give than
to receive.

Before referring in particular to this industry, which has
made Nova Scotia known among more people in the world
perhaps than any other of its products, let me refer just

FOURTEEXTH .-LWUAE MEETIXG. 93

brirtlv to some other iiulustries (^f this province that so many
people of your country picture as a wood-covered, snow-
bound land. This little peninsula produced last year:

Coal, worth $13,000,000

Gold, worth 500,000

Iron ore, worth 50,000

Oth.er minerals, worth 605,800

Pig iron, worth 3,100,000

Steel, worth 2,730,000

^Tanufactures, worth 41,000,000

Field crops, worth 8,500,000

Fruits and vegetables, worth 2,800,000

Live stock sold, worth 1,600,000

Dairy products, worth 2,900.000

]\Ieats. worth i .700.000

Products of forest, worth 4,400,000

Total $91 ,925,800

There is another product which outsiders sometimes refer
to which can hardly be measured by dollars and cents ; it
has been said publicly that Nova Scotia produces more brains to
the square inch than any other province in the Dominion.
In politics she has given to Canada two of its Premiers, and
if Sir Laurier retired to-morrow his successor would be
Hon. William Fielding from Nova Scotia. The leader of
the Opposition has been a Nova Scotian, and although
defeated recently in his own province his party cannot find
an elected man in the other provinces to take his place, so
have arranged for a constituency in Ontario in order to have
him still the leader.

In the United States, as well as Western Canada, the all
too many sons who have left her borders have usually gained
credit in law, medicine, teaching, business, or engineering,
but let me say to you, in deepest sincerity and conviction,
that in the industry for w^hich this association is formed, in
Nova Scotia we have no man to compare with your Con-
necticut genius, who started in life with no more capital than
a clear, brainy head, a stout and merry heart, a generous soul
and good constitution, and has grown in but a few years
from hand-cart to Hartford trolley, and from Hartford
trollev to Georgia train-loads of fruit.

94 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I listened to an address of President Eliot of Han-ard
University, a few years ago, before the students of the Insti-
tute of Technology of Boston, and he spoke of the work of
an engineer who built a bridge, or made a tunnel, and he
referred to it as being so much more durable, so much
greater than the work of a lawyer, minister, novelist, etc.
If this is true, what can be said of the man who has changed
the crude, worthless form of hundreds of acres of land
into orchards of wholesome luscious fruit, taught others
how to grow and pack it, developed business for railroads,
given employment to hundreds, inspired so many to greater
effort, broader knowledege and higher purpose, whom this
state is delighted to own and to honor, and whom the Nation-
al Society of Pomologists did itself the credit last year of
electing its president.

Xow if you will be generous in regarding these few
introductory sentiments, which I feel I could scarcely abbre-
viate or suppress. I will turn at once to the more practical
phase of my subject. This seems but another occasion to
realize that as the years go by how much smaller the world
seems to be growing, how much more closely allied seem its
people, and how greatly the fellowship and brotherhood of
man is extended.

Our fruit industry in Xova Scotia v»"as started by the
French, who occupied the country one hundred and tifty
years before those Anglo Saxons from Xew England
took up the work and with new varieties and larger
ambitions extended the orchard areas. A number of the
orchards planted by these immigrants are still in healthy
bearing condition to-day. I have such an orchard of four
acres, probably one hiuidred and sixty years of age. The
principal agency in the fruit development has been the Fruit
Growers' Association, established in 1863. In 1870 the fruit
shipment of apples began outside the provinces. In 1871
the orchard acreage was recorded at 13.614. To-day the
acreage is from eighty to one hundred thousand. In recent
years two-thirds of our crop has been sent to England, and
has increased about as follows : In 1890, 53.627 barrels : in
1896, 409.733 : in 1903. 550,000. This has practically come

FOL'RrEEXTII AXXfAL MEETIXC.

95

from the small area of seven ihnusaiul acres, of, if i)Ut into
a solid hloek, wiuiKl l)e a square of only three and one-ft)urth
miles. In oompariny- with this 550.000 the crop of the lar5;e
[)rovince of (Ontario, which was estimated for the same year
by the Ap])le Shippers' Association, was 547,000 barrels,
Maine 500.000. Massachusetts 132,000, Pennsylvania 173,000,
Ohio 240,000. In the season of 1901 it is claimed that more
apples were shipped from Halifax than from any other
Atlantic port on the continent.

Nova Scotia is unique in its fruit development. The
crop for export is practically all grown in only two counties,
Kings and Annapolis, where the French Acadians and
Empire Loyalists took the strongest hold. The larger part
of the province is suitable for fruit, but it awaits develop-
ment. I submitted to our provincial government a few years
ago a scheme for a system of several model and experimental
orchards as object lessons for each county, owned by the
farmers and planted and supervised by a competent commis-
sioner who could secure the best possible care and results
and make special effort to encourage a number of farmers
around each orchartl to follow each year the pattern. This
scheme has been partially adopted, and I would expect the
development in the other counties to proceed more rapidly
than it has in Kings and Annapolis.

Increased Plantings.

I have said that in 1904 our product w^as in round num-
bers a half million. Inside of ten years Kings County, in
which I live, will be itself producing that much. Fifteen
years ago the planting of one thousand trees in one season
in an orchard was thought to be a large venture, and not
more than six persons in the province attained that ambition.
To-day that little piece of work would create no comment.
Twenty-five years ago, when I used to stand on the head of
a barrel to give pressure in putting the head in for my father,
he thought if he should grow more than one hundred barrels
he could not handle them. With perfect case his farm has
shipped of late years two thousand barrels. Thirty-three

96 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

hundred barrels have been taken from one farm. In five
years the five thousand mark will be reached and much
higher figures will soon follow.

Increased Land Values.

The orchard business has increased the value of farms in
the fruit districts from two to four times the value of similar
areas in other counties. It has changed many acres of our
country from a value of ten or twenty dollars per acre to a
value of one thousand dollars. It has changed hundreds of
farms from a value of two thousand dollars to ten thousand
dollars. It has changed a dozen farms from a value of two
thousand dollars to fifteen thousand dollars, or twenty thou-
sand dollars, and a number of farms to twenty thousand to
thirty thousand dollars. The apple industry has probably
advertised the province more than any other one of its prod-
ucts, and our fruit has won distinction at such exhibitions
as Philadelphia, Chicago, Buffalo, Edinburgh, London and
Paris.

Nursery Stock.

Since the San Jose scale scare the major part of our nur-
sery stock has come from Ontario, the larger planters buying
direct from the nurserymen. A few thousand are imported
annually from New York State. The largest possible three
vear grafted trees, or two year budded trees, are preferred.
The popular distance for planting the standard apple is
thirty-three feet apart, or forty to the acre. A few^ plant
eighty trees to the acre, placing the extras in the diagonal
of the squares made by the forty planting. Fewer still use
forty permanent trees to the acre and one hundred and twenty
to two hundred and eighty fillers of plums or early bearing
apples.

Varieties.

Our most popular varieties of apples are the Graven-
stein, Blenheim Pippin, Ribston Pippin, King, Wagener,
Baldwin, Golden Russet, Nonpareil, Northern Spy, Ben
Davis, and Stark. Though Germany is the home of the

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

97

Gravenstein, Nova Scotia can beat Germany in growing this
variety. Though England is the home of the Ribston Pip-
pin, Nova Scotia can beat England in growing Ribston
Pippins.

Our Baldwin and Ben Davis are not as large and fine as
are grown in some States of this republic, but the Blenheim
and Nonpareil with us can hardly be excelled.

In plums a fair proportion of the Japanese varieties have
been planted during recent years, perhaps too many. Their
general adaptability has yet to be proved. The Burbank was
first planted and is yet the most popular. The Abundance
cannot be depended upon for a crop.

I have one thousand of the Red June and the older ones,
though six years of age, have not given me a crop. They
blossom well, set fruit, leaves become perforated in mid-
summer, turn brown and drop. The fruit soon follows.
Spraying with ordinary Bordeaux makes matters worse. The
Wickson will not stand our winters, and I fear if it did it
would not be popular on the market. We have very few of
the Chabot. I am trying one hundred of the October Purple.
Of the European varieties the Monarch, Grand Duke, Reine
Claude and German Prune are proving our best. The old
Magnum Bonum and Damsons are very popular still, though
not much grown. The Reine Claude promises to take a lead-
ing place for canning.

Peaches.
We have made a start to grow an appreciable quantity
of this fruit. The trees got a bad set-back last winter by the
low temperature. This will cool the ardor of the peach
enthusiast in our country. Our summers are scarcely warm
enough to ripen a large succession of peaches, though we
grow a few varieties to a high degree of perfection. We
have no use for the cling-stones.

Cherries.

We have a beautiful climate for cherries. Of the sweet
varieties the Governor Wood, Windsor, and Black Tartarian

98 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

are the most popular. Of the acids, the Montmorency and
EngHsh Morello.

I have grown some luscious apricots, but they will never
be a commercial success.

Pears.
I think our conditions are as favorable for pears as
those in California. Our favorites are the Bartlett, Clapp's
Favorite, Beurre Anjou, Duchess, Sheldon, and a few
others.

Cultivation.

Our best orchardists have not got beyond weekly cultiva-
tion in May and June. This is done mostly with the disk
and spring tooth harrows after or without ploughing.

Fertilization.
On light land that can be cultivated early, the Crimson
Clover is sown about the first week in July. On heavier land
Mammoth Clover is sown about the first of August as a
cover crop for plowing under the following season. The
Crimson will almost invariably winter kill. Our largest
orchardists use commercial fertilizers almost entirely, from
two hundred to four hundred pounds of potash, and four
hundred to eight hundred pounds of bone or phosphate rock for
mature orchards, and expect from this annual crops.

Spraying.
Our best orchardists practice spraying for insects and
fungi. The one hundred gallon hogshead with hand pump,
low wagon, two lines of hose, is the most up-to-date outfit
in our small business. The power sprayers will soon come.
The black spot of the apple is our worst enemy. Half the
value of our crop was taken away by it last year. It must
be controlled.

Harvesting.
We aim to get our fruit put into a cool temperature as
soon as it is picked. Our autumn apples are sorted in our
apple houses, carriage houses or cellars, as to convenience

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 99

of owners. Our winter fruit is all put immediately in cel-
lars. About half our growers ship direct to England them-
selves. The other half sell to speculators, who store in large
frost-proof warehouses along line of railway. In a distance
of seventy miles of railroad there are thirty such warehouses,
holding from ten to fifteen thousand barrels each. These
are built and owned mostly by speculators and English com-
mission men. Occasionally a company of farmers build one
and pack the fruit on the cooperative or company plan. The
low dray wagon is used almost exclusively among the best
fruit men.

My Own Methods.
In my own business I have incorporated some ideas that
I am practically alone in carrying out. It occurs to me that
in horticulture, as in theology, some things that were regarded
a few years ago as heterodox are becoming orthodox. The
main idea is that of getting large returns as soon as possible.
I am getting on toward the "seer and yellow leaf" period
and would like to get some fun and money out of the business
before my hair is completely gray. I am in for fruit, and to
those who are situated best for mixed farming my points
will have less interest. My plantings are on the intensive
system. I have planted the best commercial varieties which
do not usually give remunerative crop till fifteen years two
rods apart and fill in between these with early bearing apples,
plum or cherry to the nunjber of three hundred and twenty
or five hundred to the acre. My experience so far shows
that I can get earlier returns, and that there is economy in
fertilizing, thinning of fruit, picking, cultivation and spray-
ing. These fillers are all branched low, from eighteen to
twenty-four inches from the ground, in order to obtain a large
surface as soon as possible. When desirable, heading in of
trees is thoroughly attended to. The Burbank plum trees
need this from the start to make them compact and sym-
metrical. The tops of no two trees are allowed to interfere.
For apple fillers I prefer the Wagener, as it will bear the
third year and regularly thereafter. It is very compact, car-
ries its fruit evenly and thickly, is excellent in quality, and

lOO THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

stands ocean transit well if sent off before Christmas. When
trees will return $i.oo each, $320 from an acre is better than
$40, and it is possible to get this the fifth year from the
Wagener or Wealthy apples, or from plums. The cultiva-
tion can be easily adapted to the low-branched trees. I
believe thoroughly in the thinning out of all superfluous,
small or imperfect fruit in July. In plums, good dessert
fruit cannot be grown without this. I grow the Japan plums
wholly for dessert, and pack them regularly with paper
between the two layers, in five-pound square packages simi-
lar to the California package ; twelve of these packages go
in a sixty-pound crate. In this way more than double the
price is realized over the ordinary plums in ordinary baskets.
My cultivation in older orchards is done with eight-foot
harrows, and one man can cultivate comfortably fifteen acres
per day, going over the ninety odd acres about once a week.
I believe thoroughly in the use of thick paint in all pruning
or surgical work among trees and the use of some potash
wash occasionally on the bodies of the trees to keep them
clean and healthy.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Hubbard : When do you market your Wagener
apples ?

Mr. Eaton : ^^'e mean to sliip them in December, as a
rule. In our colder countries they would stand up well
enough to be shipped in January, but the W^agener is a little
disposed to deteriorate underneath the skin if kept too late.
We have been shipping them in January to England, but
sometimes they have not arrived in good condition. Our
Baldwins are also disposed to show the same trouble under
the skin if left too long before they are shipped to market.
I think it is always safer to ship the Wagener in December.
We usually make our last shipments of Autumn varieties so
that they will land in England about December first.

The President : I suppose, Mr. Eaton, that where you
plant the trees thickly, you say in your paper, that after they
get up to a certain point you have to begin to thin the trees

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. loi

out. How large do yon let them grow before you begin to
thin them out?

Mr. Eaton : I have not begun to thin the trees, and shall
not for some time yet. That is something that I have not
done mueh of. I have Wagners planted 320 trees to the
acre, or I should say they alternate with the Burbank plums.
The W'agener trees are now seven years old. 1 am aware
that most persons would regard this as much too thick, but
I think there is still room or 320 more and yet a chance for me
to do my cultivation. Now. gentlemen, I want you to under-
stand particularly that I am not recommending such an
intensive system of planting to you. I know of no one in
my Province who has planted as thickly as this, and I know
it will be regarded by most everyone of you as extremely
heterodox. I am trying an experiment. I would not plant
any other variety than the Wagener so thick. There is
nothing to lose because I consider it is feasible to have trees
that are even as old as eight, ten or twelve years transplanted.
I have satisfied myself on that. I have been successful in
doing this work for some years.

]Mr. Hoyt : What kind of a package do you use, that is,
what way do you find the best in putting up your apples for
market ? Do you usually ship in boxes or in barrels ?
I have been in Boston and have seen quite a few Graven-
steins that were sent from Nova Scotia, that is, especially in
the last tvvO or three years.

Mr. Eaton : We usually ship in barrels, using barrels with
flat hoops.

Mr. Hoyt : I asked the commission men in Boston how
it was that they sold them put up in boxes. I noticed that
they turned them out of the barrels and were evidently put
into boxes, and I thought that if there was a demand in the
market for them put up in that way, it was a little strange why
the Xova Scotia men did not ship them in box packages.

I understand you to say that you usually ship in barrels.
\\'hat size barrels do you use?

Mr. Eatox : Taking the ])rovince at large, there has been
a little difficulty in getting a uniform size barrel, or a uni-
formly nuule liarrel. We are rather proud of the packages

I02 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

that we use in sending- our fruit to England. Of course, the
greater part of our apples are shipped to the mother coun-
try. Very few of our apples have g^one to Boston. The
duty, when shipping apples into the United States, is almost
prohibitive, but when you are shy of Gravensteins we can
'usually send you something that is fully as good or better
than anything you are getting here. If you have not been
getting good respectable looking barrels, I don't know where
they could have come from. While we have not always been
able to get uniform packages, still there has not been much
trouble. We are using the flat hoops on our barrels now.
We have for many years been using round hoops. The
other presents a little better appearance and we find that it
is to our interest to have the best looking packages, especially
on shipments going" to London.

I have found in shipping Japanese plums that to pack
them fifteen to twenty pounds to the box, and ship them as we
do ordinary plums, they will not bring as much in the market
as some of the purple plums. I decided a few^ years ago, if
I were to ship Japanese plums so that they would sell well.
I should have to adopt a diflr'erent package from that which
other men were shipping their plums in. I pack all of my
Japanese plums now in a five pound package similar to the Cal-
ifornian, twelve of which go to a crate. I am sure it enables
me to sell more fruit and to get better prices. Of course,
a g-ood deal of attention must be paid to the grading of the
fruit itself, as well as to the package. I thin the fruit on
the trees very carefully about the first of July. It is the
only way I can get them to grow sufficiently large to sell for
dessert, so that I can realize good prices. In that way I
have been able to get something- which is acceptable in the
market. Then, after having been careful in the grading of
the fruit, grown to a good size, I place it in these boxes in
two layers, four rows in each layer and six plums in each
row. I use paper in packing the fruit, which I think adds
to the appearance. The paper has a little printing on it
like this —

FOURTEENTH AXXIAL MEETING. 103

DESSERT FRUIT.
Japanese Plums

GROWN BY

Ralph S. Eaton.

Under this conies some advertising sentences regarding
the orchard. Two sheets of paper are used. One crosses
the bottom, the other in a reverse direction covers the first
layer of phnns. These papers lap over the top to that.
When the fruit is covered the printing shows on one paper and
when uncovered it shows on the other. This white paper
with a border figured like shelf paper, contrasting with the
carmine colored fruit, adds much to the attractiveness of the
package. I have averaged for my Japanese plums about
three-fifty to four dollars per crate. That is, from two
seventy-five to three and a quarter, net, for a crate of twelve
boxes, such as hold ordinarily about sixty pounds.

Mr. Hoyt : Where do you sell them ?

Mr. Eaton : The maritime provinces take the most of
them. I have shipped some to Montreal, and the returns
have been good enough to warrant quite a few shipments
there. Of course, one trouble in trying to place a high
grade article of this kind on the market has been the inferior
stock with which the market has been flooded. There always
has been, and T think always yill be, a demand for such fruit,
carefully selected and packed. I have known of some cases
where they have been sold in Montreal as high as five
dollars a crate. I have not been able to supply the province
of Xova Scotia with as many as they wanted to eat, at very
paying prices.

Mr. Hoyt: Have you had very much trouble on your
shipments to England? I understood that you had sent some
plums to England.

Mr. Eaton : I shipped two different lots. The commis-
sion men over there would be well satisfied if we could get
the plums into the English market at the proper season. If
I could put those plums on the English market the first of
October, after their English varieties have gone out, I could
get splendid prices for them, but T have not done much

I04 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

toward exporting them to England, for the same reason that
I have not shipped many to Montreal. While the first ship-
ment arrived in good condition, I would not want to risk it
very often until we get cold storage between Halifax and
London.

( Mr. Eaton here showed some views of his orchard
planted on the intensive system. See plate III.)

Mr. Hale: Do you expect that they will do as well where
they are set like those you have in view ?

Mr. Eaton : I believe in heading in all fillers, not only
in plum trees, but in apple trees, before they are large enough
to interfere. In a good many places in our country there are
trees which have interlacing branches, and I think there is
no need for this if proper care is taken in pruning. Trees
that are interlaced can be brought back into proper shape
with the clippers without retarding the usefulness of the trees.

I was asked how old the orchard is. The older portion
of the orchard is fourteen years of age. The majority of
the trees would average seven or eight years of age. It
makes a difference what the variety is as to the amount of
heading in necessary. Some varieties recjuire it more than
others. The Abundance needs none. The Red June and
Burbank must be headed in very severely. The W'agener
apple tree needs very little. I know of no apple tree that will
bear as much fruit for the space it occupies. In a young
orchard which I planted three years ago. of five thousand
trees, set 8j4 by i6^ feet or 320 per acre, apple and plum
mixed. I have been cultivating in this way. ]\Iy man with
a wide cultivator goes down on one side and back on the other.
He cultivates those five thousand trees, on twenty acres, at
the very small cost of two dollars. I allow him to go over
that orchard once a week.

Mr. Hoyt: How much space do those trees occupy?

Mr. Eaton : Twenty acres.

Mr. Hoyt: And how long does it take your man to go
over them?

Mr. Eaton : A day.

Mr. Hoyt: A horse cultivator ijoes throug-h it in one

day

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 105

Mr. Eaton : Yes, cultivating from two to three feet on
both sides of the trees. In this intensive system of planting
there is great economy in the cultivation per individual tree.
Such an intensive system is not generally approved, but I
am in for fruit and believe I can get much more in this war
and with great economy in many respects. If I change my
mind in a few years I can transplant the trees with little
loss of growth. So far, however, my experience has been
corroborated by the work of a few others. I have had the
satisfaction of knowing that many of the best fruit men of
our valley are adopting, to almost the same extent, the system
which I have.

Mr. Hoyt : How do you cultivate that twenty-acre tract ?
What is your rule for cultivating, so that you can cover twenty
acres in one day ? Do you cultivate very close up to the trees ?

Mr. Eaton : The trees are planted as I explained to you.
I widen out the cultivator about as far as it will go. The
man goes down one side the row and up the other. Clean
and perfect cultivation is thus given around the trees and as
far as the roots extend.

Mr. Hubbard: So he doesn't cultivate the whole of the
land?

Mr. Eaton : No, not in my young orchard. When the
narrow strip in between is not cropped, and I desire to keep
down the weeds, an occasional disking is given. For my
older orchard, I have harrows that will harrow about eiglit
feet in width, and the same area is cultivated in a day with
a pair of heavy horses.

The President : Have you any of the large growing-
varieties alternating with the other varieties in that orchard?
Any of the large growing varieties like the Gravenstein,
mixed in with the Wagener?

Mr. Eaton : Yes.

Speaking of the cultivation of the orchard, I have
about 91 acres in orchards, containing about 30,000 trees,
and my man and team has during the last two or three
years cultivated that about once a week. A good man and
team will cultivate about fifteen or sixteen acres a day with-
out over-workins:.

io6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hale: Mr. Eaton, I think a few years ago that you
told me that you practised considerable summer pruning, or
heading in. Do you do that now? If so, do you prune your
permanent trees as closely .as you do the fillers?
. ]\Ir. Eaton : I aim to head in about July my large plum
trees, all the Burbanks and such fillers of apple as I think
require it. My permanent trees I do not prune in summer.
My man usually does that work in winter. The King is the
only permanent variety I head in.

Mr. Hoyt : You speak about cultivating the orchards,
do you raise any crop on that land, such as clover, or any-
thing of that kind?

Mr. Eaton : Yes. I raise clover for nitrogen and humus.

Mr. Hoyt: What do you think about crimson clover?

Mr. Eaton : I favor it on light land that can be worked
early in the spring. It will not live through the winter with
us. I prefer the Mammoth on heavy land, for it makes a
fine growth in the spring before cultivation.

A Member : Will you tell us, Mr. Eaton, the size of the
fruit baskets that you use?

Mr. Eaton : Six by ten inches and three and a quarter
inches deep.

The President : Mr. Eaton, here is a question in the
question box which I guess you had better answer. "Why not
raise the Ben Davis apple for profit or pleasure as compared
to three-fourths of the list catalogued ?"

Mr. Eaton : I have planted the Ben Davis apple quite
largely. If I were to plant another new orchard I might
slack up on it. It has many strong friends in our province.
Its appearance and keeping qualities make it bring good
prices in England.

Mr. Ives : ^^l^at time of year do you mean to transplant
large trees ?

Mr. Eaton : I prefer to transplant in the spring. I would
be afraid that the amount of moisture absorbed by the roots
would not correspond with the evaporation by the frost in
winter.

Mr. Hoyt : About what size are those trees that you are
talking about transplanting?

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 107

Mr. Eatox : Some of them have been twelve years old.

Mr. Tves: After you cut them back and move them will
tlK\- Ix'ar the next year, or will it take two or three years?

Mr. Eaton: I think that in larcfe trees the growth is
checked quite two years. Of course, in transplanting- a tree
I would transplant the off bearing year, so that I w^ould lose
a very little more than one year's profit.

Mr. Hoyt: How many trees would five or six men trans-
plant a day, that is, trees six inches in diameter?

^Ir. Eatox : I can hardly give you figures on that. I
had two men who dug up trees from three to four inches in
diameter, six or seven years of age, and it only cost me about
2^ or 30 cents per tree, paying my men at the rate of a dollar
a day.

]\Ir. Ror-ERTSOx : This fruit that I have seen from Xova
Scotia, it has seemed to me, did not have the proper color. I
have seen Gravensteins and some other varieties from Nova
Scotia, but the Gravenstein, while it was very fine, did not
seem to have any color. It was not firm like ours here. Your
Xova Scotia fruit, apples, while they are very nice, yet there
is no color to them.

Mr. Eatox : The Gravenstein on highly cultivated land
will not color quite as much as we would like to have it.
I do not know whether Mr. Hale has proven to your satis-
faction that potash will color fruit every time. Lack of
color is often due to too early picking with us.

^Ir. Robertson : Planting an orchard in the way you
have described it seems to me that the trees and branches
might be so thick that we would not get a properly colored
fruit.

Mr. Eatox: In my own orchards I have not seen this
effect.

Mr. Hale: Don't you think that the roots might cross,
as well as the branches, unless they are kept down ?

Mr. Eatox : In my orchard which was planted by my
Connecticut forefathers the roots must have crossed 125 years
ago. That orchard is in healthy bearing condition to-day. I
think we need to pay very little attention to where the roots
go, provided they get something to eat.

io8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Eaton's very valuable paper and the practical discus-
sion following the same held the attention and interest of the
meeting- until the hour for adjournment arrived.

Before adjourning, the following special committees were
named by the president :

Committee to examine the exhibits of fruits and award
premiums — Mr. T. E. Cross of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and ]\Ir.
S. L. Lupton of Winchester, ' Va.

Committee on the machinery and implement exhibits —
N. S. Piatt, New Haven; Prof. L. A. Clinton, Storrs, and
Stephen Hoyt of New Canaan.

At 5.15 an adjournment was taken until the evening
session.

EVENING SESSION.

The Society came to order for the evening session at 7.30.
The attendance was unusually large for such a meeting and
the audience included many ladies.

With a reception of visiting delegates, an illustrated lec-
ture and several interesting extra features, this session proved
the most enjoyable evening meeting in the history of the
Society.

First on the program came addresses by visiting fruit
growers from other states, and in introducing this part of
the program President Gulley said :

President Gulley : I might say we have a number of
prominent men with us, some of wdiom you have already
heard, and others who have not been on the stage to speak as
regular speakers, and we propose to have them come forward
where you can see them, and say a few words to us this eve-
ning. I will call first for a few words from ]^Ir. T. E. Cross
of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Mr. T. E. Cross : ^Nlr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen :
I am a member of the New York State Fruit Growe;;-s' Asso-
ciation, and am very glad to be with you and extend a greet-
ins: from that Association to the Connecticut Pomological

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 109

S<iciet\. Botli of these organizations are established for
much the same purpose, to upbuild the interests of the fruit
o^rowcrs in their respective states, and I feel very confident
thev are accomplishing- wonderful results. I know the New
York state fruit growers are heart and soul with all of your
people for the work in hand, and to further evidence that
statement they have arranged, in cooperation with your soci-
ety, to hold a joint meeting in New York city on the 15th
and i6th of February, the announcement of which will be
made later, and as a member of the New York State Fruit
Growers' Association, T hope you will all be there, and have
a good time, and derive much profit from the joint meeting.

President Gulley next introduced 'Sir. E. C. Powell of
Springfield, ]\Iass., who spoke as follows :

Mr. E. C. Powell: Air. President, and Ladies and Gen-
tlemen : I see a good many familiar faces here, although I have
not been with you before in two years, but my thoughts were
with you last year, even though I could not come, so I thought
this year I would take a day off and run down and see you.
I brought a pretty good delegation with me. I think there
were seven of us from Massachusetts, four peach growers
from Wllbraham and one large apple grower, and two poor
newspaper men. I am very glad to be with you, and wish
I could only stay longer. We have our state fruit meeting
at Worcester next March. I think some of your members
have been with us before, and I hope to see some of you there
again.

President Gulley then called on E. Cyrus !\Iiller of Hay-
denville, Mass., who spoke as follows :

Mr. E. Cyrus Miller: Mr. President, Ladies and Gen-
tlemen : I assure you that it is a pleasure to be here to-night,
and a pleasure to have been here to-day. for the meeting you
had this afternoon has been an inspiration to me. I did not
realize that this meeting was to be so large, and as enthusi-
astic as it has proved to be, and I have had an experience
which I had not anticipated, ever since I heard through the
courtesv of one of vour members that vou were to have a

I lo THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

meeting- to-day and to-morrow. I have always been in the
habit of attending- our fruit growers' meetings at Worcester,
but to-day I thought I would come to your Connecticut meet-
ing, and you have given us a feast of good things. I have
had some acquaintance with several of your members, and
through the inspiration I have received by talking and corre-
sponding with them-, it has been a great benefit and help to
me in my pursuance of the apple growing business. The
apple is my particular hobby, and the Baldwin is my specialty.
This is a day of specialties, and it is not enough to confine
one's efforts to apples, but I believe the time must come when
we must specialize some particular apple. I would take excep-
tion to some of the speakers that have spoken to-day, inas-
much as they have spoken of so many varieties they have
planted and interplanted in their orchards. I believe it is
one of the mistakes of commercial orcharding in planting too
many varieties. When I have buyers come to my place, I
have one particular apple to show them, and I have an apple
of which there is enough and abundance, or over-supply. I
can produce them by the carload lot, and sell them by the car-
load lot. I don't have to stop and sort out the varieties in
my orchard, for I can go to the orchard and pick up Bald-
wans and market them. This matter of convenience to market
is a great element in fruit growing. We are within a stone's
throw of a railroad, and as I heard the gentleman from Vir-
ginia speaking to-day, I didn't know what I should do if I
was located where I had to draw my apples four or five miles
to the railroad station. Frequently we have loaded a carload
of apples from our storehouse in from three to four hours,
so you see it is a great element of saving and expense to be
near your shipping station. I was speaking with a gentleman
to-night at the hotel on the subject of pruning apple trees,
and I told him that as I pruned my apple trees I always have
the ideal in mind, that is, to prune a tree so as to have a har-
monious tree, to produce a tree from which the fruit can be
picked economically, and on which the fruit can grow to the
most perfection. We think there is one great mistake that
orchardists make, and that is in not paying more attention to
the shaping and forming of the tree. If I were asked to

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. i r i

write an article for a paper. I should choose the subject of
"the ideal fruit tree." and in that article I should try to give
my ideas of what I consider the ideal tree, such as making it
harmonious to the eye. and having it open in the center to
allow the sunshine and air to come in, and so color the fruit
and make it handsome to the eye. I thank you most cour-
teously for calling on me, and if ever you come to Hampshire
county, Mass., I invite you one and all to come to our fruit
plantation, for every portion of the year there is something
of interest there.

President Gulley next introduced Prof. Close of Delaware,
who spoke as follows :

Prof. C. P. Close : Mr. President and members of the
Connecticut Pomological Society, and Ladies and Gentlemen :
This is a great surprise to me this evening. I have been saving
my powder to burn to-morrow, and I wanted to tell you then
how glad I am to be with you, and save everything up for one
talk. But I certainly am pleased to have the opportunity to
rub up against these practical men, and all the men that I have
met and shall meet before I leave. I hope to be able to help
you solve some of your difficulties in fighting some of the insect
pests. One of the specially good features to me in attending
this meeting is the meeting again of some of my own college
friends ; your worthy president was one of my college teachers,
and it is always a pleasure for me to meet him. I think this
is all I have to say this evening, and I thank you very heartily
for this opportunity.

President Gulley called on Mr. S. L. Lupton of Virginia,
who was applauded as he rose to speak.

S. L. Lupton : Mr. President, members of the Connecticut
State Pomological Society, Ladies and Gentlemen : It seems
to me I have spoken quite enough for Virginia, but inasmuch
as I came to this section about fifteen years ago, somewhere
north of here, to get me a wife, of course I am more than half
Yankee now, and possibly when I leave this time I will be
entirely converted. There are some things in Virginia we
are always very proud of, and one is the old Virginia hospi-
tality. I think, when I go back, I shall have to say I have

112 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

enjoyed some of Connecticut's hospitality, which is quite equal
to any we have south of Mason and Dixon's hne. From
remarks made by Mr. Cross, referring to an additional appro-
priation for your Society, reminds me of something I once
heard, and that was the definition of an expert. Professor
Wall made use of the term expert before a committee at
Washington once, and he was asked by the chairman of the
committee to define what an expert was. and he said, "an
expert is the last man to find out the facts." He was then
asked what an agriciihural expert was ; his reply was, "an
agricultural expert was a man that made two dollars grow
on an appropriation bill w^here one did before." I give you
that fact for the benefit of your legislative committee ; I think
probably it will help them some, if they will turn themselves
into agricultural experts, and make two dollars grow where
one did before. Thanking you for the opportunity of saying
a word for Virginia, and hoping we may meet you sometime
in the historic valley where I live, I shall, like my friend here,
wait until to-morrow to give you some facts on the question
of organization among fruit growers.

Mr. A. G. Sharp of Richmond, Mass., spoke next, as fol-
lows : —

Mr a. G. Starr : Air. President, Ladies and Gentlemen :
I can certainly say I am very happy to be with you here this
evening. As most of you know, I have had the honor of read-
ing a paper before this Society at three different times, and
I think that is honor enough for one man from Massachusetts.
I was a little late in getting here to-day, but still in time to
hear Mr. Cross of New York state, and, by the way, I am
somewhat of a "cross" myself, perhaps you might call it a
Sharp-Cross between New York state and Connecticut. My
father was a New York state man, brought up on the Hudson
river, while my mother was a Grififin, and my forefathers on
that side owned one of the largest houses in Connecticut, the
old stone house in Guilford, so that I am interested both in
New York state and Connecticut, though I am residing about
half way between, in the Berkshire hills, a very pleasant place,
and I would be happy to see any and all of you there at some

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 113

time, and I hope I may see some of you at our Worcester
meeting- next month. I thank you for this honor.

President Gulley next introduced Mr. Ralph S. Eaton of
Kentville, Nova Scotia, who responded briefly.

Mr. Ralph S. Eaton : Mr. President, ladies and gentle-
men : You gave me so much time this afternoon that I think
I should be excused now. However, coming from Nova Sco-
tia, I feel glad to exchange greetings with you. I think per-
haps this is the first time a Nova Scotian has had an oppor-
tunity of joining in any of the Pomological Society meetings
that have been held in the United States. I must congratu-
late this association on the splendid attendance which I have
seen this afternoon. I hope they are all members, or, if not,
will become members, because I know what the secretary and
treasurer have to contend with usually in connection with these
societies, and the support of all, no matter whether they are
fruit growers or not, is always very acceptable indeed. I was
immensely surprised this afternoon at the array of professional
men before me, and after I got through hurriedly with the
written notes that I had, I felt fearfully embarrassed about
going on. I have seldom ever met at any fruit meeting so many
professional men. I was at the Syracuse meeting, taking in
for an hour or two quietly what was going on there at their
association, but neither in general attendance of the meeting,
nor in the array of scientific men, did it approach the splendid
showing you have here to-day. We in Nova Scotia feel it is
not wise to have all our eggs in one basket, and we wouldn't
think at all of going in for one variety of apples alone. For
very many reasons. We like them to come in succession, so
that we can have at least two months to harvest them in. If
our apples were all Baldwin or all Ben Davis, we would have
to hustle very lively to get them all in in the last week in
October. Eight weeks' fruit season makes us work about as
fast as we want to. It seems to me that you people in Con-
necticut have a very great advantage over us in Nova Scotia,
as I understand all your crop is practically consumed in this
state. It only has to travel a few miles by railway, and the
cities in fact import more fruit than is grown in the state.

114 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

All the apples we sell in Nova Scotia have to go two thousand
miles after leaving our town port, and that at an expense of
seventv-five cents a barrel ; in other words, before we can sfet
a cent on our apples, we usually have to pay $1.40 in expenses.
It seems to me in no place that I have been is the prospect for
growing apples so good as it is here in Connecticut, and if
there are many or any young men in the audience, I would
like to remind them of a remark that I heard to-night at din-
ner, that most men in the United States wait until they get
to be forty-five years of age before they begin to plant an
orchard. Now it is not too late to plant them then, but I want
to tell you to get at it when you are young men, and if you
have not money enough to buy a hundred or five hundred or
a thousand trees, buy the root grafts and take care of them,
and in a few years you can usually transplant them so that you
wouldn't know they had been moved, and you can have an
orchard of some size in a few years at very little expense, just
the expense of a few root grafts and the labor of converting
the woodland into fruit land. When you have done this, you
will find that it is not as expensive as you might anticipate;
very often such woodland will have as much wood on it as to
pay to cut it into shape. But you need not clear up the whole
woodland in order to plant your trees, if you are only going
to plant them 40 or 50 or 80 trees to the acre. You can get
them planted among the stumps, and if you don't want to
plant them that way, you can plant them more thickly by
taking out a line of stumps, and get them under way and get
them ready for bearing, so when you are in middle life you
will have a splendid large income from your orchard, and you
won't have to wait for trees to grow and bear fruit in your
old age. I thank you for your kindness in asking me again
to say a few words, and it is a pleasure to be here and observe
the splendid Society you have got in this small state.

At this point a feature not scheduled on the program was
introduced.

Miss Florence Scarlett McCall, an elocutionist, of Hartford,
gave an original sketch entitled, "Eve's Reception," which
included a very clever adaptation of the names of all the fruits.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 1 15

The audience was much pleased and Miss McCall very
kindly responded to an encore.

The first address of the evening was by Mr. Ethelbert
Bliss of Wilbraham, Mass., whose subject was "Experiences
in peach orcharding at Mapleside Farm." Mr. Bliss' remarks
were illustrated with many lantern slides showing the various
phases of his successful orchard undertakings.

[As it is impossible to reproduce here the pictures shown
in connection with this address and without which it would
be of little value, we are compelled to omit this feature of
the i^rogram entirely. — Editor.]

i\rr. H. W. Collingwood of the Rural Ncn'-Yorkcr was
introduced next and gave the principle address of the eve-
ning, as follows:

The Trend of Present-Day Fruit Growing.

By H. W. Collingwood, Editor The Rural Ncw-Yorkcr.

I am not a prophet, a son of a prophet, or a fortune teller.
It does not need a prophet, however, to see that wonderful
changes are working out and that the changes of the future
are to be even greater and more rapid than those of the past.
Those of us who are able to go back 25 years or more remem-
ber what was done then in the way of fruit. On my uncle's
old farm over in Massachusetts there were possibly a dozen
apple trees ; Porter and Baldwins were the chief varieties.
These trees, poorly cared for and not fertilized, butchered,
rather than trimmed, added a fair sum to the income of the
farm, and, what is more, laid the foundation for the feeling
which has developed into the Apple Consumers' League.
These apples were sold within a limited range of possibly 10
miles. Few, if any, rotted or were lost. Those which could
not be sold were generally cut up by hand, dried in the sun,
and either sold or eaten as dried apples. I regret to say that
even the parings were soaked or boiled in water, squeezed
throuo-h a bag. and sold as cider or weak vinegar. It certainly

1 16 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

was very weak. From these humble beginning-s have grown
our present immense trade in fruit. I am optimistic and
believe that the future has even greater development than we
have known during the past. Comparatively few apples at
that time were shipped into Boston market by rail. Now
they come from practically all over the world. An Austrian
farmer told me, two years ago, that he fully expected to ship
apples of a certain variety to this country and find a profitable
market for them.

As an illustration of how the market has developed, I will
say that 20 years ago I passed through the city of Savannah.
I hunted everywhere to try and find an apple to eat, but I was
unable to do so. There were bananas and oranges, but no
apples. A little over a month ago, I went through the same
city of Savannah. At every fruit store, and on every fruit
stand, there were as many apples as oranges oiYered for sale.
In the daily papers of Savannah, large advertisements
announced the arrival of a shipment of Northern apples. So
far as I could see, the apples were eaten by the common people
in that Southern city as freely as oranges were. One Italian
had apples, oranges and bananas on his stand to represent the
American flag. It seemed to me there was a most hopeful
sign, both in development of the apple trade and in the devel-
opment of that patriotic expression in an Italian.

Going down through Florida, I travelled with a party of
Cubans on their way to Havana. It came time for eating their
lunch, and they pulled out a large basket of food. To my
surprise they had, in connection with sandwiches and cake, a
dozen fine Baldwin apples. They prefer them to oranges.
They had rarely eaten any before in their home in Cuba, but
expected to continue to eat this fruit. Now let us think what
this development means ; spreading of the value of the apple
all over the South and into Cuba. You may take that as an
indication of what advance has already been made, and what
you may expect in the future. What kind of an apple do peo-
ple want? Where are these apples to be grown? How are
they to be sold and distributed, and who is to benefit from
their sale ? It is simply a question of bringing out the unde-
veloped possibilities of markets, varieties, and sections. To

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

iiy

make a homely illustration, the development of the apple busi-
ness in New England would be not unlike the development in
my old horse. A milk man in New York had an old mare
named Kate. She was stiff in her knees and limber with her
heels. She had been i)oundcd and abused for nobody knows
how many years. Still, she had been a faithful servant for the
milk man. He asked me if I would take the old mare to the
farm and keep her comfortable until she died. If I did not
do this, he said, he would shoot her, as she was no longer
serviceable to him. I thought I saw some undiscovered possi-
bilities in old Kate, so we took her to the farm and she jogged
about doing her duty for two years. At the end of that time,
I thought her work was done. For me, there were no more
undiscovered possibilities in the old mare. My neighbor is
a hen man. When he found that I was going to put the old
mare out of the way, he said he would like to take her and
feed the meat to his hens. I knew he would end her days
gently, and so he took her. To my surprise, a month later,
I found the old horse still living. Uncle George had discov-
ered possibilities in the old mare. He had her at one end of
the hen-house, and assured me that she kept that house warmer
than a big stove could ever do. When the hens got cold feet,
thev roosted on old Kate's back. The women folks drive her,
she is well cared for, and is good for several years more of
service. No doubt, when Uncle George gets done with her,
somebody else will discover new possibilities in the old mare,
and so it goes.

TJic Apple: Men and sections have been given up and
abandoned because it was thought that their possibilities were
exhausted. Others, with a more hopeful view of things, or
with a clearer and broader vision of life, came to these mar-
kets, or men, or sections, and like Uncle George and the old
mare, discovered latent powers in that which should not be
thrown away. First, let us talk about fruit. I discuss the
apple, because it is the standard product of New England.
You ma}- say what you will about other products of the soil,
in \c\v England States, but the Baldwin apple is the one thing
most worthy among them. In my judgment, we are to learn
more and more the science of growing varieties that are suited

1 18 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to the locality. We now have too many misfits in our apple
orchards. Northern Spy grows where Baldwins would thrive
better. In our haste and hurry to get rid of our old friends,
Greening and Russet, we are growing some red varieties which
are out of place and which, in time, must go to the wood pile.
The experiments will pass in time and varieties will adjust
themselves to localities, just as Holstein cattle always congre-
gate in a section where alfalfa thrives. We shall also learn
more and more about the influence of stock upon varieties.
We shall learn what makes the best root, and what to use for
the foundation of our orchards. Such varieties as Greening
and Russet have been going out of style during the last few
years ; the rage has been for a red apple, and this has given
our old friend Ben Davis the opportunity of his life. I believe
that Greening and Russet will come back again in moderate
way, as people grow more to recognize varieties. My judg-
ment is that there is also likely to be an increased demand for
a smaller apple. The large fruit makes a handsome showing
but the firm high colored fruit of medium size is to be the apple
for the million, and the profits of the future w'ill come from
supplying the million mouths, rather than the 500. We must
have an apple that a man can carry in his pocket, without being
ashamed of the bunch it makes there.

Soil and Locations: I expect to see, during the next 20
years, a rapid adjustment of the apple growing areas. To me
it seems clear that the tendency will be to go back to th.e
rougher hill lands for our apple orchards. The richer level
lands will, in my opinion, be demanded for otlier food or fibre
crops. They will go higher and higher in price, and as the
towns and cities spread out, these valley lands will be required
for gardening. They Avill be too expensive for the planting
of apple orchards in competition with the cheaper hilly lands.
For example, I expect to see the great orchards in ^^^estem
New York largely leave that section for the more hilly ground.
This W'ill be not only because of the increased price of the land,
but because continued apple growing in any section, for a long
period, will introduce conditions such as insects and fungous
diseases and soil needs which will make that section unprofit-
able for fruit srrowing. Our best fruit is to be

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

119

grown on the cleaner hill lands. This may seem a
ridiculous view at present, but when some of these hill
orchards now growing come into bearing, the flavor of the
fruit will be so remarkable that it will take the lead in the
market. Land 400 miles from the seaboard, and worth $150.00
an acre, will not forever compete with land 100 miles away
that cost $30.00 or less. In the end I believe that the cheaper
barrel of handsome apples put in New York will win, and I
believe that on the New England hills and along the ridges
south can be grown the cheapest barrel of fruit. I feel very
sure that the rough hill lands on the Atlantic coast are to be
the great apple orchards to supply the Eastern States and
Europe. Apple culture will climb up hill in order to secure
cheap land, less danger from frost, and cleaner sunshine and
air. During the next 10 years I expect to see great attention
paid to experiments in planting trees on rough land. There
are many things in this connection which are interesting. For
example, on my own farm, I am trying to work out a plan,
which may be practical. The farm stands on edge, with an
abrupt slope on either side. My plan is to get to the highest
point on this ridge and drill a six inch well down through the
rock till I strike a living stream of water. We generally do
this at about 125 feet, so that the water rises to less than 40
feet of the surface. When this is done, I intend to put down
a powerful pump and, by means of a gasolene engine, to pump
a constant stream through the months of May, June, July
and August, and let it trickle down on either side of the ridge
slowly, under the mulch which covers the ground. This
plan I believe to be thoroughly practical, and if the ground
is covered with mulch there will be little need of washing
the soil and both the grass and the trees can be provided with
an abundant supply of water. I succeeded in starting alfalfa
on this ridge, and, with this plan of irrigation, I see no reason
why both the alfalfa and trees should not thrive, the one
practically feeding the other. There are plenty of places in
New England where such a plan as this could be tried. If
we can make it succeed, we shall have an advantage over
every section of country that I can think of, for it is compar-

I20 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

atively easy to irrigate down hill where the ground is cov-
ered will a mulch.

Care of the Tree: It seems to me that the questions of
cultivation or mulching will settle themselves. We shall
probably find that those who advocate thorough culture on
the level lands were right, but that rough land culture
demands another method. We have seen so many things
grow and develop that it seems absurd to say that any prin-
ciple is defintely settled. When I was a boy we gnawed the
fruit around the worm-hole in an apple, because there was
nothing else to do. We simply accepted that worm-hole as
one of the necessities of life. Now we have sprayed until it
is next to a disgrace to sell a wormy apple. How many of
you men have stopped to think that 25 years ago spraying
was practically unheard of. A few people were spraying
with Paris-green and water, to kill the codling worm, with
crude pumps and nozzles and an indifferent success. Now,
spraying is done by powerful machinery, and who will say
that the development of the next 20 years will not startle us,
who at that time will be sitting down outside to watch the
battle of life. The shape of the tree is also changing. The
old high headed orchards are all out of date. The other
extreme has come, and it is a fair question to ask. why a tree
should ever ha^'e any stem at all ? A low headed tree is easier
to spray, easier to pick, easier to prune, and less inclined to
be swung about by the wind. In some sections, however. I
find people who argue against the low headed tree. In Dela-
ware, for instance. I found some men who object to it,
because the lower limbs hug the ground, and thus prevent
circulation of air. so that the lower fruit may rot or refuse
to color. This objection is urged in a flat, level country,
where the air drainage is poor; it will not follow on a hillside,
where I believe most of the future fruit of this country is to
be grown.

Markets: Where are the apples of the future to be sold?
That question confronts many a man who is tempted to
plant an apple orchard. The same thing was said 20 years
ago to my knowledge, and I have no doubt that there are
men here who can look back 60 years ago and tell us the

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 1 2 1

same thing. ]n my judgment, we have scarcely begun to eat
apples freely in this country. In the city of New York
alone, there are two and a quarter million people both of
whose parents were born on the other side, of the water, and
a large proportion of these people were not fruit eaters,
except in a very small way. They are now beginning to buy
fruit, and every one who begins to eat fruit in this country
en.ds by selecting the apple as his favorite. Even dowm on
the East side of New York, in the sw^eat shops, where people
toil all through the day and far into the night, at their sew-
ing machines you will find many a woman bent nearly double
over the machine with a part of an apple by their side. The
fruit which in former years was dumped into the river or
thrown away, is now bought up by Jewish peddlers and sold
to this class of people. This is a clear gain, not because the
grower gets anything for this fruit, but because of the educa-
tional side of it. These people will not be satisfied all their
lives to eat a rotten apple, or to gnaw around a womi-hole,
or to eat the hole, as many of them do. They will demand
more and better fruit as the years go on, and we shall live to
see a half million Jewash people, now^ in the city of New York,
among our best customers for good apples.

I once saw an Italian prisoner taken out of a Police Court
and put into the Black Maria to be taken to Blackwell's
Island. He v/as chained to a string of men, and, as they
piled him into the wagon, his wife ran up with something
held under her apron. He reached out his hand for it, and
I found it to be a banana and two Baldwin apples ; so you
will see there is hope for the apple market, when an Italian
woman sends a Baldwin apple to prison with her husband,
in the liope of reforming him. But it is not to the large
markets alone that we will look to in the future. The local
markets have been neglected. There is a chance for devel-
oping tlu- smallest towns, or even in the country, if growers
will only look about for them and develop them. In fact,
it is in these local markets that the smaller growers may look
for their best sales. ]\fany of us have been in too much of a
hurry to rush our fruit over to the wholesale dealers in the
city, neglecting our neighbors and others, who, if thev were

122 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

urged to do so, would in time become good customers. All
these things must be considered in the future.

Another thing- which I beheve we are working to is better
grading and classifying of our fruit. It is positively foolish
in these days to send anything but first-class fruit to market ;
especially from a small farm. The package, the freig-ht and
the handling cost as much on the poor fruit as on the good.
We are going to discover in the future new w^ays of utilizing
our seconds and culled fruit. I find a demand everywhere
for a guaranteed article of cider vinegar. I believe that some-
one has an opportunity here for putting first-class vinegar
in neat, small packages on the market under a brand and seal.
For years efforts have been made to secure a Pure Food bill
at Washington. We have not succeeded in getting it yet, but
we have succeeded in educating the consumers so that they
will demand pure goods. We are to take advantage of these
things by dealing directly between producer and consumer.
In my own case, we have succeeded in getting as much for
our windfalls and culled apples by feeding them to hogs as
we ever did in trying to ship them, or make them into evap-
orated fruit. These things are to come in the future with the
discovery of new methods of utilizing food and new demands
for waste products. Education on this line is constantly
going on, almost vuiconsciously it is true, but still making
progress. When I started to talk about the so-called Apple
Consumers' League, I was laughed at. Even when I
approached some of the shrewdest and best advertisers in the
country, they failed to see anything in it, and were not inclined
to help it along. Now within six years the idea has grown
so that there is a demand for an annual national celebration
of "Apple Day." Several societies have already passed reso-
lutions calling for such a da\- and giving good reasons for it.
I merely speak of this to show what can be done to promote
business by earnest and constant talk.

Years ago, it was impossible to find a baked apple in the
majoritv of city hotels or restaurants. Now "they may be
found everywhere, and we are trying to induce bakers and
food stores in large cities to sell baked apples by the dozen,
as they do pies and cakes, or bread. If this can be done, the

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 123

market in apples would be wonderfully promoted, and it will
be d(Mie. just as soon as the demand is strong- enough to force
it. There are few businesses in the country which have the
jiower not only to supply the market, but to dictate what that
market shall sell. The apple growers have this strange
power in a marked degree.

I have spoken about the possibilities of our local market,
but we must not forget those of the foreign market. Few
of us realize how the foreign trade in fruits has developed.
Last year we sent abroad $19,839,107.00 worth of fruits. Of
this. $8,058,908 represented apples, green and dried. This
is more than five times the value of the fruit exports of 15
years ago. To show how fruit ranks with other exports, I
can give, at random, a few figures of other articles. The
total value of all the corn exported in one year, up to Decem-
ber 1st, was only $25,257,143.00. The total value of all the
wheat was but $10,821,350.00, or only one-half the value of
the fruits. It will startle some of our farmers to realize that
the export value of apples alone was nearly equal to the total
export value of wheat. The total export value of all the
anthracite coal for one year was only $11,077,470.00. The
total value of manufactured cotton for 1903 was $19,733,070,
practically the same as the export value of fruit. The papers
are full of articles showing the great necessity of increasing
our exports of cotton. Without a word of comment, the
exports of fruit are increasing until they surpass those of
cotton goods. The total exports of builders' hardware, saws
and tools were $11,176,613.00. The total exports of boots
and shoes were $17,319,775.00. Yet what a noise has been
made about increasing our foreign trade in these goods. The
paper trade feels, with justice, that it has been restricted ; yet
its foreign trade is but $7,883,686.00, or less than the foreign
trade in apples.

Here, at random, are a few figures showing exports of
familiar goods :

Hams $20,560,889.00

Bacon 24,865,126.00

Butter 2,184.082.00

Cheese 1,928.639.00

Tobacco (Mfd.) 5.325.903.00

124 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I might give other figures to show how the export trade
in fruit compares with that of other articles, but I have demon-
strated that it is no longer to be classed among the infants,
but stands squarely among the best.

I point out, that with all these other articles, such as corn,
cotton and wheat, we have reached nearly our limit in export
trade. The growing demands of our own country will absorb
more and more of these products and leave less of them for
export. Not so with fruit, and especially apples. We have
practically the monopoly here in New England in the produc-
tion of the finest class of Baldwins and Mcintosh Red there
is. I look, therefore, to see the day when apples will stand
at the head in value of all our list of exports to foreign
countries.

Now, as to packages, we are in the experiment stage. I
do not know exactly what the best package is. For my own
trade, I find the bushel box with yielding sides, closely packed,
the best package for the middle class trade. The barrel is
the package for the wholesale trade, but I believe we are to
get closer and closer in our relations between producer and
consumer. When this is done, you must come to a smaller
package. I think the time is already here, when a few apples
can be sold in a heavy pasteboard box, nicely packed, wrapped
tastefully in paper, and shipped rapidly to the consumer.
The parcels post, which we are sure to have some day, will
make a great difference in the handling of our fruit and veg-
etables. It has already done so for France, where the parcels
post is a success. In that country the Government has con-
trol of all the public utilities, such as the railroad, the post,
the telegraph, and the telephone system. The railroads
belong really to private corporations, but they are under the
control of the State, which grants them concessions and guar-
antees the payment of the interest on their investment. Thus
the common people who own shares in the railroad are guar-
anteed a fair investment from year to year, and. in return for
this, the Government regulates rates in the interest of the
people. Under this system, it has been comparatively easy
for the Government to carry out a parcels post. Anywhere

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 1 2 5

within the hmits of France, packages up to 6j^> lbs. are car-
ried for 12 cents; up to ii lbs. 16 cents; up to 22 lbs. 25 cents.
For five cents extra, the parcels are delivered at the residence
of the man who orders them, this principle being- much the
same as our ten cent special delivery system. Under this
system, the country people in France are shipping lumdreds
of thousands of packages of butter, poultry, fruit, vegetables,
and even eggs, by mail. When we come to think of shipping
a dozen eggs by mail, we get down pretty close to the very
limit of business. The result of this has been that the coun-
try people are able to deal direct with the consumers. They
dispose of immense quantities of first-class products in this
way, sending it direct to the city, avoiding the extortionate
charges of the express companies, and also the profits of the
middle men. If those merchants and others who opposed
the parcels post were as wise as they ought to be, they would
see two things. First, that their opposition is sure to be
swept away, just as soon as people realize the benefits from
this parcels post. Second, that the more they oppose it, and
the more they stand up against it. the more their business is
going to be hurt when it does come, because people will be
well satisfied with part of the system to begin with, and give
all a chance to adjust their business ; whereas, if this oppo-
sition is kept up, the people will demand more and more, and,
in the end, they will get it. This system of parcels post is,
in my judgment, of great benefit to the apple grower in New
England. It will give the little man a chance against the big
man. I don't believe in the theory that the big folks are to
gobble up the little ones and live on them. The whole spirit
of the future is the fact that the little man in the future will
take his chance in the market, not by his size as compared
with his competitors, but rather by his skill and ability to put
up a first-class article of fruit.

Mr. Collingwood's splendid address held the close atten-
tion of everyone present, and at its conclusion the speaker
was accorded hearty applause. Always a favorite speaker

126 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

with Connecticut audiences, the genial and talented editor
of the Rural Ncu'-Yorkcr added many new admirers by his
contribution to the program of this meeting.

Committee on Nominations.

Mr. Root : Mr. President, it has been customar}' on the
first day of our meeting to appoint a nominating committee,
and I would like to make a motion that the chair appoint
a committee on nominations to submit a list of officers to
be voted for at to-morrow's election.

This motion was seconded, and on being put to vote, was
carried unanimously.

President Gulley : I will name on that Committee Mr.
L. C. Root, N. S. Piatt, Stanclifif Hale, Wm. E. Wallace
and Harvey Jewell.

Now, as we have completed the program for this evening,
if there is no further business, the meeting stands adjourned
until to-morrow morning at 9.30.

FOURTEENTH ANNIWL MEETING.

127

Second Day, Thursday, February 2.

MORNING SESSION.

The memljcrs Q-->iliere(l e;iii_\- for the work of the second
day of the meeting-. The exhibition hall down stairs was the
center of attraction and interest, until President Gulley called
the meeting to order at 9.45 a. m.

The hall rapidly filled, indicating another record-bre'aking
attendance.

The President : I think it will be interesting, before we
proceed to the regular program for this morning, to discuss
some of the special questions on the program list.

It is suggested that we take up No. 4 —

"7/ zvc box apples, zcliat classes shall !<.'€ make ami ivliat
size box shall be iiscdf ''

Air. G. \\'. Staples said : Use the bushel box for marketing
apples. Here in Hartford a box 18x15x8 in. is commonly
used. The Boston box measures 18x18x8. Three boxes
equal a barrel.

]\Ir. Hale thought those named were a local style of box,
and not of the standard size ; better use the standard Oregon
apple box, which is 18 in. long, 115/2 wide and lo^^ deep.

At this point two boxes of apples from the exhibition hall
were brought in and displayed on the stage. These were of
the Oregon type and both boxes and fruit were "standard"
in every detail.

Mr. Hale further pointed out that for extra size fruit the
Western growers use a box 20 in. long, 11 wide and 10 deep.
This holds 96 apples, which are packed with all the care and
attractiveness that oranges are.

President Gulley said that two sizes of boxes are needed
to accommodate the various sizes of fruit to be packed, and
great care should be used in grading to exact size.

Mr. Cross confirmed this statement, saying that he had
used two sizes of boxes in packing his choicest fruit and
found these packages satisfactory for all sizes of apples.

128 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

President Gulley referred to the proper construction of
the box and that the sides should be elastic enough to allow
of some spring after the fruit is packed.

Mr. Hale: Mr. President, I think the matter which you
refer to, of the spring of the boxes being an advantage, is one
in which there are a good many disadvantages. Where you
have a package that is absolutely rigid, you have got to use
thicker material, and that increases the cost. The only reason
that they are made so light is because the timber is a big item
of expense, and every sixteenth of an inch that they can shave
off the side, making it thinner, gives you so much reduction
in price. The big element in the cost is not the manufacture
of the box, but it's the timber. In making up the cost, with
the modern machinery that we have nowadays, they can rip
up the lumber and slash it up into form with wonderful rapid-
ity and accuracy. It's not that that costs. The question of
cost comes in in the lumber. If you don't want to pay for
anything but a spring box, and want to save on the lumber,
you can get it, of course, but it will always be a better pack-
age, and carry your fruit better, if the lumber is just a little
thicker.

The President : As to that matter of cost. I was getting
some boxes this summer, and they were willing to send me
the boxes all made up, but they would not send me the flats.
We have to haul the boxes that we buy for use up to the
college, about three miles from the railroad station, and it is
a good deal more convenient to carry the flats. They were
not willing to let me have them in the flat a bit cheaper.

Mr. Wells : Mr. President, I want to add one more word
to this discussion on the box question. I think it is absolutely
necessary, in shipping away our fruit, to have two sides of the
box so it will not spring to any amount. I think they should
be made of fairly rigid material. The other two ends can be
made of thinner material, so that they can give and take, but
the boxes should be so made that the pressure will not all come
on the top. The box makers that I deal with make a box that
has a little thin strip nailed on the end. so as to prevent it
from rubbinsf asfainst the fruit. Two sides of the box cer-

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

129

tainly shoukl be pretty nearly rigid, but the other two can
give some, so that the box will be somewhat adjustable.

The President: I think we shall have to close this dis-
cussion on the box question now and take up the next one
that is called for.

A'O. 10: "Is there any use atteiiipiiiig to grozc cJierries for
market in this State'/"

The President: Are there any cherry men in the hall?
Particularly, is there a man in the hall who has grown any
sweet cherries, or even planted them, and made a success of
them in the last ten or fifteen years, or who has attempted to
grow any for market? I may say that I have been utterly
unable to find a man who has planted any cherries for market
in this State at all. This cherry question is one which comes
to us very often over at the college. People want to know
what is being done about cherries ; what cherries to plant in
the State. And that is about the only answer I can give
them. I have not seen any planted, and I do not know of an
orchard, and know of no young trees that have been brought
forward successfully. I hear of some old ones occasionally.
I presume there are some growers, but, on the whole, cherries
have not done very well in Connecticut, and especially sweet
cherries. In our trial orchard at the college we have got a
number of varieties, but the most of them that have done
anything have been sour cherries. T think, with the single
exception of the Windsor, there is not one of them that has
given us any fruit. Sour cherries have grown quite readily,
and do reasonably well.

Mr. Cross : I believe it is utterly no use for anyone in
this country to try to grow cherries until the statute laws are
changed to some extent, so that we can protect our property
from the birds. The robins come in and get them before we
can get out in the morning, and they are at it until after we
go to bed at night. That is the complaint all over the Hudson
valley. The laws are so stringent that we can not kill the
birds, and the people, rather than take a chance, as a general
thing, are letting the fruit go. I don't think that is quite
right. The robins are increasing at an alarming rate all
through our section, and they are the most damaging thing

I30 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

that we have to contend with, especially in trying to protect
such sniah fruits as cherries. They are particularly fond of
them, and at the rate that they are increasing it will not be
long before we shall have to fight if we obtain any cherries
at all.

^Ir. Lupton : Mr. President, I think probably the reason
that you can not grow sweet cherries in Connecticut is, in the
main, that they are grafted on old stock, and it is not strong
enough to stand your winters. I think if you would graft
your cherries on trees of native stock, which grow^ well in this
northern climate, you would not have so much trouble. That
has been our experience in Virginia. We do not have any
difficulty that way. You know that a cherry tree is hard to
make live and to transplant. I am inclined to think if your
nurserymen would try to graft on some of your native stock
that they could develop a somewhat hardy variety, -which
would stand your climate.

So far as the birds are concerned, I think probably we
have as many as you do, but we never think about the birds.
Down in our country cherries grow wild, on wild trees, and
as I told you yesterday, there are so many of them we do not
miss what the birds take at all. If you planted cherries, and
had large cherry orchards, I do not believe you would miss
what the birds take. But, of course, up in this colder climate,
where the cherry is a rarer fruit, you do miss w'hat they take.
What the birds take does not scare me at all. The principal
difficulty in growing cherries wath us is the early spring
frosts. I take it that you would not have that difficulty. You
are not so liable to have those early spring frosts, and I believe
you can grow cherries in this climate if you can get your nur-
serymen to graft on new stock, as I have suggested. I am
quite sure of it.

Mr. Hale : Ten years ago I planted a few trees, and for
the last seven years I have been getting good crops of sour
cherries, but no sweet ones. The sour cherry bears well with
me, and bears very steadily every year.

The President: That has practically been our experi-
ence. There are numbers of old trees that are bearing, but
there are no young orchards. I think if Mr. Lupton's sug-

FO U RTF. B NTH ANNUAL MEETING. 1 3 1

gestion was carried out it would result in improving the stock.

A jMember: I was talking with a cherry man awhile ago,
and he tried to make me think that the reason cherries could
not be raised in Connecticut was because the orchards were
not large enough so that there would be enough for the birds
and enough for ourselves too.

Mr. PIale: The trouble in Connecticut is not entirely on
account of the birds. The trouble is you can not make the
tree live in Connecticut. I mean the sweet cherry tree. I
think it is probably on account of the stock. When I went
into my present home eight or nine years ago, there were a
few cherry trees there. I wanted some cherries for my family
and so I planted about a dozen trees, and I have been planting
ever since, but I presume among all that I have planted since
I have not got more than two or three good ones now. I have
one good tree that T know of, and two or three more that are
doubtful. That satisfied me that the trouble in Connecticut
is in the stock, for I took care to get as good trees as I could
to plant, and took care of them as well as I knew how. I
will bet that I have planted fifty, and I have only got one
STOod tree. I think the trouble is with the stock.

The San Jose Scale Problem.

President Gulley : We will now take up the regular
scheduled program of the morning. As you know, the lead-
ing topic for this morning's session is "The San Jose scale
Problem," one of the most important problems now confront-
ing the growers of Connecticut. The first speaker on this
subject is Dr. E. P. Felt, the State Entomologist of New York,
whom I now have the pleasure of introducing to you.

Dr. Felt : Mr. President, and ladies and gentlemen, it
gives me very great pleasure to appear before you this morn-
ing, and I hope that you are not expecting too much that
is new, because unfortunately we can not always turn out a
host of new facts. You have here in Connecticut a very ca-

132 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

pable State Entomologist, who has been working along very
similar lines, and what I shall say will be very largely in con-
firmation of his work, and we must remember that in the long
run it is the confirmation and making certain of the work of
each other which enables us to come out from under the cloud
of doubt into the clear sunlight of conviction.

Experience in Controlling the San Jose Scale in
New York State.

By Dr. E. P. Felt, Albany. N. Y.

Just about ten years ago, two bulletins upon the San Jose
scale were published by New York State. One emanated
from the Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, the
other from the office of the State Entomologist. Both were
largely compiled and are of interest mainly because of the
light they throw upon the situation at that time. These pub-
lications supplied a demand for information arising from the
scale having become well established in several localities. It
is interesting to note that both authors advocate the employ-
ment of a whale oil soap solution. 2 lbs. to the gallon, as the
only method, aside from fumigation, of satisfactorily control-
ling this pest in the East. It is true other insecticides were
discussed, but the unsuccessful results obtained in Maryland
the year before, by the then Division of Entomology, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, raised serious doubts as to the
value of lime-sulphur salt washes in this section of the coun-
try. An infestation at Cornell University was discovered, and
in 1897 some experiments with whale oil soap and kerosene
emulsion were conducted by Mr. H. P. Gould. These resulted
in confirming the value of a whale oil soap solution, 2 lbs. to
a gallon, and as a summer application a 25 per. cent, kerosene
emulsion was found to be very effective. These experiments
were continued along similar lines the following year.

The results with crude petroleum, obtained by Dr. Smith
in 1899, were published that fall and in 1900 the speaker
began a series of experiments in a favorably located orchard
near Albany, the materials employed being kerosene and crude
petroleum, both pure and variously diluted, and whale oil soap

FOURTlillXTIf JXXr.lL MEETING. 133

in various strcnQ;ths and also in combination with crude petro-
leum. A number of tests with hydrocyanic acid gas were also
made. Experiments were conducted the same year by Pro-
fessor Lowe, with various strengths of kerosene oil. Experi-
ments along similar lines were continued the following year,
and in 1902 both of the above named parties began a series
of tests with lime-sulphur washes, which have been continued
till the present time.

The above summary has been given for the purpose of ex-
plaining the development of this work in the northeastern
United States. Previous to 1895 there had been practically
no need of winter washes of one kind or another, and as a
consequence eastern entomologists were unfamiliar with these
materials and could hardly be blamed for accepting as con-
clusive the eastern experiments mentioned above, which were
conducted by parties more or less familiar with the behavior
of these materials in the West.

Whale oil soap solutions are undoubtedly efifective when
thoroughly applied, though they are too expensive for general
use in orchards, and as a consequence a cheaper material had
to be found, even though careful men were able to obtain very
satisfactory results when only a pound and a quarter of soap
was used to a gallon.

Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas was at this time the
onlv other treatment known to be efficacious in destroying the
scale. A great many experiments were tried for the purpose
of demonstrating its value in this climate, and considerable
time and thought given to devising a practical apparatus for
use upon moderate sized or even larger trees. The great cost
of enclosing large trees with a gas-tight structure has pre-
vented the general adoption of this method by orchardists and
restricted its employment to the nurserymen. This method
of treatment is undoubtedly our best safe-guard against the
further dissemination of this pest, and even then the fumiga-
tion must be very thorough or insects may escape the deadly
fumes. Generally speaking, we prefer to recommend this
measure as a means of insuring safety rather than to indorse
its employment in the freeing of nursery stock from scale
known to be present. In this connection it mav be well to
allude very briefly to our system of nursery inspection, which

134

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

has undoubtedly been most valuable in restricting the spread
of pests in New York State. This work, as it is well known,
is under the control of the Department of Agriculture and it
is so arranged that each inspector is responsible for a certain
section which he is required to inspect prior to the shipping
season. At this latter time he is mostly occupied in looking
over shipments which come in from outside of the State. The
inspectors are continued from year to year and after a time
become familiar with their districts and so expert that they
have little difficulty in finding the pest even when present in
very small numbers. The result is that our nurseries are ex-
ceptionally clean, and as a consequence the danger of the in-
sect becoming established in other localities is reduced to a
minimum. Our law provides that the Commissioner of Ag-
riculture must be notified of the shipment of every lot of
nursery stock entering the State, and as a consequence the
inspectors are enabled to keep a close watch upon everything
coming in from the outside.

Previous experience with kerosene emulsions in particular
led to a great many experiments with oils of one kind or an-
other, and the very striking results reported by Dr. Smith, in
1899, led to further experiments and a number employed
crude petroleum on a very large scale. A great deal of en-
thusiasm was aroused and in some cases parties applied this
material too freely and ven,^ serious losses resulted. Our
early experiments and those of the Experiment Station at Ge-
neva showed that it was necessary to apply this material with
a great deal of caution. At the outset, in the case of our own
work, it appeared as though crude petroleum could be em-
ployed with perfect safety, even upon such tender trees as
peach and plum. The first result of the application is to kill
the scale, and while the development of the foliage is retarded
somewhat, later there is a vigorous growth and the trees ap-
pear benefited by the treatment. The same results were ob-
served, only to a slightly less extent, the second and third
years. The reaction was less marked thereafter and evidences
of injury began to be more apparent. We found that these
trees had been severely injured. The bark was in a very
rough, unsatisfactory condition, the lenticels were enormously
distended and the foliage pale in color, abnormally small and

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

135

the growtli far from satisfactory. These evidences of injury
have become so apparent in the last year or two that \vc have
hesitated about advocating' the employment of oil, and have
turned our attention very largely to other substances which
promised to be just as effective and not so dangerous to plant
life. It is very difficult to secure a satisfactory summer spray
for this insect, and in this connection I wish to call attention
to an experience we had with crude petroleum. The scale
became established in large numbers in a certain peach or-
chard in Orange county, and its presence was not discovered
till midsummer, at which time some of the trees were literally
overrun by the pest. This was extremely unfortunate, as a
great many peaches are grown in the immediate vicinity, and
the inspector in charge of that section felt that the situation
justified heroic measures. He did not feel like insisting that
the trees be cut and burned, and as a compromise recom-
mended that they be thoroughly sprayed with a mechanical
crude petroleum emulsion, using 20 per cent, and 25 per cent,
oil. There was a chance of the trees surviving, while it was
known that the petroleum would control the breeding in a
satisfactory manner. The spraying was done in midsummer
as directed, and much to the surprise of those in charge of the
work, serious injury did not result. The 25 per cent, me-
chanical emulsion caused the dropping of a portion of the
leaves. It was not, however, excessive, whereas the 20 per
cent, mechanical emulsion appeared to cause no appreciable
injur}-. Owing to procrastination and other causes, the same
conditions confronted the inspector the following year and a
similar application was made. Again the trees did not suffer
much injury, but somewhat to our surprise the breeding of
the pest was not satisfactorily checked. This may be ex-
plained possibly by lack of thoroughness in application. It
is certainly very difficult to thoroughly spray trees in full
foliage. This experience is alluded to not for the purpose of
recommending this application, but simply to call attention to
what has been done and under some conditions the writer
would feel justified in recommending such treatment.

Crude petroleum is still used to some extent in both New
York and New Jersey, and Dr. Smith, in a recently issued
bulletin, states that this is the onlv material which has not

136 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

been more or less of a disappointment in that State the past
season. He adds that several chemists are attempting to make
a prepared petroleum which will either dissolve in or mix
readily with water, and is in hopes that this material will prove
a thoroughly satisfactory remedy for the San Jose scale. Our
experience with oils, as stated above, indicates that fruit trees
in this latitude will not stand yearly applications, and even
though' it is possible to make a perfect emulsion, there is still
the danger that repeated applications would have a cumula-
tive efifect and ultimately result in severe injury.

Before passing to a consideration of lime-sulphur washes,
it may be well in the interests of completeness to refer very
briefly to our experiments with a caustic soda solution, a
remedy extensively advertised last spring in certain papers.
One pound to six gallons of water was employed, and the
results at the end of the season were that the trees sprayed
with this material were very little better than those unsprayed,
and as a consequence in this latitude it can hardly be consid-
ered as valuable in checking the San Jose scale. This simply
confirms earlier experiments by various workers and is alluded
to only because its employment was rather extensively advo-
cated early in 1904. Another material which appeared to be
promising was a bordeaux mixture to which 2 oz. of corrosive
sublimate was added to each 50 gals. This was applied in
early spring in the same way as other washes, and the results,
so far as we could determine, were no better than those se-
' cured with the caustic soda solution, so far as controlling the
San Jose scale is concerned.

Experiments with lime-sulphur washes were begun in
1902 and have been continued both by the State Experiment
Station and the writer up to the present time, and in most in-
stances the results have been very satisfactory indeed. Por-
tions of our earlier work were somewhat unsatisfactory, par-
ticularly in the vicinity of Albany, and we now believe this re-
sult was due largely to a considerable proportion of the trees
having been sprayed with oil the previous year, and as a con-
sequence the later application did not adhere in a satisfactory
manner. This belief is further supported by the results ob-
tained the three following years. The experiments conducted
by the State Experiment Station at Geneva have given fully

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 137

as successful results as our own, due in part perhaps to differ-
ent methods employed, and as a consequence we are indorsing
these washes to the exclusion of almost anything else.

A number of investigators have made repeated attempts
to studv the chemical character of lime-sulphur washes and
thus gain an idea of the essentials necessary in controlling the
San Jose scale. Unfortunately the chemistry of lime sul-
phides appears to be almost unknown ground, and as a con-
sequence entomologists have obtained very little satisfaction
from chemists. It may be remembered that the original lime-
sulphur salt wash is said to be a sheep-dip which, when the
sheep disappeared in the West, was applied to trees with ben-
eficial results. We have been considerably interested in the
chemistry of this wash because we could not help feeling that
the combination might be modified to advantage, and not be-
ing a chemist and unable to obtain much help from chemists,
we adopted the other alternative and studied the wash in a
practical way. In the first place, we figured out a number of
formulae and had washes prepared in the laboratory, observ-
ing the results closely and using them as a guide to larger
outdoor operations. One of the old lime-sulphur-salt washes
called for 40 lbs. of lime, 20 lbs. of sulphur and 15 lbs. of salt
to 60 gallons of water, and the authorities insisted upon boil-
ing from one to two or even three hours. A study of this
formula convinced us first of all that there was a very large
excess of lime. Laboratory experiments showed that we ap-
parently obtained just as good a combination when consider-
ably less lime was employed, and field work not only sup-
ported this conclusion, but showed that there was less danger
of the dry wash scaling or peeling off when the smaller
amount of lime was employed. The question also arose as
to the efffcacy of salt, and upon trying washes without this,
we obtained just as good result? as though it were present,
'consequently we do not recommend its employment. The
prolonged boiling and diluting with hot water required by the
old formulae made the preparation of this wash very laborious,
and our laboratory experiments again showed that so far as
color, indicating the relative proportion of the sulphides, was
concerned, a very good combination was effected in thirty
minutes' active boiling. It will be interesting in this connec-

138 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tion to allude briefly to the work of Professor Horton in Del-
aware, and Professor Alwood in Virginia, both of whom made
studies of the lime-sulphur washes, employing tests for alka-
linity, for soluble sulphur and specific gravity, and their work
in the main may be said to harmonize with our conclusions ;
namely, that very little is to be gained by more than thirty
minutes' active boiling.

To make a long story short, it may be said that we have
tried many laboratory and field experiments with varying
quantities of lime and sulphur, with and without salt, and with
a varying length of boil from thirty minutes to over two hours
or more. The practical results have been that a relatively
small amount of sulphur with a slight excess of lime, boiled
actively for thirty minutes and then diluted with cold water,
has in every instance given as good satisfaction as a wash
prepared by the more laborious methods at first insisted upon.

A number of experimenters have arrived at the same con-
clusions. It is interesting to refer briefly to the work of the
Georgia State Board of Entomology as published in Bulletin
14, issued last November. Professors Newell and Smith
have been working along similar lines and their conclusions
and ours are almost identical in most respects. Last fall Pro-
fessor Parrott, of the State Agricultural Experiment Station,
and the writer examined each other's experimental areas and
went over the subject carefully. As a result of this confer-
ence and comparison of data, we decided in the interests of
unity to recommend a certain formula, which we knew to be
good, even though others might be just as effective. The pro-
portions are as follows : 20 lbs. of good lime, 75 lbs. of sulphur
to 50 gals, of water ivith at least thirty minutes' active boiling,
with the employment of salt optional. There are several
methods of preparing this wash, and where it must be made
in an iron kettle very satisfactory results have been obtained
as follows : Several pails of water are brought nearly to a
boil, the lime added, and as soon as slaking begins the sulphur
is put in and the whole mixture violently stirred and kept
boiling for at least thirty minutes. This should result in pro-
ducing a wash with a deep brick red color or even greenish
tinge. The mixture should then be strained through mos-
quito netting or something of equal fineness, and in our exper-

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 139

iments we have diluted with cold water; others recommend
hot water, though we have not found it necessary. This wash
may also be prepared by steam boiling, a process with which
all are familiar, and it need to be described in this connection.
It is not claimed that this wash is superior to all others, but the
quantities given are easily remembered, its method of prepara-
tion as simple as that of any. and the results obtained there-
with exceeded by none. In fact, last year's results with almost
all lime-sulphur washes were so nearly uniform that it was
extremely difficult to draw adequate distinctions.

Many are very adverse to boiling a larger or smaller
amount of liquid and put this forward as a reason why lime-
sulphur washes cannot be employed. This material is very
disagreeable to have around, and in many places no suitable
vessel is at hand for the requisite boiling, and as a consequence
several washes have been devised which require no boiling by
means of fire. These are popularly known as unboiled wash-
es, though in reality they are chemically boiled washes. The
oldest wash of this character was brought forward several
years ago by Professor Lowe, of our State Experiment Sta-
tion, and has been experimented with by him and also by his
successor. Professor Parrott. This w;ash, accepting as stand-
ard the quantities of lime and sulphur given above, calls for
from four to six pounds of caustic soda to 50 gals, of water.
The lime is slaked preferably zvith warm zvater, and while
the reaction is in progress the sulphur, which has previously
been made into a thin paste, is added and thoroughly mixed
with the slaking lime. The caustic soda is then put in and
water supplied as needed, the whole being stirred thoroughly.
After the mechanical action has ceased the mixture mav be
strained and diluted as stated above. Professors Newell and
Smith of Georgia state that they obtain a much more satis-
factory mixture if the sulphur is first made into a paste in an
iron vessel with a small amount of boiling hot water, and the
caustic soda then slowly added and the mixture kept well
stirred, boiling water being supplied from time to time to
keep it from getting too stifif. This, if followed out, will re-
sult in dissolving all the sulphur, and then the lime is added
and slaked as described above. Others have reported a simi-

I40 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

lar experience in the preparation of this chemically boiled
lime-sulphur wash.

We have developed a new lime-sulphur wash in which sal
soda is used to assist in bringing about the chemical combi-
nation instead of caustic soda, and in this connection it is only
fair to state that we were led to experiment with this material
after learning of Dr. Britton's work with sodium sulphide.
Our results with sal soda were most gratifying. Several for-
mulae were employed and as the outcome of our experiments
we have decided to recommend for further experimental work,
particularly where small amounts of the wash are to be em-
ployed, the same amounts of lime and sulphur mentioned
above, namely : 20 lbs. of lime, 75 lbs. of sulphur, and 10 lbs. of
sal soda to f,o gals, of zvash. This may be prepared by
placing -five or six pails of hot zvater in a zvooden barrel, pre-
ferably a thick pork or oil barrel, add the lime, quickly follow-
ing that with the sulphur and sal soda and stir actively till the
slaking is practically completed. It is usually necessary to
add cold water at intervals to keep the mixture from boiling
over. After the rapid bubbling or boiling is practically com-
pleted, cover the open barrel with burlap and allow it to stand
thirty minutes or more. A caution regarding stirring should
be made here, since it seems to affect the composition of the
wash. There should be enough agitation to keep the mate-
rials from caking at the bottom, and yet not so much as to
seriously hinder the slaking of the lime and accompanying
chemical changes. This method gives an excellent compound
so far as deep color and little sediment is concerned, provided
it is properly prepared, and one of the essentials in making it
appears to be thoroughly stirring at the outset, in order to
intimately mix the lime, sal soda and sulphur. A deep red
or even pea green color should be secured. This wash sprays
nicely, and in experiments commenced last spring has given
as good results in killing the San Jose scale as any of the
lime-sulphur washes. It has several advantages. It requires
no boiling and the sal soda is a common material, easily
handled and obtainable in almost every locality. It is also a
little cheaper, as the amount of sal soda necessary costs less
than the quantity of caustic soda advised for preparing 50
gals, of wash. This material has been used but one season.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 141

though it was tried in several locaHties. Professor Lochead
of the Ontario Agricultural College states that in his hands
it was just as successful as other lime-sulphur washes, and a
few others obtained from good to excellent results, in spite of
their inability to give it a thorough trial. This wash, as pre-
viously stated, has been used but one season and consequently
we cannot recommend it without qualification. We do feel
that it is a very promising mixture and hope those so inclined
will make further tests, as we intend to do another season.

Another unboiled or chemically boiled sulphur wash has
been highly recommended by Mr. A. N. Brown of Delaware.
Its preparation is substantially as follows : Make a paste of
20 lbs. of sulphur zvith tivo gals, of boiling water. Put 40
lbs. of lime in a barrel and slake the same with 12 gals, of
boiling zcatcr, immediately adding the sulphur paste. Cover
with an old blanket and let it cook 20 minutes; this is then
diluted to jo gals, and ij lbs. of coarse salt added. This
wash has been experimented with in New York State by Pro-
fessor Parrott and has also been employed by private individ-
uals. The speaker w^as allowed to look over the trees in the
experimental area and also examined a portion of an orchard
sprayed with this mixture. In the latter case the compound
was made by an exceedingly careful man who followed direc-
tions closely and made a very thorough application. In nei-
ther instance, in the speaker's judgment, were the results
equal to those obtained by a boiled wash or those with the
chemically boiled washes described above. It can be used,
but we fear its employment will result in more or less disap-
pointment and consequently do not feel able to indorse it at
present.

It may be said, in passing, that the experiments conducted at
our State Experiment Station, by both Professors Lowe and
Parrott, agree with our results as stated above. It is now my
purpose to call attention briefly to another phase of the lime-
sulphur treatment ; namely, its value in controlling other
insects and fungous diseases. This aspect of the subject
received particular attention from our Experiment Station
people, and most of the data relating to this is taken from an
abstract summarizing last year's work, kindly placed at my
disposal by Professor P. J. Parrott.

142 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Professor Parrott calls attention to the fact that the fungi-
cidal value of these washes was recognized in California many
years ago, and among eastern experiences we may refer to that
of Professor Lowe, who, in 1902, reported that apple trees
sprayed with sulphur washes were quite free from apple scab,
while untreated trees were much affected, and in his work in
Niagara county peach trees sprayed with this wash were less
injured by leaf curl than others. Independent investigations
the same year by Professors Burgess and Parrott, demon-
strated that timely application of lime-sulphur washes con-
trolled leaf curl and this has been substantiated by our own
experience. Professor A. D. Selby, of the Ohio Station,
made an extensive study of peach scab in 1902, and believed
that applications of the wash proved of some value in pre-
venting this disease.

Before discussing the later results obtained by Professor
Parrott, it will be well to outline briefly the method of spraying
commonly followed in our New York orchards. There is, first,
an application of poisoned bordeaux mixture before the opening
of the blossoms for the prevention of scab and the control of
bud-moth, case bearers, canker worms and other early leaf
feeding insects ; second, another just after the falling of the
blossoms, also directed against scab, various leaf feeding in-
sects and especially the codling moth, and a third spraying
with these materials is usually given a week or ten days later
for the control of the pests named above.

Experiments conducted in 1904 by Professor Parrott in
collaboration with Professor Beach, are extremely interesting.
Their investigations were extensive, they having under experi-
ment 1,497 large apple trees, 2,822 pear trees, 348 cherry
trees and 1,359 phim trees. Owing to the absence of disease
no results, aside from the destruction of the scale and pear
blister mite, have been obtained upon the value of sulphur
washes for the treatment of the latter three fruits. Much
more definite results have been secured upon apple trees, and
the work is most promising, since these gentlemen obtained
further evidence of the . two-fold nature of these washes.
They have found that one application of a sulphur wash, sup-
plemented with the usual second and third sprayings of poi-
soned bordeaux mixture, result in controlling the scale, apple

FOURTEENTH ANNU.IL MEETING. 143

scab and tlie codling moth. Forty-two trees were in this
experiment, consisting of about equal numbers of Baldwins
and Greenings. The effects of the treatment upon the codling
moth and scab are shown by the following table.

EFFECTS OF SPRAYS UPON SCAB AND CODLING MOTH.

Greening. Scabby Wormy

Per cent. Per cent.

Check 71-0 46.5

3 Bordeaux-arsenical mixture 37 7-3

I Sulphur wash and 2 bordeaux-arsenical mixture .... 4.2 9.8

I Sulphur wash 55-5 464

Baldwin.

Check 95-3 3io

3 Bordeaux-arsenical mixture , 23.0 6.8

I Sulphur wash and 2 bordeaux-arsenical mixture .... 14.7 134

I Sulphur wash 66.5 38.3

There was an average of 83.1 per cent, scabby fruit upon
the checks and 38.7 per cent, wormy fruit as compared with
61 per cent, of scabby fruit and 42.3 per cent, wormy fruit
from trees treated w'ith the sulphur wash alone, making a dif-
ference of 22 per cent, less scabby fruit upon trees sprayed
with lime-sulphur washes. Those treated with the sulphur
wash, followed by two applications of poisoned bordeaux
mixture, had 9.9 per cent, of scabby fruit and 11.6 per cent,
wonny fruit, which corresponded very closely with the results
obtained in controlling these two pests with the usual three
applications of poisoned bordeaux mixture. By far the most
satisfactory results were secured by substituting the lime-
sulphur wash for the first treatment with the bordeaux mix-
ture. This resulted in a reduction of 51.1 per cent, scabby
fruit and 30.7 per cent, wormy fruit, as compared with trees
sprayed only with the sulphur wash. It is evident from these
results that the plan of spraying best adapted for the treat-
ment of apple trees for scale, scab and codling moth, is one
application of a lime-sulphur wash during the dormant sea-
son, followed by the usual second and third treatments with
the poisoned bordeaux mixture.

It may be encouraging to pear growers if we refer briefly
to our experience with a lime-sulphur wash in checking the
dreaded Pear Psylla. It may be remembered that this pest
was exceedingly abundant and destructive in 1903, particu-

144 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

larly in the Hudson river valley, where almost every pear tree
was more or less seriously affected and many badly damaged.
A number of pear trees in sections where the Psylla was
abundant, were sprayed the preceding spring with a lime-sul-
phur wash, and in no instance was there serious damage by
this pest, indicating that in all probability this application is
of considerable service in holding this species in check.

The time of application of these washes is of considerable
importance, and we have, as a rule, advocated their use in
early spring, stating that the best period was just before the
buds began to swell. It is obviously impossible to spray all
trees at this ideal time, and owing to weather conditions there
are many who would like to make the applications in the fall.
The most exact data relative to effects of fall spraying with
lime-sulphur washes is given by Professor Parrott in Bulle-
tin 254, and I can do no better in this respect than quote his
general summary,

"The results obtained in the different orchards by the fall
applications of the sulphur washes show considerable varia-
tion in the effects of the treatments upon leaf and fruit buds.
In Orchard I the spraying was accompanied by a reduction
in the amount of the bloom and foliage. There was an aver-
age loss of 94.3 per cent, of the blossoms and 67.8 per cent of
the leaves upon the peaches, and 83.5 per cent, of the blos-
soms and 57.8 per cent, of the leaves upon the plums sprayed
with these washes. The least destructiveness was shown by
the lime-sulphur wash, which caused a loss of 82.7 per cent,
of the blossoms and 27.1 per cent, of the leaves upon the
peaches, and 61.5 per cent, of the blossoms and 33.-1 per cent,
of the leaves upon the plums. With the dropping of the
blossoms there was a marked improvement in the condition
of the sprayed trees, which, with the exception of the smaller
yield of fruit, ultimately equalled the checks in appearance.
In Orchard II plum blossoms were reduced by 10 to 50 per
cent., with slight injuries to foliage. The Morello cherrks
lost 5 per cent, of their blossoms. Apples and pears were
similarly affected, and crabs sustained no apparent injuries.
Trees much infested with scale were either killed or severely
injured by the winter. In Orchard III the sprayed trees,
with the exception of those sustaining injuries by the scale

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 145

and the winter, were unafifected by the treatment. The
sprayed apples showed later in the season increased vigor and
healthfulness as a result of the control of the scale."

It is unfortunate that these applications were made at the
beginning- of an exceptionally severe winter, and as a conse-
quence our conclusions may be modified later. The desir-
ability of fall applications is at least an open question.

Recent disquieting reports emanating from New Jersey
as to the poor success obtained with lime-sulphur washes, led
us to inquire rather closely into New York conditions, with
the result that, so far as we could learn, wherever the trees
were thoroughly sprayed with a lime-sulphur wash the scale
was kept in control in a very satisfactory manner. This is
not intended to reflect in the slightest upon the work done in
New Jersey, but refers simply to our New York conditions,
and the statement is made in this connection because we can-
not help feeling that the lime-sulphur washes at present
afford the most practical method of controlling the San Jose
scale, despite the fact that their preparation is laborious and
their application exceedingly disagreeable. Most of our ex-
periments have been tried upon small trees because w-e did not
wish to have the effectiveness of the wash marred by defect-
ive treatment. The thorough spraying of large trees is a
difficult problem, and we wish in this connection to refer
briefly to the work of Mr. W. H. Hart, of Poughkeepsie,
who has been obliged to fight this scale on large apple trees
for some years and who, in the main, has kept it in control in
a very satisfactory manner. The speaker had the privilege
of examining his orchard last fall, and wherever Mr. Hart
had been able to spray with the wind, making one application
from one side and then treating the other later with the wind
in the opposite direction, the pest had been kept under in a
very satisfactory manner. Mr. Hart tells me that it is im-
possible to secure satisfactory results on large trees unless the
spraying is done with the wind, because the breeze carries
the spray through the entire tree and covers the limbs much
more thoroughly than could be done with any reasonable
amount of labor without its aid. Extremely thorough appli-
cations are necessary if we would get the best results with
this or any other spray, and it may be advantageous in some

146 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAE SOCIETY.

cases to make not two, but three or even four applications
within a few days of each other, each with the wind in a dif-
ferent direction. This has been done in a few instances and
is perhaps advisable in very badly infested orchards or in any
place where there is reason for obtaining the very best results.
Here, as in many other places, one part insecticide to three
parts of application should be the rule. This formula is very
rarely given and too often overlooked by those who would ob-
tain good results in controlling this and other pests.

Following Dr. Felt's excellent paper a number of ques-
tions were asked and answered.

Mr. Wells : I would like to ask, Mr. President, this ques-
tion : If, with the steam pipes at sixty-five pounds pressure,
it is necessary to run them clear down to the bottom of the
barrels, and what are the different ways, if there are any, of
using it in the barrel?

Dr. Felt : I think you should run your pipes down to the
bottom, of course, not quite to the bottom, and you should
also gauge the pressure just sufficient to make the water boil,
without having it boil up and carry the water and the mixture
out. Simply run the pipes well down, so that the steam will
do its work sufficiently, and without wasting the mixture.
Usually we have to shut the steam off a little, or it will be apt
to boil over, especially if the pressure is pretty good.

President Gulley: It gives me great pleasure to an-
nounce the next speaker, who will speak to you on "Some
new spray mixtures for controlling the scale." It gives me
great pleasure to introduce Prof. C. P. Close, of the Delaware
Experiment Station, because he and I were boys together,
and later we have done a little work together, so that I know
something about him. I am glad to present to this audience
Prof. Close.

Prof. Close: Mr. President, and members of the Con-
necticut Pomological Society, ladies and gentlemen : I am
very glad indeed to have the opportunity of presenting to you
this morning the results of the work which I have been doing
during the past season with some new spraying mixtures. I
have presented this subject at one other meeting of this kind.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 147

but while all the results which I shall give to you are sub-
stantially the same, there have been some changes. I think
it pays best to give a complete account of work of this char-
acter, and I trust that my paper will not seem long to you,
and will not seem as long to you as it did to me in preparing
it.

You will notice that I have some of those bottles here
showing samples of these different mixtures, and I will
pass them around. You know there is nothing like a
bottle to keep a man awake. The title of my paper is" New
Kerosene-Limoid mixtures for controlling the San Jose
scale."

The New Kerosene-Limoid Mixtures for Controlling
the San Jose Scale.

By C. p. Close, Horticulturist of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment
Station, Newark, Deleware.

For a number of years it has seemed to the speaker, as he
has studied the San Jose scale and watched its depredations,
that the opportune time to strike it is during its breeding sea-
son, that is, during the summer. The insects are easily killed
then, because the young are either not at all, or only slightly
protected, while the scaly covering of the old ones does not
clasp the bark so tightly but that the spray mixture will readily
reach the tender insects beneath.

If only the young scales on a certain tree can be killed
from time to time and be prevented from breeding, the pest
will be eradicated from that tree, since the old females die of
their own accord after producing young for about six weeks.
But diligent spraying will kill not only the young but also
hosts of old ones, thus hastening the eradication of the pest.

It was with the idea of determining the practicability of
the summer eradication of the scale that tests were made dur-
ing the growing season. That this can be done satisfactorily
there is abundant i^'oof from tlie results obtained. It was
also desired to obtain a remedy for both summer and winter
applications that would be easily prepared, less disagreeable

148 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to apply and at least as effective as the very best remedies
heretofore used. From the results already obtained in the
experimental tests, the K-L mixtures can be pronounced most
promisin^^ in all of these respects.

What Kerosene-Li moid is and the Use of Each Ingre-
dient.

K-L is a mixture of kerosene, hydrated lime and water.
Limoid is the particular form of lime which was used in de-
veloping the mixtures and from which they were first named,
but now that other forms of lime are also being used, it will
doubtless be best to speak of them as kerosene-lime mixtures,
or simply K-L. The name K-L was adopted because K and
L are the initials of kerosene and limoid and a short name
was desired both for writing and speaking.

The limoid is hydrated or dry slaked magnesian stone
lime. To prepare it the stone lime is ground, then dry slaked
and sifted. It is quite probable that any good grade of stone
lime can be dry slaked into an exceedingly fine and dry pow-
der to replace limoid. The speaker has done this and has
made with it a K-L which appeared to be the equivalent of
K-L made with limoid. A poor grade of lime would not be
satisfactory, although by carefully dry-slaking and sifting it,
a portion might be used. At first it was thought that a large
proportion of magnesia was necessary in the lime — limoid is
one-third magnesia — for making K-L, but recent tests indi-
cate that good lime with less than 5 per cent, of magnesia
apparently makes equally good K-L. To simplify matters,
air slaked or fallen lime was tried, and it too proved to be
very satisfactory in making K-L.

There seems to be a difference between limoid and dry
slaked or air slaked lime in the power of holding kerosene.
When the last two forms of lime are used the mixture must
be agitated violently five minutes to emulsify it : when limoid
is used the agitation need continue only three minutes. When
once thoroughly emulsified the kerosene is not likely to sepa-
rate from any of these forms of lime.

An excellent method of dry slaking lime was suggested
recently by Prof. M. B. Waite of the Department of Agricul-
ture, at Washington. The stone lime is broken into small

fOURTEENTH ANNU.-IL MEETIXG. 149

pieces and a small portion is put into a wooden box ; upon
this lime is sprinkled a little water, and when slaking is nicely
started the balance of the lime is poured in and some kind of
a cover is thrown over the box to keep in the heat and steam,
which cause the entire amount of lime to slake into a dry im-
palpable powder. This should be carefully sifted through at
least a 40-mesh sieve and it is ready for use.

The question has often been asked, "What is the office of
the lime in K-L" ? The limoid, or hydrated lime, is primarily
a carrier for the kerosene. There is some peculiar affinity
between the two by which the limoid seizes the kerosene and
carries it where the man behind the nozzle directs. It also
makes possible a mixture of absolutely uniform strength.
There is doubtless a smothering effect on the scale by the li-
moid, since K-L sprayed on a tree makes a covering resem-
bling thin whitewash.

There is no chemical action between the kerosene and
lime. The Station Chemist has tested kerosene in which li-
moid remained about two months and there was not a trace
of anything taken from the limoid.

The kerosene is of course the killing agent. In summer
it seems to do its deadly work and to evaporate within a few
days. In fall and winter it persists two or three weeks at
least and seems to extend its killing period to six or eight
weeks, or even longer. This last statement is borne out by
frequent examinations in whicli it was noted that a large per-
centage of scales was dead at each successive examination up
to eight weeks or longer after spraying.

How THE Mixture is Made.
To make K-L, the kerosene and lime in proper propor-
tions are thoroughly mixed together into a thin "sloppy"
mass, and should any kerosene separate out a little more lime
must be added. One pound of lime will take up, or absorb,
one quart of kerosene and in this proportion the mixture
should always be made, that is, four pounds of lime to one
gallon of kerosene. The different forms of lime used seem
to be about uniform in their ability to absorb kerosene. The
required amount of water is then added to dilute to the de-
sired strength, and the whole mixture is first stirred with a

I50

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

paddle to throw all of the "sloppy" mass into suspension in
the water. It is then pumped back into itself most violently
with the spray pump for from three to five minutes, depend-
ing upon the form of lime used. This is necessary to form
an emulsion out of which the oil will not separate. Samples
made in this way have been kept two months without the
kerosene becoming free from the lime, except perhaps some
which escaped b}' evaporation. Although the K-L does not
deteriorate in a reasonable length of time, it is probably best
to make it from day to day as needed. It is always desirable
to use a force pump if possible in preparing K-L, but a good
mixture has been made with a hoe, as described by Mr. Col-
lingwood in the Rural New-Yorker. The hoe method ap-
plies the same principle used in churning butter in the old
style dasher churn. The important and absolutely necessary
thing to do is to agitate the mixture violently enough to emul-
sify, it so the kerosene will not become free. When properly
made, any of the K-L mixtures will spray as readily as pure
water through any nozzle on the market. Like all other
spraying mixtures they should be , agitated while being
sprayed.

Amouxt of Material in Different Strengths of K-L.

The proportion of lime, l<erosene and water lierewith given is
for 50 gallons of mixture :

For 10/ K=L use 5 gals, kerosene, 20 lbs. lime, 45 gals, water.

" 12y2>K=L •*' 6^4 " " 25 " " 43-V "

" I5°> K=L '* 7 '4 " " 30 •* " 42', " "

*♦ 20% K=L " 10 " " 40 " " 40

" 25 K=L *' 121.2 " " 50 " " 37 '2 "

To make K=L=B (kerosene=lime=Bordeaux) use exactly the same
proportions of kerosene and lime as just given, but substitute Bor=
deaux mixture for water. The Bordeaux mixture is made by dissolv=
ing the 4 pounds of copper sulphate and diluting with water to 25
gallons. Slake 4 pounds of lime, add water, strain, and dilute to 25
gallons. Pour the copper sulphate solution into the lime water and
stir. The limoid or dry slaked lime, 4 pounds, may be used instead of
stone lime.

Adhesives with K-L.

A number of adhesives were tried with K-L to determine
if anything could be added to increase its efficiency. The
one tested most during the summer was rosin soap and it

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 151

seemed to improve the efficiency of K-L considerably. It
made the mixture spread better, adhere better and kill some-
what better than plain K-L. There was also a tendency to
increased foliage injury when rosin soap was used, but not
enough to condemn it.

To make rosin soap place 3 pounds of sal soda and 6
pounds of rosin in 4 gallons of water. Heat this to the boiling
point, stir almost constantly, and continue the boiling at least
one hour. Add water to replace that lost by boiling so as to
make 4 gallons of rosin soap.

One quart of this is sufficient for 50 gallons of K-L. When
this soap is added to Bordeaux or K-L mixture, the sal soda
in the soap unites with the lime in the Bordeaux or K-L,
forming caustic soda, which will mjure foliage if used too
liberally.

Bordeaux mixture is a splendid adhesive and is to be com-
mended when the fruit grower is spraying for fungous dis-
eases as well as for San Jose scale or other sucking insects.
K-L with it has proved very efficient.

Copper sulphate is perhaps the best adhesive tried, but
for some unknown reason the K-L prepared with it is not
always efficient in killing scale. Why it is that Bordeaux
mixture and K-L are efficient and copper sulphate and K-L
are not always so, the speaker cannot explain.

Salt is supposed to increase the adhesiveness of the lime-
sulphur-salt wash, so it was tried v^ath K-L. In the chemical
union between lime and salt, caustic soda was formed which
destroyed much of the foliage within a few hours. Salt can-
not be used during the growing season, although it is desirable
during the dormant season, one pound to 5 gallons of mixture.

Caustic soda, one pounds to 12 gallons of K-L, makes a
most satisfactory smooth and effective mixture for use during
the dormant season. A few days after spraying this discol-
ors to a rusty brown. The objection noted was a caustic
action on the hands and face when the spray struck them.
Caustic soda increases the expense somewhat, but perhaps a
smaller amount than one pound to 12 gallons will be effective.

Sulphur was tried in different ways and it absorbs kero-
sene readily, but, when water is added, sticky disagreeable
clots are formed which make the mixture unsatisfactory.

152 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Different Forms of K-L Mixtures.

"K-L" as mentioned before is kerosene, lime and water.
This is an insecticide for sucking insects only. "K-L-B" is
kerosene, lime and Bordeaux mixture, and is worthy of trial
to destroy fungous diseases as well as sucking insects. This
is made exactly like "K-L" except that Bordeaux mixture is
used instead of water. "K-L-B-P" is kerosene, lime Bor-
deaux mixture and poison. It is miade like "K-L-B" except
that the poison, whether Paris green, disparene, arsenite of
Ume or soda, or green arsenoid, is added to the Bordeaux
mixture. This is a theoretical combination panacea for all
the ills and pests of the orchard, be they sucking insects,
biting insects or fungous diseases. It is worthy of serious
consideration and trial as a "Jack of all sprays."

In making K-L with rosin soap a portion of the water
should be used to dissolve the soap. After the mixture has
been agitated two minutes the soap solution is added and the
entire lot is agitated one minute longer if limoid is used, and
three longer if other forms of lime are used. The directions
for adding rosin soap apply to caustic soda and salt also.

Spraying During the Growing Season.
One fact to which your attention must be called was the
antagonistic behavior of the weather man toward these exper-
iments during the summer. Almost invariably when we
planned spraying work for the day he would marshal his
storm clouds and hold them in leash out of sight until the
spraying was done, then would turn them loose to deluge our
work. When we sprayed in the forenoon a heavy rain would
fall during the afternoon. When we sprayed in the after-
noon a terriffic storm would burst upon us during the night.
W'hile these weather conditions would not have been chosen
for the work, perhaps they were not amiss, since they made
the test a more severe one for the spray mixtures, and the re-
sults have more real significance than they would have had
in ideal sunshiny weather.

For use during the summer it is safe to apply lo per
cent. K-L, with or without adhesives, to apples, pears, peach-
es, plums, cherries, quinces, currants, etc. From tests made
it seems perfectly safe to advocate I2j^ per cent. K-L on all

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

153

of these fruits and even 15 per cent, on apples and pears. A
slight leaf injury may follow, but since the stronger the mix-
ture the more destructive it is to the scale, is it not good prac-
tice to risk a little for the sake of efficiency? Even though
a slight leaf injury follows, is it not preferable to the injury
caused by the scale?

A few of the results obtained with different strengths of
mixture will now be given.

15 PER CENT. K-L WITH RoSIN SoAP.

A pear tree perhaps 14 years old, with a thick bushy top,
with rough cracked bark on trunk and larger limbs, plas-
tered with scale, and with the twigs, leaves and fruit cov-
ered with the younger insects, was sprayed on July 20. In
this instance a little more rosin soap was used than is now
advocated. The mixture was applied through a Vermorel
nozzle with medium opening and there was no clogging. Ex-
aminations were made from time to time to note results. On
August I no live scales could be found and the mixture was
sticking remarkably well on both leaves and limbs. A good
many leaves had turned black and were dead, but there were
not enough in this condition to seriously injure the tree.

On August 10 the spray was still sticking well and a few
old scales were alive on the rough bark and on the fruit, but
none on the leaves. There were also a few young ones mov-
ing at this time.

In an effort to eradicate the scale by two summer treat-
ments from a tree so badly infested and so difficult to spray
thoroughly as this one was, a second application was made
on August 18. On the 26th a most careful examination re-
vealed only three live scales and these were young ones.
There were doubtless more on the tree, but they could not be
found. The next examination was made six weeks later on
October 8, when one old female and a few young were found
in one place and a few young ones in two other places. These
results are most satisfactory, although a few insects remained
for seed.

A test was made to completely eradicate the scale with one
spraying from young trees of three years' growth. Fifteen
per cent. K-L with rosin soap i quart per barrel, was used

154 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAE SOCIETY.

on one apple and one pear tree August 24. The apple tree
had a good sprinkling of scales, while the pear tree had only
a few. The trees were given a heavy coating, which proved
efficient. Upon examination October 8 only a single little
orphan scale was found and it must certainly have been car-
ried in some way from an infested tree near by. These trees
sprayed with rosin soap in the K-L showed considerable leaf
injury, while similar ones, treated with K-L only, showed
slight injury. Some of the spray was still sticking to the trees
October 8.

The same mixture was sprayed on peach foliage for leaf
resistance August 23. Very slight injury to leaves, but none
to buds was detected ; the last examination was made
November 18.

15 PER CENT. K-L.

This was applied on July 2 to a pear tree quite badly in-
fested, especially with young scales. It was decidedly effect-
ive on the moving young, on some old ones, and on the inter-
mediate sizes as shown by examination July 20. There was
no foliage injury and the mixture was still sticking to the
tree. A very few young were being produced, so a second
application was given July 21. This was so effective that not
a single live scale could be found until August 26, when 10
young ones were discovered. The lower part of the tree
showed considerable, but not serious, leaf injury from the
second spraying. Another spraying at that time would un-
doubtedly have eradicated the pest, but it was preferred to
leave the tree undisturbed to see what condition it would be
in by winter. The scales multiplied so there was quite a
sprinkling on the rough bark by October 7 and a further in-
crease by November. The lesson from this is that the war-
fare must be relentless ; no quarter can be given to this perni-
cious pest.

In the trial to eradicate the scale with one application from
apple and pear trees of the third year's growth, the 15 per
cent. K-L was a complete success. This was accomplished
with slight leaf injury.

To test for foliage susceptibility to kerosene injury,
cherry, peach and wild goose plums were sprayed July 2.

• FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 155

The peach was very sHg-htly injured, the cherry and phnn not
at all. On August 22, another peach tree was sprayed and
only slight leaf injury followed.

10 PER CENT. K-L. WITH RoSIN SoAP.

The spraying was done July 2 on a pear tree about 14
years old. There was a very bad infestation on limbs, leaves
and fruit, the latter being already badly injured. The mix-
ture spread ideally and covered all parts of the tree. On
July II the material was sticking perfectly and had been
most efficient in killing the insects. Those on the leaves were
apparently all killed, as w^ere also most of those on the fruit
and limbs. Ten days later the tree was still coated with
spray except on the north side, where the whipping of the
wind and the beating of the rain had loosened it. The fruit
was cleaned up nicely and the crop was saved. The scales
seemed to be dead, except on a few places on the north side
where they were massed and clustered together on short rough
spurs, where the spray had been rubbed off. There were a
few old ones with a few young produced since the spraying.

Because the spray was whipped from the north side this
portion of the tree was treated again July 21. The very
rough bark and the thick matting of scaly coverings protected
a few old females, which began to produce young about
August 10. The entire tree was sprayed August 15, but this
application was not so efficient as the first had been. There
was a slight scattering of young on the rough bark ten days
later. No more spraying was done and there is quite a
sprinkling of scales on the tree at present.

Another badly infested pear tree was sprayed on July 12
and on August 10. Within an hour after the first spraying
a heavy rain fell and a few hours after the second application
a terrific storm swept over that section. Under these condi-
tions the treatment was only partially effective.

The 10 per cent. K-L with rosin soap was sprayed on
cherry and peach foliage without causing injury.

10 PER CENT, K-L.

A pear tree similar to the last, but with extra rough bark
entirely plastered with scales, was sprayed three times, June

156 THE CONNECTICUT POMOEOGICAL SOCIETY.

30, July 21 and August 15. The rough bark and masses of
old scaly coverings formed such a protection that the remedy
was only moderately efficient.

Ten per cent. K-L was not injurious to peach foliage.

15 PER CENT, K-L-B {Kerosene-Lime-Bordeaux Mixture).

The K-L-B makes one of the finest and smoothest mix-
tures imaginable. It will remain in suspension longer than
the very best Bordeaux mixture. On August 23 it was
sprayed on a young pear tree with a few scattering scales.
There was no perceptible leaf injury and it was very effect-
ive. On October 7 not any young scales and only three old
ones could be found.

A four year old apple tree badly crusted with scales was
sprayed August 23. This tree had been infested at least two
years. Seven w-eeks after spraying there was a very slight
sprinkling of both old and young. Considering the serious
infestation this treatment was most effective.

Peach foliage was treated with 15 per cent. K-L-B with
very slight injury following,

125^ PER CENT, K-L-B-P {Kerosene-Lime-Bordeaux-Paris

Green).
A large pear tree badly infested was treated August 19
with 12^ per cent. K-L-B-P. Of course a terriffic rain storm
followed in a few hours, but the result of this treatment was
most satisfactory.

Spraying During the Dormant Season.
The first spraying done with K-L was with a 25 per cent.
mixture applied to part of a native plum tree on the Experi-
ment Station grounds, March 30, 1904. About six weeks
later the Station Entomologist made a careful examination
and could not find a living scale on the sprayed portion.

Comparison with the Lime-Sulphur-Salt Wash.

In a badly infested peach orchard near Newark the Station
Entomologist conducted some experiments last spring with
the boiled lime-sulphur-salt wash. To compare remedies side
by side the speaker selected eight trees and sprayed them on

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 157

April 13 with 20 per cent. K-L. On May 20 the trees were
examined, hut not a hving scale could be found. The mix-
ture had cleaned up the bark nicely and was still adhering
well, but not quite so well as was the lime-sulphur-salt wash.
Not until June 28 were a few stragg-ling- young found on
sprayed trees. The results of both remedies were identical
except that one tree, designated as Number 2 in the K-L test,
had quite a good many young scales at this time. No satis-
factory explanation can be offered for the condition of this
tree. The unsprayed trees which had only a sprinkling of
scales in the spring were badly infested at this time.

On July I a second spraying with 10 per cent. K-L was
given to four of the trees with only an occasional young
scale, and to tree Number 2 with a good many young ones.
On July 9 no live scales could be found on any of these trees,
however, the old females had escaped even though they could
not be located. Perhaps the spray assisted in concealing
them. By August 12, tree Number 2 had a sprinkling of
young scales like it had when sprayed July i. On the other
trees sprayed at that time were found, on one tree, one young
scale; on another, three or four; on another, half a dozen;
on another, about a dozen.

On the trees not sprayed July i were found about a half
dozen young scales each. They were freer from scale than
were many of the lime-sulphur-salt sprayed trees. Some of
the latter harbored only an occasional insect, while others had
a good many. The check trees were quite covered by this
time.

A second summer application of 10 per cent. K-L was
given to four of the trees August 17. On the 23d a few
scales were found on tree No. 2 and isolated ones on the other
trees. Of the eight trees in this experiment two received no
summer treatment. On August 23, when the experiment
closed, no live insects could be found on one of these and only
half a dozen on the other. No further observations could be
made because the owner decided to destroy the orchard im-
mediately.

The lesson which this experiment teaches is that 10 per
cent. K-L, while it will destroy young scales, is not strong
enough to kill the old breeding females, although two or three

158 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

applications during- the season will hold them in check. A
stronger mixture, 12^ or 15 per cent., would doubtless have
cleaned them all off since they were not protected by rough
bark. The use of 10 per cent. K-L once every ten days for
two months will certainly eradicate them, but this increases
the expense too much. A stronger mixture with fewer ap-
plications is preferable. There was no foliage injury to these
trees.

November and December Treatments.
. A report can be made on only a portion of this work since
time enough has not elapsed since spraying to determine the
total efifectiveness of the mixtures. An effort was made to
discover what percentage of kerosene with different forms of
lime, with and without adhesives, will be the most economical
combined with efficiency, and what will be the difference of
results from different strengths of mixtures.

It requires from six to ten weeks for the late November
and December applications to show how effective they have
been. The results given are, unless otherwise mentioned,
from actual counts made of the scales from dift'erent parts of
the tree on both rough and smooth bark. While this method
of countins: is not an absolute index of the condition of all the
insects on the tree, it is, moreover, the most reliable means of
ascertaining the killing effect of the spray. In making the
determinations,' only those insects were considered dead wdiich
have recently dried up or are badly discolored and in a dry
doughy condition. Those that were of normal color or much
or little discolored, doughy and juicy, w-ere counted as alive
or doubtful. The second class is becoming fewer, while the
first class is becoming more numerous. It will no doubt be
several weeks yet before all of those which are really killed
by the spray will be dried up, so there is no possibility of
error in determining their condition. At present they are
classed as doubtful, which lowers the real percentage effi-
ciency of the mixture. Limoid was used in making these
mixtures, except where special mention is made to the con-
trary

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 159

15, 20 AND 25 PER CENT. K-L ON PeACH TrEES.

Three badly infested peach trees four years old were
sprayed November 19, 1904, with 15 per cent., 20 per cent, and
25 per cent. K-L respectively. Examinations from time to
time showed that the killing effect was continuing week after
week and is not quite exhausted yet. On January 28 the fol-
lowing record was made : —

Tree sprayed with 15 per cent. K-L had 963-10 per cent,
scales dead, 3 7-10 per cent, alive or doubtful.

Tree sprayed with 20 per cent. K-L had 95 4-10 per cent,
scales dead, 46-10 alive or doubtful.

Tree sprayed with 25 per cent. K-L had 100 per cent,
scales dead, none alive or doubtful.

A good many of the doubtful ones are doomed, so the per-
centage of death rate is expected to be higher where 15 per
cent, and 20 per cent, mixtures were used.

In a three year old peach orchard in Central Delaware were
scattering trees quite badly infested. These w^ere stub
pruned, leaving only two or three feet of the main limbs. A
20 per cent. K-L miixture was made with a hoe and applied
with a whitewash brush November 23. On January 23 speci-
mens of bark from these trees were examined and the scales
were practically all dead.

15, 20 AND 25 PER CENT. K-L ON PeAR TrEvES.

These trees were badly infested and were sprayed De-
cember I and 2. The results on several of the pear trees are
somewhat irregular and are given with some hesitancy. This
must be understood and accepted as a report of progress.
The examination of these trees was made on January 27.

Tree sprayed with 15 per cent. K-L had 584-10 per cent.
scales dead, 41 6-10 per cent, alive or doubtful.

Tree sprayed with 15 per cent. K-L had 804-10 per cent,
scales dead, 196-10 per cent, alive or doubtful.

Tree sprayed with 15 per cent. K-L had 805-10 per cent,
scales dead, 195-10 per cent, alive or doubtful.

Large numbers of the doubtful ones are badly discolored
and can soon be classed as dead.

i6o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

15, 20 AND 25 PER CENT. WITH RoSIN SOAP ON PeAR TrEES.

These trees were also badly infested, were sprayed De-
cember I and 2, and examined January 26 and ^y.

Tree sprayed with 15 per cent. K-L with rosin soap had
90 per cent, scales dead, 9 i-io per cent, alive or doubtful.

Tree sprayed with 20 per cent. K-L with rosin soap had
55 per cent, scales dead, 45 per cent, alive or doubtful.

Tree sprayed with 25 per cent. K-L with rosin soap had
98 per cent, scales dead, 2 per cent, alive or doubtful.

■ There is a wide discrepancy between the results of 15 per
cent, and 20 per cent, mixtures with no satisfactory explana-
tion for it. The results of 15 per cent, and 25 per cent, mix-
tures with rosin soap gave somewhat better results than where
rosin soap was not used. However, it is too early yet to make
comparisons and it must also be remembered that this spray-
ing was done when the scale was in the condition which makes
it hardest to kill. Of the 2 per cent, alive or doubtful scales
where 25 per cent. K-L was used, only one insect was found,
which seemed to be really alive.

20 per cent. K-L WITH Caustic Soda.
The 20 per cent. K-L with caustic soda, at the rate of i
pound to 12 gallons, was used on a few nursery apple trees
with excellent results. The spraying was done November 21.
When examined January 9 there 986-10 per cent, of scales
dead and i 4-10 per cent, alive or doubtful. This mixture
was noticeably caustic when it touched the hands or face.
Perhaps i pound of caustic soda in 20 gallons of K-L will be
sufficient.

25 per cent. K-L ^Mixtures.

Only one more experiment will be mentioned. This is a
comparison between 25 per cent. K-L, 25 per cent. K-L with
rosin soap, and 25 per cent. K-L with dry slaked magnesian
lime. The application was made to badly infested pear trees
November 12. In a few hours there came an unusually
heavy beating rain and wind storm. The mixtures seemed
to loosen the scale coverinsf and the dashino: rain washed

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. i6i

myriads of them, together with the spray, from the side of
the trees whence the storm came. On the other side of the
trees the spray adhered well with a slight difference in favor
of K-L with rosin soap. These mixtures appeared to kill
much quicker than the same strengths applied in December.
This gives rise to the opinion that the scales had not yet
sealed up their winter homes and the mixture could reach
them readily. Nine days previous to the spraying a few mov-
ing young scales were noticed. Examinations were made at
short intervals and the increasing effectiveness of the reme-
dies was evident. On November 25 specimens of rough bark
plastered with scales were examined and no insects which
with certainty could be said to be alive, were found. There
was estimated to be less than i per cent, which had not dis-
colored and dried up enough to be pronounced absolutely
dead. A few days later scattering live scales were found on
the smooth bark from which the mixture was washed, so that
the estimated efficiency of these mixtures was 95 per cent, for
all trees. Since that unusually severe rain storm followed so
soon after spraying, it was manifestly unjust to a fair test of
the remedies to judge them by such an unusual natural disad-
vantage. They must stand on their merits and all of the
usual severities and drawbacks of weather conditions are wel-
comed. This statement of the case is offered as a justifica-
tion for giving these trees a second spraying December i,
using the same strengths employed before. On January 10
samples of rough bark, smooth bark and short spurs were ex-
amined with the following results : —
Pear tree sprayed with 25 per cent. K-L made with limoid had

998-10 per cent, scales dead and 2-10 per cent, alive or

doubtful.
Pear tree sprayed widi 25 per cent. K-L made with limoid had

998-10 per cent, scales dead and 2-10 per cent, alive or

doubtful.
Pear tree sprayed with 25 per cent. K-L made with dry slaked

lime had 99 8-10 per cent, scales dead, 2-10 per cent.

alive or doubtful.

Of the insects alive or doubtful only a single one showed
real evidence of being alive, the others were badly discolored.

l62 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Advantages of K-L Mixtures.
They are easily made without any heating of materials ;
are moderate in cost ; are not disagreeable to handle except
when caustic soda is used ; have no unpleasant odor ; can be
sprayed through the finest kind of nozzle without clogging
if foreign matter is kept out; do not necessarily require strain-
ing ; are effective and adhere well ; can be applied at any time
during the year; are absolutely uniform in percentage of ker-
osene ; can be used against all sucking insects, and we hope
against biting insects and fungous diseases also, all in one
application ; and can be distinctly seen on the trees so a care-
less nozzleman can not hide a poor job. Another special
advantage is the spreading of the spray on the bark like the
spreading of oil on paper. This is especially desirable on
fuzzy twigs like those of the apple.

Suggestions and Conclusions.

In only a few of the recent tests has the killing effect of
the mixtures become exhausted so the final determination of
results can be made. That some of them are at least as reli-
able as the lime-sulphur-salt wash there is no reasonable
doubt. From the results just given the following can be
suggested for trial during the dormant season.

Twenty per cent, or 25 per cent. K-L-B (kerosene-lime-
Bordeaux) especially on peach trees to get the effect of the
Bordeaux mixture against leaf curl and brown rot, and on
apple where the scab and bitter or black rot are prevalent;
20 per cent, or 25 per cent. K-L with or without rosin soap
or the same strength with salt i pound to 5 gallons ; or 20 per
cent. K-L with caustic soda i pound to from 12 to 20 gallons.
The K-L-B is to be preferred above all other mixtures.

Crude petroleum is not at all satisfactory in making K-L
and its use is not advocated.

If there are portions of the dormant period more favor-
able for successful treatment than other portions, it certainly
seems that the very best ones are early in November and late
in the spring, because then the scales are not stuck to the
bark so closely as they are in the winter, and the remedies
will more readily get beneath their scaly protection. Our
tests have shown that early November and late spring treat-

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 163

ments are the most effective and special emphasis is hereby
given to this point.

To the fruit growers who contemplate using the K-L
mixtures let me say, make them according to directions, spray
thoroughly, and give them a fair trial. If at any time you
wish more information regarding them, please write to me
and your requests will receive immediate attention.

DISCUSSION.

The President: Mr. Close, you refer to that fifteen per
cent. K-L. There is one point about that I do not under-
stand. How much is that diluted?

Prof. Close: Well, that, of course, depends upon the per
cent. Here is the limoid, and, by the way, you will see sam-
ples of this in the Exhibition Hall below, and Mr. Watkins,
who is the agent of the Charles Warner Company, the manu-
facturers, and through his kindness we will be able to make
some of these mixtures, if you care to oversee them made.
This is limoid that I refer to. This is the same that the
limoid is made from. In this bottle there is a sample of the
dry slacked high calcium lime ; that is, it is made of lime air
slacked and high calcium lime.

In this bottle is a sample of the twenty per cent. K-L mix-
ture, and in this other one that I now have in my hand we
have the ordinary Bordeaux mixture. Now, when we use the
Bordeaux mixture in making K-L-B, we have this material.
This is the sample, and you can see the difference in color.
The different solutions can usually be detected by the differ-
ence in color, so that if you are familiar with them they are
readily detected one from the other. This next one, which
I will pass around with the rest and ask you to examine so
that all may see them, contains a sample of the twenty per
cent. K-L, made with dry slacked magnesium lime, and here
we have the twenty per cent, mixture made with air slacked
lime.

A Member: Prof. Close, how do you account for the dis-
crepancy which seems to exist between the results obtained
with the fifteen per cent, solution and the twenty per cent,
mixture?

l64 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Prof. Close : There is a discrepancy between the results
with the fifteen per cent, and the twenty per cent, mixture,
but I know of no explanation for it. The results given were
somewhat better where the rosin soap was not used, and it
must also be remembered that this spraying was done w^hen
the scale was in a condition which makes it the hardest to kill.

One of the best points in favor of this mixture is its
ability to spread ; the lime, sulphur and salt wash apparently
does not spread. When it strikes the tree it seems to stay
right there. The K-L mixture will spread on the bark. The
oil spreads on the portion surrounding where it strikes, and
that is an especially desirable point. It is true, in many
cases at least, that the lime, sulphur and salt, and the water,
covers up these places that I refer to without penetrating
into them, but with this remedy we get penetration into
these places, so that it takes a more effective mixture on that
account.

I have with me a few of the bulletins that were issued
August 26th, 1904. During the past month, during January,
I presume I have had at least three hundred requests for this
bulletin. I have also a circular-letter of directions that was
printed. That is a letter which is being sent out with the
bulletin. I have a few of these here, and we can get some
more from Mr. Watkins if there are not enough. If any of
you care for these I would be glad to have you take them-
If we haven't enough to go around, why please write to the
Experiment Station at Newark, Delaware, addressing the
request either to me, personally, or to the Experiment Sta-
tion, and we will cheerfully send them out.

At this point Vice-President Hubbard was called to the
chair.

Experiences of Connecticut Growers in Spraying for

Scale.

The Vice President: It would be interesting to
follow this very instructive paper and these statements and
explanations which have been made by Prof. Close, with
more detailed discussion, but the scarcity of time forbids.
We must pass on to the next subject upon our program.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 165

Therefore, without following the matter up any further we
will go on with our program. The next speakers have been
chosen from among the leading growers of our State, and
they will tell you something about their experiences in
spraying for scale in Connecticut. They have all of them
been fighting the scale by spraying, and they are going to
tell us some of the practical results of their expe-
riences. I trust every one of them will respond. I am going
to ask them to come forward and occupy the stage, and to
be exceedingly brief in their remarks.

The first name is that of Mr, J, N, Barnes, Wallingford.
Will he please come forward onto the platform where every-
body can see and hear him?

]\Ir. Barnes : Mr. President, may I be excused ? The
time is so short.

The X'^ice President: You can not be excused, because
you have done more of this work than anybody else in Con-
necticut. I think Mr, Barnes ought to tell us his story. 1
do not feel at liberty to excuse him.

Mr. Barnes: Very well, then, Mr. President and brother
fruit growers, I will do the best I can. I have no specialh
prepared line of talk for you this morning, and it will take
only a moment or two for me to say what I have got to say.

I would say that last spring we did very little spraying
for ourselves. Our outfit worked mostly for the benefit of
neighbors and friends, who were having some trouble and
wanted a little help. So that I can say very little about what
we did for ourselves last spring. I would say, however, while
I ani talking about last spring's work, this, in regard to a
neighbor's pear trees. While I did not know that they had
any San Jose scole on them, they had looked very badly for
two or three years. From presence of Pear Psylla and during
the season last summer I noticed that these pear trees were
in very fine condition. I judged it was due to the effect
of the lime, sulphur and salt spraying which was applied to
them at the same time that the peach trees were sprayed.

Now, in regard to last fall's work, we found the neces-
sity of spraying an orchard containing trees that are about
fifteen years old. We previously did not suppose there was
any San Jose scale on them. It is an orchard which is

i66 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

largely planted with apple, as well as with peach trees, the
apple trees being- all the way from one year to fifteen years
old. We took November for this job, what good weather we
could get, and the orchard being some distance away from
our central place of business, we moved our men and appli-
ances to the orchard and stayed there. I might say that
some of the apple trees, particularly, and some of the peach
trees were very large, they being trees that had borne a
great many crops of fruit. I was rather surprised, on exam-
ining carefully, to find much scale on these old trees. I was
there in that orchard some days ago and looked it over, and
was rather inclined to feel that the spraying at this time was
not showing on these trees as much as it ought to. I do not
know just what the result will be, whether we have been suc-
cessful in killing the scale or not. I shall not be able to tell
definitely about that without some further examination.

Now, I would like to emphasize one thing in particular
in this spraying work, which I presume we are all of us
coming face to face with, and that is the desirability of being
very thorough with the work. Throwing the spray from
one direction upon the tree I think is not sufficient. It will
take two different sprayings to finish up the trees. Try to get
a day when there is sufficient wind to drive the sprav in a dif-
ferent direction from the first time, going over the trees. I
found last fall the desirability of using caps with very fine
openings for spraying nozzles, also very much longer lengths
of hose than we ever used before, and that gave us plenty of
room to get around, and did not bother the men so much by
getting the spray in their eyes.

Now, at the present time we are up against the problem of
spraying an apple orchard of large trees. The trees are many
of them large. I think there is no large amount of scale in
it, but there is some, and I feel that this operation is the most
severe one of its kind that has ever confronted us. I have
a man that is specially fitting those trees for the job. We
are removing the rough bark, that can be broken easily with-
out injury to the trees, and thinning out the limbs where
necessary so as to get into the interior of the trees easily with
the spray.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 167

Manv of us, doubtless, have been hopin,2^ that we would
not have a job of spraying on hand, but the probability is
that we have got the scale, that it is there, and that we do
not know it. That, if true, makes it necessary for us to
be very watchful and to learn of its presence as soon as possi-
ble. Now, when you go to spray, and it is not such an
awful job after all when you once know how to do it, do the
job thoroughly, no matter how large your orchard is. Last
fall we sprayed some fifty acres, more or less, and it cost us
something like three hundred dollars to do it. If the job is
successful, we will not regret that amount of money, because
we get results, we believe, aside from the killing of the scale,
that makes the spraying of value.

Mr. Ives: Does that three hundred dollars include the
spraying for the scale?

j\Ir. Barnes: That includes the labor and the cost of the
material.

Mr. Ives: Just one spraying?

Mr. Barnes: Yes.

The Vice President: Mr. J. H. Hale. Is Mr. Hale
in the room?

Mr. J. H. Hale: Mr. President, and gentlemen, I did
not know that I was to be called on. I will not waste any
of the time by going up there and trying to make a speech
now, and it is not necessary for me to do it either, because
the question of spraying has been pretty well covered by Mr.
Barnes. I believe we have the scale with us everywhere in
the State, whether we have discovered it or not. I believe
from experience that the lime, sulphur and salt spray at the
present time is the cheapest and best remedy available, because
it is not only valuable for killing the scale, but it is also valu-
able as a fungicide, and, as we all know, is of great benefit to
the trees in other ways. Further than that, Mr. President,
we have had a whole bunch of professors here to tell us about
new things that we wanted to know, but the professors them-
selves do not know everything. They tell a story down in
Maine of one of these professors up there, and one day there
was a fellow who got up and asked him, "Professor, if you
know so all fired much, will vou tell me whether digging

i6S THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

clams is farming or fishing?" (laughter). Some of the
things that they know so all fired much about, in a year or
two we shall know whether what they have been telling us
about killing the scale is worth our powder, or whether they
have been filling us up with something that they thought
they knew all about (laughter). Yet we need them in the
work just the same.

Up to the present time the lime, sulphur and salt mix-
ture, boiled about as long as has been indicated here (thirty
minutes is about enough), is just the right thing I think. In
mixing up the sulphur, so as to make a paste, I think is all
unnecessary. If you can turn your lime into the boiling
water, and then dump the sulphur into it, so you will not
burn the life out of that sulphur, or melt it down, and then
in the course of about twenty-five minutes boil it hard, you
will get a mixture that will do some good.

It is not such a big job to spray, as Brother Barnes states,
if you know how to go at it. Of course, it costs a good deal
for a pump and the spraying nozzles and for lines of hose,
and for everything that is necessary. Of course, it costs
considerable to start with, but it is worth all it costs, and it
is something you can not afiford to neglect. If you have got
any number of trees it does not cost so very much per tree.
I think somebody said here that last year it cost something-
like six cents a tree, but last year our cost was down to about
three and a half cents. And that was right here in Con-
necticut. In Georgia, where the tree grows larger, the cost
was something less than two cents per tree. Of course, you
know I am speaking about peach trees. I do not know very
much about anything else.

Now, Mr. President, Brother Barnes has given us a good
talk on the conditions right here in Connecticut, which is the
thing we more especially want to know about, and I don't
know as there is anything more for me to say. But you
have got to spray if you expect to raise peaches in Con-
necticut.

The Vice President: Mr. Hopson of WalHngford.
Will Mr. G. A. Hopson come forward?

Mr. Hopson : The Highland Fruit Company, which I
represent, is located in the easterly part of Wallingford. and

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 169

has about fifty acres in orchard, consisting of peach, with a
few pear and plum trees.

In the summer of 1902, many of our plum trees did not
appear to be in a very flourishing condition. A close exam-
ination showed the presence of San Jose scale. At that time
the trees were in full foliage, and the fruit fully half grown,
a good set of fruit being upon the trees. What to do at that
season of the year was hard to tell, but realizing that the
scale would soon kill the trees, we resolved to employ the eas-
iest method at hand, and thoroughly bathe the trees with
kerosene oil, using in the application a whisk broom, a paint
brush and a bunch of rags. We thoroughly painted and
rubbed the trunks and the larger branches with the brush
and rags, using the broom to apply it nearer the ends of the
branches, much of it, of course, falling upon the foliage.

The experiment resulted in killing the scale upon the
branches where, in the application, the oil reached, and in no
apparent injury to the foliage or fruit, which in many cases
w^as soaked by the application, so much so that when the fruit
was harvested it smelled and tasted of the kerosene. These
plum trees are located at one side of the peach orchard, and
surrounded on three sides by them.

The spring of 1903 showed that the scale had spread to
the surrounding peach trees to a limited extent. Not having
any other means at our command, and one of our company
having used crude petroleum m his own orchard quite suc-
cessfully, and owning a "Kerowater" pump, we purchased
and used two barrels of crude petroleum. The results were
fairly satisfactory, there being no apparent injury to the
trees.

In the spring of 1904 a careful examination of our trees
showed the presence of the scale in several different local-
ities in our orchard. No section was badly infested, but
enough was found to awaken us to the fact that something
must be done for its extermination.

We accordingly made plans to spray the entire orchard
of nine thousand trees with the lime-sulphur wash. One of
our company owned a Safety farm engine and boiler of five
horse power, which we hired for cooking the mixture. This

170

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

was set up at a shed near the center, of the orchard, a spring-
about fifty rods distant was cleaned out, and the water as
needed was hauled to the central plant in open barrels on a
low down, broad tired wagon, bailed from the spring into
the barrels with a pail, and then bailed from the wagon into
the cooking hogsheads as needed. Our engine was left on
the rear end of a wagon as hauled to the orchard, a piece of
rubber hose was attached to the steam valve, and a light
crowbar fastened to the other end as a weight to keep the
end of the hose near the bottom of the cooking hogshead,
and to prevent the power of the steam from forcing the end
of the hose out of the liquid. It was also a convenience in
lifting the hose from one hogshead to another.

For cooking, two 125 gal. molasses hogsheads were
used. The wash was made by putting sixty pounds of lime
in the bottom of the hogshead, pouring on water enough to
cover, then inserting the end of the hose and letting in the
live steam. This hastened the slaking of the lime and saved
a few minutes' time in the boiling process.

A third barrel of fifty gallon capacity, filled with water,
was kept standing near, into which, when not in use in the
boiling hogshead, the hose was thrust, which gave us con-
tinually a barrel of hot water for pouring on the lime when
slaking. I consider this as quite important, and that it con-
tributed not a little in the saving of time, and also to the
more thorough slaking of the lime.

Now to go back. As the lime began to slake and to
soften, forty-five pounds of sublimed flow^ers of sulphur
were added. This was thoroughly mixed and stirred wath
the lime, as it slaked, with a hoe. As the lime became slaked
and the sulphur dissolved, an occasional pail of water was
added. This to prevent what in our experience showed
might be a too rapid boiling of the mixture, as with fifty to
sixty pounds pressure we could easily force the stuff over the
side of the hogshead.

During the process of boiling, the hogsheads were cov-
ered with sacking, which retained the heat, and stopped con-
siderable escape of steam. The boiling process was kept up
on an average of about fnrty-five minutes, water being added

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 171

diirins^ this time, so tiiat with the boihng- finished the hoj^s-
head was full, or contained quantity enough to fill three
mounted barrels containing the spray pump.

A few minutes before the cooking of one hogshead was
finished, the lime for the next batch was weighed out and
put in the other hogshead, and the slaking begun by adding
warm w-ater from the small barrel before mentioned, so that
no time was lost. By working in this manner we kept two
pumps continually at work, and had a hogshead full ahead
at night, which we found retained heat enough to apply
easily in the morning. The material w'as dipped with gal-
vanized pails from the hogshead to the pump, being strained
through a strainer which came with the outfit. This worked
in a satisfactory manner, and I do not believe our two pumps
were delayed altogether one-half hour during the season's
work. No salt whatever was used in making the mixture.
Our outfit for its application consisted of two Hardie No. 6
spray pumps, mounted through the side of the barrel, and
fitted each with two twenty-five foot lengths of hose, and an
eight foot bamboo extension rod, with two Vermorel nozzles
on each. These barrels were mounted upon a boat or a sled
made of three by six or eight inch scantling for runners,
with cross planks spiked on. one end of the runners rounded,
with an arrangement for hitching on the eveners. Upon
this the barrels as mounted at the factory were fastened.
We fastened one with the barrel lengthwise of the sled and
the "handle of the pump at the side, another with the barrel
crosswise of the sled, bringing the handle in the rear, which
is much more convenient, and decidedly the better way for
mounting.

A common stone boat of plank might serve in an orchard
free from stone, but in an orchard covered with many good
sized rolling stone, a sled with runners will prove much
better.

These outfits were drawn by two horses, a man driving
who worked the pump, and two men following who handled
the nozzles. Our spraying was all done with the wind.
With a northerly wind blowing we began at the south side
of the orchard, driving toward the north, when the wind

172

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

drove the spray away from the horses and the operators,
and fell directly and forcibly upon the trees.

We continued working in this direction until a favorable
wind sprang up, when we would reverse our operation and
finish the trees. In spraying our orchard in this manner we
of course drove up hill and down, lengthwise and crosswise,
but there seemed to be no lack of willingness on the part of
the wind to change as often as we desired as the work
progressed. We had no difficulty in conducting our opera-
tions after this manner. The advantage in this is, that a
great saving in material is made over an attempt to spray in
the teeth of the wind, and also saving the workmen from
being covered with the caustic material. We did not cover
our horses, and none of us used rubber or oilcloth suits,
simply our oldest clothes, and some of us wearing cloth
gloves on our hands. None of us suffered by getting an
occasional squirt in the ear, or by having our hands wet with
the mixture. The only inconvenience I suffered was in stir-
ring the mixture while cooking, caused by the escaping
steam into my face. This was not serious, however.

I have endeavored to give as briefly as possible a correct
outline of the work as actually done in our orchard. We
tried different ways of cooking and handling, but without
being able to give any reason for it other than that the quan-
tities vv'e settled upon seemed to work rightly together with
but a little loss in sediment, and that the amount of cooking,
though occupying much less time than many others used,
seemed to develop a proper color and consistency, in our
ignorance we adopted them.

I believe, without being able to give any reason for it,
that the mixture can be boiled too hard and too long; still
it would seem to me, from what I have seen of the work of
others, that the lack of proper and sufficient boiling, and I
might add stirring, was the leading factor in unsuccessful
preparation. Whatever may have been our success and our
failures, I had the satisfaction of being told by one or two
Experiment Station workers that my methods in mixing,
boiling, and application were the most practical, the most
thorough, and the most economical they had seen, and as to
the success of the work I have the added satisfaction of being

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 173

told bv a professor, after a somewhat thorough inspection
of tlie orchard in October, that while he could not swear
there was not a live scale in the orchard, he would say that
he had not found one. We sprayed nine thousand trees,
five, six and seven years old, at an expense, including total
cost of pumps, rental of engine, charging full day wages for
men, and horses, including all materials used, of four and
nine-tenths cents per tree.

The Vice President : Mr. Charles E. Lyman of Mid-
dlefield will now please come forward and give us the benefit
of his experience.

Mr. Lyman : I only have a few^ words to say, Mr. Presi-
dent.

The Vice President: Well, we do not want to lose a
single word, and I think you had better come forward.

Mr, Lyman : Something over a year ago, along in Sep-
tember, I found that we were badly infested with the scale.
It had not come to my notice before. Some of our trees
were so badly infested that they were gone by. They were
so badly infested that there was quite a portion of them
worthless, and many of them died before the next spring.
I found upon consulting with the Experiment Station people,
with Prof. Britton and others, that the lime, sulphur and
salt, or lime and sulphur preparation, was the best thing to
use, and so we prepared ourselves for doing the job in the
early spring. I will not go into detail, because your time is
valuable, and what has already been told by the previous
speakers would cover our experience somewhat ; but we used
the salt in our mixture in all cases. I think our job was a
more expensive job, or at least it proved so, than the work
which was done by Mr. Hale, and by Mr. Hopson of the
Highland Orchard Company, but the results were very grat-
ifying. I saw no indication of the scale in the past season,
and I imagine it will not be necessary to spray again this
year. At least I hope not. The expense was quite heavy.
I presume on the average, on a good sized peach tree, say
from six to seven years old, it would average ten cents to
the tree. I thought we were making a thorough job of it,
and to do that perhaps we used more material than was abso-
lutely necessary. You can save on your second job over

174 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

what you can on the first work. I agree pretty well with
Mr. Barnes that it is best to do a thorough job the first time.
Our experience is that it is not such a great job to do if
you get ready for it. You must be prepared for it, and you
must have plenty of help, and the right kind of help, look
after it closely, and the materials must be mixed up right.
That is very necessary, because a little carelessness will spoil
the whole job. I will not take any more of your time.
(Applause.)

At the conclusion of Mr. Lyman's remarks Vice-President
Hubbard, who had presided during the discussion of the Scale
problem, retired and President Gulley resumed the chair.

The President: We have a number of other names on
the list that have not been called upon yet, but as we have
another exercise for this forenoon, and the time is passing so
rapidly, it has been thought best to defer the remainder of
this discussion until some other time, perhaps this afternoon.

While I think of it I wish to refer to the membership
matter, and to say that the invitation is out to you all to
become members of this society, and we hope that not one
of those present will leave for home until they have joined
the society. You have received a full dollar's worth for
your membership during the last year, and if you do not get
the worth of your money in the year to come we would like
to know why. We want to make the society a great success
and increase the membership to a thousand members. And
we hope that you will join with us. ]Mr, Gilbert, over at the
membership desk in the corner, is waiting to receive your
application. We took one hundred and seventy memberships
yesterday, and we hope to take as many more to-day. That
is all.

Mr. Hale: I am sure that the audience is so much inter-
ested in this Scale subject that at some time they ought to
have an opportunity to question these professors who have
addressed us, and I would suggest that the matter be taken
up further the first thing at this afternoon's session. Call to
order on time, Mr. President, and let us discuss it then.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 175

]\Ir. Innis: ]\Ir. President, these papers are certainly very
valuable, and I think it would be a very good thing if they
could be placed in the hands of the fruit growers prior to the
time when we want to commence the spring spraying. It
seems to me if that could be done the points contained in the
various papers would be of very great help. Our annual
report, as the Secretary has already said, may not be out
before the first of April, or later, and that is too late to be of
much value to us before we have to commence the spring
spraying with the lime and sulphur mixture. Would it not
be a good plan to have a sufficient number of copies of this
part of the proceedings printed to circulate among the mem-
bers of the Pomological Society ? Of course, I know that this
is an expense that perhaps we do not want to go to, but, after
all, will it not pay in the end?

The President: There is no question but that it can be
done.

Prof. Britton : Mr. President, if this report is printed
at some place where they have a complete plant, it is simply
a question of setting up the matter with a linotype machine.
Many times we have this linotype matter struck off in the
same way as the proof would be, and probably a sufficient
number of copies to mail around to the members would not
cost more than five or six dollars. It seems to me it would
be a valuable thing to the fruit growers if that paper could
be circulated before the spring spraying comes on, and would
hardly require any extra expense, as it could be put up in
some cheap form.

Mr. Ives : I am heartily in favor of the idea, for I am,
convinced that there may be some very valuable information,
not only in these addresses, but in what is to come later, and
if it can be done I would be in favor of having it condensed
all in one. That is, if something could be compiled just to
give the gist of it, so we can know just what to do, and thus
get the benefit of all of the proceedings of this part of the
session, devoted to the discussion of the treatment of the San
Jose scale.

A motion was then made that the papers relating to
"Spraying for the San Jose Scale" be printed at the earliest

176 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

possible date for distribution among the members of the
Society.

Secretary Miles: Mr. President, just a word before
that motion is put. I was not on the stage when that motion
was made, but I take it it was in reference to publishing a
portion of the proceedings in advance of the full report. It
has occurred to me that it might be possible to condense the
discussion and papers on this San Jose scale topic that have
been given and publish them at once, without waiting for the
full yearly report to come out. If that would be agreeable
to the society I am sure that the officers will make every
endeavor to get it out promptly.

The motion, having been duly seconded, was put to vote
and passed.

The President : The next item on our program is a little
series of five minute talks by the students of the Connecticut
Agricultural College.

We want you to know that we have some of our boys up
there who have been paying special attention to horticultural
subjects. We have been trying to induce you to come up to
Storrs and see what we are doing, but as you will not come,
we have brought some of the boys dow^n here to show you a
little of what the College work is. The boys are not going
to tell you anything new, but simply show you a little w^hat
we are trying to do. We try to give them all the knowledge
and information we have about general principles, and leave
it to them to carry out the practice in the future. Our class
work is carried on in sections in different ways. The boys
that I have here are those that have given more or less atten-
tion to horticulture, and as each one will take but a few min-
utes, I do not think it will tire you out. Each will give a very
short talk or paper. The first being by ■Mr. S. B. Hollister
on "Fungicides and Insecticides."

(This paper as well as others in the series will be found
among the Miscellaneous Papers and Reports, on page 238.)

The President: That completes our program for the
forenoon. The meeting will now stand adjourned until half-
past one.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 177

AFTERNOON SESSION.

It was nearly two o'clock when the members reassembled
for the closing session of the meeting. A very full program
remained to be carried out, but before taking up the regular
order President Guile}' called for the reports of the several
special committees.

President Gulley ; We have two or three ccommittee
reports to come in, some of them at least are ready, and I will
call first on the committee on fruit exhibits to make their
report.

Mr. T. E. Cross : Mr. President, the committee did not
think it necessary to occupy very much of your time, and their
report will be very brief. We examined the tables of fruit,
in the Exhibition Hall, and found something like 40 varieties.
More or less of them were choice, and some of them were fair
to middling, and some of them were quite middling. As the
society premium list restricted to about twenty varieties for
awards of money premiums, the committee did not' think
themselves at liberty to exceed that number, and therefore
they only awarded the first and second prizes to some twenty
varieties. \\'hile some of the others were worthy of prizes,
still the committee did not feel empowered to award them.
Further than that, as the society only offered first premium
in money, the committee in some instances, where there were
several different entries of the same varity, took the liberty
to award a second and third premium, and though that was
not to be a money premium, still it signified the comparative
quality of the fruit exhibited. I think the exhibitors as well
as the visitors to this meeting, by carefully examining the
fruit on the table, can learn a good deal in the line of improv-
ing aie quality of their apples, and while, from the standpoint
of the society, it is desirable to have as large a collection and
to get as many exhiliits of fruits as possible, still at the same

178 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

time I am satisfied that some people who brought exhibits of
fruit to this meeting will either do one thing or the other
next year ; they will try to bring better apples, or else they
have seen such a vast difference in the quality of their apples,
as compared with those of others, that they will feel they had
better keep their apples at home. I do not say this to dis-
courage people from exhibiting, but rather to instruct them
in growing a better quality of fruit. There are only about
40 of the different varieties here, and there are two or three
or four hundred varieties in existence, and out of that num-
ber there are at least two hundred varieties that are not here,
but that might be produced in this state. But still, out of
that three or four hundred varieties, you can take a dozen that
will pay more money than any in the lists, and while these
odd varieties are desirable from a standpoint of novelty, at
the same time from a money standpoint I do not believe it
is advisable to plant those kinds, and I believe the man that
plants those different varieties will in the end lose rather than
gain by the venture. If growers will confine themselves to
the growing of Baldwin and Spy apples, and such other vari-
eties of fruits as are known to grow to the best advantage
in their particular locality, their pocketbooks will be far
better filled from the sale of those fruits than if they plant
a large number of vareties.

I do not know as it is necessary for me to elaborate on
this report. Whether my colleague has anything to offer, I
don't know. We were certainly unanimous in awarding the
prizes, and while some of the exhibitors may look their fruit
over and wonder why they did not get first prize, if they will
take their individual specimens and compare them with the
others that did get the first prize, they will very easily see
why they failed to receive it.

(The complete report and awards of prizes will be found
on page 220.)

President Gulley next called for the report of the com-
mittee on Implement exhibit.

Mr. N. S. Platt: Mr. President, we wrote out our report
and passed it over to the secretary, so that the names of the

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 179

exhibitors of the machinery are all on that paper, and I can-
not undertake to give them to you. The exhibit this year
was notable, however, for quite a large number of gasoline
engines. I suppose to show to the people who spray that it
might be a good power for use instead of hand power on the
pump. There were five or six different makes of gasoline
engines, and one engine and pump combined right in one
piece. There was one sprayer — the Niagara gas sprayer,
with a tank containing the liquid, and another strong tank
connected with it with compressed gas in it, which supplies
the power. A single tank of gas was supposed to force out
800 gallons of spraying liquid. There were samples shown
of Limoid, a new preparation of lime to be used with kero-
sene in spraying for the scale. There was the usual display
of hand pumps and barrel pumps for spraying. I am happy
to see that the pump makers seem to vie with each other in
trying to make their pumps perfect and durable, and simple.
I remember when we used our first Bordeaux mixture, there
was not any kind of a pump made for handling it, and we
had to take an old boiler and fix it up for it. I have one
of those now made in those days, a common boiler fixed up
to go on the shoulders ; it would do very well to spray low
vines and plants, but was not well adapted to large trees.

Taken altogether the exhibit is the best ever shown at a
meeting of this Society, as well as the largest. It deserves
your careful study, as much can be learned from such dis-
plays as this.

We cannot report much further than to submit a list of
the exhibits. No awards were intended to be made and no
judging as to merits, so far as I know.

(The complete Hst of exhibitors will be found on page 222.)

Mr. J. H. Hale : Having recently learned within an hour
or so of the very serious illness of Mr. Merriman, formerly
president of this Society, I would like to offer a resolution
at this time.

Whereas, We learn with deep regret of the serious illness
of Mr. J. H. Merriman, former President of this Society,
therefore be it

l8o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Resolved, That we extend to Mr. Merriman and his family
our most heartfelt sympathy. We rejoice with him in good
works well done in the past, and wish for him a speedy recov-
ery to good health and many years of future usefulness to
himself and this Society.

JMr. Hale: We all know in the early days of the organ-
ization of this Society, when a dozen or more interested fruit
growers met in the state capitol, and organized first a peach
growers' association, which in a short time was merged into
the State Pomological Society, Mr. Alerriman was one of
the original members of this association, and an active worker
from the very start, and after a few years he was made
president of the Society and served us ably in that position.
We miss him here at this meeting ; we all know his keen
Yankee wit and ability to analyze things, which would come
out in some simple question that got right at the heart of the
matter, and he has been wonderfully helpful to us all by his
personal association with us and by the ideas he has advanced,
and the opportunities he has given us of assisting his own
work and the work of his friends over in the Southington
peach section. I certainly feel confident this association will
be glad to extend its sympathy to Brother Merriman at this
time.

The resolution was seconded and passed unanimously.

The following resolutions concerning the Connecticut
Agricultural College were introduced by Stanclifif Hale :

Resolved ( i ) , That the Connecticut Pomological Society,
in annual meeting assembled, cordially endorses the work and
management of the Connecticut Agricultural College, believ-
ing that it is actively advancing the scientific and practical
interests of farmers and fruit growers.

Resolved (2), That this Society, therefore, heartily favors
the erection of the new dormitory for sixty-six men, proposed
by the Board of Trustees, for relieving the present over-
crowded condition and for accommodating the new students
who desire to enter the college.

Resolved (3), That the Secretary of this Society be
instructed to send, as soon as possible, a copy of these resolu-
tions to both the Senate Chairman and the House Chairman
of the Committee on Appropriations of the present General

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. i8i

Assembly, together with the respectful request that tlie said
Committee report favorably on the appropriation required for
the construction of this new building'.

Rcsoh'ed (4), That the Secretary also give a copy of these
resolutions to the press.

The resolutions were duly seconded and unanimously
passed by the Society.

Secretary Miles : I wish to refer to a matter which I
think has not been brought up yet in our meeting. On the
program for this annual meeting, most of you probably noticed
an announcement of the union meeting of the New York
Fruit Growers' Association, the American Institute and Farm-
ers' Club, and the Connecticut Pomological Society, to be held
in New York City February 15-16. Since coming to this meet-
ing I have received a program of that New York city meet-
ing. I don't know as it is necessary to read it to you now,
but such men as Prof. Bailey and Dr. Jordan and Mr. John
Jeaceinn, and also President Gulley and Mr. Hale of our own
society are to take part in this meeting, and we have been
invited to participate in it. If one hundred of our members
will signify their intention of going, we can get reduced
railroad fares. The railroads' arrangements at present are
only for New York State points, but if one hundred can be
secured to attend from Connecticut, the rates will be the
usual half fare returning, and I hope many of you will see
fit to go.

Mr. T. E. Cross : Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen :
A few years ago, up to within two years, the eastern Nev;
York fruit growers held their annual meeting in New York
city, and I think on the occasion of two or three of those
meetings several of the members of your Society were there,
and I think those wdio were present will vouch for the state-
ment that I make when I say we had a right royal good
time. The gentleman in charge of the meeting referred to
by Secretary Allies is Dr. F. M. Hexamer of the American
Institute, a very genial, capable man, and they have made
all possible provision for the entertainment of those who
attend this meeting on February 15-16, and every individual
who will take the opportunity to visit and be with us at that

1 82 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

time will certainly receive a royal welcome, and have a general
good time, and I want to say a word about the fruit exhibi-
tions and the premiums. Through the kindness and liber-
ality of the American Institute, they have offered a very
nice premium list ; for instance, one is for the best ten vari-
eties of apples, $10.00, and that is a premium worth striving
for, and I hope some of your exhibitors, if they have fruit that
is suitable to be taken there, will make it a point to select
their very best specimens. They can get a copy of these
premium lists, and, if they can't go, send their fruit there,
and it will be put on the tables in a proper manner, and they
certainly will get just as good a showing for the first and
second prizes as their fruit merits. As a member of the
New York State association, I extend to every member of this
association a cordial invitation to be present at this union
meeting.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The time having arrived, according to the order of exer-
cises, for the election of officers. President Gulley called for
the report of the Committee on Nominations.

Mr. L. C. Root, chairman of that committee, then sub-
mitted the following list of nominations for the various
officers : —

For President — J. C. Eddy, of Simsbury.

Vice-President — J. H, Putnam, of Litchfield.
Secretary— H. C. C. Miles, of Milford.
Treasurer — Orrin Gilbert, of Middletown.

County Vice-Presidents :

Hartford — A. C. Innis, Berlin.
New Haven — John R. Barnes,, Yalesville.
Fairfield — Stephen Hoyt, New Canaan.
Litchfield — Chas. L. Gold, West Cornwall.
Middlesex — ^Chas. E. Lyman, Middlefi-eld.
Neiv London — W. S. Thomas, Groton.
Windham — H. B. Buell, Eastford.
Tolland — Andrew Kingsbury, Coventry.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 183

On motion of Mr. Butler, it was voted unanimously to
accept the report of the committee and instruct the Secretary
to cast one ballot for the list of officers as presented by the
Committee.

Secretary Miles then cast one ballot for the entire list,
and the following were declared duly elected for the ensuing
term of one year:

President, J. C. Eddy of Simsbury; Vice-President, J.
H. Putnam of Litchfield, Secretary, H. C. C. Miles of Mil-
ford ; Treasurer, Orrin Gilbert of Middletown.

County Vice-Presidents — Hartford, A. C. Innis, Berlin ;
New Haz'en, John R. Barnes, Yalesville ; Fairfield, Stephen
Hoyt, New Canaan ; Litchfield, Chas. L. Gold, West Corn-
wall ; Middlesex, Chas. E. Lyman, Middlefield ; Neiv London,
W. S. Thomas, Groton ; Windham, H. B. Buell, Eastford;
Tolland, Andrew Kingsbur}^ Coventry.

President-elect J. C. Eddy of Simsbury then came forward
to the platform, and President Gulley placing the badge of
his office on him, introduced the new president to the audi-
ence.

President J. C. Eddy: Mr. Chairman and members of
the Society: Perhaps quite a good many of you understand
that this is entirely against my wishes. I have done the best
I could to keep out of it, but, notwithstanding, you have got
me into trouble. However, I will try the best I can to keep
the society out of trouble during the ensuing year. I thank
you. That is all I have to say at this time, and we will go
on with the w^ork of this session, and I will ask Prof. Gulley
to continue to preside.

Prof. Gulley resumed the chair.

Mr. N. S. Platt : Your nominating committee desired
themselves, and they thought that you would have the same
desire, to thank the retiring officers of the society for the
great interest they have shown and for their services to the
Society, and particularly we wished to express our thanks to
the retiring treasurer, Mr. Moore, who has fdled the office
capably and with great satisfaction to us from the early days
of the organization until now, some 12 years. Mr. Moore's

1 84 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

health, we are sorry to say, is not of the best, and it requires
him to rehnquish the duties of the treasurer's office, and I
wish to move that this Society offer Mr. ]\Ioore a vote of
thanks for this long- service of his as treasurer of the Pomo-
logical Society.

Seconded and passed unanimously.

Mr. Har\'ev Je\\ell: If it is in order I would like to
offer a resolution at this time, which is as follows :

Rcsokrd, That this Society discountenances all forms of
gambling and immoral shows in connection with the agricul-
tural fairs in this state ; and we hereby instruct the officers of
this Society not to allow our annual fruit exhibition to be
held in connection with any agricultural fair the coming sea-
son, the management of which will allow at their fair any of
these objectionable features ; and further resolved that we
heartily endorse any legislation tending to clean management
of the fairs in these particulars.

Mr. Jewell: Many of you are acquainted more or less
with the conditions existing at some of our fairs, to which
this resolution alludes. Many of you may know that there
is a bill, or one in preparation, that will be brought before
the legislature pending, to wipe out these objectionable fea-
tures, and it seems to me that this society had better get up
its own exhibition independently of the agricultural fairs,
and so put ourselves on record for cleanliness and morality,
rather than to join with these other associations which coun-
tenance these features.

Mr. Edward Killam : I am glad that matter has come
up. There are some of the agricultural fairs in this state
that are a disgrace to the state and to the towns that hold
them, and I hope we will get a unanimous vote to have it
cleaned up.

Mr. J. H. Hale: If that resolution passes, there is not a
single fair in the state we can associate with, as we have in
the past, unless you go to the Orange Fair.

A IMember: There is one down in Fairfield County, too.

Mr. Jewell: Better go without any exhibition of our
own, rather than to go in with these immoral features.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 185

Mr. J. H. Hale: The majority of people want to f^o there
and gamble, and have a generally good time, and you have
got to go with the crowd.

Mr. Fagan : I think the resolution is not necessary. I
think, gentlemen, that the present laws of the state of Con-
necticut are all right if they are enforced ; I think there are
laws enough to cover that, and if the gentlemen who favor
this will go to the fairs and see that the laws already on the
statute books are enforced, I think they can take care of all
the gambling.

Mr. Hale: There is another side to this question. If that
resolution passes, we must either hold our exhibitions all alone
by ourselves, where there won't be anybod}' come and see it,
or else we must go to Orange, or this place in Fairfield
County, where it is said they have clean fairs. For a num-
ber of years this Society did get up a splendid fruit exhibi-
tion, and we held two or three splendid fruit exhibitions, and
nothing finer was ever done in New England. But, except
the members of our association and a very few people who
had business in the hall where it was held, we had a very
small attendance. Within the last few years our officers have
seen fit to carry our exhibition to some of the local fairs,
where they furnished us the opportunity and where they fur-
nished the crowd. We had it two years at Berlin, and there
were thousands of people there last year. We had it at
Rockville and there were thousands of people there, in fact,
the tent ^vas packed from morning to night, many stopping,
no doubt, on their way to gambling games, or on their way
back. W^hen they were busted they came to our exhibit, and
so an uplifting influence would be exerted on them. There is
no use of preaching to saints, they don't need saving; it
is the sinners you want to get at, and, according to some,
the agricultural saints are all in this Society. Now they
don't send missionaries to civilized countries — no, they send
them to those foreign countries that need their influence.
Why don't we send them there, and show them that there is
something worth seeing in Connecticut at a fair, besides being
skinned at a wheel game or some other gambling device. I
believe it would be a good thing for the society ; I believe

1 86 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

it would be a good thing- for the state of Connecticut. If
we as members of this Society want to go ahead and make
the people of the state of Connecticut obey the laws, that is
another matter; but if we are going to tie our officers up to
having an independent exhibition, or else going to Orange,
why, pass this resolution, but we are getting a good deal of
the state's money, and they expect us to do something for the
state.

Mr. Jewell: I agree with Brother Hale in some partic-
ulars. I could wish that I were Brutus, and Brutus were
Anthony for a few minutes ; I am not the orator that Brother
Hale is, and, with all deference to his opinion, I still believe
the Society should not only put itself on record, but should
make an earnest effort to stimulate public sentiment in this
state, so far as it goes toward clean morals in these particu-
lars mentioned. I think that the missionary work will be
done if we pass this resolution. We have been to these fairs,
as Brother Hale has stated, and they were well attended for
the last three years. Public interest has been aroused in the
exhibitions of our Society, and I believe that we would have
a far better attendance if we should hold a separate exhibition,
this coming season, than we ever did before when exhibiting
by ourselves. And even if we did not, supposing we were
obliged to cut down the premiums for our exhibits, I believe
it would be well, in the interest of morality, to put ourselves
on record as indicated in this resolution, and stick for what
we believe to be right, though the heavens fall, though we
forfeit our state appropriation. I believe the right will win
in the long run, and it is time we were helping it along.
(Applause.)

Others discussed this resolution, both pro and con, and a
rising vote on the question being ordered, the resolution was
declared carried by a small majority.

The first address of the afternoon was by Mr. J. H. Hale
on "Money-making Ideas in Fruit Packages."

Mr. Hale was greeted with applause as he took the plat-
form and spoke as follows : —

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 187

Money Making Ideas in Fruit Packages.

By J. H. Hale, of South Glastonbury.

^Ir. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : There is very little
indeed to say on the subject. I am on the committee on trans-
portation and markets and the President asked me to include
a report of that in what little I had to say here to-day. As
far as the committee on transportation is concerned, there
was practically nothing done last year. The failure of the
fruit crop in the state, owing- to the climatic conditions of the
winters of 1903 and 1904, made it unnecessary for your com-
mittee to look after your railroad arrangements. But to show
that the arrangements for the year previous had started up
the railroad, the railroad people sent me inquiries early in
summer, as they did to some other members of this society,
as to what the fruit prospects were in the different sections
of the state, and what special arrangements they could give
us that would be of advantage to the members of the fruit
growers' association of the state of Connecticut, and a little
later they followed it again with an offer to furnish any num-
ber of refrigerator cars in any part of the state that would be
required if we would give them two weeks' notice. The ques-
tion of transportation, as you know, while we here in Con-
necticut look at it merely as a local affair with our New
York, New Haven & Hartford railroad, yet it leads further
and takes in our outside shipments, and the matter is up in
Congress at the present time, and it shows what influence
any body of people may have when they are a mind to push
matters. A few years ago, when the interstate commerce
commission was unable to enforce its rulings through lack
of sufficient power, they asked congress and a few shippers'
associations asked congress for more power for the Commis-
sion, and they paid very little attention to it, and the same
thing happened the next year, and for a number of years
since 1896, congress has been asked to take up this matter,
and they have turned it down. Last year, when the commit-
tee of interstate commerce in the senate and the house were
asked to present certain matters, they refused to give them

1 88 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

any consideration, but a few shippers in the west got together
a year ago, a dozen or more, and organized, and said we will
hammer congress until we get this thing going, and they sent
out word to every business organization in the country, and
to the state granges, and the state agricultural societies, and
asked them to appoint a delegate and come to a convention
and talk this over. The Connecticut Pomological Society
was not represented, but the Connecticut state grange was
and the business men's association was. Four hundred repre-
sentatives of the different organizations met in St. Louis, and
there was something doing, and they talked long and loud,
and got up some resolutions and sent a committee down to
Washington to see the president, and you know what happened
when the president sent his message to congress ; there was
a good deal in it about transportation, and since then they
have been hustling, and a bill has been introduced in congress
giving more powers to the interstate commerce commission-
ers, wdiich is liable to be passed in a very short while.

Now, as to the Cjuestion of money making ideas in fruit
packages. There is nothing especially new in the last year
excepting the idea is growing, — and the idea is worth more
than the fruit package sometimes, — because it shapes condi-
tions that make the fruit package valuable. — the idea is grow-
ing more and more that, to make money in fruit culture, we
must get as directly as we can from the orchard and field to
the consumer, with as few intervening handlers and dealers
as possible. Any package, and I think brother Lupton made
that clear yesterday, that comes from a fruit farm to the
hands of any dealer through the hands of the wholesaler,
which the dealer has to break up and divide its contents for
the consumer, retards consumption. That has been the great
trouble with the apple barrel ; the people have not consumed
as many apples as they want, because the package is wrong,
it is too large -a package. We must get family size packages
for everything we handle. Here in Connecticut we use the
half bushel peach basket, and except for canning purposes
it is too large, and therefore the dealers- peddle them out by
the quart and the dozen, and the consumption is retarded.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 189

A family tliat receives two or three quarts of peaches in a
day think they have got all they want, but if a package could
come in, holding twice as much, then all the members of the
family would eat a great many more. The fruit package
we have got to come to with our peaches, is something that
will go right from the dealer to the family as it comes from
the orchard. The one great secret of success of southern
peach growing, of late years, has been that to reach the mar-
ket at all they had to pack in a medium size package, four
quart basket, and when it got to the market the smaller pack-
age was a little over the quart or two the family had been
buying previously, but not so much as to hinder them from
buying it, and so it has doubled the peach consumption in
every part of the country, and that package, the "Georgia
fruit carrier," as it is known commonly, has helped more
than any one thing to increase the consumption of fruit in
the United States. It is a package the wholesaler can ship
by express, by rail, 25 or 100 miles in small quantities, and
the fruit not be bruised when handled by the expressman.
We need to get here in New England for our peaches, for
our plums, for our apples, some package which the people
will buy and carry home with them. The western New York
people have doubled and created consumption in grapes by
getting up a handy package that anybody could lug home as
easy as they could a bundle of dry-goods, and I look to see
the time when the retail stores will have stacked up, when
the fruit is in season, our native apples in nice convenient
packages, so that the people may get the apple eating habit,
you may have it four quarts or a peck, but something less
than half a bushel, that the people will take home and will
buy during the apple season. Our western friends have
developed the box idea because it was the best package to
load in refrigerator cars, and the best package to handle. I
was in Kansas City and Chicago and St. Louis, and I saw
Colorado apples of good quality and good color and good
style, selling in carload lots at from $2.25 to $2.50 a box,
from five to eight hundred miles from where they were grown,
and I saw New York state apples selling in the same mar-
kets from $1.60 to $2.00 a barrel, so you see there was prac-

I90 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tically one-third the amount of fruit selling for more money
than the other. Now here is a package that a grocer can
offer for sale at his store, and name practically his own price.
These people that live in flats in the cities can slide a box of
apples like that under the bed, but you can't slide an apple
barrel there. I believe the box is coming into use, and I
believe it is here already, and wherever it is for sale it is
winning the market, and winning the money to the growers,
providing they are putting first-class fruit in it. But there
are a whole lot of people who have got an idea that because the
boxes of apples are selling high, they can put any kind of
fruit in them, and some of them are putting poor fruit in
them ; but beware of that, don't do it. Don't do that unless
the fruit is of the highest class, of the highest quality, and
perfect in form and free from blemish of every kind, and
when you do that you can make a reputation for it. My
brother from Virginia asked us why we didn't go down there
and grow good apples and come up here and sell them, and
I told him that within twelve miles of this hall there are
thousands of acres of as fine land as there is on earth, and
I also said to him, you want $60.00 an acre for your Virginia
land, and you can buy this for five and ten dollars — plenty
of magnificent land that will grow just as good apples as
there are in that box on the stage and just as good in quality.

The following questions were put to Mr. Hale and dis-
cussed :

Mr. Flight: On this transportation subject, as I under-
stood you, you said that the railroad companies offered to
put in refrigerator cars on the sidings to ship this fruit. Has
the Consolidated road any refrigerator cars?

Mr. Hale: The Consolidated railroad has not any refrig-
erator cars, and they would have to arrange with a private
car line to do it, and the growers would have to pay for the
private cars.

Mr. Flight : In asking this question, I wanted to find
out if they had, because I belong to a growers' association,
and we have had to make arrangements with it as to private

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 191

car lines, and I thought if we could get over that we would
like to do it.

]\Ir. Hale: There is a bill in congress to prohibit any
railroad in the United States from using private car lines,
private cars on their lines. They must furnish their own
cars. If that bill passes under present conditions, we shall be
worse of¥ temporarily, as the Consolidated railroad has no
refrigerator cars. In the transportation of peaches in the
state of Connecticut, we will need one hundred refrigerator
cars in the service this summer. Now the Consolidated rail-
road hasn't them, and if congress prohibits them from using
private car lines, they have got to buy some, and if they only
use them in the five or six weeks' season for peaches, and let
them lie idle during the rest of the year, it is a question
whether they may not tax the rent onto us for the whole 52
weeks.

Following Mr. Hale's very interesting and suggestive
address, President Gulley introduced Mr. S. L. Lupton, who
gave another intensely practical talk, taking for his subject,
"Hints on Selling Our Fruit Crops to Better Advantage."

Hints on Selling Our Fruit Crops to Better
Advantage.

By S. L. LuPTON, Winchester, Virginia.

Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen : Like most every
other man in this country I have a hobby, and that hobby
is fruit packages and packing. My theory is that packing
fruit is a question of morals rather than a question of edu-
cation. And if I was asked where to go to get the best infor-
mation about packing fruit, I should say go to church. If
your heart's right, you will put up an honest package ; if it
isn't, you won't. The matter of fruit packages, I think, in
this eastern country is very little understood. I have got an
object lesson here for you to-day, and an apology to make.
I will give you the object lesson first, and then say what I
have to say about an organization among fruit growers with

I

192 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

a view of getting better packages, and better methods of
packing in marketing our fruit. It is a popular belief that
your fellow citizen, Mr. Hale, gets rather more for his fruit
than other people do. If that is true it is because of condi-
tions and causes which you can reproduce collectively, that
he has already done individually. There is no question in
my mind about that. In Oregon, last year, where these apples
came from, the output was 750 carloads at 600 boxes each,
making 450,000 boxes of fruit for the whole state. The whole
Oregon output is practically in the control of two men, the
Hood river fruit growers, and the Canyon valley fruit grow-
ers' union. That fruit growers' association means something.
You join it and sign a contract ; you are under a heavy pen-
alty ; you can't be in to-day and out to-morrow without suf-
fering the consequences ; you are bound up hard and fast to
obey the rules of the association. I have no doubt that nearly
every one of you say you can't duplicate ^Ir. Hale's opera-
tions, because you are small growers and he is a large one.
Collectively you are just as big as he is, and it is that point
I want to impress upon you. In the Hood river section they
have a fruit growers' union, and a majority of the fruit grow-
ers' union furnish all the packers for the whole section. No
fruit grower is allowed to pack his own fruit. The packer
is sent to the orchard when the season begins ; he gets five
cents a box for packing it. He goes from one orchard to
another, and there are as many persons employed as is neces-
sary to do the work in the proper time, and he puts his name
on the package. It is possible for a dealer in New York to
order a carload of apples by telegraph, and know exactly
what he is getting. In fact, that is the way the apples iare
sold. It frequently happens that the Hood river apples are
sold months in advance before the price is named, upon this
condition. Generally he orders five carloads, the price to be
named whenever the goods are delivered, at the market price.
He buys his fruit in that way, just as a merchant buys his
ham or lard. The first thing is to standardize your goods,
and the next thing is to put them in the hands of the con-
sumer in as small packages as you can conveniently handle.
The fruit here before you is certainly very fine fruit, and I

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 193

was struck yesterday with the fact that you people of Con-
necticut seemed to think you couldn't grow such apples as
were seen in these boxes, but I don't agree with you on that
proposition. I think if there is any difference at all, it is
largely in the way the fruit is handled. And this morning I
undertook in a mild way to put up a job on some of you fruit
growers, so I went down stairs and took out of the Oregon
box the Spitzenberg apples which had been sent here at four
dollars a box, and substituted some of your own Baldwins,
and they are here before you ; one box contains Baldwins
and the other box contains Oregon Spitzenbergs, and there
has not been a man in this audience whose attention has been
called to it, but what didn't get fooled on it. I did tell Prof.
Gulley and I told Mr. Hale what I had done. I had a reason
for that. I knew if I fooled Prof. Gulley, when he went
back to college his own boys would laugh at him, and I didn't
want to put him in an embarrassing position^ and I had some
sympathy for Mr. Hale, but I had no scruples of conscience
about fooling the ordinary Connecticut fruit grower. (Laugh-
ter.) This box here contains your Connecticut Baldwins, and
this box contains a part of the Spitzenbergs and apart of the
Connecticut Baldwins, and you can hardly tell the difference
where the Baldwins leave off and where the Spitzenbergs begin.
And the point is that these Baldwins were sent here in a bar-
rel for a premium for the best packed barrel of fruit for mar-
ket, and your committee on fruit didn't think that barrel of
fruit was entitled to first premium, so really it is not the best
you can do with Baldwins. Now gentlemen if that is not an
effective object lesson to you people, I cannot give you one.
I was interested to-day in seeing a gentleman and lady come
down here and look at these apples, just a few minutes before
we began our exercises, and they picked them up and exam-
ined them carefully, and were delighted with the appearance
and quality of that fruit, they had never seen anything like
it before, and down stairs this noon, while we were going
over the fruit, a number of gentlemen came up to that box
and picked up those Baldwins and looked at them and discov-
ered the Bordeaux mixture in the blossom where they had
been sprayed in Oregon. Now you can see just what you

194 ^^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

can do on your hills of Connecticut, if you go about it right.
Some years ago. in fact. I became so thoroughly impressed
with the absolute necessity on the part of the farmers to
organize their business in such a way as to meet the organ-
ization of other business, that that question got to be a sort
of a hobby with me. Every business under the sun was being
organized, everything was going into a trust, and it did seem
to me that the farmers must organize or perish. I confess
that conditions look a little brighter than they did even a year
ago. It does seem to me that conditions are in the way which
portend good things for the farmer ; it does seem to me that
conditions are in the way which portend that the power and
unbridled license of the great business organizations of this
country, which are commonly known as trusts and railroad
organizations, is going to terminate, and that the time has
come when they are going to be called to account, and it
aft'ords me great pleasure to say to a Connecticut audience,
that I believe if there is a man in the United States to-day
who can and will bring that thing about, it is the man who
is in the White House. And while I agree with ever}'thing
Mr. Hale has said about the effect of these resolutions upon
the members of congress, and the pounding away at con-
gress, I do also believe that the interstate commerce league
might have pounded away at congress for another genera-
tion, if you hadn't had a man in the White House who took
up your fight for you. Now you have been told that the
farmer must paddle his own canoe ; you tell your boys to
paddle their own canoe. But I think that the individual who
first let drop that expression from his flippant tongue must
have been inspired by the same arch enemy of agriculture
who planted thorns and thistles in the garden of the first agri-
culturist. I don't like the expression at all, "paddle your
own canoe," because I believe the time has come when each
individual in this country must join with each other individ-
ual to make his business a success, and I have got just a few
thoughts here that I want to call your attention to on that line.

A distinguished citizen of my own town of A\'inchester
some years ago had a dream, and he reports his dream about

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 195

as follows. He dreamed that he was dead and had s^one to
his reward. Having- faithfully served his Satanic Majesty
on earth, he was gladl\- welcomed in the lower region. So
well had he proved his service here, that the devil offered to
conduct him personally through the infernal regions, and to
show him all of the interesting objects he had on view. The
report goes that my friend asked his guide who were those,
"that great crowd of jolly people, singing and shouting and
playing cards and dancing, that you have over in this cor-
ner?"' The devil said: "Those are my Episcopalians, and they
are a very jolly set of people, I have no trouble with them,
they are jolly and good natured ; they usually want the best
places, but beyond that I have no trouble with them at all."
They went on a little further and my friend said, "Who are
these people over here? — they are making considerable noise
singing and shouting and praying." He said : "Those are
my Methodists, and I tell you they are the hardest people I
have to manage ; I never know' whether I am going to keep
them or not, they slide in here and they slide back again,
and I never know whether I have got ICXD or a 1,000; and
the crowd over in the far corner by themselves — they are my
worst brethren, and are over there holding close communion."
"But," said my friend, "Who is this crowd coming in now?
They seem to be at home, and they are coming in here as
though they knew all about this place." "Oh," said the devil,
"they are my Presbyterian friends, I don't bother about them
at all ; it is foreordained that they are to come here when the
times comes. I know I am going to get them and I don't
bother them at all ; the only trouble is I have to keep them
from quarreling on doctrinal points." About that time my
friend saw a door inside of the passage, with a heavy iron
bolt, and he started to open the door, and his guide rushed
up and said, "Here ! don't do that, you will ruin me if you do
that ! I have got the farmers all in there, and if you let those
farmers and fruit growers out, they are so independent that
each one will want to start a hell of his own." Now% gentle-
men, I don't want you to do that, and I want to tell you just
a few things that have been done by farmers and fruit grow-
ers like yourselves in the way of effective organization.

196 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Some years ago the melon business in Georgia was in
a state of panic. Carload after carload of watermelons
were sent to the northern market and dumped into the
water because they had reached a flooded market. Those
people got together and they forced freight rates down, and
they got the railroads to give them daily market reports, so
as to prevent the glutting of any single market, and the rail-
road companies to-day in the melon districts furnish the
growers with daily market reports posted at four o'clock in
the afternoon, so that the grower can go to each shipping
station and see not only what the condition of the market is
in all of the cities, but he can tell you how many cars are in
transit and where they are going, so .that he knows exactly
what to do with his melons, and the result has been that the
melon industry has taken a new lease of life and is now in a
satisfactory condition. Some years ago, in Colorado, they
developed a muskmelon business, but the growers got com-
peting against each other and got shipping their melons to
the same places, and the melon growers were going out of
business, and they organized and placed the whole product
of their section in the hands of one man, and only one man
controls the Rockford melons, and they go around the world,
and are entirely under the control of one man. A few years
ago three farmers met at Freeport, Illinois, and this is one
of the most remarkable examples of concerted effort I ever
knew of, and they each agreed that they would sell off their
mongrel poultr}-, and each agreed to keep one variety of
thoroughbred poultry. Then they agreed to all three adver-
tise in the papers, and all three were to advertise all three
varieties, and whenever one got an order for the variety he
didn't keep, he turned it over to the neighbor who did have
that variety, and to-day, for ten miles around Freeport, you
can't find anything but pure bred fowls, and Freeport, Illi-
nois, is the largest shipping district of thoroughbred fowls
in the world. The three original starters of that movement
are now independently well off, one of them publishes a cata-
logue that costs him fifty or sixty thousand dollars to get
out, and they have all made independent fortunes. Perhaps
the strongest and best organization among farmers and fruit

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 197

growers is down in X'irginia, and it is known as the Eastern
Shore IVochice h'xchange. Last year their total sales were
over two million dollars, and they paid ten per cent, on its
stock of $50,000.00; the next thing they did was to spend
$12,000.00 on telegrams notifying the members and farmers
what the conditions of the market were; they handled 2,395
cars of Irish potatoes, 2,495 ^^^^ °^ sweet potatoes, and a
large number of cars of strawberries, and cabbage, and vari-
ous other produce of that kind, and as I said before they paid
ten per cent, on their stock. That produce exchange was
organized down there several years ago. It was a regular
business proposition ; they issued stock to the amount of
$50,000.00, and the farmers and fruit growers were invited
to come forward and take stock. I have here with me a copy
of the by-laws and constitution of that organization, and if
any gentleman desires to see them I shall be pleased to show
them to him, and explain the workings of the association to
him. Before that organization started, the trucking business
in that section of the state was at a standstill ; a great many
of the growers had given up business entirely, mostly because
they did not know where to send the goods or whom to send
them to. The markets were glutted, but to-day the fruit
growing is in a high state of prosperity, and people all over
that section are members of this organization, and the com-
mission man has gone out of business — he is not known in
that country. The Winchester Exchange handles everything
that goes out from that section. A great many fruit growlers
and farmers seem to think that there is something about
organizing among themselves that is impossible and imprac-
ticable; they do not seem to know what objects they have in
view. AI}- 'School-teacher used to tell me if I didn't know
where I was going, I would never know when I got there,
and it seems to me that is the way with the fruit growers and
farmers. I do not think there is any harm in organizing to
know where there is going to be a glut in the market. Sup-
posing you have got a supply in Hartford and there is a
demand in Philadelphia ; is there any harm for you to know
that? Supposing a gentleman comes into your orchard some
Saturday afternoon, a nice looking young fellow with patent

igS THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

leather shoes on, and he presents a card saying he is ]\Ir.
Catchem from Philadelphia, and is a memher of the commis-
sion firm of Catchem & Spendem ; is there any harm in your
being able to recognize that man and saying to him: "I have
heard of you, you operated in Missouri, and our fruit grow-
ers' association has been informed that you bought fruit and
didn't pay for it." Is there any harm in knowing that? Sup-
pose this Pomological Society of Connecticut wants to buy
twenty thousand trees this coming spring to plant ; suppose
you go to a nurseryman and say, "I have got an order here
for twenty thousand trees, and that is all the trees the Con-
necticut people are going to plant because they are all in ovir
society, and this is a combined order for our people.'' How
much do you suppose you would have to pay for those trees?
Wouldn't your nurseryman let you have them for consider-
ably less than 25 or 50 per cent, oft"? We have been doing
that; we bought fifty thousand trees this last fall, and I would
be ashamed to tell you how much we paid for them, because
I got into trouble once for stating how much they cost, to a
nurseryman, for he said they couldn't be grown for that.
There is no use of talking, there is danger of overdoing the
fruit business and overdoing the apple business ; but it is the
fellows like Hale and Goodwin wdio are going to overdo it,
and they are going to beat out the small man, not because
they can grow any better apples, but because they are going
to keep posted, because they are going to standardize the
goods. There is no reason why you shouldn't standardize
your apples, and the small growers will have to get together,
— if they don't, they will get left. I don't w^ant any bad fruit to
go to market, because that hurts the prices of good fruit;
but the more good fruit you send to the market* the better I
will like it. and the more bad fruit you send makes it worse
ofif for everybody. I w'as reading on your program the
objects stated for your organization. Well, that is a good
thing ; but if you want a business organization, 5'ou will have
to get closer together than your Pomological Society. It won't
do to let every man come into your business organization
and go out just as quick as he w^ould like ; you must give up
some of your privileges for the common good, and you must

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 199

agree to stick by the orgaiiization. and it will make money for
you, and I don't know of any place where that is needed as
in a community where there is such a large number of small
growers. When I was invited to come up here, I sirggested
to your secretary I would talk along this line about organ-
izing yourselves for business purposes, and if you please for
political purposes. Perhaps some of you gentlemen think I
am treading on dangerous ground when I suggest organizing
for political purposes, and you say you must keep politics out
of your Pomological Society. That is the greatest mistake
you ever made in your life ; you want to bring politics into
your pomological society, and keep it out of the legislature.
You don't want any politicians in the legislature ; here is the
place for them right here. Now I don't mean politics that
goes by the name of democratic politics or republican poli-
tics, but I mean farmers' politics and business politics ; I mean
the politics that will give you good schools, and give you
good county officers, and give you good roads ; that is the
sort you want, and that is the kind we have not got in Vir-
ginia. I have got a remedy for a good many of the legisla-
tive ills that we are having trouble with to-day. A certain
individual by the name of Thomas W. Lawson is w-riting in
Everybody's Magazine and he sa}'S he has got a remedy, but
I have got a remedy for the evils he speaks about, and a good
many of the evils you and I suffer from. I have heard the
Consolidated railroad controls your legislature ; I don't know
whether that is true or not, but everywhere in this United
States, and especially in New England and the South, we
have been engaged in restricting suffrage ; we say to a cer-
tain class of people, "We don't think you ought to vote,"
some for one reason and some for another, and so we make
various restrictions; and we say this fellow shouldn't vote
because he don't own a mill, and to another he shouldn't vote
because he can't read or write. I am not quarreling with
that idea, but now after you have restricted your suffrage,
then you ought not to stop there ; then you ought to impose
a tax of $50.00 on everv^ man in Connecticut who don't vote
every time there is an election. You keep the bad man away
from the polls, and the good man stays away of his own

200 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

accord, and that is wrong. Now I want to ask you one or
two questions. You heard Mr. ColHng-wood talk about the
parcels post department. Now, how long do you suppose it
would be before congress -^^ould give you the parcels post, if
congress knew every man was going to vote for it at the next
election ? You ought not to stop there, you ought not to
wait until the politicians on one side nominate a bad man,
and the politicians on the other side nominate a worse man,
and give you your choice of either, because you are going to
get left either way it goes. You want to go and help make
those nominations. I was wondering when you were talking
about your appropriation from the Connecticut legislature,
I was wondering how many members of this society would
vote for a man because he was a member of the Connecticut
Pomological Society, and because he was going to stand by
you, and I was wondering how many of you democrats would
refuse to vote for your democratic candidate because he w-as
not a member of your society ; and because he refused to do
what you wanted him to do. That is the sort of politics I am
pleadnig for ; it is the sort of politics you ought to have in
your community ; it is a part of your business to do that thing.
I have made this plea for organization among the farmers,
because I believe, as I believe in my existence, that if you
don't do it, that the young farmer is going to the wall. I
don't see an}- young men in this gathering to-day ; what has
become of them? xA.re they on th.e farms, or have they gone
to the cities? They ought to be on the farms, and when the
resolution was up that you adopted here just a little while
ago about refusing to make your exhibits at your state fairs
unless these gambling propositions were done away with, I
noticed every man who had anything to say on that subject
was an old man.

Mr. Hale: Hold on, you rascal; I am not an old man.

Mr. Lupton : I mean to say that nearly every man who
favored that proposition w-as an old man. Now Hale has
just bothered me and he has put another idea in my head.
Somewhere, not long ago, I read that the proper definition
of good advice was that which an old man gives to a young
man when he can no longer give him a bad example. Per-

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 201

haps that is why Halo himself didn't favor that proposition.
But now, gentlemen. 1 hope that yon will take this proposi-
tion home with you, and I hope >on wnll think ahont it, and
I hope you people here will help us people out in Virginia,
because we have all got to stand together. This country is
a great big country, but it is close together, and it only takes
a little while to go from here to Virginia, and we want you
to stand with us, and we want you to help organize the farm-
ers all over the country into farmers' institutes and pomo-
logical societies. We have one farmers' institute that has an
attendance of 1,200 people to hear our talks, and we can do
an}thing in the way of local legislation in that county that we
take a notion to do. We didn't want any whiskey sold in that
county, and there has not been a drop of whiskey sold in that
county for ten years. And more than that, w'hen we got to
growing apples, the distilleries began to come around there,
and some of them were moonshine distilleries, and we didn't
like the smell of things around there, and we concluded we
would rather let our apples rot than to make them up into bad
brandy, and we got rid of all the distilleries, and the judge
of the court said he \vas going to give a man a license whether
we wanted it or not. and we told him we would run him
out of the county, and he didn't give the license. There is
no limit to wdiat you can do if you get together and organize,
and there is no reason why you shouldn't do it. I have come
here to talk to you on the theory of man's helpfulness to man.
and while you are doing this you may be sure you are going
to get some financial advantage out of it in the end. I want
to feel that I have said something to-day, because it is near
my heart, and it is the thing in my judgment to do. and I hope
I have given you something to think about, and which may
possibly bear some fruit after I have gone away from you.
I didn't expect to have so much to say when I came here. I
suggested one subject for discussion, and was told I had
better suggest something else, and when I wrote to your sec-
retary I suggested the other subject, and he put me down
for both, and it is not my fault and you must blame your sec-
retary, and I thank you very much for giving me the oppor-

202 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tunity to be here. I thank you more than that for giving me
a patient hearing, and the opportunity to talk to you in this
way, and I want to go away from here feeHng that this has
been a good meeting, not only for your people in Connecticut,
but for our people in Virginia.

Mr. Lupton's splendid address, emphasizing the important
points in fruit marketing, held the closest attention of the
meeting and his practical advice made a deep impression on
all present.

At the conclusion, the speaker was given a hearty vote of
thanks for his valuable contributions -to the program of the
meeting.

]\Ir. Lupton : Actually, in coming into an audience of
strangers, one should feel some embarrassment, but when
the cordial reception that you have given my remarks is
taken into account and consideration, I assure you that I
appreciate it, and shall remember it always as one of the very
best things that has happened to me, and I thank you most
cordially and most sincerely for this token of your appre-
ciation.

A Member: I would like to ask Mr. Lupton what the
difference is between the selling price of the goods and the
price the grower gets?

Mr. Lupton : Five per cent, is the regular commission,
that is, our association charges the grower five per cent., the
same as any other commission merchant, and out of that they
pay the expenses of the organization. They only pay one
employe, and that is the manager, and he gets $800.00 a year.

A Member: You mean the association gets five per cent,
of what the produce brings in the market?

Mr. Lupton : Yes. sir, and, better than that, more than
95 per cent, of the produce is sold on the tracks ; they don't
have to ship it away. If you should take potatoes to the
exchange, for instance, and they are not up to the standard,
the manager of the exchange won't take them, but he will
tell you you will have to repack that barrel.

A Member: What size boxes do you ship your apples in?

Mr, Lupton : It takes about three and three-quarter boxes

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 203

to make a barrel, less than a bushel to the box, and I expect
those apples would be sold here for four dollars a box.

]\Ir. r,Ko. E. I'utlkr: We have listened very carefully to
what Mr. Luplon has said, and T think that this Society
oug^ht to g-et some practical advantage out of it, and I think
we oug^ht to do somethino- that will be of practical value to
every grrower. I move that the Society appoint a committee
of three to confer with Air. Lupton. and formulate some plan
whereby the main features of ]\Ir. Lupton's address on mar-
ketings may be put into practical use for the benefit of the fruit
growers of Connecticut.

Secretary ]\Iiles : That is a good suggestion, but I would
move an amendment to that, that the committee be the stand-
ing committee on transportation and markets, and then it
won't be necessary to have an extra committee.

This was seconded and the motion, as amended, carried
unanimously.

President-elect Eddy now took the chair and called for
the next topic on the program — The Culture of Berries and
Vegetables.

Mr. A. N. Farnham, the well known market gardener,
opened the discussion of this subject in the following paper:

The Successful Culture of Berries and Vegetables.

By A. N. Farnham, New Haven.

This is a subject we can speculate upon, but to-day it is
quite hard to verify in practice. We enter into it trusting and
hoping for success, but we are quite apt to be disappointed at
the end, at least, financially. It is quite easy to speculate
upon success, but to achieve it is quite another matter.

We can select our ground, as we think, all right, plant our
seeds or set our plants, and then if the elements smile upon us,
we may be successful, but if not, while we have done what
we could, success may not crown our efiforts, but nevertheless
we must do our part and await results. One of the essential
things is to get good seeds and good plants to start with. One

204 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

cannot be too particular in this regard. A few dollars extra
expended for seed or plants sometimes makes a vast difference
with the result of the crop, whether it be abundant or almost
worthless.

I have had poor seed and that that was untrue to name,
and instead of the crop maturing when it should, it would
run to seed or perhaps matured later, a little at a time, never
giving anywhere near a full crop, thereby causing a heavy
loss by my not being able to gather and sell it when prices
were high and there was good demand. Had such seed been
given me it would have been far better to have paid an
extremely fancy price for the right seed.

\'ery often a day or two will make from 25 to 40 per cent,
difference in the price obtained.

I have a vivid recollection of an experience of my own
over twenty years ago, when I was raising large quantities
of peas. I got some poor seed, and while the seedsman was
very sorry and receipted the bill in full, still 1 lost hundreds
of dollars, as they were "wild," produced but few peas, and
kept blossoming all through the season, until finally I pulled
them up. I presume they would have continued on the same
way until December if let alone. As in this case, after using
caution in buying, we sometimes zcill get fooled, but it cer-
tainly pays to try to get the best.

If we expect success, it is necessary to put our ground in
the best possible condition, both as to its tilth and its fertiliza-
tion ; and. right here, I might say, in order to grow good pay-
ing crops we must use large quantities of fertilizers of some
form, and it pays us to try to see in what forms we can best
obtain it. I think in most cases it pays to use every effort
to make what we can on the farm and to raise and plow under
some crops for green manuring as well as to buy some chem-
ical fertilizers.

To grow berries and vegetables profitably one must look
ahead and only try to grow what he thinks he can get planted
at the proper time, especially what he feels he will be able
to give good care at the right time. It certainly is useless
to expect to be successful and plant seed or set out plants
when it is too late, or to let the crop suffer for want of culti-

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 205

vation and allcnv them to become overrun witli weeds and
their <;-ri)\\th checked. I have seen a good many crops well
started and then half ruined by not receiving the proper caie.
It won't do to raise a crop of grass or weeds and a crop of
potatoes on the same piece of ground. There will not be
enough large potatoes in the hill to be satisfactory. I repeat
that a person needs to be quite careful in the acreage he starts
to raise unless he is so situated that he can get extra help when
needed. He must also plan for such contingencies as may
arise. A wet season may cause the weeds to grow so that it
requires a large amount of extra help from what would be
necessary under ordinary circumstances, and if he has too
much under cultivation he is pretty sure to suffer quite a
considerable loss if unable to give proper care. He must also
remember that the numerous pests cause quite an extra
amount of labor, which must be given at just the right time.
It would be useless to try to fight the striped bug, that trou-
bles our cucumber and squash vines, after he had had a couple
of days to feed upon them. I don't think you would find
many vines left. The same would apply to numbers of the
other pests. If after planting and caring for a crop we find
we are overstocked, better just drop a piece, let it go by and
sell that which is just ready and in its prime, as poor stock
will lessen the sales and be unprofitable in the end.

The same applies to berries ; we must not set more than
we can well care for from the time of setting to the end of the
picking season. If we should happen to have more than we
could get picked, it would be far better to drop one field or
portion of field and pick the rest regularly, so that we would
not get any overripe or more partially decayed ones mixed
in by some careless picker. I have seen some seasons when
the price was so low and the market so poor, that I thought
it better to let a field remain unpicked during the latter part
of the time.

With the successful growing, the marketing is the equal
partner, as it is only part of the battle to grow it, and perhaps
the smaller part. While within the memory of many of us
the bulk of our berries and vegetables were mostly grown in
the east Atlantic states, to-dav such is not the case, as thev

2o6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

are grown in large areas over the whole country, and we get
them from much farther south than formerly and in much
larger quantities and in better condition. Early peas, string
beans, cucumbers, radish and many others come from Florida,
and so they are followed up from the different sections until
we have them grown here. While we have for many years
had them from the south, still not from such remote points
and not nearly so early and in such large quantities ; now w^e
get rhubarb by the carload from southern Illinois, as well as
the southern grown, also a great many kinds of vegetables.

This condition of things has materially changed our mar-
kets, for, while a few years ago many of our products had
their special seasons, now, with the assistance of quick trans-
portation and refrigeration, the various vegetables can be
found almost any day throughout the whole year in our large
markets, and the berry season has been lengthened, in fact
almost doubled, while people use fruit and vegetables more
continuously ; still we do not find the market with whetted
appetite for the first of our products and willing to pay extra
prices for them.

One thing that I never yet have understood in regard to
a habit detrimental to the grower, as well as the dealer, is the
careless way in which the vegetables are handled by the shop-
keeper. He lets them lay in wind and sun and wilt, and then
sends them out to his customers, expecting they will be satis-
fied with them, but I think he would find his sales would be
increased if he were as particular with them as with his meats,
butter, etc. I was in a large store this past season, the pro-
prietor of which is very particular about his meats, and I
observed he had a basket of cucumbers and one of summer
squash that were certainly unfit for any human being to eat,
and I asked him why he did not throw them out. He said
he could not afford it. I told him I would give him some
fresh ones in place of them, as those would simply keep any
of his customers who happen to see them from ordering, as
the\- w^ould be afraid they would get some of them. A good
many shopkeepers want to make too large profits and do not
sell as many vegetables on that account as they might. I have

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 207

seen 100 per cent, demanded, but the cash stores have changed
this somewhat.

I would advise the small grower to sell to the consumer
direct as much as possible, as he will realize better prices and
probably sell more goods and will not be at the mercy of the
dealers, many of whom generally take advantage of those who
are not regular and extensive growers.

Successful culture means a lot of hard work, some physical,
and a whole lot of mental. I doubt if there are many busmes.ses
that require more hard work and longer hours than that of
successful culture of vegetables. Be ready, be readv to plow
at the proper time, be ready to plant at the proper time, be
ready to hoe at the right time, be ready for market at the
right time. Have ycur tools ready to use when wanted, and
certainly your seeds at hand. Be ready to take advantage
of the weather as much as possible, ready to set your
plants when it looks favorable ; rather before a rain if pos-
sible. Your seeds are better in the ground just before the
rain than just after. I have known of some instances where
there was big difference of the crop where seed was planted
before the shower and then the planting completed the same
day after the shower, and you could tell just where the plant-
ing was done before the shower and that afterwards., as in
covering the seed after the shower they were spatted down
a little too hard and the ground baked and many never got
up at all. One would not think such a little thing would
make the difference.

To sum it up. look up the market where you expect to sell
your goods, see what it demands and what you think you
know how to raise, and be ready to get it to market when
the time comes — don't wait until the day after it should have
gone to market to plan about getting it there. Feel your
way along, and increase with your facilities for growing and
selling, and try to grow the best and put it up and get it to
market in the best shape possible.

Continuing this discussion, another able pajier was read
by A. E. Plant, a veteran strawberry grower.

2o8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Successful Culture of Berries and Vegetables.

With Special Reference to the Strawberry.
By A. E. Plant, Branford.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: The successful culture of
fruit and vegetables is the topic for discussion. Now, what
is it to be successful? The old saying is, "Nothing succeeds
like success." What one man calls success and is satisfied
with, another man might say, "Oh. well, we came out fairly
well, but it was hardly a success. There is another way of
expressing it. If a man has paid all his bills and has a bal-
ance in his favor, he certainly is on the road to succeed. I
suppose what this discussion is for is to bring out some per-
sonal experience in the growing and marketing of fruits and
vegetables. I have been in the business of raising fruit and
vegetables since 1865. There have been times when I thought
I knew it all, and, on the other hand, there have been times
when I came to the conclusion that there was something I
did not know, and in fact the balance was against me. As.
there are several to speak on this subject, and it is impossible
for one man in one paper to cover all the fruits and vegetables
that we grow, I will confine my remarks to the raising and
marketing of strawberries. Now there are two things that
are essential to the profitable growing of strawberries — clean
culture and plenty of fertilizers. I am aware the objection
often raised is, it costs too nuich. And I have often been
told, "you will never get that money back." And I admit it
does look that way sometimes ; but, in the end. clean culture
and heavy fertilizing always pay. There is another thing
that is perplexing in the growing of strawberries. We have
to get new varieties, as after a few years' cropping they seem
to lose their vitality and do not fruit good, and we have to
put new varieties in, and the idea is to know just what vari-
eties to use. We have small beds where we test them and
that helps some, but there are some kinds that will produce
hardly any fruit, no matter how much you do for them.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 209

The greatest bearers are generally pistilate varieties and
we pick out the strongest staminate varieties to set with them.
We set four rows of the pistilate to one of the staminate,
having two varieties that blossom nearly at the same time.
We set earl\- in Spring. Our planting is nearly all done in
April, and we have set sometimes in March. We think the
earlier they are set the better they do, for if they get a good
start ill the Spring, it helps to carry them through the dry
weather we sometimes have in June. We believe in narrow
matted rows. It gives the pickers more room and gives us bet-
ter and fimier berries. There is one thing that I have passed,
and that is the covering of beds in late fall. We use the sedge
and salt hay that we have quite convenient. It pays to cover
them well, especially in exposed places. In the Spring we take
off the covering and stack it in small stacks around the beds and
then put the cultivators going. We hoe and cultivate until
the buds begin to show and then we put back the covering we
took oft" between the rows, and it keeps the ground from get-
ting dry and keeps the berries clean. We sometimes take off
half the covering and the rest shaken all over the field and then
set fire to it. I have said sometimes I would never burn
another bed, as two or three weeks after burning there is
very little sign of life, while those that were not burned were
growing nicely; but when we came to pick the fruit the yield
was nearly double on the field that was burned, and the fruit
was better. I changed my mind then and said I would burn
every bed I had the next season. What we burn foi- is to keep
down tlie rust. If you do burn over your beds, burn them
early.

Now, as regards picking and marketing. We contract
with our pickers to pay them two cents per quart to those
that pick the entire season, and those that pick part of the
time one cent and a half per quart. Each picker has a num-
ber and that is what he or she goes by, and what they pick is
credited to their number. We have one pay day after all are
picked. Our principal market is Boston, but we keep one
team and sometimes two in Xew Haven every day during
the busv season.

2IO THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

We have a car placed on siding near the station and have
nearly all day to load in. We have a wire once and some-
times twice a day from our agents in Boston, which keeps us
posted on that market and often helps us determine how many
to use in our home market.

That is an outline of how we cultivate and market our
strawberries. Of course, like everything else, the growing
of strawberries has its drawbacks. Last season our beds were
badly winter-killed and in a way that was entirely new to us.
The ground froze hard. Then came a heavy rain which filled
all the little hollows with water. Then the water froze solid,
and in the Spring we found the strawberries in these hollows
nearly all dead. We estimated our loss at least four acres
by that freeze. This fall we have dug holes in some of these
hollows, about three feet deep, and filled them with salt hay.
Of course, we have not had as bad a freeze as last season, but
we are satisfied it has done us good already. Would dig themi
at least a foot deeper another year. As I have stated before,
you have got to have good bearing varieties to get a crop that
will pay, and the trouble is you don't always know when yon
have got them. You may have a variety that is doing well
this season. The next Spring you set acres of them, and
when they fruit the next season you discover less fruit and less
vines than the previous season. They show loss of vitality,
both in growth and fruit and vines. But there are some kinds
that do well nearly every season, like the Haviland and Gandy.

There is another thing you want to watch and that is to
keep them true to name. Buy your plants of a man that keeps
his plants true to name. I remember it took me four years
to get the genuine Haviland. T got all sorts of spurious
plants and set acres of them, and the loss can hardly be esti-
mated ; but that all goes in as experience. I know it is almost
impossible to keep them from mixing, but every grower should
try his best to do so, as it means a big difference in the crop.

Now, in regard to what is a good crop. We have had
acres that have produced 6,000 quarts, and one season I
remember our whole crop averaged over 5,000 quarts to the
acre. Last season it was 3.500 to the acre, including the four
acres that were winter-killed, and the prices were above the

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 2 1 1

average, so we got a fair profit and that seemed almost impos-
sible in the spring. I beHeve I have never had a season that
I did not get some profit from my strawberries.

As regards crates and baskets. The baskets we buy early
in the season. This season we bought in December and have
them in our buildings now, ready to use as soon as the crop
is ready. The crates we buy of the market men in the fall
and winter in our local market, and when we are shipping to
Boston, our agents there buy for us and ship them to us. We
used to get them as "returning empties," but the railroad
company is pleading poverty and we have to contribute to
their needs by paying freight.

I am aware the subject is the successful culture of fruit
and vegetables, but I do not see how you know you have been
successful until you have heard from the marketing end.
There have been many changes in the marketing since I have
been in the business. We used to get all our crates and
baskets back, and if the commission men failed to return
them they had to pay for them. The crates alwa)s came back
free. That was the time when the railroads were liberal and
had plenty of money. I hope we have got to the limit in
giving baskets, crates, etc. ; in fact, I do not know as there is
anything left to give unless they take the holders the pickers
use. We do not sort our berries, i. e., we do not dump the
baskets, but depend on our pickers to do their work honestly.
Some pickers will pick better than others anyway, and some
rows have better berries than others, so in that way we sort
our berries and we aim to have the whole crate as good as
the top layer. We have tried dumping them and found it
injured the berries, and our agents have complained that the
berries were soft and the baskets were not full. We have
come to the conclusion that it pays to put men on the bed to
watch the pickers. Berries that are picked right will carry
right. The prices are not as large as 25 or 30 years ago.
Then 25 and 30 cents was often a ruling price, and I have sold
them for 50 cents per quart, but we get nearly three times
as many berries to the acre as we used to in those times. In
the labor of picking we pay the same as 30 years ago, two

212 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

cents per quart, and I am glad it is so, as every good picker
earns what they get.

I believe the future for the grower of strawberries is as
bright as the present, and perhaps more so. There are
improvements in cultivation and marketing and new varieties
are being introduced that produce larger crops than seemed
possible a few years ago. The more there are grown, the
more demand. There may be a large crop some year and
come a glut in the market, but that seldom happens. As a
rule, good fruit will always sell, and that is just what every
grower should strive to do — grow good fruit.

Secretary Miles: I have a matter of business I would
like to propose before we take up the next matter. One year
ago the Society passed a resolution that we should have a
finance committee, and we found that committee quite useful
during the year, and I would suggest that we have such
committee again this coming year, and will introduce the fol-
lowing resolution :

Resolved, That a Finance Committee of three be appointed
by the President and Vice-President, who shall as soon as
practicable after each annual meeting make an estimate of
the receipts of the Society for the coming year, and from
these estimated receipts make such appropriations for the .
various departments of the Society's w^ork as in their judg-
ment may seem best, provided, however, that the total appro-
priations shall not exceed 85 per cent, of the Society's esti-
mated income. Also that all bills shall be approved by the
chairman of the finance committee before payment of the
same by the Treasurer.

This resolution was duly seconded and adopted by vote
of the Society.

A Member: I wish there were time here to discuss one
phase of this subject of selling fruits and vegetables. For
instance, I do a little fruit and market gardening near the
city, and there are hundreds of Jews that go out into the
country districts and buy produce, and I have met them here
in the city selling sweet corn, for instance, for seven cents

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 2 1 3

a dozen. Now the question is, whether these Jews steal it
the night before, or whether some fool of a farmer is willing
to sell it to them for four or five cents a dozen. This Jew
peddling business ought to be done away with for the benefit
of those who are growing and selling produce. I believe
the farmers and the market gardeners would have a better
show of disposing of their crops if it were not for those who
cut down the price of produce to the last fraction of a penny
for the sake of underselling those who raise it.

A IMember: I think that point can be well brought up
and taken care of in the work of this organization. Of
course these people do get their corn somewhere, but a large
part of it comes from the markets, and it is withered corn
which has been left over from the day before, and the major-
ity of the people ought to know it, but nevertheless some
of it does come from the country, and it would be a great
advantage both to us, and to the farmer and the public in
general, if it were done away with.

President Eddy : I will say the purpose of this Society
is to educate the farmers not to do this thing, and I doubt
if any of the members do it. I met one of those Jew ped-
dlers twenty miles from Hartford one day with barrels, and
I asked him what he had, and he said he had apples. Now
he goes out and buys those apples from some of the farmers,
and brings them into the city and sells them very cheap.
Now that is what our Society is for — to educate the farmers
not to do this very thing.

Mr. Smith : I believe there is another side to this Jew
question, and I think it is well worth thinking of. The Jew
peddler takes the produce from the farmer and carries it to
the consumer. He skips the middleman, and he enables the
farmer to get rid of his crop, and he often enables the farmer
to sell his goods, when otherwise he couldn't sell them at all.
I don't believe on the whole the Jew peddler stands in the
way of the farmer getting a good price for his produce ; T do
believe that often and often he is the means of doubling the
sale. It seemed to me, this very year in New Britain, that
twice the plums were sold because of the Jew peddler, for
he took the plums to the consumer and forced them on hivn

214 'THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

almost, and I believe we shall get a better price next year
for our plums, because of the work of the Jew peddler this
year, and the same thing applies to many other things. The
Jew peddler is our industrious friend and helper in bringing
our goods often fresh to the consumer, and compelling hiiTi
to take them, when the storekeeper will only take his goods
to the consumer once a day.

A Delegate : I think the Jew peddler is a necessity in
some cases, especially when there is a glut in the market.
When the fruits are not worth taking to a first-class grocer
or private customer, the Jew will take them and he will spend
the whole day in selling a few quarts of this and that fruit,
and thus get rid of the fruit, wdiich otherwise would be lost
or put on the market and so decrease the price.

Mr. Farnham: It has often occurred to me, and I believe
in it, that if we would only sell two-thirds or three-quarters
of our product, and throw the other part away, we would
be doing each other a good service. I don't think we ought
to get exorbitant prices, or to try and extort large prices
from the consumer, but I don't think there is any fear of
that, for I think that vegetables and fruits are sold for much
less, in comparison with the other commodities of life, and
I think if we threw away some of them, and didn't put the
labor into gathering them and getting them ready for the
market, and crowding the market down, we would be better off.

A Member: I think the Jew peddler is a worthy fellow,
and he is trying to get a living, and I know he will often
pay a price for good goods, sometimes more than we can
get in open market. The trouble is they buy those cheap
peaches, which are not often worth eating — that is, the first
early peaches that ripen — and sell them to the consumer, and
it gets a bad reputation for this fruit ; then when the good
peaches come along and the consumer has to pay more for
them, he thinks they are robbing him. But as a general rule,
they don't sell to the wealthy class of people, but to the work-
ing people, and I think we ought to have a good deal of
respect for them, because they get rid of that class of goods,
and they don't get any too much for them either. The trouble
is with the farmers ; we ought to sell them only good goods,

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 215

and if we do this, that is, sell him as g-ood goods as we sell
anybody else, I think the Jew will pay as good a price for
them as anybody else will.

A Member: That corn that was bought and sold at five
or seven cents a dozen ought to have gone into the hogpen
or hen yard, anyway. But there is one thing more. The
Jew comes into your place and buys your refuse stuff, for
instance, berries. He will buy a number of crates of your
poorer berries, and a few baskets of good fruit, and put them
on top of the poor fruit, and go among the better class of
people and palm them ofif as first-class fruit, and the result is
when you come to them with good fruit, they will say to
you, "I don't want them; I bought some the other day and
the bottom of the package was nothing but decayed fruit."

Prof. \\\ E. Britton : It has already been mentioned that
our state law regarding the inspection of nursery stock has
been thought unconstitutional by the legal committee of the
National Nurserymen's association, because we require that
all stock coming into this from other states shall bear a state-
ment that it is properly fumigated, while we do not require
this of our own nurserymen. Now, as a matter of fact, our
own nurserymen do this, but this legal committee have advised
the nurserymen outside our state not to pay any attention to
our Connecticut law, because they are sure it would be con-
strued as unconstitutional. Now what we wish to do is to
change our law in order to make it constitutional. If we do
we must either repeal this part which says that others must
put on a statement that their stock has been fumigated, or else
we must require everybody to fumigate their stock, our own
nurserymen as well as others outside our state. In order to
get some expression from this society, I would like to have
this matter brought up. It seems to me that something should
be done. I am not in favor of fumigating everything which
the nurservmen have for sale, and I should exclude all coni-
fers and herbaceous plants unless they were found to be in-
fested, but in order to bring this matter up, I am going to
oiTer a resolution providing^ for the fumigation of certain
kinds of stock in Connecticut.

2i6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Prof. Britton then presented the following- resolution :

Resolved, that Section 4388 of the General Statutes of
Connecticut be revised to read as follows :

"All deciduous nursery stock liable to infestation by the
San Jose Scale and grown or offered for sale in Connecticut,
shall be fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas when dry and
offered for sale each season. This shall include all fruit
trees and ornamental shrubs (to be specified here) and
exclude all conifers and herbaceous plants unless such should
be found infested, when they may be ordered destroyed or
fumigated by the State Entomologist. All nursery stock
shipped into this State from any other State. Country or
Province, shall bear on each package a certificate that the
contents of said package have been inspected by a state or
government officer and appear free from all dangerous insects
or diseases : Also that the package bear a statement that such
stock has been properly fumigated unless the character of
said stock be such as to be exempt from fumigation in Con-
necticut.

"It shall be the duty of each carrier or transportation
company to notify the State Entomologist of each box or
package of nursery stock entering the State without the proper
certificate and inform him where the same may be examined.
Any failure to notify the State Entomolog^ist is punishable by
a fine of not more than fifty dollars. All stock shipped into
the State without the proper certificate or statement that it has
been fumigated, may be returned to the consignor at his ex-
pense, by the consignee, or may be inspected by the State
Entomologist, the expenses of the inspection to be borne by
the consignor and may be deducted from his bill for the
stock. If found infested, such stock may be destroyed or
fumigated at the discretion of the State Entomologist."

Mr. Lupton : We had that same difficulty in our own
state, and in order to avoid it, w^e left the matter with the
State Entomologist, providing only that he should make such
rules and regulations for the entrance of stock from outside
ithe state and for home-grown stock as he deemed proper. If
in his judgment he thinks fumigation is necessary, he im-
poses that penalty, and if he does not think so, he does not
do it. I am not at all sure but what it would be a good idea
for your legislative committee to look into that matter, and
for you to leave the matter of the exportation and importa-
tion of nurserv stock in the control of vour State Entomolo-

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 2 1 7

gist, and let him in conjunction with the Entomologist of
New York state formulate a plan which will satisfy both
states. In addition to that we impose a state tax of twenty
dollars on every nurseryman who does business in the state
of Virginia, and all that money goes into the hands of the
State Entomologist, about six or seven thousand dollars, and
he spends that money in traveling around the state and in-
specting nursery stock, and we find it works admirably. We
find it shuts out the tree peddler, because he can't afiford to
pay that tax. and the State Entomologist is authorized to
withdraw a license at any time his instructions are violated,
and he can shut up any nursery in the state under twenty-
four hours, and we have found that our law works admirably,
and I think it would not be a bad idea, so that instead of mak-
ing a hard and fast rule in your law, to leave the matter in
the hands of your State Entomologist.

Mr. T. E. Cross : This same matter was thrashed out in
our eastern New York state association two years ago in
New York city, and this question of compulsory fumigation of
all imported stock was very carefully gone over, and if I
recollect the response of the State of Connecticut was that
we want a line drawn right down through that stock, and
that it must be fumigated and have a clean bill of health, or
else it would come back. Now I know right across the river
from Poughkeepsie there were peach orchards that it was
supposed were perfectly free from scale, aside from the owner ;
the owner suspected there was scale in there, and he made a
careful examination and found scale in there, and for the
sake of testing the capability of the state inspector he had some
of them come there and examine the trees, and I am told that
the inspector didn't find a scale.. If you have any law, let
it hew right to the line on both sides, that would be my opinion,
if I was figuring from the point of a resident of this state.

A Member: This proposed change in the law, I suppose,
will put the matter just the same on one side of the fence as
it is on the other, that is, make our people do just the same as
other people do who send stufif in here, and I am in favor of
that.

2i8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Cross : In New York stale they have to fumigate
stock. Anything that comes in from any contiguous state
has to be accompanied by a certificate of fumigation, otherwise
it can't come in. There is no chance of dilly-dallying about
it, and if it isn't fumigated it has got to be destroyed. I know
of a case where there was a consignment of a thousand trees
came in from New Jersey, and it was just after this law went
into effect, and the party did not abide by the law. and he
had to pay the consequences, and it cost him a lot of money.

Prof. Britton : I would like to have it distinctly under-
stood that the resolution is not yet in proper shape, and it
has got to be talked over with the nurserymen and the com-
mittee. The point is whether a change shall be made in that
part of the law, and whether it should be put in in the form
of compulsory fumigation, or in some other way.

The resolution was then put to vote and passed unani-
mously.

A Member : I would like to call up question 20 to be
answered by those who know something about it, and that
is, "What is the outlook for the peach crop the coming sea-
son?''

A Member : About a week ago I looked over a lot of
buds, and about 98 per cent, were good, practically all alive,

A Member : All I have examined are all right, and all
the growers that I have talked with say that the crop is sure
at the present time ; of course, w^e don't know what may
come.

Mr. Barnes : I suppose they are in fine condition ; and
I believe they promise w^ell for a crop.

Mr. George Hale : I have tried them on five different
orchards on the lowest ground and the highest ground, and
they are all right on every piece of ground at the present
time.

Mr. Jewell: Mr. President, earlier in the meeting the
question of the Secretary's salary came up, and I believe there
was no definite action taken. While I am not prepared to say
just what the amount should be, in that justice may be done

FO UR TEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 2 1 9

I move that the compensation of the Secretary for his ser-
vices be left with the Executive Committee.

Mr. Butler: It seems to me as the secretary is one of
the executive committee himself, he might be a Itttle delicate
about having- it left in that way ; still, the other two-thirds of
the committee might overrule him if he wanted the aniount
made less. I am under the impression that the present salary
of the secretary is $100.00. and last year the suggestion was
made that he ought to have $150.00. But I can speak for the
secretary in a way. because I held that office when the salary
was less than it is now. and I know that when this society had
only one hundred members, there was a lot of work connected
with the office, and if the secretary gets $150.00 it will be
very small pay for the work he does. I would amend the
motion by referring the matter to the Finance and Executive
committees.

Motion as amended seconded and carried unanimously.

No further business appearing and the program having
been practically finished, a motion to adjourn was made and
carried, and at 4.45 President Eddy declared the Fourteenth
Annual [Meeting adjourned sine die.

220 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Report of the Special Committee on Fruit Exhibit
With List of Awards.

CLASS I.

Best Collection Four Varieties of Market Apples.

First premium to H. E. Savage & Sons, Berlin $2.00

Second premium to Connecticut Agricultural College, Storrs .... i.oo

CLASS IL

Best Collection Four Varieties of Dessert Apples.

First Premium to Connecticut Agricultural College $2.00

Second premium to E. M. Ives, Meriden i.oo

CLASS in.

Best Single Plate of Apples.

Baldzvin.

First Premium to J. E. Andrews, New Britain 50

Honorable mention, G. W. Staples, Hartford and S. G. Cook,
Branford.

Roxbury Russett.

First Premium to E. M. Ives 50

Honorable mention, S. G. Cook and Conn. Agricultural College.

R. I. Greening.

First Premium to H. E. Savage & Sons 50

Honorable mention, E. Manchester and A. B. Cook.

Talman Sweet.

First Premium to Charles M. Perry, Southbury 50

Honorable mention, J. E. Andrews.

Peck's Pleasant.

First Premium to E. M. Ives 50

Honorable mention, Robert Hubbard and C. I. Allen.

Fallawater.

First Premium to E. M. Ives 50

Honorable mention, Conn. Agricultural College and A. B. Cook.

King.
First Premium to George W. Staples 50

Honorable mention, Thomas Callahan and E. Manchester.

Northern Spy.

First Premium to George W. Staples 50

Honorable mention, C. I. Allen and E. M. Ives.

FRUIT EXHIBIT REPORT. 221

Hubbardston.

First Premium to H. E. Savage & Sons $0.50

Honorable mention, C. I. Allen and S. A. Griswold.

VVagener.

First Premium to George W. Staples 50

Honorable mention, C. I. Allen.

Golden Russett.

First Premium to E. M. Ives 5"

Honorable mention, E. Manchester.

Sutton.
First Premium to Connecticut Agricultural College 50

Mcintosh.

First Premium to C. M. Perry 50

Honorable mention, G. W. Staples and Conn. Agricul. College.

Fall Pippin.

First Premium to Connecticut Agricultural College 50

Honorable mention, E. Manchester.

Belleflozver.

First Premium to C. I. Allen, Terryville 50

Honorable mention, E. Bliss.

Grimes Golden.

First Premium to C. I. Allen, Terryville 50

Rome Beauty.

First Premium to F. B. Miller, Bloomfield 50

Red Canada.

First Premium to Connecticut Agricultural College 50

Moore's Sweet.

First Premium to Willis E. Frost, Bridgewater 50

Westiicld.
First Premium to E. M. Ives 50

Fameuse.
First Premium to George W. Staples 50

CLASS IV.

Single Plate Pears.

Hoivcll.

First Premium to Connecticut Agricultural College 50

222 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I ^icar.

First Premium to H. E. Savage & Sons $0.50

Lazvrence

First Premium to C. I. Allen 50

Duchess.
First Premium to C. I. Allen .50

CLASS V.
Best Packed Barrel of Market Apples.

First Premium to H. E. Savage & Sons 2.00

Second Premium to E. M. Ives i.oo

CLASS VIL

Best Packed Basket of Market Apples.

First Premium to E. Manchester, Bristol i.oo

The Implement Exhibit, with List of Exhibitors.

The B. L. Bragg Co., Springfield, Mass.

Empire King Spray Pump, made by The Field Force Pump
Company of Lockport, N. Y.

Exhibit of Deming Company's spray pumps, Deming's
Peerless Hand and Power Pumps, Demings new Hydram.

The "Auto Sprayer" and compressed air spray pumps made
by E. C. Brown & Co., Rochester, X. Y.

Electric Wheel Company's Low-down w^agon.

Leggett & Brother's Dry Powder Bordeaux Alixture and
Bordeaux and Paris Green Compound.

Leggett's Dry Powder Gun, also Leggett's Kero-water
Brass Sprayer.

Anderson's Gasoline Engine for farm pumping.

Lunt & Moss. — One and one-half horse power gasoline
Engine with self-contained pump, a very complete display.

F. W. Knozvlcs, New Milford, Conn.

Exhibit of the Comet Force and Spray Pumps. Double
action.

Fairbanks & Company, New York City.

Gasoline and Gas Engines, two and one-half horse power.

Also complete line of Fairbanks scales, fruit presses, spice
mills, meat choppers, hand trucks, etc.

IMPLEMENT EXHIBIT. 223

The Charles U'anicr Coinpa)iy, ^^■ilmington, Del.

The new "Kerosene-Limoid" for spraying mixtures, also
Hydrated Lime.

The Sprauiotor Company, Buffalo, N. Y.
Potato s]Drayinj^ outfit.

Niagara Gas Sprayer Company.

Power spra\er. g:as tank and spraying tank connected.

F. E. Boardnian, Middletown, Conn.
Air cooled gasoline engine.

CJias. I. Allen, Terryville, Conn.

Display of The Eclipse Spray Pumps.

Harvey Jeivell, Cromwell, Conn.

Exhibit of Hardie Spray Pumps (three styles).

The Cutazvay Harrow Co., Higganum, Conn.

Clark's double and single action Cutaway harrows.
Reversible sulky disc plow.

Gardners Nnrsery, Cromwell, Conn.
Exhibit of nursery trees.

Barnes Bros. Nnrsery Co., Yalesville, Conn.
Exhibit of nursery trees and plants.

Coles & Co., New York City.
Extensive line of fruit packages, baskets, crates, covers, etc.

Conneeticnt Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven.

Interesting and instructive exhibit of specimens of diseased
plants, injurious insects, etc.

Also photographs of spraying experiments, station build-
ings, etc.

The thanks of the Society are extended to all the firms
who took part in this exhibit and for their cordial cooperation
in making this one of the most attractive and valuable fea-
tures of the meeting.

N. S. Platt, j

L. A. Clinton, [- Committee.

Stephen H()^ r. '

224 '^^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A Brief Record of Field Meetings,
Institutes and Exhibitions of 1904.

Summer Field Meetings.

Perhaps no other single feature of the Society's many
activities is so popular with the members as the outdoor gath-
erings held during the summer months. In 1894 — three years
after the formation of the Society — this combination of "Hor-
ticultural meeting and picnic," was inaugurated. Thus Connec-
ticut enjoys the distinction of being the first State in the East,
at least, to successfully carry out this admirable plan of gath-
ering fruit growers and lovers about the growing tree and
vine for study and recreation.

Every season since, the Society has made it a point to hold
several Field days, each one seemingly more enjoyable than the
last, and always productive of the keenest pleasure and profit.
Latterly, however, owing to the steady growth of the Society
in numbers, it has become no small undertaking to entertain
the large membership and only the more extensive fanns are
willing to attempt it. We think there is often as much to be
learned by a visit to some of the smaller fruit farms, and
where several of such places can combine in an invitation to
the Society, a splendid meeting is the result. Very often the
local Grange may cooperate in these outings, making, with
very little effort and expense, a profitable day for both hosts
and visitors.

But whatever the arrangements, the main point is the fact
that the gathering is held right in the field or orchard, where
all conditions can be seen and studied at first hand. Our ex-
periment station workers also are given the opportunitv to
demonstrate and point out the work of insects and diseases
much better than when the object of the lesson is wanting.

ANNUAL REPORT. 225

Altogether there seems to be wonderful possibilities in the
good that may come through the summer field meetings, and
every effort should be made to continue and improve them.

The first field day of 1904 was announced as follows :

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ANNOUNCES THE OPENING FIELD ^lEETING OF THE

SEASON
To be held at the Chas. E. Lyman Farm. ^Nliddlefield, June 28, 1904.

Mr. Lyman extends a cordial invitation to members of the
Society, the Dairymen's Association, Farmers and all others who
arc interested, to visit his extensive farm, Tuesday the 28th inst.

It is planned to make this the biggest and best Field Day ever
lield in Connecticut.

No fruit grower or farmer can afford to miss it!

The Lyman Farm is one of the largest and best managed
farms in the State — comprises over 500 acres, beautifully located
(in the range of hills, about six miles back from Middletown
and the Connecticut River. The leading crops are hay, corn, apples
and peaches, and many sheep are fattened. Some 80 acres are
devoted to peach orchards and 40 to apples and peaches. Most of
the peach trees are showing a good crop of fruit (an interesting
sight this season), and the view from the orchards, over 500 feet
above tide water, is magnificent. Mr. Lyman will harvest 500-600
tons of hay this year, some fields averaging three tons to the
acre. There are 25 acres of corn and many other features of prac-
tical interest to all. This will be an excellent opportunity to
observe and study Mr. Lyman"s novel and successful methods.

You are urged to come and bring the ladies, too!

Favorable weather and a good attendance made this meet-
ing a success.

A large number of the leading fruit growers and dairymen
of the state were present, and but for the fact that the haying
season was just commencing many more would no doubt have
availed themselves of the chance to inspect this fine farm
and enjoy Mr. Lyman's cordial hospitality, for it is doubtful
if the Society ever met where farming and fruit growing are
carried on with so much success and such business-like methods.

Big teams were provided and the visitors spent the morn-
ing driving about and inspecting the extensive peach and
apple orchards, the hay fields, where a splendid crop of very
heavy grass was just ready to harvest, the fields of corn and

226 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Other staple crops, winding up at the barns, where a large
dairy herd is kept and which in winter accomodates several
thousand lambs that are fed for market, "Lyman's Lamb"
being a well known product in the New England markets.

All these various crops showed the best of care and good
management, and could not help but furnish valuable lessons
as well as inspiration for all who saw them. Not a few of the
visitors were heard to remark, "I did not realize that Connec-
ticut had such big farms under cultivation as this one and
so successfully managed as well."

About one o'clock the company sat down to a bountiful
basket lunch spread on the shady lawns in front of the Lyman
residence. Plate IV. gives a view of Mr. Lyman's pleasant
home and the assembled company.

Following dinner President Gulley called the gathering to
order for a brief season of speaking and discussion.

Mr. Lyman welcomed the visitors and told them something
of his farm operations. He said he expected his hay crop — one
of his money crops — would yield 600 tons this season.

Professor Britton, State Entomologist, spoke next. He
referred to the damage to orchards by the scale and winter-kill-
ing throughout the state. It is hard to account for some of
the injury, but trees infested with scale had killed out the
worst.

The Rev. Mr. Slaight of Middlefield gave a fine talk and
paid a high tribute to such energetic fruit growers as Mr.
Lyman. "We owe much to the men who overcome great odds
and succeed in producing fine fruits," said he.

Vice-President J. M. Hubbard, who had just returned from
the St. Louis Exposition, was called out to tell of what he had
seen at the Fair. He said there was much to see of interest,
and that Connecticut's exhibits are on the whole very credit-
able to the state. Referring to the Lyman farm, Mr. Hubbard
said it is a remarkable combination of fruit farming, hay,
sheep and general crops. It is the man behind it that makes
it the success it is.

President Gulley followed with an appeal to growers to
keep the fruit exhibit at St. Louis supplied and up to the
standard already set.

ANNUAL REPORT.

227

Mr. Coleman, of the Hale orchards, and Mr. J. X. Barnes
both spoke of the injury to peach trees from winter-killing'.
Many trees that looked well in the spring are now failing, and
the fruit is dropping ofif. Mr. Barnes is trying the application
of quick acting fertilizers and the trees seem to be improving.
Trees that were cut back this spring responded better than the
others. The trees are loaded with fruit and it is uncertain what
the outcome will l^e. Mr. Barnes said he never had seen any-
thing like this sort of injury before.

Professor L. A. Clinton, of Storrs Experiment Station, said
he wished every farmer in the State could be here to-day and
look over this splendid farm. It is a great object lesson to
us all. The speaker urged upon fanners to grow more clover
on their farms and also referred to the potato blight and the
necessity of spraying to control it. Mr. L. Sanderson, of New
Haven, spoke pleasantly and said he thought that in all New-
England no better example of the successful business farmer
.could be found than our friend ^Ir. Lyman. Professor Beach
of Storrs told of the fact that young men are coming from the
west to take up farms here in New Eng-land. This should
teach the eastern farmer to have more faith in his soil.

Other bright speakers who addressed the meeting were
Dairy Commissioner Noble, B. C. Patterson, Seaman Mead
and H. O. Daniels. Vice-President of the Dairymen's associa-
tion.

The visitors passed a vote of thanks to the host and when
;the hour for the return came, took the special train that had
been arrang-ed for from New Haven and Middletown. All
agreed that it had been a day most profitably spent.

Field Meeting at the Connecticut Agricultural Col-
lege, August 10th, 1904.

Plans were early laid for a very enjoyable excursion to
the College at Storrs. liut unfavorable weather conditions
nearly upset them.

The day dawned cloudy and threatening and many were
detained from starting. However, about 150 of the Society,

228 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

including many ladies, made the trip, but by the time the Col-
lege was reached a heavy rain was falling and the pleasures
of the day were interfered with.

Nevertheless the visitors found much of interest in looking
through the various buildings, laboratories, museum, dairv'
and horse bams and greenhouses, the forenoon being profit-
ably employed. Many improvements and additions had been
made in the different departments since the Society last met
at the College in 1902. The visitors noted all with interest and
pleasure and commented favorably on the fine appearance of
everything connected with the institution. The lawns and
campus looked especially fine with the many new plantings of
trees, shrubbery and flowers. There are few finer locations in
the state than that occupied by the College.

The picnic planned for in the grove had to be abandoned
on account of the rain, and instead the company had dinner
in the large dining hall.

After dinner an informal meeting was held in the College
chapel, with Vice-President Hubbard presiding. Professor
and Mrs. Stoneburn rendered an excellent musical selection,
after which President Stimson welcomed the visitors, express-
ing pleasure that so many had braved the weather to visit and
inspect the College. He explained the work of the College and
its needs, and appealed to all to support the institution in its
efforts to provide for the education of our farm boys and
girls. Professor A. G. Gulley — whose connection with both
the College and the Society led to arranging for this meeting
— was the next speaker. He said he took peculiar pleasure in
welcoming his friends of the Society on this day, which was
the tenth anniversary of his coming to the College as head of
the Horticultural Department. He spoke at length of the
progress of the work in that department. B. C. Patterson, a
trustee of the College, called attention to the new buildings that
are needed for this growing institution and thought the next
Legislature should provide liberally for it. The spokesman
for the dair\'men was H. O. Daniels, who expressed his faith
in the College and its work.

A piano solo by Miss Kohler was much enjoyed. G. G.
Tillinghast, of Vernon, was the last speaker. He was asked

Plate V.

Residence of Charles E. Lyman, Middlefield, where the Society gathered for a
Field Meeting, June 28, 1904.

^ :,,• 'i

V

Starting far the Orchards. Field Day at the Lyman Farm, June 28, 1904.

ANNUAL REPORT. 229

to toll of his success with ]xniltrv and fruits, both of vvhicii
are special "crops"' with him.

The rain having ceased, a favorable chance was offered to
spend the remaining- hours in looking over a portion of the
fields and orchards. Under the guidance of Professor (^lul-
ley the visitoi-s were driven to the experimental orchard on
a distant hill-top, where a great variety of fruits are being
grown. The growers present discussed many important ponits
connected with Professor Gulley's work.

The thinning of apples on heavily loaded trees is practiced
each year at the College and the results were of interest to the
visitors. The nursery, where practically all the trees and
plants used are propagated, came in for a share of attention.
There were many other interesting features of special interest
to fruit growers, but the limited time would not allow of more
than a passing glance, as those who came by train were obliged
tQ leave early, returning by busses to Willimantic.

The thanks of the members are due to President Stimson,
Professor Gulley and the other officers of the College for
providing so enjoyable and profitable a field day.

Further field meetings for the season had to be omitted,
as no suitable locations could be arranged for and the atten-
tion of the Society centered in planning for the annual fall
exhibition of fruits at Rockville in September.

Report of Institute Work of 1904.

The last annual report contained a record of the insti-
tutes conducted by the Pomological Society during the win-
ter of 1903. It is the intention of this report to briefly cover
the institutes held in 1904.

As noted elsewhere in the Secretary's report, the Society
assisted in conducting some 20 institute meetings held in
connection with local (jranges in nearly every county in the
state. The meetings were all well attended and productive of
more good, even, than those held in previous years.

230

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Just here it may not be improper to state that for several
years a somewhat pecuHar situation had existed in Connecti-
cut in regard to farmers' institute work, viz : — three separate
organizations — ^the State Board of Agriculture, the State Dai-
rymen's Association and the Pomological Society — had been
conducting institutes more or less regularly, and each in its
own way and without any specific fund for the purpose. In
the absence of any state law requiring a definite amount of
institute work to be done (except in the case of the Board
of Agriculture, which was charged with the dissemination of
agricultural information generally) the work by the several or-
ganizations had been simply a volunteer one and not carried
on according to any well defined plan or system.

In the fall of 1903 a few of the strongest advocates of
institute work, feeling that Connecticut was not keeping pace
with other states in this most important educational move-
ment and that a better system as well as a wiser economy of
money and effort was demanded, decided to call a confer-
ence of those interested in the subject. Accordingly a meeting
was held at the Capitol in Hartford on the loth of November,
and comprised about twenty delegates, representing the Board
of Agriculture, the Dairymen's Association and the Pomo-
logical Society. The whole subject of farmers' institutes in
Connecticut was freely discussed in an informal manner, the
disadvantages of the methods at present employed were point-
ed out and suggestions offered for the improvement of the
work.

Inasmuch as each of the organizations represented were
working with practically the same object in view, viz : the bet-
terment of agriculture in the state, it was suggested that a
consolidation of interests, so far as possible, along institute
lines, would be advisable.

To this end, the conference agreed to the appointment of
a committee consisting of Secretary Brown of the Board of
Agriculture. Secretary Noble of the Dairymen's Association
and Secretary Miles of the Pomological Society, and instruct-
ed this committee to devise a "combined plan" of institute
work for the coming winter and put the same in operation.

ANNUAL REPORT. 231

After taking this initial step in the direction of the improve-
ment of institute work, the meeting adjourned. Subsequently
the "Institute Committee" arranged a plan for a series of
joint institutes to be held under the auspices of the three or-
ganizations and in different sections of the state wherever the
demand was greatest, and each organization agreed to share
the expense of the work.

As in former years, local granges seemed to offer the best
means by which institutes could be arranged for in the various
towns and accordingly the granges were appealed to in the
following circular letter sent out by the Society early in the
winter.

Learning that members of your Grange have expressed a desire
that a Farmers' Institute be held in your town this season, in behalf
of the State Committee on Institutes, I write to inform you that we
are now prepared to arrange for institutes throughout the State.

With a consolidation of interests, larger funds, a better system of
work, and an attractive list of good speakers, we confidently expect to
carry out better meetings than ever before and make them in every way
more helpful to the farmer and the general public.

If you will send in your invitation at once, we can promise you our
best services and will arrange such program as you desire, whether it
be along the line of fruit growing or dairying (or these two subjects
combined) or general farm crops.

The State Committee will meet the expense of such a meeting, only
requiring you to supply a suitable hall, conveyance from railroad, if
necessary, and some sort of lunch at noon.

When you have discussed and decided as to holding the institute,
please fill out the enclosed blank, not forgetting to select one of the
dates named in the available list, which date we will reserve for you,
if not already taken up. Also suggest what line of subjects would be
of most interest to your people and we will then be able to send the
right speakers. If you want an institute this winter, be prompt to act,
so that we may plan the work to best advantage.

Hoping you will decide to let us cooperate with you in holding a
successful Farmer's Institute and thus share in the benefits of this im-
portant work.

Very truly yours.

Member of Institute Committee.

The Dairymen's Association and the Board of Agriculture
also invited requests for institutes.

As a result of all this many requests were received and

232 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

as far as possible with the Hmited time and funds at command,
were granted and institutes arranged for.

The opening- institute was held by the Pomological So-
ciety at Collinsville early in December. This was followed
by meetings at Southington and Danbury during the month of
January; at Waterbury, Feb loth ; Trumbull, Feb. 17th; Rock-
ville, Feb. i8th. Then a week's series of institutes was ar-
ranged, covering Cannon, Woodbridge, Westfield and Coven-
try, with the Hon. Mortimer Whitehead of New Jersey as the
leading speaker, assisted by workers from within the state.

This was a most successful series and productive of much
good. Brother Whitehead gave very practical talks on general
fruit culture and was enthusiastically received in every in-
stance. We regret that it is impossible to give here a more
detailed report of his addresses.

The next institutes were at Plainville and Clinton, and for
the second week in March another series of institutes was
carried out with Mr. J. D. Deitrich of Pennsylvania as the
principal speaker. His addresses were on intensive dairying,
and in addition the program comprised talks by leading fruit
growers. Berlin, Cheshire, Winsted and East Haddam had
these institutes and all were successful in point of attendance
and interest.

The Pomological Society's institute work for the winter
closed with a series of meetings held at New Canaan, Green-
field Hill, Andover, Danielson and Bethlehem the week of
March 15th.

Mr. R. H. Race of Massachusetts was the leading speaker
at four of these meetings, giving splendid talks on strawberry
growing and marketing. Together with some of the leading
Connecticut workers he made the series profitable and suc-
cessful in conclusion.

The "consolidation plan" of holding institutes, while not
by any means perfect, yet proved to be a step forward in the
direction of better planned and more profitable institutes, avoid-
ing among other things any confliction as to dates and loca-
tions.

The experiment of 1904, however, plainly showed the need
of even a better system of institute work, with a general direc-

ANNUAL REPORT. 233

tor in charg-e and ample funds to cover every section of the
state and meet all demands.

With the interest in institutes increasing' each year and a
growing' appreciation of the importance of the work, it is be-
lieved that the time nuist soon some when Connecticut will
adopt and put in operation advanced methods in institute work
that will compare favorably with those of other states.

1st

2d

3cl

;io.oo

$5.00

$3.00

S.oo

2.50

1. 00

300

150

•75

The Seventh Annual Fruit Exhibition, 1904.

SCHEDULE OF PREMIUMS OFFERED.

First Division— Collections.
Class I. Best collection of fruits by grower, of

which not more that two-thirds to be of

apples. See Rule 7, ....

Class 2. Best collection, 15 varieties of apples,
Class 3. Best collection, 10 varieties of apples.
Class 4. Best collection, 8 varieties of apples,

for general purposes, .... 2.00 1,00 .50

Class 5. Best collection, 5 varieties of apples.

for market only, .....

Class 6. Best collection, 12 varieties of pears.
Class 7. Best collection, 6 varieties of pears.
Class 8. Best collection, 12 varieties of grapes.
Class 9. Best collection. 6 varieties of grapes
Class 10. Best collection, 6 varieties of peaches.

Second Division — Single Plates.
Class I. Best single plate of following varieties

of Apples, each, . . . . . $1.00 $1.00 $ .25

Sweet Bough, Gravenstein, Fameuse, Hurlburt, Olden-
burg, Twenty Ounce, Red Bietigheimer, Williams' Favorite,
Fall Pippin, Porter, Maiden Blush, Wealthy, Talman Sweet,
Baldwin. Cogswell, Hubbardston. Jonathan, Gilliflower,
King, Northern Spy, Red Canada, Sutton, Wagener, Lady,
Westfield, York Imperial, Jacob's Sweet, Belle et Bonne,
Fallawater, Golden Russett, Roxbury Russett, Newtown
Pippin, Peck's Pleasant, R. I. Greening, and of Other
Worthy Varieties, not to Exceed Fifteen.
Class 2. Best single plate of following varieties

of Pears, each, . . . . . $1.00 $ .50 $ .25

Clapp's, Bartlett, Bosc. Angouleme, Louise Bonne
Diel, Onondaga, Anjou, Lucrative, Boussock. Buffum,

3.00

1.50

1. 00

5.00

2.50

1. 00

2.00

1. 00

•50

5.00

2.50

1. 00

2.00

1. 00

•50

2.00

1. 00

•50

234

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Howell, Flemish Beauty, Mt. Vernon, Seckel, Clargeau,
Lawrence, Sheldon, Easter Buerre, Keiffer, Le Conte, Nelis.
Of Other Worthy Varieties, not to Exceed Ten.
Class 3. Best single plate of following varieties ist 2d 3d

of Grapes, each, $1.00 $ .50 $ .25.

Moore's Early, Brighton, Concord, Eaton, Hartford,
Wilder, Worden, Isabella, Agawam, Delaware, Diana,
Campbell's Early, Clinton, Green Mountain, Catawba,
Lindley, Salem, Empire State, Martha, Niagara, Pockling-
ton. Of Other Worthy Varieties not to Exceed Tex.
Class 4. Peaches and Plums, each valuable

variety, $1.00 $ .50 $ .25.

Class 5. Quince, each valuable variety, . . i.oo .50 .25
Class 6. Grapes grown under glass, one bunch

each variety, . . . . . .1.00 .75 .50

1st 2d
Qass 7. Cranberries, best exhibit, any variety, . $2.00 ^loo

Third Division — Canned Fruits, Jellies, Etc.

For Table Use. ist 2d 3d

Class I. Best collection canned fruit, 15 varieties, $6.00 $3.00 $2.00

Class 2. Best collection canned fruit, 8 varieties, 4.00 2.00 i.oo

Class 3. Best collection canned berries, 6 varie-
ties. See Rule 8, 3.00 2.00 i.oo

Class 4. Best collection pickles, 6 kinds, one
quart each, ......

Class 5. Best collection jellies, 6 kinds.

Class 6. Best single can any of the above,

Class 7. Best sample unfermented fruit juice —
each kind, ......

Class 8. Best collection plums, 6 kinds.

Fourth Division — Nuts, Etc.

Class I. Best specimen any variety of cultivated
nuts, .......

Class 2. Best sample of native nuts, any kind.

Class 3. Best collection native nuts, made by
boy or girl and correctly named (exhibitors
in this class not required to be members of
the Society), ......

Class 4. Best arranged table piece of home-
grown fruits, ......

Class 5. Best packed barrel, choice market apples.

Class 6. Best box, choice apples,

Class 7. Best collection of specimens of Fun-
gous Diseases of fruits and melons.

3.00

2.00

I.oo

3.00

2.00

I.oo

•75

•50

•25

•75

•50

•25

3-00

2.00

I.oo

1st

2d

3d

$1.00

$ .50

$ -25

I.oo

•50

•25

2.00

I.oo

•50

5.00

2.50

I.oo

2.00

I.oo

•50

1st

2d

$500

$3.00

ANNUAL REPORT. 235

The awards to be determined on the size of the col-
lection, neatness of preparation and display and accuracy
of name by common names.
Class 8. Articles not classified for which dis-
cretionary premiums may be awarded.

Rules of the Exhibition.

Exhibitors are requested to bring or send their exhibits as early as
possible. Tables will be in readiness on Monday, September 2b.

Fruit for exhibition may be sent by Adams Express to the Society
at Rockville, care of the Secretary, to arrive either Monday or Tues-
day. Express charges will be paid by the Society and deducted from
your premiums when awarded. Exhibitors should put their name and
address on all packages. Also carefully label each variety.

Tuesday. September 27. will be devoted to receiving and setting up
of exhibits.

Rule I. — All exhibits must be received for entry not later than 3 p.
m. of Tuesday, September 27, and must be in place by 6 p. m., as judg-
ing will begin promptly on opening of second day — Wednesday. (This
rule will be strictly enforced.)

2. Entries of collection in First and Third Divisions must be
made with the Secretary on or before Monday, Sept. 26, using enclosed
entry blanks for the purpose, that proper table room may be prepared.

3. All articles entered, except in Fourth Division, must be grown
or prepared by the exhibitor.

4. All fruits shall be correctly labeled (if possible) and except
grapes and crab apples, five specimens, neither more nor less, shall
make a plate, either single or in collection.

Of crab apples ten specimens, and of grapes three bunches, shall
make a plate, except where noted. The collection also shall embrace
just the required number of plates.

5. No exhibitor shall make more than one entry for the same
premium, nor enter the same plate for more than one premium.

6. In the various collections the value of the varieties shown, as
well as the conditions of the specimens, will he considered in making the
award.

7. Entries in Division i. Class i, nuist not contain over two-thirds
apples, or over one-fourth of any other single class of fruit. Division
I, Class 5, is intended to draw out the growers' ideas of value of
varieties. In making the award this will lie considered as well as the
condition of the specimens shown.

8. Entries of dififerent kinds of Canned Fruits must be self-evi-
dent; that is. separate varieties of "red raspberries" or "yellow peaches"
will not be considered as distinct kinds.

9. Lists of varieties in all collections must be made and ijlaccd
with entry card on collections.

236 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

II. Premiums will be awarded to members of the Society only,
fine quality, wormy or diseased specimens will rank very low in making
awards.

11. Premiums will be awarded to members of the Society only.

12. No exhibit shall be removed without the consent of the com-
mittee, until the close of the meeting. Exhibitors are requested to state
whether fruit is to be returned to them, or donated to the Society.

Exhibitors are asked to donate exhibits to be sent to St. Louis as
part of Connecticut's exhibit at the Exposition.

The above is the official hst of prizes offered in connection
with the Seventh Annual Exhibition, which was held at Rock-
ville on September 2'ji\v-2gih..

The schedule is printed here because it contains numerous
revisions from year to year, and is valuable as a matter of ref-
erence for all who make exhibits. While the list is now
thought to be pretty satisfactory, it is probable that some
changes will be necessary in the future, notably in the Canned
Fruit classes. This schedule is being accepted as a standard
and exhibitors are becoming educated to its requirements.

It is also hoped that it may serve as a model for the various
fairs throughout the state, whose premium list in the fruit
department might easily be improved. The best thought of
experienced fruit men and exhibition managers have been
expended on the Society's list, with the idea in view of finally
making it as nearly perfect as possible.

The exhibition of 1904 was wanted by Fairs in several
towns in the state, Berlin, Rockville, Willimantic and New-
town offering indticements to secure the show. Having exhib-
ited twice at Berlin and desiring to bring the exhibit within
reach of other sections of the state, the officers finally decided
to accept Rockville's offer and the exhibition was held in com-
bination with that large fair September 27th, 28th and 29th.

The result was a very successful exhibition. Good weather
prevailed ; the fair itself was a large one and attracted throngs
of people. Without doubt there was a much larger number
of visitors to the Society's exhibition than in any previous
year, and all were astonished and delighted with the great
display of beautiful fruit. No single feature of the Rockville
Fair attracted more attention, and the managers were well
satisfied with the combined exhibits and believed that the re-
sults fully justified all the expense involved.

?0

ANNUAL REPORT.

237

A large tent, 80x50 feet, was needed to accommodate the
exhibit, and this space was completely filled with lonq; tables.
On these the plates of fruit were attractively staj:^ed under the
direction of the exhibition committee and the officers. Plates
VI and yil show something" of how the big tent looked with
the exhibits all in place. The number of exhibitors was
sixty, and of these fifty-four received prizes, which amounted
in all to $398.75. Judging the exhibits was performed by the
following expert fruit men : Apples — collections. Prof. A. G.
Gulley ; single plates, J. H. Hale and T. E. Cross of Pough-
keepsie, X'. Y. ; Pears — collections and single plates. Prof.
Gulley ; Grapes. G. G. Tillinghast : Peaches, plums and quinces.
Prof. E. R. Bennett; Apples in packages. E. Manchester;
Canned fruits, jellies, etc.. Chas. E. Steele, Mrs. N. S. Bald-
win and Mrs. H. C. C. Miles ; Nuts and miscellaneous exhibits,
Prof. W. E. Britton.

A detailed list of the size and character of the various ex-
hibits is given in the report of the exhibition committee on
page 19.

One improvement might be suggested in connection with
the exhibition,; viz., to have the judging all performed by ex-
perienced men from outside the Society, and preferably from
outside the state. This would bring in disinterested workers
and give, we believe, more satisfactory results.

In conclusion, this important feature of the Society's work
ought to receive the support of more of the members than it
has yet had ; more growers should contribute exhibits and more
should make the efifort to attend the exhibition. In no other
way can so liberal a pomological education be gained. It
offers exceptional opportunities to study varieties, types of
fruits, methods of displaying them to best advantage, not to
mention the financial returns in prizes that are bound to come
to all who enter the competition. Ask any member who has
been exhibiting from year to year if it pays and the answer
will be strongly affirmative.

The Society, the state, and all who grow and love choice
fruits have reason to feel proud of the Pomological Society's
annual exhibitions.

238 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Additional Papers Presented at the
Annual Meeting.

Fungicides and Insecticides.

It is only about forty years since the crudest methods of
spraying were practiced, and it is now one of the most import-
ant factors in fruit production, or any other branch of agri-
culture for that matter, as there are more insect and fungous
diseases than there were a hundred years ago. There are four
reasons why we are troubled more than formerly :

First, the clearing of the land has driven the insects onto
cultivated plants.

Second; this change of living gave them more and better
food, causing rapid increase of numbers.

Third, modern means of transportation have spread them
from one end of the country to the other.

Fourth, this change of location has developed harmful
tendencies, that is. an insect or a disease which may have been
harmless in a certain locality may, by change of location,
develop into a serious pest.

Fungicides are materials which are used to destroy fungi,
or else as a preventative. Probably the most common fungi-
cide is Bordeaux mixture. The fungicides are almost always
used as preventatives rather than to destroy the disease after
it is once started. In the case of most fungous diseases,
while they may be checked by a fungicide, they are not eradi-
cated. Take the case of the apple scab, by keeping a tree
sprayed thoroughly all the season, the scab will not be present,
but if the scab gains a foothold, while it may not spread much
it will not be removed.

Insecticides are materials which are used to destroy insects.
There are two types of insects ; the eating insects, as the tent
caterpillar, and the sucking insects, as the aphis. The former

ADDITIONAL PAPERS. 239

can be killed by poisons sucb as Paris green, arsenic-salts,
etc., and can be put on the plant before the insect appears, thus
acting as a preventative.

For the sucking- insects we must use something which
will kill by contact, and the material can never be used as a
preventative for that reason. Emulsions are usually used for
the more tender ones and the lime, sulphur, salt mixture is
used for the San Jose Scale, which is probably the most hardy
one. Kerosene emulsion is made of soap and kerosene. The
soap is dissolved in hot water and then the oil is added, and
the mixture thoroughly churned for four or five minutes
until the whole is a thick, milky mass. Upon cooling, this
should be a thick, glutenous mass. Soap is an insecticide
in itself, varying with the strength of the soap. Kerosene is
also an insecticide, but it is so strong that it burns the plants
and must be diluted. It will not mix with water, but by
making an emulsion it can be used with water. The soap
separates it and thus it is diluted in the water.

Many people think of Bordeaux mixture as an insecticide,
but it is not. Why? Because it only contains lime and cop-
per sulphate, and neither are present strong enough to kill
or poison insects. But by adding Paris green or some other
poison which will readily mix with the solution it may be used
as an insecticide and fungicide. You have often heard this
saying, "Never use an emulsion with Bordeaux." If you
ask why not, you will probably be told they will not mix.
This is not strictly true. Less than three years ago, up at the
college, we put together normal solutions of Bordeaux mix-
ture and kerosene emulsion and they mixed easily as far as
we could see. There was no combination that prevented the
use of the mixture in the pump, nor did the mixture quickly
separate. But after standing for some time it separated,
part settling, and probably it was the emulsion which rose
to the top. After standing two or three days the mixture
precipitated.

The reason why we never use an emulsion with a fungi-
cide is that it is not necessary. At the time the fungicide is
applied the insects may not be present, and it would be of no
value at any other time.

240 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Fung-icides and insecticides are of little or no value for
other purposes, except sulphur or some of its compounds, as
sulphide of potassium. The lime, sulphur, salt spray does
act both as an insecticide and fungicide.

Fumigation is another method of killing insects, and to
be of any value the work must be done thoroughly.

S. B. Hollister.

How Domestic Varieties Originate.

It is popularly supposed by many people that the origina-
tion of new varieties is an easy matter. They suppose that
it is a mere matter of getting the right seed, or of proper
hybridization, but if they could know the weeks and years
taken to originate some new variety, they would wonder how
man possessed enough patience and courage to work it all
out. The real origination depends upon chance, which is
nature's way, and selection, which is man's. We will pro-
ceed to discuss them both.

1st. Those zvhich are the result of chance or freaks.
This is the source of most of the ordinary fruits, and up to
the present time probably accounts for the origin of more
varieties than the one of which I shall speak later. The orig-
inal plant in this case is either a seedling or a bud sport.
There is of course no certainty of the production of these
original plants, and even when propagated by the gardener
may not have the qualities requisite to that particular kind
of fruit. For instance, if a peach grower should find a seed-
ling bearing exceptionally good fruit, which stood shipping
well, etc., he might possibly desire more trees of that nature
and would go to work grafting or budding in order to obtain
more, a very easy operation. Many new varieties are pro-
duced every year, some of which become valuable, but the
greater part are found wanting and are soon discarded.
Seedlings from the seed of one tree vary much even the first
season, and from these seedlings many desirable varieties
may be perfected by grafting or budding. The Elberta and
"Belle of Georgia" peach were orig-inally from seeds of the

ADDITIONAL PAPERS. 241

same tree and planted the same season, showing how it is
possible to fix new varieties by means of grafting.

We now come to the second method of production, vari-
eties which originate by careful selection of breeding and
are perpetuated by seed, as is the case with most vegetables.
This second arrangement or method is much more difficult
and requires something more than hands and eyes. It
requires a knowledge of Botany and an intimate acquaintance
with the subject you are working with. Selection may be a
matter of hands and eyes requiring the attention of the gar-
dener for years, picking out the typical fruit that he is work-
ing for. He must have clearly in mind the "type" that he
is working for, and when he gets that "type" he has a rather
serious problem before him yet, i. e., to hold that type where
it is, and not to let it degenerate or vary. That it will varv
is natural, and for this reason selection must be continuous.

Balanced against selection we have the other method of
creating varieties, about which people have read and read
until they think they know how to do it. I speak of "Pollin-
ation" and "Hybridization" and "Crossing." It is here that
Botany is essential, and yet even Botany won't create a
variety. Pollination is so uncertain that until we have posi-
tively proven that we have succeeded, success is very far
away. Professor Bailey of Cornell University, who has
practiced this method of producing new varieties for many
years, reports that out of 312 efforts to pollinate he only had
89 successes — 223 failures — and of the successful results not
all of them produced seed. What seed was produced may
not have given fruit like the original. The process is slow
and takes years of time.

Now w^e have been talking about new varieties for quite
a while and it probably occurs to someone that we have
enough varieties now. Why do we want any more? A
pretty good question and one very easy to answer. We don't
want any more varieties, but we do want to improve the
varieties that we have, to obtain a production that will be
good in more ways than one. We want an apple that will
•not only be early but of high quality. We want one without
a core, a seedless apple possibly. We want something better

242 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

than we now have. Some varieties deteriorate for various
reasons and must be replaced. This has been the principal
aim in putting forth new varieties and it has a very important
significance to the fruit growers of the country. It means
that better varieties of fruit and vegetables are going to be
■more common, and that the production of fruits must neces-
sarily change for the better. W. IV. Ohhveiler.

The Classification of Apples.

Apples may be classified in two different ways : the classi-
fication for use, and the classification of varieties for naming
or study.

We will first take up the classification of apples for use.
They may be separated into market, cooking, and dessert
apples. A very few varieties may be placed in all three
classes, of which the Northern Spy, and the R. I. Greenings
are the most important. Most apples, however, go in but one
class; many are not fit for any.

An apple for market purposes must be of good color
(exception R. I. Greenings), fair size, not necessarily large,
but even in size, a good shipper, that is, firm and a heavy
bearer.

Cooking apples ought to be of good size ; they should have
a decided flavor, either sweet or sour. It does not matter
whether they have bright color or not.

Eating or dessert apples must be of good quality, fine
grained, good color, and mild and delicate in flavor. It does
not matter about size.

The next classification of apples is for the study of vari-
eties for naming. The classification usually used takes up,
first, the season of ripening into summer, fall, and winter
apples. An apple which npens before the middle of Septem-
ber may be classed as a summer apple, those that ripen before
the middle of November are fall apples, and all others are
winter apples. Next in this classification comes that of flavor,
that is, whether an apple is sweet or sour. Late in the sea-*
son apples lose much of the distinctness of this characteristic.

ADDITIONAL PAPERS.

243

Color is the next in order of classification. There are two
divisions, self-colored and striped apples. Self-colored apples
are those that have a solid color, but not necessarily covering
the whole apple of the same color or shade. Striped apples
are those where the dark colors are in distinct stripes or
splashes.

In connection with this, apples may also be classified as
to shape, but the shapes so merge into one another that it is
often difficult to decide under which one an apple belongs.
There are four shapes used: first, the flat apple; second, the
conical or those that resemble a cone, wider at the base than
in the middle; third, the round, and lastly, the oblong, or
those that are longer than they are broad.

If one wishes to become a judge or classifier of apples,
it is essential that he have a good memory, so that he may
remember the most important points in well known apples ;
and an eye trained to note slight, yet permanent character-
istics of the varieties that come to him for study.

R. G. Tryon.

Hotbeds.

A hotbed is a wooden box-like frame, covered with glass
and receiving heat from the bottom. These beds are used
for the forcing of early plants and vegetables.

The sash used are generally 3x6 without cross-pieces above
the glass. The glass is laid slightly over-lapping the one
below it.

The frames are made in sections to accommodate four
sash; this makes the bed 12x6, 8x9 in front and 15 inches
high in back. The work in building these frames is very
simple. Take three twelve-foot plank twelve inches wide.
From one of these saw a strip three inches wide and nail it
onto the edge of another plant; this makes one plank nine
inches wide, and the other fifteen ; these are the front and
back of the frame. Now, take your third plank and saw it
in two, making two planks each six feet long; mark down
three inches on one end of the plank and draw a fine to the

244 ^^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

center of the upper side of the board, saw this piece off and
put it on the other end of the board. This makes the plank
fifteen inches wide at the top and sloping to nine inches at the
bottom ; prepare a similar plank and your ends are ready.
Fasten the planks together with bolts in the form of a box
and put braces across every three feet to support the sash.

The bolts used are ten inched long, half inch in diameter.
Take these to a blacksmith and have him knock off the heads,
flatten the bolt for about six inches, leaving the thread the
same, and have two holes bored through the flattened end of
the bolt. These holes are made in order that the bolt can be
screwed to the inside of the plank. The thread end of the
bolt goes through the plank next to it and is fastened with
a nut, making the frame solid.

The object of having these frames movable is because
they will not be in use more than four or five months in the
year, and by taking them in the frames will last twice as long.

The pit is now dug, which must be in a place well drained
and sheltered from the wind. The drainage is of great impor-
tance, .for in case the heating material should become thor-
oughly cooked, the bed would be spoiled for the season. The
pit is dug ijE/^ to 2 feet deep and large enough for the frame
to sit on.

The heating material comes next. This is generally pre-
pared from fresh horse manure mixed with about one-half
its bulk of leaves or coarse litter. This mixture is piled square
and flat and let stand for a few days until it begins to heat,
it is then mixed thoroughly and piled again, taking care that
the material which was outside first will be on the inside the
second time it is piled. In a few days the pile will be heating
evenly and it is then ready to put into the pit, where it must
be evenly spread and well packed. The depth of the manure
depends on the time of the year and the length of time you
require heat. If you start your beds in February, two feet
of manure will be necessary ; but, if started in March, one foot
is plenty.

As soon as the manure is in the pit, five or six inches of
fine compost loam are put on top of the manure, the sashes
are put on and the bed is allowed to warm.

ADDITIONAL PAPERS. 245

When the heat of the bed has become uniform at about
70 to 80 F., the seeds may be planted, and, in case of the let-
tuce plants, should be ready for sale in about six weeks.

In the winter it is necessary to have some protection for
the beds by means of shutters or mats. The shutters are
simply half-inch boards fastened together so as to cover a
sash. The mats are made of straw, jute, and waste cotton,
being 45^x7, two of them covering- three sash.

The ventilation of the beds is of importance, as without
it the beds are likely to become too hot and scorch the plants.
To avoid this raise the lower edge of the sash. The raising
of the lower edge of the sash makes the bed cool gradually,
as the greater amount of heat is in the upper side of the bed.

The expense for a complete hotbed of four sash, or large
enough for most family gardens, would be about from $3 to
$4 for the frame and $10 to $12 for the glazed sash, or a
total of from $13 to $15.

The frames with ordinary care will last from ten to
twelve years, the sash longer, and the glass until it is broken.

D. J. Miner.

Grafting.

r" Among the different methods of propagation in common
use by the horticulturist, one of the most ancient and perhaps
the most used, is grafting. Grafting is a method of propa-
gating plants, especially trees, in which a cutting, or scion,
from a young growth of the variety desired is fitted and
placed upon a root or branch with root attached, which is
used as a stock for the scion to grow on.

Grafting is used for a number of different purposes. A
grafted or budded tree is almost certain to produce fruit true
to name, or the same variety that is set. Seedling trees, on
the other hand, seldom or never produce fruit bearing any
resemblance to the tree or fruit from which the seed was
taken. Then again, by grafting, the time in which the tree
will produce fruit will be much shortened. Grafting is usefl
in some cases to produce dwarf trees, which are used where

246 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

space is to be economized or where quality is desired regard-
less of quantity. It is used in some special cases to adapt
a tree to growth on certain soil, as, for instance, the peach
grafted on a plum root will grow better on clay soil than if
growing on its own roots. The process of grafting is lim-
ited to varieties of the same or similar species, and in a few
cases to different genera. Thus the peach would not be
grafted to an apple, or vice-versa. Of course it goes without
saying that only healthy trees or plants should be used in
grafting.

To obtain success in grafting it is necessary that the work
be done carefully and thoroughly. Few tools are necessary
for the work, a sharp knife of approved form being sufficient
for most light wood. In working on larger wood the knife
is supplemented by a saw and sometimes by grafting chisels.
The principal thing is to secure a perfect union of the grow-
ing parts of stock and scion, and then to cover the union
carefully so as to keep air and moisture away from the graft.
For this purpose grafting wax is commonly used. This is
usually made by putting in a kettle four parts by weight of
rosin, two parts beeswax and one part tallow. These are
boiled one-half hour, or until the rosin is well dissolved. The
mixture is then thrown into cold water and pulled like molas-
ses candy as soon as it can be handled.

The scions used in grafting are usually cut late in the
fall from one year old wood. They are then labelled care-
fully and packed in sawdust or sphagnum moss to keep them
moist, and stored over winter in a place where the tempera-
ture is even and preferablv not lower than freezing. They
are not hurt by freezing, but repeated freezing and thawing
will weaken the vitality of the scions.

Grafting is divided into three branches, dependent on the
methods used. These are bud grafting, scion grafting, and
inarching. The first two are the ones most generally used
bv the horticulturist, inarching being used only in special
cases where it would not be safe to use the bud or scion
methods.

Some of the most common methods of scion grafting,
according to the manner in which the stock and scion are

ADDITIONAL PAPERS.

247

joined, are splice, tongue or whip, veneer, cleft, crown, and
saddle grafting. Of these methods a little description may
be in order.

The splice graft is made by simply cutting the stock and
scion slantingly and tying the two, covering the joint with
wax. The veneer graft is used on pithy wood which can not
be cut into. A slight layer is cut from one side of both stock
and scion. The growing parts of each are then placed in
contact and the whole tied with waxed string and paper.

The cleft is used almost wholly in top grafting. That
is, when it is desired to graft young wood of one variety on
to the top of an old tree. In this work the stock is usually
two inches in diameter, while the scions, of w^hich two are
commonly used, are less than one-hali inch in diameter. The
stock is split with the grafting chisel and the scions cut wedge-
shape and put one each side of the cleft with their cambium
or growing layers in contact with that of the stock. The
whole joint is then very carefully waxed over to keep out
moisture.

Crown grafting is often used for the same purpose as the
cleft, especially when it is not desired to split the stock. The
scions are cut w^ith a shoulder having a very thin piece of
wood below it. The bark of the stock is then split down a
short distance and the scion set under the bark, so that it
bears against the growing layer of the stock.

The Saddle graft is sometimes used when the scion is of
larger size than the stock. The scion is cut with a V-shaped
base to set on the top of the stock, which is made wedge-
shaped to receive it. The joint is tied and waxed like the
other methods.

The graft which is used almost wholly by nurserymen in
propagating apple and some other fruit trees, is what is known
as the whip or tongue graft. By this method the scions of
the variety it is desired to propagate are gratfed to pieces of
one year old roots of seedling trees.

The operation, which I will now demonstrate, is as fol-
lows : The scions are cut four inches long, with the lower end
slanting and having a cut downward from the slant parallel
with the bark. The roots are cut in like manner, but only

248 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

three inches long, being first trimmed of all side rootlets.
The stocks and scions are then fitted together and tied with
waxed string. These grafts, in regular nursery work, are
usually made in a graft shop during the winter months and
stored in damp sawdust until they can be planted in the
spring. By that time, a callus will have formed about the
stock and scion where they are joined, and the plant will soon
start roots and develop a healthy growth if the grafting ras
been properly and carefully done. This same method is
often used for top grafting young trees in nursery work.

/. H. Desmond.

Germination of Seeds.

To a great extent all gardeners and vegetable growers are
dependent upon the germination of seeds for the success they
have in plant raising.

If seeds do not have vitality enough to germinate after
planting, the grower may lose several days in using them ;
thus it is wise for him to test his seeds before planting. One
method for testing his seeds is by counting out one hundred
and sowing them in drills in a shallow box of fine loam kept
at an average temperature of from 65 degrees to 80 degrees.
The box should then be covered with glass to prevent rapid
evaporation. After the seedlings have come up. by counting
them the per cent, of germination of the seeds is easily
obtained. Another simpler method, and perhaps easier and
quicker, is to take two plates and in one place a piece of cloth,
— woolen, if convenient, as it holds moisture better — wet it and
press out the surplus water, leaving it damp. Place the
counted seeds between the folds. Then place the other plate
over it and keep the temperature as formerly stated. Another
point is to notice the sprouts of the seedlings, whether they
are weak or not. If they are weak, which is apt to be the
case of too old seed, they should not be used as they will not
grow out of doors.

Many seeds have the power of holding their vitality for
long periods of time, some as long as ten or twelve years, such

ADDITIONAL PAPERS.

249

as the cucumbers; others, Hke the bean, corn, onions, etc.,
will retain life but two or three years. This difiference vary-
ing somewhat according to the way they are harvested and
stored and to the class of seeds, whether oily or starchy, the
starchy lasting the longer. If the seeds are gathered while
unripe and are poorly ventilated while being cured, they are
apt to sprout of mould, either of which seriously injures and
lessens the vitality. Many of the tropical seeds, if frozen
before they are dry, will often be destroyed. As an illustra-
tion, take corn ; if the seed is not cured well and it is frozen
and becomes mouldy, it will when planted nearly always fail
to grow, while corn from the same crop, properly cured, will
hardly ever fail to gemiinate and live. This leads us to know
what is the proper way of curing and storing of seeds.

Seeds are much influenced by the temperature and humid-
ity of the atmosphere in which they are stored ; therefore, a
dry place with an even temperature are the necessary condi-
tions for keeping seeds in the best form. For tropical plant
seeds, the warmer the atmosphere the better. The temper-
ature and conditions of a living room is ideal for storing.

The length of time it requires seeds to germinate depends
mostly upon the temperature and moisture of the soil. If the
soil is damp and cold, or at a temperature below 50 degrees,
the seeds will germinate very slowly, if at all. If the soil
be damp and hot, or having a temperature of 65 degrees to
80 degrees, they will germinate in the quickest time possible,
varying much with the kind of seed.

The size of the aeed has nothing to do with the length of
time it takes for germination, as the radish and the bean
require about the same amount of time, while one is small
and the other large. Another important fact to know is that
some seeds grow better if placed in the right position in the
soil, as, for instance, seeds that have large seed leaves, like
the lima beans ; these are better to have the eye placed down-
ward, or the seed may germinate and die, as the body of the
bean is unable to come to the surface of the ground.

The depth that they should be planted varies with the
dififerent kinds of seeds and the conditions of the season. A
depth of one-half to one inch is generally sufficient. If the

250 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

season is dry and hot, they should be planted deep ; while if
it is damp and hot, a little soil covering them is all that is
necessary to start germination. Some will even start if just
thrown on to the surface of the soil and protected from the
sun, as in the case of the celery.

Another point, before closing, is that seeds botanically
related usually require about the same conditions. The
cucumbers, squashes, melons, etc., need about the same treat-
ment. The cabbage and the radish, both of which are in the
same order, will come up if planted in cold weather, while
those of a different botannical order, like the tomatoes and
peppers, will not start in the same conditions as the latter,
but require a great deal of heat. C. J. Grant.

CONNECTICUT FRUITS.

251

Connecticut Fruits at the St. Louis Exposition.

At the request of the Exposition Commission from Con-
necticut, the Pomological Society took charge of the State's
Fruit exhibit at St. Louis in 1904.

Accordingly a committee was appointed consisting of the
President, Prof. A. G. Gulley of Storrs, the Secretary, H. C.
C. Miles of Milford and the Treasurer, R. A. Moore of Ken-
sington, to plan for and carry out the work of collecting and
maintaining a display of the various fruit products of Con-
necticut. The sum of $4,000 was appropriated by the State
for this department.

During the fall of 1903 no barrels of apples and a small
lot of other fruits were procured and placed in cold storage
in Hartford. This fruit was obtained from about twenty-
five growers in various parts of the state in lots varying
from one to twenty barrels. The stock passed through the
winter in good condition and early in March was sent to
St. Louis and again stored until needed for display. The
committee planned to make the whole exhibit of fresh fruit —
that is. none to be shown except in the natural state — which
required enough of the crop of 1903 to last until that of
1904 was available.

The exhibit occupied about 800 square feet in section 18.
The Horticulture Building, where only low instllation was
allowed, proved to be a very desirable location, being open and
airy and very accessible from all parts of the hall. This posi-
tion also very materially decreased the expense of the instal-
lation. The exhibit was opened the first day of the fair,
April 30, and was one of the very few states in the hall that
had the tables fully occu])ied the opening day of the expo-
sition.

The display, largely of apples, but including pears and
cranberries, was kept up from the stock in storage, using
from five to ten barrels per week, until about the middle of
July, when the first apples of 1904 crop and also some small

252 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

fruit were forwarded, with regular supplies later. But it
was about September 15 when the storage stock was entirely
closed out and the tables wholly supplied direct from the
crop of 1904, and from which a display of great credit to
the state was continued until the close of the exposition,
December ist.

During the season all cultivated fruits grown in the state,
except raspberries and blackberries, were shown ; nearly all
the tender fruits were sent in large quantities and usually
arrived in satisfactory condition. It was supposed at the
opening that apples and pears only would be used in the
exhibit, but a trial shipment demonstrated that the finer fruits
could be sent and consequently they were used freely in this
season.

The display, after being installed by the chairman of the
committee in charge, was left in the general care of represen-
tative men of the society and state, who changed about once
each month, while an assistant was continually with the ex-
hibits, thus having one present all the time who understood
the routine work, and one to act as the state and society repre-
sentatives. The latter received no pay other than the expense
involved in the time employed, and it proved a very satisfactory
method of handling the exhibit.

The fruit obtained in 1903 was from the following grow-
ers : E. Manchester, Bristol ; L. S. Abbe. Hazardville ; Jos.
Albiston, South Manchester : J. E. Andrews, New Britain : H.
O. Averill, Washington ; F. H. Beers, Brookfield ; Connecticut
Valley Orchard Co., Berlin ; Connecticut Agricultural College,
Storrs ; Dennis Fenn, Milford : Thomas Gilbert, ^Nliddletown ;
S. A. Griswold & Bro., West Hartford; A. G. Gulley. Storrs;
E. M. Ives, Meriden ; E. B. Lathrop, Rockville. J. Moss & Son,
West Cheshire ; J- H. Merriman, Southington ; ]\Iaxwell Bros..
Rockville; A. E. Plant, Branford; Root Bros., Farmington ;
H. E. Savage & Sons. Berlin ; Harry Sedgwick, Falls Vil-
lage ; G. W. Staples, Hartford ; L. Stoughton, East Windsor
Hill; J. L. Watrous, Meriden; J. M. Whittlesey. Morris.

The fruit from these parties consisted of apples, except
some pears from the Agricultural college and cranberries from
Maxwell Bros.

2 =

ii tfl

CONNECTICUT FRUITS.

253

Several of these persons furnished more in 1904, hut in
addition pears, peaches, pkuus and g-rapes were received in
large lots from C. I. Allen, Terryville ; J. H. Hale, South
Glastonbury; J. M. Hubbard, Middletown; A. Kingsbury,
Coventry; C. H. Savage, Storrs ; W. T. Thomas, Groton ; E.
C. Warner, Clintonville, and W. A. Warren, Rockville. A
few small lots were received from parties not known.

A notable addition to the exhibit was the large (juantity of
choice fruit sent from the Annual Fall Exhibition of the
Pomological Society, vvliich reached St. Louis about (!)ctober
1st. This included apples, pears, grapes, quinces, plums and
a few nuts, furnished by various growers in every section of
the state, and was a thoroughly representative display.

The entire exhibit from first to last was a splendid one and
reflected great credit on the "Nutmeg" State," while, of course,
no attempt was made to match the mammoth displays of many
of the larger western states, yet in quality the Connecticut
fruits were easily superior to that from most sections, and the
fact that our state was the only one in New England having a
continuous fruit exhibit at the Fair, was worthy of special
mention.

The following well-known Connecticut men were in charge
of the exhibit at St. Louis during the Fair: Prof. A. G.
Gulley, Storrs; J. M. Hubbard, Middletown; J- H. Merri-
man, Southington ; C. H. Savage, Storrs; J. C. Eddy, Sims-
bury ; H. C. C. Miles, Milford ; G. F. Piatt, Milford, and G. C.
Comstock, Norwalk.

The total expense of the exhibit was as follows :

Cost of fruit and collection, 1903 $491.22

Cold storage in Hartford 5i-6o

Outfit for space at exposition 480.72

Expense of installing, including freight 248.82

Superintendents in charge 725.00

Assistants , 465.00

Express paid 243.35

Labor collecting fruit. 1904 1 16.60

Cost of fruit, 1904 1 12.25

Storage and cartage in St. Louis 40.00

Incidentals, printing, postage, etc 36.50

Total $3,01 1.06

254 '^^£ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Since the Exposition closed and the complete list of awards
. in the Horticultural Department has been announced, it is
learned that Connecticut exhibitors came in for a share of
the honors, as the following list will show. Most of our fruit
was entered for competition and the results, considering all
things, is gratifying.

State of Connecticut, general exhibit of fruits and nuts. Gold medal
Connecticut Pomological Society, general collection

of fruit Gold medal

Connecticut Agricultural College, Storrs, fruits Gold medal

Dennis Fenn, Milford, apples Silver medal

E. M. Ives, Meriden, apples Silver medal

J. H. Merriman, Southington, apples Silver medal

H. E. Savage, Berlin, apples Silver medal

E. C. Warner, North Haven, pears Silver medal

J. M. Whittlesey, Morris, apples Silver medal

Connecticut Valley Orchard Co., Berlin, apples Silver medal

J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, peaches Silver medal

J. M. Hubbard, Middletown, pears Silver medal

C. I. Allen, Terryville, grapes Bronze medal

J. E. Andrews, New Britain, apples Bronze medal

E. Manchester, Bristol, apples Bronze medal

Maxwell Bros., Rockville, cranberries Bronze medal

J. L. Watrous. Meriden, apples . .' Bronze medal

SOME NOTES ON APPLES. 255

Some Notes on Apples at the St. Louis Exposition.

By G. C. COMSTOCK, Norwalk.

During- the month of November, 1904, the writer was in
charge of the Connecticut fruit exhibit at the Exposition, and
while there was able to gather much interesting and useful in-
formation in regard to the apple industry of the United States
and Canada.

Having sufficient time for the purpose the writer went
about among the various exhibits of apples and other fruits
in the Palace of Horticulture and interviewed each superin-
tendent or commissioner who was in charge of the interests
of the several States and Territories and Canada.

This question was asked of each one. "Which five varie-
ties of apples do you consider the best in your state or locality,
both from a commercial and quality standpoint?"

The diversity of expert opinions thus elicited and expressed
as a result of this questioning has been tabulated, and forms
a rather unique report. Believing that the list may be of
some mterest and value to Connecticut apple growers, as in-
dicating the leading commercial sorts that are being planted
the country over, it is given here.

As will be noted in this list Connecticut was the only New
England State having a fruit exhibit, and a number of the
other apple-growing states were not represented at the Fair.
The table appended embraces a list of thirty-eight varieties of
apples, these being the favorites in twenty-three states, two
territories, and the Dominion of Canada. In a few cases,
where it was difficult to decide on just five varieties, six were
allowed.

Of

p -
03 r
; F

3 f

3 :

3 •

[> f
> c

3 :

Missouri .

Indiana

Arkansas

Ind. Territory. . .

Oklahoma

Oregon

Minnesota

Washington

New York

Colorado

Idaho

Michigan

W. Virginia

Wisconsin

Iowa

Kansas

Texas

Virginia

Montana

New Mexico

r 11:.. ,.:„

-

-

- \

-

Ben Davis

« .

- : :

"■

Grimes

.

- ] I

: „ - « «

-

Jonathan

IH

- _ : „ ^ ^ »

-

Minesap

: "

- :

; "

"

Arkansas Blk.

: " '.

: -

—

-

-

Wealthy

: : "

-

-

: : "

-

-

-

York Imperial

J— t

-

►-«

Baldwin

1

• M

»

-

HH

N. W. Greening

: ^

»

:

Winter Pearmain

- :

1-1 .

-

"

Rome Beauty

: ^

^

• -

"

Yellow Bellefleur

-

•; -

"

-

Northern Spy

-

-^ >-^

: : -

Mammoth Black Twig

««

■ -

-

R. I. Greening

hH

-

"

Esopus Spitzenburg

"

-

: "

Duchess

: w -

-

Newtown

-

M

"

King

i-i

"

-

Gano

- \

; "

Mo. Pippin

: "

-

Rox. Russett

: "

':

Sutton

«

20-Ounce

"

Yellow Transparent

Red Canada

-

McMahon

«

Longfield

—

': "

•

Bledsoe

■ : : ^

Albermarble Pippin
Alexander

\ -

" :

Genitan

- : :

Willow Twig

- i

Indiana Favorite

Shuman
Langford Seedling

• t-H

': -

Paragon

-

1-4

: : -

-

Mcintosh

SOME NOTES OX APPLES. 257

111 conclusion we might cite a few of the many wonderful
features in the Palace of Horticulture at the Exposition.

Missouri had an exceptionally large and fine display of
apples. Some extra large Wolf River were shown. One
specimen, weighing thirty-three ounces ; one of N. W. Green-
ing. 27 ounces. Oregon's exhibit of apples was said to
be the finest seen, noticeably the Hood River exhibit of
some 160 bushel boxes of magnificent fruit, which came in
about Xovember loth. This was all packed in a very attrac-
tive manner, and of very high quality. Arkansas showed
twelve pears, net weight, 24 pounds, taken from one Keiifer
tree. Iowa had some very large and fine Wolf Rivers of very
light color. The reason of this was, as stated, they were
"pulled" early. In the West apples are "pulled,'' not picked.
Washington showed the largest apples ever seen, both in Hor-
ticulture and their State building. One variety, "Spokane
Beauty," a single specimen of which weighed forty ounces, and
five of them weighed 184 ounces. Illinois had a very large
exhibit of fine apples. A striking motto, suggestive of the
real value of an apple diet, was in large letters, affirming that
"an apple a day keeps the doctor away." The commissioner
from V'irginia gave the information that a twenty-acre orchard
in that state, of Albemarle Pippins, in 1903 netted the owner
$10,000. New Mexico has an orchard of 700 acres in apples.
One grower in that state has twenty acres of "Genitan" apples,
and would not grow any other. The "Colorado Coreless and
Seedless apple" attracted much attention and was one of the
greatest novelties seen in the fruit line.

Canada's exhibit ranked very high, especiall\ in quality
and the attractive color of her apples.

Altogether the Horticultural display afiforded a rare oppor-
tunity to observe and study the fruits of many sections of
the countr\.

258 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Necrology.

Since the last report was issued nine members have been
taken from our list by the grim hand of Death.

Lewis J. Wells of Woodstock : Mr. Wells was one of
the best known farmers of Windham County, an entensivc
apple grower and dairyman. He had been secretar\- of the
State Grange and a member of the Board of Agriculture, a
man respected by all.

W. E. Goodwill of Southiugfon : A member of the soci-
ety since 1903.

Levi S. Wells of Nezv Britain : A veteran farmer and
grange worker, always zealous in his efforts for the uplifting of
agriculture.

Charles Leigey of Berlin : Mr. Leigey was a native of
France and brought to this country his experience and love for
the culture of grapes. On his farm he made a specialty of
this fruit and w^as one of the very few in the state who have
profitably engaged in viticulture and the making and selling
of wines. He was for many years a very active member of
the Society and did much for its welfare. As he was seldom
absent from its meetings, his loss is all the more keenly felt.
We shall miss his genial face and kindly word.

F. H. Wheeler of Middlchnry : A member since 1902.

A. C. Peck of Cheshire : One of the oldest, yet one of the
most interested members of the Society. Mr. Peck became
a member in the early years of the Society and was deeply
interested in fruits as an amateur. A man whom all loved
and respected for his uprightness of character.

NECROLOGY. 259

John R. Platt of Prospect: A veteran fruit <:^ro\ver and
a member of the Society for many years.

George O. Jackson of Colchester : For many years sheriff
of Xew London County, who also combined fruit grow-
ing with his other business interests. He had been identified
with the Society since 1899.

Edw AiiD F. Gaylokd of Bristol: Tn the death of Mr. Gay-
lord the Society sustains a severe loss. While not directly
engaged in fruit growing, yet he always showed a great inter-
est in pomologicai matters and was an active supporter of the
Society in all its work. Prominent in Grange affairs for
many years, a successful farmer and business man, respected
by all his associates, his sudden death leaves a deep impres-
sion of grief and sadness.

Not since the formation of the Society have we been
called upon to record the loss of so many valued members in
one short year. We take this opportunity to express our
deepest sympathy for their sorrowing families, whose loss is
even greater than our own. and to commend them to the loving
care of the all-wise Father "who doeth all thinss well."

26o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERSt

OF THE

CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1905.

Abbe, Linden S.. Hazardville. B

Abbey. Mrs. Chas. Pelton, Port- E

land. B

Abbott. Arthur J.. Woodbury. B

Albiston, Joseph, So. Manches- B

ter. B

Albiston. James H., So. ]Man- B

Chester. B

Allen, Chas. D.. Cheshire. B
Allen, Chas. I., Pequabuck.
American Horticulture Dsitrib-

uting Co.. Martinsburg, W. B

Va.

Andrews. Cornelius. New Brit- B

ain. B

Andrews. J. E., New Britain. B

Andrews, Miss Hattie C . New B

Britain.

Anthony. Wm. E., Southinoton. B

Ashton. Frank B.. ^Nliddletown. B
Ashton. Mrs. F. B, Middletown.

Atkins, T. J., Middletown. B

Atwater, B. H.. Berlin. B

Atwater, Edwin B., New Haven, B

Box 207. B

Atwater. E. B.. Plantsville. B

Atwood, C. B., Watertown. B

Atwood. Oscar F.. Brooklyn. B

Atwood. Rev. E. F.. Hartford, B

670 Garden St. B

Austin. Franklin B., Norwalk. B

Averill, H. O.. Washington De- B

pot. B

Ayer. Robert E.. Unionville. B

Ayer. W. Y., Saybrook. B

Babcock. G. P.. Tolland. B
Bacon, Eben W., Middletown.

R. F. D. No. I. B

aeon, Mrs. Eliza M., Scotland,

alley. F. B., Durham.

aker. C. H., Andover.

aldwin, Walter H.. Cheshire.

arber, Henry A., Danbury.

arber, Joseph, Rockville.

arber, Mrs. Joseph. Rockville.

arker. N. C. Labanon.

arnes, A. G.. New Milford.

arnes. Edward H.. New Ha-
ven.

arnes, Erva L., Norwich. R.
F. D. No. 3.

arnes, J. Norris. Yalesville.

arnes, John R., Yalesville.

arnes. Morris A.. Collinsville.

ass. Lucien, Willimantic, R. F.
D. No. 2.

assett. George E.. Clintonville.

each. A. S.. Bridgeport, R. F.
D.

each, Frank H., Stratford.

each, G. S., Winsted.

each. J. H.. Branford.

each, Z. P.. Wallingford.

eckwith. G. C. Neoaug.

eckwith, W. M.. Nepaug.

eebe, C. C, Wilbraham, Mass.

eers, F. H.. Brookfield Centre.

eisie.gel. Jacob. Woodbridge.

eman. W. L.. Bloomfield.

enliam. Leonard I\L. Highwood

enham. Wilbur H.. Highwood.

ennett. E. R.. Storrs.

ernhard, Albert. ^Meriden.

idwell, A. F.. Canton Center.

irdsej^e. E. B., Middletown.

irdsey. E. T.. Middletown.

fThis list is corrected to June, 1905.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

261

Birge, K. C, Westport.
Bishop. Jared, Cheshire.
Blair, Cyrus H.. New Britain.

R. F. D. No. 2.
Blaisdell, M. L.. Clinton.
Blakeslee, Arthur A., Walling-

ford.
Bliss. Ethelbert. Ludh)w, Mass.,

R. F. D.
Bliven, J. B.. New London.
BoardiTian, I-". E.. Middietown,

R. F. D.
Bo.srart, Geo. A.. Chester.
Bogue, Nelson. Batavia. N. Y.
Bowers, Arthur E.. Manchester.
Bradley, E. L.. Norwalk.
Bradley, F. N., Derby.
Bradley, Miss Gertrude A., Wa-

terbury.
Bradley. Mrs. Sarah, Bristol. R.

F. D.
Bradley, Simon C. Greenfield

Hill.
Brainerd. M. N.. Southington.
Brewer, C. S.. Hartford.
Bridge, H. J. Hazardville.
Brinsniade, W. H.. Bridgeport,

R. F. D. No. 4.
Bristol. George B., Middlebury.
Britton. Prof. W. E.. New Ha-
ven.
Brockett, Howard R.. Bristol.
Bronson, N. S.. New Haven.
Brooks, Geo. H., Clinton.
Brown. G. F.. Cannon.
Brown. T. L.. Black Hall.
Brownson. S. B.. Shelton.
Brundage. Benj.. Danbury. R.

F. D. No. 20.
Brundage, C. H.. Danbury, R.

F. D. No. 20.
Buck. J. S.. Wethersfield.
Buell. H. B.. Eastford.
Burdick. A. B.. Norwich, R. D.
Burnham. T. H.. Bloomfield.
Burr, C. R.. Hartford.
Burr, Eugene O., Higganuni.
Burr, W. H., Westport.
Bushnell, Huber. Berlin.
Bushnell. Mrs. Huber, Berlin.
Butler. George E.. Meriden.
Butler, George S., Cromwell.
Butler. Hezekiah. Wethersfield.
Callahan. Thos., Newington.
Camp, David N., New Britain.
Carter. Geo. S.. Clinton.
Case, Edmund E., New Britain.

Chambers, Fred'k, Waterbury.

Church, Foster P., Higganum.

Churchill, Stephen, Wethers-
field.

Clark, Arthur F., Higganum.

Clark, Frank T., Beacon Falls.

Clark. George M., Higganum.

Clark, H. E.. Middlebury.

Clark, O. R., Higganum.

Clarke, D. N.. Westville.

Clinton, E. B., Clintonville.

Clinton, Dr. George P.. Expr.
Station. New Haven.

Clinton, Prof. L. A., Storrs.

Close, Albert W., Greenwich.

Cobb. F. S.. West Norfolk.

Coe, C. W., Durham Center.

Coe. Ernest F., Ed.gewood Ave.,
New Haven.

Coe, Harry S.. Waterbury.

Coe, W. T.. Northford.

Colby. Benj. F.. Kensington.

Coleman, M. L., Seymour.

Coleman, M. P.. South Coven-
try.

Colton. F. B., Hartford.

Comstock. C. L.. Danbury. R. D.
No. 20.

Comstock. G. C, Norwalk.

Conklin, Roland R.. Hunting-
ton, L. 1.

Conn. Agricult. College. Storrs.

Cook, Allen B.. Farmin.gton.

Cooke. Marcus E.. Wallingford.

Cook. S. G., Branford.

Copley. Wm. E.. Hazardville.

Cornwall. W. W.. Kensington.

Cowles. Percy. Farmington.

Cowles. W. W., Buckland

Cross, T. E., Poughkeepsie, N.
Y.

Crowell. David A.. Middietown.

Crowell. L. L.. Middietown.

Cuneo. Joseph. Meriden.

Curnow. Wesley, Cheshire.

Curtis, Carlos W.. Plantsville.

Curtis. H. B.. Cheshire.

Curtis, Mrs. H. B.. Cheshire.

Curtis, Newton M., Sandy Hook.

Curtis, Robert W., Stratford.

Daniels, H. O.. Middietown. Box
646.

Daniels. James E., Middietown,
Box 646.

Dann. F. M.. New Haven. 280
Ferry St.

Dart. C. O., Vernon Center.

262 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Davis, A. B., Rockville.
Davis. Chas. T., Middletown.
Davis, E.. Branford.
Davis, Richard. ^liddletovvn.
Dearden, Greenwood, Tolland.
DeBisschop. Charles, Marion.
DeMauriac, P. O., Hartford,

care Aetna Ins. Co.
Deming, Chas. J., Litchfield.
Deming:, H. P., Robertsville.
Denny. Geo. W.. No. Branford.
Dewhirst, E. W.. Bridgeport, R.

F. D. No. 7.
Dickinson. W. L., South Britain.
Dimon, J. J., Hartford.
Donalds, E. J., East Canaan.
Doolittle, Arthur H.. Bethany.
Doolittle, F. W.. Milldale.
Doolittle, H. M.. Meriden.
Doolittle. S. B . Wallingford.
Douglass, G. F.. Collinsville.
Dowd, Frank C. Madison.
Downs. W. S., Derby.
Dufifie, C. R.. Bantam.
Dunham. H. C. IMiddletown.
Dyer. E. W., Berlin.
Eddy, J. C, Simsbury.
Eddy, John S.. Unionville.
Eddy, S. W., Simsbury.
Ellis. W. L. L., Ansonia.
Ellsworth, E. J., Windsorville.
Ellsworth, Frederick. Hartford.
Elton. H. L.. Waterburv, R. F.

D.
Ehvood. J. F.. Greens Farms.
Emily, Chas. H.. Moodus.
Emmons. F. A.. East Canaan.
Ennis. R. H.. Hampt«:in.
Ensign. F. Howard. Silver Lane.
Faber. W. A.. Waterburv R. F.

D.
Fagan. Joseph A., Forestville.
Fairchild, H. L.. R. D. No. 4.

Bridgeport.
Farnham. A. N.. Westville.
Fawthrop. Walter. Cromwell.
Felt, Dr. E. P.. Albany. N. Y.
Fenn. Benj.. Milford.
Fenn. Dennis. Milford.
Fenn. Robert M.. Middlebury.
Fisher, A. C. Boston. Mass.. 40-

42 Commercial St.
Flight. S. A.. Highwood.
Forbes. J. S.. Burnside.
Foster, Sylvester M.. Westnort
Fowler. W. E.. Clintonville.
Francis, D. G.. West Hartford.

Francis, J. H.. Meriden.
French, W. H.. Wolcott.
French, Mrs. W. H.. Wolcott.
Frisbie, Martin M.. Southington.
Frisbie, M. W.. Southington.
Frost, Frank ]\L. Yalesville.
Frost. Willis E.. Bridgewater.
Fuller, Wm. H.. West Hartford.
Fuller, Mrs. Wm. H.. West

Hartford.
Gallagher, J. F.. Waterbury. R.

F. D.
Gardner, B. L., WalHngford,

R. F. D.
Gardner. L L, Meriden.
Gardner, J. W., Cromwell.
Gardner, R. H.. Cromwell.
Garrigus. H. L., Storrs.
Garrigus. Lew^is, Waterbury. 28
*Gaylord, E. F., Bristol.
Gaylord, E. W.. Bristol.
Gaylord, Herman J.. Gaylords-

ville.
Geer. Everett S., Hartford, 64

Niles St.
Gehring. Fred., Rockville.
Gelston. J. B., East Haddam.
Gilbert, Azel E , Middletown.
Gilbert, Henry. ^Middletown.
Gilbert. Josiah. Wilton.
Gilbert. Mrs. Orrin. Middletown.
Gilbert, Orrin. Middletown.
Gilbert, Thomas. Middletown,
Gold, C. L., West Cornwall.
Gold. T. S.. West Cornwall.
Goldsborough. H. H.. Ea.gleville.

R. D.
^Goodwill. W. E., Southington.
Goodwin. Francis, Hartford. 783

Main St.
Goodwin. H. H.. Cheshire.
Gould's Mfg. Co.. Seneca Falls,

N. Y.
Greene, Prof. W. J., Wooster, O.
Griffith. Geo. H.. Bristol.
Griffith, Wm. J.. Bristol.
Griswold, Henry H.. Guilford.
Griswold. H. O.. West Hartford
Griswold, J. B., Newin.gton.
Griswold, R. S.. Wethersfield,
Griswold. S. A., West Hartford.
Grisw^old, S. P.. West Hartford.
Griswold, Thomas & Co.. South

Wethersfield.
Griswold, W. F., Rocky Hill.
Groesbeck, F. O.. Hartford.
Gulley, Prof. A. G., Storrs.

* Deceased.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

?63

Hale, Georpje. Westport.

Hale. G. H.. South Glastonbury.

Hale. J. H.. South Glastonbury.

Hale, Moselcy. South Glaston-
bury.

Hale, StanclitY. South Glaston-
burJ^

Haley, E . Mystic. R. F. D.

Hall, Chas. H.. Cheshire.

Hall. Geo. B.. Moodus.

Hall, G. D., Wallin^ford.

Hall, G. H., Manchester.

Hall, W. E.. Wallincrford.

Hall, Wilbur H.. WallinRtord.

Halladay, Edmund. Suffield.

Hannah. W. L.. Bristol.

Hardy. Alfred, Rockville.

Harrison. Orlando, Berlin, Md.

Hart, Ernest W.. Forestville.

Hart. E. S.. Plainville.

Hart, G. W.. Unionville.

Hart, Mrs. S. A., Kensington.

Harvey, C. F., Woodbury.

Harwood, B. E.. Chester.

Haskins, L. O.. Scotland.

Hatch, Gilbert H., Whigville.

Healey, E. M.. Plainville.

Henrj% Hon. E. S., Rockville.

Henry, J. L.. Manchester.

Higgins, Wm. L., M.D., South
Coventry.

Higgins, Wm. W.. Maywood, N.
J.

Hill. Samuel B., West Cheshire.

Hilliard, H. J., Portland.

Hills. T. Morton, M.D., Willi-
mantic.

Hinman, R. S.. Stevenson.

Hitclicock, A. L., Plainville.

Hitchcock. L. R.. Watertown.

PTollister. A. T., So. Glastonbury

Hollister, Geo. A., Hockanum.

Hollister. G. H., Storrs.

Hollister. Kirkland. South Glas-
tonbury.

Hollister, Milton D.. East Glas-
tonbury.

Hollister, Orrin C, Manchester.

Hollister. S. P., Storrs.

Holt, Joseoh E., Chester.

Hopson. G. A.. Wallingford.

Hornbeck. H. P., Chester.

Horton, F. N.. New Canaan.

Hotchkiss, B. S., Waterbury.

TTotchkiss, Chas. M.. Cheshire.

Hotchkiss, Chas. T., West
Cheshire.

Hotchkiss. William Bristol.

♦Deceased.

Hough, E. I., Wallin-tnrd. R.
F. D

Hough, Eli S., Colchester.

Hough, George E., Wallingford,
R. F. D.

Hou.gh, Joel R., Wallingford.

Houston. J. R,. Mansfield De-
pot.

Howard. Al',arado. Stafford
Springs.

Howe. Louis W., So. Glaston-
bury.

Howland, Isaac, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hoyt, Chas. W., New Haven,

Hoyt, Edwin. New Canaan.

Hoyt, James. New Canaan.

Hoyt, Stephen, New Canaan.

Hubbard. Clement S., Higganum

Hubbard, Elmer S.. Hi.gganum.

Hubbard, Frank C, Middletown.

Hubbard, John B.. Guilford.

Hubbard. J. M.. Middletown.

Hubbard, Robert, ^Middletown.

Hull. Tames. Durhain.

Hunt.'W. W.. Hartford.

Hurlburt, Henrj^ A.. Jr.. Wilton.

Huss. J. F.. Hartford.

Hutchinson, E. L.. Andover.

Innis. A. C. Berlin. R. F. D.

Ives. E. M,. Meriden.

Ives. J. I.. South Meriden.

Jackson. Elmer. Wilton.

*Jackson. Geo. O., Norwich.

Jackson. J. C, Norwalk, R. D.
No. 42.

Jarvis, Chas. M., Berlin.

Jenkins, Dr. E. H.. Experiment
Station. New Haven.

Jennings. E. G.. R. D. No. i.
Brid.geport.

Jennison. E. F.. Hartford.

Jerome. F. M., New Britain.

Jewell, Harvey, Cromwell.

Jewell, Mrs. Harvev, Cromwell.

Johnson. Dr. F. E.. Mansfield
Depot.

Kelley. Edward, New Canaan.

Kelsey, Charles B.. Hartford.

Kelsey, David S.. West Hart-
ford.

Kelsey. Frederick, Higeanum.

Kelsey. James H.. Middletown.

Kenney. J. P., Hockanum.

Killam. Edw.. Thomi)sonville.

Kingsbury. Andrew. Rockville,
R. D. No. 2.

Kingsbury, John E.. Rockville.

King, Horace, Thomi)sonville.

264 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

King, Mrs. J. E., Rockville.

King, N. N., R. D. Suffiela.

Kinney, Chas. A.. Meriden.

Kirkham, John S , Newington.

Knapp, M. C, Danbury.

Knowles, Wm. A., Middletown.

Lang. C. E., Winsted. R. F. D.
No. 2.

Lapsley, Arthur B.. Pomfret Cen-
ter.

*Lathrop, E. B., Rockville. R D.

Latimer, W. R.. Bloomfield.

Lee. Wm. H., Guilford.

Leete, A. Minor, Leete's Island.

Lewis, Frederick J., Highwood.

Lewis, H. D., Annandale, N.
Y.

*Liegev, Chas., R. D. No. i, Ber-
lin.

Loomis. John. So. Manchester.

Lord, J. W., Warehouse Point.

Loverin. D. P., Huntington.

Lowrey, H. P.. Whigville.

Lowrey, L. L., Bristol

Lowrey, Mrs. L. L.. Bristol, R.
D. No. I.

Lucchini, Victor E., Meriden.

Lummis. Geo. E., Southington.

Lupton, S. L.. Winchester, Va.

Lyman, C. E., .Middlefield.

Manchester, E., Bristol.

Manchester, E. F., Bristol.

Manchester, George C, Bristol.

Manchester. H. G., Winsted.

Mansfield, Peter, W. Hartford.

I\Lansfield. R. M.. Wallingford.

Mansfield, Wm. H.. W. Hartford

Marshall. Joseph, Seymour.

Martin. J. A.. Wallingford.

Martin. W. B., Rockville.

Mason. H. H.. Farmington.

Mason. W. S.. Farmington.

Mathews. E. A.. Bristol, R. F.
D.

Maxwell. Francis T.. Rockville.

May. W. B.. Hartford.

McCall, E. H.. Leonard's Bridge.

McCormack. Samuel. Water-
bury, 1063 North Main St.

McCormack. Wm., Wolcott.

McKay. W. L., Geneva, N. Y.

McLean, A. D.. Wallingford,
728 Main St.

McLean, J. O.. So. Glastonbury.

Mead, L. H.. Hartford, 272
Westland St.

Mead, Seaman. Greenwich.

Merriman, J. H.. Southington.

Mexcur, George, Bloomfield.

Miles, H. C. C, Milford.

Miller, C. H.. Berlin.

Miller. F. B.. Bloomfield.

Mills. D. E.. Bristol.

Mills. Geo. E.. Farmington.

Minor, Geo. N., Bristol.

Mirramant. Mrs. Jos.. Meriden,
No. Broad St.

Mitchell. Herbert E., So. Man-
chester.

Molumphy, J. T.. Berhn.

Molumphy, Thos. J.. Berlin.

Moore, Charles. Southington.

Moore. R. A., Kensington.

Morgan, Samuel W.. Wethers-
field.

Morgan. Timothv. Huntington,
L. L

Morris, Chas. G.. New Haven,
139 Orange St.

Morse. H. C, Wallingford.

Morton, E. G., East Windsor.

Moses, A. A.. L-nionville.

Mosley, A. W.. Glastonbury.

Moss. J. W., West Cheshi're.

Moss, Julius, West Cheshire.

Mueller. C. J.. Berlin.

Mulford. Walter. Experiment
Station. New Haven.

Munson, W. A.. Huntington,
Mass.

Munson, R. .\., Highwood, Sta-
tion 4.

Nettleton. H. L. Durham.

Newton. J. P.. Saybrook.

Noble, H. C, New Britain.

Noble, John B.. Hartford.

Norton, A. F.. New Britain.

Norton, Geo. B.. Berlin.

Norton, John, Kensington.

O'Brien. Jas. B., Sandy Hook,
R. F. D. No. 17.

Paddock. J. H.. Wallingford,
East Main St.

Palmer, J. B.. Norwich.

Paradise, J. G.. Newington.

Parker, G. A.. Hartford.

Parker. John B.. Jr.. Poquon-
ock.

Patten. D. W.. Clintonville.

Patterson, B. C.. Torrington

Pauley. Geo. A., New Canaan.

Paj'ne, Frank C. Portland.

Payne. George K.. Portland.

Payne. Lyman. Portland

•■Deceased.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

265

Pease, B. F.. Fairfield. R. F. D.

Pease. C. P., Ellington.

Pease. Simeon, Fairfield, R. F.

D.
Peck. B. A.. Bristol.
*Peck, A. C. West Cheshire.
Peck, Chas. E., Cheshire.
Peck, James S.. VVestville.
Peck, S. M.. Woodbridae.
Pengeot, E. P.. West Cheshire.
Pero, Louis, So. Glastonbury.
Perry, Chas. M., Southbury.
Perry, F. L., 302 Park St.,

Bridg^eport.
Phelps. A. H.. Clinton.
Phelps. Chas. S.. Chapinville.
Phelps, E. J.. Enfield.
Phelps, Mrs. E. J., Enfield.
Phillips, Alan. Farmineton.
Pierpont, A. B., Waterbury.
Pierpont, A. J., Waterbury.
Pierpont, W. L.. Waterbury.
Plant, A. B., Branford.
Plant, Albert E., Branford.
Piatt, Frank N., Milford.
Piatt, G. F., Milford.
*Platt, John R., Prospect.
Piatt, N. D.. Milford.
Piatt. N. S., 395 Whalley ave.,

New Haven.
Piatt. Willam F.. Milford.
Plumb, David M,, Prospect.
Pomeroy, C. B.. Jr.. Willimantic.
Pomeroy. E.. Windsor.
Porter. Marshall. Hebron.
Post. Prichard E., Essex.
Potter. H. F.. North Haven.
Powell. E. C. Springfield. Mass.
Prann. W. J.. Centerbrook.
Putnam, J. H.. Litchfield.
Pyatt, Chas. S.. Unionville.
Race. R. H.. North Ee^remont,

Mass.
Rae. James S., New Canaan,
Rice.. J. L.. Ludlow. Mass. R.

F. D.
Rice. W. B.. Meriden.
Rich, H. E.. East Hampton.
Risley, Chas. H.. Berlin.
Roberts. Earl C. Middletown,

R. F. D. No. 2.
Roberts. E. J.. Middletown.
Roberts. Geo. A., Milford.
Roberts. S. W., Middletown.
Robertson. L. J., Manchester

Green.
Rogers, E.. New Britain.

Rogers, F. D.. Monson. Mass.

Root, L. C. Farmington.

Root, T. H.. Farmington.

Root, Thos. P.. Barre. Mass.

Ruedlinger. C. N.. Hartford.

Rugg. J. H., Stratford.

Russell, Dr. Gurdon W.. Hart-
ford.

Russell, S.. Jr., Middletown.

Sage, C. H., East Canaan.

Sanderson. Lucien, New Haven.

Saunders, A. W.. Forestville.

Savage, Clarence H., Storrs.

Savage, H. E.,. R. D. Berlin.

Savage, Theo. M., Berlin.

Savage. Willis L. Berlin.

Schmidt. E.. New Canaan.

Schneider. Herman. New Ca-
naan, Box 260.

Schwink, J. G., Meriden.

Scranton." Charles W.. Box 234,
New Haven.

Sedgwick. Harrv. Falls Village,
R. F. D.

Seeley, Edward R.. Brid,gei)ort.
R. F. D.

Seymour. W. H.. Hartford, 126
Garden St.

Sharp, A. G.. Richmond. Mass.

Shea, J. O., Cannon.

Shedd, G. V., Preston.

Sheldon. F. J.. Enfield.

Shepardson. W. M.. Middle-
bury.

Shepperd. W. S.. Shaker Sta-
tion.

Sherwood. N. H.. Southnort.

Silliman. J. F.. New Canaan.

Simpson, W. A., Wallingford.

Skinner, M. G., Higganum.

Slattery, Dr. M. D.. New Ha-
ven.. 352 Howard Ave.

Smart. Geo. W., Silver Lane.

Smith, G. W., Box 38, Hartford.

Smith, H. P., North Haven

Smith, J. B.. Berlin.

Smith. J. Elliot. Wolfville,
Nova Scotia.

Smith. Joseph, West Cheshire.

Smith. Dr. L. A., Higganum.

Smith. L. P.. Lebanon.

Spicer, G. W., Deep River.

Splettstoeszer, Herman. R. D.
No. 2. New Britain.

Sprague, W. B.. Andover.

Squires. Chas. L.. Branford.

Staples, G. W.. Hartford.

* Deceased.

266

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Steele, Chas. E., New Britain,
Box 702.

Steele, Sumner W., Hartford,
41 Washington St.

Sterling, S. P., Lyme, R. F. D.

Sternberg. Max R.. Meriden,
Johnson Ave.

Sternberg. A. C, W. Hartford.

Stevens, H. C, East Canaan.

Stevens, J. C. East Canaan.

Stevens, N S.. East Canaan.

Stevens, W. W., Clintonville.

Stimson, Rufus W., Storrs.

Stirling. J. C. Rockville.

Stokes. E. B.. Westbrook.

Stockvvell, S. T., West Simsbury.

Stone, Mrs. C. A., \^ernon Cen-
ter.

Stone. D. E., Cheshire.

Stoughton. Lemuel, East Wind-
sor Hill.

Strumpf. George. Burnside.

Sumner, T. White. Bolton.

Talcott, Mrs. H. K., Rockville.

Talcott. Phineas, Rockville,
Box 1 166.

Taplin. Alvin. Forestville.

Taylor, Arthur W., Greens
Farms.

Taylor, Edward J., Southport.

Teed. George E., Weatogue.

Terrell. C. L., Cheshire.

Thomas. T. L.. Forestville.

Thomas, W. T., Groton.

Thomas, Wilbert H., Highwood.

Thompson, Chas. A., Melrose.

Thompson, C. H., Berlin.

Thompson, Chas. J.. Berlin.

Thompson, John, Ellington.

Thompson. Wm. H., East Had-
dam.

Thomson, Paul, W. Hartford.

Tillinghast, G. G., Vernon.

Tillotson, H. D.. West Hart-
ford.

Todd. E. A.. Waterburv.

Todd, Miss L. M.. Andover.

Trask, Abner, Silver Lane.

Trask, W. W., Silver Lane.

Tucker, F. E.. Vernon.

Tucker, Geo. A.. West Cheshire.

Tucker, Henry V., Middletown.

Turney, Oliver. Fairfield.

Tuttle, A. J., East Haven.

Tyler, W. M.. Waterburv.

Usher, R. C. Plainville.

Vibberts, L. A., New Britain.

Wakelee, G. M., Shelton.

Wakeman, H. S., Saugatuck.

Waite, Ernest H., Cobalt.

Wakeman, J. S., Saugatuck.

Wakeman. L. P.. Greens Farms.

Wakeman, S. B.. Saugatuck.

Walden, B. H., Experiment Sta-
tion, New Haven.

Waldo, Gerald. Scotland.

Waldo, Harold B.. Naubuc.

Wallace, Edgar G.. Prospect.

Wallace, E. J.. Wallingford.
West Quinnipiac St.

Waller, W. E., R. D., Chestnut
Hill. Bridgeport.

Wander, Eugene \., Hartford.

Warncke. Louis H., Cannon
Station.

Warner, E. C. Clintonville.

Warren. Fred, Willimantic, R.
F. D .

Watrous. J. L., Meriden.

Weber, .\lfred, Hartford.

Webster, Daniel. Berlin.

Webster. George. Jr.. Rockville.

Webster. Mrs. Geo. Jr., Rock-
ville.

Welch, G. H., Torrington.

Wells, Dudley, Wethersfield.

Wells. Dudley 2d. Wethersfield.

Wells, Herbert C, Warehouse
Point.

*Wells, L. J., South Woodstock.

*Wells, L. S., New Britain.

Wells, S. ^L. Newington.

Welton, Ard, Plymouth.

Welton, E. B., Tracy.

Welton, Mrs. H. L., Waterville.

Werking, Adolph. Plantsville.

West. S. B., Columbia.

Wheeler, W. J., Worcester,
Mass.

White, Edgar D., Andover.

White, W. R., Vernon.

Whitham, Chas. H., Southington

Whitham. Wm.. Southington

Whitney. Howard R.. Southing-
ton, Box 50.

Whittlesey, J. M.. Morris.

Wilcox. Fred. Bristol.

Wilcox, R. C. & Sons, Guilford.

Wilcox. W. E.. Meriden.

Wilder, F. W., Watertown.

Willard, S. F.. Wethersfield.

Williams, A. W., New Britain.

Williams ]\Ifg. Co., Northamp-
ton. Mass.

'Deceased.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

267

Williams. N. G.. Brooklyn.
Wilson, Samuel. Wolcott.
Wilson, Thos., New Canaan.
Wolcott. R. R.. Wethcrsfield.
Wood, G. P., Ellington.
Wood. O. S., Ellington.
Woodbury, S. J.. Cheshire.
Woodhouse, S. N.. Wethcrsfield.
Wooding, M. N.. Hamden.
Woodruff, Dwight, PlynKuith.

Woodruff. R. H.. Guilford.
Wright, A. M.. Centerbrook.
Wright, E. H.. Clinton.
Wright, John L.. Middletown,

342 Main St.
Wright, W. O., Clinton.
Yale, A. C. Meriden.
Yale, Allan R., Meriden.
Yale. C. E.. Yalesville.
Young, C. O., Yalesville.