Author: Pennsylvania Board of Fish Commissioners

Title: Biennial report for the period ending...

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1928/1930

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg240.6

|BE PWrenVAWA STAII

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

BOARD OF
FISH COMMISSIONERS

BIENNIAL REPORT

FOR THE PERIOD ENDING
MAY 31, 1930

HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA

1930

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE
UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Izaak Walton saidi

**I envy not him that eats better
meat than I do, nor him that is richer,^
or wears better clothes than I do, I envy
nobody but him, and him only, that
catches more fish than I do."

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

His Excellency Governor John S. Fisher,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Sir:

Conforming to the provisions of Article V, Section 504, of the Ad- ,
ministrative Code, we have the honor to present herewith report of the i
operations of the Board of Fish Commissioners, for the period from
June 1, 1928, to May 31, 1930.

During the last biennium there have been many accomplishments.
Probably the two outstanding developments were the new program
covering the distribution of fish with the Board's own equipment and
personnel, and the completion of the first units of the two new Hatch-
eries at Reynoldsdale and Tionesta, both of which will be in production
during the fall of 1930.

Respectfulhj,

BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS

N. R. BuLLER, Commissioner of Fisheries

John Hamberoer

T. H. Harter

Charles Reitell

M. A. Riley

Dan R. Schnabel

Leslie W. Seylar

F. J. Weckesser

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REPORT OF THE BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS FOR
THE BIENNIUM ENDING MAY 31, 1930

Since the enactment of the Resident Citizens' Fishing License Law,
it has been possible for the Board of Fish Commissioners to greatly
increase its service to the fishermen and through their excellent co-
operation the accomplishments which it was possible to attain have
been many as the previous report will show. For the convenience of
those interested we have set forth briefly the outstanding accomplish-
m^tft during the last biennium :

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

NFAV PROGRAM COVERING DISTRIBUTION OF FISH

There is probably no one thing w^hich has done more for the streams
and waters throughout the Commonwealth than the adoption by the
Board of Fish Commissioners of a new program covering the dis-
tribution of fish. Under the new program all fish are being distributed
to waters which have sufficient flow to carry the fish throughout the
entire year. The same close cooperation will be had with Associations,
Clubs/ and individuals for the reason that in making shipments to
any districts, they will be advised wherever possible so they can have
someone present when the fish are distributed.

The drought of 1930 proved beyond a doubt that the Board 's policy
of stocking waters only after a careful survey had been made was the
proper one, as in this way fish are only placed in waters which aref
suitable and which do not go dry during a severe drought.

COMPLETION OF ADDITIONAL HATCHERIES

The first units of two new hatcheries have been completed at Hey-
noldsdale, Bedford County, and Tionesta, Forest County. Each of
these hatcheries have approximately 400,000 trout which will be ready
for distribution during the spring of 1931.

One of the urgent needs of the Board was facilities for the propaga-
tion of more fish to meet the demands being made upon it. These
two new hatcheries will materially add to our distribution of trout,
and as soon as completed they will be hatching all species of fish.

INCREASED FISHING WATERS FOR THE PURLIC

A bulletin has been issued on the creation of additional fishing*
waters. Since its publication, the Conowingo Dam at Conowingo,
Maryland, in the Susquehanna River has been opened to public fishing.

(6)

n

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS FOR
THE BIENNIUM ENDING MAY 31, 1930

Since the enaetnient of the Resident Citizens* Fishincr License Law,
it lias been possible for the Hoard of Fish Commissioners to «rreatly
increase ite service to the fishermen and through their excellent co-
oi)eration the accomplishments which it was possible to attain have
been many as the previous report will show. For the convenience of
those interested we have set forth brietly the outstanding accomi^lish-
ments during the last biennium :

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

NKW PIUKiRAM (OVKHINCi DISTUIIU TIO\ OF FISH

There is probably no one thing which has done more for the streams
and waters throughout the (\»mmonweaIth than the adoption by the
Board of Fish (^onuuissioners of a new program covering the dis-
tribution of fish. Under the new program all fish are being distributed
to waters which have sufficient flow to carry the fish throughout the
entire year. The same close cooperation will be had with Associations,
Clubs, and imlividuals for the reason that in nuiking shipments to
any districts, they will be advised wherever possible so they can have
someone present when the fish are distributed.

The drought of 1930 proved beyond a doubt that the Board's policy
of stocking waters only after a carefnl survey had been made was the
proper one, m in this way fish are only placed in waters which are
suitable and which do not go dry during a severe drought.

rOIPWCTION <»• Al^WWMAI. HATCHKRIE8

The first units of two new hatcheries have been completed at Key-
noWsdale, Bedford County, and Tlonesta, Forest County. Each of
these hatcheries have appTOximately 400,000 trout whi«h will be ready
for distribution during the spring of 193L

One of the urgent needs of the V.oard was facilitit^s for the propaga-
tion of mow fish to meet the demands being made ui>on it. These
two new hatcheries will materially add to our diatribution of trout,
and as soon as completed they will be hatching aU species of fish,

IKCMiASBP FlSHINCi WATKRS FOR THK PUHLIC

A bulletin has been i^ued on the creation of addiflonai fishing
waters. Since its publii-ation, the Conowingo Dam at Conowingo.
Maryland, in the Husipu'hanna River has been opened to publi*- fishing.

(5)

Five miles of this lake is in the State of Pennsylvania and at the
opening of next year 's fishing season it should prove a favorable ground
with fishermen in southern and central Pennsylvania.

There is at present a new dam being constructed at Safe Harbor on
the Susquehanna River, which when completed will create a lake
approximately twelve (12) miles long. As soon as this has been
stocked and open to the public, it will be an additional fishing ground
which will supply much sport and recreation for the fishermen.

Through the cooperation of the Pennsylvania Power and Light Com-
pany, there were released to the fishermen twenty-five (25) miles of
trout streanns, some of which have been well known for many years
but have been private waters.

DISTRIBrTION

Under the new method of propagating fish adopted at the several
hatcheries, it is now possible to distribute to the streams and waters
throughout the Commonwealth in any one year approximately 400,-
000,000 fish of the different species, representing a value of approxi-
mately $500,000, if purchased from a commercial hatchery. The Board
has been following out a definite program for several years which has
made it possible to distribute practically all species of fish of a size
able to care for themselves. The only variation is in ^e case of the
pike perch, yellow perch, and some of the lake fishes. It is not pos-
sible to hold these species in such great numbers for any length <tf
time, and therefore a considerable part of this distribution is in the
fry stage.

PUBlilC INFORMATION

For the information of the public the following bulletins were pub-
lished during the biennium :

Bulletin No. 7— Creation of New Fishing Waters.

Bulletin No. 8— Pennsylvania's Method of Feeding Certain Pond

Fishes.

STOCKING STATE FORESTS

During the last biennium the Board stocked those waters withm tt«
State Forests which were suitable for carrying fish. Owing to tk«
continued drought, it was not possible to stock all forest areas.

NEW LEGISLATION

The outstanding amendments to the laws which meant most to the
fishermen were as follows :

The amendment to the Resident Fishermen's License Law increasinf
the fee from one dollar to one dollar and fifty cents. This was an
outstanding piece of legislation insofar as the Board of Fish Com-
missioners is concerned for the reason that it greatly increased the

receipts under the license and permitted the development of two new
fish hatcheries, one at Tionesta, Forest County, and the other at Rey-
noldsdale, Bedford County.

Section 185 of the Fish Law, governing the placing of fish-ways m
dams, was amended giving the Board the authority to enter into an
agreement with the owners, lessees, or operators of dams, to pay to the
Board annually or at other stated periods, a sum of money, which shall
be not less than four and one-half per centum (4%%) per annum of

the estimated cost.

This was a most important piece of legislation for the reason that
in the construction of all dams throughout the Commonwealth, the
old law provided for the erection of a fish-way. It has been a well
known fact that there is no fish-way in existence applicable to Penn-
sylvania waters, especially when it comes to large power dams such
as have been erected in the Susquehanna River.

Since the enactment of this law, the Board of Fish Commissioners
has entered into an agreement with the ovmers of the dam at Con-
owingo wherebv it receives $4,000 annually to be used for the stock-
in*^ of this dam which is in addition to what is furnished by the Board.
A^like agreement has also been entered into by the Board with the
Safe Harbor Water Power Corporation and upon the completion of
this dam, they will contribute $4,000 annually.

SURVEY OF liAKE ERIE

In cooperation with the United States Bureau of Fisheries con-
siderable scientific work was done on Lake Erie. The preliminary re-
port ra ^e phytoplankton and pollution in Presque Isle Bay, Lake
Brie, will be found on page W.

EDUCATIONAL GROUP AT THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

An accomplishment of much moment from an educational ^and-
^1 was the completion of a yellow perch group for the Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburgh. This habitat group portrays the life history of
the yellow perch. It is estimated that in the fall and winter 10,000
persons will visit this exhibition and during each year the museum
has estimated that 50,000 school children pass by the spot where the
eiiubit now stands.

BUREAU OF RESEARCH

mis Bureau was established during the last biennium to make a
fitudv of fish cultural problems of the Board. ,. . .t.

During the past biennium many accomplishments were realized, the

most important of which were : , , ^u ^ *

Bass Problems: This Bureau has revolutionized the methods ot

bass propagation by the growing of minute animal life that is readily

8

taken up by bass in the second feeding stage. The sviccess in this re-
spect has completely changed the methods of bass propagation and the
method of producing these organisms for feeding the bass will be
covered in a bulletin to be published. Briefly, this method has :

Enabled the holding of more bass per unit area until
time for distribution ;

Increased the rate of growth;

Produced a more uniform growth ;

Enabled the utilization of smaller and more artificially
constructed ponds.

Sunfish Problems. The results obtained in artificially growing min-
ute animal life and feeding it to the bass, led to its use for sunfisli
food, with the result that thirty Daphnia nursery beds were con-
structed at the Union City Hatchery for this purpose. The us.e of
the natural food doubled the fish per unit area for distribution in the
fall of 1929. Since the results obtained were so satisfactory, it »
proposed to construct additional Daphnia nurseries at other hatcheries
and utilize this source of food for the small sunfish and other fish.

Sucker Problems: Prior to this biennium the Board had never
propagated any suckers for distribution but owing to the great de-
mand made for the species, the Bureau of Research devised a method
by w^hich sucker eggs can be successfully hatched and the fish planted
in the w^aters of the Commonwealth.

Propagation of Other Species: During the next biennium this
Bureau expects to construct at the Pleasant Mount Hatchery several
experimental ponds where it is proposed to feed the fry for several
weeks on a one hundred per cent. Daphnia ration. This together with
the new^ type of pond it is hoped, will greatly reduce disease loss, and
cannibalism will be more or less controlled by segregating the fry
from the larger sized fish. Most of the serious checks upon hatchery
production have been disease, cannibalism, and improper feeding

methods,

Summaiy of Operations: For a complete sninmaiy of all accom-
jjlishments of the Bureau, see report of C. R. Buller, Deputy Commis-
sioner of Fisheries, on page 73.

CONSTRUCTION WORK COMPLETED AT HATCHERIES IN OPERATION

At the Pleasant Mount Hatchery, several large storage dams were
completed which makes it possible to hold thousands of additional
trout until they are from seven to ten inches in length. This is the
largest hatchery under the control of the Board and additional land
was purchased during December so that the 1930 construction program
could be continued. Increased facilities for the propagation of black

9

bass were completed at this hatchery by constructing one hundred
Daphnia ponds for the propagation of Daphnia which is so essential
in the life of the young bass. This is real progress and the next bien-
nium will see a considerable increase in the output of this species.

A new hatching house has been completed at Union City. A new
dwelling house for the Superintendent has also been completed by the
Department of Property and Supplies, payment for the dwelling hav-
ing been made out of the funds of that Department as it was a re-
placement covering a loss by fire.

At Bellefonte additional pond work was completed and a refrigera-
tion plant installed with facilities for the manufacture of the neces-
sary ice for the shipment of fish and an adequate cooling room for

fish food.

At the Corry Hatchery additional pond work was completed and a
large storage dam made available so that more trout could be carried
over the winter months. A refrigeration plant was also constructed.

A lease was taken on what is known as White's Pond in Wayne
County. This will be used for the propagation of minnows, which has
become a most important part of the Board's work.

NEW PROGRAM COVERING DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AS
ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS

Before the adoption of the new program, the Board of Fish Com-
missioners has accepted applications from Associations, Clubs, and
individuals requesting fish for stocking the various streams and waters
^roughout the Commonwealth. Under the previous program which
was adopted several years ago the Board advised all those making ap-
plication that the following program would be carried out :

1. That in the distribution of trout, it w^ould accept applications
oMy for the main streams in the various counties ; that is, the streams
known as the major streams, having sufficient water throughout the
year, and giving ample protection for the trout. Naturally this class
of stream is not affected to any great extent in the time of drought.

2. In the distribution of bass, the Board confined its efforts to the
stocking of only the large streams which were suitable. All applica-
tions for small lakes or ponds being refused.

3. In the distribution of sunfish, yellow perch, pike perch, catfish,
^., the Board ruled it would continue along the same lines as previ-
ously and accept applications for all waters in which these species of

fish would be suitable.

During the years the above program has been in effect, the Board
found it had more control over applications and waters to be stocked
than previously, but there were many difficulties to be met. During the
last year a complete study has been made of the whole situation and

10

at the September meeting the result of this study was laid before the
Board with an additional report covering the extended drought.

Nineteen thirty was one of the driest years in the memory of fisher-
men insofar as most of the waters of the Commonwealth were con-
cerned, and it is most gratifying to the Board to know that the program
which had been set up as to the stocking of streams had proven con-
clusively that by stocking only the main streams which had sufficient
water at all times, thousands of fish had been saved. Many of the
small streams which had previously been stocked were dried up com-
pletely, with little possibility of their returning to their former state
insofar as fish life was concerned.

It was agreed unanimously by the Board that in the future it would
support the following program:

That as soon as it is physically possible the Commissioner and his
designated assistants make a survey of the waters in the different
counties, which in his opinion are suitable for the species of fish propa-
gated by the Board, and in making this survey, he designate the waters
where the fish are to be placed. In making the distribution, it is to be
done with the Board's own appurtenances, and further that as soon as
it can be worked out, all applicants for fish be advised as to the new
program of the Board.

It was agreed that the program as set forth was distinctly a step
forward in the right direction, and that while it would undoubtedly
bring criticism from certain quarters, it was destined to work out, not
only to the satisfaction of the Board but to the fishermen, and that it
would eventually eliminate many complaints which were made about
the present system of applications for fish. However, investigations
which were made showed that these complaints were unwarranted but
there were so manjy petty jealousies throughout the Commonwealth
that it was almost a physical impossibJUily to satiny thoTO who were
making application for fish.

The adoption of this program means that in the future no applica-
tions will be distributed, and that all distribution will be in streams
and waters designated by the Board, and it will be carried o»l to the

letter.

A complete record is on file in the Office of the Board M the ap-
plicants supplied with fish during the last few years and in every
instance where it is possible Associations, Clubs and individuals in the
district where shipments are to be made will be notified as to the time
of arrival, the species and the waters to be stocked.

In carrying out the above, the Board of Fish Commissioners will
discontinue distributing applications, but will take care of those which
have already been sent to the Hatchery for fall distribution. It will
take some time to get this program into operation, and it is hoped that
all those interested in the fisheries will do everything they can to assist
the Board.

11

REPORT ON DROUGHT AS SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD

BY N. R. DULLER, COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES

There is probably no group in Pennsylvania which has been more
concerned about the drought in 1930 than the fishermen, and naturally
the Board of Fish Commissioners has had efficient representatives
traveling all sections of the Commonwealth, taking notes on the various
waters. These data have been forwarded to the Board from time to
time as it was imperative that an intelligent survey be n^ade so that
the program of the Board, covering its distribution this fall and for
the spring of 1931, could be carried out, eliminating the loss of any

r» 1

As Commissioner <.f Fisheries, I have personally inspected the Prin-
cipal streams in all counties of the Commomvealth upon four different
occasions since the month of July. During my fifty-four ye-s of sen.
ice in this WMk, I have never seen the streams and wa ers so low and
in mv survevs have found many of the tributaries completely dried np.
This'conditi;n applies to practically all sections o the Commonwealth
with the exception of those streams in the limestone regions These
waters are fortunate in having large springs which have maintained a

'^'This^surl^y'^vas made principally for the pttrpose of determining to
what degree "it had affected the aquatic life of the waters^

In judging the ability of a body of water to support fish ife man>
thfng must be takea into consideration, but probably the ch.e limit-
ng factor is the lowest water level that a body of water will reach
over a ^ven period. Low waters place the following checks on a
stream'sability to maintain fish life:

First-A severe drought such as we are experiencing greatly lessens
the ran-e in which fish may travel. Tender normal conditions fish are
...ore scattered and they have a better opportunity to ^^ then-
natural enemies. During low water, the aquatic life m order to sur-
vive must collect in deep pools where the natural forage consists as a
general rule of minnows, crayfish, insect lan-a, etc. which is fi.st
destroved. Then the fish resort to cannibalism and the smaller ones
^on disappear, and the larger ones readily fall prey to their natural
ZLe., consisting in part of fish eating reptiles, fish eating birds,

coons, minks, and otters. . , t „„ vi^h ran

Second-A severe drought destroys the natural forage. Fish can
onlv sunivo in proportion to the amount of food present. The prin-
cipal food in Pennsylvania streams consists of purely aquatic forms of
animal life, originating in the stream itself as the -~ J ^/^^^
fly, the stone fly, midges, caddis flies, crayfish, shrimp and others, and

12

the terrestrial forms such as earth worms, grasshoppers, flies, moths,
etc., that fall into the water. When available, fish will constantly keep
themselves gorged with food. The greatly restricted range, due to the
drought has enabled the fish to take a tremendous toll on the valuable
sources of food supplies. Furthermore, the receding waters leave large
quantities of minnow spawn, and baby fish on the shores to die with
the result that this season 's crop of young minnows will be very scarce
and few of the adults will survive to perpetuate the species. The same
condition has likewise been very detrimental to other forms of purely
aquatic fish food.

During normal seasons the terrestrial forms of fish food contribute
considerable during the warm months of the year, and the aquatic
forms are utilized to a greater extent during the cold weather. This
season, the extreme low waters have greatly decreased the surface area
for the reception of these organisms, necessitating the fish feeding to a
much greater extent during the warmer months on the aquatic forms,
with the result that the winter forage will be practically depleted be-
fore winter sets in.

The depleted stock of fish can be replaced by stocking but the forage
crop can only be restored by giving nature sufficient time in which to
do it, and in some instances, even in the larger streams it will take a
number of years before they will return to their normal state in this
respect. Many of the smaUer Mreams that have entirely dried ttp will
not be capable of holding a worth while number of fish for years to
come, and in the most severely affected areas, even after the streams
return to their normal level it would be poor policy on the part of the
Board to plant fish until the natural forage has had an opportunity to
stage a ** comeback.''

This drought has shown the wisdom of the Board's policy as to
stocking the waters of the Commonwealth with fish onlv after first
having made a careful survey, and also in carrying out its program of
raising most of the fish at its hatcheries to a size where they will be
able to care for themselves before being released. ^lost of the fisher-
men are familiar with the size and age of fish which are being dis-
tributed.

Fishermen will be pleased to know that tt is the opinion of the
Board that the trout fishing for 1931 will be even better than it was
this year as soon as the waters return to normal stages for the rea«>n
that all trout being planted range in size from six to ten inches, aU
legal sized fish. Great numbers have already been distributed and the
distribution will continue during the early part of 1981.

It will take some time before the complete data is available in con-
nection with the ponds and lakes of the state. Up to this time it
appears that only tributary streams have dried up entirely.

13

In the Board '8 judgment this is the most severe drought ever ex-
perienced and the most destructive one, and in order to perpetuate
this great recreational sport, the Board of Fish Commissioners assures
the fishermen that it will double its efforts in bringing back fishing in

all its waters.

Many reports were current during the summer months in which it
was stated that practically all the trout streams had dried up with con-
siderable loss of fish life. This statement is not true— there were oc-
currences where streams became dangerously low and some fish were
killed but the statements as to wholesale destruction were greatly ex-
aggerated, and did not come from the office of the Board of Fish Com-
niissioners. In the majority of cases where the tributar>^ streams dried
up entirely, many of the fish went down into the major streams.

There were very few instances where bass, pike, pickerel, perch,
muscallonge, sunfish, catfish, etc., were reported, and unless something
unforeseen occurs there should be no further danger.

In conclusion, the Board solicits the full cooperation of the fishermen
and it feels assured that it will be given* In order to accomplish this
it will be necessary to have increased funds to carry on the work, and
it is hoped that all fishermen will take out their licenses as early in
the year as pc^ible. During the last few weeks a new program in
connection with the stocking of all waters has been given wide pub-
licity but if for any reason you have not seen this program in y^r
local papers, the Board will be glad to send a copy to those request-
ing ft.

PURIFICATION OF WATERS

The following is a report of certain portions of the ''Report of the
Sanitary Water Board'' which we believe will be of interest to all
fishermen. Those interested can secure a complete Qopy of the report
by commnnicating with the Secretary of Health, who is chairman of

the Sanitary Water Board.

There are in Pennsylvania an estimated total of 100,000 miles of
stream*. Of this mileage, based upon surveys already made by the
Board, it is estimated that there are over 25,000 miles of Class A
rtream's— that is, streams virtually in their natural state of purity,
free from any artificial i)ollution except natural surface washings from
field and forest and such casual and minor pollutions as are quickly
dissipated bv the stream. In addition, it is estimated that there 40,000
miles more of Class B streams which are fishable— that is, streams
visiblv clean, capable of use for water supply with proper treatment;
suitable for recreational use and in which fish can thrive. Of the re-
maining 35,000 miles of streams, a portion are Class B streams of a
lower grade which are subject to amounts of pollution too great to
sustain" fish life but still susceptible of improvement and the remaining

14

portion are Class C streams which it is not economically practical to
attempt to restore to a clean condition at this time. A very large part
of this latter mileage is polluted by coal mine drainage from our bitum-
inous and anthracite coal fields. Thus far there is no practical and
reasonable process known anywhere in the world w^hereby acid coal
mine drainage can be rendered satisfactory for general use.

Quoting from the report of the U. S. Army Engineers, '* Frequently,
on account of the results reliably or otherwise reported to have been
attained, the plan employed in Germany has been referred to as a
model. Yet when a member of the Pennsylvania State Sanitary Water
Board in recent years attended a convention assembled in Germany to
discuss such problems, the Germans pressed him for information of
satisfactory methods of disposing of acid mine water, an unsolved
problem of stream pollution important at home as well as abroad."

To secure more authentic information concerning stream conditions
the Board supplemented its earlier investigations by placing a corps
of stream surveyors in the field during the past year under a chief of
party. Surveys were made of the Loyalsock, Pine Creek and Kettle
Creek and their tributaries and work was begun upon Tionesta Creek,
the Clarion River and Ridley Creek and their tributaries. Loyalsock,
Pine Creek and Kettle Creek and their tributaries were all found in
excellent condition and of their total of 1917 miles, all but 51 miles
were classified as Class A, 1866 miles of Class A streams thus being
added to those already so classified bringing the total to 9600 miles.
Work of the stream surveyors will continue during the coming year.
The survey of the Clarion has not yet been completed but although the
main stream is known to be grossly polluted throughout a considerable
portion of its length, the actual mileage of the cleaner portion of the
tributaries will probably be surprising to some.

Considering that the use of a stream for ptiWic water supply is its
highest use, the Board's first effort has been to protect st^ water
supplies. To do this several comprehensive cleanups of whole stream
Rvstems have been instituted. Except for those cases in which a w ater
supply is directly menaced by the close proximity of a point of sewage
discharge, it is usually of small public advantage and wasteful of pub-
lic funds to require a community or two to construct complete sewage
treatment works simply because they can raise funds for such con-
struction in advance of the other communities involved in a compre-
liensive cleanup of the stream under consideration.

Instead, common sense and a wise use of i)ublic moneys, dictate that
a complete, comprehensive and progressive program of improvement
be adopted whereby all the communities concerned will simultaneously
and to the same effective degree, proceed to improve the conditions in
the stream so that all the communities are treated equitably and uni-

^

15

formly and all will benefit from their mutual efforts instead of the
good work of some being offset by the failure of others.

Inaugurating such a cooperative program takes time and effort, but
the Sanitary Water Board believes it is time well spent to prepare for
such a comprehensive cleanup rather than to take the easier, and at
times more popular course, of the spectacular but ill-tuned and less
effective construction of a few complete sewage treatment plants at an
earlier date.

A splendid example of just such a comprehensive cleanup of a
streftm is illustrated by the work done on the Beaver and Shenango

Rivers.

By the recent placing in operation of the sewage treatment works
of Evansburg a major project has been practically completed. Twenty-
one sewage treatment plants in actual operation treat the sewage from
every sewered municipality in Pennsylvania lying upon the drainage
area of the Shenango River and Beaver River, except the sewage from
some 40 families in LinesviUe and that from Farrell. LinesviUe has
retained an engineer to prepare plans and the case of Farrell was
referred to the Attorney General quite some time ago. These treat-
ment plants remove a constant menace from the water supply ol
150,000 people as well as improving the general condition of the
Shenango and Beaver Rivers.

Another of the Sanitary Water Board's major projects is the Schuyl-
kill River cleanup. Following a scientific study of actual conditions in
this river by trained engineers and chemists using mobile laboratories,
it was found that the most serious pollution of the river was due to the
discharge of sewage from the nine communities located along the
river be<rinning with Reading and extending downstream to the Phila-
delphia citv line. A comprehensive plan of cleanup embracmg mu-
nicipal sew'age and industrial wastes was inaugurated, the municipali-
ties notified to prepare plans for the collection and treatment of their
sewage and the industries started upon a cleanup of their wastes. To
date the Citv of Reading has placed in operation a new 27,000,000
gallons a dav sewage pumping station, has begun the reconstruction of
its existing treatment works and is investigating methods for stil
further treatment of its sewage ; the boroughs of West Reading and
Wvomissing had treatment works built previously ; Bridgeport has
placed its sewage treatment works in operation ; Pottstown, Royersford,
Norristown and Conshohoeken have prepared and submitted plans tor
treatment works ; West Conshohoeken has made preliminary study ot
plans to supplement its existing small treatment works and all but
one of the other communities have retained engineers to prepare plans
that one being in the hands of the Attorney General. J" the case ot
Conshohoeken and West Conshohoeken, the electors defeated loans

16

intended to provide for the construction of treatment works and these
communities have no funds for such construction. Their cases have
been referred to the Attorney General.

Equal or greater progress has been made in the cleanup of industrial
wastes. Determination was made as to which wastes could be ad-
mitted to the municipal sewer systems and which wastes must be
treated, either partially or completely, by the industries themselves.
The industries have heartily cooperated, it having been necessary to
refer only one case to the Attorney General.

The Summerill Tubing Company has completed an elaborate acid
recovery plant eliminating all discharge of the company's pickling
liquors to the river; the Stanley G. Flagg Company, Walker Brothers,
the John Wood Manufacturing Company and the Alan Wood Iron
and Steel Company are all either neutralizing their acid wastes or are
disposing of them without discharge to the stream ; the Merion Worsted
Mills have completely eliminated their discharge to the river, the James
Lees Sons Company has installed treatment works whereby it is esti-
mated three-fourths of the pollution formerly discharged to the river
by this company has been abated and the company is continuing ex-
periments to still further treat its wastes; the Continental Diamond
Fiber Company has removed its taste and odor producing wastes
from the river, has installed save-alls to treat its ''white-waters," and
is studying treatment of its digestor wastes; the W. C. Hamilton &
Sons Company has installed four save4^ft— one for each of its paper
machines — to keep fibrous material from the river and the C. B. Daring
Paper Manufacturing Company has installed a save-all and has com-
pletely abated the discharge of its dye waters to the river; the Glassine
Paper Company has also installed save-alls; the L^e Ti^ and Bubber
Company has completely abated the discharge of its wastes to the
river, having given up rubber reclaiming at Conshohocken ; the Phila-
delphia Rubber Comj)any has reduced the jjolluting power of iti
wastes over 50% and is studying a further reduction ; the Ma^i and
the Weiland Packing Companies have provided for the elimination of
certain of their wastes and the treatment of certain of the others; the
Norristown Magnesia and Asbestos Company has installed apparatus to
remove fibrous materials from its wastes and the Cliampion Silk Com-
pany substantially reduced the color and organic content of its wastes.
Arrangements have been made for the discharge of tlie wastes from
most of the other manufacturers to municipal sewerage systems aa
soon as these are available to the industries and other experiments are
in progress to effect further imjn-ovements. All told an estimated
improvement to date of a 10% reduction in the loatl of industrial
organic wastes and a 60% reduction in the acid wastes reaching this
stream !

17

A study similar to that of the Schuylkill River has been made of
the Allegheny River from the New York-Pennsylvania State line to
Kittanning giving scientific information upon the actual condition of
the river.

Following this, a program for progressively improving the portion
of the river between Warren and Ford City was adopted by the Board,
the municipalities notified of this and called upon to prepare the
necessary plans and financial programs for this work. Certain of these
communities may require a somewhat longer time than others to com-
l)lete their sewage treatment works, but already outline plans for com-
prehen»sive sewerage or financial programs or both have been prepared
by all the communities involved.

Similar traverses have been made of the West and North branches
of the Susquehanna River, the Juniata and Delaware Rivers and in-
formation obtained as to the actual conditions of these rivers. These
data conclusively show that, except for limited sections of these streams
and for the portions affected by the coal fields, the most serious problem
is that of the proper disposal of municipal sewage and also that in
general these streams are in much better condition than is popularly
supposed to be the case.

Under a recent arrangement, a cooperative study of the Ohio River
will be undertaken by Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia.

Another major project which the Board has sponsored is the com-
])rehensive sewerage of some 35 separate municipalities located upon
the drainage area of the Delaware River in Delaware County. Through
the Delaware County Board of Engineers, plans are being prepared
fw a joint sewerage scheme to be eventually undertaken by all these
cotttoiunities — a truly big work of very great public benefit. Still an-
other comprehensive sewerage project is the cooperation of communi-
ties on Girty's Run near Pittsburgh and involving two boroughs and
two townships. Then there is the consideration of plans for the sewer-
1^ ^ the Pittsburgh region — metropolitan Pittsburgh, so to speak,
lifore instances might be cited b^ ^^^ j^W l^n given to indicate
the scope of the Board's work.

In the matter of proper handling of industrial wastes, genuine
progress has likewise been secured and this, too, in a field in which the
Board's legal powers are greatly circumscribed and in which, in gen-
eral, knowledge concerning satisfactory processes of treatment is
limited not only in this country but in Enroi)e as well.

There are many industrial wastes, among them some of our most
serious ones, for which there are now no known reasonable and prac-
tical methods of treatment. Obviously to expect the scattered and in-
dividual plants to undertake the experimentation necessary to develop
methods of treatment would be an uneconomical expenditure of time

18

and money and would inevitably result in slow progress. This has
been the experience of England where such a plan was tried long ago.
Instead of using this method the Sanitary Water Board, acting as
a leader, gathers the different members of the industry together as a
group and under an agreement, either formal or informal as conditions
make most suitable, initiates steps to solve the problem of properly
disposing of the industry's wastes. Under this plan the industry binds
itself to show good faith in utilizing existing knowledge and means
so far as practical and to cooperate with the Board in investigating
and developing methods of disposal and in providing funds and facili-
ties therefor. After a proper .method of disposal or treatment has
been developed, the members of the industry which adopt the method
are considered to have complied with the law; against the others action
will be brought.

This plan, is far more effective because it pools the intimate and off-
times confidential knowledge of the industry concerning its processes
and wastes with the technical knowledge of general processes of treat-
ment of the Board and secures the cooperation of the industry. At-
tempts in this and other countries to force industries to treat wastes
for which there were no known satisfactory methods of treatment have
universally resulted in antagonisms and usually in successful legal
defenses by the industries, not to mention a general stagnation of
progress.

Again quoting from the Federal report, ** Experience in this re-
spect has seemed to demonstrate that the evil cannot be summarily
legislated out of existence. Attempts arbitrarily to enforce laws en-
acted produced little result. Only since the establishment of the
Sanitary Water Board, whose organization procedure and accomplish-
ments are described hereafter, has satisfactory progress been made in
the solution of the problems involved. ' '

That the sane and cooperative policy of the Board has resulted in
real progress is evident from some examples.

For many years efforts have been made both by the Federal Govern-
ment, various states and the industry itself to discover ft reasonable
and practicable method to treat tannery wastes. As a result of the
laboratory and full scale experimental plant operation conducted under
the agreement between the Sanitary Water Board and the leather
tanners of Pennsylvania, such a method has been practically found*
Means have been found to successfully settle the tannery wastes, to
filter the clarified effluent and to handle the difficult sludge problem.
Further experiments are now in progress to determine which of two
different methods will prove the more economical, but it may be defi-
nitely stated that by the end of 1930 with the solution of certain de-
tails it is expected the work of the Tannery Wastes Disposal Comrait-

19

tee of Pennsylvania will have been completed in so far as the deter-
mination of a general method of treatment is concerned— truly a real
accomplishment and one obtained only after laborious experimentation.
Studies upon pulp and paper mill wastes are continuing in the 8
laboratories cooperating with the Sanitary Water Board, but it can
be definitely stated that save-alls provide satisfactory treatment of
' 'white water" wastes and known methods of sedimentation provide
acceptable methods of treatment of lime sludge wastes.

The Board has actively sponsored the installation of save-alls in
paper plants under its agreement with the Industry as a result of
which a considerable load has been removed from our streams, notably
from the Schuylkill River. Experiments are in progress to determme
similar suitable methods of treatment for the other paper mill wastes.
An agreement has been entered into with the manufactured gas
plants. Under this agreement the industry agrees to utilize known and
effective methods for the treatment of its wastes and to similarly notify
the Board in case of accidents. To date ga« companies controlling
987r of the manufactui^ gas produced in Pennsylvania have become
party to this agreement. In general the Board's efforts are directed
towards the installation of closed systems of waste disposal whereby
the wastes after treatment are recirculated and used over and ovef
again, onlv a small quantity of treated overflow going to the stream
and practically eliminating the ^Uution. Such a system was installed
at the Lewisburg plant and is in general use now.

Experimental work upon the proper method of treating milk wastes
was deferred bv the Board because it knew that the Ohio State De-
partment of Il'ealth and two other States had such work well along
towards completion. A successful method has now been found by the
milk indnstrv working under the auspices rf the Ohio Department of
Health and under the provisions of the Ohio River Interstate Stream
^^^^ion Agreement, initiated by Pennsylvania and which has
proved m beneficial in many other ways, this information has been
made available to the Board. Already steps have been taken to bring
m» milk indnstrv together to consider an agreement with the Board
wherebv milk wa'stes may be properly disposed of with the elimination
of the present nerious pollution of our streams. These wastes are of
especial importance because the milk handling plants are frequentb^
located in rural sections along small streams which, except for the
pollution from the milk handling plant, would be virtually free from

pollution. . „ ,^ , .

Probably tlic most spnnfls inrtnstfial pollution of Pennsylvania
streams is <luo to the clrainajre from coal mines. This situation is
quite in contrast with conditions in Europe. There the mines are deep
as compared to those in Pennsylvania, averaging perhaps l.oOO feet
i„ depth as contrasted with ours of about 500 feet depth. Due to their

\v

20

great depths and to the tightness of the strata above the coal meas-
ures, the European mines are **dry" mines, it being necessary to re-
sort to comparatively little pumping. Indeed in both the east and
west of England, coal is mined from 31/2 miles out under the sea and
the mines are so dry that they are subject to dust explosions. Al-
though in certain Continental mines large volumes of water are en-
countered, these waters are in some cases non-acid, due possibly to
the presence of limestone or other alkaline strata. This is indeed in
marked contrast with our Pennsylvania mines, where due to their
shallowness, enormous quantities of water must be pumped from prac-
tically all of them and where these waters in general are strongly acid
and heavily impregnated with iron salts. It has been estimated that
for every ton of coal mined in Pennsylvania between 9 and 10 tons
of water find their way to the natural drainage courses of the State!
Under existing Pennsylvania law and State Supreme Court decisions,
only in special cases can the Board by legal action prevent the dis-
charge of mine waters to our streams, the reason for this being that
there is no known reasonable and practicable method for treating acid
mine waters to produce a satisfactory resulting water. Europe, despite
popular belief to the contrary has not solved tliis problem and neither
has the Board, but it has taken a step which has already benefited our
streams and which is going to prove the most practical step which has
yet been taken in this problem. The principal operators in the bitum-
inous coal field and the Board have entered into an agreement under
which by cooperative action, the drainage from existing mines will
be concentrated or diverted where practical ; new mine openings and
points of drainage will be so located and new coal fields so developed
as to confine the pollution by the mine water to the minimum i)ractical
mileage of streams which will be for the present allocated to the carry-
ing of mine wastes, the other atreams Immg restored to normal condi-
tion in so far as practical.

In addition to the foregoing agreenu-nts, Pennsylvania has still fur-
ther safeguarded her interests by other agreements with New York
and :\Iaryland for cooperation in the protection of water supi)lies and
wastes disposal. In 1922 an agreement as to the Delaware River was
executed by the Pennsylvania and New Jersey Departments of Health
thus bringing under agreements for cooperation, all the states which
could affect Pennsylvania's interests so far as stream pollution is con-
cerned.

The Sanitary Water Board, of course, is constantly in receipt of

complaints concerning the pollution of State waters. These complaints
range from anonymous and trivial ones frequently arising from ani-
mosities among neighbors, to ones of real importance. All too fre-
quently they are concerning matters for which there exists no present
remedy, either because of legal or other limitations. However, the

21

Board investigates these complaints as rapidly as its limited person-
nel permits and secures abatement of such cases as are susceptible of
abatement under the law. When no law is applicable the Board fre-
quently has been able to secure improvement by amicable cooperation
with the offending party.

The abatements range from the correction of private sewage dis-
charges to such matters as the abatement of the recent serious pollution
of Connoquenessing Creek by pickling liquors, the treatment of a
large glue company's wastes, correction of pollution resulting from
changes in manufacturing processes, regulation of gas plant wastes,
prosecutions under the Fish Law and the many problems connected
with coal mine drainage, etc.

It may be of interest to know that the ** Pennsylvania Plan" for
the improvement of streams has received so much favorable notice from
other States and by both the public and private individuals, that
representatives of the Board have been invited to give suggestions in
anti-stream pollution work in other states, and frequent and com-
mendatory references to the work of the Board have appeared in print.
The Board is deeply appreciative of such evidence of approval of
its" work by disinterested, outside observers.

Particularly does it appreciate the following summary of its work,
quoted from the report of the Chief of Engineers, IT. S. Army, trans-
mitted to Congress by the Assistant Seereta^ of War, dealing witb
the preliminary examination of the West Branch of the Susquehanna
River in Pennsylvania: ''The organization established by State law
for t^ wntrol of pollution of waters of Pennsylvania and the pro-
ced^lM follo^^ by that opganization has come to be known as the
'Pennsylvania Plan.' This is generally conceded to be one of the
most efficient .systems of control of stream pollution in the United
States, and has been studied and features thereof have been adopted
by other states in the establishment of control of stream pollution."

**Only since tiw ^tablishment of the Sanitary Water Board * * *
has satisfactory progress been made in the solution of the problems
involved. Though this Board has been in existence but six years,
much more appears to have been accomplished than in the previous

W years."

"With a generous recognition by each of the interests involved, of
the rights of other conflicting interests, satisfactory solutions may be
expected to be evolved within a reasonable time in nearly all cases
of rtream pollution through the methods and procedure adopted by
the State Sanitary Water Board."

22

EDUCATIONAL

Through the cooperation of the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, it
was possible for the Board of Fish Commissioners io have created the
Yellow Perch Group, which we believe to be of great educational
value. A photograph has been used as a frontispiece for this report.

The exhibit is truly a work of art which was made possible throug^h
the excellent work of I\Ir. GiLstave A. Link, Jr., Associate Preparator
of the Museum staff, who was assisted in its preparation by Mr. John
E. Link. The splendid scenic painting Avhich forms the background
is the work of i\Ir. Gustave F. Fuehrer, also of the IMuseum staff.

Before commencing work, these men spent considerable time at the
Pleasant Mount Hatchery with Mr. C. R. Buller, Deputy Commissioner
of Fisheries, who supplied them with the necessary information to
create an exhibit of this character. There were at Unit No. 1 at the
time the Yellow Perch Eggs were being taken and thus secured from
this contact the real life which they liave put into the group.

The Board urges upon all fishermen when they are in Pittsburgh
to avail themselves of the opportunity of inspecting the group.

The following article giving a detailed description of the yelloAV
perch as to the origin, character, habits, etc., was prepared by Mr.
C. R. Buller, Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries, for a leaflet which
the Museum is having printed to give to those who are interested.

On Friday evening, November 21, 1930, the Board of Fish Commis-
sioners of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, after an informal dinner
given under their auspices in the dining room of the Carnegie Insti-
tute, officially presented to the Carnegie l\Iuseum, before a large and
distinguished audience, a remarkable new display or ** habitat group"
portraying the life-history of the Yellow Perch. In the absence, be-
cause of a sudden temporary' flln^ of the Chairman, Honorable
Nathan R. Buller of Harrisburg, the exhibit was presented on behaH
of the Commission by Dr. Charles Reitell of the University of Pitts-
burgh, local member of the Commission, and was accepted for the
Museum bv Dr. A. Avinoff, Director. Other members of the Board
of Fish Commissioners present for the occasion were Mr. T. H.
Harter, of Bellefonte, Mr. M. A. Riley, of Ellwood City, ^Mr. Dan R.
Schnabel, of Johnstown, and Mr. II. R. Stackhouse, of Harrisburg,
Secretary to the Board. Of the absent members, IMr. John Ham-
berger, of Erie, could not come, Mr. Leslie W. Seylar, of IMcConnells-
burg, was ill, and Mr. F. J. Weckesser, of Wilkes-Barre, is in Europe.
The Yellow Perch, because of its wide distribution in the lakes and
ponds throughout eastern North America and because of its delicious
flesh and the fact that it may be caught, even by inexperienced per-
sons, with almost any kind of bait and any sort of tackle in any month

23

of the year, is preeminently the ^'fish of the people" and the best
known of our freshwater fishes. Unlike its aristocratic brethren, the
salmon of the northlands and the tarpon and sailfish of tropical climes,
its taking requires no expensive equipment and no long journey from
the populous centers of mankind. Because of this popularity, the
perch receives particular attention from the hands of fish cultural
agencies and especially from Pennsylvania's Board of Fish Com-
missioners.

In the early springtime, just as the pussy willows burst forth and
the last ice disappears from the lake surface, usually in late April
or in early May, the female perch deposits her opalescent egg-strings
by swimming through the sunken underbrush and among the over-
flowed bushes, securely entangling and anchoring the elongate masses
of spawn. The egg-string of a single large female may contain 50,000
eggs. These egg masses so much resemble the shed or cast-off sknis
oFsnakes that almost every visitor to the new exhibit has thus identi-
fied them. Spawning usually takes place at the time of the spring
floods so that frequently long before the eggs have had time to hatch
the waters have receded and left millions of eggs to dry up and perish.
At this time all available forces of the fish culturists are engaged m
rescuing the eggs. The center of this work is the Wayne County
Fish Hatchery at Pleasant Mount, Pennsylvania, and the new exhibit,
therefore, shows a lake in this district.

mm representation of the life-history of such an interesting and
wcD-known fish was one of the needs of the Museum. On the repre-
sentation of several of our friends and impressed with the informa-
tion that the number of visitors to the Carnegie Institute, on almost
any Sunday during fall and winter will exceed 10,000 persons while
each year more than 50,000 school children march past the very
spot where the exhibit now stands, the Board of Fish Commissioners
at their meeting in Pittsburgh two years ago also decided that the
construction of an exhibit portraying the life-history of the Yellow
Pe^h would be in accord with their educational program. Such an
exhibit would show in permanent form what the Board had already
shown in many communities through the ase of its rather unique
^ries of motion pictures. After consultation with Governor John
S Fisher the Board decided to make possible the construction of
such an exhibit by the appropriation to the Carnegie Museum of a
sum sufficient to defray the major portion of the expenses incidental
to the construction of this display.

The preparation of the proposed exhibit was placed in the hands
of Mr Gustave A. Link, Jr., Associate Preparator of the museum «taff,
to be assisted with its preparation by IMr. John E. Link, to both of
Whom the museum is also indebted for the creation of the justly cele-

24

brated Aurora Trout Group as well as of several other remarkable dis-
plaj^s. They proceeded to Pleasant Mount, Pa., where all necessary
collections and studies were made. Mention should be made of the
courtesies extended them here by Mr. C. R. BuUer, Deputy Commis-
sioner of Fisheries. After extensive experiments and preparations the
group was completed as it stands today, a beautiful spring scene in
northeastern Pennsylvania. The splendid scenic painting which forms
the background is the work of Mr. Ottmar F. Fuehrer, also of the
museum staff. The new exhibit, which must be seen to be appreciated
since so much is hidden from the camera, stands now on the first floor
besides its companion, the group of Aurora Trout, to further enhance
and beautifv the halls of the Museum.

25

THE YELLOW PERCH IN PENNSYLVANIA

By C. R. Buller

^^It is a true fish, such as the angler loves to put^ into his
basket or hang on top of his willow twig on shady after-
noons, along the hanks of the stream.'^

ThoreaUf Walden Pond.

The yellow perch is a member of a very ancient race of fishes and
enjoys a wide range throughout Europe and North America. Until
recent years, its range in Pennsjdvania, was limited to the waters oast
of the Allegheny Mountains, but because of its popularity it has been
introduced in the many suitable waters west of the Allegheny, where
it has very favorably adapted itself to its new environment.

As far back as history records, this ancient race was found in many
waters east of the Allegheny. But until 1900, it was not considered
popular with either the commercial or angling groups of fishermen.
Probablv the commercial fishermen did not look with favor on it be-
cause larger and more easily marketed fish, such as the shad, pike,
perch and other species, were readily obtainable.

^^The anglers, as compared with today, were few, and trout streams,
up until 1880, afforded them with an abundance of this kind of sport.
At about that time, trout fishing in the waters of many of the more
densely settled parts of the State, began to Avane and the anglers de-
voted much of their attention to the black bass, which had become very
popular. It was anticipated that bass fishing could be had in most all
our waters, trout streams not excepted. As the anglers increased in
number from year to year and, investigators showed them the impossi-
bilities of having good bass fishing in the greater number of the water
areas of the Commonwealth, they looked with more favor upon other
species, as the yellow perch, catfish and sunfish. Of this group, the
yellow perch stands out very prominently, until today, there are prob-
ably more people in Pennsylvania, who fish for the yellow perch than
for all other species combined.

The rise in popularity of the yellow perch may be attributed prin-
cipally to its gamey qualities, its ease of capture, its good pan qualities
and its adaptability to various waters. AVhile it cannot be classed as
a game fish of the highest order its short savage .struggle to free itself
when hooked, demonstrates its ability to rank with this class of fishes.
It is frequently referred to as the fish of the masses, probably because
most any bait will tempt the yellow perch and it can be as readily caught
by women and children with a bamboo polo, float and sinker, as by the
angler with the expensive rod and artificial lures. When captured, its

26

pan qualities rank among the best of the American varieties. These fish
are angled for in almost all waters other than the trout streams. While
they are by preference, a fish of the lakes and ponds, chiefly through
the efforts of the Board of Fish Commissioners, they have become firmly
established in many of the streams and rivers.

The open season for angling for the many kinds of Pennsylvania's
fishes is based principally upon their range, ability to reproduce natural-
ly and their susceptibility to artificial propagation and distribution by
the Board of Fish Commissioners. Because the yellow perch possess
all these attributes, there is no closed season on them. Anglers can be
found fishing for them in one part of the State or the other, almost
any month of the year.

Science tells us that the perch can be traced to the Devonian period
and has survived all succeeding ages up to the present time without
much change of form. Nevertheless, the fish culturists soon saw that
because of the checks put upon its natural growth and reproduction by
the rapid advance of civilization, plus the increased number of fisher-
men, if it w^re to be found in worth while numbers in this Common-
wealth, artificial methods would have to be employed. The investigators
who made a study of the yellow perch, thought that this would be a
comparatively easy task, because of its peculiar spawning habits. In-
stead of the eggs being extruded singly, as in the case generally, the
spawn of the yellow perch is in one piece. In shape, it is long and rib-
bon like arranged in fluted folds, resembling the sides of a bellows or
an accordion. This ribbon like string often measures from three to six
feet in length according to the size of the fish. It is a translucent yel-
lowish mass, somewhat resembling a piece of delicate lace. As this lace
like string is extruded, it is entwined about submerged brush, old logs,
rocks and other objects, where it is prevented from settling to the bottom
and ^mothering and where it receives a good water circulation, resulting
from the w^ave action. In Pennsylvania, the spawning takes place in
April or May, at which time most bodies of water are at their flood
stage. It requires from fifteen to twenty-one days for the eggs to hatch.
During this period, as a general rule, the waters recede rapidly, causing
the eggs that were deposited in the shallow waters to die.

The investigators proposed to turn this tremendous loss into a gain
by artificially hatching them at the fish hatcheries and returning the
fry to the public w^aters.

In 1904, the State Fish Hatchery at Pleasant Mount was established
and as soon as hatching batteries could be constructed, the work of col-
lecting the yellow perch eggs was undertaken and carried on success
fully for a number of years. This hatchery was advantageously located
for this kind of work because of its proximity to many small glacial
Iftke^,

27

The serious disadvantage associated with this work was the size of
the parent stock from which the eggs were being collected. It was found
that in the majority of the glacial lakes of northeastern Pennsylvania,
the yellow perch rarely exceeded six inches in length. Although the
fish culturists were saving millions from loss caused by the receding
waters, they were in turn distributing this inferior strain of fish into
many waters that already contained large strains, with small chance of
increasing the sizCi

After considerable study on the part of the investigators, it was
proved to their satisfaction, that inbreeding caused this stunted growth.
The characteristics of the yellow perch and their restricted environ-
ment brought this about, because these lakes are comparatively small,
few of them exceeding one hundred acres in area. It is a fact, that
yellow perch have inhabited most of these areas for many generations.
Since many kinds of fish are more or less migratory in habit, this tends
towards the constant infusion of new blood. Such is not the case with
the yellow perch. When the waters recede rapidly from a lake or pond
containing our native fish, as the pickerel, sunfish, catfish and others,
they will invariably follow the receding waters, seeking new homes if
necessary, but the yellow perch working against the current will perish
rather than follow the receding waters from their homes. The home
loving instinct and the small areas which they inliabit brought about
a close line of inbreeding, resulting, in these instances, in a loss of size.
In 1911, the Board of Fish Commissioners, then kno\\Ti as the De-
partment of Fisheries, reorganized its program of fish hatchery con-
struction, propagation and distribution. In this reorganization pro-
gram, much thought was given to the future of the yellow perch and fish
culturists were detailed to devise means of securing the egg crop from
larger sized fish with the thought of eventually, through stocking, in-
creasing the size of the fish in the glacial areas and of stocking other
waters with fish that would reach a size sufficient to gladden the hearts
of the anglers. Through a process of selective breeding there was de-
veloped at the Pleasant jMount Hatchery, a strain of exceptionally large
flsh. As money became available, areas were set aside for the holding of
brook stock of selectively bred fish. From time to time, the holding
mem and the brood stock have been increased until in 1929, there was
acquired a stock that produced, in round numbers, one hundred twenty-
six bushels of eggs. Since the Board has been limiting the perch dis-
tribution to the offspring of the selectively bred strains, it is receiving
each year, more and more comments from the anglers in reference to
the size of the fish being caught.

In the newly created areas stocked with this strain, quick results
have been shown ; in the glacial lakes that already contain the smaller
strains, results are considerably slower.

28

At the present time, the yellow perch are hatched and distributed
from five of the eight hatcheries, operated by the Board of Fish Com-
missioners of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

PENNSYLVANIA'S FISH COMMISSIONERS

Those interested in the Board of Fish Commissioners should read
the following article. It gives in detail the various functions of the
Board and was prepared by N. R. Buller, Commissioner of Fisheries,
and used at an address before the Extension School of Bucknell Uni-
versity at Harrisburg.

The Board of Fish Commissioners of Pennsylvania is composed of
a Commissioner of Fisheries and seven other citizens. The personnel
of the Board is as follows :

N. R. Buller, Commissioner of Fisheries

John Hamberger, Erie

M. A. Riley, Ellwood City

Dr. Charles Reitell, Pittsburgh

T. H. Harter, Bellefonte

Dan R. Schnabel, Johnstown

Leslie W. Seylar, MeConnellsburg

F. J. Weckesser, Wilkes-Barre

^ iOre^om m isHioirer of Fisheries is President and Executive Officer of
the Board and Chief Superintendent of all fish cultural establishments
belonging to the Commonwealth. Under the Administrative Code he is
also a member of the Water and Power Resources Board which has
authoritv over the construction of all dams and encroachments on
streams and waters, the Sanitary Water Board which has authority over
all questions pertaining to pollution of waters and the Pennsylvania
State Park and Harbor Commission of Erie.

The duties of the Board of Fish Commissioners are the supervision
of all matters pertaining to fish and fishing throughout the Common-
wealth.

In looking back to the days of the early settlers, we find that the
springs quenched their thirst ; the lakes and streams afforded them their
most dependable supply of food and clothing; the rivers w^ere their
highways and the waters afforded them with a large share of their
recreative sport. However, advancing civilization ha.s largely necessi-
tated the removal of mankind from the water-side. But the instinct still
remains and when circumstances permit, where the waters are clean
and afford good fishing, there they go for rest and recreation.

The Board is of the opinion that this country is on the eve of one of
the greatest periods of the conservation of wild life that it has ever
known.

When our forefathers first settled in this new country their greatest
thought in life was to provide a living by the sweat of their brow for

C0MM0NWEALTH^.9/^PENNSYLVANIA

•BOAED-OF FISH- COMM ISSIONEKS-

•DECEMBE2 -1-1930-

BOARD OF
FISH COMMISSIONERS

CREITELL- M.A.CILtYTKHARTER
D.B.SCHNABEL J.HAMBCRQER
FJ.WECKESSER LWSEYLAa

COMMISSIONEC OF FISHERIES
'N.RBULLEa'

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER.
•C.R. BV/LLER-

SECRETARIAL
OFFICES

IHCSTACKHOV/SEI
LxecutivfSecwitory

I ACCOVNTANT
6CLEQKS

PROPAGATION

WARDCN
SERVICE

20WAQDeNS
|4ENF0RCeMENT OFPiCERSl
PATQOl STREAMS
MAKING 3URVCYS
LAW ENFOSCCMENT
IIIVESTI6ATI0M5

RPOEITtR
Chief Wordtn

[COMMOPOggPCPgV^I

IP0eCEMeNT0PUW5(
jLAKEEeiE-FiELOMHBfl
jCOOf EBATION WITHTHCr
jraOVtDENCEOrONTA

TMICKLtSOHCbpT.
25EMJEK

cav/iscR

ANNA

|fNn)|tC£MCNTOrUMIs|

ON

OCLAWABC RIVEB

riELO WOBK

BOAT PATR.OL
SERVICE

LAKE ERIE

OCLAwAae atvcR

CONSTRVCTION
SERVICE

I.CONSTCVCTION Of
NtWHATCHtRltS

2.A00IH0HS TO
PRtStNT HATCHERIES

fie:ld

SERVICE

DISTRIBUTION
SERVICE

DISTRIftvmON or FISH

WITH BOARDS OWN

EQUIPMENT AND

PERSONNEL

1 . EDV/CATION

rA)EXHIBITS

C») PUBLICATIONS

(OLECTVRES

(0) ARTICLES

Z, PV6UCITY

(A)PRES5

(WP03TERS«rSIGN5

COSTICKERS

N.B.SPtNCEC.

UPON coMftenoN

WILL ALSO FSOPA&ATC
WAKMWXTEKPISH

GV/YWCLLS^Sop*

NO. 8
TIONESTA

FOREST COUNTY

PBOeAGATlON

TROUT

UPOM COMPLITIOW
WILL ADO PBomsAn
WABM WATEfi FISH

6tRNARD GlU^upt

29

themselves and their families, with always the thought of carrying on
until the children were large enough to assist with the work. But,
eventually, the germ of learning seeded itself and resulted in our mod-
ern educational institutions, with the result that the father no longer
looks forward to the time when the children will be large enough to
help earn the livelihood, but he works with the constant thought of pro-
viding his offspring with the best education the country affords.

Education has brought about the invention of our modern labor sav-
ing machinery, automobiles and modern highways, resulting in shorter
working hours for all classes and more idle time. The chief executives
of our country realize that idleness breeds mischief and discontent. A
prosperous and happy nation is only possible where the inhabitants
therein are a contented people and one of the greatest problems con-
fronting this country today is to provide for healthful recreation during
their idle moments.

Thanks to the forethought and diligent efforts of the various com-
missions having jurisdiction over the wild life of our State, most of
Pennsylvania's natural beauty and wild life has been preserved or is
being restored for ourselves and our posterity. The instinct of our
people for the great out-of-door, plus the automobile and modern high-
ways are bringing, each year, hundreds of thousands into forests and on
our streams where they while away many contented hours.

Fisliing is one of the most innocent and wholesome recreative sports
our great out-of-door affords. This great sport is being maintained
through the active work of the Board of Fish Commissioners. Ad-
vancing civilization has put many checks upon the natural growth and
reproduction of our aquatic life. In about 1876, the legislature foresaw
that unless some action was taken to preserve our fish life, it would
go the way of the wild pigeon, buffalo, and other wild life, with the
result that a Board was formed having jurisdiction over all matters
pertaining to fish and fishing.

Until very recently, this Board was greatly handicapped in its work.
Protective legislation could not be enacted. The protective laws that
were passed could not be enforced. The people could not be brought
to see why our waters would not always teem with fish, with the result
that over this period of years, our fish life was rapidly depleted by the
indiscriminate destruction of fish by the fishermen as well as by the
checks put upon their growth and natural reproduction by civilization.
The men engaged in this type of conservation received little coopera-
tion in a protective sense until the waters were practically depleted of
fish life.

The Board early foresaw that eventually, the artificial propagation
of fish w^ould be necessary and Pennsylvania was one of the pioneers
in fish culture. In its early days it lacked trained men and money

30

for carrying on this work. Only by the few men who have devoted
their lives to fish culture have our modern fish cultural methods been
made possible. Again, this small group of men who devoted their
lives to trying to preserve and maintain the fish, were greatl^^ handi-
capped for lack of funds with which to carry on their work. Not much
could be accomplished in the development of hatcheries or rearing
plants, until the advent of the Resident Fishing License. In 1922, the
Resident Fishing License Law was enacted after a fight of ten years
in the legislature. The enactment of this license law has probably
done more to bring about good fishing in Pennsylvania than anything.
It has made possible the development of Pennsylvania's present fish
cultural methods, comprising a group built from almost nothing in
1922 to the present modern plants which, when taken as a group, are
second to none in existence today, and valued at approximately two
million dollars. It has made the Board a self supporting institution
since the revenue for carrying on its activities is derived from the
Resident and Non-Resident Fishing Licenses. If you are not a fisher-
man, or sufficiently interested to purchase a fishing license, then you
are not contributing to the support of the Board of Fish Commis-
sioners. The license has brought about a closer coo])eration between
the Board and the fishermen. The fishermen are familiarizing them-
selves with the Board's program and, as a group, are greatly assisting
in enabling the Board to follow it out.

No agency could accurately figure in dollars and cents the recrea-
tional sport of angling, and until recently, the Board 's efforts to main-
tain and improve fishing in Pennsylvania was looked ui)on as a sport-
ing proposition; but not so today. Probably few people realize the
vast amount of money invested throughout the country in the busi-
ness of catering to the vacationist's or tourist's tifade. Many stat«»
are conducting extensive publicity campaigns, advertising their moun-
tain scenery, beautiful lakes, streams and modern highways, always
emphasizing the regions known for their good fishing. This is done
for the sole purpose of deriving the benefit of the money spent. We
have many communities in Pennsylvania, nestled along our beautiful
trout streams or natural lakes, whose chief asset is this type of trade.
Statistics show that the good fishing which the Board is providing in
these localities has done more to induce people to spend their vacation
there than any other factor, with the possible exception of, our
highways.

Most recreational sport is more or less seasonal, but not so with
fishing. Our laws provide that one or more species of fish can be
angled for in every month of the year. Pennsylvania's army of ap-
proximately one half million fishermen is composed of all types. The
early spring fishing opens with the trout fishermen whipping our trout

31

streams ; later, the bass fishermen make their appearance on our rivers
and larger streams. Those who do not care for bass fishing, yet desire
to pit their skill against the gamey varieties, are found on our many
lakes and ponds angling for the pickerel. In almost every month of
the year a great mass of fishermen, including many women and chil-
dren, who do not care for the more gamey varieties, are found angling
for the sunfish, yellow perch and catfish.

The saying is t1iat, if you are affected with the fishing germ, you are
going to fish. If Pennsylvania could not provide worth while fishing,
the fishermen would be found elsewhere, and Pennsylvania would lose
this vast revenue.

Since the enactment of the fishing license law fishing in the waters
of Pennsylvania has been improving from year to year. Naturally,
the better the fishing, the more the waters are fished and the more
Resident and Non-Resident Licenses are sold, and today, Pennsylvania
has more hook and line fishermen than any other state in the Union.
The Board is constantly looking forward to an increase in revenue, so
that an annual income of one million dollars will be available to carry
out the work and program of the Board.

For convenience, the work of the Board is divided into the follow-
ing branches :

Propagation

Protection

Education

Propagation is the most important function of the Board and takes
in the Hatchery Service, Distribution Service, Field Service and Re-
search Service.

Under the Hatchery Service falls the operation of all the Board's
hatcheries and the construction of new plants. In the Boards efforts
to promote good fishing, it is not catering to any special class of
anglers, but is providing fishing for all classes with the result that
the hatcheries are devoted to the raising of brook trout, black bass,
catfish or bullhead, sunfish, pike perch, yellow perch, pickerel, minnows
and frogs. At the present time, there are in complete operation, six
totcheries which are located at the following points and are propa-
gating the following species of fish:

Pleasant Mount Hatchery, Pleasant IMount, "Wayne County, is the
major hatchery and probably has, under cultivation, more water acres
than any other hatchery in the United States. It is devoted to the
rearing of the following species; brook trout, yellow perch, pike perch,
sunfish, pickerel, minnows and black bass.

Erie Hatchery, Erie, Erie County, is a station located on Lake
Erie and devoted to the propagation of pike perch and yellow perch
for stocking our inland waters, and the lake species such as pike

32

perch, blue pike, white fish, eiseo, yellow perch and others tor stocking
Lake Erie.

Famous Bass Waters or the Allegheny River Opposite the Tionesta

Fish Hatchery.

Corry Hatchery, Corry, Erie County, is devoted exclusively to the
hatching and rearing of brook trout. This plant is looked upon as
being one of the most productive trout hatcheries in eastern United
States.

View of the Raystown Branch, Juniata River near Juniata Crossing.

Good Bass Waters.

Bellefonte Hatchery, Bellefonte, Centre County, is also used for
the production of brook trout, and among our present plants ranks
next to Corry in the production of trout.

33

Torresdale Hatchery, Torresdale, Philadelphia County, is located
within the city limits and produces for distribution, yellow perch,
pike perch, sunfish, catfish, frogs, and minnows. This plant devotes a
great deal of its w^ork to the producing of the minnow which is utilized
as forage in our public waters and also as food for the bass held at
the Pleasant Mount Hatchery.

Union City Hatchery, Union City, Erie County, is devoted to the
propagation of yellow perch, sunfish, catfish, pike perch and frogs.

Two new hatcheries are now under construction and will be on a
producing basis by early spring, namely ; the Reynoldsdale Hatchery,
Reynoldsdale, Bedford County, which will be used for the production
of trout and other species and the Tionesta Hatchery, Tionesta, Forest
County, which will be used for the same purpose.

In the early days of Pennsylvania's fish cultural activities, the eggs
of the fish were hatched at the hatcheries and the fish distributed in
our public waters when thev were but a few davs old. Probablv for
this reason the name Pish Hatchery was derived, as in fact, they sim-
ply hatched the fish. But applying to our present institutions, the
term Fish Hatcherv is a more or less misnomer; thev do more than
hatch the fish. Probably the term Fish Farm would be more appro-
priate, because by the present methods the brood stock is retained,
the e^g crop harvested, the eggs hatched and the fish grown under ar-
tificial conditions until they are of a size well fitted to cope with con-
ditions existing in our waters today. With some species, as the trout
for instance, they are held until they are six inches or over in length.

Fish farminsr is not great! v unlike anv other branch of animal hus-
bandry, only we are specializing in a particular branch of aqua-culture.
Efforts are constantly being put forth to increase production per given
area, promote rapid growth, practice selective breeding for size and
disease immunity, as in other branches of animal husbandry.

At the hatcheries, no two species of fish are hatched, fed and grown
under the same conditions. Where a number of different kinds of fish
are grown at the same hatcherv, the hatchery Superintendent must be
familiar with the separate requirements of each kind and have avail-
able the different facilities for the raising of each varietJ^ At this
time I cannot explain the metho Is of producing each species, but I
am going to briefly outline the present method of raising trout and
bass. They vary widely in their requirements. However, before en-
tering into the subject, I will briefly outline the methods of procuring
the all important egg crop.

The eggs for artificial incubation are secured by different methods,
depending upon the species. A method of artificial extrusion and
fertilization is used for securing the eggs of the trout. The brood fish
are confined in ponds at the hatcheries, and at the approach of and

32

IxM'cli. blue |)ik(\ white fish, cisco, ycHow pcirh find others for stockiiiji
Lfjkc Erie.

Famous Bass Waters of the Alle(;tif,ny River Opposite the Tioxksta

FlHH llATCHEHY,

Corry IlHtchcry, Corry, Erie County, m devotcil cxclnsivcly to the
hatehino; n\u\ rearinir of brook trout. This plant m h»ok«Ml upcni as
heittg one of the inwt pw^tictire troitt hatchorips in pjistoni Tnited
States.

Vn-w OF THE Raystown BSAxrH, ,frm ATA River xear Jtxiata Ckossinu.

(ioOD Bass Waters.

pH'lh'f'ontc Ilfitclipry. Brllet'onte. ("ontre Connty, is ;ils<> u.s«'d tor
tho |>ro«liH-tion of brook trout, and anH)n«r our prrstMil phnits nniks
iioxt to Corry in the production of trout.

IN lENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

:];i

Torresdale llatehory, Torresdale, Philadelpliia County, is located
witliin the city limits and i)roduces for distribution, yeUow perch,
l)ike perch, sunfish, catfish, froj?s, and minnows. This plant devotes a
great deal of its work to the producing of the minnow which is utilized
as forage in our public waters and also as food for the bass held at
the Pleasant Blount Hatchery.

Union City Hatchery, Union City, Erie County, is devoted to the
propagation of yellow perch, sunfish, catfish, pike perch and frogs.

Two new hatcheries are now under construction and will be on a
producini*- basis by early spring, namely; the Iieynoldsdale Hatchery,
lie\ nohWdale, Bedford County, which will be used for the production
of trout and other species and the Tionesta Hatchery, Tionesta, Forest
County, which will be used for the same ])urpose.

In the earlv davs of Pennsvlvania's fish cultural activities, the eggs
of the fish were hatched at the hatcheries and the fish distributed in
our public waters when thev were but a few davs old. Probablv for
this reason the name Fish Hatchery was derived, as in fact, they sim-
))ly hatched the fish. But ap])lying to our present institutions, the
term Fish Hatchery is- a more or less misnomer; they do more than
hatcli the fish. Probably the term Fish Farm would be more appro-
priate, because by the present methods the brood stock is retained,
the egg crop harvested, the eggs hatched and the fish grown under ar-
tificial conditions until they are of a size well fitted to cope with con-
ditions existing in our waters today. With some species, as the trout
for instance, they are held until they are six inches or o%'er in length.

Fish farminir is not greatlv unlike anv other branch of aninuil hus-
bandry, only we are specializing in a particular branch of aqua-culture.
Efforts are constantly being put forth to increase protluetion per given
area, promote rapid growth, practice selective breeding for size and
disease immunity, as in other branches of animal husbandry.

At the hatcheries, no two species of fish are hatched, fed and grown
under the same conditions. Where a number of different kinds of iMi
are grown at the same hatchery, the hatcherj^ Supcrliiten^nt must 1^
familiar with the separate recpiirenumts of each kind and ha%'e avail-
able the different facilities for the raising of each variety. At this
time I cannot explain the metliols of producing each species, but I
am going to briefly outline the present method of raising trout and
bass. They vary widely in their requirements. However, beiore en-
tering into the subject, I will briefly outline the methods of procuring
the all important e^g crop.

The e^s for artificial incubation are weurM by ditferent methods,
depending upon the species* A methwl of artificial extrusion and
fertilization is used for securing the eggs of the trout. The brood fish
are confined in ponds at the hatcheries, and at the approach of and

34

(luring the spawning season, tlie females are examined every few days
to determine their condition as to ripeness, or in other words, to find
out if they are ready to give forth their eggs. This condition is de-

Ideal Yellow Perch Waters, One of the Lakes in Wayne County.

termined by the sense of touch of the attendants. Generally, when fish
are ready to give forth their eggs, their abdominal walls will be soft
and i)Iiable to the touch. When thev are in this condition the eot^s
are squeezed from them by exerting with the hands, a gentle pressure,

Favorite Trout Pool on the Lackawaxen River.

beginning well forward and moving along the ventral surface towards
the tail. After the eggs have been extruded from the female, by

35

manipulating the male in the same manner, the milt or spermatozoa
is poured over the eggs. The fertilized ova are then transferred to
artificial hatching devices or incubators. If properly carried out,
the artificial extrusion off the eggs does not injure the parent fish.

View of Dunnings Creek, Bedford County. Brook Trout Waters.

The artificial extrusion of the eggs of some species is not practical.
When this is the case, as with the yellow perch, the parent fish are per-
mitted to deposit their eggs in the natural way on artificially con-

Alleoheny River Between Tionesta and West Hickory. Good Bass,

Salmon and other Fishing.

structed spawning beds. The eggs are then collected from the beds and
transferred to the artificial hatching devices.

34

(Ini'iii^' tlie spnwnino- season, tlic IVinalcs arc cxainined evcrv IVw davs

■ «

to dcterniiiH' their condition as to ripeness, or in other words, to find
out if they are ready to give forth their eggs. This condition is de-

0-

^»^,l

^4

1 - » .

^#

II *'-

Ideal Vkli.ow Pkrch Watkrs. One of the Lakes ix Wayne County.

termined by the sense of toneh of tlie atten<]ants. (JcMicrally. when fish
are ready to give forth their e«rgs. their abdominal walls will be soft
and pliable to the touch. When thev are in this eondition the e**im
are sqneezed from them by exerting with the hand^, a gentle pressure,

P.\vt)i;iTi: Thoit Pool on TMB iMrKAWAXKN Hivek.

beiiinnini: well j'orwai'd and in(>ving nh>ng the ventral snrl'aee towards
tJie tail. After the eugs liave been extruded from the female, by

INTFNTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURF

35

nianii)ulating the male in the same manner, the mill or spermatozoa
is poured over the eggs. The Fertilized ova are tlu'n transferred to
artifieial hatching devices or incu])ators. If proi)erly carried out,
the ai'titicial extrusion of the eggs does not injure the )>arent fish.

View of Dunnings Creek, Bedford County. Bkook Tkout Waters.

The arfiBciarixlrusidn of the eggs of some species Is nor praetteaL
When this k the ease, as with the yellow perch, the parent fish are per-
mitted to deposit their eggs in the natnral way on artificially con-

Alle(5HENy Kivhk Bktwken Tionksta and Wkst Iln kory. C.oon Bash,

Salmon and otiikr Fl^hinc;.

structed spawning beds. The eggs are then colleeted from the betis and
transf<»rred to the artifieial hatching devices.

36

In the case of some species of fish, as the sunfish and bass, neither
the artificial extrusion nor the collection of the eggs is practical. This
is because of the peculiar habits of these species and the adhesive or
sticky quality of the eggs. When this is the case, at the approach of
the spawning season, the parent fish are confined in ponds where con-
ditions have been made as natural as possible. The parents are then
permitted to build their homes or nests, to deposit their eggs therein,
and to care for them and the very young fish in their own way. When
the fry, or baby fish, no longer require the parental protection, the
young are removed and placed in nursery ponds where they can receive
the food and attention they require.

The following is an outline of the methods employed in the raising
of trout. The plant must be equipped with hatchery buiklings, brood
ponds, nui-sery ponds and rearing ponds. In the brood ponds, the
parent fish are retained year after year for the purpose of producing
the egg crop. Brook trout reach sexual maturity at the ages of twenty-
two months and after that they reproduce once a year, usually between
October 15th and November 15th. As the spawning time approaches,
the males and females are separated to eliminate, to a certain extent,
the fighting among the males at this period when the females are
present; to have the males where tiiey are easily obtained when needed
and to eliminate the unnecessary handling of the males during the sort*^
ing of the females to determine their condition as to ripeness. A female
will produce from 150 to 2,000 eggs, depending upon her age and size.
After the ripe females are removed, together with the proper number
of males, they are transferred to the buildings and held in spawning
pans, convenient for the spawn takers to catch them in their hands. The
eggs and milt or spermatic germs of the male are extruded into small
pans by the spawn takers in the right proportion to insure a high per-
centage of fertilization. This operation is repeated until the pan is full
of eggs and milt. Surplus milt is then carefullv washed from the ejrjjs
and the eggs placed in the hatchery building on specially constructed
wire trays or baskets, which are siLspended in troughs of running water.

The eggs are now ready for the process of incubation, which reciuires
from forty-five to eighty-five days, depending upon the natural tem-
peratui'e of the water. It is needless to say that during this period the
eggs require the eonstcint attention of trained men; as the eggs, at dif-
feriMit stnyes of their development, rerjnire different handling. During
the proeess of di^velopment, the unfertile egus will turn white. These
must be I'emoved daily to ])revent contamination. To prevent the effgs
from smothering, the excessive amounts of sediment must be removed
from time to time, juid at certain periods the position of the eggs must be
charig<'d to insure the healthy (leveh)pment of th<» little fish. A fertile
trout egg is more or less translucent and at the near approach of the

37

hatching period, the baby fish can be seen within the shell, constantly
moving, endeavoring to break out. When this is accomplished, the little
creature drops through the specially constructed wire tray to the bottom

A Section of the North Branch op the Susquehanna River between

TOWANDA AND WyALUSINQ. ThIS IS A FAMOUS BlACK BaSS SECTION.

of the trough from which it is transferred to the indoor nursery trough
iBid placed on beds of cleanly washed gravel. The baby fish take no
nourishment through the mouth from the first fifteen to forty-five days,
but sub-ist from the contents of a yolk sac attached to the lower por-

tion of their body. As this sac is gradually absorbed, the little fish are
constantly gaining in strength, so that by the time the food sac lias
disappeared they have sufiicient strength to actively swim about and

36

Fn the case of some species of fisli, as the suiifish and bass, neither
tilt' artificial extrusion nor the coHection of the eggs is practical. This
is because ot* the peculiai- luibits of these species and the adhesive or
sticky quality of tlie eggs. Wlien this is the case, at the approach of
the spawning season, the parent fish are confined in ponds where con-
ditions liave been made as natural as possible. The parents are then
permitted to build their homes or nests, to deposit their eggs therein,
and to care for them and the very yonng flsh in ttieir own way. When
the fry, or baby fish, no longer require the parental protection, the
young are removed and placed in nurst»ry ponds wliere they can receive
the food and attention they require.

The following is an outline of the methods employed in the raising
of trout. The plant must be eipiipped with hatchery buildings, brood
j)()n(ls. nunsery ponds and rearing ponds. In the brood ponds, the
I)arent fish are retained year after year for the purpose of producing
the v^^*^ crop. Brook trout reach sexual matui-itv at the ages of twentv-
two months and ni'ter that they reproduce once a year, usually between
October l.lth and Xovend3er l.lth. As the spawning time approaches,
the males an<l femah's are separated to eliminate, to a certain extent,
the fighting among the males at this period when the fenmles are
present: to have the males where they are easily obtained wImmi needed
an<l to eliminate the unnecessary handling of the males during the sort-
ing of the females to determine their contlition as to ripeness. A female
will produce from loO to 2,000 eggs, depending upon her age and size.
Aft(»r the ri])e females are removed, together with the proper nund)er
of males, tlu^y are transferred to the !)uil(lings and held in spawning
pans, convenient for the spawn takers to catch them in their hands. The
eggs and milt or sjjermatic germs of the male are extruded into small
pans by the spawn takers in the right ])roi)ortion to insure a high iier-
centage of fertilization. This op»'ration is repeated until the pan is full
of eggs and milt. Hurplus milt is then carefullv washed from the etrirs
and the eggs placed in the hatchery building on specially constructed
wire trays or baskets, which are suspended in troughs of running water.

The eggs are now ready fm the process of incubation, which re«iuires
from forty-flve to eighty-five days, depending upon the natural tem-
perature of the water. It is needless to say that during this period the
effiSH refiuire the constant attention of trained meni as* the eggs, at dif-
fffrent stages of their development. ref|uire dilTerent handling. During
the process of development, the unfertile (»girs will turn white. The^
must be remove*! daily to prevent contaminati<ni. To prevent the eirgs
from smothering, the <'Xcessiv<* amounts of sediment must be remove<l
from time to time, and at certain peiiods the ]>osition of the eggs must be
changed to insure the healthy development of the little fish. A fertile
Irout cgg4riiiore oriess traiislucent and wt^hrnear approach of the

37

hatching period, the baby fish can be seen within the shell, constantly
moving, endeavoring to break out. AVhen this is accomplished, the little
creature dr()j)s thi-ough the si)ecially constructed wire tray to the bottom

A Section of the Xokth liuAxrii of tiik srsQi'i'iiANXA Hivkk hktwkkx

TOWANOA AND WVALUftiiXU. ThIS iS A ifAMOUS BLACK BaSS Ski TIOX.

of the tr^^fcfr^aiwlHei^4^4»^rwisferred^the Indoor nursery trough
and plaeecl on beds of cleaidy washed gravel. The baby fish take no
nourishment through the m<»uth from the first fifteen to forty-five days,
but subsist from the eontents of a yolk sac attached to the lower por-

j.

tion (d' their bodv. As this sae is uraduallv absnrbed. the litth' tisli are
eonstantK' iiaininu' in strenitth. so that bv the time the food sai* lias
ilisaj)peared tlu'v have sulVu-ient strength to actively swini about and

INTENTIONAI. 2ND EXPOSURE

38

face the water cm*rent, which is an indication that additional nourish-
ment must be provided.

At our hatcheries, the food of the baby brook trout consists of finely
crushed sheep's liver and clabbered cow's milk. In preparing the
crushed liver, all coarse fibers are removed by a washing process and
the greater portion of the liquid is taken from the clabbered milk. The
feeding of the baby fish at this time is an exacting task, requiring skilled
and observant attendants. It appears that the chief mission of the little
fellow 's life is to eat. The attendants must satisfy this appetite in order
to promote a rapid and healthy growth and still not allow any great
amount of food to settle to the bottom of the troughs, where it would
cause contamination if not promptly removed. In order to bring this
about, during the daj'light hours the fish are fed constantly, that is, the
attendants walk from one trough to the other, scattering at frequent
intervals, a small amount of food in each trough.

During their stay in the nursery troughs, the best of sanitary methods
are practiced. Dead and weak fish, uneaten particles of food and other
foreign substances are removed daily. From two to three times each
week the sides and bottoms of the troughs are thoroughly scrubbed.
This is necessary in order to combat epidemics.

The fish are kept in the buildings and are cared for in tWs inknher
until they are taught to feed and until the weather becomes settled in
the spring. They are then transferred to outside nursery farms. After
being transferred they are fed on practically the same diet until
they are nine months of age. Then their diet is changed to the food
of the adult, that is the ground heart liver and lights of the sheep.

After the fish are removed from the buildings and placed in the out-
side ponds, the success of the operation depends upon a great deal more
than simply feeding the fish. You must bear in mind that the fish are
being reared under artificial conditions, living in a crowded and un-
natural environment, with a very restricted range and subsisting upon
artificial food. Fish under domestication are subject to probably as
many different diseases as any other type of domesticated live stock.
The hatchery Superintendent must be constantly on the alert to guard
against outbreaks of disease epidemics. In his morning survey of the
plant if a pond of fish is not fed properly or appears to be distressed
in any way, the area is at once quarantined and the trouble diagnosed,
usually by the use of the microscope. The Board has remedial measures
for a number of these diseases, while others still remain a mystery,
which follows that the keynote to success is the strictest practice of
prophylactic measures at all times.

Under the Board's present policy, trout are not planted in our public
waters until they have attained a length of from six to ten inches which
means that many of them must be held at the hatcheries until they are

1. Fish Ego Hatchery Battery,

ob

face the water cuiTent, whicli is an indicatioji that additional iioiirish-
meut must be provided.

At our liatelieries, the food of the baby brook trout consists of finely
crushed sheep's liver and clabbered cow*s milk. In preparing the
crushed liver^ all coarse fibers are removed by a washing proeess and
the grreater portion of the liqnid is taken from the clabbered milk. The
feeding of the baby fish at this time is an exacting task, reqniring skilled
and observant atteiulants. It appears that the chief mission of the little
fellow's life is to eat. The attendants must satisfy this appetite in order
to promote a rapid and healthy growth and still not allow any great
amount of food to settle to the bottom of the troughs, where it would
cause contamination if not promptly removed. In order to bring this
about, during the daylight hours the fish are fed constantly, that is, the
attendants walk from one trough to the other, scattering at frecjuent
intervals, a small amount of food in each trough.

During their stay in the nursery troughs, the best of sanitary methods
are practiced. Dead and weak fish, uneaten particles of food and other
foreign substances are removed daily. From two to three times each
%veek the sides and bottoms of the troughs are thoroughly scrul)bed.
This is necessary in order to combat epidemics.

The fish are kept in the buildings and are cared for in this manner
until they are taught to feed and until the weather becomes settled in
the .spring. They are then transferred to outside nursery farms. After
being transferred they are fed on practically the same diet until
they are nine months of age. Then their diet is changed to the food
of the adult, that is the ground heart liver and lights of the sheep.

After the fish are removed from the buildings and placed in the out-
side ponds, the success of the operation depends upon a great deal more
than simply feeding the fish. Yoa mm% ^«r in mind that the fish are
^ing reared under artificial conditions, li%'inf in a crowded and un-
natural environment, with a very restricted range and subsisting upon
artificial food. Fish under domestication are subject to probably as
many different diseaws as any other type of domesticated live stwk.
fhe hatcheiy Su^rintendent must ^ instantly on the alert to guard
against outbreaks of disease epidemics. In his morning survey of the
plant if a pond of fish is not fed properly or appears to ^ distressed
in any way, the area is at once quarantined and the trouble diagnosed,
usually by ^e uw of the microscope. The Board has remedial measures
for a num^r of these diseases, while others still remain a mystery,
which follows that tin* keynote to success is the strictest practice of
prophylactic measures at all times.

Under the Board's prewnt poli^, trout am not plattted in our p^ie
waters until they have attained a length of from six to ten inches which
means that many of them must Ix' held at the hatcheries until thev are

1. Fish Imhj Hat* hkky T. attkkv

INTENTIONAI. 2ND EXPOSURE

Jar Pike-Perch Eggs.

41

from twenty-four to thirty months old. Fish, like all other types of
animal life, vary greatly in growth over a given period.

Trout are cannibalists bv nature and, in order to eliminate loss
through cannibalism and to give the slow growing individuals a better
opportunity to thrive, all trout held for distribution are sorted at
least twice each year and each year's crop graded into at least three
sizes. After the trout attain a proper size for releasing, they are
taken to the shipping buildings and prepared for the journey to the
public w^aters.

The artificial propagation of the black bass is one of the most diffi-
cult and expensive propositions confronting the fish culturists today.
At the present time Pennsylvania is distributing to those waters suit-
able, thousands of bass ranging in size from three to five inches. A
few years ago this was thought to be impossible and only through the
untiring efforts of the Board's men, who specialize in this branch
of fish culture, was it made possible. Pennsylvania's method of arti-
ficial propagation of the black bass is rather unique in the annals of
fish culture ; it has aroused great interest and is being carefully studied
by fish culturists from manj' sections of the country.

Before outlining the method of producing the crop, I want to call
vour attention to some of the difficulties encountered and ©vereome in
this work.

First ; no artificial food is known that the adult brood bass will feed
mwi thrive upon. In every instance that has come under our observa-
tion, where artificial feeding was resorted to, the parent fish died of
disease or became barren the following season. This has made it
necessary to propagate and feed them upon natural food consisting
of minnows, crayfish, tadpoles, etc., which is a tremendous task in

itself.

Second ; bass of all ages held under artificial conditions are subject
to disease, for which no practical remedial measures are known. The
life history of the pathogenic organisms was studied and successful
preventative measures taken for most of them.

Third ; baby bass start taking food through the mouth when they
are about one-fourth of an inch in length. By the old method em-
ployed, only a very small per cent, can be educated to take artificial
food. The balance die in a short time from lack of nourishment.
This handicap was overcome by the artificial propagation and feeding
of the Daphnia, a variety of the so-called water flea.

Fourth ; the black bass are one of the most voracious fish of our
waters, with a marked inclination towards cannibalism. For S'^veral
reasons sorting of the young fish is not practical during the summer
months, with the result that by the old methods the bass culturists
expect a loss of at least fifty per cent, through cannibalism. A new

.Jak I'ikk-Pkrch Eggs.

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

41

from twenty-four to tliirty niontlis old. Fish, like all other types of
animal life, vary j^reatly in «»rowtli over a fjiven period.

Trout are cannibalists by nature and, in order to eliminate loss
through caBnibalism and to give the slow growtTig individuals a better
opportunity t# thrive, all trowt hekl for distribution are sorted at
least twice each year and each year's crop j^radec] into at least three
Kizes. After the trout attain a i)roper size for rek'asing". they are
taken to the shipping buiklings and prepared for the journey to the
public waters.

The artificial propajiation of the black bass is one of the most diffi-
cult and ex|)ensive propositions eonfrontin<i- the tish culturists today.
At the present time Pennsylvania is distributing to those waters suit-
able, thousands of bass ranging in size from three to five inches. A
few years ago this was thought to be impossible and only through the
untiring efforts of the Board's men, who si)ecialize in this branch
of fish culture, was it made possil)Ie. Pennsylvania's method of arti-
ficial propagation of the black bass is rather uniciue in the annals of
fish culture ; it has aroused great interest and is being carefully studied
by fish cultui'ists from many sections of the country.

Jiefore outlining the method of i)roducing the cro|). 1 want to call
vour attention to some of the difficulties encountered and overcome in

a

this work.

First; no artificial food is known that the adult brood bass will feed
and thrive upon. In every instance that has come under our observa-
tion, where artificial feeding was resorted to, the parent fish died of
disease or became barren the foHowing season. This has made it
iH»cessary to propagate and feed them upon natural food consisting
of minuows, crayfish, tadpoles, etc., which is a tremendoiis task in
itself.

Seeond ; bass of all ages held under artificial conditions are Hubjcct
to disease, for which no practical renu^dial measures are known. The
life history of the pathogenic organisms was stiulied and successfid
preventati%'e measures taken for most of them.

Third; baby ham start taking f^id throttgh the mouth when they
are about oiie-f<»ui'th of an inch in length. By the old method em-
ployed, only a very snudl per cent, can 1^ educated to take artitieial
f^xl. The l)a lance die in a short tinu* from lack of nourislnnent.
This handicap was overcome 1^ the artifleinl propagation and feetling
of the Da phuia, a variety of the so-called water flea.

Fourth: the black bass are one of the most voracious fish nf our

waters, witli a nuirked inclination towards caunibnlism. For several

reasons sorting of the young fish is not practical duriim the summer

_jnonths. with the result that by the okl methods the bass i-ulturists

exp<'ct a h)ss of at least fifty per cent, through caunibalisni. A new

42

3. Green Brook Trout Eggs (Transparent in Color).

method of feeding to promote uniform growtli lias greatly over<3ome
this handicap.

Fifth; after the baby bass had reached the adult feeding stage,
which is comparatively young, the cold storage products fed, such as
coarsje irroiind fish, etc., lacked the proper vitamins for their wellbeing.

4. First Signs of Lifr

43

5. Showing Trout in the Egg.

6. Trout Just as Hatched.

42

3. CiUKEX liROOK TUOIT EguH (TRANSPARENT IN CoLOR).

inetliod of feeding to promote iiiiiforin «rrowtli Jias ^^'oatly over'.»ome
this handicap.

Fifth; after the baby bass had leaehed the adult feeding stage,
wliieh is eoniparatively yottng, tli« cold storage products led, s«ch as
eoarwe m-oiind fish, etc.. lacked the proper vitannns for their wellbeing.

4. First Skjxs of Life.

INTRNTTONAL 2ND EXPOSURF,

43

.'. Showing Tkoi't ix thk Vahi.

6. Trout Just as IIatchkd.

44

The culturists, making a study of this work, knew that a portion of
the natural food would probably supplement this want and the most
logical food would be the live minnow. Therefore, they set to work
to find a minnow that would adapt itself to the artificial propagation
and reproduction at a proper season of the year when its offspring
would be of a size that the small bass could consume when they most
needed it. The golden shiner, a minnow found in many of our lakes
and ponds throughout the Commonwealth, was adapted and is being
extensively propagated.

The work of solving the bass problem was turned over to the Deputy
Commissioner of Fisheries and the Superintendent of the Pleasant
Mount Hatchery. A portion of the Pleasant Mount Hatchery was sot
aside for this purpose and, at the present time, all the bass are being
raised at this station. The areas devoted to the bass work consist of
storage ponds, brood ponds, rearing ponds, and forage areas. The
forage areas are divided into two parts; one consisting of the miiuiow
l)ropagation plant, covering approximately ninety acres, and the
second Daphnia nursery consisting of one liundred Daphnia beds.

Other than during the spawning season, the brood bass are stored
in comparatively crowded conditions in the storage ponds and fed
tliroughout the year on live natural food. At the approach of the
spawning season, which is generally the month of June, the fish ar^
carefully selected as to sex and a certain number of pairs allotted to
each brood pond, in which conditions have been made natural for
their nest building. The male fish prepares the nest on a bed of
gravel and entices the female to enter and deposit the eggs, after which
she departs. The responsibility of caring for the eggs and baby fish
rests entirely with the male parent. During this period he is very
pugnacious and will attack any object almost regardless of its size that
api)roaches the nest prepared, if necessary, to give his life for the off-
spring, while they are under his care. The peculiar part of it is, as
soon as they no longer need his protection, he will readily devour his
own or others of the same kind, which follows that the baby fish must
be removed from the brood pond at an early date and placed in the
nursery areas.

The baby bass also subsist from a yolk sac for a short time and as it
is being gradually absorbed, they gain in strength and swim in a school
in close proximity to the nest, each day swimming nearer the water
surface. At about the time they have sufficient strength to reach the
surface they are captured in nets and removed to areas out of harm'g
way.

The first food taken through the mouth of almost all baby fish, living
in a state of nature, is some form or other of the water flea. At this
time the bass are very small and delicate and cannot be educated to

7. Removing Unfertile Eggs.

44

The eiilturists, makiiio- a study of tliis Avork. knew that a portion of
the iiatnnil food Avouhl ])robably sui)i)lement tliis want and the most
logical food would be the live minnow. Tlierefore. they set to work
to find a minnow that would adapt itself to the artificial propapiti(m
and i-eproduction at a proper season of the year when its offspring
would be of a size that the small bass could consume when they most
needed it. The golden shiner, a minnow found in many of our lakes
and i)onds throughout the Commonwealth, was adapted and is being
extensively })ropagated.

The work of solving the bass problem Avas turned over t<> the Deputy
Commissioner of Fisheries and the Sui)erintendent of the Pleasant
Mount Hatchery. A ])ortion of the Pleasant Mount llatclierv was sot
aside for this i)urpose and, at the present time, all the bass are being
raised at tins station. The areas devoted to the bass work consist of
storage i>onds, brood ponds, rearing i)onds. and forage areas. The
forage areas are divided into two parts; one consisting of the mir.now
propagation plant, covering ap])roximately ninety acres, and tlie
second Daphnia nursery consisting of one hundred Daphina beds.

Other than during the spawning season, the brood bass are stored
in comi)aratively crowded ccmditions in the storage ponds and fed
throughout the year on live juiturai food. At the approach of the
s|)awning seas<m, which is generally the month nf June, the fish are
carefully selected as to sex and a certain nund)er of ])airs allotted to
eacli brood pond, in which conditions have been made natural for
their nest buibling. The male fish i)repan>s the nest on a bed of
gravel and entices the fenmle to enter anrl deposit the eggs, after which
she departs. The responsibility of caring for the eggs and baby fish
rests entirely with the male parent. During this period he is very
pugnacious and will attack any object almost regardless of its size that
approaches the nest prepared, if necessary, to give his life for the off-
spring, while they are under his care. The peculiar part of it is, as
soon as they no longer need his protection, he will readily devour his
<»wn or others of the same kind, which follows that the baby fish must
l»e removed from the brood pond at an early date and placed in the
nursery ai*eas.

The bal^ bass also subsist from a yolk sac for a ^hort time and as it
is being gradually absorbed, they galu in strength aud swiin in a school
in close proximity to the nest, each day swimming nearer the water
surface. At about the time they have snfflcient strength to reach the
surface they are captured in nets and removed to areas out of harm*s
way.

TIh^ first food taken through the mouth of almoHt all babv fldi liviuo-
ni a state of nature, is some form or other of the water flea. At this
tni.e the bass are very small and delicate and cannot be educated to

7. Hemovixg Un'fkktii.e K(:<;s.

INTBNTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

46

take artificial food. A lack of nourishment at this critical period will
prove disastrous, with the result that it is necessary to feed them upon
the Daphnia or water flea, that is artificially propagated in the Daphnia
Nursery for this purpose. Pennsylvania long- foresaw the value of
Daphnia in fish pond culture and worked constantly for a period of
ten years before its culture was established on a practical working basis.
During 1929, the Daphnia nursery at the Pleasant Mount Hatchery,
alone, produced an average of a solid bushel of organisms a day for a
period of four months. The brood stock of organisms are wintered
under glass in heated buildings. In the spring they are transferred
to the outdoor nurseries, which consist of a series of beds, where the
bacterial condition necessary for their growth and reproduction is
maintained by use of fertilizer and chemicals.

For the first few weeks, the baby bass are fed exclusively on Daphnia.
Later this is supplemented by the live minnow and ground cold storage
fish. When the bass becomes large enough to consume a small minnow
the crop of minnows is ready to be harvested in the minnow forage area
and they are introduced daily as long as they last. The Board is not
able to produce live forage in quantities sufficient to grow three or four
hundred thousand bass to a size of from three to five inches, therefore,
other food consisting chiefly of the ground cold storage fish must be
utilized. The feeding of this type of food appears to be largely a mat-
ter of education on the part of the ba.ss. From the time they are large
enough to consume a minnow they are constantly being fed and edu-
cated to consume the ground particles so that, by the time the minnow
crop becomes scarce, they will readily feed upon other sources of food
supply. The ground food lacks certain vitamins necessary for their
wellbeing. For this reason, the Daphnia, rich in the same vitamins
found in codliver oil, is fed daily to offset this condition.

Probably you have all studied psychology as applied to the human
race. The fish culturist must also study fish psychology and I want
to tell you an interesting story in this connection. The matter
of educating the small bass to feed upon ground food is a tremendous
task and requires a great deal of patience on the part of the at-
tendants. During the feeding, it was observed that where certain
individuals had a home or hiding place, they would dart from this
protected area, capture the particle of ground food and return. The
action of the fish in this respect was carefully studied and the ob-
servers were led to believe that the fish could be more easily taught
to feed if they were all provided with a home or protection. The
protection appeared to give them a sense of security or more courage
to venture forth and capture the food. Consequently, at the present
time, the shores of the bass nursery ponds are covered with a net
of submerged brush and logs for this purpose, and I feel safe in

46

take artifieijil food. A lack of noiii-isliinciit at this critical period ^vill
l)rove disastrous, with tiic result that it is necessary to feed them upon
the Daphnia or water flea, that is artificially propagated in the Daphnia
Xursery for this purpose. Pennsylvania lon^- foresaw the value of
Daplinia in fish pond culture and worked constantly for a period of
ten years hefore its culture was estahlished on a practical woi-kin^' basis.
During 1929, the Daphnia nursery at the Pleasant Mount Hatchery,
alone, produced an averafe of a ^lid bushel of orjranisms a day for a
period of four months. The brood stock of or«»anisms are wintered
under jzlass in heated build ino<s. In the sprino- they are transferred
to the outdoor nurseries, which consist of a series of beds, where the
bacterial contlition necessary for their «»rowth and reproduction is
maintained by use of fertilizer and chemicals.

For the first few weeks, tlie baby bass are fed exclusively on Daplmia.
hiitov this is supplemented by the live minnow aiul <?round cold storage
fish. When the bass becomes large enough to consume a small minnow
the crop of minnows is ready to be harvested in the minnow forage area
and they are introduced daily as long as they last. The Board is not
able to produce live forage in quantities sutHicient to grow three or four
hundred thousand bass to a size of from three to five inches, therefore,
other food consisting chiefly of the ground cold .storage fish must be
utilized. The feeding of this type of foiul appears to be largely a mat-
ter of education on the part of the ba.-s. From the time they are large
enough to consume a minnow they are constantly being fed and edu-
cated to consume the grouiul i)articles 80 tliat, by the time the minnow
crop becomes scarce, they will readily feed upon other .sources of food
supply. The ground food lacks certain vitamins necessary for their
wellbeing. For this reason, the Daphnia, rich in the same vitamins
found in codliver oil, is fed daily to offset this condition.

Probably you have all studied psychology as applied to tiie human
race. The fish culturist must also study fish psychology and I want
to tell you an interesting story in this connection. The matter
of educating the small bass to feed upon ground food is a tremendous
task and requires a great deal of patience on the part of the at-
tendants. During the feeding, it was observed that where certain
individuals had a home or hiding place, they would dart from this
protected area, capture the particle of ground food and return. The
action of the fish in this respect was carefully studied and the ob-
servers were led to believe that the fish could be more easily taught
to feed if they were all provided with a b«Mne or protwtion. The
protection appeared to give them a mnm of «»curity or more courage
to venture forth and capture the food. Cons<Miu('!itly, at the present
time, the shores of the bass nurse^ ponds arc covewd with a net
of submerifC^^^riiC^p^W^^m^i^^a^T^^rmfe^in

':ii-

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

48

saying that this apparently insignificant thing has led largely to
our success in feeding and holding bass.

By late fall the fish are removed from the ponds, taken to the
shippnig buildings, graded for size and prepared for their journev
to the public waters.

Few people realize the task involved in attempting to provide
worthwhile fishing for the many types comprising our one half mil-
lion anglers, taking into consideration their constantlv increasing
number, and the checks civilization has placed upon our fish life Of
these checks, probably the indiscriminate cutting of the timber has
been the most detrimental as it has interfered greatlv with all our
waters which also subjected them to wide temperature chan-es and
greatly increased their turbidity. These factors, as well as bein-
deterimental to the reproduction of fish, have been just as detri"
mental to the production of natural food for ^« baby fish, with
the result that from year to year, as ccwdftfens became wotL, the
Board was eompened to ^stantly increase the size of the fish
liberated, until today, many of them are being held at the hatcheries
until they have at least passed through their first two feeding stages.
The detrimental factors are shown in a mow m^^ degree on our
trout rtwau^ than on our larger bodies of water; in fact, to an ex-
tent, tfcat^J^upon the natural reproduction M trout M a thing
of the past and the holding capacity for small fish so limited, that
in order to provide fishing, the trout are retained at the hatcheries
until they are from six to ten inches or of a size ready to be caught.
But in spite of these handicaps, taking Pennsylvania m a wlide,
with oar present iiu^thods of massed production and distribution^
we are jn-oviding better brook trout fishing than m^ other m^ m
the Union.

In our stocking program, all fish are delivered free M ehar-e but
m order to promote interest, we are placing some of the burden ^
the fishermen. Parties wishing to secure fish for the public wa^
HI which they are interested, make recpiisition by ap])lving to the
Harrisburg Office for applications covering the particular"^ species.
^Mieii these are filled out and returned, if the re(,uisition is .^-anted
ihey are in turn forwarded to the Hatchery Superintendent, from'
wlios<' station the distribution is to be made. A week or ten days
before the shipment is to go forward, the Hatchery Superintendent
notifies tlie api)licant of the time of arrival of the truck at a
designated point. The applicant in turn conveys the fi/^h from m
truck to tl^ waters to be stocked.

By this 1 do not mean to infer that fish are indiseriminatelv planted
simply on the re(,uisition of those interested. Those in cliar-e have
niad<« a careful investigation of most of our waters with reference

<
o

<
O

o
<

i— I

48

^ayin- that this apparently iiisioiiifieant thino- has led largely to
our success in feeding- and holding bass.

By late fall the fish are removed from the ponds, taken to the
shipping buildings, graded for size and prepared for their journev
to the public waters.

Few people realize the task involved in attempting to provide
worthwhile fishing for tin* many types comprising- our one half mil-
lion anglers, taking into consideration their constantlv increasin<»-
number, and the checks civilization has placed ui)()n our fish life. Of
these checks, probably the indiscriminate cutting of the timber has
been the most detrimental as it has interfered greatly with all our
waters which also subjected them to wide tempc^-atuiv chan«.vs and
greatly increased their turbidity. These factors, as well as bcin-
deterimental to the reproduction of fish, have been just as detri"-
mental to the production of natural food for the babv fish, with
the r(^sult that from year to year, as conditions became worse, the
Board was compelled to constantly increase the size of the fish
lib<M-ated, until today, many of them are being h<.ld at the hatcheries
until They have at least passed through their first two feeding stages.
The detrimental factors are shown in a more marked degre " on our
trout streams tlian on our larger bodi(>s of watei-; in fact, to an ex-
ttMit, that we look upon the natural ivproduction of trout as a thing
of the past and the holding capacity for small fish so limited, tlnft
ni order to provide fishing the trout are retained at the hatcheries
until they are from six to ten inches or of a siz.' ready to be cau-lit.
But in spite of these handicaps, taking I»ennsylvan"ia as a whole,
with our present methods of massed production and distribution,
we are providing better brook trout fishing than any other state in
the Union.

Tn our stocking program, all fish are delivered free of charge, but
m order to promote interest, we are placing some of the burden upon
the fishermen. Parties wishing to secure fish for the public waters
m which they are interested, make requisition bv applvin.^ to the
Harrisburg Oflttce for applications covering the particular" species.
A\ hen these are filled out and returmnl. if the rec,uisitiou is granted
they are in turn forwarded to the Hatchery Superinteudeiit. from
whose station the distribution Is to be made. A week or ten days
^fore the shipwient is to go forward, the Hatchery Superintendent
notifies the applicant of the time of arrival of the truck at a
<hsign«ted point. The applicant in turn conveys the flsh from the
truck to tlw waters to be stoeked.

By this I «ki not mean to inf|.r that fish are indiscriminatelv planted
simply on the rerpiisition of those interested. Those in char-<» have
made a-wrefnl investigaticni W most of our waters with reference

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to their adaptability for certain kinds of fish, forage conditions, the
extent to which they are being fished, etc. In our ponds and lakes,
special study has been made in reference to the food competition of
various species, care beinnr taken not to introduce a combination where
two or more kinds would be in competition for the same source of
food supply. Requisitions conflicting with the Board's findings in
these respects are refused. The applicants are always advised of
the reasons of the refusals.

For those interested there is printed below a statement showing
the number of fish distributed for the year 1929. We would respect^
fully call your attention to the size of these fish when liberated.

Trout from 6 to 10 inches 749,557

Black bass from 2 to 4>^ inches 255,905

Pike perch from fry to 16 inches 20,441,420

Yellow perch from fry to 10 in. 26o'888,690

Sunfish from 1 to 5 inches 829 175

Catfish from 2 to 12 inches 118,883

Minnows used to replenish the natural forage

crop in our waters from >4 to 4 inches 340,700

Pickerel from 9 to 18 inches 4,860

Cisco and Blue pike fry 110,507,000

Totaling 394,136,190

This Commission is one of the few State agencies that is on a
productive basis and, in making our annual distribution, a value of
the amount that would have to be paid if purchased from a com-
mercial hatchery, is placed on each fish. In 1929, the income from
all sources was $454,522.29 and the fish produced represented a value
of $468,636.71 if they were purchased from a commercial hatchery.

The Field Service consists of a group of men especially trained
for this type of fish cultural work, which takes in the collection of
the eggs, pond and stream surveys, and commercial hatchery work.
There is scarcely a month in the year when these men are not actively
engaged in the harvesting of the crop of one or more species of fi^
eggs. With their success in this work, rests much of the success
of the distribution from the hatcheries, as the annual crop of fish
cannot be produced if the hatcheries are not provided with the all
important e^g supply.

One branch of our fish cultural activities not heretofore mentioned,
and coming under the field service, consists of the work carried
on at Lake Erie in conjunction with the commercial fishing indus-
tries. Pennsylvania has a shore line on Lake Erie of approximately

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forty-five miles, vet the fishing industry along this area has grown
from a few hook and line fishermen, who sold their catches to the
early settlers, into an annual turnover of one million dollars, repre-
senting an average annual catch of 18,000,000 pounds of fish with
the result that the City of Erie is looked upon as the largest fresh
Avater fishing port in the world and the maintenance of this great
industry is only made possible by the work of the various fish Com-
missioners of the States and countries bordering Lake Erie. Civiliza-
tion has placed serious checks upon the production of fish in this
large body of water as well as in the smaller lakes and streams.
The great demand for fish brought about chiefly by the modern
methods of storing, packing, transporting, and advertising, have led
to the vast investment in fishing equipment, including the most modern
tackle known for the capture of fish. This area, with the check
civilization has put upon the growth and natural reproduction, could
not possibly stand the drain put upon it, were it not for the fish
conservation brought about by artificial propagation and protection.
For example, in 1925, there was operating out of the port of Erie
alone, a fleet of seventy-five boats, using daily, approximately three
hundred miles of nets, having an average depth of seventy-two inches.
The worth while catches of fish take place as the fish are moving
about in vast schools, seeking likely places for reproduction. TMy
are caught before they are given a chance to deposit their eggs with
the result that, in the days before the practice of fish conserva-
tion, the unfertile ova were thrown away with the waste portions of
the fish when they were dressed for market, but not so today. Dtiring
the spawning season of the many species sought, trained spawn
takers or field men are placed on each boat. As the catches art
lifted, and while the fish are yet alive, the eggs and milt are arti-
ficially extruded, fertilized and cared for until the boat reaches th«
port in the evening. The eggs are then transferred to the State Fish
Hatchery at Erie, artificially hatched in glass jars of running water
on what is known as a hatching battery and, after hatching, the baby
fish are returned to the Lake. This is a great measure in fish conser-
vation, turning millions of little fish back into the Lake to grow into
an investment having a tremendous food value, which would other-
wise be a total loss.

The lake and stream survey includes the investigations made of
our waters in order that an intelligent stocking program can be
carried out. The information most sought in these surveys, is w^hat
kind of fish are best suited for certain areas and how many should
be plant^^d in order to fully utilize the food resources. In addition
to this, for a number of j'ears the Board has been encouraging the
land owners to construct ponds where facilities are available. Not

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forty-five miles, yet the fisliin<>' industry aloiii^ this area has <»ro\vn
from a few hook and line fisliennen, wlio sold their eatehes to the
early settlers, into an annual turnover of one million dollars, repre-
sentin<»- an averaj^e annual catch of 18,000,000 pounds of fish witli
the result tliat the City of Erie is looked upon as the larprest fresh
water fishing port in the world and the maintenance of this yreat
industry is only made possible by the %vork of the various fish Com-
missioners of the States and countries borderin*^* Lake Erie. Civiliza-
tion has plac(»d seriows checks upon the production of fish in this
larjie body of water as well as in the smaller lakes and streams.
The <rreat demand for fish hrou«iht about chiefly by the modern
methods of storino-, packinjr. transportiuir, and advertisin«i', have led
to the vast investment in fishin<r equipment, including the most mod«'rn
tackle known for the capture of fish. This area, with the ch.eck
civilization has put uj)on the jrrowth and natni-al reproduction, coidd
not possibly stand the drain put upon it, were it not for the fish
conservation brou«rht about by artificial propagation and prot<'ction.
For example, in 1925, there was operating out of the i)ort of p]rie
alone, a fleet of seventy-five boats, using daily, approximately thn^e
hundred miles of nets, having an average depth of seventy-two inches.

The worth while catches of fish take place as the fish are moving
about in vast schools, seeking likely places for reproduction. They
are caught before they are given a chance to deposit their (»ggs with
the result that, in the days before the practice of fish conserva-
tion, the unfertile ova were thrown away with the waste portions of
the fish when they were dressed for market, but not so todav. During
the spawning season of the many species sought, trained spawn
takers or field men are placed ou each boat. As the catches are
lifted, and while the fish are yet alive, the eggs and milt are arti-
ficially extruded, fertilized and cared for until the boat reaches the
port in the e%^ening. The eggs are then transferred to the State Fish
Hatchery at Brie, artificially hatched in glass jars of running water
on what is known as a hatching battery and, after hatching, the baby
fish are retura^ to the Lake, ^is k a great measure in M\ conser-
vation, turning millions of little fish back into the Lake to grow into
an in%'estment having a tremendous food %'alue, which would other-
wise be a total loss.

The lake and stTOani survey IneludM the investigations made of
our wttters in order that an intelligent stocking program can be
carried out. The information most sought in these surveys, is what
kind of fish are best suited for certain an^as and how many should
1)«' ]>lanted in order to fully utilize the food resources. Tn addition
to this, for a numlx-r of years the l>oard has been encouraging the
land owners to construct pcnids where facilities are available. Xot

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INTENTIONAL 2ND BXPOSURE

54

for the purpose of growing and marketing fish, but mostly to pro-
vide a recreational center for themselves and their friends. In order
to assist those interested, representatives, upon request, view the
proposed sites for the purpose of advising them how to proceed with
the construction and to outline an intelligent fish stocking program.

At the present time, we have a number of private trout hatcheries
where the trout are grown for marketing purposes, several large
goldfish hatcheries, and numerous small private plants used for the
propagation and sale of minnows for bait and stocking purposes.
All private hatchery establishments are operated under a license is-
sued by this Board. The field men frequently visit these establish-
ments to see if they are being operated according to the require*
ments of the law and, when requested, to give them advice on fish
cultural subjects. With special reference to the private trout hatch-
eries, through the cooperation of the Board, plants have developed
into a tremendous business. The largest of them representing an
investment of from $150,000 to $200,000 each.

The Field Service and Research Service over-lap to an extent and
are both under the direction of the Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries
who has a wide knowledge of practical aquatic biology, modern fish
cultural methods, and is familiar with the problems confronting our
various hatcheries.

The Rf'search Bureau deals with problems from many angles which,
directly or indirectly, have a bearing on all fish life such as fish
diseases, fish food, biological surveys of our water areas, etc. In
the wide field covered no one investigator could become very efficient
on all questions involved nor could the Board carry a scientific stafl^
covering specialists in all branches. Therefore, the Deputy, with the
consent of the Board, has the privilege of calling in outside specialists
on various phases of the work encountered.

This Bureau also has, at its disposal, a very complete reference
library and has investigators, constantly digesting new publications
that are issued, so that no time will be lost working on problems
already solved by other investigators.

The Board has a slogan that is posted along our waters, public
camp sites and highways, which says, **WANT GOOD FISHING?
OBEY THE LAW,'' and in our judgment nothing could be more
true. Regardless of how extensive a production program was carried
out, little could be accomplished if the laws were not enforced.
Roughly the enemies of conservation can be classified as follows; pre-
datory animals and wilful law violators. The first group with ref-
erence to fish life, is not looked upon as a serious menace. However,
of the second group we have in this country, many of whom ap-
parently have come to us to slay and eat. Those and others like

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for the purpose of orowinjr and niarketinn: fish, but mostly to pro-
vide a recreational center for themselves and their friends. Tn order
to assist those iuterested, representatives, upon request, view the
pi'oposed sites for the purpose of advisin«r them how to proceed with
the construction and to outline an intelli<»ent fish stockinji: projxram.

At the preseut time, we liave a number of private trout hatcheries
where the trout are frrown for marketing purposes, several large
goldfish hatcheries, and numerous small private plants used for the
propa*iation and sale of minnows for bait and stocking purposes.
All private hatchery establishments are operated under a license is-
sued by this Board. The field men frequently visit these establish-
ments to see if they are being operated according to the require-
ments of the law and, when requested, to give them advice on fish
cultural subjects. AVith special reference to the private trout hatch-
eries, through the cooperation of the Board, plants have developed
into a tremendous business. The largest of them representing an
investment of from $150,000 to $200,000 each.

The Field Service and Research Service over-lap to an extent and
are both under the direction of the Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries
who has a wide knowledge of practical aquatic biology, modern fish
cultural methods, and is familiar with the problems conf routing our
various hatcheries.

The Research Bureau deals with problems from many angles which,
directly or indirectly, have a bearing on all fish life such as fish
diseases, fish food, biological surveys of our water areas, etc. Jn
the wide field covered no one investigator coidd beconu^ very eftieient
on all questions involved nor could the Board carry a scientific .stafi'
covering specialists in all branches. Therefore, the Deputy, with the
consent of the Board, has the ])rivilege of calling in outside speeialists
on various phases of the work encountered.

This Bureau also has, at its disposal, a very complete reference
library and has investiprators, constantly digesting new pnblications
that are is.sned, so that no time will be lost working on problems
already ^ved bv other investigators.

The B«ird has a sl^an that is posted along our waters, public
camp sites and highways, which says, "WANf GOOD FISHING/
OBEY THE LAW," and in oar judgment nothing could Ite more
true. Regardless of how extensive a product inu program was carried
out, little could be accomplished if the laws were not enforced.
Roughly the enemies of conservation can ^ cta^ified as follows; pre-
datory animals and wilful law violators. The first group with ref-
erence to fish life, is not Inoked upon as a serious menace. However,
of the second grouj) we have in this country, many of whom ap-
parently have come to us to slay and^l. Those and others like

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56

minded, were it not for the fear of the law, would rake our lakes
and streams ^\ith a fine tooth comb. To them, the preservation of
wild life seems like childish play and unless rigid law enforcement
prevailed, they would be a very serious menace to our work. The
responsibility of the law enforcement rests with our warden service,
together with the assistance given us by the State Police and State
Game Protectors who are authorized under the law to assist in the
enforcement of fish legislation.

In our protective service we have two classes of wardens; the Special
and the Regular. Upon the written application of any properly organ-
ized fish protective association or on the written application of any
a.ssociation or individual owning or leasing waters, the Board is au-
thorized to appoint Special Fish Wardens. These men are not ex-
pected to devote much of their time to this work, as they receive no
salary or expenses, nor do they receive any part of the fines. But
the fact that they are known as Special Fish Wardens in their owa
community, has a good moral effect on the violators and they l^
doing a good work in this way.

Under the Administrative Code, with the approval of the Governor
the Board is authorized to appoint men to the service known as
Regular Fish Wardens. At the present time, this corps consists of a
chief and twenty men. The organization is based on a semi-military
principle. The men are directly responsible to their chief for their
actions. He has endowed them with a sense of obedience, service,
loyalty, and efficiency, without which, this small corps of men could
not have established the record for convictions which they now hold,
covering so large a territory. New applicants must submit the best of
recommendations and be prepared to pass a rigid physical examina-
tion. If they pass the requirements they are placed on probation and
turned over to an old line warden for a course of law enforcement in
the field. To become a good officer, his knowledge must be varied,
he must be able to identify the different kinds of fish, birds and
animals of his state and know the seasons and bag limits of each.
He must familiarize himself with the waters of the State, be able to
conduct investigations, prosecute violators, to differentiate between
technical offenses and wilful violations and to talk intelligently on
the program and work of the Board, covering all its branches. These
men are officers of the State, selected and sworn to do their duty
which, oftentimes, is none too pleasant. In other walks of life, peace
officers usually have to do with humans, because of their shortcominjrs
with other humans. The Fish Warden makes an arre«t because a crime
is committed against fish or game. Much of his work is done after
night, patrolling lonely mountain streams and lakes where, in making
arrests, he is in constant danger of violence from the habitual law

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iiiiiult'tl, wore it not for the IVar ot* the law, woukl rake oiu- hikes
and HtreaULs witli a iine tooth eoiiib. To them, the preserAation of
wild life seems like ehildish play and iiidess vh/nl law eiiforeement
prevailed, they would be a very serious meiuiee to our Avork. The
responsibility of the law euforeemeut rests with our warden service,
together with the a^istaBce given us by the State Police and State
Game Protectors who are autliorized under the law to assist in the
enforcement of fish legislation.

In our protective service we have two classes of wardens; the Special
and the lie«iular. Fpon the written applieation of any |)roi)erly organ-
ized fish proteetive assoeiation or on th«* written applieation of any
association or individual owning' or leasinj^- wat(*rs, the Hoard is an-
thorizeil to ap|)oint Special Fish Wartlens. These men are not ex-
pected to devote mucli of their time to this work, as they receive no
salary or expenses, nor do they reeeive any part of the fines. But
the fact that they are known as Speeial Fish Wardens in their own
community, has a "rood moral efi'eet on the violators and thev are
doing a good work in this way.

Under the Administrative Code, with the ajiproval of the Governor
the Board is authorized to appoint m<*n to the service known as
liegnlar Fish Wardens. At the present time, this corps consists of a
chief and tweitfy men. The or<ranization is has(»d on a semi-milltarv
principle. The men are direetly responsible to their chief for their
actions. lie has endowed them with a sense of obedience, sei-vice,
loyalty, and etitieieney, without which, this small corps of men could
not have established the record for convictions wliich they now hold,
covering so large a territory. New applicants must submit the best of
recommendations and be prepared to pass a rigid physical exflmina-
tion. If they pas.s the recjuirements they are placed on probation and
turned over to an old line warden for a course of law enforcement in
the field. To become a good oftlcer, his knowledge must be varied,
he must be able to identify the different kiinls of fish, birds and
animals of his state and know the ^«*»ns and bag limits of each.
He must lainiiiariM hiin^lf with the waters of the State, be able to
wnduc't investigations, ])roseeute violators, to difT<'rentiate between
teehnieal offenses and wilful violati<nis and to talk intellig«'ntly on
the piogram and work of the Hoard, covering all its branches. These
men are officers of the 8late» wkct^ and sworn to do tbeir duty
which, oftentimes, is none too pleasant. In other walks of lif<», peace
officers usually have to do with humans, because of their shortcomin'm
with other humans. The Fish \Var<leii makes an arrest because a crime
is committed against fish or game. .Much of hi> work is done after
night, patrolling lonely mountain stn'anis and lakes when*, in making
ai-rests, he is in constant dangei- of violence fiMuii the habitual law

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

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58

breakers. Our Board maintains that waters cannot be adequately
patrolled by the use of the automobile and these men travel many hun-
dreds of miles each year on foot, carrying their provisions on their
back and sleeping out-of-door, under all conditions. They are not
allotted to any one section of the State and are subject to a call at
any moment which may send them to a territory where they may re-
main away from their families for weeks at a time.

Education has done much to lighten the burden of these men, al-
though a certain class of otherwise law abiding citizens, still act on
the principle that the fish laws were enacted to make fishing more
difficult, regarding the warden as an officer to be outwitted. While
it is the aim of these men to make the sportsmen realize that the laws
were enacted to protect their interests and that the violation of these
laws is an act of selfishness and is injurious to the law abiding citizen,
the warden is prepared at all times to treat the sportsmen courteously
and fairly.

We have all seen the task of attempting to enforce laws unpopular
with the great masses. Only a nation wide education in the eon-
servation of wild life has made possible the enactment and enforce-
ment of the laws covering our fish conservation program.

The Board's educational work is under the supervision of the
Bureau of Publicity and ir tarried lOffiH^ number of different ways.
Numerous bulletins have been published covering the various phases
of our work. Of these, the one that appears to be the most popular,
is the one covering a treatise on the fish of Pennsylvania, which deals
W^ the life history of the fish, that is, %ow they live and reproduce
in a state of nature, together with a brief outline of the methods
used in the artificial propagation. This pamphlet was compiled for
eighth grade school work, although it is being distributed to many
others.

The Board has among its personnel, men trained to talk on fish and
fish culture, who upon invitation, lecture to the various angling clubs,
civic clubs, public schools, etc. In our educational work, we have
many different kinds of people with which to contend. Certain
classes will not read publications, nor will they sit and listen to a
lecture, but if the actual work of our Board can be visualized, they
can be greatly impressed, so with this in mind, we have developed
approximately ten thousand feet of motion picture fihn, showing the
physical property of the Board, the methods used in the artificial
propagation of the brook trout and yellow perch and the commereial
fishing industry on Lake Erie, together with how it is assisted by
artificial propagation.

In recent years, our schools have shown an increased interest in
Biology. Material for certain phases is hard to obtain and it is a

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breakers. Our Hoartl maintains that waters cannot be adetiualcJy
patrolled by the n.se of the automobile and thes(» men travel many hiin-
drtMl.s of miles each year on foot, carrying- their j)rovision.s on their
back and sleeping:* out-of-door, under all conditions. They are not
allotted to any one section of the State and are subject to a call at
any moment which may send them to a territory where they may re-
main away from their families for weeks at a time.

Education lias done much to li«»'hten the burden of these men, al-
though a certain class of otherwise law abiiling citizens, still act o!i
the principle that the fish laws were enacted to make fisliing more
difficult, ret»'ardin<»* the warden as an officer to l)e outwitted. AVhile
it is the aim of these nuMi to make the s])ortsmen realize that the laws
were enacted to protect their interests and that the violation of these
laws is an act of selfishness and is injurious to the law abiding' citizen.
the warden is prepared at all times to treat the sportsmen courteously
and fairlv.

We have all seen the task of attemi)ting' to enforce laws unpopular
with the great masses. Only a nation wide education in the con-
servation of wild life has made possible the enactment and enforce-
ment of the laws covering our tish conservation program.

The Board's educational work is under the supervision of the
Bureau of Publicity and is earried on in a number of different wavs.

* ft

Nmnerous bulletins have been ]>ublished covering the various phases
of our work. Of these, tiie one that appears to be the most ])opnlar.
is the one covering a treatise on the fish of Pennsylvania, which deals
with the life hi.story of the fish, that is, how they live and reproduce
in a state of natiu'e, together with a brief outline of the methods
used in the artificial proi)agation. This pamphlet was compiled for
eighth grade school work, although it is being distributed to many
others.

The Board has among its personnel, num trained to talk on fish antl
fish culture, who upon invitation, lecture to the %*arious angling clubs,
civic clubs, public schools, etc. In our educational work, we have
many dilferent kinds of people with which to contend. Certain
elates will not read publications, iwr will they sit and listen to a
lecture, but if the actual work of our Board can be visualized, they
can 1^ greatly impressed, so with this in mind, we have developed
approximately ten thousand feet of motion picture film, showing the
physical property of the Board, tin* methwis usM*d in the artificial
l)ropagatifMi of the brook trout and yellow perch and the commercial
fishing industry on Lake Erie, together with how it m assisted bv
artificial propagati(Hi.

In recent years, our schools have^shown an increased interest in
Biology. Material for certain phases is hard to obtain and It is a

TNTFNTTONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

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known fact that the pupil Avill take a great deal more interest if he is
dissecting or studying a specimen with which he is familiar, than if
it is material obtained from some biological supply house furnishing,
in most instances, foreign specimens. With this thought in mind the
Board furnishes, upon request, preserved specimens together with a
series of vials showing the various stages of the development of the
brook trout eg^ and babj' fish and, for schools having aquarium
facilities, live specimens, if they so desire.

At several of our hatcheries, public aquariums are maintained at-
tractively displaymg practically^ all the common varieties of our
native fish. These places are visited annually by thousands of people,
including many troops of boy and girl scouts, high school classes, etc.

Erie Hatchery is advantageously located for the study of aquatic
biology and the second floor of the Hatchery building has been placed
at the disposal of the University of Pittsburgh for this type of work,
where a corps of instructors are maintained throughout the year and
advanced students €M biology are wnt to secure I3m much needed
field work.

The propagation, planting and protection of the various kinds of
fish are carried on for the benefit of the people of the State, itt the
interest of healthful outdoor recreation. Statistics tell xm that wientists
have added eighteen years to the civilized man's average life. Statis-
ticians also tell us that the working man's hours of leisure have been
increased twenty per cent, in twenty years. The old saving that man
works from sunrise until .sunset while woman's work is never done, is
no longer true. Our work is part of the great program of our country's
executives, to make the leisure hours more worth while. In order to
do this Pennsylvania has set up a program in connection with the
hatching and distribution of fish which will, each year, greatly in-
crease the outjuit and provide more fishing in all our waters for those
who follow this healthgiving recreation.

At the present time, our State has available, many miles of un-
spoiled lakes and mountain streams and thousands of Pennsylvanians
and others, are taking advantage of these natural gifts to such an ex-
tent, that in order to keep pace with future needs, additional fishing
waters are and will have to be acquired. This work is being carried
on by the creation of new fishing waters and the restoring of waters,
which at the present time, are unsuitable for fish life, or in which the
public are not allowed to fish. Prior to the enactment of the Ad-
ministrative Code, which provides for a Water and Power Resources
Board, it was the custom of corporations or individuals, applying for
permits for the erection of dams for manufacturing or ice harvesting
propositions, to either close these dams to trespassing and fishing or
to issue permits, charging a fixed fee per day for fishing. Under the

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known fact that the pii])!! will tako a j»rt'at deal more interest if he is
dissecting or studyinjr a speeimeu witii which he is familiar, than if
it is material obtained from some bioloo'ieal supply house furnishinj?,
in most instanees. forei«i'n specimens. With this thon<»ht in mind the
Board furnishes, upon re(piest, preserved specimens together with a
series of vials showing the various stages of the developnient of the
brook trout e*»<i' and baby fish and, for scliools having aquarium
facilities. Jive specinuMis, if they so desire.

At several of our hatcheries, public aquariums are maintained at-
tractively disphiymii' practically all the common varieties of our
native fish. These |)laces are visited annually by thousands of people,
including many troops of boy and girl scouts, high school classes, etc.

Erie Hatchery is advantageously located for the study of aquatic
biology aiul the second floor of the ITatchery building has been placed
at the disj)osal of the I'niversity of Pittsburgh for this type of Avork,
wluM'e a coj'ps of instructoi's are maintained throughout the year and
advanced students of biology are sent to secure the nuich needed
field work.

The propagation. i)lanting and protection of the various kinds of
fish are carried on for the benefit of the people of the State, in the
interest of healthful outdoor recreation. Statistics tell lis that scientists
have added eighteen years to the civilizt^d man's average life. Statis-
ticians also tell us that tlu' working man's hours of leisure have bt^en
increased twenty per c<Mit. in twenty years. The old saying that man
works from sunri-e until sunset while woman's work is never done, is
no longer true. Our work is part of the great program of our country's
executives, to nud<e the leisure hours more worth while. In order to
do this Pennsylvania has set u|) a program in connection with the
hatching and distribution of fish wiiich will, each year, greatly in-
crea.^ the output and provide more fishing in all our waters for thot^
who follow this healthgiving recreation.

At the present time, our State has available, many miles of nn-
spoiled lakes and mountain streams and thow.s«nds of Pennsyh'anians
and others, are taking advantage of these natttral gifts to such an ex-
tent, that in order to keep pace with futwe needs, additional flshlnf
waters are and will have to be ac^piired. This work is being carried
on by the creation of new fishing waters and the restoring of waters,
which at the present time, are wnsnitable for flsli H^, or in which the
public are not allowed to fish. Prior to the enactment of the Ad.
ralnistrative Code, which provides fm a Water and Power Resources
Board, it was the custom of corporations or individuals, applying for
permits for tin- erection of <lams for njanufactiu'ing or ice harvesting
propositions, to cither jIos<' these dams to trespassing and fishing or
to isstie permits, charging a fixed fee per day for fishing. T'nder the

X.

y.

INTENTION AI. 2ND RXPOSURE

62

provisions of the Code, the Commissioner of Fisheries is made a
member of this Board and at one of the first meetings attended, he
presented a resolution, providing that all permits granted in the
future, for dam construction and covering the impounding of waters
for power and manufacturing purposes, should contain this added
condition: the right to fish in such w^aters at all times, during the
open season, in accordance with such rules and regulations as might
be promulgated by the permittee from time to time, with the ap-
proval of the Board of Fish Commissioners. Of course this does not
apply to dams constructed for domestic purposes. This resolution
was presented on August 21, 1923, and since that time has shown re-
markable results.

The first project of any magnitude was that of the Pennsylvania
Power and Light Company for the construction of a dam across the
stream known as the Wallenpaupack, located at a point near Ilawley,
Wayne County, Pa., and the lake that was formed is known as Lake
Wallenpaupack, covering between seven and eight thousand acres.
Upon completion, the Lake was closed to fishing for a period of two
years, to give the Board of Fish Commissioners ample time for stock-
ing and to arrange rules and regulations so that it would be a worth
while recreational ground for the public, not equals m &# State.
During the two fishing seasons it was closed, millions of pike perch,
yellow perch, sunfish, catfisli, bass and minnows were planted, in-
eluding many thousand pairs of adult fish for nfttwal propagation
purposes. An extensive program §m lrt;ocking has hem. formulate
for each year. On August 21, 1928, when the area was first opened
to the public for fishing and other recreative purposes, the Board
had representatives on the grounds and it was estimated that on the
first day, there were five thousand fishermen present. On Labor Day,
a little over a month later, it was estimated that this number had
increased to ten thousand. The catches have been most jrratifvinsr
and the Board has received mucli commendation for what it has done
towards creating what is now, one of the finest fishing waters m
Pennsylvania. Much credit must be given to the Pennsylvania Power
and Light Company, who are the owners, as it could have been
achieved only by their excellent cooperation. They have taken great
care to provide public camps and parking sites which are available
to the public without charge, for several da.ys at a time, and care-
takers have been appointed who supply any information that might
be desired.

Other major projects completed and open to the public for fishing
and included in our present stocking program are:

Holtwood Dam, built a number of years ago on the Susquehanna

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62

provisions of the Code, the Coinniissioner of Fisheries is made a
member of this Board and at one of the first meetin«fs attended, he
presented a resolution, ))rovidin«i' that all ])ermits <»:ranted in the
future, for dam eonstruetion and eoverin<? the impouudiiiji' of waters
for power and manufaeturing purposes, should contain this added
condition: the right to fish in such waters at all times, during the
open season, in accordance with such rules and regulations as might
be promulgated by the })ernuttee from time to time, with the ap-
proval of the Board of Fish Commissioners. Of course this does not
apply to dams constructed for domestic purposes. This resolution
was presented on August 21, 1923, and since that time has shown re-
markable results.

The first project of any magnitude was that of the Pennsylvania
Power and Light Company for the construction of a dam across the
stream known as the Wallenpaupack, located at a point near llawlcy.
Wayne County, Pa., and the lake that was formed is known as Lake
Wallenpaupack, covering between seven and eight thousand acres.
Upon completion, the Lake was closed to fishing for a period of two
years, to give the Board of Fish Commissioners ample time for stock-
ing and to arrange rules and regulations so that it wouhl be a worth
while recreational ground for the public, not e(jualed in the State.
During the two fishing seasons it was closed, millions (►!' pike perch,
yellow perch, sunfish. catfish, bass and minnows were planted, in-
cluding many thousand pairs of adult lish for natural propagation
purposes. An extensive program for stocking has been formulated
for each year. On August 21. IfVJS. when the area was first opened
to the public for fishing ami othei- recreative purposc^s, the Board
had representatives on the grounds and it was estimated that on the
irst day, there were five thousand flshermen present. On Labor Day.
a little o-ver a month later, it was estimated that this number had
increased to ten thousand. The catches have been most tfratifvinir
and the Board has received much commendation for what it has done
towards w^ting what is now, one of the finest fishing waters in
Penn^lvania. Much credit must be given to the Pennsylvania Power
and Light Company, who are the owners, as it could liave been
achieved only 1^ their excellent cooperation. They have taken great
care to provide public cam^ and parking sites which are available
to the public without charge, for several days at a time, and care-
takers have been ai)pointed who supply any information that might
be desired.

Other major projects completed and open to the public for fishing
and included in our present stocking i)rogram are:

Holtwood Dam. built a nund)er of years ago on the Hns«|nelinnna

INTFNTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

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64

River at Holtwood, Pa., extends to the vicinity of Safe Harbor,
Lancaster County, and covers approximately four square miles.

The Conowingo Dam, completed in 1928, also located on the Sus-
quehanna River, creating a dam of approximately twelve miles in
length. The dam proper is located in Maryland, but backs water into
Pennsylvania for a distance of approximately five miles. The stock-
ing of this area is being carried on througrh a joint agreement between
Pennsylvania and :\Iaryland. At the time of its construction, the
Commissioner of Fisheries of Maryland, requested the Commissioner
of Fisheries of Pennsylvania to come to Baltimore for a conference
in reference to fisliways. The dam is approximately ninety feet high
and is was agreed upon by those who were competent to speak on the
subject, including representatives from the United States Bureau of
Fisheries, that it would be useless to attempt to construct a fishway,
as there is no known fislnvay in existence, which is practical for
dams of tliis cliaracter. It Avas therefore agreed upon by the States
of Pennsylvania and J^Iaryland that in lieu of the construction of a
fishway, the power company should contribute to each state, the
sum of .$4,000, payabk^ each year, to be used for the purpose of stock-
ing the Lake wliich was formed by the construction of this dam. You
can readily see from the cooperation th« Boards of Fish Commis-
sioners have received firom the severaf corporations, that they like-
wise look with favor on the necessity of creating recreational centers
for our people.

Another major project in tfie waking, is the Pymatuning Reservoir
in Crawford County, which when completed will be several times
the size of Lake AVaHenpaupack. Primarily, the purpose of this proj-
ect is to absorb floods and to provide sufficient water during dry
seasons of tlie year for domestic and industrial uses in the Shenango
and Beaver Valley.

In addition to the forepfoin*?, matty smaTTer Simm h«TO bwn made

available to the public. While some of these cover but a few acres,
they are all being stocked and many are providing excellent fishing.

hi Pennsylvania, we have approximately 100,000 miles of streams,
varying from the tiny rivulet, to the mighty flow of the Susquehanna,
Ohio and Delaware Kivers. These streams flow through all kinds of
country, the undeveloped mountainous districts, agricultural areas,
oil fields, coal fic^lds and areas having a dense municipal and industrial
development. Principally through the carelosness of modern civiliza-
tion, portions of these waters have been made unfit for recreational
purposes. Public opinion is demanding that the waters be restored
to their natural purity. Through the wonderful work of the Sanitary
Water Board, who has jurisdiction over these questions, Pennsylvania

65

is fast surging ahead in the solving of many of the stream pollution
problems. This has not been brought about by drastic legislation,
but by the cooperation of the municipalities and industrial plants with
this Board and their work is gradually opening up, for fishing, many
miles of reclaimed waters.

The Board is doing everything Avithin its power to prevent the
so-called posting of lands upon which good fishing waters are avail-
able. In certain sections there are areas not available to the public
because the land owners have posted their property prohibiting tres-
passing. According to law, where lands are properly posted, there
is nothing for the Board or the fishermen to do but abide by the
provisions of that law. During the past year, in several sections of
the country, it was brought to the attention of the Board that cer-
tain selfish individuals were trying to or had leased portions of
streams that are known for their good fishing. It is the policy of
this Board to discourage leases of this character, but of course, in
most instances we have had to deal with individuals who are thinking
onlj' of the dollars and not of the pleasure of which they are de-
priving the people who have fished these streams for generations and
it is our belief that, if the practice continues, many of our best
streams will have to be acquired by the Commonwealth, by lease or
purchase; in order that the p^^noy^h^ ffcces8^0 them, Thlsr
can be brought about only by those interested giving the Board whole
hearted support in passing legislation for the creation M a fund to
be used solely for this purpose.

Increased fishing and newly created and reclaimed waters con-
stantly increasing the demand ])ut upon us for fish have led to
the inauguration of an extensive future jjrogram for production
and dii^ri^MMm. Lite aU othm imi^rtri^, we mm constantly work-
ing to increase production per given area, and startling improve-
ments, in this connection have been brought about in the last few
yeM« by the ^operation of the practical and scientific minds of our
p^^nnel.

Principally through the modern methods of disease control and fish
feeding practices the present hatcheries are being developed to a
IM^ greater extent than had been anticipated. It is the present
thought to develop the established sites to their fullest capacity then,
if conditions permit, to ac(|uire additional sites for development.

In concluding I would like to extend to each of y<m an invitation to
visit one of the Board's Hatcheries. I would suggest that you go
either to the Pleasant ]\Iount Hatchery, Pleasant Mount. Wayne
County, or the Corry Hatchery, Corry, Erie County. Of course, at
any of the other hatcheries you will find much of interest to you.

66

The Superintendents will be glad to place you in charge of competent
guides who will give you all information possible.

If your are not a fisherman you are missing a great deal in life and
I would recommend that with the opening of the 1930 season, you
give yourself a vacation along one of Pennsylvania 's beautiful streams
and I am sure it will be the beginning of many joyous days.

67

DETAILED REPORT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BOARD

ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION

An Administrative Organization Chart as of June 1, 1930, showing
the different functions of the Board is submitted herewith. The major
changes during the last biennium show the addition of a construction
service and a distribution service. It will also be found that the first
units of the Tionesta and Bedford Hatcheries have been completed

for operation.

STATISTICS

The statistical data will be found commencing on page 100.

PROPAGATION

This is a most important function and the Board has been con-
tinuallv working for a greater distribution and has also been perfecting
its program so that larger fish could be distributed.

The following statement of the fish distributed from January 1st
to December 31, 1929, will prove of much interest and we would par-
ticularlv call vour attention to the size and age of the fish distributed :

Species

Trout 6" to 10^

Black Bass 2" to 41/2"

* • « • •

Pike Perch
Yellow Perch
Sunfish , , • .
Catfish
Whitefish
Blue Pike
Cisco . . • •
Minnows .
Frogs . . .
Pickerel . . . .
Miscellaneous

ff

Fry to 16^
Pry to 10
I" to 5"
1^ to 12"

Fry

Fry

W to 4"

• ■ • «

9" to 18

/^

^^ ^ Age ^^^^
15 to 28 Months
3 to 17 Months
Fry and Adult
Pry to 29 Mos.
5 to 31 Mos.

5 to 31 Mos.

Fry
Fry
Fry

6 Mos. to Adult

6 Mos. to 19 Mos.
Adult

Number

749,557

255,905

20,441,420

260,888,690

829,175

118,883

5,160,000

1,237,000

109,270,000

340,700

358,500

4,860

1,000

399,655,690

Much could be written on the question of propagation but the Board
believes fishermen who are interested in this work should make a trip
to one of the Board's Hatcheries where competent attendants are avail-
able at any time who will explain the various workings of a hatchery
and just what is being done individually towards raising more and
larger fish.

68

The two new hatcheries at Tionesta and Bedford wJiich are now in
production will add approximately 500,000 trout of a catchable size
to our yearly distribution.

As all species of fish are propa§rated at Pleasant Mount Hatchery,
we are submitting^ herewith the report of the superintendent.

Pleasant Mount, Pa.
Honorable N. R. Buller,

Commissioner of Fisheries,

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Dear Sir:

The following is a report of the activities as carried on at tlie
Pleasant Mount Hatchery from July 1, 1928 to :\Iay 31, 1930:

Fish Pt'opagation—Thirteen different species of fish were handled
and sent out from the hatchery for distribution, during this biennium.
Taking into consideration the constant increase in the size of the fish
being liberated, this period was one of the most successful in the
history of the plant.

For convenience, the hatches is divided into five different units.
Most of thest TOtoi ^w 1^ ecmstrroted or improved for the pur-
pose of handling certain species. Unit ^^l^Jhe central or ad-
ministrative unit, comprised of two hatchery buildings, a garage and
work shop, a meat house, a superintendent's dwelling, three assistants'
dwellings, pn«p stations, a hmm rttfl^ tM a m^ of ponds, ranging
in size from less than a quarter of an acre to on« aore. This unit
m used for the hatching of all eggs that are being artificially hatched,
the holding and rearing of all trout, a large per cent, of the bass
and a few other species. In addition to this, all shipping is done
from this unit, m well as being used as a rtorage and sorting unit
for the fish, while draining the other units.

Unit No. 2 is used principally for holding the brood stwk of
selectively bred yellow perch, as well « a^^^^^ro TOp^ ^ ^ront
blue gills and catfish.

The upper part of Vnit No. 3 is used as a nursery area for small
catfish and the growing of Daphnia, used to feeding certain warm
water fish. The lower part of the unit is used for bass, sunfish, «^
fish, yellow perch, frogs and pickerel.

Unit No. 4 is used exclusively for the growing ^ minnows for
bass food and Unit Xo. 5 as a forage area for ba.ss food, in addition
to producing some pickerel.

Brook Trowf— During both seasons, the usual number of brook trout
eggs were eyed in Hatchery Building No. 1, but owing to the lack of
holding space for the fry, the nmjority of the supplv was shipped to

69

other hatcheries, either in the eyed stage or as fry. The trout that
were held and reared during thi« period for distribution in the trout
waters of the State, totaled 428,998, ranging in size from six to ten
inches.

Brown Trout — During this period, no brown trout were sent out
from this Hatchery for distribution, although during the season of
1929, a consignment of eyed eggs was received from California and
later transferred to other hatcheries.

Cisco— In the spring of 1929, a consignment of cisco eggs was re-
ceived from the Erie Hatchery and the fry liberated in suitable waters
in this vicinity.

Pike Perch — ^Both seasons, in accordance with a cooperative agree-
ment with the Federal Bureau of Fisheries, we received our allotment
of green pike perch eggs from the Bureau's station on Lake Champlain.
Taking into consideration the fact that the» eggs were transferred
this distal in the green stage, they showed a high percentage of
good eggs. A portion of the eggs when eyed, were distributed among
the various State hatcheries having facilities for the handling of this
type of eggs and the balance were hatched and the fry distributed
from this plant.

Yellow Perch— For a number of years, the entire brood stoek of
yeUow perch required for producing the egg crop for all the hatcheries
engaged in perch work, was held in Unit M^ g at this Hatchery.
When the Board inaugurated the program for the construction of
the two new hatcheries, the propagation of the yellow perch was in-
cluded for both places. Consequently, T was instructed to increase
the su])ply of brood stock to take care of the egg supply required to
fill the two new batteries when completed. In the spring of 1930,
the supply had been increased sufficiently to care for the wants of
the Tionesta Hatchery, in addition to filling all the other hatcheries
to their capacity. From observations. I am led to believe that suffi-
cient adult fish will have reached sexual maturity by next season to
care for the battery station to be erected at Reynoldsdale.

Because of the good results obtained from the planting of the fry
and because of the lack of holding space for the fry of this species,
the majority of the yellow perch were distributed when but a few
days old.

Sunfish — For the past few years, little s])ace has been devoted to
the rearing of sunfish, but in the fall of 1929, probably due to the
number of Daphnia escaping into the sunfish nursery areas from the
forage unit, an exceptionally fine lot of these fish were available for
distribution.

70

Catfish — Considering the number of fry produced and the areas
allotted to this kind of work, the results obtained have not been en-
tirely satisfactory. Men associated with the Board and myself have
given much thought to this work and at the present time, I have under
construction at the head of Unit No. 3, new types of catfish ponds
and have under consideration, new feeding methods which it is hoped
will greatly improve upon the results for next season.

Black Bass — While this Hatchery sends out for distribution, more
different kinds of fish than any of the other hatcheries, much effort is
devoted to the rearing of black bass. The present method of propa-
gation, allowing for the areas devoted to the growing of forage, re-
quires more water area for the rearing and holding of the bass than
for all other species combined, which greatly lessens the total yearly
distribution. A number of different methods of holding and handling
the bass have been tried with various degrees of success, in the past
number of years. However, for the last two years, the methods here-
tofore tried out have been entirely changed and new methods estab-
lished with marked improvement in the number held per unit area
and in the increase in growth. This improvement has been brought
about by being able to produce under artificial conditions, forage
for the needs of the bass, educating them to subsist in part, on ground
foods and changing the intakes and overflow designs on a number
of the ponds.

Frogs — Each year, a number of bullfrog tadpoles are produced for
distributiMi, tot ^e results tov* wM l^n entirely mLtM^et^ey, Thfa
is thought to be due to the migration of the parent frogs from the
property, as they instinctively leave areas containing adult bass.

Suckers— In the spring of 1929 and the spring of 1930, we received
consignments of green sucker eggs taken from wild fish, wiih i&fri^rac*
tions to t^ vaniMft ex^riments in t^r artificial incubation and
distribution.

In ^e spring of 1^^ three methods of hatching and handling ^
fry were tried out : The tray method was used for brook trout eggs,
with very poor success; hatching in troughs on gravel bottoms with
poor success and the jar method with fair success. Little difficulty
was encountered in eying and hatching fertile eggs by the jar method,
but it was noted that the fry did not leave the jar. Therefore, a
number of the eggs, at the near approach of the hatching period,
were transferred to trout egg trays, as it was feared continuous motion
in the jar would prove injurious to the fry. The eggs transferred
to the trout trays for hatching, resulted almost in a total loss of the
fry, while those left in the jars to hatch, as is done with the muscal-

71

longe eggs, produced good results. The various experiments tried
out, naturally cut down considerably on the distribution.

In the spring of 1930, the jar method was used and the fry per-
mitted to hatch and remain in the jars until the hatching was about
half over. Then the jars were taken down, screened, the eggs replaced
and the fry sent out for distribution. The fry in the yolk sac stage
appeared to stand transportation very well. From information gath-
ered during both seasons, we feel that little difficulty will be en-
countered in hatching the eggs and handling the fry this coming
season.

Forage — Because of our inability to successfully feed artificial food
to bass and to certain other species in the their early feeding stage,
considerable water area is taken up in growing this^ forage. During
the season of 1928, the minnow forage crop was somewhat below
normal, but in 1929, it was above normal. For a number of years
experimental work has been carried on at this Hatchery in the artificial
growing of Daphnia and has proved to be possible and practical, with
the I'esult that in 1929, one hundred additional Daphnia beds were
constructM at the head of Unit No. 3. At the present time, these
beds are producing beyond all expectations and if nothing unforseen
happens, they will be the means of greatly increasing the number of
bass, sunfish, and catfish for distribution in the fall of 1930.

Maintenance — It has always been my policy to maintain the property
and wiuipment in a manner that would reflect credit upon this Board.
The maintenance of a property having an estimate value of one half
million dollars is no small task in itself.

This biennium, in addition to giving the grounds the usual atten-
t^, the intake screens at the head of Pond No. 27 were reconstructed ;
the Iflm^ rf Unit No. f was resurfaced; the ^pm pipe was relaid
^ween Hatchery Building No. 2 and pond No. 36 at Unit No. 1;
the flood wall and intake wall to pond No. 28, Unit No. 1 was raised
eighteen inches; the road bed at the entrance of Hatchery Building
No. 2, Unit No. 1 was resurfaced; the road bed was resurfaced from
the highway junction to the turn at ponds No. 21 and 30, Unit No. 1 ;
the road on the turn at ponds No. 29 and 30, along the bank and
breast of pond No. 35 to a point near the incinerator at Unit No. 1,
was resurfaced ; the tanks and batteries in Hatchery Buildings No. 1
and 2, were painted; the exterior wood work on all buildings at Unit
No. 1 was painted and the backgrounds on the second floor of Hatchery
Building No. 1, were redesigned.

New Equipment Purchased: The inventory submiffed to you cover-
ing this period, will show all new equipment purchased. The follow-
ing is a list of the major items only:

72

Two new motor boats, built by this Board's agents at the Erie
Hatchery.

One Insley Excavator with ditcher attachment.

One Luitwieler double acting pump for well No. 1.

One ditch pump for construction work.

Two dump wagons.

One Autocar truck, three ton capacity.

One Atterbury truck, one to one and one-half ton capacity.

New Construction — The road from State Highway to the brea.st of
Unit No. 2; one hundred Daphnia pools at the head of Unit No. 3;
storehouse at Unit No. 3; road from county highway to Daphnia
beds at Unit No. 3 ; two catfish nursery ponds at head rf Uait No. 3,

Recommendations — That more Daphnia ponds be constructed at the
head of Unit No. 8| that more ponds for the holding of bass and
catfish be constructed at this Unit and that an auxiliary well and
pumping outfit be installed near well No. 1 at Unit No. 1.

Very truly yours,

G. W. BULLER,

Superintende

DlSTlimUTlOX

For many years it has been api)arent to the Board of Fi«h Com-
missioners that it would be necessary to adopt some program for its
distribution of fish whereby ft would be done with the Board's own
equipment and personnel. The Board realized that to adopt a pro-
gram of this character meant much additional work at the hatcheries,
purchase of suitable equipment, and the training of a personnel
capable of handling such a stupendous proposition.

The Board also knew that such a radical change in this work would
naturally meet with some comment and it was not known how the
fishermen would accept it. Therefore, it was most gratifying to the
Board to receive communications from most sections of the Common-
wealth commending the Board for making this change.

T'ndoubtedly it will be 1931 before the I^oard has this program in
complete operation. During 1930 all bass were distributed by this
method and it is the intention of the Board to carry on the distribu-
tion of trout during the fall months in the same manner.

Distribution will only be made to those waters which are suitable.
The same close cooperation must be had from associations and in-
dividuals and wherever it is possible they will be notified when ship-

73

ments are being made so they can have a representative accompany
the shipment to the waters designated.

This program is set forth in detail on page 9.

FISH PONDS FOR LAND OWNERS

It is surprising how many persons throughout the Commonwealth
are turning towards fish cultural work on both a large and small scale.
The Commissioner of Fisheries and the Deputy Commissioner of
Fisheries make numerous surveys each year for persons desiring to
build ponds or supply necessary information to those who have j)ur-
chased property on which ponds are already located.

As we have set forth in previous reports, our Bulletin No. 1 gives
a complete outline of what can be done along these lines. Any person
desiring information on the subject can get in touch with the Board
of Fish Commissioi»w la Harrisburg. The informat^ fa tvm of
charge and surveys are always made by competent men.

FIELD SERVICE

Every activity of the Board of Fi^ Commissioners is closely w-
lated but without the field service there could be no construction,
propagation, or distribution. It is this branch of tha service which^
supplies the hatcheries with eggs and fish,

Thfa service comes directly under the supervision of the Deputy
Commissioner of Fisheries and all operations are directed from the
Pleasant JMount Hatchery.

During the last biennium the Bureau of Research, which is part
of this service, ])erfected the raising of Daphnia in sufficient quanti-
ties for the feeding of bass. Plans are now under way for using this
^thod of feeding in the propagation of other species of fish when
they are in the first stages of development.

The following is the report of the Deputy Commissioner of Fisher-
ies, Wt. C. R. BuUer i

Pleasant Mount, Pa.

Honorable N. R. Buller,
Commissioner of Fisheries,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Dear Sir:

The following briefly covers my activities as Deputy Commissioner
of Fisheries for the biennium ending May 31, 1930.

My duties cover many phases of the Board's work and for con-

74

venience they have been divided as follows: Bureau of Research,
Fish Hatchery Problems, Stream and Pond Survey, Field Work and
Education.

BUREAU OF RESEARCH

In the days when the fish were distributed from the hatcheries in
their first or second feeding stages, the ways of the fish culturists
were comparatively easy. Under the Board 's present policy of hold-
ing a number of different species until they have reached their adult
feeding stage and in some instances until they have reached their
legal catching size, problems have been created that the early fish
culturists never dreamed existed. The constantly increasing demand
for more of these large sized fish has induced the Board to exert every
effort possible, to supply this demand by enlarging where practical,
their present hatcheries, by building new hatcheries and by increasing
production per unit area.

The increased production per unit area means that all areas are
crowded to the safety line without checking the normal growth or
Titality of the fish, which places increased bttMws upon the fish cul-
turists, as great mm im^ be taken in feeding, water aeration and
control of disease.

It is a known fact among those engaged in animal husbandry, that
mass production tends towards many dMto«iti«i mi encountered in
operating on a small scale and Pwnsylvania 's mass fish production
at Its hatcheries has been no exception. The constant vigilance of
the various superintendents and other agents of the Board, in mm
instances, has overcome these handicaps and the problems incurred
have led to a nm»^ of radical changes in hatchery procedure, re-
•siting in a more scientific advancement m fish culture during this
period, than ever before in the same length of time,

Bass Problems: M ^ close of the last biennium, this Board wm
working on improved methods for feeding bass, chiefly tkiit of ^iw-
mg minute animal life that wonld be readily taken bv the bass in
the^r second feeding stage. The success in this respect lias revolution,
ized the methods of bass propagation and the method of producing
these organisms for feeding the bass will be covered in an article
to be published entitled, ^^Vnnsylvania's Method of Feedin- Cer-
tain Pond Fishes.- Briefly, this method has enabled the holding of
more bass per unit area, until time for distribution, has increased'^the
rate of growth, has produced a more uniform growth and has enabled
the utilization of smaller and more artificially constructed ponds.

^infish Problems: Heretofore, the Board has had no difficultv in
inducing sunfish to feed readily upon an artificial diet, once 'thoy
had been educated to take this food and had attained a size lar^e

75

enough to feed upon it, although a severe check in growth and a high
mortality was looked for among the very young fish before reaching
this stage. The results obtained in artificially growing minute animal
life and feeding it to the bass, led to its use for sunfish food, with the
result that thirty Daphnia nursery beds were constructed at the
Union City Hatchery for this purpose. The use of the natural food
particularly for the very young fish resulted in doubling the fish per
unit area for distribution in the fall of 1929 and from the results
obtained, it is proposed to construct additional Daphnia nurseries at
other hatcheries and utilize this source of food for the small sunfish
and other fish.

Catfish Problems: With a large group of the fishermen of Pennsyl-
sylvania, the common bullhead is a very popular and much sought
after fi^. For a number of years, the Board has been propagating
and distributing them from three of its hatcheries. Contrary to the
general opinion, the artificial propagation of the bullhead in large
numbers, is a very difficult task and the results obtained at all the
hatcheries have been far from satisfactory, taking into consideration
the number of brood stock held and the water areas allotted to tliis
work.

For several years, those associated with the Bureau of Research
have been led to Mmv« that most rf the serious checks placed upon
hatchery production are : disease, cannibalism, and improper feeding
methods. There m under construction at the present time at the
Pleasant Mount Hatchery, several experimental ponds, where it is
proposed to feed Ae fry for several weeki on a one hundred per
cent. Daphnia ration, together with the new type of pond, it is hoped
to greatly reduce disease loss and cannibalism will be more or less
controlled by segregating the fry from the larger sized fish.

Sucler Experiments: There is in Pennsylvania, an ardent group
of tucker fishermen. This group, in number, probably exceeds those
^ ^W to)ut and bass fishermen combined. It is the policy of this
Board to help provide fishing for all classes. In recent years, in
certain sections of the State, the suckers were becoming comparatively
scarce and the Board is endeavoring, through artificial propagation
aod distribution, to bring tUe^ ^e^ feack to somewhere near their
original condition.

The artificial hatching of the eggs of the sucker was entirely new
to the fish culturists of this State and little or no information could
1^ obtained from other sources. Therefore, this Bureau was in-
structed to cooperate with the Superintendent of the Pleasant Mount
Hatchery in devising the best means of artificially hatching the eggs.
In the spring of 1929, a consignment of eggs was received from the

76

field crew working in conjunction witli the Federal Bureau of Fisher-
ies on Lake Champlain in connection with the pike perch work. The
eggs were shipped green from Lake Champlain in transportation
cases similar to those used for pike perch eggs. L^pon receipt of the
eggs, efforts were uncha^taken to hatch them by three ditferent meth-
ods; the tray method, as used for the hatching of trout eggs; the
trough method, by placing the eggs on gravel, and the jar method.
Neither the tray nor the trough methods proved at all successful with
the green eggs. Li both instances the eggs appeared to smother in
a short time, if keld in numbers sufficient to warrant this type of
hatching. By the jar method, little difficulty was encountered in suc-
cessfully eying the eggs, but upon hatching, it was learned that the
fry did not leave the jars. Because of the weight of the eggs, con-
siderable water pressure was required to keep them in motion. It
was first thought that this pressure would be injurious to the young
fish and a number of jars were taken down and the eggs transferred
af the very near approach of the hatching period, to trays suspended
in troughs of running water. As the newly hatched fish fell through
the specially constructed wire to the trough bottom, a large per cent,
smothered, particularly at times when the rate of hatching was in-
creased by sudden water temperature rises. Of those left in the jars
until hatched, the wo^ current appawntty had no harmful effect on
the fish, although when the hatch was about half completed, the jars
were taken down and the eggs and fish separated by a screen as is
commonly done in the muscallonge work.

To all appearances, the fry were surviving the jar current without
any harm, although those interested had no means of accurately ^-
termining and in their judgment, it wottM be poor economy on the
pOTt ^ ttl# ^mwd te plant injured fish. As a test, several thousand
were transferred to a small nursery pond where they could be kept
under close observation. After the absorption of the yolk sac, the
majority developed into healthy, T^rous fish. In the ^ring of 193^
another consignment of eggs was received from the same source and
successfully hatched by the jar method. During the eved staffed, a
portion of the eggs were successfully transferred to the Tionesta
Hatchery where the hatching was completed in a stt^^^^ manaer
by the jyar method.

Hatchery Wafer: In the effort to increase production at the hatcher-
ies, eonsi(l('rabl(> study has been given to the (|uality of the water
used, particularly for hatching and rearing the trout. This study-
was made with the thought of correcting undesirable conditions where
possible and practical, and to use the findings as a comparative basis
in establishing new sites. It is a difficult matter to say what con-

77

stitutes ideal water conditions for trout culture, as trouf are being
successfully reared at various hatcheries where the chemical analysis
of water varies greatly. In order to increase the basis for com-
parison, chemical analysis were not only taken of the various sup-
plies used at the State hatcheries, but of those at many of the com-
mercial hatcheries as well. The findings in this connection brought
to light many interesting facts and has and will lead, to changes in
water supplies that will greatly increase the holding capacity of
different areas and the Bureau of Research wishes to take this means
of thanking the Board of Health for its assistance in this work,
particularly Mr. R. E. Daniels and Mr. D. P. Rogers for their interest
and cooperation in helping to solve a number of these problems.

The first major problem undertaken was to correct the water condi-
tions in well No. 1 and well No. 2 at the Pleasant Mount Hatchery.
The serious trouble with these supplies, appeared to be principally
one of oxygen contents. Well No. 1 at the discharge, after thirty-two
hours continmons pumping, showed a Miration of dissolved oxygen
having a value of 112*^{ . Well No. 2 after continuous pumping for a
number of days, showed at the discharge, a deficiency of dissolved
oxygen, the saturation being only 47%, both conditions being very
detrimental to the hatching of trout eggs or the holding of fish. A
number of different kinds of devices were tried out on well No. 1,
none of which produced entire satisfaction, until in ^March, 1030, the
water was allowed to fall and splash from a height of about ten feet,
over five discs varying from three feet to ten feet in diameter, placed
in such a way that the large disc was eighteen inch^ from the catck
basin and the others graded an ecjual distance apart to the small o\w
at the top, forming an umbrella type aerator. The result of this pro-
duced water with a dissolved oxyg«i f^m» of 98% and by the time
it reached the hatcher>% an 83% saturation. From the time of the in-
stallment until June, this water successfully held trout fry in the
building and no difficulty is anticipated with this water in the outside
ntirsery ponds during the summer monfhs. Before being treated in
this manner, it proved fatal to trout in the sac feeding stage in from
twelve to thirty-six hours. Later a similar device was construct^^d for
the water from well No. 2, which brought up the dissolved oxygen
swpply from 479; to a point near 87% and is now successfully holding
adult trout under crowded conditions.

For a number of years, difficulty has been encountered with the
trout culture at the Bellefonte Hatchery, due in our opinion, to the
high percentage of carbon dioxide and other deleterious gases present.
The presence of these gases in injurious amounts i« probably due to
agricultural pollution, combined with the high calcium content of the
water. It has been shown on a small scale that this condition can be

78

greatly improved by aeration and the Board has under consideration
at the present time, the installation of a number of aerating devices
smiilar to those used at Pleasant Mount, with the hope of greatly in-
creasing the holding capacity at this Hatchery.

Fish Diseases: During this biennium, no serious outbreaks of disease
occurred at any of the State hatcheries. Certain areas at different
times were affected, but through the prompt action of the superin-
tendents, It was kept well under control and did not reach the sta-e
of an epidemic, other than in the quarantined areas. While there
are a number of remedial measures known for the treatment of ex-
ternal diseases common to fish confined at a hatcherv, it lias been our
experience that methods effective when used on a small scale, will not
prove successful where thousands of fish have to be handled for the
treatment. This particularly holds true where the treatment is used
duping the warm summer months. In every instance that has come
under our observation, preventive measures prove more practical
than to attempt remedial treatment after the disease has gained a
foothold. As a preventive measure of disease, all the hatcheries are
conducted mder the most sanitary conditions possible and when a
disease makes its appearance, efforts are made to quarantine the area,
then ascertain the cause and remove it, if possible.

The Bureau of Research has been continuing its work on tte control
and treatment of a Bttmber of diseases, particularly Ichthvophthirius
or white spot disease that frequently affects the small bass. This
disease only seriously makes its appearance where fish are held in a
crowded condition, as is necessary at the hatcheriw. (M ^ many
measures for its ti^tment m<m»^^ «ai ^ otI, none have
proved effeetiTC, although progress has been made in controlling this
disease in the past year, by increasing the water circulation in the
bass nursery and brood ponds.

FISH HATCHKRV FBOBiiBMS

State Hatcheries: In order to operate the various hatcheriw to
their fullest capacity, all hatcheries are dependent mow or lero, upon
each other and the total distribution from any one hatchery is not
always in proportion to the costs of operation or the number of eo^cg
hatched or the fry held. As an illustration, the Corry Hatchery hL
facilities for the hatching and holding of a large number of troilt fm
the first nine months. Few trout can be grown to the legal size or
the size for distribution in this period, which follows that in order
to relieve crowded conditions due to their growth and to make room
for the new crop, many of these fish must be moved to new areas.
The Pleasant Mount Hatchery, while not well situated for the holding
of trout fry, during the winter months, has ample room in certain of

79

its warm water fish ponds for the holding and growing of trout and
in order to operate both plants to the best advantage, many of the
fish are transferred to the Pleasant Mount Hatchery for completing
their growth.

The Pleasant Mount Hatchery has facilities for holding the entire
brood supply of yellow perch and chiefly to lessen the distribution
costs, many of the eggs are transferred to other hatcheries having
equipment for handling the perch eggs. These various transfers of
^^a or fish all tend towards the total distribution, representing an
output to be proud of, taking into consideration the size and age of
the fish.

Pennsylvania's hatcheries as they are today, represent a consider-
able investment and require for their successful operation, a large
trained personnel, fleets of trucks for distributing the fish, construc-
tion and maintenance of equipment, etc., bringing about a condition
where the hatchery superintendent can no longer devote the greater
part of his time to the growing of fish, bnt m^irt have wn^erable
executive ability as well.

In order to simplifj^ matters as much as possible for the superin-
tendents, as well as for the office force at the central office, I was
instructed during the winter of 1929 and 1930, to install a uniform
t^'Stem of office procedure at all the hatcheries. Th» was wmpleted
in April, to the satisfaction of all concerned, I believe.

The new hatcheries at Reynoldsdale and Tionesta while far from
complete, are now on a productive basis and should add materially to
the output for th# Mming season.

Commercial Hatcheries: In Pennsylvania there are at the present
time, a number of so-called private hatcheries where the fish are
reared for marketing purposes Thm business is carried on under
a license issued by this Board. At the present time the trout hatcher-
ies are of major importance in so far as the investments in plants
and <^uipment and the marketed product is concerned.

The rearing and marketing of the so-called bait fish, ranks next
in importance. The development of the baitfish hatcheries has been
the result of the enactment of the present baitfish law, which pro-
hibits the taking of baitfish from the waters of this Commonwealth
%m commercial purposes. The Board of Fish Commissioners takes a
keen interest in all commercial projects and renders all assistance
jmssible in helping to make them a success, financially or otherwise.
In the past two years, almost every licensed hatchery has been visited
on various occasions by agents of this Board, ])rincipally for the
purpose of giving them first hand information on the problems con-
fronting them. In visiting the commercial baitfish hatcheries, it has
been found that a number of them have proved very disappointing

80

to tliose interested. In most instances, this failure has been largely
due to the lack of knowledge of fish cultural methods on the part of
the operator. Some operators have attemj^ted to carry on the work
by a one pond metliod. This means that the brood stock, marketable
fish, fry and others are all confined in the same area. This is a
poor method of procedure, principally because of the loss incurred
in the continuous handling of the fish of all ages, in order to obtain
the ones of marketable size. Of the hatcheries visited, it has been
found that the ones that are producing the most marketable fish are
oi)erating in such a manner that the fish of various ages are kept
separately and are artificially fed.

STRKAM AND POXD SURVEY

Privatehj Owned Wafers: One of the activities of this Board is
to provide as many additioual waters for fishing and for other recre-
ational purposes as possible and looks with disfavor upon the closing,
through the trespass act, of our trout streams, natural lakes, and large
ponds that have heretofore been free to the public for recreational
purposes. Nevertheless, the Board en^rages land owners wiio have
the faeilities, to construct ponds for recreational ])urposes, private or
otherwise. Each year, keener interest is being shown bv the land
owners in thk respect and many sites have been vlwl^ for the pur-
pose of giving infor»«t^ as to the type M ^^tmciion and the
kind of fish with which to stock the area when completed.

Puhlk Waters: PenMylvania is blessed wiA thousands of miles of
^^ i^ing streams and rivew, in addition to many lakes and ponds
in whieh the public are allowed to fish. In these vast areas are to
^ found many different species of fish, a nnmber pc^e^ing suffi-
cient game qtualities to satisl^ the m^ exacting angles. The activi-
ti^ of »aa are continually bringing about radical changes m the
natural lito ^ our waters. In instances, areas that heretofore naturally
contained an abundance of certain species, are no longer suitable for
them. Kepresentatives of the Board are constantly engaged In making
studies of the changing conditions, so that an intelligent stocking
program can be followed out. These investigations are carried on
with the thought of stocking the waters with a combination of species
that will bring about a more or less balanced food cycle. The in-
discriminate stocking of our waters, particularly the lakes and ponds,
with undesirable species, both native and introduced, have in many
instances, upset the natural food cycle, greatly to the detriment of
all concerned. The natural food cycle that existed in our natural
waters before the interference of man, maintained a plenitude of
fish and the stocking program of the Board at the present time, takes
into consideration, that good fishing can only be brought about by

81

stocking areas with certain combinations of fishes that wall bring
about the balanced food cycle.

FIELD WORK

The field force consists of a group of men especially trained along
certain lines of fish cultural work. Their duties in addition to assist-
ing at the various hatcheries with the distribution and handling of
fish, consists of collecting and transporting the fish eggs and harvest-
ing the forage crops utilized as fish food. This crew of men was
originally organized for the i)uri)ose of collecting the egg crop from
wild fish, where the eggs were transferred to the hatcheries, hatched
and the fi^ sent out for distribution. For reasons outlined several
times in our previous reports, this practice was discontinued and
at the present time their wiirk consists of handling the eggs produced
from hatcher}' reared fish with the exception of the commercial work
on Lake Erie and the collecting of the pike perch eggs for inland
distribution. The l»ld work is eondder^ the s^t interesting and
important branch of our fish cultural activities, as upon these men
rests the i)roblem of securing the all important egg; crop for the
various hatcheries. The eggs of no two species are collected and
handled in the mme way, whieh l^l^g that ttair work is changing
from time to time. In the early spring, work begins with the eollec-
ti(m of the pike i)erch eggs. These eggs are obtained through a co-
operative agreement with the Federal Bureau of Fisheries, whereby
this Board sends a trained personnel to assist with the work. Closely
followi^ ^ conapletion of the pike pe)^ w^^ comes the collecting
of the yellow perch eggs. After this period until 8ei)tember, they
are engaged in collecting the Daphnia and minnow crop used as bass
food at the Pleasant Blount Hatchery. During September they are
detailed to assi^ with the draining of the various units connected
-with this hatchery for the i)urpose of removing the fish for distribu-
tion, and in Novend)er and Decend)er with the harvesting of the
trout egg crop and the work on Lake Erie in connection with the
white fish and cisco program. The balance of the year is devoted
to the overhauling of boats, nets and ecpiipment. Much of the suc-
eem of this work deix'nds upon things over which the men have no
control, as the water temperature, wind, light, ])recipitation, and
^her factors. But taking everything into consideration, this period
has 1^^ ^^ ^^pssf ul.

KDl'CATION

The educational work of the Board is carried on to improve public
opinion along conservational lines in general, particularly our propa-
gation and restocking policies. The educational work is carried on

82

by giving talks before various sportsmen's associations, Kiwanis and
Rotary Clubs and nature study classes, etc., by the use of motion
pictures, portraying the various activities of this Board, by issuing
bulletins and pamphlets on fish and fish culture and by distributing,
upon application, both live and preserved specimens, for biological
work in the schools and by having in operation at several of the
hatcheries, aquariums where many .species of Pennsylvania's fishes are
kept on exhibition, all tending towards educational influences that
as time goes on, will lead our people to think more about conservation
and its importance to the common welfare and less about the per-
sonal freedom for destroying wild life.

RECOniENDATIOXS

I respectfully suggest that the following recommendations for im-
provement at the various hatcheries be given serious consideration
during the coming biennium :

That a ^phnia Unit be constructed at the Tionesta Hatcherv, so
that it will be in operation by the time this type of food is required.
That additional Daphnia units be constructed at the Pleasant Mount
and Union City Hatcheries. That additional areas be constructed at
the head of Cwt Sfe. i, F^sant Mount Hatches, for the rearing
of catfish and other species. That a refrigerator system for the
storing of fish food be installed at Tionesta, Reynoldsdale and Pleasant
:Mount Hatcheries. That §m auxiliary pumping outfit be installed at
the Pleasant Hatchery in proximity to No. 1 pnaiptof Mtit, That
the water in No. 2 Hatchery Building at Cor^ be conducted to the
head of the property to increase the present supply. That aerators
be installed at the Bellefonte Hatchery for the purpose of improving
the quality of the water at that plant. That the dock and boat houm
at the Erie Hatchery be repaired. That the roof on the luitching
building at Erie be repaired. That all exterior wood work at the
Erie Hatchery be painted. That all exterior and interior wood work
at the Torresdale Hatchery be repainted.

Wety truly yours,

C. B. Buf«T#tm^

FROTFCTION

During the last biennium, 1427 arrests were made for ^!^^» ^
the fish law and approximately $40,000 was paid in fines.

In the opinion of the Board of Fish Commissioners, the real work
of those engaged in the enforcement of the fish laws is not shown in

83

the number of arrests or the amount of fines collected but in the educa-
tional work which these men are doing in the different districts where
they are working. It is gratifying to know^ that this educational
program is bearing fruit and during the last biennium many com-
munications and personal interviews have been had with fishermen
pledging their support along these lines.

During the next biennium additional regular wardens will no doubt
be employed but for the present every effort is being put forth towards
the completion of new hatcheries.

The Board of Game Commissioners and State Police rendered ex-
cellent service to the Commissioners and the Board wishes to acknowl-
edge this close cooperation.

SPECIAL FISH WARDENS

There are in Pennsylvania 486 Special Fish Wardens. The^ men
spend a portion of their time in the enforcing of the laws but naturally
it can not be expected that they could put forth a great deal of effort
when they do not receive any salary or expenses.

The fact that th^ mm known as Special WardttM m their own com-
munity has really done much towards law enforcement.

RESIDENT CITIZEN'S FISHING LICENSE

Each year ^mm fa a «^^^^^ ^^pmmk to ^$ revenue from the
sale of licenses, which of course, is the source of income for carrying
on the many activities of the Board. In previous reports, a history of
Pennsylvania's License Law has ^^^n p^m m4 ^^t what it has done
for the fishermen.

%a fee for the Resident Citizen's License is $1.50 and will probably
continue at this figure during the next biennium unless the fishermen
take it upon themselves to provide for an increase. In many districts
ft has been felt that the fee should be increased so that more hatcheries
could be constructed. Without a doubt this additional revenue would
make this possible but whether or not it would be advisable at this
time is a question.

The fishermen will be asked to decide this question at the next con-
ference which will probably be held early in 1931.

KON-RESIDENT FISHERMEN'S LICENSE LAW

From this source the Board collects annually approximately $22,000.
When the advantages the non-resident enjoys are considered, the
amount he pays for a license is ver^' reasonable.

The law is reciprocal and for the information of those who are in-
terested, the following schedule gives the rates. In no instance is the
fee to be less than $2.50.

84

Staie Cost of License

Alabama $5.00

Alaska 2.50

Arizona 10.00

Arkansas 5.00

California 3.00

Colorado .>,...,................... 3.00

Connecticut , 3.25

Delaware 5.00

D. of C 2.50

Florida 5,50

Georp:ia 2.50

Id-aho 5.00

Illinois 2.50

IndiaiMi 2.50

Iowa 3.00

Kansas 3.00

Kentucky 2.50

Louisiana 5.00

Maine , , « 3.J5

Maryland 5.00

Massachusetts 5.25

Michigan 5.^

Minnesota 3.00

Mississippi 2.50

Missouri 3.00

* # # • «

• ••#•»

*•••«•*••«•

* • * * •

4 # * t A

**•••*

* * * # •

• ■••«*•

«••««*****««««

««•««»

« « • C t

# « • # *

•4*«C««4ft««

Montana
Nebraska
Nevada

New Hampshire
New Jersey . , .
New Mexico , . ,
New York .....
North Carolina
North Dakota .
Ohio

Oklahoma .
Oref^on
Rhode Island
South Carolina

South Dakota 2.50

Tennessee 2 50

T<^^«« 5.00

\^' I all tt«t»f«t.».,. 3«00

• ••*•••

• •*..«

• ■• • ♦ «

• . » • #

• «•••.••«.

• • ♦ . «

» • • » •

* •....»#

# • • » •

BM

2.50
3.00
3.15
5.50
3.00
5.50
3.00
3.00
2.50
5.00
3.00
2.50
3.25

'•ftftftftftf.

t • • • f • t

85

Staie Cost of License

Vermont 3,15

Virginia 2.50

Washington 5.00

West Virginia 5.00

Wisconsin 3.00

Wyoming 4.OO

OPERATION OF THE TI G **rOMMODORE PERRY"

The work on Lake Erie could not be carried on without the Tug
"Commodore Perry." During the season it is continually on the
alert for violators of the law. During the last biennium several non-
resident fishermen have been apprehended and their equipment con-
fiscated.

This tug lias Been in service for ten years and it will be necessary
during the next biennium to purchase a new boat. It is the intent of
the Board to take this question up at the next session of the Legisla-
ture providing for its construction, payment to be made by appropria-
ttett or out of the license monies collected from the commercial licenses.
In the opinion of the Board, no expenditure should be made from the
license fees of the rod and line fishermen.

THE FISH INDUSTRY ON LAKE ERIE

Those familiar with the subject know that Pennsylvania has each
year endeavored to interest commercial fishermen in a program which
w^ould strengthen the laws already in effect, thereby conserving the
most important food supply. Up to this time all efforts have proven
discouraging but it is hoped that someone in the industry will be able
to control these forces so that something really constructive will be
accomplished.

The Fishing Gazette, one of the oldest and most widely read pub-
lications in the United States is compiling statistics on the fisheries
of the Great Lakes and recently wrote Pennsylvania for its views on
the subject. It might be well to quote herewith the Commissioner of
Fisheries reply to this inquiry.

October 29, 1930.
Mr. J. E. Munson, Editor,

Fishing Gazette,

521 5th Ave.,

New York City, N. Y.

My dear Mr. Munson:

The only commercial fisheries under the control of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania are those out of the Port of Erie, and I take

86

it from your recent communication tliat you desire a statement from
this Board as to just what has been done and the particular problems
which are facing the Board at this time insofar as these fisheries are
concerned.

I have been Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of Pennsylvania
since 1911 and much might be Avritten on the subject of the Lake Erie
Fisheries from that time until the present date when the catch has
fallen to a point where it is practically unprofitable to the average fish
company to operate any number of tugs out of the Port. As you
know the real basin of the commercial fisheries in the Great Lakes is
that portion between Pennsylvania and Dominion of Canada. I be-
lieve it wasn't so many years ago when it was estimated by the United
States Bureau of Fisheries that 53% of the total catch from ^m Great
Lakes Avas taken from this basin.

The last year's statistics compiled by the Board were for the year
1929 and it only showed a total catch of 1,342,673 pounds, representing
an estimated value of $163,334.96. This is quite some difference when
you consider that only a few years ago they were taking on an average
of seventeen million pound.s with an estimated value of over a million
dollars. Of course, the 1930 season has shown some improvement.
Insofar as the cisco is concerned, there has been a steady decline.

In my opinion there are many problems facing the commercial
fislieries on Lake Erie and insofar as Pennsylvania is concerned, it has
endeavored over a period of years to work out some plan which would
assist the commercial fishermen. In the first place, conferences w^ere
held each year at some point on the Great Lakes at which time a defi-
nite program was formulated and representatives returned to their
different States with the assurance that it would be carried into effect.
If this had been done, most of the problems facing the commercial
flshermen on Lake Erie would have been solved but to my knowledge
the States bordering the Lake have never put into legislation any of
the programs that were adopted at these meetings. I will say this
for Pennsylvania that in every instance it has endeavored to carry
out the agreements which were made at these meetings and to show
you just what we have done, I am attaching hereto a copy of the rules
and regulations that we attach to each and every license which is issued.
Section **C" prohibiting the use of gill nets with meshes more than
thirty (30) inches in depth will eliminate the use of the bull net which
in our opinion is taking a great toll from the waters of Lake Erie. We
were the first (with the assistance of Canadian Fisheries) to standard-
ize our nets 3-1/16 inches.

There are many contributory causes as to why the fishing in Lake
Erie has been on the decrease and it seems that the greatest of these
are pollution, the mesh of the net«, the amount of gear and the type

87

of gear used. Along with this, we have to contend with the commercial
fishermen and I am sorry to say that it is the truth that they do not
appear to have any inclination toward cooperating with the different
States, in fact, they oppose anything that seems constructive. You
might get a different story from other States, but I know^ it is true
insofar as Pennsylvania is concerned.

You, no doubt, have at your disposal all the statistics in reference to
the fishing on the Great Lakes but I would like to add to this a ten
year statement as prepared by Pennsylvania. I feel quite sure that
it will prove of interest to you.

In conclusion, I would like to put forth this thought: The greater
number of people you meet these days who are interested in the fisher-
ies on Lake Erie seem to think that the complete statistical data
covering the Great Lakes, that is information as to the type of gear,
number of boats, etc., along with the scientific end will do much to
bring back these fineries, but it is my personal opinion that the men
who could go out and organize the fishermen and educate them to the
point where they would all agree to go along with some constructive
legislation, would be doing more good than the statistics which I have
iwn ttp to this time. We carry a statistical Bureau ourselves and
naturally want these figures for our own use, but unle&s the fishermen
are organized to go along with a definite program, you will never be
able to accomplish anything constructive on the Great Lakes.

I will be ^A to supply ymt wl^ any additional information and I
hope that what little 1 have contributed will be along the lines yon
desire.

Very truly yours,

N. R. BULLER,

Commissioner of Fisherieg,

'^m following are the rules and regulations now in force :

(a) The license tf any licensed b«|t m Im^f aalh<^^^ te ^ain
any yellow perch which may be taken.

(b) The license of any licensed boat will not be allowed more than
five (5%) per cent, of under-size fi.sh in the daily catch. Said under-
^m fish must not be exposed for sale, but must be turned over to some
hospital or charitable institution.

(c) No gill nets shall be used in Pennsylvania waters more than
thirty (30) meshes in depth. This must be strictly adhered to as
sufficient time and warning has been given during the last few years.

(d) The minimum size mesh for nets shall be known as a three-
inch mesh. This mesh shall be standardized by measuring same over
3-1/16 inch gauge steel rule; the intention being that any mesh which

88

when stretched will enclose or encircle this rule without bending the
rule shall be legalized, and that any mesh which will not stretch to
surround the said measure shall be illegal. All 3-1/16 inch rules here-
after used shall be stamped and authenticated by the Government of
the State and no other rule except such as authenticated shall be used
in measurement. The above regulations and standards set are for gill
net fishing in Lake Erie and will be in effect by New York, Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, Michigan, and the Province of Ontario.

(e) Closed Season: From December 16, 1930, to March 1, 1931
(both dates inclusive) it shall be unlawful for the license of any
licensed boat for the taking of fish for commercial purposes to use any
net of any character.

These rules and regulations are made a part of the license to which
they are attached and are issued for the bettering of fishing in Lake
Erie. If there is any question in reference to these rules and regula-
tions, take the matter up with the Superintendent of the State Pisli
Hatchery at Erie, Pennsylvania.

89

Reprinted from Proceedings of tite Pennsylvania Academy of Science,

Vol. IV, laso

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PHYTOPLANKTON AND
POLLUTION IN PRESQUE ISLE BAY, LAKE ERIE

By RUSSEI.L Y. Gottsciiall, University of Pittshurgh

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

T wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. 0. E. Jennings, Head
of the Department of Botany, University of Pittsburgh, whose efforts
have made this survey a success ; also to Mr. Philip Hartman, superin-
tendent of the Erie Pish Hatchery, whose asssitance was invaluable,
and to Mr. Dunwoodie, superintendent of the Erie Water Depart-
ment, who gave us the use of the Department cruiser for collecting
purposes,

INTRODUCTION

Fish are either directly or indirectly dependent upon the micro-
plankton, the macroplankton and the bacteria for food material. The
larger fish may live upon smaller fish and they in turn live either
directly or indirectly upon the plankton and the bacteria. The larger
^A way also live directly upon the plankton.

It was therefore planned that the food supply be investigated since
this is a matter of great importance in regard to fish life and popula-
tion and that this phase be thoroughly investigated throughout the
entire year.

Pollution also may have some effect upon fish. Noxious material
discharged into the water may kill them outright. Bacteria may turn
over the organic material and in this way lower the oxygen content and
raise the carbon dioxide content and so make conditions unfavorable.

Until we know these conditions it is impossible to say just what
causes the present low fish population in Lake Erie.

Men from the Federal, Ohio, New York, and Ontario Commissions
cruised the deeper waters of Lake Erie during the summers of 1928-29.
It was thought that conditions in Presque Isle Bay and nearby points
would be of particular interest to the Pennsylvania Fish Commission
so this work was taken up.

]\Ir. Herbert Graham started the investigation in February, 1929.
He resigned in June to take up similar work on the Carnegie Institute
magnetic ship, '* Carnegie. " The work was then taken uj) by myself
under the direction of Dr. 0. E. Jennings.

^lETHODS

In order to obtain accurate results it was found necessary to have
certain fixed stations from which to collect. The three spars in the

90

bay showing tlie position of the water intake pipe for the city w^ater
supply were chosen. They are shown on the map by station numbers
liy 4 and 5. One station at each end of the bay was also chosen and
one at the Fish Hatchery pier so as to get a general survey of the
entire bay. The depth of station 2 is 2 meters; 3, 4.5 m.; 4, 7 m. ;
5, 5 m. ; 6, 5 m. ; 7, 4.5 m. The intake pipe for the Erie water supply
is about 31/2 miles from the Fish Hatchery and about two miles from
the shore of Presque Isle. It is 6 meters below the surface and 2
meters from the bottom of the lake.

These stations were plankton collecting stations. Here samples for
determination of oxygen, pH values and carbon dioxide content were
also taken. Temperatures of the water were taken on the regular
trips. The determination of oxygen, pH values and carbon dioxide
however was not made until the end of the summer and m aot many
results were obta^ined.

COLLECTING OF SAMPI^ES

Samples from the bay were regularly taken twice a week at the
three stations, 3, 4, and 5. Samples from stations 6 and 7 were taken
about once a week and from station 2 every other day. From the
Intake pipe also, samples were taken every other day.

Collecting was done by means of a weighted bottle lowered to the
bottom of the bay. This method of collection was used exclusively
during the summer of 1929. Samples were also taken te ^m nuner
six inches below the surface.

Samples from the intake pipe were taken throughout the entire vear
TOt only twice a week during the winter months. The samples were
taken, preserved with formaldehyde, well packed so as to avoid as
much breakage of the delicate organisms as possible and sent to the
laboratory at Pittsburgh where they were examined. This gives an
index as to the content of plankton throughout the entire year which
is, although not an extensive survey, an invaluable «i^

LABORATORY METHODS

The samples brought into the laboratory were filtered t^^gh sand
by the Sedgwick-Rafter method.

Counting was done by means of a i/^ cc. counting cell and a Whipple
micrometer. Two i/^ cc. portions per sample were examined and 20
counts made at random. The organisms were counted as to genera.

The number of organisms in one liter was calculated by means of
the following formula:

Capacity of counting cell in cubic millimeters cc in sample Units

— TTT: ^X — XlW)0=i>er

rs umber of fields counted cc In water filtered Liter

91

The organisms were averaged for two week periods and graphs made
of the more abundant genera.

The error by this method has been shown never to be greater than
10 per cent.

This method of concentration for study of the phytoplankton was
used throughout the year.

The methods of chemical analysis used are those in Standard Methods
of Water Analysis, except that a quinhydrone electrode was used to
obtain the pH value instead of the methods as there presented.

DISTRIBUTION OP GENERA

The genera at one station were practically always found in the other
stations in approximately the same numbers, taken on two week aver-
ages. This is to be expected since the territory covered was only 4.5
square miles and the conditions w^ere practically the same excepting
depth.

A greater number of diatoms was found in the bottom samples than
in the surface wmples. The quantity of algae varied with the season
both in surface and bottom samples.

PLAGELIiATAE

Dinohryon was found distributed over t^ ^i^fw bay and part of the
Lake. On tJaa bottom it decreased from Julj^ 15th to August 31st and
then increased toward the end of the summer. On the surface it
increased until the loth ot August, decreased until September 15 and
then agam l^eased ^ward the end of the

CONFERVA LES

»

Cladophora glomerata was occasionally foimd in the samples. This
s^M^ p^s abundantly riong the shores of the ^^ e^>etiiai^ aiear
the outlets of sewers,

PROTO< 0< CALES

SehenfJpmnua increased steadily from the middle of .Tuty until the
end of September. It was found at all stations over the entire bay.
The bottom samples contained more of this genera than did the surface
samples, the maximum concentration being 1,600 per liter.

Coleastrum, Pohjedrium, Dictyosphaerinm, Porphrydium, Botrycoc-
CM.s% Rhaphidium, Selenastrum, Quadricuhi, and Actinasfrum were
found occasionally but they never reached a high concentration.

Characium, both attached and free floating forms, were found in
great abundance during the summer.

Oocystis was present in some quantity. On the surface water it

92

decreased steadily from July 15 to Aiig:iist 31st and then increased until
the end of September. In the bottom waters it remained at about the
same concentration from the middle of July to August 31st. It in-
creased to 1,250 per liter and again decreased.

Pediastnim was at no time abundant. The highest concentration
was 600 per liter. The bottom and surface samples showed very slight
variation.

Sphaerocysth on the surface increased from 1,450 per liter to 3,200
per liter. On the bottom the concentration remained practically the
same throughout the summer with but a slight increase at the end
of August.

Merismopedia, Chroococctis and Oscillatoria were found throughout
the entire bay. They were never y%tf atehdant.

Microcystis reached its peak of abundance on the surface at the end
of August, tt« concentration being 1,400 per liter. TM bottom samples
gave the peak of abundance in the middle of September*

Anaebena on the surface waters reached its greatest abundance the
middle of August, It fell rapidly and declined to 500 per liter at the
end of August. It increased slowly until the end of September. The
bottom waters decreased in quantity from the middle of J^y untfl
the end of ^^Mftber.

Anaebena and Microcystis were sometime so abundant as to be
visible with the naked eye. The water at the boat landing at Water
Works Park was sometimes green with these algae.

BACEIiLARTATiES (DIATOMS)

Navictda on the surface waters decreased until the end of Augi^
and then again increased. On the bottom it increased until the end
of August, decreased until the middle of September and then again
rapidly increased.

Stauroneis, Amphiproha, PUnrosigma, Cymhella, Encyonema, Coc-
coneis, Gomphonema, Nitzschia, Synedra, Diafoma and Meridian were
occasionally found although never in great quantities. These rarer
forms were practically always found at stations 5, 6, or 7, which may
mean that they grow in the pools of Presque Isle and are carried out
into the bay at certain times.

Surirella was abundant throughout the entire bay. On the surface
it increased from the middle of July until the end of September when
a decrease was noted,

93

Fragillaria increased throughout the summer both on the surface and
on the bottom. It is one of the most abundant diatoms found in the
waters.

Asterionella was on the increase on the surface throughout the sum-
mer. The bottom samples showed an increase until the 31st of August
and then decreased.

TaheUaria on the surface showed an increase during the summer.
On the bottom it increased until September 15th and then decreased
slightly.

Melosira was very abundant and increased during the summer,

Stephanodiscus was found in small numbers throughout the summer.
Very little diiference was found between the surface and bottom
samples.

ABUNDANT GENERA FROM INTAKE PIPE

Algae were not found in very great numbers in the samples from
the intake pipe. Occasionally Pedistrum, Oocysfis, Microcystis, and
Dinobryon were found but never in great quantities. This may have
been partly due to the breaking up of these organisms by beii^ drawa
Sy2 miles through the pipes.

The diatoms however were very abundant. Surirella^ Fragillaria,
Asterionella, Tabellaria, Melosira and Stephanodiscus were found ia
abundance. The forms occasionally found were Navicula, Stauro^g,
Cymbella, Cocconeis, Synedra and NUzschia,

Surirena increased in August and then ^wreased in September. It
reached its peak of abundance in September when 17,000 per liter were
found. It then decreased to 100 per liter in December and reached
two sub-peaks in January and March*

Fragillaria increased until in the beginning of November when the
concentration was 900,000 per liter. The concentration remained above
600,000 until the middle of Janiiarj% th^^ decreased antil March when
300 per liter were found.

Asterionella decreased until the middle of August and then reached
a concentration of 93,000 per liter. It decreased until the end of Sep-
tember and then increased to 250,000. It (U'creased until the middle of
March to 62,000.

TaheUaria also decreased until the end of August and then reached
the peak of abundance at the end of September, the highest number
found being 37,000. It then decreased rapidly.

Melosira is probably found in the greatest numbers of any of the

94

diatoms. It reached a concentration of 700,000 in October and did not
fall below 100,000 nntil the end of January. It then decreased steadily
until March when 100 were found.

Stephanodiscus increased from the middle of July until the begin-
ning of November the concentration reaching 500,000 and then rapidly
falling to 2,200. It again increased to 55,000 and fluctuated between
this number and 9,650 until April.

BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Methods

Samples were taken from 31 stations distributed over the bay in
order to find the contaminated areas. The bacterial counts on gelatine
and agar as given by Standard Methods of Water Analysis and the
tests for the coli-aerogenes group were made. Surface samples only
were taken, there being no apparatus on hand to take deep samples.
The samples were taken on quiet days when the water was not stirred
lip.

Results

The entire bay was found to be contaminated, with the exception of
a small part at Water Works Park on Presque Isle. Here the water
from the lake seeps through the sand, purifying it. The largest num-
bers of bacteria (150,000 per cc.) were found at the outlet of sewers
and polluted creeks. The smallest numbers (60 to 80 per cc.) were
found along the shores. These numbers however are not absolute but
give only the number of obligate saprophytes and facultative sapro-
phytes. The analysis however is a comparative index to the bacterio-
logical content of the water.

Among the plate colonies were found some putrefying organisms and
in some places pathogenic organisms were picked up. StaphijIococcuM
aureus was found in some cases.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The phytoplankton of Presque Isle Bay and the w^aters of Lake
Erie just outside of Presque Isle Bay are very abundant both as to
genera and numbers. The lowest number of phvtoplankton found was
30,000 per liter in July.

2. The plankton content is sufficient to support a very large fish
population.

3. The waters of Presque Isle Bay and just outside of Presque Isle
are contaminated with sewage from the city of Erie. The lowest num-
ber of bacteria per cubic centimeter found were 60, the highest number
150,000.

4. No evidence has so far been found of anaerobic respiration or so

95

Fio. 2. Maps representing distribution of bacteria etc., in Presque Isle Bay,

Erie, Pa.

96

low an oxygen content wliicli would not support life. The lowest oxygen
content was found in September, the per cent of saturation being 41 at

station 2; the highest oxygen content was complete saturation in
January.

5 Much more work must be done in order to understand fully the
conditions of the water in regard to fish life.

FURTHER PLANS

During the coming summer a much more intensive survey is to be
made. In addition to bottle samples, tow net samples will be taken by
means of a Hensen vertical closing net. Apparatus has been obtained
to take deep samples of water for bacterial and chemical analysis
oxygen determination pH values and carbon dioxide content It is
expected that this study will be carried on from the beginning of June
until the end of September if possible.

Work will be done in the lagoons of Presque Tsle as well as in the
bay. These lagoons are favorite breeding places for fish and a complete
survey of this water will be of great importance.

List of pliytoplankton determined:

Flagellate

DiiHilu-yon divorpreiis Fiiihof,

stipitatum Rteinr ^^ ^ -

Halobryon mucieola (Lenim.) Pasclier,

Mcriamopedia feituissinia TipTiim.
Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz.
Ohroococcus limneticus Lemm.
Oscillatoria sp.
Anabaena sp.

flos-aquae Kg/

^aiKiph^'ceae

Protococcales

Schendesnius arcuatus TiPnim,
dimporphus Kg.
quadrieauda (Turplft) Kte.
byugata Kutz.
Coleastrum reticulatum Nag.

microporum Nag.
Ophiocv'tium capitatuni W'olle.
Characium Nagaelii A. Br.
ambiguum Herm.
limneticuni Lonnn.
Polyedrium mulkicuni A. Br.
Bictyosphaerium Ehrenbergii Nag.
Porphyridium cruentum Nag.
Botryococcus braunii Kg.
Oocystis Borgei Snow.

elliptiea W. West.
Chlorella (?) \Tilgaris Beyoriiu-k.
Rhaphidiuni pol^nnorphum Fres.
Selenastruni gracile Reinsch.
Quadrigula lacustris Chodat.

97

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98

Pediastrum simplex Meyen.

duplex Meyen.
Actinastrum gracillium Smith.
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri Chodat.

Conjugales

C'Jostenum Diaime Ehrb.

pronum Breb.
Cosmarium tetrapthalmum Kutz.
granatum Breb.
tinctum Ralfs.
SpirogjTa tenuissima (Hass.) Kutz.

Stjgeocloniuni sp.
Cladophora glomerata Kg.

Confervales

Barellarales

Navicula longa Ralfs.

erypto(cephaJa Kg.
Stauroneis phoenieenteron Ehr.
Amphiproba ornata Bail.
Pleurosigma attienuatum Sm.
Cymbella tumida (Breb.) V. H.

cystula Hembr.
Eneyonema prostratum Ralfs.
Torconeis sp.

Gomphonema capitatum Ehrb.
Nitzsehia sp.
Surirella anceps Lewis.

splendida Kg.

saxonica (?) Lewis.
Rynedra sp.

Tnbellaria feiw^rata (L^iig.) Kg.
Fragillaria virescens Ralfs. ^

crotonensis (Edwards) Kitton.
Astenonella formosa Nassal.
Melosira crotonensis (Bail.) Smith,

granulata (Ehrb.) Ralfs.

varians Ag.
Diatoma elongatum Lyngb.

vulgare Rory.
Aferidion eireulare Grev.
Stephanodiscus niagara Ehr.

COMMKRC lAL FISH HATCHERIES

Since iho enactment of what is known as the Bait Law, nianv per-
sons have entered the business of commercial raisinjr of bait ' Somft
of these hatcheries are well developed and others have onlv jnst started
During the coming bienninm, there should be sufficient, hatcheries in
operation for bait so that the needs could be met.

Many communications have been received from persons desirin- to
raise frogs for the market. Just why so many desire to enter this b^usi-
ness we do not know, but for their information we might sav that in
Pennsylvania there are no successful frog farms in operation and in
the correspondence which we have had with different states and the
Dominion of Canada, we have never found where frogs have been
artificially reared in worthwhile numbers for marketin- purposes
Of course, our law provides for a license for this purpose and those

99

desiring to enter the business can secure a license if their property
meets with the requirements of the law.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To all those who have so ably assisted the Board of Fish Commis-
sioners in the work during the last biennium, we wish to acknowledge
our indebtedness. Without the cooperation of Associations, Clubs,
individuals and fishermen generally throughout the Commonwealth,
we could not have completed such a successful program.

One of the ways in which we have kept in close touch with the
fishermen has been through the public Press which has published many
articles of interest to the fishermen. It has also kept the public in-
formed of the activities of the Board.

Praise is also due the entire personnel of the Board for their com-
bined efforts in administering its many activitaLes, , .,

100

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

June 1, 1928 to May 31, 1929
Balance on hand June 1, 1928

$329,223.17

• ••■••

Receipts

Fines

Commercial Hatchery Licenses

Shad Seine Licenses

Lake Erie Licenses

Non-Resident Fishing Licenses-Office . . * ' *

Non-Resident Fishing Licenses — Countv *

Interest v/""^j ........,,.,,

Resident Fishing" Licenses— Office ". .--....

Resident Fishing Licenses— County '** '

Contributions for stocking streams '.""*' ..--
Other Sources '

$21,166.00

353.50

4.00

3,494.00

1,581.69

20,823.15

11,383.76

8,982.90

397,478.13

4,100.00

29.34

Total Funds Available

469,396.47
$798,619.64

• •■•••

Expenditures

Salary of Commissioner

Office Salaries

Printing

Hatching & Propagating . ...

Expenses— Board Members, Etc. * !

I^egal Expenses ♦••••..,*....

Salaries and Expenses of Wardeni*

Uflice Expenses • . . , .

Operating Tug Commodore Fern' • • • • • •

Field Work -

B^in.,Po„a.;K.:;;:::::::::::::::::::::;:::::

* • « • •

$6,000.00
16,265.00
2,075.92
176,261.38
1,091.55
498.00
49,226.73
17,603.11
5,760.02
22,873.28
74,083.08
299.61

Balance in Figh

•1, 1^ ...........................

June 1, 1929 to May 31, 1930
Balance on hand June 1, 1929 . .

371,037.68
$427,581.96

Nlf,581.06

Receipts

• •••••■•

• •••*••«*«,,

Fines

Commercial Hatchery Licenses '.

Shad Seine Licenses

Lake Erie Fishing Licenses . . . . . . . .

Non-Resident Fishing Licenses— Office
Non-Resident Fishing Licenses— Countv
interest \

Resident Fishing Licenses — Office
Resident Fishing Licenses — County . . .
Contributions for stocking streams

Total Funds Available

* * * « •

******

« « « • *

« * * « «

• ♦••»»

* * • •

|18,7S8.0O

930.00

6.00

6,054.00

1,492.85

21,218.60

8,856.71

8,180.38

395,763.05

4,110.00

465,369.59
$892,951.55

101

Expenditures

Salary of Commissioner

Office Salaries

Printing ! ! ! ! ]

Hatching & Propagating

Expenses — Board Members, Etc

Legal Expenses

Salaries and Expenses of Wardens

Office Expenses

Operating Tug Commodore Perry

Field Work

Buildings, Ponds, Etc

Research

Purchase of Land

• »«*•«••««

• • • * #

$6,000.00

15,430.00

2,355.15

184,423.58

1,969.87

121.60

55,060.99

7,869.56

5,129.71

21,625.01

118,020.95

285.53

600.00

By Revenue Department ...

• ••••••mm»m»»9*t

418,891.95
11,190.91 430,082.86

Palance— Fish Fund— May 31, 1930 $462,868.69

June 1, 1928 to May 31, 1930
Balance on hand June 1, 1928

$329,223.1;

Receipts
Fines

Commercial Hatchery Licenses

Shad Seine Licenses^.,,.,....,......,.;;;;;;;;;*;

Lake Erie Licenses .•..,....,....

Non-Resident Fishing Licenses — Office

Non-Resident Fishing Licenses— Counties ...!.!!!!!!!

Interest .•..,....

Resident Fishing Licenses— Office .]!***!.".'.!.*...

Resident Fishing Licenses — Counties ..[

Contributions for stocking streams

Other Sources

Total Funds Available

$39,924.00

1,283.50

10.00

9,548.00

3,074.54

42,041.75

20,240.47

17,163.28

793,241.18

8,210.00

29.34

934,766.0f

..$1,263,989.23

- « « «.

• • • • • • • •«V««*4««»f««T

Expenditures

Salary of Commissioner
Office Salaries

Printing

Hatching & Propagating

Expenses — Board Members, Etc. .....

Legal Expenses

Salaries and Expenses of Wardens ...

Office Expenses , , ,

Operating Tug Commodore Perrv ....

Field Work '......

Buildings, Ponds, Etc

Research

Purchase of Land

By Revenue Department

• ««»*•

**»*•«•

# ♦ # * • 'w

'« •-- *- .* ■ «

« * « • «

$12,000.00

30,695.00

4,431.07

360,684.96

3,061.42

619.60

104,287.72

25,472.67

10,889.73

44,498.29

192,104.03

585.14

600.00

11,190.91

801,120.54

Balance — Fish Fund — June 1, 1930 $462,868.69

102

DATA IN RE: NUMBER OF RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FISHING
LICENSES ISSUED SINCE THE LAWS BECAME EFFECTIVE

RESIDENT (Effective January 1, 1922)

Year

Number

Cost

1922

203,061

$1.00 each

1923

214,392

$1.00 each

1924

247,281

$1.00 each

1925

250,873

$1.00 each

1926

261,109

$1.00 each

1927

293,397

$1.00 each

1928

255,275

$1.50 each

1929

263,633

$1.50 each

NON-RESIDENT (Effective July 8, 1919)

1919

50

$5.00 each

1920

1,SM

$5.00 each

1921

2,031

$5.00 each

1922

2,768

$5.00 each

1923

2,931

$5.00 each

1924

2,964

$5.00 each

1925

3,182

$5.00 each -

1926

3,776

Reciprocal

1927

5,200

Reciprocal

1928

6,238

Reciprocal

1929

6,473

Reciprocal

103
STATEMENT OF PROSECUTIONS

FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE LAAVS GOVERNING FISHING

YEAR 1928

^^(^^Ve Number of

Arrests

Illegal Devices 274

Fishing without License 266

Sunday Fishing 59

Taking Undersize Fish gg

Aliens Fishing 7

Dynamiting 26

Taking Fish Out of Season 42

Loaning Licenses 2I

False Information » , ^4

Taking Frogs by use of Light 14

Taking Frogs out of Season 3

Fishing in Closed Streams

Drawing Dams without Permit 3

Fishing in Hatchery Grounds 16

Pollution 2

Interference with Officer tt7., . . . ... . . , . . , . . ... ^^^

Illegal Number of Fish Jg

Buying Trout 8

Total 728

Total fines collected and transmitted to State Treas-
urer .$20,196

104
STATEMENT OF PROSECUTIONS

FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS GOVERNING FISHING

YEAR 1929

Charge Number of

Arrests
Illegal Devices 182

Fishing without License 260

Sunday Fishing 46

Taking Undersized Fish 69

Aliens Fishing 18

Dynamiting 14

Taking Fish out of Season 42

Loaning License 17

False Information 12

Taking Frogs by Use of Light 3

Taking Frogs Out of Season 8

Fishing in Closed Streams 1

Drawing Dams

Fishing in Hatchery Grounds 1

Pollution 2

-Interference with Officer .**....... ^,,.,,

Illegal Number of Fish 22

License Not Signed 2

Total fines collected and transmitted to Stata Treas-

105

STATEMENT OF PROSECUTIONS

FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS GOVERNING FISHING

YEARS— 1928-1929

Charge Number of

Arrests

Illegal Devices 355

Fishing Without Licenses 526

Sunday Fishing , _ . , 95

Taking Under-size Fish 137

Taking Fish Out of Season 84

Dynamiting ^

Loaning License 33

Aliens 25

Illegal Number of Fish 37

Fishing in Hatchery Grounds 17

Fishing in Closed Streams i

Taking Frogs by use of Light 17

Pollution , 4

Interference with Officer 4

Drawing Dams without Permit 3

Taking Frogs out of Season .................... ii

False Information .•♦,,» 26

License Not Signed 5

Total

• ■ • • •

• *•••♦♦••

• • • •

1,427

106

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS

Report of Catch of Fish in Lake Erie
(Pennsylvania Waters), Year 1928

• • • • •

Species
Cisco
Blue Pike . .
Yellow Perch
Pike Perch .
White Fish .
Lake Trout .

Catfish

Carp

Sturgeon . . .
Burbot * . . .
White Bass .
Gray Bass . .

Mullets

Miscellaneous

• ••••«••

• *•••••

• ••••■

■ •••••

■ • • •

• • • • •

• •••••

Pounds

356,070

627,283

447,140

13,034

402,168

73

5,914

7,969

762

4,194

29,653

33,229

30,200

131

Estimated Value

$45,162.10

69,715.71

28,603.24

2,598.43

101,011.55

15.50

787.24

425.16

381.00

65.18

1,482.65

1,993.74

1,169.40

13.10

Total

1,957,820 $253,424.00

COMMONWIALTH OF PINNSYLVANIA
BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS

Report m Catch or Fisn m Lake Erib

rKSW#VANiA Waters), Year 1929

Yellow Perch
Blue Pike ..

Cisco

White Fish .

Mullets

Pike Perch .

Burbot

Sturgeon . . .
Miscellaneous

Pounds Estimftted Value

••••••«••

•#••••••

••••••■••

• • • #

■ • • • •

••■•••

• ••••••9a««

177,271

714,162

87,870

316,939

14,098

2,654

16,045

123

13,511

$8,559.87

58,879.98

13,109.45

80,703.34

348.70

529.72

274.40

61.50

868.00

I

Total

1,342,673 $163,334.96

107

RESIDENT CITIZEN'S FISHING LICENSES ISSUED

Calendar Years 1922-1929, Inc.

Total

Office of Board _.
Fish Wardens

County Treasurers

1922

1923

Adams

Allegheny

Armstrong -«,

Beaver _.«.«.

Bedford .«..

Berks .....»«,,

Blair .-^.-.

Bradford ,..

Bucks ..

Butler

Cambria -._-.. -,

Cameron _ — .

Carbon

Centre .«.«..

Chester

Clarion .-

Clearfield -,«..„.

Clinton ..

Columbia ...

Crawford .........

t'uml>erland . — ..

Dauphin .

Delaware

Elk _

Erie ".mi^^i*^
Fayette ...........

Forest ....^ .,

Franklin ..^-..„..

Fulton -____

Greene

Huntingdon ...

Indiana

.TefTerson

Juniata ..

Lackawanna .«.«
Lancaster -—..«.
Lawrence --.,»,«.
Lebanon .«««*...
Lehigh -.„.«..«.
Luzerne ...«,«,...
Lycoming _««...

McKean ...— .

Mercer „...,

Mifflin — .«.

Monroe ...

Montgomery

Montour

Northampton - —
Northumberland ..

Perry

Philadelphia -

Pike

Potter

Schuylkill ---

Knyder

Somerset

Sullivan --- --

Susquehanna

Tioga

Union

Venango

Warren

Washington -

Wayne -.

Westmoreland

Wyoming

York

203,061
12,241

6,088

214,.'»2
V.5&4
8.915

1924

1925

247.280
9,484
8,171

894

1,000

1,164

r),7»>

7,lYi4

9,000

1,159

1,448

1,959

1,060

1,323

1.953

1 ,598

1 ,622

2,049

6,774

7,288

7,505

4,890

5,285

5,963

3,122

2,846

3,930

1,830

1.697

1,701

1,750

2.618

3,510

4,440

4,450

l> f «)t7«7

684

702

709

2,191

2,162

2,689

2,295

2,407

2,760

1,868

2.086

2,195

819

1,085

1,583

3,336

3.164

3,744

2,J61

2,00;!

3,061

2.591

2,fi03

3,079

3,161

3,180

4,012

1,839

1,917

l,9c3

4,. -181

4,659

5,.^50

634

1,002

924

1.506

1,648

1.576

4.977

6,303

8,034

2,5i»

2,818

3,^

mm

^^

^^

um4

t,«M

1.204

mi

m

3^

m

M»

1,147

1,700

1,991

2.t04

980

1 ,248

1,400

1,45»

l,«l

1,560

'537

mi

878

14.089

14.578

16.549

5.271

5,605

6,053

l,8f-2

2,286

3.245

1 .643

1,908

2..?15

2.910

3,. 590

5,443

15,604

13.945

10.497

6.221

3,418

6,8.50

2.261

2,273

2,277

2,. 599

3.:«8

4,101

1 .577

1,965

2.478

2.8a3

2,818

3,121

3.465

3,466

3,617

416

485

,562

»,»>2

3,379

3,548

:l.5«H»

3,8.30

4.696

562

556

.592

4.011

4.043

4,858

5.M5

638

ft33

2.19f>

1,768

1 ..-»94

4.352

3.469

4,642

820

788

8.53

2,391

2,864

2,8-11

rm.

600

84.'^

2.774

2.239

2,'>2!>

2.209

2.32f)

2.. 31 2

1.4:«i

1 .r95

1.997

.•5,212

3,ft33

4, .373

2.54f>

2.r>s:i

2,817

2.108

2,2?>2

3,019

2.181

2.344

2.638

2.649

3.300

4.-365

1.163

1.270

1,463

4,717

5,005

6,025

250,873
8,2«>8
2,302

1,1.34
9,956
1,925
2,192
1,978
8,448
6,037
4,025
1,885
3,950
5,604

7S1
2.911
2,737
2,291
1,483
3,667
3.034
3,440
4.078
1,901
0.9912

949
1,712
8,415
3.406

775
2,081

417
1,116
2,250
1.418
1 .642

829

6.177
2,944

2,. 363
6..5;^4
18,296
fi.<i81
2,471
4.172
2, .311
2,965
3.714

589
3.474
4,966

646
5,099

704
2.-258
5,029

803
2,8«>

713
3.. 580
2,476
1,788
4,099
2.880
3,265
2.8.58
4.106
1..543
5,449

1926

261,109
7,599

1,294
10,545
1,771
2,235
1,951
9,406
6,073
4.409
2,011
3,032
5,962

827
2,952
3.(M8
2,.365
1,587
4,193
3,308
3,506
5,198
2,145
6,183
1,107
1,926
9,117
3,504

741
1,994

273
1.146
2,096
1,.510
1,716

682
17.657
6,184
3,222
2.. 506
8.089
18.408
7.. 570
2.703
4. .566
2,402
3,394
4.774

604
3.676
4,774

.5a5

5,889
1,093
2.. 521
5.333

740
2.971

749
3.752
2,495
1,8.36
4,214
3,029
3,384
3,120
4..50;i
1 .515
5,440

1927

293,397
7,181

1
11
2
2
2

10
6
4
2
3
6

3
3
2
2
4
3
3
5
2

6
1
o

10
4

1

2

2

2

19
6
3
2

9
23
8
3
5
3
3

148
698
761
664
174
272
799
973
121
372
787
924
440
308
609
053
831
532
753
180
221
919
248
502
.365
045
749
037
.360
536
415
058
105
855
724
066
640
499
209
167
496
312
022
050
718
162
699

fm

457
801
232
201
891
.569
800
526
785
151
721
981
624
442
796
264
218
657
634

1928

249,369
5,906

1,087
10,595
2,175
2,128
1.603
8.177
5,681
4,069
1,882
2,563
5,057

909
3,210
2,782
2,240
1.856
4.082
3,071
3,261
4,153
1,821
5,684
1,172
2,447
9,296
3,500

791

i.sao

278
1,220
1,783
1,885
1,895

696
17,741
4,864
2,802
2,109
8,197
21 ,376
7,729
3,120
3,9a3
2,378
3,437
4,722

.565
3,620
4,671

615
5,907
1,620
2,5.39
6,648

692
2.901

703
3.402
2,400
1.798
3,976
2.877
2,7.57
3.. 346
4..^31
1,826
4,818

1929

257.826
5,807

974
11,151
2,305
2.075
1,731
8.799
5,902
3,977
1,800
2,458
5,132
1.088
3.365
2,956
2,406
1,515
4.119
3,473
3,489
4,289
2,031
5,460
1,164
2,500
9,(H1
3,374

776
2.077

29(>
1,090
1,841
2,062
2,080

715
18,761
4,791
3,087
2,310
9.144
22,346
8,417
3.349
4,172
2„%1
3,. 597
5.107

621
4,059
4,407

.5.50
5.918
1,924
2.501
6.717

,585
2.653

797
3.258
2,5.36
1,^0
4,645
2,965
2.691
3,19fj
4,691
1,577
4.542

108

Report of Commercial Fish Hatcheries

Production and Value of Pish

1928

species

Brook Trout— Market
Brook Trout— Live Mature
Brook Trout— Advanced fry
Brook Trout— Green Egg?
Brook Trout— Eyed Eggs

Brown Trout _

Rainbow Trout— Market
Rainbow Trout— Live Mature
Rainbow Trout— Eyed Eggs

Bait Fish

Gold Fish . "

Catfish --."II

sunflsh mini

Perch ^«— ..mill"

Pickerel -— -IIIIIIIIIII

Miscellaneous IIIIIIIIIIIII

Total

Number j Pounds

Eggs

Value

148,180
302,787
242,667

53,630 '

8,895,000
34,550,447

5,739

1.440

637

453

152,991

1,398

3,873

549

20

140

^m.mm'mmmmm

1,172,000

— ---- -*■»•-»

1,179,652 j

54,083

44,617,447

$43,798.26

62,169.06

6,271.49

7,457.00

38,001.45

845.13

679.59

108.50

1,790.15

7.597.36

3,149.78

106.85

241 .05

10.98

2.00

42.00

$172,270.65

Report of Commercial Fish Hatcheries

Production and Value of Fish

1929

Species

Brook Trout- Market _
Brook Trout— Live Mature
Brook Trout— 2" to 5"
Brook Trout -FIngerllngs
Brook Trout— Advance Fry
Brook Trout— Eyed Eggs

Brook Trout— Green Eggs

Brown Trout

Rainbow Trout— Market
Rainbow Trout Live Mature

Rainbow Trout— Fry

Rainbow Trout— Eyed J^ifeV"

Baitflsh *^ -

Goldfish ...

Sunflsh

Pickerel "'I -------

Perch -.-

Catfish ..- I'

Suckers '"

Total

Nun^

im;fm

131,165

260,000

3,000

91,400

14.000

1,545

5,364

500

.3861730*
54,227
12,140
458
141
275
143

Pounds

Eggs

54,709 .„..„_„,..

33,154,444
5,020,000

503

929,800

Y&lm

$46,352.41

^,244.49

7,800.00

121.50

732.50

.33.6f)7.71

4,765.00

l,755.li0

«oa. n

695.22

10.00

1.479.78

10.945.80

1.653.18

508.10

68.70

21.15

41.25

35.75

1,121.597

o5,212 39.104.244 , $139,593.31

109

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