Author: Pennsylvania Dept. of Fisheries

Title: Report of the Department of Fisheries of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

Place of Publication: Harrisburg

Copyright Date: 1911/1912

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg239.6

Commontotaltt) ot f»enn«?toania.

REPORT OF THE

Department of Fisheries

From December 1 : 1911
To November 30:1912

HARRISBURQ:

0 V: AUGHUNliAUUH. riUNTKK To THE STATli OF PENNSYLVANU

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT.

No. 21

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES OF THE COMMON
WEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Commissioner of Fisheries.
N. R. BULLER, office, Harrisburg.

Board of Fishery Commissioners.

JOHN BAMBERGER, Erie. 5^1 | T

HENRY C. COX, Wellsboro.
W. A. LETSENRING, Mauch Chunk.
.TOHN C. OGDEN, .Tohnstown.

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OFFICIAL DOCUMENT.

No. 21

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Honorable John K. Tener, Governor of Pennsylvania.

Sir: Herewith we have the honor to transmit to you tlie report of
the operations of the Department of Fisheries for the year ending
November 80, 1912.

Respectfully,

N. R. BULLER, Conimissiojier,
JOHN C. OGDEN,
W. A. LETSENRING,
HENRY C. COX,
JOHN HAMRERGER.

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m

(«

OFFICIAL documi:nt.

No. 21.

REPORT

OF THE

BOARD OF FISHERY COMMISSION.

Honorable John K. Tener, Governor of Pennsylvania.

Sir- The Board has the honor to herewith present its report of
the operations of the Department of Fisheries for the year ending

November 30, 1912: . x , u •r.^^r.rr

During the year the work of the Department has been bringing
to completion all the hatcheries so far as it was possible with the
funds at its command, while at the same time the work of propa-
gating lish was continued, though somewhat hampered by the work

""SluT^of'^the work was concentrated at Corry, where plans were
drawn up by a competent engineer for uiilizing all the space avail-
able at that hatchery, contracts were then awarded for the rebuild-
in- or rehabilitation of the old ponds with mntorced concrete of
the most substantial character, and two sets of pond, altest he
uuality of this work. When completed the Board believes that the
Corrv hatchery will have no superior as a irout hatchery in the
United States, where with its natural beauty, it will be an ornament
and credit to the Commonwealth. , , . , „ ,„ ti.a

At r.enefonte a pipe line was laid up to what is knoNUi as the
Blue Spring wlierebv the ponds are now fed directly from the spring
instead of from the creek. This results in the water in the ponds
being at all times clear and the operators are able to see the hsh A
dozen concrete ponds were completed and considerable grading d<.ne
adding to the appearance of the grounds. As in ihe case at C.orry,
an engineeer has prepared the plans to be followed out in using all
the lands available. Hatching House No 1 is a Irame building
and must be replaced with a new one. which will be of brick oi
conci-ete so that the siiucture will be permanent and it is
proposed that even the troughs in the hatchery shall also be of
concrete A steam plant will also be introduced that the house
may be kept to a suitable temperature for the men who have to do
their work in the winter time. .. , , ^ i *

The Board is anxious to secure the services ol the best class ot
men to train up as fish culturists and to induce such men to accept
the places The work which is arduous and takes long houi-s should
be iS as pleasant as possible. The fish culturist, ma sense, is a
scien?ist. and should have every facility and com ort for doing his
wm'k. He should not be treated as a common laborer, but as a

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REPORT OF THE

OfiE. Doc.

skilled man, and the mere manual labor of the hatchery should be
done by the laborer. The Commission hopes by adopting this plan
to secure for Pennsylvania the highest class of fish culturists who
will place the fish cultural work of Pennsylvania on as high a plane
as that of any Government in the world.

At the Wayue hatchery the Department has secured the control of
the Beaver Meadow Reservoir, which has an area of about 200 acres
of water. It is thus certain to have for that hatchery a continu-
ous tiow of water and a place for breeding bass. Two large bass
ponds of three acres each have been completed and much other work
done towards making the hatchery a most complete one for the breed-
ing of bass. The facilities for raising trout are equal to furnishing
the supply for the northeastern counties of the State, while from the
field work in the lakes, the Department is sure of a heavy supply of
yellow perch, pickerel, blue gill sunfish and frogs. A new hatching
house will have to be built for the handling of the eggs of yellow
perch and pike-perch eggs taken from the field. It is proposed that
this hatching house will be built of the most permanent material.

At Torresdale the Department is able to report the largest record
for hatching shad, 20,500,000 being hatched. Through an arrange-
ment with the New York Conservation Commission the Department
received in exchange for 2,000,000 shad eggs, 500,000 muscallonge
eggs, and 30,000,000 pike-perch eggs. The muscallonge eggs were
hatched at Union City turning out extremely well and were planted
in the western waters, the first time that Pennsylvania ever planted
any muscallonge in the State.

At Union City another large bass pond covering about two acres
was built and a new four inch pipe line was laid from the head of
the property to supplement the present supply. The Union City
hatchery is an auxiliary to the Erie hatchery for the hatching of
the lake fishes, small mouth bass and blue gills, and it had a large
amount of work devolved upon it during the past year, owing to the
conditions at Erie. During the coming year there will be an en-
largement of several ponds at this hatchery.

At Erie, owing to the outbreak of typhoid fever, the Department
of Health ordered the treatment of the water with various sub-
stances whereupon the water proved extremely deleterious to the
hatching of the eggs and all the eggs had to be shipped away to
Union City where, however, they could be handled.

The last Legislature appropriated $7000 for the erection of a new
hatchery at Erie, but in ihe wording of the law the building is to
be erected upon the present hatchery grounds. The Water Com-
missioners of Erie very generously ollered to donate a plot of
ground on the lake shore for the erection of a hatchery where it
could be supplied from the raw water from the lake, the treated
water, as shown above, not being suitable for the hatchery purposes.
Unfortunately, under the wording of the law the Department has
not been able to avail itself of lhi^^ oiler, and the Board recommends
that the next Legislature transfer the money to the erection of a
new hatchery upon the grounds tendered by the Board of I'^rie AV'ater
Commissioners.

The last Legislature ai>i>roi)riated §^20,000 for work upon a new
hatcbery on Presque Isle I'eninsula. An o]>ini(m of (he Attorney
(leneral was asked in r('j2:;nd to Ihis ai)jtroi)riation and in that oi>in-

No. 21,

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

ion, which will be found in full in another place in this report, he
was of the o])inion that the appropriation was intended by the Leg-
islature to be expended in the ])relinnnnry work incidental to the
construction of an artificial hatchery and not for the purpose of
cleaning, reclaimiuir and restoring ]K)nds sind channels as natural
breeding grounds. The Board of Fishery Coniniission is strongly ot
the o])inion that the general i»ro]»osition of the construction of an
artificial hatcherv is too large a i)roposition to be handled ^y the
I)e])artment of Fisheries and thinks ihnt all it should do would be
to restore and reclnim the i)onds and channels as natural breeding
]»onds. It would recommend an aiipr^T^T'iation from the Legislature

for that purpose.

Vo Avoi-k was done at Spruce Creek (^m■\^vx the year as the de-
struction accomplished by the cloudburst last, year so completely
dishabilitated the hatchery that nothing could be done except at a
lar^^e expenditure of monev, which money was not available. The
Board is of the opinion that owing to the location of the hatchery, it
is useless to try to maintain it, as its safety could only be secured by
the erection of a dvke which would be «o enormously expensive as
not to be considered. During the year the ponds that were left were
used as breedin<r ])onds for fish sent over from Bellefonte.

At the Crnwford countv hntcherv. situated nt ronneaut Lnko, m
accordance with a decision made last year, no \\ ork was done, the
grounds being under the charge of a caretaker. During the year the
r.ropertv was visited bv two experts for the pur]>ose of having their
views on the desirnbiliJv of abnndoning the property as not being
suitable for hatchery purposes. The visitors secured Jj;ere Mr.
Dwi'dit Lvdell. Assistant Sii]»erintendent of the Michiirnn Fish Com-
missTon, who is universally recognized ns the best sninll mouth bnss
Drona'-ator in the T'nited Stntes. nnd ^fr. Jnines \ovin. Suoenn+cn-
dent under the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of Wisconsin,
whose nbilitv as a fish culturist is well known. The reports of these
two (Tontlenien will V.e found in the report of the rommissioner of
Fisheries and thev fully justify the decision of the Board in reoom-
mendiii'' the abandonment of the hatchery at Conneaut Lnke.

The nnestion of the polluti(m of the streams still stares the De-
partment in the face, but the Board is glnd to say that there is a
much stronger ])nblic sentiment nrrowing every day deniandimr that
the streams be no loncror used as sewers, ^fanufaclurers are begin-
nin"- to recognize this fact and in by far the larger majority of cases,
the'operators have evinced the most laudable desire to co-opei-ate
with the Deoailment in bringing about a better situation. The
Board of Health is accomplishinir great results in preventmrr the
iwdlution of sewers into streams and this itself is an educator to the
imblic of the vital importance of kee]yinir the streams pure, not only
for the uublic health, but in the case of the Department of Fisheries
makimr'a idace where the food supply can he raided ;md maintained

for the public. . .. ^i c^ ^ • «

The Board is glad to sav that the courts of the State are in ac-
c(U-d with the puq^ose of enforcing the law in regard to sto]iping of
pollution One important case was settled dining the year m the
matter of a large paper mill which had been running refuse m the
stream to the great destrnction of fish life. The manager of the
concern was arrested and convicted before a magistrate. An appeal

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

was taken by the defendant, and after a delay of nearly two yeai-s,
the matter Avas finally fixed for aignnient before the judge of ihe
county, llefore the case came to trial, the defendant, feeling that
the case of the Commonwealth was so strong, agreed to settle, pay
the fine and costs and to do his best to install a filtering planl
which would forever prevent the running of refuse into the stream.

The prosecution of pollution cases, if the guilty parties choose to
fight, is an expensive and long drawn out oi)eratiou, as shown by the
example quoted above. If the Department is not to be hampered in
this work the P»oard must ask the Legislature to make a more liberal
a}>])ropriation than flOOO a year for the payment of court exi)enses.

The Board must add, as U did in its report of last year, that if
the work of enforcing the fish laws and controlling the pollution of
the streams, there must be a more ami)le appropriation for the pay-
ment of wardens. This Commonwealth is a large one and a less
number than 'U) wardens cannot possibly do the work of pai rolling
and policing well. Tender the last ai)propriati(.n the Dejiartment
has only been able to emi)loy 10 wardens regularly and a few extra
sporadically, and if they have done their work well speaks highly of
the efficiency of the force.

Kespectfully,

JOHN HAMBKKGER,

HENRY C. COX,

JNO. C. OGDEN,

W. A. LErSENRING.

Mo. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

0

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER.

Hon. John K. Tener, Governor of Pennsylvania:

Sir: I herewith submit my report of the Department for the
vear ending Nov. 30, 1912:

When the first settlers landed in Pennsylvania they saw betore
them an unbroken wilderness through which roamed at will a few
Indians, a few, because the number of Indians that inhabited Penn-
svlvania, w\as comparatively small compared to the area of the
i^tate. Virgin forests covered most of the State and the waters of
the creeks and rivers ran untrammeled and unsullied to the sea.
While the Indians did some fishing, their methods were so crude
and their fishing was so comparatively infrequent that the waters
fairly teemed with fish, but with unsparing hand the settlers pro-
ceeded to sweep the woods from the land and pursue the fish with
every kind of device. The clearing of the woods left the banks of
the streams shadowless and destructive floods began to be common.
Along the banks grew up towns and with the towns came manufac-
tories of everv kind and from these towns and manufactories poured
forth streams of refuse that made sewers of the streams and con-
verted the water into villianous poison in which all aquatic life was

des^roved.

The Susquehanna river and the Delaware river teemed with shad,
and during the open season people flocked to their shores to take the
toothsome fish and salt them down for a winter's supply. So reck-
less w^as the fishing that even the roe was thrown away as not fit
for food, and under this destructful and wasteful method of taking
fish the supplv of shad was constantly depleted until the extinction
of the shad was threatened. In Connecticut, for instance, where the
same method was pursued of taking the shad, the shad absolutely
became extinct and were only restored by artificial propagation.

About fifty years ago the moment it became evident to thinking
l>eople that something must be done to preserve the fish or a valu-
able food supplv would soon become a thing of the past, and no longer
would the sport of fishing be one of the recreations of the citizens
of Pennsylvania, laws began to be enacted looking to the preserva
tion of fish, and finallv the Legislature in its wisdom established
the Fish Commission, whose duty it should be to devise means, not
only to protect the fish, but also to increase the supply by means of
artificial propagation, science having discovered that by artificial
means the work of nature could be greatly supplemented.

The laws for protection failed at first to have the support of the
dw<ellers along the streams and waters of the Commonwealth. They
claimed that their fathers and grandfathers had fished as they
pleased, and that thev would do the same thing and efforts to punish
violators of the law were rendered null by the sympalhy of the ])eo
j.le. Any person who would rei>ort the violation of the fish law by
M neighbor was looked upon as an informer and gained the ill will of
all his neighbors. Constables were charged with the duty of enforc-
ing the fish law and are required to report all cases to the court, yet

10

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OflE. Doc.

not one constable in a thousand would do so, or will do so today. He
looks to neighbors for votes and in many cases is also a violator of
the law.

Education, however, has done much to show the ]>eople the im-
porrance of the measures for the protection of tish life. It is be-
cominj:^ a matter of common kuowledjje that if tish are taken during
the closed season, when the fish are spawninjf, it is much like killing:
the setting hen from whom it has been hoped to obtain a brood of
j>eeps. Not long ago a prominent farmer who had been a member of
the Legislature was persistent in taking pickerel out of season.
When expostulated with and told it was in violation of the law he
claimed that the fish in question had been placed in the pond on his
(nrm by his grandfather and that he was entitled to take them when
and how he pleased. When his attention was called to the matter
that the fish he was taking out of season were, in nine cases out of
ten, females, heavy with spawn, he began to see the light and finally
was so convinced that he is now one of the warmest supporters of
the law.

The complaint comes to the Department most frequently that
since the protective laws the fishing is not so good as it was years
ago. The com])lainants forget that there are a hundred fishermen
now where there was only one, years ago. and that the number of
destructive devices in the way of nets and spears and dynamiting are
multiplied in the same proportion as the fishermen. The man with
the illegal net or with the dynamite cartridge destroys thousands of
small fish that he may obtain a mess of large ones for himself. Grad-
ually, however, as stated above, there is growing to be a respect for
the law and the public have come to understand that in restocking
the streams the same care must be exercised for the little fish and for
the nesting fish as there is for the care of the ])eeps and the watch-
fulness over the setting hen, if one wishes chickens and eggs.

So strong was the sentiment in some sections of the State againsl
Ihe enforcement of the law that for a number of years a president
judge of one of the trout fishing counties of the State openly defied
the enforcers of the law, and insisted that he had a right to obtain
his fish no matter if the laws did declare it to be illegal. The law
y)rovides that no person shall take more than so many trout a day
of a certain length and that the wild trout must not be sold, yet this
same judge every year engaged a noted violator of the law to provide
him with trout irrespective of the number and regardless of the
size. With such an example, is it any wonder that the violations of
the fish law in that county were extremely numerous, because even
if a warden succeeded in convicting a man before a justice of the
peace, the defendant would appeal to the court, and when the evi-
dence was so convincing that there was nothing else to be done but
sustain the conviction, the court would suspend the sentence.

Everv vear, however, as said above, finds the sentiment of the
people in favor of enforcing the law, and the number of violations
by illegal devices is greatly reduced. The practice of drawing oft"
dams for the jmrpose of taking fish by all manner of means whereby
possibly several hundred edible fish were obtained and thousands
upon thousands of little fish left to die, has been almost totally
abandoned. Here and there comes the story of a dynamiting, but it

I

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES.

11

J

is mostly done by the foreign element whose idea of liberty is license.
For years cities and towns have poured their sewage into streaujs
undisturbed, and thousands of manufacturers have run all kinds of
refuse, much of it poisonous, into the streams. The question of
water supply, irrespective of tish life, has become so important that
the Legislature has adopted drastic legislation in regard to sewage
and the Department of Health is today compelling such disposition
of the sewage that it will no longer be a menace to public health
by contaminating the water. In the same line the Legislature has
adopted legislation to put a stop to the running of the refuse from
the manufactories in the streams. Unfortunately, the amount of
money appropriated for use of the Department of Fisheries in stop-
ping the polluUon by manufactories is inadequate for the work, one
thousand dollars a year being all that is given for the prosecution of
oll'euders and from this thousand must be taken the money necessary
to pay the court expenses of all the minor violations of the tish laws.
While the law authorizes the appointment of thirty wardens the
appropriation granted only allows the employment of nine for the
full term of two years. Fortunately, the Department has found
that in the large majority of cases the manufacturers are anxious to
co-operate with the Department in bringing about the clarification
of the streams. Perhaps some of their motives are selfish, but it
is not always fair to judge motives. The manufacturer who has to
clarify the water poisoned by some manufacturer above him, is be-
ginning to feel some sympathy for the man below, and he realizes
that if the man above cannot pollute the stream he will not be
at the expense of .i)urifying the stream and that saving can be used
to purify his own refuse. The average citizen thinks that it is
only necessary for the Department to notify a manufacturer to
cease and the work is done, but this is not the case in regard to a
recalcitrant manufacturer and the citizen himself shirks thai duty
when he is damaged by not himself bringing suit for damages.

Much, the Department thinks, has been accomplished during the
past year, by a meeting of the manufacturers at which this question
of pollution was discussed and plans devised for the clarification of
the refuse. With an approjiriation commensurate to the neetls
«»f the Department in this matter of pollution there does not seem
to be any reason why the question of pollution cannot be settled in
a few years in the same satisfactory way that the sewage problem
is being settled by the Department of Health.

Acting on the suggestion of the Governor, the De])artment has de-
cided during the past year not to bring sjmratic cases of ]>rosecution
here and there, as has been urged to do by various com])laints, but
has taken up one water shed, visiting every manufactory along the
stream, and notifying the operators thereof that the pollution must
cease. Samples of water were taken, the effect of the refuse upon
fish life was experimented with and the water submitted to a chem-
ist for analysis. Tf within a brief period the pollution is not slopped,
l>rosecution will be brought against the most flagrant violators in
this section. This ])olicy, it is hoped, will clear up that water shed
;ind then a new one will be taken up. Tt is hoped, however, that
the coming Legislature will grant an ap])ro])riation which will
enable the work to be carried on a wider scope.

12

REPORT OP THE

OfiE. Doc.

The ecoUDinic value of the lish as a food supply cannol well be
estimated, but unquestionably it runs int(» thousands of dollars.
That the supply of lish can be kept up with wasteful and extrava-
gant methods of fishing is impossible, but with regulation there is no
(luestion that with the success of artificial propagation so well
known today, the streams of the State can be kept so well supplied
with fish that the augler may be rewarded every time he goes lisiiing
and the family Under be well supplied with fish food.

Feeling that the successful propagation of fish can only be thor-
oughly accomplished bv the most complete hatcheries, the same as
all good work requires the best of tools, the work of the Department
has been concentrated upon completing the hatcheries selected m
the most permanent and substantial manner. At Corry, for in-
stance, much work has been done in rebuilding the ponds with con-
crete so that they present not only a handsome appearance, but
have'a permanency that will make them last for years and do the
best work known ^o the fish culturist. No work of a temporary
character was done at any of the hatcheries.

Shortly after taking charge of the Department, as mentioned in
mv last report, a disastrous cloudburst sw^ept tJirou-h the hatchery
at Spruce Creek tearing out the ponds and razing the hatching
lioiise Shortly after this first flood there came another which com-
pleted the destruction started by the first one. There were no funds
available to restore the hatchery to its former position and it was
placed in charge of a caretaker and the ponds that were left there
from the fiood. used as retaining ponds for young trout sen*^ Iheie
from Bellefonte. The situation of the grounds is such that it is
always liable to disastrous floods, because Spruce Creek, just above
it runs through steep hills and when there is any unusual rainfall,
the creek rises with a tremendous rapidity, and as soon as it
reaches the hatchery, spreads out over the grounds carrying de-
struction in its path. It therefore seems but useless expenditure
of money to maintain a hatchery at this place, and I would suggest
its abandonment and the sale of the grounds.

That artificial propagation of fish can restock the waters of the
Commonwealth if the laws against wasteful destruction are en-
forced is plainly shown in the case of Lake Lrie. It is not many
venrs a^o since the white fish industry had so deteriorated that it
was 'not worth while to set the nets and the same was true in a
minor wav iu regard to other fishes. The constant restocking of the
I'lke bv the United States and Pennsylvania Governments has re-
stored this fishing in Lake Erie, until it has made Lrie city the
lar-est fresh water fish market in the United States. At Eno, how
even- the fishermen have learned that their livelihood depends upon
co-operation with the Government in this matter of planting fish and
also in the enforcement of the laws against destructive and wastelul
fishine There is no doubt, with the same co-operation with the
other fishermen of the State, that great work could be done in re-
stocking the streams and providing a food supply.

How important the vegetation and hiding places m the stream
are, is shown in a way by the fact that only a few years ago m a
m-eat ice flood, the bottom of the Susquehanna river was almost
scoured clean of grasses, weeds and aquatic plants. For two or

No. 21,

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

13

three years after that the fishing in the Susiiuehanna kept constantly
deteriorating, because there was no little fish able to grow up but
in time, nature replanted the river herbage, and the lishiug has been
getting better and better.

It does not mean that the Department shall furnish all the lisli
ihat the people will take, but by constantly adding new blood it will
enable the fish in the siream to always help in keeping up the sup-
nly It is well known that fish deteriorate by inbreeding as does
;,m" other species of animal life, and we might say vegetable life,
because the farmer must get new seed if he wishes to keep up his

crops. , xt- . 1

The pollution of the streams has been caused by that careless
habit of wastefulness which characterizes the American people,
innnediate profits and a disregard for the right of ^^^V^
living below on the stream were the causes ot every iiianufactuiei
rdlowing his refuse to flow away. Nature works in a difierent way
• d never wastes. The tree grows in the forest, taking up certain
const titints from the soil and carbonic acid from the air, giving
ouMlie oxygen necessary for the life of animate beings. The leaves
ul 'Iiow'and ripen, then fall to the ground where they deca.v and
Si^h food for next year's growth. The wood acid /"anu acturer
cnts down the tree, takes it to his manufactory where he distills the
. mpounds that he desires and allows those he does not want to
i barge into a stream to render the waters of that^ stream unlit m-
lish life\>r for any use by the people beluw him. AN ere he as ec n-
omical as nature, all these products would be made to subsenc
some uselul purpose and none would l^e allowed to How to the deln-
ment of his neighbors.

The saving of all these products is, of course, a question of cost,
vet scien e it daily solving all these problems. For years the nianii^
•acturers of <-oke wasted Tnillions ..f feet (d" gas wlujse conservaticm
ould lave done much to add to the receipts of the coke burner
It the Bethlehem Steel works recently there has been installed a
series of coke making ovens, from which every possible ^^^'^^^^^^J'^^!;*^
the coal is saved and not a particle of relnse is run to defale the

stream. . . ,, , i n.„

What fan be done with the coal can he done with the tfce bv the
•icid maker. The niakois of gas are learnins by exiienencc that ev-
er vlhi "' t at escapes then, is a waste and a h.ss aijd the gas tnanu-
lactme?s ate pntiing in ph.nls like the coke w,.rks at Bethlehen,
from wliich nothiuj,' whatever will escape.

,„ (;,.,„,any, not many years ago, the streams wei;e lou sewa'S,

.,„,, 1 e poil ntion of sewage and the relnse of mauutactones. 'Ihe

ernar(i!.vernment said stop and today the streatns "je >;.mn,Bg

ear and not a particle of waste escapes from a mannlact,.r. . As

, McKeau cm>, V .hen.ical n.annfactnrer who had jnst retnrned

Irom a visit 10 (Jermany. remarked, -even ,he su.ells are turned o

e Lmiliisos." Dirt has h,.en described as n.alter <mt of place ad

1 e waste of poll.ition is simply nnntiliml matter winch pnbl.c

, i<: deman.li shall „ot be ,,se,l to destroy ,>r "' erlet. -.th a,
Iither-s rights, and the world's common dcmatuls should be ntili/.e.l

14

REPORT OF THE

OfiE. Doc.

and turned to gold. What has been suuecessfuUy attained by the
coke manufuciurer can be attained by the mauufaoturer of every-
thing else.

With the cutting ol' the forests and the clearing of the under-
brush many trout streams became warmer and untitted for trout,
while in the others there was a cutting otf of the food supply and
shelter for the young fish. The logs and brush which tilled the
streams in the primeval days afforded not only hiding places for
ihe little hsh, but breeding places for the food upon which the little
ilsh subsisted while the bushes and weeds were the nesting places of
all kinds of insects from which the larvae dropped into the stream
to atford food for the other fish. This lack of bushes along the
streams is the main reason why so many trout streams will not sup-
port the number of fish that they used to do, because there is not
that supply of insect life which there formerly was. In cases of
streams which were suitable for trout there can be nothing better
than to throw brush and logs into them, and cultivate alders and
weeds along the banks. As said in the previous part of the report,
the number of fish that a given quantity of water will sup-
port depends entirely upon the amount of food that can be furnished
to the smaller fish, with always a provision, as mentioned above, for
additional supplies for the grown fish.

In the more cultivated parts of the country the old trout streams
have so warmed up that they are no longer fitted for the life of the
brook trout, and all experiments to restock these streams with the
speckled beauties have proven failures. The brown, or German trout,
will, however, live in much warmer water than the brook trout, anrl
many of the old brook trout streams in which no longer brook +rout
will live, are being restocked with brown trout to great advantage.

While to many the brown trout is not an equal in game qualities
to the brook irout, yet it is a far superior fish in game (pialities,
that will live in the streams that it will, and therefore it is a sort
of Uobson's choice. In some sections of the State, the brown trout
has really become the favorite and the anglers are clamoring for
brown trout. To meet this want the Department is increasing its
stock of brown trout breeders and will try and keep it up so as to
rurnisli all the demands upon it. For a number of years (California
or rainbow trout have been planted in the streams of the State, but
Ihe catches reported are but few and far between showing that the
habitat is not a favorable one for these fish. In their native sections
these trout spawn in the spring, and it was thought that it would
be a good su])plement to the brook trout in the Pennsylvania hatch-
eries to add the rainbow^ trout, which would come in when the
troughs were emi)ty of the brook trout. Unfortunately, however,
the rainbows have taken on the habit of si)awning about the same
time as the brook trout, and, as shown above, they do not seem to
increase in the streams and their propagation does not seem to be
desirable.

At a recent meeting of the American Fisheries Society at Denver,
the matter of rainbow trout was discussed, and it seems that the
habitat of these trout in Colorado is almost at the snow line where
the water is always little above the freezing point. Here the rain-
bow trout grow and thrive and grow to a size of 10 to 15 pounds and

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES,

15

a yard in length. Below the snow line the native or cut throat
trout thrive and are the fish that are placed in those streams. There
are no streams in I'ennsylvania which correspond to the streams in
which the rainbow trout dwell in Colorado, and this would seem
to explain the reason why the rainbow trout have not succeeded in
Pennsylvania, in spite of the millions planted by the United States
(jovernment and the Pennsylvania Depart mem of Fisheries. The
Department finds that there is much misinformation in regard to
the trout and has many applications for California trout, of which
there are ncme in Pennsylvania, the applicants wanting brown or

(Jerman trout.

The same thing in regard to the streams not inhabited by front
applies as it does to the trout streams: the (luestion of food supply,
it is, as has been shown, impossible to stock a stream and maintain
it so, if there is nothing for the fish to live on. The little ones
starve to death or if there are no hiding places they are gulped up
by the large ones, all fish being cannibals.

In stocking the streams also, few people understand really what
they want and apply for fish that would in no way thrive in the
streams for which they are applied for. To meet this (luestiim and
enable the Department to obtain some idea as to the character of
the fish which should go into a stream, the De])artmeut has prepared
a blank application on which the applicant can furnish information
as to the character of the stream and thus enable some kind of a
judgment to be formed as to what fish would thrive in the water in
question. Piack bass will not thrive in trout streams nor will trout
thrive in streams suitable for bass, yet numbers of people apply for

both fish.

In many of the streams of the Commonwealth, the water is only
suitable for such native fishes, as shown above, dwell in the lakes,
but supplemented with the minnow family, which is a large one, but
a very important one in the eye of the boy fishers to wliom the
taking of a fall fish is an event. Indeed the fall fish is no mean
game fish and not despised by nnmy of the most expert anglers. The
chub is also a variety of the minnow family, which brings joy to a
boy's heart when he catches a good sized one. The smaller minnows
afford food for the large ones and are the main dependents of the
angler for bait fish.

While the Department strives to cater to the nngler with such
game fish as the bass, the trout, and to keep up the supply of the
commercial fishermen in white fish, herring and shad, it also feels
that there is a great work before it in kcM-jting up the siipply of fish
for the boys and girls and for those anglers that frequent the streams
as they dl) the lakes. The fall fish and chnb are mentioned above,
yet the blue gill sunfish is a fish not to be desi)ised, as according to
its size it is as gamey as the trout while there is nothing better as a
pan fish excei)t the yellow perch.

There should be some changes in the law which will allow the
Department more latitude to assist the farmers to raise fish, as
there is no question that a profitable adjunct could be made to the
farm or an assurance of an addition to the food supply be made by
the adding of a fish i)ond to the farm. The sunfish, the yellow perch,

2

10

REPORT OP THE

Off. Doc.

and the bulMiead will thrive under favorable conditions and their
I'ecnndity assures a constant supply, if the lish have any sorl of
chance as to pure water and food.

While here the Department would suggest that the growing boys
and girls of the Commonwealth be more instructed in the life and
ways of fish. IT a boy and girl are sho^^tn that a sunfish builds a
nest as neat and cozy in its way as a bird builds its nest, that it is
ihc' neatest of housekeepers, removing every particle of dirt or
Hash that Hoats into its nest, and then watches as carefully over its
eggs as a hen does over hers, it will opeu their eyes. It will awaken
an interest in them that will grow with their years and they will
become the advocates of the enfi>rcenient of the law which forbids
the taking of fish from the nests whereby the fisherman gets one fish
and hundreds of little fish go to destruction.

If a boy or girl should be shown how sunfish will dart at a hook
baited with a woi ni thrown over its nest, not for the puri)()se of swal
lowing the worm, but for the purpose of keeping its nest cjear, he or
she will soon take an interest in the matter, that neither he nor she
will ever strive to hook a fish on the nest or allow any (me else to do
it, if he can lie disuaded. A knowledge (»f the habiis of fish would
l)e the greatest ste]) towards securing the enforcement of the laws for
the protection of fish.

The sucker, too, has many and warm admirers, while the expert
angler looks up(m them with contempt, but this is n(»t shared by
hundreds of other persons who look upon the sucker as an extremely
(k'sirable lish. Ideally in the early spring when the water is cold, if
it were not for its bones, the sucker is quite an addition to the table.
So much is the sucker a favorite with many that the Department has
a]»plicalions for permits to net trout streams in the si>ring for the
jMirimse of taking the sucker, the applicant stating that they have no
desire for the trout whatever and are perfectly willing to leave them
in the streani for those people who want trout.

To the lover of trout this taste may seem curious, but it takes all
kinds of tastes to make up a world after the manner of the old
woman who kissed the cow. It is not long sijicc that a warden ar-
rested a man with a bucket of small trout that he had taken for the
j>urpose of using them as bait for eels. This to the trout man seemed
a crime that he hardly had words to express. It is quoted here to
sh(tw that there is a variety of tastes to be met when the Dei>artment
of Fisheries is ]>reparing to restock the waters of the State, if it is
to suit everybody.

This nature study will not (»nly teach i)eople to use their eyes, but
will lead them to an o]!cn air lile and they will see all the ever
charming l)eauties of nature. They will find sermons in stones and
books in running brooks and store in their minds iiinch lore (hat
will ])rove an ever source of i)leasure in advancing yeais. Their eyes
will be trained to see what the average ])erson misses, and no longer
will they be in the state of the man to whom

"A yellow primrose nodding by the river's brim,
"A yellow primrose is to him and nothing more."
Instead it has become a thing of beauty whose charm increases
jlie more it is studied. The boy nv girl will wat<-h the sunfish build
its nest, or ]K'eping over the bank, see the black bass build its nest

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES,

17

No. 21.

With e(iual care, and when the eggs are deposited in the nest they
can watch the i-arent standing over the nest the perfect picture ol
;,!ertness like a vidette on the very outpost of an army lacing

theenemv. , ,, • i ,.

Theie is l.aicly a luotion, yet U. Hie tnui.eU eye Iheie is always
au alertness and when a lumbering carp comes creeping .lowu to pie.\
upon tlie spawn in the nest, the hass darls at him like an arrow an.l
Zu drives him from his work of spoliation. When the tall comes
the observer «ill see the speckled male trout take ou all us most
l.iilli-iiii rolors red and .'olden, outshining the lespleiidcui cos-
t; e of ti d ndi's of the court of Louis XIV. He jauntily se lee s
a mate and together Ihey wander up .„ some little nvule where
thcv can deposit their eggs in a spot far from the enemies ''""t the.N
kmnv will devour them. Itut in spite of the care of the parent flsli,
ihe life of the little lish that hatches from the eggs deposited in the
ative s rea n is one of constant danger. Spawn eating tisli threatc,.
the nest a heavy .shower washes the mud into the stream and i
leposhs over the spawn to smother the life out of the eggs, am
when the little ti.sh appear, even the minnows, only a mile larger
ihanthelittlefish, prey upon them. ,„„„.„ n,

The bass who watches so .arelully over its nest will ;vl'^n 1"; '"-
He lish are a few days (dd. abandon them apparently to their fate,
but will return in a -few days and himself devour his own progeny
ere the lish culturist steps in. in the case of the bass, and when he
discovers a nest of little bass he encloses them in a cr,b ,,t nius iii
where the little ones live until they absorb their sacs an.l rise to the
op then the tish culturist takes lliem and places tlu.n m :- ''.ceding
nd where there are no enemies, to shelter them. \\ hen a bass nest
s cribbed, the nature student will be amused to watch the antics o
heV-arcn fish who is striving to reach his young. He will dash at
Ihe .rib and many a lime will lorce his way thr.iugh the muslin
•niard that surround his pr.>geny. ,. , , „ ,

Then loo there is the cattish, the ni.)st carelul of all par.mts.

When the little tish are b.,rn the parents r.aind them up int.. a

seemin.'lv little ball much after the niann..r ol the lonnd-np by

vh ch ?1 e .attlemen of the west keep the cattle togeth..r. \ hen au

enemy ai'l''''«^l'e*' <>'« •'•'"■''"'^ «''"''-''•'■ ''^'" '* "'^ ''""' '"' '' ''
iheir children gathered t.'gether. ,.,,,•, , .,-

The vell.-w vev.l> lays i.s -'gi-'s in strings wbuh nnl.,1.1 lik.- a bea .-
ilful lace ham kerchief and then the little ones are left to ro.k so ll.
I'e m..v..,n..|il of ih." waler an.l wln^ls. mnch as a .-hUd is r...-Ue.l
in the .-ra.lle bv ils molber. but as Ihe little tish begin to .',pp..ar an
observant ev.> will see around them apparently niou.nless figures o
111. l.r^r i..rch. who at the appearan.e of a little one dash at it
with ire rapiditv ..f lightning and it disappears into th.. voracious
rn^l 1 tl e niarau.ler. To pirvi-nt this destruction the fish culturist

ithers hese strings and pla.es them in jars where by gently nioring
tiHMnbv.nrm.ls .,? wal.M- iKitnr.. is imilal...! and lli.. fish air hal.li.-l
and placed in ponds devoid of enemies. , , , ^

The shad when it enters the fresh water no longer feeds, but swin s
ils way toward th." pla.e where it was b.,rn that it too may propagat.-

2—21 lft13.

18

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

its sj)ecies. Not feeding it uses ii|» its siiri)iiis eiierj^v in (he woik of
swimming and spawns at full speed thus again using up more ner
vous energy. The result is that when the shad turns to go back to
the sea it is in a very weak condition and it is estimated that at
least 50 per cent, of them never are able to reach the salt water. It
is really pitiable to see the shad as they approach the salt water
struggling to reach the goal.

It is estimated that of the number of fish that are annually de-
posited, barely five per cent, survive, but when artificially projja-
gatcd and kejM from tlieir enemies tlie numbci- that suivive runs from
50 to 95 per cent. Here is shown one of the great advantages of ar-
tificial propagation.

All this and more will be disclosed to the watching eyes of the
student of nature, and as he or she has all these things unfolded
before him a much better understanding will be formed and the De-
partment will have so many more earnest advocates to encourage it
in its work and assist it in its endeavors to once more restore fish-
ing in Pennsylvania to what it was in fonner j'ears.

rn

THE LAKES OF THE STATE.

Comparatively only a small [iroportion of the population of Penn-
sylvania are aware of the fact that in some sections of this great
Commonwealth there are hundreds of lakes as beautiful in their
setting and in the clearness of their waters as can be found any-
where in the world, rivaling in beauty, indeed, those of the lake
country made famous by the songs of Wadsworth. By far the
greater number are situated in the northeastern parr of the State, in
Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Susquehanna and neighboring counties. They
are mostly in that section situated high up in the mountains free
from all contamination, and it is not likely that their waters will
become contaminated in years to come. In Wajne county especially
the mountain tops rise to a height of 2300 feet, and the lakes lie
like i>earls upon a necklace. A traveler will go far and wide but
his eyes can revel in no more beautiful scenery than that of Wayne
ccninty with its rolling hills and mixture of woods and carefully
cultured fields. In Pike county and Monroe the land is not so high,
but the country is wilder, there being less cultivation, and except that
the timber is mostly second or third growth, the country is almost
as wild as in the days when the Indians roamed through it.

Railroads have opened up this lake country to the denizens of the
cities and every year they are becoming better known and around
a number of them have grown u]> resorts which attract annually
hundreds of visitors, yet to the others there come also every year
thousands of peo]»le to revel in the fresh life-giving air of the nioun
tains wlii<h brings l>ack roses to the faded cheek. Avhile at the same
time the lakes afford much sport and a great deal of pleasure to the
angler.

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

19

In the early days all these lakes abounded in fish: The fish native
to the waters being pickerel, yellow perch, catfish or bullheads, sun-
fish, suckers, and swarms of minnows, which latter afforded food for
the larger varieties and bait for the angler. Some of these lakes
have been stocked with black bass which have thrived, allthough
experience seems to show that the voracious qualities of the bass
have caused it to depopulate its habitations of other fish and render
the fishing not equal to the lakes in which the bass have not been

placed. . X, ;,

In the early days the lakes were full of trees, stumps, brush and
manv aquatic plants on which thrive the daphne and other micro
scopic water life which afforded food for the baby fish. It is well
understood by fish culturists that the amount of fish life in a lake is
limited by the amount of food which is yielded upon which the baby
fish can "feed. The fish when first hatched, carry their sacs upon
which thev subsist for a few days, but after absorption of the sac the
little ones begin to feed and the number of little fish that will survive
to grow up is limited bv the amount of food that they can obtain un-
til they are able to feed on other fishes. It is therefore extremely
important that the birth places of the fish food for the little fish be
ample and therefore all those who are interested in seeing the lakes
teem with fish life should assist in the work of providing these rest-
ing places for the daphne and other food of this character. In the
lake there should be placed wild rice and other plant life in such
quantities that there can be no limitation to the number of little

fish that can be fed.

Nearly all the lakes in Pennsylvania are either the ])roperty of the
State or fishing is permitted by the persons owning the surrounding
land. As the attractions of the lakes become more widely known,
the number of persons who visit them become annually greater. A
week's visit to one of these lakes and life in the open air sends back
the visitor a far better person in every way than almost any other
recreation that is known.

The lakes for the most part lie in depressions in the mountains,
whoso slopes rise proudly from the water embowered in trees and
shrubbery or perhaps bright with the green of the grain or pastures.
The waters are as clear as crystal and sparkle in the sun brighter
than crown diamonds, while the whispering winds toss the waters
in little wavelets which render even brighter the sparkle. To the
average angler a few fish rewards the hours of fishing and from
most of these lakes rewards come. It is the hope of the Department
that with the co-operation of those interested that the lakes may
once more be filled with food propagating plants while the efforts of
the hatcheries may constantly add to the stock of the fish in the
waters. TIeallv. this question of food supply is the main one and if
this can be kept up there is no question that the lakes will continue
to yield abundance of fish to the angler, with this resei-vntion. that
the laws must be enforced against all destructive methods of fishing,
whereby the greedv fishermen with nets and other murderous ap
pliances destroy thousands of little fish in order that he may obfain

n few large ones. , . , „

The value of these lakes as resorts cannot be measured in dollars
and cents, for while the fish themselves do have a value yet there is

20

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

a far ^realei- valuo for the people of the country who ran get out on
Ihoir hanks and hrij-hteii their lives under the exhiliration of their
surroundings.

In the Ohio basin tliere are also lakes, but they are not so nuiner-
(Mis as in the northeastern section of the State. Connoaut T.ake in
Crawford counly is the largest of all the lakes in ihe State, being
six miles long and about a mile wide. Tn these western lakes, there
are no pickerel, but instead we find Ihe muscallonge and the yellow
pike. To the enthusiastic angler, the thought of muscallonge always
aA\ akens a thrill, as they recall the fights with that large and gamey
fish. These western lakes are becoming almost famous resorts and
Conneaut Lake especially, thousands of peo])le visit its shores every
summer.

While ihe expert angler, who. with his elaborate tackle and gaudy
Hies, looks forward to a battle royal wiih tho small mouth bass, the
muscallonge, or the brilliant hued trout, there are hundreds, aye.
thousands of boys and girls, or boys and girls of mature age, who
look forward to the taking of the more humble fish of the lake with
greater enthusiasm and more anticipated pleasure than the angler
does to his sport. The taking of a string of yellow^ perch, sunfish or
catfish is an event to be marked with a white stone, and the fisher
man returns to camp or home waving his string of fish wn'th yells of
triumph, while round him gather his coiupanions and friends to
look on the string with as much enthusiasm as ever a T^oman guard
cast upon the Chaplet of a conqueror.

Besides, these lake fish afford a dainty morsel for the table. Few
viands tnste better to a hungry mortal than do the perch, sunfish and
catfish. Indeed, in times gone by, there was a celebrated resort near
I'hiladel[)hia, where the alluring tem]>tation was held out to the
diner of catfish and w\nffles. Speaking of catfish, one of the most de
voted lovers of Tzaak Walton, of Pennsylvania, a famous trout fisher,
once remaiked, ''Did you ever eat a catfish from the cold waters of
a trout stream? T just made the discovery a short time ago that no
finer dish was ever set before a king, than such a catfish, and whenever
one is ensnared upon my hook, T carefully place him upon my creel,
where he mny be taken out for my own delectation at the next morn
iug's breakfnst instead of the trout."

There is, however, a very decided commercial side in this matter
of the lake country. The more visitors that visit the lakes the more
money is bronghi into that section of the country, and it is a well
known fact that a large ]>ari of the livelihood of nmny residents of
Pike county is derived from the payments made by the summer
visitors. Tlie visitors must eat, and desire comforts and conveniences
of various kinds for which they must invest m(mey that remains
in the section where they camp or locate. This is getting more thor-
oughly understood by the residents every year, and waters that have
been closed to ]>ublic fishing hnve been oj)ened up so ns to attract
outsiders to the spot.

It is reported that in ATain(\ the amount of nnmey sjK'nt by fishing
amounts |(» millions of dollars iinnnally, and there is no r<*as(m why
the attractions of the Inke regions of Pennsylvania should not be so
incieased that a very large revenue would be derived l>y the inhabit-
ants of that section from the visitors from New York and other large

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

21

cities. Thus while ihe visitors are recuperating their health and
enjoying the fishing, the residents of the section are also enjoying the
feeling that they are increasing their bank accounts.

FINANCIAL STATEMFNT.

The following shows (he receipts and expenditures of the Depart
ment of Fisheries for the year ending November :i(l, 1012.

HATCH ERIFS

Received from State Treasurer, .
naUince on hand Dec. 1, lOH, ---

$46. »» 76
MM 78

!t47,44U 54

Paid for hatcheries. —

Balance on hand Nov. .■:i>, 1911,

WARDENS.

Received from State Treasurer

Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1911,

$46,839 TC,

$;^ iH

$12,100 66
40 if!

$12,149 8!>

Paid for wardens.

lialaiice on hand >'ov. :;0, 1912.

$12,100 66

49 f.'S

CONTINGENT F'.ND.

Rereivod from State Trea.surer,

Palanee on hand Nov. 30, 1911

1,000 00
171 OJ

!n,174 94

Paid for coiitineent expcnsea. .
Palanee on hand Nov. .•», 1912,

$1 ,<Y.i7 ir,

$l:rr ,9

lAPENSESS OF FTSHERTES COMMISSION.

Roceivcd from State Treasurer

I'aid for expenses,

$2,2S-J 06

COUNSEL FEES AND COIRT EXPENSES.

Received from State Treasurer, "■_!Ll^!!!_^

Paid for expenses,

OPI'RATINO COMMODORE PERRY.

Received from State Treasurer,

Paid for oprratinp

$4, 4^1 98

COMPLETINO HATCHERIES.

Received from State Treasurer

Paid for work

<f5J^r^ 22

FIELD WORK.

Received from State Treasurer,
Paid for work. . ..

!>!e,l80 80

ii!2,382 (:6

<il.0fi4 60

$4.4:'.3 98

$5,.'ir>.'i 22

!t6.1P0 80

DuriMfr the vear there wore receipts from tlic various sources as follows, the same
into the State Treasury dally In accordance \\;fh the «tnlntc: ^

License fees for coimiierclal hatcheries.

I.iciMise fees for eel haskcts

license fees for shad seines. ,

lake Erie licenses -

roiiflscated fish and devices «tlil. ,,

Fines for violnlioii of flu' li.-li l:i\v<,

I 1eeli-c lie- for lidewatev seines,

heintr paid
120 00

408 or,

.•?9 90
017 0«>

• r,

'XI CO

$.1,118 77

22

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O

REPORT OP THE

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No. 21

DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES.

COMMEKCIAL FISH HATCHERIES.

23

The number of licenses issued for commercial fish hatcheries dur-
ing the year was \\\, The following is a statement of the business
done by them:

Name.

1

•

•

%

•3

S

%

3

p

i<

(^

199 987
Dead trout for market, im'sI'^

Trout, alive, mature mo'noo

Brook Trout, advanced fry, .jd flfiT'noo

Brook Trout, eyed eggs. I'Svi'^

Brook Trout, green eggs 4'ooo

Black bass, - — io'i7r

Gold- Fish. — - j ^;'^

Sunflsh, bluegills, - | ^'^

Total ,26.516,577

65,167

120,870 62

7,070 92

568 00

11,157 01

345 00

80 OO

323 00

226 50

«-),167 140,141 06

THE EEL INDUSTKV.

The year 191:^ was rather an unl'ortuiiate one for the licensees of
tish baskets as the catch was very small due to the fact that higli
water was the general rule during the season. By far the larger
proportion of licensees in making their reports said that they could
lish but a few times on account of high water or else (heir baskets
were entirely washed away. Warden Shoemaker reports for the
northern branch of the Susquehanna river, "This has been one ot the
seasons in this scK.-tion of the State, that the tish basket people caught
verv few eels. Soon after the season opened there was a twelve
foot flood which took out nearly all of the baskets. Again in the early
part of September there was another 10 foot rise in the river, which
again took out the baskets, leaving but very few baskets in the river
V^raiu in October, there was a 12 1-2 foot Hood, this only left 4
baskets in Wyoming County, and 5 or 6 in Bradford County, and
these were practically destroyed, or so much so as to be practically

useless

The total catch of eels was 54,083, weighing 44,:wr> pounds, with
a total value of |4,53G.34; 4,892 suckers and mullets were taken
with a value of $280.59 and the number ol^carp taken wjis very small,
only 391 being reported with a value of $70.40.

The following is an itemized statement of the catch:

24

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

1 rH

iHM

M rl

t~ t-1 i-l «e i-( ®

lO

-^OcggDMg,c.COJ5«g5g5;2gJOO.-..«^g*3

!8?, :

R r-l

Si

M

80

rH 00 r-l

^ 9i i-<

O i-i -r CM

O UU kO U3

»-^ -«I' T.^

00 M

l-H r1 ■^ Cl ec R rl

s

o oS

•oniBA S^S3

i3 1
W ;

•iqSjaM

•aaqtnnx

S Sc 53

0» kA 0»

I

I

0SQ0r^rHJif~®aC0W'*O

>o u. ceo aoc4oHp

rHrHinwO'-ii'ia'r-tQpHQO*

?0 TO rH t- 5>< 0 o O fcr 3> lO 'S Q ' 0

JO ^5 0i-iMioqB$'*'^g5Si-

00

rH 1— I rH r-{ rH O

ihEi 8

8«?J

fH CM

8

m

8S

SS

W '

sss

^§s

:-3'^

«■< M

s

»0 "9 O Q4

"J5 OT ?-i 10

?2fSS

1- >2 -o
■V <C <»

r-lM O •* »J rH

& 1'; ^ • : .5 — • ■* CO 'T o 3

© ^. I" I>< O n ( - ^i rH tc

— ?* M H< C* fH

00 » O rH ?! '5 -t £J ^ '? ^

rH M 00 ■V lO <->

s

55

.■^

o

Eh

JO.

21

DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH.

25

The decision ol* the Department t(» distribule yearling lish instead
of the smaller ones, except in the case of such fish as pike-perch,
white fish and lake herring, seems to meet with general approbation
as is shown by the many letters received at the Department, as with
the exception of a few, all are endorsers of this policy.

In order to more fully get at the condition in which the fish are re-
ceived, the Department has adopted a plan of sending with each
notice of shipment a blank on which is noted the number ot fish re-
ported sent, and the recipient of the tish is asked to return this blank
with a statement as to the number of fish he actually ie<eived and
the condition in which the fish were when planted.

The plan seems to work out very well and the Department is
thus enabled to be sure that the persons who applied lor the fish
received them. It is also a guarantee as to the number ot fish act-
ually distributed and planted. Of the large number ot rep les sent in
during the vear bv recipients of fish, it is almost invariably the case
that the recipient; report the fish as received in the best conditum,
with losses hardly more that from five to ten fish, and m most iiv-
Stances the recipient adds the fish could not have been in finer or

better condition. . , ,

While the number of lidi distributed during the year is not so large
as in previous vears. ihis can be ascribed to the fact that the propa-
.rj)tion of fish was interfered with by the work of permanently build-
r,,- up the hatcheries, and also from the fact that in regard to the
lake lishes the weather conditions were extremely unfavorable. With
the completion of the permanent structures at th.e hatcheiies it is
hoped that in another year the distribution ..f tish may equal any
ligures shown in the i)ast.

SHAD SKINK LICENSES.

I)urin«' the vear 10 licenses were issued under the act of May 1.
lUOO with its 'supplement, for seines for the taking of shad, herring
(,r al'ewife, from March 1, to June 20, of each year. Under the pro-
visions of the Act any food fish taken in these seines during the
lawful season can be kept. There were 23,840 shad taken wi h a
value of $5,079.00. The other food fish taken wer« valued at |81.ife.

It will be noticed that no fish were taken in ihe Susquehanna river
above the dam of the Pennsylvania Power & Water Company at
Holtwood. The shad fishing below this dam was extremely good and
many persons availed themselves of the opportunity using dij^ nets
and 'from such fishermen no reports ccmld be obtained, but the num-
)»er of fish undoubtedly ran into many thousands.

The shad fishing on the Delaware river was very good anil the
prices obtained made the catches profitable to the fishermen. Ihe

26

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

report of the Superintendent of the Torresdale hatchery shows
that the take of eggs which were obtained from the fishermen was a
record one. The following is the table of the take of fish under the
seine licenses for the inland waters of the State:

County.

Bhad.

Oaip.

Suckers and j

•

MuUeto.

a

•

1

%4
O

•

m

•

00

•O

1

1

Founds
Value.

13

In

as

Dauphin

Lancaster

Miflain

Perry.

York, ^

fl 18.416
6

8 "jiflti"

$2.8GB86

l&l

ao

I 2!K)

t.nis SCO

Total j la

23.310 !^,07V <iU I 1,»71

$8 88

1 fiO

iroo

10 00

iSfiO

81

$3 40

6fl0

ii)7u aa

14d

$8 90

$2 60

$3 nO

CRAWFORD COUNTY HATCHERY.

Last year the Commissioner and the Board of Fishery Commission
were unanimously of the opinion that the Crawford County hatchery
at Conneaut Lake was not fitted for the purpose. The water supply
is inadequate, and the outlet of the lake, which is dammed to furnisli
the water, cannot be raised auy higher without securing the proper-
ties above, as they would be Hooded and only then about an addi-
tional depth of two feet of water could be obtained. 11 is also ini
possible, owing to the character of the grounds to drain the ponds
and the ponds cannot be satisfactorily worked unless they can he
drained.

The water supply for the battery was known to have failed several
times causing loss and trouble, and there is no method except to put
in a pump which would be a constant source of expense that would
eliminate this risk of failure of the supply at a critical moment. In
view of all these conditions it seemed very poor policy to expend any
more money at the Crawford hatchery, but to devote that money to
the completion and facilities of the other hatcheries where there is
room if the facilities are added, for supplying all the fish needed in
the Commonweall h for some years to come.

There were numerous protests filed by residents of that section
of the State against the abandonment oi* the hatchery, but these
came from persons who the Department is sure had not made them-
selves fully acquainted with the situation. Some of these protests
claimed that the muscallonge fishing had been greatly improved in
Conneaut Lake since the establishment of the hatchery, yet as a
matter of fact no muscallonge were hatched at the hatchery at
Connenut Ljike. It can be n nuitter <>{' no imiJoitjiiM-e to any one if

No. Bl.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

27

ho gets his lish, where the fish were hatched, but it is important to
(he De])artment in an economical and other ])oints of view, thai the
tish be halrhed where it can be done most economically and etlect-

ively.

The De])artment was able to obtain 500,000 muscallonge egjis from
the New York Conservation Commission, which eggs were hatched at
the rnion Citv hatchery, and .^0,000 of them planted in C(mnoaiit
Lake. This supply it hopes to keep up annually, supplementing it
with other fish until Conneaut Lake is made one of the best fishing
resorts in the State. There are unquestionably large numbers of fish
now in Conneaut Lake, but experience has shown that where the
waters of a lake are shaken up by motor boats that fishing is badly

interfered with.

When it was decided to abandon the hatchery at Conneaut Lake,
the Department promised the ])rotestants that it would supplement
its views with the opinion of at least two well known fish culturists.
At a meeting of the American Fisheries Society, at Denver, Col-
orado, in September, the Department was able to secure the promise
from two of the leading fish culturists of the country, Mr. Dwight
Lydell, Assistant Superintendent of the Michigan Fish Commission,
and Mr. James Nevin, Superintendent of the Commissioners of Fish-
eries of the State of Wisconsin, both of whom have a national repu-
tation as fish culturists, Mr. Lydell, especially, as a propagator of
small mouth bass, in which he has been the most successful cultur-
ist in the United States. These gentlemen in response to their prom-
ise, visited the hatchery, and their reports are subjoined. It will be
observed that the reports enti/ely confirm the judgment of the De-
partment.

REPORT OF MR. DWIGHT LYDELL.

Comstock Park, Mich., September 24, 1912.
Mr. Nathan R. Buller, State Fish Commissioner, Harrisburg, Pa.

Dear Sir: As per your request, while at Denver, Colo., I have
visited your Fish Hatchery Station, at Conneaut, Pa., and beg to
make the following report in regard to the possibilities of the station:

After thoroughly looking over the station, would consider it a
very poor location for a pond station. The work that has already
been done there shows lack of knowledge in regard to fish hatchery
rpnstruction and of very little value to the State should the station

be continued. _, . , ^i • i

One great drawback is no elevation. The water head is nearly
on a level with what should be the lowest pond level. The location
is such if ponds are dug to a depth to insure success in pond culture
they cannot be drained. To be successful as a bass station ponds
should have at least 5 feet of water in the kettle or deepest part to
atTord n retreat for the large fish in the summer months and a natural
place for them to winter in. . ^ j

There is not elevation enough to give any aereation from one pond

28

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

to {mother, wliich is one of the main factors in jjond cultnre. Where
(he wafer is nsed over and over at least (> inch fall should be had
from one pond to another.

I also understand that durinjjf scmie of Ihe dry seascms not nuieh
water flows from the outlet of Conneaut Lake, which is a peat
drawback, as warm, <lry seasons is when Ihe lar{j:est sui)i)ly of waler
is needed. Possibly a station with 5 or 6 ponds could be successfully
oi»erated, provided a pipe line were laid to taj) Conneaut Lake,
thereby giving about 2 feet head of water above what you already
have. * This, however, would necessitate the outlay of considerable
money, and then, as no great amount of spring water is available,
you would be limited as to the number of ponds you could build and
the varieties of fish you could handle.

During the last few years there seems to be more fishermen, and
with their automobiles they are able to reach the lakes and streams
I hat hardly ever before were fished except by natives. This means,
Ihat more' fish and more varieties must be jn-ovided. Instead of
having a lot of small hatcheries scattered throughout the State, it
is far better and less exi)ensive, to have a few large plants so located
that several varieties of fish may be propagated and distributed from

the one central point.

Very truly yours,

DWIGHT LYDELL,

Assistant Superintendent Michigan Fish Connnission.

REPORT OF MR. ,1AMES NEVIN.

Madison, Wisconsin, October 12, 1912.
Hon. N. R. Ruller, Harrisburg, Pa.

Dear Sir: Having complied with your request to examine the
State Fish Hatchery at Conneaut Lake, 1 herewith submit to you
my report as to whether or not the location was adapted for a bass
hatcherv, and also for the propagation of white fish and pike eggs.

From' the amount of vrater that was running in the rivulet on the
eighth of October (after all the rains we have had during the past
season), it is impossible to get enough water into the hatchery to
inn the jars for the propagation of white fish and pike-perch fry.

The idea of building a fish hatchery for the ]»ro]>agation of white
lish about forty miles inland from Lake Erie, where the expense is so
ureat in getting the fish to the lake ports after hatching.

In regard to the propagation of bass, this place might be made
available for that purpose, if there was a H) inch pij.e to carry the
water for a mile or more from Conneaut Lnke to the hatchery site.
If during the season there hap]iened to be a drought, it is doubtful
as there is onlv a two foot fall from the lake lo the hatchery, whether
(here would be water at all times lo sni.jily the hatchery nonds. for
the evaporaliou would take up all the surplus water. Now, if you
attem]>t to build a dam on the hatchery i)roi>erly in order to raise
the water, you would be liable for damages for overflowing the land

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

29

of other parties' property Therefore, on account of having an insuffi-
cient supply of water to run the hatchery and supply the ponds, the
place is not suitable for the propagation of fish.

With the President of our Board, about five years ago, T had the
jdeasure of visiting some of your State hatcheries. Both he and
myself thought that the several buildings, the construction of the
poTuls and the numner in which they were kept, was a disgrace to
the great Stale of Pennsylvania. To think that they have been
hatching fish for the past thirty years and have not advanced any
during that time (the buildings and construction work being done at
that time was similar to that built thirty years previous, when fish
culture was in its infancy).

On my recent visit to the Corry hatchery, I was more than i)leased
to see that Mr. N. R. Buller, the present Commissi<mer, was not
going to remain in that old rut. He. on the other hand, was rcmod
elling things and making them according to present day methods in
the construction of fish hatcheries.

Yours truly,

(Signed) JAMES NEVIN,
Superintendent.

The property on which the hatchery is situated was purchased
by subscriptions of a number of citizens of Meadville and vicinity and
by them donated to the State for fish hatchery purposes. As is
shown above, (he property is not suitable for hatchery purposes,
and it is reconmiended that the property be sold and the money ad-
vanced by the original subscribers to the fund to purchase the
property, be returned to them with interest.

FISHWAYS.

The question of fishways has been the subject of much study by the
Department of Fisheries. Under a decisicm of the court of Dauphin
county permitting the erection of the dam in the Susquehanna river
at McCall's Ferry, the court made a proviso that the Power Com-
pany must place in the dam a fish way which will be satisfactory to
the 'Department of Fisheries. A fishway of the Cail pattern was
placed in the dam, but it has proven entirely inadequate for the
work. In the first place, it is too small, and in the second the en-
trance to the fishway from below the dam, is too far from the dam,
being several hundred feet below the breast.

The shad and eels ascend the river to the dam and vainly try to
scale it, but thev have not sufficient instinct to then descend the
river several hundred feet to the mouth of the fishway. This is a
fatal defect, and even if the fishway were commodious enough it
would require some kind of a dam or a screen at Ihe mouth which
would ])revent the fish from ascending further up the stream and
guide them to the mouth of the fishway.

30

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Diirini^ the pas I seascni the Department assigned Warden C. R.
Holland^to patrol at the dam and study the fish way, and the fol-
lowing is his report:

McCalls Ferry, July 10. 1912.

Honorable N. K. Biiller, Comniissioner of Fisheries.

Sir: I have the honor to report that March 22, 1012, I went to the
])ower plant at this place in company with yourself and Commission-
ers John Hamberger. Henry C. Cox, and W. A. Leisenring, and was
placed in charge of the shad fishing from the dam of the Pennsyl-
vania Water & Power Company at this place to the Maryland line,
S. S. Grove, a special warden, being detailed to assist me.

As the ice was going out there was nothing to be done then and I
returned home and went back to McCalls Ferry April 9th. The
first shad were caught at Peach Bottom April 25th and at the dam
May 3d.

May 10th I had the water in the fish way in the Power Company's
dam shut off. and found no fish of any kind in the fishway. May
20th I again had the water drawn off and found four German carp
a third of the way from the top of the fishway and they were badly
battered by their struggles in the fishway. No other fish of any
kind were there. The carp came Ihrough from the river above the
dam as I had seen them for three days before the water was shut off.
At this time thousands of little eels were trying to get up the fish-
way, but could not ascend it on account of the swift current of the
water.

During May and June the shad were caught by the thousands and
the fishermen said that they were never so good. The prices were
from f25.00 to $00.00 i)er hundred.

The removal of the four hundred foot limit which had previously
existed as to fishing below the dam gave great satisfaction and no
illegal fishing was done.

You visited the Power Plant June 20th, the closing day of the
shad fishing season and had the water in the fishway shut off when
five carp were found near the head. No other fish were discovered in
the fishway. Going to the York County side you observed the shad
trying to get up the pools towards the breast of the dam and saw
Ihousands of little eels crawling up the damp rocks 200 feet from
the river. You again visited the Power Plant June 28th in company
with Mr. W. E. Bennett, the consulting engineer of the Power Plant.
In company with vou and Mr. Cannon we went to the York county
side, where after examining the ground and the dam you directed the
engineers that the Power Company must at once start plans for a new
fishwav on that side, and Mr. Bennett ordered Mr. Cannon to start
the survev and plans at once. June 23rd the Power Company placed
planks on the breast of the dam for the purpose of raising the water
five feet, but enough water went through the planking to keep the
river where the shad were spawning fairly fresh.

June 10th the shad having all spawned, and returned to the sea,
by your orders T returned to my district..

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

31

From the results of my examination I am sure that the present
fishway is of no value, but a fishway should be placed on the York
County side as that is where the fish ascend the stream.

Respectfully,

C. R. HOLLAND,

Fish Warden.

An examination of the topography at McCall's Ferry dam and a
study of the channels by which the fish ascend shows that the greater
part of the migration of the shad and eels is on the York county side,
and that it is jiossible to establish a series of pools from the dam
down to the river, by which the fish can ascend up over the dam. It
is possible that it will be necessary to put a secondary dam at the
mouth of the fishway to keep the fish from passing the opening. The
engineers of the }*ower Company have been engaged in surveying the
grounds and are exi>ected to report on the feasibility of the plan at
an early date.

At a recent meeting in September at Denver of the American Fish-
eries Society, the members of which are com})Osed of the leading fish
culturists of the L'nited States, the question of fishways was thor-
oughly discussed and all the papers read, and the discussion showed
that up to the present time it is the concensus of oj)inion that no
fishways have been installed in eastern waters that are at all practical.

The fish\Mays reconmiended by the United States Bureau of Fisher-
ies is a plan known as the Call system, but from letters received
from the Bureau it is evident that the officials are not satisfied with
its efficiency, as they have several times written to this Department
to know if it has any evidence that the fish have actually used the
fishway that they recommended. The trouble with this fishway, as
mentioned above* is that the entrance on the lower side is entirely
too far away from the breast of the dam. Taking a dam, for in-
stance, of only fifteen feet in height, which is low in these days, the
mouth of the fishway is from 00 to 7.") feet from the dam.

It is therefore, evident that the fish cannot find this except possi-
bly in rare instances. To be practical, the fish would have to be
prevented in some way from getting past the mouth of the fishway,
which would necessitate a dam or a screen, and this would have to be
strong enough to withstand the assaults of ice and trash. To be efl'ec-
tive the mouth of the fishway rhould be exactly at the breast of the
dam so that when the fish are feeling their way along the dam they
will come to the mouth of the fishway. In case of trout, it would
onlv be necessarv to have a few steps, so to speak, by which the trout
could easilv ascend.

With the exception of shad and eels, there are really no migratory
fish in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the dams really are
a great benefit to the fishermen by creating more and larger areas
of water in which the native fish of Pensylvania thrive, but the law
that stands upon the statute book today, however, requires that all
persons or corporations, owning or maintaining dams, shall erect
such chutes. sloT)es, fishways, gates or other devices, as the Board of
Fishery Commission may decide necessary to enable the fish to as-
cend and descend the waters at all seasons of the year. So lonj^r as

32

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

these provisions reiiiaiii on the statute book, it is the duty of the
Department to see that such tishways are put in and as soon as it is
convinced of a practical method, why, of course, sucli method will be

installed.

There are a hirge numl.er of dams in Pennsylvania in small streams
where the supply of water is only equal to the operation of the mill
connected with it during the hours of daylight, and it is absolutely
accessary to close down during the night so that the water supply
can again accumulate. To place fish ways in such dams would be to.,
in many places, destroy the usefulness of the dam to the mill o]>er-

ator. , ,

There are also being erected throughout tlie State a large n\iml)er
of dams for the c(mservation of the water supply, either for sup]>ly-
ing water for municipalities, for manufacturing ]mri»oses, or lor
supplying the motive ]K)wer of the railroads with water. The condi-
tions are such that all the water, except in time of high water, must
be conserved, and the i)lacing of a fishway would mean a waste.
The law, however, means in its wording, evidently to give a discre-
tion to the Board of Fishery Commission in this matter, as it says
after speaking of devices, ^'a's the Board of Fishery (^)mmission nuiy
decide necessarv." Tnder the circumstances described above, and
the absence of migratory tisli, il would seem that the Board might
decide that no device is necessary. . ,. . , • ,

Except in the case of water su]>ply f«»r munHipalihes which
must be kept I'.ure. the owners of the dams generally allow fishing
and the tishing is much better for the locality than it was before
the dams were "erected owing to the greater quantity of water. Here,
as in the case of the minor little dams spoken of, the fishway would
mean a waste and a deterioration of the sui>i)ly of water.

Another fact has been recently called <o ihc atteuticm of the
Dei)artment and that is a defect in the wording of the law, if the
fishway is to be alwavs elVective. The law reads, ''that the chutes
and other devices mav be closed for re]>air. or in time of low ^\'ftter,
but such closing shall be only for a period of thirty days at any one

time"

The Department learns that in some cases the operator of the dam
to conserve his power, oi)ens his fishway for 24 hours and then re-
closes it for thirtv davs. so thai the fishway is really «)nly in use 12
days in a year, technically this is in exact compliance with the law
as'it is written on the statute book, but far from coming up to its
spirit.

WARDEN SEBVICE.

The question of enforcing the fish laws carries also with it the
problem of so se<uring Ihe good will of the public that the result
will be a general sentimeiil in favor of enforcing the laws. Exper-
ience has shown thiit the best work is secured by having a force of
salaried wardens (rained in their work and anxi<ms, rather to preveul
violations of the law, than to pile up arrests and fines. The effort of

No. 21

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES,

88

the law to make constables active fish wardens, as mentioned above,
has been almost a total failure. The experiment of wardens who
were paid fees was wrong in principle and much of the opposition to
the work of the Department was chargeable to it. Men who must
pay their own expenses and depend upon the fees they earn by secur-
ing convictions would naturally follow the lines of least resistance,
and seek those convictions that could be most easilv made, rejrardless
of the fact whether the ottenders prosecuted were those who most
d^'served to be punished. The result was that many pers<ms were ar-
rested and fined who were but slight or careless ofienders, in many
cases the offenses being merely technical, and in the interest of se-
curing the good will of the people in the rural communities, ought
to have been treated leniently and i)erhaps not prosecnied. while the
real fish pirates did practice the business of violating the laws, much
as do professional burglars and thieves and consequently hard to
apprehend, were often not punished at all.

The paid warden has no incentive to secure a conviction niei(;ly
to increase his earnings, as now, under the law, no j)art of a fine
goes to the prosecutor, except that in the case of constables, lender
the law, a constable is entitled to ten dollars for each conviction he
secures for violation of the fish law. This law has been declared
jierfectly sound by the court of Wayne County as being in the line of
legislation which pays a constable by fees. The ten dollars reward,
however, has not proven any incentive for a constable to do his
duty. The regular warden, while intent on jiursuing the hardened
fish hog, exercises tact and discretion and knows that a record of
arrests stands him in no better stead on the records of the Depart-
ment, than the fact that his district is clear of violations due to his
watchfulness and care.

While the act of 1900 authorizes the a]>pointment of thirty war-
dens, unfortunately, the appropriation made for the su]»port of the
wardens allows only the appointment of nine for the whole term.
This gives each warden from seven to eight counties, which is not
only too large a territory for him to cover, but largely increases his
traveling expenses from the necessity of making long trij)s.

Another trouble is that the warden cannot do liis full dutv bv
traveling by train or wagon, because his work should be patroling
the streams. However, the Department is glad to say that the work
accomplished by its wardens during the past year has been extremely
commendable, and in many communities, has brought about an entire
change of sentiment in regard to the law, the majority of ]ieople
favoring fish protection in an earnest way, where formerly if they
had any sympathy at all, it was with the violators.

Thanks to the courtesy of Major .Tohn C. Oroome. Superintendent
of the State Police, the work of the Department has been greatly sup-
plemented by deiails from his force. For several months a detail
was maintained at Harrisburg. which thoroughly patroled the var-
ious counties about the Capitol and undoubtedly did much good
work iji deterring would-be violators.

The Department feels that its work is the propagation of fish and
tlie stocking of streams and that the work of enforcing the laws in
regard to prote<tion should be placed in the hands of the police force
of the Commonwealth. This wcmld relieve the Department of a very

3—21—1912.

34

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

heavy burden and would also relieve it of some of the odium which
will be experienced by it by the arrest of violators. Whether this
could be attained by fncreasing the State Police force or by placing
the warden force of the Department under the control of the Super-
intendent of Police is a question for Ihe wisdom of the Legislature.

While hampered by the smallness of the force of wardens, the
Department has strenuously endeavored through the year to have all
complaints examined, even sometimes if they were anonymous, but
bearing an evidence of good faith or where the Department had sus-
picions that there were violations of the law. There has been a
strong disinclination on the pan of the i»ublic to appear against a
neighbor for violation of the law. but the Department is glad to find
that as the better class of citizens no longer violate the law through
carelessness or thoughtlessness, there is more of a disposition to
help the warden prosecute the persistent violator. It is a well
known fact that no law can be effective unless it is su})por1ed by a
majority of the community, and this is the state of feeling that
the Department is earnestly trying to bring about. In some cases
where complaints have been examined it has been found that they
are brought by personal feelings and an elTort made to use the De-
partment as a means of revenge, but these cases have all failed
through the tact and discretion of the wardens.

The wardens have been kept busy in the matter of pollution and
in every case where the matter has been called to their attention,
either by notice or by observation, they have notified the manufac-
turer that the pollution must cease. It is gratifying to say that
with the exception of a very few cases they have received the most
courteous treatment from the operators and have been assnred that
the operators are desirous of co-operating in the matter. While the
smallness of the appropriaticm, as mentioned above, has prevented a
multiplication of suits, these notices will serve in the future in case
strenuous measures must be taken to show that the manufacturers
are fully aware of the law through having received these notices.

The real jmrpose of the Department of Fisheries is to propagate
fish and plant them in the streams so that the sup])ly of fish in
the waters of the Commonwealth be kept equal to the demand upon
them. The propagation of fish demands skilled and trained men in
their line and to secure the best rasults all the energies of the head
of the Department should be devoted to that end.

To the duties of propagating fish, the Legislature in its wisdom,
has added the charge of enforcing the laws in regard to fish by means
of fish wardens. A fish warden, to be thoroughly competent, should
be a man in the best physical condition, capable of withstanding
the hardships of storm and the wear and tear of sleepless hours, be
cause most of the violators of the fish laws, or rather the real vio
lators of the fish law, work like thieves, in the darkness of the night.
To catch these violators it is necessary (o patrol the streams where
ju'Ogress is difficult and tiresome, and hours <annot be counfed as
they are counted by the ordinary laborer.

To this physical ability must be added a mental training which
will enable tiie warden to grasj) the meaning of the laws, to know
what their enfonement means, and to be able to lake a case before a
justice of the peace, see that the law in regard to such trijils is fully

No. lil

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

sa

carried out and that the justice's docket will stand the scrutiny of
a higher c<»nrt. This re(iuires higher mentality than is usually pos
sessed by (he ordinary jnstice of the |)eace, for in 99 cases out of
100, the docket of an ordinary justice falls completely when taken
before a court of record on certiorari. In the enforcement of the
law there arises constantly cases which awaken the hostility of the
neighborhood, no matter what the merit of the case is in the eyes of
the law, and this disfavor is visited upon the Department of Fish-
eries.

Pennsylvania at this time possesses a body of men known as the
State Police whose duty is to enforce the laws, and from every point
of view it seems that the proper thing to be done would be to divorce
the Department of Fisheries from the enforcement of the laws and
turn its warden services over to the Superintendent of the State
Police.

The care of the warden service necessarily devolves a lot of work
upon the Department of Fisheries that is entirely foreign and apart
from the j»roi)agatiou of fish. If is work that should be done by
such trained men as sit in the office of the Superintendent of Po-
lice. If the Department should be relieved of its warden service it
could then devote nil its iime and energy to the main purpose of its
existence.

There is no question that if the warden service were detached from
the Department of Fisheries that there w<mld be less friction between
the Department and the i>nblic and a better feeling could be created.
The Department oould then devote all its energies, as I remarked be-
fore, to the propagation of fish and to the dissemination of knowledge
of fish and their habitats annmg the people. If this knowledge could
be universally disseminated there is no question that it would greatly
aid the Department in its work of restocking the streams. A mis-
take of one warden, no matter how trivial, will often excite the ani-
mosity of a whole community, and it will lake a long time to over-
come this animosity.

I am glad to say rhat the }>resenl force of wardens have made verv
few errors (»f judgment, but it is not always fr(Mn an error of judg-
ment that the animosity is created. The Department believes that
the enf(»rcement of the laws should be placed in such a body as the
State Police whose duty and training fits ihem pre eminently for the
purpose, and the Department of Fisheries only has to exercise its
training and supervision over the men who will raise the fish and
supervise the planting.

VIOLATIONS OF FISH LAW

The number of arrests made from December 1, 1911, to November
80. 1912, 157.

Amount of fines collected for violations <»f the fish laws. |2,612.87.

30 REPORT OP THE Oflf. I>oc.

The Department is ji^lad to say that there was an ai)i)arent falling
oil in (lie violations of the fish laws owiiijj to I he increased publie
sentiment for tlie protection of fish.

The f(»llowinjr is the nature of tlie violations:

Uynamilin^ fisli 15

Fishing with gill net, ^

Fishing witli seine net, 8

Fishing illegal dip nets, 13

Fishing with nets in tront streams 9

Fishing with spears in trout streams, H

Taking short trout, 14

Taking short bass 4

Taking short pickerel, ^

Taking game fisli out of season 12

Fishing with trammel nets, 1

Fishing with lav out lines 14

Snaring fish, ^

Taking fish wit h the hands 2

Fishing nets within 400 feet of dams 2

Fishing on Sunday, 2-

llTegal fish baskej:, 9

Using illegal devices not specified ^>

Illlegal set nets, 2

Nets without license, ^^

Total ^^^'^

MUSCJALLONOF.

By an arrangement with the New York Conservation Commission
the Department was enabled to obtain during the year a supply of
five hundred thousand muscallonge eggs which were hatched at the
stati(m at Union City in Erie County. The hatch was very successful,
the loss being very sniall, and the muscallonge were planted in Lake
Erie, Conneaut Lake, and two or three other lakes in the western
part of the State where they had previously existed.

The muscallonge is a native of the Great Lakes and, as said above,
in a few lakes in western Pennsylvania, and it is not abundant any-
where as is shown by the catch. This is probably due to the fact
that it is a marauuder and extremely voracious, Jordan and Ever-
mann saying, that ''eightv pounds of muscallonge represents several
tx)ns of minnows, white fish and the like." It sometimes reaches a
length o feight feet with a weight of over one hundred pounds. To
take a muscalhmge is regarded by the angler as one of the most ex-
citing of sports. It is a tremendous fighter and tries the skill of the
most expert angler, but nevertheless, one feels that the admiration
for it in the eyes of the sportsman is due more to its enormous size
than anything else. It ranks very high as an edible fish, but in many

No. 21,

DEPARTMENT OE FISHERIES.

87

ways, owing to its voracity, it is not a desirable fish to put in waters
in which it is not native, as one fish wilh its enormous appetite, would
i-<'(|nire :i \eiy entensive ni'eii of water to supply that appetite.

The titty thousand planled this yeiw in Conneaul Lake ought to
make the nniscallonge tishing in iliat lake extremely good in a short
lirne. That they grow with gieal rapidity is shown by the fact that
a few of them which escaped into the pond at Union City were caught
only four or five mouths later and were found to be eight inches in
length.

LAKE T1U)UT.

The lake trout is the largest of all the trouts, reaching a length
of several feet and a weight of from sixty to one hundred and twenty-
five pounds. The average weight, however, does not probably' ex-
ceed fifteen to twenty j)ounds. As an edible fish it ranks with the
salmon and the brook trout itself. Under heavy fishing the lake
trout in Lake Erie lias been much decreased in si)ite of the efforts of
the United Slates CJovcrnment and Ihe Department of Fisheries of
INMinsylvania to keep uj* the suj)])ly. Ii has been dilllcult to obtain
eggs and the number cf eggs pi-oduced by these fish is not large, the
usual number taken from one fish being from five to six thousand.

Owing to unfavorable weather conditions, and other causes, the
Department was <mlv able to obtain from Lake ICiie for this vear's
jdanting about 1(10,000 eggs, but fortunately it was able to supple-
ment this by exchjinges with the Fish Dei)artments of Michigan and
W^isconsin, who kindly agreed to exchange, and from each of these
Dej^aitments there was obtained r)00,000 lake trout eggs. These
were obtained in go(»d conditi(m, and after having hatched, the fish
were planted in Lake Erie, and other lakes in the ('ommon wealth in
which lake tront had formerly been j)lanted.

Anglers do not regard lake trout as affording much sport, as they
are deep water fish and must be taken by trolling. Though making
not much of a fight, ihey require strong tackle to land them owing
to their size and weight.

KFMON'JNG CA1U\

During the past year a number of complaints were received of the
tremenduons increase of carj) in Prescpie Isle Bay at Erie and many
requests that j)erniissi<m be allowed to take out .these fish as injuri-
ous to the game fishes, while at the same time the fish could be mar-
keted. Acting under the provisions of section 3 of the act of April 4.
1007, the I)e[iartment issued I21 licenses for the uso of gill uets hav-
ing a mesh not less than five and on(» half inches for the removal of
these carp. The licensees reported a catch of 117,711 i»onnds which
they disposed of at onc! and one half cents per pound, making a total
value of .^l,7(»r).(»7.

38

REPORT OP THE

CO OPEKATIVE WORK.

Off. Doc.

During the year the Department has enjoyed the heartiest co-opera-
tion with the otlicials of the United States Bureau of Fisheries in the
work of takiug tish from the lakes. The Department has also had
extremely pleasant relations with the New York Conservation Com-
mission, the Michigan Fish Commission, and the Wisconsin Fish
Commission, and by this co-operation it has been enabled in ex-
change to secure a number of valuable fish, which at the same time
introduced new blood into the State. It is hoped and expected that
these pleasant relations will continue to the advantage of all parties
concerned.

DISTIUBUTION OF FISH.

The following is the distribution of fish during tlie year:

Calico Bass, 78

Bock Bass, 100

Small Mouth Bass — Yearling, 2,850

Small Mouth Bass— Adults 217

Large Mouth Bass — Fingerlings 732

Large Mouth Bass — Adults, 1,068

Cattish — Fingerlings, 34,050

Frogs, 26,250

(lold Fish— Adults, 90

Lake Herring, 5,600,000

Muscallonge, 480,000

Pike Perch, 30,010,000

Yellow Perch— Adults, 662

Br()(»k Trout— Yearlings 222,745

P»rook Trout— Advanced Fry, 15,000

( lerman Brown Trout — Yearlings, 2,525

(iernian Brown Trout— Adults, 2,600

Kainbow Trout— Adults, 2,750

Lake Trout— Fingerlings, 330,000

Yellow I»erch— Fingerlings, 22,920

Yellow Perch — Yearlings, 975

Yellow Perch— Fry, 59,750,000

Blue Pike, 2,000,000

Sunfish—Blugills— Adults, 2,534

Sunfish—Bluegills— Yearling^, 700

Sunftsh— Fingerlings, 37,199

Sturgeon, 6

Shad Fry, 26,500,000

White Fish, 3,340,000

White Suckers— Fry, 100,000

Varieties of fish for Philadelphia Aquarium, 30

Total, 128,486,081

No. 21

DEPARTMEiXT OF FISHERIES.

39

WOKK AT THE HATCHERIES.

During the year it has been kept constantly in view the necessity
of doing all work of a permanent character. Engineers were se-
cured who plotted out the grounds at Corry, Bellefonte and Wayne
hatcheries and elaborated a system of pond's which would utilize' all
the available space and conserve the water supply. Of course this
work of rehabilitation was limited by the amount of money on hand,
but the Department has the feeling that what has been accomplished
has been well done, and that when the proposed plans are all com-
pleted the State will have hatcheries second to none as to their sub-
stantial character and to their adaptability f(>r the work they are to
do. It is hoped that the next Legislature will continue the appropri-
ations for completion so it will not be long until the State has its
hatcheries in a condition worthy of this great Commonwealth.

It is designed also, while making the hatcheries CHjnal to the work
they are to do, to also make them i)laoes of beauty which will attract
the eye of the public and make them pleasant resorts as public
parks, where at the same time the people of the State can learn the
mysteries of fish culture with which knowledge they will be inspired
with a desire to aid the Department in every way possible.

At Corry two series of ponds have been comi)leted. They are built
of reinforced concrete in the most substantial manner and at the
same time are attractive to the eye. The result is that there will be
much less labor for the emi>loyes at that hatchery as the ponds are
much easier cleaned and kept clean. This series of p(mds will be
followed until all the gnnmd available is occupied, it being i)roposed
to have about 100 ponds, which will take care of all the trout needed
for the territory that hatchery su]>plies for a number of years. The
natural surroundings at the hatchery at Corry make it possible to be
converted into a ])erfect beauty s])ot with trees. ])lants and flowers.

The Wayne hatchery is situated on the Lacka waxen river in Wayne
county and witliin a short distance of it are a number of those beau-
tiful lakes which dot that section of Pennsylvania. This makes
Wayne county hatchery one of the most im])ortant in the State, not
only for its facilities on the hatchery grounds proper, but from the
possibility of using the lakes for the gathering and breeding of fish,
such as bass, pickerel, yellow ])erch and frogs.

The Beaver Meadow Beservoir has been secured under lease and
gives about 200 acres of water. This assures a continuous flow of
water for the hatchery grounds and also a ])lace for breeding bass.
Experience has shown that bass culture can only be successful with
large areas of water.

During the year two large bass ponds of three acres each have been
constructed and finished. Slone walls have been erected u])on both
sides of the Lackawaxen from the head of the property to below the
hatching house, a distance of half a mile. Two concrete dams have
been built in the stream and it is ])roposed to build more. These
dams are about two feet in height and then the ground is graded off
to the level of the bed of the creek and carried back to make a pond,
these dams thus affording feeding ])laces for a series of ponds. Stone
walls have also lieen erected for four shipping pools 60 by 12 feet.

40

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The (hvollinji: lioiiso w;is in an ox('e(Mlini.n_v h.-id (•ondi<ion, the (loors
on lh<3 first fi(»oi' hoinjir so doeaved (hat 1hov threatened to fall into
the cellar. The bnildinj^, therefore, has been entirely remodeled and
had an addition hnilt to it so that it now contains 21 rooms. As the
Wayne hatchery will be the main center for the field work this re-
model inji: Ihe honse ji^ives ample room for the boardinj]^ and lodf!:inp: of
the men who are necessarily em])loyed dnrini? the field work season,
a want that was badly needed.

There is hardly any limit to the nnm]>er of tish thai can be jyath-
ered at the field work ])rovided the funds are available. The lakes
in Wayne and ??nsqnehanna connties conld be made to teem with fish
and wonld afford a supply for the whole State, if projjerly attended
to. rt is proposed to add two more additional ponds of an area of
two acres each for the cnltivation of bass. A new hatchini? honse is
needed for the hatchinir of yellow ])erch and jiike-perch o^ix^ jjathered
from the field. This hfinse should be built of brick, stone or concrete
and be of the most ])erTnanent character.

While the facilities for front work are somewhat limited, yet it will
be possible to propajjate enon^h tront to fnrnish all the connties in
the northeastern part of the State.

At Rellefonte the water in the n]»per series of ponds was obtained
from the open stream which was constantly in a roily staj]re from the
drainaije of the cnltivated jjronnds. The result was tha/ the em-
ployes of the hatchery, or the jniblic, could not see the fish and this
was a detiiment in case nf the empbm>s. The work of keepinjj: the
ponds clean was als«> p^reatly increased bv this fact as the se<linient
settled from Ihe water.

Dnrinjr the y^ar a 10 indi i>i].e line was laid from Ihe Hlne Sprin,irs
to the ponds, the resnlt beiiiix that the ponds are now cleare<1 np and
from the clearance of the water the fish can always be seen, while as
there is no filth in the water the labor of cleaning? np the ]»onds is
very mnrh lessened. The 12 concrete ponds alonjj Hatchini? Honse
No. 1 were repaired Avith leinforced concrete. It is proposed to
concrete all the ponds at the hatchery, the ponds to be laid ont ac-
cording: to the ]dan drawn l.y the enirineer. When these are com-
pleted they will carry a million year old front.

natchinjr Ifonse No. 1 is a fi-ame strnctnre and is in snch a state
of dila]*idation that it should be rejylaced by a new one which new one
shonld be bnilt of biick or concrete with the tronahs also of concrete
so that there is no further possibility of decay. It shonld also be
heated by steam to make it comfortable for the men in the winter
time when the prrcater part of the woi-k is done.

At Torresdale, the Department is ])rond to say, Ihe <:i:reatest shad
rc'ord was made dniinir the year, .here beinc: 2<).r,(IO,(|()0 shad hatched
there, all of which were planted in Ihe Delaware river. Two million
shad esjTs weie iriven to the New Yoik Tonservafion Tommission in
exchanire for 500.000 mnscallonirc^ ejjjrs and ^0,000,000 pike-perch
eqrqrs. Practically all Ihe catfish distributed Ihrouiihont the State
durinp: Ihe year wen* i>ropa^afed at the Torresdale hatcheiy and
very many blue "ill sun fish were also propaijated. The Torresdale
hatclierv is best fitted for the iH'opa'i:ation of catfish and blue uills,
and it is therefore proposed to use il for that ]'ur]M)se and alsi) for
shad woik.

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

'41

As announced in the last report, it is tha inrention of the Depart
ment to devote each hatchery to the cultivation of those tish for which
it is best suited as it is thought that better results wJH lie obtr.ined in
this waj^ than by any other.

The battery house at Torresdale has been heretofore supplied with
water by means of a steam pump. This involved a heavy exi)ense for
coal and men to run the engine. During the vear the Department has
been able to arrange with the city of Philadelphia to have a pipe line
laid from the Torresdale plant which will furnish water for the bat-
tery and do away with the pumps. A new concrete tank 30 feet in
diameter will have to be built for the storing of this water. A new
hatching house is badly needed and it is proposed to build it of a
I>ermanent character with brick or cement.

The proposed new boulevard will be extended bv the city through
the hatchery grounds, and it is therefore suggested that the build-
ings on the grounds be of such a character as to reflect credit upon
the State and not be eye sores to the persons using the boulevard.
It is therefore jiroposed to erect a new boat house for the storin<r of
the boats and a permanent pier for the landing of the boats ^the
l)resent pier being a ramshackle affair that is far from safe and verv
much of an eye sore. The Torresdale hatcherv is being made a beau-
tiful spot and its proximity to Philadelphia inakes it desirable that
all its capabilities should be brought out.

A new motor boat of larger size is badlv needed for use duriu"- the
shad taking season, and I suggest an appropriation for that purpose

At Union City a new pond of two acres was built as a rearing
pond for bass. This hatchery is not only fitted for the rearino^ of
bass but its nearness to Lake Erie gives it facilities for obtaining
breeding bass from the lake just before the spawning season and aft^er
the fish have spawned the bass can be returned to the lake The
water supply to the battery house being insufficient a new four inch
pipe line was laid from the head of the propertv to supplement the
present means of supply. This hatcherv was built as an auxilini v to
the Erie hatchery for the hatching of the lake fish and the rearing
of the small mouth bass and blue gills. During the past vear its
usefulness was shown more than ever from the fact that most of the
work of the Erie hatchery had to be done here owning to the charac-
ter of the Erie water.

At Erie practically no work was done, except the gathering of the
eggs and the planting of the fish, owing to the fact that the Erie
water having to be treated under orders of the Department of
Health, would no longer do for the eggs and thev had to be shipped
to Union City. The last Legislature appropriated JIltTOOO for the
erection of a new hatchery on the hatcherv grounds but as the
water is now treated, these grounds are not' available as a site be-
cause there would be no water. The Board of Water romraissioners
of the city of Erie have kindly offered a location on the water works
grounds at the side of the lake for the erection of a hatcherv and at
this point the raw water of the lake can be obtained for use in the
battery. T'nfortunately, under the wording of the law tlie Depart
ment cannot use the |7000 appropriated for building a hatchin*^ house
on the new site. The Legislature is therefore asked to make a trans-
fer of this money so that it can be used for building the hatchery on
the grounds so generous! v tendered.

42

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

', '.^eVr peopre, out 5*1 d6 of the city of Erie, appreciate the enormous
■impOftalite of the Erie hatchery. Tt is largely through the work of

..jth^.E^»ie ;halchcry* that the tishiug in Lake Erie is kept up to its
]pr,e^ilt p©int.- There are several million dollars invested in the fish

' business in the city of Erie, and to-day Erie is the largest fresh
water fish market in the United States.

The last Legislature appropriaied |20,0()0 for the beginning of the
work of erecting an artificial fisli hatchery on Pres(|ue Isle Penin-
sula in Lake Erie. In going over this matter the Department de-
cided that its best policy would be to limit its work to dredging out
the inlets and outlets of the ponds on the Peninsula so as to restore
the natural spawning beds which formerly were used by the fish in
Presque Isle Bay. An opinion of the Attorney General was asked
as to what the Department could do in the matter, and the Attorney
General is of the opinion that under the wording of the law the
money could not be expended in the manner proposed by the De-
partment, but must be used in a way looking towards the erection
of a hatchery, which for the present at least, the Department does
not favor, as it would involve so large an expenditure of money
that it is doubtful if an adequate return could be obtained from the
same. By opening up the pools to the access of the fish much good
work would be accomplished, and as the Peninsula has been turned
over to the State, the question of an expensive artificial hatchery can
be left for the future to settle.

EXHIBITION AT CONNEATTT LAKE.

At the request of the managers of the Annual ICxhibiticm at Expo-
sition Park, Conneaut Lake, the Department made its usual exhi-
bit of aquaria and fish life. The display was placed under the charge
of Philip n. Hartman, the Superintendent of the Erie hatchery, and
was quite full as regards the more important fish life in Pennsyl-
vania. It was a source of much interest to the visitors aiid the
aquarium was always surrounded by a curious or admiring crowd.
There is a fascination about fish in an aquarium to the average per-
son and the Department is very glad to have an o]>portunity to make
such displays because of their educational value.

Respectfully,

N. R. BULLER,

Commissioner.

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

43

REPORTS OF HATCHERY STATIONS.

IlEPOIiT OF i:i{IK UATCIIIOUV

1'. H. Ilnrhnan. S'nj^i*rinlend«Mit.

Hon. N. R. BuUer, Commissioner of Fisheries.

Sir: 1 herewith beg to submit my annual report from December
1, 1911, to Xovember 30, 1912.

The total number of eggs taken for the year were 104,878,000.
These figures should have been more than three times what thev were
but weather conditions in the fall of 1911 were the worst that have
ever been recorded since lish hatcheries have been established on
Lake Erie. For this reason the taking of white fish and herring
eggs came near to being a blank.

All the eggs taken were held at Erie, and not knowing what ettect
chlorine (that was being used to purily the water) might have on
green eggs, the Commissioner of Fisheriers, lion. N. K. Buller, in-
structed me to keep close watch for any etlect that it might have.
Ilie latter i>art of December it was noticed that the eggs were be-
ginning to die. 1 reported the same and was instructed to ship all
eggs to Lnion City Hatchery, and by .hiuuary 2, all eggs had been
crated and shipi)ed. All were returned when hatched and the fish
planted in Lake Erie.

Immediately after transferring the eggs, the Commissioner or-
dtMcd that no further attempts be made to hatch at this station, and
instructed me to take down Battery No. 2, and ship same to Union
City. This battery having a capacity of 200 jars of the McDonald
pattern, was taken down and shipped with jars, spigots and tubes as
per instructions.

The take of bine pike eggs last spring was also very small, only
21,0i0,000 eggs Mere taken, sent to Lnion Cify, hatched and the
lish returned to ICrie. The catch of this tish w^as the lightest ever
had at Erie, and reports from other Lake Erie ports are the same
This IS another instance showing thai blue pike must be more ex-
tensively proi^agated, same as white fish, herring and pike-i)erch
heller known as yellow pike. Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio the
Inited States IJnieau of Fisheries, and the Canadian Government
all propagate whne lish, herring and pike[»erch. but Pennsylvania
stands alone in the artificial lu-opagation of blue pike; so it can
hardly be expected that the lone work of this Commonwealth in this
line can be sunicienl to keo]) ihe supply equal to the demand

It IS evident that all commercial fish of Lake Erie that are ex-
tensively propagated are more and more on the increase, while those
not propagated at all are becoming nearer extinct. The blue pike is
too valiiaiile a fish commercially and otherwise to let go bv default
of proj)agation, and it might be well to call attention to some of the
other Slates on Lake Erie to aid in restoring them.

44

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

There were no pike jumtIi e<»«>s received iioui llie Ij'uiled ^^tates
IIiircjiM oj* Kisiu'iies tliis year. This was owing to Mie very late
opening of the lake, and the very severe storms prevailing which
made the catches of pike-perch very light, especially so during ihe
spawning season of this lish.

There were numerous shipments of yellow perch fry received from
Union City Hatchery in the spiing, all of which were planted in
Presque isle liay, as were 200,000 maskalonge fry received from the
same station. 1 might say thai since perch fry are being planted in
the Jiay, hook and line lishiug for perch has been steadily improving,
and with the heavy plantings this last spring, the increase in the
amount of perch in the Uay will be more noticeable than ever.

That the maskalonge planted in the Jiay will thrive is proven by
the fact that while seining for specimens for exhibition purposes, 1
took a number of young lunge running in size from live to seven
inches, and had them on exhibition at (he Conneaut Lake Fair. It
was the hrst time that 1 had ever been able to catch such snmll ones in
ihe Bay in all my experiences, which leaves no doubt but that it is
due to last spring's stocking of them.

April 0, I began seining for adult blue gills and large mouth bass
to be used as brood lish. In two weeks enough of l)oth varieties were
taken ro supply all the hatcheries that 1 had been instructed to supply.

About the middle of May the question of ridding the Bay of carp
came up. 1 might say that this has been an annual affair that <omes
up with the tirst carp that makes his appearance after the wintei-.
Previous to this year carp lishing at Presque Isle Bay has been done
done under a sort of a contract system. The man nmkiiig the highest
otler per month would get the sole privilege of caiching the lish. He
would be allowed live or six boats and 10 to 12 men. The contractor
would control all the lish caught as the men could not sell to any one
but the contractor. 1 called this matter to the attention of our
present Commissioner, Hon. N. H. Buller, and asked him to look into
the matter and see if under the existing law there was not some way
of bettering this system so as to allow the fishermen to catch the carp
and sell them to the one paying the best price, so as to do away with
the one man or company contract. This the Commissi(mer said he
would give his attention to at once and see how he could arrange it.
The result was that Commissioner Buller tinally decided that in
order to get the best results and make it more satisfactory for the
lishermen, and at the same time to encourage more to lish for carp,
he would grant a license to any one or pair of men, to allow them
to lish for three months, June, July and August, with gill nets having
a mesh not less than five and one half inches stretched measure, for a
prescribed fee of five dollars.

This was most pleasing to the fishermen,, so much so that from
June 1st to lJ)th, I had issued 20 licenses. From June 19th to the
end oi' the season there was only one more issued. More would have
been taken out, !>ut small skiffs such as are used in carp lishing were
not so plentiful that every one could rent or buy one, neither could
they be built in time to be used in the heavy part of the fishing. J
look for more to engage in it this coming year, as many are now mak-
ing preparations, building boats and getting twine strung.

There were 117,711 pounds of carp taken out of the bay, valued at
wholesale at $1765.67. Many more can be caught by making the

No. L'l.

DEl'AltTMENT Oi' FISHERIES.

46

three months to lish. May, June and July, instead of June, July and
August. i>y the aliuwamc ol the niuiidi of May ihe catch can be inore
than doubled.

Aciiug under i us I ructions from ilic C<;nnnissioner of Fisheries, to
take charge of the ISiate exhibit ol live iishcs ai Exposition Park, Con-
neaut Lake, Pa., from August 20 lo ;J1 inclusive, and to make it a
better exhibit than the previous ones, the orders were carried out to
the letter. More specimens aud varieties of fish \vere exhibited froui
at any previous year, and ihe luosi perfect of all lish were used.
Judging from remarks made by hundreds of people as they passed
ihrough the building, and the praise received from the Board of
Managers of the Conneaut Lake Fair Association, it was plain that
it was the finest exhibition ever put on.

In October the Commissioner wrote me ihat it would be impos-
sible for him to go to Toiojito, owing to other pressing engagements,
and instructed me lo go as his representative, call on the JSuperin-
lendent of Came and Fish'jries, lion. F. 'J insley, and make such other
arrangements as might be required to gather while lish eggs in the
l*rovince of Ontario, bordering on Lake Frie. lie also direcied me
lo visit ill! the shore lisheries beiween Port Dover and Dunnville, On-
tario, and arrange foi- board lor the spawn takers and engage teaming
lo haul eggs, eic. On ihis occasion I was accompanied by Mr. A. O.
iiuller, fc>uperiniendent oi the l.'nion City Hatchery.

I ni'ortunaiely, when we arrived at Toronto, Superintendent Tins
ley had lell lor his home, but we were received by the oilicial in
charge, Mr. ('. C. Cox, who informed us that the oliicial permit had
already been issued and forwarded to iliirrisbuig, and everything
that we wished for had been granled and embodied therein. We at
the same time partially arranged for an international exchange for
lish and eggs, whereby Pennsylvania was to shii> trout liugerlings and
while lish try back to be planted in Canadian waters. At the same
time Mr. C<"X said that he would try and arrange it so as to have
.some v)f their reinesenta lives visit the trout and bass stations of
Pennsylvania, meet the Cominissiimer and further discuss arrange-
ments for ihe exchange.

The \isit was made as agreed, and as the visitors weie personally
laken charge of and shown the various hatcheries by yourself, all
further details are laujiliar to vou.

The aM'angenients made for taking eggs was comi»lete in every
way. There were six lisheries covered lieiween Port Dover and
Dunnville, Ontario, a <listance of 21 miles. All eggs had to be
hauled in relays from one lisiieiy to another until they would reach
Pm-t Dover from wheie tl.ey were taken by the tState Steamer, Com-
modore; Perry, to lOrie, thence via rail to Inion City and Torresdale
hatcheries.

The take of eggs was fairly good for this fall, still it <onl(i have
been much better. Storms were not heavy, which was in our favor,
but weather and water tentperatures were high during iln' spawning
of the white lish, so much so that the heavy runs of lish did not get
into the inner reels where the nets were located. Had the lish gone
iarlher inshore on the shallower reefs, the catch would have l;een
equal to those of other yeais aud the take of eggs would have been
just double what it was.

46

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The shipments of white fish eggs received from the United States
Bureau of Fisheries, at Putin-Bay, this fall was also very gratifying.
There were nearly 40,000,000 eggs for 1912, against none for 1011.
These eggs all looked fairly good when received by me, and were
shipped with the others to Union City and Torresdale hatcheries.

There were uo herring eggs taken for Pennsylvania this fall, owing
to the appropriation for field work becoming exhausted. This oc-
curs regularly every second year or the final year's end of appropria-
tions. The field appropriation should be at least double that of what
it has been for the two years past, so that the good work of conserva-
tion of our natural resources can be carried out to its full limit. The
taking of all eggs possible is one of our most important duties, for
it is one of the largest natural food supplies, and a very important
factor in the cost of living. A loss of one or two million eggs through
lack of funds for gathering them, means the loss of that many mil-
lions of fry for restocking, and an unknown loss to the consumer, and
which can only be guessed at by the Commissi(mer of Fisheries, and
others actively engaged in fish culture.

I was instructed to co-operate with representatives of Ihe New York
Forest, Fi«h & Game Commission, in the taking of white fish and her-
ring eggs. This was done, and the number of eggs taken and re-
ceived by thtm was very satisfactory to all concerned. A statement
of eggs taken and where shipped will be found hereto attached.

The amount of license fees collected for fishing tugs, nets and
other devices used in Pennsylvania waters of Lake Erie amounted to
one thousand nine hundred and seven leen dollars. The collections
would have been more, as there were many tugs from other ports
wished to come here and fish, but there was no available room for
dockage.

Pennsylvania has the honor oi" having the largest fresh water fish-
ing port in the world at Erie, and when one takes into consideration
that approximately one half million dollars worth of fish business is
handled in the two State Canal Basins, at the same time giving moor-
ing to nearly seventy-five fishing vessels at times, and the combined
area of said two basins is not :iOOO feet square, it is somethin*-- won-
derful. *

The Legislature, two years ago, made an appropriation to dred«'e
and otherwise maintain the canal basins. Another and larger appro-
I>4iation is needed to complete the work undertaken. 1 dare sav that
it is money to be well spent by the State, and the license fees coflected
by the Department of Fisheiies, is the only direct revenue that I know
of that the State gets from its Canal Bas^ins. The future increase in
license collections dep'ends upon the mainlenance of the Canal Hasins
as well as the future increase of the fishing business. The basins
must be dredged to a greater dei)ih so that all sides of basins can be
used for dockage, or the honor of having the largest fishing port will
eventually go to some other State, and no doubt others would gladlv
accept the honor.

The State tug, Commodore Perry, has now been in commission
nearly six years, and it is nearly that old. In this time she has been
of valuable assistance to the I)ei)artment in the enrorcemont of the
fishing regulations, collection of license fees, gathering spawn in for-

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

47

eign ports and transporting same, in ihe jilanting of fish and fry, and
catching brood fish for the hatcheries. Oii many occasions she has
gone out into the lake and towed s(mie smaller fishing cral't that had
become disabled, to save the crews from sjjending a night of terror or
perhaps a worse fate in the lake. This fall the crew went out after
darkness and found two gasoline tugs disabled and brought them
safely home.

On October 12 word was telephoned to Erie that a steamer was
in distress 10 miles east of Erie. When Cai)tain Thorwald Mickelseii,
of the Connnodore Perry, got the word, he immediately steamed out
of the harbor to render what assistance he could. The seas ^v1ere run-
ning mountains high, and when the Perry reached the scene, he was
signaled from land that the crew had reached the shore in their yawl
boat. But the steamer had gone to the bottom and all that was
visible of her was her foremast. It proved to have been the steamer
Sylvester IL Martin, coal laden. After cruising around the wreck for
nearly an hour, and seeing that he could be of no further assistance,
the captain headed for home.

The Martin sank 10 miles northeast |; east of Erie pier head
light, directly in the steaml)oat course from Erie to the South I?uf-
falo harbor entrance. She was lying in 54 feet of water and was a
menace and danger to navigation, owing to numerous 75 to 100
foot steel wire cables dangling from her wrecked mainmast, and her
foremast which was still standing. As the United States Govern-
ment does not maintain a sea j^oing iu*r at Krie, lights had to be
maintained on such porticms of the wreck as were above water to
warn all passing vessels. Captain Ernest \\ Daggett, Unites States
Watchman, appealed for assistance to Cajitain Mitkelsen and mv-
self, and we volunteered the services of the Commodore Periy arid
crew to maintain lights and do such wrecking service as might be
wanted in the interest of navigation. At the exjdration of the time
allowd the owners of what disposition they intended to make of tlie
sunken boat, and I understand all <lainis were waived at a certain
date. Captain Daggett, with the aid of Cai)tain Mickelsen and Com-
modore Perry, further wrecke<l the steamer and bi-onght spars and
cables ashore so that vessels could safely steam over tli(» wreck with-
out danger. The following letter of commendation was received
from the I'nited States District Officer at Bullalo:

WAK DEPABTMENT
UNITED STAES ENGINEUK OFFICIO,
540 Federal Building,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Erie 35— .32 October 31, 1012.

From: The District Officer.

To: Mr. Philip H. Hartman, Supt. Pennsylvania Stale Fish Hatch-
ery, Erie Pa.

Through : Ernest V. Daggett, Watchman.

Subject: Assistance rendered maintaining light and removing masts
from the wreck of the steamer MABTIN.

Reports having been received of the efficient volunteer service ren-
dered by you and the Master and crew of the steamer "Commodore
Perry" in assisting this office in maintaining a light and removing

48

UEPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

in;is(s inuii lite wmk of llie sieaniei- "8. K. .Martin" wliich Imiiul-
I'led ill La!vt> l^iic len miles easi oi' Kvw llaihor, l*a., Oclohei- 12,
lUll*, I have lieieljj to express to v(.u aud to iIk' .Mas(t*r aud crew oJ'
tlie •Toiiiniodore rerry" llirougli you, tJianivs and appreciation for
the pronij)t and eldcieut aid lenderod to the interests of navigation.

(Signed) J. E. WxVKKEN,
Colonel, Corps of Engineers, l'. S. Army.

As stated above the Terry is now in her sixlh year, and is begin-
ning to depreciate very rapidly. She will need more exleusive allei-
ations and repairs this coming summer to make her more seaworthy.
It would nol take much of an additional approjiriation over and
above that needed for repairs, if the l»erry could be sold and tlu-
money received from the sale used with it to build a new tug, and a
larger one, which is beginning to be a necessity. There are limes
now when the Perry in i»lantiug fry is unable io keej) the dock free
of cans of fry sent down. As .he output of the hatcheries is increas-
ing each year the necessity for a larger tug becomes more ai>i>arent.
A larger aud more seaworthy tug is needed for the increasing tralHc
in eggs carried on between Pennsylvania and Canada. The work
comes on at a time of the year when the live and six hundred foot
steamers lie in shelter, but it must be a terrific storm ihat will hold
the Perry in Canada or her home port when our work is on. We
have the worst run on Lake Erie and at the most dangerous time of
the year, so in order to protect the lives of the crew, the Department
should have one of the staunchest tugs at all times.

Great credit is due Cai)tain Mickelsen and crew for the numner
in which they have altejided to their duties in crossing Lake Erie in
the fall storms in the interests of the Department. As a mariner,
Captain .Michelsen stands alone in his class.

I also wish to make mention of ihe new location ollered by the
Water Commissioners of the city of Erie for (he erection of ihe new
I)roposed lish hatchery. When it became known to (he Water Com-
missioners that the Erie hatchery had to be abandoned on account of
the chemicals used to purify the water, iheir public spirit and civic
pride asserted itself at once and they innnediately came forward and
offered a plot of ground to the Commissioner of Fisheries f<»r the use
of the Dei)artment of Fisheries for the erection of a permanent
hatchery in their beautiful water woi-ks juirk on the bay front. 11iev
have agreed to furnish light and heat for the building,'and will also
furnish other reipiirements as they are needed. 1 can say that this
is an ideal location and its eiiual could not be found aiivwhere on
the great lake for a hatchery location. It will mean the saving of at
least one hundred and fifty dollars i)er year in dray bills, there will
be n(> ex]>ense for light and heat, and the (\»mn'iodore Perrv can
steam right upto the hatchery doors and load or unload. 1 can also
say that if it were ji money transaction to get this ideal site, that
thirty thousand dollars would be a low figure, and would not buy it.

^fticli credit and many thanks are due to Water (Commissioners.
Mr. AVilliam fiamilton, Hon. Frank D. Schultz, .>rr. P.. P. Xagle, and
the Hon. Clark M. Olds, ex-Commis.sicmer, lor their kind ami valu-
able offer to the DejKiitment of Fisheries for the benefit of the citi-
zens of Erie.

No. 21. DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES. 49

Thanking Ihe Commissioner (»f Pisheries for his hearty suppori
and courtesies <»xtended Ihe past year.

Pesj)ect fully submit ted,

PHIL. 11. HARTMAN,

Superintendent.

The following is tlie output of the hatchery:

Plack JJass, large nunith, adults, 347

P>luegills S72

( 'alico bass MS

TO A(WDEiMV OF AATl i^AL SCIENCES, PlIILADELPJUA.

Bull-heads, ■

Calico l)ass

Dog fish,

Yellow perch,

Suntish,

Gar pike,

Grass j>ike,

Blue i)ike eggs to Inion City I lalchery ,

While fish eggs t(» luion City Hatchery

Whit(» fish eggs lo Toiresdale Hatchery

\\'hile lish eggs to X. V. Fish ^V: Game i'ommission,

Jlerring eggs to rnion City Hatchery

White fish eggs fKuii Canada,

AN'hite fish onus litMii Poii Clinton

I'b

f;;
(I

:;:»
1
1

L'1,()7(),(H)()

(;o,so-i,ooo
i(;,s 12,000

M»(I8,00()

r),."i(ir),oo(»

42,000,000
:!f),240,()00

4—21-1012.

r»o

REPORT OF THE

C'OKIfY HAT(^llI<:in

Off. Doc.

Keport of William Biiller, Suju linlcndeur.

JlonoruhJe N. J{. Biiller, CoiinnissioDor of Fiwlieiies.

Sir: I herewith submit my annual report from J)ecember 1 IJill
to November 30, 1912. '

In accordance Avilh jour policy that all work (bme in the future
should be with a view to permanency everything done during the
I»ast year was executed with that in mind. No. 2 hatching- house had
lallen into such a dilapidated condition that it was no longer worth
spending money on for repairs, so it was torn down, and its site cov-
ered wall a fish pond finished in re-infoned iimcrete of the most sub-
stantial character, and one that will need no money for repairs for
years.

A surveyor was engaged to make a complete survey of the grounds
so that it might be determined exactly their capabilities in fhe way
ot ijonds and the adjumts. Contracts were let to C K Kogers cV:
Company for building twenty-eight i)ouds with re inforced concrete
some of them replacing the old dilapidated ones. Twenty-four of
these ponds have been entirely linishod, the walls topped with a nice
coi)mg and are (he subject of nnuli couiplinieniary comment from all
ihat see them, in addition to ihese ponds an ornamenlal fountain
was put in in concrete. Nexl season it is iioped lo put in Iweutv-
eight more ponds. *^

The gn,und around ilie ponds was graded and sown to '^-ass
while new walks were laid out willi i(,mrete steps on the terraces'
There are many natural resources at the Corry haicherv which
aided by art will make it a beautiful place. It is hoped' that the
next Legislature will provide enough money to complete the inrnds
and erect a hal'diing house of concrete or brick, in which even
the troughs shall be concrete, while a stream plant will make it
comlortable for ilie workers in the winter time when Ihe (roni worl-
is done.

The lu-esent No. 1 hatchery, is of frame and alMMii iiadv i., till
down, and fishery ollicials fnmi other Slates wli(» visiled (lie 'inldieiv
during the year were astounded that the great CommonweaKli of
1 ennsylvania would tolerate such a ruin as a i)art of its fi.sh workirio-
machinery. *=*

i:arly in the year after taking the eggs from the breeding trout
y<»u directed that the large tish be distributed, as a ]un\ oolicv
W(.uld be inaugurated hereaf((.r. The trout (-gs in futun^ w.,uld b'e
obtained from the commercial hatcheiies whce tliev are Inr <1h« ,„.>st

No. 21.

dp:partmbnt of fisheries.

51

part waste products. The fish when hatched shall he kept in thr;
ponds at the hatcheries until yearlings instead of being sent out in
the spring as fingerlings.

The young fish at this hatchery do not grow so fast in the sum-
iner, as, for instanfo, at the nellef(mte hatchery, because the water
is colder, but make ui> for it in the winter when the water is warmer
than that at Bellefonte, for which reason probably more fish will be
shipped from here in the spring than in the fall.

Began shipi)ing the yearling fish that were originally held over
from the 1911 hatch for breeders in Ai)ril. They were from four
to six inches long. November 30, began shipi)ing the vearlings,
hatched last fall. They ran from four to six inches in length, the
smaller ones than that being thrown back to the ponds to be kept
until spring when they Avill run from six to eight inches in length.

The new cans ordered by you have i)roven a great success for ship-
ping the large fish, while incidentally the large opening makes them
much more handily gotten at for aeration and other purimses.

There seems to be a more general satisfaction felt by the recip-
ients of these large fish than was expressed when the fish were sent
out in the fingeiiing stage. Applicants all say that they can see the
fish, and believe that such fish can take better care of themselves
and will not fall such an easy prey to their enemies.

Shingles were bought for repairing the roof of the dwelling of the
assistant, but only a portion of the roof was replaced owing to the
other demands on the men for other work.

The posts of the fence around the i)roperty were all painted, but
the fence has fallen into bad shajie so that even the brightness of the
posts will not make up for the shabbiness of the rest of the fence. Ex-
periments with fencing of various kinds have not evolved a lasting
fence here, but it is hoped that replacing the present fence with one
of concrete posts connected by three chains will solve the problem
and be a thing of beauty.

A new meat chopper with a gasoline engine was i)ut in and where
it formerly took three or four hours to chop the fish food, fhe work is
now done in quarter of an hour.

Some of the large pines on the grounds were cut down so that the
lawn would not be killed off by their shadows and falling needles.
They will be re,)laced with deciduous trees, more of which will be
jdanted as th jre is time.

The year was a busy one for all hands, there being so much haul-
ing of gravel and cement, together with the work of grading, while
it was almost impossible to obtain needed help. The work of propa-
gating suffered by the interference of the pond builders and the out-
put of ti'out will show a falling off, which was to be expected, and \
really must congratulate the Dei>arfment on the fact that we did as
well as we did. When all the contemplated ])ermanent places are
completed, I estimate that it will be possible to hold over two mil-
lion fish to the yearling stage.

The new perm:ment ponds while more sightly are much more eas-
ily kei)t dean, which lightens very much the" labor while the fish
themselves arc niiicli mure easily liandhHl. The ponds arranged so
that if necessary each one can be drawn oti separately.
That there sh(nild be a heavy loss of lish during the year owintr to

52

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

recoiistnutioii work was absolutely unavoidable. It was Tiecessary
<o uiilizp all Ww old lumds. many of wbich were in a sadlv bad sliapo
the Rides boin^^ full of rrovices, and althouoh jbe ponds were drained
as thorou.!j:hly as possilile and ovory precaution taken, some bijr fish
would secrete thmselves in the crevices and then prev on the'ilttle
ones, causinnf hundreds of loss. The cunning of the laroe fish w^ould
have been a lauo-hinj,' matter if it were not so expensive. They rarely
appeared in the day time, doinj? their foraj»injr at nii,dit, aiid when
by chance one did venture forth in the davlight the minute one of us
a])proached the jmnd that fish darted for his hiding place with a
s])ced that made it seem like a brij?ht streak.

The brown trout at the hatchery did extremelv well and we were
able to supply at least in part the demand. The cominj? year it is
expected that we will be able to fill in full all requisitions. The poor
showing made in ]»ast years to pi'0])an:ate rainbow or Talifornia
trout has caused the abandonment of their ]»roj)a.irati(m here. Tn-
vestijjation has shown there are no Pennsylvania waters suitable for
these trout. Tt is also found that by far the larjr(U' majority of i)eo-
ple who ai»i)ly for rainbow trout really wish brown trout because
they desire trout that Avill live in warmer waters than the brook
trout, and in such waters the brown trout will thrive while the rain
bow trout require even colder water, if ]>ossible, than the brook trout.

While the amount of permanent work done was very considerable
and larjrely added to the efficiency of the hatcheiy, it lias also served
to brinj? out the further requirements of doinjr the same thing to the
of her ponds, and it is to be hoped that the Legislature will make pos-
sible the rehabilitation of the whole plant so that Pennsylvania can
point to the Corry hatcherv with pride, and T think when the work is
fully completed T can make everybody sit up and take notice when
they learn the output of fish.

The output of fish for the year is herewith attached.

Respectful Iv,

WTLTJAM PJTLUOR,

Superintendent.

BROOK TROUT.

County.

CfUiicron,
<'Ioarflpl(1,
Clinton. .
Crawford,
riarion, .
Krfo, ...
F'lk. ...
Forest, ...
Jefferson,
Lyeomlner,
McKean, .
Potter, . .
Venango.
Warren,

Potter.

Size.

Yearllnirs, ,

Yearlings

TenrllnRs

Yearllnps

Yearllnprs,

Yearlings,

Yearlings

Yearlings,

Yearlings,

Yearlings,

Yearlings.

Yearlings,"

Yearlings

Yearlings

Total yearlings,
.Advaneed Fry, ..

Number.

1,320

i,m>

1,200
4,910
2.6.'i.'>
"40
2,280
1,200
.S,93f)

o.onn

2.475
40. Oft.

15,000

No. 21

DEPAirorENT OF FISHERIES.
GERMAX BROWN TROUT.

County.

Size.

5.'?

Number.

* "*"" - Yearling,

^""*""' -Adult. -

Crawford. j^^^^^'

?.^nT,'KV— --— Yearling,

™ ''^^l^^i^ Yearling,

Pliiladclphia Adults, .

!y.«"en, _ Yearling.

^ '■^"en, Adults, ..

Total yearling,
Total adults, ..

FA
.?60

10

m)

1,100

1.70O

.100
300

J.;>Vi>
2.r)2.'>
1.100

RAINROW TROl'l".

County. J5JJ5,.

I^r^''- Adults

^^ •■''■'■e" - Adults, ::;:::

Total
T.ako trout fry planted in T.ake Krie, ..'.

SUMMARY.

Brook Trout, ..

Oernian Rrowii Trout. ./..... '.

Rainhnw Trout " ....I. '

.\dvanced Fry,

Number.

l.ino
IfiO

1..30O
280,000

40,06.'-)

44,990
1').000

54

RKFOKT OF THE

KKLLEFOATE HATCHERV.

Off. Doe.

Kei)ort of Win. F. llaaa, Superintendent.

Hon. JS'. i;. JtuUer, Conimijssiuuer of Fi.sberies.

Sir: The following is the report of the operations of this hatchery
ior the year beginning December 1, IJill, and ending November 30,

With the beginning of the year, the taking of eggs was finished,
and! had about four millions and a half. In accordance with your
orders when the shijiping season opened 1 shipped all the breeding
lish in the hafchery, beginning the tirst of April and liuishing June
10, as your polity as I understand it, is to use the hatcheries only to
raise young lish to the yearling stage when they are to be shipped
instead of in the lingerling stage, the eggs to be obtained from the
commercial hatcheries. The young fish were kept through the sum-
mer and developed even beyond my expectations. Began shipping the
yearling lish November 7, the tish then being from four to seven
inches long, and all of them in the most healthv condition, as there
Avere no troubles of any kind developed in the fish from the time of
hatching until shipment.

From every consignment the messengers report the most decided
satisfaction as io the conditicm of the fish received, and while the
number received was much smaller than when the shipments were
made in the tingerling stage, the recipient could see that the lish were
trout and undoubiedly would allord trout for the angler next si)ring,
if he had the skill and lure to take them. There is no quest itm from
what iny messeiigeis tell me of what they hear that the larger tish
satisfy the publie better than the tiny (mes, because the average man
appreciates more what he can see before him than what dei»ends on
a promise which the little ones seem to be to a man not verse<l in
I'aising lish.

In fjut a large majority of my fish were really over the legal size
of six inches and the recipient knew that he could indulge in hopes
of getting s(»me of them next year without falling in the clutches of
the law.

One of the greatest diiriculties with which a Superintendent has
to contend is the illegit)ility ( f the handwriting of the applicant's for
lish, and while s<mietiines it is funny, yet in most times the Superin-
tendent is <alled up from the I)ei>artment to know why he did not
send so and so some fish. The name does not seem like\nnvthin<' he
has ever seen, but it finally turns cmt that the Chinese puzzle he'^has
worried over v.as the application in question. While I. appreciate
that the Department of Fisheries has only jurisdiction over fish, T
^yish there could be sfnne way of inducing the Department of Public
Schnnls bringing their inlluence to bear upon the growing generation
so that the futiiie Sui»erintendents of Hatcheries will be able to read
the names of ajqdicants and ihe Post Ollices where they live
• During the year the lawn has been graded and put in grass so

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

5r)

that it is really looking somewhat as it ought. The willows around
the upper ponds were all ]iolard and look like trim embroideries for
the finny enclosures.

The upper ponds were fed from the Logan P.ranch through an open
raceway, and whenever there was the slightest fall of rain, the creek
immediately became roily, the result being that most of the time it
was impossible to see the fish in the i)onds and therefore to determine
their conditi<m. In addition the sediment carried down by the water
settled in the ponds making it necessary to clean iheni every few days
entailing much extra work. A lease was secured from Mr. Shugart
for the water from what is known is the Blue Spring, and a i)ipe line
was laid to carry the water from there to the ponds, the result being
that the water in the ponds is now clear and there is no longer any
sediment deposited from the water. The spring was walled with
concrete to prevent contamination by surface water.

A road was built from the hatchery to the station and a loading
platform at the station erected to make loading the cans easier.

All the ponds were thoroughly cleaned out and about two hun-
dreds loads of gravel were hauled to put the bottoms in first class
condition.

The output of fish for the year is herewith attached.

Kespectfullv.

' WM. F. HAAS,
Suj>erjntendent.

r,(j

REPORT OP THE

Off. Doc.

UROOK TKOLT.

County.
^^<^<iiord Vearlfiig.

Jel^'.^' - - Vearlins,

^^^^^ford. Yearling,

Oemre Vearling,

OoJuinbia ^ Yearling

Uinton Yearling

Cuuiberland, Yearling

Olearfleld Yearling

1^"*" Yearling

[/"^.J^"". Yearling;

lluntiugdon, Yearling

fa«c"stcr _ ___ Yearling

I't'banon. Yearling;

•"^•^'■n?. Yearling

l.ycoiiiing, .._ -

-Nortiiiiiiiborland

Mifflin, " '

Potter,

Sfliiiylkill. """

Snyder, .'. '_['_

snijivjin, riii""ii"""r

Tioiia

Union

York,'...

•Size.

Yearling,
Yearling,
Yearling,
Yearling,
Yearling;
Yearling,
Yearling,
Yearling,
Yearling,
Yearling,

I Total yearling,
Fingerling,

Number,

300

2,400

1,450

500

8,80U

5,200

2,750

600

60O

1,800

1,200

400

1,800

1,560

300

5,060

1,650

3,000

i,ay>

5,000
600

5,300

1,050

6,200

300

68,750
33,500

GKRMAN BROWN TROUT,

Clearfleid

.•Sfliiiylkiil,

SiHiierset

County,

Size.

Adults,

- Adults

Adults

Number.

50

450
1,000

Centre,

County .

Total,
liAlNliUW TROUT.
Adults, .

1,500

Size.

Number.
1,450

FAIRAIUUXT PARK AQUAKIUAI.

l<ainlK)w I'rout,
JJrook Trout,

County,

Size,

~ ; f year old,,

^i'ver Salmon -::::::::::::::::::::::;::::"" i^JS?' i?*^* -

siijI.jHd t„ .spruce Creek, Brook Trout (sac stage) """"

Sed'Triit^Eg''?" ^'""'*''''' *''*'' **''^ ^"'' ""^ ^"^ absoVbed","".".";.

SUMMARY,

Vumber,

10
10
10

75,000

2,500

1.697,750

Bellefonte,

u

a

1

a
m

6c

a

'liouL, Brook

Trout, (ierinan brown,
'rroiit, l\'iiiiib()W,

Total,

53,500

58,7fi0

1,500
1,450

53,600

68,760

N'ariety of fish for Philadelphia Aquarium, .
Shipppd to Spruce Creek. Brook Trout (sac stage)
Sliippcd to Buckiifll CollcKf (sac and sac absorbed) '
Kyed trout Egga,

2,050

75,oa»

2,600
1,697,750

No. 21,

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

KKIM)irr OF TOKKKSDALE HATCHKRV.

57

J. K. 15eiklioiis, Sni)erinteii(lpnt.

Uoii. N. K, JJuller, Commissioner of P'isberies.

Sir: 1 herewith submit mj annual report of the operations of (he
Torresdale hatchery from December 1, 1911, to November 30, 1912.

As there were no white fish or lierring- eggs from the lake received
at this hatchery during the fall of nineteen eleven, only one regular
man was retained, and the work consisted of the usual routine.

In the spring numenms repairs were rtniuired on the sluices and
banks of ponds as a result of an exceptionally cold winter and deep
frost.

The yellow perch spawned first in ihe hatchery brood pond April 1,
and continued all that month. There were also some yellow perch
eggs gathered in field work from Bristol pond. All were hatched
with but small loss and planted in the Delaware river and tributar-
ies thereof.

Walleyed i>ike eggs were received April 26, from the Wayne
hatchery, and werc^ very fine eggs. In fact they were better than
eyed up eggs generally are when received. The fry was sufficient to
fill all applications and leave a large surplus to admit of a goodly
jdant in the upper Delaware.

While gathering yellow perch eggs there were 100,000 white sucker
eggs collected and hatched with j)ractically no loss, the fry being
planted in the Delaware river.

The first shad eggs were collected April 25, and the spawning sea-
son lasted until the close of the season, June 10. After the shad
started to spawn all attention possible was devoted to the gathering
of the shad eggs.

The weather (ondilioiis and the temperature of tlie water through
the spawning season was very favorable and the shad were plentiful
in the river, most of the i)rinci]>al fishermen say that they caught
twice as many as the year previous, but the prices received for them
were not <piite so high.

The fishermen generally are greatly in favor of the propagation of
shad ill the Delaware river, and are glad to render all assistance pos-
sible in the gathering of shad spawn.

The fry were all turned over to the New Jersey Fish Commission
and planted in the Delaware river, with the exception of 2,000,000
which were planted by the New York Fish Commission.

The cattish that were shipped from this hatchery were nearly all
of the yellow variety. All of the fish shi[)i)ed were six months and
one year old and were of a very nice size. There were a few gathered
from the field work done on the Delaware river. There should be
more of this work carried on on account of the adult fish spawning
ID such places that may go dry Ihrough the snmmei- months, and the
brood of little fish left to die.

•'>^ REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Tlie adult fish in the hatchery ponds look very good, but (here
should be at least three or tour thousand more adult tish secured to
till up the capacity of the hat<heiy ponds. The vouug tish were all
shipped out this fall. The applications were all tilled and some

April 25, there were KJO blue-gilled ^untish leceived from the
Union City hatchery which were placed in the brood ponds along
planted in the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers,
wiih the adult tish that were there. They spawned early in the
season and turned out very satisfactorily. The applications were all
tilled and there still remains a great many small tish in the hatcherv
ponds. The young fish at the hatchery grow verv fast on account o'f
there being so much animal life in the water.

There were a number of frogs shipi)ed in the tadpole stage that
were reared in the hatchery ponds.

^ There were some im])rovements made to the ponds and sluices.
The grass was cut and the hatchery grounds were kept in good condi-
turn through the summer season. There was also a lot of unsightly
brush and trees cut and grubbed out, which gives a much better ap-
pearance.

The fry ponds and the brood ponds were all cleaned out and most
of the fish sorted, so they are in good shai)e for next spring's work.

November 24, the first consignment of white fish eggs were received
from Lake Erie. On account of the short notice it was impossible to
have the necessary repairs made on the pumjis and boilers before the
eggs were received. The eggs came from Ohio and Canada. The
Ohio eggs do not look to be nearly as good as the Canada eggs, which
look very nice.

1 sincerely hope that the proposed improvements much talked of
lor I he Torresdale hatchery will be made in the near future.
Thanking you for the courtesy you have given me.

Respectfully,

.]. n. IJKRKHOITS,

Superintendent.

The total number of fish dislribnted is as follows:

Yellow i)erch fry, 12,25(),()()0

Yellow perch iingerlings, 270

Yellow perch adults, 12

^^»«d fry, 26,500,000

Wall-eyed pike fry, 10,000,000

AVhite sucker fry, ^qq qqq

Catfish fingerlings, 34050

Catfish adults, 214

Sunfish fingerlings, :>0 470

Sunfish adults, '3(54

(lold fish adults, ;jy

Sturgeon adults, * g

Frog adults, [ 4

Tadpole yearlings, * . * I7 O50

Eels, 25

Terrai>in _ 3

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

60

CAT FISH.

ringerllngr,

Fingerling,
Fingerling,
Fing-erUng-,
Fingerling,
FingerUng.
Fingerling,

Adams ^

AJlegheiiy, Hill..

..rmstrong,

Heaver, ]

Medfonl "11""

Ur.idford

Blair lllllllli;

I^erks, Fingerling'

l^"clf«. Fingerling.

<^'»"it'ria. iFingerling,

^''t^'^ter, Fingerling,

Crawford. Fingerling,

I^lHware, Fingerling

'*'i«"klin Fingerling,

Huntingdon, Fingerling,

IndJana Fingerling,

Lackawanna, _ Ilngerling,

Lancaster, „, Fingerling]

f fihigli Fingerling,

Lebanon, _ Fingerling,

r.iizernc. Fingerling,

Montgjniery, Fingerling

Monroe. Fingerling]

Montour. Fingerling,

Northumberland, Fingerling,

Philadelphia Fingerling,

Perry, Fingerling,

Schuylkilli Fingerling,

Snyder. _ Fingerling

Sullivan, Fingerling,'

Somerset Fingerling,

Susquehanna Fingerling]

Venango Fingerling,

Wn.shington, Fingerling,

Wyoming, _. Fingerling.

300

300
.■WO

TjOO

500

200

■(K)

4,111

:«o

ooo

.T,nOf>
60('
41)0

1,600

.TOO

1.200

MOO

1.400

1.'J0»

400

(ifiO

t?no

400

SOf»
5.'>0
?»^
Too
200
80O

noo

400

;;00
.300

600

Total,

26.811

SUNFISH.

Chester, JFIngerllng .

Lancaster, jFingerling]

Montgomery. .Fingerling

Montgomery JAdults, .'.

Philadelphia 'Fingerling

Philadelphia .\dult8

Susquehanna, .Fingerling, "

Susquehanna. .\dults, nO

.Susquehanna. .Yearling 1 "wq"

rniversity of Pennsylvania, .Fingerling, _ . 1" '

I'niversity of Pennsylvania Yearling l.!]l .50"

150
"200"

460 2T0

10,000
900

10,000

"ioo

100

21,000

SUNFISH-BLUEGILLS.

Adams, I Fingerlings

Allegheny. 'Fingerlings' ...

Horks. . iFingerllngs] ....

Pucks. Fingerlings. ...

Plair Fingerlings.

Carbon. Fingerlings,

Chester, Fingerlings, ....

Delaware, Fingerlings .

Franklin, Fingerlings]

Indiana, Fingerlings.

Lebanon, Fingerlings]

I^hlgh, . Finsrerlings,

Lackawanna. ,. Fingerlings.

Montgomery. . . Fingerlings.

Pl)iladelpl)ia, Adults u.

Pike. FlngerlfngV, ...1

Schuylkill Fingerlings,

Wyoming, . Fingerlings

York ., Fingerlings"

Total,

300

.300
900

?oo

.500

eoo
3.8OO

.300

flOO

300

I.-'tOO

1.100

fioo

2.600
100

eno

600

300

16,000

(»()

REPORT OP THE

Off. Doc.

TADPOLES.

Berks,

(Jhester,

Cumberland, ...
Dauphin, ._

Lancaster,

I «!liijfh

Nortliauiptou,
N<iitliuinborlancl,
I'hiladelphia, ...

3,000
2,000
1,000
l.OOO
l.OOO
6,0<K>
2,(»ll>

17,050

PROGS.

Nortliuinh«'rlati»l,

'2,<)fH>

YELLOW PERCH.

Bucks.

Indiana,

Indiana,

riiiladcIpJn'a,

Total. ...

fry

(Fry

] Yearling,

i Vcarling.

2,190,000
10,0«0,CXJ0

12,250,000

150
20

170

GOJ.T) FISH.

Hlair. ..
I.uzemo,

Adults
Adult.s.

20
fiO

SHAD PRY

Planted in Dehnvaro IJivcr.
Xrw York Fish Oommissfon ,

LM,ri00,00O

2.(IOO.f)Of»

26,500,000

SHAD EGGS.

Ppllfvno Medfrnl Collej.

.*V),()fiO

PIn'ladolplifa.

STIRCiFOX.

.- Adults.

WHITE SUCKERS,

Philndolphia Fry.

100,000

No. 21.

DEPAR'J'MENT OF FISHERIES.

(Jl

PIKE PERCH.

Bedford, ...
Cumberland,

Dauphin,

Delaware,

Huntingdon, .

lohigh

Monroe,

.M(tntf,'(iMiery,
I'liiladelphia,

Fry. ..

Fry. ..

Fry. ..

Fry. ..

Fry, ..

Fry, ..

Fiy, ..

Fry, ..

Fry. ..

800,000

500,000

500,000

200,000

1.200,000

],0CO,00f)

1,750,000

1,000,000

a, 050,000

10,000.«JO

SUMMARY.

c

s

•D

f"tflsj). 26,811

auntlsh, 21 000

Sunflsh, Blueglll i^'ooo

Tadpoles (2 year old),

Prf)gs /_

Yellow Perch

Gold Fish, .' '.'.'.'.'.'.'."

Shad fry ['[ "

Sturgeon, '.'..".',1

White Suckers, '.""''."

Pike Perch, '..'.'.... ...,1

63,811

Tadpoles, _ ^ ""

Frogs, _ ...'

270

17,050
2,000

170

400
100

440

00

12,250,000

2C,.5o6,6no

100,000

10,000,000

626 ! 48,850,000

IZ.OVt
2,000

Ri:p()irr of irxrox city auxiijary ifATrHKin'.

A. G. Hnller, Superiiifendeiif.

Hon. N. 7^ Hnller. Commissioner of Fisheries.

Dear Sir: The following: is my report from December 1 101 • to \(.-
veraber 30, 1912: , i ■-, .«» .>o

During the month of Jaiuiarv T received the white fish and lake
herring? egf^s that had been in the Erie hatcherv. These effjis were
transferred to this place as the lake water at thaf time wa^; beinjr
ihemically treated before ooi„n^ i„t„ the citv mains on acconnt of an
epidennc of t.vph(.id fever. The chemicals had alreadv killed a larire
percentage of these ej-jfs. bnt T was able to hatch 3,240,(100 white fish
and S.tKlO.OOO lake lierrinj?. These fish were planted in l.ake Erie
durin*? I he month of April.

The last of April F received 12,000.000 pike perch egfjs from the

(;2

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Wayne county hatchery. These eggs were eyed. I wish to speak in
particular of these eggs. The quality was especially fine and they
looked like hand picked eggs for as a rule these eggs are hard to clean.

In former years we received from the United States Bureau of
Fisheries a portion of the pike-perch eggs taken at Toledo and Port
Clin Ion, Ohio. The same arrangements wore made for this year, but
on account of poor weather conditions at spawning season there were
few eggs collected and we were unable lo obtain any eggs from those
spawning grounds.

I am glad to report the <(>iidition of the pike perch fry at Ihe lime
of shipment. This was due to the large amount of tank loom which
has been installed during this year. I was thus able to hold these
lish at least one week after they were hatched. The juke perch is ex-
Iremely delicate when first hatched and it was pleasing to notice how
strr>ng and vigorous they had l)ecome in this length of time. Some of
these fish were planted in Conneaut Lake and it was gratifying to hear
the expressions made as to the quantity and condition of the fish
when received there.

In May T received 300 quarts of yellow j)erch eggs from the AVayne
county hatchery, filling one batter^-. These eggs were of fine quality
and I was able to hold the yellow perch fry longer than on former oc-
casions.

I had received notice from you stating there would be a shipment
of muscalhmge eggs fnmi the New York Fish Commission. May 14,
Mr. Winchester, Superintendent of Berais Point Hatchery, delivered
.*^00,000 eyed eggs. These eggs were so far advanced in handling that
a portion of the eggs were hatched while being transferred.

A few days later I was notified to send a messenger to Bemis
Point for a consignment of fry. We received in all 500,000 muscal-
longe eggs and fry. These fish were planted in the following places:
Conneaut Lakes, 200,000 ; Conneautte Lake, 40,000 ; LeBouef Lake,
40,000; Prescjue Isle P>ay, 200,000. During the time these eggs were
being hatched several of the fry were carried to the large pond on the
grounds wlien it wns surprising to see the rapid growth of the fish.
In September I took several out of the pond for the fish exhibit at
the Conneaut Lake Fair measuring six and seven inches and I have
six of these fish in erne of the ponds at the present time which measure
ten and twelve inches.

Mr. Philip II. Ilarttnan, of the Erie Ilatchery, made all necessary
preparations for the collection of blue pike eggs, but the boats out of
Erie discontinued fishing about the time the fish began to spawn and
we were therefore unable to gather many eggs.

During July and August of 1011 secured a large number of small
mouth black bass, and was satisfied that the greater number of these
fish were females, as they ran quite large in size, but this spring at
spawning time I had the same disappointing results, as out of 85
fish there were only six females. What bass were hatched were held
in the ponds, and at the time of shipment measured from two to six
inches in length. All the persons who received them were pleased
with the size of the fish.

•All fish hatched at this station during the year have been dis-
tributed with the exce])tion of blue gills and tadpoles. These will
be held for Ihe spring distribution.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES

63
.™*', •"'"."" ='''ra"J?''nieii(s weio made with (lie United States Bureau

and duiing the spiawmng season I received 18,030,000. Mr. Hai-tman
was very sn.Hessfnl in ooliecting a largo quanlitv of white flsi Z"
from he Cana.lnm Fisiieries, (he number of eggs I received tVoUhls
'<r:^^:Z "'^ '''™''"™'- ■•""' ' """■ ""^'^ *^« Latteries filied with

IMPKOVEMENTS.

Removing partitions from three ponds making one large pond
north of the battery house which will be used for a bass spawning

Also removed partitions from two other ponds making a larire
I)ond to be used for rearing blue gills. ^

f.!pM '^^^^f ;* ^''^?^ ^''^'"'^ covering over one acre of ground to be used
tor blue gill breeding pond.

Kebuilt the cement splash at the upper dam and laid fifteen inch
drain pipe from this dam to the creek, in order to get a direct out-

d!n " * 7^f '7^.V^^^"^"^t'^'^^^• Y^^'^'^ two concrete gates in the same
dam. Also laid four inch pipe from dam to batterv house, a distance
of eight hundred and fifty feet. Laid one and one fourth inch galvan

Jnf/fiff ?''l ^'^^•^"^•'^'" to dwelling house, a distance of four hundred
and filty feet, replacing a very dilapidated and rusted line

Another battery was built in the hatchery, also four large fry
tanks. The inside of the hatching house was ceiled

SUGGESTIONS.

I wish to mention the need of new cement gates in the different

IiTn •i''. ''? n^ ^^"^ '-li '''''^^^" ^^'^*^'- ^^'^^ f^^«^^« «re also becoming
dilapidated Ihe buildings should have two coats of paint and the
roofs need fixing. The barn should be enlarged with other necessary
repairs.

I trust this report will meet with your approval.

Respectfully,

A. G. BTJLLER,

fri,„ r II • ... Superintendent.

The following is the output of fish for the year:

PIKE PERCH.

County.

Allegheny,
Crawford,

Erie

Forest, ...
Lycoming,
Venango, .
Warren, ...

Size.

Fry, ....

Fry, ....

- Fry, ....

Fry, ....

Fry

• Fry

Fry

Total,

Number.

580,000

2, 030, (XX)

870.000

i.ieo.ooo

72.1. OOO
2,75o,000
1,015,000

9,135,000

64

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

TELLOW PERCH.

Ariijstrong, ...

Allegheny,

Beaver,

Butler,

Cumberland, .

Crawford,

Erie,

Franklin, .

F.aurenoe.

Mercer,

Somerset,

Sullivan,

Venango,

Warren,

Westmoreland,

4,950
1,750
3,000
500
1,250
1,200

1,250
1,250

100

10,000,000

300

2,500 .

600
2,250
1,2.-jO
1,000

300

22,750

MUSCALLONQE.

275

— - — - — -

000

975

10.000,000

County.

Size.

Number.

Crawford,
Erie,

Erie.

Fry, „ 280.000

Fry, 2()(),000

.9 . ■ ■

Total 480,000

BLUE PIKE.
— Fry, S.fiOO,!)©*)

CALICO BASS.

^'■'P Adults,

78

ROCK BASS.

^r'e Adults.

TOO

GOLD FLSH.

f^^'p. Yearllngr.

30

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES,

65

SMALL MOUTH BASS.

-

C

C
tj

c

3

Beaver

Centre " "

Cumberland,

Fayette, _ '

Forest ___

•Funiata, '.""

T.ancaster, .""'.!I '

l.yconiing, _

" i-""::::::;:::;::::::::

.., i

!"■*""'::::::::;: i

200

150
I.tO

96'
150
700

ioo

> .---..._

Lebanon

Mercer """

Perry —

80

560 ,

33

Sullivan,

150

Union,

Venango.

Warren, * ' -

Washington I-™1II

Westmoreland, '.''"'''.

__

-1

70
120

iso'

150
100

30
30
18

Total

2,850

217

LARGE MOUTH BASS.

c

B

"3

<

♦ iiiiiberland

Krie ;;

Lancaster, ".'.""..'..... '

Lycoming, '_ " " "

Perry, I""!" """ "

Wayne, " """' '

Total,

aoo

372

150

120

150 ■

12 Mr,
■^^ ~ ^ 718

SUNFISH-BLUEGILI^.

•

5

i

1 £

' c

tit
a

Allegheny, .
Armstrong,
Crawford, .
F:rie.

100

ono

45

Forest.

Huntingdon,

Lehigh

Philadelphia,

Sullivan

Vcnanf^'o,

;'iiOi

<*!0 i

1,025

Total.

1,729 i

700

3i1H
4(H)

2,170

«6

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

LAKE HERRING.

j;rle.

Fry,

5,600,000

WHITE FISH.

Erie,

... Fry.

8,240,000

WALL EYED PIKE.

Huntingdon Fry,

725,000

TADPOLES.
(2 Year Old.)

Armstrong,
Beaver, ...

Butler

Crawford,
Clinton, ..
Mercer, ...
Somerset, .
Venango, .

Total,

1,000
1,300
1,000
1,000
1,800
900
1,000
1,000

9,200

SI M.MAWV

a

3

Blue Pike,

Bass, Calico,

Bass, Roek,

Bass, Small Moutb, .
Bass. Large Moutb, .

Gold Fish

Lake Herring

Muscallouge,

Pike Perch,

8unflsh, BluegiUs, ...
Tadpoles, 2 year old.

Wall-eyed Pike.

\VTiite Flsli, - -

Vt'Ilf)W Percb ,

2.850
732

30

78
100
217
718

2,000,000

1,72«)

700

9,200

2,170

.'>,eoo,ooo

280, <W<)
9,135,000

Total.

28,061

9,200

975
1,706

300

725,000
3,240.000

3,583 20,980,000

No. 21

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

67

s]»rt:ck creek.

Report of Win, F. Haas, Siiperinteiidenf

lion. N. R. Butler. Connuissioner of Fisliorie.s.

Sir: The following i.s the lepori „f the operation.s of the Spruce
Creek hatchery for the year beyinnin- December 1, IJiU, and ending
^oveIllber :>U, 11)12: ^

Ah 1 reported last year, a cloudburst in September, 1911, raised
Spruce Creek to such a height that the rushing waters and the back
water tore down the hatching house and washed out many of the
l>onds carrying away thou.sands of fish. A few weeks later a second
Hood about completed the destruction of the hatchery as it tore out
nearly all the ponds that were left by the first one. The Board of
JMshery Commission iheu decided, as there were no funds to replace
the damage done, the hatchery should be left in the charge of a care-
taker. During the year, however, 1 used the few ponds not damaged
by the floods as stock ponds to raise trout sent over from the Belle-
ionte hatchery. These lish were all shipped out before the end of the
year.

During my superin tendency of the Spruce Creek hatchery of five
years there were live floods all doing much damage and causing the
loss of many lish. Twice the bridge was washed awav and there was
no way of getting out with shiiunents of fish until the bridge was re-
built. This was a bad thing but in addition once when the bridge
went out it was a ticklish business for mvself and horses to get
home through the swollen waters. I would recommend, in view of all
(he facts, the abandonment of Spruce Creek Hatchery.
The output of tish for the year is herewith attached.

Respectfully,

VVM. F. HAAS,
Superintendent.

BROOK TROUT.
County. Size.

|3e«ord. Yearling,

,^'**V - Veariing,

/^uclis leaning,

J^'Tks, iearling,

IJradford, -. Veariing,

Centre, Veariing'

Columbia, .earling,

Cambria, Veariing

Clearfield. .. ^.eariingi

(-'hector Veariing

Cumberland, Yearling*

Delaware, .earlingi

Dauphin, Veariing,

^"1^"°; Yearling,

Iraiiklin, \ earling,

/■«>'^^te, -.earling, .

Huntingdon, Yearling,

'"diana Veariing, '.

Knmber.

2,500
5,9u0
900
1,UijO
1.2C0
3,700
200
3,400
3,800
3,400
800
300
1,000
1,200
1.30O
500
2,780
800

(>8

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

BROOK TROTJT— t'oiitiiiiKMl.

J'"»ata, YearliDf,'. ..

I.uzerne, Yearliug. ..

J.aucaster, Yearling, ..

J.ebanon, Yearling, ..

'-^^high, _ Yearling, ...

Lycoming, Yearling, ..

Montgomery, Yearling,

Alirtliu, Yearliug, II!

Northumberland, Yearling,

■f^trry, _ Yearling, ...

huilivan -_- Yearling, ..

Snyder, Yearliug ...

Seliuylkill, ._ U-arling.

Soii.erset, U-arliug, ...

'^"X'Sa. Yearling ...

Wes^tmorpland. Yearling,'

iorJ'. - - Yearling) '.'.'.

Total,

400
400

2,0U)
400
600

2,500
SiJO

2,000
160
T(X)

2,300

2m>

2,200
6,5a)
l.iKW
4,100

40(>

62,930

GERMAN BROWN TROUT.

Bedford .\dults,

iiuntiugdon, Adults,

Juniata, Adults,

Luzerne, Adults

Lycoming Adults,'

Schuylkill Adults,

600

100
100
1,200
400
400

2,800

SUMMARY

Brook Trout

Onnan Brown Trout

62,990
2,800

ui:i»oirr of wayne hatchi:kv.

(\. W. Ruller, Foroinan.

Hon. N. R. Buller, Commissioner of Fisheries.

Sir: Herewith is submitted the report of the operations of the
Wayne hatcliery for the year oiidin*r November 30, 1912.

The year lias l>een a busy one in striving to bring to completion the
various adjuncls of this hatchery necessary for its doing the best
work. A lease was secured for the use of the Beaver Dam Reservoir
which insures for the hatchery a full supply of water and at the
same time will mako available 100 acres or more of water for the
purpose of bass and pickerel work.

The dwelling house was in an extremely bad condition, some of
the floors th 'eateuing to fall into the cellar. The building has been
completely r paired and put in order, with an addition which now

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

69

makes available 22 rooms. This may seem a large number, but this
liat<heiy must be the one for which the greater part of the field work
of the l)e])artment must be done, and it is necessary to provide places
for the lodging of the tield work men. Within a short radius of this
hatchery there are a large number of lakes from which an ample
supply of such tish as yellow iierch, suntish and pickerel can be ob-
tained, and at the same time they can be used for bass culture.

Two large bass ponds covering between live and six acres have
been completed. Stone walls have been built on both sides of the
creek from the bridge below the hatchery to about half way through
the property. It is contemplated to put a series of dams in the
creek which will turn the water out on the various ponds which are
to be erected. Two of these dams have been completed. A large
amount of grading has been done uliliziug the eaith taken from the
ponds. .Much of this work, of course, has been preliminary, but it
is hoped to l)e able to complete this dui-ing the coming year when
there will be sullicient concrete work to be done to have a mixer
come in and linish up what is to be completed. The following is the
<listribution of tish:

Respectfully,

G. W. RULLER,
Foreman.

BROOK TROUT.

County.

Number.

Bradford _. ._ Yearling,

Carbon, learlmg,

Lackawanna, _ Yearliug,

Leliigh - Vearling,

Luzerne ieurling,

Monroe, _ _ Yearling,

Xortliauipton, _. Yearliug.

Wke _ iearling, .

Schuylkill, \earling, .

Sullivan, _ iearling, .

Susquehanna, Yearling, .

Wayne. Yearling, .

Wyoming .' Yearling, .

Total.

1.400
10,0;5U
7,850
1,100
6,U)U
8,S00
2.5oO

3,:m

150
2,400
7,500
6,000
3,800

61,000

LARGE MOUTH BASS.

Lehigh Adults,

Wayne, Adults,

Total,

310

360

PIKE PERCH.

i^radford, Advanced fry, 930,000

Lackawanna, Advanced fry, ... 500,000

Luzerne, Advanced fry, 1,000,000

I'ike, Advanced fry, 1,000.000

Susquehanna Advanced fry 1,500,000

Wayne „ Advanced fry, . 2,500,000

AVyoiiiing. Advanced fry, .. 2,700,000

Total,

10,150,000

70

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

YELLOW PERCH.

Susquehaiina,

Wayne.

Advanced fry, ..
Advanced fry, ..

2.500,000

35,000,000

Total.

37,500,000

LAKE TROUT.

Luzerne

Wayne "III"

._- Fingerling. ...
— Fingerling, ...

30.000
20,000

Total,

Brook Trout eggs, received (l;ic quarts),

50.000
1,904,000

■Si -M MARY.

Bass, Large mouth, ..

Percli. Yellow

Perch Pike. I

Trout. Brook,

Trout. Lake

360 ...

50,000 ...

61,000 .'■;

Total,

oO.OOO

Brook trout eggs received.
Pike PercJi eggs received fn

Gl.OOO

350

37,500,000
10.150,000

from New York Fish and Game CommfsVlo'n'

47.650,000

l,9<)4,0OO
35,000,000

HA IT FJSII,

ll.eqiiostirn. ofl.ait fish is l^ecoinmg oiw c.f more im,M)itanee everv
year as ,l,e siij.pl v l.as heen diinlnisl.ed I,y I ho denia, d inade mu n
them hy the an^^lers and <lealers in hait lish. To imrease the supp y
IS the desire ol the I)e].arlineDt and ainon^ the most suitahle hai^
fish especially for the an^^lers for pike-peivh or Siisqu(>hanna salm^
s the lamprey eel. The Department is indebted to Dr. ilu4 lUmn
ton for the following very interesting article on the subject of the
lamprey. •' " "^"^

THE SUSQT'EIIANNA RIVER LAMPREY.

By Hugh Hamilton, M. D., Harrishnrg, Pa.

The economics of the larval forms of the lamprey, and other
sources of live animals, used for bait i.s the snbject that stimulated

No. 21,

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

71

thLs inquiry, because it is part of the food eaijerlv sought by fish and
without such food sui)ply in sufficiency, it is useless to hatch artifi-
cially any fish for restocking streams, for a denser and more stable
population is here now than there was a hundred years ago. The
Indian was nomadic, and when for his sustenance there was de-
manded exhausting search, he moved to a locality that afforded it
more easily. Indeed, it is still one of the main reasons for the in-
creasing movement of immigration of people now from long dis-
tances, as the Eastern European and Asiatic countries to the linoral
of America, where wages to gratify both needs and wants are ob-
tainable.

Wild animal life does the same thing and fish follow the rule. Fish
food is not infrequently interfered with or depleted bv natural
causes, such as ice, floods and catastrophe, as land slides or artifi-
cial agencies, embracing both obstructions and sudden noises in the
streams or annihilation by contamination and pollution, to escape
which the big fish may follow^ the little ones when thev go away.

Preservation of species compels persistent hunting for necessary
subsistence. In the artificial production of fish spawn or fry, it
makes them de])endent upon man's protecti(m, and the suitable and
choice food he gives them, so that they become tame and look for their
rations at fixed hours. This fact makes them unalert to the dangers
of life, such as "the big fish eating the little ones," or exerting them
selves to capture food, when transplanted w^here thev must look
after their own welfare.

Aside from any other view "big fish" need large quantities of
"little fish" to live and. "little fish" must be more than enough for
"that big fish" or the fish food ("little fish") as species would be ex-
terminated, and the "big fish" (the sportsman's delight) could not
grow and so moves to another place than the ono where that sports-
man goes to angle.

This thought apjdi-d to the lamprey, or other bait, becmnes
worthy of study, for the purposes of which the Pennsylvania Depart
meiit nf Fisheries exists. All real sportsmen are keen observers of
nature, and arc obedient to all laws for the increase and proper i-e
strictive i)reservatioii of game, fish or fowl. The ju-edatory fisherman,
huntsman or poacher is also an observer of nature, but liko a burg-
lar, uses his wits for inferior aims. The former is a irenerous alh'
and encourages the State officials to do their full dutv? The latter
is an embittered and selfish enemy of all who would help his fellow
citizen through State aid.

The successful fisherman studies the best bait to lure big fish to
his hook and line, and one of the best is the lamprey eel found in
the sands of the Susquehanna river and its tributaries, but its urow-
ing scarcity, due to the demand for bass and salmon fishing? has
raised the price from three cents a dozen to quite five cents for a
single one. or sixty cents a dozen. This alone does not account for
the failing siipjdy. The dredging machines taking river coal at Rar-
risburg, and at other j)oints along the Susquehanna river from Scran-
ton to tidewater, remove and exterminate larval lampreys. I have
dug quantities of them in the silt on the down river pointsOf the sand
bars in water a few inches deep, before the general cnipioyment <»f
these machines.

72

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

Thoy are nof to be foiiiid now, nearly so jilentifnl. Tlie more dijj-
gmg sand with a shovel does not so rnthlesslv destroy the delicate
animal as does the stream driven rotary screens of the coal dredo-es
to they kill the individnal lamprey and limit the i.roi)aj?atroii.'
Hence the call for a careful consideration of how to supply a bait
that the j^ood ,i,^•^me fish, so industriously i»ropap:ated bv the*De})art-
ment of Fisheries of this State, may be%\'isilv brought' to creel, and
commends the mattei- for future matnred plans. To best accom-
plish this it is essential to discover some of the habits of this lam-
prey, the lowest of fishes, in classification by ichthvoloj?ists. The
Susquehanna river lamprey may be an off -shoot or modification of the
Cayuga Lake, New York, scientificallv studied and described lam-
prey (Lam])etra Wilderii), by Professor Gajre.

The scientific classification of fish is based ui>oii their bones, ccmi-
mencing with those which have no bones at all. There is a class of
low squirmiu": worms that have soft fins, and nearlv as soft or
grizzly, not bony, backbones or vertebrae, with a spinal cord or column
that does not expand into the brain. They are called A crania (with-
out any s(>ft or hard skulli. This is the lowest division of the ver
tebrates. The lamprey is in the class immediately above this one,
and is called Tran iota (an "iota" or very small brain) enclosed in a
skull of cartilajre or grizzle, but not bone. Its development is a
totally grizzly skeleton, a skin without scales, soft fins starting on
the back at about twice the length of the head from the mouth, ^pas-
sing thence over the tail and up the middle line of the belly to a
point at the vent, a little short of the middle of the length "of the
fish.

In its head in (h«' middle ( median i line is one nostril, (not two
like most fish). Its mouth is ^'suckei- like," its teeth are Iiornv, not
bone or ivory, and are placed around its sucking throat through
which its tongue moves like a ])iston in a syringe, armed wifh
peculiar teeth. The eyes are on each side of Ihc nostril, and the
seven o])eninn:s on each side of the body (which might be called "(he
chest") form the sacs by which it breathes. They are neithei eyes
nor gills. One of the i-easons these licdes are called "eyes" is be-
cause in the und<'veloped or larval stale of the "eel." which is famil
iar to fishermen. At that time its oyv>< are covered by a thick mem-
brane of the sanje general color as its body and are therefore unno-
ticed. In some bM-alities it is known as "Seven or Nine Kyes." This
]>opular descriplirm is that of the second class under rmniota,
known scientifically as .}farf<i/}ohrn)u-hii (ftocket ttv sac-lun*'--
breathers). "^

The true lamprey has but a sinnle nostril which is a mere sac and
does not ])enctrate or go through the palate which places it in an
order named Ilyj ero-artii, meaning Hk* pnlate (or roof of the
mouth) has no connection with tlie nose, a remarkable exception in
the rrrfrhraln or back boned animals. AA'hen one ins|»ects numbers
of this animal it is found that they all have a long slim worm-like
body from abnnt six to thirty six inches hm*^. Thai their color is
either imlfnrin or mc.re or less shaded in varieij spots. 'Hh.v have a
nearly round body tajrerioij: and (latlened in the lower third, pos
sesses no scales, have no Ixmy fins and none on the sides of its body,
just one beginning a little below the head and goin^r alonir around

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

73

the tail to the vent, which is far removed from the month, eyes de-
veloped in the adult only, nostril on the toj) of the head, and only
one, primitive lips with fringe like edges and seven gill openings in
a row on a line !>elow and back of the eyes.

If you take nj) one you will find the mouth is oblong in the direc
tion of the length of the body on the animal. In the adult is is
somewhat more circular and it acts in a sucking fashion. Spread
Its month open and you will find its fringed sides covered with car-
tilaginous teeth or tubercles (knobs), some slightly hornv dejiend-
mg much upon its approach to mature growth. On the end of its
tongue we see teeth. The tongue works up and down in the throat,
rnbbing the tip against the sides that have teeth also (because it has
no jaws, this means a sort of chewing, grindinir, process), besides
the gullet has a spiral valve to twist the contents onward similar to
a turbine. The eggs are quite small. From these observations one
]»erceives that their structure is very simple comi)ared to the family
of fishes that have side fins.

From their adult habit of hanging, like water-logged sticks or
faggots, on the down stream surfaces of rocks, the hiirh soundin^
family name has been given it of "Petro nivzon-idae"" from Greek
words meaning sucker of rocks. Now the larval lami)revs, (near
ITarnsburg, Pa.) are of small size, about six or el-ht inches in
lennrth, and have a soft dorsal fin following the general descri]>tion
given for the family, (Photograph No. 2) slightly divided in its
posterior part but continuous around the tail. On its upper li|» it
has a broad crescentic sha|>ed tooth and teeth on the end of its
tongue. See Photograph No. 7. These characteristics point to the
genus called "lampetra" from Jamprr to suck and prfra a pebble

Scientific method (Fishes (»f North American. TJ. S. Nat. Museum
Bull., 47 Wash. D. C. ISOfi, Part 1) systematizes fishes into certain
divisions, classes, orders, families, genus, s{>ecies and varieties, ac-
cording to their physical develo])ment relative to a fish

It is with no little timidity that I define what a FISH is to mv
mind:

An animal having a straight spinal cord, luotected by a mem
braneous, grizzly (cartilaginous) or bonv (osseous) structure, or the
whole three of them combined, in the same individual, unable to ex-
ist out of an aquatic element, such as wet mud or wet sand covered
with water, simple water, and seeking its supply of oxygen throuo'h
simple lung sacs r jjiUs, jjossessed of rapid locomotion' bv means of
squirming activities, using fins eithei hard or soft for that purpose
The lamj»rey moves like a boat propelled by a stern oar. while fish
that have stiff side fins move similarly in addition to the vertical
ones on back and belly, and can go horizontally.

The fish develops a nodule or nodules at the head of the spinal
column that fixes his place in a Division. As a protection to the
spinal cord grows to a more complete bony formation, the method
of breathing becomes more conqdex and the bh.od is colored RED
but below 98 degrees F., or cold-blooded. The division of a-crnnia
fishes have white blood. They are put into definite (7.ASSES. Thev
may be arranged a<'cording to some marked dirtVren<e in particulars
into ORDERS: Such as having no n(»stril, as the hai;s. o//c nostril
as the lamprey, or two nostrils as the sunfish. The external general

74

REPORT OF THE

On. Doc.

form and colors often are made the way to fiml out the FAMILY.
More minute examinations both externally and iutemally are nec-
essary to determine the (;ENUS and very large numbers of indi-
viduals must possess identical features. When we come down to the
species, evi^ry i)ossible means must be emjdoyed to individualize it
from every other specimen in instinct and habit, external character-
istics, internal anatomy and all vitil functions in existence and
propagation. It is an exceedingly important nmtier that one's
observations aio unbiased, for this is (he only way to know the ob-
ject and recognize it by description for classilication.

Economically it is to know "What's What," and "Therefore" is
then apparent.

liy this system the lanij)rey belongs t(» Pisces or Fishes.
i>ivisi(m— Craniota, or little brains.
Order — Hyper-artii, or complete i)alate.
Family — IVtro myzon idae, or rock suckers.
Oenus Lampetrji. or stone suckers.

S]>ecies — Lanipiey, ( Sus(piehann;i river lamprey) (\\'ilderii).
Lampreys have no jaws, no shoulder, or pelvic" arches, hence no
(•orresi>onding uj>per or lower fins or members jn-esent as in all other
true lishes. The Susijuehanna lamprey eel (larval) is about four to
eight inches long v<*ry active, is of light olive to a darker hue some-
times beccMuing ai>i>arently blue and has a yellowish belly. I have
never seen a blue one like the river eel, (Acqnllla-rostrata). It oc-
cassionally seems spotted, lies on its side to rest when in ca])tivity
and will lie outside on water covered sand on its belly for Iwmrs.
The fin is slightly seriated and the n(»tch in the tin in its b.ick on its
way nmnd the tail i^ not always ilcirly defined. Its method of
movement in the water is depicted fi(nn the active living specimen
in the ])hotogra]>h No. 1.

An examination and jthotogiajdi of the moutli of the living Sus
quehanna lamprey, larval, from one to eight inches long is shown in
photograi>h No. 2 (and ex]>lanati(m). The nasjil o]»eniiig is a longish
slit. The "giir- in the larval state may have its wati-r circulaticm
demonstrated through whi<h its blood is oxygenjited, l)y droj)ping a
few grains of cornstarch in the water before the moutli. as reconi
mended by (Jage. To accfun[)lish the same pur]»ose, I imniprsed the
live lamprey in a dilute solution ol" iodide of potassa, wijied it off
quickly with absor!>ent }>aper, put it into a vory dilute mixture of
starch when the streams of blue were thrown far to the rear, more
than the length of the creature.

The "TrMUsformed" lamprey gotten November 10. 1012. is one
which has a dark, copjier colored a])pearance. fins slightly ligliter,
belly" silvery edged with blue on each side. The same experiments
up<m the Transformed lamprey showed the intake to the lung sacs
to be exactly at right angles to the body, and the ('X])ulsion or out-go
of the exynred water was thrown the whole length of the animal.
The nostril used the air in the water the same \v;iy perpendicular to
the body and expelloil it with force far upward and forward. The
<'hest. the ]inrlioii about (he -holes" was vtiy active a( tiiiH's jiud was
very stnmgiy iiuidc \\\ (he prehensile rim of its mouth i( faslens
itself to (»bjec(s jind fish like :i boy's leather "sucker." Its mouth has
fringed edges and is filled wi(h pointed teeth disposed in spirals, like

No. 21.

DEPARTRIENT OF FISHERIES.

75

a grinding mill or (eeth of a file in the loAver jKU'tion fine grains of
sharp sand about the size of the teeth, evidently designed for mas(i
cation by rotary mo(ion.

The tongue is much shorter and blunter than in the larval exist-
ence and blunt. It will take hold of the hand and lingers or a piece
of glass, china, or pebbles, and hold on out of the water. Its strengtb
in inoportion to its body weight is enormous, as 1 saw it pick pebbles
up thrw^ times its weight. The motion of swimming (Photograph
No. \ , Fig. 1, 2 and ;i» is difierent from that of the larval form." The
mouth against glass is seen in Photograph No. VI.

When the mouth is pinned back cm a cork, painted white through
a hole in the cork, j>hotograi)hed under water is as in Photograph
No. 7, Plates 1 and 2, showing the armed tongue that is short'" com-
pared to the larval. The lung sac orfices are quite round and de-
fined by dark edges. Other dissections were not made. The eye looks
slightly downward and is large compared to the animal. Its' appear-
ance is viciously energetic and forl)idding.

Its motions vary much moie I ban the larval form nnd may be fast
or slow. It moves closer t«. the surface of the water and see Photo-
graph V. Fig. 1, 2 and ;{.

An ingenious method of cjiiuuring these diminutive and slippery
creatures is suggested and published by the Hem. H. A. Surface,
State Zoologisl of Pennsylvania, which is here depic(ed, Pla(e No. 4

In ihe diagram "A" rej)resents perix'iidicular ix.sts se( in the
streams and fastened for the purj^ose of catching floating material
that iiiight otherwis*' (ear or injure (he weir behjw. "P>'' represents
net wings for the ca})(ure of cre;itiires running "I)«)\vn s(ream." "C"
represen(s the main (.r chid net placed entirelv across the stream, to
jirevent i)assage eithei way. "D" is a pocket or pen in which fish com-
ing "up-stream" will ultimately be f(mnd. being gnided by the wings
of netting, "F F."

Are the Su.scpiehanna lamj-rey a metamorphisis of the sea lam-
I»rey? Large ones have been found near Oettysburg and in Perry
('(Miiity, Pennsylviinia, or are ihey a metamorphisis of the Lake
(New York) lanijuey, because (hey resemble them. excei)t in color.

The set tlemeiil of this (iiiesiion is important on accimnt of the use
of the Suscjuehanna Water Powers at Mc(^tI1"s Ferry and Cono-
\\iug(K The en-ctlon of these two dams have lia<l a .serious elVect in
deju-iviug the Sii.sqnehanna river of tluit valuable migratorv food
lish, the shad, and that exquisite game fish, "Salmon Salar" or sea
salnnm, and stopped the lamju'ey from seeking their initial breeding
I»laces further up stream. The Su.scpiehiuina river is indeed, but a
mighty brook.

The foregoing brief statement of this subject is dictated by the
necessity of di.sseminaling some informal i»m about bait of various
kinds to secure a successful calch of fi.sh by rod or line.

The lamprey (larval) is the best lure for salmon (walleyed pike).
The helgramite, (larval) of the big shad fly with horns called scienti-
fically (^uydsilis (N.rnutti (Ilaldeman) ; for bass, the cray fish or
crawfish: for the salmo fontalis or brook trout, which likes it very
much, and that "crab" makes the trout's fiesh the delicate pink so
fascinating to the e})icure. ,

It is well known (hat the trout will not ri.se to flies when the water

76

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

is roily, because then ci-abs (ciavvlisbi are washed from among tlie
cress and other aquatic weeds. Jf you will observe a trout take a
crab you will see him seek a shadowy place and no line, lured with
bait or tly will tempt him. He is full, like a snake, after swallowing
a toad, until it is digested. Bass will take a helgramite with a lish
in the stomach, but not another fish. The salmon (wall eyed-pike),
will take the lamprey if he has a lish in his maw but not another tish.
Of course these real lish morsels nmst be large and satisfying. Lit-
tle fish dont count in some tishes' estimation.

These choice lures have a peculiar relation. The bait is often a
natural enemy to the fish lured. The salmcm attacks the lamprey
in the larval state but when the lamprey arrives at maturity,
through "Transformation," it attacks his enemy ''in the fifth rib"
under the pectoral fin and sucks his life blood. He treats "suckers"
and "catties"' the same way because they hunt lamprey spawn and
fry in the sand and mud. Shad are often attacked by\he sea lam-
prey in the lower waters of the Susquehanna river.

Recently a very interesting paper was published upon photograph-
ing fishes in the bodies of water in which they were naturally found,
showing several sorts of fish that construct nests. See Photograph
X (Hull: Bureaux ( T. S.) Fisheries Vol. XXXVIII. Plate CXVI,
Fig. a, p. Ill:]— l>rof. Jacob Beigard), in lakes and rivulets, and it
is to be presumed that they do for special protection against enemies
in the instinctive efforts to secure a survival of the species.

All animals must instinctively have the ability to defend their
young in their nests, if not it must be done for them by protective
legal measures or multitudinous procreation. It is evident the unit
reproduction like the IJunmn Animal needs the highest possible pro
tection, even all his life by administrative Government, and it has
evolved into an intelligent care of his wild or inherent and natural
appetite ami seeks to restore his maintenance cai)acity from the
teeming aciuatic sources of it. Hence the liberal public approju-ia-
tions conserve game animals, fish, etc., for his use. One of the re-
sponsibilities of "domination of creatiim" by man is the proper pre-
servation ((ienesis T. v. 28) of species for food service and pi'0]>aga
tion or continuance.

A CHECK LIST OF THE FISHES BECOUDEl) FliOM PENN-
SYLVANIA.

By Henry W. Fowler.

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

The present account is an attemi)t to give a list of the species of
fishes known from the limits of this State, together with all the lo-
calities at which each has lieon obtained. Only such records as have
already heen published are given, no new ones being added. This

No. 21,

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES,

77

task has involved much labor and time, and, it is hoped, will prove
satisi'acl<»ry in the pr(»secution of rurllier studies in ge<><iiai)liicjil dis
tiibution.

Unfortunately, the first account of the fishes of IVimsylvania,
writtni by Cope, is composed of the sjiecies of fishes 'known or sup
|»osed to exist in its waters." Confusi'on often arises from this fact.
A number of .species are thus included as they were thought to prove
im=vitai»Iy members of the fauna. sini]»ly because of their disti-ibut :«>n
ill waters adjac. nt to the limits of Pe'nnsyivania. While it is in no
way contended here that they may not, or even do not, occur, I shall
be forced to consider them inadmissible until ihey are discoveied.
Thus fhey are omitted here without further mention.

The LAMPBEYS (Cyclostomes

)i.

Family PETBOMVZOXIDAE (Lamj^reysi.

I'i-fro, ill/Km inaiinus Litfiiarifs.— \AUu])]v\\ -Si-ji Laniprev," "Lam-
|;er JOei,"* "Nine Eyes."

Ascends slreanis of the Atlantic Slojje in the siu-iug, when it is
often found attached to siiad, herring, or other large fishes.

Drhiicarc Hirer Jiasiii (Stock Orange, IIolm(\«burg, Torresdale,
Ihilnieville. Bristol, Mori-isville, Dingnian's Ferry i. ' '

Susquehanna h'ircr liafdu (York Furnace. Lailcaster County and
.Juniata J{iver). '

hlitliij(iiiitj:nn cnicr.Ji,!- ( Kirtland ). -LMver Lamprev, Silver Lam-
jn-ev.

Lives in our western rivers, or those of the Mississippi N'alley and
i'.ww l.al-e Ke.uiou. AsccmkIs small br(»oks in the sprisig.

Alh:;//i(iii/ Rim- IUi,siii (Kiskiniinilas Uiver. Two Lidv. Banisey's
Cherry and McKeiiny's L'nns, and \\n\ Alleganvi. '

Lauiprtra (vpiUvra (Abbott.— Brook Lamprev'. Small Hlack Lani-
jn-ey.

Like the I.isj ;» naliv-of our W(sl;in rivers ai!:l !ak;s. .lii-: iisr-iiiN
small slreanis in the sjtring. Bare in Pennsylvania.
Ohio Bivei- Basin (far as Pittsburghi.
AUi'(/h('nij liivrv Jiasin (Port AUegimy).

The FISHES' (Teleostomi i.

Family A(MPi:NSEBiI).F. (Sturgeons.

Aci/icusrr .'^turin Linnjpus. — Sturgeon. C(mimon Sturgeon, Long-
nosed Sturg(>on.

A largo and value^l food- fish, living m \]w larijer waleis of ihc
Atlantic SIojk'. Though formerly abundant, now scar«(».

!S

REPORT OB' THE

Off. Doc.

No. 21,

Dvlamur River Ba.'<in ( IMiiladdj.liia, Bride shui-;, Tacouy, llolnies-
Imi'g, Tont'sdalo, ('oiiiwclls. IJiistol, Tullytown, Kastoni.

Acipenscr rnhicHndus (J.e Sueur ).— Lake Klurgeon, Kock Sturgeon,
Ked Sturgeon.

In our Slaty only west of (liv Alli'^luaiic^s, Ihougli now lare in uiost
of our rivers. X'alued as a food tisli.

Ohio River Basin.

Lake Erie.

Aeipeiiscr brvvirotiinim Le Su<'ur. — Short-nosed Slujgeon.

A small species, usually known as "uiourhe" h\ tlie lisheruien,
though this name is also sometimes applied to the youug of any stur-
geon. Jtaic, or noi frequently ciiptured.

DcldiroH- li'ircr lidsin ( Tonesdale and Bristol).

Scaphirhynchops platorynchus (Ratinesque).— Shovel-nosed Stur-
geon, White Sturgeon.

Found in rivers west of the Alleglienies, though now lare.

Ohirt h*in r Basin (far as Pittsburgh ).

Family POLYODONTIDyF: (Paddle Fishes).

Polf/iHion spalhnla (Walhauun. — Paddle PIsli, '•Si)oou-l)illed Stur-
geon.'' "Duck billed Cat."

A large species, remarkable for the long paddle-like snout. Found in
the waters west of the Al!e,«iheiii( s. Xoi valued lor food, as its tlesh
it; of coarse inl'eiioi- (juality.

Oliid Hirer lUisin ( MoiKdigah; la K'iver. Alleglieuy I{ivei', Pitts-
burgh, Kiskiminitas River, Foxburg, Corydou I.

Family LFPISOSTFID.?^ ((Jar Piikes).

Lepisosteus huroiwnsis (Richardsou). — Lake Gar Pike.

This, and the two following, not valued as food, and also very de-
structive to other fishes. The Lake (Jar Pike has oniy boen found west
of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (^[onongahela River, Allegheny R'iver, Warren).

Lepisosteus osseus (Liniuvus).— Catesby's (Jar Pike.

Dilfers but very slightly from the preceding. Known only in our
streams of the Atlantic Slo])e.

Delaware River Basin (Bristol, Morrisville).

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancaster County ).

Cylindrostcus plaiostoni us (Rafiuesque) .- Short nosed ( Ja?-.

Found in waters west of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (far as Pittsburgh).

Family AMIATTDili: (Bowfins).

Amiafus calvus (Linna^usi. — Bowfin, Mudfish, Dogfish.

Found mostly west of the Alleghenies, usually sluggish in habits.

)

»f

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

79

though quite voracious, and gauiy when angled, its flesli is not valued
as food.

i^usquehanna River Basin (Safe Harbor).
Ohio River Basin (Allegheny City).
Lake Erie (Erie).

Family lilODONTllL^': (MoonEyes).

Hiodon alveoides ( Rafiuesque j.—(iold-eye.

Occurs in waters west of the Alleghenies. Said to be a good food-
fish. Rare.

Ohio River Basin (Beaver River, Youghiogheny River).

Hiodon tenjisus Le Sueur.— Moon eye.

A beautiful silvery lish, not valuable as food. Occurs west of the
Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Pittsburgh).

Lake Erie (Erie).

Kaunly (JLUPKlDyE (Herrings).

Poniolohus vhrysochloris Ratines(iue. — Inland Alewife.
Found in large bodies of water west of the Allegheuies, though not
valued as food.

Ohio River Basin (Pittsburgh ).

]*omolohus pseudohareuyus (Wils(m).— Alewife, "Herrinjr" "Saw-
belly." ^'

Abundant in the spring, ascending cnir coastwise streams, oi these
of the Atlantic Slope, in great numbers. \'alue«l as a lood-fish, and
along with tlu^ shad, the object of extensive fisheries.

DeUmare River Basin (Tinicuni, Philadeli>liia, Taccmy. Holmes-
burg, Torresdale, Cornweils, Corydon, Bristol, Tullytown, Scott's
Creek, Morrisville).

Susquehanna River Basin (York Furiuice and Lancaster County .

P())nol(>hus (rslivalis (Mitchill). — Suuiukm' Hen-iug. "Blackbelly."*

Abundaut, though running a little later into our lidal waters of
the Atlantic Slope. Not always distinguished by the fishermen from
the preceding.

Delaware River Basin (Bristol ).

Alosa sapidissitnn Wilson. — Shad.

Justly the most famous and valued of all our food fishes. Ascends
our tidal streams in the spring, though foruu rly running up to the
very head-waters of our larger rivers.

Delaware River Basin (Tinicum, League Island, Tacouv, Holmes
burg, Cornweils, Bristol, Tullytown, Philadelphia, below Fairmount
Dam, Falls of Schpylkill, Delaware Water (Jai., Dingni:nrs Ferrv).

Susquehanna Hirer Basin (Peach Bottom. ^fcCalTs Ferry, York
Furnace, Lancaster County).
6

no

HF.rOKT OF THE Off. poc.

Family DOKOSOAf ID.E ((Jizznid Sliad).

Dorosonia ccpcilianum (Lo Siierr).— Gizzard SSliad, "Mud Sliad."

Found locally in mn- iaigvr bodies of lowland walcis, and noi
valued as food.

Dvlmvarc River Basin (Pliiladeli»liia, Tonesdale, Coniwells, Hrislol
Tnllytowu).

Oliio h'irrr lUisin (Mimongaliela Kiver).

Fauiily SA LMONID^K (Salmon).

Corcf/onus alhus Lo Buour.— Erie While Fish.

A valued and abundant food-fish.

Lake Eric ( l'>ie).

Corcg<tm(s chrprafornnfi (Mitchill).— Common While Fish.

Like the last.

Lake Eric (Erie).

LcucichtJnjs .s'/.sro hnronis (.Tordaii and Evermann). — Lake llui-on
Herring.

Lake Erie (Erie).

Leucichthijs arlcdi (Lo Sueur). — Cisco.

Abundant in the Great Lake rej^ion. N'ahied as I'ood.

Lake Erie (Erie).

Crisiivoiner Hamaiimsh (Walbauni). — Lake Trout, Tomie Salmon
7'i-out.

A larjiv and valued food fish, thouoii less snu^hl }»y aniilers than the
next. Found ill waters west of the Alleghenies.
Lake Erie (Erie).

Halveliiuis f(,niinalis ( Mi t chill i.—Iirook Trout, Sneekled Trout
Trout.

The niosl valued of all our game-fishes by those interested in amb-
ling. Its dislribuli<m is general in most all of our uj)land waters.

DrJairare Rirrr Jinsin (Ghrster County, J»ort Kennedv, Xewgarden,
Minersville, Fike Gouiity, Milan ville. Lackawaxen, Shohola, Mast-
hojie, Calieoon Creek, (^madc^nsis, Creseo, Ilenryville).

HuHquihanua Nirrr liasin (York Furnace, Lam-aster County, Ti-cnit
JJun, Huntingdon G(»nnty. Cambria Gounty. Sullivan (^»unty. Lo]»ez,
Luzerne (%ninty, (\'Ulie (\)unly, .Milllin nninly, Newton liaiiiillon,'
Sugar Valley Kun. lilair (^(.unty, IJedford County, Cumberland
County, Bowman's Creek. Tunkliannock i.

Ohio l!ir(r Bn^in ( Mnm.iigaliela Kivci-. Liiurel Hills. Voughioirheny
TJiver, Two Licks Creek. Ramsey's Ihin. P>ridgej»ort, Wari-euT I»ort aI
legany, Seven liridgesi.

Ocnesev Rirrr Bafti)i (Gold).

No. 21

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

Family AK'CJENTINJD.E (Smelts).

81

Osmerua eperlanus Linna'us. — Smelt.

Occasional in streams of our Allantic Sloi>e. A good food fish,
tlumgh found in too small numbers in our limits to permit of more
llian very local fishing.

Pelairarr Rirrr Basin (Schuvlkill Kiver at Philadeli)liia, and Hris-
t(d).

Family ANGUILID.^^] (Eels).

Anf/tiilla chrisi/pa IJafinesque. — Eel.

This well known and valuable food-fish is abundant throughout all
the waters cd' our State.

Delaicare River Basin (Tinicum, Long Neck, Darby Creek, League
Island, Valley Forge. Gladwyne, Frankford, Tacony, Holmesburg,
P>uslleton, Torresdale, (^ornwells, Croydon, Hulmeville, near Lang
borne, liri<lgetowu, Newtown, Etterton, Long Pond, Mill Creek,
Guinea Creek, P.rislol, Tullytown, Scott's Creek, Morrisville, Ding-
man's Ferrvl.

Su-sfjHchatina River Basin (Lancaster County, McCalTs Ferry, York
Furnace, Cand)ri'a County, Newton Hamilton, Sj)ring and Bald
Eagle Creeks in Centre County, Galeton).

(fhio River Basin.

Lake Erie Basin.

Family CYPKINID.E (Minnows),

Campostoma unonialum (Ifafinesque). — Stone Poller, Stone Toter,
Dough Belly, Mammy.

Usually found in small streams in more or less quiet water. As-
cends small brooks in the spring, for Ihe puri^ose of spawning,
licaches about eight inches in length, and not much valued as bait
or food. Fcmnd only west of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (PIgecm Creek and Lock No. 9 on Monongahela
Kiver, Youghiogheny L*iv<M*, Shenango Piver at Jamesburg, Beaver
Kiver, Newcastle, Kiskiminitas Piver, Port Allegheny, Cole Grove,
and Indiana County in the following localities: Cowaushanoe, Grant
Township, Pine Township, Two Lick Creek, North Branch of Two
Lick Creek, Pine Creek, Susquehanna Creek, Big Mahoning Creek,
Little Malioning Creek, Ramsey's Pun, McKenny Pun, Home Pun,
Burnhamer Pun, Pock Pun, Saltgiver Pun. Basnham Pun, Broad
Head Pun, Smiten ivuii, Martin's Pun. Mud Lick Pun, Smicksburg
Run, Groft's Pun, McCormick's Pun, Poss ]{nn. Elder's Pun, Little
Eun, Pickering Pun).

Chrosomus erjjthrof/ash r (Pafinesquei. — Ped-bellied Dace.

A beautiful little fish, and very attractive in the aquarium. Spring
males are most brilliantly marked with black, orange, scarlet and
olive. It is valued as bass bait. Found in cold brooks west of the
Alleghenies.

82

REPOirr OF THE

Off. Doc.

Ohio River Boaiu (tiilnitavies of the Allej»h(iny liMver, Kiskiiriinitas
Jxiver).

Chrosoinus cnjthmgaslcr eos (Cope).— Eastern KedbelJied Dace.

Known only lioin lour exanipk's, dillerinj*- from ilie }>receding in
color.

HaaquclKinna River Ihisin (AlejshoiJp'en Criek in Sns«jnelianna
Conntv.

J/i/baf/nitthiis luiehalis Aj^assiz. — Silvery Minnow.

A pale griicefnl silvery-wliile sjxvies, living in sleranis west of tlie
Alieghenies. it seldom, or rarely, attains six inches in length.

Ohio River Basin.

Ui/ho(/iui1hns itnchalis aryyritis ((iirard). — Hig-nicmthcd Silverv
Minnow.

('I<:sely itsembles the preceding, but dilfers in the much larger
maxillary. Fonnd west of tlie Alleghenies and reaches fonr inclies in
length.

O///0 River Basin (Kiskiminitas Tiiver).

Mjjhognathus niichaiis regius (Giiard).— Eastern Silvery Minnow,
Sineit Minnow, (ludgeon.

A beautiful tish, reaching seven inches in length, and perhaps more,
as alleged. Commcm in fresh tidal regions of our eastern waters.

Delaware Jiiver Basin ("Tacony, liolnnsbnrg, Torresdale, Corn-
wells, Ihilmeville, Xeshaminy Falls, Bristol).

IHmephales promelas Kafinesque.— Black-headed Minnow.

A small minnow about three inches long, living in sluggish waters,
variable with age, sex and season. Found only west of the Alle-
ghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Port Allegany).

J'imephales Xoiafiis (lxatine»ue).— Blunt-nosed 3Iinnow.

Similar to the last, though the !ult with the lateral line complete.
Found in all our waters, abundant, tenacious, and valued as bait.

Delaware River Basin (\'alley Forge and SchuvlUill Biver, near
mouth of Mill Creek in Montgomery County).

Susquehanna Rirer Hasin (York Furnace and Altoona).

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela L'iver, Port Allegany, Cole drove,
Foxbur, and the following localities in Indiana (Jo'untv. Cowan-
shanoe, Grant 'fownship, IMne Townshij>, Two IJck Creek, North
Branch of Two Lick Creek, Susquehanna Creek, Big Mahoning Creek,
Little :Nrahnning Creek, Crooked Creek, liamsey's Bun, Harris' Bun]
Cherry Bun, .Alarsh IJun, :\IcKenny Bun, Home Bun, Burnhamer
Bun, Besnham Bun, Smitten Bun, Martin's Iv'un, Mud Lick Bun,
Smicksburg Bun, <Jroft\s Bun, McCormick's Bun. Boss IJuu, l^lder's
J^in, Little Bun, IMckering Bun, Crooked Bun).

fieuiotilus huUaris (Batincsque).— Fall Fish, Chub.

The largest and gamiest of all our minnows, occasionally reaching
a length of but little less than two I'vot. Vny variable, age, sex, and
season forming great ccmtrasts. Found only east of the Alle'dienies,
or in streams of the Atlantic Slope.

Delaware River Basin Hvennett Square. Mendenhall, Bing's Bun,
Willistown Barrens, Beese's Bun, Crum Creek, Markani. f^djar
Brook, Darby Creek, Naylor's Bun, Perkiomen Creek, Tacony,
!rolm<'sburg, RuslletdU. Huntington Nailey, Walnut Iliil. I^berry'

No. 21

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

83

Torresdale, Cornwells, Croydon, Mulmeville, Langhorne, Neshaminy
Falls, Ne>\ town, i.ong Pond, Ftterton, Bristol, Tullytown, Delaware
Water (iap, Dingman's Ferry).

f^usquehanna Rirer fiasin (Lane; County, -Conestoga Creek,

Nottingham, (^'imbria County, Newton Hamilton, Em])oriuni).

Semoiilus atromaeulatus (Mitchill). — Creek Chub. Horned Chub.
Horned Dace.

A very abundant species in all our upland waters, especially the
small clear bi-ooks, wliere it is often the largest and most voracious
inhabitant. It reaches a length (»f about ten inches, and is valued
mostly as bait. Very variable with age, sex and season.

Delaware River Basin (Kennett Square, ^[endenhall, Bing's Bun,
tributaries of Brandywine below Chadd's Ford Junction, Whetstone
Bun, Fawkes Bun, Darby Creek, Collar Brook, Cobb's Creek. Schuyl-
kill Biver, Centreville, OladmyncN Tacony Creek, Holmesburg, P>us-
tletou, Torresdale, Cornwells, Tot tarn Creek, Croydon. Brookfield
Bun, Flushing, TTulmeville. Neshaminy Falls, Newtown, Etferton,
Bristol, Tullytown, Morrisville. Easton, Dingman's Ferry).

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancaster County, Nottingham, Fjih-
rata, Trout Bun, Hacker's Bun. Swamp Bridge, Denver, Bainbridge,
Altoona, Sugar Valley Bun. Wopson^miick Valley Bun, Muncy, Em-
porium).

Ohio River Basin (Pigeon Cicek in ^[onongahela Biver Basin,
Youghiogheny Biver, Meadow Bun. Meyersdale).

Allei/henif River Basin (Beaver River, Foxburg, Warren County,
Warren. Vovt Allegany, Baymonds, Kiskiminitas Biver. and the fol-
lowing in Tmliana County: Cowanshanoc, Grant Township. Pine
Township. >[arion Branch, Two Lick Creek, North Branch of Two
Lick Creek, Pine Cieek, Susquehanna Creek, Crooked Creek, Little
Afahoning Cnx^k, f^amsey's Bun. Harris' Bun. Cherry Kun, Marsh
liun. Wehrle's Bun, Sim]>son's Bun, ALKenny llun, Buridiamer L'un.
P.esnham l*un. IJock IJun, Heilman liun. Smitten Bun. Afartin's
L*nn. Mud Lick Bun, Smicksburg Bun, (irolt's Bun, Mc('orn>i(k's
Run, L'oss Bun, Elder's Run, Little Bun, Pickering Bun, Crooked
Run I.

Genesee River Basin (Gold in Potter County).

Lale Rrie Basin.

Leueiscus vanfhnsulus ^'alenciennes. — Bosy-sided 7>a<c.

A small species about f(mr inches in length, and ornamental as an
aijuarium fish. It lives in small clear brooks, in streams east of the
Alleghenies, and local in its distribution.

Delaware Rirer Basin (White Clay Creek \n Chester County).

Susquehanna Riv r Basin (Lancaster County. O<'toraro Cieek, Not-
tingham. Emj>orium).

Leueiseus elomjatus (Kirtland i. -Western Bosy sided Dace.

Differs from the foinier chiefly in its more slender pointed head.
Found in small clear streams west of the Alleghenies.

O///0 River Basin ( .^^eadville. Port Allegany. Cole (;r<»ve. Two
Lick Creek, Xordi llranch of Two Lick Cre<'k.' IMuv Cic, k. Susque-
hanna Creek. Ciookrd Cir.'k. Marion lliaiuh. Pine Township, j^im
sey's Bun. Harris' Run. Stinipsnn's LMm. Ross liun. Clicrrv Bnn,
AfcKenny linn. .MrCminick's Run. Mud Lick Bun, Smi.ksbnrg Run!
(U-oft's Bun, Alien Run, Hiune L*un, Huridiamer Bun, l^esidiam L'uu,

84

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Koss Kun, liovk Hiiii. Salof(iver Run, Brond Head Kud, Elder's
Jluii, Little Kim, (brooked Ihm, Smitten Kiin, Pickei-iiig Kun, Mar-
tin's Kun).

Lcuciscus marffarita (Cope). — Pearl Dace.

A little known and a]>])areiitly qnite local species. Subsequent
records to the onjjinal are (lonbtlul.

Susquehanna Jxivrr Basin (Irihulary of Conestoj^-'i Ti-eek near
Lancaster, llie Brancli, Spring Creek, liald Eagle Creek).

Ohio River Basin (Cole Grove in McKean Conntyi.

Abrainis erj/soleucas (MilcbiH). — Bream, Boacb, Shiner.

A very abundant and familiar species, living nioslly in (juiet
waters. Valued as bait, and someties as a pan fish, as it leaches a
foot in length occasionally. Distribnted in all (»ur waters.

Delnirarc River Basin (Keimetl Square, ^reiideidiall, lying's Bun,
Willistown Barrens, Chadd's Foid. Jundion. Taylor's L*un, Hunter's
liun, Long Neck. Collingdale. Xaylor's Bun, Tinicum. Darby Creek,
\'alley Forge, Cladwyne, Tacony Creek, Ih.luiesburg. iiusllelon,
ITatboro, Torresdaie, Corn wells. Croydon. Hulmeville. Langhorne,
Neshaminy Falls, Newtown, Bristol. Enielie. Guinea Creek, Tnlly-
town, Scott's Creek, Morrisville, Vardly, Kaston, Daleville, Din'g-
man's Ferry).

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancaster Counly. Winner's Mills,
Swamp Bridge, Denver, Camlnia C(»unty. York Fuinace, Notting-
ham, Lopez, Enij>orium).

Ohio River Basin.

Lake Eric Basin (Erie).

Ceratiehthys viqila.r Baird and Oirard. — Cliola Alinnnw.

Occurs w^est of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin ( ^fonoiigahela Biver).

Nofropis hifrenalus (Cope).— Bridled :Nrinnow.

Abundant east of the Alleghenies. Disf inguishcd from all the
others of its genus by the lateral line inconii>lere or slightly devel-
o])ed at all ages.

Delaware Biver Basin (Bing's Bun, Black Ih.rse Bun. Chadd's
Ford, Collingdale, Naylor's Bun, X'alley Vuviio, Ccmshohocken,
Holnicsbui'g, Bustleton, llatboro, Torresdaie. (\)rnwells. Ciovdon,
Hulmeville, Neshaminy Falls. Langhorne, Newtown. Li Hie Xcsham-
iny Creek, i:tterton. Long Pond. Wycombe, Bristol, Magnolia, Ijuelie,
Guinea Creek, Scott's Creek, Easton).

Susquehanna River Basin (York Furnace).

Notropis hoops Gilbert.- Big eyed Minnow.

Known only from west of the Alleghenies.

Allegheny River Basin (Foxburg).

'Notropis delieioeus (Girard). ---Dainty Minnow.

Occurs west of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela Biver and Boss Bun in Indiana
County).

Nofropis jtroene (Gope). Swallow Minnow.

Abundant in clear and not too raju'd streams, east of (he .Mlcghcn
ies. A pretty litle fisb. haidy in tin- a(]nariuni. ami valued as bj7it.

Delaware River Basin (White (Nay (Meek, IMiiladelphln. Schuvl
kill Biver. Abrams. Collingdale, Hoimcsburg. P.ris1ol, Hnluievillc.
Newtown. Neshaminy Falls. Etieiton. F.cnig Pond, Wv«-ombe>

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES,

85

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancaster County, Conestoga Creek,
Nottingham, Paradise, Swamp Bridge. Witmer's Mills, Blainsport).

Notropis keimi Fow'Wr. — Allegheny Minnow.

Bare, and only known from west of the Allpgheni^'s.

Allegheny River Basin (Port Allegheny and Cole Grove.

Notropis hudsonius (Clintoni.— SJmt-tailed Minm)w.

Found west of the Alleghenies, in Pennsylvania. Di tiers li«nn (he
next in the ever-i)resent black caudal spot. \'alued as bait.

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela Biver and Cole Grove ».

Lake Erie Basin (Erie).

Notropis hudsonius a mams (Girard i.— Eastern Spot [ailed Min-
now, Gudgeon, Spawn-eater.

Abundant in streams east of the Alleghenies. A good bait-fish,
reaching six inches in length.

Delaware River Basin (I?randywine Cr<»ek, Black Horse Bun,
Bing's Bun. Chadd's Ford, Holmesburg, Bustleton, Torre.«<dale, Croy-
don, ITulmeville, Neshaminy Falls, Langhorne, Bridgetown. lOtterton,
Langhorne, Bristol, Dinginan's Ferry i.

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancaster County. Conestoga Creek,
Paradise, Denver. Witmer's Mills, The Branch, Spring Creek).

Notropis irhipjd a (Girard ).— Silver-fin.

Lives in the clear waters of the Ohio N'alley and Lakt' Erie. A
^ood bait-minnow, reaching four inches.

Ohio River Basin Oronongahela Bivei-, Yonghioghcny Biver, Kis-
kiminitas Biver, Cole Grove).

/>f//iv Erie Basin (Erie).

Nofropis whipplii analosfanus (Girard i.— Eastern Silver tin. Blue
Minnow.

TVrhai>s the most abundant sjjecies in the State. It <»ccurs (=ast of
the Alleghenies. Spawningmalcs are beautifully ornate with white
or satin-white pigment. Valued as bait.

Delaware Biver Bas'n (Kennett Square, below Chadd's Ford.
Junction, Crossart, Ifing's l{un. Chadd's Ford, Biandyw'ne Summit t.
(N)ncordville. :\rarkham. Darby Creek. Gollingdale. Philadelphia,
Schuylkill L'ivei-, Coiisholiocken. Abi-a?ns. Gladwyn<', N'alley Foige,
Barren Hill, Hatboro. Jenkintown. Walnut Hii;. Bustleton.* Holmes-
burg, Byberry, Torresdaie, Cornwells. Croydon, Ilulm;ville. Nisham-
iny Falls, Little Neshaminy Creek, Langhorne, Ettei t(.n. Loni> P«md.
Wycombe, Newtown, P.ristol. :\ragnolia, Emelie, Tullyiown. Scott's
Creek, ^lorrisville, Dingman's Ferrv).

Susquehanna River Basin (York Fui-nac;\ Lancaster C«;unty, Para
dise, Tnmt Bun, Akron Bun, Ejjhrata. Denver, Swamp Bridge, Con-
estoga Creek. Octorara Creek. Bainbridge. W-lmer's Mills. Blains-
port, Juniata Biver, Newton Hamilton. Allojtna. .Meshoppen Ci(M'k
Elk Crepki.

Notropis eornutus ( .Mitchill).— Bed tin. Horned Shiner.

Very abundant and living in all our wateis. H attains an average
maximum length of eight in<'li<'s. ami value*! as bait, alsn soujetimes
as a ]»an Hsh.

Drhnrarc Rirrr Basin (Kennett Square, Alendenhall. K'iim's Cun.
P.randywine Creek below Chadd's Ford Jum-tion. CinssarL iihicl.
Horse Bun, Mill Bun, Willistown barrens. White Horse. LN'cse's
Bun, Darby Creek, Collar P»rook, Whetstone L'nn. Lanuloiil's |{un.

80

REPCHIT OF THE

Off. Doe.

Lewis' Kini, ALarkaiii, Wawa, Na.vlor's Knn, S«lni\ Ikill J^iver, Abraiiis,
Barren Hill, Hatboro, Valley For.ire, Ta(<»iiy Creek, Holmesbiirg,
Kiistletoii, Iletli Ayres, Walimt Mill, Hyherry/Torresdale, Comwells,
Toltaiii Creek, Croydon, Fliisliino-, liulmeVille, Neslianiiny Falls,
Lanohorne, Bridgetown, Etterfou, Long Pond, Wycombe, Newtown,
Little Neshnminy Creek, (Miali'ont, Bristol, Tnllytown, Morrisville,
Eastoii, Belfast, Dingman's Ferry).

^(isiiurlumna River Basin (Nottingham, Lancaster Count3% Con-
estoga Creek, Paradise, Denver, Swamp Bridge, Kplirata, Trout
IVnn, Witmers Mills, Snoekstown Run. Carlisle, Cambria Connty,
Bald Eagle Creek, Wilkes-Barre, Muncy, Kaystown Creek, Meshop-
pen Creek, Elk Creek).

Ohio River Basin (Yonghiogheny Biver, Allegheny Biver, Newcas-
tle, Cole Grove, Corydon, Port Allegany, Kiskiminitas Biver and the
following in Indiana Connty: Cowansluuioc, Two Lick Creek, North
Bninch of Two Lick Creek, Rig Mahoning Creek, Little Mahoning
Creek, Crant Township, Pine Township, Ramsey's Bun, Cherry Run,
Crooked Run, Burnhamer Bun, Besnham L*un, Saltgiver Bun, Mc-
Cormick's Run, Ross Run, Broad Head Bun, Elder's Bun, Little
Bun, Groft's Bun. Mud Lick ]{un, Smicksburg Bun, Smitten Run,
Ilileman Run. JMckering Run).

Lake Erie Basin (Erie).

Xotropis f'half/harns (CojkM. — Ir<»n c(dored .Afinuow.

A brilliant little minnow, living niostly in quiet water. Found
only east of the Alleghenies in the lowlands.

Delaware River Basin (Conshohocken, Brislol, Emolie, Neshaminy
Falls, Newtown.

Notropis jejunus (Forbes).— Hungry Minnow.

Only found west of the Alleghenies.

Oino River Basin (Lock No. 1) A[<mongahela Biver).

Notropis afheriuoiOrs Balinesque. — Emeiald .AFinnow.

A handsome sj^rcies, reaching six inches in length. Found west
of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Beaver Rivei-, Monongjihela Biver, Two Lick
Creek, Cherry Run).

Lale Erie Basin (Erie).

Notropis rnhrifrons (Cope).— Red-faced Minnow.

A smnll si>ecies, living in clear sireams west of the Alleghenies.

Ohif, River Basin (Pigeon Creek in ^ronongMhcIa Biver Bnsin, Kis
kiniinitas Biver, Pickering Bun, and Big Maluming Cre^jk).

Notropis ])hofo(/cnis ((^ope).— White-eyed ^linnow.

A silvery species reaching three inches* in length. Found west of
the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Yonghiogheny Biver and (Mierry Bun in In-
diana Counh').

Notropis photof/rnis amwnus (Abbott).— Eastern White-eved Min
now. Attractive ]\rinnow.

A bright silvery little species, found in streams east of the \lle-
ghenies.

Delaware River Ba.^in ( ilolmesburg, nulmeville, Neshaminv Falls
Langhorne, Bridgetown, Bristol, Afagnolia, Emelie, Dino'man's
Ferrv). '^

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

87

Susquehanna River Basin (Paradise Swamp Bridge, Denver, Bald
Eagle Creek).

Ericymha buccata Cope. — Scalloped Minnow.

A silvery little minnow, remarkable for its cavernous cheeks and
jaws. Found in clear streams and ponds west of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela RiVer, Kiskiminitas River, Two
Lick Creek, North Branch of Two Lick Creek, Cherry Bun, Bamsey's
Run, Pickering Run, Burnhamer Bun, Besnham Run, Mud Lick Run,
Groft's Run, Ross Run, Elders Run, Litle liun, Smitten Run, Crooked
Run, Pine Township).

Rhinichthys cataraeiw (Valenciennes). — Long-nosed Dace.

A vigorous minnow, reaching five inches in length, living in clear,
swift streams, in all our walers. N'alued as bait.

Dvlaivare River Basin ( Kennel i Scjiuire, White Clay Creek, Men-
denhall, Mill Run, Eastonj.

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancaster County, Safe Harbor, Para-
dise, The Branch, Spring Creek, Altoona, Emporium).

Ohio River Basin (Ohio Pyle).

Rhiniehthys atronasus (Mitchill). — Black-nosed Dace.

N'ery abundant, and characteristic of all small cold brooks, es
pecially in mountainous regions. \'alued as bait.

Delaware River Basin ( Kennett Scpiare, Mendenhall, Ring's Bun,
Black Horse Bun, Stock (; range, Willistown Jiarrens, Chadd's Ford.
Junction, Crossarl, Chadd's Ford, Reese's Run, White Horse, North
Branch of Langiord's Bun, Lewis' Bun, Collar Brook, C<)llingdale,
Darby Creek, Wawa, Whetstone Run, Ridley Creek, Cobb's Creek,
Central Square, Naylor's Run, Schuylkill River. Abrams, W1ssa-
hickon Creek, Barren Hill, Hatboro, Gladwyne, Centerville, Tacony
Creek, Holmesburg, liustietou, Jielh Ayres, Walnut Hill, Byberry,
Torresdale, Cornwells, Croydon, Hulmeville, Neshaminy Falls, Lil-
tle Nescliaminy Creek, Chalfont, Newtown, Langhoriie, lOiterton.
Flushing, Long Pond, Brooktield Run, Wycombe, Bristol, Tnllytown,
Morrisville, Easton, Brooklyn, Belfast, Dingman's Feiiy, Dalevillei.

Susquehanna River Basin (North East Creek, Ocloraro Creek. Nol-
lingham, Lancaster County, Paradise, Bainbridge, Cambria County.
Kphrata, Denver, Akron Bun, Trout Bun, Witmer's Mills, Blainsport,
The Branch, Si)rlng Creek, Bald Eagle Creek, V(.rk Fui-nace Lopez,
(Jaleton, Emporium, Sugar \'alley Bun, Woi>snomick Bun, AUoona).

Ohio River Basin (Pigeon Creek in Monongahela itiver Basin,
Yonghiogheny Jviver, Meyersdale, Port Allegany, (\)le (^frove, Cou-
dersport, Jiavmonds, Warren, Ohio Pyle, P.eaver IJiver, Kiskiminitas
Biver and the following in Indiana County: Cowcmshanoc, ^Marion
Branch, Pine Township, Oiant Townshij),' Two Li( k Creek, Pine
Creek, Susquehanna Creek, J5ig Mahoning Creek, Crooke<l Creek, :Mc-
Cormick's Creek, Bamsey's Bun. ^farsh liun, Wehrle's Bun, Cherry
Bun, McKenny Bun, I{ock Bun, Allen's Bun, Home Bun, Burnhamer
Bun, Besnham Run, Saltgivej- Run, Broad Ifead I{un, Elders Bun.
Mud Lick Bun, Little Bun, Simpsim's K*un, (Jroft's Bun. Smitten
Run, Pickering Run, Martin's Run, Crooked Rum.

Genesee River Basin (Tlold in Poiter Counly).

Potomac River Basin (Cove Creek in Fulton County).

Tjuke Erie Basin.

Hyhopsis dissimilis (Kir(land). — Spot led Chub.

88

KEl'OKT OF THE

Ofif. Doc.

Keaclies six inches in length, and lives in Ihe channels of largei'
s( reams west of the Alleghenies.

Oh'ut Rivor BqsIu (Voiighioghenv Kiver, Mononoahela IJiver).

JlyhopHis- sforcrianus (KirtlandL -Storer's Chub.

Keaches ten inches in length, and found in the larger streams west
of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela Kiver).

Jlyhopsis kcntnckiensis (Katinesque). — Horned Chub, Horny-head,
River-jerker.

N'alued mostly as bait. Found in streams bolh east and west of
the Alleghenies, though not definitely recorded from the Delaware.
Reaches ten inches in length.

i^usqifclnunia Jiinr fiasin (York Furnace, Lancaster County, Con-
estoga Cre 'k. Diim-:, Uaiiibridge, IJald l^agle Cicek. VAk Creek, Em-
porium ).

Ohio River liasin ( Voughiogheny Kiver, Ohio Pyle, l^eaver River.
Kiskiminitas River, 'J^vo Lick Creek, IJanisey's Run, (lierry Run,
Newcastle, Allegheny River, AV^arren, Port Allegany).

Exoylosaiim maxiUingna (Le Sueur). — Cut-lips Chub.

Jieaches six inchrs in length, and remarkable among all our fishes
foi- its peculiar three-lobed lowei- Jaw. Found in" clear running
streams.

DeluuHirr River Ha.sin ( Mendenhall, Red Clav Creek, Hlack Horse
Run, Mill K'lin, N'alley Forge, Schuylkill Riven'.

^^HSijncJiainio River Basin (Lancaster County, Paradise, Denver,
Witmer's Mills, Cambria County, York Furnace, Carlisle, Hollldays-
burg, liainbridge, Juniata River, Spring Creek, Raid Eagle Creek,
I'hnporium, Altooua, Lopez, North Rranch of Susquehanna I.

Ohio River Hasin (Cole (irove, l*ort Allegany).

Family (WTOSTOM HLIO (Suckers).

(Jyclcpius elonfjaiii.s ( Lc Sueur ).^Black Horse.
A large species, reaching thirty inches, living in streams west of
the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Ohio Rivrr far as Pittsburgh, Alleghenv liiver,
iskiminitis River).

letiohiis huhahi.'^ (Rafinesque).— Small mouthed Ruffalo Fish.
Found west of the Alleghenies, and not valued as food.
Ohio River Basin (Ohio River far as Pittsburgh).
Carpiodes ihonips(nii Agassiz. — Lake Carp Sucker.
Not valued as a food lish, though reaching a weight of five pounds.
Occurs west of the Alleghenies.
I.aJce Brie Basin (Erie).

Carpiodrs eijprinus (Le Sueur).— Eastern Carp Suckers, Silver
Carp.

Tlu; only one o\ its genius occurring east of the Alleghenies. Not
much valued as food.

^Susquehanna River Basin (Conestoga Creek).

Carpiodes euiisanserinus Cope.— Rough-nosed Cai-]) Sucker.

Like the last, about a foot long, though only found west of the
Alleghenies.

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISIJERIES.

89

Ohio River Basin (Kiskiminitas 'River, Allegheny l\iver).

Carpiodes vclifer Rafinesque. — ('arp Sucker, (^uillback, Spearfish.

A small species, about a foot long, living in streams west of the
Alleghenies.

Ohio Rivi'r Basin (Ohio liiver as far as Pittsburgh, Monongahela
River, at Lock No. M, and Monongahela City).

Catostouius eatostanius (Forster). — Long-nosed Sucker.

Distinguished from all of our other suckers by its extremely tine
or small scales. A species of the northwest, reaching a length of
Ihirty inches.

Ohio River Basin (Youghioglieny River).

Catostouius eonnnersonnii ( Laceiu^'de). — Connnon Sucker. ,

Our most abundant species, and reaches a length of about eighteen
inches. Found in all our waters.

Delaware Rinr Hasin (KeuiKtt S<iuare, Mendenhall, Ring's Run,
Hunter's Run, Castle Rock, 'linicum, Jxidley Creek, Darby Creek,
Cobb's Creek, Naylor's Run, (Jbulwyne, Valley Forge, Tacony Creek,
Hatboro, Beth Ayres, Holinesburg, IJustleton, Walnut Hill, Torres-
dale, I{yberiy, Coinwells, Croydon, Huimeville, Chalfont, Little Ne-
shaminy Creek, Neshamlny Falls, Newtown, Langhorne, Etterton,
Long I'oud, Wycombe, Ouinca Creek, Bristol, Tullytown, Scott's
Creek, Morrisville, J^aston, Belfast, Delaware VVater (Jap, Dingman's
Ferry ) .

l!:ius(/uehiinna V/Zrcr Basin (North I'.ast Creek, Lancaster County,
Octoraro Cre;k, Conesloga Creek, I'aradise, Ephrata, Bainbridge,
Carlisle, Cambria County, The Branch, Spring Creek, Bald li^agle
Creek, Emporium, Wilkes-Barre).

Ohio River Basin (Youghioglieny Kiver, Meyersdale, ()\\\o Pyle,
Pigeon Creek in Monongahela J»asin, Foxburg, Port Allegany, Co-
v.aushamM-. Marion P.rauch, Orant Township, Two Lick Creek, North
Branch of .Two Lick Creek, Pine Creek, Crooked Crwk, K'amsey's
Run, Cherry Run, Wehrle's Run, Home Run, Mud Lick Run. Smicks-
burg Kun, (iroft's Run, Burnhamer J\un, Martin's Run. Mccormick's
Run, Ross Run).

Lake Erie Basin.

Catostouius nigricans Le Sueur. — Black Sticker.

Said to occur in all our river-basins, though 1 have not found it in
the Delaware. Lives in clear and usually rapid streams, reaching
two feet in length.

Delaware River Basin.

iSu.'iquehanna River Basin (Lancaster (^ounty, Denver, Octoraro
Creek, Paradise, Con(»stoga Creek, Bainbridge, Cambria County, Al-
tocma, Emporium I.

Ohio River Jiasin (Pigeon Creek in Mon«>ngalieia River Basin,
Youghioglieny River. Newcastle, Kiskiminitas Kiver, Two Lick Creek,
Cherry Run, AfcKeuny Kun, North P»ranch of Two Lick Creek, Port
Allegany).

Lat:e Erie Basin.

Eriuiyzou sueelta ohlouf/us (Milchilli. — Chub Sucker, Mullet,

Abundant in all our wateis. Readies eleven inches in length and
not value<l as food.

Delaicare Rivrr Hasin (Kciniell Sipiarc. Mendenhall. Chadd's Fortl
Junction, Cheney, Ridley Cicck, Darby ("reek, Schuylkill River, Ccr-

90

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

AVIiite nosed Red Horse.

Found

niautowo, Tacony Creek, Holmesburg, l^ustleton, Walnut Hill,
Ifuinieville, Neshniiiiuy Falls, Lauolioine, Wycombe, Newtown, Gui-
nea Creek, TnUyfown, Alorrisville, lOjustou, Helfast).

HH8ijnc'/ianna h*iv(r liaain ( Laucjislei- County, Witmer's Mills, Cen-
tre County, Cambria County, Alt(;(>na).

Ohio River Basin (Port Allegany).

Genesee River Basin (Gold).

Lake Erie Basin.

Mo.i()sl<nn(i unisiirniti ( Rafinesi/iie).^

Readies two feet in length and not valued as a food-fish
west of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Ohio River far as Pittsburgh, Jamestown in
Mercer County, P>paver River, Youghiogheny Ifiver, Allegheny River).

Moxosioni erythrunnn (Rafinesque). — Red Horse.

Abundant west of the AlU'ghenies.

Ohio River Basin ( Voughiogheny River, lieaver River, Kiskiniini-
tas liiver, Cowanshanoc. Grant Townsliip, Pine Township, Two l.ick
Creek, Cherry Itnn, Home Run, Elders Run, Little Run, Rig Mahon-
ing Creek, Indiana, Monongahela River).

Luke Erie Basin (Erie).

Mo.rostom inavrolepidolnm (Le Sueur). — Eastern R*ed Horse.

The only red hoise east of the Alleghenies.

l)elaii:arc River Basin.

iSnsqitehanna River Basin (Lancaster County, Conestoga Creek,
Carlisle, Cambria County).

Moa'ostonia duquesnei (Le Sueur).— Small-scaled Ked Horse.

Streams Avcst of tlie Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Youghiogheny River, Rranch of Rig ALdioning
Creek.

Mo.rostonia hr< viveps (Coi)e).— Short-headed IUh] lloi'se.
Found west of the Alleghenies.
Ohio h'iver Basin (Youghiogheny River).
1'laeopharyn.P earinahis Cope. — P>i;g-jaw('d Sucker.
A large sucker, reaching tliyly inches in length, living in (he larger
si reams west of the Alleghenies.
(Hiit) h*iver Basin (Reaver RiviM-).

Family S'1LUR1IL1<: (CatfishcsL

h'talurus fnrcafiis (Valenciennes).— Chuckle-Invaded Cat.

A large si)ecies, reaching ovei- forty ]M)nnds weight and fonml west
of the Alleghenies, and valued as food.

Ohio River Basin (Lock No. .3 of Mcmongahela Riven.

Ictalurus puneiatus (R;ifines(iuei.-— Blue Cat.

An excellent food-fish, reaching twenty-five jMumds in weigh!. West
of the Alleghenies.

1 Minytrcma mclanops (Rafinesque) is listed by Cope and T. il. Bean hypothetically Later
Ross has rcpordcd it from Sprinjr and Bald Eagle Creeks in Centre Coimty Ttiis 1« tlie only
record from the nortlicast of the Alleprhenies, and may be ()Uestioned, imlil the rnaterial in

question Is compared and re-^;xamlned

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

91

Ohio River Basin (Ohio River far as Pittsburgh, Beaver River,
Lock No. 9, Monongahela River).

Ameiurus lacnsiris (Walbauni). — Lake Cat.

A valued food-fish of the Great Lakes and st!*eanis west of the Al
leghenies.

Lake Erie Basin (Erie).

Anwiariis catu^ (Linnanis). — White Cat.

Abundant in large streams east of the Alleghenies, where it in the
most valued cat-fish. Reaches about two feet in length.

Delaware River Basin (Chester County, Hf)lniesburg, Torresdale,
Bristol.)

Susquehanna River Basin (York Furnace, Lancaster County,
Schenk's Ferry, Conestoga Creek).

Ameiurus natal i,s (Le Siyuri. — Yellow Bullhead.

Variable, and though sofar only known from west of the Alleghen-
ies. Size rather small or usually less than two feet, though valued
as food.

Ohio River Basin (Ohio River far as Pittsburgh).

Lake Erie Basin.

Ameiurus nehulosus (Le Sueur).— Common Cat, Bullhead.

The most abundant of the catfishes. Found in all our waters, and
valued as a food-fish. Readies two feet in length.

Delaivare River Basin (Kennott Square, M(3(ndenhall, Chenev,
Chadd' Ford, 'I'inicum. Darby Creek, Ridley Creek, Cobb's Creek,
Long Neck, Philadelphia, Schuylkill River, Falls of Schuylkill, Glad-
wyne, Tacony Creek, Jenkintown. Holmesburg, Bustleton, Torres-
dale, Cornwells, Croydon, Hulmeville, Neshaminy Falls, Chalfont,
Newtown, ^Yycomhe, Bristol, Tullytown, Scott's Creek, :\Iorrisvllle,
Dingman's Ferry).

Susquehanna River Basin (York Furnace, Lancaster County, Con-
estoga Cieek, North East Creek. Ejdirata, AVitmer's Mills, Cambria
County, AYilkes-Barre) .

Ohio River Basin (Coudersport, Perryville, Two Lick Creek, Ram-
sey's Run, Cherry Run, McKenny Run, Simpson's Run).

Lake Erie Basin.

Ameiurus nieJas ^Rafinesque). —Black Bullhead.

A small black species, found west (d' the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin.

Lake Erie Basin.

Gronias nigrilahris Cope. — Blind Cat.

Known only from a few examples obtained in Eastern Pennsyl-
vania.

Susquehanna River Basin (Conestoga Creek near Lancaster).

Lepfops olivaris (^Rafinesque). — Mud Cat.

A large species, living in muddy waters, wes( of the Alleghenies.
Valued as food.

Ohio River Basin (Youghiogheny River).

Vof//r?/s flavus Rafinesque. — Yellow Stone Cat.

The largest of the stone cals. reaching a foot or more in length.
Found west of Ihe Allejrhenies.

Ohio River Basin. (Pigeon Creek in Alonongahela Rivei- Basin, Two
Lick Creek, Ifamsey's Run, Cherry Run).

Lake Erie Basin (Erie).

02

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doe.

ScMlbeodes gijrhuis (Mitchill).— Tad-pole Stone Cat.

Foiiud, ai)]tavently, in most all onr waters. Lenj^th five inches.
Like the next, valued as bait.

Delatcare Rirer Uashi (Hohnesburji-, IJristol, Ktterton, Long Pond,
TuUytown, Delaware Water (lap, I)in«»nian\s Ferry i.

Susquehanna River Basin (Lo]>ez).

Genesee River Basin (Gold).

Schilheodcs insignis (Kichardson i. — Marj^ined Stt»ne Cat.

Larger than the last, reaching nearly a foot in length. Fonnd east
of the Alleghenies.^

Delaware River Basin (Schuylkill Kiver, Holnieshurgi.

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancastt^r (>)unty, Conestoga Creek,
I>ainbridge, Paradise, Cambria County, Altoona, Carlisle, Marsh
Kun, Bald Eagle Creek, Wj^alusing, Emporium).

Schilhcades iniurus (Joidani. — Short Stone Cal.

Found west of the Alleghenies. Length four inches.

Ohio River Basin (Crooked Creek in Indiana County).

Family ESOCID^ (Pikes),

Esox americanus (Gmelin). — Banded Pickeivl.

Abundant east of the Alleghenies. Reaches about a foot, and a
good food-fish.

Delatcare River Basin (While Clay Creek. Kenneti Square, Men-
denhall, Tinicum, Long Neck, Darby Creek, Tacony Cre?k, Holmes
burg, Torresdale, Cornwells, Neshaminy Falls. Newtown, P>risl<>l,
Scott's Creek, Penn ^'alley, Tullylown, MorrisvilliM.

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancaster (^)unty, Nottingham, Wit
nier's Mills, Cambria County).

Esox Vfrmicuhifus (Le Sueur).- -Western Pickerel.

A small species, like, the last, but only found west of the Alle-
ghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Port Allegany and Poter County i.

Eso.T retieulatus (Le Sueur). — Chain Pike, "Pickerel."

Lives east of the Alleghenies in Pennsylvania, except where intro-
duced. A valued food and gamefish. reachinii about two feet in
length.

Delaware River Basin (Philadelphia, Ro^^k Hill Pond, Dingman's
Feirv).

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancaster County. Cambria County,
Bald Eagle Cree*k. Auburn).

f'Jsf.i.r lucifis (Linnams). — Pike.

A large food-fish, reaching a length of loui- feel. In our limits
found only west of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Crt'enville, Port Allegany. Lake Conneaut, Lake
Le Bouef).

Esox )ua!<qinnnn(/ii i. Mitchill i. Mnskalhmge.

Beaches eight (Vet in length, and found in the t^ii-eat f^ik*' Iv^'^gion.

1 My roford ot this spwles for Port Allegany may be queHtioned, until the material is
re cxarnlned.

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES

03

Lake Erie Basin (Erie).

Esox nutsquinmif/ij ahiensis (Kirtlandi. — Ohio River Muskallunge.

Differs from the preceding chiefly in color. Reaches five feet.
Found in the Ohio Valley.

Ohio River Basin (Conneaut Lake, Allegheny River far as (>>iy-
don, Warren County, Beaver River).

Family (^MBRID.E (Mud Minm>ws).

Umbra limi (Kirtland).— Western Mud Minnows.

Length about four inches. Lives in muddy ponds or swamps west
of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Meadville).

Umbra pygmwta (De Kay).— Eastern Mud Minnows).

Similar to the last, though reaching a length of six inches. Both
species are of value as bait, or as food for larger fishes.

Delaware River Basin (Kennett Square, Mendenhall, Tinicum,
Darby Creek, Philadelphia, Tacony Creek, Holmesburg, Torresdale,
Cornwells, Neshaminy Falls, Newtown, Guinea Creek, Bristol, TuUy-
town, Scott's Creek, Morrisville, Penn Valley).

Susquehanna River Basin (Nottingham).

Family PCECTLIID.^^] (Killifish)

Fundulus heteroelitus maerolepidotus (Walbaum). — Mummlchos:.
Tidal Killifish.

Very abundaiii in (he lidal reiiions east of ihc Alleghenies.
Reaches six inches in length, and valuable as a scavenger.

Delaware River Basin (Tinicum, League Island, Tacony, Holmes-
burg, Torresdale, Cornwells, Croydon, Bristol, Tullytown, Scott's
Creek, Morrisville).

Fundulus diaphanus (Le Sueur).— Barred Killifish.

Common in streams and rivers east of the Alleghenies, though un
like the pi('(<M]iiig :is( ending to ihc upiicinicst headwaters. Length
four inches.

Delaware River Basin (Kennett Square, below Chadd's Ford Junc-
tion, Mill Run. Taylor's Run, Ridley Creek, Darby Creek, Gladwyne,
Valley Forge, Tacony Creek, Holmesburg, Bustleton, Torresdale.
Cornwells. Croyibm. Tlulmeville, Neshaminy Falls, Newtown. Lang-
horne, Etterton, Long Pond, Wycombe, Biistol. S-cott's Creek, Tully-
town, Moirisville, Montgomery County i.

Susquehanna River Basin (Lancaster Countv, Cambria Countv,
York Furnace. Paradise, Bald Eagle Creek).

Fu nihil us tjjiin/faiiiis' iiininini iJfirduii and (Onrland) Western
Barred Killifish.

Represents the ])receding west of the Alleghenies, and differs
chiefly in color.

Ohio River Basin ( \Varren County).

04

REPORT OF THE
Family HELONID.li: (Silver Gars).

Off. Doc.

Tylostinis niariviis ( Walbauin). — Silver Gar, Green Gar.
Distributed in large rivers east of the Alleghenies. Readies four j
feet in lenglli, and a vahipd food fish.

Delaware Ixiver Basin (Philadelphia, Bristol).
i'^ustjuehanna River Hasin (Bainbridge, Pequea).

Family ATHERINID^ (Silversides).

Lnhidcsthes sirculus (Cope). — Brook Silverside.
West of the Alleghenies in quiet water. Length about three and
one half inches.
Ohio ]{ivei' Uasin ( Voughiogheny Kiver).

Family GASTEROSTEID^. (Sticklebacks).

Eiicalia inconstans (Kirtland). — Brook Stickleback.
A small species, less than three inches in length, fv-^und in fresh
water west of the Alleghenies.
Ohio River Basin (Foxburg).
Lake Erie Basin (Erie).

Gasfcroslens ccu1aetns (Linnu'usi. — Two-spined Stickeleback,
Burns tickle.

Found in our eastern tidal region, reaching a length of four inches.

Delaware River Basin (Philadelphia).

Apeltes quadraeiis fMitchill).— Four-spined Stickleback.

A most abundant lillle fish in weedy waters east of the Alleghen-
ies. Lnngth but liltle over two inches.

Delaware River Basin (Tinicum, Tacony, Holmesburg, Torresdale,
Oornwells, Croydon, Bristol, Tullytown, Scott's Creek, Morrisville)!

Family PERCOPSTD^ (Trout Perch).

Pereopsis ormiseomayrus (Walbaum). —Trout Perch.

Found in streams and lakes west of the Alleghenies, but not in
the Delaware. Length six inches, thus too small to be of value as
food.

Ohio Rirrr Basin ( M<»nongahela River. French Creek above
Franklin).

Family APHREDODERID^ (Pirate Perch

Aphredoderns saynnus {{V\W\ixmi^).—V\vi\\(^ Perch.
A variable little fish, living in sluggish waters east of the AUe-
glienies. Length five inches.

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES,

95

Delaware River Basin (Tinicum, League Island, Harrowgate, Ta-
cony, Holmesburg, Torresdale, Bristol).

Family CENTRARCHIDiE (Sunfishi.

Po m oxis annu la ris ( Rafi nesque ) . — Crappie.

A fine food-fish, reaching a foot in length. West of the Alleghen-
ies, though introduced in eastern waters.

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela River, Kiskiminitas River).

Delaware River Basin (At Brownsville).

Pomoxis sparoides (Lac6p^de). — Calico Bass.

Found in all our waters, especially where clear. Valued as a game
and food-fish. Length about a foot.

Delaware River Basin (Torresdale).

Susquehanna River Basin.

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela River).

AmhlopUfes rupesfris (Rafinesque). — Red-eyed Bass, Rock Bass.

An abundant species, though originally only found west of the
Alleghenies. Valued as a food and game-fish. Length about a foot.

Ohio River Basin (Pigeon Creek, Monongahela River, Beaver
River, Port Allegany, Warren, Kiskiminitas River, Two Lick Creek,
Ramsey's Run, Simj)S(m's Run, Cherry Run).

Susquehanna River Basin at Wrightsville.

Delaicare Rirer Basin at Flat Rock Dam, Conshohocken, Pawl-
ing's Bridge, Brandywine Creek.

Enneacanthus f/loriosus (Holbrooki. — Blue-spotted Sunfish.

A variable little fish, found in lowlan<l streams east of the Alle-
ghenies. Apparently but a single sy)ecies, the so-called "Sphagnum
Sunfish'' being but a local variety. Length, three inches.

Delaicare River Basin (League Island, Philadelphia, Holmesburg,
Torresdale, Bristol ) .

Susquehanna River Basin (Conestoga Creek).

Misogonisfiua cho'todon (Baird). — Banded Sunfish.

One of the most attractive and ornamental of aquarium fishes.
Found only east of the Alleghenies. Length four inches.

Delaware Rirer Basiti (Bristol. Magnolia, riolmesburgi.

Lepornis auritus (Linn:eus). — Red-breasted Sunfish.

A very abundant and valued pan-fish, as well as interesting to the
angler, in n])land streams east of the Alleghenies. Length eight
inches.

Delaware Rirer Basin (Brandywine tributaries, sti-eams below
Chadd's Ford Junction. Linden Grove. Chadd's Ford, Darby Creek.
Ridley Creek, Hunter's Run. Tayloit's Run, 31 ill Run, Naylor's
Run, Cobb's Creek, Philadeljdiia. N'alley Forge, Montgomery County,
Mill Creek, Gladwyne, Hatboro, Walnut Hill, Tacony Creek. Holmes-
burg, Bustl(»ton. Byberry, Torresdale, Cornwells, Croydon, Hulme-
ville, Laiighorne, Biidgetowu. Etterton, Long Pond. Wycombe, Ne-
shaminy Falls. \ewh)wn, Bristol, Tullytown, Scott's Creek, Morris-
ville. Dingman's Ferry).

Susquehanua Rirrr Basin (Lancaster County. Bainbridge. Cone-

oc

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

sloiia rreok, rnr.ulise, Camlnia County, York Fiininto, liald Eaj;le
Ch'(M'k. Spriuj^ Creek).

Lrpamist nic(/al(tfis ( IvatiiiesijiiiM. — Loii^ij-eared Siiiifisli.

All exti-eiiiely vaiiahle siKcies, reaeliinji' eij»ht iuelies in leiij;tli.
J'oniid west of tlie Allejiheiiies.

Ohio River liasiin fKiskiiuinitas Kiver).

Lc/Kj)n}s iiiarrocJiints ( K'afiiiesqiiel. — Larg<'-tiniie<l Siiiifisli.

A small spcries. alxnit five indies loiij?, found in llie Ohio X'alley.

01}}o River liasin (Kiskiniini>tas IJlveri.

Lepomis ineisnr ( A'aleiiciennesi. — Bine Snnfish, Bream.

A variable s]>ecies in <nii<M \va1"r. Keach a foot in lenpjtli.

Delaicare River B(i'<in.

^Susquehanna River littsin.

Ohio River Basin i Kiskiniinilas Kiver, Warren County).

Eupoinoiis f/ihhni<tn>; (Liniupusi, — Comnnm Sunfish.

The most abundant s]>e<ies, and found in all our waters. Reaches
eijfht inches.

Delairare River Basin n^randywine tributaries. Kennet Square,
Chadd's Ford, Ridley Creek, Cheney, Tinicum. Lon<f Neck. Darby
Creek, Colors Creek, Tacony Creek. Jenkintown. TTatboro. \'alley
Forjfe. Philadelpliia, Walnut Hill, II(»lmesburn:, Bustleton. Torres-
dale, Cornwells, Ci-oydon. 1 hilnicville. Neshaminy Falls, I.anjjhorne.
l^ridp^eton, Lon^- I*oih1, IOttert<Mi. \<'wt(»wn, I>rist<d. Tullytown,
Scott's Creek. Cninea Ci<M'k. ]\r<»rrisville, l)in<»nian's Ferry).

F^nsqnehanna I'lver Basin fLancastei* County. Con si nun Creek.
Safe TTarbor, Winner's ^filis. Swamjj T»rid«j:(\ Fplimla. AKtnn Knii.
York Furnace. Cambria County, .\lloona. 1jO]»;'z. ( hmrarit ('ree':i.

Ohio River Basin (Vnvi Alleiiany).

Lake Erie Basin (Erie).

MicrOptervs dolonnen (Lae]M\le). — Small inonlhed Bass.

Perhaps our most valned jfjame-fislj in many sections, an<l also
valued as food. Reaches a len<»th of nbout eijrhteen inches. Tn our
reijion west <if tlie Ailejjhenies. though lai'ijely introduced eastward.

Delairare /*/rrr Basin Hn the Braudywine Creek. Neshaminy
Creek, P»iistol. ^\\]] Creek. BridiretoAvn. Perkiomen Creek. Wissa-
hickon Creek. Royersford, Lafayette, Shawmont, Flat Rock, Bristol,
Little Washington. Trind>h\ Byrani. ;>rilford. Rijrelsville. Faston.
Manunka Chunk, Delaware. Delaware Water Ca]*. Portland, Lacka-
waxen. Pond's Eddy. TTandsome Heddy, Schuylkill IJiver).

S^nsqnelianna River Basin (At Harrisburu". Colinubia Dam. Safe
Harbor, AfcCalTs Ferry, Fife's Eddy, Peach Bottom. Juniata Rivei-.
Centre County. Newton Hamilton. Martinsville. Cnr|.eulerv!lle).

Ohio River Basin ( Youohiooheny River, Poit .\llenany, Corydou.
Clierry Run, Kiskiminitas River).

Lalce Evie Basin (Ta-]o).

Micropfrrns sahnoides CLacep^de). — Larfre-inoulhed Bass.

A bii'iie and valued food- fish, thoujrh jjenerally less esteemed than
the ])recedinjj by anglers. Length eijrhteen inches. \ot found easi
of tlie Allei^henies. ex<e]>t as introduced.

Delaware Rirer Basin (at Bi-istol i.

Sifsqnehanna River Basin (in Centre County).

Ohio River Basin (Warren County).

T.alr Vrie Basin (Ei-ie).

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES,
Family PERCID.E (Perch).

07

^tizosleiliini vitreni ( .M ilcliiil).— IMke Perch, SuMpiehanua Salmcm.

A lar^e valned food and ^ame-fish, found west of the Alleghenies,
llion«»h introdnced lasiward. Jieaches three feet.

hilanare River Basin (in Schuylkill River, Lehifrh Jfiver).

Xns(/nehanna Rirer Basin I in Lamasier ConiUy. Kile's lOddv, Mnd
island, Millersburo, \V;isliiiiot,iii. Coinmbiji Dnui. Dnncannoii.' Ilar-
risburjr, Steelton. Dauphhi, .Juniata Kiver. Snnburv, Cambria
Coniiiyi.

Ohio Rinr Basin ( .Monon-;diela City, IMllsbnr-h. Alle-h iiv Ifiver,
Youghiogheny KMver, Beaver liiver, Meadville. Warren (.'onntv I'orl
Alleo-any).

I.a/:c Eric Basin i^Erlei.

^^fizosfedion eanadensr (Ciril'tiths i. S;in<icr.

Thouoh a valued food fish, smaller iiian The lasi. Noi j'unnd east
of the Alleohenies.

Ohio irtnr Basin ( Yon^hiooheny JJiver, Beaver K'ivei-. Warren
Connlvi.

Lake Eric Basin illrie).

Perca jiareseens (Mitchilh.— Yellow Perch.

An abnndant and jiood f(MKl-ti-sh. in most all our waters. Leno-th
a t'o«.i. ^

Ih'/anarr Rirrr Ba.in tScoli's Creek, Darbv (Jreek. Holniesburff,
lorresdale, Croydon, Ihilmevilli', Xeshaminv Falls. Xewf.wn Bris-
tol. Tullytown. .Mon-isville i.

Snsqnrhanna River Basin (Lancaster County, Conesto-a Creek,
lork Furnace). '

Lake /Jrir B(rsiit • \a\ ' i.

Pereina caprodrs i L'atiiiescpie i.— Lo^r Pv,ch.

Found in all our sirenins. exeepl the Delaware, llnni-h ,;„.• casi
ol he AlleoIuMnes. The lar-esf of tiie darleis. leacliinu eioj,, Indies
m lenjith. '^

''^'nsf/nrhanna /.'irci Basin.

Ohio River Basin i Lurk .\o !), Mon<nijrahela River, Voughiogheny
River, Allegheny River, Kiskiminitas River. Meadvillei ^ * -^
f^ake Hrie Basin.

Badropirrns pho.roeephalns (Nelscmi. -SlendeiH.ended Darler
Lives m sandy sireams west of the Alle.uhenics. Len-H. six inches.
Ohio hirer Basin (Lock N(». !) Mononoahela L'iver. '
Hadn)jUerns maeroerphalns I Cope I.- Lon- headed Darter
P<mnd Ml clear rivers w(si of the Alle.i^l.eni.'s. n<M in brooks. Lenofh
three inches. '"^

07//0 A'/Vcj- i^,/,./,, I Youohiooheny Kiver. roxlnirg. Cherrv Knn

Mar.sh Run. Tw«, Lick Creek, Mnd Lick Creek i.
Hadroptrnis pelatus (Cope ).— Shielded Darler
Streams east <d' the Alleglunies. Lenu J, fn,ir :n<hes
Snsf/nehanna Rirrv Basin < (\Miesiog.-, Cy-vk^
Diplrsion hhnnioidrs (Ratinesriue l.—C,, en-sided Darter
A hanson.e spn-h-s. lonnd in elear brooks wes, <,r il... ^ ijeolu-nies
Ohio R,ver Basin (Mon<m.oahcda River. Kiskiminii.-.s K or'

Beaver Riverj. * '>

98

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Bolco.sowa nigrum (JUifiiiesque).— Johnny Darter.

Abundant west of tlie Alle^'heni^s. Length nsnally less than three

inches

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela Kiver, Kiskiniinitas Kiyer, Fox-

Run, Smitten Kun, Mua j^kk nun, vtiuil.> xvux., -..v...»v^ .. ^ -.
Martin's Run, Pickering Run, McCorniick's Run, Ross Run, (irant
Township, Pine Township, Marion Branch).

Boleosoma nigrum olmsfedi (Storer).— Tessellated Darter.

A very abundant species east of the Alleghenies. Attains three
inches or more in length. Common on sandy bottoms. Variable.

Delaware River Basin (Kennett Scpiafe, Mendenhall. near and
below Chadd's Ford Junction, Chadd's Ford, Ridley Creek, Riese s
Run White Horse, Hunters Run, Taylor's Run, Mill Run, (Mieiiey,
Darbv Creek, Cobb's Creek, Tinicum, Naylor's Run, N'alley Forge
Gladwvne, League Island, Tacony Creek, Jenkintowii, Franklord
Creek 'lIolmesbiM- Bustleton, Ilatl.oro, Walnut Hill, Toiresdale,
Cornwells, Byberrv, Croydon, Newi)ortville, Flushing, Biookfield
Run Hulmeville, Neshamlnv Falls, Little Neshaminy Creek, Etter-
ton^Long Pond, Laghorne, Wycombe, Newtown, Bristol. (Jumea
Cr^k, Tullytown, Morrisville, Fasten, Belfast, Dingman's FerryK

8u8quehatnia River Basiii (Lancaster Counly. Octoraro Creek,
Nottingham, Paradise, Bainbridge, Fphrata, Denver, Trout Run,
Snokestown Run, Sugar Valley Run, Wopsonomick ^ alley Run, Al-
toona, York Furnace, Centre County, Cambria County, Km]>orium,

Lopez).

4.mmocryitta [wllucida (Baird).— Saud Darter.

An interesting species, living in clear sandy streams west of tlie
Alkghenies. They often lie mostly buried in the sauds of the bot-
tom. Length three inches. . . t^.

Ohio River Basin (Youghiogheny River, Monongahela River).

Etheostoma variafum (Kirtlaudi.— Variegated Darter.

A handsome fish found west of the Alleghenies. Length a little

over three inches. , , ^. t^ u

Ohio River Basin (below Lock No. 9 Monongahela River, French

Creek, above Frank liu, Foxburg).

Etheostoma zonale (Cope).— Banded Darter.

Found in small clear streams west of the Alleghenies. Lengtb

three inches.

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela River).

Etheostoma macnlntum (Kir tland).— Spotted Darter.

A beautiful s]ie(ies. less than threp inches long, living in clear
swift streams west of the Allegehnies.

Ohio River Basin (Shenango River at Jamestown m Mercer

County).

Etheostoma rwrHleum. (Storer).— Blue Darter, RainboAV Darter.

A gorgeous little fish, in streams west of the Alleghenies. Length
less than three inches.

Ohio River Basin (Monongahela River, Kiskiniinitas River).

I

No. 21,

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

99

I\fh('()sioma paheUarC (RatinesifiU). — Fau-taile'l Dai'ier.

Found west of the Alleghenies. An active species, living in swift
water, and less than three inches long.

Ohio Rinr Basin (Monongahela River, Pittsburgli, l^oughiogheny
River, Port Allegany, Kiskimiiiitas River, Two Lick Creek, North
Branch of Two Lick Creek, ^Marsli Run, McKenny Run, Cherry Run,
Simpson's K*un, Ross Run, Groft's Run, Smitten Run, Hileman Run,
Crooked Run, Pine Township). ,

Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard). — Spagnum Darter.

A lowland species found east of the Alleghenies. Length less
than three inches.

Delauarc River Basin (Bristol).

Family SERIiANID.E (Sea Bass)

Rocrus lineatus (Bloch). — Striped Bass.

One of the best of our food and game-tislics. It sometimes leaches
a very laigi' sizf. s|>e(iinens weighing (uic Imiidicd and twenty-five
pounds having been recorded, though ihese not taken in Pennsyl-
vania. Average weights are probably between three and six pounds.
Found ascending our rivers east of the Alleghenies.

Dehmarc River Basin (Tinicum, League Island, Tac(my, Uolmes-
biirg, Torresdale, Cornwells, Bristol, Tullytown, Morrisvi*lle).

Si(.s</u<haniia River Basin i York Furnace and Ccmestoga Creek).

Roccus chry.sops ((Rafinesque). — White Bass.

A fresh-water si>ecies, found in still and deep waters, west of the
Alleghenies. Length fifteen inches. Valued as food.

Genesee River Basin (below (lold).

Lake Erie Basin (Erie).

Moronc americana (Gmelin). — White Perch).

An abundant and tine pan tish in streams east of the Alleghenies.
Beaches fourteen inches in length.

Delaware River Basin I Brandy wine Creek, League Island, Phil-
adelphia, Failinount Dam, Schuylkill River, Tacony, Holmesburg,
Torresdale, Cornwells, Neshaminy Creek, croydcm, Tullytown Mor-
risvillei. " ' '

KSiis(jiirhan)i<i lliicr Basin (York Furnace).

Family SCLICNID.E (Croakers)

AploOinotns grunniens (Rafinesque). — Fresh water Drum, Sheeps-
head, Jewel Head. '

A large fish not niurh valued as food, though sometimes reaching
fifty poun<ls in weight. Found in the larger bodies of water west
of the Alleghenies.

Ohio River Basin (Ohio River to Pittsburgh. Moncmgahela River
Allegheny River).

Lake Erie Basin (lOrie).

lUO

UEPOkT OF THE
Family COTTID.K (Sculpins).

OIT. Doc.

Callus icInlupK ( l^itiuesque). Milk'i's Tliuiiib, IJlob, BiilMieatl,
Mullle-jaw.

Cieai- locky si reams w(sl oj iiie AlJ^glicuics. \ ariable aud very
deslruclivi' lo Iroiil egj»s. Ifeailji'is seven imlies iu length.

Olilij Jiiccr Basin (Lock Xo. 1) Mommgahela Kiver, iungliiuglieiiy
Jtiver, iMlsburgh, Ohio i*yle, Sr.squeliaua Creek, Clieriy liuu, Mc-
Keiiuy l^iu, t^mitteu l\uu, Aliens l\un, SimpsoJi's IJun, Fuxburg,
M» a.lvillei.

Cfftlus yracilis (lleekeli. — Slipi»ery Millers Thumb, Slargazer.

A variable speeiis, found almndautly iu most of uur eold rocky
uplaud brooks aud small sucanis. \'ery desUuelive lo iroul eggs,
i^euglh lour inches.

Dclaivarv Ix'icvr Hasiu i^l* randy wine Creek, West Chester, Port
Kennedy, Douglasville, Keadiug, New l>ritain, Faslonj.

tSusqiichaiuta A'irry Jiasin (Spruce Creek, Cambria County, Lan-
caster County, I'^dnata, Thompson's J^pring, i>ig Spring, Williams-
burg, Carlisle, Mouulain Creek, i'eliow IJrLeches Creek j.

Ohio Rictr Basin (Allegheny Jiiver, Cherry liun, Two Lick i.'ieek,
Port xVUegauyj.

(jcnesvv Hirer liasin ((lold, I'oller County ).

Family SULEID.E (Soles),

Achittis fascia I us ( Lacepede i. — Sole.

A small sjtecies, poi»ularly known as "llounder" in our liflal
reaclKs tA' I he Alhinlic Slope. Leuglh six inches, and iitti valued
as lood.

Drhnrarr Rinr Ihisin (Schuylkill Jtiver, Bristol).

Family (LMUDJO ((N)ds),

Jjuta uHiculifsa (Le Sueur). — Linir, Purbot.

I'%.uml iiinslly wesi (if ili A llcuhcni^'s. Iica< lies two reel i]i length,
and not muclj valued as food.

f^usf/ifehainia Rivrr Basin (Muneyi.
Laic I'h'iv liasin (l^^rio).

<

■

X... L'l.

DEl'AirrMKNT OF FISHERIES.

OPINIONS or ATTOIiNi:V OILNFILVL.

101

The following are I lie opinions of I he Allorney (ieneral's Depai-t-
nient in regard lo interpretations of Ihe law on ihe various sul»jects
ju-esenled:

xi:\v iiATciiiNo iiorsi: ai i:i:ii:.

lOarly in ihe yeai il was disccvei" <1 ilial owing lo ihe steps taken
in i-egaid lo the water supply of I'.rie. due fo rulings of Ihe Iloaid «d'
Heallh after a severe epidemic had prevaib-d in the eity, the water
as furnished foi- the use of citizens could no bingi'r be used for halch-
ing of tish. It was, therefor: . necessary lo remove the eggs in tin?
batteries to ilu station at Lnion <'iiy. \vl:<-:e water could be had in
its raw, or untreated state.

The Legislature of 1011 ajtpr«>]niated seven thousand dollars for
tlui eieciion of a new hatching lionse at I-jie. lo ]e|flace the present
structure. In a previ(»us o]union the Att<uney (ieneral's Dejtart-
nient had advised this l)e}»artmeni that the money could not be
used to build a hatchery on any site except the one now owned by
the Commonwealth. In answer to the (piery whethir, in view of the
state of the water sujiitly. it would be |iossible to erect a hatchery
on a new site where (Hhei- and untr:ate<l water could ]>e obtained
Iho Attorn-y Cniieial advised the Depailment. in the following
o|)ininn. ili.-i! ii would md be |Missible to do so:

Ilarrisburg. -lanuary ;iu. III12.
Hon. \. II. Puibr, Commi'ssiniKM- <•!' I'^ishei-ies. Harrisbnig. Pa.

Dear Sir: This l)e|)a!tm<'ni is in receipt oi' your let lei- ot Janu-
ai-y !. P.Hi', >i;itiiig ilun on aKonnt of the method m-ces^arily used
by the City o\' lOrie in the puriticatirm of its water suj»p1y, it has
become im]»ossiide t<» o))erate the fish halclu ly buated ai Secomi and
Sassnfi-as Streets in Ihe City of i']rie, and in(|uir;iig whethej- the
a|»pi-o]>riation (d" .*7.(HHI made by the Li'gislature at the session of
P.ill. "for the building of a new aud ])erinanent hatching house at
the l':rie Hatchery. VWlo, lo i-ejdace the ]»resenl structure," can be
used to erect a hatchery ;il a dilVer<'nt site tipcm ground lease<l to
the Commonwealth bv the Commissi«tneis of Water Works of the
City of Erie.

I'lM-n i-efei-ence lo the files of this I >ei>arlmenl. T find that on Sep-
teniltei- I!). l!)ll. Assistant Deputy Allorney Ceueral Hargest, ad-
vised you that this a|tj)roj»rii:ition -js limited 1v the building of a
new and peiinanent hatching house at the ju-esenf Ij-ie Halcheiy,
and cannot be used for bini<ling a new hatching hons»' ai another
location."

There is nothing in the statement of facts contained in your letter
of .lanuary !. 1!I1l\ ilim wcnild justify a modification of ilic npiuion
iiei'etofor<' rendeied by this Department.

102

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

Of course, you are not required to expend this appropriation in
the erection of a hatching house at the present site of the Erie
Hatchery, if the water supply obtainable there is unsuitable for the
purposes of a fish hatcliery, but it will be necessary to have addi-
tional legislative action before a hatching building can be erected

on a different site.

Very truly youre,
(Signed) J. E. B. CUNNINGHAM,
JEBC — K l)(*i)Uty Attorney General.

PRESQUE ISLAND HATCHERY.

By the appropriation act of 1011 twenty thousand dollars was
appropriated for a fish hatchery at Presque Island Peninsula, Erie
Couuty. The question before the Dei)artnient was as to just how
this money could be used, and upon submission to (he Attorney
General the following opinion was rendered:

Harrisburg, February 27, 1012.
Hon. N. R. Buller, Commissicmer of Fishorios, Harrisburg, Pa.

Dear Sir: This Department is in receipt of your comuiunication
under date of February 8th, 1012, asking to be advised whether the
approprintidu to tlr.' Depart iiieiif of Fisheries, cMMiiaint'd in the
General Appropriation Bill of June 14, 1011, at page 2;U, and read
ing as follows:

'Tor the making of plans, the j)urchas'.' of machinery, boats aud
for other expenses incidental towards the c(ms(ruction of Ihe Slate
fish hatchery cm Prescpie Isle Peninsula, Erie County, authorized by
an Act of the Legislature, session of (me thousand nine hundred and
nine, and ai»i)roved by an Act of Congress, sessicm of one thousand
nine hundred and ten, two years, the sum of twenty tlumsand dol-
lars (12(1,0(10)." can be so construed ns to allow the use of the twenty
thousand dollars for the cleaning out of certain i»onds and o])ening
up the natural channels connecting said ]Kmds with the bay.

The reply to your iu^piiry necessarily involves a brief review of
the circumstances leading up to the making of this a])propriation.

Presque Isle Peninsula is a ])eninsula extending out into Lake
Erie, beginning at a point some distance west of the city of Erie
and extending in a northeast^'riy diiection, curving around toward
the shore of the lake at a point some distance east of the said city
of Erie and forming a harbor for that city, known as Presque Isle
Bay.

In the Act of February 4. ISC.O, (P. L. 105,) it is recited in the
preamble that the councils of the city of Erie have so neglected the
management and su])ervision of this peninsula as to prevent any
adequate revenue arising therefrom, and it is accordingly provided
that Sec tion 14 of the Act of A]>ri1 2, I8(>8, incori)orating the City of

H

J

'

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES.

103

Erie, be so far amended as to place the su])ervision and control of
this peninsula in the power of the Board of Directors of the Marine
Hospital of Pennsylvania, which hospital was incorporated by the
act of March 22, 18G7, (P. L. 538). By subsequent legislation, to
wit, the aet of May 11, 1871, (P. L. .'^71 I, it was enacted that the said
corporation, incorporated under the name of the Marine Hospital
of Pennsylvania, should "convey to the Fnited States of America,
all title it may have to the peninsula of Presque Isle obtained from
tlie State of Pennsylvania hy Act of February 4th, Anno Domini
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, ***** to be held by
the United States as fully as may be in its present condition and
only for the purposes of national defense and for the protection of
the harbor of Erie, but in all other respects to be subject to the civil
and criminal jurisdiction of the State of Pennsylvania."

In and by said act of Assembly, the consent of the State of Penn-
sylvania was given to such transfer of title for the purposes and
under the limitations above mentioned.

The act of April 22, 1909, (P. L. 118), entitled:

"An act providing for the Department of Fisheries of the Com-
monwealth of Pennsylvania, entering upon and occupying, with the
a])proval of the T'nited States, certain lands on the peninsula known
as Presque Isle, in Erie County, Pennsylvania, and imj)roving the
same and the ]>onds theivon, and establishing a hatchery thereon for
the propagation of game and food fishes; to erect buildings and
structures thereon suitable for that pur]H)se, and to make walks and
roads on said lands for ingress to and over said premises, and for
the proper care and maintenance of the same," contains a preamble
which reads as follows:

''Whereas, There are on the peninsula belonging to the ComuKm
wealth of Pennsylvania, and known as Presque Isle, in the County of
Erie, P<4nisylvania, a large number of ponds suitable for the hatch
ing and propagation of game and food fishes,— such as bass, pike
and muscalonge, some of which can not be readilv hatched by artifi-
cial means,— and which ponds were the natural'habitat and hatch-
ing groiunls of said fishes prior to the closure (»f the connections
between said ponds and the waters of the Bav of Presque Isle: and.

Whereas. By inii.roving said ]»eninsula and ('•leaninir and impr(.vin<^
said ponds and stocking them with breeding fish, the Department of
Fisheiies can uiWv/.o ihcs'- natural breedhiir iirounds to verv lar"-elv
increase the production of game and food fishes." ' '^ '

It is then i)rovided in and by the said act of 1909:

"That the Department of Fisherf.es of the Commonweal till of
Pennsylvania is hereby empowered and directed to enter upon and
occu]>y all that j.art of the peninsula known as Presque Isle in the
County of Erie, Pennsylvania, (here follows a descri])tion of a por-
tion of the peninsula), and inrprore the sahl Jatuls and pond,9
thereon: and rsfnhUsh theroon a fish hatcherv for the propan-ation of
game and food fishes; c;wf suifahle hitilrlinqft atiff .^tmrfinrs oi\ said
lands therefor: and make suitable walks, roads, docks and ap-

104

REruHT OF THK

Off. Doc.

])i()arlu's IIk'I-('1<» :ni(l lIuM-mii ;is ii»;iv he (IcciiiihI necessary (o estab-
lish said halchcri/: and care for llic ponds and I lie lands licreby
apiMoprialed. and other facilities estaldijshed and maintained on
said i)eninsnla I'm- the ]»r()|>a.iialion of j;anie and food llslies; Trovided
however, That all of the lij^hts hereby conferred uj'.on the De])art-
nient of Fishci-ics of the Conmionwcalth iA' Tennsyivania shall he
and are snbject to the j-rant heretofore made to the I'nited States
hy tile (\)mnion\\('alth of Pennsylvania."

Kven a cnrsoiy examination of this statnte discloses that the pre-
amble and the inactinir «lanse thereof are not in harmony. The
mischief referred to in the i>reand>ie is that certain jionds located
on Pi'es(|ne Isle Peninsnla. which wci-e foiinei-ly the natnral habitat
and hatchinj^' jjfronnds of certain jiame and food tishcs. have been
ren<l"rcd useless as natnral hatchinjj: jjjronnds. because the connect-
ini; channels between the ]»onds and the bay have become tilled ni>
with sand and debi-is.

It is further stated in tlie ]>reaml>ie that some of the j^ame and
fo<.d tishcs referred tir therein canu<»t be leadily hatched by artifi-
cifil means.

It is <l:ar from a reading- of the j>reamble that the appropriate
remedy foi- the mischief therein recited is the cleaninjr (»ut of the
p(»nds and the openinu' njt of the closed channels. Tin* enactin*::
clause, h(»wever, <;-oes much further than this. It not only autlioi--
izes the l>ej»artment of Fishtiies to enter ui>on and occupy, but sub
ject lo the riuhts of th; I'eib'ial <Jov<Mnmenl. a larjiC i»ortion of
the ]K'ninsula and to improve ami care for the lands and ]»onds
thereon, but it also authoi-izes the I>epartment of Fisheries to

"establish iheriMui a tlsh liatchery for the ]>ropa.iiation of jiame
and food tislies: erect suitable buildin.ijs an<l structures on said
lands iherefor: and make suitable \\alks. r(»ads, docks ;ind ap
|»roach"s thereto and thereon as may be deenuMl necessai-y to estab-
lish said hatchei'v.''

The enactin^i clause is, therefore, much brojubM- than the preand»le.
Tlie j»i-eand»Ie contemj^latf's oidy the iM'storat ion of the former na-
iiintl hatchin*: ijrounds. but the enactinj^- clause, in addition to pro
vidinjj: for this juirpose. and althon«»h the preandde recites that some
of the tish refeired to in the act cannot be readily hat<-hed by arti-
flcial means. spe<'itically ]>rovides for the erection of an <n/ip(i(il
hatchery.

Youi* rijjjht lo ex|>end the ajiiuopi-iat ion in <inestion, in the manner
indicated by your impiiry. depends ujmui th<' intent of the lejjislatuiu'
in niakinii th" ajtpropr'atio'i. but as thai approi»riation s])ecifi<ally
lelates to the hat<herv authoi-ized by the said act of 1!)00. leference
must necessarilv be had !(► the legislative intent disclosed in that
act.

"The pieamble of a statute has been said to be a uood means to
tind oiii its nieanliin and. as it were, a ke\ to the uiiderstandinu' ^tl'
it, and as it usually stat:s, «»j- pi-ofesses to stale, the jj;enei*al object
;nid intenlion of ilir leiiislature in passinj; the enarlment, it may
lejiilinii! (i'ly I.e consulted foi- the pui*|>os«' of solvinji' any ambij^uily

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

105

;

«>■ ot h.vniK (1,0 ..iramng ..f tlio woids wliiol, may lu.ve n„„-e than
on,., or „f keeping the effect of the act within i(s real scope Xn
ever the enacting ,,nrt U in any of these respects open to doubt"'
—hndlwh on Interpretation of Statutes, 62.

stnZ'rn!T 'j^'''''''""'': 'l^^y.'^ver. which establish t!,e doctrine abov,.

of . donbH-',',, "; "".'':"^^""''*>- f f'e l'>«nnl.]e in the construction

I .1 donbtin provision in a statute, also declares that, when the

n eaning o( Ihe ei,„.|inj, ,,arf is clear and free from ai il^gi'L it

rrn.andd;:"i':;;;. r*" ^'*'"^- '■"'"^^•■"-" - -'-"^"'"^ ««-?'5

"While the preamble may explain the motives of (he 1,-islatiire
;<> enacfnieni t does not always do so. and it is not (ole 1 "en
«iea er co,is,,lera(i,,n than other parts of the act. Wliere the til act-
ing olan.se IS 11, words flee, i.rr.r. from doubt and the preamble is
no ..eferred to Iherein. an apparent restriction in the prSe will

s([t,','l!.1''i/'r'' f""'".l l'""-M'hvs relating to the construction of

■ lid t f I'-wV, '■ ,""'r'V '::"'■■'""'■'' *''^>' " "-^-f'-'K Hanse of tl?e

rlNtri^. ,',,'': :;""", T ""'■/'•',"" ^""''=^'"".v. is no, restrai, or

(stiiet(d by Its preamble, and (lia( the legisladire in anv bv s-,!,]

i<< .has a,i(hor:.ed th. l.epardiieiit of Fisl^.-ics lo eite n, n (he

penmsiil.., ,,i ,,„es,ion. and. in addition to iniprovin./; , d ," l '

ga'mr";':, '^Zn^:' "■' "'•""•'»■ "--^^' - '"^ .-."-p:'^:.."."..':;;-

Jn the year lOlt. Congie.ss pa.sse,! a bill providing, infer alia
isZreM''o;.|'n;i:,l',','''''''i ;"' r^'""'''^ '"' "'" ^•'•"<' '"■ IV-nsylvania.

..SCI-; -J cr ':.^ ;r ;-!;:.,i"s;:;;;:, ^zriL"!:.-,,;!".^;";-;-

d tCi mo The-, "?•'•"■ ""■■'■'' '"• ''— .vlvania. t'h.'ie oil. ,
of \l^Cd'''7' I ;'■''''■' "■' "'■ •■""-'•'■^^ "'•" '!"■ occn,.ation and use

plans ,. sp,.ci(i,..,i, IS ,s ml ", accordance with such

iri;-:;t^;::;':i;;,;:;;,':;,:;;';t;«';j.^^^^

''<»" MS I.-,n.I of th-. l'n|„..| <,..' r' ';'<''\l" 'li«* land mi cpies-

106

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

107

We are now prepared to consider the exact lanj^jnaije of the ap-
])r()priation in question. It is an a].]»i*opriation of twenty thousand
dollars (|20.000) to your Department, which y<>u are authorized to
expend "for the makwq of /)?«««, the purchase of machinery, boals,
and for other exjiense incidental towards the constriictioti of the
State fish hatchery on Presque Isle Peninsula, Erie County, author-
ized by an act of the legislature, etc."

The act of 1000 carried no ai)pr()i)riati(.n and the legislature of
1011, made this appropriation for the ]»ayment of expenses inci-
dental towards the construction of the ])articular hatchery author-
ized bv the i)revious legislature of 1000. It is not an a])propriation
for a new ])roject but for "the const rue I ion of ihc Sflntc Fish TJatch-
enr heretofore autlKuized. Whilst the purchase of machinery and
boats might be incidental to the cleaning out of the ponds which
formerlv alVorded natural hatching grounds, it could hardly be
conlcndrd Ihat the ])hrase "making of ])lans'' could be construed as
referring to anything (»ther than the construction of an artificial

hatchery.

Two projects were authorized by the legislature of lOOJ); the
one, the restoration of the ponds and channels to their former con-
dition as natural breeding grounds, the other, the ccmstruction of
an artificial hatcherv\ The legislature of 1011 had it within its
power to make approi)riations to either or both of these projects,
but. in the opinion of this Department, the appropriation now un-
der consideration was intended by the legislature to be expended in
the preliminary work incidental tn the constructiou of an artificial
hatchery, and not for the jmrpose of cleaning, reclaiming and re
storing ponds and channels as natural breeding grounds.

You are therefore advised that this appropriation cannot be con
strued as authorizing you U) use the said sum of twenty thousand
dollars (.f!20,000) for the cleaning out of the pfuids in question and
opening up the natural channels connecting these ].onds with the

bay.

Verv truly vours,

(Signed) J. K R CUNNINGHAM,

Deputy Attorney (Jeneral.

JEBC— S

REMOVAL OF INJTTRTOUSf FISH FKOM PKESQUE ISLE HAY.

The act of the legislature regulating fishing in Lake Erie, provides
that the Department can remove fish injurious to other fish. As to
the best method of doing this, the Attorney (ieniral's Department
was consulted, and rendered an opinion that licenses could be is-
sued to fishermen under the provisions of the law. The following is
the opinion:

Harrisburg, May 1st, 1012.

Hon. N. R. Buller, Commissioner of Fislu'ries, Harrisburg.

Sir: This DepartiiKMit is in r(M'('i]>l of your rommunicatinn ask-
ing to be advised, in substance, whether, under the provisions of the

act of April 4, 1907, (P. L. 50), you would be justified in issuing li-
censes authorizing the catching of carp in Presque Jsle Bay. The
act is entitled:

"An act to classify the species of fish in such parts of boundary
lakes, of more than five thousand acres, as this Commonwealth has
jurisdiction over, and in the waters of any peninsula, or in any bay
adjacent to or connected wilh such lakes; to declare which fish are
game fish, which fish are loud lish, and \\lii<h are minnows or bait
fish; to protect and provide for the maintenance and iiicrea.se of fish
in such lakes; to regulate and provide for the payment of license
lees for the catching of fish fi*om such houudary lakes, and prohibit
unauthorized taking of fish from devices used by authority of such
license; to provide penalties and punishments for the violation of
any of the provisions of this act; and requiring the county wherein
an offense is charged to \ydy costs of prosecution in certain instances ;
and repealing all acts inconsistent herewith."

This act relates to the catching of fish in such i)art or parts of
lakes of more than five thousand acres as this Commonwealth has
jurisdiction over, and in the waters of any peninsula or in any bay
adjacent to or connected with such lake.

Presque Isle Bay is connected with Lake Erie, and the act is
applicable to the waters referred to in your communication. The
general plan of the act is to specify game fish by name, and to di-
vide all other species of fish into food fish, and minnows and killi-
fish. The catching of fish in the waters referred to in the act, by
means of nets, or any devices other than a rod and line having not
more than three hooks, or wilh a hand line having not more than
three hooks attached, or with a trolling line with spoon hooks at-
tached, or with a set line with hooks attached, or with a spear used
for catching carp and suckers only, without a license obtained from
the Department of Fisheries, is prohibited, in so far as the general
provisions of the act are concerned, licenses may be issued, authoriz-
ing the taking of fish by means of nets, under certain regulations,
among which regulations is found one to the eli'ect that no net of
any description shall be set oi* fastene<l within two miles of the
entrance to any bay describi'd in the act, nor shall any gill-net be
set within three-quarters of a mile of any other portion of the shore
<»r the part of any lake over which this Commonwealth has jurisdic-
tion, nor shall any net or nets other than gill-nets and nets fastened
to and supported by poles driven in the ground, be set, fastened,
drawn or used within seventeen miles of such entrance to any bay
described in the act.

The 3rd section of the act, however, contains a })roviso reading
as follows:

"Provided, That nothing in this section shall be so construed as
to prohibit the use of minnow nets for angling or scientific purposes,
or to pi'ohibit the Deimrtment of Fisheries from catching fish at
any time of the year with nets for the i)urj)ose of stocking other
waters, or from removing hy means of nets by contract or otherwise
any fi.sh which it may deem injurious to other game or food fish."

Notwithstanding, therefore, the general prohibition against the
use of nets, even under license, within certain distances of the en-

108

IlEPORT OF THE

Off. Dop.

jijiiKT (>r l'ies<|iu' Isle liay. and tli( slioics ol* Lake Erie, au excei*-
lioD is made in ravui- ol I lie l>('i>ailmeiil (»r Fisheries, and I lie I)e-
parliiieul. is aulli<ni/ed, ainoii^ oilier things, to remove, oul ol' any
watei* by means of nets, and lish which it may dei'm injurious to

other game or food tlshts.

You state in your conmiunieation that the Department of Fisher-
ies has determined Ihat the carp in Presque Isle IJay have bi'eome
so uumei-ous tliat they are injurious lo other j;ame and food lishes.
Your Department, tiierefore, in my oi»inion, is authorized t<» remove
these carp by "means of nets, by contract, (u- otherwise."

You ask to be adN ised whether you can ie«;ally issue rnenses to
lishermen for tlie taking; of carp in l*res(iue Isle Bay by means of
gill-nets, in nn^ opinion, the proviso of the Ih'd secti<m, above
quoted, is broad enough to justify the issuing of licenses by the De-
jiartment of Fisheries, to tishermen, to take carp alone, by means of
gill-nets, from the waters of I'resque Jsle Bay.

\'ery trulv vours,
(Signed I .)' \i W. Ol^NNIXtJllAM,

Deputy Attorney (lencral.

WAkDKXS* (X)STS.

A question was laised by sjK'cial counsel for the Commonw: alth
as to tlie right of tish wardens to colled costs in cases of cimviclion
for violations <d' the tish laws. In answer to the inquiry of the
Department, Attorney <ienvral Itell advised that ccists cannot be so
collected. The lollowing is die o]»inioii.

llarrisburg. February '22, V.)\2.
JI<m. N. ]\. IJuller. Commissioner (d' Fisheiies. llairlsburg, Ta.

Sir: Your fa\oi- nf i-ecent date, ad<li-essed to the Attorney (Jen
(;ral, was didv received.

You asked to be advised wlielher th" fees ai' fish wardens can be
charged in as ]>art of the <osts in cas s in which there have been
convictions for violations of the tish laws. S'ection !_M) ol' lh(» Act nl'
May 1, VM)\) ( T. !>. ::r):5i, ])rovides:

'"■The wardens shall enforce all the laws of the Commonwealth,
relating t<> lish ami tishing. and the ]»rovisions sujqjlementary
thereto; and shall have power to execute all warrants and search
warrants issued for the violation of the tish laws, jiml to servr sub-
]>oenas issued for the examination, investigation, or trial of all of-
fenses against said laws: and said wardens shall be permitted to
carry and use arms in the perfornmnce (d* their <lutles. They shall
have power without warrants to search and examine any boat, con-
veyance, vehicle, fish box, basket, bag. coat, or other rece|)tacle for
tisli, when they have reascm to beli(»\(' that any of the provisions of
any law relating lo tish have been violated: and said wardens shall
seize and take possession of anv and all fish which mav have Ixmmi

No. 21

1)i:i'aiitmi:nt oi^ fisiiiokies,

1(M)

caught, taken or killed al any time, in any mannei- or lor any |»iii-
jM>se, or lia<l in possession ^^\• under ^onlrol. or Iimvi' been shipped or
about to be shi]q»ed, contrary to any of the laws of this (,'ommon-
wealth; ***" and all wai'<lens when in the jji rformance of their
duties shall have the power and authority to ent-'r upon any land or
water, and they shall liavc^ the power to demand and secure proper
assistance in case of emergency. That each tish warden, i'xcej>t
till' chief warden, app<»inled in accordance with this section, shall
receive as com|»ensal ion lor his services seventy live dollais per
monlli, ami such allowance for exjiensvs as may be <leeiiie<l by I lie
I'nard of I^Islii rv Commission as just and reasonable."

Section oO jjrovides, in part:

"'i'lie Commissioner of Fisheries may on thi written application of
a jn-operly «ngani/ed lish protective association, or of any associa-
tion Ol- in<lividual owning oi- leasing waters, apjioint one or more
fcprcial psli ininlrns for the coiiiily in which the ap])licali(m is imnle;
and all such aiq^tinlineiils shali e\j»ire on the thirty til st day of May
<.'f each yeai-: Trovided als<». 'llial no special lish wardin shall lie enti-
tled to any salaiy, or to .niy e.\|KMises or com|>ens;it ioii from the
Coiumonweallh, for his servic<'s. unless such sjtecial tish warch'U
/should be detailed for dut\ b\ lli; Coiiimissicfnei- of Fisheries, in
which case the Commissijtner of Fisheries is autlnu-ized to make a
l>ei- diem allowance for compensation, and reasonable expenses, out
of any ap]>roj»riations which may be made for the })ayment (tf war-
dens. The said allowance iM'ing in place of any claim lor any part
or share cd" any line oi- tines, penalty or pMialties, imposed or ]>ai<l
under the provisions of this Act."

'The L'Ttli s(<-ti(m of said act of Assembly jn-ovides for (he trial
and senlen<'e by the justice, alderman or magistrate, "lo jtay llie
line or tines, jitimlty or jtenallies. provi<led In this act for such
\iolalion, tctgelher with costs <>f suits."

In the cas<' of \\'<ilsh r.s. /jtiimif Cnunh/. .t(i I'd. Siiprr. CI. J,*.7,
it is decided, as staled in the svllabus:

«

"'I'lie public oJ'li«-er \\ho is |»rev<'nl.(l by sijilule, or by jmlicially
established jninciples of jmblic jtolicy. from demanding and collecl-
ing foi- his own use a fee loi- s^M-ving ;i criminal warrant, cannot
demand and collect it foi* the use of ihe Commonwealth."

That case jirose up<ni the claim of a m inber of the State i*olice
to the fees loi- se;viiig a warranl. A Slnle Policeman was j»ald a reg-
ular salary and ihe sei-vice of (he warrant was performed in the
course of his duties as imposed bv (he ac( of .Mav 2, P.MK"). 1'. L, riC.l.
relating to the State Police.

In an elalnn-ate opinion by the Court below, which was juhqded
by the Sujiericu- Court, it is said:

"That as n salaried police ollic<M- of (he Sta(". lie is no( iegally
entitled to demand (licse fees for his own use."

And again,

"ThaCc i(ain salaried ol'licials may c(dlect fees ami pay them into
(he public (reasury. is of course (rue: bni in every iiisdiiice where

110

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 21,

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

Ill

this is done it is because the express mandate of the law requires
it, and not because of any inherent right or duty growing out of the
fact that the othcer is elected by the people, or appointed by the Gov-
ernor or some otlier official through whom the sovereignty of the
people is exercised, and is paid a salary out of the public purse."

The Court therefore concluded that "John F. Walsh is not entitled
to receive the money in question for his own use or that of the Com-
monwealth."

That case rules the question which you ask, so far as it applies to
the salaried lish wardens. In making the arrests and in prosecut-
ing the cases for the violation of the fish laws, they are acting in
pursuance of the duty imposed upon them by law, just as the police
officer in the case referred to was acting. They are paid salaries
by the Commonwealth, and therefore upon the authority of the case
just referred to, or not in my opinion entitled to char^'e or recover
their fees as costs either for their own use .or the use of the Com-
monwealth.

But with reference to the special fish wardens, the situation is
ditt'erent. If the services of the special fish wardens are rendered
during the time such fish wardens have been detailed for duty by
the Commissioner of Fisheries, and for such services the said special
fish wardens are paid a per diem allowance for compensation and
reasonable expenses," as is provided by section 80 of the Act of May
1, 1909, P. L. 353, above quoted, they are not entitled to charge
fees as costs..

If, however, a case is prosecuted by a special fish warden who is
not paid such a "jjcr diem allowance for compensation and reason
able expenses" by the Commonwealth, then such fish warden is en-
titled to charge all legal fees as costs in the case.

Very trulv yours,

(Signed) JOHN C. BELL,
y Attorney General.

COURT DECISIONS.

During the past j^ear the Dejiartment, fortunately, did not have
much business in the Courts of Record of this State. The term
"fortunately" is used because the Department has, under the present
appropriation, only one thousand dollars a year to i)ay for court
expenses, and this will not pay for many cases carried up to the
highest court of the State.

In Bedford County there was an api>eal from a decision of the
magistrate to the Court of Quarter Sessions, but after hearing'the
case, eTudge Woods sustained the magistrate but did not deliver any
opinion. He, however, while directing the defendant to pay the
costs suspended the payment of the fine.

There was one case in firadford Tonnty, which is reported below,
that is of much interest to persons using eel' baskets. The law
states distinctly that the holder of a license for taking eels in a fish
basket shall be liable for any violation of the law. The defendant
in this case claimed that he had removed the ])ottom of his basket
the last time it was used, and it must have been replaced by some
persons uuknown for the ])urpose of fishing. It is absolutely essen-
tial, if the laws are to be carried out in the proper spirit, that the
pereons using devices must be held responsible that they are only
used legally.

In Montgomery County the Depaitnient brought suit against a
manufacturing establishment for running pollution into the Schuyl-
kill Biver. The suit was won before a magistrate, but on the
appeal to the Quarter Sessions this decision was revei-sed. While
the Department was not satisfied with the finding of the court, it
was deterred from taking an api)eal by the lack of funds under th<'
control of the Department.

I,

QUESTION OF POLLT'TION.

Last year c(miplaint was received at the Department that a
manufacturing establishment at Port Kennedy was running i)ollu-
tion into the Schuylkill Biver. The (•oni])laint stated that the fiuid
flowing from the plant was as white as milk, and deposited a wliite
sediment upon the bottom of the river. The superintendent of the
plant was arrested and convicted before a justice of the peace, who
fined him |1 00.00. The defendant took an ap]»eal to the Court of
Quarter Sessions, where, after a hearing before Justices Swartz
and Weand, the judgment was reversed and the defendant acquitted.
The following is the opinion of the Court:

8

U-2

KEPORT OF Tin:

Oil. Dof.

IN TllK VOIKT OF QUAKTEU SESSIONS OF .MOXT( JOMIOKV
(H)r.\TV, FFNNSVI.VANIA, No. 5, DFOFMIiFK TVAIM, 11)11.

ConiiiMUiwcjjhli

vs. >

(Jooij»o y. Ih 11(1 It'. )

> Si 11- Apnea

ppeal from Suniiiuny Oonvictioii.

OPINION OF TilF rOT RT AND .IFDOMFNT.

Tlic ilcreiidant was arresled, tii(Ml, ('onviclcd and stMitciKMMl lo
pav a line of flOO, hHoro a .Maj-istralc, cliari^od willi a viohdioii of
Svi-. K; of llio Act of Mav 1, 1000, V. 1.. M^.

He ai)i)eale(l from (Ik* jiidjiiiieiit of llio majiislrale and the case
was heard before the court without a jury.

The mformation upon which the wai-rant was issued char*jed that
dclendaiit "did unlawfully put ami ]dace, and did allow and cause
lime and compounds thereof, and other deleterious, destructive or
]M>isoiious suhsiances to he turned into and run or flow inio and
u])on th( waters of the Schuylkill Kiver, within the said county of
.Montjionierv and the Commonwealth of Fennsvlvania. contrary to
Section 1(1, ot an Act of Assemldy. ajiju-oMMl ihe first day of May.
A. 1). 1000. \*. L. :;(»:{. entitled "An act to classify the fish in the waters
within the. Commonwealth. ;nid to protect tish from heinji' d<'str<»ye<l or
injured hy destrmtive means.'"

As far as this case is concerned the ]>ur])ose and intent of the
act is clear **to protect fish from hein^ destroyed or injured hy
destrm-tive means." and unless the defendant's acts lead to thai re-
sult, he cannot he convicted.

The jteiialty for a violation of the act is a fine of one humlre<l dol-
lars, and "in case the defen<lant or defendants shall nejilect to ]>ay
at once, the fine or lines so imposed, said defendant oi- defendants
shall forthwith he sentenced to underjjo imprisonment in the county
jail of the «'ouiily where such conviction takes place. f(M- a ]»eriod of
one day for each (hdlar of tine so im]>osed and unpaid. The pro
ceedinj; therefore is of a penal or criminal chararter ami must he
ti-ied and decided under the rules, law and |tractice j^iovernnii
and ajiplicalde to criminal trials.

The Commonwealth must prove the j»uilt of the (h-fendaut heyoiid
a reasonahh douht otherwise the defendant must he acquitted.

The defendant is the su]>erintendent of the lOhrel .Ma.niiesia Man-
ufacturinjj: AVorks at Fort Kennedy, Montjiomn'iy C^mnty. The
Company has an invested eajtital of over a half million dollars and
employs over two hundred men the annual waji'es paid out is o\ i-
one hundred thousand dollars. These facts could not he jtn -'.'Xt-use
for a violation of the law, hut are important as hear:n.i»- tiiion the
consequences to the c<mi]>auy in case a verdict a.i»ainst jhem should
destroy their ])ro])erty.

Amon^ the substances forbidden lo be cast into the river is "lime"
oi any deleterious, destructive (U* poisonous substances of any
kind or character." unless it is shown to the satisfaction of the
Commissioner of Fisheries, or the Court, that every ri^ascmable and
jn'acticable means have been used to ]>revent the ]»olliition of waters
in question by the escape of deleterious substances.'*

No. 21

DEPARTM I:NT OF FI S HE III ES ,

113

There was no evidem-e (hat any deleterious, destructive oi- olliei-
|H»isojinns sui»stance had been turned into the river other than lime
and its comjMiund, if they wer<' of the character forbidden. Lime is
the princij»al consiitueni of limestone, marble, chalk, bones, shells,
\;c., obtained by calcinin*' limestones or shells, the heat driving off
carbon dioxide and leavin«]j lime. When the law included lime among
the foibidden substances, it was because of its deleterious elfecls,
i'lse there woiibl hav(^ been no more reason for its exciiisi<m than
wonhl any other material. J»ut, if limestone in its nalural state
or as (juick lime is poisimous, can it not be so treat «m1 as to render it
harmless, and if so treated (h)es the law apply. \\'e know that in
some forms it is used as a meditine and therefore beneficial.

Jt is fair to assume therefore that m using the word lime it was
used in its ])lain or commercial sense undivested of its deleterious
propeities, and if these are remo\ed s(» as to render it harmless
there would in this case be no violation of the law.

It is claimed by tin* Comnuui wealth "that the defendant in the
course of his business draine<l lime and the compound of lime,
know as •hydroxide." which contains the jH()jKM'ties of a normal
mild caustic solution showing an alkaline solution into the Schuyl
kill Kiver." And the Commonwealth endeavored to j»rove that "this
comj)any in the ju-o<-ess of their manufacturing takes lime rock from
the (iuarr,\ and burns it : when the original stone, which has the
name in the commensal world as 'dolonMe* is subjected t(» this heat
it is broken u|», and the carbon, with a chemical formation of F.Oi* is
burned out of this nalural rock and is caught in a receiver. I»y this
process the i;m<'ro<-k is transferred <n* changed into what is called
calcium oxide «ti- «|ni<k lime: that when water is ad<led to the lime
that remains, the carbon having been extracted, it slacks and forms
a new compotiml, which has the chemical name of calcium hydrox-
ide." In other words that the defemlants have introduced into the
Schuylkill liiver slacked lime.

To niaintain this pro|»osil ion the Common wtsallh called a witness.
.7. AN'. Criswi'll, to wIkhu .Mr. Hurley explaimd the jtrocess of maun
facturing magii(^;ia. as shown by the CimimonwenltJi's olfiM- )ftf
proof as above staled. This witness is not a chemist, but was posi
live thai the discharged substance ctmtained slacked lime which
would kill tish. His knowledge of the chemical proj)erties of lime
was principally obtained from others and fi<»ni experinuMits made
with litmus paper which turned extremely blue, (•onceding, for the
sake of argument, thai this witness made out a prima facia case for
the Commonwealth. ;i was <'ompletely nbutled by the evidence for
the defendant, if believed.

W. F. Onriier. a witness foi- defendant, testitied as follows: "Thai
he was ('injiloyed in Philadelphia by Ilooth. (Jarriet ^^ IJIair lor
sevvii ytais and it ceived his clu'iuical educalion in I'm-sIou Tech, &c..
and it was admitted that he was an expert chemist. His ]>articular
branch of work was analysis of water; on .lanuary 1.1. 1012, he vis-
ited defendant's works and look seven oi- <'ight sam]»les. No. 1
from the Schuylkill IJver. the lirst Til feel above the entrance of the
waste, from I he magnesia w<»rks and abimt 100 feet from the shore.
Sample No. 1* was taken from the river opposite the entrance of the
waste, and about 7.1 feet from the furthei shore, right straight

114

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

across. Sample No. 3 was taken from the river about lialfwav be-
tween the entrance of the waste and the bridge just below there, 50
feet from the shore and about 350 feet below the waste entrance.
Sample Xo. 4 was taken from the river about 200 feet below the
waste entrance and 50 feet from the shore. No. 5 taken from the
river 150 feet below the waste entrance aud 50 feet from the shore.
No. 0 was the mixed waste and spring water just above the railroad
culvert. No. 7 is the material from the waste run about midway
between the waste and the river — it is the straight waste. Ua made
an analysis of each of these samples.

Speaking of sample No. 7, nearest the works, he said in answer to
the question "did you or did you not find any evidence, and if so,
what evidence of the presence of caustic lime?" A. No caustic lime
present. Q. You were examining to see if you could find any caus-
tic lime? A. Yes, sir. I was very particular about that. In all my
samples. Found none in any of my samples. Q. What is carbonate
of lime in the connnon, every day jjhrase? A. Marble or chalk. Q.
You say there was no caustic lime present in these samj»les. Why do
you say that? A. It would be impo.ssible. If there was any caustic
lime at any time put into that solution, into the waste, the magnesia
and bicarbcmate would immediately unit* with it. There would be a
temporary reaction resulting in the formation of calcium carbonate
and magnesia carbonate. Calcium carbonate is chalk. I tried the
liltered waste. I tested for lime. I wanted to get the absolute
amount of lime in the solution. To my surprise. I found there was
absolutely none. If there is any, it is so small amount that I did not
get it. Caustic lime is what we call lime water that we take in our
stomach sometimes. Q. AN'hat elTect wonhl this material waste, as
it is called, have on the water of the Sihuylkill Kiver, injurious or
otherwise? A. The (mly elTect it would have under normal condi-
tions would be to slightly increase the hardness of the water. Q.
How far would that be deleterious to fish or any other life. A.
Very slightly. In my opinion not at all. Calcium carbonate is
harmless.

Although the act provides that in the case of the pollution of
waters bv substances known to b(* injurious to tishes or fish food, it
shall not be necessary to prove that such siibs(an((>s have actually
caused the death of any ])articular fish. Tlw Commonwealth inti'o-
duced evidence to show that the waste complained of did actually
have that effect.

Mr. Gehman, a fish warden, testified that he had taken samples of
the drainage; and hired a man to catch fish on the day he took the
sami)les. "I took three quarts of the li(iuid. I i)ut one fish at a
time into the solution as taken from this drain and watched the
action of the fish. Of cour.se it killed the fish. The fish after being
(lro])ped into the .solution showed great signs of distress by swim-
ming around and trying to escajte by jumping out of the toj). The
j-olution adhered to the fish. They l>ecame coat-(^d with this white
stutT and you could see that their gills were choked n]>. They were
sulfocated."

Mr. Treichler was present at the experiment. The substance 4aken
from the stream (or ditch) about 300 or 400 feet below the works —
'lie took that substance along liome in a sealed jar, and we deposited

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

115

the fish in the jar, and it killed the fish in about 40 minutes. They
had a quart friiit jar and the solid matter was probably one fourth
of the jar. AVe held the hand over the top of the jar to keep the
fish from jumping out."

The defendant also made similar experiments. Their witness took
waste from the mouth of this rivulet in the Schuylkill 10 feet below
and placed in it a large glass bowl, such as is used for holding gold
fish. Fish were put in on the 2Gth of October, 1911, and the bowl,
with the fish alive, was pioduced in court (m the trial, January 18,
1912, having been all the time in the original water. The water was
changed three times a week since 26 Nov. but it was in since Jan 1
to 18.

Mr. Hurley testified that nt first this water was run into an
aband(med quarry that was filled with water. This continued until
l)ecend)er, 1908, then they started to run it over a natural water
way toward the river and pumped out the quarry, having changed
the location for getting limestone, and in so doing took out about
three gallon buckets of small fish and found three big carp. These
fish hiid all lived in the quarry in the waste substance, which was
thicker than that now discharged.

So far as these respective tests throw any light upon the subject
we are of the opinion that those of the defendant are much more
satisfactory and convincing than tliat of the Commonwealth.

The jdant of the defendant company is about a mile from the
river and the drain or ditch carrying the waste is emptied into by a
rivulet or stream from a s]U'ing between the entrance of the waste
and the river. The waste had been run into the quarry for four
years and the limest(me used is still obtained from the same quarry.
These facts are important as bearing on the question as to whether
the limest(me or the waste is deleterious to fish or fish food.

The defendant respectfully i-eqtiests th«» court to find the follow-
ing facts: —

First: That the word "lime" as used in the Act of Assembly
under which the ]>rosecution is instituted in this case is lime in its
[jopular sense, or caustic or (piick lime. A. We so find.

Second: The word "lime" as used in the statute under c(>nsidera-
tion does not mean carbonate of lime or chalk. A. We so find.

Third: That caustic lime is deleterious. A. We so find.

Fourth: That caustic or quick lime is deleterious and injurious
to fish life, and that carbonate of lime or chalk is not deleterious or
injurious t(» fish life. A. We so find.

Fifth: That the waste j>rodnc( from the Ehret Magnesia Manu-
facturing Com])any that runs fiom the rivulet into th;' Schuylkill
l^iver contains no caustie* or (piick lime. A. We so find.

Sixth: That the wjiste running from llic rivulet into the Schuylkill
Kivei- fiom llu' IChicf Mjignesia U'oiks is cai"bon;ite of lime or chalk,
A We so find.

i«;

It E PORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Svveiitli: TluH ii(>lliiii«;' <l('lct('i-ioiis or injni-inus lo fisli life is eon-
laiiUMl ill (lie waste as the same runs I'loiu the rivulet into the
Schuylkill JJiver. A. We so find.

Ei^liHi: The (voiiunonwealth faiU'd lo show by evideiK-e that (lie
defendant has dejiosited any matter deleterious or dcstrucdve to
Hsh life from the rivulet into the Sehuvlkiil Kiver. A. We so find.

Requests for Findings of Law.

First: The infornuition in this case charj»;s (he defendant with
allowiiij*' iinie and the compounds thereof and other (h'leterious, de-
structive or jfoisonous substances to be turned into and run or How
into and upon the waters of the Schuylkill K'iver within the said
County of MontjLi^omery, thereby putting on the Commonwealth the
burden of showing beycuid a reasonable doubt that the waste of the
-Magnesia Works which flowed from the rivulet to the Schuylkill
Jfiver was either first, lime in its juijMilai' sense, otherwise caustic or
(juick lime, or second, if not smh lime then that the waste was poi-
sonous or deleterious to fish life. A. AlTlirmed.

Second: That this prosecution being Instituted by the Commis-
sioner of Fisheries under the pi(>visi<ins of the Act of Assembly a])-
lu-oved the first day of May. A. H. 1!M)J), 1'. L :u;:j, entitled '"An act
t<» classify the lish in the waters within the Commonwealth, and to
j/i-otcct lish life from being <lestroyed oi- injured by destructive
means," casts the burden u|ton (he Comnionweah li i>\' showing be-
yond a reasonable doubt that the waste fnmi the iriagiiesia factory
which Hows into the liiver Schuylkill is first eitlier lime a,; hereto-
fore defined, or. second, is a poisonous <»r deleterious substance in-
jnrlcMis to fish life. A. Airirmed.

Third: Tha( (he jn-ovisioiis of (hr ICdi Ser(ion «d" said act (»f May
]s(, IJMiil. I'. L, :{(;::, wherein it is provided as follows, —

••TIia( i( shall be unlawful for any person (o pu( (n- i>lace in any
waters widiin (his Coimnonw ealdi any dele(erious. desducdve or
poisonous substances, unbss it is shown to the satisfaction of tlui
Commissioner of Fisheries or the Court that every reasonable and
practi<able mejins have been used 1(» prevent the |M)lludon of waters
in (|Uesdon by the escape of de]eteri(»us snbstanc«'s." vests in the
Court the poweis of ;i chancellor t(» (bMermine whethei- oi- not more
harm and damage wonbl be (bme by sustaining such a |n-osecuti(m
than any benefit (ha( would accrue (herefrom. A. Allirined, if this
was a pr(»ceeding in equity, bin not atlirmed. as a matter <»f law
a|»plicable in this case.

Fcmrdi: That under all (he 4'videme and (he law this case the
defendaiK slnnild be adjudg;<l ••n<»( guil(y*' and (he pj-osecution
should be (|uaslied jind set aside. A. Allirmed. bn( (he verdict
should only be nn( gnil(y ami rountv for costs.

This case is deri<led iipmi (he e\ idem-e advjiucid .K (he healing,
and. after dm* coiisideia( inn. \\<' are of (he opinion dia( \hv evidence
is n(»l siiIlficieiH (o convi(( (he <lefemlaii( as charged in (he eoinplainl.

Xo. 21.

DEPAUTMEXT OF FISIIEUIES.

117

ANT) NOW, Febrnarv 10, Hd2, we find (he defendaid not guiltv
and direc( (he counly (o j)ay (he costs.

II. K. WFAND, J.

DIS.M.VNTIdXC, OF FKL P.ASKIOTS.

M

In Nov<'mber, 11)11. lOrnest IMckett, of Towanda, IJradford Couidy,
was arres(e(l by a S(ate Fish A\'arden for ilbgjil fishing of his eel
basket. The c(»mjdain( of (he warden set for(h that the tish basket.
..hich was in the north branch of the Sus<piehanna Kiver. was in a
fishing condition between the hours of eiglK o'clock A. ^I. and four
o'clock r. ?d., whin the act allowing the use of tish baskets distinctiv
states they shall not be allowed ((► tish. The com])laint also sets
forth tliat the bottom of (he baske( was naih'd fast instead of being
movable as re(juired by (he law. The defendam was found guiltv by
the justice of the peace and sentenced to a tine of 125.00 and costs.
An appeal was taken to the court of Susquehanna County, which ap-
jjeal was allowed by .Judge Fanning then the presiding jusii<e.
Judge Fanning was succeeded in Januaiy, lldl!. by .ludge Win. Max-
well and several arguments and meetings were held ijcfore Judge
i>raxwell resulting in taking testimony in the case before the Judge
in August, \U\'2. .Judge .Maxwell filed his (q>inion on September
1*4, l!dl!, dismissing the a[q>eal and confirming the conviction of the
justice.

The inqiortance of the case depends upon (he iiiier|»re(at ion of
the law as to wlia( is meant by (hr removal of (he bottoms. In
this case the defendaiK admitted that he had removed die boKoiii
only from (he fifdi (isliiiig fall and had no( been near (he bjisk<'.t
for over a week. \VIien found by du' wanleii (he sla(s had been pu(
in the fifth fishing fVdl and were nailed fasl. The defendaiK claimed
(hat he was not uiidei- (he law respoiisibh' lor (Im» acts of a (i-espasser.
aldiough the act says tliat th." licensee shall be legally icsponsible for
the illegal use of the basket.

The following is the opinion of (he couim :

ConiuKHiwealdi ) In (he Conr( of Qnar(er Sessions of IJratlford

vs. V C(»nn(y. Fenna.

Frms( I»ick(M(. ) No. .I!)::.* Sessions. liMl.

On November 11. I'll I, eomidaiiK was made by W. IC. S'hocmakei-,
State Fish Waideii. befon' .1. II. (.Jrcutt, justice of the peace, in and
."or the borough of Towanda. County of Bradford jiiid S(a(e of
J'ennsyhan a. charging (he said lOiuest rieke(( widi a violation of
the ICighdi Secdoii of (he Ae( ..f Mjiy 1. l!M>q. r.iinphlel Laws .'{."iT, re-
lating to illegal fishing. Tin mriK'rial poiijon of said coiiijdainf
;igaiiis( said del'emlaiK is as follows; -Ijiiesi PiekeK of (he County
el I'oadroid aforesaid, on the Sih d;iv of Xoveiiiber. I!dl. in tiie
eoiin(_\ and S(;i(e afores.-iid. ihcn ,|)i,| ihere being, did. widi loir"
and arms. e(e.. unlawfully, willfully and malirioiislv fish with a (ish
baske( in l\\v wa("rs of (lie north braiieii of die Susqiilieanna

118

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

River, in said county, being of the public waters of this Common-
wealth, with a fish basket unlawfully constructed, in an unlawful
condition, and in the daytime, between the hours of eight o'clock
A. M. and four o'clock P. M., the same being with a device and at
th? same timc^ not allowed or permitted by law, and being contrary
lo law, the entire bottcmi of the basket which was made of wooden
slats, and which contained more than seven slats, being entirely
nailed and immovable, all in tisliing condition in the daytime on
said date, and did with such unlawful device actually catch and take
eels and other food and game fish, all contrary, etc."

On December 11, 1011, after hearing before the said justice, the
said defendant was adjusted guilty of the charge contained in
said complaint, and was sentenced by the said justice, to pay a fine
of f25.00 and costs, and stand committed, until the said sentence was
complied with. The formal part of said sentence entered by the
said justice upcm his docket reads as follows: —

"And now, December 11, 1011, this case having been continued to
this date for decisiim the Court finds the defendant, Ernest Pickett,
guilty of the offense set forth in Ihe com])laint, that on November 8,
1011," being the h(>lder of eel basket license ''No. 11" in Bradford
County in the North I?ranch of Ihe Sns(|uehanna Kiver of the public
waters of this Commonwealth of Pennsylvainia, in the County of
Bradford, said State, at a time prohibited by law between the hours
of eight o'clock in the forenoon and four in the afternoon, did know-
ingly allow the full bottom of the fishing falls of h-s fish basket "No.
11" to be and remain in place in fishing conditicm and so that it
was possible for s.iid basket to catch fish, all maliciously at the
closed perirnl. unlawfully against the statutes and especially Section
8, of the Act of ^I;iy 1. 1000. rir).'?, and the peace and dignity of this
Commonwealth and the case having been regularly proceeded with
under said Act and especially Sections 24. 20 nnd 27 thereof, the
said Ernest Pickett being j>resent, called and interrogated in the
usual way, is accordingly convicted and sentenced to forfeit and
jiay a fine of twenty-five dollars and cost to the justice of the peace,
said fine to be paid over to the County Treasurer of said county and
by him forthwith paid over to the Commissioner of Fisheries and
shall be de]>riv('d of holding another license for a period of two
vears."

•

Afterwards on December 10, 1011, the said defendant petitioned
the court to ]>ermit him to appeal from the conviction and sentence
of the said justice in the above case, upon which date the court made
the following order:

"T?nle grantrd to show cause why appeal should not be allowed,
returnable first Afonday of January. Proceedings before justice to
be staved until dis]iosition of case. Bv the Court, A. C. Fanning,
P. J."'

The defendant sets forth in his petition the following reasons,
among others, asking for said appeal:

(;n "That your ])etitioner was, to the best of his judgment, un-
justly and illegally convicte<l.

(b) "That Ihe Connnonwealth alleged and offered testimony to
sliow that the e(^l rack of the defendant, located in the North Branch

No. 21.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

119

of the Susquehanna Kiver, at Towanda, Pa., was, on the 8th day
of November, 1011, found in fishing condition between the hours of
eight A. M. and four P. M."

That the evidence offered by the defendant showed the following
facts, viz. inter alia, that the eels had stopped running, and the de-
fendant had quit fishing his said eel rack, on or about October 31,
1911, and had not been to said rack from that date, up until after
complaint was made in this case as above stated.

That when he left his lack October olst, he took out the bottom
of the fishing fall, so that the basket was not in fishing condition,
and that the same was k'ft out and was not replaced by him.

That if the rack was found in fishing condition as claimed by the
(Jommonwealth, it was made so by a trespasser, or third party, with-
out the knowledge and consent of the petitioner, and contrary to
his wishes.

That the fishing fall from which the defendant, your petitioner, re-
moved the bottom, was the fishing fall from the time of its removal
down to the time of the making of the complaint in this case.

That there was no proof or allegation on the part of the Com-
monwealth that any fish or eels had been caught."

(c) "That the following questions of law arose in said case, same
having been decided adversely to your iietitioner, and which your
petitioner is desirous of having reviewed upon his ajipeal, viz:

First: Whether the owner, and licensee of a fish basket, same
being operated in the o]»en season, in a lawful stream for the capture
of eels, complies with the provisions of the eigtht section of the Act
of Assembly, of May 1, 1000, by removing from 8 A. M. to 4 P. M., the
bottom of the actual fishing fall, so that the fish basket is not in fish-
ing condition, or whether he is compelled to remove the bottom of
each of the several falls in said basket.

Sec(md: Whether or not the owner and licensee of a tish basket is
liable to conviction and penalty under said Act of May 1. 1000, P.
L. 353. for violation of the fish laws, in case said owner and licensee
lawfully removes Ihe bottom of a fish basket betvveen the hours of
8 A. M. and 4 P. M. sjime being used for open season, in a lawful
stream, for the capture of eels, and said bottom is replaced and i)nl
in fishing cimdition by a trespasser or third person, without his
knowledge or c<msent and against his wishes.

Third: Whether the owner and licensee of a fish basket in the
open season, in a lawful stream, same being for the ca}>ture of eels,
complies with the act of Assembly, cd" May 1, 1000, P. L. 303, by re-
moving the botlom of the fishing fall so that the basket is not in fish-
ing condition, in case he shall desire to be absent and not usi^ the said
l)asket during the hours that is lawful to use same, or whether the said
owner and licensee in order to comply with said act is obliged to
visit, inspect and guard the said basket so that third ])ersons and
trespassers may not put same in fishing <Ymdition or usi' the same?''

120

REl'OUT OF THE

Oil. Doc.

To Nvliicli p('liti(»ii and rule, Iho ('oiimionweallh by Lilley & Wilson,
ils ;Uh>jn('ys, filed an nnswci-, llie siilislinu-e ol' wliuh is as follows:

'•Thai llie dofeinhnil, one of llie licensees ol" a lisli bask<M located
iimiiedialely soulli nf the I Islci- hridjic in said coiiiily, coiisjnicled
a lish basket under said license in the open season tA' P.Ml, the same
being made with wing walls, the incline falls beginning at the bed of
the river where the wing walls came the nearest together, extended
down stream seven lengths each snccessively higher so that the down
stream end of the seventh fall when constructed was 4 1-2 feet above
the surface «»r the w.iI<M' immediately under the south nr down stream
end of that, the seventh fall and adjoining this on top and on the
south was a cabin or enclosed shelter for the operator and all of these
.seven falls and cabin wire, supjtorled on two parallel poles, the uj)
stream ends of which rested on the bed of the river ;it the ]»oint where
the wing wails c;jmc ihe nearest together, and extended to full length
of basket south, down the stream but in an incline elevating from
the north to the south, so as to elevate the falls as before indicated.

On November 8, J'.Ml, \V. E. Shoemaker, State Fish Warden, ac-
(ompanied with Fish Wai-den Marcey, at about :i:LM) P. M. found
this fish basket intact, with all of the bottoms in place, and in jK'r-
fect lishiug condition, the toj^ suiface of the water being to such
height that it tilled ail ihe falls to and including the sixth, and just
bar-'ly flowed over the south O'i high end (d* the sixth fall into the
bottom of the seventh. These facts were all absolutely undisputed
before the justice.

The answer furtluM* set out, in substance, that at the trial before the
said justice, the defendant claimed thai on October lU, 1!H1, he re-
moved the bottom of the fifth fall, which he claimed Avas at the time
the heigh ill <d' the water, and at that time the actual fishing fall where
the fish (<tnld be trapped a. id tak<*n. and did not again visit the fishing
devic<MH' basket from ( htobei- .". I. IIMI. I«» t he day of his ai-rest. There
was no pro(d' from any souice that any of the falls ha<l been i'em<»ve.4l
as required by law during the closed portion (d' the days, exiepi tin'
statement of the defendant, that when he left the basket <tn October
:M, 1!)11, he had KMuoved ihe. bottom <d' fall No. ."i. which as he alleged
was the iisiiiiig fall at tlu' time, 'fhat tiiere was ii(» pi-oof that any
third jierson had been near the basket between those dates.

It was claimed on the part of the Commonwealth, by its answer,
•that I he law provides for the removal of all of the 1,'ottoms during
llu^ closed houis ui' the daytime, for the protection of game and other
food fish, and not especially for such fish as it is lawful to catch in a
f'sh bask; t at |nesci'ibed jteiiods and makes it incumbent upon a li-
censee during the ]>rohibited houis and periods, to plaoe his basket so
that it is not only inijn-ob.ible but absolutely im})ossib!e fen* it to be in
a con<lilion to catch tish, and so that this condition caniiot eveji arise
fiom mere natural causes such as the rising of water, and the licensee
is i,<'uiid to see to it tliat his basket is so arranged, at his ])eril."

To which answer the defendant tiled a replication.

This apjdication for an appeal, from the contents of the petition
upon ANliich the appejH was asked for, together with the answers.
laiscHl <|uestions of fact, and testimony in support of the rule was
taken ((U the p:ij| of the defendant on I'riday. August 2, H)12, by

No. 21.

DEPAltTAIENT OF FISHERIES.

121

agreement of the parties interested. 'JMiere was no testimony taken
on behalf of the (Jcanmonwealth. I pon conclusion of the heaiing, the
iiialter was submitted to the C(mrt.

Alter raiefully consi<leiing this ca.se, we thiidv, uiuler Ihe proviso
to the sth section o[ the Act of May 1, liJIll), 1*. L. A^u, which reads as
follows: -That tlu^ bottoms of said basket shall be movable for the
entire wi<Ith (d* each and every fall, or so much of said bottoms be
movable as lo leave not more than se\ ; n sials in one section, and such
ijottom.s, or j»arts of bottoms, shall be taken out of said falls, or so ad-
justed, as to make it impossible for them to catch fish from eight
o'clock in the morning and kept out until four o'clock in the after-
m)on."

It w ill be noted that the language of this act refers tu the bottoms
"of ea<h and every fall" or so much o( said bottoms be movable as
to leave not more than seven slats in one section, and such bottoms
or parts oii bottoms shall be taken out of said falls, or so adjusted
as to make it impo.ssible for them to catch tish from eight o'clock
in the moining and kej>i oui until four o'clock in the afternoon."

We think the foregoing sentence, which we have quoted, must be
read together, and not sejiarated, in giving this act the proper con-
struction. It describes how the bottoms of the falls be constructed,
and the number of slats that may be allowed to be inmiovable in
each bottom, and then it provides for the removable «)r a<ljustment of
the bolKmis during the prohibited hours, and the language used in
this sentence lelales to the botlimi of all the falls in the basket. The
dismantling of the basket, so as to make it imp(»ssible to catch tish,
is the purpose and intent ion of the hegislature, and to remove the
bottom in but one tall in which water is running, or that happens
for the time, to be the '-fishing fall" at the close of operations for
the day, is not such a disabling of the basket as to unxke it imi)ossi-
ble to catch lish, and especially is this true, when the licensee ex-
l»ects to remain away for several days, considering the rise and fall
(d" the water in the larger streams of the (,'ommonwealth.

There is no dispute as to the constriuMi(»n of this fish luisket in
<piesti(»n. The defendant says if consisted of sawni falls, each fall
being ten feet in width by four feel in length. excei)t the seven! 'i
fall, which was ten leet by two and one-haif feet in width. That
the Ulster end of the fall one, was located on the bottom of the river
bed, at the ])oint where the wing walls came the nearest together.
Thai each fall had a droi> id' eight inches, excei)l the first fall, and
this one lia<l a di-oi> of ten inches. That the basket was so con-
stiucte<l that the seventh fall was six feet above the bed of the
river and four and a half feel above the surface (d low water. The
defendant testified and states in his i>etition fileil, that on the
night (d' October illst. or moiiiing of Xovend>er 1, 1!H1, before leav-
ing his fi.sh basket, he removed the bottom of "fall live," and this
was, at that time, the fishing fall, and that he did not return to his
basket again jti ioi- to his airest on XovemUer 8, 11)11. and did not
replace said bottom in fall five, nor authorize any other person to
do so. an<l did not know oi have any knowledge thai It had lu^u re-
placed prior lo his arre^^l.

lie testified and also <'alled several witnesses, who (daimed to be
ex]terienced men. in ojiera t ing eel racks, or baskets who testified, iji

122

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

substance that with Ihe bottom of fall five out of his fishing basket,
the basket was not in fishinj^ condition, and wonld not catch tisii
even if the water shonld raise and ll(»w into fall ''six" and "seven"
of said basket, as the suction of the water throno:h open fall five,
would carry the fish through this opening.

The defendant also testified, npon cross examination, that in case
the water fell low ennugh, so as not to flow in i^e fifth fall, that the
basket would fish, but he added, "1 was Avatching that." He said,
in order to do this, the water would have to fall about one and a

hall' feet.

As stated in the petition of the defendant for this appeal, that
the Commonwealth ofiered evidence before the justice, that on
November 8, 1911, this fish basket was found in fishing condition
between the hours of eight A. M. and four P. .M., with all of the
bottoms *n all of the falls in this basket.

The Conmionwealth filed an answer, in which was set forth as

follow^s:

"On November 8, 1911, W. E. Shoemaker, State Fish Warden,
accompanied with Fish Warden Marcey, at about :i:20 P. M. found
this fishing basket intact, with all the bottoms in })lace, and in per-
fect fishing condition, the top surface of the water, being to such
height that it filled all of the falls to and including the sixth, and
just barely flowed over the south or high end of the sixth fall into
the bottom .of the seventh. These facts were all absolutely undis-
puted before the justice." Which facts set out by the Common-
wealth in the ansv^er filed, were not disputed by the defendant. In
fact, the whole matter seems to turn to the one (juestion, to wit:
Was the defendant liable under Section 8 of the act of May 1, 1909,
under his own allegations, in not removing the bottcmis or i)arts of
bottoms of all the falls in the basket, or so adjusting the bottoms
in each and all of the falls, as to make it impossible for them to
catch fish from eight o'clock in the morning to four o'clock in the
afternoon.

We think that the language used in this act of Assenddy it is
plain that the Legislature intended, Ihat during the hours of the
day, from eight A. M. to four P. M., the bottoms or i)arts of bottoms
shall be taken out of more than one fall, or so adjusted in more
Ihan one fall of the basket that when located in the open streams
and rivers it will not be possible to catch lish. in case the water or
stream shall rise or fall during said period. The fishing fall, on the
morning of November 1, 1011, may not have been the fishing fall,
during the days of November 1st to the 8th, as it depended entirely
upon the condition of the stream, the rain, and the ris:> and fall of
water during said seven days, during which the defendant did not
visit his basket, or pay any attention to it, except he says, he was
watching the river, to ascertain if the stream was changing. We
think this is not a sufficient com]>liance with the jnovisions of the
eighth section of the act of ^lay 1, 1909, for the reason that the de-
fendant admits, that if the water fell a foot and a half at any time
during the jteriod between November 1st and November 8th. that
fall "three" and "four" of his basket wouhl be in fishing ccmdition,
and would catch fish, and we think if the water raised, so that it
was flowing over fall six and emjitying into fall seven, as it was

^o. 21,

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

123

found bv the fish warden on November 8, 1911, and not disputed,
that then the basket would be in condition so that it might be possi-
ble to catch fish, and we think highly probable.

In the case of the Commonwealth against Jolly, 15 Dist. R. page
308 Judge ]\IcClure in construing this act of 1909, that '^the racks
above the water as well as those so deeply immerged that a fall in
the water, such as might occur between sunrise and sunset, would
render them dangerous to fish, or hinder their migration, need not
be removed, is a construction which no doubt would be within the
reason and spirit of the statute."

This case of the Commonwealth against Jolly was cited with ap-
])roval by the Court of Quarter Sessions of York County, in the case
of the Commonwealth against .1. Calvin Smith.

We agree with the decisions of the Courts above referred to. We
think, that this (luestion must, however, depend upon the peculiar
facts in each case as to whether the bottoms of some of the falls are
so deeplv immerged in the water as to make it impracticable and
unnecessary to remove the same, or are so far removed above the
surface of the water that it would be unnecessary to remove the
same, in order to adjust the bottom, to make it impossible to catch
fish. '

While the act says that, "such bottoms or parts of bottoms shall
be taken out of said falls, or so adjusted as to make it impossible
for them to catch lish from eight o'clock in the morning and kept
out until four o'clock in the afternoon." We think that the defend-
ant has not com])lied with the statute, by the removal of the bottom
of "fall five," and leaving the balance of all the bottoms in all the
falls in i)lace, and remaining away fiom the same while in that
condition for a whole week. We are therefore convinced, that the
defendant, or licensee, did not remove the bottoms or so adjust the
same as to make it iTn])ossible to catch fish, during the prohibited
hours. The disabling of the basket is the one thing required by
the act, and that to remove but the one bottcmi of this fish basket in
question, and no more, when located in the open streams, with the
ordinary rains and rise and fall of the water, and to leave it in that
condition for ji we(;k. without any su])e.rvision or ins]>ection. is not
a comidiance with the provisions of the eighth section of the act of
May 1, 1909.

While it may not be necessary to remove all the bottoms in the
basket each day, yet it is necessary to remove more than the bottom
in one fall, in order to disable the basket, so as to make it impossi-
ble to catch fish during the prohibited season, and especially is this
true, when the licensee expects and intends to remain away from his
basket for several days at a time.

Under the admitted facts, we believe the defendant was proi»erly
convicted by the justice of the peace.

Our present inqniry is confined to the question, whether there is
sutficient evidence to sustain the judgment of guilty entered by the
justice of the jieace. NVe beli"ve there was sufficient evidence to
support the conclusicm at which the justice arrived. The legal
question involved, nnder the facts, was. we think, properly decided.

IL'4

REl'OKT OF THE

Off. Doc.

And now. to wil, September 24, 1912, the rule j»Taiited in tbis
ease to sliow cause wliy an ai)|)eal shall not be allowed the defend-
ant, is herein discharged.

Hy the Court,

WM. MAXWELL, l\ .L

INDEX

Artificial propagation, ^^

Ahandoument of Crawford Couuty Hatchery, ^^

Abaudonmeut of Spruce Creek Hulcbery, 1-

Arrests ^»*

Attorney (ioneral's opinions, 1^1

l:?oard of Fishery Commission Keport , 5

F.est Men Wanted , ^

lirown Trout, 14,52

Blue Fike, 43

Bellefonte Hatchery, Keport of, 54

Hlack Bass 62

lUiller, William, Keport of, . 50

15uller, A. <;., Keport of, ^^

Hcrkiious, .1. K., Report of 57

liulkr, G. W., Keport of, ^

F.ait Fish '^^

Crawford County Hatchery "»2(j

( 'onunissioner's Report, ^

Co-operation, 12,46

Commercial Side of Angling ^

Commercial Fish Hatcheries, 28

Co-operative Work, °°

Conneaut Lake Fish Exhibit, 42,45

Carp, ^

Canadian Eggs, **

4A

Commodore Perry, *"

Corry Hatchery Keport ^

Costs of Wardens, ^^

Court Decisions

14
Denuding Streams ,

Distribution of Fish 2o,38

32

Dams,

Donation of Site at Erie '*°

117

Dismantling of Eel i'.nskets ^^*

Distribution of Fish . Erie Hatohei y, ^9

Distribution of Fish , Corry llntHiery , 52

Distribution of Fish, Bellefonte Hatehery 56

Distribution of Fish , Torrosdale llat*hery , 58

Distribution of Fish , Erie Auxiliary, ^

Distribution of Fish , Spruce Creek Hatchery ^^

Distribution of Fish , Wayne Hnt.liory "^

Expenses of Hatcheries itemized

Eel Industry

Enforcing I'rotective L:iws

(125)

126

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

Off. Doc.

Exhibition at Conneaut Lake, 42

Erie Hatchery Report, 43

Erie Auxiliary Halchery, Report of, 61

Eel Baskets, dismantling, 117

Fishery Commission Report, 5

Floods at Spruce Creek, 12

Food Supplies, 14

Fish for Farmers , 1*^

Financial Statement , -1

Fishways, — ^

Fishes Recorded from I'ennsylvania 76

Fowler, Henry W., Pennsylvania Fishes, 76

Hatchery at Erie ^

Hatchery Expenses Itemized , 22

Herring Eggs, ^^

Hartman , P. H. , Report of 43

Haas, Wra. F., Report of, <j^

Hamilton, Hugh, M. D., r.amprcys 70

Instruction in Fish Life, ^**

Itemized E\'i)enses of Hatcheries

IHesilibility of Handwriting, •'''■*

Injinious Fish , Removal of '*^

f.ak.'s of the State, ^^

Lydell , Dwight , Report of, j^^

Lake Trout, '^'*

Lake Erie License Fees 21 ,46

Lampreys, Susquehanna River, '"

:Mc("airs Ferry Fishway, 30

Migratory Fish , ^^

Muscallonge •^^''*'*^

New Hatchery at Erie ^»

Nature Study, ^^*

N'evln, James, Report of

New Hatching House at Ei-ie, ^^^

Opinions of Attorney General ^^^

C 4'*

Presque Isle Peninsula, "' ~

Pollution ' ' '"' ' ' '

I'rotec'tive Laws ,

Prosecutions ,

Permanent Work ,

Proper Fish to Plant, ^^

Pike-perch Eggs

Pennsylvania Fishes, * '

Presque Isle Hatchery

Ill
Question of Pollution

Report of the Hoard of Fishery Cnnnnissidu ••

- ^ . . 0

Report of Commissionor

1-1
Restocking Streams,

14 r»"

Rainbow Trout, '^^Z

Report of Mr. Dwight Lyddl - '

Report of Mr. .Tamea Ncviu

. ' . ,, ^7,44

Removing Carp,

^"0. 21. DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES.

Reports of Hatchery Stations,

Report of Erie Hatchery,

Report of Corry Hatchery,

Report of Bellefoute Hatchery ,

Report of Torresdalo Ilatcheiy,

Report of I-^rie Auxiliary Hatchery,

Report of Spruce Creek Hatchei-y ,

Report of Wayne Hatchery,

Removal of Injurious Fish from Presijue Isle Bay,

Spruce Creek Hatchery,

Sewage,

Saving Waste ,

Suitability of Water,

Shad Seine Licenses,

State Police,

►Shad ,

Spruce Creek Hatchery, Report of

Susquehanna River Lamprey,

Siu'cial Fish Warden's Costs,

Thanks from United States Engineers

Torresdale llatehery. Report of,

\'i(»lations of Fish I^aw

Wardens , ^ ^

Work at the Hatcheries,

Wayne Hatchery, Report of

Warden's Costs,

Yearling Fish Distributed,

127

43
43
50
54
57
61
67
68

io<;

11
13
15
25
33
57
67
70

110
47
57
35

,32
39
68

108
50

END OF YEAR