The

Connecticut
Pomological
Society . .

Proceedings of the
Twentieth Annual
Meeting t > 4911

:3e

I

a Ca:a cassia— ^g

PLATE I.'

THE EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND COUNTY VICE-PRESIDENTS
OF THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR 1911.

Cuts used in iiiiiknn/ flalcs i. 4. 5, 6 and
7 ^v courtesy of Tlic Connecticut Farmer.

REPORT

OF

The

Connecticut
FomoloQical

Society

For the Year 1910

WITH

PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTIETH
ANNUAL MEETING

19n

Published by

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1911

C 1 (o

CHAPtL

OFFICERS

OF THE

Connecticut Pomological Societjr

FOR 1911

President

ELIJAH ROGERS

Southington.

Vice-President

GEORGE A. DREW

Greenwich

Secretary

HENRY C. C. MILES,

Milford

Treasurer
ORRIN GILBERT,

Middletown

County Vice-Presidents

Hartford— LEWIS C ROOT, Farmington.
New Haven— A. T. HENRY, Wallingford.
Fairfield— E. A. JONES, New Canaan.

Litchfield— EDSON G. DAVIS, Torrington.
New London— WILLIAM I. ALLYN, Mystic.
Middlesex— GEORGE W. SPICER, Deep River.
Windham— E. E. BROWN, Pomfret Center.
Tolland— PROFESSOR A. G. GULLEY. Storrs.
Standing Committees

Legislation.
C L. Gold, West Cornwall.
T. H. Hale, South Glastonbury.
J. W. Alsop, Avon.

Membership.
J. H. Putnam, Litchfield.
J. C. Eddy, Simsbury.
G. C. Com STOCK, Norwalk.

Injurious Insects.
Dr. W. E. Britton, New Haven.
Prof. C. D. Jarvis, Storrs.
F. A. Bartlett, Stamford.

Finance.
A. B. Cook, Farmington.
N. S. Platt, New Haven.
Samuel Russell, Jr., Middletown.

Geo. W. Staples, Hartford.

Exhibitions.
L. C. Root, Farmington.
Prof. A. G. Gulley, Storrs.
H. B. Reed, Greenwich,

Fungous Diseases.
Dr. G. p. Clinton, New Haven.
E. M. Ives, Meriden.
E. W. Smith, Cheshire.

New Fruits.
Geo. W. Smith, Hartford.
John R. Barnes, Yalesville.
Prof. A. T. Stevens, Storrs.

Markets and Transportation.
J. NoRRis Barnes, Yalesville.
Chas. E. Lyman, Middlefield.
J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury.

Publicity.
E. D. Curtis, Bantam.
Stancliff Hale, So. Glastonbury.
C L. Gold, \\'est Cornwall.

Auditors,

J. C. Eddy, Simsbury.

3926J,

CONTENTS.

Proceedings :

President's Address 2

Reports of the 'Officers:

Secretary's Report 4

Treasurer's Report 11

Reports of Standing Committees:

On Exhibitions 20

On Publicity 22

On Injurious Insects 27

On Demonstration Orchard Work in Connecticut .... 31

On New Fruits 35

On Markets and Transportation 38

The Outlook for the Grower of Strawberries and Other

Small Fruits. Wilfrid Wheeler 41

Experiments in Controlling Diseases of Apples and

Peaches. Dr. G. P. Clinton 50

Report on Legislation 61

Summer Spraying — Some Results with the Lime-Sulphur

Mixtures. Prof. W. H. Whetzel 62

General Discussion on Spraying 68

Third Annual Banquet 96

The Menu 98

Mr. J. H. Hale, Toastmaster 99

Hon. Edward L. Smith 105

Mr. Edwin S. Thomas 109

Hon. S. L. Lupton 114

Rev. Herbert J. White 119

Remarks of Visiting Delegates 133

Impressions of the Apple Growing Industry on the Pacific

Coast. George A. Drew 143

The Virginia Apple: How it is Grown and Marketed. S.

L. Lupton 156

Discussion of the Question List 175-223

Up-to-date Methods of Packing Apples. Prof. C. S. Wil-
son 181

Election of Officers 197

vi CONTENTS.

Results of a Dwarf Apple Orchard. Prof. A. G. Gulley.. . 199

Resolutions 219-220

The Future of Market Gardening in New England. H.

F. Hall 206

Report of the Special Committees on Fruit Exhibit, with

List of Awards 227

Report on the Trade Exhibits *. 232

Part Two — A Brief Record of Field Meetings, Exhibitions, In-
stitutes, etc., held in 1910:

Summer Field Meetings 235

Peach Growers' Field Day, Middlef^eld, August 3, 1910. . . . 237
Second Field Meeting of the Season at Hale & Coleman

Fruit Farm, Seymour, September 23, 1910 242

Institute Work in 1910 247

Orchard Demonstration Institutes 249

The Thirteenth Annual Exhibition of Fruits, 1910 251

Necrology 257

List of Members 262

Constitution and By-Laws of the Society*

THE CONSTITUTION.

Article I — The name of this association shall be The Connnecti-

CUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Article II — Its object shall be the advancement of the science and
art of pomology, and the mutual improvement and business advantage
of its members.

Article III — Any person may become a member of this Society by
paying into the treasury the sum of one dollar, and the membership
shall cease at the end of the current j^ear.

Any person may become a life member of this Society by the pay-
ment of the sum of ten dollars at one time. All moneys from life
memberships to form a permanent investment fund of the Society.

Article IV — Its officers shall consist of a President, First Vice-
President, one Vice-President from each county in the State, a Secre-
tary and a Treasurer, to be elected annually by ballot, to hold office
for one year, or until their successors are duly elected.

The President, First Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer shall
constitute the Executive Committee of the Society.

Article V — The Society shall hold its annual meeting during the
month of February, the time and place to be decided by the Executive
Committee, at which time the annual election of officers shall be held,
various reports submitted and an exhibition and discussion of fruits
take place; also other necessary business be transacted. Other meet-
ings for special purposes may be arranged for and called by the
Executive Committee whenever it is deemed advisable. Printed
notice of each meeting to be sent to every member of this Society.

Article VI — The following Standing Committees of three mem-
bers each, on the following subjects, shall be appointed by the Presi-
dent, to hold during his term of office ; the appointments to be an-
nounced at the annual meeting of the society.

Business and Legislation, New Fruits,

Injurious Insects, Markets and Transportation,

Exhibitions, Publicity,

Membership, Two Auditors.

Fungous Diseases,

Article VII — This Constitution may be amended by a vote of two-
thirds of the members present at any annual meeting.

Article I — The President, Secretary, Treasurer and the Chairman
of each standing committee shall each present a report at the annual
meeting of the Society.

Article II — The President shall appoint annually two members to
audit the accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer.

Article III — The Treasurer shall pay out- no money except on the
written order of the President, countersigned by the Secretary.

viii BY-LAWS.

Article IV — All members whose memberships have not been re-
newed before the end of the current year shall be notified of the fact
previous to the removal of their names from the roll.

Article V — It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to
arrange the programs for the meetings of the Society, to fill all
vacancies which may occur in its officers between the annual meet-
ings, and to have general management of the aflfairs of the Society.

Article VI — It shall be the duty of the County Vice-Presidents to
actively represent the Society in its various lines of work in their re-
spective counties, to arrange for at least one meeting of the Society in
their county during the year, and to report to the Society from time
to time the progress of the fruit growing industry in their respective
sections of the State.

Article VII — The Committee on Legislation shall inform them-
selves in regard to such laws as relate to the horticultural interests
of the State, and bring the same to the attention of the Society, and
also the need of further legislation. And when so directed by the
Society, shall cause to be introduced into the General Assembly such
bills as may be deemed necessary, and to aid or oppose any bills intro-
duced by others, which directly or indirectly aiifect the interests of the
fruit-grower.

Article VIII — The Committee on Membership, with the co-oper-
ation of the County Vice-Presidents, shall bring the work of the So-
ciety to the attention of the fruit-growers throughout the State, and,
by such means as they deem best, strive to increase the membership.

Article IX — The Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from
time to time such methods and improvements as may seem to them
desirable in the conduct of the exhibitions of the Society, as well as
fruit exhibitions throughout the State ; and with the assistance of the
Executive Committee shall arrange the premium lists, and have charge
of all Exhibitions given by this Society.

Article X — It shall be the duty of the Committee on Insects and
Diseases to investigate in regard to the ravages of these enemies of
fruit culture ; and to suggest how best to combat them and prevent
their spread ; to answer all inquiries addressed to them by the mem-
bers as far as possible, and, when necessary, promptly lay before the
Society timely information on these subjects.

Article XI — The Committee on New Fruits shall investigate and
collect such information in relation to newly-introduced varieties of
fruits as is possible, and report the same to the Society, witJi sugges-
tions as to the value of the varieties for general cultivation.

Article XII — The Committee on Markets and Transportation shall
inform themselves as to the best method of placing fruit products upon
the market, and bring to the attention of the members of the Society
this and any other information concerning profitable marketing.

Article XIII — The Society will adopt the nomenclature of the
American Pomological Society.

Article XIV — These By-Laws may be amended by a majority
vote of the members present at any regular meeting.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Twentieth Annual Meeting

OF THE

C^onnecticut
Fomological oociety

IN accordance with the requirements of its Constitution,
and with arrangements made by its Executive Commit-
tee, the Connecticut Pomological Society convened in twenti-
eth annual session, Februar}- 1 and 2. IQll. at I'nitv Tdall.
in the city of Hartford.

Previous to the opening" session the work of prepara-
tion had been going" on (hiring the morning hours, and
even for days and weeks before, with the result that the con-
vention hall presented every appearance of a great modern
fruit show and convention. The stage was tastefull\- l)anked
with palms, ferns and other decorative plants, and in front
was massed quantities of splendid highly colored fruits shown
in boxes, barrels, baskets, pyramids and mounds. In addition
to the finest products of Connecticut apple orchards there were
exhibits from several other Xew England states, from Xew
York and even from the Pacific Coast, the whole making
a most beautiful picture. Over the stage was hung a mam-
moth banner bearing the suggestive words, "Fruit groii'ing
is the fine art of Agriculture."

2 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In the lower hall were arranged displays of horticul-
tural implements, spraying outfits and supplies used by the
up-to-date fruit grower, the largest exhibition ever seen at a
Connecticut meeting. The fruit show occupied two rooms
and was attractively staged, and with the special exhibit of
apples representing nearly every New England state, com-
bined to make the largest and best fruit exhibit in the history
of the Society's annual meetings.

There was a very large attendance of members and visi-
tors on hand when the opening session was called to order
at 10.40, Wednesday morning, February 1st, by the Piesi-
dent, E. Rogers, of Southington.

President Rogers: Ladies and gentlemen, the hour
has arrived for us to open our meeting. The first on the
program is our president's address.

President's Address.

Ladies and Gentlemen, Members of the Pomological Society,
Friends, Greeting :

We are about to celebrate our twentieth anniversary.
Looking over the past, we see many things we have accom-
plished— not without some failures — but with the continued
assistance of our Experiment Stations and Agricultural Col-
leges, we are sure to go forward. The outlook for fruit
culture in our state was never brighter than at the present
time.

The past year we have held several Institutes in different
parts of our state, with marked results. Our Publicity Com-
mittee have sent out circulars regarding the horticultural and
other resources of our state. This work, I feel, should be
continued.

This year has been a successful one ; the peach crop was
estimated to be the largest on record.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 3

By the combined efforts of our growers and the men,
who were wiUing to work in conjunction with them, our crop
of apples proved of the best quaUty and brought large prices.
And not only New England, but the West, were looking for
them. We have the quality and so the demand for more
fruit. We have the farms and the best markets in the world,
for they are near our large cities, where the people not only
want, but are willing to pay for good fruit.

We are not obliged to ship our fruit 3,000 miles with
railroad freight of $300 per car, but sell largely in our own
state. Our New England Fruit Show, held in Boston in
1909, has helped to open good markets for our fruit.

How shall we meet this question? By bringing to a bet-
ter standard our old orchards, starting new, giving them bet-
ter care. We have planned this year to make an exhibit at
the next New England Fruit Show in Boston, and ask each
one to help us by growing fine fruit. Connecticut fruit should
stand first; let us make it such.

I wish now only to add that we have a society to be
proud of, large in numbers, bound together by a noble work,
well worth putting forth our best efforts, and I wish for its
future prosperity the same loyal support it has had in the
past.

The President: The next is the report of our Secre-
tary, Air. Allies.

Secretary AIiles : Our worthy President has set the
example of presenting a brief and comprehensive report, and
I suppose that he intended that the rest of the ofilicers should
follow his example. I have only one apology to oft'er for
the length of the Secretary's report this year, and that is
the fact that we are twenty years old, as you all know, and it
seems right and proper that we should take a glance back-
ward and note the conditions existing twenty years ago
when we began, and compare them with the present situation,
and this I have attempted to do to a certain extent.

4 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Secretary's Report.

Mr. President and Members of the Soeiety:

This meeting- marks the twentieth milestone in the Hfe
of our Societ}-, "the recognized organization of the fruit
growers of Connecticut." We are no longer a young and
struggling society, uncertain as to our work and mission. l)Ut
we have attained strength through age and experience, and
through the results of work accomplished have become an
established factor in the agricultural life of the state.

Busy as we may be in the solving of problems connected
with present-dav fruit growing, nevertheless a glance back-
ward over the past twenty years cannot help but be inter-
esting and instructive.

In 1891, when the Pomological Society was organized,
Connecticut was just in the beginning of the peach growing
craze. Now, twenty years later, finds the interest- of our
fruit growers largely centered around the apple as the most
profitable fruit. During these years peach growing has devel-
oped into a settled, paying industry in many sections of our
state. The product of our peach orchards 'is known far and
wide, and no finer fruit is grown anywhere. The apple,
always "the king of fruits," is coming to be recognized as the
best, and, in the long run, the most profitable fruit to plant
in New England, and particularly in Connecticut. Old or-
chards, once thought to be past their usefulness, are being-
reclaimed by modern methods, and hundreds of acres of new
orchards are being planted, in many cases on land before
abandoned to brush and rocks. So, after all these years of
neglect and failure, as well as education, experimenting and
study, we see a remarkable awakening of interest in the
growing of apples, which promises soon to give Xew England
apples their rightful place in the markets of the world, rival-
ling even the fruit of the celebrated West.

In twent}- years great changes have taken place in our
fruit growing methods. Destructive insects and diseases have

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 5

come in and are important factors. Some we have learned
to control, others are still with us, oftentimes ''blessings in
disguise." The one item of spraying has almost revolution-
ized our business. The last census will show that to-day there
are more acres devoted to fruit growing and more money
invested in orchards in Connecticut than ever before, and
vastly more interest is being taken in the culture and use of
fruits. It must be admitted that some of our standard fruits
are not succeeding as well as they did twenty years ago,
especially the pear, cherry and quince ; and probably the grow-
ing of many of the small fruits is not as extensive as it once
was.

But, as a whole, Connecticut fruit growing has made
great progress in the twenty years, and yet, those who know
tell us that we are but just on the threshold of the greatest
boom in agriculture and fruit growing that New England has
ever seen. It has taken years to awaken our people to the
wonderful advantages and opportunities lying right at their
doors, and the causes for the present hopeful condition are
many, but it is not too much to say that the work and teach-
ings of our Pomological Society have been a very large factor
in bringing it about. For twent}- years the Society has
labored in season and out of season to promote the horti-
cultural interests of our state, and the success that has now
come to crown these efforts cannot help but be a source of
gratification to those wise founders of the organization, a;'.
well as to those who have carried on the work during all
these years.

Reviewing the work of the }ear 1910 just closed, the
Society has been active along many lines. The regular work
has been maintained and several important special lines of
work have been taken up. It has been a year of generallv
successful results with our fruit growers, and where proper
attention was given to the trees and i)lants. magniticont
peaches, apples and other fruits have been grown and mar-

6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

keted. Of course, many serious problems are yet unsolved,
but the outlook for the future is bright with promise.

Reporting in detail on the past year's work, I will first
ask vour attention to

Our ^Membership.

It is a pleasure to be able to report that our membership
is growing rapidly. We have received more new members
the past year than ever before, and our present membership
is the largest we have ever had enrolled.

The total number of members one year ago was 529.
During the past year 147 new members have been added,
making altogether 676 on the roll in 1910.

Sixty-six names have been dropped from the list because
of failure to renew within the time specified by our By-Laws,
and two members have been lost by death. Making these de-
ductions, the present paid-up membership of the Society is
608 — 26 of this number are life members.*

This very gratifying condition in membership shows,
perhaps, better than anything else the increasing strength of
the Society and the active interest taken in it by the fruit
growers of the state. But still the goal of 1,000 members
has not yet been reached, and I urge upon you all to keep up
your own membership this coming year and induce others to
join our ranks, as far as you can. We are doing well — but
let us do still better in 1911.

Our Finances.

From February 1st. 1910. to February 1st, l')ll, I have
received and paid to the Treasurer :

* Note. — Since this report was made a number of delinquent mem-
bers have "returned to the fold," and in addition 118 new members
have been added since February 1st, so that the Society's full member-
ship to April 1st, 1911, is approximately 750.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 7

From Annual Membership Fees $579.00

From Life Membership Fees , 80.00

From Sales of Fruit at Exhibitions 21.38

Total $680.38

I have drawn orders for the payment of bills to the
amotnit of $3,025.21.

These expenditures classify under the following heads:

Annual Meeting, 1910 $519.89

Annual Report 642.32

Annual Exhibition:

Running Expenses $133.94

Premiums 335.26

469.20

Institute Work . .' 142.42

Field Meetings 20.64

Crop Reports 11.00

Publicity Work 131.00

Secretary's Office:

Expenses and Supplies $135.25

Salary, balance of year 1909 100.00

Salary, on account of year 1910 200.00

435.25

Miscellaneous Printing and Advertising- 111.74

Literature furnished to Members 160.11

Sundry Expenses and Expenses of President's Office 82.89

Meetings.

Besides the Annual Meeting in February the Society
held during 1910 ten Institutes, two Summer Field Meetings
— one at the Lyman Farm in ]\Iiddlefield, August 3 and 4 ; the
ether, an Apple Field Day, at Hale & Coleman's orchards in
Seymour, September 23 ; a Peach Exhibition at the Connecti-
cut Fair, Charter Oak Park, and the Thirteenth .Annual Fruit
Exhibition at Berlin, September 27-30. All these events,
especially the Field Meetings, were well attended, enjoyable
and profitable to our members and others interested in fruits,
who were present. They were the means of introducing the

8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Society to many who had never come in touch with it before.

Your Executive Committee has met frequently during
the year, the plans for work have received careful considera-
tion,, and in the execution of the work we have had the active
cooperation of many of our interested members.

Referring- to the Annual Exhibition of the Society, which
was ag-ain held in connection with the State Fair at Berlin,
it may be said that the showing of fruits was a splendid one,
creditable alike to the growers, the Society and the state,
]More attention than usual was given to the exhibits of fruits
packed for market, especially apples in boxes, and while it
is true that our Connecticut growers have much to learn in
the matter of proper and attractive packing, yet many fine
exhibits were staged and the competition for the Pratt cup
was very keen. We need more demonstrations in grading
and packing, at our fairs and meetings, and it is to be hoped
that in the future this feature will be made more prominent.

Through the liberality of the State Fair officials, the
expense of our exhibition was not great, and it is certain that
the show was worth to the state, in an educational way, many
times its cost.

Three hundred and thirty-five dollars and twenty-six
cents was awarded in premiums to some forty exhibitors.

The Societ}- was invited to make a display of peaches at
the Connecticut Fair, at Hartford, September 5-9. With
the hearty cooperation of our peach growers we were able to
put up tlie finest show of this splendid fruit ever seen in Con-
necticut. This exhibit was an e}e-opener to many, and dem-
onstrated what really fine peaches Connecticut orchards can.
and do produce, and how important the industry is becoming.

Institute Work.

There is nothing new to report concerning Farmers' In-
stitute work in the state. .\11 of the state agricultural organi-
zations, our Society included, are carrying on this branch of
educational work as far as their means will permit, and the

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. g

Institute is as popular and helpful as ever. This Society
held Institutes the past season as follows : At Xew Hartford,
February 10; Milford, February 15; Lyme. February 24;
Hebron, February 25 ; Wolcott. February 28 ; Chaplin, March
4; Cheshire. ]\Iarch 11; Monroe. March 15; W'estfield, }^larch
18; Durham. March 22. Besides these we have supplied
speakers on fruit subjects for a large number of Grange
meetings and, for Institutes held b\- the other state organiza-
tions.

A lively campaign of Institute work is being mapped out
for the remainder of the season. With the present wide-
spread interest in all agricultural lines, the advantages of the
Institute to every rural community should be realized and
accepted, and the state should be more li])eral in its sui)pi''rt.

Publicity Work.

This important work, inaugurated by the Society a _\ear
ago, has met with success and grown in volume and import-
ance. Your committee having charge of this matter will
make a full report, and I will only add that I believe no line
of work we have yet undertaken will prove of such far-reach-
ing benefit to the agriculture and horticulture of our state.
Since the bulletins have been issued, our committee has been
almost swamped with requests for further information and
advice, and for farms available for growing fruit. It would
seem that in the near future some sort of a central bureau
must be established to properly handle these requests for
help, that are pouring in from within and without the state.
The whole thing onl\- goes to show that the eyes of the pub-
lic are turning toward X^ew England as a section possessing
exceptional advantages for country homes, business farming
and profitable fruit growing.

The work of gathering fruit crop reports for the lienefit
of the grow'ers. railroads and fruit buyers — the issuing of
the Society's Annual Report and other helj^ful literature to
our members and others — and the demonstration orcliard

10 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

work, in cooperation with the State Agricultural College, have
all been carried on as usual during the year and have proven
the efficiency and usefulness of the organization.

We have earned the right to live and claim the support
of the public and those interested and engaged in fruit grow-
ing. The future holds even greater opportunities and the
promise of further success and encouragement. Our work
is increasing each vear, and in asking the state for more lib-
eral support of the fruit interests for the coming two years,
we shall be able to show results accomplished, and the need
of further extension of the work. Funds will be needed for
making a state exhibit at the coming New England Fruit
Show in Boston next Fall, and our apple growers, especially,
will need to be up and doing if the present good record of
Connecticut is to be maintained. Our publicity work must
not be allowed to stop, and the other varied lines of our work
are all well worth continuing and extending, and so, it be-
hooves us all. members and others interested in the future of
Connecticut fruit growing, to support the Society in every
way possible, for it has done much for the state in the past,
and will continue to add to her wealth and prosperity in the
years to come.

With sincere thanks, to all who have so kindly assisted
and encouraged your secretary in the work, and with con-
gratulations, and best wishes that in the coming season your
efforts may be successful and "profitable, laden with good
fruits," this report is

Respectfully submitted,

H. C. C. MILES, Secretary.

Alilford, Conn., January 30, 1011.

The President: You have heard the Secretary's report.
W'hat action do you w'ish to take?

A ^Iember : I move that it be accepted and printed in
the proceedings.

On vote the motion was passed.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. n

Next in order the report of the Treasurer, Mr. Orrin
Gilbert was called for.. Treasurer Gilbert read to the meeting
only a brief summary of the financial condition of the So-
ciety, but the full re])t)rt of receipts and expenditures is
i^iven herewith :

Treasurer's Report.

For YE.^R Ending February 1, 1911.

ORRIN GILBERT, Treasurer,

In Account zcith The Connecticut Pomological Society.
1910.

Feb. 3. To balance $148.23

Cash from J. C. Eddy, account banquet 257.50

from H. C. C. Miles, account banquet... 41.25

from rent hall space for exhibits 28.00

from annual membership fees from Sec-
retary Miles 335.00

11. from sales of exhibition fruit 1.00

from annual membership fees from Sec-
retary Miles 14.00

16. from sales exhibition fruit, annual nieet-

• ing 12.25

from annual membership fees from Sec-
retary Miles 33.00

21. from state appropriation 391.50

May 3. from annual membership fees from Sec-
retary Miles 21.00

June 3. from state appropriation 362.70

Aug. 18. from state appropriation, balance year 1910 317.26
from annual membership fees from Sec-
retary Miles 38.00

Sept. 26. from annual membership fees from Sec-
retary Miles 32.00

30. from sales exhibition fruit, ilerlin exhi-

bition 8.13

Oct. 12. from annual meniber.shi]) fees from Sec-
retary Miles 25.00

18. from Berlin Agricultural Society 100.00

31. from sales exhibition fruit, Berlin exhi-

bition 8.45

12

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Nov. 2. from state appropriation $466.36

1911.

Jan. 9. from state appropriation 335.26

18. from annual membership fees from Sec-
retary Miles 28.C0

from state comptroller, account agricul-
tural fair fund 188.55

31. from annual membership fees from Sec-
retary Miles 53.00

$3,245.44

1910. Cr.

Feb. 3. By cash to Geo. S. Knapp, expenses and services

speaker, annual meeting $4.50

Prof. W. M. Scott, expenses speaker, at
annual meeting 20.75

Harry J. Bridge, expenses assistant to

secretary, annual meeting 1.50

W. E. Waller, expenses assistant to sec-
retary, annual meeting 3.10

R. S. Bascom, for cash advanced for ex-
pense bills on exhibits, annual meeting 14.01

R. S. Bascom, cash paid for material for

packing table 2.18

11. check to The Garde Hotel, hotel bills speakers

officers and guests, annual meeting.... 98.80

Conyers Farm, apples used at annual
meeting 7.50

Colt's Band and Orchestra, banquet ac-
count 13.00

The Whitehead & Hoag Co., 500 badges
and officers' badges 22.39

The First Unitarian Congregational So-
ciety, Unity Hall rent for annual meet-
ing, 1910 70.00

E. D. Sanderson, expenses speaker at an-
nual meeting 11.55

H. I. Spalding, operating lantern for lec-
tures, annual meeting 19.00

E. L. Wiggin, mgr., painting sign cards,

for annual meeting 3.50

H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, expenses and
supplies on account annual meeting. . . 8.35

TWEXTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 13

Feb. 11. E. Rogers, supplies annual meeting .... $11.90

Xew York draft to Robert Thompson, travel-
ing expenses attending annual meeting

as speaker 43.36

check to Geo. C. Comstock, expenses assistant

to Secretary, annual meeting 4.00

The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Co.,
printing membership receipts and pro-
grams for annual meeting 24.10

Everett E. Brown, apples for use at an-
nual meeting 9.00

R. S. Bascom, storage charges on supplies

for society 3.00

Clarence H. Ryder, printing notices for
annual meeting 3.00

The Hartford Printing Co.. printing not-
ices. New Hartford Institute 2.00

17. E. Habenstein banquet account 315.50

24. Clarence H. Ryder, banquet account .... 3.0<J

Hartford Y. ]M. C. A., banquet account.. 25.00

X. H. Sherwood, baiiquet account 12.00

A. Mugford, Inc., banquet account 10.25

Mar. 16. H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, office expenses

and supplies, Dec. 1, 1909, to March 1,

1910 42.25

?*lilford Post Office, stamped envelopes,

annual meeting and institutes 12.05

C. H. Ryder, printing 1,000 copies public-
ity bulletin No. 1 14.25

18. Prof. C. D. Jarvis, expenses attending

two institutes, Jan. and Feb., 1910 14.85

John Coombs, plants, flov.ers, etc., for an-
nual meeting 10.00

E. Tucker Sons Co., paper for tallies, etc. 4.08

21. H. E. Savage Sons, apples, annual meeting 10.50

C. G. Whaples & Co., printing institute

programs 4.00

Kilborn Brothers, envelopes, stationery. . 2.36

Chas. L. Gold, President, traveling ex-
penses, Nov., 1909, to Feb., 1910, and

annual meeting expenses 50.90

Prof. A. G. Gulley, expenses washing
exhibition plates 2.25

14 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mar. 21. H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, fourth pay-
ment on salary, account year 1909. . . . $50.00
Apr. 21. Money order to Vredenburg & Co., 1,500 litho-
graphed advertising cards 3.75

May 3. Check to Chas. F. Roberts, reporting and tran-
scribing proceedings at 19th annual
meeting 72.&)

H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, telephone
charges. Secretary's office, Jan. 1 to

April 1, 1910 16.90

21. Clarence H. Ryder, printing 1,000 letter-
heads 7.00

B. C. Patterson, Treasurer, Society's
portion of state institute board expens-
es, 1908-1909 5.00

Wm. H. Hatton, photos for Annual
Report 4.00

Clarence H. Ryder, printing programs,
6 institutes, season 1910 14.72

The Mil ford Citizen, printing programs,
4 institutes, and envelopes 6.00

Prof. J. M. Trueman, e.xpenses attend-
ing institute 5.70

Mrs. C. A. Wheeler, services and travel-
ing expenses attending institutes .... 9.10

Chas. S. Phelps, expenses attending ex-
ecutive meeting and annual meeting . . 6.88
26. Clarence H. Ryder, payment on account

publishing annual report for 1910 200.00

June 4. Prof. C. D. Jarvis, expenses attending

3 institutes 14.45

30. F. H. Stadmueller, services and expenses

attending 3 institutes 10.25

Everett E. Brown, expenses attending
2 institutes 6.50

J. H. Putnam, traveling expenses as
speaker at institute 3.65

Dr. W. E. Britton, traveling expenses to
institutes 1.60

Dr. E. H. Jenkins, traveling expenses at-
tending 3 institutes 6.15

S. N. Spring, traveling expenses attend-
ing institute 2.10

TWENTIIITH ANXUAL MEETIXG. 15

June 30. Prof. A. G. Gulley, expenses attending

institute, Mar., 1910 $4.50

Dr. G. P. Clinton, institute expenses,
Mar., 1910 1.30

Milford Post Office, 400 stamps for mail-
ing Annual Reports 32.00

Clarence H. Ryder, 1,000 four-page pub-
licity bulletins 6.75

H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, balance of sal-
ary account year 1909 50.00

Jul}^ 6. The Connecticut Farmer Co., quarterly

payment on subscription contract 39.18

25. H. C. C. INIiles, Secretary, first payment

on salary, account year 1910 50.00

Aug. 5. Clarence H. Ryder, second payment on

account printing Annual Report, 1910. 200.00

10. Milford Post Office, stamped envelopes,

postals, and stamps for crop reports,

etc 15.62

18. Kilborn Brothers, envelopes for mailing

Annual Reports, and stationery 2.30

Sept. 15. Clarence H. Ryder, balance of bill for

publishing Annual Report 126;80

Joseph R. Clark, printing and supplies,

Sept. 1, 1909, to April 1, 1910 48.21

26. H. C. C. Allies, Secretary, second pay-

ment on salary, account year 1910 .... 50.00

30. Cash to Kilby Hotel, hotel bills of helpers at

13th annual exhibition 970

Oct. 10. Milford Post Office, stamps, postals and

stamped envelopes, field meeting and

annual exhibition 17.98

The Garde Hotel, hotel bills of judges and

officers, account 13th annual exhibition. 9.00

Prof. F. C. Sears, services and expenses

as judge at 13th annual exhibition 12.50

W. E. Waller, expenses, services and sup-
plies as entr}- clerk, annual exhibition. . 9.50
!Money order to The Fair Publishing House,
entry and judges' books, for annual ex-
hibition 5.00

12. Check to H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, expenses

and supplies for 13th annual exhibition 13.25

l6 THE COXXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Qct. 25. The Hartford Printing Co.. printing 250

billheads $2.00

The Berlin Agricultural Society, express

charges advanced on exhibits 8.79

Clarence H. Ryder, printing 1,000 pre-
mium lists and entry blanks, annual

exhibition 1 5.00

31. P. Berry & Sons,, cold storage charges on"

exhibition fruit 1.55

Prof. A. G. Gulley, expenses of self and

helpers at annual exhibition 10.90

The Connecticut Farmer Co.. payment on

account subscription contract 80.62

Nov. 7. H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, ottice expenses,

supplies and telephone bills, r^Iarch 1

to Xov. 1, 1910 44.63

Clarence H. Ryder, printing 100,000 pub-
licity bulletins, as per contract 110.00

T. H. & L. C. Root, box exhibit apples

for winter exhibition 2.50

Dec. 2. H. C. C. }^Iiles, Secretary, third payment

on salary, account year 1910 50.00

5. Conyers Farm, 3 boxes apples for annual

meeting 6.00

7. Clarence H. Ryder, printing letterheads

for publicity committee, etc 4.00

Clarence H. Ryder, binding in cloth 5i)

copies 1909 Annual Report 19.16

10. ■ Clarence H. Ryder, binding bock of or-
ders on Treasurer 2.85

Clarence H. Ryder, letterheads, field
meeting programs, etc 9.65

20. Berlin Agricultural Society, cash ad-

vanced for rent of exhibition plates... 4.16

21. Alilford Post Oflfice, stamps, stamped en-

velopes, etc., for mailing reports, pro-
grams, etc 10.24

24. Premiums paid as awarded at 13th annual ex-

hibit, 1910:

Frederick B. Cook $2.00

E. F. Alanchester 2.00

Walter Fawthrop 1.00

E. W. Dver 25

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. ly

L. J. Robertson $4.25

Mrs. F. B. Bailey 21.00

F. B. Bailey 23.50

Walter H. Baldwin 8.00

A. J. Clark 9.50

W. I. & T. M. Savage 14.25

Mrs. Jno. F. Chalmers 8.50

Harvey Jewell 1.00

Mrs. Harvey Jewell 15.25

N. S. Piatt : 95

Everett E. Brown 15.00

Chas. L. Gold 6.50

E. Rogers 4.00

Mrs. E. W. Ellison 26.50

A. T. Henry 13.50

T. H. & L. C Root 29.50

Albert Bernhard 15.75

Mrs. C. O. Hanford 17.50

Lyman Payne 5.25

A. B. Howard & Sons 51.00

^ S. W. Roberts 3.50

H. C. C. Miles 2.00

G. A. Drew, manager 17.60

Oliver K. Driggs 1.00

H. B. Buell 1.10

Thos. K. Winsor 1.46

Geo. F. Piatt 3.50

Willis A. Lane 1 .25

Barnes Bros 1.00

Hale & Pero 1.50

Thos. Callahan 1.00

S. G. Cook 3.00

Herbert L. Ives 1.00

Dennis Fenn .40

$335.26

1911.
Jan. 9. Premiums paid as awarded at 19th annual

meeting, Feb. 2d and 3d, 1910:

S. G. Cook $ .25

C. W. Carpenter 25

H. E. Savage Sans 3.00

E. E. Brown 75

Ethelbert Bliss 50

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Chas. M. Perry $ .50

Geo. W. Staples 9.50

Earl C. Roberts 75

Z. H. Candee 1.50

W. A. Stocking & Sons 11.00

F. B. Miller , 75

Arthur Clark 1.50

Geo. F. Piatt 25

F. B. Bailey 50

A. B. Howard & Son 9.75

Dennis Fenn 75

$41.50

New York draft to Tedford Bros., 5 boxes
exhibition apples from Wenatchee,

Washington 13.75

18. Check to H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, office ex-

penses and supplies, Nov. 1, 1910, to

Jan. 9, 1911 31.47

Geo. F. Piatt, 1 bbl. apples for demon-
stration packing at annual exhibition. . 3.00
Joseph R. Clark, printing and supplies,

Apr. 1 to Oct. 1, 1910 35.20

H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, fourth payment

salary, account year 1910 50.00

The Connecticut Farmer Co., balance of

subscription contract year 1910 40.31

25. Chas. L. Gold, expenses attending 2 insti-
tutes 8.40

Feb. 1. Balance 220.23

$3,245.44

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 19

SOCIETY'S PERMANENT INVESTED FUND.
Life Membership Fund.

Feb. 1, 1910. Amount on deposit in Berlin Savings Bank

as per last report $257.68

Life membership fees deposited during year. 80.00

Jan. 1, 1910. Interest to Jan. 1st, 1911 15.48

Total $353.16

AVAILABLE RESOURCES.

Feb. 1, 1911. Invested in Berlin Savings Bank $353.16

Due on account state appropriation for year

ending Sept. 30, 1911 698.38

Balance in Treasury 220.23

AUDITORS' CERTIFICATE.

Hartford, Conn., Feb. 1, 1911.
We have examined the books of the Treasurer, Mr. Orrin Gilbert,
and find them correct.

GEO W. STAPLES,
ANDREW KINGSBURY,

Auditors.

20 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Reports of Standing Committees.

President Rogers: The next on our program will be
the Reports of Standing- Committees. We will hear first
from our Committee on Exhibitions, as the chairman of that
committee is obliged to leave soon. I will call now upon
Mr. A. B. Cook to report.

Report of Exhibition Committee.

Mr. a. B. Cook : Mr. President, I haven't a very ex-
tended report to make. The most of it has been covered in
the Secretary's report.

Early in the season it was decided to hold the annual
exhibition as usual if a suitable place should be found, and it
was later decided to accept the invitation of the State and
Berlin Agricultural Societies and have the annual exhibit in
connection with their fair, September 27-30. Other cordial
invitations were received from other fair associations, par-
ticularly the Connecticut Fair Association at Charter Oak
Park. It was not thought best to accept this invitation for
two reasons; the date being too early (the first week in Sep-
tember) to make a satisfactory showing of apples, and com-
ing, as it does, in the midst of the peach season, many of our
members are too busy to think of making an exhibit with
its necessary fussing. We did, however, make a very cred-
itable display of peaches at this fair, which attracted a great
deal of attention, especially that part of it contributed by
Brother Hale, who showed his wonderful new peach "Selah."

The exhibit at Berlin, although not quite as large as
some years, was a show of excellent fruit. It is very notice-
able that the members who exhibit year after year are learn-
ing what good fruit really is, and they are bringing nothing
but excellent specimens. Very nearly all of the inferior fruit
that is shown is brought by those who are exhibiting for the
first time, and they readily see by comparison that their fruit

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 21

is inferior, and do much better the next time. Not all of
the new exhibitors show poor fruit, however, for some of
them have captured many of the highest awards.
The exhibit consisted of

5 collections of apples of 15 varieties each
8 collections of apples of 10 varieties each
4 collections of apples of 8 varieties each

6 •collections of apples of 5 varieties each
300 single plates of apples besides the collections
147 plates of pears

127 plates of grapes
55 plates of peaches
16 plates of plums
16 plates of quinces
20 plates of nuts
making in all 898 plates, besides over 200 plates shown by
the Connecticut Agricultural College, but not entered for
competition.

There were also

4 barrels of apples
16 boxes of apples, and
7 market baskets of fruit
The department of Canned Fruits and Jellies was well
filled, there being

2 collections of 15 varieties of fruit each

5 collections of 8 varieties of fruit each

2 collections of 6 varieties of fruit each

3 collections of 6 varieties of pickles each
64 single jars of fruit

79 glasses of jell>-

6 bottles of fruit juice
making 249 packages in all.

At the present mid-winter exhibit the Society has exclud-
ed all fruit grown outside of the state from its general
classes, the premiums for which are paid from the state ap-
propriation, and has established a class for market packages,

22 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Open to all New England, the premiums to be paid from
money obtained from other sources. We believe this to be
a step in the right direction, and sincerely hope that it may
be continued in the years to come.

Respectfully submitted,

ALLEN B. COOK,
H. B. REED,
A. G. GULLEY,

Exhibition Committee.

The President : You have heard the report of the
Committee on Exhibitions. What action shall we take
upon it?

A Member : I move that it be accepted and placed on
file.

The President: If there is no objection it will be
accepted and placed on file.

President Rogers : We will next take up the report of
the Publicitv Committee, Mr. E. D. Curtis, chairman.

Report of Publicity Committee.

Mr. President and Members of the Society :

Your Publicity Committee has to report that its activities
during- the past year have been directed partly to circulating
information as to the agricultural and horticultural advan-
tages of the state and partly to the collection of information
concerning the extent of the fruit industry of Connecticut.

The information which has been circulated has been in
the form of the two bulletins presented at the last annual
meeting. As the means at the comiuand of the Society for
carrying- on this work were very limited, we have endeavored
to interest manufacturers and other residents of the state in
distributing the bulletins enclosed with their ordinary busi-
ness correspondence. We have met with a ready response to
our efforts in this direction, and nearly 80,000 copies of the

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 23

bulletins have been thus distributed. The work has, how-
ever, only begun. There is no doubt that a milHon copies
could easily be sent out if the Society could afford to have
such a quantity printed and if every member would assist
the committee by enclosing the circulars in his own corres-
pondence and by interesting his neighbors, and especially the
manufacturers and large business men in his neighborhood
in doing the same thing.

Your committee has prepared a new bulletin, which is
being distributed at this meeting. This bulletin is not intend-
ed to supersede the previous ones, but deals rather more par-
ticularly with the fruit growing possibilities of the state, and
may thus appeal to persons who are interested in that branch
of agriculture.

Your committee has to report that the results of its at-
tempted fruit census have not been equal to its expectations.
It sent out about 700 circulars, and enclosed in every case a
stamped and addressed envelope for reply. In spite of this,
less than 250 replies were received. The information obtained
is deemed of value only so far as it refers to apples and
peaches. For purposes of tabulation, all growers having less
than two acres of either fruit have been omitted. The re-
maining growers were divided into two classes, those having
over ten acres of either fruit, and those having between two
and ten acres. Fifty-seven replies were received from the
larger growers, and they owned or controlled between them
1,423 acres of apples and 2,000 acres of peaches. Some of
these growers did not report both apples and peaches, there
being 48 apple growers and 40 peach growers.'

The class of smaller growers accounted for an additional
253 acres of apples and 119 acres of peaches, or a total acre-
age shown of 1,676 for apples and 2,119 for peaches. The
acreage of these two fruits, as show^n, is, therefore, 3,795, a
figure which is not as large as the importance of the industry
would justify, but which, considering the incompleteness of
our returns, seems cause for warm congratulation.

24 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The point to which we desire to draw particular atten-
tion, however, is the average size of the orchards of our larger
fruit orrowers. If we take the owners havingf over ten acres
of apples or of peaches separately, we shall find that there
are 37 apple growers with 1,361 acres of trees, an average
of 37 acres each, and Zo peach growers with 1,982 acres of
trees, an average of 57 acres each. These figures are large
from whatever point of view they are regarded, and seem to
indicate conclusively that our members who are making a
business of growing apples or peaches are finding .it profitable
work and are willing to invest a substantial amount of capital
in it.

Your committee recommends that increased efforts be
made to give to the agriculture of this state that high posi-
tion with it should hold in the estimation of the country at
large. In this work it should be understood that the assis-
tance of every member is essential, especially in the distribu-
tion of the bulletins.

Your committee's chief difficulty is, however, in supplying
definite and reliable information upon the different sections of
the state. While a good many of our enquiries can be turned
over to the Board of Agriculture, the Experiment Stations,
and other bodies more competent than your committee to deal
with them, yet one very important handicap has been felt in
the lack of a government soil survey of the state. Such a
survey has been published covering the northern part of the
Connecticut River valley, and one of Windham County has
recently been completed and is now being prepared for publi-
cation. Your committee believes, however, that no other
one thing would be useful to non-residents or others in
looking up suitable locations in the state as a soil survey. It
therefore, proposes the following resolutions for your con-
sideration and recommends its adoption :

Whereas, an impression has prevailed in the countrv at
large that tlie soils of Connecticut are not generallv suited to
profitable agriculture, and

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 25

Whereas, the members of this Society and its friends
are convinced that such impression is not correct, and have
been engaged in a serious effort to disprove it, and to main-
tain the agricultural reputation of the state, and

ll'liereas. no other one thing- is of such importance in
this work as a soil survey made under the authority of the
United States Department of Agriculture, now therefore be it

Resolved, by the Connecticut Pomological Society, as-
sembled in its twentieth annual meeting, that Hon. James Wil-
son, Secretary of Agriculture of the United States, be, and
he hereby is, urg-ently requested to have prepared and pub-
lished a soil survey of the whole of the state of Connecti-
cut as rapidly as the work can be done, so that the results
can be published within one year, and be it further

Resolved, that our Senators and Representatives in Con-
gress are requested to do all in their power to impress upon
the Secretary of Agriculture the importance of this work to
the residents of this state, and to urge upon him its imme-
diate prosecution and completion, and be it further

Resolved, that one member of the Publicity Committee
be authorized to proceed to Washington at an earlv date, to
present these resolutions to the proper parties and to use his
best endeavors to have the work begun.

Your Committee would further call the attention of the
Society to the fact that the resolution under which it was
originally appointed, provided for work in the direction of
cooperative selling and buying. In view of the importance of
the work along these lines now being done by other similar
associations, your committee believes that the time is ripe for
this Society to begin. On the other hand, the amount of
work now being done by the members of this committee is not
small, and if anything is to be added to their labors, they
W'Ould suggest that the size of the committee be increased 1>\'
one member. The committee makes no recommendation as
to taking up this work, but lio])es that the matter will be dis-
cussed by the meml)ers, in whose hands its success must even-
tuallv rest.

26 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

President Rogers : This is a very important and com-
prehensive report, and I would hke to put it to a vote of the
Society. The committee has been doing good work, and the
bulletins they have gotten out have been in demand by the
people of the state, and especially by the leading business
men, who have helped to distribute them.

A Member : I move that the report be accepted and the
recommendations adopted.

The President : All in favor of accepting this report
please signify it by saying "aye" ; contrary minds "no." The
motion is carried.

The next is the report of the Committee on Alembership,
Mr. J. H. Putnam, chairman.

]\Ir. Putnam : Mr. Chairman, I shall have to report
that I haven't any report to make ; that is, I have done no
work during the year. In fact, I did not realize that I was
a member of the Committee till I saw* the program ; but I
understand the Secretary has been doing good work, and that
we have the largest number of members now that we have
ever had; and we want to see every man in Connecticut who
is interested in growing fruit a member of this associatimi.
They ought to be, not only for their own good, but for the
good of the fruit interests, because it is by getting together
and working together and planning together and learning
from each other, that we are going to improve. The report
of the committee just given shows a little of what can be
done by united effort, and until we get really in close touch
with each other through the association, our eft'orts will not
be united. I hope every person in the hall who is not now a
member will become a member before leaving the meeting.

President Rogers : You have heard the Meml^ership
Committee's report, and if there is no objection we will accept
the report. We will now take up Injurious Insects. Ijy Dr.
W. E. Britton, chairman of that committee.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 2/

Report of Committee on Injurious Insects.

The season of 1910, unlike that of 1909, broug'ht a com-
parative scarcity of plant lice. The rosy apple aphis, which
caused so much damage to apple trees throughout the state
last }ear, and which we expected might again be troublesome,
was so scarce that we had to look sharp to find it at all, and
then only in very small colonies. We planned to conduct
further experiments in spraying to destro}- this pest in both
its egg and nymph stages, but had to abandon a part of our
plans because we could not find the aphids to treat. In no
case observed did the rosy apple aphis cause any particular
damage in 1910. The 15-spotted lady beetle, Anatis i§-puiic-
tata Oliv., must have been in part responsible for checking
this aphis, as it was extremely abundant, and from 15 to 20
yellow egg-clusters, containing altogether several hundred
eggs, were found on nearly every tree in an orchard in
Orange. These eggs were also noticed in Meriden and other
places.

The green apple aphis was present in moderate numbers,
as in 1909.

The peach sawfly, Pamphilius persicuni MacG., defoliated
many trees in some of the large orchards, and though I have
not learned of any spraying being done since 1907 to check
the ravages of this insect, some of the orchardists are plan-
ning to spray with lead arsenate in 1911. Probably 2 lbs.
in 50 gallons of water will be strong enough.

In the summer spraying experiments carried on in various
orchards last summer it was shown that lead arsenate can be
used at the rate of 3 lbs. in 50 gallons in connection with the
commercial or home-made lime-sulphur sprays on both peach
and apple foliage, but it should not be mixed with "Sulfo-
cide'' or with sulphide of potash, because the chemical action
produces soluble arsenates which cause serious injury not
only to the leaves but to the young fruit and even the twigs.

28 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The use of Paris green in these preparations causes a similar
thoui^h less extensive injury.

The leaf blister mite, Eriophycs pyri Nal., which was
studied recently by Parrott, and which has caused considerable
damage to apples in New York State, is present in Connecti-
cut apple orchards. We observed it at Meriden, where it
has been noticed for at least two seasons. Samples were sent
to my office from Litchfield, Xew Britain, Ellington, and
Cummington, Mass. During the past summer this pest was
so prevalent in certain apple orchards in ^Massachusetts, which
I visited, that one-third of the leaves had dropped from the
trees. It has long been known as a pest of the pear, but
recently apple trees also are attacked. The best treatment,
according to Professor Parrott, is to spray with a lime-sulphur
mixture just before the buds open in spring.

There are many indications that the San Jose scale is
losing its virulence or power of spread and injury to the trees.
Several instances have come to my notice where old apple
trees which were infested several years ago, and which I
thought would be dead before this, have taken on a new
lease of life, and on examining them, very few living scales
could be found. There seems to be no particular parasite
that is responsible for the check of the scale. The commer-
cial lime-sulphur preparations have been used extensively the
past season, and now nearly every insecticide manufacturer
has a brand on the market. Oil preparations are also being
used with success.

Excellent progress has been made in controlling the gypsy
moth. At Wallingford last winter 8,234 egg-masses were
found and destroyed. In the summer 10,000 trees were
banded with burlap, 365 with Tree Tanglefoot, 904 trees were
pruned, nearly 2,000 cavities in trees filled or covered, several
hundred trees sprayed, and 8,^^*36 caterpillars killed under the
bands. Besides, several thousands of young caterpillars were
killed by the spraying, and perhaps as many more caught in
the stick\ bands. In scouting; the whole of the infested area

TWEXTIETH AXNi'AL MEETING. 29

in Walling'ford this winter, only 21 eg^g-masses could be
found.

At Stonington the work has been continued, and only a
few individuals remain. The gypsy moth has not )'et been
found elsewhere in the state, though much scouting has been
done.

The brown-tail moth, Eiiproctis cJirysorrJwca Linn., has
reached Connecticut, probably by spreading from the infested
area in either ^Massachusetts or Rhode Island. This area
has been very close to us in both states for two years or more.
Pear and apple-trees at Thompson w^ere infested in April,
and on May 10th they were sprayed with lead arsenate.
Later the pest was found to be even more abundant at Put-
nam, where a number of fruit trees in the city yards were
attacked and some nearly defoliated. At the time it was too
late to spray, but the whole territory will be looked over this
winter, and the winter nests removed and destroyed. These
nests w^ere again brought into Connecticut this season on nur-
sery stock imported from France. As there has never been
any system of Federal inspection of such stock, the states have
been obliged to inspect it for their own protection. Fourteen
nests in five cases of stock from three French nurseries
shipped to three Connecticut firms in different sections of the
state were found and destroyed out of 707 boxes, bales and
packages examined. There w^ere a few other shipments that
could not be traced. Several other insects have also been
brought into the country with this nurser\- stock, and while
we cannot say that they are pests, they may prove such. At
an}- rate, the danger is great enough to warrant a thorough
system of Federal inspection.

In spite of the advice and warnings given at these meet-
ings and at Institutes, also in the Station publications, hun-
dreds of apple orchards were stripped by canker w^orms last
season. The damage covered nearly all sections of the state.
When this pest can be controlled so easily by early spraying,
in these davs of so much talk about conservation of our re-

30 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

sources and the increased interest in apple culture, the sight
of so much useless waste makes us think that there is still
much educational and demonstration work to be done by this
Society. Of course the commercial orchardist sprays his
trees at the proper time. The other fellow either sprays not
at all, or else does it after the trees begin to turn brown the
first week in June. It is then too late, and the damage has
been done.

Outside of fruit insects, cut worms were very abundant
and did much damage.

In August and September the grey birch trees through-
out the eastern and northern portion of the state turned brown
and finally lost all of their leaves from the attacks of a small
insect, Bncculatrix canadensiscUa Cham. This has previous-
ly been a pest in northern New England, and in certain sea-
sons in ^Massachusetts and Rhode Island ; but it has not, dur-
ing my residence of nearly seventeen years in Connecticut,
shown any such outbreak. Cut-leaf and other ornamental
birches were also injured in the same manner. These may
be protected by spraying with lead arsenate in July.

W. E. BRITTON, New Haven, Chairman,

C. D. JARVIS, Storrs,

F. A. BARTLETT, Stamford,

Coiiimittcc on Injurious Insects.

The President: If there is no objection to this report
it will take the usual course.

We will next take up No. 5, report on Demonstration
Orchard Work of the past year, by Prof. C. D. Jarvis of
Storrs. First, however, I have an announcement to make. We
have a question box here, and we also have a little booklet
that is going to be distributed in the audience, and we wish
you would write out your questions and send them up here,
and we will try to have them read at different times, so that
we can take them up for discussion.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 31

Report on Demonstration Orchard Work
in Connecticut.

Prof. Jarvjs: Ladies and gentlemen: The Secretary
gave me ten minutes in which to present this first report on
Orchard Demonstration Work in Connecticut. I think I
can read this in seven minutes.

For the henefit of those who ma}- not be famihar with
the undertaking I should say a few words with regard to the
origin of the movement. Realizing the presence of many
neglected and unprofitable apple orchards in Connecticut and
realizing the possibility of improving many of them and plac-
ing them on a profitable basis, the executive committee of
the Society called upon the college to cooperate with them in
a campaign for improved methods in orcharding. The Presi-
dent of the College volunteered to finance the work and of-
fered the services of the writer. The Society seemed well
satisfied with such an arrangement. After further discus-
sion it was decided that we should select two or three neglect-
ed orchards in different parts of the state and to ask the
owners to handle them as suggested by the College representa-
tive. The owner of the orchard should be asked to bear the
whole expense except the traveling expenses of the College
representative, and to allow his neighbors and others to visit
the orchard and witness the various operations.

These plans were carried out to the extent that two or-
chards were selected, one at Cheshire and one at Pomfret.
and the program for the first year was carried out in each
of them. Two orchard meetings were held at each place,
and notices sent out to as many addresses in the neighbor-
hood as we could obtain. The first meeting in each place was
for the purpose of demonstrating the methods of pruning a
neglected orchard, and the second one was for demonstrating
the methods of spraying, tilling and fertilizing. These meet-
ings were well attended, averaging at least fifty people at
each meeting.

32 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Cheshire Orchard. This orchard is on the farm
of S. A. Smith and Sons, on the New Haven and Waterbnry
trolley line, near Ives Corners. The orchard was about fifty
}ears of age and had received little attention so far as prun-
ing, feeding and cultivating were concerned. It was badly
infested with San Jose scale and other injurious insects. Two
rows of these old trees were severely pruned, and thoroughly
sprayed with miscible oil for scale, and later with arsenate
of lead and a fungicide for other insects and for diseases.
The soil treatment consisted in breaking up the sod with a
cutaway harrow and frequent cultivations up till midsummer.
The fertilizer used was as follows :

Raw ground bone 400 pounds

Basic slag 500 pounds

Sulfate of potash 300 pounds

A clover cover crop was sown the latter part of July and
has made a good growth.

The result of the first season's work in this orchard are
very fittingly expressed by the senior proprietor in his letter
to the Connecticut Farmer and published under date of Jan-
uary 28, 1911. A few extracts may be admissible here.

"The work in our orchard has shown up far more satis-
factorily than we had any visionary hope it would."

"Our old apple trees had gotten so high that we could not
spray them, and without spraying them they were valueless.
I had cut down two out of nine rows, and if Prof. Jarvis had
not put in his appearance just as he did I should have chopped
down all of them. We demonstrated on one-cjuarter of what
was left of the trees, over 50 years old. My faith has risen
so much on the value of this work that we have begun the
'dehorning process' on the other three-quarters. When this
lot is finished we shall begin on another lot of 10 acres con-
taining trees of the same age."

"All in all, the demonstration work seems to be of
marked value to anyone who will acknowledge a good thing
when they see it."

The Pomfret Orchard. This orchard is located on the
farm of Mr. Joseph E. Stoddard and situated in one of the

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 2>i

best apple sections of the state and midway between Abington
and Pomfret on the Willimantic and Boston division of the
N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. It is a much younger orchard than
the one at Cheshire, being only about 2i years of age, and has
not been neglected so long. It was, nevertheless, very severely
infested with scale, and a few trees were in very bad shape.
The same general treatment was given this orchard except
that the pruning was much less severe. The orchard bore a
fair crop of fruit, although it was the "off year" for most of
the trees.

Proposed Work. It is the intention to continue the
work in these orchards until such a time that the owners and
their neighbors are thoroughly convinced of .the profitableness
of such methods. It is the intention also to establish one or
two more such orchards during the present season. These
undertakings are what we term permanent demonstrations,
and of which we assume the responsibility for the successful
conclusion, providing- the owners of the orchards live up to
their part of the agreement.

Another t}'pe of demonstration work that we intend to
follow up this season may be called orchard demonstration
and should not be confused with, the demonstration orchards
as described above. This new type of work consists simply in
arranging with a farmer to give a demonstration in pruning
or spraying in his orchard for the benefit of himself and his
neighbors. In such cases we assume no responsibility for
the future behavior of the orchard, and the outcome of which
will depend upon the general methods of orchard manage-
ment employed by the farmer.

The advantage of this kind of demonstration work is that
it requires much less time and our efforts may be spread
over a much larger territory without the expenditure of any
great amount of money.

Acknowledgements. This paper would not be com-
plete without expressing my appreciation to the various offic-
ers of this Society for their friendly cooperation and encour-

34 THE COXXECT/CL'l^ POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

agemenl ; to the Alessrs. Smith and Mr. Stoddard for the wil-
lingness and promptness with which they followed the humble
suggestions of the College representative; to Mr. \\\ O. Hol-
lister for his valuable assistance in directing the work in the
orchard, and to the press, more particularly the Connecticut
Farmer, for advertising the meetings, and giving publicitv to
the work.

The President : We will allow a few minutes in which
to question Mr. Jarvis on this work.

A Member: What proportion of the trees did you take
off in the pruning?

Mr. Jarvis : It depends on the individual trees ; some-
times we took about half, sometimes three-quarters, and on
some very large trees we removed as much as thirty feet.

A Member : I would like to enquire if he thinks it is
necessary to paint over the limbs after the sawing has been
done, in order to protect the tree ?

Mr. Jarvis: All wounds over two inches in diameter
were painted with lead and oil paint. This we did not apply
until the wound dried up. I think with painting done at this
time of the year there is no danger of getting- disease germs
into the wound, and if they are allowed to dry off a month
or so, so much the better. In the meantime the cracking
will be done, and you can fill up the cracks much better than
when it is fresh, and probably you can't see them ; it should
be gone over again, or until you get the wound entirely sealed
up from air and moisture.

Mr. Fuller : I would like to enquire of the gentleman
if those orchards were plowed?

Mr. Jarvis : ^ As I have stated in the report, the sod was
broken up in both cases with a cutaway harrow. In the
Cheshire orchard the ground has been in sod for a great
many years, and it was just as fine sod as you will find any-
where ; we simply w'ent over it with a cutaway harrow and
broke u]) the turf and sowed our fertilizers and we got a nice.

TUliKTlETII AXXUAL MEETING. 35

tine surface and had no trouljle in getting a good catch of
clover.

The President: If there are no more questions, we
will pass on. If there is no objection to the report it will
take the usual course. We will now take up the report on
Xew Fruits, Mr. J. R. Barnes, chairman.

Report of the Committee on New Fruits.

The Secretar\- has suggested a report on "Xew and \'al-
uable \'arieties of l-Yuit," but perhaps a report on "Xew and
Little Known X'arieties of Fruit" will be of as much accept-
ance to the members of this Society, because it is a matter of
years, frequently, before any variety of fruit, unless it be the
strawberry, becomes well known outside of its home. For
instance, take the

Opalescent apple, a valuable variety, which has been in-
troduced between tifteen and twenty years, and we will ven-
ture to sav that there are but few present at this convention
who have tested this variety or have even seen the fruit.
And it is often the fact, respecting- the most valuable varie-
ties of fruit, that it is a great many years before they become
known as such to the general public.

Twenty years ago, the Mcintosh apple was one of the
varieties always in surplus in the nurseries ; no one knew
much about it, or wanted it except in a very small way : but
now it seems impossible to grow this variety fast enough to
meet the demand for it.

The Northwestern Greening apple has been fruited here
in a small way, and it has been weighed in the balances, and
is found wanting, at least for Connecticut culture. The tree
is a thrifty grower in the nursery and in the orchard. The
fruit is of a nice yellow, but varies in shape from round to
oblong. This variety originated in Wisconsin in 1872. and
has become somewhat known in the west as a long keeper,

36 THE CONNECTICUT POMOEOGICAL SOCIETY.

and as possessing" a hardy constitution ; so that it has been
planted along the northern border of the apple belt. But the
variability in the form of the fruit, the rather inferior flavor,
and the corky flesh often found within the core line, render
it of doubtful usefulness to plant in this state. For a climate
farther north, where the Rhode Island Greening cannot prof-
itably be employed, this apple might fill some want, but it is
not to be recommended by your committee for Connecticut
planting.

The Delicious and the King David apples are now sim-
ply in a trial stage in the east, both coming here from the
west. The former one is of unsurpassed flavor, and seems
to fully justify the unusual title that has been given to it;
and the few that have fruited it here look upon it as a prom-
ising new variety ; but your committee believe* that it should
be planted cautiously, until it is more certain that some serious
defect may not be found in it to preclude it from the list of
valuable market varieties for the east. The King David
seems much less promising here, judging from the few at-
tempts to fruit it, of which your committee has knowledge.

In peaches, there was fruited this year, at Wallingford,
a variety known as the Slappcy. It is of southern origin,
and does not seem to have been received by southern fruit
growers with any great favor ; but, as it fruited here last sea-
son, it is worthy of notice and further testing. It is a yellow
peach, ripening with ^lountain Rose, or a little before, and at
a season when there ^\re no yellow peaches that are known
to be of value. It is a freestone, and shaped like Elberta,
though not quite as large.

Governor Lanhani is a Texan variety, and is like a large,
highly-colored Elberta. In shape it is about the same as that
of the Elberta, and in quality it is as good as, or better than.
Late Crawford, with which it ripens, or about one week after
Elberta. It is a regular and abundant bearer ; but it has one
serious fault — it is a clingstone.

TWEXTlliTIl JXXUAL MEETING.

37

In strawberries, considerable progress is being- made in
developing- fall-bearing varieties; so tbat it is probable we
may see, in the near future, strawberries in our markets from
June 1st to November. The Pan-American was the first va-
riety with this characteristic of fall bearing. Remove the
blossoms, as fast as they appear, till July 1st, then, from that
time, it will continue to blossom and bear fruit till the weather
is so cold that the blossoms and fruit freeze. This variety
is very slow of propagation, and the plants are difficult to
produce, but it is the beginning of a new race of fall-bearing
varieties.

Several new varieties of this class of strawberries have
just been brought to public notice. Two of them are named
ProductiTc (imp.) and Superb (per.), and come from the
originator of the Pan American.

The Productii'c is considered the most productive of the
autumn-bearing class. It makes plenty of runners, but the
fruit is only medium in size.

The Superb is the more valuable of the two. The plants
are strong, healthy, and make plenty of runners. The fruit
is large and attractive. Berries of this variety were picked
as late as October 2"th. in northern Xew York, last season.

There are two other fall varieties, that have originated
in Iowa, and named Aincricus and Francis. These are less
known than the former ones, but it is claimed that they are
good plant makers, and that the fruit is of good size and
color, and excellent in quality.

Genesee is a new variety of sweet cherry, red in color,
and of good size, but its valuable point is its lateness in ripen-
ing, which is said to be July 20th.

In order to make the work of this committee of the most
value to the members of the Society, we wish to reiterate our
suggestion of last season, that we have the cooperatic^n of all
the members who are willing to report to us their success or
failure with any new or little-known varieties of fruit. Your
committee could, in that wav, have the benefit of its service

38 THE COXXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

greatly enhanced, and it could act as a sort of clearing-house
for all the members, and could furnish to you a summary of
its information in its reports at the annual meetings, or, upon
special private request, at any intermediate times. We, there-
fore, respectfully solicit the voluntary cooperation of all the
members in this benificent work, so that the information ob-
tained and imparted by this committee may grow increasingly
valuable to the fruit growers of the state.
Respectfully submitted,

JOHN R. BARNES,
GEORGE W. SMITH,
HARVEY JEWELL.

The President: If there is no objection, the report on
New Fruits will be accepted.

Report on Markets and Transportation, J. Wirris Barnes,
chairman, is next on the list.

Report of the Committee on Markets and Transportation.

Mr. President and Members of the Conneeticut Poniological
Society :
As chairman of the Committee on Alarkets and Trans-
portation I was recently reminded by our Secretary that a
report from our committee was expected, and at first thought
it seemed as though there was little to be said, the actual
work done by the members of the committee for the fruit
growing interests of the state l^eing principally to negotiate
with those in charge of the railroad transportation, looking to
improvement of the freight service as related to handling
products of the orchards, and as pointed out by the experi-
ences of the season of one year ago. After various negotia-
tions, the committee met several of the heads of the diifer-
ent departments of the road at their office building in Xew
Haven, and crop prospects, along with the matter of our
need, was quite thoroughly gone over, and an earnest effort

TWENTIETH AX N UAL MEETING. 39

made by those present to arranqe matters of transportation
for our fruits in a way that promised to give us satisfactory
entrance to praclicall}' all the large Xew England markets in
seasonable time for the market demands. In order to reach
some of the more distant markets successfully, an early ship-
ping hour seemed necessary to be named, and in order to go
by certain objections to this condition an arrangement was
made, whereby a later train would be run when ten cars of
fruit was offered as freight, for such special, on sufficient
notice. This oft'er was made use of to good advantage <jver
the division known as the "Air Line." As a result of the
arrangements made we have heard but little complaint, and
believe that the fruit growers in general were well satisfied
and also well served.

One can best gain an idea of the changes that have
come about to our advantage in matters of transportation by
letting memory run back, say ten years, and note the prevail-
ing conditions and the changes made from year to year. As
I remember some years ago. one of the very large crops of
peaches we had to ship had to go to market in common box
cars, the Xew Haven road had no refrigerator cars of its
own, and none were available, except at a loss of considerable
time and much extra expense, and also our railroad people
were somewdiat skeptical regarding prospects for business
from fruit to be moved. JJ'cll do I remember that season,
a wet one, and tiie oft repeated returns received of ''bad or-
der," "late arrival in market," "had to carrv over," or "()wing
to bad order had to close out at low prices." During late
years contracts were made for foreign refrigerator car ser-
vice at a good sized rental j^irice over the regular freight
charges. This proved a decided advantage over the lack of
cars first named. Xow plent\- of refrigerator cars belonging
to the Xew Haven system are to be had. free, and as appears
from our later experience, the help of our transportation peo-
ple will in every reasonable wa}- be extended to help us place
our fruit products .successfully in any market we advise. So

40 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

your committee feel, that, after all, great advancement in
transportation conditions here in New England during recent
years has been made, and along with the many matchless
conditions for successful fruit growing in New England, es-
pecially Connecticut, can be included that of good transpor-
tation conditions, for it is quite certain that we have proved
the freight producing ability of our orchards to a degree that
gives confidence.

Not always are our distant markets the best ones for us,
and the thought at time comes, do we cultivate the nearb\'
market as we should or as becomes our privilege?

Some years ago the report of this committee referred to
the matter of a system of stone or trunk line state roads, the
development of which promised great advantages to our fruit
growers in reaching their nearbv markets. These roads are
now so well developed that from many of our fruit farms
several of these nearby market points may be reached quite
well, especially as the gasolene and other trucks now on the
market seem to be so well calculated to help carry out a plan
of reaching easily these nearby markets.

A well-known fruit grower recently said: "If it had
been possible for me to move my fruit farm from its present
nearby fruit consuming customers of say ten or twenty thous-
and people to a locality of ten times that number of custom-
ers, I should have thought I was doing a great thing for my-
self and thereby also increasing the value of my farm greatly,
but of course that could not be done. However, by the use
of one of these machines, I calculate I have accomplished
about the same result in that I have practically brought these
places near to my farm that were formerly too far away for
me to reach easily by team."

I am much inclined to think that the speaker's way of
looking at the matter was about right.

Truly, brother fruit growers, as we view the past from
tlie standpoint of this committee, that of markets and trans-
portation, we are justified in believing that we are progress-

TlVENriHTH ANNUAL MEETING. 41

ing, and to the one who looks ahead in confidence, it appears
not out of place to expect continual advancement or better-
ment in conditions and opportunities for Connecticut markets
and Connecticut fruits.

J. NORRIS BARNES.

For the Coiiiiniftcc.

President Rogers : We will now take up the first ad-
dress of the morning, an illustrated address, by ]\Ir. Wilfrid
Wheeler, of Concord, ^lass. The subject is "The Outlook
for the Grower of Strawberries and Other Small Fruits." ]\Ir.
Wheeler is one of our old friends, and needs no introduction
to a Connecticut audience. \\'e are glad to have him with
us.

The Outlook for the Grower of Strawberries and
Other Small Fruits.

By \\'nj"Kin Wheeler, Concord. ]Mass.

]\lr. President and Members: This subject of the "Out-
look for the Grower of Strawberries and Small Fruits" seems
to me a very important one. There never was a time in the
history of Xew England when, I think, there is a chance to
develop the markets to a greater extent than at the present
time. The foreign countries, take England and Germany in
particular, are using the small fruits per capita to a greater
extent than we are. and it seems to me tliat now is our time
to get busy and work along their lines in order to make, not
a greater market geographically, but to make a broader field
of adaptability for these small fruits.

In England particularly, small fruits are used to a great
extent to make jellies, preserves and jams, and in this form
are served as rations every day in the English ariuy, a quar-
ter of a pound per man of some form of jam or jelly or pre-
served small fruits. The raspberry and the strawberry

42 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

figure largely in this sort of preserve. North of England,
near the boundary between England and Scotland, is one
vast raspberry field, where are grown thousands and thous-
ands" of acres of this fruit simply to preserve. Raspberries
are hardly ever used in their raw state ; and it seems to me
that we have got to work along similar lines in order to make
a market better adapted for our growers of these small fruits.
We grow few of the small fruits except the strawberry here
in New England. The raspberry, blackberry, gooseberry and
currant are grown in a limited way, but only as a rule in
gardens near towns wdiere they can be marketed; but our
large bulk of these fruits are imported from the west or else-
where. This summer I had a talk with a man who had just
come hack from a tour of England, largely in the interest
of the fruit industry, and he said that in one localit^• north
of London, there are 800 tons of strawberries shipped to
the London market every day during the season, and practi-
cally the same amount of gooseberries. We probably could
not market 800 tons of gooseberries in a month. They would
have no use for them in the market. It is very necessary that
we educate the public in a larger variety of uses for our
fruits, particularh' so that the\' will use more fruit in a pre-
served form and less cheap confectionery, there is no more
healthy form of sweets than pure fruit and sugar. Li Eng-
land when large fiuantities of preserved fruits are used, very
much less confectionery is used than in this country. I think
it is our business not onlv to develop their growth. l)ut to
create a larger market for this particular product. ( )ne of
the most important things that we have to do is to hel]) the
grower of these small fruits, and especially with strawber-
ries, is to have them packed in boxes that are smaller than
the regular Z2, 48 and 60 quart crates that we are so familiar
with. As a rule the strawberries in such crates get to the
markets more or less injured, and the purchaser has to use
them f[uickl\- before thev spoil. T think there is a great
chance to develop quite a market for a smaller package, and I

TiriiXTJETH AXMUAL MEETING.

am going- to show you a few pictures that will illustrate this
particular package that I am trying to establish.

There is another thing that [ want to mention, and I am
going to carry that on with my pictures, and that is, why wt-
are not getting more money out of small fruit and making it
cost less to produce them. We can do a great many things,
particularly with the strawberry, to make it cost less to pro-
duce. I don't believe to-day, that with the amount of ber-
ries which come from other states, south, west, or an\- where
else, into our market, we can raise the price of our berries
a great deal from what was established by the earlier ber-
ries coming in here, so it seems to me that we shall have to
find a way to produce them cheaper, and I have been making
experiments for the last few years, particularly in growing
strawberries, and I have found that I can ])roduce strawber-
ries nmch cheaper than when raised in matted rows. I am
e^oing to illustrate this method. Perhaps some few of you
here have done some work along this line yourselves. I am
going to show }ou a few pictures about growing strawber-
ries in hills, and perhaps there are some points here that I can
make clear. If not, I want you to ask questions freely, and
I will try to answer them if 1 can.

(The hall was darkened at this point and man\ excellent
pictures shown upon the screen).

Air. Wheeler made the following remarks in connection
with the pictures.

The land must lie very well prejiared for growing straw-
berries in hills, much better, in fact, than when they are to
be grown in matted rows, for the plants are to occupy the
same ground for a number of \ears. If the land is Hal it
should be [ilowed in beds so that surface water will drain off
the plants in the winter. These beds are f/est made about 20
feet wide, leaving at least two o])en furrows on each side.
-Stable manure is one of the l;est fertilizers that can be used
for the strawberrw and when a])plied in the late summer or

44 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

early fall and lightly plowed in, it will be in the very best
condition for the plants the next season. Other fertilizers,
as tankage, bone meal, w-ood ashes, dried blood and sulphate
of potash, should be applied during the growing season in
small and frequent doses.

After plowing, the field should be smoothed ofl:" and
marked out in squares, so that the plants can be set 14 inches
apart each way, four rows to each bed and a space of three
feet between the beds. This allows for about thirty thousand
plants per acre, and it must be borne in mind that these are
the plants that are going to bear the fruit, so no runners are
allowed to grow from them.

It is almost impossible to get help that can be taught to
set runners carefully in the matted rows, while in the hill
system, where all the runners are removed, the most ignor-
ant help can be used, thus saving expense over the other sys-
tem. Then all the weeding is done by wheel hoes, for the
plants are set so that they can be cultivated both ways, and
a horse cultivator will take care of the spaces between the
beds.

The plants should be set in the spring as early as possi-
ble, in our section about April 15th to the 30th. It is best
to remove about one-half of the root of the plant before
setting and all of the leaves. This will insure against the
loss of the plants during dry or windy weather. The cut
roots quickly start new rootlets, and new leaves soon start
from the cut-back crown. In a week the beds will be green
and the plants will not show any ill effects from this heroic
treatment. One of the difficulties encountered by those who
first began to set plants in hills was winter killing; the plants
were set too far apart and gave each other no protection,
while setting them closer, as here shown, eliminates this
danger, really making a very wide matted row. with each
plant an individual unit.

As for varieties, this is a matter of local issue rather
than a principal. It is impossible for me to give you a list

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 45

of varieties which wonUl suit }our needs; you have got to
test out varieties for yourself, and when you have found a
good one, sticl< to it. Glen ^Iar\-, Sample and Mead have done
very well with nie in hills, also in matted rows, while Bubach,
Minute J\Ian and Stevens Late Champion are excellent.

The summer care of the beds consists mainly in thoroug'li
cultivation, frequent stirring of the soil, which should not be
too deep ; three inches with horse-drawn tool and not over
one inch with hand cultivator or hoes. This cultivation should
be kept up even though weeds are not present, as nothing
assists the growth of the plant more than plenty of cultiva-
tion. Of course, all runners should be removed as they ap-
pear. Cultivation should cease as cold weather approaches,
and when the ground is slightly frozen toward the end of
October or first of November, the plants should be carefully
mulched, first with very fine horse manure, and later, when
the ground is frozen, with coarse meadow grass, held in
place by brush or trash wood. In the spring, as soon as dan-
ger from heavy freezing is past, a pJirt of the mulch should
be removed. This can be done from April 10th to the 30th,
according to weather conditions and location. Oftentimes,
especially when we have late frosts, leaving the mulch on the
beds does more harm than good, for it has been repeatedly
proved that frost in late May or early June does more harm
to a mulched bed than to one unmulched. The theory for
this is that when the grcjund is mulched the warmth from
the ground does not radiate and protect the blossoms from'
frost.

It is well in the spring to apply some fertilizer to the
plants, such as wood ashes or sulphate of potash, with a small
amount of nitrogen, provided the leaf growth is not sufficient,
but an excess of either organic or chemical nitrogen should
be avoided, as it tends to soften the fruit as well as destroy
tlie flavor. If the fruit is to be shipped to a distant market
it should be picked before thoroughly ripe, and graded while
being picked, so that there will be little handling and less

46 THE CONXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

bruised berries. If for a local market the berries can be al-
lowed to hang on longer, and while the picking should be
done as carefully, the same problem will not have to be en-
countered as when picking for distant markets. All fancy
berries should be packed in trays or shallow crates, so that
the fruit will not be crushed or bruised, and the quicker it
can be put on the market the better for all parties. It is
quite necessary that growers should pack their choice fruit
in smaller packages, so that it will be easier for householders
to buy a small unbroken package. Consumers now ver}-
often have to buy three or four boxes of berries in order to
get one good one, and consumption would be vastly increased
did we but supple people with the very best quality, well
packed in small packages. The hill system offers many ad-
vantages over matted rows, and briefly stated they are these :

Less and cheaper labor.

Longer life to the bed.

Larger and better fruit.

Easier to pick and handle.

Matted rows will, of course, produce splendid fruits, par-
ticularly so when much time is devoted to the beds. Setting
runners, pulling weeds and cultivating has to be carefully
attended to. Should I have a second choice from the -hills, I
would prefer the narrow hedge row. Strawberries are now
used a great deal in developing young orchards, and when
used in this way are particularly useful, and return some
mone}- while the young trees are growing.

It is very necessary that strawberry growers should
have a few hives of bees near the beds in order to insure
perfect pollenization. Set two rows of imperfect varieties to
four rows of perfect.

llie bush fruits — currants and gooseberries — are splen-
didly adapted to planting in young orchards, and as our peo-
ple develop a greater appetite for these two fruits the greater
will be the demand for them and a new source of income for
our growers. Both these fruits need a cool deep rich soil.

TWEXTIETll ANNUAL MEETING. 47

highly fertihzed and well prepared. It is useless lo plant
them in sandy, warm soil. Thorough cultivation, plenty of
pruning, plenty of fertilizer arc requisites in the growing of
these fruits, and as more of them are used to preserve there
will be a greater market for them. We must educate the
public to use more and more of these small fruits, (iet our
boards of agriculture to publish useful information in regard
to small fruits and their uses. Get our women's clubs to take
up the matter, our newspapers, and have committees in all of
our societies to help this end of the business.

The raspberry and blackberry also are profitable when
grown near a market. Our supph' of these fruits at present
come from long distances, and we need to recapture our own
markets. Both these fruits need good land, thorough cultiva-
tion, severe pruning and spraying to get the best results.

We are not using enough small fruits when we compare
our markets with those of other countries. London, Eng-
land, uses tons and tons of strawberries, raspberries and
gooseberries each day. Let us work together to develop not
only the growing end of the business, but most important of
all the market end.

If there are any questions I should be very glad to an-
swer them. I thank vou verv much for your attention.

Discussion.

A ]\Iemi!ER : You spoke of lime?

Mr. Wheeler : I think lime every four years is plenty.
The land will not stand it oftener.

A Member: Do you use lime in preparing the ground?

Mr. Wheeler : In preparing the land, generally the
previous year ; for strawberries I like to put lime on in the
spring previous to planting the berries ; anyway, that is al-
ways done in the spring.

A Member: What kind of lime?

Mr. Wheeler: I use the sifted lime; I can't tell the
name; it is the sifted lime unslacked.

48 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A Member: How do you grow your plants for re-set-
ting?

Mr. Wheeler : I grow those in matted rows, regular
plant beds, you have got to have plant beds to grow for re-
setting the next year.

A Member : How many years do you leave those ?

]\Ir. Wheeler : I have got beds only three years old,
it looks to me as if they would be good for three years more ;
it is simply a matter of taking care of them.

A Member : Do you cultivate those plants at all in the
spring — do any weeding?

Mr. Wheeler : No, not as a rule ; I rather leave the
mulch on them; the roots are very near the surface; it isn't
well to cultivate in the spring.

A Member: Do you run the beds more than one year?

Mr. Wheeler : Three years ; I have seen them seven
years in good condition. That is one advantage, getting
around that re-setting every other year.

A Member : Do you cultivate the bed after you linisli
picking ?

Mr. Wheeler: No, just mow it off. Yes; cultivate
during the summer ; after picking I mow off the tops and
let a new lot of leaves come up and then run the wheel hoe
just the same as I do before picking; take the mulch out
and away entirely. The second year's cultivation wasn't as
great as the first ; the second year's runners were not as
many as the first year.

A Member: Do you spray your plants?

]\Ir. Wheeler : Yes, sprayed them three times each
year.

A Member : How did you avoid killing the bees ?

Mr. Wheeler: Simply used Bordeaux; no arsenate
of lead.

A Member: Didn't that poison them?

]\Ir. Wheeler: I didn't see that it did; I sprayed very
early before the blossoms came out, and sprayed twice in

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 49

the summer after the blossoms had gone — in May, the early
part of July and then August, again.

A Member: Do you burn them off after mowing?

Mr. Wheeler : No, I never burn them. I don't think
it a good practice. I think it hurts the crowns too much to
burn them ; there is a great deal of dead stuff, and it would
burn too deeply.

Tpie President: I am sorry, but we have got to shut
off this interesting discussion at this time. It is time to ad-
journ for lunch. We have a full afternoon's program, and
we have got a large number of questions here to be dis-
cussed.

Meeting then adjourned tmtil 1.30 P. M.

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The Society reassembled at 1.45 p. m. for the afternoon
session, President Rogers in the chair.

The attendance was very large — larger than at any pre-
vious meeting of Connecticut fruit growers. There were
probably more than 700 persons in the hall, about every seat
being filled, and the interest shown in the subjects under dis-
cussion was lively and enthusiastic.

President Rogers : Ladies and Gentlemen, will you
come forward and be seated? It is time to open this meet-
ing. We have a whole lot of hay out that has to be dried
this afternoon.

For this afternoon session our leading topic is spraying.
Now the first on our program is the Report on Fungous Dis-
eases, with results of recent experiments on peaches and ap-
ples. We have with us Dr. G. P. Clinton of the Connecti-
cut Experiment Station, who will report on this subject. Dr.
Clinton, I think, needs no introduction to this audience.

Dr. G. p. Clinton : Mr. President, Ladies and Gentle-
men: Instead of the report on fung-ous diseases of the state
which w^as to have been presented at this time, we present the
results of recent experiments on peaches and apples.

Experiments in Controlling Diseases of Apples
and Peaches.

By Dr. G. P. Clinton, New Haven,
Chairman, Committee on Fungous Diseases.

ExPEJilMENTS WITH APPLES.

Instead of the report on fungous diseases of the state
which has usually been made at this time, we present the re-
sults of experiments with summer sprays on apples and
peaches conducted by Dr. Britton and myself the past sea-

TIVENTIETH .ANNUAL MEETING. 51

The work with apples was undertaken because of injuries
in this state in 1909 from the use of Bordeaux, and because
of numerous inquiries regarding- tb.e vahic of Hme and sul-
phur in its various forms as a substitute for IJordeaux. The
time and number of sprayings for the control of insect and
fungous troubles of apples have been pretty thoroughly
worked out; likewise, the value of spraying needs little fur-
ther demonstration. Our object, therefore, was largely to
determine if some substitute, for Bordeaux could be used here
that would possess the same value as a fungicide and still not
cause injury to the foliage through spotting and leaf fall and
the russeting of the fruit that sometimes result from the
use of Bordeaux, especially in wet seasons.

Seven orchards were selected for the work, as follows :
E. M. Ives, ]\Ieriden ; B. F. Jones, Centreville; E. Rogers,
Southington ; S. A. Smith & Sons, Cheshire ; C. H. Savage,
Storrs ; J. E. Stoddard, Abington ; Experiment Station (Webb
orchard ) , Centreville. Our station is under obligation to
these men for unusual opportunities for carrying on the work,
and to Professor C. D. Jarvis of Storrs, who turned over to
us preliminary arrangements which he had made for spraying
in some of these orchards.

Four types of sprays were used: Bordeaux Mixture,
self -boiled lime and sulphur, various commercial lime-sulphurs
( including Niagara, Grasselli, Sherwin-Williams, and Blan-
chard), and commercial sulphur sprays containing other in-
gredients, as Sulfocide, One for All, and Bogart's Sulphur
Compound. These various fungicides were used in dififerent
strengths and at different times. Although five dififerent
periods of spraying were made in the dififerent orchards, no
one received over four treatments. These five treatments
were : ( 1 ) a winter treatment for San Jose scale, usually
given by the owner; (2) on the unfolding leaves before the
blossoms opened; (3) on the young leaves just after the pet-
als fell; (4) about three weeks later, on the very young
fruit; and (5) on the small fruit about a month later, or dur-

52 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ing the first half of July. For preventing fungous troubles in
this state where only two sprayings can be given, the one
made just after the petals fall and the one about two or three
weeks later are the most important. If scab is bad, the spray-
ing on the unfolding leaves is desirable, and for sooty blotch,
the last spraying, in July.' The winter treatment, so far as
fungi are concerned, is of the least value.

In our work this year we used at least three different
sprays in each orchard. In every case Bordeaux was used for
comparison with the other fungicides, as well as with the
unsprayed or check trees. Altogether over 350 trees were
sprayed and at least 75 reserved as checks. While these
trees were chiefly Baldwins, Greenings and Russets, there
were also included a few trees of other varieties, such as
Pound Sweets, Gravenstein, Hurlbut, etc.

The data were taken at harvest time, when the apples
were picked from the trees. If the trees bore a small crop,
all of the apples were included in the count, but if a large
crop, only 500 to 1,000 apples were examined from different
parts of each tree. Altogether 60,000 apples were examined.
and records kept as to whether they were perfect, or russeted,
or showed such troubles as Baldwin Spot, fruit speck, rot,
scab, rust, sooty blotch, or injury such as curculio, lesser apple
worm, or other insect injury. The percentage of each of these
troubles for each tree and for each treatment was then
worked out, and tables made for each orchard. This required
considerable work, but because of lack of space only the gen-
eral tables have been published by the Station in the bulletin
just issued.

In considering the results of the spraying, I shall speak
first of the injury caused, as one of the chief objects of the
experiments was to obtain light on this subject. The injury
to the foliage will be discussed first. More injury resulted
last year from spraying than the preceding year, and both
were perhaps somewhat unusual years because of the wet
springs. Xot only was there considerable injury in our own

TWENTIETH ANNUAE MEETING. 53

experiments, but \\c had coniphiints from not a few growers.
Of all the fungicides tried, JJordeaux gave the most common
injury through spotting the foliage and subsequent leaf fall.
This varied in different orchards, being quite prominent in
some, where fully half the leaves fell, and inconspicuous in
others. While the varieties sprayed may have had some-
thing to do with it, the stronger- the Bordeaux and the more
frequent the spraying, the greater was tiie injury that re-
sulted. The use of arsenate of lead in the Bordeaux had
nothing to do with producing the injury.

The self-boiled hme-sulphur apd the straight commer-
cial lime-sulphur sprays caused no leaf injury of importance.
The commercial lime-sulphur sprays containing other ingre-
dients, however, did produce injury, which in some cases was
even more serious than that caused by Bordeaux. Bogart's
Sulphur Compound, used only at the Station orchard, at a
strength of 1-| to 50, produced considerable leaf injury, but
little at 1 to 75. It was not determined whether the arsenate
of lead used with it had any effect in producing the injury.
One for All, used only in the Ives orchard, at a strength of 5
and 6 to 50, as recommended by the manufacturers, produced
very serious leaf fall, but did not russet the fruit or cause it
to drop. Weaker strengths were not tried. Sulfocide, used
generally at a strength of 1 to 200, produced more or less
injury wherever tried, and in one case very serious leaf
injury and fruit fall. The trouble with Sulfocide is that it
must be used rather weak to escape injuring the foliage, but
chiefly that neither Paris green or arsenate of lead can be
used with it without greatly increasing the injury. The man-
ufacturers now recommend the use of lime with the Paris
green to prevent this, and while we did not use it in our ex-
periments with apples, we did on a few small peach trees,
where it reduced, but did not entirely prevent, the injury. If
one is to use Sulfocide in spraying, it is certainly wise, if
an insecticide is combined with it, to include the lime.

54 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Concerning the russeting of fruit due to spraying, differ-
ent varieties showed quite different results. As to sprays, the
Bordeaux gave the greatest percentage of injury. The com-
mercial lime-sulphur mixtures on the whole gave an average
of russeted fruit not greater than the unsprayed trees, while
the self-boiled lime-sulphur gave a little more. Individual
trees, however, occasionally" showed an unusual percentage
of russeted fruit, which amounted to very evident injury, but
usually in such cases the injury was of the nature of a scald-
russet, being on the side of the fruit and of the tree most
exposed to the sun.

With the Bordeaux, the injury to the fruit from russet-
ing was even more severe than the injury to the foliage. The
least injury was in the Jones orchard, where the trees were
only sprayed twice with the 2-4-50 strength. At the Smith
orchard the Pound Sweet showed over 89 per cent of the
fruit russeted as against very little or none on the check trees.
At the Rog'ers orchard the average on the Bordeaux Bald-
wins was over 42 per cent, against about 12 per cent on the
checks. The average per cent of russet on all the Baldwins
sprayed everywhere was about 43 per cent, against about 20
per cent on all the checks. This russeting was frequently so
conspicuous as to amount to a serious injury. If we leave
out of consideration the benefit derived from the arsenate of
lead, the Bordeaux in our experiments did on the whole more
harm than good. Of course, this was a somewhat exceptional
year in this respect, but we certainly would recommend that
where Bordeaux is to be used on apples in this state in the
future, only the spraying on the young unfolding leaves be of
the 4-4-50 strength, and that the subsequent sprayings be not
stronger than 2-4-50.

Not all the russeting of apples this year ivas due to the
spraying, as there was an average of over 18 per cent on ?)Z
check trees. On a few unsprayed trees only did this russeting
run very high or become serious in character. The unusually
late frosts of May and early June seem to be responsible for

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING.

55

this russeting of the uiispra}ed trees, since it was most con-
spicuous in the lower parts of the orchard and in the north-
ern parts of the state, where most injury was shown on other
vegetation at the time of these frosts.

Taking up the fungicidal value of the various sprays, on
the whole the Bordeaux gave the best results, with the self-
boiled lime and sulphur about as good. The various commer-
cial lime-sulphurs are somewhat behind these, but as com-
pared with each other they averaged about the same, though
in different orchards sometimes one and sometimes another
gave the better result. When we remember that Bordeaux
and the self-boiled lime-sulphur produced the most russeting,
there is some ground for believing that the less likely a fun-
gicide is to russet, the more likely it is to be of less value as
a fungicide.

Concerning individual fungi, it may be stated that while
the season was favorable for scab, the varieties under experi-
ment were not especially subject to it, so that in none of the
orchards, even on the check trees, was there enough of this
fungus to determine the relative value of the different
sprays. Rust was quite common on certain varieties, but on
the whole the sprayed trees had about as much as the un-
sprayed. Evidently it takes more than three sprayings to
surely control this trouble. Baldwin spot we know is not a
real fungous trouble, and while it was not prominent in the
orchards, there was little indication that the spraying had any
effect on it. Rot, sooty blotch, fruit speck and insect troubles
showed considerably less on the sprayed than on the unsprayed
trees. Those orchards that had been sprayed in previous years
showed much less injury from fungi and insects than those
that were sprayed this year for the first time. In two or three
of the orchards the fungi were so inconspicuous that about
as good results would have been obtained if the trees had
been sprayed only with arsenate of lead for the insects.

On the whole, Bordeaux gave such serious injury and the
self-boiled lime and sulphur involved so much greater incon-

56 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

venience in its preparation and spraying, that we are inclined
to recommend in this state the commercial lime-sulphur
sprays for summer use on the apple. But we do this with
the statement that in our work they have-not yet been thor-
oughly tested as to their real value in preventing all the fun-
gous pests. We hope to continue the work the coming year.

Experiments with Peaches.

Turning now to our work with peaches, we may state
that while the experiments were not so extensive, the results
were more decisive. About 125 trees in the Ives, Rogers and
Jones orchards were sprayed. The self-boiled lime and sul-
phur only was used in the Rogers and Ives orchards, while
in the Jones orchard, where the most extensive spraying was
carried on, there were used besides this potassium sulphide,
Sulfocide, and Niagara lime and sulphur. At harvest time
about 25,000 peaches from the sprayed and check trees were
examined for scab, rot and insect injury.

Self-boiled lime and sulphur, 8-8-50 formula, produced
no injury, and was very effective in preventing rot and scab
when sprayed at the proper time. There is some trouble,
however, with this fungicide, from the sediment left on the
fruit if the season is a dry one. Consequently it is not safe
to use it later than the middle of July. No injury results to
the trees by combining arsenate of lead with it as an insec-
ticide. Not only did the self-boiled lime-sulphur largely de-
crease the rot in the orchards, but fruit so sprayed lasted long-
er on the market before rotting.

The Niagara lime-sulphur gave about as good results in
preventing scab and rot as did the self-boiled, but this was
not tried on so large a scale. There is not much danger of
the sediment showing on the fruit from late spraying. It
can be combined with arsenate of lead without injury to the
trees. In our first simimer treatment with this fungicide we
used it at a strength of 1 to 75, which produced a very slight
injury, but the second spraying at 1 to 100 gave no ill effect.

TIVENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING.

57

Sulfocicle, 1 to 400, and potassium sulphide, 1 to 50. in
the first summer spraying without an insecticide, produced
very little injury, though we have seen some injury produced
by Sulfocide on other trees at the same strength. In the
second spraying, arsenate of lead was added to both these
sprays, and as a result the trees were not onl\ stri])[)ed of
their leaves and fruit, but the young twigs were more or less
injured. In fact, we have actually killed young peach trees
at one spraying by adding Paris green to potassium sul|)hide,
whereas trees sprayed with the potassium sulphide without
this poison showed practically no injury. The arsenic of the
poison when combined with Sulfocide or potassium sulpliide is
changed to a soluble arsenate, thus causing the injury. Sul-
focide has to be used so weak on peach trees that its fungicid-
al value is somewhat doubtful, and it certainly should never
be used on them with a poison.

From the results of our experiments with peaches, we
certainly think it well worth while for our growers to spray
their trees, especially the early varieties subject to rot. Our
experiments were with those varieties particularly subject to
rot, namely, Waddell, Triumph and Champion. At the Jones
orchard, while the rot and scab on the unsprayed Champion
occurred on 75 per cent of the fruit, on those sprayed with
the self-boiled and Niagara lime-sulphur this was reduced
to 27 per cent.

While almost as good results were obtained with two as
with three sprayings this year, on account of the dry weather
during the spraying season, we would recommend three sum-
mer treatments, as follows: (1) a week or so after the
petals fall. May 10th to 15th; (2) on the young fruit, June
1st to 15th; (3) on the larger fruit, July 5th to 15th. At
present we recommend for general use the self-boiled lime-
sulphur, though the commercial brand tested gave as good
results. We do this because we have tried only one brand,
and that on a smaller scale than the self-boiled. We do not
hesitate to say, however, that if experience shows the commer-
cial forms just as efficient and no more dangerous to use than

58 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the self -boiled, thev will supersede it on account of the ease
with which they may be made and applied, and because they
are just as cheap, if not cheaper. They are certainly worth
preliminarv trials in every orchard, in order that the growers
may gain experience in their use.

In concluding, we will state that the peach curl, w^hich
was so prevalent this year, was entirely prevented on trees
sprayed once in the Jones orchard with Blanchard's lime-sul-
phur at a strength of 1 to 9, the same strength as would be
used for the San Jose scale. This spraying was made April
1st, just as the buds began to swell in good shape.

I might add that Prof. Whetzel, who is to follow me,
says that in New York state over 90 per cent of the fruit was
affected with scab. We did not find a single unsprayed tree
in the orchards where we w^orked where scab amounted to
over 5 per cent of the fruit. There are varieties of apples,
such as the Early Harvest and the Red Astrachan, that
scabbed rather badly in this state, but unfortunately none of
those varieties happened to be trees that were sprayed. It
seems to me quite likely that scab is not so serious in this
state as it is in New York, and it certainly was not this year,
and I hear from experts in Illinois that scab is not so serious
a pest here as it is there.

]\Ir. Staples : ^Ir. President, I move that a committee
to present names of officers for the election of officers to-mor-
row be at this time appointed, consisting of one member from
each county.

President Rogers: Is that motion seconded?

Motion seconded.

President Rogers : The motion is made and seconded
that we proceed to nominate a committee to bring in names
of candidates for your incoming officers, to be elected to-mor-
row. What is your pleasure? All in favor of this motion
will signify by saying aye. Opposed, no. It is carried unani-
mously. Will you please nominate.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 59

Upon nominations from the floor, the following were
elected as the Nominating Committee :

Hartford County — George W. Staples, Hartford.
New Haven County — George F. Piatt, Milford.
Fairfield County — S. M. Foster, Westport.
Middlesex County, A. H. Gardner, Middletown.
New London County — E. Haley, Mystic.
Windham County — E. E. Brown, Pomfret.
Tolland County — x\ndrew Kingsbury, Rockville.
Litchfield County — E. D. Curtiss, Litchfield.

President Rogers : It is suggested that we take up for
a few moments some of the questions on the program list.

Question No. 1 : "Is there any danger of overplanting
apples and peaches in Connecticut?" Will somebody answer
that question.

I will say for the chair, that this year we have had the
largest peach crop we ever had, and by the large demand for
peaches, I don't think there is anv danger of overplanting of
peaches.

In regard to apples, I have certainly got the biggest
price I have ever received for apples, and where is the danger
in apples ? The only thing is we w^ant better apples and more
apples, and better peaches and more peaches.

We will take up the next question, No. 2: "What is the
best plan of cold storage of fruits at the farm or orchards?"
Will somebody answer that? I have been paying fifty cents
a barrel, and I would like some better method than that.

We have Brother Hale with us ; he is chairman of our
Legislative Committee and has not yet made his report. We
would like to hear from Brother Hale.

Mr. J. H. Haij: : Mr. President and Gentlemen, may I
answer that question, although I am afraid to attempt to
answer as to what is the best plan of cold storage of fruits at
the farm ?

6o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The President: I notice you are a little bashful.

Mr. Hale : I am glad you appreciate that ; the rest
always have. This question of cold storage on the farm,
especially as the worthy president says, he has to pay fifty
cents a barrel if he stores off from the farm, is a serious one.
It is a very serious question with the majority of the members
of this association I imagine, because we are nearly all small
growers and have only a moderate amount of fruit that
we need to carry through the winter, or well into the
winter, where cold storage would be of assistance. The
old plan of ice overhead and a sort of ice-box of any size you
might have,- is almost a delusion and a snare. The only real,
thoroughly first-class cold storage is the mechanical cold stor-
age, where they have the ammonia process in the larger
cities, and the other process known as the gravity brine pro-
cess, in which you pipe your buildings practically as you do
for the ammonia process, and have large tanks in the upper
story of your buildings, and by keeping them filled with
chopped ice and salt, you can bring the temperature down to
the freezing- point and keep your room as cold as by the
ammonia process, and when the necessity of storage is over,
the expense ceases, and that is the only farm process that is
available and satisfactory ; but that requires an investment
of a considerable amount of maney, and I question whether
an orchardist that had less than 500 barrels of apples to store
annually could aft'ord to do that. But thickly settled Con-
necticut ought to be, able to cooperate among members of this
Society, friends and neighbors, so that there could be a fairly
good big cold storage house in every orchard neighborhood.
By cooperating in that way and combining in the building of
a cold storage plant, it is possible, and will come in a few
years.

We have had the grange in Connecticut nearly thirty
years now, and we have talked and preached a good deal
about cooperation, but it is most all talk. So in this associa-
tion, we organize for our mutual protection and advancement,

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 6l

and talk a good deal about it ; but when it comes right down
to practice, each fellow thinks he can go it alone and do a
little better. We have tried it somewhat in peach marketing,
and we are (juite willing to cooperate in it. If things were
not so good in Connecticut with us, it might be difiterent. If
it was going against us, we would go in and helj) put u]) a
fight. If our markets were not so good, then we would
have cold storage in every town on the cooperative plan. I
would like to pray for Iiard times a few years in the fruit
business in Connecticut and on the farm, and then I assure
you the cold storage problem would be solved.

Report on Legislation.

Now, as to the Legislative Committee, there is nothing
doing yet, except we want something. We always do in
institutions of this kind, and every institution wants some-
thing. We want our same appropriation of $1,500 a year
from the Legislature to keep this association going along
the same lines and better ones in the future, and I want you
to help us get that.

■ Then the wonderful stimulus that came to Connecticut
and New England horticulture through the New England
Fruit Show in Boston a year ago, where our vice-president,
and your worthy president, and your secretary, and some
others did such splendid work that put Connecticut in the
forefront. That big show at Boston has stimulated our peo-
ple and all New England to have another tussle at it next
year, and it is going to be a bigger, grander New England
Fruit Show, and we want Connecticut to get up and show
them a thing or two, but to do that takes time and money.
We want the Connecticut legislature to give us $2,000 for
that New England Fruit Show. If any of you think we can
get $4,000 we will try for it. and we want you to come there
and help us get it. We are going after it, and wc are going
to have it if you will help us. We want you to see your
representatives at home and tell them about it. The legisla-

62 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ture is asked to give $10,000 or $20,000 for the military, and
we tell them to deduct that much and give it to us. So far
as the Pomological Society and the New England Fruit Show
is concerned, we want to make sure the representatives of
this association are in the front every time. (Applause).

President Rogers: If there is no objection to this
report, it will stand approved.

Mr. Hale: If you want to object, object now, but don't
object over at the Capitol. (Laughter).

President Rogers : There is one thing I would like to
call to your attention, we are paying in our own cities more
for cold storage, or equally as much, as it costs us to ship
apples to Boston and then put them in storage. That is not
right, and there is just one point to be remembered there.

The next on our program is an address, illustrated, on
"Summer Spraying, Some Results with the Lime-sulphur
Mixtures," by Prof. H. H. Whetzel, of Ithaca, N. Y., of the
New York State College of Agriculture. I have the pleas-
ure of introducing to you Prof. Whetzel. (Applause).

Summer Spraying — Some Results with the Lime-
Sulphur Mixtures.

By Prof. H. H. Whetzel, Ithaca, N. Y.

Mr. Cliainiiaii, Ladies and Gentlemen :

I am sure that it is a great pleasure to be in Connecticut
to-day, to see all of your faces, and especially to see some
of the men of the Connecticut Station, whose faces I have
not seen for some time. I shall not try to tell you all of the
things that we have tried to do in New York, but to give you
a few suggestions in regard to the work we have been doing
with lime-sulphur as a summer spray.

Down at the Rochester meeting of the New York
State Fruit Growers' Association some two or three w^eeks
ago, we had a large gathering of this sort, and in connection

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 03

with the question box, there was what was to me a very
interesting" vote on a particular question that was asked by
the man in charge of the question box, as to how many
were going to use lime-sulphur during the season of 1911
as a spray mixture for summer spraying of their apple
orchards. I suppose there were a thousand people in the
room, and it looked to me as though all of them got up.
After they sat down he asked how many^ were going to
use Bordeaux mixture. Not a single man got up. Now
that is significant, because two years before had that same
question been asked, the vote would certainly have been
practically the other way. It seems to me it is remark-
able, that within a space of two years in the State of New
York, so conservative a bunch of growers as we have, men
inclined to go into a new proposition carefully and slowly,
should have absolutely changed from one fungicide to
another. It must be due to the fact that that fungicide is
eminently successful and readily used by the average
grower with success, or else we could hardly have expect-
ed so marked a change in so short a time.

Of course, the main objection which has always been
urged against Bordeaux mixture, and urged more strongly
as we have come to use it more extensively, is the objec-
tion, not that it does not control apple scab, because, as
Doctor Clinton has pointed out to you in his paper,
Bordeaux mixture controls apple scab about as well as
does lime-sulphur. It has been very successfully used as
far as scab is concerned. But it does, in some seasons, and
under certain weather conditions, cause russeting and scab
of the fruit. When it is not scab it is russet, and scab
and russet do not please the man who buys fine fruit.

Then, of course, there has always been the objection to
Bordeaux mixture in wet seasons also, that more or less
leaf injury occurs. Now whenever the operator is ready
I will be glad to have him throw some pictures on the
screen and try to follow those pictures in telling you some-
thing of the work we have been trying to do at Cornell

64 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Station in connection with this plant disease work. I
might say we have undertaken the investigation of plant
diseases on a plan slightly different from what has been
ordinarily followed in the past, and that is, instead of
trying to work at arm's length, or approximately at half
a dozen arms' lengths, we have taken our laboratory ecpiip-
ment and the man who is to do the investigation to the
orchard, or the particular locality where the problem lies.
We have not tried to bring the orchard to the laboratory.
We established a temporary laboratory at Sodus for the
lime-sulphur work ; another in the grape districts when we
studied grape diseases, etc, eight in all. The results of the
investigation with lime-sulphur have been obtained, not by
myself at all, but by one of the men working in the depart-
ment, Mr. Wallace. Practically all the results which I will
show you to-day are the results of his investigation cover-
ing two years. It seems rather remarkable to me that a
man in so short a time should have gotten together such
a large number of interesting facts which are of such great
interest to the fruit grower.

(From this point on the room was darkened and the
speaker showed many lantern slides illustrating his re-
marks as follows.)

I shall now show you a few pictues to help emphasize
some of the points I desire to make in regard to this ques-
tion of the summer use of lime-sulphur.

Apple Scab. I shall first point out some of the well-
established facts about the scab, that most common fungus
pest of the apple. This is a fungus disease caused by a
parasitic plant that lives on the apple. This fungus winters
only on the old leaves on the ground. During the growing
season the fungus lives on the surface of the leaf or
fruit just under the thin protective skin or cuticle. When
the leaves fall to the ground, the root-like mycelium of the
fungus grows all through the leaf, and by the next spring
has formed hollow pimple-like bodies in the leaf, often

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 65

thousaiuls in a single leaf. Within these hollow pimples
the winter spores are formed in great numbers. Just as
the blossoms begin to show color and the young leaves are
unfolding these spores ripen. Then if a rainy, cloudy period
of a day or so conies on, these spores are shot into the air
by millions. I\Ir. Wallace caught the spores from a square
inch surface of an old apple leaf and estimated that in
forty-five minutes twent^'-five thousand had been dis-
charged. This will give you some idea of how numerous
the apple scab spores must be on a cloudy rainy day when
apple buds are opening. These spores being very light.
are carried by the slightest breeze to the leaves and the
pedicles of the blossoms. Here they lodge, germinate, and
in about a week scab spots appear. These facts will help
vou to see how it is that tlic application just before the
blossoms open (when color shows in the bud), protects
the foliage and often insures a set of point. For if the
leaves are covered with lime-sulphur or Bordeaux the
spores when they fall on the leaves will not be able to
grow, being killed by the fungicide. The falling of the
young fruits a short time after blossoming is frecjuently
due to scab spots on the .pedicles, that were started by the
spores from the old leaves on the ground, scattered at this
time. Growers commonly attribute this early drop to cold
weather or frosts. I am satisfied that it is as frequently
caused by the scab fungus, at least in the State of New
York.

Proper spraying before the blossoms open by eliminat-
ing scab infection of the leaves prevents burning of the
foliage by later applications. Extensive study and obser-
vations by Mr. Wallace during the past two seasons have
shown that scabby foliage, more than any other one thing,
has been responsible for much of the foliage injury report-
ed. The fungus by prying- off the protective cuticle of the
leaf where the scab spot appears lets the caustic spray
mixture right into the leaf tissues, thus causing the burn-
ing. Leaves protected from the scab, therefore, by the

66 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

early applications, are nuich less apt to show injur}' from
later sprayings.

The application Just after the blossoms fall is usually
the one zchich i^ires clean fruit. All the fruits that are in-
fected before the blossoms open, later fall from the trees ;
therefore only clean fruits will be left to be protected by
later applications. This spraying just after blossoms drop
is the most important of all. Xever omit it. Spray just
before rain periods, not after them. Watch your zveather
maps. If YOU recall that the scab spores are scattered, and
infect the fruit and leaves only during rather extended rain
periods, you will at once, see the logic of having the spray
mixture on the trees ahead of the rain. Don't let the
notion that it will "wash off" deter you. If it is once dry
little will wash oft'. The nearer you can come to getting
it on just before the rains the better, for the more new
growth you will thus protect. The development of the
buds ami fruit and the character of the zvcather must be your
guide in spraying for apple scab.

The number of sprayings to be made will depend much
on the season. Nearly all good growers make an early or
dormant spray. This is for insects, blister mite, scale, etc.
It has no effect on the control of the apple scab. Some
seasons it may be advisable to make another application
following the one made just after the blossoms fall. This
is usually not profitable so far as scab control is concerned.
A late application the latter part of July or first of August
is in some seasons highly beneficial and profitable in pre-
venting a late infection of the fruit, which may appear at
packing time or after the fruit goes into storage.

Lime-Sulphur. We may now consider some of the
more important points brought out in the past two seasons'
investigations w^ith lime-sulphur as a substitute for Bor-
deaux mixture. Not onlx- in our own, but the experiments
of others in different parts of the United States have shown
that lime-sulphur is equally effective icitli and safer than

rWENTIETII AXNUAL MEETING. 67

Bordeaux mixture for the control of apple scab. Taking
the average of all recorded experiments comparing the
effectiveness of lime-snlphur as against Rordeanx, show
that the lime-sulphnr has, if anything, been more efficient
in reducing the seal), in our experiments in 1909, while
unsprayed trees sho^v•e I 43 per cent scabby, trees spraved
with lime-sulphur showed only 3.6 per cent, as against 3
per cent on trees sprayed with Bordeaux. This past season
the same variety (Greenings) showed 79.4 per cent scabby
on unsprayed trees, wdiile lime-sulphur sprayed showed
only 10.9 per cent, against 17.7 per cent scabby on Bordeaux
sprayed.

The fungicidal value of lime-sulphur is increased by at
least 50 to 100 per cent by the addition of arsenate of lead
(2 pounds to 50 gallons) to the dilute solution. This Mr.
Wallace has proven beyond question, both by laboratory
tests and on the trees. This fact alone is worth the cost of
the investigation many times over. This means that a
w^eaker dilution of limc-suli)hur can l^e used with equal
effectiveness and hence with less expense. On this basis
w^e shall this next season use a dilution of 1-40 (32 degrees
Baunie test) instead of 1-30. Not only is the fugicidal
value of the combination greater than that of the lime-sul-
phur alone, but the insccticidal value is by no means de-
creased. Then to this may be added the fact, that the
burning qualifies of the lime-sulphiw are actually reduced
by the addition of arsenate of lead. Taken all together,
the facts show that from nearly every point of view the ad-
dition of arsenate of lead to lime-sulphur is desirable.
Moreover, it is so far as ice knozu at present, the only insec-
ticide that may i<nth safety and efficiency he used in the
linie-sulpJiur. Arsenate of lime, arsenate of soda, and Paris
green, all tend to increase tlie burning and are unsafe with
lime-sulphur.

Another very interesting discovery of Mr. Wallace's,
is that ma<^}iesiuni oxide, one of the chief constituents of
impurities in lime, has considerable fuiit/icidal value. r>oth

-68 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

laboratory and field tests demonstrated this. Its poor
sticking' qualities when used alone does not recommend its
use. The value of sediment in lime-sulphur appears to
depend very largely upon the magnesium oxide content.

The above remarks apply only to the question of lime-
sulphur as a spray for apple scab. Of its uses on peaches,
pears and other fruits, we know, as 3^et, too little to make
definite statements. Scott's self-boiled lime-sulphur is at
present the standard summer spray for the peach. Mr.
Wallace's experiments with pear scab indicate that lime-
sulphur may be expected to control it. If there are any
questions on any of these points I shall be glad to answer
them if I can.

President Rogers : I am sure we are all greatly inter-
ested in this subject. There is no more vital subject before
this convention. We have heard both Professor Whetzel and
Doctor Qinton, and I am sure we can get a great deal of help
from them. Professor Whetzel and Doctor Clinton also are
here to answer questions, and if whoever asks a question will
please give their name when they rise we will appreciate it
very much.

Discussion.

Mr. Frost: Has anything ever been done to burn up
the foliage on the ground to prevent scab?

Prof. Whetzel: We have never carried on any definite
experiments ourselves in getting rid of the foliage on the
ground, but we have made some rather interesting observa-
tions. In 1909 in Medina we found one man who had plowed
his orchard late in the fall — I don't remember for what par-
ticular reason — but after the leaves had fallen he had plowed
his orchard, and in going over the orchard later that spring
we found this the only one in that locality that had a small
amount of foliage infection from scab. It had been reduced
to a marked extent as compared with orchards that had not
been so plowed. By plowing the leaves under he had gotten
rid of a large part of the infection.

nVENTIimi JNNi'AI. MEETING. 69

On the other hand, in an orchard that has heen cuhivat-
ed and sprayed (of course not plowed in the fall, hut plowed
in the spring) and sprayed systematically for twelve years,
our results showed 98 per cent of scab on the uns])ra\ed ; so
you must not depend upon burying- the foliage. When you
are considering that proposition you must not forget fence
corners where leaves are stacked up ; those must also be raked
out and burned. I don't know whether it would be profitable
to do that or not, to rake and burn them. You see this
whole question of what practice you shall follow hinges on
whether it is profitable or not. There are many ways of
controlling diseases which are not practical, but yet w^hich
will control diseases if properly carried out, so that probably
the most practical way of handling the proposition is a mat-
ter of spraying, and then plowing or burning if you think
that will be profitable in addition.

Mr. Newton: You said we should spray just before
the rain falls rather than after it ; what is the theory about
that ?

Professor Whetzel: Take the case of apple scab, the
spores of the fungus which cause the early infection are in
the old leaves on the ground. They are discharged into the
air only when the leaf is wxt, when it rains on the leaf, then
the spores are shot into the air; they are discharged only
during rainy, muggy weather. They are carried by the
breezes at that time to the leaves, or to the pedicles, and the
pedicles get the infection. More than that, spores cannot
germinate and infect a leaf in a few minutes. In the case
of apple scab it takes twenty- four to forty-eight hours for
the spore to germinate and establish itself, so it is the rainy
period, not a showier, which brings about infection. If you
wait until that is over to spray so as not to have the fungi-
cide washed off, the fungus will already be established, and
will develop under your spray. Take the case of black rot
in grapes, it will develop under the Bordeaux mixture applied
after the rains. So the point is, you want to have the surface

70 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

practically coated with the fungicide when the rain comes,
because when the rain comes the fungus comes and the infec-
tion occurs, it does not occur afterwards. Don't delay by
waiting- if you think it will wash off, but just spray thor-
oughly before the rain with lime-sulphur, and if you believe
it conies off easil\-, undertake the job of washing it oft'.

J\1r. Staples : May I ask the question if the leaves are
to be burned in the spring, how early can that be done, or
how late; that is, after the leaves are prettv drv in the spring?
\\ ill it do to burii them when fire would run in the g^rass and
leaves?

Prof. Whetzel: The time you can burn them must
depend upon the buds. I should say to be on the safe side
they could be burned before the buds open. If they are dry
before that time, all right.

Dr. Britton : I would like to ask if he has tried other
insecticides with lime-sulphur?

Prof. Whetzel: I think he did, Dr. Britton, but I
don't recall what they were. I think he tried arsenite of
lime, but I don't recall the results just at the present time.
We have tried quite a number of insecticides besides the
arsenate of lead, but they are of doubtful value.

Mr. Curtiss : W' hat are the respective advantages of
the lime-sulphur preparations, the self-boiled and the home-
boiled?

Prof. Whetzel: Self-boiled is Scott's so-called self-
boiled. I am very sorry that Scott named that "self-
boiled" ; it is not boiled at all, but the self-boiled is what Scott
has developed for spraying peaches, summer spraying- for
peaches. That is quite dift'erent from home-boiled concen-
trate, which is to all intents and ]xirposes just like the com-
mercial. \\'e carried along side by side in our spraying experi-
ments the commercial lime-sulphur clear, commercial with
sediment in it, home-boiled clear and home-boiled with sedi-
ment in it, and Mr. Wallace carried along in a good many
cases, Scott's self-boiled. I think all the experiments taken

TWIiXTIIiTII .WXUAL MEETIXG. 71

all together, the cnumry over, sliowed the home-boiled con-
centrate lime-sulphur ov commercial concentrates are the
ones that are successful for proper operating for apple scab.
The self-boiled is the spray for peaches. Dr. Clinton has
told you something about the use of commercial concentrates
for spraying peaches, and we have been doing some work for
two years on spraying peaches with diluted concentrates and
have got some fine results. As a practical matter, you want
to use the self-builed for summer spra_\ing of peaches, and
you can make it yourself.

Mr. Frost : Did you get as good results from Ikmiic-
boiled concentrate as from the commercial?

Prof, W'hktzel: We have from all our experiments —
I think the records show that properly made home-boiled
lime-sulphur is just exactly as good as any of the commercial
boiled, if it is properly made and properly diluted, and the
commercial is giving just as good results as the home-boiled
if it is properly made and properly diluted. They are one
and the same thing, practically, for they are made out of.
lime and sulphiu".

Mr. Pratt: ^Ir. Chairman, I wish you would give the
strength of commercial lime and sulphur for this apple scab.

Prof. Whetzel: We are going to use next year 1-40
of the concentrate 32 degree, or 33 degree test of the concen-
trate diluted, 1—10 plus 2 pounds of arsenate of lead,

A [Member : I would like to ask how much lime and
how much sulphur you use to get 33 per cent of lime and .
sulphur.

Prof. Whetzel: If }0U make your own home-boiled
vou won't get 33 per cent, you should dilute according to the
densitv of the concentrate which you get. See table for dilu-
tions in Cornell Pulletin 289.

A Me^eber : How many pounds of sulphur and how
manv pounds of lime do you have to use to get that 33 de-
srrees ?

72 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I'kof. Whetzel: Oh, I couldn't tell you, sir. I don't
believe the average grower gets that 33 degrees. I know of
some that have g-otten the 33 degrees. I don't believe the
amount of lime and sulphur will be the only factor, so I
could not answer that cjuestion. Perhaps Dr. Ijritton could
tell vou a good deal better about that than I can, or Dr.
Clinton.

Dr. Brixton : I don't think any of us can tell the exact
amount to use to give a definite reading.

.\t this point Mrs. Ida Jenness Moulton rendered a reci-
tation— a burlesque on "Women's Rights," following it with
an encore entitled "How a Lawyer Would Word a Legal
Document in Giving Away an Orange."

Vice-President Drew in the chair: We will now re-
sume this matter of summer spraying, and taking up the ques-
tion list, I am going to read No. 21, "What is the cause of the
russeting of the apple " That has been discussed to a cer-
tain extent, but I don't think it would do any harm to dis-
cuss it again, and I am going to call on Dr. Clinton to give
us a few words on that.

Dr. Clinton : In our work we assumed that consid-
erable was caused by the Bordeaux in the russeting, but in
order to show how much, we took a comparison of all of the
checked trees, and we were rather surprised in the amount of
russeting that appeared in those checked trees, so that we
cannot lay all the injury of a russet nature to spraying. It
seems that certain seasons are much worse for producing this
russeting on sprayed trees, just the same as certain seasons
produce more russeting from the spraying with Bordeaux.
This year we had two very late frosts, one the latter part of
May, and I believe one in June. These frosts were much
more serious in Massachusetts and in northern Connecticut
than in southern Connecticut, and so serious were those frosts
that it was noticed in some regions the trees had their leaves

TWENriETH ANNUAL MEETING. 73

taken off. Trees perhaps that were higher or a Httlc
outside of the unfolding of the leaves, did not suffer so much.
We found in the orchards that there was a difference in the
position of the trees, some trees suffered much worse than
others, and we found that the russeting in general was more
severe in the northern part of the state than towards the
Sound, where the frost injury was less, so there seems to be
no question but that this russeting of the apples is due to
some other cause than spraying, and the frosts seem to be,
as far as I could make out, largely responsible for it.

There may also be russeting due to moisture on the fruit
when quite young. Anyway, it is certain that this year not
all the russeting was due to spraying, presumably largely due
to frost on sprayed trees, but as 18 to 20 per cent of the
apples showed more or less russeting, but on sprayed trees
this went as high as 40 per cent, so that the season is a big
factor in this russeting of the fruit, not only with the sprayed,
but with the unsprayed trees. Now in taking this percent-
age of russeted fruit, we had to assume a spray of standard,
because it is very difficult in this state with certain varieties
like the Greening- this year, to find fruit that did not show the
same evidences of russeting. So we assumed in our mind a
standard of only a small amount of russeting which we called
free.

We had a different type of what we called scald russet-
ing from the lime-sulphur sprays, and that usually occurred
on the fruit that was exposed to the sun, on the southern
side of the trees, more, and on the exposed side of the apples.

We had, too, some injury to the foliage occasionally, the
spotting of the foliage, on the side of the trees that were most
exposed to the sun, and I am not sure but what some injury
may occur from rain on apple leaves, producing spotting of
apples. \\'e had young apples that were not sprayed that
showed consiflerable of a leaf scorch.

There is a fungus in this state, the black rt)t fungus,
that is quite abundant in the early spring when the leaves

74 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

unfold, and this produces a spotting, isolated brown spots in
the interior of the leaf and also arotmd the margins, and it is
very difificult to tell from spray injury caused either by Bor-
deaux or by this very lime-sulphur or lime-sulphur mixtures
with other compounds in them. This fungus really burns on
the leaf, which makes it very difficult to distinguish it. And
even when leaves are sent into the station, I want to know
whether they have been sprayed or not, to help me decide
whether it was this fungus or spraying that produced the
injury, because they are so very similar.

Vice-President Drew : Question No. 22, "Are we all
agreed that lime-sulphur is giving better results than Bor-
deaux?" I thing there is no question of more importance.
I think that has been pretty well answered, but I will ask
Prof. Whetzel to speak just a word on that again.

Prof. Whetzel: I think the best way to answer that
is to put it to a vote, and so I ask everybody that is agreed
that lime-sulphur is better than Bordeaux for summer spray-
ing to stand up. Ladies can vote for this just as well as
the. men you know. Now everybody that believes Bordeaux
is better than lime-sulphur stand up. Bordeaux doesn't seem
to have very many friends here. I think that is sufficiently
answered.

Prof. A. G. Gullev : I want Prof. Whetzel to explain
to this audience clearly the exact difference between the self-
boiled and the other sulphur-lime mixtures. I think there are
a lot of people in this audience that don't understand why one
burns and the other does not. Please give the chemical rea-
son.

Prof. Whetzel: As I said before, it is very unfortun-
ate that it was ever called self-boiled. The formula for the
so-called self-boiled lime-sulphur of Scott, if we choose to
call it Scott's lime-sulphur, is 8-8-50, 8 pounds of lime, 8
pounds (T sulphur and 30 gallons of water; ])nt lime in a bar-
rel, add a little water and add the sulphur while the lime is
slaking and imtil it is all slaked, and the siil])lmr and lime are

TlVENllJiTII ANNUAL MEETING. 75

in a fine mechanical mixture, not chemical unity. Dilute at
once with cold water. That is really not self-boiled lime-sul-
phur, ju^'t slaked and then water added to stop the cookini;-.
the natural cookini^". So when you have properly made so-
called self-boiled (Scott's mixture), it has little or no solu-
ble sulphur in it, and therefore cannot Inirn the foliaj^e, 1k-
cause it consists of nothing but particles of sulphur and the
slaked lime mixed together. When that is si)raycd on the
tree there is no soluble sul])hur to cause the burning.

The home-boiled lime-sulphur is the concentrate as I now
speak of it. The home-boiled concentrate is made by boil-
ing lime and sulphur together for 45 minutes or an liour. In
that case the lime and sulphur have gone together in a chemi-
cal union, you don't get them separately, and you have so-
called sulphides of sulphur and calcium, and it is this so-
called soluble sulphur, calcium sulphide that burns when put
on the leaves, if it is strong enough. The commercial con-
centrates are made the same way. Is that clear?

\Tce-President Drew : Question 23, 'Ts it necessary to
use more than 150 pounds pressure for spraying?" I am
glad to call on Mr. Henry, of Wallingford, to tell us some-
thing on that subject. Mr. Henry, won't you give us a few
words on that subject, or a few points?

Mr. Hexrv : Why. I haven't had enough experience in
that, Mr. Drew.

Vice-Pre.sident Drew : Won't you give us some points
in your ex]^>eriments, then, last season in spraying, if you
don't want to speak on the question itself. I know you have
had so much experience in that line everyone would be
pleased to hear it.

Mr. Henry : Why, I don't believe I have' anything,
Mr. Drew, but what everybody here already knows. There
is nothing that I know of. Prof. Whetzel has certainl\ cov-
ered the spraying question, and about the others, I don't
know of anything that would be of interest. Mr. Drew.

76 THE COX.VECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

\^ick-1'rksidi-:nt Drew : Anyone else that would like to
talk on that subject, whether it is necessary to use more than
150 pounds pressure for spraying?

Mk. S. L. Lupton : I suggest you ask how many use
150 puunds.

Vice-President Drew : I\Ir. Lupton suggests 1 ask
how many people use 150 pounds pressure for spraying.
Those that do will please indicate it. I find this, we use less
than that a good deal, and I find most people don't use 150
pounds for spraying.

Mr. Lupton : Did I understand someone in New York
state, at the experiment station, or some official, to say that
that matter was carefully tried out last year and proven that
80 pounds pressure was just as good as 100 and just as good
as 125? Didn't I hear Mr. Van Alstyne, of New York,
make that statement on that point? Do you know anything
about it, Mr. Whetzel?

Prof. Whetzel: I couldn't say anything about it. But
I might sa\-, Prof. H. W. Riley, of our college, has devised
a machine for testing nozzles, and he has tested a large num-
ber of them, and our general opinion is that the type of noz-
zle will determine how much pressure you must use to get
best results. For example, small nozzles of the Vermorel
type give very good results at relatively low pressure, while
large nozzles require much higher pressure to get the fine mist
that you need for spraying. I think in our spraying we use
125 pounds pressure, and in the field from 125 to 150. Many
men think they are using a high pressure, although they actu-
ally do not. We have tested it out in Prof. Riley's laboratory
and put a pressure against the nozzle and at the tank, and
there will be quite a difiference of pressure between the noz-
zle and the tank.

Vice-President Drew : Can anybody tell us whether
with 150 pounds he has gotten any better results?

Mr. Ives: That means me, I guess. Why, more spray-
ing is done in a given time, vastly more, under high pres-

TWENTIETH ANNUAE MEETING. yy

sure, and the economy of spraying under high pressure, and
the higher the pressure you get the finer spray you get. and I
beheve that is coming. Wc are over-spraying, we don't make
it fine. Wq. get it on and it drips and drops and nms oti'. We
want tlie high pressure, so fine that it will flow on the tree
like a fog, and you get more econoni}- under high pressure,
200 pounds pressure, 250 or 400. Hence, economy, and I
believe, efficiency come under high pressure spraying and
make it effective and in fact a fog that will flow on the tree.

Mr. Frost: I think we used as high as 250 pounds
pressure in an orchard with a 12 horsepower gasoline engine,
and we couldn't see any difference in the result between
spraying at that pressure and hand power, '\losi all of it
seemed to be pretty nearly perfect.

Prof. Gulley : That matter was developed last week
at Rochester, and Mr. Van Alstyne said decidedly there was
no gain whatever, by this tremendous pressure, that 100 to
125 pounds was just as good as double, and I don't believe
a man^in this state uses 150 pounds that will be satisfied with
it; 100 or 125 is perfectly satisfactory. I find a pressure
not to exceed 125 has done just as good work as any thing-
higher.

Mr. Lupton : I can agree fully with Mr. Gulley I
think a good many of us are over zealous about high pres-
sure. I have been using 80 to 100 pounds with satisfactory
results, and I don't quite follow the gentleman that more than
150 is necessary, and that more spraying can be done, etc.,
and economy of time. It is not a question about get-
ting spraying done in that way. You have got to cover the
tree, and just the moment you cover tlie underside of the
tree it is done, whether with low pressure or high pressure.

If you stand two or three rows away on the windward
side you get the fine covering with the spray at once. I havi.
had that experience, and again when you are trying to spray
against the wind, as we sometimes have to do. why it is ab-
solutely impossible to put that fine spray on a tree even 5 or

78 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

6 feet away. I liave never been able to spray two rows of
trees at the same time. We get on the windward sid'e if we
want to do good work. I am afraid some of ns are over-
anxions about high pressure, and we break our hose and
over-tax our engine and tanks unnecessarily. That has been
mv experience.

\'ice-President Drew: I think the vast majority of
us will agree with Mr. Frost and Mr. Lupton about that.

]\Ir. Ives: 1 never have thought I could wait for the
wind to shift. 1 finish off my tree whether it blows from
one direction or the other. I believe I can spray a' tree all
aroimd and do it all up in one job, and I can spray up against
the wind with high pressure.

\'ice-President Drew: I think it would be a good
thing to get from some of this audience some of their expe-
rielices in summer spraying, and I would like to ask some of
the gentlemen that have experimented this year with Bor-
deaux and with Hme and sulphur, if they would be willing
to give us some of their own individual experiences now ? I
think it is a most interesting subject and a mosf vital one,
and I would like to have someone volunteer without calling
on them.

!Mr. Beardsley : Alay I ask Prof. Whetzel in the ex-
periment that he made wdth peaches, what mixture he sul>
stituted for the Scott mixture spoken of.

Prof. Whetzel: Why, I am not very well posted on
the work wliich Mr. ^^'allace did with that lime-sulphur mix-
ture on peaches ; I have not the details clear in my mind, bi,it
I can give them to you in a general way. In 1909 he tested
out commercial lime-sulphur, the concentrate, the Niagara,
and he tried dilutions up to 1-200, testing out with the slide
method which I have described, and he found that 1-200 would
prevent germination of the spores, and trees sprayed three
times, finishing up just before picking, the rot was reduced
from one-half to two-thirds on the peaches sold. And where
he sprayed peaches just before picking, and dipped them just

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 79

after picking-, in some cases they stood up two or tliree times
better. lUit these were only small experiments and were
not extensive. Someone said, 1 believe Dr. Clinton re])()rted,
they had used lime-sulphur 1-75, 1-100. That would be
pretty severe, to put 1-100 011 peaches. It would l:urn the
leaves off some varieties ; other varieties would stand it fairly
well, so where we have used commercial concentrate we have
used it about 1-200. Mr. Wallace has precipitated it and put
it on 1-30, and no harm, but that is not very practical be-
cause of the difficulty of keeping the stuff in suspension with
so much agitation. So the question of the strength in the
use of concentrates on peaches is one we are not ready to
make any conclusions on ; we haven't carried out extensive
enough experiments. All the experiments that we have car-
ried out were very favorable to concentrate. He used both
the commercial and the home-boiled, wdiich are the same
thing.

One point in connection w4th that is that where arsenate
of lead Avas added to lime-sulphur and applied with a gas
sprayer, he got tremendous defoliation. He also got later
in the season defoliation where he used arsenate of lead in
lime-sulphur with the ordinary sprayer. He put on another
spray and worked it out and showed that the injury w^as not
due to the lime-sulphtir, but to the arsenic set free from the
arsenate of lead — arsenical burning.

\'ice-President Drew : I \vill again call for volun-
teers to tell us the spraving troubles thev have had and the
success.

Mr. P.rowx: I just wanted to say a word about the
results 1 have noticeil with lime-sulphur. I have not used it
personally at all, Imt one of my neighbors has got about 50
acres of orchard 10 years old, and he has got more burn than
others, and I looked over his orchard this fall, and the Ben
Davis in particular. 1 think that was worse than any other
variety. There was the worst case of burn I have ever seen.
The commercial lime-sulphur, we figured out, knocked a

■80 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

dollar a barrel out of the Aalue of his crop. \\q haven't
got it quite settled yet.

A Member : What spray did you use in your own
orchai d ?

Mr. Brown: I used Bordeaux and sulfocide.

Question : At what strength ?

Answer : 1-200 the first application.

Question : The second application ?

Answer : 1-200.

Question: Just two applications?

Answer : No ; three.

Question : Did you use arsenical poison ?

Answer : Paris green.

Mr. Brown : I should like to ask Mr. Drew for his
experience; let's hear from him.

Vice-President Drew : There are so many that have
carried on their experiments better than I have, there are
others better qualified to speak.

Mr. Lupton : Isn't there just a little bit of danger that
we are too unanimous about lime-sulphur spray? We have
in Virginia a very bad apple disease known as bitter rot. It
comes late in the season, and we have about come to the con-
clusion that lime-sulphur spray will not control the bitter rot.
We have to get along on the bitter rot with Bordeaux. I
don't know whether you have it here in Connecticut or not;
doubtless Prof. Whetzel knows about bitter rot, and I would
like to ask him if he has ever tried lime-sulphur to control
bitter rot?

Prof. Whetzel: I am delighted to say that we do not
have bitter rot in the state of New York, except on one va-
riety, and that is not a variety which is commercially valua-
ble. I believe this bitter rot is not a factor in apple growing
in the state of New York, and has not been up to the present
time. I think we are a little too far north. Lime-sulphur
has not been successful, and I think Mr. Lupton has made
a good point, and that is. we should not go lime-sulphur
crazy like we went Bordeaux crazv. Bordeaux used to be

TIVEXTIETH AXXi'AL MEETING. 8 1

good for everything, even chicken Hce. (Laughter). But
lime-sulphur is not good for everything. And I think there
will be many other sprays discovered which will be more sat-
isfactory in time than lime-sulphur. I am not at all optimis-
tic that lime-sulphur will be with us" forever, even as long
as Bordeaux has b^en. So it is not surprising at all that
Ijme-sulphur will not cure everything. It is good, but there
is still that danger of burning from lime-sulphur, which has
always been there.

Mr. Lupton : Then there is another thing ; we had this
year in Mrginia a most serious outbreak of cedar rust
(orange rust), and we found lime-sulphur was not a satis-
factory spray for cedar rust. Have you had any experience
with that ?

Prof. \\'hetzel: We have some cedar rust in the state
of New York, but it is so slight as to cause little damage, so
I have had no experience in the control of cedar rust, and
it seems to me that until we have had several seasons' expe-
rience in fighting a disease with a given fimgicide and don't
get results that we ought not to be in too great a hurry to say
that it will or will not do certain things.

Mr. Lupton : We had an experience with cedar rust
that defoliated hundreds of orchards and russeted the apples
themselves so they were not merchantable. We have had
attacks of bitter rot which spread over two weeks in the hot,
muggy weather, and the apples turned black on the trees al-
most over night, and we have not found that lime-sulphur
will control those attacks as yet. I didn't know whether
you people were suffering from these pests or not.

Vice-President Drew : I would say I had quite an
experience with that this year, particularly on W^ealthy, and
I tried both self-boiled lime-sulphur and commercial lime-
sulphur, and it did not control it.

Dr. Clinton : In our experiments we had more rust
than any other fungus, and the average of rust on the sprayed
trees was just as great as on the unsprayed, and it didn't

82 THE CONXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

make much difference whether it was Bordeaux or the self-
boiled or some other sort. 1 think that the rust, as I stated
in my paper, will depend on the number of sprayings. Ordi-
narily the two or three sprayings that are given in this state
will not control rust ; you will have to make at least three or
four with whatever fungicide you use.

Vice-President Drew: You mean cedar apple fungus?
Dr. Clinton: Yes. Just a word about Bordeaux.
While I said I ■ preferred commercial lime-sulphur to Bor-
deaux on apples, I did not prefer it on potatoes and melons.
Bordeaux is the standard yet for potatoes and melons, in my
opinion.

A Member : How about grapes ?
Dr. Clinton : I have not tried it on grapes at all.
Prof. Whetzel: Dr. Riddick has tried out the com-
mercial and the self-boiled in comparison with Bordeaux, and
all the evidence goes to show that Bordeaux is the only thing
we can use in the state of New York for black rot of grapes.
A dilution of lime-sulphur of 1-75 or 1-100 on most varieties
of grapes, we find, will cause serious burning, and in some
cases will cause a shriveling of the fruit. We cannot use
lime-sulphur as yet for grape spraying.

I saw some interesting photographs from Virginia of
apples sprayed with a new type of lime-sulphur. It was not
concentrate, but some other type of lime-sulphur, some com-
mercial brand, which in the pictures looked very good, and the
man in whose orchard the apples were grown, was there
and swore they were all right, but I didn't see them. I have
no doubt but what the diseases can be controlled with sulphur
sprays of this type.

Mr. Hillyer, of Farmington : It seems to me here is an
opportunity for a further word, although there is a commer-
cial element in what I have to say. Prof. Whetzel in his
speech has spoken of the effect of the self-boiled sulphur as
being probably due to the elementary sulphur which was used
in it. Other experiments seem to show that horticulturists

TIVEXTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 83

are looking forward, that the horticultural experiments are
tending toward the idea that it is the sulphur itself which is
the real germicide. It has been stated that it is not the lime
in the lime-sulphur, but the sulphur.

Prof. \A'hetzel has referred to some interesting" photographs
that he saw of a V'irginia orchard, in which a particular type
or substance, not exactly lime-sulphur, but something like it,
was made use of. Here it is, (showing a tube of liquid)
this is a new fungicide entirely different from anytliing which
has been produced before. It is going to be put on the
market, and it is made from a scientific study of the matter.
Here is some of the most evenly divided sulphur which is on
the market and it won't precipitate. I mixed this sample up
with water before the afternoon session began, and you see
it has all settled ; you can stir it up, but it is not in suspension.
Here is another batch of sulphur which has been prepared by
a special new process which was mixed just before the other
one. That has been shaken up and l^s been standing for
some time. Here, you see, is elementary sulphur, practicall}'
that, nothing else except it is prepared by a process which
keeps it in suspension. It is extremely evenly divided and
ready to use as a spray. There is a little sediment, but that
can be stirred up and sprayed on with it. You see the fine
division of the material enables you to cover a vast surface,
and it is so evenly divided that it is very active, and it can be
prepared very cheaply, and I am going to speak of that. I
hope you will be able to get it. It comes in the form of a
paste and can be mixed up just as you mix up arsenate of
lead. And speaking of arsenate of lead, this has been mixed
with arsenate of lead, and you can get both your insecticide
and fungicide right together. It has been used on potatoes,
and peaches, and at least 100 different experiments have
been made by the most conservative experiment station
people, and the owner of the. orchard which was referred to
here, ]\Ir. Gold Miller of West Virginia, has made experi-
ments and writes me a letter like this: "If I had known

84 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

about Atomic sulphur last spring what I now know, I am
satisfied I should have had $1,500 more fruit."

Excuse me for reading another letter from Daniel R.
Freedman : "I have been using the preparation furnished by
you known as Atomic sulphur, and would like to know more
about it."

Prof. John B. Smith of New Jersey, writes, "I have har-
vested my crop of peaches and never had a cleaner lot of
fruit, in fact, there is not a scab or blemish of any kind. You
will be interested to learn that Mr. Blake has had the same
experience." It is a very strong statement for an experiment
station man to make. I don't claim it is good for everything,
but I simply want to have you look into it.

Vice-President Drew : I was going to ask Mr. Ives
if he could give us something al)out the results of his experi-
ments this year. I understand he has been carrying on some
experiments.

Mr. E. M. Ives : Mr. President, I don't want to say
anything, for the summary of these experiments is not in my
hands. Dr. Clinton can answer anything I ought to answer.
I have not had his conclusions, I was not in here when he
read his report, and I appeal to him to answer the question.
He has worked in our orchard, and he has the figures also
carefully compiled. I am not prepared with the figures, I
haven't had them in my hands, so I depend on the Doctor to
answer that for me.

Vice-President Drew : I understand he has given the
results of those experiments. Mr. Frost, would you like to
say a word?

Mr. Frost, Arlington, IMass. : I don't know just exact-
ly what to say. I have examined a great many orchards in
Massachusetts and Connecticut which had been sprayed with
different materials, but the results were so contrary to what
I expected, that I made up my mind not to publish anv of
the notes, but while }0u were talking about pressure, I want
to speak of one experiment which we made. We had a lot
of asparagus in Massachusetts to spray, and found a great

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 85

deal of difficulty in mailing- the material stick with the low
pressure. In Massaclmsetts we are forbidden to use a certain
t\"'pe. so we tried the high pressure on asparagus, and we
found that by throwing the material in the air against the
wind we got a stream up about 100 feet, and with the wind,
even about 150 feet, and then throwing it into the air and
letting it drop, we made it stick perfectly to the asparagus.
I believe that is the only way high pressure can be of any
value as against low pressure, even on apple trees.

I am not convinced that Bordeaux is to be given up in
spraying apple trees. I see just as bad results with some
cases of lime-sulphur on certain varieties, as I do Bordeaux,
both in Connecticut and Massachusetts. And I would state
that I examined in Pomfret with Mr. Brown, and Mr. Drew
in Greenwich, orchards, and from what I have seen this year,
I believe Bordeaux can be used safely on certain varieties,
and lime- sulphur on certain other varieties. I think results
should be waited for another year.

I am also convinced, myself, that the russeting of the
fruit is due more to climatic conditions than it is to spraying',
for I found fruit was russeted worse on low land, especially
near the seacoast, than on the highlands. I believe the russet-
ing may be increased by some of the materials, especially
Bordeaux. Last week I was in Massachusetts, that is. up
near the Vermont line, way up in the mountains, and they
had very little russeting. Many of them used Bordeaux and
arsenate of lead several times, and they told me there when
the fog hung over the orchards, the fruit was russeted, and
where they didn't get any fog on top of the hills, even where
they sprayed with Bordeaux, there was no russeting. In our
own orchards in Littleton, Massachusetts, we sprayed half
the orchards with Bordeaux and arsenate of lead, and the
other half we sprayed with nothing but arsenate of lead.
Where the Bordeaux was used, the russeting was little wor.-e
than where the arsenate of lead was used. And orchards in
that same town were not sprayed at all, the Baldwins were all
russeted. ^^'e used Bordeaux and arsenate of lead on apples

86 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and got scarcely any russeting. In the orchards that I examined,
I am convinced from what we know of the cedar apple rust,
the lime-sulphur would not control it as well as the Bordeaux.
I am still going to use Bordeaux in some orchards where I
have the scab, until I see another season's results, and until
climatic conditions are taken into account. Seven miles from
the seacoast, around Boston, on the top of the hills, I saw
orchards that were sprayed with arsenate of lead alone, and
there was no russeting whatsoever. In the lowlands in that
same region, a great many of the varieties were badly injured.
I think we have got to take the climatic condition more into
account than the spraying. And I am sorry I haven't got any
more information about it on this particular point. (Ap-
plause.)

Mr. Ives : Just a w-ord about varieties that were not
injured so much by Bordeaux. Should we spray with one
or the other, as far as you have observed? You have
touched on that point a little.

Mr. Frost: I should hesitate in -advising anyone from
one season's experience.

AIr. Ives : It is leading toward somethmg, however.

Mr. Frost: I have not my notes with me because I did
not expect to be called on to say anything about it, but I
believe that Ben Davis should be sprayed with Bordeaux and
lime-sulphur, but I am not sure about it. Fall Pippin and
Fallawater I believe, however, should not be sprayed with
Bordeaux, and I am inclined to think that the Baldwin can be
sprayed with lime- sulphur. The Greening and the Graven-
stein and the Yellow Transparent I could not say were
injured by Bordeaux. I didn't see them handled with lime-
sulphur.

Mr. Hopkins : I have a question I would like to ask
after I have said a word about russeting of fruit. I am an
infant in the spraying of fruit, have only sprayed two years,
so I am no authority, but I wall say that we sprayed this year
but once, after the blossoms fell, only the Greenings we spray
when the fruit was as big as small marbles, and this was with
Bordeaux. Those were cracked, and badlv cracked.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 87

Mr. Frost: With the iKirdeanx mixture?

Mr. Hopkins: Yes, it was the mixture known as
Pyrox. Prof. Clinton saw some of my apples, which were
sent to him, which were cracked, but the russcting-, I doubt.
was ever caused by Bordeaux.

Now I would like to ask Prof. Clinton if l)lack rot and
bitter rot are two different troubles ?

Prof. Clinton: Yes, black rot is the common rot in
this state. Bitter rot does little injury here, althoui^h in Il-
linois it has been a very serious thing. As far back as 50
years ago the horticulturists assembled, and one writer said
it swept like the breath of ruin over his orchards. But, for-
tunately we do not have to contend with bitter rot in this
state. We do not even have scab as bad as they do in New
York.

One of our chief fungi troubles is sooty blotch, but if
the season is dry we don't have that trouble, so I think, on
the whole, we are rather favorably situated in Connecticut,
and have escaped some fungi injuries. So in some orchards,
spraying with arsenate of lead gives about as good results, at
least where the fungicide was used with it. We did test, in
a small way, flowers of sulphur combined with arsenate of
lead. That seemed to have some value as a fungicide, but it
was on too small a scale to say much definitely about it.

Mr. Hopkins: I would like to ask if lime-sulphur will
cure black rot, and also does black rot kill branches and limbs
of trees?

Prof. Whetzel: Black rot occurs either on the branch-
es, and produces cankers there and kills the twigs. It comes
on with the unfolding of leaves, and produces brownish spots
about a c[uarter of an inch in diameter, and so if you can
trace these spots that are ct)ntiguous with the leaves, to some
infected branch overhead, why, a thorough trimming out of
the diseased wood is fairly effective in controlling that. They
have proved that black rot is parasitic on the twig.

On the fruit, the black rot spot on the early varieties,
comes in largely through some insecticide injury. But we

88 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

found there wasn't much difference between the Bordeaux
and the commercial lime-sulphurs as to their value in prevent-
ing this trouble. But, as I have said, on the whole, in our ex •
periments, Bordeaux showed more fungicidal value than the
lime-sulphur sprays, but we didn't have such severe attacks
of fungous troubles to test out this matter in such shape, as
has been the case elsewhere.

A TvIember: I would like to ask if you would use the
same strength of lime-sulphur for plum rot as we do for
peach rot, and if we should use them at the same time and
the same number of applications ?

Dr. Clinton : You use it the same number of times
and the same number of applications. Prof. Scott recom-
mended less sulphur, that is, six pounds of sulphur instead of
eight pounds of sulphur. We only sprayed one or two plum
trees this year, and I did not see the plums at the time of
picking. We only sprayed them twice, and it did not prevent
the rot entirely. At least three sprayings would be neces-
sary, and you could use Scott's mixture.

President Rogers : I wish you would call on Mr.
Barnes of Yalesville to give us a little bit of his experience
in spraying, ^^'e have his apples before us, they are very
fine, and he must know something about spraying.

Mr. Barnes : We did not practice summer spraying at
all this year. I think I could not add anything to what has
already been said. Our spraying was done in the spring,
that is, nothing later than the spraying with arsenate of lead,
we have done nothing later than that.

Prof. Whetzel: You might be interested in the results
and observations we have gotten on this question of russeting
of fruit. I have here a copy of a recent bulletin of Mr.
Wallace and he tested out this question, comparing Bordeaux
and lime-sulphurs on several varieties.

That is to say, in all of our experiments, without excep-
tion, all those sprayed with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead
have shown less russeted fruit than those sprayed with Bor-
deaux, and less than those that were not sprayed. And I can

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 89

show you to-(la}- a large number of apples in an orchard that
has not been sprayed in twelve years, and any man will swear
that they are sprayed with Bordeaux. They are russeted
and cracked, and were all that way in the orchard.

I am inclined to think that the copper in Bordeaux
mixture, and the soluble sulphur, not the lime-sulphur, play
very little part in the actual russeting, — that it is, perhaps, the
wetting" of the fruit at a certain time under certain condi-
tions, that brings about the russeting more than anything
else.

If the hairs on the fruit are injured, it starts russeting,
and th.e copper, which is soluble and very toxic in its poisons,
gets in there and aggravates it greatly. The reason why
lime-sulphur does not do that is because if the wetting kills
the hairs and starts the russeting, by the time that the poison
gets worked into the fruit, it is dry, and still you have got
no longer the soluble sulphur. So I am perfectly satisfied
in my own mind that the soluble sulphur which is in the
lime-sulphur, plays little or no part in russeting the fruit, but
the primary injury is du^ to the wetting of the fruit.

AIr. Underwood: I would like to know if that theory
applies to all varieties of apples? Now I spray Roxbury
Russets with Bordeaux purposely to make them Russet.
(Laughter. )

Prof. W'hetzel: That is a new one on me, that is a
good scheme, that is one good word for Bordeaux mixture,
and I have no doubt you will all spray your Russets with Bor-
deaux mixture.

Certainly all varieties do not suffer the same from rus-
seting. There are some varieties that are practically immune
from russeting, and if you will send to Geneva, N. Y., and
ask for their bulletin on Bordeaux injury, you will get a list
of varieties that are very easily russeted by Bordeaux
mixture, and those that are practically immune. Baldwins
are very susceptible, both to actual natural russeting. and to
the Bordeaux mixture.

90 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

]\Ir. Fenn : Mr. Chairman, I want to say that I have
found that Russet apples grown on young trees will invari-
ably be green in color, they will not russet, that has been my
experience, but when I sprayed with Bordeaux, and I used
5-5-50 at that, I got that fine russet appearance that ought
to be on every Russet apple. I want to say also that the
apples that were given the first premium at the Boston show
were more than half of them green, while the apples that
were russet were given the third premium. That is a fact,
and Mr. Hale will corroborate that statement.

Vice-President Drew : I would like to call on brother
Hale at* this time. We have not heard a word from him in
regard to spraying.

Mr. J. H. Hale: Mr. President, I don't know what
you want to call on me for. If }'ou want me to prove that
brother Fenn is wrong, the judges at that Boston show were
pretty careful workmen and they did good work, and if they
decided on an apple that was green, my brother Fenn must
be color blind. I would rather stand by the judges than by
Fenn. If that is what you want me to say, I am very glad
to say it. (Laughter).

]\Ir. Fenn : I want to say that ]\Ir. Hale was the gen-
tleman who called my attention to the fact. (Applause and
laughter).

AIr. Lupton : I am moved to say a word because of
what the gentleman said about his experience in burning
leaves, and it will be another new one for Prof. Whetzel.
Speaking of fences and cleaning out the dead leaves ; — in
cleaning up some brush corners I made a fire which ran over
one corner of the orchard, and burned up all the old leaves
and also some of the trees, and the next spring I had no
fungus to speak of on those trees, and a good many of the
trees were killed. I wouldn't advise the people of Connecti-
cut to take that method of getting rid of fungus. (Laughter).

Prof. Whetzel: That goes back to the question of
whether it is advisable or not to use that method. (Laugh-
ter).

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 91

\'ice-President Drew : We have another gentleman
here, superintendent of the Connecticut Valley Orchard
Company, ]\lr. ]\Iolumph}'.

]\Ir. Molumphy: I have done but little spraying, Mr.
President, and I have done no experimental work, and I
don't think there is anything I can say that would be of gen-
eral interest. Our main spraying of apples has been to spray
thoroughly with arsenate of lead, with about one gallon
of lime-sulphur to 50 gallons of water, and about two pounds
of arsenate of lead. That is done just as the blossoms drop.
I have done almost no summer work afterwards, and I have
nothing to say as to the russeting of the fruit or anything
along that line. I haven't conducted any experiments along
that line. I was very successful in controlling the coddling-
moth by one spraying just as the blossoms dropped, and I
can see no reason, on the results, for any further spraying
for the coddling moth.

Vice-President Drew : Was that with arsenate of lead
used clear, or with some commercial lime-sulphur?

Mr. Molumphy : One gallon of lime-sulphur in addi-
tion to about two pounds arsenate of lead in about 50 gallons
of water.

Vice-President Drew : I see Prof. Gulley is a little
uneasy. I wonder if he has something he wants to get out
of his system?

Prof. Gulley : We used lime-sulphur almost entirely
this year, generally with good effect. One of the gentlemen
spoke about some varieties it didn't work well on. There is
no question but that it did not work as well on Fall Pip]:>in
as on some varieties, they didn't come out as clean and nice
as they did a year ago. On a good many others we did very
clean, nice work with the use of lime-sulphur, and we used
it about l-i-50.

A Member: You are not going to use Bordeaux?

Prof. Gulley : ^^'^ell, I may use some, but not very
much.

\'ice-Presidext Drew : We have a question here in

92 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the box, "Can we use arsenate of lead on grass or mowing
safely where the grass is to be used for stock?" Will some-
one answer that?

Dr. Clinton : Why, I wouldn't want to use it directly
on the grass. In ]\Iassachusetts w^e always put up a sign :
"Be careful, these trees have been sprayed and we will not
be responsible for injury." The little that drops under the
tree probably does not cause injury, although I understand
up in Massachusetts they have had complaints from differ-
ent people of injury from the spraying of trees.

Prof. Gullev : I would like to have Mr. Wheeler
answer' that, how much damage they have had from the
chance of getting too much on the soil ? Certainly I haven't
the least bit of fear of hurting an animal by putting anything
on the trees.

Mr. Wheeler : I know of two or three cases in Mas-
moth, we occasionally hear complaints about cattle that have
sachusetts where in spraying for the gypsy and browntail
been injured, and in one case, I know where a cow died from
the effect of eating grass under a tree that had been sprayed
with arsenate of lead, and I have heard of other cases. Aiul
one thing I know with cattle happened in my own town,
where the apple trees were sprayed with a mixture of arsen-
ate of lead, about four pounds to 50 gallons, and the cow ate
the grass the next day and died within 24 hours, so that it
can happen. W'hether it is a great danger, I don't know, I
hardly think it is. I wouldn't advise anybody to let their ani-
mals eat grass under trees that have been sprayed with ar-
senate of lead within a week. By that time the grass will
have grown up. I doubt if there is any case where the grass
has been cut and cured and put in the barn where the gra'-'s
would injure the stock.

Mr. J. H. Hale : Perhaps sometimes one question can
be answered satisfactorih- by asking another. Is there any
member of this society who has got ginger enough to spray
his trees as he ought to spray, who is growing tliem in sod?
(Laughter).

TWENTIETH AXNL'AL MEETING. 93

Mr. Fexx: Yes. (Laughter and applause). I say right
here, every exliibit of apples I have put in competition has
been grown on sod. Further. I am informed that some of
the nicest colored apples shown in Boston were grown on
sod.

Mr. Burt : Aly best apples grow on sod land. I took
the three first prizes at the Horticultural show two years
with those apples. At ^Manchester last fall the Baldwin
apples that took the first prize were the handsomest in color
I ever saw-. I incjuired why they had such beautiful color,
and they said: "Anybody ought to know that, because they
grew on sod land." Two years ago last June I sprayed with
arsenate of lead on that same land, and two weeks after that
I cut the grass, and was a little skeptical for fear it would
injure stock, but I fed it all out and found no bad results.
In that time we had but one rain after I applied the spray,
until I cut the grass.

A ]\Iember : I have about 12 acres of orcharding that
has been in grass 25 years, and I have sprayed for nearly 20
years, with Paris Green first, and then with arsenate of lead,
and I cut in the neighborhood of two tons to the acre of grass
in my orchard, and I have never seen any bad effects of it.

^Ir. E. E. Brown : About that poison effect, I would
say for the last ten years we have used for pasture for our
young calves an old orchard right by the house, we stake them
out there. Of course, they are fed some milk at the same
time, but they eat grass, they are kept on that during- the
summer. We have done that for the last ten years and I
have sprayed that orchard four times a year, and never had
a particle of trouble. They say we have a little extra calves
for growth and vigor. (Laughter), ^^'e also keep our young
chickens in this same orchard, and I don't think you will
have any trouble in one case out of a hundred.

Mr. Wheeler : ]\Iay I ask a question ? It is out of the
line of spraying, but it is a verv important question because
it came up rather abruj^tly to some people in Boston, and that
is in relation to the root and crown e^all. I want to ask Prof.

94 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Whetzel if it is a danger to New England orchards; the root
and crown gall? Perhaps he may have heard of the case
where a nursery company was sued for something like $600
for a supposed infection of the root and crown gall on some
stock that they sold. I would like to ask you what you think
of it?

Prof. Whetzel : I was asked if I would testify in that
case, but I didn't feel competent at that time, and I don't
feel competent to testify now. In the first place, I have never
done any work on that root and crown gall myself. In the
second place, a great deal of work has been done, but I have
never taken the time to go over all of the evidence to try to
come to any conclusion, so I haven't got anything to offer
about that. I may say that we are considering now extensive
experiments on crown gall to determine whether it is destruc-
tive or how serious in the state of New York, and I would
like to enter the proposition with an open mind. Therefore,
I could not answer the question. I can only say that much
progress has been made toward the solution of the problem
by the discovery of Dr. Smith at Washington, who is now
satisfied beyond a question of doubt that crown gall, and
several types of gall up in the tree, are all caused by bacteria,
it is a bacteriological disease. He has also shown pretty clear-
ly that some kinds of organisms may pass from one kind of
tree to another. And with that evidence in hand, we are now
ready to make progress whether it is destructive in the case
of apples. So far as my knowledge of the case goes, I do
not believe that the thing has been settled.

A Member : Did you ever hear of a tree or orchard in
New England or New York dying from that cause?

Prof. Whetzel: Well, I have heard men say they had
trees in their orchard which died from crown gall. On the
other hand, I have heard men say that they had trees set out
with that gall which were still growing and bearing good crops,
and they couldn't tell them from those that were not galled,
and I have heard the variations between the two, but person-
allv I don't know anvthins: about it.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING.

95

j\Ir. Underwood: I had an apple tree in nn door-
yard that turned yellow in August, and half of the leaves fell
off. That was the only tree I had affected. A quarter of a
mile from me the trees all turned yellow, and half of the foli-
age fell oft", and almost all of the young apples, so that the
fruit in the orchard failed. Whether that is a new disease
that has come to trouble us, or whether anybody else had that
experience, I don't know. Later in the season the leaves
looked healthy and in good condition.

Prof. Whetzel: Were they sprayed with anything?

AIr. Underwood: My tree was sprayed early, and there
were other trees that were sprayed but they did not show any
ill eft'ects.

Prof. Whetzel: The same variety?

Mr. Underwood: Not the same variety.

Prof. Whetzel: How about the other orchard?

]\Ir. Underwood : That was the Baldwin orchard.

P'ruf. Whetzel: Well, I shouldn't want to diagnose the
case with just that data, I couldn't say what caused it. Some-
times spraying injury will cause the leaves to fall, sometimes
injury to the roots, half a dozen different things mav cause
it. I wouldn't want to answer the question.

President Rogers then resumed the chair and announced
the appointment of the following committees to judge the
fruit exhibits: ( )n the Special New England classes, Mr. S.
L. Lupton of A'irginia ; on all other classes, Mr. Wilfrid
Wheeler of ^Massachusetts.

President Rogers : I want to remind you that we are
to have our banquet this evening at Jewell Hall in the Y. ^^.
C. A. building, a short distance from the Garde hotel, and we
are to have it promptly^ at half past six. Secure your
tickets and all be on hand. We will now adjourn this session
if there is no further business.

At 4:35. the meeting at Unity Hall adjournefl until 9:30
Thursdav mornino-.

96 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Banquet.

Evening Session is Devoted to the Society's Third
Annual Function.

The great success of the Banquet feature at the two pre-
vious Annual meetings led the officers to arrange for a similar
event in 1911.

That the members and their friends thoroughly enjoy
these social occasions is shown by the demand for tickets
each' year, and the fact that it has become difficult to find a
hall large enough to accommodate all who desire to attend.

This year's banquet was again held in Jewell Hall, Y. M.
C. A. Building, and not far from 275 persons sat at the tables,
all that could be comfortably accommodated. The arrange-
ments were along the same general lines as at the previous
banquets, which proved so successful. The catering was by
Habenstein of Hartford. Besides the guests' table at the head
of the hall, long lines of tables were arranged lengthwise, all
being beautifully and tastefully decorated, through the efforts
of the Banquet Committee, assisted by ladies of the Society.
Fruits, of course, were ,i feature of the decorations. Selected
large Baldwin apples, neatly arranged in vine-covered baskets,
carnations and candelabra comprised the table decorations.
At the rear of the head table were grouped two large Ameri-
can flags. The hall presented a most attractive appearance,
when at 6:30 the diners marched in, headed by the officers of
the Society and invited guests. The list of invited guests in-
cluded many prominent in agriculture and public life in Con-
necticut, and leading horticulturists were present from other
states. Seated at the head table were President Rogers and
]\Irs. Rogers ; Toastmaster and former President J- H. Hale
and daughter. Miss Alarion Hale ; the Rev. Dr. Herbert
J. AMiite, pastor of the First Baptist church, this city,
and ]\Irs. White : Alayor Edward L. Smith, Executive Sec-
retary Edwin S. Thomas ; Vice-President of the Pomologic-
al Societv (jeorge A. Drew and Mrs. Drew ; Secretarv H.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING.

97

C. C. Miles and Mrs. ]\Iiles. Treasurer (Irrin (iilbert
and }^Irs. Gilbert, the Hon. S. L. Lupton of Viro^inia,
Prof, H. H. Whetzel of Ithaca Xew York; Wilfrid Wheeler
ot Concord, Massachusetts ; E. C. Powell of the Farm and
Home, Springfield, Massachusetts ; G. C. Sevey of the New
England Homestead, Secretary E. L. White of the Maine
Pomological Society, George V. Smith, editor of the Connecti-
cut Farmer; President A. B. Cook of the Connecticut Sheep
pjreeders' Association, ^^'orthy State ]\Iaster Leonard H.
Healey of the Connecticut State Grange, Treasurer R. M.
Bowen of the Rhode Island Horticultural Society, President
H. F. Hall of the Boston Market Gardeners' Association, Sen-
ator, J. W. Alsop, Secretary I. C. Fanton of the State Board
of Agriculture, \^ice-President A\'ilson H. Lee of the State
Board of Agriculture, President G. Warren Davis of the Con-
necticut Dairymen's Association, President W^oodberry O.
Rogers of the Conecticut Poultry Association, Professor L. A.
Clinton of the Connecticut Agricultural College, Professor C.

D. Jarvis of the Connecticut Agricultural College and Mrs.
Jarvis, former President Charles L. Gold of the Connecticut
Pomological Society and Mrs. Gold, Dean W. A. Henry of
the Wisconsin Agricultural College.

Grace was said by the Rev. F. B. Harrison of Southing-
ton, after which the company were seated, and for two
hours the attention of all was given to the excellent menu
prepared. The Colonial Orchestra played during the serv-
ing of the banquet.

The menu cards v;ere tastefully printed, and furnished
with the compliments of the Bowker Insecticide Company of
Boston.

98 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Menu.

OYSTER COCKTAIL, LOXG ISF.AND SOUND
SALTINKS

Soup

CHICKEN, MILFORD STYLE
BREAD STICKS CELERY

Entree

OYSTER PATE, FAIRFIELD COUNTY
OLIVES PARKER HOUSE ROLLS

Roast

WINDHAM COUNTY TURKEY CRANBERRY FRAPPE

SCALLOPED POTATOES MASHED TURNIP

Salad

HORTICULTURAL MAYONNAISE
FRENCH ROLLS SALTED NUTS

Dessert

ICE CREAM FARMINGTON FRUITS FANCY CAKES

COFFEE, PORTO RICO MINTS

APPLES, CONNECTICUT BALDWINS

CRACKERS ROYAL CHEESE

Speakers.

His Honor, the Mayor of Hartford.

His Excellency, the Governor of Connecticut

The Rev. Dr. Herbert J. White of Hartford.

Mr. Herbert W. Collingwood,
Editor The Rural Nezi' Yorker.

Selections by Ida Jennk.ss Moulton.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING.

99

It was after eight-thirt\ wlien the diners reached the end
of the excellent menu and President Rogers arose to call the
company to order.

President Rogers said: "Ladies and gentlemen, it is
w ith a great deal of regret that I have to annotmce that Gov-
ernor Baldwin is unable ti) ]:»e with us to-night. \Nt had
hoped to be favored with his ])resence, as well as that of sev-
eral of our ex-Govern^)rs, but other duties have compelled
them to send their regrets instead. But we have got one thing
which I want each one of you to carry away a sample of, and
that is a "Baldwin" apple. W'e haven't Governor Baldwin,
but we have got the BaUh^'iii apple, gracing the tables in
quantity and quality, and I would like to have each one of
you carry home a Baldwin apple.

The next thing we have here is a peach, the king of the
peach, or the peach king, brother Hale. I take great pleasure
in introducing as cur toastmaster this evening Mr. J. H.
Hale. (Applause.)

Mr. J. H. Hale — Friends: I don't blame you a bit
for preferring to talk to your neighbors rather than to
listen to those that are to follow. It is said :

There was a wise old owl who lived in an oak.
And the more he heard the less he spoke ;
And the less he spoke the more he heard,
Why aren't we all mpre like that bird?

Simply because we are Americans, antl when two or
three Americans get together, they have to have more or less
speechraaking, and }ou will be wearied from now on with
something of this sort.

You would have dodged me if I had had the good success
of the colored brother in the south who was particularly fond
of vegetables, fruits and chickens, and after prayer meeting
at night was wont to crawl under the neighbor's fence and
help himself to what he could lay his hands on, until it became
considerably burdensome, so that the owner of the plantation
decided to sit up one night and trap him, and he invited a
neighbor in to assist him. So when the proper time arrived.

100 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

they went out and sat near the opening under the fence with
a dark lantern, and as they heard the old fellow crawling
pretty well along, they flashed the lantern, the bull's eye, and
said: "Here, where are you going?" "Whah is I gwine,
gen'l'men, I'se just gwine to back out!"' (Laughter.) If I
had had such good success when the worthy president asked
me to act as your roastiiiastcr this evening, I would have just
backed out. Lacking that, and also feeling a sort of moral
obligation, or duty, to you and the State, I accepted.

There are two reasons for my being here, one of particu-
lar interest to the State, and the other of particular interest
to you way down at the other end of the hall. The first one
was, that being unable to attend last year and act as your
toastmaster. Dr. Jenkins of the Agricultural Station at Xew
Haven was substituted in my place. Now Jenkins is a pretty
smooth article, as some of you know, and his delightful way
of introducing speakers, and the many stories which he tells
in an inimitable way, of course you all know. But I felt sure
that if I failed to come here to-night, you would get Jenkins
again, and should you do that, the entire stock of chestnuts
in Connecticut would be exhausted, and then the horticultur-
ists of the state, instead of working for the interests of the
fruit growers, would take up their time during the next year
in producing another crop for the Doctor, so in the pure in-
terests of horticulture. I have felt it my duty to be here.
(Laughter and applause.)

Further than that. I had an interest in you way down at
the other end of the hall where you are crowded so close to-
gether that you can hardly get your knife into your mouth
when you want to do as you do at home. (Laughter.)

Up at this end of the hall there are a whole lot of duffers,
would-be politicians, near politicians, and second hand politi-
cians, and visiting statesmen of various kinds, and various
other distinguished guests who didn't pay a cent to get in.
I felt you needed something, and after a little experience of
last week, I decided to come. I boarded a sleeper in New
York the other night going over to Pittsburg, turned in early.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. loi

and was sleeping the sleep of the just, when, somewhere, per-
hap=. at Trenton, I was awakened by the gentle voice of a lady,
sa}ing to the porter: "Isn't there a lower berth on this
train?" "No, Miss, there is no lower berth, everything was
full wl-.en they left New York." "But I can't get into an
upper berth." "Oh, yes, you can, this stepladder is very easy,
and when you get up there it is a very fine bed." "Yes, but
who is in the lower berth?" And he said: "Don't you worry
about that." (This is where you come in, gentlemen.) "Don't
worry about that, it is a very fine looking old gentleman in
the lower berth that boarded the train at New York, and he
won't do you any harm." (Loud laughter.) So that decided
me to come. I think you may assume that when you have seen
me and then compared me with the other gentlemen you have
heard before, you will say you are getting something for
your money at least.

You may not be able to understand and comprehend that
fully any more perhaps than the Frenchman who called one
morning to see a gentleman and was told that he couldn't be
seen because he wasn't up yet, "call to-morrow." He called
again in the morning and was told he couldn't see the gentle-
man because he wasn't down. Said the Frenchman : "Eet
is ver' strange. Yesterday I call and I do not see ze gentle-
man because he is not up, to-day I cannot see ze gentleman
because he is not down. Will you please tell me when he
will be in ze middle?'' (Laughter.) I am pretty near in the
middle of my discourse, but I want to say a few things, I
don't want to make a speech, but I just want to say some-
thing about Connecticut and its re-discovery.

Many of you here present remember with me the time
when a good many Connecticut farmers, those of little faith
in our soil, climate and our people, were tempted by the allur-
ing advertisements of land agents, to sell out the old Con-
necticut farm for what they could get, and go down into sunny
sections of New Jersey and the South, where they were told
that with a few acres of land, growing grapes and berries,
thev could live in wealth and luxur\- to the end of their davs.

102 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

( )thers were tempted to go to Delaware, selling out land
at $20 an acre, and going down there and paying $50 an acre
in that wonderful peach country, and they went there.

Others were tempted to go to Florida and buy a section
of the pine barrens and hammock lands at $150 and $200 an
acre, ten acres was to be enough to suppr.rt them in luxurious
idleness in the winter. Nothing was said about the hot sum-
mer and the sandfleas.'or of the high rent, but the wonderful
prices that were realized there. And then a little later, the
railway agents blazoned this country with the wonderful prices
and opportunities of the land in the Ozarks, and fruit land
was bought at $15. $20. and sometimes as high as $50 an acre,
because it was the land of the big red apple.

Still others were tempted to go over into California, and
there buy raw land at $100, $200 and sometimes $300 an acre,
and improved land with water rights at $500. $800 and some-
times $1,000 an acre, that a few acres were going to support
with the wonderful orange of that remarkable country, and the
wonderful markets of the world at the very highest prices.

Then in recent years we have heard a great deal of the
I'acitic Northwest, where the apple lands that would produce
such wonderful crops in a few years, were selling at such
enormous prices. They bought barren lands, selling out the
good land of the East and going there and buying barren land
at practically $100 or $200 an acre, and in recent years paying
for them partly improved $300, $500, $800 and some of them
at $1,000 an acre, to grow apples to ship East and get the
money.

What about the stav-at-homes ? What about the 17 mem-
bers who organized this Pomological Society 20 years ago. and
vou that have joined with them since? ' What has happened?
The men who left this Connecticut farmland and went to
Vineland. we will say, selling out to one of the neighbors or
to some incoming foreigner, while the Vineland country has
produced 1.000 or 1,500 quarts of strawberries which sold for
6 cents or 7 cents a quart, making $60 or $70 an acre, while
some abandoned acre at home has produced 3,000 or 4,000

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 103

quarts that are worth from 8 cents to 10 cents a quart, or
$240 to $400 an acre, as ai^ainst the $80 or $90 in Vineland.
And as for grapes, that wonderful Mneland will yield over a
couple of tons to the acre, and they are worth $40 a ton, $80
an acre, and the abandoned side hill on the abandoned farm
in Connecticut, if planted with vines, are g'ettino- 4 to 5 tons
an acre, which are worth $50 to $60 a ton, three times as
much.

Now^ what about Delaware, selling out and going to Del-
aware to grow peaches? What has happened? Only four full
crops in the state of Delaware in the last 15 years, and those
have averaged less than 500 baskets per acre, worth 40 cents
a basket.

Connecticut in the same time has had 12 full crops, and
we get from 700 to 800 baskets an acre, and they are worth
60 cents a basket. That is the story of the stay-at-home and
the runaway.

Then Florida, what has happened in Florida? The
freezes have taken up every orchard, and they haven't had
nuich to do but scratch fleas all the year 'round, those that had
money enough, and those that didn't, could scratch for money
to live. Get crops in four years, and sell for less money to-day
in the markets of Florida, or the markets of the world, than
the apples that grow on the deserted hills that the fellows de-
serted to go to Florida and get rich growing oranges.
(Applause.)

Go- on further to the land of the Ozarks, where they were
going to get rich. What has happened? They have had a
few splendid crops of inferior apples. Their average price
in the last ten years wasn't $2.50 a barrel, their trees live to
be 15 to 18 years old, many of the orchards of ten years ago
are things of the past to-day. They get a good crop about
once in three years, and their apples average about half the
price of apples on the markets that good Xew England apples
do to-day. Those who have stayed behind, who have filled up
this society from those 17 members to more than 700 at the
present time, they are responsible, in a large way. for the dis-

104 '^HE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

covery of what was in our New England soil that those people
ran away and left.

What has happened in California? This same land
bought for $500 an acre to $1,000 an acre does not produce
any more bushels of oranges than the rocky hills of Connecti-
cut will produce of Baldwin apples to-day on the great mar-
kets of the world, either in Europe or America. A pound of
Baldwin apples is worth more money than any pound of Cal-
ifornia oranges, and the Connecticut apple grower has to pay
on an average $40 an acre to reach thirty million people, and
the California grower has paid $400 an acre to reach the
same number of people. (Applause.) That is what you
have re-discovered in Connecticut.

Go up in the Pacific. Northwest, that wonderful country
of apples. They told us a few years ago that there was the
place to come and get rich, the wonderful growth of the trees
there, and all that. And they have set us a wonderful exam-
ple in grading and packing and putting of fruit on the market,
but yet their yields are no greater than ours here. They told
us a year ago that $1.50 would be the lowest price they ever
would get, they were getting $2.50 and $3.00 for bushel boxes,
almost as much as we do for a barrel, but $1.50 was the lowest
they should ever take. I asked them if they wouldn't take
any less than $1.50 by the carload and they said no. If any
of you want a carload to-day, I will guarantee you can buy a
carload for less than $1.50 in Washington and Oregon to-dav.
but you can't buy Connecticut apples for $2.00 a box. Those
apples that came from our worthy president's orchards are
worth more money in the eastern markets of to-day than any
box apples that come from the West, excepting a few special
lines.

That is the re-discovery of New E«gland that has come
about through the work of this Pomological Society, and it is
a wonderful story. There is none of these sections of the
United States that I have spoken of that can compare. Why, in
this Ozark region, 10 or 15 years is the life of an apple tree.
In this Pacific Northwest 10 or 15 years is the life of their

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 105

trees. Why, an apple tree in Connecticut has only just bej^un
to do business when it is 100 years old, and at 200 it is just
getting- down to business, ^^'l^y, Professor Gulley at our ag-
ricultural college went over to the original Rhode Island
Greening tree in the state of Rhode Island, 200 or more years
old, and got grafts from that tree, and it has produced a])ples
at the college this year from that original stock of simon-pure
Rhode Island Greenings. And Connecticut apples are to-day
selling for more money in this market than western apples.
You can buy western apples for $1.25 to $2.50 a bushel, and
you can't buy a good Connecticut apple for less than 50 cents
a dozen, and that is true. So I say that we want to recollect
the work that this society has done in the re-discover}- of the
State, and there should be no compromise when there is talk
of any other section of the country that is superior to ours, we
want to stand up and tell the truth about Connecticut. Other
people tell — well, let them tell good stories, we will just tell
them the truth about Connecticut. We are head and
shoulders above any other section in this country. (Applause.)
If we encourage any of these people wdio went away, (as we
should encourage) to come back to Connecticut, if we leave
wide open the door for any foreigner to come in here and take
up the land we cannot till, it may possibly interfere a little bit
with our dividends. Those of us early in the fruit business,
perhaps would have been better off if we had gone it alone,
had nothing to do with this society, a few of us might have
been a little bit richer, but we wouldn't have been here to-
night. And so we say that the door of Connecticut is wide
open for every sinner to return who left the old farm, and
there is still a chance for any incoming foreigner who wants
to come and make hiniself one with us. (Applause.)

It is hardly a fair thing- to give you two preachers right
in a row, but I am going to do it, and introduce the Hon.
Edward L. Smith, mayor of Hartford, to say a word of
welcome. (Applause.)

I06 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mayor Smith : ]\Ir. Toastmaster, ladies and gentlemen.
If I identify myself correctly. I am one of the near politi-
cians mentioned by yonr toastmaster, who sit at this head of
this table and has not yet paid for his dinner, and from the
remarks from his lips, I am snpposed to be legal tender for
everything from the oyster cocktail to cheese. I have a
defense to that remark. The mayor of the city of Hartford,
owing to his numerous social functions, has to develop his
ofifice into a sort of meal ticket ; he has to use his official con-
nection with the corporation of the city of Hartford to go out
and pay with it his board bill. No longer when the mayor
enters the room do they play Hail to the Chief, but Hail to the
Chef! (Laughter and applause.)

It is a difficult thing to be mayor under the present cir-
cumstances, a difficult thing for a man of limited physi(|ue
such as myself. Aly predecessor. Senator Hooker, had phy-
sical qualifications that entitled him to be mayor under the
present circumstances. (Laughter and applause.)

1 am a little at a loss to know what to say to you people
here to-night, I see so many faces in this audience that I have
met in the last four weeks. I don't dare tell one of my old
stories again, I didn't come as an agricultural expert, although
this dinner really represents my senior year in agricultural ed-
ucation. I started my freshman year with the Connecticut
State Grange over in Foot Guard Hall ; I continued my sopho-
more year with the Connecticut Dairyman's Association over
in the Hotel Vendome ; I finished my junior year with the
Alumni Association of the Connecticut Agricultural College,
and I am now about to graduate with your Pomological So-
ciety. ( Applause. ) I can talk as an expert after to-night,
but not to-night.

Having been introduced as a near politician, it may have
suggested itself to you that I could talk upon some forms of
fruits. A statesman, according to the definition of Tom Reed,
is a politician who is dead. I prefer in the city of Hartford,
not to regard myself as a statesman. The pjliticians are at
my left hand. (Laughter.) Rut being a near politician, I

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 107

might come with some excuse to talk about fruit, and the only
fruit under these circumstances I could talk about would be
"political plums." ( Lau.^"hter. ) Being- a Deinocrat, I have
had very little experience with political plums. (Laughter.)
They don't come Democratic ways very often, they seem to
be just a little ahead of us all the time, a sort of spectre van-
ishing, and a political plum, anyway, is apt to turn a little
acetic when you get it. 1 find I hold no political plum. About
a quarter of the time I half think it is a political quince, but
you have to live it through. 90 per cent of the work is very
pleasant, and the 10 per cent that represents the quince can be
endured.

The mavor has to make speeches, he doesn't like to. There
was once two Irishman sitting at dinner ; one said to the
other: "]\Iike, do yez like lettice?" And Mike answered
and said: "Xo, I don't, and I'm glad I don't, for if I did, I
would ate it, and I hate the damned stuff!" (Laughter.)
That is more or less my relation to after-dinner speeches, —
I make them because it is a part of the duty of the office.
Coming to dinners, up to the time of the speech-making,
is very pleasant, but for the few minutes a man is on his
feet the dinner (if the metaphor is not mixed) turns into
ashes of roses. (Laughter.)

I did come with a serious word to say. It is really
to give your convention a welcome to the city of Hartford.
We regard Mr. Hale virtuall}- as a citizen of Hartford, and
he is entitled to welcome you. and I think he has. I feel
that I express the sentiment of the city of Hartford when
I say officially, even though I am a Democrat, that T think
the city of Hartford can express through me the hope that
you will ac:omplish in }our convention all the purposes for
which you gather in convention. We are very, very proud
of the work you have done, not merely because we are in
the city of Hartford, Ijut because we are proud of the state
of Connecticut, and the work as described b\' Mr. Hale that
you are doing, is doing good for the state of Connecticut.
In fact, after listening to his argument, T don't know why

108 THE CONNECTICUT I'OMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the present legislature will not add ]^>aldwin apples to the
list of legal investments for savings banks and trust com-
panies. (Laughter and applause.) I know no other way
out of the tremendous strength of his logic. . I myself did
not know the apple was so valuable. In my early youth we
did not pay 50 cents a dozen for them, we got them in other
ways. (Laughter.)

But I stood on my feet not to make a long speech, but
to welcome you to Hartford, and I do so most sincerely. I
hope you will consider that you do not need a welcome to
Hartford. You are all Connecticut people, and you have an
interest in the Capitol city of *lie state. I thank you for
listening to me these few minutes. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster : One might think to look over the
fruit exhibit of Unity Hall and our discus'sions at our
meetings, that the apple was the only great fruit of our
State. But the members of our association know that
peaches cut a very large figure in our horticultural work.
Those of us who carry on the study of the peach in this
country, know that the further north they can be successfully
grown, the better they are. And as the president of the
United States could not be here with us to-night, the city of
Beverly, Alassachusetts, has sent us a peach. Mrs. Ida Jenness
Moulton will now entertain you.

Mrs. Moulton gave a humorous recitation entitled
"Their First Quarrel," in which was related the efforts of
a young married woman to learn the secrets of masonry, in-
cluding the pass-word. For an encore, she gave a pathetic
story of how a young man went West, and his father came
to the pastor with a story of his troubles, and wished him to
break the news to the boy's mother that he had been elect-
ed to the Legislature, but he didn't know what for.

The Toastmaster: As the guest of Ex-Governof
Woodruff, I attended the New England Governors' confer-
ence in Boston, and Governor Woodruff and I held up the

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 109

Baldwin apple as one of the worthy products of Xew Eng-
land, while sons from other states preached about the festive
claiu and the frisky lobster and things of that sort. As a
result of that conference, the great New England I'^niit Show
was carried out in Boston a year and a half ago, and what is
the result? The clams have shut up pretty well down at
Oyster Bay, (Laughter and applause.) while lobsters are
still among us in a small way. But the Baldwins are all over
the hills of Connecticut, even Capitol Hill. And while the
worthy governor is not h.ere to-night, I am going to ask his
secretary, Mr. Edwin S. Thomas, to have a word to say for
the governor and the State of Connecticut. (Applause.)

Mr. Edwin S. Thomas: Air. Toastmaster, ladies and
gentlemen. Coming as I have from the busy scenes of court
to-day, I was wondering, as your toastmaster referred to the
politicians and the near politicians sitting at his left, who he
was referring to. I knew it could not be me, and as I saw
those on my left who had been actively engaged in politics in
the years gone by to my personal knowledge, I concluded
that he must have referred to my friends at the end of the
table. When one speaks of politicians, I don't know^ what they
refer to, it is something with which I am not acquainted.
(Laughter.) To-day I am able to prove an alibi, having been
busy to-day entertaining the judge of the Supreme Court,
it occurred to me as Mr. Aliles, your secretary, had asked me
to say a few words for the governor, I was at sea, entirely
lost, because anyone who could attempt or presume to say a
few words for Governor Baldwin, recognizing their own lim-
itations, and being familiar with his ability, would feel en-
tirely lost, to attempt to say a few words in his behalf. But,
as a lawyer, I was thinking coming up on the train, of a cer-
tain inscription that I read upon a tombstone in Connecticut,
I think it was down in the town of Milford. a town which is
renowned for the inscriptions upon its tombstones. (Laughter.)
Perhaps some of you have read them. But the one that I had
particular reference to ran something like this: "Here lies
a lawver and an honest man." Just then a fellow who

no THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

chanced along meditated over that inscription, and was so
surprised that he spoke out loud so that his friends heard
him say : "I wonder liow they got both of those men in
the same grave!" (Laughter.)

Seriously, if I was to make a suggestion about this
program of speeches, it would seem to nie that the officers
of this association might make the list to read something
as follows : Speakers. Mr. J. H. Hale will welcome you
to Hartford. Air. J. H. Hale will respond for the governor
of Connecticut. Mr. J. H. Hale of Hartford will address
you, and so on, for I have enjoyed mv friend's address to
you upon the re-discover} of Connecticut. It is a state that
everyone of you live in and love, and have sworn to
support. It is a mistaken notion, to my mind, that so many
people is this state have seen fit to give away the little farms
in Connecticut and wander away from home and fireside,
and disappear in this great country of ours, and fail to reap
the great financial rewards that they expect and hope to
get. Connecticut is renowned the world over for its manu-
factures, for its inventive genius, and for a great many
other diversified interests that are scattered all over this
world. Just now it is great for having as its governor, a
man who is, I tell you, my friends, administering the aflfairs
of this state absolutely independent of any party bias.
(Applause.) They have at its head a man who is interested
onlv for the welfare of the state, a man who has in his
heart onlv the best interests of the commonwealth, irre-
spective of any party interests that may be involved. Per-
haps he, if he were present to-night, . would not tell you so,
but in the short month that I have been associated with
him ( and I feel greatly complimented to be able to asso-
ciate with such a great man) I tell you honestly and sin-
cerely that whatever Simeon E. Baldwin recommended in
his message to the legislature, or whatever he recommends
to them in the future, by way of special messages, what-
ever bills he mav veto, or whatever bills he may approve of
and sign, that the paramount question in his mind, and the

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. in

onl_\' (juestion will l)e. what is for the welfare of Connecti-
cut? (Applause.) Connecticut honored him and 1 know
he hopes to honor Connecticut. It is a great state we live
in, I say. it is very resourceful ; its financial interests are
the greatest in the country per capita, its investments are
Hie best. It is conservative, but we are proud of Connecti-
cut, which reminds me of the story of a fellow from Ameri-
ca who went over to England, and he had some friends in
London who wanted to show him the cit_\' and the town.
They started out to show him all the great cathedrals, and
they came to W'estminster Abbey, and they said : "Just
look at this, isn't this one of the finest things you ever
saw?" He waved them aside and said: "Oh, pshaw, we
have got lots of those in America." They looked at each
other and then they said to him: "We will show you some
monuments," and they show^ed him those vast towering-
monuments to the British generals who had fought, bled
and died for England. He said: "That is not a patch to
the Bunker Hill monument at Boston, or the Washington
monument at Washington." Then they went on to show
him the great and interesting buildings, but to him nothing
in the world was equal to America and its sky-scrapers.
Well, they finally felt a little non-plussed, so they had a
whispered conversation, and it was agreed they would take
him out to dinner that night, but it wasn't a dinner like this.
They had this material that comes in bottles, and they set
out a plan to get their friend very — well, make him so tJiat
everything would look good to him. (Laughter.) I think
someone must know what I mean. They had this beauti-
ful dinner and they got him all loaded up. so to s])eak, s(^
everything looked good to him. .\nd finall\' they hit upon
this plan to belittle and put America to shame. So the\' kept
pouring out the wine, and he kept imbibing, and tinally h.e
felt drowsy and finally fell asleep and was absolutely un-
conscious, and then they said: "We have shown him
something he can't find in America, and they made up the
further plan then to take him out to the nearest cemetery.

112 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and there they found an open grave. They put him in it
and lowered him down. By that time it was two or three
o'clock in the morning. They all sat outside arcund the
grave, and they were saying: "Well, I guess when he
wakes up he won't tell us they have got anything in Ameri-
ca that beats that." So the morning sun rose, and this
fellow commenced to come to himself, and was gradually
conscious. As he opened his eyes and commenced to sit
up, he looked around and on one side he saw a great sar-
cophagus. He jammed down his hat, and didn't say any-
thing. Over here he saw an immense tombstone, and in
the other end he saw a great tomb. He sat up, looked
around, and everything was quiet, and he exclaimed :
Well, b}' gosh, resurrection morning and an American the
first one up!'' (Laughter and applause.)

So it is that faith in Connecticut, .the same as the faith
in America, that carries us along. It is the greatest little
state there is in New England, as ]\Ir. Hale has told us.
I never had met him until this evening, but for twenty years
or more I have heard of brother Hale's peaches, but I never
understood until to-night how it was that those celebrated
peaches had such a luscious taste, such a beautiful color,
and had such a reputation throughout the length and
breadth of our land, and not until to-night, until I heard
him discourse about the fine qualities of Connecticut fruit,
was I able to understand how it was that those peaches had
such a reputation. There isn't a peach in the world equal
to the Hale peach, with all due respect and deference to
the rest of the peaches that are around about us.
(Applause.)

But just a moment of seriousness, my friends. It is
not my purpose to take your time to call your attention to
only one part of the recommendations of His Excellency,
the Governor, I simply ask this organization, as I know he
would if he were present, to carefully consider the recom-
mendations that he has made, particularly with reference
to' the re-districting of senatorial districts. This is a matter

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 113

that will appeal more to the gentlemen than the ladies that
are present to-night. He has made a public speech, setting
forth his reasons in detail, lie has explained the constitu-
tional difficulties that beset the work that is before us, if
it is carried out upon the propositions and the plans that we
have followed in years gone by.

When a man of his learning tells you and tells the
state, that any proposition is beset with constitutional diffi-
culties, you must believe what he tells you. It is not for
any party purposes or any party welfare. It is because
he believes honestly and sincerely for the best welfare of
the state of Connecticut that his suggestion with reference
to the re-districting of the state should be followed. His
method with reference to the election of senators in the
state in the future simply and briefly is this, that the dis-
tricts be eliminated, and that senators be elected by the
state at large in order that we may get in the Senate the
position and the place that this state demands, independent
of the question of whether they are able to get a nomina-
tion from the party machinery in any district.

Now, my friends, I have already said to you that I
intended this for an absolutely extemporaneous speech, and I
think I have covered the few suggestions that I desired to
bring to }ou. And I know if the governor were here, he
would wish your society, as I do, Godspeed and success, and
that the suggestions that Mr. Hale has made to you be
thought over carefully, be carried home and be spread
throughout the state, that those who live here may continue
to live here, and continue to prosper. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster : I am sure the Governor's secre-
tary has made good, and while we regret the absence of our
worthy Governor, we appreciate the words of his secretary.

I had on the list here as the next speaker of the even-
ing, our good old friend Collingwood, of the Rural New
Yorker. As he is not with us, we must substitute someone
in his place. As there are always compensations for losses.

1 14 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I feel that you will not be at all disappointed. You know
the story of the man who said there was a compensation for
everything. He had noticed particularly wherever he saw
a man with a short leg, he was pretty sure to have another
one that was longer. (Laughter.) So here is S. L. Lupton
of Winchester, Virginia, who will give you a longer speech
than Collingwood, and you will know whether it is better
when he gets through. (Applause.)

Hon. S. L. Lupton : j\Ir. Toastmaster. We'uns from
Virginia are mighty glad to see you'uns from Connecticut,
and I am particularly glad to see your near politician, the
mayor of Hartford. I am something of a politician myself,
and I feel like saying: ''Shake, partner." I had hoped to
meet your governor to-night at this banquet, because you
know he has been in the public eye of late, and I have been
quite interested in reading some of his pronouncements.

I know you will all unite with me in expressmg youi
gratification at the fine appearance of our venerable toastmas-
ter. (Laughter.) He has told you himself that he is an old
man, but like the old Adam in Shakespeare's "As You Like
It,"

In his youth he never did apply

Hot and rebellious liquors to his blood,

Nor, with unbashful forehead, woo

The means of weakness and debility.

Therefore his old age is like a

Lusty winter, frosty but kindly.

(Laughter and applause.)

Members of the Pomological Society of Connecticut, I
had the pleasure of a visit to you about five years ago. Re-
calling that meeting and this, and making some comparisons
mentally and otherwise, both in the exhibit of fruit you have
pleaced before the people to-day, and here to-night at this
banquet, and the speeches to which I have listened, I am
reminded very much of a remark that a Kansas farmer
made to his wife on one occasion when they had been in
one of those terrific Kansas cyclones, and they were sailing
through the air at the rate of about 80 miles an hour on a

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING.

115

barn door, the old farmer turned to his wife and said:
"Margaret, my dear, if the Lord is with us he is going
some." (Laughter.) If the Lord is with the Pomological
Society of Connecticut, you have been going some in the
last five years.

I would like to add just a serious thought for your con-
sideration to-night, and it is this ; there is one feature of the
eastern horticultural business that you seldom hear men-
tioned in the West, and that, I think, is a very important
one. It has been my pleasure and my duty in the last 12 or
15 years to travel throughout the length and breadth of this
broad land. I have been gratified, of course, to find in
almost every section of the country to which I have been,
Virginians who have left their state who are foremost for
the states of their adoption. That is particularly true of the
West. I also find in the West numbers of young, active,
enterprising men from Connecticut and from all of the
eastern states. And while it is a source of deep gratification
to meet these home folks when we get away from home, it
been a particularly sad reflection to me that we were nOt
able to keep our young men at home. I have read some-
thing of your abandoned farms of New England and
I have always thought that the stories of the abandoned
farms of New England \vere largely newspaper stories, if
you will excuse the expression. I have never found any
considerable number of those abandoned farms, but I have
seen many an old couple in Virginia, toiling until the last
years of their lives, while their sons have gone to the A\"est
to seek their fortunes. This seems to me altogether wrong,
because I believe the opportunities for successful business
in the East are greater to-day than anywhere in these
L'nited States. (Applause). And I have seen in this re-
vival of horticultural interest in the East a means to keep
our young men at home.

I wonder if the older people here to-night (myself and
the toastmaster included) realize that when our boys leave
home to go to the A\>st. that they become our competitors?

1 16 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Is it not much better to keep them home and keep them
partners than to let them go away and become competitors?
The splendid success of the fruit growing in the West is
due to young men who have left Virginia and Connecti-
cut. And I would like to come back and see you again in
six years from now and find every young man who is old
enough to be in the business of fruit growing, a partner
with his father in Connecticut in that business. (Ap-
plause).

I have often said that no man can be a successful
fruit grower unless he is constantly finding in his
orchard, specimens of fruit too good to eat. In other
words, there is a sentiment about it, and I don't believe that
any man can make a successful fruit grower unless he also
makes of himself a better man, having in mind the poetic
side, the sentimental side, of fruit growing. Some years
ago I happened to be in the Congressional Library at Wash-
ington, and I ran across there a little couplet addressed by
one of your good New England poets to a lady friend who
presented him with a basket of grapes. The sentiment in
that poem was so fine, and the expressions so true to life,
that it has always remained in my memory. John G. Whit-
tier, when he wrote the lady who gave him the basket of
fruit, said to her :

Last night, just as the tints of antumn"s sky
Of sunset faded from our hills and streams,
I sat, vague listening, lapped in twilight dreams,
To the leaf's rustle, and the cricket's cry.
Then, like that basket, flush with summer fruit,
Dropped by the angels at the Prophet's foot,
Came, unannounced, a gift of clustered sweetness,
Full-orbed, and glowing with the prisoned beams
Of summery suns, and rounded to completeness
By kisses of the south-wind and the dew.

Thrilled with a glad surprise, methought I knew
The pleasure of the homeward turning Jew,
When Eschol's clusters on his shoulders lay,
Dropping their sweetness on his desert w'ay.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 117

I said, "This fruit beseems no world of sin,
Its parent vine, rooted in Paradise,
O'er-crept the wall and never paid the price
Of the great mischief, — an amibrosial tree,
Eden's exotic, somehovv smuggled in
To keep the thorns and thistles company."

Perchance our frail sad mother plucked in haste

A single vine-slip as she passed the gate

Where the dread sword alternate paled and burned,

And the stern angel, pitying her fate.

Forgave the lovely trespasser and turned

Aside his face of fire: and thus the waste

And fallen world hath yet its annual taste

Of primal good, to prove of sin the cost,

And show by one gleaned ear the mighty harvest lost.

Gentlemen can we not engage in otir fruit growing
business with some such sentiment in our hearts as that
expressed by your New England Quaker poet?

I shall carry back to Virginia with me the most happy
recollections of this meeting, and if God will, I should like
again to visit and meet with yoti at some ftiture time and
note the progress you have made.

I hope in the very near future to see Virginia, Con-
necticut, Xew York and the whole eastern United States
engaged in making a splendid eastern national fruit show,
where all interests can combine for the common good.
\A'e need that sort of an incentive. It is well for the New
England people to have a Boston fruit show ; it is well for
us in Virginia to have out own frtiit show; it is well for
New York to have her fruit show at Rochester, but it is far
better for all of us to unite at some time in a great national
eastern fruit show at some central point where the whole
people can be educated to the uses of the fruits grown in
the east. (Applause).

I will not tmdertake to detain you longer, because not-
withstanding the remarks of your toastmaster, 1 was in-
formed before I came to the hall to-night, that if 1 detained
you longer than ten minutes, I should be called down. I

Ii8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

supposed then that you were going to have a large num-
ber of speakers, and consequently the time was limited. I
understand now that the reason my own time has been
limited is because the toastmaster desired to use it for his
own use. (Laughter and applause).

I thank you very much indeed for the opportunity of
meeting wdth you on this occasion, and I express the very
sincere hope that I shall see many of you at some of our
Virginia horticultural society meetings. (Applause).

Mr. Hale: I didn't mean to say a word, or in fact
hardly tell the truth about our friend from A'irginia, but
considering the pleasant words he has said of your toast-
master, I feel that I shall have to tell a little story that the
neighbors tell about him down there in Virginia. One of
the old darkeys on his place had used the expression "ac-
cident" and "calamity." Finally the Judge said to him :
"Sam, you used the expression accident and calamity ; what
is the difference?" "WHiat's the diffunce, boss? There is
a great deal ob diffunce." "Why no. Sam, they mean the
same thing." "No, dey don't. If you should be crossing a
stream and a plank fell in, dat would be an accident, but if
anybody should pull you out, dat would be a calamity."
(Loud laughter).

At this point Mrs. Ida Jeness Moulton gave another
recital entitled "Town Meeting at Spodunk."

The Toastmaster : Something has been said here
to-night about the productiveness of apples in the far
Northwest and their fine showing upon our markets, and I
think we should give credit to that section of the country for
the grading and packing of beautiful fruit, and putting it on
the market in such an attractive way as to bring the apple
more prominently before the people and the market than
ever before. The splendid show of apples that has been
made all over this countrv has come largelv at first from the

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 119

Northwest, and we owe them a deht of oratitiide for what
they have done.

In the New York market one day last week I called
upon one of the wholesalers of fine and fancy fruits, and
talking confidentially about his business, he showed me the
figures of his sales the day before. He had sold 56 boxes
of oranges only; he had sold 247 boxes of grape fruit, and
he had sold 570 boxes of apples. That is the record of one
wholesaler in the city of New York, (Applause) just re-
versing the things of a few years ago. In the Northwest,
and in many sections where they succeed well, they have to
irrigate their land. Here in Connecticut, God's rainfall ir-
rigates our land sufficiently.

We have had come from the Northwest recently a min-
ister of the Gospel, who, I think, is slowly being converted
from his wicked ways and turning toward horticulture.
And I want to introduce to you next the Rev. Herbert White
of this city, who will talk to you awhile about conditions in
the Northwest, the true conditions in the Northwest, or the
heavens above, or the earth below, or anywhere else.
(Applause.)

Rev. Herbert J. \\'iiite: As the evening hour is
drawing to a close, I have been reminded

(]\Ir. Hale: The evening is not closed, don't worry
about that.)

Mr. White: I thought it was being closed around me.
I am reminded of the son of the Emerald Isle wdio came to
our shores, and he asked his uncle when he landed in New
York, how they killed their criminals who were guilty of
murder, whether they hung them or burned them or shot them.
"Sure, they do none of those ways," said his uncle, "they kill
them with 'elocution.' " (Laughter.)

I don't refer to the Peach from Massachusetts, because I
certainly don't dare to infer any such thing as that, because
she was formerly a member of my parish in the city of Bev-
erly, Massachusetts, and I am sure it is a great joy to meet
her here and renew our acquaintance. I was referring to the

120 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

speaker of the evening", Mr. Hale. I felt something- like the
young Scottish minister who was learning to play golf, dig-
ging up a good deal of the turf, enough to plant trees in, I
presume, and breaking a good many sticks, and he said a
good many things behind the back of his caddy, and one day
he said: "I will have to give it up!" "Why," said the
caddie, "you don't mean you will give up playing golf?" "No,
no, the ministry!" (Laughter.) After this evening I shall
have to give up the ministry.

I have always heard that if you want to know how to
bring up children, ask an old maid to tell you how, that is, —
I mean "an unappropriated blessing," I don't mean an old
maid at all, and so you have to ask a minister of the Gospel
to come and tell you how to raise apples. It reminds me of
a story I told over in Woonsocket last week, concerning
expert testimony. We have some experts here I am sure.

Perhaps you have heard of the boy in Connecticut who
wanted to experiment on earthquakes, so he procured a large
amount of dynamite, placed it very carefully under his
father's strawstack, hitched a fuse to it, lighted it, and then
he started himself toward the house. Just as he got to the
house his father came cut with the old dog Towser behind
him. The boy says : "Father, did you ever hear an earth-
c[uake?" And the father said: "Xo, I never did, what are
you up to?" "Well," he said, "it may not amount to anything,
only don't go near the strawstack !" Of course, the father
went right down there to the strawstack, and had gotten nearly
there when the earthcjuake occurred, and they say they picked
up pieces of the old gentleman all over the county, but they
didn't know just how to dispose of the remains, they didn't
want to mix the remains of Towser with the remains of
father, and so they sent for an expert. (Laughter.) The
expert came and divided the pieces into two piles, and said :
"This is Father, and this is Towser," so they gave Father a
decent burial. Two days later Towser came back, and they
say there are very few in that town now who have any confi-
dence in experts. (Laughter.)

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 12 1

I have a feeling that I will have to go to raising fruit.
])eache,s or apples. Some people think ministers raise only
lemons. But we who have been tossed from pillar to post in
the ministry, beginning in the Middle West, continuing in
Massachusetts, and then removing to the far Northwest, and
back again to Connecticut, realize that w'e have no settled abid-
ing place. Somehow^ as we sit here and look into your faces
and realize how the roots of your lives are striking down into
the good old state of Connecticut permanently, just as vour
noble apple trees are getting deeply rooted in the wonderful
soil of this state, w^e are filled with envy, and we feel some-
how that this must be the last place, and we must get a little
closer to the soil, and we must strike the roots down more
deeply and have an abiding place. Man lost the Garden orig-
inally by being tempted with an apple in the hands of Satan,
and that best thing of all the earth, the apple, was used as a
temptation. But now it would seem, in the fullness of time,
as though God were luring them back into the Garden with
the apple, the most precious fruit that he can find. (Applause.)
I look into your co^itented faces and realize that you are not
in the grip of the monopolists, you do not seem to be deeply
furrowed in brow, you have not the cares and worries that
some of the folks who live in the city and are tied up to the
will of fate, are obliged to worry along under, and I want to
congratulate you. I have gotten as near as I could get to you
by paying my little dollar and giving my name to )Our secre-
tary of the Pomological Society, and after becoming a mem-
ber have begun to eat of the pleasant fruit of fellowship this
evening.

I am here, I suppose, to tell you how to raise fruit, and
I want to say in the first place, that my interest in fruit
growing began long before I was born, when my father
planted apple trees up in the old town of Groton, ]\Iass.
Those apple trees are now bigger than I am, and that is
going some. (Laughter). My earliest recollection is of
the joys of climbing the big apple trees in my^ grandfath-
er's orchard in Massachusetts, getting my mouth full at

122 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

one time of robin's eggs, and then, like the original Adam
who was tempted by the apple, I had my fall, only to dis-
cover that those eggs Avere not exactly fresh. (Laughter).
So I went on in my quest for knowledge. And do you
know, as I think about apples, I never seemed to find until
to-night the apples that we used to get — those red apples
in the summer time, as I raced back and forth through the
orchard, those same "punkin" Sweets, so yellow, sweet and
full of juice, and the little red apple that never had a name.
I have never found and apple exactly like it. I think when
I own my farm, or I have thought, I would get some of
the twigs of that tree and graft them on an old tree, and
so I went on until I almost bought a farm. I went to the
Massachusetts Agricultural College for three long years,
studying the profession of agriculture. Now, I am telling
you these things only to point a lesson, for we ministers
have to preach. God called me into the fields that were
sterner and harder, the fields of human life, in order that
He, through me, might bring forth some of the fruits of
righteousness in human character. Ari^ for twenty long
years I have been going on in that way, longing for the
garden and the orchard. And yet I do not think that all
that was lost, my early experience and my studies in that
scientific school along the line of agriculture. And do you
know^ I have learned this great lesson, that God never gives
to us a lesson at any time in our lives, never puts material
into our hands, never gave us the skill and art of reading
or playing on a musical instrument, but at some time
before w^e die we are called upon to use it.

Then came the days when I needed to lay my head on
tired Nature's breast, and I had to have some scrul) acres
where I could go and chop wood and cut brush with a big
scythe in order to get back the lost vitality, and I spent
some time on my 20 scrub acres in the town of ^Nlarshfield,
Mass., where I followed my father's steps and set out apple
trees. I think it is a mighty good thing for a man where-
ever he goes to set out some trees. If you can't stay in the

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. i 23

place long enough to eat the fruit, somebody else will, and
some child will be happy some day. So I took a joy in
following in the footsteps of Johnny Appleseed, the famous
westerner, who threw apple seeds into the soil, from which
have come some of the best apple trees they have to-day.
Then I had to abandon that, and take the trek to the
land of the setting sun, and there we saw the two climates,
first the beach sand country, where they raise raspberries
and blackberries by the carload and by the trainload, and
where we saw the apple orchards and the other orchards
growing there in the moist climate. And also saw in that oth-
er climatic zone east of the Cascade Mountains, in Plast
Washington, where they have a long winter and a hot sum-
mer, where the soil is a volcanic ash that has been sifted
down from those mountains in ages past and has been rot-
ting there in the providence of God, waiting for the sons of
Connecticut to come and take possession of the fruit coun-
try. And there in that volcanic ash is a soil that seems to
be fitted to grow fruit of great size and great productive-
ness. And I have seen there the growth of trees, rapid
growth, I can't begin to tell you, because I am sure you
would not believe me. of the size of the apples, the produc-
tiveness of the trees, and the beautiful fruit, and yet, like
beauty, only skin deep, so far as value is concerned. For,
after all, we long for the taste of the good old New Eng-
land apples, the Baldwins and Hubbardstons, Non-Such,
and the Rhode Island Greenings; we long for the spiciness
and the juiciness of the New England fruit. And I want
to say this, that while they raise a whole lot of fruit and
send a lot of fruit to the New York markets, and send a
good deal across the ocean, that there is a vast amount of
fruit that goes to waste out there l)ecause of the lack of
markets. They can send their best profitably the long-
distance, but vast (|uantities of fruit rot under the trees. I
have seen peaches and a])ricots and cherries, f have seen
small fruits galore, and an endless quantity of apples in
long winrows, tons upon tons, rotting simply because

124 ^^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

there is no market for them. It would not pay to box
them up and send them to the markets, the markets are far
away. And so the small grower is at at great disadvan-
tage. The man that has not a large capital with which to
do things on a big scale and send his product a long dis-
tance, has no chance of success unless he takes a great
many years to build up on a solid basis the business on
which he has entered.

On the whole, I feel that coming back to Connecticut
I see that which satisfies me personally along the line of
climate, along the line of the prospects of agriculture and
fruit growing, for I am not only interested for myself, but
for my three boys.

Now I want to say just a word about that climatic
side of life. Many of you perhaps have read the glowing
circulars that are sent out from those northwest states,
and you have wondered if it could all be true, and if half
of it were true. I want to say there are a lot of things that
are not put into those circulars, those fleas of which we had
mention, are innumerable. I used to think out there it
was something like the tale that goes about Daniel in the
lion's den, and the King came over and leaned against the
cage and said; "Daniel, do the lions bite?" And Daniel
said: "No, but the fleas are terrible." (Laughter). This
is something they don't tell in the prospectusses they send
out, they don't tell you about the hunger that the easterner
has after he has been there about two years, a hunger for
something, he can't tell you what it is, but he feels a cer-
tain vague unrest, he feels as though life were not perfectly
full of satisfaction, there is something missing, and he
longs for that which he cannot understand until suddenly
ht realizes that he is hungry for the good old New Eng-
land climate. (Applause). Don't you be beguiled by the
statements of men from southern California.

If I were to try to say anything in favor of the New
England climate, I want to say that I have lived in New
England, I have lived in the Middle West, and I have lived on

TWENTIETH AXNUAL MEETING. 125

the Pacific coast, and this chmate is incomparably better than
any cHmate I have found in any other part of the country.
(Applause.) There are more perfect days in a year here in
the Connecticut valley than in any other part of the country
I ever lived in. (Applause.) Out there the seasons are on a
sort of a dead level, you get awful tired of it, you get awful
tired of the rain, and then you get awful tired of the long, hot
dry, dusty summer, when there is no rain you long for a
change. You know Alark Twain said that New England
hadn't any climate. — just had samples. Well, I am mighty
glad of the samples. I had rather live here in New England's
sample climate than to live out there wdiere they have a climate
of which they boast. And if you go out there to live, you
will get to longing for a good, snappy cold winter. You would
long for the coming of spring and the first bluebird's note,
when you could see the bursting of the buds on the fruit trees,
and you go out through the orchard and smell the signs of
beautiful spring; you would long for the good sizzling hot
summer, in which you would have a good thunder shower to
break up the monotony; you would long for one of our Indian
Summer falls, and then you would be glad to have things sort
of close up and go to sleep, and take it a little easier, while you
enjoy the fruits of a good New England home, and a well-
stored cellar in a good old New England winter. (Applause.)
I say that from experience. Don't be beguiled by what you
read in the circulars and newspapers.

Then there is a lot of talk about money-making in those
fruit regions. There is a good deal of money to be made out
there, and some make a good deal of money, but there are
lots of people who fail altogether. It is a fierce competition,
it requires a good deal of capital, no end of nerve and a
whole lot of brass. There is an unscrupulous competition, a
fierceness of competition of which you know very little, and
have very little experience with here in New England.

(Picking up apple from a basket on the table.) Now,
taking all things and comparing one against the other. I have
never seen anv handsomer fruit in all the great Northwest

126 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

than that apple is. (Applause.) You can bite into that apple
and get something that is worth eating, it won't be punk, and
Irom what I can learn in reading the market reports during
the last year or two, the market is beginning to go below the
surface and getting in deeper than the skin. They have the
sun to give color, that is true. But somehow there is that
which is drawn from these old rocky hillsides, a sweetness
from the breast of mother earth, and placed in the fruits
which Nature hands to man. And I rejoice in the climate,
soil and fruit, and proximity to markets.

I was down in New York the other day, and I looked
upon the — well, what word shall I use, I can't find a word big
enough to describe those two railroad stations, the New York
Central being built, and the great Pennsylvania already fin-
ished. And then when I read that the Pennsylvania Railroad
has built that great station at enormous expense, has tunneled
luider the rivers, dug through the very rocks, in order that
she might serve what? The New York of to-day? Yes, but
she has far more room than she needs to serve New York of
to-day, great as New York is to-day, but to serve twenty
millions that they say New York will have in but a few years,
according to the tabulated statements drawn upon the propor-
tion of each year's growth to the size of the city, showing all
the faith those magnificent builders for the future have in this
most wonderful city in this country or any other. And here
we are, I say, right between Boston and New York, surround-
ed by cities great and small, packed in until they are touching
elbows on either side, and the population growing by metes
and bounds. They talk about high prices being due to Repub-
lican administration or Democratic administration, or through
Socialists, or whatever it may be. High prices are simply
because we are not producing food in quantities to warrant
low prices, we are not producing fruit enough, we are not
producing poultry enough, we are not producing enough
butter, we are not producing enough meat. They tell us the
reason why pork is so high is because pigs are scarce, it is
simply a question of supply and demand. There is an unlim-

. TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 127

ited future before us. I tell you, my friends, we have got to
do things a good deal better than we have been doing.
(Applause.)

The other day I was called upon for a pastoral visitation
\\a.y up beyond a certain town, I won't name it, but }-ou can
draw on your imagination, I think, and everyone of you will
think of a different one, and I went up about 11 miles from
the city of Hartford. I had just been notified by my friend
the toastmaster, that I should have to make this speech, and
so I began to scour through my thought repository for some
ideas. And just as I started away from the city of Hartford,
I said to myself, keep your eyes open for apple trees, and
perhaps you can get a text. And by the way. I had a text for
my speech to-night, but I forgot to say it, it was this : "By
their fruits ye shall know them.'' Well, by their trees ye shall
know them. too. I sat on one side of the car going up, and
I sat on the other side of the car coming back, so I might be
fair to both sides of the road, I looked at every bunch of apple
trees that I came to. and there was a bunch of applee trees I
think in every yard, a dozen or more apple trees, great,
scrawny, long-horned, unruly beasts they were. They looked-
like a lot of old Angora goats, never had been trimmed,
suckers had never been removed from them, growths were
all around the foot of the tree. There were parasitic vines
growing over them. I suppose the farmer looked upon them
as a sort of trellis upon which to grow ornamental vines. Well.
I didn't see going up on the left hand side of that road one
apple tree that looked as though it had been trimmed in 15
vears. or properly headed in the first place. 1 didn't see oui:
that had the suckers removed from around its roots or upon
its branches. I didn't see one that looked as though it ever
had the bark properly treated or sprayed, and I didn't see one
hunch of apple trees that looked as if it had been ploughed
over.

Well, I came back on the other side. I think it must be
that some of those farmers are enterprising enough to take
care of the best friends thev have got. but it is like running

128 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

across a family in which the children are being starved,
running around barefooted, as I found a family down in East
Hartford the other day, and my heart was opened. Those
trees were old weather-beaten things that never had had any
chance or opportunity, or any care or food, or any tending, or
any nursing, great holes where the limbs had been broken ofif,
where the owls, and the bugs and the beetles and the bats
found their nesting places ! and all that within a few miles of
the city of Hartford, where the Pomological Society meets
every winter. I think it is ingratitude, and I have said a good
many times that I thought the sin of young America was the
sin of ingratitude. We don't begin to appreciate our blessings,
and it does seem to me that if there is any farmer around this
neighborhood that is guilty, let it come down into your miser-
able soul to-night, and resolve you won't let it happen again.
(Applause.) It is a sin of base ingratitude for a farmer to
allow these friends of his household, the most health-giving
food that he can provide for his family, that will cheer an ev-
ening by the fireside, that will keep a family in cheer throughout
the winter, that which can please a poor neighbor's table, with
which he can get many good solid shekels with which to
advance his entire enterprise, and the friends that shade him
in the hot days of summer. Have we taken care of them as
we should? Are we taking advantage of the vast opportuni-
ties given us by this wonderful climate, given us in this soil
that God designed should bring forth fruits for his children
in great productiveness? I can't tell you how to do it, I
simply want to speak this word, and I wish I might reach a
lot of others who need it more than you do, but be firm and
vigilant, and go through the length and breadth of this state
to tell your neighbors to be kind to these living things that are
so generous, whose bowels stretch forth, never having a
chance to give you their luscious fruit when every brook from
the bogs and hills seems to be inviting you to dig, and it will
do you good.

Well, just this word to you in closing, a word that I love
to speak to those who are engaged in any special vocation in

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 129

life, don't let your business, fair as it is, near to God as it is,
working- close at hand with Him who walks with you in the
Garden of the world, of fruit growing and money making out
of your business, subordinate your manhood. The greatest
fruits you can grow are the sweet fruits of a lovely character.
(Applause.) One of the old Puritan writers said the garden
that the Almighty gave to Adam to till was not that garden
of flowers and fruits, but his own heart. And is it not true,
that there is given an industry to us, and much will be re-
quired of us at the end, gifts of character which must be
improved and used for Him, and thus lives that are all about
us, old and young, especially the boys and girls that are going
back and forth from home, and the little school-lads, little
fellows too small for you to remember their names, but who
never forget it when you give one of them red apples, and
when you get in a good word you put the seed in soil which
will bring forth fruit for time and for eternity.

I want to say to you what I said last week at a meeting,
a plea for higher and nobler interests than success of your own'
business. Some time ago when I came back to Boston, I did
what I had never done before, I went into old Faneuil Hall_
and I was shocked to learn that on the street floor of that old
building were stalls where they sold meat, vegetables and
fruits, a veritable market, it was Faneuil Hall Market. It
was a busy place, men and women were passing through, back
and forth, buying and selling, and I said : "Oh ! for a politi-
cal preacher who would come into our national temple and
re-purge and cleanse it of those who bought and sold." And
then I climbed the stairs, and I went up into that hall with
pictures of Washington, Franklin, Wendell Phillips, and I
took off my hat and stood there and was baptized anew in op-
timism, in love for our countr\- and its flag, and then suddenly
it broke over me that this was not sacrilege that was going on
below, but it was the task of living, that it was in its right
place, it was subordinate to that which was higher, and above
it are those nobler interests of our wider manhood, in which
we give and get, in which we sacrifice, in which we make our

130 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

great gifts to our sountry in industry and Christian manhood.
And niav vou have the greatest success in growing those eter-
nal fruits. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster : That is a splendid sermon, brothers
and sisters, wouldn't he have been a corker if he was a Meth-
odist? And what he said about our Xew England climate was
exceptionally good, and should be remembered. The hour is
getting reasonably late. We will hear from Mrs. Moulton
again, and then we will say good night.

Mrs. Moulton gave another very pleasing recitation,
which brought the evening to a fitting close.

The Banquet closed at 10 :30 amid much enthusiasm and
a general impression that it had been the most successful
banquet ever held by the society.

TWENTIETH ANNUAE MEETING. 131

SECOND DAY.

Thursday, February 2.

MORNING SESSION.

The second day's sessions of the Society's twentieth
annual meeting were marked by an exceedingly large attend-
ance and continued interest in the instructive program.

The morning session was called to order at 10 o'clock by
President Rogers.

President Rogers : Ladies and gentlemen, will you
come forward, please, and take seats. We have a few
moments before we call on our speakers, and can devote it to
discussion. I suppose each one of you ladies and gentlemen
have a program before you, and we are ready to take up any
question on the program. •

There seems to be quite a demand for basic slag this
year. I will read question No. 8: "Wliat results have been
obtained by using basic slag on apples and peaches?" \\'ill
somebody answer that? Well, we will skip that.

We wull take up the 10th question: "Xame some pn)fit-
able early and late apples that come into bearing quickl}."
Here is something I think all of us orchard men would like
to know more about. I will call on Prof. Gulley to answer
that question.

Prof. Gullev : Mr. Chairman, in the first place wdiat
are you going to use them for, whether for fillers or the
main orchard?

President Rogers: That is for you to say.

Prof. Gulley: Why, in Mansfield we are getting at
the present time good results from several varieties. I should

132 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

put for fillers, for the early varieties, as the three best, as far
as I know now, Wagener, Duchess and Wealthy. We are
testing out at the college one more, which promises to be a
splendid filler. It is a little bit small, but it begins to bear
very early, is a good keeper, and that is the Missouri Pippin.
I believe it is going to be valuable, but I wouldn't want to
plant a whole orchard of it, but the other three can be
used for fillers without any question, on our soil, as far as I
can see and hear, all of them rugged and fairly good bearers.

So far as late varieties are concerned, we can't add to
what we have already, the Baldwin, Greening and Mcintosh
And then, after that, you can plant about what you are a mind
to, about half a dozen others, with about equal chance of
having good success. Roxbury Russets and others might be
added, but there are three or four that can really be said to
be standard, so far as I know, that can be depended upon.
Here again, we are testing out some more that promise well,
and I am planting now to see what they are.

I have great faith in this state for the new western apple,
Stark's Delicious. They told me up in New York state last
week they were fearful^about it being troubled too much with
scab. On our land it doesn't work so. It bears young, is a
nice grower, and I think it is going to be worthy of trial. It
has two faults, however, one is ripening a little bit too early.
It looks to me as if it would have to be used by Christmas or
New Years. Possibly it is going to be too mild. It runs very
close, when it is dead ripe, to a sweet apple. Those are the
only two faults. I don't know that I will add very much to
that list for general purposes. Perhaps I can pick out a list
that will suit my eye better than those I have mentioned, for
special purposes.

There is an apple called Dudley's Winter which I think
well of, the color is about as fine in September as it is now,
keeps splendid under ordinary conditions, not of a very high
quality, being very close to the Duchess, but it is a hand-
some apple, and will sell anywhere, at any time you put it on
the market. It is known as Dudley's Winter up in Maine.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 133

Remarks of Visiting Delegates.

President Rogers: We will ha\e to close the (|uestion
discussion. We have a gentleman here from Wisconsin, and
also have his son living in our state, one of the larger or-
chardists, a young" man that has started and is l)uilding up
an apple industry, according to my judgment, that is going
to be one of the orchards in the state. I have the pleasure
of introducing to you for a short address, Prof. W. A. Henry.'

Prof. W. A. Henry, of Winconsin : Mr. President, I
did not expect to say anything to this audience, and what I
have to say is from a strict sense of duty. I believe I can set
some of you to thinking about what seems to me to be a very
serious problem to the agricultural interests.

President Taft has recommended a reciprocity treaty
with Canada, in which we shall accept in this country, free of
all duty, the agricultural products of Canada. In exchange,
we are to let in free of all duty, and they are to allow to come
in, paper pulp and a few other articles, but mostly agricul-
tural articles. Now this reciprocity treaty is being very
adroitly handled. The manufacturers of New England, of
course, want their operatives to get the cheapest possible
food. The president says we are going to get agricultural
products free of duty, and we are going to keep up practical-
ly our protection for all manufactured articles, that is what
he says. Free agricultural products to come into America, but
everything that is manufactured, we must pay duties on the
same as before, excepting paper pulp and a few things.

Now, the president seems to forget that the farmer is
just as much a manufacturer as anybody, and that apples and
potatoes and peaches and wheat and pork are manufactured
products just as much as wire nails or anything else. Now,
Farmers, do you realize what Canadian farmers pay now?
The price of shipping a ton of bay is, and he now pays $4
a ton duty; he pays 75 cents duty on a barrel of apples, he
pay five cents a dozen on eggs, he pays 25 cents a bushel on

134 '^^^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

potatoes. ]\Ir. Taft proposes to wipe that all out with one
stroke of the pen, and you farmers, when you huy a plow, a
threshing machine, a harvester, a suit of clothes, a sink for
your kitchen, anything on earth that is manufactured, must
pay an enormous protective tariff. We bought a kitchen
sink a short time ago in New Haven, and they charged us
$19, and we couldn't get it for less. That means 19 bushels
of wheat, three barrels of fllour, 38 or 40 bushels of potatoes.
Now Mr. Taft says after this potatoes can come in here from
Canada, and hay and all those things, free, but he doesn't
take any protection off that sink that we wish to buy, or the
clothes we wish to buy.

Now in Canada, wages are cheaper. A hired man costs
in Canada $20, where you pay $30. The hired man goes out
to buy a suit of clothes at 20 per cent or 30 per cent, or 40
per cent cheaper than you do.

If you should go to Canada and try to bring a hired man
to the United States, the United States would immediately
fine you $1,000 for bringing that man into this country to
work for you. I had a friend who barely got out of paying
a $1,000 fine for trying it. You couldn't hire a preacher to
come, you can't get a hired man to come, or a farmhand,
short of $1,000 penalty to come to this country.

Now, I recollect I was a boy during the civil war, and
we had a great many patriotic citizens in those days, good
and bad, we had patriots who were willing to send all their
wife's relations into the army. Mr. Taft and the manufac-
turers are willing to sacrifice every farmer in New England,
if thev can get potatoes for their operatives a few cents
cheaper.

Now I want to warn you farmers that they are growing
apples up in Canada, the government helps them, they sub-
sidize ships, they subsidize refrigerators, they subsidize cars
and granaries. You build a refrigerator in Canada under gov-
ernment specifications and they will pay a certain part of it
to store apples in, or potatoes, or butter, or cheese. I am
surprised that the farmers of New England have not been

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 135

studying this question. X<>w. the minute you get into poh-
tics on a question Hke this, I know it makes a world of
trouble. I am a free trader, or light protectionist, at least.
If Mr. Taft had said "Let's reduce the duty 20 per cent this
year and next year 20 per cent, I would have been in favor
of it. But he proposes to cut off 25 cents a bushel on pota-
toes, 75 cents a barrel on apples, and $4 a ton on hay at once,
and five cents a dozen on eggs, and what do you farmers get
for all that? What are the manufacturers giving up for this?
NOTHING. It is a jack-knife handle arrangement, and you
are the victims. (Applause.)

Mr. Riddick : I would like to ask one question ; doesn't
the professor think that this is a step ultimately for free trade
the country wide?

Prof. Henry : I hope it is, sir, I hope that this country
is big enough to let in the products of every other country
free, so far as they can be. I am a free trader at heart, but
I don't believe in starting in all on one side, and letting the
other fellow have it his way.

A [Member : We have got quite a question to consider
when we have the vast population of the laboring classes, and
there is a good deal of sentiment about it. but it is a large
question to some people. This gentleman didn't say let in
fish from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, he left that out.
I don't believe in taking off duties altogether on our vegeta-
bles at present, but you must understand we are up against
it. There is a large class of people that think prices of living
are too high, and they have laid it all at the door of the
farmers. You all of you know that it is laid at the door
of the farmers because eggs are high, and butter is high, and
things of that kind, and apples were high, but they don't
explain that in the press or anywhere, but you must under-
stand, when you are talking about these things, that we are
up against the laboring class, the same people that are de-
mandinsf these things.

136 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Prof. Henry : I agree \vith the gentleman absolutely,
but let him remember this ; why doesn't Air.' Taf t say, "Let's
reduce the duty on woolen goods?" Mr. Taft started out
right when he said, "We will have a tariff commission, and
we will examine into the cost of products in foreign countries,
and we will examine into the cost of products in this country
and adjust our tariff accordingly." The people all clapped
their hands at that, and said: "We are all back of you."
But now, having got that through, he says : "We will have
free trade right off." Why doesn't he study the cost of pro-
ducing apples in Canada and Maine, and put the tariff down
where it should be^ if 75 cents a barrel is too high? But, after
having started a system of examination which is right, he
turns right around and jumps over the traces himself by pro-
posing free trade for agricultural products, by saying evident-
ly those are not manufactured products. Our manufacturers
will get their apples and potatoes cheaper, while they make
their plows, harvesters and other tools in large quantities.
They will charge you their regular price for that kitchen sink,
and that plow, and that harvester, and the surplus they will
siliip over to Canada to be dumped on the market as such
prices as they can be sold for, to keep their factory going.
And those Canadian farmers will send the products that they
raise, with those cheaper tools, over here to compete against
you who have to buy of manufacturers protected by an enor-
mous tariff. Now look this squarely in the face, farmers.
(Applause).

Mr. J. H. Hale: Mr. President, I think Prof. Henry
has covered the ground exceedingly well, and there is really
nothing to say except AMEX. That is really all there is
to say.

President Rogers : Amen.

Mr. Hale: Good, get the whole crowd to join with
you.

But, fellow fruit growers, from my boyhood up to the
time of the McKinley bill, the farmers got nothing out of
protection, yet the Republican party got the majority vote of

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 137

tlie farmers to help skin lliemselves. It is due to the \vori>:
of the organized farmers, largely through the National
Grange, that the AIcKinley bill put some tariff on it for the
benefit of the agriculturists for the first time, practically, in
the history of this government, and we have had it there since
that time. But now they propose to take it off, and they are
going to take it off the farmers first. I agree with Prof.
Henry, that if they will take it off all around, I am with them,
but when they begin to skin the farmers, I am "agin 'em."
I don't believe we want that sort of reciprocity. Every time
you talk about taking oft' the tariff on woolen goods, you hear
a howl right away, now if they want to take the duty oft' of
our products and skin the farmers, let us, too, begin to howl
right away. Now just say AMEN to what Prof. Henry said,
and back him up. (Applause.)

F'resident Rogers : We have a gentleman here from
one of the smallest states of New England, it is small, but it
is mighty in what it is producing. And I have great pleasure
in introducing to you Mr. R. M. Bowen of Rhode Island,
Treasurer of the State Horticultural society.

Mr. R. M. Bowen, of Rhode Island: Mr. President,
ladies and gentlemen. I am very much pleased to be with
you at this meeting. This is the first meeting of your socie-
ty I have ever attended. I tried hard to come tw^o years ago.
but a business engagement prevented, and last year I had all
my plans to come, but I was called to serve on the jury, and
so I was kept away. This year I am with you, but I have
such an awful cold I can hardly speak out loud, so you will
have to excuse me from a long talk.

I did not understand that I was picked as one of the
speakers, and hadn't supposed that I would be called upon to
speak, only that last night at the banquet, the two governors
of Connecticut were unable to attend, as was also Mr. Col-
lingwood, the editor of the Rural New Yorker. Mr. Hale
seemed to be afraid about this matter, he wanted to fill the
three men's places in one, so he telegraphed over to Rhode
Island for me to come and fill those three men's places.

138 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

(Laughter.) I presume I am able to do that because I think
one of us Rhode Islanders is equal to any three of you Con-
necticut people. (Applause and laughter.)

We are very modest in Rhode Island, as you may assume
from that remark, if you don't already know it, and a little
bashful and diffident in talking to an audience of this kind,
and we carry that to the extent that last week in Boston at
the annual meeting of the New England Fruit Show Asso-
ciation, Air. Perry from Vermont, claimed that they raised
better Rhode Island Greenings in Vermont than they did in
any other part of the United States, and he looked at me, and
I suppose he thought he was going to get a fall out of me.
But I told him they did, because the Vermont tree came from
Rhode Island. I guess he thought the original Rhode Island
Greening tree was in Vermont, because I have been trying a
year to find that tree so I could write an article on the original
Rhode Island Greening tree, and I found about 1,000 original
trees in Rhode Island, but when I came to trace them down,
I couldn't find any authority to show it. Now the fact was,
this gentleman from Vermont came over to Rhode Island
and got some scions from the original tree, and before I go
back to Rhode Island I will see where it is, and then I will
write an article, and perhaps I will read it to you.

I don't know of any man or woman whom I have less
respect for than he or she who doesn't speak well of their
own organization or their own home. I think a person who
g'oes out and belittles their own home or their own organiza-
tion, be it the Grange or the Pomological Society, or whatever
is is, ought to be annihilated, they are not fit to live. And I
think the question came up yesterday if we weren't overdoing
it a little, spraying so much with lime-sulphur? It occurred
to me yesterday if they were not overdoing another thing in
thinking that they were the only people on the face of the
earth. (Laughter.) I admire very much your State Capitol,
I admire your society and the work it has done in the last
few years, and I only wish Rhode Island were one-half or
one-quarter as energetic as you are.

TIVENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 139

For instance, one of the questions yesterday afternoon
was in regard to cold storage, and I am wondering how many
men and women there are connected with this society, if a
cold storage plant was built by your association or by certain
class of your patrons, would patronize it if you found the cost
of putting" apples in tliis cold storage was three cents more a
barrel than }ou could get it done somewhere else for, not
necessarily more than you are paying now, but you want to
recollect that in the cold storage plant, the chances Jire that
the people who now own a cold storage plant will reduce
their price and you have to reduce your price to compete with
them. If you are now pa^'ing 40 cents a barrel and you can't
possibly run your cold storage plants for less than 3S cents
a barrel, and the other plant dropped down to 30 cents. 1
wonder how many members, under co-operation, who are in-
terested in this society, will continue to pay 35 cents when
you can get it done for 30 cents, even knowing, as you do,
when they have wiped out competition, they would put the
price back? There are many things of that kind that would
have to be tried before that could be approved. I heard Air.
Collingwood three weeks ago in Rhode Island make a state"
ment, that he supposed it was different with people in New
Jersey than it was in Rhode Island or any other state. He
thought it was true in New Jersey, that if they had seven
men come together for co-operative purposes, either in cold
storage or anything else, and the chairman or the foreman
should say : "The first thing to be done is to all lay down
your wallets, you all lay down your wallets here and one of
the seven will take charge of those and be responsible for
them and make returns as fast as he can," he said he thought
they wouldn't do it. .And then he said if the chairman should
say: ''Well, gentlemen, you have got to do one of two things,
you have either got to do that or else you have got to be
hung." he said he was rather of the opinion yon would find
seven men hanging before they would do it. (Laughter.)

Now. the vice-president from Connecticut to the New
England Fruit show said last week in Boston, that you were

140 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

unable to raise the Nod Head apple here. I was very much
surprised at that, because it is one of my favorite apples. I
asked him what was the reason ? He said that as it grew, the
limb pushed the apple off and the apples all dropped to the.
ground. That was a new theory to me, and I investigated
quite a little to find out why that was so, as I couldn't account
for it. I asked two or three, but they couldn't give me any
answer that was satisfactory, and so I went to see one of the
professors. He said that was simple enough ; he said the
soil wouldn't produce those stems. I said: "Well, why?"
He said : "Why, you all realize that in the soil there are
certain ingredients that go to make the stem and leaves, etc.,
and the soil in Connecticut lacks that substance which was
required to make the wooden stem." W^ell, I asked him why.
Why, he said, as near as he could find out, and he had made
quite a study of it, as near as he could tell, so much of the soil
had been extracted to make wooden growth to make into
wooden nutmegs, that there was nothing left for the stem of
the apple." (Laughter and applause.)

Now, as I say, we are very modest in Rhode Island, and
we dislike very much to bring ourselves before the public, but
there are certain things I have been astonished at since I have
been here, to meet so many of your people who seem to be
intelligent in other ways, who seem to be lacking in one
thing, and that is they know so little about other states ex-
cept Connecticut. I think Brother Hale has that power of
hypnotizing Connecticut people so that they feel there is
nothing" outside of this state worthy of living for, or that is
worth much anyway. (Laughter.) He forgets, I guess, that
in Rhode Lsland we have always boasted of our big cotton
mills, and a larger number of looms in one building, and we
boast about our wealth, etc., but when it comes down to
horticultural or agricultural or pomological results, we have
never said much about it. although, of course, it has been
known for a great many years that we were the leading state
in that line.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. I4I

Now, vou gentlemen of this society don't seem to re-
member that at the Xew England Corn Show at Worcester
in November, we took the first prize for the largest produc-
tion of Dent corn, we took the first prize for the largest crop
of ensilage corn in New England. You seem to forget that
a }ear ago we had the best barrel of apples that was exhibit-
ed at the New England Fruit Show. (Laughter and groans.)
I hear somebody question that. We didn't take the prize for
the best barrel, but we had the best barrel there. (Laughter.)
And we are going to have it again this year. Now the reason
I make that assertion is because I presume the judges over-
looked this barrel of apples. It was really the best barrel
there because, among other hundreds of barrels of apples
there, a gentleman who is thoroughly an expert, and who
wanted the best barrel there, was in the hall. After looking
everything over, he went all through the Maine stock, all
through your Connecticut stock, and I think he devoted the
larger part of the day, and he finally bought a barrel of our
Rhode Island apples, and wanted them sent by express.
When the gentleman who raised the apples and sold them to
him, asked him where they were to go, I won't be sure what
he said, but they either went to Presque Isle, Maine, or New
Haven, Connecticut, one of these two places. I think it was
Connecticut. ( Laughter. )

Now% I think if I talk much more in this line I shall
probably get cabbages thrown at me, and I don't want that,
for I don't like cabbages in any form. But I will tell you
candidly that if you will come down to Rhode Island we can
give you points on many things. We learn many things
coming up here, especially from your ambition, which I
admire very much indeed, and I only wish we had the same,
or a small part of the same amount of ambition down there in
this and other work, because I think it is of so much advantage
to all, I don't think it is possible for us to come to a meeting
of this kind and hear the remarks that are made by different
ones, without being \ery much impressed, and going hcime
much more enlightened than when we came. And if you will

142 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

come down to Rhode Island, I can assure brother Hale, who
spoke about clams and lobsters, that we still have a few clams
left and we will be glad to divide them with you. (Applause.)

President Rogers : Will Mr. Barton of Xew Jersey
please come forward to the stage ? Ladies and gentlemen,
we have Mr. Joseph Barton here, vice-president of the Hor-
ticultural Society of Xew Jersey, delegate from that state,
whom I am going to call on to speak to you at the present
time. I have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Barton.

Mr. Barton, of New Jersey : Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen. I bring with me the greetings of the New Jersey
Horticultural Society. I have enjoyed being with you yester-
day, and so far this morning. You certainly have an ener-
getic society up here, and are doing a grand work. The matter
of co-operation is certainly very thoroughly set forth here.
With us down in New Jersey, we are doing a large co-opera-
tive business in the way of selling our products. We have
a Farmers' Exchange organized in the Oranges, to dispose of
a large part of ovir produce where we are not in close prox-
imity to the big markets, and it has worked out very satis-
factorily. We feel that in the past two or three seasons we
have greatly increased our profits through this method of
selling the products of our farms. Now in certain lines,
strawberries, peaches, etc., the market is very limited, but it
is decidedly greater than the Philadelphia markets will take
care of, and then, since the outside shipping in carload lots
was forced on us, it has increased our business. If you are
up against any such thing in your line of business, I think it
will be worth your attention. I have appreciated being with
you, and hope some of you will come down and visit us at
Trenton next year. We meet in December, but the date is
not yet set. I am sure we will have to have delegates sent
down from your society. (Applause.)

President Rogers : We also have with us Mr. Lord
from Delaware, Mr. White of Maine, and Mr. Perrv of

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 143

\'erniont, ])ut I do not see them before me. I am sorry we
cannot hear from them at this time.

Now the first on onr program this morning is an
address by Prof. F. C. Sears of Amherst, jMassachusetts,
on "Impressions of the Apple Industry on the Pacific
Coast."" I am sorry to say Prof. Sears is not able to
lie with us. he has been ill. We wired him niglit before last,
and yesterday he replied that perhaps he would be here. Xow
I regret to say he is not with us, but we have another gen-
tleman that was to speak immediately after him on the same
topic, and I feel sure will fill the bill, and without further in-
troduction at all, I will present to you our genial vice-presi-
dent, Mr. G. A. Drew. (Applause.)

]\Ir. G. a. Drew : Our president said he was very
sorry that Prof. Sears is not here, and I am sure you all feel
the same, and I can assure you I am much more sorry than
anyone else, because Prof. Sears was to have delivered the
main part of this address, and I was simply going to make a
few remarks afterwards. Under the circumstances I will do
the best I can, and I hope you will bear with me.

I am going to speak of my impressions of the fruit grow-
inof industrv on the Pacific coast.

Impressions of the Apple Growing Industry on the Pacific

Coast.

Bv George A. Drew, Greenwich, Conn.

So many wonderful stories have been told of the great
Northw^est as a fruit growing section, of how- King Api)le has
made fortunes there for one and all, that it had been my
dream for several years to visit this land of promise and sec
for myself if all the tales were true or part were fiction. Tiiis
last fall it was my good fortune to visit these famous apple
regions, study their methods at close range and try to see if
there were anv lessons to be learned which we could adopt to

144 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

advantage here. That it is a wonderful fruit country there
is no question, and while I was duly impressed with much I
saw there, I came back more than ever convinced that the
eastern fruit grower has as great, if not greater, opportuni-
ties at his own door.

I visited three typical sections in this Northwest fruit
belt, — Kelowna, in the Okanagan district of British Colum-
bia ; Hood River, Oregon, the oldest and most famous of all ;
and Wenatchee, Washington, already a close rival.

At Kelowna, while there was an older section of limited
extent developed, some seven years old, the main portion of
the region was still raw prairie, bemg sectioned off in ten and
twenty acre plots, with irrigation ditches in the process of de-
velopment. It was most interesting to see raw prairie land
transformed from a worthless tract to fruit land selling
anywhere from two hundred and fifty to five hundred dollars
an acre, by the simple addition of water, brought from a
distance of ten miles. In Kelowna, as in other fruit sections
of the Northwest, the area where fruit can be grown is limit-
ed, the valleys and not the hills being utilized, as fruit can be
grown only where water can be applied. The soil of volcanic
ash, which we in the East have come to regard as possessing
some magic composition, looks barren and unpromising enough
before water is let on. Alkaline patches are sometimes in
evidence, but a sufficient application of water will wash it out.
We would call the soil a rather light, sandy loam. W^ater
changes it to a darker and richer color. There is no question
as to its productiveness and ease of manipulation ; its porosity
is such that the moisture will diffuse evenly and quickly and
not become stagnant. Being a new country, insects and
fungous pests are not yet abundant, though the coddling moth
has to be fought quite strenuously. Jonathan, Northern Spy,
Spitzenberg, Yellow Newtown, and Ben Davis are the varie-
ties most grown. The cool nights and the bright sunshine
give a finish to the product which we of, the East will find it
hard to equal. The prairie towns are their markets for second

TWENTIETH AX X UAL MEETING. 145

grade box fruit ; England, Australia, and the Orient, for tiieir
fancy.

Hood River embraces a valley with an area ecjual to about
eight miles in width and t\vent}-two miles long. The Colum-
bia River, picturesque mountains, and evergreen-clad hills,
give to this region a remarkable scenic effect. The oldest
plantings are about eighteen to twenty years old and, as is
natural, insect and fungous diseases have to be fought more
vigorously than in the newer planted regions. Apple scab is
the most serious fungous trouble and is combated mostlv by
spraying in the dormant season ; in the fall before the leaves
drop, with Bordeaux 6-6-50. and just before the buds unfold
in the spring, with lime and sulphur. Summer spraying is
mostly for the coddling moth, though commercial lime and
sulphur is often used. Bordeaux is now never used as a
summer spray.

A great part of the land is in ten and twenty acre tracts,
most of the work being done by the fruit growers, with the
aid of their families. This is their one business, to make their
few acres give the greatest returns possible. Strawberries
are the main crop that is grown between trees ; Clark Seedling
IS about the only variety. In the earlier planting of apple
trees, numerous varieties were set out and one would be sur-
prised to find such old kinds as Blue Pearmain, King, Golden
Russet, Baldwin, Greening and Spy. Jonathan, Winter
Banana, Winesap, Delicious, Arkansas Black, and King David
are also grown, but Hood River specialties are Spitzenberg
and Yellow Newtown. Practically all the later planting is of
these last two varieties with Jonathans as fillers, when this
system is practiced. The valley has a complete and up-to-
date irrigation system, but as there is an annual rainfall of
about thirty-six inches, manv of the l)est fruit growers do not
irrigate at all, preferring surface tillage to conserve the
moisture. The soil is the same volcanic ash and is very pro-
ductive. I found, however, a few growers who were begin-
ning to consider using commercial fertilizer. The people arc
mostly of good American stock and very hospitable, many in

146 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

fact being emigrants from New England. One is struck by
the fact that many who have made the greatest success there,
were not originally fruit growers or trained in any line of
agriculture. Again, the one interest of the valley is fruit, —
go into an\- Ijank or commercial club and they talk fruit. It
is the one item of conversation unless you talk fruit land. If
ycu talk the latter, you will hnd plenty to talk with a'ou.

You will find no "neglected orchards'' problem there. The
care and thoroughness with which they attend to every detail
is the lesson for us to absorb. Everybody sprays and no pest
is allowed to gain a foothold ; if the grower was inclined to be
negligent the county inspector would soon bring him to terms
or cut down his orchard. Everybody thins their fruit, once,
twice, three or four times, if necessary. Is it any wonder that
the per cent of box fruit sometimes amounts to ninety per cent
of the total ? All the trees are regularly pruned with a rather
open center to allow sunlight to get through, though there is
no special system.

While Hood River grows fine apples and her Spitzen-
bergs and Yellow Newtowns are world famous, I consider it
a result of organization, co-operation, and systematic grading
and packing, rather than any special locality advantages which
we are prone to assume. Everything is figured to a system,
the grower is taught to pick and handle his fruit carefully, but
is not allowed to pack it himself. When the fruit is ready the
union sends the packer there. The packer must have a union
license and be registered. Each box has the packer's nimiber,
the grower's name, the variety, and the number of apples.
When brought to the union a rigid inspection is made before
it is allowed to be shipped out and if any imperfection is
found, it is rejected.

A't Wenatchee, Washington, I found climatic conditions
very similar in character to those of Kelowna, British Colum-
bia, in fact, W^enatchee is in the lower part of the Okanagan
Valley. The oldest orchards are not more than nine years
old, most of them only six or seven years old. It is almost a
rainless country and irrigation is absolutelv essential to the

TJVEXTIETII AXXUAL MEETING. 147

production of fruit. It is also a treeless country, and inclined,
I should judge, to be swept b\- heavy winds. Wenatchce is
the home of the W'inesap and Rome Beauty. These are their
specialties, though Spitzenberg, Newtown, Jonathan, Arkan-
sas Black, Winter Banana, Delicious, etc., are also grown to
perfection ; in fact, some of the finest fruit I saw on my
whole trip was grown in the Wenatchee Valley. T wish I
could picture to you the valley, miles in extent and nothing
but fruit trees. I could not help but get enthusiastic about
the region myself, and do not wonder at their enthusiasm.
As at Hood River, the one topic of conversation was apples.
The story is told of how, some years ago, Wenatchee sent
some apples 'to compete at an exhibition with other regions
and did not carry off a single prize. The fruit was all that
could be desired, but they lacked the knowledge of grading
and packing. Somewhat humiliated, they resolved to be
better prepared at the next exhibition. Accordingly, they
sent to Hood River for several of- their most expert packers
to instruct them in the art of grading and packing. The\- had
them teach the children in the public schools as a regular
course, established prizes for competitive exhibitions, and
soon their own people could pack fruit with anyone. Again,
to. illustrate how these people co-operate and pull together ;
this last fall there was an enormous crop of apples. The
problem was to get them picked. They solved it by shutting
down the public school for a week or ten days so that the
children could help. Wlien the crop was picked, the school
was re-opened.

I have spoken of these regions in a general way. They
illustrate the conditions as I observed them in the fruit regions
of the Northwest. I will add a few specific observatioins as
to conditions and results, trying to be absolutely fair and im-
partial. IVhat is tJicir percentage of first class fruit? This
varies, of course, as there are good growers and poor growers,
even in the Northwest. ^Ir. Shepard, of Hood River, told
me that some of his orchards would average ninety per cent
box fruit which would pack in the fancy and choice grade.

148 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Of this ninety per cent, some sixty to seventy-five nii^ht l>e
fancy and fifteen to thirty choice. ^l\\ Shepard, however, is
an exceptionallv fine g'rower. In some cases onlv sixtv to
seventy-five per cent would be box fruit, with a varying pro-
portion of fancy and choice grades. The high percentage of
box fruit can be accounted for by their careful methods of
culture, thorough spraying, and thinning the fruit, which, of
course, is not such a tasK on their comparativelv voung trees.
Then they or their families do most of the work and prac-
tically live in the orchard. When they see a poor specimen
they pick it off. If we exercised the same care, we could un-
doubtedly get the same percentage of high grade fruit. Culls.
They have cull fruit even in Washington and Oregon. I was
surprised to find that they were not making a better disposi-
tion of them. Cider is the only use they are put to at about
$7.50 per ton. With us, culls, if sold for what they are, bring-
in a considerable source of income.

Insect Enemies and Fungous Diseases. The newer
sections, particularly the rainless countries, do not as
yet have many fungous troubles, though they are increasing.
In Hood River, apple scab, anthraxnose of the tree
(like our tree canker), and dry rot of the' fruit, are all
to be reckoned with. The dry rot, in particular, seemed to
me a serious problem in all this country. The coddling moth
and the woolly aphis, the latter particularly, have to be fought
in the rainless countries.

As a general rule, I found practically all of the growers
using a winter fungicide, and only a limited number using a
summer fungicide. Bordeaux 6-6-50 and commercial lime
and sulphur were the winter sprays; commercial lime and
sulphur the summer spray, where used. Arsenate of lead
alone seemed to be the general rule. Bordeaux as a summer
fungicide has been practically discarded for some time.

Age of Bearing. Trees in the Northwest, as a rule, bear
earlier than they do with us. This is possibly due to climatic
conditions, but more, it seems to me, on account of the fer-

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TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 149

tility of the soil and the application of water to force the tree
at the start. If we shotild force the growth as they do 1
believe we would get equally quick returns. It is what I have
advocated for some time. Jonathan and Wealthy will h.ear in
three to four \ears ; Mcintosh and Grimes in four to five
}ears ; Spitzenberg in five to six years ; Spitzenbcrg and
Xewtown in seven to eight years. At those ages they plan on
from one to two boxes of fruit per tree. You will, of course,
hear of exceptional yields as Winter Banana at four years
bearing six boxes, and ten boxes of Jonathans at seven years
old, but the previous statements are the safest to go by.

Cost of Har\'ksting the Crop. I cannot do better than
quote the figures which Mr. Sh.epard of Hood River gave me,
and itemized as follows :

Picking $0.07

Packing .06

Box .10

Hauling .03

Paper .05^

Wiping and Grading .05

Nailing .01

Hauling away .01

Apples on Table .01

Box Xails ■ .01

Union .10

Spraying .05

Cultivation .05

$0.60
Freisht to East .50

Total .- $1.10

Th.is is the C(.st of jjutting a box on the Eastern market,
whether choice or fancy grade. Even now the margin of
])r(;>fit is coniparativclv small, and when the orchards now
planted fruit, the margin will be narrower. While the box is
the only package at present, some admitted that the barrel
might vet be forced on them for second crade fruit.

150 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Irrigation is essential, as I have said, in the rainless
countries ; where they can, many of the best fruit growers
get along- without it. One can easily ruin his crops by the
careless use of water. It is a problem how much to use, and
growers differ. Certain it is that its excessive use makes a
sappy growth of tree and soft textured and poor quality of
fruit.

Flavor of Western Apples. To be perfectly candid,
I tasted apples of good quality and apples of poor quality
grown in the Northwest. In many cases, as I have stated
above, it is ruined by irrigation. While I still believe our
Eastern fruit, well grown, is much superior in flavor, I must
admit that on this point we must not count too strongly in a
commercial way, unless we grow fruit free from blemishes
and imperfections. Some Spitzenberg, Yellow Newtown,
Winesap, and Winter Banana were found to be exceptionally
good.

Color. If we claim superiority in flavor, we must grant
that the Northwestern product has a certain finish which we
find hard to get. Notwithstanding this, color and finish are
the points we should strive hardest for. When I w^as in Mr.
Shepard's office I saw some • Baldwins from Mr. Hale's
orchard, which alongside of the Western product, looked
equally well.

Land Values. As the localities where fruit can be
grown is limited, the land values in favored sections natural-
ly are comparatively high, partly speculative and partly on
account of irrigation equipment. Raw land varies anywhere
from one hundred to eight hundred per acre, and orchards in
bearing anywhere from seven hundred to four thousand per
acre. While I heard wonderful stories of their income per
acre, and such a reputable man as M. Horan of Wenatchee
said his bearing orchard eight to nine years old would pay
twenty per cent on a value of two thousand dollars per acre,
I believe the values are inflated and that no one can afford to
buy at those figures. The trees in many cases being twenty

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 151

by twenty feet apart, will soon have to have every other one
taken out and the yield decreased.

I have touched on only a few of the many points that
might be considered, but to make a long- story short, would
sum up as follows :

Advantages of the Northwest.

First. Trees bear earlier, on an average of two to three
years sooner than with us.

Second. Trees bear heavier and more regularly.

Third. Fruit averages better color and finer finish.

Fourth. Fewer pests and diseases to fight at present.

Fifth. More general interest in the industry.

Sixth. Better law to protect the fruit grower.

Seventh. Co-operation better developed.

Eighth. Better knowledge of local adaptability of varie-
ties.

Ninth. Virgin soil needing no fertilizing at present.

Tenth. Trees are all young and in their prime.

Advantages of the East.

First. Nearness to market.

Second. Cheaper land.

Third. Fruit averages better quality.

Fourth. Labor market easier and cheaper.

Fifth. Better roads and transportation facilities.

Sixth. Centers of interests nearer together.

Seventh. More profitable disposition of culls.

Eighth. Better market for perishable fruit.

In conclusion, I believe that for a few years to come at
least, the West will set the standard on box fruit ; the East
will gradually become a more important competitor. Spitzen-
berg-. Yellow Newtown, Delicious, Jonathan, and Winesap,
will be their leading box apples ; with these varieties I do not
believe we in New England can successfully compete. In
such varieties as Gravenstein, Wealthy, ]\IcIntosh, Sutton,
Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Washington Royal, and
Northern Spy we have a list to choose from, and should be

152 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

al)le, when we exercise the same care, to successfiillv meet
the competition of the West.

Discussion.

President Rogers : This has been an exceecHngly in-
teresting- address. Perhaps some of you would hke to question
JNIr. Drew, and if so you now have an opportunity. I would
like to hear a word from Mr. Drew about the apple shows in
the West. I think there were three different fairs that he
attended.

Mr. Drew : It was my good pleasure with Prof.
Sears, to be at the apple show at \'ancouver four or five days,
and also at Spokane, Washington, where the third apple show
was held. When I first went into the hall where the exhibit
was there at Vancouver, I was taken aback to see such a won-
derful display, and at first I threw up my hands and I said:
"It is all up with us, I don't believe we can ever get up such
a show as'that." And the apples as they were displayed, cer-
tainly looked wonderful. There was a carload of Jonathans
which was displayed there which finally took first prize, a
carload of 600 boxes. It was certainly a wonderful display,
it didn't seem as if we could ever grow fruit like it. But when
I came to look around, I observed the fruit and found out
how it was grown, picked and selected, and how it was packed
with such care, and everything like that, I wasn't so much
surprised. For instance, that carload of 600 boxes I was told
by a gentleman who was there, in fact, by the man who
packed them, that they picked over 10,000 boxes of their com-
mercial Jonathans to get those 600 boxes for a prize. If we
would only do that, I think we could exhibit good apples our-
selves.

Again, there were some very fine prize fruit there in the
five and ten box classes, and in all those cases they were cer-
tainly wonderful. They picked over a great many boxes to
get those. Those were not commercial boxes, they were put
on for exhibition, and they could aft'ord to do it because of
the prizes, which were so very liberal. In fact, the govern-
ment in Canada this vear gave them a wonderfully large ap-

,.,;M

TU'ENTIETII ANNUAL MEETING. 153

])ropriation, and it enabled them to offer such attractive prizes
that they g'ot a .s^reat many people there from across the line.
A o;reat manv people from Wenatchee went there, and I o;'ue>s
a g^reat majority of the prizes were taken by Wenatchee, but
I think the prize carload went to Kclowna, British Columbia.

I was g-reatlv surprised to find in the competitiou there
that thev had a lot of kinds of apples grown in the east, the
Blue Pearmain, Baldwin and Northern Spy. Then another
apple thev had there was the Redcheeked Pippin, wdiich was
very fine, and the Wintei Pearmain, but the greatest apples
in that exhibition were Jonathans. In that exhibition I think
there were about twenty carloads. I passed over to Spokane
and there were possibly about forty carloads in that exhil)i-
tion, something like that. Of course, at Spokane the great
apples were Spitzenbergs, Newtown Pippins. Jouathans.
Spitzenberg apples I believe took the prize, and I believe Hood
River took first prize, although it didn't have as perfect a car
as the carload at Vancouver.

Mr. Underwood: Do they raise the Baldwin out there?

]\Ir. Drew : Yes. I saw some very fine Baldwins out
there. There is an apple nearly the shape of the Baldwin
which tb.e>- call the Oregon Red, they get color out there, but
they don't get as good flavor as we do here.

President Rogers : There is a question here on our
question list. No. 28 : "Why are western boxed apples selling
lower this vear than ever before, while eastern barrel apple
are higher?" Mr. Drew, can you answer that (|uestion?

Mr. Drew : The reason western boxed apples are
selling lower and eastern barrels are higher, I guess, is because
the people are beginning to appreciate the eastern apple. That
is the only reason I can think of.

Mr. J. H. Hale: Mr. President,. I think I can answer
that, in a small degree at least. I have been studying the
markets largely at New York, some in Piiiladelphia and
Pittsburg, for the last two months, and it is unquestionably
true that the western boxed apples are sellnig very much

154 ^^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

lower this year than they ever have sold before, and that the
eastern apples are selling much higher, higher than in a
number of years. The enormous growth of apples in the
Northwest this year and the rather swell-headedness on the
part of the growers that they had the best of everything, and
they could take the highest prices, caused more or less trouble,
and then the trees are already at their best, and the apples are
beginning to drop off in quality. They dropped off last year,
they dropped off considerably more this year, and some of
their fruit must be handled over-ripe, and the handling of
their fruit is exceedingly rapid, so the w'holesale prices have
been very much lower than in former years. Then, as Mr.
Drew said, I think the people are getting on to the fact that
the quality of the eastern apple is better and as a result of
the work of this society, and the work of all the eastern hor-
ticultural societies, and the aid that the government and the
experiment stations have given us in knowing how to better
beautify and color up the fruit, has given us fruit of better
appearance.

Then we have felt that sharp competition of that better
packing and grading in the west in former years, until we
have learned to pack and grade better. All those things have
combined, and resulted in giving lower prices to western box
apples and a higher price to the eastern barrel apple, and I
believe, as we stand to-day, we shall maintain that lead in the
future, because I believe we are going to improve the quality
and appearance of our fruit very much. I think that answers
the question, at least answers it to my satisfaction.

May I say a word about that address of ^Ir. Drew? It
seems to me that is one of the most important business talks
we have had before this society in a long time. Those who
are interested in the production of apples have seen those
wonderful productions from the Northwest, and we have
been scared just a little bit. I think we all appreciate the
work of those people in the West in their fine grading and the
beautiful fruit that they put on the markets to tempt people
to use apples as they have never used them before. The

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 155

American people have just awakened to the apple as an eating
fruit, and the fruit-stands in all our great cities to-day show
that. And we owe a large debt of gratitude to the Northwest
for stirring us up in the way of better marketing, packing and
grading. And the secret of their success is what Mr. Drew
has told us about their work there points the future, and it is
the point of view of how it has been done. The whole
key-note of it all has really been co-operation, working to-
gether, that is the key-note of his whole story, it seems to me,
of their success. And isn't it up to us to do the same thing?
Of course, we read about certain favored districts, but the
whole state of Connecticut is almost accessible to us, that is
one central point from all over Connecticut. If those gro\yers
in Wenatchee found it necessary to get together, we can do
the same thing here when we are ready. The only trouble,
as I said yesterday, is we have been blest with too good op-
portunities. Each of us have been able to go to town with
our peaches and potatoes and get some cash for them. The ma-
jority of the growers in the State this year sold their apples
at $3.00 a barrel, I don't know of any under $3.00 a barrel:
We have sold all our apples for at least $5.00 a barrel because
w^e worked together. That is a good big percentage to pay
for working together. I ran over in my own mind ( I am not
good on percentages), but taking our crop at Seymour this
year where some of the boxes came from, about 6.000 bushels,
there was less than five per cent of culls. There was about
six per cent of what we called culls, and those culls sold at
an average of $2.50 a barrel because they were culls. They
are good fruit, and the balance of the fruit graded as A and
AA grade, and the A grade, which is really seconds, is sold
throughout the season directly from the orchard at $5.00 and
$4.50. I made one sale yesterday of 58 barrels at $5.00 for
seconds, and the higher grades are worth more, and it is a
smaller percentage of reductions in the orchard here in the
East when we follow tlie methods of our friends in the West.
And as to what he said about diseases and their insect pests
this year, those of you who read the paper called "Better

156 THE COXXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Fruit,"" published in the West, remember there was on one
page an advertisement to induce you to come i^ut and buy
some of the land in that wonderful country, and it told the
story, as Mr. Drew did, of the quick growth, and the air, and
the beautiful fruit, and the high prices of raw land was from
$200 to $300 per acre, four or five years planted it was worth
$500, $800, up to $2,000 an acre. And on the other page
were 16 advertisements of insecticides, sprayers, and various
things to get rid of the troubles they had. That seemed to me
to tell the whole story. (Applause.)

President Rogers : ^^'e shall be obliged to close this
discussion at this time. I am sorry to do so for it has cer-
tainly been very interesting and instructive, but time is
passing.

The next on our program is an address, "The Virginia
Apple : How It is Grown and Marketed," by Hon. S. L.
Lupton of Winchester, Virginia. I have the pleasure of in-
troducing to you Hon. S. L. Lupton. whom many of you will
remember as a former visitor to our state.

The Virginia Apple : How it is Grown and Marketed.

By S. L. Lupton, Winchester, Virginia.

Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen of the Connecticut
Pomological Society. Upon the invitation of your secretary.
I have come here from \'irginia to tell you about the A'irginia
apple, how it is grown and how it is marketed. I shall have
to ask you to aid me in my talk, being a modest man, but you
are anxious to know about the country and its products in the
great Shenandoah A^alley. Perhaps you would like first to
know something of the country in which these X'irginia apples
are grown, and I may say that the great plateau which lies
between the Blue Ridge Mountains on the east, and the
foothills of the AUe^hanies on the west, extends down from

H

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<

TIVEXTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. i 57

Xew York State to the western Xorth Carolina lines, so that
the Mohawk \'alley in New York, the Cumberland A'alley in
Pennsylvania, and the Shenandoah \'alley in \'irginia are
practically one and the same country, and for all couimercial
purposes her people are the same class of people.

In the earlier days the people from Pennsylvania, moving^
along" the lines of least resistance, passed down south into the
Shenandoah Valley and settled that country, sO' that if you
should go through that valley to-day you would find a list of
good old Pennsylvania names such as "Van Housen," "Diefen-
dorfer," and "Cooperstein ;" indeed, in a part of the valley of
Virginia the people still speak quite broken English. We have
no colored population in that valley to speak of, only a few
of that race living in the pines, and in the cities, but practical-
ly none at all in the country. The labor is entirely American,
entirely white and entirely native. In fact, my friends, you
would be surprised to know what a fine class of citizens the
Pennsylvania Yankee makes after he has lived for a hundred
vears or so in A'irginia. ( Laughter. )

Now ^Ir. President, I am especially partial to that word
Yankee. To me it is a better word than American. We have
enough Americans. — '"South Americans,'' and "Central Ameri-
cans," but they are all different people. P)Ut there is but one
breed of Yankee, and in my interpretation of that word he is
a fellow that is always doings things. I don't think, my friends,
that I have ever seen a genuine Yankee that was lost, he
always seems to know where he is going, and generally knows
when he gets there. (Applause and laughter.)

Another peculiar thing about a Yankee is that you can't
locate him. If I should ask you people here in Connecticut
where the Yankee lives, you would undoubtedly tell me in
Rhode Island. If you go into Pennsylvania, and ask who the
Yankee is. thev tell you : "Why. ccrtainl\'. he comes from
Connecticut." If you go down into the valley of ^'irginia
where I live, and ask for a Yankee, they would tell you : "He
is a Pennsylvania Dutchman," and if you go over the r)lue
Ridge Mountains into Ea-fern A'irginia and ask those people

158 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to locate the Yankee for yon, they tell you: "He lives in the
Shenandoah Valley of Virginia/' and incidentally, they will
caution you against trading horses with a Virginia Yankee.
(Laughter.) And if you go down into ^lexico and ask those
people where the Yankee lives, they will tell you everything
north of the Rio Grande River is a Yankee, but always the
term means he is the man who is doing things.

And so, by your invitation, I am come here to-day to tell
you that the Virginia Yankee, horticulturally speaking, has
arrived. (Laughter.) So much for the people living in that
country of the Shenandoah Valley.

Now just a word about the country itself. Doubtless,
many of you think from the name "Shenandoah Valley" that
it is a level country, and perhaps that name would be synony-
mous in the minds of some of you, with a river bottom
country, a flat country. Such is not the case at all. The
valley of Virginia proper is about, on an average, fifteen
miles wide, in some places as wide as thirty, and about
a hundred and twenty miles long; is an elevated plateau,
almost as cold as this Connecticut country. We have already
had this winter a month of sleighing, and we have not been
able to do much outdoor work so far, and the country is
rolling, three or four high ridges running parallel with the
main chain of mountains through the entire length of the
valley, a country very much like yours, except probably with
a little more rain-fall and a little longer summer season.

Some years ago quite a number of Connecticut people
visited the valley of Virginia, but unfortunately at that par-
ticular time a large number of our leading citizens happened
to be absent from home, or else we might have given you a
niore cordial reception, which no doubt we would liked to
have done. After the Connecticut visitors had returned to
their homes and our people had come back, they found a con-
dition of things there that was somewhat distressing. Now,
gentlemen, understand that we are not repining- or complain-
ing al:!Out things that have happened in the past. Who knows
l)ut what the sorrows of the terrible time of the Civil

TU'ENTIEril ANNUAL MEETING.

159

War was the very web and support we needed to en-
courage us to our best efforts; who knows but that the
hills of \'irginia never would have blossomed with the
apple, if our soil had not been leddened with the blood
of brave men? And just by way of contrast, I gathered
up a few pictures before I left Winchester on Monday
of this week, and have brought them up here to give
you an idea of the road over which we fruit-growers have
traveled in the last twenty or thirty years. And I am going
to show you the first picture tha" I have, which will indicate
the condition of our country after the visit of our Connecticut
brothers. And then, by contrast, I am going to ask you to
look at another picture which was taken in the vallev of Vir-
ginia last year, that one with the traction engine.

The picture at my left hand, as you will see, represents
a scene in the valley of Virginia at the close of tlie war, when
there was not a single apple orchard in that country. The
picture on my right represents a scene in that country last
}ear when we were drawing apples to the depot with a traction
engine, taking 250 barrels at a load. (Applause.)

Incidentally, I am going to say that the gentleman who
owns the orchard from which those apples w'ere drawn with
the traction engine, is a Pennsylvania boy who came down to
Winchester a few years ago, and has not only acquired,
perhaps, what is the best apple orchard in the state of \"n-
ginia, but he has also acquired quite recently a l)eautiful \'ir-
ginia wife. A\diile we are looking at these pictures, I am going
to call }-our attention to this one that is now being held up
before you, to show you what is one of the oldest bearing
orchards in the W'inchester section, belonging to Mr. Stuart
Bell, whose photograph can be seen in the middle of the
picture.

I brought this picture especially to tell you that that par-
ticular part of the orchard that is shown in the photograph
yielded Mr. Bell last year an average of 7S liushels of apj^les
per tree. Those apples were sold at $3 a barrel f. o. h. Win-
chester, making pretty close to $3,000 gross receijits per acre.

l5o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAE SOCIETY.

Now if I should come from Hood River or Wenatchee,
I would probably leave that statement just where it is, and
leave you to go away thinking that the whole orchard had
done so well. The fact of the business is, that the corner of
the orchard which you see there, where the apples are some 30
or 40 feet hig-h, are by the road. The apples hung down over
the road, the limbs almost meeting, some 30 feet above the
ground, and that is in one corner of his orchard just below
the barnyard, which shows the result of fertilization and
careful management.

Air. Bell has about 7^ or 80 acres in orchard, no other part
of which does so well as the 15 or 20 or perhaps 30 trees.

I will show you just one more picture. I have brought
along another orchard scene which shows one of those sod
orchards that Mr. Hale objects to so seriously. One that has
never been ploughed, to my knowledge, since the trees were
planted, and the orchard scenes represent the apples being
packed for export, and they go direct from the orchard to
London. I am not cjuite familiar enough with that orchard,
whicli is three or four miles from me, to know how much fruit
it produces, but something over 5,000 bushels.

Now I shall try in the remainder of the time allotted to
me, to tell you some of the bad things as well as some of the
good things. Personally, I have too much orchard ; but then,
you know you will always find some fellow in every neighbor-
hood who wants to be the biggest thing in the neighborhood,
and it has been a source of satisfaction to me, up to this time,
to have the largest "orchard in that section, and I am going
to try and have the best orchard in that section. Now if I
fail in having the best orchard, then I am going to sell some
of my acreage, and still try again for the best instead of the
biggest. (Applause.)

However, there is some apology for my undertaking 350
acres of apples, for, as a lad in my father's orchard on my
father's farm in \^irginia, I helped to plant the first commer-
cial apple orchard ever planted in that great valley, and I own
that orchard to-day. I have discovered that I am still quite

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. i6i

a young- man, and there is a sort of a sentiment about it. My
father owned the place, and my grandfather owned the place
before him, and my great-grandfather before him, and no man
knows how old the house is, an old stone mansion. We have
got its history back a hundred and forty years, and in some
way we feel attached to those old places in Virginia. I don't
know of a single farm for sale. If any of you gentlemen
should rise in your places and ask me the price of land, I
couldn't tell you. If any of you should ask me if I could tell
you where you could buy an orchard in Frederick county, Vir-
ginia, I should have to say to you : "There is none for sale."
Almost every part of the country is held by people who have
lived there two generations, and there is a sentiment about it
that you feel attached to.

Now the old orchard that I spoke of, which I helped to
plant, has not been well cared for. I expect if some of you
gentlemen should happen in that old Pippin orchard, you
would think you were back in some of the neglected orchards
in Connecticut. We didn't know much about fruit growing
when we planted that orchard, at least my father didn't, and
we tried almost every way we knew how to kill those trees,
and I sometimes think we tried more than 57 varieties of
ways to kill them. And I sometimes wonder if we fruit-
growers are not making a mistake in not pausing to think
more about what we are doing and how much money we are
making, and urging others to go into the fruit business, but
I don't feel alarmed, because I feel pretty sure you are going
to make the same mistake I made, notwithstanding all my
advice.

I expected to buy the cheapest trees, and I supjxtse all of
you who are going to plant trees next spring are going to bu\'
the cheapest trees you can get, you are not g'oing to get the
best, you get the cheapest. That is what I did. I expect when
you plant those trees you will have to get some crops off that
land as I did. Perhaps if you are corn growers you will put
corn in the orchard, and perhaps if you are hay growers you
will put some hay in the orchard; anyway, you try to get

1 62 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

some crops from the orchard before the trees come into
bearhig". Then you want to mix in some peaches with the
■apples as I did, and find out four or five years later you made
a mistake, as I did.

Then _\ou all will need that orchard land for ])asture.
Perhaps you don't keep sheep up here, but we all do down in
\'irginia, and it is a mighty good place to turn the sheep in
an orchard, and let them clean up everything, grass and weeds
and apple trees. (Laughter.)

Then I expect you will mow some grass in that orchard,
and that will supply mone}' to get a mower to try to cut down
the apple trees with, and then after you are all through, turn
in the old cow, iti the good old summer-time, and she will
want to knock off all the apples she can reach, and break
down the trees, and I think of all the 57 ways I have tried to
kill an orcharad, that an old cow, costing about $30. with a pair
of good horns is about the best way to do it. (Laughter.)

I was thinking, as some gentleman told the story last
night, about the peculiar appearance of some of our orchards,
where you stand and look up underneath the trees, thev are
grown up to the first limbs just as level as a floor, it is about
four feet on the average, perhaps not quite so high, we will
say three and a half, but the under side of those limbs is just
as level as a floor. It looks as though, somebody had been
down on their knees and gone through with a pair of sheep
shears or clippers and trimmed off those trees about three and
a half feet from the ground. When you see an orchard like
that in Virginia, it means sheep have been in there, and they
have eaten everything off as far as they can reach, and usually
they reach up about three or four feet. So that is the natural
way that we grow fruit in the valley of Virginia. We are
getting better posted as the years go by, and we are finding
competition from the Northwest and competition from Con-
necticut, and just incidentally I want to say that, while we
think of Winchester. Virginia, as the Hood River of the East,
we have heard of the Connecticut Pomological Societv, and we

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 163

are inclined to think that of all the eastern associations our
closest competitors are cjoing- to be the Connecticut people.

When I came through Washington nn Monday. I stopped
at the Agricultural Department to tell some of my friends I
was coming up to Connecticut to the Connecticut Horticul-
tural meeting, and the officials of the Department of Agricul-
ture told me : '"You will find some live wires up there, those
are hustling, go-ahead people." And when I stopped in New
York to see a friend from \'irginia who has an orchard down
in A'irginia. he said : "Tell the Connecticut Pomological So-
ciety they don't know it. but I joined and paid my dollar
because they are live, go-ahead people and I want to be with
them," and that is the estimation in which you are held outside
of your own state. ( Applause. )

\Miile I am telling you these somewhat fragmentary
stories I have a series of photographs here that I am going to
ask the Secretary to pass around to the audience, and you will
find at the bottom of each picture a legend describing the view.
You see there is a method in this scheme, because it is easier for
me to talk if \ou are looking at the photographs and not
paying so much attention to the speaker.

Now they say we are developing in the little valley of \'ir-
ginia in some ways along correct lines. In other ways we are
just as far behind as anybody can be. We have not been able
yet to perfect any fruit growers' association so far as selling
our produce is concerned, but we have developed an organiza-
tion for some other purposes, and if I have time I would like
to make some suggestions to you on that line. We have an
organization with regard to making fruit exhibits, and inci-
dentally you have a photograph there of a part of an exhibit
recently made at the State Horticultural Society at Frederick.
The judge at that show was the same that was the judge at
the great apple show at the Pacific Northwest ap])le show,
and he made the statement publicly after the show was over,
that it was the best exhibition of non-irrigated fruit that he
had ever seen up to that time. Of course, that was diplomat-

1 64 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ic, because he didn't want to put us in competition with tlie
irrigated fruit in the Northwest.

We had at that httle state meeting not so many people as
you have here, but about 600 boxes of apples on exhibition.

We are developing in another way, and 1 was a little bit
surprised to hear some of your people say yesterday that you
paid about 50 cents a barrel for cold storage.

We only pay for cold storage at Winchester 30 cents a
Ijarrel, and we have a capacity there of about 60.000 barrels,
and the proprietor of the cold storage plant has pledged
himself to the fruit growers to keep up with the demand what-
ever that may be.

I think that when I was here with you five years ago I
made the statement that, with the trees then planted, the
Shenandoah Valley of Virginia would produce a million
barrel of apples in ten years. My brother Hale denies that
statement and says I told you that the valley of Virginia would
produce 100,000,000 barrels in ten years. And in that con-
nection, if you will pardon somewhat the digression, I am re-
minded of a little story I saw not long ago about a witness on
the witness stand in court, and the attorney was trying to get
him to say something he didn't want to say, and he said :
"Now Mr. Jones, if you were going along Main street at one
minute past nine on IMonday morning, and a brick should fall
off the scafifold and hit you on the head, what would you call
it?" Mr. Jones promptly said: "I would call that an acci-
dent." "Well, now, Mr. Jones, suppose you went by that
same place at one minute past nine o'clock on the next Monday
morning, and another brick should fall off that same scaffold
and hit you on the head, what would you call that?" And Mr.
Jones said : "I would call that a coincidence." "Well,
suppose you passed by the same place at one minute past nine
o'clock the next Monday morning, and a piece of brick fell
off the scaffold and hit you on the head, what would you call
that?" And IMr. Jones said: "I would call that a habit."
( Laughter. )

Now scientific exaggeration is an accident witli me. on

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 165

certain special occasions it may be coincident. l)nt with J. H.
Hale it is a habit. (Laughter and applause.) With him it is
what the moving picture people call a continuous perform-
ance, (laughter) so I don't believe that I told you that.

\\& have great times down in Virginia sometimes with
our farmers' institutes. ^^ e have big farmers' institutes that
run three or four days, we get sometimes l.SOO people in the
opera house, and whenever things get a little dull, somebod)'
gets up on the platform and makes a crack at an old Dutch-
man by the name of Solenberg, and he always comes back and
starts things going and livens up the meeting. Now I miss
my guess if Hale isn't your Solenberg. (Loud laughter.)

However, I think I told you six years ago that we would
raise a million barrels of apples in the valley of Virginia in
ten years. This year, with four years to spare, the railroads
report to us that they moved 780,000 barrels of apples from
the valley this year. I think that probably I will reach the
limit before the ten years are up.

The prices that we secure for our fruit are varied, as it
should be, because it is varied in quality. The best growers
last year received three dollars a barrel for red fruit, which
with us means everything except the Albemarle Pippin, and
four dollars a barrel for the Albemarle Pippin.

Now one of the surprising things to me is that in looking
over your list of varieties for which you offer premiums, there
is not a single apple on that list that we grow, except Ben
Davis. I have often wondered what the Ben Davis was good
for, and now I believe it was made to be the connecting link
between the North and the South.

When we think of the tremendous number of varieties
that are successful under varied conditions of soil and climate,
it only gives me an idea of what our country is capable of if
properly developed.

Now just a word about our varieties. The York Imper-
ial, which you don't grow here at all. is our great money
maker. The yield of fruit it carries is tremendous, the tree
is a good grower and grows very rapidly, and altogether, it is

l66 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the most satisfactory apple we grow. It has some weakness-
es, it is subject to cedar rust. And I think if you good Con-
necticut people have never seen an orchard badly infected
with cedar rust, you have something to learn. We see whole
acres practically defoliated with cedar rust, and it is a very
serious problem with us. A good many of us are planting
some of the varieties of fancy box apples.

At the recent State Horticultural Show at Roanoke, was
a box of Virginia Delicious, and the originator of that apple,
who was at the show, bought a Ijox of Delicious and sent it
back to Oregon, as an example of what the apple would do
grown in the East. I presume he was expecting, first of all,
to undertake to show that it was satisfactory over a wide
extent of country.

We are growing Jonathan to some extent, although it de-
velops two bad faults, it drops early and doesn't keep. It de-
velops what some people call the Baldwin spot, but it is more
serious than that. The Winesap is not grown extensively on
the west side of the mountains, but is grown on the east side.
The Albemarle Pippin in Virginia, is nothing more than the
old Newtown Pippin, or the Hudson River Newtown Pippin,
which is known in the European market. If you will go into
the question, you will find it originated as the Hudson River
or Virginia Newtown Pippin, or the Albemarle Pippin, as it
is called dow^n there. It is the great apple that we grow at
Winchester, but I don't think it excels the New York apple of
the same name, although a trifle bit more shiny. It does not
excel the New York Pippin in flavor.

When I came up from Virginia this week, I thought I
brought with me four boxes of Newtown Albemarle Pippins,
as we call them, but I found when I got up here that my man
had made a mistake and I had got only three boxes of Pippins
and oiie box of Ben Davis. Of course, I am not going to
ofifer you a sample of Virginia Ben Davis this afternoon, but
I am going to ask your officers to have a table placed in
front of the platform here, and put these three boxes of Al-
bemarle or \'irginia Newtown Pippins down on the table, and

TWENTIETH ANXUAL MEETING. 167

I would like very much to have every one of you, as far as
they will go, take a sample of the genuine Albemarle Pippin.
(Applause.) We don't regard the Albemarle Pippin as being
the best money-maker, although of the highest quality fruit.
It is not a prolific bearer, and will not come into profitable
bearing under ten or twelve years, and is subject, the apple
and foliage both, to every disease known to^ horticulture, still
we manage to grow them fairly well.

We are progressing in another way in Virginia, espe-
cially at Winchester, the county seat of Frederick county.
We are beginning to talk fruit down there almost as contin-
uously as they do in Hood River and Wenatchee. Our people
are taking it up, and one of our National Banks, the Farmers'
and ?\Ierchants', has bulletin boards in the main lobby of the
bank, and each man's name is put on the bulletin board, and
the number of bushels he has to sell. No further information
is given, but when a buyer comes to Winchester and wants
to know how many apples there are and who has got them
and where the man is, he goes to the bank and they tell him.
And as soon as any man sells his crop of apples, he goes to
the bank and there is a little card displayed opposite his name
"apples are sold." The president of that bank told me just
before I left to come here, that his bank paid out over
$600,000 this year for apples, the apple dealers having that
for their headquarters.

Another development took place this year in Winchester
for the first time, there were 40,000 or 50,000 bushels of
apples handled in Winchester that were not grown in the state
of Virginia. I mean b}- that that the buyers come there as
headquarters, half a dozen or twenty of them during the apple
season, and the growers are now beginning to understand
they can come to Winchester any time between the first of
August and the first of September and find a number of apple
buyers ready to do business, and they sometimes bring samples
of their fruit, and usually if they take the buyer to their
orchards in Maryland, in Pennsylvania or western \'irginia.
the buver comes back to W'inchester and tlie l)usiness is trans-

l68 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

actedi from that point. We regard that as a very hopeful
sign, and if we make that the central point of the, apple busi-
ness in Winchester by increasing our cold storage capacity
and inducing the buyers to make that their headquarters, and
induce the growers to come there and sell their goods, we
think we are going to get railroad facilities much more than
we have had before. The great market for us is the south, they
want the fruit we grow, and the Norfolk and Western
railroad which runs directly south, passes within nine miles
of Winchester, and there is some talk of making a connection
over there by trolley or steam branch, connecting with the
Norfolk and Western. A few years ago we got the Penn-
sylvania railroad into Winchester, also we have the Baltimore
and Ohio, and there is some talk now of getting the Southern
railroad, one of the chief branches of which runs within about
eighteen miles of us, and we are hoping very much when this
is done we can get the attention we deserve.

Without in any way boasting, I really believe that the
meadow section or lower part of the Shenandoah Valley is
attracting more attention to-day in the way of apple culture
and apple growing than any other one place east of the Rocky
Mountains.

We have some serious trouble, as was brought out here
yesterday. The warm, muggy days of August are apt to
bring us severe attacks of bitter rot. Some years ago it
seemed as though bitter rot would exterminate our orchards,
but the government came to our rescue and established a
station down in Albemarle county, and Professor Scott and
others whom you are familiar with, spent two or three days
in work down there, and finally discovered a method of
treatment for bitter rot, so we are not now seriously troubled.

In that same connection about four years ago, the gov-
ernment established what in effect was an experiment station
in our own orchard. They have fifteen acres of orchard of
my own, composed of York Imperials, Ben Davis, and the
Yellow Newtown, and they are trying all sorts of experi-
ments in spraying, cultivation and fertilization, and we have

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 169

got the greatest benefit. I never feel like talking to an aud-
ience of horticulturists without expressing my gratitude for
the work that the United States Department of Agriculture
has done for us in Virginia. We are only about two hours
and a half from Washington, so that the gentlemen can come
up easily, and last summer what I conceived to be a rather
remarkable circumstance occurred in my orchard, and I am
going to take time to tell you about it, thinking maybe
something of the sort might help you.

Dr. Waite of the Department of Agriculture, had been
■conducting those experiments in the orchard all summer. In
the latter part of August he had a field meeting; and it was
an interesting thing to the apple growers, one hundred and
fifty of whom were present. I was interested to find out how
they took the lecture, that they came to hear. I had that same
idea, that a man ought to know where he is going, for if he
doesn't he will never know when he gets there, and I wanted
to see how many of those fellows had that disposition. So I
circled around on the outskirts of the crowd, and observed,
to my surprise, and somewhat to my chagrin, that a good
many of the fruit growers were cranky, they wanted to be
shown, they didn't know about this spray or that spray, and
they didn't know about this way to trim trees, and I didn't
altogether like the attitude.

About two weeks later, when I had fifty or sixty men in
the orchard picking apples, I said : "Dr. Waite, will you try
that experiment over again, I am going to have all my men,
just ordinary farm labor, come down out of the mountains
for apple picking work, and I am going to have those fellows
come here at dinner time, and I want you to take them
through the experiment, and lecture to them just like you lec-
tured to our peoi)le.'' Well, the first sign I noticed was a feeling
of pleasure on the part of those men at the fact that we had
iDeen considerate enough to take them through that course.
Some of them had been working at it all summer, hut didn't
Icnow anything about it. Dr. Waite took those men, a good
many of whom couldn't read or write, and spent half a

170 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.-

day in going around through that fifteen acres, and explain-
ing what kind of material this tree had been sprayed with, or
what he had done to this tree, and how this one had been
treated. And I stepped around the outskirts and listened, and
those men were just as intensely interested, and they hting
around, and Dr. Waite was crowded so that he could hardly
have elbow room, and they found all sorts of things on the
gound under the trees, on the limbs, in the trees and on the
fruit, that they wanted to know about, that I believe, my
friends, that when we got through with that experiment, those
men were better apple pickers, and they did better work for
me the next day than they had ever done before, and they are
coming back again next year. I believe that was the first
attempt with anything like that sort of a crowd of workmen
in the state of Virginia.

With regard to our exhibits, the State Horticultural So-
ciety, like yours, had been in existence some twenty-five years,
but up to nine years ag'o had never made an exhibit of fruit.
Nine years ago we had our meeting in Lynchburg, Virginia,
and before the meeting I thought the time had come to make
some sort of a fruit exhibit. So I went around through my
county, and I went out to what we call the Pine Hill section
of the state, land which is not considered very valuable, and
I bought half a bushel of peaches that I had happened to see
out there on another occasion, which was very fine. Then I
went to another farmer and he gave me those big turnips that
I had stumbled on, and then I came back through a neighbor's
orchard. I wrapped the peaches and turnips and apples in
paper, including some York Imperials from a neighboring
orchard, and Pippins from my own, and took them in a flour
barrel. And when I landed in Lynchburg, I had to go and
buy two kitchen tables and put on the floor in the main hall
right down in front of me, and that was the first apple show
ever made by the State Horticultural Society in Virginia,
nine vears ago. So we are making progress, and you are
making progress.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 171

I came here to see you some six years ago, and according
to my best recollection, there wasn't an apple exhibit in your
meeting. I think we are a little ahead of you yet, and I think
we can keep ahead.

We want something else beside money, but we are going
to try to keep ahead there in Virginia, and wc are going to,
if it takes some time. We are going to advertise our stufif. and
we think we have got a pretty good proposition.

Xow, it is approaching the hour of adjournment, but I
am going to risk tiring you just five minutes longer.

Last winter a number of apple dealers from Chicago and
New York came to Washington to appear before the Com-
mittee on Agriculture and advocate the LaFean bill, which
was nothing more nor less than to standardize apple grading
and packing, making a standard barrel and box and packing
and grading, and I met Hale there, of course I ahvays
meet him where there is anything to be done for the fruit in-
terests of the country, and we appeared before the Committee
on Agriculture. W^e also met from fifty to sixty men from
Washington and Oregon, violently opposing that standardi-
zation of apple packing and packages. They had for their
personal counsel jNIr. Benjamin Poindexter, who has since
been elected to the Senate of the United States, and I under-
stand largely on account of the interest he has taken in the
fruit growers of his state, and they were opposed to any
standardization of apple packing and packages, and they beat
the bill. Now I don't know why. We have been taught to
believe that Oregon and Washington were the two states of
all the Union that wanted standardization, but apparently they
do not. I prophesied this, that the time w^ould come wdien
they would be knocking at the doors of the Capitol to get the
very bill through they were opposing at that time.

Well, at that time the Oregon people were particularly
bumptious, as I thought, about what they were doing, and T
had secured some figures from the Agricultural Department
before I had gone up to the Capitol, and I made this
statement. I made the statement that Winchester, \irginia.

172 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

which is the county seat of Frederick county, had shipped
more apples in the year 1909 than the whole state of Oregon,
and that the adjoining county in West A'irginia had shipped
as many as the whole state of Washington. At once there was
an uproar, but fortunately the authorities from the Agri-
cultural Department were present in the room and had
the figures. I merely mention that to show the de-
velopment here in the East. x^nd what struck me as
being one of the most practical things about that state-
ment, after I got through and the Committee adjourned,
a representative from A'irginia, my own state, from Richmond,
who expects to be chairman of the Committee on Agriculture
of the next House, came down on the floor of the committee
and introduced himself to me. I knew him before but he
didn't know me, and he said : "I am very glad to know you,
Mr. Lupton, and I am surprised at the statements you have
made about the way you are growing apples. I didn't know
Virginia grew any apples." Now there you are, a man that
expects to be chairman of the Committee on Agriculture in
the next House who didn't know that his own state was
growing apples. So you see what we have got to overcome.
As a result of that meeting in Washington, we found out
these eastern apple growers were not united on anything, not
because our purposes were not identical, but simply because
we didn't get together. So about two months ago a number
of men representing West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, organized what was
called at that time the Eastern Fruit Growers' xA.ssociation, the
objects of which were to secure such legislation as would be
of interest to the fruit grower. First we thought we might
have something to say about the parcels post ; then we thought
we would like to have the Secretary of Agriculture give au-
thority to prevent the sending of infected nursery stock. Then
we thought we would like to have some standard packing and
packages. We didn't sa}- anything about the tariff, because
I guess we didn't quite dare to.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 173

It pleases me to come up here from Virginia, I declare,
gentlemen, it does me good, to hear you Connecticut fellows
scrapping about the tariff. I am reminded of a little couplet
that some congressmen got off in a tariff' debate a year or two
ago. The condition was exemplified here this morning when
Professor Henrv got through with his remarks. As indicat-
ing the situation in the mind of the people about the tariff', he
said when the battle began :

"Come Billy boy blue,

Come blow your horn nice,

Blow hell out of cotton

But don't touch rice."

Although I am ready to discuss apples, I know just a little
more about where I stand myself, and I am not ready to
discuss tariff questions with Connecticut. My experience leads
me to believe that if we had an Eastern Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, we might at least tell our representatives to let apples
alone on the reciprocity business anyhow. But, however
that may be, we have gotten along in the w^ay I told you, but
we want your co-operation. We want you to send delegates
from your society, we w^ant your personal co-operation. And
to repeat what I said last night, I understand you expect to
ihave an Eastern New England Fruit show in Boston next
year, then I understand there is going to be a fruit show at
Rochester next year, and there is to be one in Virginia next
year, and maybe one in ^Maryland.

Now, my friends, it is the same old story over again, and
that is a fact, that united we stand and divided we fall. I, for
one, believe it is true that these fruit shows all over the East
divide up our interests, divide up our ability to make a greater
exhibit. Why, those western fellows are united and are going
to keep ahead of us. Now I believe that if we can get togetli-
er on some sort of a program which will obviate such jealous-
ies and local criticisms, get together on some sort of a united
plan of having a big Eastern Apple Show either next winter
or the winter after, we will just put a crimp on those fellows

174 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. »

from the Pacific Northwest that they will never get over, and
I should like exceedingly to see that done.

I am very sorry I didn't bring more apples. I have plenty
of them in cold storage. Now don't understand these apples
that are being distributed are any better than your Connecticut
apples, but they are just different, that is all.

Now, Mr. President, I think I have detained you people
about as long as I ought. It is about time for adjournment,
and with your permission, I think I will close my talk at this
point. (Applause.)

Mr. Lupton's splendid address of nearly an hour, was at-
tentivelv listened to and appreciated by all present. The audi-
ence especially appreciated ]\Ir. Lupton's gift of samples of
Virginia grown Albemarle Pippin apples which were distrib-
uted at the close of the address. All were glad of an opportun-
itv of tasting the high quality of these famous apples, several
boxes of which had graced the stage earlier in the meeting.
Mr. Lupton's presence and the inspiration of his address added
greatly to the success of the convention.

President Rogers : We are going to open the session
this afternoon at one-thirty. Vice-President Drew will be
in charge and Prof. Wilson of New York is going to give
a demonstration in apple packing right on the stage before
vou. Be sure and be here on time. We will now take a recess
until one-thirty.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 175

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The final session of the annual meeting opened at 1 :45,
with \'ice-President Drew in the chair.

The contents of the Question Box and questions from the
program hst were taken up for discussion.

Vice-President Drew: A gentleman has just handed
me this questoin: "Why should 90 per cent of a 400-tree
apple orchard be barren after blossoming full, and the next
orchard over the fence be bearing fine?"

Prof. Gulley : You mean full of blossoms? Did the
gentleman see the orchard after they bloomed?

Mr. Eddy : Yes.

Prof. Gulley : Both the same varieties ?

Mr. Eddy : No, dififerent varieties.

Prof. Gulley : There might be a dozen difi:'erent
reasons. If one of them was scabby the year before that
might account for it. To my mind you might have a storm
or wind on your farm, and on the next orchard not severe,
and that wouldn't surprise me at all. Simply because the two
farms adjoin, I hardly ever like to make a diagnosis. We
know that one part of the orchard not being thoroughly
sprayed might make considerable difference. Then it is a
matter of setting of the fruit. The varieties might make some
-difference. It would be very hard to tell about all the condi-
tions. It w'ill happen in all sorts of orchards. Full blossom-
ing doesn't mean a setting of fruit always, by any manner of
means.

Vice-President Drew : We have still quite a number
of questions on tli€ program list that haven't been taken up
yet. Possibly some of these you are interested in, and if
someone will suggest some of th.ese questions we will take
them up for discussion.

A Member: Xumber 21 : "What new apples are worth
planting ?"

176 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Vice-President Drew : That was pretty well thrashed
out yesterday afternoon.

Mr. WiLCQix: Number 27, "Who would advise planting-
grapes in Connecticut for profit, and what about currants?""

Vice-President Dre\\' : I will call on Prof. Gulley
again.

Prof. Gulley : As to currants, I don't know. As to
grapes, a man who is handling fruits for local markets, espe-
cially if he has got peaches, it is very nice to have grapes to
go with them, to carry out the season, but for money in grapes
in this state, there isn't any money in it, and that is true.
Those New York fellows can put them down here much lower
than we can. Some of those foreigners may make a success
in growing grapes, but for the ordinary fruit grower, except
in connection with other stuff, to carry out the season, I don't
beli.eve in it, myself.

Vice-President Drew : Now about currants, I believe
currants in Connecticut are a highly profitable proposition.
Most of the currants in the Boston and New York markets
come from along the banks of the Hudson, and I don't know
why we can't grow them as cheap as anybody else. The
market is unlimited and the market in every other state is
good, and currants can be grown so cheaply that an enormous
quantity can be grown on one acre. In fact, I met a man in
Rochester who took in $900 of gross receipts oft' from one
acre. He is very enthusiastic, he has got acres and acres
growing in the western end of New York and is shipping them
to Boston.

Mr. Platt : I would like to know about number 3 :
"Is there any use of buying potash to fertilize our rocky hill
lands?" Mr. Hale, if he was here, could probably answer
that as well as anyone. What would you say, Mr. Drew?

Mr. Drew : I should imagine if anybody was growing
fruit on rocky hill lands, they would find it probably advisa-
ble to use a certain amount of potash, at least some potash in
some quickly available form.

TIVENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 177

Question number 8 : "What results have been obtained
by using- basic slag on apples and peaches?"

Vice-President Drew : There are other people here
more competent to answer it, or answer it a good deal better
than I can. There is Air. Barnes, of Barnes Brothers, you
have seen their fruit, and I believe he is a large user of basic
slag, in fact, I think most of the large growers in Connecticut
are using it in preference to acid phosphate. For myself, I
have used it for the last five years on peaches and apples, and
I thoroughly believe in it. You hear a lot of people telling
about using lime on fruit lands. And if you can get it in that
connection, why, basic slag would be good, too, from 17 to
19 per cent of phosphoric acid, and anywhere from 30 to 50
per cent of lime. And the experiment stations tell us when
they use this Wagener method of analysis you have about 16
per cent of that, that is available, (that is phosphoric acid),
and the basic slag is soluble, and that is what is now sold.
For all practical purposes it is just as valuable. And I take
it from the orders that all these large people in Connecticut
are giving, and the amount they are using, that they believe
in it. There is one thing about it that hasn't been mentioned,
and that is that basic slag contains a large amount of iron,
and a lot of people think that may account for the very deep
green color it gives to the foliage. Of course, a certain amount
of iron and phosphate might help that. Now there is a
question, will basic slag help color the fruit ? I think, myself,
it is in particularly good form to do that. All other condi-
tions being favorable, I think it will aid in gettingr a good
color on the fruit, and I think that is one of the greatest
problems in New England. I think basic slag, in connection
with potash, is the best fertilizing element to use.

A Member : How does it compare in price with acid
phosphate ?

'Mr. Drew : I don't know, I don't buy acid phosi)hate,
so I don't know what the price is. I imagine slag is $13 or
$14 a ton, and I should imagine where you buy it in large
quantities it is even cheaper than that. The growers in Con-

178 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

necticut this year have combined pretty well, and bouo;ht it
to very good advantage.

A Member: Less than $13 by the car load?

Mr. Drew : I don't know just what they paid for it, I
wouldn't say exacth', but I think there has been some ver}-
large orders put in for several hundred tons, where they have
bought it as cheap as that.

A Member: Is there any danger in using acid phos-
phate ?

Mr. Drew : Why, I don't know, m}self. I think on
some things acid phosphate is all right. If a person is growing
asparagus it is all right. I wouldn't use basic slag on pota-
toes, it will make them scab, and some people believe that
strawberries and blackberries do well on an acid soil. Still.
I think probably there are some soils on which acid phosphate
would do just as well for the phosphoric acid as basic slag
would, but on apples and peaches and pears, and most of the
tree fruits, I believe phosphoric acid as, supplied by basic slag,
is better than acid phosphate, but still, of course, it is a
question where people differ.

A Member: How much to the acre?

Mr. Drew : Depending entirely on your land. Some
fruit growers in Connecticut use it as high as 1,000 pounds
per acre, and I don't know but more. I have never used it
more than 400 or 500 pounds, myself.

Question Number 5 : "What are the best combinations
of cover crops?"

Vice-President Drew : Will Mr. Frank Piatt answer
that question ?

Mr. Platt: I have tried some cover crops, and I have
fallen back on Russian vetches. I haven't used it in orchards
so much, but I have used it as an incentive to grow crops of
corn. I usually sow about a couple of pounds to the acre.
Crimson clover is a little too uncertain. A good crop with us,
is the exception rather than the rule. We have very good
results with red clover, but not as good as with vetches.
Vetches have been prohibitive in the past on account of the

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 179

high price of the seed, but at the present time the price is
within reach, and the crop has never failed.

Prof. Gulley : Last week I heard of a new mixture, one
bushel of oats, 15 pounds of vetches, 8 pounds of clover, and
half a pound of cow-horn turnip. I thought that was a pretty
good mixture.

Vice-President Drew : Here is another question which
has been called for: "What is the best treatment for winter
apples during the first month after picking?" If a person had
cold storage, I don't think there would be much question what
to do with them when you got them picked and packed, and
that is to put them into cold storage. If you haven't got cold
storage facilities, why, the best thing is the old-fashioned cellar
storage, I should suppose.

A Member : I would say I have had the best success in
putting them in the cellar, opening it when the wind is good,
and shutting it when there is moisture. I certainly should not
advise piling them up outside, or even barreling them up and
putting outside, as we used to do.

Vice-President Drew : Here is a question : "Why is
the chemical action superior with the home mixture of lime
and sulphur?" That is, I understand it, why is the commer-
cial lime and sulphur superior? Do I understand that is the
question, why is commercial lime and sulphur superior to the
home made mixture? Is that the meaning of that question?

A Member : Hardly, but I think the question there is
one we had up yesterday, as to why is a concentrate or a dilu-
tion of lime and sulphur preferable to the home-mixed lime
and sulphur?

Dr. Clinton : Going back to the question of the com-
mercial, compared with Scott's mixture, I think if I may
answer the question, the point is that at last we have come to
the opinion that the reason that the concentrate, properly di-
luted, is more satisfactory than home-boiled lime and sulphur
for the control of apple scab, is that when the spray dries on
the trees, the sulphur, which is the active principle, is much

l8o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

more finely divided, more evenly divided, and acts more ef-
fectively on the fungus.

A Member: I would like to hear question number 31,
and especially the quince part of it: "Why are vv'e not giving
more attention to growing such fruits as the cherry, plum and
quince?" Quinces are getting to be in good demand at the
present time.

Mr. George F. Platt: Mr. Chairman, al)out thirty
years ago I planted an acre of quince orchard, and with two
exceptions I have had a good crop every year since. They
are quite a profitable crop with us, and we get sometimes 500
baskets to the acre, and from that down to 200. Every year
we get a crop, and since we have been spraying, we get
pretty good fruit, and get a pretty good price. It is all right
with us.

A Member : Do you cultivate ?

Mr. Platt: I think I cultivated for about fifteen years.
The trees are 20 feet apart, and they came so close together
it is very difficult to cultivate. Now I let my stock run through
it and do not cultivate it at all. We sprayed the trees with Bor-
deaux once, and I have no trouble with blight at all. About
ten years ago we were troubled a little with blight, but it i^
not like the pear blight, it doesn't spread over the orchard.
We haven't had any of the blight for ten years.

Mr. Wilcox : When do you spray ?

Mr. Platt: I spray when the quinces are about as big
as marbles.

Mr. Wilcox : Any borers ?

Mr. Platt: Yes, we have borers, but we don't prune our
trees. The quince naturally throws up a great many sprouts,
and some of the old trunks are pretty well pierced with borers,
but there is enough left to make a tree, and enough young ones
come up so that the orchard keeps growing every year. We
cut out the branches that the borers have killed and still have
tree enough left. We tried to kill the borers in the quince, tried
to get them out when the orchard was young, but they are such
a bad insect to kill with a wire or by cutting out. that they go

TIVENTJETH ANNUAL MEETING. i8l

right into the body of the wood, the body of the tree, in the
center of the trunk, and you can't get the plaguev things out.
So twent}- years ago I thought I would try to get ahead of
them, for it was cultivated then, so I made a mound around
each tree four feet high and five feet in diameter, way up into
the branches, and I thought as the borer usually worked close
to the ground, I would get ahead of him, but I couldn't do it.
They went to the top of the mound and started right in there
just the same. But the mounds are still there and we get good
fruit, and it is quite a profitable acre.

Vice-President Drew : We will now have to take up
the first address of the afternoon, on "Up-to-Date Methods of
Packing Apples." We are very fortunate in having with us
Prof. C. S. Wilson, of the New York State College of Agri-
culture, who I am pleased to introduce.

Professor Wilson then gave a very practical and illumin-
ating address on apple packing, having on the stage a modern
packing table and the various appliances with which to illus-
trate his remarks.

Up-to-date Methods of Packing Apples.

By Prof. C. S. Wilson, Professor of Pomology, New York State Col-
lege of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.

Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, it is a source of great
pleasure to be able to meet with you fruit growers of Con-
necticut, my neighbor fruit growers, so to speak, to discuss
your problems with you, and to see what you have been doing,
as is shown by the exhibits here.

I am very much pleased to see the apple growers of Con-
necticut start packing in boxes. While coming here, — coming
down through the state, I will say this with all sincerity, I am
enthused with the work you are doing and with the opportunity
which you have before you. I, myself, have been, as Mr.

l82 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Drew has, through the widely advertised sections of the West,
and I will say this, there are just as great opportunities for
fruit growing right here in the East as there are in any of
those western sections ; with the same kind of intelligence and
labor, the economic returns would be the same.

As I said, I am glad to see the growers of Connecticut
starting to put up their fruit in boxes. I believe the question
of packing of apples is one of the greatest questions, the
greatest problems, which the fruit grower of the East has
before him at the present time. I believe that the time has
come when we must improve or totally reconstruct our methods
of packing. Now you are all familiar with the success of the
western grower with box packing. Many of you here this af-
ternoon probably, many 5f you growers, possibly feel that the
barrel which we are now using is not the package for some
particular varieties. Don't misunderstand me now. I will
explain myself. Some of you, as shown by the exhibit down-
stairs, have already used the box package ; probably more of
you would have used the box package this fall if you knew
where to get the boxes and about packing, etc., that is, you
didn't exactly know what to do or how to do it, and it is the
purpose of my little talk this afternoon to put before you such
information regarding the box and the methods of packing as
will enable you to put up a first class box package, and I want
to speak incidentally of better packing for barrels, which I
think is also an important question.

Now the first question that comes to us when we approach
this box packing problem, is what varieties shall we in the
East put up in a box, that is, when we are starting out. I will
frankly confess that it is a mighty hard question to answer.
After thinking it all over, I have come to this conclusion, that
when we start out, let us start out for tlie box package with our
fancy varieties and see how they work out. We may find that
the box is adapted to all varieties, and we may find that the
box is not the package for us here in the East, but I think we
will find it is best for our fancv varieties.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 183

Xow let us appr(\'ich thra problem from the standpoint of
the market. Most of us liere know that a large part, possibly
the larger part, of our apples, are used for cooking purposes.
I think that is a common ground, we will all agree to that, such
as the Baldwin. For those varieties, it seems to me, that the
barrel which we now use is well adapted. I don't see any
reason for fancy packed apples of that kind at the present time.
We might mention such varieties as the Baldwin, Rhode Island
Greening, Ben Davis and varieties of that kind.

We are, however, growing a large number of fancy varie-
ties for eating purposes, that is, varieties that go on the tables of
those who are willing to pay a fancy price for them, and the
number of those varieties which we are crowingf is constantly
increasing. For those varieties the box is the better package, it
seems to me, than the barrel. As a matter of fact, the barrel
is not well adapted for those fancy varieties. In the first place,
it is too big, in the second place, it does not adapt itself to
careful packing and attractive packing. The box is the better
size, it is smaller, and it also adapts itself in a manner for
careful and attractive packing. We might mention such vane-
ties afe the Mcintosh. And by the way, I saw a box of Mc-
intosh reds that certainly was fine. If you people in Connecti-
cut can grow the Mcintosh as that box was, then I say for
goodness' sake grow the Mcintosh. It is way up in quality,
at the very top, and sells high in price, and is verv fine. It is
one of the best varieties. It is a crime for any man to put n
Mcintosh into a barrel. I won't say it is a crime, but I think
it is a pity. The Mcintosh, the Spitzenberg, the Yellow New-
town, the King. Jonathan, Wealthy, and those varieties, are
well adapted to boxes.

Then we have some varieties which we might say come
right in between the box package and the barrel package.
Baldwins, for example, might be mentioned, that is, we might
put the Baldwins in a barrel or box, according to the market.
And by the way, if I were Mr. Flale, and could grow as fine
Baldwins as he has down there in that barrel, I believe I would
put them in a box. They were certainly fine Baldwins, and

l84 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

with all due respect to Air. Hale, I don't believe that any of
lis, — I will put it this way, I haven't seen any better Baldwins
this year than Mr. Hale's Baldwins, and put up in boxes they
are certainly fine.

So I say the Baldwins might ccn^e in either a barrel or a
box. Then we might mention also Rhode Island Greenings.
Possibly the Greening would pack well in a box. But, fruit
growers of the East, let me say this, and I appeal to you
strongly, when you are beginning to put apples in a box, for
the reputation of our fruit here' in the East, do not put such
varieties as the Ben Davis into a box. I don't believe that is
an}- place for it. (Applause.) In the first place, ycu all know
you ought not to be growing Ben Davis anyway, and in tb.e
second place, don't put it in a box, and I might say some of our
best growers in New York state, the largest growers, put the
Gano and Ben Davis in boxes this fall, and that is going to
give New York apples a bad reputation. I say, if we are going
to begin this box packing, let us begin right, put the right va-
rieties in and then put up a good pack. (Applause.)

Now right here I want to correct an opinion that seems
to me is an erroneous opinion, in regard to the boxing of
apples. Some of the growers seem to think that in order to
put up a box apple it is necessary to pick out from the run of
an average all fine specimens, thus depreciating the rest that
they put in the barrel. Such is not the case. To be sure, box
fruit ought to be first class, but, in the case of a box of fruit,
Igraded as to size, small, medium and large, the small being
put in a box by themselves, the medium by themselves and the
large by themselves ; hence, if our fruit is first grade, it is going
to fail in one of those sizes, and the small size is no less valua-
ble than the larger sizes. If we pack our best varieties in a
box, then we would put into that box the run of the average,
graded on a basis of size, the box and the pack adapted to that
size.

Now the purpose, as I said before, of my little talk this
afternoon, is to show you methods of packing apples, so T will
get right at that immediately. In order that you might have

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 185

something definite to carry away vvith you this afternoon,
instead of what I might merely say, I have had prepared and
passed around a Httle folder. I think this folder will give yon
in a nutshell the information which \ou want in case you were
going to pack apples in a box, and I will refer to that as I talk.

There are one or two changes I want to make. I have
changed my mind since I made that out. and I want to make
a few corrections.

In the first place, I want to make a distinction between a
well-packed box of apples and a poorly packed box of apples,
because I want you men here in Connecticut, if you start this
box package, and I hope tliat some of you will, as a matter of
fact, I know you will, — I want to see you start right. It cer-
tainly means a lot for the reputation of your fruit. Let me see
if I can explain what I mean.

Here is a well-packed box of apples, every apple fairly
uniform in size and color, neatly wrapped, every apple placed
systematically and regularly in a layer, and snugly, so there is
no moving, one layer placed snugly and neatly on top of the
other, at the top a proper bulge, and then the top of the box
nailed on neatly, I think you will all agree that a box packed
like that is an attractive box.

Now as to the practical operation of

Apple Packing.

The packing of apples is an exceedingly important ques-
tion at the present time. We Xew York and New England
growers are 'beginning to realize that the time has come to im-
prove, if not wholly reconstruct, our methods of packing. The
success of the box package in the West has been brought forci-
bly to our attention. Some of us, perhaps most of us, believe
that the western box is the best package for some of our va-
rieties, and a few of our growers have tried boxing some of
their fancy fruit. Probably more would have tried the box
had they known wliat pack to use and how t(* make it, where
to get the boxes and the press. The difficulty was that we
knew hardly what to do or how to do it. The purpose of my

1 86 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

talk this morning is to discuss briefly with you the varieties we
may pack in the box and to place before you such information
regarding the box, packs, and packing as you would need to
put up a first-class box pack. I wish also to discuss briefly
better packing for our barrels.

The first question which comes to us as we approach the
problem is: What varieties shall we pack in the box? Let
us analyze this question from the standpoint of the market,
that is, how and by whom are our apples consumed? Keep \n
mind now the varieties which we grow. A large part, the
larger part, perhaps, of our apples are used for cooking pur-
poses— Rhode Island Greenings, Ben Davis, Baldwin, and the
like. For such varieties the barrel, which we now use, is well
adapted. There is no need of a fancy package.

We are, however, growing a large number of high quality
varieties for dessert and eating purposes. For such varieties
the box is admirably adapted and I believe should be used
more widely. As a matter of fact, the barrel is not well adapted
to such varieties. In the first place, it is too kirge, and in the
second place, it is not adapted to careful packing, on account
of which too many of our apples are bruised. The box is a
much better size, and adapts itself economically to careful and
fancy packing. For this pack we would use such as the
Northern Spy, Mcintosh, Fameuse, Esopus, Spitzenberg,
Twenty Ounce, Wagener, Yellow Newtown, Jonathan and the
like. Some varieties might be packed in either the box or the
barrel, according to the market. The Baldwin, for example,
would be such a variety. The King might also be mentioned
here. We should not, however, for the reputation of our
boxed product, in the beginning, at least, box such varieties
as Ben Davis, Gano and the like. Some of our growers, I
regret to state, have been putting such varieties into the box.

I wish here to correct an erroneous impression which
seems to prevail in regard to boxed fruit. Some of our
growers think that, in order to get a good grade of apples for
boxing, it is necessary to sort out the fancy specimens of a
variety, thus depreciating the value of the rest, which we pack

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 187

in the barrel. Such is not the case. To be sure, boxed fruit
should be first class, but all such fruit is graded into different
sizes, small, medium and large, all of the small fruit being
packed together, the medium by itself, and so on. If, then,
an apple is first grade, as first grade should be, it will fall
into one of these sizes, and the smaller size is no less valuable
than the larger. Whatever we pack in the box, therefore,
would be the first grade fruit of the variety as it runs, sorted
into different sizes and packed in a box adapted to the size.

^Iethod of Packing. I wish- particularly this afternoon
to explain to you what a first-class box pack is and the method
of packing, so I shall proceed with this immediately. In order
that you may have something definite to carry away with you,
instead of mere spoken words, soon forgotten, I have prepared
and passed around this little folder. In case you wish to try
the packing in boxes, this will give you the information in a
nutshell.

In the first place, I want to explain v/hat a good pack is
and to show the difference between a good and a poor pack.
If we in Xew York and New England begin the box pack, we
must begin right. A poor pack will harm more than help.
Some growers who have used the box in this state have made
awful work of it. Let us start right.

What is a Good Pack? Apples uniform in size and
color; all neatly wrapped in paper; each specimen packed
snugly in its place ; each layer firm and tight ; with proper bulge
at the top and bottom. In a box thus packed, there is no
shaking or bruising, or shrinking in transportation.

\\'hat is a Poorly Packed Box? Apples uniform in
size and color, but not wrapped; instead of snugly placed,
apples loose in the rows, some shaking and rolling. A lining
paper is placed on top and another layer similarly set in ; so
on to the top. No uniform bulge ; fruit loose, rattles when the
box is shaken ; bruised more or less. Contrast this with the
well packed box. If we are going to pack any fruit, let us
pack it well.

188 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Box. Two size boxes are used in Oregon — Standard and
Special — with dimensions as follows: Standard, 10^ inches
by IH inches by 18 inches, inside measurement: Special, IG
inches by 1 1 inches by 20 inches, inside measurement. In both
cases the thickness of the box material is: Ends, f inch,
sides, f inch, thick enough not to bend or bulge and thin
enough to make light sides. Top, two pieces, ^ inch, thick
enough to be of sufficient strength, thin enough to bend and
make a good bulge. There should be two cleats for each top
and bottom. The sides of the box should be nailed with four
nails at each end of each side. The cleats should be put neatly
on the box and four nails driven through them and through
the top or bottom into the ends of the box. Five-penny
cement-coated nails are preferable; six-penny nails may be
used.

Packing table. A good type is shown. Tlie bed is
made usually four feet long and three feet wide, with two by
fours for legs. One end is extended on each side about a foot,
on which to rest the top of the box. Another board is ex-
tended, also, about a foot on each side and is screwed on the
bottom of the framework of the bed, and on this is rested the
lower end of the box. The table is covered with canvas, pre-
ferably double. The top layer should be loose, so that one
can conveniently shake off the dirt or leaves which may collect.
It is convenient to have shelves beneath the table on which
to place wrapping paper, lining paper, and the like. Also a
hod should be provided for each packer. This should be of
convenient size to hold wrapping paper, and so built that it
can be hung on the side of the box.

Box Press. This is the type of box press common in
the better fruit growing sections of the West. It is so ar-
ranged, as you see, to permit the bottom of the box to bulge
when the head is nailed. It is also arranged for different
length boxes, within certain limits. The ends of the top of
the box are caught and pressed down by means of the forked
arms, the work being done in such a manner as to avoid
bruising the apples.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 189

Wrapping Paper. Wrapping paper in the East can be
purchased at a wholesale paper store. Either light Manila
wrapper cr white newspaper grade may be used. 11ie grower
should have two sizes at hand, some 8 inches by 10 inches,
and some 10 inches by 10 inches. The approximate cost of
this paper is 30 cents per thousand sheets.

LixiX(; Pai'KK. The lining paper is made from news-
paper stock, size 18 inches by 24 inches. Appro.ximate cost
$1.15 per thousand sheets.

Layer Paper. In some cases it is necessary to use layer
paper to raise the height of the pack a little, in order to come
out right at the top. The grade of paper for this purpose is
colored tagboard. The size is \7\ inches by 11 inches or 20
inches by 9^ inches, according to the box. The approximate
cost is $7.50 per thousand sheets.

Packing. Before placing the apples on the packing table
they are usually graded into dift'erent sizes. This facilitates
very much the work of the packers. A sizer of this kind can
be used at the beginning, but one soon trains the eye to re-
cognize the sizes. Every apple is wrapped. The operation
is simple and easy and a matter of "knack" and practice. The
wrapped apple is then placed sinigly in its position in the box.
Several different kinds of packs are used, the most connnon
and best being the diagonal pack, as you see here. Another
kind of pack, less desirable, but quite commonly used, is the
straight pack. In order to give you definitely the make-up of
these packs I have had them printed in the circular. These
are the different sizes, number of rows, number of apples per
row, and th.e different size boxes, as used in Hood River this
fall.

The height of the box is so adapted to these packs that
•one comes out at the proper height very easil\-. It is neces-
sary for the packer, however, to get the proper bulge. This
is done by choosing a slightly thicker apple for the center of
the box, or in the case of a flat apple, io turn it on its end at
the ends of the box. When the box is full the bulge in the
center should be about one and one-half inches, and at the

190 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ends, the apples should extend above the box about a quarter
inch.

Heading. The box is taken from the packing- table to
the press and the top pressed in, placed, and nailed in this
manner. An inch and a half bulge gives, after nailing, a
bulge of three-fourths of an inch on both top and bottom.
This keeps the apples firmly in place and takes up any shrink-
age in transportation. When piled up, the boxes are placed
on their side, which, if the box is properly made, should not
bulge.

I think you will all agree with me that this box repre-
sents an extra fine pack. Every apple, as you see when I
shake it, is held firmly in place. It will stand handling and
transportation without bruising the apples.

If we growers in the East are planning to use the box
package — and I hope we all are for our fancy varieties — let
us use it right. Let every box which we put up be well packed.

TABLE OF COMMERCIAL BOX PACKS.

Size-Expressed

No.

No.

in No. apples

apples

layers

per box.

Tier.

Pack.

in row.

in depth.

Box used.

45

3

3 St.

5-5

3

Standard

54

3

3 St.

d-d

3

Special

63

3

3 St.

7-7

3

Special

64

y/2

2-2 Diag.

4-4

4

Standard

72

y/2

2-2 Diag.

4-5

4

Standard

80

3/2

2-2 Diag.

5-5

4

Standard

88

2>y2

2-2 Diag.

5-6

4

Standard

96

3^

2-2 Diag.

6-6

4

Special

104

v/2

2-2 Diag.

6-7

4

Special

112

^V2

2-2 Diag.

7-7

4

Special

120

y/2

2-2 Diag.

7-8

4

Special

128

4

4 St.

8-8

4

Special

144

4

4 St.

9-9

4

Special

150

4/.

3-2 Diag.

6-6

5

Standard

163

W2

3-2 Diag.

6-7

5

Standard

175

W2

3-2 Diag.

7-7

5

Standard

185

4^

3-2 Diag.

7-8

5

Special

200

,4/3

3-2 Diag.

8-8

5

Special

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 191

Barrel Packing. T wish to mention briefly one other
matter which it seems to me is exceedingly important at this
time, and that is, a better pack for our barreled apples. The
time has come, I believe, when we should grade our barreled
fruit in reference to sizes. In fact, such will be necessary
if we compete with our southern neighbors, who, though they
still use the barrel, put up an exceedingly attractive package.

Our present practice is, considering size only, to class
all specimens above two and one-half inches in diameter as
No. I's, putting all different sizes in the barrel together. Thus
we have in -the same barrel apples varying in size from two
inches to the largest — a medley of sizes — which look exceed-
ingly unattractive, to say the least. With but little additional
labor we could separate our different sizes, putting the small
apples together, the medium size apples together, etc., and
then carefully pack these different sizes separately in barrels.
Certainly this would improve the appearance of our fruit
immensely, and we would realize enough more for it to pay
for the additional cost several times over.

The proposed LaFean bill provides for this sizing. It
seems to me that this bill is a big step in advance, and even
though the eastern and western grower may have minor dif-
ferences, such minor differences should be set aside and the
more important features agreed upon and pushed. Whether
or not this legislation be enacted, we New England growlers
can improve our barrel packs by thus grading into sizes, and
then with a little more careful heading and handling, we can
place a much more superior article on the market.

In conclusion, permit me to point out the important points
which I wish you to remember. First, the varieties of our
fruit which you may pack in the box ; second, what a good
box pack is and how to pack it, and above all things, for the
reputation of eastern fruit, let us begin the box pack right :
third, the grading of our barreled apples according to size,
which appears to me to be an exceedingly important question

192 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

at the present time. I leave these thoughts with you for vour
earnest consideration.

I thank }ou for your attention.

Discussion.

A ^lEMiiiiR: Why is the bulge indispensable?

Prof. Wilson: The bulge acts as a spring to -take up
any slack in transportation, that is, with the proper bulge, a
box of apples starting on the Pacific Coast can be brought
clear across the continent, shipped to England, and still, v;hen
it gets to England, be tight, because if there is any slack, that
spring will take it up.

A AIember : I would like to inquire right here, has there
been any estimate made of how much die shrinkage will be ?

Prof. Wilson : I know of none. x\ll we do know is
this, that a bulge of an inch and a quarter or an inch and a
half has given us, after shipment to the market, a very fine
box, tight and all right. I can't answer that question any
further.

I think everyone of you will agree that that is a neat
package (pointing to box on the stage) that those apples on the
market will be attractive. And, by the way, I wish some of
you would go down to the markets and see the barreled apples
as they are rolled out onto a table to sell. I think all of us
would be surprised, and some of us wdio saw them packed
would swear up and dowai and all around, that they were not
the same apples after they got to the market. If you don't
believe that go right to the market and see it yourself. It
doesn't look right, it has a bad reputation.

Now a box of apples wdiich comes from the West has a
fine reputation. Why couldn't you men in Connecticut have
such a reputation for grading and packing apples, not only in
a box. but in a barrel, so that whenever your apples come on to
the market, Connecticut fruit will mean quality, and you can
have that reputation just as well as you can have any other
reputation.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 193

It seems to me that the time has come when we must
pack our fruit iu a barrel dififerently, that is, we should begin
to grade our barrel through on the basis of size. Why can't
we, with a very little extra labor, size the apples, putting the
smaller apples by themselves, and the larger apples in other
barrels by themselves? Certainly, with very little labor and
time we could do that, and a barrel packed that way, when
rolled out, would look much more attractive properly packed
and graded as to size.

I referred to the LaFean bill. The LaFean bill provides
for such grading as to size for our barrel apples, and it seems
to me it is a good step in advance. Although this bill may not
be the best, I think if you Connecticut fruit growers should
begin now to grade your barrel apples on the basis of size,
you would be surprised, I think, at the returns which you
would get.

In conclusion, then, I want to bring out first, the varieties
which you would pack, if you were going to pack in a box.
don't put Ben Davis in a box, put nothing but our best varie-
ties.

Second, if you pack in a box, for the reputation of our
fruit, pack well, and I would, in this connection, wrap every
single fruit. And then, in regard to the barrel fruit, think
over the proposition of grading our fruit as to size for the
barrel.

A Member : Do you put a layer paper between each
layer of apples?

Prof. Wilson : \A'en. that depends. Generally speaking
I put a layer paper in the bottom and one on the top. If the
apples are large enough they will come out properly without
the layer paper between the layers. If, however, they come
out a little shy, put in a piece of layer paper. I like, however,
to use no layer paper between the layers of apples.

A Member: I would like to inquire as to that matter of
the size of apples and grading in the LaFean bill. A great
many customers don't feel like buying a barrel of apples, and
the greatest question comes here with apples in a barrel, they

194 'THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAE SOCIETY.

don't know what size they are inside, and thev sav : "Are
those apples merchantable in their quality?"

Another thing. Seconds generally mean seconds, and it
is a bad thing to say seconds. You might say No. 2, but what
are you going to do, have a No. 3 grade also?

Prof. Wilson : You mean how are we going to distin-
guish sizes, and still keep the quality?

A Member: Yes.

Prof. Wilson : The LaFean bill says they shall be dis-
tinguished U. S. Standard size A, U. S. Standard size B, and
U. S. Standard Size C. Size C is just as high in quality as A
or size B. As a matter of fact. I had rather have size C than
size A, because they are not so big apples.

AIr. J. H. Hale: Mr. President, I want to endorse what
Prof. Wilson has said about that grading of apples, and the
remarks on the LaFean bill. It is absolutely right that our
apples should be graded into a proper size, whether it is size
A, size B, or size C, they should be No. one of that class.

Talking to a dealer in this city within half an hour, he
told me, while a few of our Connecticut growers have graded
according to that law in the last two years, that if he buys a
barrel of any one of those grades, he can sell eleven pecks of
them of the same kind. If he buys a barrel of Baldwins or
Greenings of the other ungraded kind, the best he has been
able to do this year is to sell sei'en pecks of good apples out
of it. He also told me that for those ungraded or unsized
a])])les he has had to pay over $4 a barrel, l)ut that he is will-
ing to pay $5 for the B grade and $6 and $7 for the A grade,
because he knows exactly what he is getting. There was a
difference of one and two dollars a barrel for proper grading.
This is from a business standpoint.

But the consumers have been swindled over and over
again. Everyone who has sold any apples to a consumer,
where the apples were not graded, have swindled the buyer
every time, or else he. knowing that he was being swindled at
the start, has only paid us for culls and made us throw in a

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 195

few good ones, one or the other. Every time a farmer in
Connecticut sells a barrel of apples that is not the same all the
way through, dock him a certain per cent, the same as they
would in a bank. If you intended to put $100 in a bank and
only put in $90, they would give you credit for only $90.
(Applause.)

I want to most heartily endorse what Mr. Wilson has
said about grading. I knew him as a boy in the orchard
business. He is the young son of a mighty good old father.
(Applause and laughter.)

Prof. Wilson : How much do you want for that com-
pliment? I haven't anything but small change.

Mr. Hale: I will take half a dollar now and the
rest when you settle up that $10 you borrowed of me the last
time you were here. (/\pplause and laughter.)

Mr. Tuttle: I would like to ask what the cost of pack-
ing is?

Prof. Wilson : I had a slip giving exactly all the figures
right straight down through the orchard, of all operations in
the West, but I lost it, and so I didn't say anything about it,
but I can give it to you approximately, anyway. The girls pack
more apples than the boys, girls can do this seemingly better
than the boys. I don't know why, it is one of those things where
the fingers come in handy, and girls' fingers twist around
better. They get 6 cents a box for the packing; grading 10
cents ; then the box in the West costs 10 cents, we have to
pay about 12 cents here, possibly we could do it for 11 cents
if we went to the largest manufacturers and asked for large
quantities. Then pruning, spraying, hauling, picking, harvest-
ing, and drawing to market, and the grading and packing alto-
gether 40| cents per box. That includes the cost of the box.

A Member: Is it practical to use a grader?

Prof. Wilson : I don't believe so, I don't believe we
want to try any grader for our fruit. The best graders are
the human hands, it seems to me. because they will not bruise
the fruit.

196 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

1 might .^ay in this connection, that a large grower in
Grand Junction, Colorado, has gotten up a grader for grading
apples according to size this year, and that grader works so
that apparently there is no bruise on the fruit. But I want to
see it tried out a few more years before I say we can use a
grader. I don't think we want to use it for apples.

A Member : Where can those boxes be had ?

Prof. Wilson : You can get them of two or three
dealers. I think this particular box came from Mulqueeny
Bros, of Buffalo, New York. Coles & Co. of New York
make them, and there is also a firm of Bacon Bros, in New
York State who make a box. You can get them of two or
three firms.

Mr. Mansfield: I would like to inquire if anybody has
used the half-bushel basket? It seems to me that it is a very
desirable package in many ways, a very convenient package
for the wholesaler to have, and a convenient basket in the
orchard. I would like to inquire who has used it?

A Member: I would say I got some of those baskets
very cheap from the South, and they are pretty handy, but
they bruise the apples twisting around, and they are not sat-
isfactory at all.

President Rogers : Any more questions on this packing
of apples?

Mr. Underwood: I would like to inquire if anybody
knows about this box business? I think I mentioned yester-
day, there are two opinions about these box apples. A dealer
in Springfield yesterday morning told me to pack in a barrsl
by all means. He said he had some western apples from
Washington that had been sampled a little and a few of them
cut open. He unpacked and took the covers off from six
boxes and put them into two barrels, and he sold these two
barrels to a Springfield dealer last week for $6.00 a barrel.
A (lay or two after that he came in and was perfectly satisfied.
but he could not sell those apples all boxed up and wrapped

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 197

in papers at $2.00 a box, and the dealer took some native
apples instead of the western boxed. That is what a Spring:-
field dealer told me, and he advised me by all means to put
my apples in barrels.

Prof. Wilson : That is very interesting.

President Rogers: If there are no further questions
on Prof. Wilson's address we will take up the matter of elec-
tion of officers, which is the next order of business for the
afternoon. I am going to call on the Committee on Nomina-
tions for their report. Mr. Staples is chairman of that Com-
mittee I believe.

Election of Officers.

]\Ir. Staples: Your Nominating Committee beg leave
to report the following nominations :

For President, Elijah Rogers, of Southington.
For Vice-President, George A. Drew, of Greenwich.
For Secretary, H. C. C. Miles, of Milford.
For Treasurer, Orrin Gilbert, of Middletown.

For County Vice-Presidents: '•'

Hartford, Lewis C. Root, of Farmington.
Nezv Haven, A. T. Henry, of Wallingford.
Fairfield, E. A. Jones, of New Canaan.
Litchfield, Edson G. Davis, of Torrington.
Nezv London, William I. Allyn, of Mystic.
Middlesex, George W. Spicer, of Deep River.
Windham, E. E. Brown, of Pomfret Center.
Tolland, Prof. A. G. Gulley, of Storrs.

Vice-President Drew in the Chair.

Vice-President Drew: Gentlemen, you have heard the
report, what is your pleasure?

198 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Gold: I move that the report of the Xoininating'
Committee be accepted.

Vice-President Drew : It is moved and seconded that
the report of the Nominating Committee be accepted. Those
in favor please say aye, those opposed no. It is so ordered.
Now how shall we proceed to elect these officers?

Mr. Staples : I move you that the Secretary be instruct-
ed to cast one ballot for the names of officers as contained
in the Nominating Connnittee's report.

Vice-President Drew : It is moved and seconded that
the Secretary be instructed to cast one ballot for the list of
the officers of this society as read. Is that your desire on this
matter? Those in favor say aye, those opposed no. It is a
vote and so ordered.

Secretary Miles : According- to that vote I hereby cast
one ballot for the following list of officers :

President, E Rogers, Southington.
Vice-President, G. A. Drew, Greenwich.
Secretary, H. C. C. Miles, Milford.
Treasurer, Orrin Gilbert, Middletown.

County Vice-Presidents :

Hartford County, Lewis C. Root, Farmington.
New Haven County, A. T. Henry, Wallingford.
Fairfield County, E. A. Jones, New Canaan
Litchfield, County, Edson G. Davis, Torrington.
A'czu London County, William I. Allyn, Mystic.
Middlesex County, George W. Spicer, Deep River.
Windham County, E. E. Brown, Pomfret Center.
Tolland County, A. G. Gulley, Storrs.

The above named were then declared the duly elected of-
ficers of the Society for the ensuing term of one year.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 199

Vice-President Drew : We will next take up a subject
left over from this morning's program, a paper on the
"Results of a Dwarf Apple Orchard," by Prof. A. G. Gulley
of our State Agricultural College. (Applause.)

Prof. A. G. Gulley: Yiv. Chairman, I was asked to say
a few words on this dwarf apple question because I am in-
dulging- in growing them a little at the college. Now I might
first explain that my interest in this question of dwarf apples
did not begin with the few that we have at the college, but is
a matter of years of attention and study.

Results of a Dwarf Apple Orchard.

By Prof. A. G. Gulley, Storrs.

My present experience with dw^arf apples is not the first.
When a boy I made a trip to Rochester, New York, and with
friends visited the then, and still noted ornamental grounds
of Elwanger and Barr}-, and saw^ a block of apple trees, each
tree not higher than my head, and loaded with apples. Their
striking appearance remains almost as vivid in my mind as
does that of the block I have, at present, in charge.

Some twelve or fifteen years later for several seasons I
was interested in the collections of a large society exhibit of
fruit. While at that work, it occurred to me that those little
trees could be made to produce fine specimens for exhibition.
I planted at that same time fifteen or twenty varieties and
brought them to bearing age. In handling them I gained some
experience that has been valuable since.

When the block at the Connecticut college was started,
it was for the purpose of growing good specimens, but more
to have a tested tree where scions could be obtained of the
newer as well as rare varieties. This is the reason why those
now beginning to bear do not embrace any of the more
common kinds. The latter have all been added since, \^'e
now have about one hundred and tw^entv-five varietie>^ tested.

200 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and about one hundred more that have not fruited on the
college grounds. We are already getting information as to
varieties that are desirable, and those not fitted for dwarf
stocks. The oldest trees in the block were planted eight years
ago next spring, the youngest four years. No attempt has
been made to obtain early results in bearing", but to get per-
fect shaped trees. Many of the older ones have been top
worked a year or Uvo after planting, to other kinds, and each
season some of the younger ones are so changed as new
kinds are procured.

It may be well to state just what dwarf apple trees are.
They are any kind of an apple budded on paradise or doiiciii
stocks. The paradise stock used for true dwarf apples is
simply a bush form of apple from Europe, and never attains
much size. It is claimed that it will grow on very dry or poor
soil.

The doitcin is another slow growing, small, sweet apple,
once very common and wild over central Europe. This stock
gTows larger and stronger than the paradise, putting it about
half way between the latter and the natural seedling apple.
It is said to be much more hardy, and probably better adapted
for general use. Both kinds are propagated In- layers and
cuttings and not by seed.

( )ne thing noted in my first plantings of these trees, was
a liability to break off at the union with the stock, probably
from the top growing too fast. So in our present orchard all
are planted with the union from eight inches to a full foot
below ground. The latter depth is due to some trees purchased
that were too high-headed to suit me, so we disposed of the
extra trunk in that way. My aim is to have all trees headed
not over one foot from the ground. We have not lost one in
over four hundred from breaking. ]\Iany of the earliest plant-
ed have established roots above the bud, and all are doing
well. Mr. Powell, of New York State, who is growing many
of these trees, and adopted this method of deep planting, after
seeing the college block, thinks it is a very valuable addition
to the health of the tree. So far, we have planted all trees on

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 201

paradise stock eight and one-quarter feet apart each way, six
hundred and forty to the acre. Those on doiicin stock are
ten feet, four hundred and thirty-five per acre. In this
last lot we have fifty trees of Mcintosh and Gravenstein to see
what they will do commercially. My early experience taur^ht
me that no long-armed branches were wanted, but short, stiff,
stocky limbs with plenty of chance for fruit spars. This has
been the aim in growing the present lot of trees. How well
we are succeeding can be judged by those who have seen
them. The oldest trees, all on paradise, began bearing on
some of the kinds three years ago. The past season about
thirty varieties produced fruit, from two specimens to a
bushel, several a half bushel or more. As already stated, no
attempt was made to induce early bearing, but I think that
quality has been over estimated. Judging from the same
kinds in our trial orchard, on standard stocks, I should think
the average gain may be one or two years. The site of the
present planting was chosen because it was good apple land,
but particularly because it was protected by timber from
heavy north and northwest winds. This was a mistake.
They need no protection, being so low and so close together.
On the other hand, it will be much more difficult to produce
perfect fruit, owing to the woods being a hiding place for
curculio and other insects. This trouble has already demon-
strated itself. I should select an open field for another
planting. Our cultivation so far has been clean for four or
five years, then let the land grass down and mow it over four
or five times during the season. Have so far, used very
little fertilizer, as the trees have grown fast enough. But
shall, from this on. use potash and bone or basic slag on the
trees, as they come in bearing. So far, the trees have been
as healthy as the same number of standard trees, and the
losses from any cause no greater than would have occurred
in the same number in an orchard. There is no doubt that
some varieties are better adapted to this method of growth
than others. I would not use the strong growers like Fallawater
or Hurlbut. unless more room was given. But Mcintosh,

202 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Wealthy, Delicious, Yellow Transparent, and Grimes Golden-
are all satisfactory, as are several others not so well known.
We have not done the summer pruning and pinching in, so
much used in Europe on the same type of trees. I do not
think it practical or necessary.

What are the advantages of these trees? Having the
trees occupying the whole surface almost from the planting.
We did intercrop with vegetables the first two seasons. Ease
of management. The oldest trees stand to-day about five feet
high and broad. They can be allowed to reach seven, and
those on doucin stock about two more, and when so grown,,
all would be within easy reach from the ground, whether to
prune, spray, thin, or pick, and with proper care nearly every
fruit would be No. 1. How much of a crop will they
produce? I do not know yet as a whole. But that they can
and will bear a bushel per tree is evident, which would be at
the rate of over two hundred barrels or six hundred boxes per
acre. Those trees on doucin stock I think can readily double
this amount per tree. Even a much less crop would make
them very profitable.

Some of the disadvantages would be the first cost of the
trees, and they could not be grown, so close at least, on rough
lands. As to the price of the trees. I think they are too high
at present. There is no reason why they should be any more
expensive than standards, particularly at the present price of
seedlings. I notice that one nurseryman this year quotes
them the same. They are in every respect as easy to grow.
W'e have grown nearly all of our own stock.

No doubt the question would be asked, would you use
them? In reply, I will say that I did personally use, the
past season, all the surplus that we had as fillers, for which
they are eminently adapted. I think they will need more par-
ticular care at first to get into shai)e, Init not so much later
In the hands of an orchardist, I feel sure they can be made
profitable. On all small places they should be used much more
extensivelv.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 203

So far as the college block is concerned, I may say that
later should I find the trees are too close for convenient
working- and the varieties are worth saving, 1 should go m
with a man, horse, and set of blocks and thin out by pulling
up, and replanting in a new location.

President Rogers: What varieties are you setting out?

Prof. Gulley : I have often used the dwarfs as fillers
and such standard varieties as Wealthy, Duchess, etc. If I
were planting a whole orchard of Dwarfs I should put in the
same varieties as I should use in the standard. For fillers,
there is no question but what they can be used and used sat-
isfactorily.

Mr. Rice: Is there any danger of setting those trees
too deep?

Prof. Gulley : Well, I don't know. I have gone down
at least a foot above the bud, and they are doing as well as
the rest. I onlv went a foot because I had that much. If
there had been another foot, I would have gone that.

A Member : Isn't there danger of planting so deep that
they will make new roots and form a standard tree ?

Prof. Gulley : No, sir, they will make the roots all
right, but I have no fear about forming the standard, they
will only grow stronger.

A Member: If you were planting an entire orchard of
that stock would a'ou plant them as close as 11 feet?

Prof. Gulley: If I had plenty of room I would give
them a little more, 12 or 15 feet at least. I think those ^Ir.
Wood spoke of w^ere 15 or 16.

Vice-President Drew : The society is very fortunate
in having re-elected Mr. Rogers as president for another year.
I w^ant to call on AFr. Rogers at this point to say a word or
two.

204 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

President Rogers: My friends of the Pomological So-
ciety, it has been a pleasure for me in the last year to work
with you, and for this reason : I am a member of several differ-
ent societies of this state, I have worked with several differ-
ent associations, but I never worked with an association that
gave me more support than the Pomological Society has given
me. All I am going to say now is merely to thank you for the
honor you have visited upon me by re-electing me to this high
position, and, thanking yovi all, we will proceed with our
business.

]\Ir. Curtiss : Mr. President, I think the Publicity Com-
mittee with their report offered a resolution, and I think no
action has been taken upon that resolution. I would ask that
the secretary please read the resolution.

Secretary Miles read the following:

Resolutions.

Whereas, An impression has prevailed in the country at
large that the soils of Connecticut are not generally suited
to profitable agriculture, and

Whereas, The members of this society and its friends are
convinced that such impression is not correct, and have been
engaged in a serous eft"ort to disprove it, and to maintain the
agricultural reputation of the State, and

Whereas, No other one thing is of such importance in
this work as a soil survey made under the authority of the
United States Department of Agriculture. Now, therefore,
be it

Resolved, By. the Connecticut Pomological society, assem-
bled in its twentieth annual meeting, that Hon. James Wilson,
Secretary of Agriculture of the United States, be and hereby
is, urgently requested to have prepared and published a soil
survey of the whole State of Connecticut as rapidly as the
work can be done, so that the results can be published within
one year, and be it further

Resolved, That our senators and representatives in Con-
gress are requested to do all in their power to impress upon
the Secretar}^ of Agriculture the importance of this work to

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 205

the residents of this state, and to urge upon him its immediate
prosecution and completion, and be it further

Resolved, That one member of the Pubhcity Committee
be autliorized to proceed to Washington at an early date, to
present these resolutions to the proper parties and to use his
best endeavors to have the work begun.

Mr. Curtiss : I believe the resolution is a good one, and
that we should take some action on it, and to get the question
before the house, I move the adoption of the resolution.

[Motion seconded.

President Rogers: It has been moved and seconded
that we adopt this resolution as read. Would you like to re-
mark on this resolution ? If not, all in favor say aye. Con-
trary minds, no. I hear none ? It is passed, and we will leave
this matter with our Publicity Committee if there is no ob-
jection. If there is none, it is so referred.

President Rogers : The next business on the table. I
believe, is the auditor's report. I will call for the auditor's
report on the treasurer's accounts.

J\Ir. Staples presented report of the auditors (see page
19) and the report was accepted.

President Rogers: The next subject to come before
us is "Market Gardening." We have with us Air. H. F. Hall
of W^aban, [Massachusetts, who is prominent in the market
gardening industry of Xew England and he is also the Presi-
dent of the Boston Market Gardeners' Association. I have
the pleasure of introducing Mr. H. F. Hall, who will speak to
us on "Alarket Gardening in New England." (Applause.)

206 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Future of Market Gardening in New England.

By H. F. Hall, Waban, Massachusetts.

Ladies and gentlemen : I thonght my talk would be
-almost unnecessary, as it is getting late, and I will assure you
I will not detain you very long. I thought perhaps I would
'be something like the n.an who wrote an anthem and he
w^anted to try it out in the church sometime, and they finally
told him when they had a supper one night they would try it
on the audience and see how it hit them. So, on this particu-
lar night, the chorister said he would bring it in at the proper
time. It went on and the author got tired of waiting and he
went out and waited. When he came back the audience were
going out. The author said : "Why didn't you sing my
anthem?" The chorister replied: 'T don't think it is neces-
sary, they are going home without it. (Laughter.) So I
thought perhaps you would go home without my address.

I have been here during the day and listened to the very
interesting talks on fruit, and I have almost been persuaded
to go home and set out trees on our vegetable land. I am
glad to see the fruit men are optimists, and we vegetable men
must take the same position. In fact, a great deal has been
said here in regard to grading and packing that can be applied
with equal force to the vegetable industry in New England,
and when I speak, I speak more particularly of New England.
One thing I have generally noticed throughout New England
is that grand and undying loyalty every grower seems to have
for his particular state. I think that we have noticed that par-
ticularly at this meeting. Now, I am primarily a New Hamp-
shire man now living in INIassachusetts, and while I spent
most of my time in New Hampshire, I feel that Massachusetts
is my home state, and my thoughts run almost parallel with the
man from Boston who once said if he were to be born a hun-
dred times he would go back to Boston every time for that im-
portant event. (Laughter.)

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 207

The future of market gardening in NFevv England is a
very broad subject, and requires a prophet rather than a prac-
tical grower to discuss it. I have a few suggestions for you
along this line, and then I will take up, and talk a few minutes
on, our methods of growing in the section about Boston.

First I want to say your problems here in Connecticut are
very similar to those in Massachusetts, and the growers about
Hartford and the large cities in Connecticut, are confronted
with practically the same problems with which we are con-
fronted in the Boston trucking section, one problem being
southern competition, which we feel very severely about
Boston. The time was when early beans and early peas, early
bunch beets and bunch carrots first came on the markets, they
brought large prices, people were anxious, they were hungry
for them. Xow they can buy them months before ours come
on the markets, that come up from the South, from the
Norfolk section and further south, and they lose that appetite,
that spring appetite, for the first few radishes, beans, cu-
cumbers and peas, and consequently will not pay those prices
that we used to receive for certain vegetables during the first
few weeks that we were able to secure them. So it has ma-
terially reduced the price of our outdoor-grown vegetables ;
but the greenhouse man is perhaps the one who feels this
competition most keenly.

Lettuce is one of the greatest crops grown in the South.
This is shipped to the northern markets, not a great deal into
New England, but we feel it nevertheless. A few years ago
before this competition was as burdensome as at present. New
York was the large market for New England-grown hot-
house lettuce. The South, by their crops of heavy head
lettuce, have practically taken that trade away from us, and
left nothing but our local markets for us to supply. This has
so supplied the market that the price has been very low on
this account, as we have been building greenhouses every year
in large numbers to supply the New York trade, as well as the
home trade, and to have it wiped out almost at once left us
with too manv sfreenhouses for our local demand, and the

208 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

results since that time have been that, barring; unfavorable
conditions and freeze-ups and heavy storms in the South,
prices have invariably ruled rather low for our greenhouse
lettuce. This year, fortunately for the New England man,
and unfortunately, I suppose, for the southern grower, prices
have ruled much higher. New York has been buying our
lettuce in large quantities. Lettuce has been shipped to the
western part of New York state and even farther west than
that, and these outside demands have kept our market clean
and in a healthy condition, and lettuce has ruled at a good
price, something like the old times. But, taken as a whole,
the southern competition is becoming keener and keener. It
seems to me that the southern grower is rather outstripping
tis. While he started way behind us, as it has been
said that the western fruit grower started behind and
had to follow the examples of the eastern men for awhile.
I think we will have to admit that the western fruit
grower can teach us a few lessons in intensive methods and
perhaps in packing his stock. So it is with vegetables. A
few years ago the southern growers were laughed at. I think
it was live years ago, at a meeting of this sort, I was talking
on vegetable gardening, and I said we would have to look
ahead to southern competition, and one of the most prominent
market gardeners in the Boston trucking section got onto
his feet as soon as I was through, and he began to criticise
me for the statement. He said he had recently visited the
southern section, and they were 25 to 50 years behind us in
intensive methods, and there was absolutely no danger of
their becoming keen competitors of ours. At that time lettuce
was selling for $1.00 and $1.50 a bushel. It wasn't long, per-
haps four years after' that, when we were selling lettuce at
10 cents a bushel, that this same man said he thought I must
be a prophet, he didn't know as much about the conditions
as I did. But I knew of a number of eastern men down South
who would bear watching. xA.nd I rather suspect the reason
the western men are giving you eastern fruit growers such a
run is because they were eastern men, and the eastern man in

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 209

the West or South makes the most progressive man of all.
(Applause.) That has been my experience. There is some-
thing- in the air that seems to make them work more closely
together. And organization, gentlemen, is the keynote of the
future progress of agricultural work, it certainly is. I am
sorry to say it, because it is such a difficult problem to solve.
I don't think there is anything so hard to do for the average
New England farmer 'as to organize and get him to trust
others in the same business he is in. But in order to make
any great success, in the future in market gardening, I feel sure
we must organize more closely, we must have greater confi-
dence in others, and we must meet these various problems,
which now confront us, with a strong, organized front, other-
wise I am a little fearful of the future.

There is another line of competition that is meeting us
in Massachusetts, especially about Boston, and I presume you
feel some of it here, and that is competition from the Italians. It
may seem rather absurd for us to admit that the Italian can
outstrip us at the business in which we have been engaged
for years, that has grown up with us. It does seem ridiculous
that we should be obliged to give in to this class of competi-
tors, but nevertheless it is a situation we have got to face.

Packing and Marketing Our Products.

One of the leading problems before the New England
farmer to-day is that of selling his crops to advantage and
thereby obtaining his share of the consumer's dollar.

Our New England growers of fruits and vegetables na-
turally fall into three classes : First, growers who seldom
fail to produce crops of inferior quality, and are therefore
unable to pack a high grade mark. Such growers usually find
it difficult to dispose of their crops at anything like the market
quotations ; in many cases receiving much less than the cost
of growing, after deducting transportation and commission
charges. In the second class will be found farmers wdio are
careful growers, but for some unknown reason fail to realize
the importance of business methods in packing and selling

210 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

their crops. The reason for this neglect may be a lack of
knowledge of market requirements and the importance of ap-
pearance, or it may be due to the diversity of crops and op-
erations. Trying to do a little of everything usually results
in neglect somewhere. The third class is comprised of men
who are not only successful producers of crops of high qual-
ity, but business-like enough to realize that their crops — prop-
erly graded and packed, are half sold. The growers in this
class attend to eve;-y detail of packing and marketing, as well
as growing, thereby not only receiving a good profit for their
crops but helping to increase the demand through satisfied
consumers. This class is altogether too small. How can its
membership be increased? I will suggest a few ways. The
New England farmer needs to do more book-keeping; he
should count the cost of everything he produces for market.
He would thereby be enabled in selecting his crops to plant
only such as had returned a fair profit under his method over
a period of years. This would tend toward the growing of
fewer crops on a larger scale, or specializing in the production
and sale of a few crops found most profitable under his con-
ditions.

It would result in less detail, more intensive methods,
larger crops of better quality, lower cost of production, better
system of packing and selling, and therefore greater net
profits. Many farmers spread themselves over too many acres
and dabble too much. They are farming on tradition and
trying to grow every known crop as did their forefathers, ap-
parently losing sight of the fact that the wonderful changes
made in all business lines during the past 30 years have been
due to specialized effort. Business and professional men have
long since realized that the day of the generalist has passed,
and that all progress rests with the specialist. The farmer
has been slower to make this change than any other class, but
he must get. in touch with the progressive spirit of the times
if he would keep company, and profitably do business, with the
rest of the business Avorld.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 211

The specialist can cut many corners. Aside from those
already mentioned, he can market his crops at a lower cost of
transportation. He is known and recognized by the large
dealers who pay high prices for large lots of uniformly packed
produce than for small, irregidar quantities. He would thus
be able to sell direct to dealer and avoid commission men, who
are believed by many farmers to be an important factor in
making their profits uncertain.

Some of the claims made by shippers being : That, while
in most cases honest returns on the basis of cash received is
not questioned by the shipper, it is sometimes charged that
the receiver fails to take proper interest in securing top prices
for him. This may be true in many cases, while in others
due to a biased opinion of the grower in favor of his goods,
or to a lack of knowledge on his part of what constituted the
market standard of first quality on the day his shipment was
sold. Another complaint is that some commission dealers who
also buy and sell produce on their own account, sometimes
make low priced leaders of commission goods, on the strength
of which they hope to make larger sales or greater profits on
the goods they own.

And again, it has been said that in the case of a rising
market, returns are sometimes made the shipper at market
prices on day shipment was received, while the same goods
were in the possession of the receiver several days later, and
being sold at an advanced price. Whether these statements
are well founded or otherwise, there is certainly need of
closer business friendship between grower and commission
dealer, but such a change is unlikely to develop except through
progressive and specialized eflforts on the part of the former.
As commission men are human, and therefore not infallible
it is not to be expected that where the opportunity is so great
some will take dishonest advantage of shippers ; this, however,
should not lead to the belief that honest commission men are
not to be found. From my own experience with such dealers,
I can say that I have found and dealt with many whom I
believe to be absolutelv honest ; of others with whom I have

212 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

dealt I have nothing to say. It would be a good investment of
time and money for a farmer to visit, at least once a year,
a large market like Boston or New York to observe the re-
quirements of package, grading, varieties, etc. ; in fact, all
conditions under which farm products are sold. Besides, he
would become better acquainted with the dealers who handle
his crops, which is important, as at present between the com-
mission dealer and the farmer there too often exists a feeling
of mutual distrust and svispicion, due largely to a lack of
knowledge on the part of each of the conditions under which
the other is laboring. When a grower packs number two
apples or veg-etables in the middle or bottom of a package and
marks it number one, it is often due to his belief from past
experience that goods so packed will give greater net returns
than the same goods if properly graded. In other cases it
may be due to a lack of knowledge of proper methods of
grading and packing such goods. I fear such methods are
often adopted with an idea of misrepresenting the contents of
the package and with disregard for seller and consumer. An
attempt at justification on the ground that honesty avails
nothing when selling on commission, is rather far-fetched.
The grower should deal fairly with the commission man and
then demand from him similar treatment.

Co-operation for the farmer has been much discussed, and
while but little progress has as yet been made, it can and
doubtless will, solve many of the present-day problems of
selling and distributing farm crops. We often hear it said
that extremely low prices are entirely due to over-production.
In the case of our common vegetables and fruits, the cause is
not so much from over-production as a lack of proper, rapid
and cheap distribution and a little advertising. It often
happens that when the grower is receiving a very low price
for a certain crop, in fact below the cost of raising, due to
a plentiful harvest, the consumer buys no more of this crop,
as the price to him is but little, if any, lower than under
normal conditions.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 21 3

As a rule, our fruits and vej^etables pass througli too
many hands before reaching- the consumer, resulting in in-
creased cost and loss of quality, both of which curtail demand
and tend toward a condition of under-consumption, often im-
properly termed over-production. \n many cases, produce is
shipped a long distance to a large market to be sold, and after
passing through from two to four hands, is often shipped
back over the same road and delivered to dealers in the town
or county where it was grown, the result being an increase
in cost of 40 to 60 per cent for double railroad transportation,
carting, handling, commission and dealer's profit, besides de-
terioration of goods from age. exposure and frequent han-
dling. If such loss and delay is a part of our present indirect
and awkward system, can we not see the need of a cheaper
and more direct route from the farm to the consumer's table?
How can this be obtained? First by a reduction of at least
50 per cent in the number of dealers now handling fruits and
produce. Rut what will become of those dealers is asked. Let
them become producers, as there will be an increased demand
under reduced cost of delivery.

As there is little prospect of this reform, we will consider
another way in which this problem can, and doubtless will,
be solved, namely through the establishment in all large cities
of large co-operative distributing stores or clearing houses for
farm produce, to be owned by growers, who would furnish the
necessary capital by each juirchasing a share of the company's
stock. Expenses to be divided pro-rata, according to the
amount of sales of each member or stock-holder.

The success of such an enterprise will depend upon the
business-like and harmonious management by the board of
directors and in no less a degree upon the su]ierintendent or
manager, who must be a broad business man as well as an ex-
perienced and efficient marketman. Under siich a system of
distribution, grower and producer would alike profit in many
ways, a few of which I will briefly outline. Many of the
orders received at the store would be filled by shipping direct
from the farm to the retailer. Methods of o-radino- and

214 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

packing would improve through the closer relationship of
grower and retailer and also by a rule, which could be ordered
by such an association, requiring the grower's name on every
package. Information regarding crop and market conditions
in this, and in some instances foreign countries, could be
gathered through the various selling associations throughout
the country, thus forming a basis for establishing equitable
prices and a steady market. Prices are now fixed with a lack
of knowledge of all conditions, and therefore often fluctuate
sharply, to the disadvantage of all.

In connection with such an association, canneries might
well be established within easy reach of the members, to
d(ispose of the second grades of such crops as apples, berries,
squash, tomatoes, sweet corn, etc. during periods of low prices.
The members could be called together whenever conditions
required, for practical instructions and demonstrations in
proper methods of grading and packing, packages to use and
varieties best suited to meet the public demand. At such a
meeting it could be shown that quality and appearance are
always at a premium; that it pays to honestly grade, and pack
in clean packages ; that highly perishable truck should be
shipped as soon as possible after being gathered in the field ;
that the barrel is still the standard package for New England
apples, boxes to be used only in packing very fancy dessert
apples ; that the specialized and intensive methods of the
w^estern growers must be adopted with their package and
without which the western box and the eastern apple will
remain as now, a misfit.

In conclusion, I will say that I believe the call is strong
for a new order in growing, packing and selling our farm
products. Changes similar to those I have outlined would
materially benefit producers and consumers, and I believe,
give an impetus to our New England agriculture such as could
be secured in no other way. Action has already been too long
delayed. Shall we now heed the call?

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 215

Discussion.

A ]\Iember ; You have thrown out a good many sugi^es-
tions in regard to vegetables ; I would like to ask you what
you are going to do with the waste vegetables? The question
is with the ordinary market man, he has got to keep the prices
up and make a few bunches of radishes pay for the whole lot.
The moment the ordinary market man will not take anv more
than the ordinary customer will pay for, you are up against
it; what are you going to do with the surplus?

Mr. Hall: That same question came up in New York
last winter when lettuce was selling for about 10 cents a
bushel. About 25 of the largest greenhouse men about Boston
and also members of the Merchants' Association, thought we
could form a closer association, and the question came up as
to what we should do. We found that every grower was
there and had responded to the invitation to attend this
meeting, and they were much interested in it. One gentle-
man said : 'T believe the thing to do is to throw away all over
No. 2 lettuce, make everything into No. 1." He said there
would be still a fair price for our lettuce crop if we would
throw away a certain per cent. They all agreed that would
be a great thing to do. Another gentleman got up and said :
'T have another idea ; it seems to me it would be a proper
thing for us to form a co-operative selling organization here
in town, tliat would send a man to New York and Chicago
and work up a demand for our lettuce; there must be a lot of
places where they would buy this lettuce if they could get it
at the proper price ; we could ship some of it out during the
glut at these low prices, and we could get it on the market
where they are using no lettuce now, and we can clean up our
market in that way."

There were a number of suggestions along those lines,
and finally it was thought best to postpone the meeting for two
weeks. In two weeks it was called, and at that time the price
had gone up to 25 cents a bushel. So instead of having 25
at our meeting, we had only 10 or 13. W'e thought we

2l6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

would postpone it two weeks more. At the end of two weeks
we got together, and during that two weeks lettuce had gone
up to 40 cents a bushel, and it seemed pretty good, we had less
than 7 at that meeting, so we just disbanded and gave up the
idea.

What should we do in the case of low prices in the sum-
mertime? Along at the last end of early tomatoes, and in
spinach, radishes and beans, when the price is ruling way
down below the cost, a great many ploughed them under and
planted another crop. We very often plough under a crop of
spinach when it is worth 5 cents a bushel and plant it over to
spinach, and we usually get good prices for that crop, because
when prices are very low on anything, most people are usually
careful about planting that crop. If you sow the seed of
these crops when prices are low, way down below the cost of
production, you will usually hit a good market. If you sow
the seed when the price is high, yoii will find you are at a
loss, because everybody will feel like planting on good prices.

When it comes to the cjuestion of handling our surplus,
that is something we can't do' at the present time, and never
will until we are organized more closely, imtil we can plan
these things. That is a problem that is being considered by a
great many people, that is, a distributing organization through-
out the country in a large sense. Some of those things will
help us.

A Member: I would like to inquire about the Skinner
irrigation scheme.

Mr. Hall: The Skinner irrigation plan is a simple
system. All there is to it deserving the name of Skinner is
the nozzle, which we buy from the Skiimer Company. Tliere
are several different nozzles made, but the Skinner nozzle has
given the best satisfaction of any of them, and is more gener-
ally used. In visiting a western trucking section this fall. I
found it was used generally. Small brass nozzles are inserted
in holes which are drilled and tapped into small iron pipes
about an inch, depending on the length (,f the line, and these

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 217

are inserted about 3 or 4 feet apart along your line, which
will run about 200 to 400 feet in galvanized iron pipe. These
nozzles have a small round opening. At one end of the line
we have a loose stuffing joint on the pipe, so that this long
line of pipe 200 or 400 feet long can be drawn around and
turned over, and the stuffing box makes the joint tight. We
turn the pipe and we throw it oE in that direction from the
pipe, about 35 feet, and it waters that side. We turn it over
and it will water ?)S feet on the other side, and we lip it over
in that way, so under 60 pounds pressure the Skinner system
will throw 35 feet on either side, therefore covering 70 feet in
width. It has the advantage of putting it on like a mist, it
throws it out in a summer rain storm ZS feet, then before falling
it breaks into a fine mist and comes down naturally, and comes
nearer to being the natural method than any other method.
And it is also cheaper to build. It is unnecessary for a man
to stand with a hose. One of our gardeners told me in the
drouth last summer his cost of labor for watering was over $40
for putting it on with a hose, and this man has about 100 acres
in vegetable work. With this system, perhaps once in half
an hour a man goes and turns the pipe over. It has to be
turned over four times to water this space of 70 feet wide.
The cost, I think, is something like $50 an acre to install it,
and will last for a number of years. Some of our growers
lay the pipe on the ground between the two rows of lettuce or
raised slightly off the ground and it turns very easily. ( Jthers
prefer to put it up 6 or 7 feet out of the wa}-, so that they
can walk under it and plough under it. In that case, a stake
is driven into the ground and a fork at the top in which the
pipe rests.

It is a very simple method of irrigation, and since it first
came into use about three years ago, it has come into very
common use with strawberry men. and for long close work,
and for very extensive work outdoors. On high priced land,
muler the intensive method, where they don't care to take the
chances of losing tlieir crop, it is especially valuable. It is
especially valuable for celery, I.ecause we have got to get

21 8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

celery in at such a time, and if we don't oret it in in time, it
is a failure. If the soil is very dry it won't grow, and even
after it is set it has to be watered, and in a great many cases
it means the difference between success and failure in onr
celery crop.

President Rogers : I wish we had more time so we could
question Mr. Hall, but the time is slipping by, and I think
we will have to take up other matters of business. We have
several reports to hear yet.

The New England Fruit show report is next, and I be-
lieve Mr. C. L. Gold is chairman.

Mr. C. L. Gold: I will just call your attention to these
apples on the stage and the apples exhibited downstairs. Was
it possible to find such apples here in Connecticut two or three
years ago? You cotdd not do it anywhere. To-day we are
growing such apples as you have seen yesterday and to-day,
and the fruit show in Boston two years ago was very largely
responsible for the improvement in the quality of the apples
we have got here now. I don't mean to say that the fruit show
was altogether responsible for it, but very largely. It fired
us with enthusiasm all through Connecticut and New England.
The New England fruit show is expecting to hold another
show this coming fall ; they have met and organized and elect-
ed officers, and are going ahead and making arrangements tor
the show. It is up to us people here in Connecticut to go
there and put up a respectable show for Connecticut. x\nd
for this exhibition undoubtedly liberal premiums will be
offered. We all know that Connecticut took a first class stand
at that show two years ago, and now you have got to get busy,
and mightv busy, too, to maintain the position which we occu-
pied then. The other fellows are going to come back there
with a determination to put up a better show than we, and we
want to hold just as good a position next fall as we can, and
I want to have you begin right off to grow some fruit to carry
to the show, something that is creditable to the state.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 219

I also want to call your attention to a matter that was
mentioned yesterday. We have made an application to the
Legislature for $2,000 to finance a show from this state, and
we want you to invite your members of the Legislature in your
several towns to go and to favor that bill. It is none too
much, it is only a drop in the bucket for what the state is ex-
pending for other items. The other day a bill was introduced
asking for $75,000 for an armory. We only ask for $2,000,
and we want your help in securing it. (Applause.)

Secretary ]\Ii-es: I know we all take great interest in
this exhibit in connection with the New England fruit show,
and I am glad Mr. Gold has seen fit to say what he has. I
would like to propose the following vote :

Voted: "That the Connecticut Pomological Society
desires to express its hearty endorsement of the coming New
England Fruit Show, to be held at Boston in the fall of
1911; and hereby instructs its Executive Committee to use
every effort to plan for and carry out the best possible exhibit
of Connecticut fruits at the coming show."

President Rogers: You have heard the resolution;
what action will you take?

Mr. Gold: I move that it be adopted.

President Rogers: All in favor of this resolution say
aye. Contrary minds no. The ayes have it and it is adopted
unanimously.

Secretary Miles : There is another matter I would like
to mention. The American Pomological Society holds their
annual convention in Tampa, Florida, on the 10th of Febru-
ary, and we have been asked as a society here, to be repre-
sented by delegates. The present condition of our treasury
does not warrant our sending very many delegates. P>ut I
understand that Prof. C. D. Jarvis of Storrs has decided to
go to that meeting, and I believe it wouUi be a very nice thing
if this society would make him its delegate. I w<xil(l like
to move that Prof. C. D. jarvis be appointed our delegate at
this coming meeting at Tam]ia.

220 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Gold : I second the motion.

President Rogejrs : It is moved and seconded that Prof.
C. D. Jarvis be appointed our delegate.
( )n vote the motion was passed.

AIr. Gold : I would like to hear from Air. Lupton about
three minutes in regard to a compressed air sprayer which he
has.

President Rogers: I think tlie Secretary has another
matter to come up first.

Secretary ]\Iiles : I have a resolution here on my desk
which reads as follows :

Rcsohrd : That we, the members of the Connecticut
Pomological Society, at this, our annual meeting, herewith
earnestly protest against the passage of the pending recipro-
city treaty with Canada, believing that such treaty will be a
serious blow to the agricultural interests of Connecticut and
New England. We deem it the duty of our senators and con-
gressmen to use all legitimate means to prevent the passage
of said treaty.

The Legislative Committee is hereby instructed to appear
before the Ways and Aleans Committee of Congress, if they
deem proper, and present our protest, and solicit their aid i"
defeating the passage of this treaty. Also the Treasurer of
this society is instructed to pay the expenses of this Legis-
lative Committee while in Washington."

This resolution was introduced by Air. J. S. Forbes.

President Rogers : Gentlemen, you have heard the res-
olution read, wiiat is your pleasure about it?

Mr. L. J.. Robertson : I would like to move that the
resolution be laid on the table. President Taft has been
working along to get in closer union with Canada, and I
prefer that this society should not meddle in politics with that
question. I am as much of a protectionist as anybody else is,
but I think it is entirely out of place for this society at the
present time to meddle with that question.

A AIemp.er: I second that motion.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 221

Prof. W. A. Hexrv : If this society is meddling when
it tries to help right the affairs of this country, it seems to,
me that Connecticut and this society are in a strange con-
dition. Here is a proposition to let in all the agricultural
products of Canada free, and only let into Canada a few of
our things.

Now I am a free trader, but I don't want all the free
trading put on my side of the house at once and without anj'
excuse at this time. I want to offer a warning. If the people
of Connecticut want to suft'er from this one-sided arrange-
ment, all right. Air. Taft said he wanted a tariff commission,
he wanted to have $400,000, in order to have a proper tariff.
Now he says : "■A\^e want free trade with Canada for the
country." You remember the McKinley bill put $4 a ton on
hay. 75 cents a barrel on apples, 25 cents a bushel on potatoes,
and it has been kept there. Now Mr. Taft proposes to oblit-
erate that without a single investigation of our producers. He
has not asked the farmer in the state of Connecticut anything,
he has not said: "What is the cost of production?'" but he
says : "We want free pulp and lumber." We give up all
these agricultural products because they are not manufac-
tured, and you go on buying your plows and your machiner}'
at the high prices you now pay, and still have the Canadian
farmers buy their machinery in this country, and at a lower
price.

We can stand it on my farm because we are peach
growers. If 1 was a hay grower, an apple grower or a po-
tato raiser, I wouldn't want that 25 cents taken oft'. They
will be shipping millions of bushels of potatoes here. They
shipped three million bushels year before last from England.
Now if you want to go into this, go into it with your eyes
open. And when you get stung, don't squeal. (Applause.)

Mr. Robertson : There is no question but wtiat has two
sides to it. A year ago this fall I sold my potatoes for a
dollar a bushel, 15 or 20 bushels in a lot. The ATaine people
had potatoes, and the merchants here sent up and tried to
buy their potatoes at reasonable prices, which was 10 or 15

222 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

cents less than ours. The Maine people would not sell them.
I say let them come in from Canada. God bless Canada. If
the farmers don't have their eyes open, I say let them come in
with us. I am not here to oppose a legitimate question, be-
cause that gentleman that last spoke is a free trader and I am
not. I am a protectionist from the bottom of my feet to the
top of my head and from the bottom of my heart. Whenever
we have had protection we have prospered, and whenever we
have had free trade we have gone back.

]\Ir. G. W. Hull: I am not a Republican, but I have
been a good friend of Mr. Taft, and I think this proposed
treaty with Canada is one of the finest things Taft has done,
and it would be a very unfortunate thing at this hour, with
only a handful of the members of the society present, to pass
any such resolution. We know a good many of our senators
and representatives are very sensitive to the feelings of their
constituents, and we haven't got one-tenth of our members
present, and if we pass it, it will be published far and wide.
I believe the feeling of my friend on the other side of the
hall (Mr. Henry) is largely imagination. I don't think it
would injure the farmer one iota. I think it would be folly
for us to go back on any movement of this kind which means
a closer union between our country and Canada, and say:
"We don't want you." I am decidedly opposed to the passage
of any such resolution. (Applause.)

Mr. J. S. Forbes: I was the introducer of this resolu-
tion, Mr. Chairman, and to my mind it is a matter of self-
preservation. I am a fruit grower in a small way, and a
farmer in a general way ; but I am convinced that it is not
anything but a question of self-preservation with us. I am
sure it is. The situation is simply this with this reciprocity
treatv for the New England states, it means that we must
sell under free trade and buy under protection, and how can
we stand up under such a load as that? I believe in this
law of self-preservation, and I am convinced that this resolu-
tion should be endorsed by this meeting. I am very sorry there

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 223

are no more here, but there is more than a handful here.
There is probably one-third of the house in their seats yet, and
it is a very good representative body. I hope the resolution
will pass. (Applause.)

President Rogers: If I understand the motion that is
before the house, "gentlemen, it is a motion to table this reso-
lution, which has been moved and seconded. All in favor of
tabling- this resolution please stand and remain standing until
they are counted. All opposed to tabling the resolution will
stand. The motion to table is lost.

Now the original motion is before the house. What
action do you wish to take upon it? (Cries of question.)
All in favor of passing this resolution, rise. All opposed rise.
I think the resolution is passed without doubt. (Applause.)

Questions and Discussion.

Mr. Gold : I want to hear a word from Mr. Lupton
about a compressed air sprayer he is using.

Mr. S. L. Lupton: Mr. President, several gentlemen
have asked me if I was using compressed air for spraying,
and r have told them that I was. I have been using com-
pressed air for four years, and, according to my best recollec-
tion, I haven't lost ten minutes of time from repairs. That
is, my machine has not been out of order, so far as I now
recollect, ten minutes. Of course, I have had the ordinary
wear and tear, the hose wears out and the valves "wear out
and the nozzles wear out, but the machine has given perfect
satisfaction without a minute's loss of time.

I bought the compressed air tanks and the liquid tank
from the Owen Spray Company, of Sandusky, Ohio. I first
started with a small compressor, which was too small for my
work, the big pressure of 250 pounds of air was too much, so
I discarded that compressor and bought one from the Berry
Compressor Company. I had a gasoline engine on my place
that I was using to cut fodder and saw wood, about 10 horse

224 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

power, and I can load up a tank with compressed air at a
pressure of 225 or 230 pounds in about 7 minutes, and at the
same time load the other tank with liquid, and in that way I
can keep six sets of tanks going in an orchard all the tim.e.
I use six sets of tanks, which require six teams and two
men with each team and a pair of horses, and in that way we
can cover a 350-acre orchard, if the weather is good, in about
a week or 8 working days. The spray tanks are like two saw-
logs lying on a wagon, they are about 8 feet long and 3 feet
in diameter. They are tested up to a pressure of 250 pounds,
but I load one with compressed air at a pressure of 225
pounds, and the other with liquid. We drive out into the
orchard, we connect the two tanks by a valve, and when the
air flows into the liquid tank, the pressure begins at once.

I was afraid I was going to have trouble in regulating
the pressure, but I found no trouble at all, except, if anything
goes wrong with the hose, or the nozzle stops up, they have
to shut off, but ordinarily they have no trouble, for they
turn the air in just fast enough to balance the liquid which
goes out, and there is a constant flow of air. We are spraying
big Albemarle Pippin trees 30 and 40 feet high without any
serious difficulty. I think I have done a mighty good job. I
took an orchard infested with San Jose scale and got that
cleaned tip and I think we did pretty well. I couldn't get
along without it. All my land is rough and hilly.

A Member : Are those tanks of equal size ?

Mr. Lupton : They are of equal size, yes, sir.

A Member: What is the capacity?

Mr. Lupton : 135 gallons.

A Member : What does the outfit weigh ?

Mr. Lupton : About 600 pounds, and I put it on my
ordinary farm wagon, I trussed up the tanks and set them
up myself. I made a cradle and fastened it down tight with
a piece of iron tire or iron rope, lifted the cradle up and put it
on an ordinary farm wagon, and when I got through with the
spraying I took off the tanks and put them in the barn, and

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 22$

used those wagons for my ordinary farm work. I thought
I needed a bigger tank, but I found I did not. With 135
gallon tanks, it takes about three-quarters of an hour to spray
out, and by using six sets of tanks I can keep one spare tank
at the mixing station, and the man brings the filled tank into
the orchard and brings the empty tank back.

A Member : How do you keep your solution agitated ?

Mr. Lupton : The compressed air going through a small
pipe which runs down on the bottom of the liquid tank keeps
the liquid constantly agitated. I have never had any trouble
with agitation. I have always had just a little doubt about it.
I have had experts down there from Washington, they have
analyzed the material, and thev find sufficient agitation.

Mr. H. F. Hall: On the 24th of next September, we
are to open in Boston a very large vegetable exhibit, and this
will be in conjunction with the ^'egetable and Market Garden
Association. We are to have a large convention there and
the large growers from all over the country will be present.
We expect to have the largest vegetable show ever held in
this section, along the lines of the Xew England Fruit Show,
and we would like to see itiany of the vegetable growers of
Connecticut there at the show, not only in attendance, but
also with exhibits. We have over $2,000 ofifered in cash
prizes, besides medals.

We also would like }ou not only to visit the convention,
but we would also like the exhibits of many of you market-
men, and we would like to have you become members of this
association which is doing so much good work towards solving
our problems, and I hope to see a great many of you market
gardeners there.

226 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Secretary Miles: I want to say just a word now that
our meeting is about to close, and that is, we all feel very-
proud of the success of this meeting", and I want to say to
you all, that the membership receipts have been the largest
of any meeting in the history of our society.. Still, there
are a few memljership dues I have not received for V>\\,
and I hope those of you who have not yet renewed vour
membership will send it in by mail.

A motion to adjourn was then ofifered.

President Rogers : It is moved and seconded that we
adjourn. All in favor say aye, opposed no. It is a vote, and
this twentieth annual meeting of the Connecticut Pomological
Society stands adjourned.

It was just 4:45 o'clock when the adjournment was taken,
bringing to a close what all agreed had been the most enjoy-
able, enthusiastic and successful Annual Meeting in the his-
tory of the Pomological Society. It was indeed a splendid
and fruitful meeting, probably the, best ever held in New
England, and fully realized the hopes of all who labored so
hard for its success. As a result of this great horticultural
gathering, a new impetus will be given to Connecticut fruit
growing, and every fruit grower in the state will labor with
increased zeal to produce better fruit and more of it.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING.

227

Report of the Special Committees on Fruit Exhibit,
with List of Awards.

The following- awards of prizes were made under the
schedules of prizes offered for the Society's regular winter
exhibit, which this year was restricted to fruit grown within
the state :

CLASS I.
Largest and Best Display of Fruit.
First Premium to E. E. Brown, Westland Farm, Pomfret Cen-
ter $3.00

CLASS n.
Collection Five Varieties Market Apples.

First Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret $2.00

Second Premium to E. C. Roberts, Middletown LOO

CLASS in.

Collection Five Varieties Dessert Apples.

First Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret $2.00

Second Premium to E. M. Ives, Meriden LOO

CLASS IV.

Single Plates Apples.

Akin.

First Premium to E. M. Ives, Meriden SO

Russet.

First Premium to S. G. Cooke, Branford .50

Baldwin.

First Premium to George F. Piatt & Son, Milford ^ .50

Second Premium to Thomas Griswold & Co., Wethersfield 25

Roxbury Russet.

First Premium to O. P. Burr, New Canaan 50

Second Premium to E. E. Brown. Pomfret 25

228 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

King and fall Pippin.

First Premium to O. P. Burr, New Canaan 50

Second Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret 25

Rhode Island Greening.

First Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret 50

Second Premium to H. E. Savage Sons, Berlin 25

Northern Spy.

First Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret 50

Second Premium to E. C. Warner, Clintonville 25

Sjitton.

First Premium to A. J. Clark, Durham 50

Second Premium to T. H. & L. C. Root, Farmington 25

Golden Rnsset.

First Premium to E. M. Ives, Meriden 50

Blue Pearniain.

First Premium to Myron R. Gilbert, Gilead 50

JVagener.

First Premium to George VV. Florian, Thomaston 50

Second Premium to H. E. Savage Sons, Berlin 25

Hubbardston and Maiden Blush.

First Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret 50

Ewalt, Banana and Mann.
First Premium to John B. Parker, Windsor 50

Mcintosh.

First Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret 50

Second Premium to A. M. Shepard, Simsbury .25

Rome Beauty.

First Premium to F. B. Miller, Bloomfield 50

Opalescent.

First Premium to E. J. Hawley, Bridgeport 50

Walker's Beauty, Westland Szveet and Ontario.

First Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret 50

Fallawater.

First Premium to S. G. Cooke, Branford 50

Second Premium to* E. E. Brown, Pomfret 25

Gravensteiii.

First Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret 50

Bclleflcur.

Second Premium to E. E. Browrt, Pomfret 25

Pennock.
First Premium to L. J. Robertson, Hartford 50

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING.

229

Ben Davis.

First Premium to H. E. Savage Sons, Berlin 50

Second Premium to S. G. Cooke, Branforcl 25

Peck's Pleasant.

First Premium to E. M. Ives, Meriden 50

Second Premium to George F. Piatt & Son, Milford 25

E'eviKiukee.
Second Premium to Thomas Callahan, Newington 25

Liinhertivig.
First Premium to H. E. Savage Sons, Berlin 50

]\' est field.
Second Premium to H. E. Savage Sons, Berlin 50

Parson Sweet.
First Premium to Myron R. Gilbert, Gilead .50

Grimes Golden.
Second Premium to Myron R. Gilbert, Gilead 25

Haas.
First Premium to W. A. Stocking & Sons, Weatogue 50

Stark.
First Premium to George F. Piatt & Son, Milford 50

CLASS V.
Single Plate Pears.

A njo II.

First Premium to W. A. Stocking & Sons, Weatogue 50

Second Premium to F. B. Bailey. Durham .25

Lawrence.
Second Premium to W. A. Stocking & Sons, Weatogue 25

Vicar.
Second Premium to H. E. Savage Sons, Berlin 25

Clairgeaii.
Second Premium to F. B. Bailey, Durham 25

CLASS VL
Best and Most Attractive Package Market Apples.

First Premium to T. H. & L. C. Root, Farmington 2.00

Second Premium to W. A. Stocking & Sons, Weatogue LOO

23Q THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

CLASS VII.

Best Packed Barrel Apples.

No Entries.

CLASS VIII.
Best Box Choice Apples.

First Premium to T. H. & L. C. Root, Farmington 2.00

Second Premium to W. A. Stocking & Sons, Weatogue LOO

The exhibit of plate apples at this meeting is especially
good so late in the season. The specimens to a marked
degree show greater care in growing, better spraying and more
careful selection for exhibition than in former years.

Especially to be commended is the splendid exhibit from
the Connecticut Agricultural College, in which there are over
75 varieties, all well grown, of good size, splendid color, and
free from blemishes. The apples from Westland Farm are
also of very high quality and well grown. Many single plates
show remarkably well grown specimens, particularly of Bald-
win, Mcintosh, Sutton, Roxbury Russet and Northern Spy.

Practically no scale-marked specimens are on the tables
and less apple scab was noted than in former years.

A few commercial packages of apples show that in the
near future Connecticut boxed apples will be a feature on the
market.

Respectfully submitted,

Wilfrid Wheeler,
Committee of Awards.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 231

Special Classes, Open to all New England.

CLASS A.

Best Barrel Apples.

No Awards.

CLASS B.
Best Box Apples.

First Premium to A. B. Howard & Son, Belchertown, Mass $10.00

Honorable Mention to George F. Piatt & Son, Milford, Conn.

CLASS C.

Best Barrel Following Varieties Apples.

Baldwin.

First Premium to E. N. Sawyer, Salisbury, N. H 8.00

Honorable Mention to Hale & Coleman, Seymour, Conn.
Roxbury Russet.

First Premium to R. S. Griswold, Wethersfield, Conn 8.00

Honorable Mention to E. M. Ives, Meriden, Conn.

CLASS D.

Best Box Following Varieties Apples.

Baldwin.

First Premium to A. B. Howard & Son 5.00

Honorable Mention to E. M, Burt, East Longmeadow, Mass.

King.

First Premium to G. A. Drew, Greenwich, Conn 5.00

Mcintosh.

First Premium to G. A. Drew, Greenwich 5.00

Sutton.

First Premium to T. H. & L. C. Root, Farmington 5.00

Hubbardston.
First Premium to G. A. Drew, Greenwich 5.00

S. L. LUPTON,
Coniuiittee of Aivards.

232 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Report on the Trade Exhibits.

The display of farm and orchards implements, spraying
fits and supplies, fruit packages, nursery stock, etc., was larger
than at any previous meeting, all available space in the lower
hall was taken up by this "trade exhibit" and in educational
interest it was one of the best features of the convention.
Manufacturers and dealers show an increasing desire to dis-
play their goods at such gatherings of fruit growers, and the
Society welcomes their cooperation, appreciating the value of
having the latest and most approved tools and supplies shown
from year to year. The wide-awake fruit grower realizes
that he must keep up to date in the matter of the development
and improvement of the best tools for his work.

The following firms were represented in the extensive
exhibit :

Orchard and Farm Tools:

Cutaway Harrow Co.. Higganum, Conn.

The Frank S. Piatt Co., New Haven, Conn.

Olds & Whipple, Hartford. Conn.

F. E. Boardman, Agent, Aliddletown, Conn.

E. W. Auckland, Hartford.

Barnes Bros. (Auto Truck), Yalesville, Conn.

Spraying Outfits and Supplies:

W. & B. Douglas, Middletown, Conn.

The Bean Spray Pump, E. M. Ives. Agent. Meriden, Conn.

Goulds Mfg. Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

The Frank S. Piatt Co.. New Haven, Comi.

Spray Motor Co.. Bufifalo. N. Y.

Harvey Jewell, Agent. Cromwell. Conn.

Cadwell & Jones, Hartford, Conn.

Frost Insecticide Co., Arlington, Mass.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING. 233

Insecticides and Fungicides:

Grasselli Chemical Co., New York. N. Y.

Hemingway's London Purple Co., Xew York, N. Y.

Sherwin-Williams Co., Newark, N. J.

\>eeland Chemical Co., Little Falls, N. J.

Jas. A. Blanchard Co., New York, N. Y.

Bowker Insecticide Co., Boston. Mass.

Frost Lisecticide Co., Arlington, Mass.

B. G. Pratt Co., New York, N. Y.

Geo. L. Warncke Co., Cut-Worm Food, Cannon Station.

Fruit Packages, Baskets, Boxes, Etc.:

H. R. Lindabury & Son, Frenchtown, N. J.
Frank C. Eno, Agent, Simsbury, Conn.
G. P. Read, New York, N. Y."
A. D. Bridges Sons, Hazardville, Conn.

Nursery Stock:

Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin, Md.

Barnes Bros. Nursery Co., Yalesville, Conn.

Packing Demonstrations.
In an adjoining room, demonstrations in the most ap-
proyed methods of packing apples for market were giyen each
day by Prof. C. S. Wilson, of the New York State College of
Agriculture, Cornell L^niyersity, Ithaca. This feature proyed
of much benefit to all the growers present. We firmly belieye
that such practical features should be continued at future meet-
ings.

A. T. HENRY,

Chairman of Comuiittce.

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PART TWO

A Brief Record of Field Meetings,

Exhibitions, Institutes, etc.,

held in 1910.

Summer Field Meetings, 1910.

Unlike most of the horticultural organizations of other
states, which are content with holding' an annual conven-
tion and perhaps one meeting during the summer season,
the Connecticut Pomological Society has always followed
the practice of getting its members together as often as
possible throughout the year. It firmly believes in keep-
ing in touch with the membership at every season of the
year, thus making the Society a vital factor in the life and
work of the fruit growers of the state.

For this reason the summer field meetings have be-
come a permanent feature of the Society's work, and the
great success of these popular outdoor gatherings, year
after year, has done much for the promotion of the fruit
interests of the state, as well as adding to the prestige and
value of the organization itself. No indoor gathering can
be made half so interesting, instructive and helpful as these
meetings held right out in the open field or orchard, sur-
rounded by the growing plants and trees as object les-
sons. An observing man or woman interested in all the
varied problems of fruit culture will certainly learn more
in a day spent at one of these field meetings than is possi-
ble in any other way, and this is especially true when the
gathering takes place on a fruit farm where the best nieth-

236 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

ods are practiced and a large degree of success has been
attained.

The plan of the field meetings of this society has been
copied by the other agricultural organizations of the state
and by other states as well, and have now become a fixture
wherever farmers and fruit growers are organized.

Following the Society's annual meeting in February,
and after the farmers' institutes of the spring are over, the
attention of the ofificers naturally turns to planning for the
campaign of summer field meetings. The Executive Com-
mittee, at a meeting held in May, 1910, voted to hold three
or four field days during the summer, beginning with the
strawberry season in June.

However, the fruit growers' busy season coming on
with a rush, and the partial failure of the strawberry crop,
because of drouth and other causes, it was found to be im-
practical to hold a meeting in June. It was not until July
25, at a meeting of the officers at Savin Rock, that plans
really materialized for the summer gatherings. This exe-
cutive meeting was attended by fourteen of the ofificers and
committees, and an enthusiastic interest- in the work of the
Society was shown. A dinner at the shore resort was en-
joyed and plans discussed for pushing the summer's cam-
paign with unusual vigor. Invitations to hold field meet-
ings were received from Barnes Bros, at Wallingford and
Durham, Mr. Charles E. Lyman of Middlefield, and Hale
& Coleman of Seymour.

It was decided to accept the Lyman and the Hale &
Coleman ofifers. Arrangements were perfected to make the
Lyman meeting a great "peach field day," inasmuch as the
peach crop promised to be a most bountiful one, and the
work of gathering peach crop estimates would be greatly
helped by this means, and also the cooperation of the rail-
roads and fruit buyers could be secured — a matter of con-
siderable importance to the peach growers of the state.
Aueust 3rd was selected as the date for the

ANNUAL REPORT. 237

First Field Meeting of the Season

and the following- notice sent out indicates the scope of
the meeting:

PEACH GROWERS' FIELD DAY.

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY*

Announces its

ANNUAL PEACH FIELD MEETING

to be held at

The Chas. E. Lyman Farm, Middlefield,

August 3, 1910.

Mr. Lyman cordially invites the members and friends of the
Pomological Society to visit his big farm and orchards at Middle-
field, on Wednesday, August 3. This will be a Great Peach Meeting
from start to finish, and the culture, harvesting, shipping and mar-
keting of this season's peach crop will receive special attention.

No wide awake fruit grower can afford to miss this great field
meeting!

Another splendid opportunity to visit the Lyman Farm, which
is well known as one of the most extensive and best managed in
the state. It comprises over 1.000 acres devoted to special crops
of peaches, apples, hay, corn and the fattening of winter lambs.

The Peach Orchards, embracing some 400 acres, are expected
to yield this year a crop of 100,000 baskets if weather conditions
are favorable. 1,000 apple trees in bearing. 700 tons of hay have
just been harvested. There are also 60 to 70 acres of newly set
orchards, all affording valuable object lessons for the fruit grow-
er and general farmer.

Everyone interested in peaches should not fail to attend!

The dinner will be strictly on the basket lunch plan, and visi-
tors should bring well-filled baskets. A general table will be ar-
ranged with a committee in charge. Tables, dishes, lemonade, etc.,
will be supplied by the host.

After lunch there will be an informal program of speaking.
Prominent fruit men will address the meeting, and Mr. Lyman will
explain his orchard and farm operations. Also plans will be dis-
cussed for handling the coming peach crop, and it is expected that
reports will be made of the fruit crop conditions in the state.

Representatives of the X. Y., N. H." & H. R. R.. also leading

2,38 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

commission men and fruit buyers, will- be present to confer with
the peach growers.

Peach Growers! Don't fail to be on hand, prepared to give an
estimate on your crop and make known your shipping require-
ments.

This gathering, like previous ones held at Mr.
Lyman's farm, was a tremendous success. The weather
was ideal, and the attendance proved a record-breaker,
more than five hundred persons being in attendance.

Anyone who has ever had the privilege of visiting Mr.
Lyman's great farm knows the unbounded hospitality of
the owner, and on this occasion Mr. Lyman did all in his
power to make the day one of pleasure and profit to his
many guests. Teams met the visitors at the trains and
trolley, and all day long they were in service, carrying
the crowds of fruit men and women through the various
orchards and to every part of the farm.

Mr. Lyman's farm is an ideal place for a field meeting,
especially a pomological meeting, as he is one of the largest
orchardists in the state, as well as being one of the most
extensive business farmers to be found in New England.
Mr. Lyman's peach orchards are well located on rolling
land, and in the heart of one of the best peach belts of the
state. This year's crop he estimates at 100,000 baskets,
and the apple trees, which are just beginning to bear heavy
crops, will yield many hundreds of barrels this season.
Most of the apple orchards are interplanted with peach
trees. In the matter of feeding the trees, Mr. Lyman is
acknowledged an expert, and much of his success has been
due to the fact that he knows how and when to fertilize
for the best and largest fruit crops. The heavy expense
for chemical fertilizers is abundantly justified in the large
yields of fine fruit.

Besides being an extensive fruit grower, Mr. Lyman
is known the state over as an authority" on grass culture.
Hay is an important crop on this farm, nearly 1,000 tons
being cut annually. A winter crop, to which Mr. Lyman

ANNUAL REPORT.

239

devotes much attention, is the fattening" of lambs for the
hig-h-class market, and in this business he is one of the
few in New England wdio has attained success.

During the noon hour the company gathered for a
basket lunch in the beautiful shady meadow adjacent to
the Lyman homestead. Following this President Rogers
of the Society called the company to order, and a short
while was spent in listening to brief speeches by some of
the prominent fruit men present.

Of course, the host, Mr. Lyman, was first called on.
He gave all a hearty welcome and said he was proud to
have so many guests. ]\Ir. Lyman explained his farm
operations and told of his failures as well as his successes.
"We all make mistakes sometimes in our farming," said
Mr. Lyman, "and we learn as much from them as from our
successes." He referred to the splendid outlook for the
peach crop, and said that the treatment of the orchard
must vary from year to year, according to the conditions
of the season.

Brown rot is the peach grower's worst enemy. He
will try to evade this by thorough spraying to offset the
bad weather that often comes at harvest time. He will
spray several times, using the lime-sulphur solution,
which, however, is still in the experimental stage as a sum-
mer spray. The San Jose Scale is not feared any longer
by the grower who sprays thoroughly during the dormant
season. The spraying given just before the leaf buds open
in spring has been found to control the peach leaf curl.

Mr. Lyman said that up to a few years ago hay and
mutton were his leading crops, and peaches only a side
issue. Now, with over four hundred acres devoted to
orchards, peaches are his main crop. Asked how he ac-
counted for the good set of fruit on his apple trees this
year, when other orchards were showing but a partial
crop. Mr. Lyman said his trees had been well fed. and
plenty of fruit buds was the result.

Mr. J. H. Hale was the next speaker, and. as usual,

240 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

had something interesting,^ancl witty to say. He compli-
mented Mr. Lyman on his success as a fruit grower, say-
ing: "He has opened our eyes to what can be accom-
plished on our Connecticut soil. Brains, energy and capi-
tal have done it, and Mr. Lyman should be given full
credit. Such examples of peach growing success are at-
tracting" attention in other sections, as well as all over
New England. There is a banner crop of peaches in
Connecticut this year, and the orchards are being given
better attention than formerly. Most of our fruit goes to
Boston and other leading New England cities. Because
of lack of proper freight facilities at the New York end,
very little of our fruit reaches that market. However, the
railroads are anxious to do all they can for our fruit ship-
pers and are giving us splendid service to the markets we
attempt to reach." Mr. Hale referred to the peach crop
in Georgia and Texas, the harvested there being just over
for the season. Eight thousand five hundred cars were
shipped from these sections in five weeks. Summer spray-
ing of peaches in Georgia has helped to save the crop from
brown rot, which is the scourge of southern peach orchards.
He had used compressed air in spraying and the peaches
were sprayed three times with the self-boiled lime-sulphur
wash. This resulted in getting rid of the brown rot and
improved the firmness and quality of the fruit.

Mr. T. K. AVinsor of Rhode Island was next called on.
He said it was an inspiration to come and see this splen-
did farm and fruitful orchards, one jof the greatest object
lessons to be found anywhere in fruit growing. He told
of his work in spraying this season with arsenate of lead.

Prof. A. G. Gulley followed with a brief talk, in which
he complimented Mr. Lyman on the successful manage-
ment of his extensive farm.

'Mr. Orlando Harrison, a prominent fruit grower and
nurseryman of Berlin, ]\Id., was the next speaker. Mr.
Harrison said we all learn much from such men as Lyman,
Hale and others who are pioneers in fruit growing. He

ANNUAL REPORT. 24I

told of a trip to Colorado where $4,000 per acre is asked
for peach orchards, no better than those located on Xew
England soil. The trend has been toward the West in
years past. This must change, and the boom will be
toward the East hereafter.

At this point the growlers present w^ere requested to
hand in estimates of the probable yield of peaches for the
season, and the matter of crop reports for the benefit of
the growers, the transportation companies and fruit buyers
was discussed. It was announced that the Society would
receive and tabulate the figures and publish the same for
the benefit of those concerned.

Other speakers who addressed the meeting were H.
O. Daniels of Middletown and N. S. Piatt of New Haven.
The latter referred to the light apple crop in the state this
season and in comparison the remarkable yield promised in
Mr. Lyman's orchards.

Mr. Wickham, representing the N. Y., N. H. & H. R.
R., was present, and discussed with the growers the ar-
rangements for car service and shipping of the ccTming
peach crop. He promised improved service and every
assistance to the growers in quick and satisfactory hand-
ling of their fruit.

The speaking closed at this point to allow of further
inspection of the orchards, the extensive barns and other
interesting features on the Lyman farm. The peach men
discussed business matters with the large number of fruit
buyers and commission men present, this being an import-
ant feature of the gathering.

As the afternoon waned, the visitors began leaving
for home, after expressing their thanks to Mr. Lyman and
his family for their hospitality and willingness to enter-
tain the Society on this and former occasions, which was
thoroughly appreciated by all.

Thus' closed the 1910 "Peach Meeting." the largest,
most enthusiastic and successful in the history of the
Pomological Society.

242 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Second Field Meeting of the Season.

For some time the Society had been promised an op-
portunity to visit the orchard venture of Brother J. H.
Hale, located at Seymour, Conn., and known as the Hale
& Coleman orchards, but not until the fall of 1910 did the
long-looked for event materialize. 'Along in September,
with an unusually fine apple crop in sight, Mr. Hale sud-
denly gave the word to arrange for the meeting, and the
following invitation went out to the fruit growers of the
state :

AN APPLE FIELD DAY

at the

Hale & Coleman Fruit Farm, Seymour,

September 23, 1910.

Our members and their friends are now to have the long-
promised opportunity to visit Mr. Hale's Seymour Orchards and
see what has been developed from one of the roughest pieces of
land in Connecticut. The peach harvest is over, but the apple
crop is in fine shape, just ready for picking. A yield of about one
thousand barrels of splendid fruit is promised.

Apple Culture— Apple Gathering— Apple Packing— and Apples
as the most important money crop for the Connecticut fruit grow-
er, will be discussed and demonstrated at this meeting.

Don't fail to come! Take the time to attend even if you are
busy.

Dinner will be strictly on the Basket-lunch plan. Don't for-
get to bring your lunch basket!

Busses will meet visitors at Seymour Station on arrival of
9:32 train from New Haven and other trains and trolleys. Bus
fare, 50c. round trip.

Brothers Hale and Coleman will welcome all interested.

Don't miss this profitable meeting!

Although this meeting was necessarily held on short
notice, there was a good attendance, over one hundred
members and other fruit growers turning out for the trip.
The visitors were met at Seymour by big busses, and a

ANNUAL REPORT.

243

ride of some three miles to the top of Aloose Hill in Ox-
ford, where the Hale & Coleman farm is situated, was eii-
jo5^ed. Xo special jireparations had been made to receive
the visitors, but a warm welcome from Brothers Hale and
Coleman and ]^Irs. Coleman awaited all who came. The
orchards were never in better condition, and the magnifi-
cent crop of superb Baldwin apples, reddening under the
September sun was a sight to delight the eye.

Probably no orchard in Connecticut has been watched
with as much interest and criticised so severely as this
orchard in Seymour. It is located on some of the very
roughest hill lands in the state, where it seemed to the
writer a man might plow for several days and have no trou-
ble from a sticky mold-board. ' The first tract that the
Hale & Coleman Orchard Co. bought was in 1896, at which
time Air. Coleman and family went to live in an old di-
lapidated house on one of the farms. The first work was
to plow, and they have plowed ever since ; just keep going
lengthways and crossways, but kept ploughing, stirring
what soil they could and turning over the stones to find
more soil. In 1897 they set out 14.000 peach trees 15 foot
apart, the Elberta being the largest of any one variety.
Two years later, in 1899, they set 3,000 Baldwin apple trees
between the peach trees. After cultivating they sow
clover between the trees, never cutting, but plowing under
for fertilizer. These first planted apple trees have a very
fine crop this year. One tree which the company viewed
was estimated by the experts to 3neld six barrels of fruit ;
they also have some very fine-looking Ben Davis, but
none of the visitors were anxious to taste them.

On the James farm of 150 acres, which was bought
four years ago, they have one orchard of 30 acres — all
peaches. It has been reported that the company was get-
ting out of peach growing in this section. This does not
look like it, and 7,000 baskets were shipped from their old
orchard this season, finding a ready market in nearby cities
— near enough so the deliveries were made by wagon direct

244 ^-^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

from the orchard to the market. Four years ago JMr. Cole-
man built a very fine large house on the top of this great
hill, where a most beautiful view can be had of the sur-
rounding country, and the Sound. Even the shores of
Long Island can be readily seen. All of the heavy tim-
ber in the house was cut from the land where the peaches
and apples are now growing. The other buildings, which
are many in number, were all built from this native lum-
ber. The well on top of this hill is 128 feet deep, 10 feet
through earth and 118 feet through solid rock. After the
majority of those present had taken a two mile walk
through the orchards, lunch was served on the piazza of
the Coleman home, and it was a pleasant social occasion.

Then President Rogers called the company to order
to listen to words of w^elcome from Mr. Coleman, which
were heartily expressed. He referred to his partner's (Air.
Hale's) enthusiasm in fruit culture and how it had inspired
him to do his best work in these orchards. It had been
a big work and hard work, too, but success seems likely
to crown the efifort.

Mr. J. H. Hale was greeted with applause as he took
the floor to speak. He said, "These splendid trees them-
selves speak more eloquently than I can of the possibilities
in our Connecticut soil for the production of choice fruit."

Mr. Hale said he did not want anyone to be deceived
by looking at those trees laden with fruit, for it means
much work. No one can invest a little money, do a little
work and wait for such results. It means work all the
time, and said Mr. Hale, not one man in a thousand can do
the kind of work that Mr. Coleman has done for years and
come up smiling every time. You people are all welcome
to these 400 acres, view them as 3^ou will, but I take off
my hat to Mr. Coleman, the man who has done most of
the work to improve them and make them bear the fruit
you now see."

The visitors applauded this statement, thus expressing
their appreciation of Mr. Coleman's ability and what he

PLATE \'TI.

THE "MEN BEHIND THE GUNS" OF THE HALE & COLEMAN

FRUIT FARM— MESSRS. HALE AND COLEMAN

AND THEIR SONS.

THE PARTNERS INSPECTING THEIR 1910 CROP OF APPLES,
HALE & COLEMAN ORCHARDS, SEYMOUR.

ANNUAL REPORT.

245

has accomplished in spite of many discouragements and
most unfavorable conditions.

'Mv. Hale said further that both he and his partner
had faith in the venture, and that they expect to win out in
the end. It has, however, cost a lot of labor and capital,
and many mistakes have been -made. The peaches have
not been an entire success, but apples grow to perfection
on this location and will bring ultimate success to the un-
dertaking, showing what can be done on our rough New
England hills in producing as fine fruit as ever grew in the
far West, and with it all, concluded Mr. Hale, we have had
our share of the fun as we went along.

The Rev. \\'. W. Bowdish, one of the prominent
Methodist clergymen of the state, was called on for a
speech, and responded pleasantly, complimenting Messrs.
Hale and Coleman on the work they are doing, which he
considered almost marvelous. It shoAvs that fine orchards
may be established on what was once, thought he, but
waste land.

Others who spoke expressed their wonder that sucli
fine results had been accomplished under such great diffi-
culties, and all present were unanimous in awarding to
the hosts the first prize as successful orchardists.

The rest of the day was spent in going over the or-
chards and admiring the beautiful fruit. While it was
seemingly rocks and boulders on every hand and good soil
and level ground hard to find, yet there were the fine, vig-
orous apple trees, thousands of them, all laden with splen-
did high-colored fruit, as fine as anything ever grown in
New England, thus proving that such a soil and location
is capable of producing the best apples when properly
handled, and brains and energy and capital are applied
with faith in the results. And yet many of those present
were tempted to question Mr. Hale's judgment in locating
on such rough soil, when land less rough and equally as
well situated could be had for nearly the same price and
far less cost to clear and cultivate.

246

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

All in all, it was a great day, a great meeting, and the
orchards were a great eye-opener to all interested in the
horticultural development of the state. There are no
other orchards like them to be found in Connecticut, and
may success come to ]\Iessrs. Hale and Coleman, for they
richly deserve it, and their Moose Hill Baldwin apples
should make them famous.

FIELD MEETING AT SEYMOUR SEPT. 23, 1910.
The Visitors Gathered for Lunch at the Coleman Homestead.

ANNUAL REPORT. 247

Institute Work in 1910.

In the furtherance of its eckicational work for the fruit
growers and farmers of the state, and supplementing the
good results of its annual winter meeting, the Pomological
Society has carried on each year a campaign of one-day in-
stitutes in the towns throughout the state. For several
years practically all the Farmers' Institute work in the
state was carried on by the Pomological Society, the Dairy-
men's Association and the State Board of Agriculture, and
without very much concerted action. More recently other
agricultural organizations of the state have taken up the
work, and for the past two or three years an "Advisory
Board of Institute Work" has been formed by five of the
six state organizations engaged in holding institutes, re-
sulting in more or less successful cooperation in the work.

As a result of these changes more joint institutes have
been held, with programs of a mixed character, and a less
number of purely Pomological institutes. However, dur-
ing the institute season of 1910, following the annual meet-
ing, our Society conducted 10 institutes, distributed over
the state as follow^s : At New Hartford, February 10 ; Mil-
ford, February 15; Lyme, February 24; Hebron, February
25; Wolcott, February 28; Chaplin, March 4; Cheshire,
March 11; Monroe, March 15; Westfield, March 18: Dur-
ham, March 22.

This was a very successful series of meetings. All were
well attended and productive of much good to the fruit
interests of Connecticut. In addition to the above list, the
Society supplied a large number of speakers on fruit topics
for institutes held by the other state societies and for local
meetings of granges.

There is an increasing demand each year for this class
of educational work, and the sending of a single speaker
to address grange meetings is quite largely taking the place
of the all-dav Farmers' Institute. The Societv is looked to

248 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to supply such speakers — men who have a practical knowl-
edge of fruit culture and are capable of instructing others
in up-to-date methods. While this is a good form of insti-
tute work, especially where the grange meeting is thrown
open to the public, as the Advisory Board now requires, yet
it can hardly take the place of the regular day institute
meeting with its full program of addresses and discussions
and ample time and opportunity to reach and benefit the
largest number of people.

The fact is, our state has been pretty thoroughly cov-
ered and organized in the line of institutes during the past
few years, and some changes in plans and methods seems
inevitable. As the granges multiply, some form of insti-
tute work is carried into practically every section of the
state, and great good to the farmers is being accomplished.
It now remains for those organizations which have been
engaged in the work to agree upon a plan of closer co-
operation and more efficient management under one cen-
tral head, thus eliminating the chances for waste of labor
and funds and the duplication of work that is so likely to
occur when several distinct organizations are engaged in
institute work.

As a means of arousing interest, especially in institutes
devoted to the promotion of the fruit growing interests,
the Society issued the following circular early in the win-
ter of 1909-10 :

HOW ABOUT A FARMERS' INSTITUTE IN YOUR TOWN
THIS WINTER?

The Pomological Society in co-operation with some of the other
state agricultural organizations is prepared to arrange for and carry
out institute meetings in any part of the state. An invitation from
the grange, or other local organization, or from interested citizens,
signifying a desire for such a meeting, is all that is necessary to afford
your comrnunity one of these very popular and helpful gatherings.

While speakers may be secured to discuss such subjects as Dairy-
ing, Poultry Keeping, Fruit Culture, P'orestry, Bees, Sheep, General
Farming and Home Improvement, it is, however, urged that the im-

PLATE \1II.

A FEW SNAPSHOTS OF THE ORCHARD DEMONSTRA-
TION INSTITUTES. 1910-11.

1. Neglected appU- tree at Ponifret liefore veiiovatinn ti-eatnunt.
■2. Same tree after treatment.

:i. A gathering at the Cheshire (lenmnstration orehanl the trees one year after
jiruning treatment.

4. Pruning demonstration at Chesliire, 1911.

5. Demonstration of spraying in Pomfret orchard. 1011.

ANNUAL REPORT. 249

portant question of the advantages and possibilities for profitable
Fruit Groimng in Connecticut be made the leading topic wherever
possible. Our Society is about to start a general movement in the
interests of orcharding in Connecticut — following the splendid results
of the recent New England Fruit Show^ — and the institutes are ex-
pected to be a strong factor in this great work.

We know you are deeply interested in the success of the fruit
growing industry of our state, and we ask you to use your influence
in having an institute in your town this coming winter. Urge your
local grange to take the matter up, talk to your neighbors about it
and see if a rousing good meeting cannot be carried out. Practically
all the expense will be met by state funds, and we promise you the
best of speakers and an attractive program.

Act at Once ! It is desired that all applications for institutes be
sent in before December ISth. Write to the Secretary for full infor-
mation and secure a date for an institute.

You cannot help yourself or your town in any better way than
by encouraging the institute. Hoping to hear from you.
Very truly yours.
The Connecticut Pomological Society.

Orchard Demonstration Institutes.

In connection with this report of institute work for
1910, it should be added that the demonstration orchard
work established by the Pomological Society in coopera-
tion with the Connecticut Agricultural College, led to hold-
ing several "demonstration institutes" at the orchards of S.
A. Smith & Sons in Cheshire and Jos. Stoddard in Pom-
fret. These meetings occurred March 29 and April 7 at
Cheshire and April 1 and April 12 at Pomfret. A full re-
port of this work was given by Prof. C. D. Jarvis, who was
in charge of it, at the recent annual meeting, and suffice it
to say that this form of outdoor institute is a most valuable
one and is likely to be employed to a greater extent in the
future. Their educational value cannot be over estimated.
While the actual work of pruning and spraying is being
done right before the eyes of the audience, the professor

250 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

lectures and explains the methods of orchard renovation
and answers questions connected with the work.

So successful were these orchard institutes last year
that arrangements were made by Prof. Jarvis to continue
the work on a larger scale in the spring of 1911. In co-
operation with our Society some nine or ten demonstration
meetings are being carried out, covering every county in
the state, and as this report is being prepared the work is
in successful operation.

While the meetings held in 1910 were in orchards
where the college will conduct experiments and demonstra-
tions covering a period of years, those held in 1911 were
located where only a single demonstration was given, for
the benefit of the owner and those who gathered there to
learn the best methods of orchard treatment.

Already the good efifects of this work are being seen
all over the state. Old apple orchards are being pruned,
cleaned up and sprayed and fertilized and put in condition
to produce profitable crops of fruit, all of which means
much to the future of fruit growing in Connecticut. Un-
doubtedly it has proved one of the best lines of work the
Society ever inaugurated.

In the accompanying plate are shown some interesting
pictures taken at these orchard institutes.

AXXL'AL REPORT.

251

The Thirteenth Annual Exhibition of Fruits,
Held at Berlin, Sept. 27-30; 1910.

2.00

1.00

5.00

2.50

1.00

2.00

1.00

.50

5.00

2.50

1.00

2.00

1.00

.50

5.00

2.50

1.00

3.00

1.00

.50

SCHEDULE OF PREMIUMS OFFERED.

First Division — Collections.

Class 1. Best general collection of fruits by
grower, of which not more than two-
thirds to be of apples. See Rule 7.. $10.00 $5.00 $3.00

Class 2. Best collection, 15 varieties of apples.. 5.00 2.50 1.00

Class 3. Best collection, 10 varieties of apples.. 3.00 1.50 .75

Class 4, Best collection, 8 varieties of apples,

for general purposes 2.00 1.00 .50

Class 5. Best collection 5 varieties of apples for
market use. Special prize, Spraying
Outfit, offered by W. & B. Douglas. . .

Class 6. Best collection, 12 varieties of pears . .

Class 7. Best collection, 6 varieties of pears . . .

Class 8. Best collection, 12 varieties of grapes..

Class 9. Best collection, 6 varieties of grapes..

Class 10. Best collection, 10 varieties of peaches

Class 11. Best collection, 6 varieties of peaches.

Second Division — Single Plates.

Class 1. Best single plates of following varie-
ties of apples, each $1.00 $ .50 $ .25

Red Astrachan, Sweet Bough, Golden Sweet, Yel-
low Transparent, Williams' Favorite, Oldenburg,
Porter, Gravenstein, Red Bietigheimer, Fameuse,
Fall Pippin, Maiden Blush, Twenty Ounce, Hurl-
burt. Wealthy, Rome Beauty, R. I. Greening, Bald-
win, Talman Sweet, Cogswell, Hubbardston, Jona-
than, Gilliflower, King, Northern Spy, Belleflower,
Pewaukee, Mcintosh Red, Red Canada, Sutton,
Wagener, Westfield, Jacob's Sweet, Fallawater,
Golden Russet, Roxbury Russet, Newtown Pippin.
Peck's Pleasant, Ben Davis, Hyslop Crab, and for
other ivorthy varieties not to exceed ten.

Class 2. Best single plate of following varie-
ties of pears, each 1.00 $ .50 $ .25

Clapp's, Bartlett, Bosc, Angouleme. Louise Bonne,
Diel, Onondaga, Anjou. Lucrative, Boussock, Buf-
fum, Howell, Flemish Beauty, Mt. Vernon, Seckel,
Clairgeau, Lawrence, Sheldon, Easter Beurre, Keif-
fer, LeConte, Nelis. Of other zvortlry varieties not
to exceed ten.

* This class is intended to draw out the growers' ideas of value of varieties.
In making the award this will be considered as well as the condition of the speci-
mens shown.

252 THE CONNECTICUT POMOEOGICAE SOCIETY.

Class 3. Best single plate of following varie-
ties of grapes, each $1.00 $.50 $.25

Moore's Early, Brighton, Concord, Eaton, Hart-
ford, Wilder, Worden, Isabella, Agawam, Delaware,
Diana, Diamond, Jefferson, Campbell's Early, Clin-
ton. Green Mountain, Catawba, Lindley, Salefn,
Empire State, Martha, Niagara, Pockington. Of
other worthy varieties not to exceed ten.

Class 4. Peaches and Plums, each valuable va-
riety $1.00 $ .50 $ .25

Class 5. Quince, each valuable variety 1.00 .50 .25

Class 6. Grapes grown under glass, one bunch

each variety _ 1.00 .75 .50

Class 7. Cranberries, best exhibit, any variety. . 2.00 1.00

Third Division — Canned Fruits, Jellies, Etc.
For Table Use.

(Wives and daughters of members may compete in this division with-
out payment of any membership fee).

Class 1. Best collection canned fruit, 15 vari-
eties $8.00 $4.00 $2.00

Class 2. Best collection canned fruit. 8 varieties 4.00 2.00 1.00

Class 3. Best collection canned berries, 6 vari-
eties. See Rule 8 _ 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 4. Best collection pickles, 6 kinds, one

quart each 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 5. Best collection jellies, 6 kinds 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 6. Best single can of the following fruits .75 .50 .25

Strawberries, Blackberries, Black and Red Rasp-
berries, Currants, Gooseberries, Huckleberries, Cran-
berries, Grapes, Pears, Yellow and White Peaches,
Apples, Quinces, Crab Apples, Cherries, Pineapples,
European Plums, and Japan Plums. (See Rule 8).

Class 7. Best single jar jelly made from above

named fruits .75 .50 .25

Class 8. Best sample un fermented fruit juice,

each kind, not to exceed six .75 .50 .25

Fourth Division — Packed Fruits.
Class 1. Best packed barrel choice market
apples. Special prize, Arlington Sprav
Pump Outfit, offered by W. & B'.
Douglas.

Class 2. Best box choice apples $2.00 $1.00 $ .50

Class 3. Best 3 boxes choice apples of any 3
varieties. Special prize. Silver Cup,
offered by B. G. Pratt Co. (See fold-
er for requirements).
Class 4. Best standard basket choice peaches.. 2.00 1.00 .50

Class 5. Best peck basket choice peaches 1.00 .50 .25

Class 6. Best package choice grapes 1.00 .50 .25

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ANNUAL REPORT. 253

Class 7. Best package of apples, pears, peaches
or plums, of not over one peck, and
of convenient size for buj^er to carry* 2.00 1.00 .50

Fifth Division — Nuts, Etc.

Class 1. Best specimen any variciv of cultivat-
ed nuts $1.00 $.50 $.25

Class 2. Best sample of native nuts, any kind.. 1.00 .50 .25

Class 3. Best collection native nuts, made by
boy or girl and correctly named (ex-
hibitors in this class not required to
be members of the Society) 2.00 1.00 .50

Class 4. Best arranged table piece of home-
grown fruits .._ . 2.00 1.00 .50

Class 5. Articles not classified, for w'hich dis-
cretionary premiums may be awarded.

RULES OF THE EXHIBITION.

Rule 1. All exhibits must be received for entry not later than 2
p. m. Tuesday, September 27, and must be in place by 6 p. m., as judg-
ing will begin promptly on opening of second day — Wednesday. (This
rule will be strictly enforced).

2. Entries of collections in First and Third Divisions should be
made with the Secretary on or before Saturday, September 24, using en-
closed entry blank for the purpose, that proper table room may be pro-
vided.

3. All articles entered, except in Fifth Division, must be grown
or prepared by the exhibitor.

4. AH fruits shall be correctly labeled (if possible) and except
grapes and crab apples, five specimens, neither more or less, shall make
a plate, either single or in collection.

Of crab apples ten specimens, and of grapes three bunches, shall
make a plate, except where noted. The collections also shall embrace
just the required number of plates.

5. No exhibitor shall make more than one entry for the same
premium, nor enter the same plate for more than one premium.

6. In the various collections, the value of the varieties shown, as
well as the conditions of the specimens, will be considered in making
the award.

7. Entries in Division 1, Class 1, must not contain over two-thirds
apples, or over one-fourth of any other single class of fruit.

8. Entries of different kinds of Canned Fruit must be self-evi-
dent; that is, separate varieties of "red raspberries" or "yellow peaches"
will not be considered as distinct kinds. Cans to be opened for sam-
pling at the discretion of the judges.

9. Lists of varieties in all collections must 1)e made and placed with
entry card on collection.

10. As the object of the Society is to encourage the growth of
fruits of fine quality, wormy or diseased specimens or those infested
with San Jose Scale will not be allowed to compete.

* This is intended to draw out the growers' ideas of an ideal package
and shape to be easily rarriod by the consumer. t

254 ^^^ COXXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

11. Premiums will be awarded to members of the Society only,
except as noted in Third Division.

12. Xo exhibit shall be removed without the consent of the com-
mittee, until tTie close of the meeting. Exhibitors are requested to
state whether the fruit is to be returned to them, or donated to th'e
Societv.

The above constituted the list of prizes as revised for
the Society's Thirteenth Annual" Exhibition, held in connec-
tion with the State Fair at Berlin. Sept. 27, 28, 29 and 30. The
exhibition was a great success in every way, the fruit dis-
played by the members of the Society was large in amount
and very fine in quality ; the educational features were well
carried out. and the splendid show attracted the interest
and called forth the praises of every visitor at the big fair.

The show was held in a large tent near the main entrance,
the long tables being well filled with the choicest specimens of
Connecticut grown apples, pears, peaches, grapes, plums and
quinces to the number of about 1200 plates. Canned fruits,
jellies, pickles, etc., were shown by the lady members in good
variety, the competition for prizes in these classes being espe-
cially keen. It should be added that many of the ladies display
much skill in putting up canned fruits, that not only delight
the eye, but are also most excellent to eat. This department
was the center of much interest. Of the exhibit of apples it
may be said that some of the finest fruit ever seen at a Pom-
ological show was displayed. It was the general opinion of
those competent to judge that the collections of apples con-
tained fruit that reached perfection in color, size, quality and
general appearance ; nothing finer has ever been seen at a
Connecticut fair. This is especially remarkable this season,
when apples are both scarce and poor. The progress made
in apple growing in our state is evidenced by this magnifi-
cent exhibit.

Grapes were shown in large variety and excellence. Pears
were not so plenty, but some fine fruit was shown. A small
display of splendid peaches was made and those growers who
took the pains to save exhibits of peaches even after the sea-
son was over deserve special credit. Perhaps no feature of the
show attracted more attention than the display of fruits packed

PLATE X.

THE SCALECIDE PRIZE CUP AND SOME OF THE EXHIBITS

COMPETING, THIRTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

BERLIN. 1910.

VIEW OF THE PEACH SHOW. MADE BY THE SOCIETY AT THE
CONNECTICUT FAIR. HARTFORD. SEPTEMBER 5-9. 1910.

ANNUAL REPORT. 255

for market. This occupied the center of the tent, and some
wonderfully fine and well grown apples, peaches, pears and
grapes were staged. There were well packed apples in boxes
and barrels, rivalino- the best fruit from the West, and the
interest in the best methods of packing apples for market wa.s
plainly to be seen. The offer of a silver cup by The B. G.
Pratt Co. of New York, the well-known manufacturers oi
"Scalecide," brought out some splendid exhibits, which must
result in stimulating more growers to pack their best apples
in boxes and thus secure the best returns. Perhaps the weak-
est point in Connecticut fruit growing in the past has been
the lack of knowing how to properly pack for the high-class
markets.

A feature of the exhibit worthy of note was the especially
large display made by the Horticultural Department of the
Connecticut Agricultural College. Professor Gulley surely
got together a splendid collection of fruits and because of the
large number of varieties shown, many of them new and rare,
it was of great educational value. Nearly 100 varieties of
apples were in the display, besides pears, grapes, plums and
quinces. Never have the college orchards produced finer fruit
than this year.

Representing the trade exhibits were the follov/ing firms :
The Frank S. Piatt Co., New Haven ; The B. G. Pratt Co., New
York ; BoAvker Insecticide Co., by Lightbourn & Pond of New
Haven ; Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin, 'Md. ; Coles & Co., New
York, fruit packages ; W. & B. Douglas, Middletown ; Harvey
Jewell, Cromwell. Demonstrations were given each day by
those in charge of these displays, and on one of the days of
the fair a very interesting demonstration of the best methods
of packing apples for market was shown.

The special prizes which excited very keen competition
were won as follows : Douglass Spray Pump outfit, offered
for best packed barrel of apples, to T. K. Winsor, Greenville.
R. I., for barrel of superb R. I. Greenings. Spraying outfit,
o^'ered for best collection 5 varieties market apples, to E. E.
Brown. Westland Farm. Pom fret Center. The Scalecide Sil-

256 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ver cup, for 3 best boxes apples, was awarded to G. A. Drew,
manager Conxers Farm, Greenwich, for 1 box each Kmg,
Mcintosh and Greening apples, all remarkably fine fruit.

A very large proportion of the membership of the Society
attended the fair and exhibition, attesting to their interest in
the exhibits as well as their appreciation of the liberal treat-
ment accorded by the state fair officials. Much credit for the
success of the show is due the officers and exhibition commit-
tee of the Society and others who worked with them, and to
those members who contributed the exhibits of splendid fruit.

The exhibits were judged by the following well-known
experts: Professor F. C. Sears of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College ; Professor E. F. Hitchings, state entomolo-
gist of Maine ; N. S. Piatt of New Haven ; A. B. Cook, Farm-
ington, and the canned fruits by Mr. W. P. Robertson of Hart-
ford and Mrs. H. L. Crandall of Farmington.

ANNUAL REPORT.

^57

NECROLOGY.

The foregoing pages of this Report have to do very
largely with the activities of this life. But, now, in these
closing pages, we would, as is most fitting, remember those
of our associates whom Death hath called to the Eternal
Life. But recently co-laborers with us, the Great Master
has called them to lay down their implements on earth, to
labor in the Heavenly Vineyard above, and to receive that
welcome plaudit, "Well done, good and faithful servants."

We desire to express to their sorrowing relatives our
heartfelt sympathy and our appreciation of their worth.

Since our last Report was issued the following deaths
in the membership have been reported to the Secretary's
office :

C. B. Johnson, of Southhury, died in May, 1909. He
became a member of the Society in 1908. Mr. Johnson was
a substantial farmer and fruit grower of Oxford, and at the
time of his death was a representative in the General As-
sembly.

John B. Hubbard, of Guilford, died during the year
1910. Mr. Hubbard was one of the best known farmers in
his section. He was intensely interested in fruit growing,
and as a member of the Society for many years kept in
close touch with its work. He was possessed of a vigorous
character and was ever fearless for the right, both in private
and public afifairs. His death was a real loss to the com-
munity in which he lived.

Lester L. Lowry, of Bristol, died in February. 1911.
He had been a member of the Societv since 1900, and was

258 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

a well-known and successful fruit grower in the \Miigville
section of Bristol. \\ ith his wife, Mr. Lowry had been ac-
tively interested in the work of the Society, contributing
especially to its exhibitions for many years. Passing away
in the prime of life, Air. Lowry will be sadly missed in his
home, in the community in which he lived and in our or-
ganization, which he loved and for which he labored.

Andrew Kingsbury, of Coventry, died March 25, 1911.
His sudden passing was under the most distressing circum-
stances, Mr. Kingsbury having been fatally injured by an
infuriated bull on his farm, Saturday morning, March 25,
and dying at the Hartford hospital a few hours later.

Andrew Kingsbury filled a large place in his home, in
the church, in the life of the town and stateandin this Soci-
ety, and his place cannot easily be failed. A member of the
Pomological Society for many years, he was always active
for its welfare. He occupied the position of County Vice-
President for a long term of years, served with ability on
many committees, and at the time of his death was one of
the Society's auditors. A successful farmer, he made fruit
growing one of his specialties, and was active in promoting
the work of this Society and all other organizations that
would benefit his fellow farmers.

He was possessed of much business and executive
ability and had been called to occupy many positions of
trust and honor, all of which he discharged with honesty
and integrity and ability. Although cut ofif in the midst
of an active and useful life, the memory of his work will
live long and will be cherished by those who were associat-
ed with him.

The following editorial from the Hartford Coiirant ex-
presses well the esteem in which he was held by all who
knew him :

The town of Coventry, to say nothing of the state, lost one of its
best men when Andrew Kingsbury died in the Hartford Hospital Sat-

ANNUAL REPORT. 259

urday afternoon. Any one who saw him that morning would have
said that he could have added another decade of usefulness to his 62
years; certamly no one would have dreamed that death was to come
to him that day after a few hours of suffering. He was a man who
had been tried in many ways and who had always made good. His
town had loaded him with one duty after another; his church added
its share to his labor ; the grange burdened him further, and town,
church and grange were never disappointed in their man. He was a
member of the General Assembly in 1905 and 1907, and the trust his
town reposed in him was never misplaced then. When Andrew
Kingsbury spoke his colleagues listened and, whether the report of his
committee was sustained or overturned, his standing among his col-
leagues remained unchanged. His honesty and integrity were patent to
every one ; they were plain and obvious and yet, above these was his
kindness and charity. The whole state is poorer for his death.

Mr. Kingsbury was a native of Rockville, born April 8, 1849, the
son of Erastus and Hannah Kingsbury. He was educated in the
common and private schools of Coventry and, after completing his
education, taught school for a time, though most of his life was spent
on a farm. On May 26, 1880, he married Mary Laura Hughes, who
survives him with two children, John E. and Hannah E., both of them
residing at home.

Mr. Kingsbury was a republican in politics and had held nearly
every town office in the gift of his party. He served in the General
Assembly in 1905 and 1907 and was House chairman of the committee
on agriculture during the last session. He was an able debater and
possessed the confidence of his associates to a marked degree. He
was a deacon of the Congregational church in Coventry and had been
a member of it from his fifteenth year. He was prominent in the
Farmers' Association during his legislative career, was a charter mem-
ber and past master of Coventry grange and had been for many years
a director and president of the Rockville Fair Association. He was
also president of the Coventry Cemetery Association and a director
of the Patrons' Mutual Fire Insurance Company.

Elbkrt Manchester, of Bristol, died Ai)ril 17. I'Ul.
In recording- the death of Mr. Manchester we do so with a
feelin^^ of real personal loss for an old friend. None among'
our older members was better known or held in higher
esteem, his kindlv face, his lielpfiilness and wise counsel
wdll be sadly missed from our meetings, and especially our

26o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

exhibitions, of which he had charge for many years among
our older members. He had been a member from the ear-
liest years of the organization, and up to the time when
illness prevented, was active in all its work. He had been
a County Vice-President and many times chairman of the
Exhibitions Committee. Mr. Manchester loved fruits and
their culture, and was very successful with them, particu-
larly apples. As a grower of fancy apples he had no su-
perior in the state, and was justly proud of the many prizes
he won. Mr. Manchester was a kindly man, loving and be-
loved by all who knew him. It was indeed a privilege to
have known him and worked with him. He was a splen-
did character and will be greatly missed not only by his im-
mediate family, but by all who enjoyed his acquaintance.

The following account of his life is clipped from the
Hartford Times of Tuesday, April 18th:

Elbert Manchester, one of the best-known farmers in this section,
died at his home on Chippen hill on Monday. He had been suffering
with a complication of diseases for several months. Mr. Manchester
was born in Tolland, Mass., on December 25, 1835. He lived in Win-
sted and Plainville previous to coming to Bristol thirty-five years ago.
He took up scientific farming and made a decided success of it. He
was a Civil War veteran, having served in Company F, Twenty-
eighth Connecticut Volunteers. He was a member of Gilbert W.
Thompson post, G. A. R., St. Andrew's lodge, F. & A. M., of Win-
sted, the Connecticut Pomological Society and the Bristol grange,
being the first master of that organization. Besides his wife, who
survives him, there is a daughter, Miss Ruth Manchester, and five
sons, George C, Robert C, Allan, Harold and Edward F., all of
whom reside here.

Nathan S. Bronson, of Nezv Haven, died suddenly
Monday, May 1, 1911, of heart disease. With Mr. Bron-
son's death occurs the first break in our list of life mem-
bers. He became connected with the Society in 1904, and
in 1909 showed his interest in the work by taking out a life
membership. Of a quiet, retiring disposition, Mr. Bronson

ANNUAL REPORT. 261

was never active in the affairs of the Society. Neverthe-
less, he was a keenly interested member, always attending
the meetings, and he was enthusiastic in his love for fruits,
possessing a knowledge of their successful culture.

Mr. Bronson was a farmer for a portion of his life, hav-
ing a large farm in New Britain, where he lived for a num-
ber of years. He was a brother of ex-Judge Samuel H.
Bronson. Mr. Bronson was seventy-four years of age and
is survived bv a widow and four children.

262 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF THE

CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1911

This List Corrected to May, 1911.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Ashton, Frank B., Middletown.

Talcott, Phineas, Rockville.

The Conn. Agricultural College,
Storrs.

Brown, J. Stanford, Yonkers,
N. Y.

Shepperd, Walter S., Shaker
Station.

Brown, Everett E., Pomfret
Center.

Geer, Everett S., Hartford.

Lucchini, Victor E., Meriden.

Gulley, Prof. Alfred G., Storrs.

Miles, Henry C. C, Milford.

Gold, Charles L., West Corn-
wall.

Gilbert, Orrin, Middletown.

Clark, Arthur J., Durham.

Curtis, Ellicott D., Bantam.

*Bronson, Nathan S., New Ha-
ven.

Jarvis, Chas. M., Berlin.

Repp, Albert T., Glassboro,
N. J.

Brown, F. Howard, Marlboro,
Mass.

Rogers, Elijah, Southington.

Savage, Theo. M., Berlin.

Yale, Arthur C, Meriden.

Clark, Chester H., Durham Cen-
ter.

Cook, Allen B., Farmington.

Beaupain, W. F., So. Norwalk,
192 West street.

Deming, Nelson L., Litchfield.

Clark, H. E., Middleburv.

Healey, L. H., North 'Wood-
stock.

Frost, H. L., Arlington, Mass.

Ripley, Louis A., Litchfield.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Abbe, Earl C, Windsor.

Abbe, Linden S., Hazardville.

Abell, Myron R., Colchester.

Adams, Joseph, Westport.

Albiston, Joseph, So. Manches-
ter.

Allen, A. R., Winsted.

Allen, Chas. I., Pequabuck.
* Deceased.

Alsop, J. W., Avon.

Alvord, S. M., Hartford, 254
Ashley st.

Allyn, W. I., Mystic.

Andrews, Cornelius, New Bri-
tain.

Andrews, E. C, Cheshire. R.
F. D.

■INNUAL REPORT.

263

Andrews, J. E., New Britain.
Andrew, Irving A., Orange.
Angell, M., Putnam, Box 398.
Anthony, Henry F., VValling-

ford.
Apothecaries Hall Co., Water-
bury.
Armstrong, Lee F-., Oxford.
Ashley, Dr. Dexter D., New

York City, 346 Lexington

avenue.
Atkins, F. C, Hartford, 12

South Highland street.
Atkins, Mrs. F. C, Hartford, 12

South Highland street.
Atkins, T. J., Middletown.
x'Vtwater, Edwin B., New Ha-
ven, Box 207.
Atwood, C. B., Watertown.
Atwood, Oscar F., Brooklyn.
Atwater, Geo., West Cheshire.
Atwood, Chas. W., Watertown.
Atwood, E. H., New Hartford,

R. F. D.
Atwood, E. R., New Hartford,

R. F. D.
Avery, S. F., New Britain.

215 Soutli Stanley st.
Bacon, Eben W., Middletown.

R. F. D., No. 1.
Bailey, F. B., Durham.
Baker, Edward W., Middletown.
Baker, C. H., Andover.
Baker, Mrs. C. H., Andover.
Barker, C. A., Westville, R. F.

D.
Barker, J. Harry, Branford.
Barrows, William, New Haven,

Admiral street.
Bartlett, F. A., Stamford.
Baldwin, Walter H., Cheshire.
Barber, Henry A., Danbury.
Barber, Joseph, Rockville, R. D.

Barber, Mrs. Joseph, Rockville.

Bard, J. Sprague, Brooklyn.

Barnes, J. Norris, Yalcsville.

Barnes, John R., Yalesville.

Barton, Richard, Thompson.

Baskerville, Granville R., Step-
ney Depot.

Bass, Mrs. M. R., Willimantic,
R. D. No. 2.

Bartlett, G. M., Andover.

Bassett, George E., Clintonville.

Baumgardt, H. F., Highwood.

Beach, A. S., Bridgeport, R. F.
D.

Beach, Chas. L., Storrs.

Beach, J. H., Branford.

Beach, Z. P., Wallingford,

Beardsley, Mrs. A. M., Rox-
bury.

Beckwith, G. C, New Hart-
ford, R. F. D.

Beckwith, W. M., New Hart-
ford, R. F. D.

Beebe, C. C, Wilbraham, Mass.

Beers, F. H., Brookfield Centre.

Beisiegel, Jacob, Woodbridge.

Benham, Leonard M., High-
wood.

Benham, Wilbur H., Highwood.

Bernhard, Albert, Meriden.

Bigelow, E. W., Litchfield.

Bilton, L. W., East Long-
meadow, Mass.

Birdsey, E. T., Rockfall, R. F.
D.

Bishop, Mark, Cheshire.

Blakeman, J. H. Oronoque.

Blakeman, Frank E., Oronoque.

Bliss, Ethelbert, Ludlow, Mass.,
R. F. D.

Boardman, F. E., Middletown,
R. F. D.

Bolles, C. P., Wilbraham, ]\Iass.

Bonner, Chas. W., Rockville.

264 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Boschen, C. A., Brooklyn, N.
Y., 527 3rd st.

Bowdish, Rev. W. W., New Ha-
ven, 504 Whitney ave.

Bowker Insecticide Co., 43
Chatham st., Boston, Mass.

Boynton, C. C, Cheshire.

Bradley, Dr. W. M., New Ha-
ven, 520 Whitney ave.

Bradley, G. T., New Haven,
520 Whitney ave.

Bradshaw, E. I., Bristol. 169
Prospect St.

Brainard, M. N., Southington.

Bray, S. W., Milford.

Brown. L. H., Hartford, 67
Buckingham st.

Brewer, C. S., Hartford.

Bridge, Ephriam, Hazardville.

Bridge, H. J., Hazardville.

Brinsmade, W. H., Bridgeport,
R. F. D., No. 4.

Briscoe, O. H., Thompsonville.

Britton, Dr. W. E., Experiment
Station, New Haven.

Britton, Prof. W. E., Experi-
ment Station, New Haven.

Brockett, Ernest R., North Ha-
ven.

Brockett, M. R., North Haven.

Bronson, Geo. H., Northford,
R. D.

Bronson, Lewis H., New Ha-
ven.

Brooks, E. D., Glastonbury.

Brooks, H. R., Glastonbury.

Brooks, John N., Torrington.

Brooks, R. W., Cheshire.

Brown, A. E., Columbia.

Brown, G. F., Cannon Station.

Brown, H. H., Monsey, N. Y.

Brown, Jas. F., Jr., North Ston-
ington.

Brown, Lewis, Sandy Hook.

Brown, Stanton F., Poquonock.

Brown, T. L., Black Hall.

Browning, F. W., Norwich.

Brownson, S. B., Shelton.

Bruner, Myron L., Wilbraham,
Mass.

Buck. Chas. H., Wethersfield.

Buckingham, C. A., Cheshire.

Buell, H. B., Eastford.

Burnham, C. N., Middlefield.

Burr, C. R., Manchester.

Burr, W. H., Westport.

Burr, Eugene O., Higganum.

Burt, E. M., East Long Mead-
ow, Mass.

Burr, O. P., New Canaan.

Bushnell, Mrs. Huber, Berlin.

Bushnell, J. C, Manchester.

Butler, George E., Meriden.

Callahan, Thos., New Britain,
R. F. D.

Camp, A. A., Bridgeport, 261
Clinton ave.

Camp, David, N., New Britain.

Camp, W. H., Waterbury.

Campbell, L. H., Providence. R.
L, 54 Locust St.

Candee, Z. H., Sheffield, ^lass.

Canfield. Wilhelm, Bethanv, R.
' D. No. 3.

Canning. William A., Milford.

Cannon, C. J., Burnside.

Carini, Bartholomew, South
Glastonbury.

Carpenter, C. W., Munson,
Mass.

Cassadv, M. T-, Seymour, R. D.

Cass, Chas. F., Waterbury, R.
F. D., No. L

Chalmers, John F., Cromwell.

Chamberlain, F. A., Terryville.

Chandler, Dr. W. M., Philadel-
phia, Pa., 1939 Federal st.

ANNUAL REPORT.

265

Cheney, Seth Leslie, So. Man-
chester.

Child, C. H., Woodstock.

Child, Wm. C, Woodstock.

Church, H. E., Hartford, 34
Asylum street.

Clark, A. L., New Britain.

Clark, Arthur F., Higganum.

Clark, Geo. T., Beacon Falls.

Clark, Merritt M., Brookfield
Center.

Clark, O. R., Higganura.

Clarke, Clifford L., Durham.

Clarke, David A., Milford.

Clarke, Denison W., ]\Iiddle-
town. 491 Main st.

Clinton, E. B., Clintonville.

Clinton, Dr. George P., Experi-
ment Station, New Haven.

Clinton, Prof. L. A., Storrs.

Clift, Frederick E., Brooklyn,
N. Y., 619 E. 4th St.

Clough, F. P., Waterburv, R.
F. D. No. 4.

Coe, Elmer W., Waterbury, R.
D. No. 1.

Coe, W. T., Northford.

Coleman, M. L., Seymour.

Coleman, M. P., South Coven-
try.

Coleman, Miss Vernette E..
New York City, 420 West
119th St.

Coleman, R. L.. Seymour.

Coles, John E., 109 Warren
street. New York City.

Collins, M. J., Hazardville.

Colton, F. B., Hartford.

Conant, O. L., Hartford, 33
Oakland Terrace.

Conn. Fruit and Orchard Co..
Hartford, 29 Hartford
Trust Building.

Comstock, G. C, Norwalk.

Cook, Geo. A., Willimantic, R.
D. No. 2.

Cook, H. B., Georgetown.

Cook, S. G., Branford.

Cooke, H. G., Branford.

Cooke, Marcus E., Wallingford.

Cooke, L. Morelle, Wallingford.

Cooke, Rowland R., Meriden,
Spruce St.

Cooley, Ernest, South Manches-
ter, R. D. No. 1.

Cooper, J. M. Wallingford.

Cornell, Joseph, Norwalk.

Cosgrove, Geo. A., Willington.

Cowles, P. A., Farmington.

Craft, Edward E., Glen Cove,
L. I., N. Y.

Crandall, Mrs. H. L., Farming-
ton.

Crosby, George W., New Brit-
ain, care Stanley Works.

Crowell, David A., Middletown.

Crowell, J. W., Hartford, 479
Garden st.

Curtis, H. B., Cheshire.

Curtis, Newton M., Sandy
Hook.

Curtis, Robert W., Stratford.

Darling, Robert, Simsbury.

Dart, C. O., Rockville.

Davis, C. T., Middletown.

Davis, Chas. A., Southbury, R.
D.

Davis, E., Branford.

Davis, Edson G., Torrington.

Davis, G. Warren, Norwich, R.
D.

Davis, Henry B., Southbury.

Davis, Myron F., Somer.-^. R. D.

Dearden, Greenwood, W'est
Willington.

Deming, H. P., Robertsville.

Dent, Rev. Elmer A.. New Ha-
ven, 105 College St.

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Derudder, Peter, Meriden,
Eaton avenue.

Doehr, Fred, Wallingford.

Dooley, W. T., Kensington.

Doolittle, Arthur H., Bethany.

Douglas, Edward C, Middle-
town.

Douglass, G. F,, Collinsville.

Drew, G. A., Greenwich.

Drew, J. E., Hotel Vendome,
Hartford.

Driggs, Oliver K., Vernon.

Dryhurst, Henry, Meriden.

Duerr, Fred, Seymour, R. F.
D. No. 2.

Duffy, F. E., West Hartford.

Duncan, R. R., Wethersfield.

Dunham, FI. C., Middktown.

Dunham, Wm. N., New Brit-
ain.

Dunn, R. S., Middletown.

Dunn, Mrs. R. S., Middletown^
Box 911.

Dyer, E. W., Berlin

Eddy, A. H.,

Eddy, Frank C., Unionville.

Eddy, J. C., Simsbury.

Eddy, John S., Unionville.

Eddy, S. W., Avon.

Ellis, S. K., Rockville.

Ellison, E. W., Willimantic.

Ellsworth, David J., Windsor.

Ellsworth, E. J., Ellington, R.
F. D.

Ellsworth, F. H., Hartford,
133 Huntington st.

Elwood, C. F., Greens Farms.

Elwood, J. F., Bridgeport, Cen-
ter street.

Emerson, J. B., New York
City, 20 E. 30th street.

Enders, J. O., West Hartford,
Box '546.

Ennis, Bertrand O., Highwood.

Eno, Frank H., Simsbury.

Eppes, H. M., New Rochelle,

N. Y.
Evans, Archie J., Hockanum.
Fagan, Joseph A., Forestville.
Fairchild, H. L., Bridgeport, R.

F. D., No. 4.
Falk, M. N., Bantam.
Fall, E. B., Middletown.
Fanning, W. N., Kensington.
Farnham, A. N., Westville.
Fawthrop, Walter, Cromwell.
Felber, John J., Rockville.
Fenn, Benj., Milford.
Fenn, Dennis, Milford.
Fenn, Robert M., Middlebury.
Fenn, Linus T., Hartford.
Fletcher, A. J., Meriden.
Fletcher, Mrs. A. J., Meriden.
Florian, G. W., Thomaston.
Fonda, Arthur I., Kensington.
Forbes, John P., West Haven,

R. D.
Forbes, J. S., Burnside.
Ford. Geo. H., Waterbury, R.

F. D. No. 3.
Foster, Sylvester M.. Westport.
Francis, A. P., New Britain, R.

F. D.
Francis, Judson E., Durham

Center.
Francis, Mrs. G. J., Middlefield.
Francis, John H., Wallingford.
French, W. H., Wolcott.
Frost, E. H., Bethlehem.
Frost, Frank M., Yalesville.
Frost, Fremont, Hartford.
Frost, Willis E., Bridgewater.
Fuller, H. C, New London.
Fuller, L. T., Meriden, Box

356.
Fuller, Wm. H., West Hart-
ford.
Gager, John M., Willimantic.
Gardner, A. H., Meriden.

ANNUAL REPORT.

267

Gaylord, E. W., Bristol.

Geer, W. H., Yantic. R. F. D.
No. 1.

Gehring, Fred, Rockville.

Gelston, J. B., East Haddam.

Gilbert, Henry, Middletown.

Gilbert, Myron R., Gilead.

Gilbert, Thomas, Middletown.

Gotta, John, Portland.

Goulds Mf^. Co., The. Seneca
Falls, N. Y.

Gowdy, R. W., Thompsonville.

Graves, Chas. B., M.D., New
London, 66 Franklin st.

Gray, Chas. A., Norwich, R. F.
D. 1

Gray, F. W., Waterbury.

Greene, A. F., Woodburv, R.
F. D.

Gridley, E. D., Southington, R.
D.

Griffith, Geo. H., Bristol.

Griswold, Chauncey, Farming-
ton.

Griswold, H. O., West Hart-
ford.

Griswold, J. B., Newington.

Griswold, R. S., Wethersfield.

Griswold. S. P., West Hartford.

Griswold, Thomas & Co.,
South Wethersfield.

Griswold. W. F., Rocky Hill.

Hale, George. Westport.

Hale, G. H.. South Glastonbury.

Hale, J. H., South Glastonbury.

Hale. Stanclifif, South Glaston-
bury

Hale, Mrs. Stancliff, South
Glastonbury.

Haley, E., Mystic, R. F. D.

Hall, Chas. C., Cheshire, R. D.

Hall, Geo. B.. Moodus.

Hall, G. D., Wallingford.

Hall. G. H.. Manchester.

Hall, Wilbur H., Wallingford.

Hammer, V. T., Branford.

Hammond, Joseph, Jr., Rock-
ville.

Hanford, Mrs. C. O., West
Springfield, Mass.

Harrison, H. I., Waterbury, R.
D. No. 3.

Harrison. Orlando. Berlin, Md.

Hart, E. S., New Britain.

Hart, E. W., Forestville.

Hart, S. A., Kensington.

Hart, Mrs. S. A., Kensington.

Hawley, E. J., Bridgeport, 27
Hough avenue.

Hayes, S. W., Hartford, Box
335.

Hemingway's London Purple
Co., New York, 133 Front
street.

Henry, A. T., Wallingford.

Hilliard, H. J., Sound View. ,

Hillyer, Appleton R., 91 Elm
street, Hartford.

Hillyer, Prof. H. W., Farming-
ton.

Hines, John T., Farmington.

Hitchcock, Lewis W., Walling-
ford.

Hitchcock, A. L.. Plainville.

Hixon, Adin A., Worcester,
Mass.

Hoflmeister, August F., High-
wood.

Hotaling, Chas. T., Greenwich.

Hollister, August H., Hartford,
331 Garden st.

Hollister, Geo. H., Keeny Park,
Hartford.

Hollister, W. O., Storrs.

Holman. F. W., New York, 24
Stone St.

Hopkins, J. E.. Thomaston, R.
D. No. 2.

268 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Hopson, G. A., Wallingford.

Hotchkiss, Chas. M., Cheshire.

Hotchkiss, William, Bristol.

Hough, E. J., Wallingford, R.
F. D.

Hough, George E., Wallingford,
R. F. D.

Hough, Joel R., Wallingford.

Houston, J. R., Mansfield Depot.

Howard, A. B. & Son, Belcher-
town, Mass.

Howe, Geo. A., Winsted.

Hoyt, Stephen, New Canaan.

Hubbard, Clement S., Higgan-
um.

Hubbard, Elmer S., Middle-
town.

Hubbard, Paul M., Bristol.

Hubbard, Robert, Middletown.

Hubbard, W. B., West Corn-
wall.

Hull, James, Durham.

Hull. G. W., Bristol.

Hulme. Chas. S., Thomaston.

Hungerford,, Newman, Hart-
ford, 45 Prospect st.

Hungerford. Newman, Torring-
ton, R. D. 2.

Huss, J. F., Hartford, 1103 Asy-
lum ave.

Hunt, W. W.. Hartford.

Huntington, Chas., Windsor.

Hurlburt, H. A., Norwalk, R.
F. D. 42.

Hutchinson, M. F., South
Manchester.

Innis, A. C, Ridgefield.

Isham, A. O., Vernon.

Ives, E. M., Meriden.

Ives, Mrs. E. M., Meriden.

Ives, Miss Florence C, Meri-
den.

Ives, Julius I., South Meriden.

Jackson, Edward O.. ]\Iiddle-
town.

Jackson, Elmer, Wilton.

Jackson, Fred O., Middletown.

[ackson, J. C, Norwalk, R. F.
D., No. 42.

Jacobs, Arthur C, Mansfield
Center.

Jarvis, C. D., Storrs.

Jenkins, Dr. E. H., Experiment
Station, New Haven.

Jennison, E. F., Hartford, Box
425.

Jerome, F. M., New Britain.

Jewell, Harvey, Cromwell.

Jewell, Mrs. Harvey, Cromwell.

Jillson, L. W., Greenwich.

John, H. P., New York City,
60 Wall St.

Johnson, Dr. F. E., Mansfield
Depot.

Jones, A. M., Ludlow, Mass.

Jones, James, ]M i d d 1 e t o w n,
Home ave.

Jones, E. A., New Canaan.

Kelley, Edward, New Canaan.

Kellev. W. J., New Canaan.

Kellogg, Geo. A„ West Hart-
ford,

Kelsey, Davis S., West Hart-
ford.

Kelsey, Frederick, Higganum.

Kendall, James H., Auburn-
dale, Mass.

Kilduff, Mrs. P. J., Bristol.

Kilduff, P. J., Bristol, R. F. D.

Kimberly, E. M., Canton.

Kingsbury, Addison, South
Coventry.

Kingsbury, John E., Rockville.

King, Horace, Thompsonville.

Kirk, Fred A., Hamden.

Kirkham, John S., Newington.

Knapp, Geo. S., Groton, Mass.

Ivnapp, M. C, Danbury.

Knowles, Wm. A., Middletown.

Knoxhall, J., Hockanum.

AX N UAL REPORT.

269

LaField, J. Howard, Plainville.
Lane, Willis A., Hazardville.
Lapsley, Arthur B., Pomfret

Center.
Lay, Chas. H., E. Longmeadow,

Mass,

Lee, Wilson H., Orange.

Lewis, Francis O., Bristol.

Lewis, Fred J., Highwood.

Lewis, L. C, New Haven,
Highwood Station.

Lindabery, H. R. & Son,
Frenchtown, N. J.

Lindsley, H. G., Branford.

Linsley, I. T., Branford.

Loomis, Chas. N.. Bolton.

Loomis, John, South Manches-
ter.

Loverin, D. P Huntington.

Lowry, H. P., Bristol, R. F. D.

Ludlum, H. A., Wolcott.

Lupton, S. L., Winchester, Vir-
ginia.

Lyman, C. E., Middlefield.

Lyman, Henry H., Middlefield.

Lynch, Thos. F., Meriden, 36
Lewis avenue.

Lynch, Wallace. Milford.

Mack, H. H., East Haddam.

]\Iallon, James, Rockville, 8
Spruce street.

Manchester, George C, Bristol.

Alansfield, David B., Camp-
ville.

Manchester, E. F., Bristol,

Manchester. Rob't. C, Bristol.

Marshall. Jos., Sevmour.
R. D."

Mansfield, K. W. Norwalk.

]\Tansfield, Peter. West Hart-
ford.

Marsh, \Vm. T., Litchfield.

Martin, J. A., Wallingford.

Martin, W. B., Rockville.

Maxwell, W., Rockville.

McCormack, Samuel, Water-
bury, 1063 N. Main street.

McCormick, W. L., Thomaston,
R. D.

McCollam, P. G., Bridgeport, R.
F. D. Xo. 1.

McKay, W. L., Geneva, N. Y.

McKnight, J. T., Ellington.

McLean, John B., Simsbury.

McLean, S. G., South Glaston-
bury.

Mead, L. H., Hartford.

Mead, Seaman, Greenwich.

Merrow, Geo. N., Hartford, 34
Forest st.

Merriman, J. H., Southington.

Miller, C. H., Berlin.

Miller. E. Cyrus, Havdenville,
Mass.

Miller, F. B., Bloomfield.

Mills, D. E. Bristol.

Minor, Geo. N., Bristol.

Mitchell; W. L., New Haven,
1505 Chapel street.

Molumphy, J. T., Berlin.

Morton, T. H., Forestville.

Morse, John W., New Haven,
Box 748.

Montague, H. E., 109 Warren
street. New York City.

Moore, E. A., New Britain.

Mortimer, Edmund, Grafton,
Mass.

Morton. E. G., Broad Brook,
R. D.

Morris, Chas. G., New Haven.
Box 1352.

Morris, F. S., Wethcrsfield.
Morse, C. Z., Shelton.
Moses, A. A., Unionville.

2/0

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mosley, A. W., Glastonbury.

Mowry, Albert [., Centerdale,
R. I.

Moss, J. W., West Cheshire.

Moxon, J. R., New York City,
60 Wall street.

Mueller, C. J., Berlin.

Munson, Rev. Myron A., 150
Jefferson street, Hartford.

Munson, W\ M., Huntington,
Mass.

Munson, R. A., Highwood,
Station 4.

Nettleton, H. I., Durham.

Nettleton, J. N., ^Meriden.

Newhauser, R. F., Farming-
ton.

Newton, Clarence R., Westville,
R. F. D. No. 2.

Newton, Robertson & Co.,
Hartford.

Newton, W. P., South Kent.

Noble, H. C, New Britain.

Northrop, Arthur W.. Ridge-
field.

O'Brien, Richard P., New York,
441 W. 48 St.

Olcott, W. H., South Man-
chester.

Osborn, Chas., Newington.

Ott, Fred, Cheshire, R. JF. D.

Paddock, J. H., WalHngford,
East Main street.

Page, B. F., Northford, R. F.
D.

Paine, John M., Putnam, R. D.
No. 2.

Pardee, G. F., Cheshire.

Parker, G. A., Hartford.

Parker. John B., Jr., Poquon-
ock.

Parks. S. J., Trumbull.

Patch, A. Warren, Boston,
Mass.

Patten, D. W., Clintonville.

Patterson, B. C, Torrington.

Pauley, Geo. A., New Canaan.

Payne, Frank C, Portland.

Payne, Lyman. Portland.

Pease, C. T., Ellington.

Peasley, Fredk. M., Water-
bury.

Peck, Henry B., Northfield.

Penny, James K., Danbury.

Perley, G. P., Woodstock.

Pero, Louis, South Glaston-
bury.

Perry Chas. M., Southbury.

Peters, Henry D., Highwood.

Peters, Wm. T., Cheshire.

Phelan, Franklin V., Vernon.

Phelps, A. H., Clinton.

Phelps, Chas. S., Canaan.

Phelps, E. J., Enfield.

Phelps, Mrs. E. J. Enfield.

Phelps, G N., East Haddam.

Philips, ■ Alan, Farmington.

Pierce, Mrs. I. E., Bristol.

Pierpont, A. B., Waterbury.

Pierpont, W, L., Waterbury.

Pitkin, A. L., Talcottville.

Plant, A. B., Branford.

Plant, Albert E., Branford.

Plant, Alfred, West Hartford,
Box 447.

Piatt, O. AL, Plymouth.

Piatt. Frank N.. Milford.

Piatt. Frank S., The, Co., New
Haven.

Piatt, G. F., Milford.

Piatt, N .S., 395 Whalley av-
enue, New Haven.

Piatt, William F., Milford.

Plump, Chas. H., West Red-
ding.

Pomeroy, E., Windsor.

Porter, Marshall, Hebron.

Potter, H. F., North Haven.

ANNUAL REPORT.

271

Powell, E. C, Springfield,

Mass.
Potts, J. H., Dr., New Britain.
Pratt, B. G., 50 Church street,

New York.
Price, Walter E., Warehouse

Point.
Pring, Geo. H., Wallingford.
Pring, Thos. J., AVallingford.
Putnam, J. H., Litchfield.
Ouinlivan, J. W., Wallingford,

North Orchard st.
Race, R. H., North Egremont,

Mass.
Read, G. P., New York City,

199 Duane ^t.
Reed, Horace B., Greenwich.
Rengerman, Wm., East Gran-

by
Reynolds, C. C, Slocum, R. I.
Rhodes, J. I., Tolland.
Rice, J. L., Ludlow, Mass., R.

F. D.
Rice, J. W., Wilbraham, Mass.
Rice, L. W., Wilbraham, Mass.
Rich, A. E., Rockville, R. F. D.
Richardson, J. H., Thornton,

R. L, R. F. D.
Richardson, W. H., Northfield.
Riddick, M., Woodstock.
Risley, Chas. R., Silver Lane.
Roberts, Earl C, Middletown,

R. F. D. No. 2.
Roberts, E. ]., Middletown.
Roberts, Silas W\, Middle-
town, R. F. D. No. 2.
Robertson, L. ]., Manchester

Green.
Robertson, Ole W., Forestville.
Rockwell, F. P., East Windsor

Hill.
Rogers, F. D., Monson, A'lass.
Rogers. James Simsbury.
Rooke. J. R„ Bloomfield.

Rose, J. G., Litchfield.

Root, L. C, Farmington.

,Root, T. LL, Farmington.

Rowe, J. G., Wethersfield.

•Rowe, J. Scofield, Hartford,
211 Fern st.

Rowland, John O., Wallingford.

Russell, B. I., West Cheshire, R.
D. No. 2.

Russell, S., Jr., Middletown.

Sanderson, Lucien, New Ha-
ven.

Sargent, F. D., West Cheshire.

Savage Clarence H., Storrs.

Savage, Willis I., Berlin.

Schlosser, Dr. R. O., Collins-
ville, R. F. D. No. 45.

Schmidt, E., New Canaan.

Schreiber, Thomas, Southbury.

Schultz.. C. H., Hartford.

Schultz, W'. F. & Co., Hart-
ford.

Schwink, J. G., Jr., Meriden.

Scoville, S. R., West Cornwall.

Scott, Walter, Cheshire.

Seibert, Phillip, New Britain,

Seward, Arthur I., Durham
Center.

Sexton, P. G., Darien.

Seymour, Fred R., West Hart-
ford.

Shedd, G. v., Preston.

Shepard, S. A., Hartford.

Shepardson, W. ]\I., Middle-
bury.

Sherwood, J. Arthur, Long Hill,
R. D.

Sherwood, N. FL, Southport.

Sillimau, J. F., New Canaan.

Simpson, W. A., Wallingford.

Sinclair, Alex., Stepney Depot.

Sisson Drug Co., Hartford.

Skilton, Earl W., Terryville.

Skinner, M. G., Higganum.

2/2 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Slady, F. W., Fairfield, R. D.

D. No. 10.
Slater, Geo. B., Manchester.
Slater, Geo. H., Glastonbury,

R. F. D.
Smart, Geo. W., Silver Lane.
Smith, Edward A., Hebron.
Smith, Grover A., Cheshire.
Smith, Fred A., Ipswich,

Mass.
Smith, E. W., Cheshire.
Smith, Geo. V., Willington.
Smith. G. W., Hartford, Box

38.
Smith, James A., Hartford, Box

38.
Smith, J. Eliot, Wolfville,

Nova Scotia.
Smith, J. H., Hartford, 249

Fairfield avenue.
Smith, Dr. L. A., Higganum.
Smith, M. B., Hartford, 288

Asylum street.
Smith, R. M., New Britain, 50

Garden st.
Soby, Charles. Hartford, 855

Main street.
Spaulding, Geo. R., Phoenix-

ville.
Spencer, Henry, Haddam.
Spicer, G. W., Deep River.
Stack, G. M., New Milford.
Staples, G. W., Hartford.
Steere, Enoch M., Chepachet,

R. I.
Steere, Sayles B., Chepachet,

R. I.
Sterling, S. P., Lyme, R. F. D.
Stevens, A. T., Storrs.
Stevens, C. T., North Haven,

R. D.
Stevens, H. C, East Canaan.
Stirling. J. C, Rockville.
St. John, D. A., New Canaan.

Stanley, Theodore A., New Brit-
ain.

Stevens, F. V., Jr., Stamford.

Stocking, W. A. & Son, Wea-
togue.

Stocking, Wilbur F., Stratford.

Stockwell, S. T., West Sims-
bury.

Stoddard, E. M., New Haven,
Experiment Station.

Stoddard, Jos. E., Abington.

Storrs, Benj. P., Cheshire.

Stoughton, Lemuel, Ware-
house Point.

Street, S. H., New Haven, 33
Crown St. .

Strumpf, George, Burnside.

Taber, F. J., South Windham.

Tanner, Walter C, Volun-
town.

Taylor, Edward J., Southport.

Taylor, J. M., Kensington.

Terrell, C. L., Cheshire.

Terry, F. E., Forestville.

Terry, James, Hartford, 78
Wethersfield avenue.

The Vreeland Chemical Co.,
Little Falls, N. J.

Thompson, Chas. A., Mell-ose.

Thompson, Chas. B., Moodus.

Thompson, Chas. J., Berlin.

Thomson, Jared B., Monterey,
Mass. '

Thompson, M. E., Ellington.

Thompson, Wm. H., East
Haddam.

Tillinghast, G. G., Vernon.

Tillinghast, W. E., Vernon.

The J. T. Robertson Co., IMan-
chester.

The Winant Cooperage Co.,
New York City, 90 West
street.

ANNUAL REPORT.

'■73

The Sherwin-Williams Co.,
Newark, N. J., Brown st.
and Lister ave.

The Sterling- Chemical Co.,
Cambridge, Mass.

Titus, Ellwood V., Glen Cove,
L. I., N. Y.

Todd, E. A., Waterbury, R. F.
D.

Todd, Mrs. E. W., New Ca-
naan, R. F. D. No. 31.

Toth, A. M., Wallingford, R.
D. 2.

Tracy, John C, Jr., Yantic, R.
F. D. 2.

Tracy, M. E., Orange.

Trask, Abner, Silver Lane.

Treadwell, J. H., Danburv, R.
F. D.

Trischman, G. W., Middle-
field.

Tucker, F. E., Vernon.

Turney, Oliver, Fairfield.

Turner, G. H.,

Tuttle, A. X., \^"arren, Mass.

Tuttle, S. L., Wallingford.

Underwood, R. F., Mount
Tom. Mass.

Usher, R. C, Plainville.

Viets, R. B., New Britain.

Vine Hill Farm, Elmwood.

Wakeman, H. S., Saugatuck.

Wakeman, J. S., Saugatuck.

Wakeman, S. B., Saugatuck.

Walden, B. H., Experiment
Station, New Haven.

Waldo, Gerald, Willimantic.

Waldo. Harold B., Naubuc.

Walker, Chas. P., New Haven,
Box 613.

Walker. C. T., 90 Commercial
W'harf, Boston.

Walker, Geo. C, W^aterbury.

W^alker, Howard A., West
Hartford.

Wallace, E. J., Wallingford,
West Quinnipiac street.

Waller, W^ E., R. D., Chest-
nut Hill, Bridgeport.

Warner, J. R., Hartford.

Wiard, F. S., Yalesville.

Warncke, Louis H., Cannon
Station.

Warner, E. C, Clintonville. .

Warner, W. V., Waterbury, R.
F. D. No. 4.

Watrous, J. L., Meriden.

Webster, A. E., Berlin.

Weed, T. L., New Britain.

Welch, G. H., Torrington.

Wells, Dudley, 2d, Wethers-
field.

W'elton, Ard, Terryville.

Wheeler, Chas. A.,, Storrs.

Wheeler, -Wilfrid, Concord,
Mass.

White, Rev. H. J., Hartford,
145 Vine st.

W^hittaker, E. J., Springfield,
Mass, care H. J. Perkins
Co.

W^hitten, Geo. T., Hartford,
1100 Albany avenue.

Whittlesey, J. M., Morris.

Wiggin, Mrs. C. D., Provi-
dence, R. L, 40 Princeton
avenue.

Wilcox, R. C. & Sons, Guil-
ford.

Wilcox. Paul P.. New Britain,
185 Lincoln st.

Wiley, Clarence H.. Hartford.
122 Collins street.

Wiley, C. W., Manchester
Green.

Willard, S. F., Wethersfield.

\Mlliams, A. W., New Britain.

Williams, F. B., Naugatuck.

Williams, J. C, New Haven,
1456 Boulevard.

274

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Williams, Miss L. S., Hart-
ford, 1492 Broad street.

Winsor, Thos. K., Greenville,
R. I.

Wolcott, R. R., Wethersfield.

Wood, G. P., Ellington.

Wood, O. S., Ellington.

Wooding, D. C, Waterbury^ R.
D. *"

Woodruff, C. v.. Orange.
Woodruff, R. H., Guilford.
Wooster, W. A., New Britain,

118 Camp street.
Young, C. O., Yalesville.
Zala, B., Glastonbury.

sS;lV«?Kvi