Author: Pennsylvania Board of Fish Commissioners Title: Biennial report for the period ending... Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa. Copyright Date: 1932/1938 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg240.8 1 } COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS COMBINED BIENNIAL REPORTS For the Period Ending May 31, 1938 HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA mill 1932/38 ^ / COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES Combined Biennial Reports For the Period Ending May 31, 1938 » e ■ ♦< ■€ HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 1938 z *•• • • . • • • • • • • • k • • • • • , . • • • • • • . » • > • • f • • • • • • • • • . * • 8 • • • • • * • •• ♦ (•« ••••• • •• COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS C. A. FRENCH, Commissioner of Fisheries C. R. DULLER, Chief Fish CuUurist MEMBERS — Board of Fish Commissioners C. A. French, Chairman Edgar W. Nicholson, Philadelphia M. L. Peek, Radnor Harry E. Weber, Philipsburg Samuel J. Truscott, Dalton J. Fred McKcan, New Kensington H. R. Stackhouse, Secretary to Board SUPERINTENDENTS OF HATCHERIES Wayne County Hatchery Xo. 1— F. K. Riedel, Superintendent, Pleasant Mount. Erie Hatchery Xo. 2--P. H. Hartman, Erie, Erie County. Corry Hatchery Xo. 3— A. G. Buller, Corry, Erie County. Bellelonte and Spring Creek Hatchery Xo. 4— Dewey Sorenson, Belletonte. Centre County. Torresdale Hatchery Xo. 5— John Wopart, Holmesburg, Philadelphia County. Union City Hatchery Xo. 6- -A. G. Buller, Union City, Erie County. Reynoldsdale Hatchery Xo. 7— T. R. Sorenson. Reynoldsdale, Bedford County. Tionesta Hatchery Xo. 8— Bernard Gill. Tionesta, Forest County. Huntsdale Hatchery Xo. 9— T. J. Dingle, Huntsdale, Cumberland County. • -• • . • 206542 C. A. FRENCH Commissioner of Fisheries (Appointed Coiiiniissioner of Fisheries March 30, 1937) THE SPORTSMAN Said a six-inch trout as he scampered back, "Not all of the human race Is U^k. I've just met a sportsman in a boat A fearful man In a leather coat. I fought for my Hfc, fert Ws Hiie mm ^rw^ Aad I couldn't get loose from the hook's sharp prong. And I shivered with fright as I saw him grin Wteh lerriMc ^m ta he drew me fa. Then the hook came out and his line grew slack. And he patted my sides, and he threw me back. Then I heard him say as I dove down deep, 'Good luck to you, lad, you're too small to keep.' •*Yes,*' said the wise fish, "now and then The human familv does breed men.'* Copyrighted 1936 by Edgar A. Guest. THE SPORTSMAN Said a six-inch trout as he scampered hack, "Xot all of the human race is hlack. I've just met a sportsman in a hoat A fearful man in a leather coat. I fouirht for mv life, hut his line was strong And 1 couldn't get loose from the hook's sharp prong. And 1 shivered with fright as I saw him grin With terrihle glee as he drew me in. Then the hook came out and his line grew slack. And he patted my sides, and he threw me hack. Then I heard him say as I dove down deep. *Good luck to you, lad, you're too small to keep.' "Yes,** said the wise fish, "now and then The human family does breed men." Copyrighted 1936 by Edgar A. Ouett. C. A. FRENCH Commissioner of Fisheries (Appointed C'ninnii>>i«>iuT (•{ I"isluTii>. M.irch M). I'^.v) INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE Conforming to the provisions of Article V, Section 504 of the Ad- ministrative Code, we present herewith, combined reports of the opera- tions of the Board of Fish Commissioners for the period ending May 31, 1938. Statistical data has been completed to December 31, 1937, thereby placing before those who fish in Pennsylvania a complete picture of present day activities. Respectfully, BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS C. A. French, Commissioner of Fisheries. Edgar W. Nicholson M. L. Peek Harry E. Weber Samuel J. Truscott J. Fred McKean The public is always welcome at any of the Board's Hatcheries. You will be courteously received and shown the methods used in the hatching and propa- gation of the different species of fish. We would re- spectfully urge that you visit the Spring Creek Project, Bellefonte. Twelve thousand visitors are registered annually. (See following page showing location of hatcheries.) UJ I z o UJ ^ I 3 *• « I O *;| II' 0® Id (d 3 ^ p^ CQ u T) Ui u 10 Kfi _J < I/) 'J Q^ !r VJ •^ g^ r H o ^'6 Of ^ ^1. u < t — -•- o OO to ^ 1^ i- UJ a i r cr 't u. O Z o uJ o z 5 < UJ ir> CD — i O »J Of uJ Z o 1 u. Z i/i UJ Ci. U1 -J O o r o UJ 5 < _) < z I/) Of UJ cr O u. uJ cs o t/5 (/> X U. r 1 >- < of O -I i<: 2 O z t— UJ X UJ UJ -I o 5 Cl z < >- ID 5 < 4 O Cl. UJ o Uj UJ t— UJ ^^ ^ TRIBU SERVIC o QC < o 03 z UJ Cl. z o QC o 5 5?^ '£' 3 D. -if Q 5 UJ c < UJ z _J < o o UJ 03 2 :3 PAG AT OF TROUT AND BASS _j 2 Q. 55 3 u o -) r a a h- <;; lU - UJ > u. O ly, B a. UJ a. 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Pi Z i lU T i7 0 Z ^ »? 0 %n DC i^ 4 < ct u. i/> Cl •1 7 X ^- a 5 < ^ tt. ijr" ^ i- "^ ^^^ ^^* X > 5 i' -2 D *^ 0 X t- •1 a 1/1 X u tA \t -1 UJ a >*J IT - 0 ^ ui 4 4 < u < 3) ex UJ uJ a 'J 0 Z i^ 2 »- 0 3 •^ s ■i Of Q Li. < 5 0 D -J 0 U QC u. >- -1 Sr t- a. -1 111 £ z z u. 13 > 2 TO THE FISHERMEN: It is said that fishing, hunting and other forms of recreation pour annually millions of dollars into the cash registers of American business men. The U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey estimates that the 13,000,000 licensed fishermen and hunters are responsible for at least $1 000 000 000 in revenue to a wide variety of business establishments. Of this number It is estimated that in the last two years fishermen have increased by more than 1,000,000. This is not an idle statement for in Pennsylvania fishing licenses in 1937 exceeded 1936 by 100,000. As a financial statement this indeed presents a glowing picture but back of It all the one thing that is gratifying is the fact that there is a complete change of social habits of hundreds of thousands of our citizens and they have come to know the enjoyment that may be had from a fishing outfit and a day spent with the family along some well stocked body of water. I wish it might be my privilege to sit down with each one of you and go over some of the excellent letters from those interested in the sport of fishing, because really that is the definition of fishing. It does not mean that fishing is an occupation but that it really is one of the most healthful recreations in which you can engage and when we go out on one of our beautiful streams or lakes, it should be with the thought of what we can get out of it mentally and phvsicallv, rather than what we bring home in our creel. True, we all look forward to the thrill of catching fish, and that is as it should be, but the real sportsman will only keep sufficient for his own use and leave the rest for another day. Don't^ forget the boy ! I have always said that the future of Penn- sylvania's conservation program rests with the younger generation, and It IS encouraging that from all sections of the Commonwealth come reports of the forming of new Junior Conservation Leagues, and it is also having a prominent place in our Public Schools. The future is indeed bright. With the increased revenue from the fishermen, the present program can be enlarged and extended, addi- tional waters made available for fishing, and distribution increased, but none of this can be accomplished without your valuable help and as- sistance. Let's all pull together for those' things which mean better fishing for the future. On the following pages will be found a brief outline of the accom- plishments of the Board, together with statistical data which ties in with the previous reports. Commissioner of Fisheries. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS FOR THE PERIOD ENDING MAY 31, 1938. ACCOMPLISHMENTS DISTRIBUTION TROUT— -In 1937 your hatcheries reached an all time high for production in number and pounds of fish produced, and when you consider the size and age of these fish, we feel there are very few, if any, states in the Union which can equal the record. For the first time, 4,334,504 trout were distributed — of this number 1,330,799 were fish ranging in size from six to twenty-one inches, and 3,003,705 were fingerling which were sent to the various clubs and associations for planting in the waters they deemed most suitable. The Board also sup- plied 200,000 fingerling trout to the cooperative nurseries which are operating in conjunction with the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. For the first time in the history of the Commission, it is producing its own brown and rainbow trout eggs from a selected stock which has been built up over a period of years at the Bellefonte Hatchery. This relieves the Board of the uncertainty of the market for this species of eggs. BASS — The final figures show that the production and distribution of bass was 350,000 in comparison with 37,000 in 1935 and 167,000 in 1936. This is an accomplishment of which we may feel proud. These bass were 4I/2 months old and ranged in size from four to eight inches. We are hoping this is only the beginning of a splendid production, and that in 1938 we will be able to raise and distribute at least 500,000. Our rapid strides in bass production is due to the new method of propagation by the use of daphnia, which is the first food of the small fish. It has also been possible through our feeding program to teach the young bass to eat ground fish by having it placed before them prac- tically every day in the specially constructed ponds. FALLFISH — For the first time fallfish are being propagated. We have a supply of brood stock at the hatcheries which will produce several thousand eggs to carry on experimental work. Many people derive as much pleasure from hooking a fallfish on a fly as a trout. MUSKELLUNGE — For the first time in many years we also hatched and distributed muskellunge for northwestern waters. We now have a field W'here eggs can be secured, and if successful, it will mean the muskellunge fisherman in this State is going to be taken care of so he can have this excellent sport at home without going to Canada. SUNFISH, CATFISH, SUCKERS— Arrangements have been made so that the fellow who takes his boy fishing, spending a few hours along some of our lakes and streams will be given a real break by tremendously increasing our production of these warm water species. SURVEY OF STREAMS The survey of the major streams and lakes has been completed. While we realize there are many other waters in which fishermen are interested, it is our hope to continue and eventually include all waters which will carry fish, naturally, this also depends upon increased production. The results of the survey show: 5,700 miles approved for stocking with large trout 3,800 miles approved for stocking with warm water fish 139,400 acres lakes and ponds approved for stocking with warm water fish. STREAM IMPROVEMIENT In order to increase fishing in streams under the survey, an extensive program of stream improvement has been in progress. It is difficult to picture the actual results obtained from intelligent stream improve- ment but by installing devices such as the Water-Jack Dam, Stone Wall Deflectors, Log Deflectors, "V" Type Deflectors, Boulder Dam and Log Dam, Anchored Trees and Log Cover, Stepping Stone Dam, Pole Dam, the carrying capacity of streams has been increased by creating pools, and long stretches of open water have been speeded up. Plant life has been stimulated which is necessary for future fishing. An inspec- tion of the various projects completed' has increased requests from various sections of the Commonwealth. All work is being done through the different Associations in the various counties of the Commonwealth. The projects are being sponsored by the Board of Fish Commissioners and 'the Associations assuming the sponsor's contribution, which is composed of materials, such as lumber, wire, logs, nails, etc., donated by interested parties in the district. \'ery little outlay of cash is necessary. Up to the present time well over $1,000,000 of Federal funds has been expended in addition to the sponsor's contributions. Projects have been completed or are in progress in over fifty counties. The CCC Camps are also doing a remarkable job in twenty-two counties, with the result that over 1500 miles of streams have been improved, 100 dams repaired or constructed, and several average sized lakes provided for fishing. WILLOW CAMPAIGN The Board's willow campaign met with approval throughout the Commonwealth, and in addition to thousands of trees being planted by sportsmen, the Board endeavored to furnish all shoots required for planting in the districts where it was not possible to secure them. The growth of these trees has been remarkable, and in a few years they have become of real value to the stream by providing additional cover. CREATION OF FISHING WATERS On July 1, 1937, Pymatuning Lake was opyened to public fishing. This lake, several years in the making, was constructed by the Depart- ment of Forests and Waters, and serves as a storage area for sufficient water at all seasons of the year for domestic and industrial use in communities on the Beaver and Shenango Rivers. The lake has an area of more than 16,000 acres, with a shore line of seventy-seven miles, and is larger than either the Chautauqua Lake or the Ashokan Reservoir in New York State. During the years it was closed, it was stocked with bass, pike perch, yellow perch, sunfish and catfish, and should develop into one of the finest fishing grounds in the western part of the State. This has provided a long needed outlet for those living in the Pittsburgh area, and is fast becoming a fine recreational center. NEW CONSTRUCTION TO INCREASE DISTRIBUTION BELLEFONTE — The completion of the upper and lower Spring Creek Projects has now been completed which provides the Board wMth what it believes is the largest trout and bass hatchery in the country. It now produces more legal sized trout than all the other State Hatcheries combined, and also supplies 95 per cent of the bass. distribution of large sized trout and bass in 1937 from this hatchery is as follows: Trout, 545,405; Bass, 124,459. It is estimated that the 1938 distribution will approximate 500,000 bass. A new development has been started at the Pleasant Gap unit which will add thirty-five additional ponds. This should be in operation next spring. HUNTSDALE — Diirfng tlie fast few years it has been necessary to test each source of water supply from this hatchery for its suitability for raising fish. The many problems confronting the Board have been solved and in its opinion Huntsdale will be one of its finest trout hatch- eries. Fish grow considerably faster than at any other hatchery, and many thousands range ten inches or better in ten months, the coloration is the same as vou will find in a hemlock stream. Construction work was more or less temporary until the last year when a large project was started w^hich will be completed within the next year, making available a large hatching and sorting building, and 130 ponds of different sizes used for either trout or warm water fish culture. A large part of the project will be in operation in 1938. During 1937 — 192,812 large trout were distributed and within the next year this plant will go into bass production on a large scale. CORRY AND REYNOLDSDALE— To increase production at these hatcheries, a series of new concrete ponds for the rearing of fish and daphnia have been constructed. 3 TANK TRUCKS Distribution methods have been revolutionized by the construction of hfteen transportation tanks, with eleven more in the making Thev not only transport fish in much better condition but will materially cut the costs over the old system. One tank equals three of the old truckloads when transportation pails were in use. RESEARCH WORK Personnel and equipment have been increased at the Board's Research Laboratory, and niany scientific problems have been solved. Invalua- ble assistance has been received from Pennsylvania State College which IS within eight miles of the hatchery, and just recently they demised a plan whereby they will be able to assist the Board on some of the nore difficult subjects with which it has been confronted. Plans have already been laid for the construction of a new laboratory building which will be on the Board s property. ^ OFFICERS' TRAINING SCHOOL forwarf''' rlif Ih'" 1° • "'" ^^r/ '^?"""S ^^^''°°' ^^' a real step I)\- , *?''°°' '* "°"' '«^'d at the Spring Creek Proiect In addition to the subjects generally conducted lecturers and per onil Lpec" tions have been included on hatcheries, propagation and distribution J.ew men taken into the service are detailed to work for a period from our to eight weeks, depending on the season, so that thev^iiay ki ow ' the methods used, and be in a position to advise the various groups of Tse h"es.'" "" '""■■'' ^' '" J"^' ''''^' "^^ "°^>-'i « do^.g aTong LEGISLATION Two outstanding accomplishments insofar as legislation is concerned were the amendments to the Fish Code which permitted the Board to set up rules and regulations governing size. sLon and creel Ihnits and the e^ctment ot a Pure Streams Bill administered by 'he Depart- ment of Health, Sanitary Water Board. i-'epart Se'^L'""?i''lbe'\.^''t^''"^° BOARD-Under the amendment to section Zsl, the Board has authority to set up each year rules inc[ regulations governing fisliing in its inland waters'^insofar^as size seaso tor a bill of thi;, kind, but it was not until the 1937 Session of the Legislature that it was made possible. oc«ion o. .ne POLLUTION BILL-W'hile this bill comes directly under the De- partment of Health, Sanitary Water Board, it is most important because Pennsylvania s luture fishing depends on adequate pollution laws Much has been said and written on the subject but 1935 proved to be the firs Ume ,n history when a pollution bill was actually reported mit o Committee and passed. This is a real victory for 'the sportsme° and will mean much to purification of waters. sportsmen and (See detailed statement on Legislation.) 4 PENNSYLVANIA'S SPRING CREEK PROJECT by C. A. FRENCH Commissioner of Fisheries The Spring Creek Project is located at Bellefonte, Centre County 1 ennsylvania, in the exact geographic center of the State. The devel- opment was established at this point because of the suitability of the water supply for the growing of any or all kinds of fish stocked by Air View. Spring Creek Hatchery and Stream Improvement Project Bellefonte, Centre County. Pa. the Board. Because of its geograpliic location, insofar as the distri- bution of fish is concerned, and because of the ideal characteristics of the main stream for the creation of a demonstrative stream improvement development, Spring Creek is unique. The project consists of a fish farm, one and one-eighth mile of the main stream, used as the fishing area, and 900 feet of an artificial stream for women anglers only. The fish farm comprises three units, located within a radius of three miles. The Pleasant Gap unit consists of the main hatchery building and office space and ninety-eight rearing pools with a development now under construction for the addition of forty-nine new areas. Lower Spring Creek Project comprises 117 pools and the Upper Spring Creek Project of eighty-six pools, or a total number of pools now in use of 201 and forty-nine under construction. In ^1937, this fish farm stocked in the public waters of the State, 147,058 pounds of fish. The food consumed over the same period totalled 596,936 pounds. The distribution was as follows : Trout (Brook, Brown and Rainbow) Suckers . « * • 4 * « • «*•#*«#• ivimnows Catfish ......... Bream Bass (Large and Small-mouthed) . » * * m 133,151 pounds 171 " 31 '* 9,208 « 142 " 4,355 " In 1932-.33, a wave of enthusiasm swept the State for stream restora- tion work. This type of fish conservation was new to all associated with the Fish Commission. The organized sportsmen and others, were clamoring for construction advice on how to proceed. At the same time the Commissioners were desirous of securing additional property for hatching development and this particular site had been under ob- servation for several years. Fortunately, it was suitable for both fish cultural work and experimental stream restoration development and was purchased in the Spring of 1933. The purchase included one and one-eighth miles of Spring Creek. Spring Creek is fed at intervals throughout its course by large lime- stone springs, which furnish a strong dry season flow. It has its source in the Tussey Mountains, in Potter Township, Center County, flows in a northwesterly and northeasterly direction and enters Bald Eagle Creek, near the town of Milesburg. Total length of the stream is approximately twenty-four miles; total drainage area 146 square miles. The topography consists in the headwaters and middle basin of a rolling agricultural valley and the lower basin becomes gorge-like and cuts through Bald Eagle Ridge. The rate of fall for the upper three and one-half miles is twenty-eight and six-tenths feet per mile and the lower sixteen and one-half miles is eighteen and four-tenths feet per mile. The Board's project is located about twelve miles from the source and has a rate of fall of nineteen feet to the mile, with approximately a drainage of 120 square miles. Spring Creek has always been an out- standing trout stream, but the section selected for the stream improve- ment work was not a section harboring many fish and a section generally bypassed by the angler familiar with the fishing conditions in the stream. For about a year after the property was acquired, studies were made of stream improvement that has been carried on elsewhere and various types of improvement devices were made in miniature and tested m miniature waters to observe change in stream currents and other factors. Lntil the spring of 1934, when actual work of installing the devices in this stream was undertaken, it consisted of two Water Jack Dams eight V Deflectors, nine Alternate Deflectors, two Log Deflectors five Boulder Dams, fifteen Submerged Triangular Log Covers, four Inverted V Deflectors and three Stepping Stone Dams. This is very intensive stream improvement work for so short a stretch of stream, but it must be pointed out that the original intent was to install as many different types of devices as were known to exist and thought applicable to the improvement of Pennsylvania streams. While the work was under way and shortlv after it was completed It was seen that not a sufficient number of individuals could be induced to visit the property for the sole purpose of observing the results to Control Gate at Head of Bass Project at Spring Creek pay for the initial investment. But those in charge, being familiar with the fact that the number of sportsmen that attend regular meetings is in direct ratio to the kind and amount of repast that is served after the meeting, conceived the idea of likewise furnishing another induce- ment to have them visit this area, besides viewing the stream restoration work. This inducement was restricted fishing in this section of the stream. In the Spring of 1934, the improved section was heavily stocked with large trout and opened to the general public under certain rules and regulations. It almost at once met with the general favor of the angling public and has become so popular that it is now generally called the "Fisherman's Paradise." This particular kind of fishing seemed to appeal to the ladies, or perhaps there were more women anglers than the Board was aware of for they early expressed a desire The fish farm comprises three units, located within a radius of three miles. The Pleasant Gap unit consists of the main hatchery building and office space and ninety-eight rearing pools with a development now under construction for the addition of forty-nine new areas. Lower Spring Creek Project comprises 117 pools and the Upper Spring Creek Project of eighty-six pools, or a total number of pools now in use of 201 and forty-nine under construction. In 1937, this fish farm stocked in the public waters of the State, 147.058 ])ounds of fish. The food consumed over the same period totalled 596,936 pounds. The distribution was as follows : Trout (Brook, Brown and Rainbow) 133,151 pounds Suckers 171 ^linnows 31 " Catfish 9.208 Bream 142 " Bass (Large and Small-mouthed) ......... 4.355 " In 1932-.33. a wave of enthusiasm swept tlie State for stream restora- tion work. This type of fish conservation was new to all associated with the Fish Commission. The organized sportsmen and others, were clamoring for construction advice on how to proceed. At the same time the Commissioners were desirous of securing additional property for hatching development and this particular site had been under ob- servation iur several years. Fortunately, it was suitable for both fish cultural work and exix*rimental stream restoration development and was purchased in the Si)ring of 1933. The purchase included one and one-eighth miles of Spring Creek. Spring Creek is fed at intervals throughout its course by large lime- stone springs, which furnish a strong dry season flow.' It has its source in the Tussey Mountains, in Putte/ Township, Center County, flows in a northwesterly and northeasterly direction and enters Bald Eagle Creek, near the town of Alilesburg.' Total length of the stream is approximately twenty-fuur miles; total drainage area 146 square miles. The topi)grai)hy consists in the headwaters and middle basin of a rulling agricultural valley and the lower basin becomes gorge-like and cuts through Bald lu'igle Ridge. The rate of fall for the upper three and one-half miles is twenty-eight and six-tenths feet per mile and the lower sixteen and one-half miles is eighteen and four-tenths feet per mile. The Board's project is located afwut twelve miles from the source and has a rate of fall of nineteen feet to the mile, with approximately a drainage of 120 square miles. Sjiring Creek has alwavs been an out- standing trout stream, but the section selected for the stream improve- ment work was not a section harboring many fish and a section generally bypassed by the angler familiar with the fishing conditions in the stream. ^ For about a year after the property was acquired, studies were made of stream improvement that ha^, been carried on elsewhere and various types of improvement devices were made in miniature and tested m miniature waters to observe change in stream currents and other factors. 6 IN IHN IIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE _ Lntil the sprmg ot 1934. when actual work of installing the devices m this stream was undertaken, it consisted of two Water Jack Dams eight \ I)etlectoi->. nine .Mternate Deflectors, two Log Deflectors five Boulder Dams, fitteen Sul)merge(l Triangular Log Covers, tour Inverted \ Deflectors and tliree Stepping Stone Dams. Tliis is verv intensive stream improvement work for so sliort a stretch of stream, but it must be pointed .»ut that the original intent was to in.>tall as manv ditYerent types ot devices as were known to ex'st and thought applicable t(» the improvement of I Viin.svlvania streams. _ While the work was under way and shortlv after it wa> conr,)leted. It was seen that not a siiflicient number of individuals could l)e induced* to visit the pn.perty t"(.r tlie sole purpose of oh.serving the result.s to Control Gate at Head of Bass Project at Spring Creek pay for the initial invotment. lUil those in charge, being tamiliar with the tact that the miniber of sportsmen that attend reuular meetiuL^s is ni direct ratio to the kind and amount of repast tliat is served after the meeting, conceived the idea of likewise furnishing anotlier induce- ment to have them visit this area, besides viewing the stream restoration work. This inducement was restricted hsliing in this section n\ the stream. In the Spring of PM4. the improved section was lieavilv stocked with large trout and o|)ened to the general public under certain rules and regulations. It almost at once met with the general faxor of the angling public and has become so poj)ular that it is n.»w geiierallv called the "iMslu'rman's Paradise." This i)articular kind of hshing seemed to appeal to the ladies, or perha])s there were more women anglers than the I^oard was aware of for they earh ex|)re>se(| a desire to have a section of the stream set aside for their own enjoyment. Because of the short stretch of stream under control, it was not thought advisable to use the main stream for this purpose, and a bypass was cut from the creek channel, paralleling the mountain side for a distance of 900 feet. This artificial creek was improved with devices similar to those in the main area and turned over to the fair sex under certain rules and regulations. This stretch of water serves a two-fold purpose. It is used by the ladies for angling while the project is open and during the fall and winter retains 40,000 eight to twelve inch trout for distri- bution in the streams of the State the following spring. With but few exceptions the rules and regulations governing the con- duct of the visiting anglers have not been changed since the original opening in 1934. No separate charge is made for the privilege of fishing the project. All that is required is that you present a resident or non-resident fishing license. The project is enclosed with a woven wire fence. As the angler enters, at the entrance booth, his name, address and fishing license number are taken. He is then provided with a large button of identification, bearing a number and the inscription Spring Creek Project. When he leaves the Project for the day, he checks out at the same booth, where he returns the identification button, and furnishes information as to the number of fish caught and returned to the stream. A record is made of the actual kill, covering the species, size in inches and weight in ounces. Fishing starts in the morning and ends each evening at the sound of electric sirens located along the stream banks. The following covers the rules and ^^^lations for the 1938 open season : 1. Open Season May 10 to July 9, both dates inclusive. 2. Open from 8:00 A. M. to 8:00 P. M. (Standard Time) or until Klaxon is sounded. 3. No fishing will be permitted on this project on Sunday. 4. Daily Limit — ten may be caught, but only TWO may be killed. The angler must stop fishing after TWO FISH have been killed. 5. Only Artificial Flies with barbless hooks or regular hooks with the barbs removed may be used. No Spinners. 6. Fishing, with, or possession of any live bait, angle worms, meat, liver, or any other bait, is a violation of the rules and regulations. 7. Size Limit — All fish from large stream under ten inches in length and on ladies stream under seven inches in length must be carefully returned to the water. 8. All anglers holding a Pennsylvania Fishing License will be per- mitted to fish five days during the season. 9. The dressing or cleaning of fish on the property is prohibited as all fish must be weighed when checking out. 10. Positively No Wading in the stream for any purpose permitted. 11. No sinkers or weights of any kind are permitted. 8 12. Violation of any of the above rules and regulations will be subject to a fine of Twenty Dollars ($20.00), or confiscation of your hshing equipment, revocation of your fishing license, or all three if the Board deems it advisable. IF YOU LIKE THIS PROJECT YOU CAN HELP THE BOARD AND THE SPORTSMEN OF THE STATE BY OBEY- ING THESE RULES AND REPORTING ANY INFRACTIONS TO THE OFFICERS. Section 251 of the Act of May 2, 1935, as amended, provides the board of Fish Commissicners with authority to promulgate such rules and regulations for the angling, catching or removal of fish in or from any waters of this Commonwealth as may be deemed necessary Pen- aKy for violation— Twenty Dollars ($20.00). The increased interest of the public in the venture, sii^ its inception, can be seen by reviewing the data compiled each year : 1934 Total number of fishermen . 2,952 Total number of fish caught 4,729 Total number of fish killed 2,472 Average weight of fish killed 8.8 oz. 1935 Total number of fishermen . Total number of fish caught , Total number of fish killed . , Average weight of fish killed 1936 Total number of fishermen . Total number of fish caught Total number of fish killed Average weight of fish killed 1937 Total number of fishermen . Total number of fish caught , Total number of fish killed . Average weight of fish killed 3,265 8,457 3,247 13.6 oz. 6,513 8,467 2,663 15.08 oz. 9.123 9,335 4,027 12.93 oz. During the first twenty-eight davs of the 1938 season, the project was fished by 8,739 anglers. The number of fish caught was 7,028 and number killed 4,101. The question is frequently asked as to how many fish are actually caught or killed in proportion to the numher stocked in the stream. This is difficult to say definitely. Taking into consideration the fact that the stream is not screened in any way, nothing but plenty of food and ideal harboring places prevent the fish from leaving the project. The main stream, both above and below the project is open to the public for fishing without any special restrictions. Figures as to the number of trout caught above and below the project, that left the restricted area, are not known. Also because of the improvement work on the stream! it is not possible to take the fish stream census. However, from obser- vation only, while the fish are being fed, and from the amount of artificial food being consumed daily, we believe that the stream now contains the number of fish represented below. Total number of trout stocked from the time the project opened in 1934 to June 9, 1938 27.205 fish Total number of fish caught from original opening in 1934 to June 9, 1938, equaled 16.458 *' Or a balance in the stream of around 10,000 ** During the first two seasons, the majority of the fish were stocked in the spring prior to the opening date and at intervals during the fishing season, but it was observed that the fish that remained in the stream after the closing date stayed in the area, also that few fish left '^- '^ r^- 1 1 * It. r ■ ^!*fIl,,ilMf>^ .- art* r 5.-^^"^ ^^< ^ Trout Fry 10 the stream section during the flood of March, 1936. Because of these observations the fish for the 1937 season were stocked in August, 1936 and fish for the 1938 season in August and September, 1937. This project, in addition to having afforded angling for 21 853 fish- ermen from 1934 to and including the 1937 season, has served as an out-of-doors laboratory for the Board of Fish Commissioners, and brought to light many interesting facts in reference to stream manage- ment. In the section of Spring Creek, that is used for the project, the trout are not confined in any way. That is, they can move up or down the stream at will ; range and harboring places are equally attrac- tive, at least both above and below the areas, as stream improvement work has been carried on in both sections; nevertheless the fish stay within the bounds of the project. This is due to the fact that they are artificially fed daily throughout the year, which follows that other conditions being favorable, trout will stav in a stream or section of stream providing there is food present for them. This applies to the particular type of Rainbow Trout being stocked bv the Commission, as well as to the Brown and Brook Trout. It has disproved the theory that hatchery-reared, or artificially-fed, trout, do not possess the game qualities of the so-called natives. Outstanding anglers from many sections of the country maintain that the trout hooked on the project show more gameness than do the average wild fish. Records show that not all fishermen are fortunate enough to catch a fish. Some days the fish are not inclined to take the lure of the best anglers. The fisherman's knowledge that the waters are teeming with fish has to a great extent eliminated the complaint that when fishing other areas without results, this does not always mean that the stream contains no fish. For a number of years many of those associated with this Board were of the opinion that a hooked trout, regardless of its size, and regardless of the extent of the injury when taken, had better be kept by the angler, as it would eventually die anyway. Trout on the project are hooked, landed and released many times during each season, and the mortality from this cause is very low. It follows that in manv waters, lightly hooked fish can be landed and released, thus giving some other angler the later privilege of also obtaining some thrills from capturing the same fish. The present intense fishing in Pennsylvania streams will no longer permit the fish crop to be looked upon as so much food for the family table, but must be looked at from the standpoint of recreation only. The compulsory fly fishing in this area, plus the fact that the Board has an instructor in casting and fly tying at the project to teach those interested in this art, has had a very wholesome effect on the fishing methods in public waters. While the public, who use the project, as a whole show a fine spirit of sportsmanship, and obey the rules, yet sufficient have been caught in the act of cheating to show that in the rank and file of fishermen, there are still a great many who believe in using any method to take 11 .*mmjK:jMJmm'v^^ The question is frc-((iieiitly asked as to how many tish are actiiallv caii.i(ht or killed in proportion to the nuniher stocked in the streani. This is difticiilt to say definitely. Takinj^^ into consideration the fact that the streani is not screened in any way. nothintr but plenty of food and ideal harhorini^ ])laces prevent the rt'sh from leaving the ])roject. The main stream, both ahove and helow the project is open to the ])ul)lic for fishing without any special restrictions. I^^igures as to the number of trout caught above and below the project, that left the restricted area, are not known. Also because of the im])rovement work on the stream, it is not possible to take the fish stream census. However, from obser- vation onh% while the fish are being fed. and from the amount of artificial food heing consumed daily, we believe that the contains the mnnber of hsh represented below. Total number of trout stocked from the time the project opened in 1934 to June 9, 1938 Total number of fish caught from original opening in 1934 to June 9, 1938. equaled Or a balance in the streani of artjund stream now 27,205 fish 16.458 •• 10.000 " During the first two seasons, the majority of the fish were stocked in the spring prior to the opening date and at intervals during the fishing season, hut it was observed that the fish that remained in the streani after the cUmiiig date stayed in the area, also tliat few fi^h left 1 I Trout Fry 10 the stream section during the flood of March, 1936. ]',ecause of these observations the fish for the 1937 season were stocked in August, 1936, and fish for the 1938 season in August and September, 1937^ This project, in addition to having afforded angling for 21.853 fish- ermen from 1934 to and including the 1937 season, has served as an out-of-doors laboratory for the Board of Fish Commissioners, and brought to light many interesting facts in reference to stream manage- ment. In the section of Spring Creek, that is used tor the project, the trout are not confined in any way. That is, thev can move up or down the stream at will ; range and harboring places are eciuallv attrac- tive, at least l)oth above and bekjw the areas, as streani improvement work has been carried on in both sections; nevertheless the fish stay within the boinids of the project. This is due to the fact that they are artificially fed daily throughout the year, which follows that other conditions being favorable, trout will stay in a streani or section of stream providing there is food present for them. This applies to the particular type of Rainbow Trout being stocked by the Commission, as well as to the Brown and Brook Trout. It has 'disproved the theory that hatchery-reared, or artificially-fed, trout, do not possess the game (jualities of the so-called natives. Outstanding anglers from many sections of the country maintain that the trout hooked on the project show more gameness than do the average wild fish. Kecorcls show that not all fishermen are fortunate enough to catch a fish. Some days the fish are not inclined to take the lure of the best anglers. The fisherman's knowledge that the waters are teeming with fish has to a great extent eliminated the complaint that when fishing other areas without results, this does not always mean that the streani contains no fish. For a number of years many of those associated with this Board were of the opinion that a hooked trout, regardless of its size, and regardless of the extent of the injury when taken, had better be kept by the angler, as it would eventually die anyway. Trout on the project are hooked, landed and released many times dining each season, and the mortality from this cause is very low. It follows that in many waters, lightly hooked fish can be landed and released, thus giving some other angler the later privilege of also obtaining some thrills from capturing the same fish. The present intense fishing in Pennsylvania streams will no longer permit the fish crop to be looked upon as so much food for the family table, but must be looked at from the standpoint of recreation only. The compulsory fiy fishing in this area, plus the fact that the Board has an instructor in castmg and fly tying at the project to teach those interested in this art, has had a very wliolesonie effect on the fishing methods in public wateri. While the public, who use the project, as a whole show a fine spirit of sportsmanship, and obey the rules, yet sufficient have been caught in the act of cheating to show that in the rank and fde of fishermen, there are >till a great many who believe in u>ing any method to take 11 INTENl lONAL 2ND EXPOSURE fish, regardless of the law. This is proof that the money spent for the enforcement of conservation law is still a necessity, and that a fertile field is open for further education in conservation. The exceptionally large trout that are being taken has created a demand throughout the State for the stocking of the trout streams with larger fish. Whether this is good or bad, we cannot say at this time, but the trend among many of the anglers is to catch one real large fish in preference to a number of smaller ones, while a few years ago, the reverse seemed to be the case. By stocking the stream in late summer or early fall, the large trout can be kept in the stream at much less expense than in the hatchery pools. In addition to this, for the past two years, during spawning periods, the stream fish yielded about one and one-half million eggs for hatchery purposes. HUNTSDALE HATCHERY The older established State hatcheries were originally located and constructed for the purpose of hatching fish eggs and the planting of the fish at a very early stage of development. Fish hatchery work, where the crop is planted, or disposed of when very small, requires but very little pond space and a comparatively small water supply. The work is more or less seasonal and the financial investment relatively small, as compared to a Fish Farm, where the crops are grown in the plant until they are sufficiently large to be caught and legally retained by the angler. It has long been the policy of the Board of Fish Commissioners to centralize production at a few major plants, in preference to creating many small establishments. This facilitates supervision and eliminates much costly equipment. Hence the building of all the fish cultural sta- tions has been along very permanent lines — constructed to last lor many years. The constantly increasing demand, by the anglers, for more fish and larger fish for stocking the public waters, was rapidly placing a burden on the hatcheries far beyond their ability to meet. Due largely to the foresight of those in charge of fisheries work in Pennsylvania when the early hatcheries were established, most of them were located where ample water, of a suitable quality, was available, and when it became necessary to change the program from merely hatching fish eggs and stocking fry, to the growing of thousands of large fish, most of the plants were economically changed or redesigned to meet this need. But it soon became evident that in order to keep pace with the needs of the public waters for fish, increased facilities in the way of new hatch- eries were necessary. Those in charge of the task of locating likely sites for the construction of a State Hatchery were confronted with numerous problems. The Board was desirous of locating and building a development adaptable for the growing of trout, as well as warm water fish species such as black bass, bream, catfish and others. For the trout work, this required a site where a large dependable flow of spring water of outstanding 12 s o u H M O o u m 13 ' r'TtiT v-M»a^iMiMfc»M I fish, regardless of the law. This is proof that the mnnev spent for the enforcement of conservation law is still a necessity, and that a fertile field is open for fnrther education in conservation. The exceptionally large trout that are heing taken has created a demand^ throughout the State for the stocking of the trout streams with larger fish. Whether this is good or had. we cannot say at this time. Imt the trend among many of the anglers is to catch one real large fish in preference to a numher of smaller ones, while a few years ago, the reverse seemed to be the case. Ry stocking the stream in late summer or early fall, the large trout can be ke])t in the stream at much less expense than in the hatchery ])ools. In addition to this, for the past two years, during spawning periods, the stream fish yielded about one and one-half million eggs for hatchery ])urposes. HIINT8DALE HATCHERY The older established State hatcheries were originally located and constructed for the purinose of hatching fish eggs and the planting of the fish at a very early stage of develojimeiU. I^'ish hatchery work, where the crop is planted, or disposed of when very small. re(juires but very little pond s])ace and a com])aratively small water supply. The work is more or less seasonal and the financial investment relativelv small, as comi)ared to a Fish b\'irm. where the crojis are grown in the plant until they are sufiiciently large to be caught and legally retained by the angler. It has long been the policy of the Board of Fish Commissioners to centralize production at a few major plants, in preference to creating many small establishments. This facilitates su])ervision and eliminates much costly e(|uipment. Hence the building of all the fish cultural sta- tions has been along very permanent lines — constructed to last for manv years. The constantly increasing demand, by the anglers, for more fish and larger fish for stocking the public waters, was rapidly placing a burden on the hatcheries far beyond their ability to meet. Due largely to the foresight of those in charge of fisheries work in Pentisylvania when the early hatcheries were established, most of them were located where ample water, of a suitable quality, was available, and when it became necessary to change the prograni from merely hatching fish eggs and stocking fry, to the growing of thousands of large fish, most of the plants were economically changed or redesigned to meet this need. Ikit it soon became evident that in order to keep pace with the needs of the public waters for fish» increased facilities in the way of new hatch- eries were necessarv. Those in charge of the task of locating likely sites for the construction of a State Hatchery were confronted with numerous problems. The Board was desirous of locating and building a development a(l:i])table for the growing of trout, as well as warm water fish species such as black bass, bream, catfish and others. For the trout work, this rt'(|uired a #it€ where a large dcpctidable flow of spring water of outstanding U I I Q H M O Q u m 13 INTFNTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURR quality could be had. For the warm water fish development, it required a water supply of high summer temperature and low winter tempera- ture, preferably to be taken from a stream having no possibility of ever bemg polluted by industrial waste or from other sources. The topography of the land was to be such that there would be ample fall between the pools, in order to provide aeration of the water for the fish and also to permit economical draining of each separate area. The character of the soil had to be such that it would permit eco- nomical pond construction, and if possible, the location should be in a section having an abundance of suitable water for stocking purposes not already near an established hatchery. This was thought to be an admirable feature as a location in proximity to the water to be stocked greatly reduces fish transportation costs. Of course, it was realized that few, if any, places were available having all of these favorable characteristics. Many sites were investi- gated and rejected for various reasons. All of the work of analyzing the water in the selection of likely locations had to be covered with secrecy, as it is a general custom to greatly advance the price of land desired by any public agency. And in order to avoid this in but a few instances the investigators, when studying propositions, did not reveal their purpose to the land owner. In July, 1932, a site having most of the assets, was located on the headwaters of the Yellow Breeches Creek, Penn Township, Cumber- land County, near the village of Huntsdale. An option was taken and the purchase made in September, 1932. The geographic location is very favorable from the standpoint of the fish distribution, as it is near many outstanding trout and bass waters. The soil is of a nature that builds'water-tight pond banks. The fall or drop in elevation from the head of the property to the lower section is not as much as is desired, but this is ofTset by the high oxygen contents of the water, as it comes from the springs or creek. The spring water supply, while of a very peculiar nature, is abundant. During the most severe drought period, since the property has been acquired, the combined minimum flow of the sprii^ did not fall below 5,000 gallons per minute. Irishtown Gap Run. which heads in the mountain south of the village of Huntsdale, flows through the hatchery propertv, and has sufficient fiowage to provide the right kind of water for the warm water fish pond development. Geographically, the site comprises a most peculiar phenomenon and in my judgment, would prove of great interest to those particularly interested in this subject. The top soil, to a depth of four to eight feet, consists of rubble sandstone; underlying this is a strata of limestone. Through the sandstone permeate numerous springs. All of these sprini^s are assumed to be deep seated. Regardless of rain-storms or floods they never become turbid, being so clear that objects can be seen as plainly in the water, almost, as in the air. The spring consists of six groups, all originating within an area of three acres. 14 :^ o u H c o u 15 • .-v In most sections of the country, in a particular locality, all deep seated springs are inclined to have a uniform water temperature. At Huntsdale where the different groups of springs all bubble forth in such a small area, they vary greatly in this respect. For example, Group No. 1 has a temperature of 57.2° F., Group No. 2, 53.6° F., Group No 3, 59.0° F., Group No. 4, 59.0° F., Group No. 5, 51.8° F., and Group No. 6, 57.2° F. ^ It is not uncommon to find springs that at their source will not sup- port fish life. This is generally caused by a deficiency in oxygen, or a very high content of carbon dioxide. As the water flows from the spring, down the stream over rocks and other objects, it soon absorbs oxygen and liberates carbon dioxide and other gas, making it ideal water for aquatic life. For obvious reasons, it is desirable to locate the hatcheries for trout culture at or near the source of water supply. Fish culturists know the oxygen content of water suitable for this purpose, and are some- what familiar with the tolerance limit of carbon dioxide, but know little about the other chemical contents of water, as influencing the well-being of trout in hatchery ponds and hatchery troughs. Nor can any fixed rule be applied as to the number of pounds of fish that can be retained in the pool per cubic foot of water, which has a certain flow, or ex- change of water through the pool, as for undetermined reasons, waters vary greatly in respect to their holding capacity for fish. This proves true when all known factors, having a bearing, are equal; it follows that in many cases, the capacity of hatchery water to grow and hold fish is controlled to a certain extent by conditions that are not entirely familiar to the fish culturist. Again, at some hatcheries, waters can be used over again many tmies ; or in other words, it can be passed through long series of fish ponds and its ability to hold fish increases as it passes through each area. In other cases the water cannot be used more than once or twice. This is not due to oxygen, or carbon dioxide, but it is assumed that certam waters create a condition toxic to the fish much more rapidly than do other waters. When the Huntsdale property was first given serious consideration for a hatchery site, a chemical analysis was made of the waters from the various groups of springs. These tests showed them to be good water for hatching purposes and an option was taken on land, com- prising the springs and a sufficient area for the proposed pond construc- tion. An outright purchase was not made until further studies could be conducted on the suitability of the water for trout culture. While all indications were that the water was suitable, those in charge realized that unknown factors had to be considered, and because of the variations in temperature of the springs, believed that they were confronting a situation different from any other hatchery water that they had ever been privileged to study. It was believed that the only safe way to test the water before spending the sportsmen's money for a property that might not be suitable, was to construct temporary pools and hold fish in them for a number of months, and make careful ohser- 16 o H o c 17 I In most sections of the country, in a particular localitv, all deep seated springs are inclined to have a uniform water temperature. At Huntsdale where the different groups of springs all huhble forth in such a small area, they vary greatlv in this respect. For example, (koup No. 1 has a temperature of 57.2° F., Grotip No. 2, 53.6° F., Group Xo 3, 59.0° F., Group No. 4, 59.0° F., Group No. 5, 51.8° F., and Group No. 6, 57.2° F. f 1 It is not uncommon to find springs that at their source will not sup- port fish life. This is generally caused by a deficiency in oxygen, or a very high content of carlx)n 'dioxide. As the wate/ flows from the spring, down the stream over rocks and other objects, it soon al)sorbs oxygen and liberates carbon dioxide and other gas, making it ideal water for aquatic life. For obvious reasons, it is desirable to locate the hatcheries for trout culture at or near the source of water supplv. Fish culturists know the oxygen content of water suitable for this' purpose, and are some- what familiar with the tolerance limit of carbon dioxide, but know little about the other chemical contents of water, as influencing the well-being of trout in hatchery ponds and hatchery troughs. Nor can anv fixed rule be applied as to the number of pounds of fish that can be retained m the pool per cubic foot of water, which has a certain flow, or ex- change of water through the pool, as for undetermined reasons, waters vary greatly in respect to their hokling capacity for fish. This proves true when all known factors, having a bearing, are equal; it follows that in many cases, the capacity of hatchery water to grow and hold fish is controlled to a certain extent by conditions that are not entirelv familiar to the fish culturist. Again, at some hatcheries, waters can he used over again many times: or in other words, it can be passed through long series of fish ponds and its ability to hold fish increases as it passes through each area. In other cases the water cannot be used more than once or twice. This is not due to oxygen, or carbon dioxide, but it is assumed that certain waters create a condition toxic to the fi^^h much more rapidly than do other waters. When the Huntsdale property was first given serious consideration for a hatchery site, a chemical analysis was made of the waters from the various groups of springs. These tests showed them to !)e good w^er for hatching purposes and an option was taken on land, com- prising the sprnigs and a sufficient area for the proposed pond construc- tion. An outright purchase was not made until further studies could be conducted on the suitability of the water for trout culture. While all indications were that the water was suitable, those in charge realized that unknown factors had to be considered, and because of the variations in temperature of the springs, believed that they were confronting a situation different from any other hatcherv water that they had ever been privileged to study, ft was believed that the only safe way to test the water before spending the sportsmen's money for a propertv that might not be suitable, was to construct tem])orarv pools and hold fish in them for a number of months, and make careful oliaer- 10 3 O u H o c "(3 i; INTENTIONAl. 2NU EXPOSURE vation on the results. Such pools were built adjacent to each group of sprnigs, and the first fish brought to the plant on August 23, 1932. The results, as a whole, were very disappointing. The fish held in the water supplied from Springs Nos. 2 and 5 did very well. Those held in Springs Nos. 1, 3 and 4, had an abnormally high mortality, while those held in the water coming from Spring No. 6 all died within a few weeks. The first fish were brought from the Pleasant Mount Hatchery which is supplied with freestone water. It was first thought that the loss may have been due to the extreme change from freestone water to water of the limestone character. In order to check on this, fish were brought from all the different hatcheries and the results were about the same. The water from the springs united before leaving the prop- erty and it was found that the fish did exceptionally well in the water combined from all the springs, at the lower end of the project. It was' also learned that the nearer the fish were held to the source of Springs Nos. 1, 3, 4 and 6, the greater the mortality. In other words, the greater distance the water was permitted to flow before being used, the better it became. This led those in charge to assume that proper aeration might solve the problem. Temporary aerators were installed at the source of all the springs 1 his made a vast improvement, and no further difficulty was had with the fish held in the water after it had passed over the aerating devices which break the water into fine particles and expose it to the air, ^ Still, those responsible for the construction of the hatcherv were not satisfied as to the suitability of the water, as it is generally known that the chemical contents of spring water, particularlv those found in imestone regions, change from time to time. All the 'experiments had been conducted during a comparatively dry season. Heavy rains might change the condition and again make the water undesirable in spite of the work of the aerating devices. Luckilv in the month of January, 19,33, weather conditions changed with heavy rain-fa 1 and the rapid melting of the snow. The high water period showed no detrimental effect on the fish crop. From the results of these experiments, it was definitely known that trout could be grown successfullv, if the water was given the proper aeration before being used. Just what gas or gases the aeration of the water is liberating is still not known, and scientists, connected with the Board of Fish Commis- sioners, are still working to find this unknown factor. In most instances, the hatchery waters are aerated to increase the dissolved oxygen and decrease the carbon dioxide. Insofar as the waters from the Huntsdale spring are concerned, this is not the case as the carbon dioxide runs almost uniform, and well below the tolerance limit tor fish. The oxygen varies from seventy-eight and one-tenth per cent to sixty-nine and nine-tenths per cent saturation. 18 9 O u H o c 19 Hydrogen Sulphide Gas is found in some spring water, and the lethal dose for brook trout is said to be .86 P.P.M. Naturally, the investi- gator searched for traces of this gas. None has been found to date and the presence of Hydrogen Sulphide Gas is usually accompanied by a low oxygen content, while these springs showed no deficiency of oxygen. While this research work was being conducted, thought was also being given to the suitability of a portion of the water for egg hatching purposes. A fish hatchery that cannot develop and hatch its own eggs is somewhat handicapped. The springs having a temperature above 52° F. were eliminated because water, with a temperature higher than 52° F., hatches the eggs prematurely, resulting in weak and undesirable fish. Spring No. 5, because of its favorable temperature and location, was chosen for the water supply for egg hatching purposes, and a temporary building was constructed for this purpose. The trout eggs were obtained in No- vember, 1933, and hatched out in the latter part of December, 1933. The results were most gratifying and the returns have been very favorable each year since. The temporary building is still in use but when the permanent hatching house is constructed, it will be suppUed with water from this source. From these experiments, sufficient knowledge of the characteristics of the water was had to warrant the start of the permanent construction work. The building of the first series of ponds, along permanent lines started on February 18, 1933. To date, permanent aerating devices have been installed in all the springs, and nineteen permanent trout pools have been built. In the fall of 1934, two experimental bass ponds were constructed, and the results obtained in 1935 proved so successful that It is hoped that a number of additional ones, fed from Irishtown Gap Run, will be created. The first work, along permanent lines, was to confine the water in the various groups of springs. The water from Springs Nos. 1 and 2 was conducted in such a manner as to feed the same series of ponds. Springs Nos. 3 and 4 were used to supplv a separate section of the hatchery. Spring No. 6 was led into Irishtown Gap Run. and used for an independent series of pools. Spring No. 5 was conducted through the hatchery building. After passing through the various series of ponds, the entire flow is united, and will eventuallv be used in a series of large pools on the lower section of the site. Another problem that caused considerable anxiety was the increased head that had to be placed on the Spring, in order to give the necessarv aeration. It was found that an average of two feet could be placed on each group. For every foot that the head was increased, above the two feet, water flow diminished approximatelv twenty-five per cent Placing a pressure on the mouth of limestone springs is always accom- panied with risk, as the water course is apt to seek a new channel thus drying up the original spring site. This was also feared and the elevation was left at the two feet level. This elevation was not very great for aeration purposes, and in order to overcome this defect, the 20 aerators were built similar to a series of steps, the length being in pro- portion to the spring flowage. The aerator at Spring No. 4 is ap- proximately 100 feet long, and the water passes in a thin veil over a series of three steps. One admirable feature of the plant is that the upper section of the hatchery pool is fed by three independent sources of water supply. The upper sections of hatcheries are always used for the baby fish. Baby fish are more susceptible to disease than the older ones, and preventive measures, for the control of disease, are always practiced. The three separate sources of supply segregate the Huntsdale plant in three inde- pendent units. If disease occurs in one section, there is little danger of it entering the other areas provided proper caution is taken. In 1937 plans were completed for the development of the hatchery which included 115 new ponds of various sizes and types, from con- crete to earth ponds with concrete inlets and outlets and having a com- bined water surface area of approximately twelve (12) acres. Fifty- three (53) ponds can be used for either warm water species or trout, and the balance of the sixty-two (62) ponds for trout. This called for the pouring of approximately 2,000 cubic vards of concrete and the excavation of 85,000 cubic yards of earth, these ponds are in addition to the thirty-two permaaeat ponds wiwbh were constructed since the property was acquired. The project also includes the construction of a new hatchery building which will replace the temporary building. The new building to be one-story of Quaker Meeting House type of architecture, constructed of native limestone with metal doors and windows and a permanent asbestos shingle roof. The size of the building is thirty-three feet eight inches wide by 120 feet long and twelve feet high, same to contain one tank room thirty-one feet wide by sixty-two feet long, to be used for the hatching of eggs and the holding and treating of fish. One aquarium room thirty-one by forty feet long in which is anticipated the installation of an aquarium for displaying all species of fish propa- gated by the Board of Fish Commissioners, which would make it one of the best display places of its kind in south-central Pennsylvania. The balance of the building is used for furnace and coal storage room and an office for keeping all records pertaining to the hatchery. The project was commenced by the Works Progress Administration September 20, 1937. Work on' the construction of additional ponds was done first, so that the production of fish could be increased in the least possible time to help meet the ever increasing demand, and planned in such a way so as not to interfere with the future construction. This type of vvork was carried on during the fall and winter, and then in the spring, after the fish in the temporary hatchery building were placed in the ponds, the temporary building was torn down and the work started on the new hatchery building, which will be completed and ready with new^ equipment for the handling of this fall's crop of trout eggs. At this time the project in general is about seventy-five per cent com- pleted and it is hoped that all ponds will be completed by next spring so the entire plant will be in production in the summer of 1939. 21 REPORT OF C. R. BULLER Chief Fish Culturist The fish cultural work as carried on by the Board of Fish Commis- sioners consists of the growing or farming of the different species of fish thought necessary to have available for stocking the public fishing waters, in order to perpetuate the art of angling, and to assist in main- taining the commercial fishing industry on Lake Erie; however, the only work done on commercial fishing in Lake Erie is that sufficient to cover the receipts from the sale of commercial licenses, and no more. The maintenance and construction of fish hatcheries for the purpose of propagating the needed fish crop, and last but not least, the survey and classification of the waters into which the fish are to be planted or stocked. This work is of vast importance because the artificially grown fish crops represent a high financial investment, and the true cost cannot be reckoned by the number grown and planted from the various hatcheries but by the actual number taken and the recreation it affords the anglers ; hence the survey and classification of the waters is a means of permitting those in charge to stock the fish in the areas most suitable, and which will give the fishermen the best returns for their investment. Insofar as the production of fish is concerned, the Board of Fish Commissioners believes it is a measure of economy to concentrate production at a few major hatcheries in preference to the establishing of numerous small plants throughout the State, and this policy has been made possible in Pennsylvania because hatchery sites are available — having an abundance of water for hatching purposes, together with topography suited for pond construction. Large plants cut down overhead costs in the way of personnel, build- ings, hatching equipment, transportation equipment, fish food storage plants, and the delivery of fish food products. CORRY HATCHERY This plant Is located on Highway Route 6, between Corry and Union City, Erie County. At the present time this hatchery is used entirely for the growing of brook trout, brown trout and rainbow trout. A series of concrete ponds have been built at the lower end of the property for bass culture. REYNOLDSDALE HATCHERY The Reynoldsdale Hatchery is located near the village of Reynolds- dale, Bedford County, and is paralleled by Routes 56 and 871. At present the work at this plant is limited to the growing of three species of trout, with a program for building warm water fish ponds below the trout plant. A daphnia unit consisting of six ponds eight feet by one hundred feet has been constructed below the trout development. 22 HUNTSDALE HATCHERY Located in Cumberland County, in the village of Huntsdale, reached south from Highway Route No. 11, about midway between Carlisle and Shippensburg. This establishment is still under construction, and to date the work has been limited to the rearing of brook, brown and rainbow trout. However, when the plant is completed, in addition to being one of the major trout hatcheries, it will have facilities for pro- ducing a large number of warm water fish, and will consist of ap- proximately 130 ponds of different sizes, most of which can be used for either trout culture or warm water fish culture. BELLEFONTE HATCHERY Located in the exact geological center of the State. The Executive Office and main plant is paralleled by Route 53, midway between the Borough of Bellefonte and the village of Pleasant Gap. This is one of the older plants, having been established in 1902, but in 1933 an addi- tional tract of land was acquired along Spring Creek, having a spring with a constant flow of 3,000 gallons of water per minute, in addition to a never-failing supply available from Spring Creek. This area has been developed as a part of the Bellefonte plant. This addition has made this station capable of producing as many legal sized, or larger trout than all of the other State Hatcheries combined. Also part of the development was constructed into bass rearing ponds, and bass were grown in the new area with outstanding success. This new develop- ment is generally referred to as the "Spring Creek Project" because its location parallels Spring Creek, where the Board has developed the "Model Stream Improvement Project" and "Fisherman's Paradise." In 1935 an additional tract of land was acquired along the same stream, above the present Spring Creek Fish Farm, and is being developed into a model bass hatchery. The new unit is practically completed, and this hatchery will be one of the most modern fish cultural establishments in existence. At the present time the fish production consists of brook trout, brown trout, rainbow trout, large-mouth bass and small- mouth bass. Later, bluegill sunfish and catfish will be added to the list. The WPA Project started at the Pleasant Gap unit will add thirty-five additional ponds at this place. TORRESDALE HATCHERY Located within the city limits of Philadelphia, in the suburban town of Torresdale along the Delaware River. It is used for the production of pike perch, yellow perch, large-mouth bass, bluegill sunfish, catfish and minnows. PLEASANT MOUNT HATCHERY Located in the village of Pleasant Mount, W'ayn • '^o- \n p by Route No. 170. It is the largest major ^ arm \ a ii ;i ) plant. The ciop consists of small-mouth bass, large-mouth bass, p.k^ perch, yellow perch, sunfish, catfish, suckers, minnows, brown trout, rainbow trout and brook trout. Formerly a portion of the plant was used for the growing of trout to legal-stocking size, but the lowering of the water tables and other factors made the trout work an uncer- tainty, and after the development of the Huntsdale Hatchery, and the enlarging of the Bellefonte plant, the greater portion of the pond areas at Pleasant Mount was turned over to warm water fish production, although the usual number of fingerling trout are still produced. UNION CITY HATCHERY This plant is located two miles east of the Borough of Union City, Erie County, on Highway Route No. 6. It is devoted to the culture of pike perch, yellow perch, sunfish, catfish, large-mouth bass and small- mouth bass. Six additional warm water fish ponds have been con- structed, also an entirely new daphnia unit for the growing of forage for small fish. . ,1 , » TIONESTA HATCHERY Located in the town of Tionesta, Forest County, on Route No. 62. The following kinds of fish are planted from this station : Brook trout, pike perch, yellow perch, sunfish and catfish. ERIE HATCHERY Located in the City of Erie, at the foot of Sassafras Street, on the shores of Lake Erie. The chief function of this station is the hatching and distribution of fish that are of importance in Lake Erie, such as the white fish, pike perch, blue pike, cisco and yellow perch. It also supplies several species for our inland waters. BROOK TROUT Before the coming of the white man to the shores of this Continent, there was found a number of different kinds of wildlife in our forests and waters, that have since almost entirely disappeared — their disap- pearance w^as probably due to the fact that they could not adjust them- selves to meet changed living conditions. At that time the brook trout was found in most of the streams throughout the State. As industrial communities were established on the stream banks, various kinds of effluent found its way into the waters, most of which was deleterious to aquatic life. The cutting of the timber increased the summer water temperatures — causing the larger streams to be very fluctuating and dried up many of the small tributary streams that were the nurseries for the small fish. Agricultural activities also changed the conditions in many waters. These detrimental factors increased proportionally as the population increased, and the brook trout, like the Indian, was gradually driven back into more secluded regions, apparently lacking the ability to adjust itself to civilization. Prior to 1870 the sportsmen foresaw that if artificial means were not used to preserve this fish, it would soon disappear from our waters. This alarming situation was the nucleus of the present day fish cultural and fish conservation program. 24 G 9 O U u it u c o o X a o u & 0) u CO c o Q m I G O G ft u a o J6 4» V U M G •^ 09 25 used for the growing of trout to legal-stocking size, but the lowering of the water tables and other factors made the trout work an uncer- tainty, and after the development of the Huntsdale Hatchery, and the enlarging of the Bellefonte plant, the greater portion of the pond areas at Pleasant Mount was turned over to warm water fish production, although the usual number of lingerling trout are still produced. UNION CITY HATCHERY This plant is located two miles east of the Borough of Union City, Erie County, on Highway Route No. 6. It is devoted to the culture of pike perch, yellow perch, sunfish, catfish, large-mouth bass and small- mouth bass. Six additional warm water fish ponds have been con- structed, also an entirely new daphnia imit for the growing of forage for small fish. TIONESTA HATCHERY Located in the town of Tionesta, Forest County, on Route Xo. 62. The following kinds of fish are planted from this station : Brook trout, pike perch, yellow perch, sunfish and catfish. ERIE HATCHERY Located in the City of Erie, at the foot of Sassafras Street, on the shores of Lake Erie. The chief function of this station is the hatching and distribution of fish that are of importance in Lake Erie, such as the white fish, pike perch, blue pike, cisco and yellow perch. It also supplies several species for our inland waters. BROOK TROUT Before the coming of the white man to the shores of this Continent, there was found a number of diflferent kinds of wildlife in our forests and waters, that have since almost entirely disappeared — their disap- pearance was probably due to the fact that they could not adjust them- selves to meet changed living conditions. At that time the brook trout was found in most of the streams throughout the State. As industrial communities were established on the stream Imnks, various kinds of effluent found Its way into the waters, most of which was deleterious to aquatic life. The cutting of the timber increased the summer water temperatures^ — causing the larger streams to ^ very fluctuating and dried up many of the small tributary streams that were the nurseries for the small fish. Agricultural activities also changed the conditions in many waters. These detrimental factors increased proportionally as the population increased, and the brook trout, like the Indian, was gradually driven back into more secluded regions, apparently lacking the ability to adjust itself to civilization. Prior to 1870 the sportsmen foresaw that if artificial means were not used to preserve this fish, it would soon disappear from our waters. This alarming situation was the nucleus of the present day fish cultural and fish conservation program. 24 c O U Vi (« o C n] O O ■♦-> a o u P8 a> u c o Q (0 (U 03 I C O -o c (« u 3 O u U bfl c (0 25 INTRNTIONAL 2Nn FXPOSTIRE At the first stage in the preservation of the brook trout, hatcheries were estabhshed and the headwater streams stocked with fry ; as condi- tions became more acute, larger fish, termed fingerhngs, were planted. Later it became necessary to plant fish large enough for the anglers to catch. Those in authority were convinced that the stocking of large fish would indefinitely insure an adequate number of large fish in the streams to meet the demand, but about the time the program was on a good working basis, modern transportation methods came into vogue, namely: the automobile and modern highways. This greatly increased the number of anglers and also increased the number of fishing hours for most of the anglers. Worse still, probably it opened up many heretofore inaccessible streams. The fish culturists and sportsmen, probably, largely for sentimental reasons, have made everv effort possible to provide worth while brook trout fishing. This fish lends itself readily to artificial culture and no great diffi- culty is involved in growing vast numbers to a large size. The trout culturist has also been able to evolve a strain that can withstand much higher water temperatures than the trout of earlier days, hoping by this means, to be able to keep the native "Keystoner" in our trout streams, but the fish apparently lacks the keen sense of preservation possessed by the brown trout, and lacks the ability of adjustment to meet the present day changed conditions in our waters, and is fast being replaced by t^ introduced species. BROWN TROUT The brown trout was introduced into the United States during the winter of 1882-83. They were sent by Herr Von Behr, President of the Deutsch Fischerei Herein, and upon arrival in New York, were sent direct to the fisheries station at Northill, Michigan, and between 1883 and 1885 additional lots were sent to various fish commissions and the United States Government by the same party. During the winter of 1885 and 1886 the United States Fish Commission turned over a part of one of these consignments to the Pennsylvania Fish Commission. The eggs were shipped from Europe to the Cold Spring Harbor Hatchery, New York. There unpacked and 10,000 shipped to the Corry Hatchery, Erie County, Pennsylvania, then known as the ^'Western Station." Some of the fish hatched from these eggs survived and were held at the hatchery as brood stock, and in all probability, the first brown trout, planted in Pennsylvania waters were the off- spring of these fish. In 1885 a consignment of eggs from the brown trout of the British Isles, was sent to the United States, and was called the Lock Leven Trout. This shipment was followed by numerous other consignments, and the eggs, or fish, were shipped to many sections of the United States. In later years, offspring of the brown trout shipped from Great Britain and of those obtained from Germany were planted in the same streams. The fish likewise lost their identity at the hatcheries. Consequently through natural reproduction and artificial propagation and stocking by the State and Federal hatcheries, the two strains have lost their identity, and today this European Trout is generally called the Brown Trout. The hyphenated name German-Brown, or Lock- Leven-Brown Trout, being seldom used. Almost frorn the time of its introduction, a controversy arose as to the practicability of stocking this fish in the virgin brook trout waters. The theory has been advanced that due to the extreme large size of the fish as compared to the natural species, they would in time destroy many of the native fish. This probably was true in certain instances, especially as applied to the trout streams, at about the time the brown trout were first being stocked in large numbers by the agencies of the different States and the Federal Government. Insofar as Pennsylvania trout streams are concerned, this Board feels that the early introduction of this fish was most opportune. It arrived at about the time the brook trout first began to decrease in number. Roughly, the brown trout have been in Pennsylvania for fifty years. During this time it has become acclimated or adjusted to the changed environment, and fortunately during the adjustment has apparently not lost any of its game qualities or decreased in size when matured. Like- wise the fish culturist has had ample time to familiarize himself with the natural habits and artificial culture of the fish. Without a doubt, because of the large size to which this trout grows, it is more destruc- tive to other fish than the brook trout, but from information obtained on the study of trout streams over the past five years, the Board now believes that the brown trout, in many instances, has been unjustly accused of destroying, or decreasing, the population of brook trout in many of the trout waters of this State. In a few instances, this may have been the case, but the study conducted on the trout waters has brought out the fact that on many trout streams where the brown trout has never been present, the ability of the stream to support brook trout is rapidly diminishing, and this condition in these waters must be attributed to factors other than the "brownies." For several reasons this fish is rapidly gaining in popularity in the State. One frequent complaint about the brook trout is that it is too easily caught ; that is, after a stream is stocked with brook trout, for a short time the angler enjoys good fishing; later, this declines and the fishermen seek other waters, or request the Board to make additional plantings. The sense of self-preservation inherent in the brown trout, plus his temperamental attitude, in regard to striking the lure only when conditions are most favorable, prolong the fishing, and few brown trout streams are depleted during the season to the same extent as the brook trout waters. In many of the larger streams, the upper areas are trout waters, and the lower sections inhabited by bass and other warm water species, leaving the section between the dividing line of the different species, in some streams, to a distance of from ten to twelve miles. In recent years, this distance is increasing, as the waters where brook trout can survive are becoming less and less. It has been found some streams of this nature that have been stocked with brown trout are not only producing fishing in the heretofore trout section, but they have in- n creased their range to extend and often overlap that of the bass. This is particularly true in the early part of the trout fishing season. As the water temperatures rise, they tend to work upstream and lessen the range, but always utilizing more of the stream than do the native trout. Within the past few years, the attitude of the anglers has undergone a great change in respect to catching trout. Until recently the chief desire of most fishermen was to catch a mess of fish, irrespective of the kind of bait, or kind or weight of tackle used. The size of the fish was given little consideration just as long as it came within the limit speci- fied by law. Today most of the fishermen are to be found on the trout stream, not expressly for the purpose of catching a mess of fish, but for the recreation it affords and for the thrill of landing a large trout on light tackle caught with artificial lure. For a number of years the hatchery men had considerable difficulty in growing brown trout to legal size, as compared to the brook trout, but within the past five years, this difficulty has been overcome, and this species is now less susceptible to hatchery disease than is the brook trout, resulting in a lower mortality rate and a cheaper fish to produce. RAINBOW TROUT This fish has long been a favorite among the trout fishermen — prob- ably because of its game qualities and large size. However, for many years^ it did not toS» kindly to Pennsylvania waters and the heavy stockings that were carried on by the State and Federal Government met with very little success, considering the number of fish liberated. Where close observations were made on streams stocked with the rain- bow trout, it was found that in many cases when the fish reached sexual maturity, being endowed with a natural migratory instinct, left the trout waters, seeking, it is presumed, larger range and were either killed by pollution, or high temperature in the lower section of the streams or rivers. Those that remained lost weight and deteriorated generally, until in their weakened condition, fell a prey to their natural enemies or died. This was not the case with all streams. In some of the major streams they gained a foothold and thrived. In several streams, where they became adaptable, the water was fished extensively by anglers from distant points, and because of this, what rainbow trou't were caught, because of their fighting qualities, a popular demand for the fish, over a wider range in Pennsylvania, was graduallv bcin^ created. The Board of Fish Commissioners being conscious of this were investigating as to why this popular fish could not be furnished to the fishing fraternities in more areas and in worthwhile numbers. It has recently been determined that much of the failure in rainbow trout stocking has been due to the fact that the fish stocked were not accli- mated to the waters of Eastern United States. Their natural habitat being the mountain streams of the Pacific slope which are fed in many instances by the run-off derived from snow-capped mountains, and they apparently could not withstand the change to the waters of Penn- sylvania, many of which carry a high summer water temperature. The fish that were stocked were invariably obtained from eggs secured from 28 the wild fish in their natural habitat. The eggs were shipped in the eyed stage to the Pennsylvania hatcheries, and hence, when fully grown, distributed to the different waters. Where a brood stock was kept, the custom was to utilize them after reaching sexual maturity for one or more years, and then replace them with other individuals, produced direct from the wild strain, resulting in the constant stocking with fish not over one generation removed from their natural habitat. After the Board was satisfied that most of the failure in rainbow trout planting was due to the unacclimated strain of fish, an effort was made to produce or secure a strain bred over a number of genera- tions in the east. Such a strain was located at a Commercial Hatchery in one of the New England States. This strain had not lost any of the game qualities of the fish in its natural environment, nor had it dimin- ished in size, hence eyed eggs were purchased from this source and a brood stock of this strain is being built up by the Board. Eggs were taken from the first brood fish in the fall of 1935, and it is expected that in the next two years, facilities will be such that adult fish, in sufficient number, can be retained to supply the tgg demand. This par- ticular strain of trout has only been stocked by this Board during the past two years, and all fish stocked have ranged in size from seven to fourteen inches. The distribution has been limited to the larger fast moving streams and a few lakes and ponds. In the strearns thus far stocked the fish are showing no inclination to migrate providing there is sufficient natural food present to support them. They also seem to be able to withstand higher water tempera- ture than either the brook or brown trout; consequently, they are affording fishing in the lower reaches of the stream in the late season after the brook and brown trout have worked their way into the head- water areas. The United States Government, through its various agencies, sucft as the^ C. C. C. and similar organizations, has constructed in the State and National Forest areas, numerous dams for flood control, conserva- tion and other purposes. A number of these are located on the head- water streams, and carry a summer water temperature, too low for the well being of native pond fish. Experimentally, several of these have been stocked with rainbow trout and last fishing season, the number caught from the ponds in proportion to the numbers planted exceeded the returns obtained from the majority of trout streams. LAKE TROUT From time to time many different inland waters of Pennsylvania have been stocked with lake trout. These plantings have not proven a success in but few areas and these are limited to several deep, cold mountain lakes in the northeastern part of the State. Even in these lakes but few are caught each season, and not much enthusiasm is shown by the anglers as a whole. To angle for lake trout requires special tackle, and skill and patience not possessed by many fishermen. Coupled with this, the chance of catching one is most uncertain because the holding capacity of the 29 lakes for these exceptionally large fish is limited to but a very few. A number of lakes in the northeastern part of the State are too cold to provide good fishing for the general run of lake fish, such as pickerel, yeliow perch, sunfish and catfish, and little success was ever obtained by blocking them with brook or brown trout, and the lake trout was thought to be the practical fish for those places. From 1928 to 1934 each year a few of the best lake trout areas were stocked with lake trout. The eggs were obtained from Michigan, hatched at the Pleasant Mount Hatchery and the fish stocked as finger- Imgs. These plantings showed no results. In 1935 seven to eight inch lake trout were secured from a Commercial Hatchery and planted m these a:eas — just what the results will be from planting larger fish still remains to be determined. It is now the opinion of this Board that since the new strain of rain- bow trout has proven so successful in the ponds that have been stocked with them to date, the lake trout work will be discontinued and the areas that were formerly stocked with lake trout will be stocked with rainbow trout. YELLOW PERCH The yellow perch has always been a popular fish among a large group of anglers. It is found most abundantly in the lakes and ponds. Serious complaint among the perch fishermen a few years ago was that the average run of fish was diminishing in size, and it was rare to catch one over eight inches in length. Previous reports cover the Board's work of building up a supply of selective-hred 3ellow perch at the Pleasant Mount Hatchery, noted especially for their large size when matured. This brood stock is held at the Pleasant :Mount Hatchery, and has been annually increased in numbers, until the egg crop secured from the fish averages one hundred bushels a year. The eggs are sent from the Reasant Mount Hatchery to the different State Hatcheries having facilities for hatching this type of fish €gg, and the great per cent of the crop IS stocked in the fry stage in the approved waters of the State, including that of Lake Erie— only a small percentage being held and stocked when reaching a length of three to four inches. The stocking of the yellow perch waters with the offspring of selective-bred brood stock is producing marvelous results, as the size of the fish IS rapidly increasing in most of the areas, until it is now uncommon to catch many twelve-inch fish and a goodlv number of titteen-inch and larger have been reported caught. SUNFISH There are about six different kinds of the so-called sunfish found m the waters of Pennsylvania. They not onlv furnish an abundance ot sport for the juvenile and grown-up, but constitute a valuable source of food supply for the black bass and other game fish. Studies made on a numl>er of ponds and lakes have led to tlie conclusion that the 30 G 3 O U u o < m 31 sunfish constitute a very valuable source of food supply for the black bass, and in many instances the number of bass found in certain areas was in direct ratio to the number of sunfish present. This dual-purpose fish is grown and stocked very extensively by the Fish Commission but the work is confined almost entirely to the culture of the blue gill, known in the southern states as the Bream. The blue gill is stocked in preference to the other varieties because it is the largest and most gamy of all of them, and in addition, is equally fav- orable as a forage fish. PIKE PERCH The major pike perch waters of the State, comprise the Delaware River, North Branch of the Susquehanna River, lower Susquehanna River, Wallenpaupack Lake, and Conneaut Lake. In addition to these, it is one of the chief commercial fish of Lake Erie. No source of egg supply of this fish is available in Pennsylvania, and in order that the outstanding pike perch waters can be annually stocked, this Board each year makes an exchange with the Michigan Department of Conser- vation, whereby we receive pike perch eggs, and give them in return trout eggs of an equal value. CATFISH The species of catfish grown and planted is the common bullhead. This fish when grown averages twelve inches in length. Its culture is carried on in preference to any other of the great many species found in the United States because the common bullhead seems to be best adapted to the waters of Pennsylvania. It is very adaptable to different water conditions, reproduces naturally, and has good pan qualities and because of its ability to live among a dense fish population of its own kind, afYords much recreation in densely populated centers for those who enjoy still fishing. The uninformed are generally of the opinion that the growing of the bullhead at the hatcheries is a very simple task. The fish culturist, on the contrary, has found the work crowded with manv disappoint- ments and failures. It is generally recognized that all species of fish livmg in a state of nature are influenced in their reproduction process by a cycle whereby during one season the oiTspring produced will be very abundant, during another period verv scarce; this peculiarity is very noticeable among the common bullhead living in a state of nature, and applies to the hatchery brood stock as well, which follows that those m charge are never assured of what results are to be obtained from parent fish held at the hatcheries, and the fish of all ages are very susceptible to disease. Within recent years the parent catfish at the Pleasant Mount Hatchery became infe'cted with an ulcerous growth which made it necessary to quarantine the catfish area, and no 'catfish were stocked from this plant for three years. This was done to prevent the spread of the disease to public waters. Brieflv, the method used in growmg catfish is as follows : The parent fish are placed in large brood ponds and permitted to spawn in the natural way, except that 32 they are assisted in the nest building by using submerged hollow tile in ponds, and by creating holes in the pond bank eight to twelve inches below the water level by the use of a crowbar. These artificially built nests do away with the need of the parent fish constructing its own nest. The advantage obtained being that in many instances where the parent fish build their own nests, the pectoral and dorsal spines are injured, often resulting in the death of the fish. The ready-made nests eliminate this danger. After the eggs hatch, and the baby fish develop sufficiently to swim about in schools, the small fish are transferred to nursery ponds, all nthcr fish life having been removed previously. The youngsters are then fed several times daily on clabbered cow's milk, ground sheep liver and ground salt water fish, CHAIN PICKEREL In the natural lake region of Pennsylvania, the chain pickerel holds forth as a very popular game fish. Increased fishing to liberal creel limits and a long season limit, combined with the inability of the Fish Commission to restock the pickerel waters with a worthwhile number of these valuable fish is rapidly decreasing their number, and until such a time as it will be within the power of the Commission to restock pickerel, if worthwhile fishing is to be expected, additional fishing restrictions are suggested. The pickerel that are stocked are obtained by natural reproduction in some of the large holding ponds at the Pleasant Mount Hatchery. The number obtained each year ranges from 2,000 to 10,000, seven to fifteen-inch fish — a small amount considering the vast number of areas that badly need restocking. To date the artificial growing of the pickerel, at the hatcheries has not been practical, because, first, the fish reproduce in the spring, before the ice leaves the body of water they inhabit, which makes it very diffi- cult to secure the ripe fish ; second, in handling pickerel, they are very easily injured, and a high mortality is expected during the egg-taking process. The pickerel feed entirely upon living objects. No artificial food is known that the baby pickerel can be induced to eat. The live daphnia used for feeding the baby bass is ideal baby pickerel food but unfor- tunately the baby pickerel are hatched in the very early spring, and the young require this food at a time when it is not possible to grow daphnia under controlled conditions. BLACK BASS Prior to the last year or two, bass culture work was not as successful as compared to the artificial growing of trout and some other species of fish: however, the distribution for 1937 was at an all time high of 350.000, and we expect 1938 will total 500,000. The Board has been experimenting with bass work for many years, and at times the hope of ever being able to grow them year after 33 year in worthwhile numbers, seemed very discouraging. In the past few years, many of the problems that the early bass culturist thought could not be overcome, have now been solved. ^ One of the chief early problems was furnishing the baby bass with food that they could be induced to feed upon. It was early known that the natural food for the bass in their early feeding stage was different kinds of so-called fleas or daphnia. At that time, even the most advanced research men in this field little dreamed that these water organisms could be arti- ficially grown in numbers sufficient to feed the usual number of babv bass retained at the hatchery. In recent years, the artificial culture of daphnia has been brought to a practical success. During the spring, at the Pleasant Mount Hatchery, nursery areas are stocked with bass fry, and it is not uncommon to produce three bushels of these organisms per day. This work is carried on in spe- cially constructed areas, set apart solely for this purpose. The solving of the juvenile bass food problem was the first major forward step in this work. In a few weeks' time daphnia must be largely replaced with the same or similar foods that is necessary for the adult bass. Bass, living under natural conditions, after leaving the daphnia feeding stage subsist mostly upon other fish. In order to supply this food, efforts were made to grow sufficient minnows for feeding the small bass. Simple mathematics show that if each small bass consumed only one small minnow per day, it would be an enormous, task to grow enough to feed any great number for any length of time, but inasmuch as no other feeding method was known, this seemed the most practical and the method was used for a number of years. The work of growing minnows in great numbers was uncertain costly, and required more hatchery pond space than it did for the actual growing of bass. Recently it was learned that ground fresh-water fish, or salt-water fish, could be fed in place of the live minnows. In fact, comparative studies of the two foods have shown that ground salt-water fish is su- perior to the live minnow for the small bass. This artificially fed food possibly promotes more rapid growth because the finely crushed par- ticles are more easily digested than is the whole minnow, and possibly because the marine fish contains more beneficial mineral substances than does the fresh-water food. The transmission of disease was always a large factor when using live minnows— the possibility of loss from this source when feedinir marine fish is almost negligible. Cannibalism is a natural characteristic of the small bass that always takes a heavy toll— the feeding of live minnows encouraged this instinct. \Mien the old method of feeding small bass was in use, it was found that more bass could be grown per acre of water used bv having large nursery areas or ponds of approximately one acre each, 'in these com- paratively large areas natural conditions could more nearly be limited. The Pleasant Mount Hatchery was most suitable for carrving on this 34 G o H ■4-* O -♦J O 6 o ti bfi c o o Ml s u 35 method of bass culture. Suitable land was available for the building of arge ponds. Large reservoirs were located in proximity to the hatchery, where a large supply of the minnows could be produced Con- sequently all bass work was done at this hatcherv, while those in charge were carrymg on studies to improve on this method. Newer methods eventually revolutionized the construction of bass growing ponds and by the newer methods it was demonstrated that more bass could be grown per acre by the use of small ponds, preferably ponds 100 feet long by 30 feet wide, at Pleasant Mount. In some cases, it was economy to redesign the old ponds to meet this change. Where this was not practical, the old type is still in use. Another problem that had to be met was the one of maintaining a brood stock of bass. It was the cus- tom lor many years to secure the needed brood fish from the public waters. For reasons that have not been fully determined, they could not, as a general rule, be used more than one season as brood stock. 1 his necessitated the securing of a new brood supply each season. It is believed that part of this difficultv was due to the inability to provide natural live food in sufficient quantities to meet their needs at all times, as adult bass grown in the wild state would not take kindly to ground fish as a food. As soon as it was determined that the small bass could not be fed indefinitely on ground fish, a number were set aside to be grown and kept as brood fish. In 1932, the first hatchery reared fish were used for brood purposes. Since that time, approximatelv 800 have been brought to sexual maturity and are fed exclusively throughout the summer months on ground food. In^m late fall, thev are furnished with a supply of live minnows. This has been thought necessary because at the approach of cold weather they cease to eat the artificial feed diet. For many years it has been the wish of the sportsmen to have this Board produce more and larger bass for stocking purposes. This de- mand was justified, but the Board realized that until such a time as some of the more serious pro])lems connected with the work could be over- come, that it did not warrant the spending of the fishermen's money to build bass plants that are more apt to be a failure than a success. As prob.ems were being overcome, plans were laid to meet this demand. The first step in increasing the output was the construction of a number of bass ponds at the Bellefonte Hatcherv on the Spring Creek Project. Tlie work carried on there in 1935 proved so promising that a program was laid out to greatly increase the work in the near future by using more ponds for this work at Bellefonte this coming season, and in addi^ tmn, a large tract of land was acquired, north of the present Spring Creek plant, and the building of a modern bass hatchery has practically been completed. A series of ponds for this purpose have been con- structed at the Reynoldsdale, Corry and Huntsdale Hatcheries. The thought being not necessarily to produce more bass but to grow them to a much larger size than heretofore before stocking. Before methods of feeding the bass by artificial means were at hand, it was the usual practice to hold them at the hatcheries until the natural food became scarce, then distribute the crop in the bass waters through- out the State. Invariably if the daphnia crop in the nursery ponds was plentiful, a large number of bass reached the stage where they required the live minnow. This demand soon depleted the minnow crop and the 36 only salvation was to plant the bass when very small. If the daphnia crop w-as low, less bass reached the minnow feeding stage. The minnows needed were proportionately less, and the bass were held until a later period. The survey of the fishing waters of the State has show-n that w^hile most of the larger streams and upper water sections of the rivers are smallmouth bass waters, there are more areas where the largemouth variety predominate than was formerly thought to be the case. Both species are being reared and planted. The species that are being stocked in the different waters are the kind that are at present predom- inating in the area. m V vr Water Aerators at Bellefonte Hatchery MINNOWS From what is known of the complex food cycle of the game fish living in a state of nature, it is assumed that the different species of minnows are intended to play a large part in furnishing them with food. A check list shows that there are approximately forty dift'crent species of inin- nows in the waters of Pennsylvania. One or more sjjecies is to be found in all waters inhabited by game fish. Certain gr()U])s are found almost exclusively in the cool mountain trout streams, other varieties are found in the large streams and rivers, where they constitute a food supply for the bass, pike, perch and other game fish. Still other varieties seem to be best suited to the lake and pond areas, where they again play an important part in the food cycle of the game fish. 37 The acts of man that have created many factors detrimental to the game fish have Hkewise decreased the minnow supply, and it is realized that mvariahly where a dense population of game fish is to be found, there will also be an abundance of minnows. This is particularlv out- standmg in the warm water fish areas. Alany of the lakes and ponds that once teemed with this valuable game fish food supply are almost void of this life. This condition has been brought about chiefly by the indiscriminate stocking of game fish in areas where nature did not intend them to be. The species stocked that were foreign to the areas have distributed the balance, or natural food cycle, placing a toll on the minnow life far beyond its abihty to withstand the demand put upon it. The conservationist has long recognized the value of the minnow and steps have been taken to increase the species. This has been done bv passing laws prohibiting the taking of minnows from public fishing waters for commercial purposes, and by restocking the depleted water. The stocking of the game fish waters with minnows is not as simple as might appear. While many different varieties are found throughout the State, only a few lend themselves to pond culture. Again many different species are limited in range to water having certain chemical require- ments. Large holding areas are required for the work, and heretofore this space has been considered more valuable for the growing of game fish. For a number of years the Board has not been able to grow minnows of the type suitable for stream stocking, and the fish stocked has been m the form of a small killafish secured in the lower Delaware River. Studies made of many of the streams stocked with these fish now lead the Board to believe that it is largely a waste of effort, as they have not, except in a few instances, gained a foothold in their new environment! After making a study of the range and habits of a number of stream minnows recently, the Board worked up a program to experiment with the artificial culture of the fall fish, or chubs (Semotilus Bullaris). This fish was chosen because it is found in the waters of most sections of the State. It IS at home in the trout waters as well as in the main stream areas. It grows to the length of twelve to fourteen inches. The ad- vantage in the size is that the adults, or the brood stock, once established are not apt to be exterminated by the game fish. Likewise, in some sections of tlic State, it is considered a game fish possessing game quali- ties, striking readily on fly in the early Spring. Various kinds of minnows and other so-called forage fish are found in the lakes and ponds. The golden shiner (Abramis Crvsoleucas) seems to predominate and to be best suited as a forage fish in the general scheme of life found in these areas. It spawns in the Spring of the year, so that Its offspring can l)e eaten bv the black bass, pickerel, pike, perch and yellow perch of the same season's hatch. Its spawning is extended oyer a period of four or five weeks, that is. not all the shiners in anv given pond deposit their eggs at the same time. This extended period brings on the hatching of these fish at intervals so that food is available for the small game fish throughout the entire year. While all kinds of 38 Interior of Hatching House at Reynoldsdale Hatchery Sorting Rainbow Trout at BeUefonte Hatchery 39 Ihe acts of man that have created manv factors detrimental to the Ifame lish have likewise decreased tlie minnow supplv. and it is reahzed that mvanal)ly where a dense popnlation of game hsh is to he found, there will also he an ahundance of minnows. This is particularlv out- standnig in the warm water fish areas. Many of the lakes and ponds that once teemed with this valuahle game fish food su|)ply are almost void of this life. 1'liis condition has1)een brought al)out chiefly hy the indiscriminate stocking of game fish in areas where nature did not intend them to he. The species stocked that were foreign to the areas have distri])uted the l)alance, or natural food cycle, placing a toll on the minnow life far beyond its aljility to withstand the demand ])ut upon it. The conservationist has long recognized the value of the minnow and steps have been taken to increase the species. This has been done by passmglaws prohibiting the taking (.f minnows from jmblic fishing waters fot; commercial ])urposes, and l)y restocking the depleted waten Ihe stockmg of the game fish waters with minnows is not as simi)le as might a])pear. While many different varieties are found throui^hout the State, only a few lend themselves tc» pond culture. Again manv different species are limited in range to water having certain chemical recjuire- nients. Large holding areas are recjuired for the work, and heretoft>re this space has been considered more valuable for the growinc^ of tranie fish. f* ?- For a number of years the Board has not been able to grow minnows ot the type suitable for stream stocking, and the fish stocked has 1)een in the form of a small killafish secured in the lower Delaware River. Studies made of many of the streams st«>cked with these fish now lead the Board to believe that it is largely a waste of eft'ort. as thev have not, except m a few instances, gained a foothold in their new en'vironment! After making a study of the range and hal)its c.f a number of stream minnows recently, the Biiard worked up a iirograni to experiment with tlie artificial culture of the fall fish, or chubs (Semotilus Bullaris). This hsh was chosen because it is found in the waters of most sections of the htate. It IS at home in the trout waters as well as in the main stream areas. It grows to the length of twelve to fourteen inches. The ad- vantage in the size is that the adults, (»r the brood stock, once established are not apt to lie exterminated 1>y the game fish. Likewise, in some sections of the State, it is considered a ganie fish possessing game (luali- ties, striking readily on fly in the early Spring. \'arious kinds of minnows and other so-called forage fish are found m the lakes and ponds. The g..l(len shiner (Abramis Crvsoleucas) seems to predominate and to be best suited as a forage fish in tlie general scheme of life found in these areas. It spawns in the Spring of tlie year so that its off'spriiig can be eaten by the black bass, ])ickere?, pike, perch' and yellow i)erch of the same season's hatch. Its spawning h exten.led oyer a period of four or f\vv weeks, that is. not all the >hiners in anv given pond deposit their eggs at the same time. This extended period brings on the hatching of these fish at intervals so that food is available tor the small ganu- fish throughout the entire year. While all kinds of 38 Interior of Hatching House at Reynoldsdale Hatchery ^-^ ::> iff*- .«*"■ Sorting Rainbow Trout at Bellefonte Hatchery 39 INTENTIONAL 2Nn HXPOSURE so-called forage fish compete to a more or less extent with the finer fish for food, of all of the minnows thus far studied that are adapted to ponds and lakes, the golden shiner is less apt to be a serious competitor. Its alimentary structure is such that it can subsist upon a wide range of food resources. Its intestines are exceptionally long, the gill rakers are long, fine and numerous. The tharyngeal teeth are provided with both terminal hooks and grinding surfaces. Studies made of the food con- tent of the golden shiner in Miller Pond, Wayne County, indicate that this fish quickly adjusts its food requirements to the available supply in the water area. When plankton was plentiful, this was found to be its chief food. In the early spring specimens were found to be feeding chiefly upon what appeared to be mere masses of mud, later upon snails, small fish, water muscles, and other young mollusks ; also various forms of algae was found in the stomach of a number that were examined. It is productive enough to survive under the toll that nature intended to be taken upon it, and when matured grows to a size not easily destroyed by game fish. The decrease of this fish in some waters, and its exter- mination in others is due chiefly to two reasons : First — the planting of voracious game fish species has placed the toll so great upon the minnow for food that it could not survive and perpetuate the race. Second — the golden shiner is looked upon by the live bait fisherman as ideal l^ait for lake fishing, the result being that many are annually taken from the waters for this purpose. The Board annually stocks many of the depleted waters with this fi^ and it is their opinion that insofar i^ providing lake and pond fishing is concerned, this is a most valuable program. These depleted areas are benefited more by stocking with food for the game fish than by planting more game varieties ; as in many instances, there is not sufficient food present to feed the fish that are now in the areas, and little, if any, benefit can be expected by stocking with additional ones. The number of minnows available for this purpose was very small as the majority were used as bass food at the hatcheries. Since the bass work has progressed to a point that the minnow is not needed to any extent for this purpose, the number in the future that will be available for stocking public waters will be greatly increased. MLSKELLUNGE The range of the nniskellunge is limited to a few lakes, ponds and streams in the Allegheny Watershed. ])articularly in the northwestern corner of the State. In recent year.s this fish has not been ])roduced at any of the State Hatcheries because there is no place where an egg crop can be obtained. The fish is quite plentiful in Lake Erie and the smaller ones run up the tributaries in the Spring of the year. During the drought period, the muskellunge, in a number of these streams, were landlocked, and in order to prevent them from perishing, were rescued and stocked in the waters adjacent that already contained this species. FROGS The frog plays a part in a continuous battle for existence among the diff^erent forms of life that daily takes place in and about the water areas. Its economic value insofar as the fishermen are concerned is because 40 Its enemies consist of almost all varieties of reptiles, birds and other anmials that prey upon fish life. The presence of large numbers of fro-s or tadpo es furnishes a large supply of food for these fish predator'^s which otherwise would be devouring the more valuable form of life' The bullfrog the largest of the Pennsylvania frogs, is also much soudit after by the frog hunters. In recent years probably more has been written about the artificial growing of the frog for commercial purposes than any other aquatic animal. For many years this Board experimented with this work and every undertaking proved an absolute failure. Manv frogs in the tad- pole stage are planted by the Commission. These afe not produced by artificial methods. At most of the hatcheries the large bullfrogs range at will in the various warm water ponds. Thev produce large quantities ot tadpoles. In the fall when the ponds are drkined, this crop is stocked with hsh that are being allotted to the same areas. It is difficult to de- termine the results o])tained from these plantings, but it is felt that in most instances these are negligible. If the stocking or handling of the tadpoles involved any great added expense to the distribution pro- grain. It would be discontinued. DISTRIBUTION In the early days of the hatcheries, the waters were stocked ])y the application method, whereby individuals interested in stocking waters made a request for fish on a designated form. When the fish were a^'ailable, the applications were honored and fish delivered by railroad to a point specified by the applicant. From this Edinboro Lake, Erie County 41 point, the applicant assumed all responsibility for the proper planting of the fish. Later motor trucks were used in place of the railroad, and during their early use, the application method was used, and the fish were delivered at a point on hard-surfaced roads near the waters to be stocked. By this method, many of the fish were planted in unsuitable waters, where the effort was an entire loss. Others were diverted from waters for which they were intended and planted in private or posted areas. Waters were stocked with voracious species of fish whereby the natural balance of existence was disturbed, doing a damage to our fishing waters that probably can never be corrected. Again, the distribution was very unfair. Many heavily fished areas received no fish, or very few, and many inferior streams were overstocked. Partly through ne- cessity, this wasteful method was continued until the spring of 1931. At this time the application method was dispensed with and the present plan inaugurated. Under the present method, all waters within the State have been surveyed and classified with respect to their suitability for stocking with different species of fish. With the information that the Board now has available on all waters of the State in stocking approved waters with the fish grown at the hatcheries, the amount each area receives is based largely upon the iol- lowing: (first) number of fish available at the hatcheries for liberation, (second) size of the body of water to be stocked, (third) the extent that the area is being fished. When the fish distribution is to be made, an active sportsmen's association is notified in advance of the arrival of the fish, and invited to assist with the planting oi^he fish, if they so desire, but the responsibility for the actual planting of the fish rests with the representative of the Board, who also operates the fish truck. FISH TANKS At the present time the Board has in use fifteen fish transportation tanks, with eleven additional ones now under construction. These tanks in addition to transporting fish in much better condition than the old transportation pails, greatly cut down the cost of fish transportation, as one tank hauls a fish load equal to three truckloads when the transporta- tion pails were in use. This method will eventually supersede the old system ol trucks equipped with Fearnow transportation pails. RESEARCH WORK In Jmte, 1935, the research laboratory and staff, along with the Field Office, was transferred from the Pleasant Mount Hatcherv to the Belle- fonte Plant, and space on the second floor of the hatchery building was set aside for this purpose. This brings all work nearer to the geograph- ical center of the State. In the past few years from a very small be- ginning, the laboratory equipment has been increased until at the present time equipment and a trained personnel is available to carry on many of the scientific problems confronting the Commission. Of course the field is so large and diversified that the cost of equipment and a per- sonnel to handle all problems would be prohibitive, but fortunately the Board's research work is carried on within eight miles of the Pennsyl- 42 vania State College, and whenever the Board has asked for assistance, the college staff has always shown a great willingness to cooperate. It is hoped that some time in the near future a laboratorv building can be built on the property at Bellefonte. In Pennsylvania, the control of the water pollution problem rests with the Sanitary Water Board, a branch of the Department of Health, but naturally the Board of Fish Commissioners is vitally interested in the pollution of the water and its effect upon aquatic life. ' As a coopera- tive measure between the two branches of the Government, the Sanitary Water Board has established a field station in the Board's laboratory at Bellefonte where their engineer can work in conjunction with the Fish Commission on many pollution problems. Problems that have been worked on recentlv are : Fish feeding ex- periments—to endeavor to find cheaper fish food ;— the natural food of the golden shiner minnow— one of the principal forage fish of the lakes and ponds; classification of the water of the State from a chemical standpoint, with special reference to alkalinity, and quantative studies of the natural food in trout streams. Considerable time has been spent endeavoring to improve on the artificial culture of Daphnia. Upon the ability to produce this valuable fish food in large quantities when needed depends the success of the black bass, sunfish and catfish work. Thus far the work has proven fairly successful and practical, so much so, that in addition to the large daphnia units at Pleasant Mount, one has been installed at Union City, Torresdale, Tionesta, and Spring Creek. The Board has already made a physical survey of all waters of the State and classified these waters for stocking with fish. However, constant changes such as drought, pollution, etc., are constantly taking place with the result that re-surveys are frequently necessary so that the stream and pond records arc v^ to date. MAINTENANCE During this period the hatchery properties were kept in their usual good state of repair. The major maintenance item consisted of the painting of all buildings at the hatcheries, repairing concrete work on aqueduct ponds at Pleasant Mount Hatdiery, and rebuilding a series of concrete pools at the Corry Hatchery. 43 THE SHAD IN PENNSYLVANIA Last mention of the shad was made in the 1928 report. The con- struction of the dam at Conowingo, Maryland, prechided the possibiHty of shad in the upper Susquehanna and insofar as the Delaware was concerned, they were seldom taken except in the lower bay. The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries reports the shad fishing industry that formed an important part of the springtime life of early New Yorkers made a tremendous rise during the Spring of 1938, and within the shadow of ^Manhattan skyscrapers between two and three million pounds were taken. Good catches were also made in the Connecticut River, and from reports of this Commission, thousands of shad were taken in the Dela- ware as far up as Milford, Pike County. It is hoped the condition of the river will continue to be favorable so that this once grand industrv can be revived. Attributed to their disappearance were many contributing factors; the chief one being the heavy industrialization of the large rivers. It will be interesting to look forward to what future investigations will develop. Ridley Creek, Near Media, Delaware County 44 LAW ENFORCEMENT Several hundred arrests were made each year for violations of the Fish Laws (see Statistical Data for classification). Prior to September 1, 1935, in the prosecution of flagrant violations of the law, it was only possible to hold the defendant for the amount of the fine prescribed % law, and he was at liberty to continue fishing. At the 1935 Session, the sportsmen were fortunate in having written into the Fish Code a section giving the Board power to revoke licenses for violations of the Fish Laws — one year for the first offense, two or more years for the second. This means enforcement is on a much higher plane than previously as the offender who under the old laws could immediately purchase a new license wiU now be faced with the possibility of revocation of his license. The Board employs thirty-eight (38) regular men — this indeed is rather a small force when it is considered there are sixty-seven counties in Pennsylvania. It means some of the men must patrol several coun- ties (see accompanying chart). While an increased force would no doubt be desirable, it would not be possible under the present revenue, unless we curtail hatching, propa- gation, distribution, etc. A glance at the pie chart mJ^^tatistical data of this report will give you the picture as it is. The Officers' Training School has been in operation for several years and has greatly increased the efficiency of the force. The fact that the school has been located at Spring Creek, our largest hatchery, has given the men an opportunity to become familiar with all phases of the Board's operations, and the results have been clearly reflected in their work. We believe the protection force is doing an excellent job and while their primary function is that of a police officer, the Board is fortunate in having men who make good-will agents and can conduct themselves before a group of sportsmen with not only credit to themselves but the Commission. When it is considered they are also required to make stream and lake surveys for the Chief Fish Culturist, it goes without saying that in choosing men for the service, it must be with the thought of employing those who are physically fit, and willing to make a life studv of this work. The age limit as set bv the Board is fortv. The duties of a regular warden are — patrol streams, lakes and ponds for violations of fish laws; conduct investigations of unusual conditions as reported by individuals ; interview fishermen as to catches ; study stream conditions ; make investigation on all pollution cases in which fish are killed ; contact groups interested in conservation and maintain good will for Board ; survey streams and lakes as to suitability for fish : assist in distributing fish upon notification from hatchery; investigate applicants for special fish warden's commissions ; perform related work as required. 45 VINIOMIA 1S3M 46 LEGISLATION The two outstanding accomplishments insofar as legislation is con- cerned were the amendments to the Fish Code which permitted the Board to set up rules and regulations governing size, season and creel limits, and the enactment of a Pure Streams Bill administered by the Department of Health, Sanitary Water Board. Briefly, they provide as follows: AUTHORITY GRANTED THE BOARD— Under the amendment to Section 251 the Board has the authority to set up each year rules and regulations governing fishing in its inland waters insofar as size, season and number are concerned. For many years the sportsmen have fought for a bill of this kind, but it was not until the 1937 Session of the Legislature that it was made possible. In 1937 immediate action was taken to set up rules and regulations for 1938. They were as follows : SIZE— SEASON— BAG LIMIT— 1938 Section 251 of the Act of May 2, 1925, as amended, provides the Fish Commission with authority to reduce or increase open seasons, creel, possession, size and season limits in any of the waters of the Commonwealth, which in its judgment is necessary to conserve the future supply of fish. The following changes are hereby set up govern- ing fishing in the inland waters, both private and public for 1938 : INLAND WATERS OPEN SEASONS, SIZE, NUMBER, ETC. Trout — Charr, commonly called bro^ trout, or any species of trout except lake or salmon. Season: April 15 to July 31. Sise: Not less than six inches. Number: (One day) combined s^tes; Ten. Trout — Lake or Salmon. Season: July 1 to September 29. Sise: No size. Number: (One day) Eight. Bass — Small and large mouth. Season: July 1 to November 30. Size: Not less than ten inches. Number: (One day) combined species: Six. Bass— White, Crappie, Strawberrv or Calico. Season: July 1 to November 30. Sise: No size. Number: (One day) combined species: Fifteen. Pike Perch — Otherwise called wall-eved pike or Susquehanna Salmon. Season: July 1 to November 30. Sice: Not less than twelve inches. Number: (One day) Six. 47 Pickerel Season: July 1 to November 30. Sise: Not less than twelve inches. Number: (One day) Eight. MusKELLUNGE — (Western and Northern Pike.) Season: July 1 to November 30. Sise: Not less than twenty-two inches. Number: (One day) Two. Yellow Perch Season: Any time of year. Sise: No size. Number: (One day) Fifteen. Rock Bass — Otherwise known as red-eye or goggle-eye. Season: Any time of year. Sise: No size. Number: (One day) Fifteen. SUNFISH BluEGILLS Season: Any time of yeztf, Sise: No size. :; Number: (One day) Fifteen. Catfish Season: Any time of year. Sise: No size. Number: (One d^) I'lfteen. Suckers Season: Any time of year. Sise: No size. Number: (One day) Fifteen. Chubs Season: Any time of year. Sise: No size. Number: (One day) Fifteen. Fallfish Season: Any time of yeaf. Sise: No size. Number: (One day) Fifteen. Carp Season: Any time of year. Sise: No size. Number: (One day) Fifteen. Daily combined creel and possession limit — All of above species: Twenty-five. Example : If a fisherman caught ten Trout, six Bass and nine Sun- fish, he would have caught his possession limit for one day, and he could not do any more fishing on that day. 48 Eels Season: Any time of year. Sise: No size. Number: Unlimited. All other species of fish including BAITFISH, not specifically men- tioned, fifty in one day, can be taken at any time of the year with legal devices, and have no size limit. Bait-Fish or Fish-Bait Season: Any time of year (Sunday — rod and line only), 5"/^^; No size. Number: (One day) Fifty. Frogs Season: July 2 to October 31, Sunday excepted. Sme: No size. Number: (One day) Twenty-five. Not more than fifty in any one season. Tadpoles Season: July 2 to October 31, Sunday excepted. SiM0: No size. Number: (One day) Twenty-five. Terrapin Season: November 2 to March 14, Sunday excepted. Sise: Xo size. Number: (One day) Five. Not more than fifty in any one season. (In the seasons as above stated, both dates are inclusive.) 49 ANALYSIS OF PURE STREAMS BILL Briefly stated, the analysis of the hill suhstantially re-enacted the present Purity of Waters Act of 1905, omitting the penalty therein im- posed on municipalities, and extended the provisions thereof to include industrial polluters. It incorporated the provisions of the Pure Streams Bill of 1933, which provisions are designed to multiply the enforcement agencies by enabling local communities to assist in the work of cleaning up and protecting streams. There being also the added advantage of preventing a State Board from granting the special privileges which result from non-action against favorite polluters. By enabling officials of the local community to thus take part in the program of cleaning up the streams, it relieved the State Treasury from assuming the entire burden which could only be met by a tremendous increase in appro- priation of funds to the Sanitary \Vater Board, of the Department of Health, under whose jurisdiction all matters on pollution must be referred. Analysis of the bill follows : ARTICLE I Section 1. Sets forth the definitions of certain words used in the act as loUovvs: Sewage — excrementitious discharges from humans and animals. Industrial waste — any liquid or solid substance not sewage, resulting from manufacturing or industry. Waters — all rivers, creeks, springs, ponds and lakes, natural or arti- ficial, within and e regarded as unconstitutional and as conferring no right on the public to fish from the shores or stream bed of a private stream or from the banks or shores of a public stream. Very truly yours, GROVER C. LADNER, Deputy Attorney General. STREAM IMP^^EMENT One of the mort recent methods introduced in the State of Penn- sylvania for the conservation of our fish life is the farming of our streams or what is commonly known as stream improvement. The thought back of this movement is to provide better shelter and more suitable homes for game and forage fish, also aquatic life, as it is absolutely necessary to have food if we hope to increase and provide good fi>hing. This has long been the practice in Great Britain and other foreign countries, but is relatively new in Pennsylvania. In the fall of 1933 and the spring of 1934, the first stream improve- ment in I'cmisylvania was done by the Board of Fish Commissioners in that i)orti()n of S])ring Creek. Centre County, which is on the prop- erty of the Fish Commission, and comprised approximately a mile and a quarter of stream. This being a new venture in conservation, the stream was developed with the thought in mind of making an improve- ment for future study and reference so that it might serve as a model for future work on the streams in other sections of the State. 64 65 right of the ()\vner of the land to deny the puhhc the right to fish suhject to h'abihty for any actual damage done in tresi)assing. Or, as suggested in the case of Rockefeller v. Laniora, 83 X. V. S. 289. stocking at the request of the owner may well be regarded as tantamount to a dedica- tion to the public of the right to fish. To summarize, therefore, we are of the opinion : 1. That the Voughiogheny River is a public stream and the right exists m the public to fish from the bed of the stream or by boat off shore. 2. That where an owner of a private stream or owners of land l)ordering a public stream make or join in an application to the Board of Fish Commissioners for the stocking of the stream flowing through or by their land, they may be regarded as having waived their consti- tutional right to object to fishing from their shores and as to them. Sec- tion 254 of the Fish Code may be regarded as constitutional. 3. In other cases, however, where the stocking is done by the Com- monwealth or the Board of Fish Commissioners without request or application by said owners of bordering land. Section 254 must be regarded as unconstitutional and as conferring no right on the public to fish from the shores or stream bed of a private stream or from the banks or shores of a public stream. \'erv trulv vours. GRONER C. LADXER. Deputy Attorney General. STREAM IMPROVEMENT One of the most recent methods introduced in the State of Penn- sylvania for the conservation of our fish life is the farming of our streams or what is commonly known as stream improvement. The thought 1>ack of this movement is to provide Ijetter shelter and more suitable homes for game and forage fish, also aquatic life, as it is a1)solutelv necessary to have food if we h()])e to increase and provide good fi-hiiig. This has long been the practice in Great Britain and other foreign countries, but is relatively new in Pennsylvania. In the fall of 1933 and the spring of 1934, the first stream improve- ment in I'ennsylyania was done by the Board of Fish Commissioners in that pimkm of^S])ring Creek, Centre Coinity, which is on the prop- erty of the Fish Comniission. and comprised a^iproximately a mile and a (juarter of stream. This being a new venture in conservation, the stream was devel(»]>e(l with the th- d 2 z yj O 5 -I a> S GL ^ r < -^ 1: *^ UJ S « s J a c^ I* s o H 2 b Q CO UJ ~ UJ . t 1 a Oi >■ 3 i r !< a I.. 9 ! II ?*- Hi?' mi 67 In the s!ow-moving, or sluggish stream, the opposite procedure is gen- erally used. That is, using the type of devices which will speed up the water and in turn make the oxygen condition much better for the fish. One point that must be guarded against on both types of stream is to nistall the devices so they will protect rather than^ cause bank erosion and the undermining of the root system of live trees bordering the streams. In carrying out this work, in order to keep the cost down so as to be able to do the work with the limited funds available, it is necessary to do the work with the kind of material that is available along the streams, with the result that the devices used have been designed so Deflectors and Boom — Lancaster County they can be constructed of either wood or stone or a combination of both. A brief description of the devices used is as follows : Type "A," or what is known as a water jack dam, is one of the most successful devices used in the improvement of streams, and when con- structed with any reasonable degree of workmanship, stays in the stream and will last for several years. The primarv result from a dam of this type is the retarding of the water and washing out of a hole niimediately below the dam, which with the shelter given by the dam provides an excellent place for fish. The water created above the dam is secondary, as this is generally a place where silt and erosion will deposit, therefore, it has a short life, but can be helped by the installa- tion in the area itself of deflectors which help keep a deep channel through the dam. In locating this or anv other type of dam, i^ is always necessary to have the necessary freeboard or sufficient' bank height at the location where the dam is built so there will be no possi- bility of the stream cutting a new channel around the dam. 68 • Other types of dams, or retards, such as Types C, G, H, J and K, [are used for the retarding of the water, and the type used is generally ^selected that is best adapted to the conditions and the material avail- *able for the work. Deflectors and Bank Fills to Create Depth In Shallow Portion and Increase Current — Fishing Creek — Lancaster County Deflectors — Lancaster County lypes B, D. E and I are the devices that are used in the slow-moving stream for the s])eeding up of the water and the stopping of bank erosion. They can be used successfully in the harnessing of water so it will create a channel in the shallow riftie section of the streams and 69 In the s!o\v-ni()vino-. or sluj^^oisli stream, the opposite procedure is gen- erally used. That is, using the type of devices which will speed up the water and ni turn make the oxygen condition much hetter for the tish One ])oint that must he guarded against on hoth tvpes of stream is to nistall the devices so they will protect rather than" cause hank erosion and the undermining of the root system of live trees horderin**- the streams. ' '^ In carrying out this work, in order to keep the cost down so as to l)e ahle to do the work with the limited funds availahle. it is necessary to do the work with the kind of material that is availahle along the streams, with the result that the devices used have h-en desiim^d so Deflectors and Boom — Lancaster County they can be wonstructed of either wood or stone or a conihinaticm of b(»th. A brief description of the devices used is as folli»ws: Type **A," or what is known as a water jack dam, is one of the most successful devices used in the iniprovenient of streams, and when cc»n- structed with any reasonable degree of workmanship, stavs in the su-eam and will last for several years. The primarv result frbm a dam uf this type is the retarding of the ^ater and washing out of a hole immediately l»low the dam, which with the shelter given by the dam provides an excellent place for fish. The water created abo^ the dam m secondary, as this is generally a place where silt and erosion will dq)osit. therefore, it has a short life, but can be helped by the installa- tK.n m the area itself of deflectors which help keep a 'deep channel through the dam. In locating this or any other type of dam, !♦ is always necessary to have the necessary freeboard or sufficient* bank height at the locatie(l is generally ^selected that is hest adapted to the conditions and the material avail- *^al)le fur the work. Deflectors and Bank Fills to Create Depth In Shallow Portion and Increase Current — Fishing Creek — Lancaster County Deflectors — Lancaster County I ypes li. I). I-, and I nrc the dcvico that arc u>v'\ in tlu' -Inw-ninving stri'ani lor tlic >pt'e(ling up of the water and iIr- >l(t]>]i!ng of hank erosion. Ilit-y can Isc ummI >ucce>>fully in the harne>>ing of wairr -o it will criaic a channel in the >liallow riffle >ection of the >treain> ancl thereby create a way for the migration of fish during the low-water stage. It IS very important in constructing devices of this type that they be huilt so they control the normal flow of the stream which is the governing agent as to what height they should be built. Types L and F are used in providing cover for fish and in stopping the erosion of the bank in bends of the stream. These together with the sunken triangular log cover and the anchoring of stumps with the root system, form a very good type of cover. As there are plenty of good deep holes in the streams at the present time which are lacking the necessary cover to make it a habitat for fish, in such cases the mstallation of some type of cover is necessary. As to how to proceed to improve a stream seems to be a question as each stream presents an individual problem, and although the principle remains the same, the application of the devices will determine what the results will be. Before starting the work it is necessary to make a study of the stream and observe the conditions as they exist and let that be your guide in the types of devices which are to be installed It is also necessary that the work be installed in a good permanent man- ner and in such a way that it will stand high water and the moving out of the ice in the spring of the vear where this condition is en- countered. There is evidence this can be done, as on many of our streams there is the remains of old splash dams and log cribbing which were constructed at the time when the virgin timber was taken from our forests and in many cases were built fifty to sixty years ago and •built of the type of construction which we are employing in the imorov- mg of the streams. ^ "HLANT A WILLOW" DRIVE ^ Cover and more cover. That, apparently, is one of the first requi- sites to ])e considered in the stream improvement campaign in Pennsyl- vania. Briefly, more cover, brush and trees fringing trout waters, may be a deciding factor in increasing their carrying capacitv for trout. Additional shade will aid in holding down the water temperature dur- ing hot summer months ; interlacing tree roots will help to prevent soil erosion, the washing of sediment in large quantities into streams trom the banks, and finally, additional foliage will serve as cover for insect life that, falling upon the water, « such an important forage asset for trout. ^ In advocating the planting of willow shoots, as first suggested by the late Dr. Leslie W. Seylar, member of the Board, the Fish Commission beheves that a major and vital step will have been taken toward increas- mg stream cover. At a recent meeting of the Board, a resolution was passed to sponsor a State-wide "Plant a Willow" campaign. In this resolution the Board urged that wherever possible, weeping willows be planted, as they are more symmetrical and longer lived. Under a tentative plan adopted, wardens of the Board will contact all persons making inquiry concerning the planting of willow trees ^0 and give information where necessary. Where willow shoots are not available for planting, the Board will furnish these sLotfand everv possible assistance will be given in planting them Mealw land^s particularly adaptable for the planting of these picturesquftTelr and rt has been suggested that the shoots should be planted at intervds of fifty feet, unless unusual conditions warrant closer planting or plan in^ opeT:?^^^^^ The thought expressed is that'the lan'dolnTr co' operating in the campaign to increase cover on our streams should follow their own discretion in doing so. sireams snould At the Spring Creek stream improvement and trout raising proiect near Bellefonte, Centre County, many willow shoots were plfnt^ed re- cently and are expected to increase the effectiveness of coniprehensive improvements already made at the site through providing niore shore Linked closely as it is with the stream improvement campaign the movement now under way to further increase stream cover is elpected to be a vital factor in the drive for better fishing. "In view of the improvements enumerated," writes Dr. Sevlar "the unquestioned betterment of fishing, the beautifying of every slream bank where willow shoots or limbs can be planted, may we not ask for the active cooperation of every school, every Boy Scout Troop everv organization of outdoor life of whatever kind or nature, and the' heart v cooperation of every publication in giving publicity to the matter " FOR BETTER FISHING— KILL THE WATERSNAKE Of natural foes to fish life in Pennsylvania waters, the watersnake ranks first. As fish enemy No. 1, it has few serious rivals. Of course, there is that gluttonous reptile, the snapping turtle, individually capable of destroying in a single season more fish than a watersnake, but so abundant is the latter on many of our lakes, ponds, warm water creeks, rivers and trout streams, that the total fish kill by watersnakes is far in excess of that by any other group of predators. From the time it emerges from hibernation in early spring until it again goes into a dormant state in autumn, a watersnake is an active agent of destruction to aquatic life. So varied is its diet that few species of fishes, if any, •escape its depredations. At the present time, despite campaigns dur- ing the summer to reduce the number of these reptiles, there are still •too many on most of our fishing streams. Several characteristics combine to make this slender, graceful reptile a terror in any water it inhabits. First, it is capable of swallowing an object of much greater circumference than itself, its elastic jaws spread- ing to accommodate the size of the prey that has been captured. Sec- ond is its almost uncanny method of capturing fish. Occasionally, a snake on the alert for food will lie quietly on the bed of a stream, its coloration aiding in concealment. In effect, it may resemble a stick of wood. A fish swimming above it is struck swiftly, often on the pec- toral, anal or tail fin. In its frantic efforts to escape the captor, the 71 fish tires rapidly, and when an opportunity is presented, the snake secures a tailhold on an object near shore, dragging its victim from the water. Larger fish are often taken in this way. On trout waters, the snake has an equally effective method of secur- ing food, particularly during periods of low water. By nature timid fish, trout at the first sign of danger seek refuge beneath an overhang- ing bank, rock or other shelter. There the watersnake experiences little difficulty in cutting off their escape. This habit on warm water streams is in part accountable for the large number of stone catfish taken by snakes in areas where the "stone rollers" are abundant. In streams where brook trout occur, instances are on record at the Fish Commission of the killing of reptiles containing from six to eight trout, some of them above legal size. Another important forage area for the watersnake is the shoreline. Frogs, toads and lizards from this portion of its range add variety to its diet. Impelled by hunger, its audacity is frequently amazing. A live net containing fish will sometimes lure it to the attack even while a fisherman is standing by. Again, it will seek entrance to a box con- taining bait fish and succeeding, gorge itself upon them. An extremely high birth rate is the third contributing factor to the watersnake's ranking as a fish predator. A mature female will often brmg forth from thirty to forty young, usually in late August or early September. Born alive, these young are active little creatures almos't from the instant of their birth. Fortunately for the supply of fish, they are preyed upon by many birds and animals, whUe even Mi will destroy them. In streams recently stocked with trout, the watersnake is capable of playing havoc before the fish have become accustomed to their changed environment. Owing to their destructiveness, fishermen interested in trout fishing will definitely benefit this sport by thinning down the num- ber of watersnakes on trout waters approved for stocking by the Fish Commission. Our waters today are being subjected to a constantly increasing strain, in direct ratio to the rapid growth in number of fishermen. This condition is in direct contrast to that prevailing in primitive Pennsyl- vania. When the red man relied upon our inland streams and lakes as a major source of food supply, the vast quantity of various species of native fishes was almost inconceivable. Some idea of this abundance may be had from consulting reports of early historians. Wrote one, in commenting on the great migrations of shad, herring and sturgeon in the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers, ''so immense were the multi- tudes of these fish that the still waters seemed to fill with eddies while the shallows were beaten into foam by them as they struggled to reach their spawning grounds." In the colder streams of mountain and low- land were charr or brook trout in abundance, while smaller streams, tributary to the great rivers, abounded in suckers, pickerel, catfish and other native species. The inroads of natural predators such as the watersnake, belted king- fisher, blue heron and mink served a vital purpose in this primitive 72 * W^'" ' S '\ W^^^M 1 "'■■'" 1 :d ^^^H ^ es. w .,. .V • *H I** ' 1k^4 ^^"^ *M» JWSmM^^t^^BtM "' ? ' 4 ^')xl^^'%C%V ti^bpbi^bibi P .-■■' • a wemmt^s^^: MKM-w ,^ vmmmm * *^ i^ * . ' kX.,: "-^t-. a^'J%.i^,..<#ll. ^^¥w^ '. .% ^ i a> %. • ^ 6 k Ifi' ' ^W * ' ^ f * W^^^ ^ "^^ . ■• % "" „# , n} J W:^ ^ «Mit.^ •- m. '■^'' :;:#'... bO « * 1' % m^^ \ r \ o u I— 1 i! -i 4t suhl M "i^^-^'^i ^ *^KKI^ B » (0 ..M:--^.- %A *m^mJ' . i^iE .,.:::, •*J m pIB^^H^^B ^^Wf "^ ^^^^^^^1 >» ■p^lis^ ^^^^^^■^■^^^^^^B wC ^dH »#* ^ :■: 1 (0 JC'-JOS^ * .4 - 3 c :;^irm:-';% 1 -^ i/ ^ 4 t?fc-^^'^ ' ' > J >» % \ A'm,.^ * *^.f -'%. 4> 6^ H ^ M 9 1h n T ^ r h >■' ^^ -^ CO " %^B **1 J^ > *^ ■;> .K ts % .4.J m .' ^1 i 3Ja \ ■ I * » '^ *^ ° y j*"*^'* .; t> f LA. >^'*- ... *.«^ \V ■ . . '_ _ja "^^ ^v* ^k, .o !^ w t-l '-I u M i " ''^^s^^i''^ .^^H \"\ .%* ' ^^V ^ k yr K f i^W'^W - ^^H f^"* ;# y - ^ x^ <:•- 5* J% ^^m^^MSk'^ ^ * HP |#^ t V ^ CO 7 .V4 hS, : i \ 0) > ul^ ^ 1 • \. ^ 9^^ 4^ '^m ^^^ fLk .m 1*' V *g ■i.i .. ' 3^HR. *V& i *•%». U IM ^"■v. S a> '^V i ^^\ m'w^ % * \ ^ 4* •"tS *^ \ %«».*--i" "^i^ ■ M< K| ^^ ' *_ ■* x: ^ ^ik. #^^ ^^% -i^mWi '^7k WL ^^^ ^^^**N». w ar ^|i..-'^... , .^ ^7^ T « s, '-Sk iS*^B^w 4 y= (0 t •• O^^*^ \ 2-2 ^ o ¥^ '' » ■^'^, » ^ t '''--, > , . J^ 111*- -■**^- ■•■*«^'^ -^i-»: : >-«l. ■^x. u 3 (0 T3 to ■■■ '«''^. 2; 73 fish tires rapidly, and when an opportunity is presented, the snake secures a tailhold on an object near shore, dragging its victim from the water. Larger fish are often taken in this way. On trout waters, the snake has an equally effective method of secur- ing food, particularly during periods of low water. By nature timid fish, trout at the first sign of danger seek refuge beneath an overhang- ing bank, rock or other shelter. There the watersnake experiences little difiiculty in cutting off their escape. This habit on warm water streams is in part accountable for the large number of stone catfish taken by snakes in areas where the "stone rollers" are abundant. In streams where brook trout occur, instances are on record at the P^ish Commission of the killing of reptiles containing from six to eight trout, some of them above legal size. Another important forage area for the watersnake is the shoreline. Frogs, toads and lizards from this portion of its range add variety to its diet. Impelled by hunger, its audacity is frequentlv amazing. A live net containing fish will sometimes lure it to the attack even while a fisherman is standing by. Again, it will seek entrance to a box con- taining bait fish and succeeding, gorge itself upon them. An extremely high birth rate is the third contributing factor to the watersnake's ranking as a fish predator. A mature female will often brnig forth from thirty to forty young, usually in late August or early September. Born alive, these young are active little creatures almos't from the instant of their birth. Fortunately for the supplv of fish, they are preyed upon by many birds and animals', while even fish will destrov them. In streams recently stocked with trout, the watersnake is capable of playing havoc before the fish have become accustomed to their changed environment. Owing to their destructiveness, fishermen interested'' in trout fishing will definitely benefit this sport by thinning down the num- ber of watersnakes on trout waters approved' for stocking by the Fish Commission. Our waters today are being subjected to a constantly increasing strain, in direct ratio to the rapid growth in number of fishermen. This condition is in direct contrast to that prevailing in primitive Pennsyl vania. When the red man relied upon our inland streams and lakes'as a major source of food supply, the vast quantity of various species of native fishes was almost inconceivable. Some idea of this abundance may be had from consulting reports of earlv historians. Wrote one, in commenting on the great migrations of shad, herring and sturgeon* in the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers, "so immense were the" nudti- tudes of these fish that the still waters seemed to fill with eddies while the shallows were beaten into foam by them as they struggled to reach their spawning grounds." In the colder streams of mountain and low- land were charr or brook trout in abundance, while smaller streams, tributary to the great rivers, abounded in suckers, pickerel, catfish and other native sj)ecies. The inroads of natural predators such as the watersnake, belted king- fisher, blue heron and mink served a vital purpose in this prinntive 72 f 'i ' ^'j. ^%/;s^^^ ^ '#S^^ ^'" sl- *^^^.»i m iA \\^ 1^ »-4» ^.- * A •■' l*-^'- J, .*<' ^>.^ P^' >*' ^:-'^X r< '^'j .«».'». Ai f ' ■*>^ ^'^/^. :4%it'- V i <- -^ .* -«r' :;;-T«*; t *!>i^>- ^^ 1^4... "^ %s- ■-T %ii<, 73 IJiift-'fi'^-'i "raiii'^firr1-°-" INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE setup. Preying upon fish life that swarmed in the fresh water, they served as an all-important countercheck in preserving the balance of nature. Pollution then was an unknown factor, not the major menace it is today. The comparatively few red men who skillfully devised methods of trapping, spearing and hook-and-line fishing were a mere handful in contrast with our present army of fishermen. A vast chain- work of waters teeming with fish life was available to the Indian fisher- man, while today pollution has reduced this available fishing area dras- tically. As a result, modern anglers must concentrate for their sport on comparatively few streams. Obviously, this means overfishing in most instances. This rather brief comparison of two periods, one primitive, the other modern, is given to emphasize just why the watersnake ranks as a real obstacle in the drive to achieve better fishing here in Pennsylvania. It no longer may be regarded as an important cog in natural balance, for our available fishing waters, as stated before, today are almost without exception being subjected to the drain of overfishing. To replenish waters depleted annually, the Fish Commission has a system of ten great fish farms and their output is essential in maintaining good fish- mg. With a yearly catch of millions of game, food and forage fishes by our anglers, infestation of warm water and trout streams by water- snakes may easily be the balancing point between fair and good fishing. I hese destructive reptiles, if too numerous, are definitely out of place in the modern angling picture. Not in the capture of larger game and food fishes alone, however, is the watersnake in its most dangerous role. The bass, a voracious game fish, are exacting an increasingly heavy toll on minnows, stone catfish and other forage fishes. And since watersnakes also make heavy in- roads on the various species of minnows and stone catfish as well as the young of suckers, bullheads, yellow perch and others, their abun- dance in any body of water is highly detrimental. In the watersnake campaigns conducted, the sportsmen had an active part. Organized drives were conducted in many sections and thoi^ sands of snakes were killed. Equally important were the efforts of junior conservationists and for each boy who qualified by presentin*' conclusive proof that he had killed ten snakes during the year, an appropriate bronze medal inscribed "Junior Conservationist" 'was awarded. Response to this plan by boys throughout the State was enthusiastic and many qualified for the badges. Not only is snake hunting of definite benefit to Pennsylvania's aquatic life, but it serves to keep the '^shooting eye" of the average sportsman in trim for the hunting season. The head of a watersnake just visible above the stream surface as the reptile glides through the water is certainly not an easy target in small-caliber rifle shooting and offers possibilities aplenty for sharpshooting. Mustard seed shot in the small-caliber load is also used to deadly advantage. The following rules govern the "Junior Conservationists" water- snake campaign : 74 ser^rti^o^d:];" ""^'"^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^-^^^^ ^- -^ -^ the con. Any Boy Scout who kills his quota of ten watersnakes will report the killing to he scoutmaster in charge of his troop. In turn the scout- master will notify the Fish Commission and he will be awarded a medal if he reports, on his honor, the killing of ten or more Ses to a fish warden, game protector or official of a sportsmen's organization length.*"^^^' ^"^ ^' ^""^^'^^ "' ^^'' ^""^^^ ^^^^'"^^ "'"'^ ^^ twelve inches in in \i \^^'^'^^'\ that a great many boys who have taken keen interest in the killing of watersnakes to better Pennsylvania fishing are already qualified to receive one of these Conservation Medals PYMATUNING RESERVOIR A vast new lake, Pymatuning, is now open to fishermen in north- western Pennsylvania. It is located about forty miles south of Lake Lne, and with an elevation of 1,000 feet above sea level, is 430 feet higher than Lake Erie. To our great army of fishermen, completion ot the I ymatuning Reservoir is of momentous importance. With a shoreline of seventy miles, a total area of 16,420 acres, and a water capacity of 64,275,000 gallons, this giant artificial lake is the largest inland body of water in Pennsylvania, Of its total area, about 5,000 Opening Day — Pymatuning Reservoir 75 acres, or one-quarter of its acreage, is in the State of Ohio. The reservoir is located in Crawford County, and its primary objective is to serve as a storage area for sufficient water at all seasons of the year for domestic and industrial use in communities on the Beaver and Shenango Rivers. Pymatuning is a Delaware Indian word meaning "The Crooked Mouthed Man's Dwelling Place." The name of the Shenango River, rising in the great Pymatuning Swamp, is also of Indian origin, "Che- nango," meaning "Bull Thistle. " Looking South from the Andover Fill Towards Dam The following facts concerning the reservoir should be of interest to fishermen. Its tributary streams drain an area of 160 square miles. The total length is sixteen miles, average width one and six-tenth.% miles ; greatest width, two and two-tenths miles ; maximum depth, thirty-five feet, and length of shoreline, seventy miles. The main dam spans the Shenango River near the Crawford-Mercer County line, about one and a half miles above Jamestown. It is of a type known as rolled earth embankment, and its total length, including the road and spillway, is about 2,400 feet. The maximum height is fifty feet. Pymatuning is regarded as one of the best examples of water conservation in the United States, according to the Department of Forests and Waters. Let us compare this new lake with four other bodies of water in Penn- sylvania and New York. Prior to Pymatuning's construction, Lake 76 Wallenpaupack in Pike and Wayne Counties was the largest lake in the State. It covers an area nearly three times as large as that of Wallenpaupack, but contains a water volume slightly under that retained by Wallenpaupack. In area it is eighteen times larger than Conneaut Lake in Crawford County. In comparison to Pymatuning's shoreline of seventy miles, Chautauqua Lake, a famous summer resort in New York State, has a shoreline of thirty-nine miles; the Ashokan Reser- voir, part of New York City's vvater supply, has a shoreline of forty miles, and Lake Wallenpaupack, a shoreline of forty-five miles. Conneaut ■ m Men and Women Fishing — Opening Day at Pymatuning Lake*s shoreline is seven miles. Chautauqua's total area is 13,568 acres, the Ashokan area, 8,700 acres ; Wallenpaupack, 5,760 acres, and that of Conneaut, 928 acres. Clearing the Pymatuning Swamp in preparation for flooding was a gigantic undertaking. Brush and timber in an area of almost 8,000 acres had to be cut, five miles of State highways were relocated, twenty- five miles of township roads were submerged, and two and one-half miles of railroad embankments were raised. The construction work was supervised by Chief Engineer Charles E. Ryder and George S. Beal, Chief of the Bureau of Dams, Department of Forests and Waters. Clearing operations were under the direction of Ralph J. Ferris, Field Engineer, The reservoir comprises two basins, separated by the Penn- sylvania Railroad and the State highway to Linesville. The railroad 77 acres, or one-quarter of its acreage, is in the State of Ohio. The reservoir is located in Crawford County, and its ])riniary ohjcctive isto serve as a storai^c area for sufficient water at all seasons of the year for domestic and industrial use in conmuniities on the Heaver and Shenango Ivivers. INniatuning is a Delaware Indian word meaning ''The Crooked Mouthed Man's Dwelling Place." The name of the Shenango River, risinull Thistle. Wallenpaupack in Pike and Wayne Counties was the largest lake in the State. It covers an area nearly three times as large as that of Wallenpaupack. hut contains a water volume slightly under that retained hy Wallenpaupack. In area it is eighteen times larger than Conneaut Lake in Crawford County. In comi^u-ison to Pymatuning's shoreline of seventy miles, Chautaucjua Lake, a famous summer resort in Xew York State, has a shoreline of thirty-nine miles; the Ashokan Reser- voir, part of Xew York City's uater sup])ly. has a shoreline of f(jrtv miles, and Lake WallenpcUii)ack, a shoreline of forty-five miles. Conneaut Looking South from the Andover Fill Towards Dam Men and Women Fishing — Opening Day at Pymatuning The following facts concerning the fescr%'oir should be of interest to fishermen* Its trilmtary streams drain an area of IQQ square miles. The total length is sixteen miles, average width one and six-tenths miles : greatest width, two and two-tenths miles ; maximum depth, thirty-five feet, and length of shoreline, seventy miles. The main dam s|)ans the Shenango River near the Crawford-Mercer County line, about one and a half miles al)ove Jamestown. It is of a type known as rolled earth embankment, and its total length, including the road and spillway, is about 2.400 feet. The maxinnnn height is fifty feet. Pymatuning is regardefl as one of the best examples of water conservation in the United .Slates, according to the Department of Forests and Waters. Let us com])are this new lake with four other bodies of water in Penn- svlvania and Xew ^'ork. Prior to Pvmatuning's construction. Lake 76 Lake's shoreline is seven miles. Chautau<|ua's total area is 13.50S acres, the Ashokan area. 8.7(K) acres; Wallenpau])ack, BJW acres, and that of Conn"aut. ^>28 acres. Clearing the Pymatuning .Swam]) in preparation for flooding was a gigantic undertaking. l'»rush and timber in an area were submerged, and two and one-half miles of railroad embankments were raised. The construction work was supervised by Chief luigineer Charles K. Ryder and George S. Beal, Chief of the Bureau of Dams. Department of Forests and Waters. Clearing operations were under the direction of Ralph J. Ferris, b'ield Engineer. The reservoir comprises two basins, separated by the Penn- sylvania Railroad and the State highway t(» Linesville. The railroad 77 INTRNTIONAL 2NU EXPOSURL: and highway have been located side by side on a raised embankment, which serves as a secondary dam for the body of water known as the upper basin. Pymatuning is an ideal fishing lake. Its waters have a fairly constant level, maintained by the dam, and provide abundant range for fish. The area flooded includes great masses of brush and other organic matter richly productive in organisms that serve as a basic food supply. Aquatic vegetation so essential in providing forage and protection for fish life should also find in the rich black swamp land an ideal source of growth. This reservoir is most suitable for largemouth bass. The large- mouth, a splendid game fish, finds in dense underwater forests of Watching Carp at the Spillway aquatic vegetation, sunken logs, stumps and brush, a good environ- ment for growth and increase in number. And since it is an established fact that the grow^th, not only of bass, but other game and food fish, is dependent upon the basic food supply of small aquatic organisms, it is probable that mammoth largemouth bass will be taken from Pyma- tuning in years to come. Lake Gordon, in Bedford County, with a wealth of forage available, has had the distinction of yielding record largemouth bass in recent years. Splendid catches of these game fish have also been made in Lake Wallenpaupack. Game fish, however, are not the only concern of the Board of Fish Commissioners in the stocking of artificially created bodies of water. First of all, the forage fishes must be established. Minnows, of course, come under this classification. After the minnows have become abun- dant, and with the vast amount of potential food available, their growth in number and size should be rapid, game fish such as the bass and wall-eyed pike may be introduced. Included in the stocking program for Pymatuning are other popular species of fish, including sunfish, 78 yellow perch, and catfish. Pymatuning has become one of the recrea- tional centers of western Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is therefore essential that the fishing be varied, or, in other words, that catches of sunfish and other panfish be just as numerous as catches of game varieties. It has been the Fish Commission's policy, in stocking Pennsylvania waters, to strive always to maintain a suitable balance of nature. Just how well this policy has worked out is evident from the splendid fishing afforded in Lake Gordon, Bedford County. Gordon was stocked heavily with minnows, sunfish, catfish, suckers and other species in Carp at Spillway addition to the largemouth bass and wall-eyed pike. As a result, in this ideal home, the rate of growth of largemouth bass has been amaz- ing. Bass weighing seven pounds and over have been taken, and it has been conservatively estimated that some of these giant game fish, noted for their tackle-breaking habits, have attained a weight of ten pounds. Lurking deep down, too, are wall-eyed pike of breath-taking propor- tions. And one of the first things to be observed by anglers who try this popular fishing ground is the abundance of food present in the shallows near shore. Another example is Lake Wallenpatipack, which has furnished outstanding fishing in eastern Pennsylvania. Under the balanced stocking program planned for Pymatuning, linked as it is with the vast possibilities of abundant food for fish that 79 and highway have been located side by side on a raised embankment, which serves as a secondary dam for the body of water known as the upper basin. Pymatuning is an ideal fishing lake. Its waters have a fairly constant level, maintained by the dam, and provide abundant range for fish. The area flt)oded includes great masses of brush and other organic matter richly j)roductive in organisms that serve as a basic food sup])ly. Aquatic vegetation so essential in providing forage and protection for fish life should also find in tlie rich black swamp land an ideal source of growth. This reservoir is most suital)le for lari>emouth bass. The larire- mouth, a splendid game fish, finds in dense underwater forests of yellow perch, and catfish. Pymatuning has become one of the recrea- tional centers of western Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is therefore essential that the fishing be varied, or. in other words, that catches of sunfish and other panfish be just as numerc.us as catches of game varieties. It has been the Fish Commission's i)olicy, in stocking Pennsvlvania waters, to strive always to maintain a suital)le bakmce of nature, just how well this ])ohcy lias worked out is evident from the splendid fishiug afforded in Lake (iordon. liedford County. (Gordon was stocked heavily with minnows, sunfi-h, catfish, suckers and other species in M.'^- Watching Carp at the Spillway acjiiatic vegetation, sunken logs, stumps and brush, a good environ- ment for growth and increase in tittmber. And since it is an established fact that the growth, not only of bass, but other game and food fish, is dependent upon the Imsic food supply of small aquatic organisms, it is probable that mammoth largemouth bass will be taken from Pyma- tuning in years to come. Lake Gordon, in Bedford Count>% wfth a wealth of forage available, has had the distinction of yielding record largemouth bass in recent years. Splendid catches of these game fish have also been ntt^e la Lake WaUenpaupack, Gan^ fish, however, are not the only concern of the Board of Fish Commissioners in the stocking of artificially created bodies of water. First of all, the forage fishes must be established. Minnows, of course, come under this classification. After the minnows have become abun- dant, and with the vast amount of potential food available, their growth in number and size should be rapid, game fish such as the bass and wall-eyed pike may be introduced. Included in the stocking program for Pymatuning are other popular species of fish, including sunfish, 78 '^ '\^ .--^.,; ^8^.^^ .v*\: y^t:^^:, ■*???vc*r-- ;>-^v -n^*^ ,^>- ^^A. V ^ %■: -:>/A¥-o ^/•"% ,.' / '■ -%V '^- Carp at Spillway addition to the largemouth bass and wall-eyed pike. .\>< a re>'ilt. in this ideal home, the rate nt cfrowth f»f largemouth bass has been amaz- ing. Bass weighing seven jxiunds and over have been taken, and it has l>een conservatively estimated that >ome of these giant game fish, nutcd for their tackle-breaking habit>, have attained a weight of ten jxanids. Lurking deep down, too, are wall-eyed pike of breath-taking ])ropnr- tions. And one of the first things to be observed by anglers who try this popular fishing ground is the abundance of food present in the shallows near shore. Another exam])le is Lake \\'allen])au])ack, which has furnished outstandin«r fi>liing in eastern Penn-vlvania. Under the balanced stocking prtJgram plannetl for Pymatuning, linked as it is with the vast po>sibilities of a1)undant food for fish that —- f • INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE will be planted, this lake should rank as one of the greatest fishing grounds on the eastern seaboard. Stocking will be conducted on eleven tributary streams. As the water level rises, the fish planted will work into the main reservoir from these tributaries. While the maximum depth of the reservoir is thirty-five feet, ridges and other elevations in the area furnish numerous shallows in the main body of water. From a forage angle, these shallows are of utmost importance, as they provide minnows and similar species upon which game fish prey with an ideal breeding ground and protection. Game fish, it may be observed frequently, invade such shallows in quest of food. The possibilities in this vast new reservoir, from a fish conserva- tion standpoint, are outstanding. Under intensive stocking and pro- tection, Pymatuning should prove an answer to the constant demand for more fishing water in western Pennsylvania. Its completion marks a real stride forward in the better fishing program. PRIMARY PURPOSES OF THE LAKE: Maintenance and flood control. SECONDARY PURPOSE: Fishing, hunting, recreational and park purposes. FISHING AND HUNTING LICENSES REQUIRED A fishing and hunting license issued by either of the States of Ohio or Pennsylvania is required to fish or hunt on the lake. CONCURRENT JURISDICTION Each state shall exercise concurrent jurisdiction on the lake, and officers of either state are authorized to make arrests for ofifenses committed on any part of the lake, on the shores or islands therein, regardless of the state in which the offense was committed. POLLUTION Pollution of the waters of the lake by industrial wastes, individual or municipal sewage, or any noxious or deleterious substances injurious to public health or animal or aquatic life is prohibited. BOATS AND VESSELS No power boats or motor boats or hydroplanes (except for police or administration purposes) are permitted on the lake. Sailboats, row- boats and canoes can be used after a license is obtained from the state of which the owner is a resident. Rules and regulations of the Water and Power Resources Board of Pennsylvania must be complied with. FISHING Any person possessing a fishing license issued by either state shall be permitted to fish anywhere on the lake between the low-water marks (except such portion as is closed to fishing and set aside as a fish or game sanctuary), but no person shall fish from the shores of the state m of ^yhich he is a non-resident unless he complies with the non-resident fishing license law of said state. No fishing was permitted until July 1, 1937, and thereafter the closed season in each year is between De- cember 1 and June 30. (Size, season, creel limit, etc., shall be by agreement between the States of Pennsylvania and Ohio.) HUNTING Hunting rights are reciprocal to licensed hunters of each state on the water of that portion of the lake over the area bounded on the south by an east and west line crossing the State boundary five-tenths of a mile north of Simons, Ohio, and on the north by a line drawn between the point at which the Pandanaram road crosses the State boundary and a point formerly known as the Polleck Bridge, but such reciprocal rights extend only to such wild migratory birds covered by the Federal Migra- tory Bird Treaty and Federal Laws adopted thereunder. Hunting in such portions of the lake not included in the area above described shall be subject to the Pennsylvania Game Laws exclusively. No huntin^::, fishing or trespassing shall be permitted in the wild game and fish sanctuaries, or within the areas set aside for park or recreational pur- poses. THE FOLLOWING IS WRITTEN BY R. M. ZIEGLER, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS, ON THE OPENING OF PYMATUNING LAKE The waters of the vast Pymatuning Reservoir were formally opened as a recreational center on July 1, 1937, the first day of bass season on inland waters, with impressive ceremonies despite intermittent showers which occurred throughout the morning. A crowd of several hundred persons gathered at the new boathouse at the Jamestown end of the lake for a program which consisted of a flag-raising ceremony and short addresses by prominent state officials o£ both Pennsylvania and Ohio. The flag-raising ceremonies were performed in front of the boat- house, w^here Joseph Stastney, resident engineer of the Pymatuning Reservoir, presented to Secretary Bogardus a large United States flag, which the Secretary proceeded to raise to the top of the flagpole. The second part of the program was carried on from the speaker's platform on the opposite side of the boathouse. Dr. Bogardus acted as chairman in the absence of Governor George H. Earle, who was unable to attend the ceremonies because of pressure of other duties. Secretary Bogardus, who introduced the speakers, struck the key- note of the aff'air when he declared that Pymatuning had now been formally dedicated to its three chief purposes. These in order of their importance are as follows: 1. To provide an adequate water supply for Shenango Valley industries. 2. To prevent and control floods. 81 3. To provide pleasant recreational facilities for the public of Penn- sylvania, Ohio, and other sections. The first speaker of the occasion was Robert G. Lamberton, a mem- ber of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Mr. Lamberton spoke briefly of the game and bird refuge project under way at the upper end of the dam, explaining that this section of the 2,500 acres of water and 1,200 acres of land has been leased from the Department of Forests and Waters for twenty-five years, and will be developed into one of the finest natural refuges in the country. He also stated that the plans called for the beautifying of Ford Island and the construction of a refuge keeper's home and a museum. The museum building will house mounted specimens of all game birds and animals common to Pennsyl- vania. He expressed appreciation to the Pymatuning Conservation Association for its assistance in planning the refuge. No hunting or fishing is permitted within this game refuge. Before introducing the next speaker, Dr. Bogardus took time to com- pliment the officials of the two state governments which had cooperated in the project and the Federal Government, through whose aid a W. P. A. project for the construction of roads and erection of the boat- house was made possible. The reservoir. Secretary Bogardus pointed out, lies two-thirds in Pennsylvania and one-third in Ohio. It is from one and one-half to two miles wide, sixteen and one-half miles long, and in some places reaches a depth of thirty-eight feet. The next speaker was Charles A. French, Commissioner of Fisheries for the State of Pennsylvania, w^ho told the vast possibility of Pyma- tuning Reservoir as a fishing ground. He stated that during the past three years the Fish Commission had planted over 70,000,000 fish of all warm-water species except muskellunge and pickerel. Dr. Bogardus then introduced the Executive Secretary of the Penn- sylvania Game Commission, Seth Gordon, who spoke of the cooperative efforts of Pennsylvania and Ohio and the United States Biological Sur- vey in making the Pymatuning area an ideal hunting sector. The area at the upper end of the lake has been made a unit of the refuges in the line of flight of migratory water iowl. Mr. Gordon also mentioned the fact that flocks of geese and ducks have been released on the refuge to act as decoys for other species of migratory birds* The next speaker introduced was Bertram J. Hill, Chief of the Bureau of Inland Lakes and Parks in the Ohio Conservation Commis- sion. Mr. Hill said that his state appreciates "the gift of Pymatuning," and wnll continue to cooperate on the project with all its resources. He also spoke briefly on the advantage of the lake from the hunting and fishing standpoint to the citizens of Ohio. The last speaker on the program was State Senator Glen R. Law, who emphasized the great service rendered to Shenango Valley indus- tries since water has been under control at the dam for the past two summers. He pointed out that two major floods have been averted, saving rnillions of dollars of loss in that district. He then briefly outlined a history of the difficulties encountered by the Pymatuning Dam Boosters in receiving appropriations for the construction of the work. 82 After the speaking program the official personnel and the invited guests retired to Site No. 41, which is about four miles above the dam, near the Ohio-Pennsylvania line, to enjoy a delicious chicken dinner. The following members of the department were present: Secretary Bogardus, Deputy Secretary Winters, Charles E. Ryder, Joseph Stast- ney, James S. Pates, Dr. J. J. McDonald, G. C. Crudde, Jr., Edmund Kirby, Kendrick Lichty, Otto Burke, Carlton Bealor, Mrs. Louise Christen, Marie Noel, and Miss Margaret Downing. Among the members of the Game Commission present were Robert Lamberton, William G. Fluke, Executive Secretary Seth Gordon, W. Gard Conklin, Leo Luttringer, W. L. Drake and Gilson Davis. Members of the Fish Commission present were Charles E. French, Harry E. Weber, Dan R. Schnabel, Fred McKean and H. R. Stack- house, Administrative Secretary of the Board. State Senators Glen R. Law, W. Eroe, I. Kahle and Representatives Thomas Lyons, Carmi Preston and William Thomas were also present. It was unofficially estimated that 10,000 persons visited the sections during the day. Reports were that catches were not very large, due to the adverse weather conditions, and to the fact that the fishermen have not had a chance to locate the natural feeding areas of the fish in the lake. Most of the strings of fish noted were carp, sunfish, catfish, with a few bass and an occasional pike. MOTOR BOATS The first year the Motorboat Law was in operation (1932), twenty- two hundred and seventy-one (2,271) licenses were issued. In 1937 approximately forty-five hundred (4,500) licenses were issued. The protection of our inland w^ater fishing and the fishermen them- selves has been a perplexing and most important problem. Unfortu- nately, there are individuals who have no respect for the rights of others. The situation became so acute in 1937 that special rules and regulations had to be set up for protection. Many of the complaints were settled by common agreement and we are very happy to state that motor boat groups in various sections have attended conferences, and while prosecutions have been made, reports will show they were mostly those w'ho were trying to evade the law entirely, or who per- sisted in operating boats at high speed, thereby greatly endangering not only the lives of fishermen, but also those seeking recreation. The following rules and regulations were in effect in 1937-1938 and did much to clean up the bad spots ; however, there were several fatal accidents, and from many sections of the State petitions have been filed asking that the Board do away with motor boats on many of our inland waters. It is a question which must have serious consideration before the new rules and regulations are drawn up, and the Board will wel- come any criticism or suggestions, and if you have a problem in your community, we would appreciate your comments. 83 I RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR OPERATING MOTOR BOATS ON THE INLAND WATERS OF PENNSYLVANIA In compliance with and under the authority of Act 121, approved by the Governor on the twenty-eighth day of May, A. d/i931, and amendments thereto, it is Ordered, that the following rules and regulations be and the same are hereby prescribed as the rules and regulations for the operation and equipment of all motor boats operated on any public waters m the State of Pennsylvania for the year ending March 31, 1939. By order of Pennsylvania Board of Fish Commissioners this 8th day of March, 1938. C A. FRENCH, Commissioner. 1. DEFINITIONS Motor boats, as used in these rules and regulations, shall include every boat or water craft propelled by any type of internal combustion motor of one or more cylinders, including any type of water craft pro- I)elled by an outboard motor, and boats electrically propelled. Class 1. Those not over eighteen feet in length. Class 2. Those over eighteen feet in length. 2. LICENSING AND INSPECTION Any person operating a boat on any of the inland waters of this Com- monwealth, coming under the above definition, shall first secure a li- cense in accordance with the provisions of the law and equip his boat or other craft in accordance with the rules and regulations so that it will pass inspection. The license plates shall be displayed conspicuously at ah tunes, one on each side of the bow of the boat. License authoriz- ing the operation shall be kept on board at aU times when the boat is in operation. The law provides that no boat propelled by any tvpe of internal eom- bustion motor of one or more eylinders, including outboard motors, shall be operated on any of the inland zvaters unless the same is equipped 7cith a muffling device supplied by the manufacturer of the motor for that particular model unthout modification to prevent excessive or unusual noise, zchich shall at all times be maintained in good zvorking order. No person shall operate a motor boat with the cut-out open or muffler removed. IT hen muffling devices are not effective motor boat 07cners at the request of the Board must immediately install saiisfaciorv equipment. 3. TIME OF OPERATION AND LIGHTS Between sunset and sunrise, everv motor boat, in addition to the lights required by statute, shall be equipped as follows : Class 1. All boats coming under this class shall in the bow of the boat display a light or lights clearly discernible in all directions. The light should be large enough to accomplish the purpose intended. It is suggested that the illuminated portion of such lights or lenses should not be less than three inches in diameter. Class 2. All boats coming under this class shall have on the star- board or right side a green light, and on the port or left side a red light so constructed and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least one mile. Boats of this class shall also be equipped with a forward white light. All starboard and port lights to be so constructed as to prevent their being seen across the bow. The law provides that all boats or floats, except when fastened to the shore, must have a light discernible at two hundred (200) feet. It is suggested for the protection of fishermen or others who may be in hand-propelled craft that ttey carry and display one clear white light. 4. SPEED No motor boat shall be operated in a reckless manner nor at an ex- cessive rate of speed that will endanger the life or property of any person in or on any of the waters of the Commonwealth, having due regard to the presence of other boats, bathers, persons engaged in fish- ing, or objects in or on any of the waters of this Commonw^ealth, or at a rate of speed greater than will permit it to be brought to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead. The speed of all power boats shall be regulated so as to avoid danger or injury to canoes or row boats, bf the effect of the waves or wash raised by power boats. In passing there should be at least one hundred (100) feet between the two crafts. Between sunset and sunrise this distance should be nrt less thi hundred and fifty (150) feet. The operators of all motor boats should do everything within their power to protect the public, or any other craft. Special Notice No motor boat on any stream, lake, pond, or other tvater of the Com- monzvealth shall be operated at a greater speed than eight (8) miles per hour ivithin one hundred ( lOo) feet of shore — or within one hun- dred (lOo) feet of a buoyed fishing ground, anchored fishing boat, channel, or bathing beach. This regulation will be rigidly enforced. It has become necessary to set up this special regulation in order to protect the public and to protect the shores of our streams and ponds, which in the last few- years have been seriously damaged by the wash from high-speed motor boats. The majority of motor boat operators have cooperated in this request, but when cooperation is not received, prosecution will be brought. 5. RACES AND REGATTAS (a) These rules shall not apply in cases of regularly advertised races or regattas, run over a marked course, under permit from this Board. 85 (b) Boats not participating in such races or regattas shall remain at least fifty (50) feet from such courses during the period for which such races or regattas are scheduled. (c) No such races or regattas shall be permitted, except under permit applied for and issued by the Board of Fish Commissioners, or such agents or employes as it may authorize to issue same. 6. EQUIPMENT Classes 1 and 2. All boats coming in these classes should be equipped with fire extinguishers and life preservers, sufficient in number to take care of the capacity of the boat. All boats carrying passengers for hire will have to be equipped with air tanks, life preservers, fire extinguishers, etc., in accordance with certificate of public convenience as granted by the Public Utility Com- mission. 7. LANES FOR MOTOR BOAT TRAVEL AND BUOYS From time to time when requested the Board will set up special rules and regulations covering the operation of motor boats on different lakes and streams ; that is, lanes or channels will be set up inside of which motor boats will not be permitted. In other lakes, buoys will be placed and all motor boats will have to keep within the prescribed area. 8. SUGGESTED TYPES OF BUOYS (1) Where it is found necessary to place buoys, in any of the waters of the CommonuTalth, the Board suggests that all buovs be painted white, stand vertically approximately eighteen (18) inches above the "^T^^.^'l^ ^^^at their construction be of a type satisfactory to the Board of t ish Commissioners. Buoys should be constructed of wood, shaped something like an elongated fishing tackle "bobber," attached either by a Cham or wire to a concrete or metal sinker. This type of buov is inexpensive and probably has a maximum diameter at the middle of SIX (6) or seven (7) inches. At the top of the buoy we would suggest that a red flag of some durable material be attached. The buoy itself would be about four (4) feet in length. (2) Cedar blocks about two (2) feet long, painted white, could be used for buoys. In many places^ these blocks are being made from old telephone poles. (Upon request, cut showing these buoys will be furnished.) 9. MOTOR BOATS ON FOREST AREAS State Forest Rule No. 13 provides that, for the preservation of fish lite, and the comfort and consideration of campers, the use of motor- driven l)oats on lakes, ponds and dams within the State Forests is pro- hibited. * 10. TROLLING FROM MOTOR BOATS PROHIBITED Trolling from motor boats on any of the inland zvaters is prohibited by laiv, m c s o u u a> ■♦-• 09 (0 u c M u (d V JA u U c .1-4 & o u 0) 87 11. PYMATUNING LAKE No motor boats wil! be permitted on any portion of Pymatuning Lake. 12. PENALTIES Any person violating any provision of this act or any rule or regula- tion prescribed by the Board under this act, shall, upon conviction thereof m a summary proceeding before a justice of the peace alder- man or magistrate, be sentenced to pay a fine of not less than five dollars ($5.(30) and costs nor more than one hundred dollars ($100 00) and costs, or in default of payment thereof, thirty days in jail; and, in addition, the Department of Revenue may revoke the license issued 'for the motor boat used by such person. Lake Erie still leads the Great Lakes in the Commercial Fishin^ In- dustry. The last statistical report as compiled by the United States T',"^nnVn ^'^^^^P^^ .shows a total catch of all species amounting to 32,809,200 pounds, with a value of $1,433,268. These statistics include catches of all states bordering Lake Erie on the south— Michigan Ohio Pennsylvania and New York. When compared with the commercial catch out of the Port of Erie in 1923, it presents rather a sorry picture as the value of the Pennsylvania catch in that year amounted to $1 145 - 069, a figure almost equal to the total value of all states in 1934. _ As has been pointed out in previous reports, the future of the Great Lakes rests entirely with the commercial fishermen. With this end in view, a meeting of the industry was called at Erie, Pennsylvania Sep- tember 13th, 1935. The talks by the various fishermen clearly indicated the majority favored elimination of the trap nets. This was made one of the provisions of the 1937 rules and regulations governing com- mercial fishing. Pennsylvania laws provide a penalty for having in possession blue pike or sauger pike less than eleven inches in length, which, when dressed, make a fillet about seven inches in length. This law was working directly against the fishermen, as the markets were being flooded with five-inch fillets. In order to correct this, a bill was intro- duced and passed at the 1935 session, making it unlawful to sell or expose for sale any blue pike or sauger pike fillets less than seven inches in length. At the instance of the Lake Erie Fisherman's Association, a bill was also passed reducing pound net license from $25.00 to $15.00. COMMERCIAL FISHING, LAKE ERIE, 1937, AS REPORTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT WHITEHSH Gill nets had a fairly good spring, catches as a rule were good and extended over a longer period than usual, owing to slow disappearance of ice at the lower end of the lake, which held water temperature down longer, making conditions better for this fishing. 88 o U Wi (U -M CO (Q U G u CQ 1-1 m \ 11. PYMATUXIXG LAKE No motor boats wil! be permitted on any portion of Pymatuning Lake. 12. PENALTIES _ Any person violating any provision of tbis act or any rule or regula- tion prescribed by tbe Board under tbis act, shall, upon conviction tbereof m a summary proceeding before a justice of tbe peace, alder- man or niagistrate, be sentenced to pay a' fine of not less tban five dollars ($5.00) and costs nor more tban one bundred dollars ($100.00) and costs, or in default of payment tbereof, tbirty davs in jail; and. in addition, tbe Department of Revenue may revoke tbe license issued 'for the motor boat used by such person. Lake Erie still leads tbe Great Lakes in the Commercial Eisbin^r In- dustry. 1 be last statistical report as compiled bv tbe United States 20 [w^.^n ^'^^'^P^^ shows a total catch of all species amounting to 32,809.200 pounds, with a value of $1,433,268. These statistics include catclies of all states bordering Lake Erie on the south— Michigan Ohio Pennsylvania and New York. When compared with the commercial catch out ot tbe Port of Erie in 1923, it presents rather a sorry picture as the value of tbe Pennsylvania catch in that vear amounted to $1,145 - 069, a tigure almost equal to the total value of all states in 1934. As has been pointed out in previous reports, the future of the Great Lakes rests entirely with the commercial fishermen. With tbis end in view, a meeting of the industry was called at Erie, Pennsvlvania, Sep- tember 13tli, 1935. Tbe talks by the various fishermen clearly indicated the majority favored elimination of tbe trap nets. This was' made one ot tbe provisions of the 1937 rules and regulations governing com- mercial fishing. Pennsylvania laws provide a penaltv for having in possession blue pike or sauger pike less than eleven inches in length, which, when dressed, make a fillet about seven inches in length. This law was working directly against tbe fishermen, as the markets were being flooded with five-mcb fillets. In order to correct tbis. a bill was intro- duced and passed at the 1935 session, making it unlawful to sell or expose for sale any blue pike or sauger pike fillets less tban seven inches in length. At the instance of the Lake Erie Fisherman's Association, a bill was also passed reducing pcund net license from $25.00 to $15.00. I COMMERCIAL FI8HING, LAKE ERIE, 1937, AS REPORTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT WHITEFISH Gill nets had a fairly good spring, catches as a rule were good and extended over a longer period tban usual, owing to slow disappearance ot ice at tbe lower end of tbe lake, which held water temperature down longer, making conditions better for tbis fishing. I ■ c s o u Wi 0) ■«>• M CO u G c« M u (0 I 89 INTENTIONAL 2ND HXPOSURE CISCO Too early in the season to comment on cisco production for 1937, but during the late fall of 1936 the catch was light as in several previous years and fish were small and not much spawn in evidence. With the increased number of large fingerlings and yearling cisco appearing, it is evident that the production of cisco this fall will increase, and is evi- dence that 1938 should show a more marked increase. Should this prove correct, something must be done to reduce the fishing intensity for Lake Erie as a whole, or it will only be a short time before they will be cut down again for a loss to all concerned. Let us hope that some con« Crete action will be forthcoming from the Great Lakes Fisheries Con- ference, and that in the very near future, to conserve and perpetuate the fisheries of Lake Erie, not alone for those who produce them, but for those who consume theni also. BLUE PIKE Gill nets had a good spring, fairly heavy production which held up well and late into June. The pound nets had fair whitefish catches and catches of blue pike increased over 1936. A slight increase in the number of pound nets licensed is also noted, probably due to shutting out of trap nets. TRAP NETS Trap nets were ruled out of Pennsylvania waters during 1937, as they were getting out of control and with protest after protest coming in from a large majority, this action was finally taken. Up until recent years, trap nets were known as shore nets, and con- fined and mainly fished close to shore. A ten-foot net was considered a very large net for that type ; in recent years they developed in size to twenty-five feet and some thirty feet, and instead of being used in and along the shore, they were being set far into the lake, some near the boundary line, becoming a menace to the operators of gill nets. If the use and increase in the number of these deep trap nets had been con- tmued much longer, conservation of fish would have been hard hit. Canada has no trap nets in their waters of Lake Erie ; New York, up to the present, has none. All one has to do is get a word picture of their use in the western end of Lake Erie and reports of destruction in some of the upper Great Lakes region to be convinced that action had to be taken to curb further destruction of food fish. Pennsylvania had and still has the best general productive part of Lake Erie commercially, and is a paradise for sportsmen of rod and line in the taking of blue pike, pike perch and yellow perch. Plenty for both and it will pay big dividends to conserve it for all time to come. Laws, rules and regulations to fully conserve our fish are more necessary than ever before in order to restore our fishing to what it was a few years back. It may be appropriate to mention the voluntary conservation work employed by the gill net fishermen out of Erie as follows : For the past five years during the months of July, August and Sep- tember, they have refrained from fishing small mesh nets for cisco, which have become nearly extinct. It is a well known fact that the three months mentioned have always been the most productive, not only to the Erie fleet, but for many upper lake ports that had their fleets operate out of Erie, in the summer seasons of the past. They are trying to help in this way to restore this valuable market fish, in hopes that this method will conserve more fish for the spawning season and enable them to help collect more spawn for the hatchery for propa- gation, as in November (the spawning season) while fishing for blue pike, it is impossible to avoid taking cisco at the same time. So by non-production in summer, a better opportunity is expected to produce more spawn fish to gather eggs from. The commercial fishermen of Erie, as a whole, should be commended for this fine spirit of voluntary cooperation to aid in the restoration of the cisco without rules and regulations during the open season for same. The Board has set up the following rules and regulations governing commercial fishing : January 1, 1938. IN ACCORDANCE WITH CHAPTER 3. ARTICLE 3, SEC- TION 100, OF THE ACT OF MAY 2, 1925, P. L. 448, THE COM- MISSIONER OF FISHERIES MAKES THE FOLLOWING RULES AND REGULATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH THE TAKING OF FISH FROM LAKE ERIE FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. IT IS HEREBY FURTHER PROVIDED THAT THE BOARD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS RESERVES THE RIGHT WITH- OUT FURTHER NOTICE TO MAKE SUCH FURTHER RULES AND REGULATIONS AS MAY BE DEEMED NEC- ESSARY FOR THE BETTER PROTECTION OF FISH OR FISHING DURING THE CURRENT YEAR 1938. (a) The licensee of any licensed boat is hereby authorized to retain any yellow perch which may be taken. (b) The licensee of any licensed boat will not be allowed more than five per cent (5%) of under-size fish in the daily catch. Said under-size fish must not be exposed for sale, but must be turned over to some hospital or charitable institution. (c) No gill nets shall be used in Pennsylvania waters more than thirty-six (36) meshes in depth. This must be strictly adhered to as sufficient time and warning has been given during the last few years, and must be complied with during the fishing season of 1938. Cd) The minimum size for gill nets shall be known as three-inch mesh. The size of mesh for gill nets to be used in the taking of white fish and lake trout shall be known as four and three quarter-inch mesh. All mesh or meshes in gill nets or any other nets that 91 may be used in fishing, shall be measured over a standard scale steel rule, (or any other metal or rule that may be approved by the United States Bureau of Standards). The intention being that any mesh or meshes of any fishing gear that will enclose or encircle a rule or scale as required without bending the rule or breaking a mesh, shall be legalized and any mesh or meshes that will not conform to said test shall be declared illegal nets. (e) After January 1st, 1934, no gill nets shall be used in Pennsyl- vania waters of a size of mesh between three and one-eighth inches and four and three-quarter inches. (ALL NETTING MESH IS TO BE MEASURED TO SCALE BY STRETCHED MESH FISHING MEASURE.) (f) CLOSED SEASON. From December 20th, 1938, to March 1st, 1939, (both dates inclusive) it shall be unlawful for the licensee of any licensed boat for the taking of fish for com- mercial purposes to use any net of any character. THESE RULES AND REGULATIONS ARE MADE A PART OF THE LICENSE TO WHICH THEY ARE AT- TACHED AND ARE ISSUED FOR THE BETTERING OF FISHING IN LAKE ERIE. IF THERE IS ANY QUESTION IN REFERENCE TO THESE RULES AND REGULATIONS, TAKE THE MATTER UP WITH THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE STATE FISH HATCH- ERY AT ERIE, PENNA. Pennsylvania has never been responsible for the breaking down of any part of the agreements entered into by the various states and the Dominion of Canada, and has always openly opposed any changes which would have a tendency to destroy the future of the Lakes. It is true the season has been extended from ten (10) to twenty (20) days but it was only done in order to give Pennsylvania fishermen the same privilege as granted in other portions of the lake. Probably one of the best authorities on the Commercial Fishing Industry of the Great Lakes is Dr. John Van Oosten, United States Bureau of Fisheries, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and at our request has supplied the following article which we know will prove of much value to those interested in the industry. MORTALITY OF FISH ON LAKE ERffi By DR. JOHN VAN OOSTEN hk charge Great Lakes Fishery Investigations U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Fish are again reported dying in large numbers in certain localities on Lake Erie, and as usual the accusing finger is pointed at the fisher- men's trap net. Reports of extensive mortality of fish during the summer months are rather common on Lake Erie in contrast to the other waters of the Great Lakes. The causes of these Lake Erie epi- demics are, however, subject to wide dispute. Some persons attribute the excessive number of deaths to pollution, some to the operation 92 1 « ■t' i >'>i.* "fm: fliii^feM t w ^-v>. University of Pittsburgh Students Studying the Minute Fauna of Horseshoe Pond ■T!:-! jf*^ iLi. Lagoons — Big Pond to Left and Channel Leading to Long Pond Ahead 93 may be used in fishing, shall be measured over a standard scale steel rule, (or any other metal or rule that may be approved by the United States Bureau of Standards). The intention being that any mesh or meshes of any fishing gear that will enclose or encircle a rule or scale as required without bending the rule or breaking a rnesh, shall be legalized and any mesh or meshes that will not conform to said test shall be declared illegal nets. (e) After January 1st, 1934, no gill nets shall be used in Pennsyl- vania waters of a size of mesh between three and one-eighth inches and four and three-quarter inches. (ALL NETTING MESH IS TO BE MEASURED TO SCALE BY STRETCHED MESH FISHING MEASURE.) (f) CLOSED SEASON. From December 20th, 1938, to March 1st, 1939, (both dates inclusive) it shall be unlawful for the licensee of any licensed boat for the taking of fish for com- mercial purposes to use a;/v net of any character. THESE RULES AND REGULATIONS ARE MADE A PART OF THE LICENSE TO WHICH THEY ARE AT- TACHED AND ARE ISSUED FOR THE BETTERING OF FISHING IN LAKE ERIE. IF THERE IS ANY QUESTION IN REFERENCE TO THESE RULES AND REGULATIONS, TAKE THE MATTER UP WITH THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE STATE FISH HATCH- ERY AT ERIE, PENNA. Pennsylvania has never been responsible for the breaking down of any part of the agreements entered into by the various states and the Dominion of Canada, and has always openly opposed any changes which would have a tendency to destroy the future of the Lakes. It is true the season has been extended from ten (10) to twenty (20) days but it was only done in order to give Pennsylvania fishermen the same privilege as granted in other portions of the lake. Probably one of the best authorities on the Commercial Fishing Industry of the Great Lakes is Dr. John Van Oosten. United States Bureau of Fisheries, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and at our request has supplied the following article which we know will prove of much value to those interested in the industry. [OR'ML^ ^ FISH ON tAKE ERIE By DR. JOHN VAN OOSTEN h ehai^e Great Lakes Fishery Investigations U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Fish are again reported dying in large numhers in certain localities on Lake Erie, and as usual the accusing finger is pointed at the fisher- men's trap net. Reports of extensive mortality of fish during the summer months are rather common on Lake Erie in contrast to the other waters of the Great Lakes. The causes of these Lake Erie epi- demics are, however, suhjeci to wide dispute. Some persons attrihute the excessive numher of deaths to pollution, some to the operation 92 INTENTIONAL 2ND tXPOSURR University of Pittsburgh Students Studying the Minute Fauna of Horseshoe Pond Lagoons — Big Pond to Left and Channel Leading to Long Pond Ahead 93 of trap nets in warm weather, and some to the operation of gill nets. To reach an unbiased conclusion concerning the primary cause or causes of these epidemics has been impossible until recently, since no opportunity had been presented for a critical investigation by com- petent fisheries investigators. ^ In order to emphasize the importance of a thorough scientific inves- tigation brief reference may be made to some of the factors that should be considered. These factors are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Natural mortality due to the termination of the life span of the fish. Natural mortality following spawning. Parasites and diseases. Depletion of oxygen and increase of carbon dioxide. High temperature of water in summer. Formation of an abnormally thick layer of ice in winter. Shortage of the proper kind of food or consumption of im- proper kind of food. Beaching of fish by storms and rapid changes in water level. Pollution. Mechanical injuries due to (a) wave action which nmy have a direct effect or an indirect effect (sand In gftls, etc.) and (b) fishing gear (trap nets, pound nets, gill nets). Nearly all of these factors have at one time of another been found to be the cause of heavy mortality among fish in fresh-water lakes. Though this study of the Lake Erie epidemics has not been as crit- ical as it should be, nevertheless I did have an opportunity on dif- ferent occasions to collect sufficient data to throw doubt on' the gen- erally accepted and widespread belief among certain classes that the fishermen's trap net is the sole agency in the destruction of the fish which are piled at times in windrows on shore. On August 10, 1931, the dead fish washed up on the shore of the public bathing beach at the end of IMain Street, Vermilion, Ohio, were identified and enumerated. Only the relatively fresh fish that pre- sumably had been beached during the storm of the previous night were counted. The following number of recently beached individuals of different species were oliserved in a strip of shore line about four feet wide and about 785 feet long: Species Yellow perch .... Pike-perch ...... • V r « * 4 « * # Storer's chub (a minTOw) . . . Striped bass . . Stone cat or beadeye Black bass Redhorse sucker . . . . Total number . p ¥ * ^ • # « * « No. % in total number Sim 17 44.7 n MM (2 of legal size) 4 ms 2 SJ (about 2J4^ and 8") 2 S.3 I 2.6 (about 8") 1 2.6 (about 14") 38 99,9 94 All of these species occur in the lifts of the commercial fishermen, and in this case the entire mortality could be charged to the operation of trap nets alone or of trap nets and gill nets combined. No other factor is needed to explain these deaths. This, of course, does not mean necessarily that no other factor was involved. If these data may be assumed to represent the average mortality, then there were beached during the night of August 9, 1931, some 255 fish in a strip of shore line one mile long and four feet wide. This number of dead fish at- tracted no widespread public attention, and this degree of mortality was not considered by the residents and resorters along the beach to be of epidemic proportions. Previously, on July 20, 1928, the same stretch of shore line in Ver- milion, Ohio, had been examined following numerous complaints by resorters and bathers of heavy mortality all along the south shore of Lake Erie and in certain areas on the north shore. Unusually large numbers of fish were reported beached during a northeaster of July 12, 13 and 14, one resorter at Vermilion, Ohio, stating that two bushels of dead fish were picked up after that storm on his exposed beach w^hich was some 200 feet long. The complaints were given considerable newspaper publicity, and it may be assumed that the mortality of July, 1928, really reached epidemic proportions. Unfortunately, our counts were made about a week after the heavy storm had passed but, in contrast to the method employed in 1931, every specimen, fresh (of which there were virtually none) or decomposing, was enumerated in order to obtain some idea of the number of fish that are destroyed during a so-called epidemic. The following species were recognized on a strip of shore line twenty feet wide and 785 feet long. Species Yellow perch White bass Blue pike-perch ..... Yellow pike-perch . . . Pike-perch (species not recog- nized) ....... White sucker ....... Catfish Sheepshead * ♦ • # Whitefish or cisco ............ Small-mouth black bass ...... Trout-perch (not commercial). Storer's chub (a minnow^ ... Log perch (not commercial) . . Mud puppy (an amphibian) , . Total number 492 No. fo in total number Size 327 66.5 (mostly 8"- 8/2") 39 7J (1 legal size) 38 7J (1 legal size) 1 0.2 7 L4 2 0.4 3 0.6 (1 about 3") S 1.0 (3 about 2>^" each) I 0.2 I 0.2 (15//') m 12.2 (aver. 2j^") 3 0.6 3 0.6 2 0.4 99.9 Most of the perch measured from eight to eight and one-half inches in length (legal size limit in 1928 was nine inches). All of the fish of commercial importance were of illegal size except five perch, one 95 blue pike and one white bass. All species listed above are taken in the nets of fishermen with the possible exception of trout-perch, log perch and mud puppy. This is the only record I have of beached trout-perch. The heavy mortality of this species at this time of the year (July) is unquestionably due to the fact that many of the adults die after spawn- ing. With this explanation accepted, it may again be stated that in this case almost the entire mortality could be charged to the operation of trap nets alone or of trap nets and gill nets combined. The number of dead fish observed on the Main Street bathing beach in Vermilion in 1928 exceeded the number seen on the same date in any similar stretch of beach within a distance of one mile immediately to the westward. The greater mortality on the bathing beach may have been due to the fact that this beach comprises part of a cove formed by the long piers that extend from the mouth of the river. However, many of the fish that were washed ashore on July 12, 13 and 14 must have been removed during the following week by wave action, especially on the exposed beaches, or consumed by scavengers, so that the number in the protected cove at Vermilion may well have represented average conditions immediately after the storm. On the basis of such an as- sumption computations show that some 3,283 fish of all species or some 2,834 fish of the commercial varieties were beached per mile of shore line. Since reports indicated that the epidemic was severe all along the shore especially from Sandusky, Ohio, to Erie, Pennsylvania (prob- ably about 195 miles), one may compute, further, that the numl)er of commercially important fish beached on the United States shore during the one severe storm may well have reached a total of more than 500.000. Early in August of the same year (1928) another severe epidemic was reported during which large numbers of dead fish were beached all along the south shore. In fact 1928 seems to have been an unusually bad year for heavy mortalities among the fish of Lake Erie, This heavy mortality may have been due in part to the phenomenal abun- dance of young perch in Lake Erie in 1928. On two other occasions dead fish were examined on the beaches of Lake Erie, following reports of heavy mortality. On August 14, 1934 all beached fish seen along a 1110-foot stretch of shore line at Vermilion- on-the-Lake, Ohio, were counted. According to the attending life guard this bathing beach was cleared of its dead fish on the preceding day, and the counts presumably represented the fish that were washed ashore during the preceding twenty-four hours. The following results were obtained: Per cent in Average Species No, total u umber size Yellow perch ......._....... tS7 75.8 8.1" Blue pike-perch .............. m 19.3 9.2" Yellow pike-perch ............ 1 0.5 1 1 .0" Sheepshead 1 0.5 10.0" Lawyer 1 0.5 small Stone cat or bcadeye ......... # 2.9 Rock bass t 0.5 8.2" Total number .... 207 96 100.0 This number represented about 994 fish per mile of shore line. All fish in suitable condition were measured. Of the 157 perch counted eighty-one were measured. Fifty-one of these, or sixty-three per cent, measured eight inches or more in total length and twenty-nine fish, or thirty-six per cent, measured eight and one-half inches or more in length. It is important to remember here that although the legal size limit for perch in Ohio in 1934 was eight and one-half inches the fishermen were permitted to retain all perch of eight inches and larger. Of the forty blue pike counted twenty-seven were measured. Four of these, or fifteen per cent, were of legal size. All of the other commercial species of fish seen were of unlawful size. On August 15, 1934, all dead fish found on some 1280 feet of beach between Shore Acres and Euclid Beach, Cleveland, Ohio, were enumer- ated with the following results : Per cent in Average Species No. total number size Yellow perch 27 47.4 7.0" Blue pike-perch 6 10.5 7.3" Sheepshead 13 22.8 6.6^ Gizzard shad 1 1.8 6.0" Storer's chub 8 14.0 6.4" Log perch 2 3.5 5.1" Total number 57 100.0 This ntitnber represented 234 fish per mile of shore line. The care- taker at Shore Acres stated that the surveyed beach had not been cleared of dead fish so far as he knew, while a resorter who was well acquainted with the beach reported that the number of dead fish seen by us represented average conditions. Of the twenty-seven perch counted six individuals, or twenty-two per cent, measured eight inches or more in length, and two fish, or seven per cent, measured eight and one-half inches or more in length. Of the thirteen sheepshead two fish, or fifteen per cent, were of lawful size while all of the blue pike were below the legal size limit. It is possible to present here the range of sizes of the perch and blue pike measured on August 14 and 15, 1934. Length frequencies are given in the accompanying table. This table shows that at Ver- milion-on-the-Lake the perch ranged from five and one-half to ten inches in length although most of them varied from seven and one-quarter to nine inches in length. The greatest numbers occurred at lengths of seven and one-half, eight and nine inches. At Cleveland the perch ranged from five to eight and one-half inches in length. The blue pike ranged from six to eleven and one-quarter inches in length. All of my original field data on the Lake Erie mortalities have now been presented, and it is now possible to give briefly the important facts that have a significant bearing on the question of the possible factors involved in the Lake Erie epidemics. These facts are as follows : 1. Virtually all (91.67o) of the specimens identified on the various dates belong to species known to be common in the catch of the com- 97 (h r> i « f— < -^ 1* o 5=!i( OO (M c^l ^ V-( 55 o OS 1- 00 1-^ > "^ ^-! ;j* »-• !— 1 l-t 1-H CO f~l :^ C*3 o 1-^ s« n o •-I o f— « 1-1 ;!? t-( CO OS ;3? r-l Ci OS 1-1 1— ( s« QO £ ;?! fc C> 11 V «o ,-i 00 o 00 «0 1-1 (N "^ pq eo 1© ©9 &4 1* ©8 f^ 1-^ ^ r* M ** i>* ? M 1- i^ m »» ;^ wm ^ m «■» w« i-r m M M m . U5 #« 1 1 1 1 s t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JS :t s f iji U 6p f^ r^ =5 35 1—1 1—1 S-? » » '-' c l-t 1—1 f ir^ ^~ >^ 93 ■*-» -M ■W 4-> •^ 6C « W (» o ? ? = 3 " \ 3 S 3 3 < < < < 98 mercial fishermen. The trout-perch, log perch and mud puppies do not appear often in the commercial lifts. The mortality of the sixty trout-perch on July 20, 1928, was explained as due to spawning activi- ties (page 96). The deaths of the five log perch and two mud puppies may be attributed to any one of several causes such as natural mor- tality, disease, beaching by storms, etc. It is safe to conclude then that on the whole only the varieties of fish that are handled by the commer- cial fishermen are beached. No extensive mortalities occurred among the many Lake Erie species of non-commercial importance (minnows, etc.) except those that are taken in commercial nets. 2. The known range of sizes of the beached fish, especially of the very abundant perch and pike-perches, covers the sizes of these species, particularly the undersized fish, taken in the commercial fishing gear. Virtually no fingerlings of any species and very few yearling fish of the commercial varieties were beached. The baby fish were, therefore, not subject to the factor or factors that caused the mortalities. 3. A large percentage (63%, 22%) of the perch measured on August 14 and 15, 1934, and a fair percentage of the blue pike (15%) examined August 14, 1934, and of the sheepshead (15%) measured on August 15, 1934, were of lawful and marketable size. The percentage of legal perch beached far exceeded the percentage of legal perch taken in trap nets (8%) although in the case of the blue pike and the sheeps- head the percentages for the beached fish were smaller than those lor the trap-net fish (40% and 21% respectively). This means that trap nets were not alone responsible for the destruction of perch in 1934. With these various facts before us we may now turn to the list of factors given at the beginning of this article and determine which of these appear to be responsible for the destruction of fish in Lake Erie. Obviously, the first and second factors (termination of life span and spawning) could not be responsible for any heavy mortality, since virtually all of the beached fish, except the trout-perch, log perch and Storer's chub, were either sexually immature or young fish. Parasites and diseases, the third factor, undoubtedly take their toll but it is highly improbable that these agencies would affect only those species and those sizes of fish that are taken in commercial gear. Nor is it probable that the numbers affected would repeatedly reach epidemic proportions. Factors 4 (gases), 5 (temperature) and 6 (ice), if responsible, would affect all species of fish and all sizes, particularly the minnows and baby fish that inhabit the shallow water inshore. Fac- tor 7 (food) may be dismissed as being highly improbable. Factors 8 (storms), 9 (pollution) and 10a (wave action) might reasonably be held accountable for the heavy destruction of fish. There are several cases on record where it was definitely determined by scien- tific investigators that heavy casualities among fishes of certain inland lakes were due entirely to the beaching during storms of individuals found in the shallow water near shore. In 1928, the year of unusually heavy epidemics on Lake Erie, small perch, the most abundant of the beached species, were known to have been present in the lake in greater numbers than ever before, according to the testimony of every fisher- man interviewed. This unusually heavy concentration of small perch in the shallow waters near shore would make possible the beaching of excessively large numbers of fish during the more severe storms in the summer of 1928 and thus aid in increasing the normal mortality to the level of epidemic proportions. Of course, the increase in the perch population would likewise increase the mortality due to fishing opera- tions and other factors. However, if storms were the dominant factor the inshore fishes (minnows, fingerlings, and yearlings) would suffer most. This was found not to be true. The same argument holds with respect to wave action and pollution. Scientific investigations have shown that no pollution detrimental to fish exists in the offshore waters of Lake Erie. If pollution were a major factor, it would affect all species of the inshore waters only. But, as was pointed out above, relatively few of these fishes were beached. Pollution, therefore, could not have been the controlling factor. By a process of elimination we must conclude that the only factor that can explain fully the various facts based on our data is the last one — the operation of commercial trap nets and gill nets (10b). Our study of the catch of trap nets and gill nets on Lake Erie has shown that from ten to twenty per cent of the undersized fish of the more common species taken in trap nets are dead when the nets are lifted and that virtually all of the undersized fish taken in gill nets are killed in the clearing of the nets. Perch and blue pike are the dominant species in these nets, and these were also the dominant species found on shore. Just how much of the blame must be attached to each type of gear would be difficult to state. Trap nets take many more under- sized fish and species of fish than do the gill nets, and it is safe to con- clude that trap nets destroy many more fish than do the gill nets. The presence of large percentages of legal sized and marketable fish on the beaches indicates that gill nets do contribute to the mortalities. We know that sound fish of lawful size are not returned to the water by the trap-net fisherman and that unsound fish of lawful size are rela- tively scarce in trap nets. We likewise know that as a rule a small percentage of the gill-net fish of lawful size are unsound and are thrown overboard and that at certain times of the year, usually in August, nearly whole lifts of perch become sour for some unknown reason and are dumped. Also, storms delay the lifting of gill nets and thus account for many sour fish. Most of the legal perch and blue pike on the beach may be the spoiled fish dumped by the gill-netters. No other explana- tion can be suggested. We may conclude now that all of the evidence shows that most if not all of the destruction of the fish beached on the shores of Lake Erie is due to the operation of commercial fishing gear — trap nets, pound nets and gill nets. Whether or not this destruction is a vital factor in the abundance of the fish in Lake Erie is another problem that needs further consideration. Ann Arbor, Michigan, July 8, 1936. 100 NOTES ON PENNSYLVANIA FISHES 1928-1935 By HENRY W. FOWLER Curator of Fishes The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia During the last eight years I have studied extensive collections of Pennsylvania fishes. As many of them represent important items in the distribution of the various species, a condensed account is here presented. My valued correspondent the late Mr. R. W. Wehrle, of Indiana, has made a number of collections in his region and forwarded them to the Academy. In 1928 they are from Smith Run, Old Pond, Branch of Plum Creek, Crooked Creek, White Run No. 2, all during September ; also in Redder Stream, all Indiana County. Other collections are from the Clar- ion River and Somerset County, also in 1928. In 1929 a fine collection was obtained from a branch of the Little Mahoning Creek at Indiana on November 8, and in Rayne Township Run on October 1. In 1933 materials were obtained in Laurel Run, tributary to Yellow Creek, also in Laurel Run at Ewing Mill in August ; on October 14 in the South Branch of Two Lick Creek and the North Branch of Two Lick Creek ; a lot of specimens obtained on October 24, 1935, in Ramsey Stream. My own collecting has been due to restricted opportunities rather than to planned or extended trips. Materials were obtained as follow^s : Delaware River above New Hope, Bucks County, on October 5, 1930; Marsh Creek south of Gettysburg, Franklin County, October 16, 1931 ; Pickering Creek near Phoenixville, Chester County, in August 1931 ; Delaware River at Eddington, Bucks County, August 14. 1932; Sher- man's Creek at Gibson's Rock, Perry County, September 3. 1932 ; Fish- ing Creek at Keystone, Perry County, September 4, 1932; Sherman's Creek along the north face of Cove Mountain, Perry County, Septem- ber 5, 1932 ; Raccoon Creek one mile east of Ickesburg, Perry County. September 5, 1932; Stover's Dam on the Tohickon Creek. Bucks Coun- ty, July 4, 1933 ; Crooked Creek near Tioga, Tioga County, July 27, 1933; Crossroads Creek at Troy, Bradford County, July 27, 1933; Fishing Creek at Keystone, Perry County, July 28, 1933; Yellow Breeches Creek near Carlisle, Cumberland County, July 29, 1933; Big Conewago Creek near Arendsville, Adams County, July 29, 1933"^; Meshoppen Creek above Meshoppen, Lackawanna County, August 21 ! 1934; Stony Fork near Wellsboro, Tioga County, August 22, 1934; Pine Creek below Blackwell, Tioga County, August 22, 1934; Pine Creek at Rexford, Tioga County, August 22, 1934; brook east of Gaines, Tioga County, August 23, 1934; brook near Wilcox, McKean County, August 25, 1934; Sinnamahoning Creek at Emporium, Cameron County, August 26, 1934; headwaters of the Conodoguinet Creek near Roxbury. Franklin County, August 7, 1934; Sherman's Creek at Gibson's Rock, May 18, 1935 ; tributary of Sherman's Creek at Loysville. Perry County, May 18, 1935 ; Tohickon Creek at Stover's Park, Bucks County, July 21, 1935 ; Pine Run, tributary of the Nesham- iny Creek near Rushland, Bucks County, August 11, 1935; Portage 101 Creek at Twin Bridges, Cameron County, August 18, 1935; Laurel Run, tributary of the Little Muncy Creek near Opp, Columbia County August 19 and 2Z, 1935 ; Potato Creek, headwaters of the Allegheny River near Norwich, McKean County, August 20 and 21, 1935; Genesee Forks, tributary of the Susquehanna River, Potter Countv' August 22, 1935. ^' I have also examined several interesting specimens in the U S National Museum in October, 1923, and to the authorities of that insti- tution gratefully acknowledge the privilege. They are indicated below by the asterisk accompanying the locality. THE LAMPREYS (Pctromyzonkiac) Lamprey (Petromyson mar inns) Susquehanna River at Sunbury,* November 1886, A. F. Clapp. Mountain Brook Lamprey (Entospheuus aepyterus) ^"^ froni Lillibridge Creek at Port Allegany, McKean County, spring of 1923, J. C. Galloway. Eastern Brook Lamprey (Entospheuus appendix) One from near Delaware Water Gap, Monroe County, October. 1927 J. C. Galloway. ' ' THE STURGEONS (Acipenseridae) Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser juhescens) Foxburg,* S. F. Baird. THE PADDLE FISHES (Polyodonidae) Paddle Fish (Polyodon f^ium) Foxburg,* S. F. Baird. THE GAR-PIKES (Lepisosteidae) Long-nosed Gar-pike (Lepisosteus osseus) Meadville,* Crawford County. THE SALMON (Saluiomdae) Brook Trout (Salvelinus jontinalis) East of Ottsville, Rexford. Brown Trout (Sahuo jario) Rexford. (An introduced species.) THE CATS (Ictaluridae) Spotted Cat (Ictalurus punciatus) Foxburg,* S. F. Baird. Common Cat (Ameiurus nehulosus) Clarion River; Crooked Creek near Tioga; Carlisle; Arendsville ; Loysville; Ramsey Stream. 102 Black Cat (Ameiurus melas) Meadville,* Crawford County. Margined Stone Cat (Rahida insignis) Marsh Creek; Pickering Creek; east of Ottsville; Troy; Keystone, Carlisle ; Arendsville ; Loysville. THE MINNOWS (Cyprinidae) Stone Roller (Campostoma anomalum) Foxburg;* Somerset County; Kedder Stream; Branch of Plum Creek ; White Run No. 2 ; Clarion River ; Rayne Township Run ; In- diana ; North Branch of Two Lick Creek ; Laurel Run ; Troy ; Potato Creek; Ewing Mill. Blunt-nosed Minnow (Hyborhynchus notatus) Somerset County ; Kedder Stream ; Branch of Plum Creek ; Indiana ; Rayne Township Run ; Ewing Mill ; South Branch of Two Lick Creek ; North Branch of Two Lick Creek ; Ramsey Stream. Black-headed Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Pond on Kelly's Island,* Lake Erie, June 11, 1894 (Cloudsley Rutter). ^ Fall Fish (bullaris) New Hope; Carlisle; Arendsville. ==^^ ^ ^^^- Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) Mercersburg,* Franklin County; Smith Run; Old Pond; Somerset County; Kedder Stream; Branch of Plum Creek; Crooked Creek; White Run No. 2; Clarion River; Rayne Township Run; Indiana; Marsh Creek ; Keystone ; Raccoon Creek ; Stover's Dam ; Tioga ; Troy ; Carlisle ; Arendsville ; Ewing Mill ; South Branch of Two Lick Creek ; North Branch of Two Lick Creek ; Stony Creek fork near Wellsboro ; brook east of Gaines ; Emporium ; Roxbury ; Loysville ; Twin Bridges ; Opp; Potato Creek; Genesee Forks; Ramsey Stream, Pearl Dace (Margarisciis margarita) Potato Creek near Norwich. Slender Dace (Clinostomus elongatus) Smith Run ; Old Pond ; Somerset County ; Kedder Stream ; Branch of Plum Creek; Indiana; Rayne Township Run; Laurel Run; Ewing Mill; South Branch of Two Lick Creek; North Branch of Two Lick Creek. Roach (Notetnigonus crysoleucas) Pickering Creek; Stover's Dam. Straw-colored Minnow (Hybopsis deliciosa) Erie,* June 23, 1894, A. J. Woolman. Swallow Minnow (Hybopsis procne) New Hope ; Arendsville. 103 Eastern Spawn Eater (Hudsonius hudsonius amartis) Carlisle.* Eastern Silver-fin (Cyprinella whipplii analostana) New Hope; Pickering Creek; Eddington; east of Ottsville; Tioga; Troy; Arendsville; near Rushland. Red-fin (Ltixiliis cornutiis) Redder Stream; Branch of Plum Creek; Clarion River; Indiana; Smith Run; Pickering Creek; east of Ottsville; Gibson's Rock; Sher- man's Creek along north face of Cove Mountain ; Stover's Dam ; Tioga ; Troy; Keystone; Arendsville; Ewing Mill; Pine Creek below Black- well ; North Branch of Two Lick Creek ; brook east of Gaines ; brook near Wilcox; Emporium; Roxbury; Twin Bridges; Potato Creek. Arrow Minnow (Notropis pJwtogenis) Indiana; South Branch of Two Lick Creek; North Branch of Two Lick Creek. Attractive Minnow (Notropis amoenus) Stover^a Park. Red-faced Minnow (Notropis rubrifrons) Indiana; South Branch of Two Lick Creek; North Branch of Two Lick Creek. Scalloped Minnow (Ericymha huccata) Erie,* 1893; Somerset County; Kedder Stream; Branch of Plum Creek ; Indiana ; Rayne Township Run ; Ewing Mill. Long-nosed Dace (RliinicJitJiys cataractae) Carlisle,* S. F. Baird; Laurel Run; Troy; Carlisle; Arendsville; above Meshoppen; Stony Fork Creek near Wellsboro. Black-nosed Dace ( Rhinichthys atratidiis) Meadville,* Crawford County ; Somerset County ; Kedder Stream ; Branch of Plum Creek ; Crooked Creek ; White Run No. 2 ; Smith Run ; Indiana ; Rayne Township Run ; east of Ottsville ; Gibson's Rock ; Key- stone ; Sherman's Creek along north face of Cove Mountain; Raccoon Creek ; Laurel Run ; Tioga ; Troy ; Carlisle ; Arendsville ; Ewing Mill ; South Branch of Two Lick Creek ; Meshoppen Creek ; Stony Creek Fork near Wellsboro ; Pine Creek near Blackwell ; brook east of Gaines ; brook near Wilcox; Emporium; Roxbury; Loysville; Twin Bridges; Opp; Potato Creek; Genesee Forks. Horned Chub (Nocomis kentuckiensis) North Branch of Two Lick Creek. Eastern Horned Chub (Nocomis micropogon) Wilkes-Barre,* June 3, 1875, L. H. Taylor; Gibson's Rock; Sher- man's Creek along north face of Cove Mountain ; Tioga ; Troy ; Meshop- pen Creek; Roxbury. CuT-LiPS (Exoglossiim maxillingua) Pickering Creek; Gibson's Rock; Meshoppen Creek; Roxbury; Sto- ver's Park. 104 THE SUCKERS (Catostomidae) Common Sucker (Catostomiis couiinersonnii) Kedder Stream; Branch of Plum Creek; Indiana; Rayne Township Run ; Pickering Creek ; east of Ottsville ; Laurel Run ; Tioga ; Carlisle ; Arendsville ; Pine Creek below Blackwell ; Rexford ; Ewing Mill ; North Branch of Two Lick Creek ; brook east of Gaines ; Emporium ; Roxbury ; Gibson's Rock. Black Sucker (Hypentclium nigricans) Kedder Stream; Indiana; Rayne Township Run; Gibson's Rock; Laurel Run ; Tioga ; Carlisle ; Arendsville ; brook east of Gaines ; Em- porium ; Roxbury ; Loysville. Chub Sucker (Erimyson succtta oblongus) Yellow Breeches Creek near Carlisle. Red Horse (Moxostoma aureolum) Indiana. THE MUD MINNOWS (Umbridae) Eastern Mud Minnow (Umbra pygmaea) Eddington. THE KILLIFISHES (Cyprinodontidae) Mummichog (Fundulus heterocUtus ^acrahpidotus) Eddington. Barred Killifish (Fmndnius dmphanus) New Hope; Marsh Creek; east of Ottsville; Stover's Park; near Rushland. THE TROUT PERCHES (Percopsida^) Trout Perch (Percopsis omisconiaycus) Easton,* H. J. Reeder. THE SUNFISHES (CentrarcJiidae) Red-eyed Bass (Ambloplites rupestris) Marsh Creek south of Gettysburg. Mud Sunfish ( Acantharchus pomotis) Bucks County,* head into the Delaware River, J. H. Richard. This is the first record for the State, though secured inany vears ago and is without date of capture. An interesting addition 'to the fauna of Pennsylvania, characteristic of the lowland streams of the Coastal Plain. Sphagnum Sunfish ( Enneacanthus obesus) Bucks County,* J. H. Richard. 105 Green Sunfish (Apomotis cyanellus) One from Erie* in 1893. Red-bellied Sunfish (Lepomis auritiis) New Hope; east of Ottsville; Sherman's Creek along north face of Cove Mountain; Stover's Dam; CarHsle; Arendsville ; near Rushland. Common Sunfish (Pomotis gibbosus) Mercersburg,* FrankHn County ; Clarion River ; New Hope ; Stover's Dam; Tioga; Troy; Keystone; CarHsle; Arendsville. Small-mouth Bass (Microptertis dolornieu) Pickering Creek ; Rexford ; North Branch of Two Lick Creek. Large- mouth Bass (Aplites salmoides) Pickering Creek. THE PERCHES (Percidae) Log Perch (Percina caprodes) French Creek tributary to Allegheny River at Meadville,* in 1851, Prof. Williams. Black-sided Darter (Alvordius maculatns) Indiana; Rayne Township Run; Laurel Creek; Ewing Mill, South Branch of Two Lick Creek. Shielded Darter (Alvordius peltatus) Five miles from Sawkill Creek at Milford,* Pike County, May 3. 1904. Green Darter (Etheostoma blennioides) Foxburg ;* Ewing Mill Variegated Darter (PoecUtchthys variatus) Foxburg ;* Pittsburgh.* Fan-tail Darter (Catonotus flabellaris) Branch of Antietam Creek near Marion,* Dickey's Run,* Mercers- burg," all of Franklin County; French Creek at Meadville,* Craw- ford County, 1851, Prof. Williams; Monongahela River at Uniontown,* S. F. Baird; Marsh Creek; Potato Creek; Indiana; South Branch of Two Lick Creek; Rayne Township Run. Johnny Darter (Boleosoma nigrum) Foxburg;* Pittsburgh;* Monongahela River at Uniontown;* Red- der Stream; Branch of Plum Creek; Indiana; Ewing Mill; South Branch of Two Lick Creek ; North Branch of Two Lick Creek ; Potato Creek; Rayne Township Run. Tessellated Darter (Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi) Carlisle;* Dewitt's Run, Fleming,* Center County, September 18, 1856, Samuel Briggs; New Hope; east of Ottsville; Tioga; Troy; Car- Hsle; Arendsville; Meshoppen Creek; Pine Creek below Blackwell; brook near Wilcox ; Gibson's Rock ; Opp. THE SCULPINS (Cottidae) Western Sculpin (Coitus bairdii) Branch of Plum Creek ; Laurel Run ; Rayne Township Run ; Ewing Mill; South Branch of Two Lick Creek; North Branch of Two Lick Creek ; Pittsburgh ;* Meadville. Eastern Sculpin (Cottus gracilis) -/ Carlisle;* Spring Forge;* S. F. Baird; Troy; Opp. BIBLIOGRAPHY Since my paper, "A List of the Fishes of Pennsylvania.*' in Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, vol. 32, May 20, 1919, pp. 49 to 74, the fol- lowing papers have appeared, besides one overlooked. Henry W. Fowler 1912.^-' A Check List of the Fishes Recorded from Pennsylvania. Departm. of Fisher., Pa., 1911-1912, pp. 76 to 100. Rep. ^920. "" Notes on New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia Fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1919 (March 11, 1920). Penn- sylvania Fishes, pp. 298 to 300. (List of 30 species.) J921^ Description of a New Cyprinoid Fish (Notropis stonei) with Notes on Other Fishes Obtained in the United States. L. c, 1920 (March 4, 1921). Pennsylvania Fishes, pp. Z^7 and 388. (List of 17 species.) -^The Fishes of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Copeia, No. 98, September 1, 1921, pp. 62 to 68. (List of 62 species.) Spawning Habits of Pike, Killifishes, etc. The Fish Culturist. vol. 1, No. 4, May, 1921, pp. Z6 and Z7, 1922/ Spawning Habits of Pike, Killifishes, etc. L. c, vol. 2, No. 3. June, 1922, pp. 141 and 142. 1923. Spawning Habits of Sunfishes, Basses, etc. L. c, vol. 2, No. 13, pp. 226 to 228. 1924.^^Upper Susquehanna Notes— 1922. L. c, vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 268 and 269. (Lists 11 species in Bradford County.) Note in Pike County, Pennsylvania. L. c, vol. 3, No. 9, p. 300. (List of 8 species.) J925f Records of Fishes in Pennsylvania, 1924. Copeia, No. 144, April 14, 1925, 11, 23 and 24. (List of 22 species.) Spawning Habits of Sunfishes, Basses, etc. The Fish Culturist. vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 363 and 364. 107 1927.? Notes on Pennsylvania Fishes. L. c, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 191 and ' ' 192. (List of 38 species.) 192S.> Fishes from Indiana County, Pennsylvania, obtained in 1927. ~" L. c, vol. 7, No. 7, p. 241. (List of 15 species.) The Lamprey (Petromyson rnarinits). L. c, vol. 7, No» 10, pp. 274 and 275, fig. The Sturgeon (Acipenser stiirio). L. c., vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 5 to 7, figs. The Gar Pike (Lcpisostcus osseus). L. c, vol. 8, Nc. 2, pp. 19 and 20, 2 figs. The Alevvife (Ponwlobus pseudoharengits). L. c, vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 29 to 31, fig. The Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepediamtm). L. c, vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 39 and 40, fig. 1929. The Red Bellied Dace (Chrosomus erythrogaster). L. c, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 40 and 41, fig. 1930. The Stone Roller (Campostonm anomalum). L. c, vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 69 to 71. 1931. The Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus regius). L. c, vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 86 and 87, fig. 1932. Nesting Sunfish. Pennsylvania's Wilds and Waters, vol. 4, No. 1, March, 1934, fig. The Fall Fish (Semotilns bullaris). The Fish Culturist, vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 34 and 35, fig., p. 38. Henry W. Fowler and J. Gordon Carlson 1927, -f Fishes from McKean, Potter and Cameron Counties, Pennsyl- vania. Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, vol. 40, June 30, 1927, pp. 65 to 74. (List of 39 species.) ^/7-^777|T Norman H# Stewart IS^'^The Distrihution of Fishes in a Typical Pennsylvania Stream. Bucknell University j^^,pp. 1 to 11. (Lists 31 species for Buffalo Creek in Union County.) 1935.^ A Survey of the Fishes in the Region of Lewisburg, Pennsyl- vania. Proc. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci., vol. 9, 1935, pp. 82 to to 86. (Lists 53 species, of which Entosplienus aepypterns, Notropis hctcrodon, N. hctcrolepis atrocaiidalis, N. zfolucelhis voliiccllus and A', atherinoides are evidently without definite records in the region and should therefore be excluded until these are supplied.) 103 HAND LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PENNSYLVANIA By M. GRAHAM NETTING This list was published in 1936 as Carnegie Museum Herpetology Leaflet No. 1. For this publication certain necessary changes in scientific names have been made, and a recently described salamander, Plethodon richmondi, has been added to the list. In 1931 I issued a mimeographed list of the amphibians and reptiles which were known to occur in Pennsylvania. Increased knowledge of the local fauna has necessitated four revisions of this list. Probably only minor corrections will be required in the future so it now appears desirable to present the list in printed form. It is hoped that this leaflet will stimulate interested persons to send specimens of each species en- countered to the Section of Herpetology, Carnegie Museum, where material is being assembled for a comprehensive work on the Herpetolo- gy of Pennsylvania. Each specimen should be accompanied by a label stating the exact locality and date of collection, and the name and address of the sender. Directions for collecting, preserving, or shipping will be supplied upon request. Each donor w^ill receive a list of his specimens correctly identified. All animals may be separated, roughly, into two groups, those with backbones (vertebrates) and those without backbones (invertebrates). The existing vertebrates may be subdivided into five classes, which are ordinarily placed in the following order: I. PISCES, Fish; II AM- PHIBIA, Amphibians ; III. REPTILIA, Reptiles ; IV. AVES, Birds ; V. MAMMALIA, jNIammals. All of these groups occur in Pennsyl- vania. A local vertebrate may be placed in its proper class by the use of the following key: 1. Body covered with hair ....... MAMMALS Body not covered with hair ................ See 2 2. Body covered with feathers ................... BIRDS Body not covered with feathers, or hair ........ See 3 3. Body with fins FISHES Body without fins, feathers, or hair See 4 4. Body and legs covered with smooth or warty skin AMPHIBIANS Body or legs covered with scales REPTILES This leaflet deals with only two of the above classes, namely, the amphibians and the reptiles. The science of these two groups is called herpetology and those who study these animals are lierpetologists. Class AMPHIBIA— AMPHIBIANS Order CAUDATA— SALAMANDERS Family PROTEIDAE— MUDPUPPIES L Necturns maculosus maculosus (Rafinesque), IMudpuppy Family CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE— GIANT SALAMANDERS 2. Cryptobranchtts allegamensis (Daudin), Hellbender 109 Family PLEURODELIDAE— NEWTS 3. Triturus viridescens viridescens Rafinesque. Red-spotted Newt Family AMBYSTOMIDAE-BLUNT-NOSED SALAMANDERS 4 Amhystoma jeffersonianum (Green), Jefferson's Salamander 5 Amhystoma mactilatum (Shaw), Spotted Salamander 6 Amhystoma opacum (Gravenhorst), Marbled Salamander 7. Amhystoina tigrinum tigrinum (Green), Tiger Salamander Family PLETHODONTIDAE-LUNGLESS SALAMANDERS 8. Gyrinophilus porphyritkus porphyriticus (Green), Purple Sala- Pseudotriton montanus montanus Baird, Rare Red Salamander Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Sonnini), Common Red Salamander Eurycea hislineata hislineata (Green), Two-lined Salamander Eurycea longicauda lougicauda (Green), Long-tailed Salamander Plethodon cinereus (Green), Red-backed Salamander Plethodon glutinosus (Green), Slimy Salamander Plethodon richmmtdi Netting and Mittleman, Ravine Salamander Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, Wehrle's Salamander Hemidactvlium scutatum (Schlegel), Four-toed Salamander Desmognathus fusais juscus (Rafinesque), Dusky Salamander Desmognathus fuscus ochrophaeus Cope, Mountam Salamander Desmognathus phoca (Matthes), Seal Salamander Order SALIENTIA— FROGS Family PELOBATIDAE-SPADEFOOT TOADS Scttphiopus holbrookii holbrookii (Harlan), Hermit Spadejoot Family BUFONIDAE— TOADS Bufo amerkanus anicrkanus Holbrook, American Toad Bujo waodhousii foivleri Hinckley, Fowler's Toad Family HYLIDAE— TREE FROGS Acris crepitans Baird, Cricket Frog Pseudacris hrachyphona (Cope), Mountain Chorus Frog Pscudacris nigrita feriarum (Baird), Eastern Chorus Frog Pseudacris nigrita triseriata (Wied), Western Chorus Frog Hyla crucifer Wied, Spring-peeper Hyla versicolor verskolor Le Conte, Common Tree Fr^, Ram Family RANIDAE— LARGE FROGS Rana catesbeiana Shaw, Bullfrog Rana clamitans Latreille, Green Frog Rana pahtstris Le Conte, Pickerel Frog Rana pipiens Schreber, Leopard Frog, Grass Frog Rana sylvatica Le Conte, Wood Frog no 9. 10. n. 12. 1^ 14. 15. 16. 17- Ifc 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Class REPTILIA— REPTILES Order TESTUDINATA— TURTLES Family KINOSTERXIDAE— STINK-POTS 35. Sternothcnis odoratus (Latreille), Musk Turtle 36. Kinosternon suhnibnim suhnihnim (Lacepede), Mud Turtle Family CHELYDRIDAE— SNAPPING TURTLES Z7. Chelydra serpentina (L.), Snapping Turtle Family TESTUDINIDAE— POND TURTLES ZS. Clemmys guttata (Schneider), Spotted Turtle 39. Clemmys insculpta (Le Conte), Wood Turtle 40. Clemmys muhlenhergii (Schoepff), Muhlenberg's Turtle 41. Emyg Mandingii (Holbrook), Blanding's Turtle 42. Terrapene earoUna (L.), Box Turtle 43. Graptemys geograpJiiea (Le Sueur), Map Turtle 44. Chrysemys bellii marginafm Agassiz, Western Piinted Turtle 45. Chryscmys picta (Schneider), Eastern Painted Turtle 46. Pseiidemys ruhrivcntris riibriventris (Le Conte), Red-bellied Turtle Family TRIONYCH I DAE— SOFT- SHELLED TURTLES 47. Amyda spinifera (Le Sueur), Spiny Soft-Shelled Turtle Order SQUAMATA— SCALED RE1WILES Suborder SAUR I A— LIZARDS Family IGUANIDAE— IGUANID LIZARDS 48. Sceloporiis undidatus jasciatus (Green), Fence Lizard, Swift Family SCINCIDAE— SKINKS 49. Emmecm anfhr acinus (Baird), Black Skink 50. Eumeces jasciatus (L.), Blue-tailed Skink 51. Eumeces laticeps Schneider, Broad-headed Skink Suborder 5'£/?FEA^r£5'— SNAKES Family COLUBRIDAE— COLUBRID SNAKES All of the local species are harmless. 52. Car pho phis amocna amocna (Say), Ground Snake 53. Diadophis punctafus edwardsii (Merrem), Ring-neck Snake 54. Hctcrodon contortrix (L.), Spreadhead, Hog-nosed Snake 55. Opheodrys acstivus (L.), Rough Green Snake 111 56. Opheodrys vernalis (Harlan), Grass Snake, Smooth Green Snake 57. Coluber constrictor constrictor L., Black Racer 58. Elaphe obsoleta ohsolcta (Say), Pilot Black Snake 59. Lampropeltis getulus getulus (L.), Chain Snake 60. Lampropeltis trianguhim triangulitni (Lacepede), House Snake 61. Natrix erythrogaster crythrogaster (Forster), Red-bellied Water Snake 62. Natrix kirtlandii (Kennicott), Kirtland's Snake 63. Natrix septemvittata (Say), Queen Water Snake 64. Natrix sipedon sipedon (L.), Banded Water Snake 65. Storeria dekayi (Holbrook), DeKay's Snake 66. Storerm occipito-niaculata (Storer), Red-bellied Snake 67. Virginia valeriae valeriae Baird & Girard, Gray Snake 68. Virginia valeriae elegans Kennicott, Virginia's Snake 69. Thamnophis hMeri (Cope), Butler's Garter Snake 70. Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (L.), Ribbon Snake 71. Thamnophis sirtalis sir talis (L.), Eastern Garter Snake Family CROTALIDAE— PIT-VIPERS M^ of the species of this family are venomous. 72. Agkistrodon mokasen cupreus (Rafitiesque), Northern Copperhead 73. Sistrurus catenatus catenatus (Rafinesque), Massasauga 74. Crotalus horridns horridus L., Banded Rattlesnake In the above list, following each number the arrangement is as follows : genus ; species ; and, in some cases, subspecies ; name of the person who described the species ; and common name. Pseiidotriton montanus montanus has been taken only in Cumber- land County; Eumeces laticeps only in York County; and Lampropeltis getulus getulus only jn Lancaster County. J-VJl^llVJIN Vjr UINlliLU :;>lAl£,b l^AUJN/ \ WJ-llChl OCCURS IN PENNSYLVANIA Number of kinds l» Number found in United States Pennsvlvania Salamanders , , , 100 20 Frogs and Toads ..,...,...,... 85 14 Turtles 59 13 Crocodiles and Alligator ...,.» 2 • . i^izarcls ,.«•.»•»*»•♦.« IZu 4 Snakes ,...,,.. 200 23 Total * * t • 566 112 74 THE AMPHIBIANS OF PENNSYLVANIA (2nd edition) By M. GRAHAM NETTING Curator of Herpetology, Carnegie Museum (This article was originally published in 1933 in the Proceedings of the Penn- sylvania Academy of Science, volume VII, pages 100-110. The author has brought the material up-to-date for this publication by adding records which he has secured since 1933.) Recently I had the opportunity to examine the keys to salamanders and to frogs which students are expected to use in one of our colleges. These keys were hoary with age. Whether they were compiled last year or thirty years ago I could not say, but it was evident that they were based on the herpetological knowledge of 1900. Yet I do not hold the biology teacher responsible for the fact that these keys included species which do not occur within many miles of this area or for the fact that common local species were omitted. The fault lies rather with me and with my fellow herpetologists, for we have held ourselves aloof from static lists. We have written little in popular vein about the amphibians of our own regions. In the face of this crying need for general information, I feel that we should lay aside, from time to time, the more intricate problems which tempt us and devote ourselves to the common cause. The present list is based upon the Pennsylvania collections of the Carnegie Museum, which consist of over 4,000 salamanders and 2,000 frogs, and upon the records which I have accumulated in the past fifteen y«ftr§. Additional work will clarify certain details of distribution ; it may result in a few changes in nomenclature ; and it may add one or two species, of salamanders probably, to the list. I regret that I cannot include a key to the species in a paper of this length, but I believe that the remarks on distribution will enable teachers to list the species of their respective areas and from such lists simple keys can be prepared. The external morphology of these forms is adequately treated in the standard works on vertebrates and in cer- tain major works on herpetology, but questions of nomenclature and of distribution are the especial province of the museum worker who has an extensive library and a large collection of specimens at his dis- posal. It is hoped that this article will stimulate interested persons to send specimens of each species encountered to the Section of Herpetology, Carnegie Museum, where material is being assembled for a compre- hensive work on the Herpetology of Pennsylvania. Each specimen should be accompanied by a label stating the exact locality and date of collection, and the name and address of the sender. Directions for collecting, preserving, or shipping will be supplied upon request. Each donor will receive a list of his specimens correctly identified. CAUDATA— SALAMANDERS Most herpetologists divide the living salamanders into nine families and about 250 species. Five families and twenty kinds occur in Penn- sylvania. Salamanders are frequently, and erroneously, called "water lizards." True lizards are reptiles and have a body covering of scales, 113 while salamanders, although similar in body shape, have the smooth skin of amphibians. Salamanders have tails throughout life and their hind legs are only slightly larger than the fore legs. Family Proteidae — Mudpuppies 1. Mudpuppy, Waterdog, Necturus maculostis niacidosus (Rafin- esque) This species is easily distinguished from all other Pennsylvanian salamanders by the presence of three bushy, bright red gills on each side of the neck. It has been called the "Peter Pan" of salamanders, for it "never grows up." Other local salamanders have external gills only during the larval stage, but the Mudpuppy never loses its gills. The smooth skin may be brown or gray in color, with several rows of round, dark spots on the back. Young specimens are brown with a light stripe on each side of the back which extends from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail. The Mudpuppy never leaves the water. It rests on the bottom of the streams and lakes during the day, and feeds at night on crayfish, small fish, worms and insects. During the summer it lays about sixty pea-sized eggs under a board or stone in the water. The Mudpuppy occurs in the Ohio, Susquehanna, and Dela- ware drainages, but it is most common in the Ohio drainage, and there is a possibility that the Delaware record may be based upon escaped or introduced specimens. Maximum length, seventeen inches. Family Cryptobranchidae — Giant Salamanders In addition to the Hellbender, this family includes the largest living salamander, the Giant Salamander of Japan, which attains a length of five feet. 2. Hellbender, Creek Alligator, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Dau- din) The Hellbender is the largest, and probably the ugliest, salamander in Pennsylvania. It is gray, red-brown or dark brown in color with a broad, flat head and a flattened body. There are folds of loose skin along the sides and on the hind margins of the legs. The eyes are very small and without eyelids ; gill slits are present. The Hellbender crawls along the bottom of streams, being completely aquatic, and feeds upon fish, crayfish, worms, mussels, insects, and even its own eggs. Many of the fish which it secures are dead specimens which it finds floating in the water. It should be remembered that Hellbenders are eaten by fish. In final analysis, they cannot be considered harmful to fish life. The eggs are laid in long strings in the water about September 1st. This salamander, although completely harmless, is greatly feared by fishermen, many of whom will cut their lines rather than remove Hell- benders from the hooks. Laymen frequently confuse it with the Mud- puppy (No. 1 in this list). The Hellbender occurs in the larger un- polluted, or slightly polluted, streams of the Ohio drainage, and it has also reached the Susquehanna drainage, probably by stream capture. It has been recorded from twenty-two counties in Pennsylvania. Maximum length, twenty-four inches. 114 Family Pleurodelidae — Newts 3. Common Newt, Red- Spotted Newt, Triturus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque) This species, which is familiar to most aquarium fanciers, can be recognized by the presence of from one to eight or more red dots, en- circled with black, on each side of the body. The eggs are laid in the spring, attached singly to the leaves of plants under water. The larvae may transform in the late summer and live on land for two or three years, or they may remain in the water after transformation. The Newt probably occurs in every county, since it has been recorded from fifty-six. Maximum length, five inches. Family Ambystomidae — Blunt-nosed Salamanders 4. Jefferson's Salamander, Amhystoma jeffersoniamim (Green) This species is dark gray or black in color, often marked with a sprinkling of small bluish silver spots. It is sometimes confused with the Slimy Salamander, which it resembles in coloring, but its spots are smaller and less distinct and its toes are much longer and more slender. It is rarely found except in the early spring, when it migrates to ponds to breed. The eggs, which may be deposited singly or in grape-like clusters attached to leaves or sticks, hatch in from two to four weeks ; the larvae transform in mid-summer and then leave the ponds. Eventually this species should be found throughout the State, since it has been recorded from twenty scattered counties. Maximum length, seven and one-quarter inches. 5. Spotted Salamander, Amhystoma nmculatum (Shaw) The name of this species refers to the yellow spots, often more than one-eighth-inch in diameter, which are arranged in a row on each side of the blackish body from the head to the end of the tail. An early spring rain rouses this salamander from hibernation and starts its mi- gration to the ponds. The eggs, enclosed in jelly, are laid in masses the size of a woman's fist. These masses may be either cottony white or transparent. After breeding the species leaves the ponds and during the remainder of the year adults are very hard to find. The Spotted Salamander probably occurs in every county in Pennsylvania, for it has been recorded from fifty-one counties to date. Maximum length, nine inches. & Marbled Salamander, Amhystoma opacum (Gravenhorst) This species is black with a series of about fourteen gray, hour-glass shaped markings crossing the back and tail. The eggs are laid in the fall in hollows on the ground, or under debris, in places which will later be flooded. It has been recorded from thirteen counties, distributed from Chester County in the east to Crawford County in the west, but it must be exceedingly rare in this section, for I have never succeeded in collecting specimens in western Pennsylvania. Maximum length, five inches. lis 7. Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinitm tigrinum (Green) This salamander is marked with yellow spots as is the Spotted Sala- mander, but the spots are more irregular both in shape and in distribu- tion and the belly tends to be mottled with yellow as well The egg masses are deposited in ponds in the spring, generally attached to leaves or to the stems of water plants. This species is a Coastal Plain form m the eastern part of its range, and it is consequently rare in Pennsyl- vania. It has been definitely recorded from Londongrove, Chester County and Wexford, Allegheny County. Maximum length, ten inches. Family Plethodontidae— Lungless Salamanders This is the most important family of salamanders at the present time A large proportion of the species are specialized for a mountain brook habitat and numerous specializations in breeding habits have arisen Members of this family may be recognized by the naso-labial groove which extends from each nostril down to the edge of the lip. 8. Purple Salamander, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphwiticus (Green) The color of this salamander is not purple but pinkish or salmon clouded with brown. It is readily identified by a cream colored line which extends from the eye to the nostril on each side of the head. It inhabits farmers' spring houses and cold mountain springs and streams, and feeds upon other salamanders, worms, insect larvae, and spiders! The eggs are laid on the under surface of stones in running water dur- ing the summer. This species occurs throughout the State, having been recorded from fifty-one counties. Maximum length, seven and one-half inches. 9. Rare Red Salamander, Psendotriton montanus montanus Baird This dull red salamander is distinguished from the next species by the fact that it has only a few scattered black spots on the body. It lives in, or close to, springs and small streams. To the best of my knowledge, it has been taken in Pennsylvania only near Carlisle in Cumberland County. Maximum length, s^en inches. 10. Common Red Salamander, Psciidotriton ruber ruber (Sonnini) This bright red salamander is plentifully sprinkled with black dots, which may fuse in old specimens so that only a little red is visible. It is most easily found in cold mountain springs and streams, but it may occur under bark or debris in muddy places. It feeds on other sala- manders, insect larvae, worms, snails and slugs and lays its eggs on the under surface of stones in cold running water. The species occurs throughout the State, since it has been taken in fifty scattered counties. Maximum length, six and one-half inches. 11. Two-lined Salamander, Eurycea bislineata bislineata (Green) This slim and dapper salamander ranges from golden yellow to dark brown in color, and the back is bordered on each side with a black line. The species is common in leaf mold and under stones in wooded regions] 116 or in streams. From twelve to sixty-eight eggs are laid on the under surface of a stone in running water in late spring. This species has been collected in fifty-one counties, so it must occur throughout the State. Maximum length, four and one-half inches. 12. Long-tailed Salamander, Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Green) This species is bright yellow in color, and the long tail, which is re- sponsible for its name, displays a row of black herring-bone markings on each side. It occurs under logs and stones in the woods, under debris in stream bottoms, and in springs. It has been taken in fifty counties, so it, also, must occur throughout the State. Maximum length, six and one-quarter inches. 13. Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Green) This extremely common terrestrial salamander may display on its back either a bright red stripe or a dark stripe, ranging from gray to black, but in all cases the belly is finely mottled with black and white, which produces a salt-and-pepper appearance. From three to thirteen eggs are laid during the summer in rotten logs or under logs or stones in the w^oods. It is distributed throughout Pennsylvania, with records for fifty-four counties. Maximum length, five inches. 14. Slimy Salamander, Plethodon glutinosus (Green) This species is dark black, more or less spotted with white, and it is aptly named, for when roughly handled it secretes considerable slime, which is perfectly harmless on the hands, but w^hich is difficult to wash off. It occurs in the woods, and near cliffs, under much the same con- ditions as the Red-backed Salamander, but generally under larger rocks and logs. It has been taken in sixty counties in Pennsylvania, and must occur in every county. Maximum length, seven and one-quarter inches. 15. Ravine Salamander, Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman This species is similar to Plethodon cinereus but it attains a greater length, it never displays a bright red stripe on the back, and its belly is dark brownish black faintly sprinkled with minute w^iite dots, but never mottled in a salt-and-pepper fashion. Its breeding and feeding habits are as yet unknown. Its preferred habitat is on the sides of valleys rather than on the hilltops or valley floors. It aestivates during the summer months so it should be searched for in May-June and September- October. Spring collected specimens have noticeably swollen tails, which may indicate food storage for the period of aestivation. To date it has been recorded only in Allegheny, Bedford, and Blair Counties. Maximum length, five and one-half inches. 16. Wehrle's Salamander, Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn This rare species is difficult to separate from the Slimy Salamander. However, the throat is generally whiter and the white spots are re- 117 stricted to the sides of the body. The only records for Pennsylvania are for Clarion, Indiana and McKean Counties. Maximum length, six inches. 17. Four-toed Salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum (Schlegel) This, the smallest salamander of our State, is best recognized bv the constriction around die base of its tail and by the jet-black flecks on its rvory white belly. The eggs are laid under grass, moss, or sphagnum close to water in boggy areas. The Four-toed Salamander should eventually be found in suitable localities in most of the counties of the btate. 1 o date, it has been taken in thirty. Maximum length, three inches. 18. Dusky Salamander, Desmognathus fuscus fitscits (Rafinesque) This, the commonest salamander in Pennsylvania, is red brown to gray brown in color. Only a trained herpetologist can accurately sepa- rate 1 from the next species. It is everywhere common near streams and Its eggs are deposited in moist cavities within a few feet of the water. Specimens of this species are on record for sixty-three of the sixty-seven counties. Beyond any doubt it occurs in every county and in each county it probably occurs at more localities and in greater numbers than any other salamander. Maximum length— five and one-quarter inches. 19. Mountain Salamander, Desmognathus fuscus ochrophaeus Cope The stripe which extends down the back of this species ranges from bng^it red or yel ow to dull brown or black in colc^. It is more a;^ to be found in the u^ods a long distance from streams than is the Sl'n^PW "^""^p • ^^'' 'P'^^^^ '' ^»"^^^t confined to the Appala- chian Plateau in Pennsylvania, and it is largely absent from the south- eastern corner of the State. It has, however, been recorded from Adams and Monroe Counties in the east as well as from thirty-four counties farther west and north. ^ Maximum length— three and three-quarter inches. 20. Seal Salamander, Desmognathus phoca (Matthes) This salamander is brown in color with black and occasionally red or ye low markings above. It frequents cool mountain streams and vvaterfalls and attaches its eggs to the under surface of stones in the stream beds It has been found only in Allegheny, Armstrong, Clearfield, I^ayette, Indiana, Somerset, and Westmoreland Counties. Maximum length— five and one-quarter inches. Salientia — Frogs and Toads The living frogs are divided into ten families and about 1900 soecies. l^our families and fourteen kinds are represented in this State Fro^s and toads have tails only in the larval, or tadpole, stage and their hind legs are greatly enlarged for jumping. 118 Family Pelohatidae — Spade-Foot Toads 21. Spade-foot Toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii holbrookii (Harlan) This rare burrowing species has an enlarged digging spade on each hind foot. It may be separated from all the other frogs of the State by the vertical pupils of its eyes. It is occasionally found in the spring when it emerges from its burrows for a few days to deposit its eggs. In this State it has been collected in Delaware, Franklin, Monroe, Mont- gomery and Northumberland Counties only. Maximum size — three inches. Family Bufonidae — Toads The local species possess the warty skin and prominent paratoid glands which characterize hundreds of other species of this family. They secrete mucous which protects them from some animal enemies but which is non-irritating to our skin. 22. American Toad, Bttfo americanus americanus Holbrook This, the common toad of our gardens, generally has a black-spotted belly and only one or two warts within each dorsal spot. It lays about 4000 eggs in long strings in the water during April or May. It should occur in every county in the State for it has been recorded from fifty- five counties. Maximum size — four and one-quarter inches. 23. Fowler's Toad, Bujo zvoodhomn fm^eri Hinckley This gray and dapper species is an inhabitant, primarily, of river banks and of lake and ocean beaches. It can generally be distinguished from the American Toad by its immaculate or lightly spotted belly and by the fact that it has more than two warts to each dorsal spot. It lays its eggs in the same fashion as the preceding species but it breeds about one month later in this region. In Pennsylvania it has been recorded from twentv-six scattered counties. Maximum size — three and one-quarter inches. Family Hylidae — Tree Frogs The frogs of this family possess adhesive disks on the tips of the fingers and toes. The six local species may be separated, partially, by the difference in size of the disks and bv the amount of webbincy present. Thus, Acns has very small disks and toes which are almost completely webbed ; the forms of Pseudacris have very small disks and toes which are slightly webbed ; and the forms of Hyla have prom- inent disks which are moderate in size in the Spring Peeper, and large in size in the Rain Toad. 24. Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans Baird This rough-skinned frog is found along the banks of streams and ponds. It derives its name from its cricket-like song which really sounds like two pebbles being struck together. The Cricket Frog changes its color readily, leaps into the water with great agility when 119 disturbed, and feeds upon insects. It has been recorded from nine counties in the southeastern corner of the State, and from Allegheny and Potter Counties as well. Maximum size — one and one-third inches. 25. Mountain Swamp Tree Frog, Pseiidacris brachyphona (Cope) The few dark accent marks or blotches which this species displays on its back sometimes bear a faint resemblance to a cross and cause it to be confused with the Spring Peeper. However, its skin is rougher, its disks smaller, its call quite distinct, and frequently it has yellow markings on the hind legs. The eggs are deposited in April in the water of small ditches and marshes. It has been collected in Allegheny, Beaver, Fayette, Indiana, and Westmoreland Counties only. Maximum size — one and one-half inches. 26. Eastern Chorus Frog, Pscudacris nigrita jeriarum (Baird) This frog is marked with three, more or less broken, longitudinal dark stripes on the back. Laymen will have difficulty separating it from the following form except by locality. It has been collected in Bucks, Carbon, Chester, Cumberland, Franklin, and Huntingdon Coun- ties only. Maximum size — one and one-third inches. 27. Western Chorus Frog, Pseiidacris nigrita triseriata (Wied) The markings of this form are essentially the same as the preceding. It has been collected in Allegheny, Forest and Venango Counties only. Maximum size — one and one-half inches. 28. Spring Peeper, Hyla crucifer Wied The bird-like whistle of this tiny, smooth-skinned species is the earliest frog voice each year. It may be heard during warm spells in January and February but breeding does not begin until March. About 800 eggs are attached singly or in masses to grass or other vegetation under water, and the larvae which hatch in about ten days are ready to transform in July. The specific name refers to the dark cross on the back which is visible whether the frog is light tan or dark brown in color. The species is State-wide in distribution although it has been recorded from only forty-one counties. Maximum size — one and one-quarter inches. 29. Common Tree Frog, Rain Toad, Hyla versicolor versicolor Le Conte The call of this frog is known to many country-dwellers but few are acquainted wnth the rough-skinned creature itself. It can change its color from light gray to bright green but the groin remains orange yellow and a number of dark markings on the back are usually visible. As many as 1500 eggs are deposited in clusters at the surface of ponds and swamps in May or June. After breeding the frogs may be heard calling high in the trees on moist nights. The species occurs through- out the State and has been recorded in twenty-eight counties. Maximum size — two and one-half inches. 120 Family Ranidae — Large Frogs The local representatives of this family are smooth-skinned, medium to large sized frogs. The largest living frog, the Goliath Frog of the Cameroons, which reaches a length of one foot, belongs to this family. 30. Bullfrog, Raua cateshciana Shaw This completely aquatic species lacks the two longitudinal, or dorso- ateral folds extendmg from the eyes to the rump which the other local Ranas display. It is green or greenish brown in color and fre- quently mottled with darker spots. Up to 20.000 eggs are laid in floating masses about two feet in diameter. These hatch in about a week but the tadpoles do not transform for two years. This is the species which is specifically mentioned in the Fish Code, but the Board of Fish Commissioners applies the closed season and bag limits to the remaining four species as well, on the ground that few wardens and fewer laymen can distinguish the various species. Originally the Bullfrog may have occurred throughout the State but recent records are of little value since considerable restocking has taken place. Maximum size — eight or nine inches. ' 31. Green Frog. Rana claniitans Latreille This frog may be separated from the preceding by the presence of dorso-lateral folds, and by the bright green color of the head and tt^er back. From two to four thousand eggs are laid in the water in masses about one foot in diameter in :May or June, and the tad- poles transform in about one year. The Green Frog occurs through- out the State and has been recorded from fifty-five counties. Maximum size — ?ivt inches. Z2. Pickerel Frog. Rana palitstris Le Conte This brown frog has two rows of sqtiarfsh, dark spots on its back, and bright orange on the under surfaces of the hind legs. It lays two to three thousand eggs in several globular masses in brooks and marshes in late April or early May. The tadpoles transform in the fall of the same year. Adults leave the water after breeding and wander about the fields and valleys. The species is widely distributed in Pennsylvania with records for fifty-two counties. Maximum size — four inches. 33. Leopard Frog. Grass Frog, Rana pipiens Schreber This greenish or brownish frog has two rows of rounded, dark spots on its back, and no orange under the hind legs. Its reproduc- tion is essentially the same as that of the preceding species but gen- erally more eggs are laid several weeks earlier. The species is widely distributed with records for thirty-three counties. Maximum size — four inches. 34. Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica Le Conte This terrestrial species is prominently marked with a dark patch or mask on each side of the head. The general color varies from dark 121 brown to bright pink and a wash of hght green is frequently present on the sides. The Wood Frog migrates to the water in late March or early April where it is usually associated with Spring Peepers and Spotted Salamanders. After several thousand eggs have been laid in rounded masses it leaves the water and retires to the woods. There are forty-four county records which indicate a state-wide distribution. Maximum size — three and one-third inches. THE REPTILES OF PENNSYLVANIA By M. GRAHAM NETTING The following brief account of the reptiles of the State has been pre- pared especially for this publication. Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrate animals which breathe by means of lungs. The forms with limbs have claws on the digits. Most reptiles have a body covering of horny scales, which are supported in some cases by bony plates. The only local species which does not have scales on the body or legs is the Spiny Soft-Shelled Turtle. The majority of living reptiles lay large eggs, usually on land, but many species produce hvmg young. Upon hatching or at birth the young resemble the parents and do not pass through a larval stage. At one time in the history of the world reptiles were a very important group of animals, but there are now only four living orders. One of these— Rhynchocephalia— is represented by a single species, the Tuatera, an animal which somewhat resembles an iguana, and which occurs in small numbers in New Zealand. A second order — Crocodilia— includes the several dozen kinds of alligators and crocodiles. The remaining two orders are represented in Pennsyl- vania and are discussed below. Testudinata — Turtles Turtles have short, wide bodies which are enclosed between two shields. The upper, or dorsal shield, is called the carapace, and the lower, or ventral shield, the plastron. On each side of the body a wide bridge connects the plastron with the carapace. The jaws lack teeth, but they are covered by horny sheaths which have effective cutting edges. The Soft-shelled Turtle is the only local species which has fleshy lips. Two pairs of stout limbs are always present, and the toes are more or less webbed in the aquatic species. Scales are usually present on the limbs. Upper and lower eyelids, and a nictitating membrane pro- tect the eyes. Turtles breathe by means of lungs, but some aquatic species are specialized to secure some oxygen from the water. In genera!, the well-armored species are inoffensive while the poorly-armored species bites savagely. Family Kinosternidae — Stink Pots 35. Musk Turtle, Sternot herns odoratus (Latreille) This small aquatic turtle has two yellowish lines on each side of the head, one above the eye and the other below it. Its plastron is much smaller than that of the related Mud Turtle. It occurs in quiet water, 122 frequently in shallows among cat-tails or other aquatic vegetation. Less than ten eggs are laid in June or July in sand, stumps, or muskrat houses, and a large number of females may lay their eggs at the same spot. This species is a voracious scavenger and probably feeds princi- pally upon insects which have fallen into the water, clams, snails, earth- worms, and dead fish. Recorded from nineteen counties in the non-mountainous portions of the State. Maximum length of shell — five inches. 36. Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subruhnim subntbrtim (Lacepede) This small species displays yellow dots or mottling on the sides of the head, has a much larger plastron than the preceding species, and is more apt to wander from the quiet, muddy-bottomed waters in w^hich it lives. It deposits from two to five eggs in low ground near streams and has much the same feeding habits as the Musk Turtle. Recorded from eight counties in the southern half of the State. Maximum length of shell — five inches. Family Chelydridae — Snapping Turtles 37. Snapping Turtle, Chelydra serpentina (L.) This large aquatic turtle may be readily distinguished from all other local species by its very small plastron and by the presence of a central row of horny tubercles on the upper side of the long tail. Thirty or more spherical hard-shelled eggs, which resemble ping-pong balls, are laid in damp sand, soil, or plant debris. Although this species feeds upon carrion to a considerable degree it is economically detrimental because it consumes large numbers of young ducks and fish. Recorded from thirty-two counties. Maximum weight — about forty pounds ; maximum length of shell — about fourteen inches. Family Testndinidae — Pond Turtles The Terrapin Act has occasioned considerable confusion in Pennsyl- vania since the word "terrapin" is variously defined in different places and by different persons. Herpetologists usually restrict the term to the salt-marsh turtles of the genus Malaclcmys — the edible Diamond-back of commerce — no species of which occurs in Pennsvlvania. Of the local turtles of this family the Wood Turtle, which is prized for food, and the Box Turtle, which is not edible but which is prized as a pet, are most in need of protection, but neither of these species can be classed properly as a terrapin. 38. Spotted Turtle, Clemmys guttata (Schneider) This small, semi-aquatic turtle is readily recognized by the presence of twenty to ninety round, yellow spots on its black carapace. It fre- quents swamps and cat-tail bogs and lays two to four elliptical eggs in sand or dirt during June. The species is omnivorous and is of no eco- nomic importance. 123 Recorded from twenty-four counties in the non-mountainous portions of the State. * Maximum length of shell— five inches. 39. Wood Turtle, Sculptured Tortoise, Clemmys insculpta (Le Conte) This large semi-aquatic turtle is readily recognized by its orange-red legs and rough carapace. It lays a small number of elliptical eggs in the ground durmg early summer. This species is prone to wander about on land durmg the summer feeding upon strawberries and other vege- table matter, but it may also be found in streams where it feeds upon msects, earthworms, and carrion. It is widely used for food. Recorded from forty-five scattered counties, but most common in the busquehanna Drainage. Maximum length of shell — eight inches. 40. Muhlenberg's Turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepfif) This rare turtle can be recognized by the presence of a large crescentic orange or yellow blotch back of each ear. Little is known about its food and breedmg habits. It is an inhabitant of sphagnum bogs and clear Streams. Recorded from Crawford and Mercer Counties in Western Pennsyl- vania and from seven counties in the Philadelphia region. Maximum length of shell— four and one-half inches. 41. Blaadings' Turtle, Emys blandingii (Holbrook) M,I^!' *"7't "'!^' ^ distinguished by its brilliant yellow chin and throat, and by its domed carapace which is covered with numerous t\Tl' 1'^''^' °^ pale yellow or olive. Six to ten elliptical eggs are laid by this species, which eats snails, crayfish, earthworms, fish, and carrion. ' ' Recorded from Cravvjord County, but common only in Lake Erie. Shaped sp°eci.nJr "' Northumberland County probably represent Maximum length of shell— ten inches. 42. Eastern Box Turtle, Dry-Iand Tortoise, Terrapene Carolina (L ) This turtle is the only local species which can withdraw its head and foS.Tf '-f'^ ''''t" ''' '^^'" ""^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^'^^'^'' ^^ '^'^ plastron to form a tight box. Two to seven eggs are laid in the ground in June ZrtJ rtn ^'T^:'"''- "°' '^'"'"'^ ^'^"^ '^'^ '-^' ""^iJ the following spring. The Box Turtle is omnivorous and even feeds upon poisonous fungi It IS the most terrestrial local species and mav be encountered wandering deliberately along sandy ridges in mid-sumiiier. Recorded from forty-three counties. Maximum length of shell — six inches. 43. Map Turtle, Graptcmys ycographica (Le Sueur) This aquatic turtle has its carapace covered with a network of fine yellow lines which resemble contour lines upon a topographic man The species feeds upon fish, crayfish, insects, snails, and carrion, and lays 124 from ten to sixteen elliptical eggs in soil or sand in June or July, which may not hatch until the following spring. Recorded from seven counties in the Erie, Ohio, and Susquehanna Drainages. Maximum length of shell — ten inches. 44. Western Painted Turtle, Chryscmys bellii marcjinata Agassiz The Painted Turtle of Western Pennsylvania has a large, dark blotch on its plastron which serves to distinguish it from the succeeding species, which occurs in the Delaware drainage. Specimens from the Susque- hanna Drainage are considered to be hybrids between these two forms. This omnivorous species is the turtle most frequently seen sunning itself upon logs in Pennsylvania waters. From four to ten eggs are laid in sand or soil in June or July. Recorded from eleven counties in Western Pennsylvania. Maximum length of shell — six and one-half inches. 45. Eastern Painted Turtle, Chryscmys picta (Schneider) Like the preceding form this turtle has yellow stripes on the head and throat and red markings about the edge of the carapace, but it differs in having a uniform yellow plastron. Its habits are similar to those of the Western Painted Turtle. Recorded from seven counties in the Delaware Drainage. Hybrids recorded from eleven counties in the Susquehanna Drainage. 46. Red-bellied Turtle, Pseudemys rubriventris riibriventris (Le Conte) This large turtle has a high-domed carapace of olive or brown marked with red, and a red or dark orange plastron. It is a shy species which inhabits deep water and is the rarest of all Pennsylvania turtles in museum collections. Recorded from Bucks and Lancaster Counties only. Maximum length of shell — twelve inches. Family Trionychidac — Soft-Shelled Turtles 47. gpJny Soft-shelled Turtle, Amyda spinifcra (Le Sueur) This completely aquatic species may be readily recognized by its leathery carapace. Like the Snapping' Turtle it fays spherical, hard- shelled eggs. A voracious feeder upon practically all aquatic life, it is naturally destructive to fish, but it is not found in large numbers, pos- sibly because it is esteemed for food. Recorded from nine counties in the Ohio and Lake Erie Drainages only. Maximum length of carapace — 15 inches. Squamata — Scaled Reptiles Sauria — Lizards Lizards usually have two pairs of limbs, a firmly constructed skull with upper and lower jaws firm and well joined together, and a trans- verse anal opening. The local species possess legs, but one of the com- 125 mon lizards of our southern and central states is legless, and is popularly called the ''Glass Snake." Legless lizards can generally be distinguished from snakes by the presence of movable eyelids, an external opening for the ear, and more than one longitudinal row of scales on the ventral surface. Lizards have teeth, well-developed tongues which may be forked or unforked, and many have fragile tails. As in the salamanders, when the tail is broken, a new tail is regenerated— the pieces of broken tail do not reassemble ! Lizards are generally silent, but will hiss when annoyed. Most species are active in the daytime. Of the several thou- sand living kinds only two species are poisonous; the Gila Monster of Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah and Nevada, and the closely related Beaded Lizard of Mexico. Most lizards lay eggs, but a few produce hvmg young. There is no workable general rule for separating the sexes, but males are frequently more brilliantly colored than females. There are two copulatory organs in males. Family Iguanidae — Igiianid Lizards 48. Fence Lizard, Swift, Sceloporus undulatus jasciatus (Green) This is the most common lizard in Pennsylvania and is readily recog- nizable by Its keeled scales which give it a very rough appearance com- pared to the polished appearance of the several skinks. Swifts are most common in dry woods and near piles of brush or slashings. The species feeds largely upon insects. Recorded from twenty-six counties, mainly in the southern portion of the State. ^ Maximum length — seven inches. FamUy Scincidae — Skinks 49. Blank Skink, Eumcces anthracinns (Baird) This and the two following species can scarcely be separated except by trained herpetologists. The Black Skink is characterized, however by a broad, dark brown stripe on each side of the body. Its habits are only partially known since it is a rare and secretive species, but it is known to lay as many as eight eggs and to feed largely upon insects and small invertebrates. ^ *^ "«cwi5 Recorded from Clearfield, ClintM, Mid Cumberland Counties only Maximum length — seven inches. 50. Blue-tailed Skink, Eumcces jasciatus (L.) This is the commonest skink found in Pennsylvania. Young specimens and females display five longitudinal yellow stripes on the body anTthe young specimens have a brilliant blue tail. In adult males the stripes are very mdistinct or absent and the head is broadened and reddlh in color. Old sawdust piles are a favorite habitat for this species Two to fifteen small eggs with thin leathery shells are laid in scunner and the female generally remains with the eggs. This specL feeds uoon msects, spiders, roaches, and new-born mice. ^ Recorded from thirteen counties, mainly in Central Pennsylvania Maximum length— seven and one-half inches. 126 5L Broad-headed Skink, Eumeces laticeps Schneider The coloration of this species, which is extremely rare in Pennsyl- vania, is similar to that of the Blue-tailed Skink. It inhabits dryer places than the latter species, is largely arboreal, and reaches a much greater size. Six or seven eggs are laid and brooded by the females. Recorded from York Furnace, York County. Maximum size — ten inches. Serpents — Snakes Snakes are elongate reptiles without external limbs, without functional eyelids, without external ear-openings, and with loosely constructed skulls and jaws. They are covered with smooth or keeled scales, which are arranged in definite rows and usually overlap. In the majority of species there is a single row of large transverse scales or scutes (ven- trals) on the undersurface extending from the chin to the anal opening, w^here the scutes (caudals) generally divide into two rows. The tongue is long, forked, and can be protruded from the open or closed mouth. It is used for detecting scents in the air and not as a tactile organ. If the tail is injured or cut off it does not regenerate. Only a small proportion of the living species of snakes are poisonous. Of the poisonous kinds some have short, solid, grooved fangs in the rear of the upper jaw and are slightly poisonous ; some have solidly fixed, grooved fangs in the front of the upper jaw (cobras and sea snakes) and are dangerously poisonous ; and some have large movable fangs in the front of the upper jaw (vipers and pit-vipers) and are dangerously poisonous. Many snakes are active in daytime, but poisonous snakes, water snakes, and some other local species do much of their feeding at night. Many snakes lay large eggs with leathery shells in suitable places on land, but others produce living young which are generally extruded from the body of the female enclosed in a thin, transparent membrane which they rupture shortly after birth. Male snakes have two copulatory organs, and usually longer tails than females of the same size. Family Colubridae — Colubrid Snakes 52. Ground Snake, Carphophis amoena amoena (Say) The Ground Snake has smooth scales and is brown above and pinkish beneath without any distinctive markings. This secretive snake occurs under fallen material on the floors of damp forests. Two to five elliptical eggs are laid in July and hatch about two months later. The food con- sists chiefly of earthworms and grubs. Recorded from ten scattered counties. Maximum size — thirteen inches. 53. Ring-necked Snake, Diadophis punctatus edivardsii (Merrem) This smooth-scaled snake is readily recognized by the yellow or orange ring which encircles its neck. It is commonly found in wooded areas where it feeds upon insects, earthworms, salamanders and frogs. It lays from one to seven eggs in June or July which hatch in about two months. Recorded from forty-six counties. Maximum size — twenty-one inches. 127 54. Spreadhead, Hog-nosed Snake, Heterodon conforfrix (L.) This widely feared, but entirely harmless, snake is most commonly encountered on sandy beaches and mountain ridges. Its slightly up"- turned snout renders identification easy. It feeds upon toads and frogs almost exclusively and in early summer lays several dozen ecrgs which hatch m about two months. The characteristic hissing, striking and neck-spreadmg performance of this snake has contributed to the er- roneous notion that it is venomous. Recorded from twenty-three counties. Maximum length— forty-two inches. 55. Rough Green Snake, Opheodrys aesfiviis (L.) This slender, bright green snake has keeled scales which distinguish It trom the followmg species. It may be found on the ground or in low vmes, briers, and trees. It feeds principally upon grasshoppers and crickets and deposits four or five eggs. Recorded from seven counties along the Monongahela, Susquehanna, and Delaware River Valleys, which it has ascended from the south. Maximum length — three feet. 56. Grass Snake, Smooth Green Snake. Opheodrys vernalis (Harlan) This smooth-scaled brilliant green snake inhabits both woods and fields where it feeds largely upon insects. It lays from three to eleven eggs in July or August which normally hatch in less than a month. Recorded from thirty-nine counties. Maximum length — two feet. 57. Black Racer, Coluber eoustrictor eonsfriefor L. This, the second largest Pennsylvania snake, has smooth scales and a uniform color of bluish-black when mature. It occurs in a variety of situa ions and when cornered it will bite viciouslv. Insects and mice are the principal foods, but frogs, snakes and birds'are also eaten. This species IS ot definite economic value since it consumes large numbers of mice and insects and some Copperheads. One to two dozen eggT are Recorded from forty-four counties. Maximum length — six feet. 58. Pilot Blacksnake, Ehphe obsoleta obsoleta (Say) This the largest Pennsylvania snake, has a few rows of faintly keeled .cales down the center of the back, and its black color is freqSnl interrupted by faint cross bars of white, yellow, or red The p"bt menS U ' ^^"'' birds are being reared it is economically det U mental. Its consumption of rodents is so great, however that wan on slaughter of this snake throughout the Stfte is ill Jvised The S IS frequently found associated with the Copperhead and Timber RatUe- 128 snake, but it does not "pilot*' these species. It lays from one to two dozen eggs in earth, sawdust, or manure piles. Recorded from forty-six counties. Maximum length — around six to eight feet. 59. Chain Snake, King Snake, Lampropeltis getulus getulus (L.) This southern snake is exceedingly rare in Pennsylvania. It is black in color with narrow yellow or white cross bands which fork on the sides, giving rise to the name Chain Snake. This snake is immune to the venom of local poisonous snakes. It feeds upon all types of snakes and upon rodents, so it is a very valuable species wdiere it occurs. It lays from ten to two dozen eggs which hatch in about six weeks. The species is most common in large river or creek valleys, and it is killed in large numbers by automobiles on bighw^ays passing through regions where it is abundant. Recorded from Lancaster County only. Maximum size — six feet. 60. House Snake, Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacepede) The House Snake is nicely marked with a series of brown or red- brown blotches above and a checkerboard arrangement of black and white on its belly. Its scales are smooth and polished, so it may be readily distinguished from the Copperhead with which it is frequently confused. It is sometimes called the Milk Snake because of a false notion that it milks cows. Like its relative the Chain Snake it feeds largely upon rodents and other snakes. It is one of the most beneficial of local species and should be accorded protection. It lays less than two dozen eggs which hatch in about two months. Recorded from all Pennsylvania counties except Cameron, Lacka- wanna, and Wyoming. Maximum length — three and one-half feet. 61. Red-bellied Water Snake, Matrix erythrogaster erythrogaster (Forster) This species is tentatively listed from Pennsylvania on the basis of several old specimens from Greene and Philadelphia Counties, but it is not of sufficient importance locally to merit discussion. 62. Kirtland*s Snake, Matrix kirklaudii (Kennicott) This small water snake has a red belly with two rows of round black spots, and a pattern of more or less distinct dark blotches on the upper surface. Earthworms and slugs are the principal food. Five to eleven living young are produced. Recorded only from Allegheny, Butler, Delaware, and Westmoreland Counties. Maximum size — twenty-one inches. 63. Queen Water Snake, Matrix septemvittata (Say) This species lacks any markings on the upper part of the body except for occasional faint black stripes. A yellowish stripe extends along each 1^ side of the body and two brown stripes occur on the under surface The yueen Water Snake is rarely found far from water, where it feeds especially upon crayfish. This snake destroys few fish and should not be killed durnig vermin campaigns which are directed against the next species. Litters numbering about ten young are born in August. Recorded from twenty-seven counties in the non-mountainous por- tions of the State. ^ Maximum size— thirty-three inches. 64. Banded Water Snake, Natrix sipedon sipedon (L.) This common species displays dark blotches on its sides and back and usually has dark half-moon markings on the belly scales. It is unques- tionably destructive of fish, but experiments in tanks indicate that when a choice IS available the Banded Water Snake will eat non-game species m preference to game fish. It should be killed in the vicinity of hatchery ponds and possibly a ong certain fishing streams, but care should be exercised to restrict killing to this species alone. As many as forty-four young may be produced by one female. ^ Recorded from fifty-three counties. Maximum size — four feet. 65. DeKay's Snake, Storeria dekayi (Holbrook) This small serpent has keeled scales and a double row of faint blackish spots which border a central light stripe. It occurs commonly even J city parks, t feeds largely upon earthworms and slugs, and produces up to several dozen young in late summer. proauces Recorded from thirty-three counties. Maximum size — seventeen inches. 66. Red-bellied Snake, Storeria occipito-tmctdata (Storer) necl'"an'rrf L5^' ^^'Y- ''^'"f' ^^'^\^^'^' S^^V Watches encircling the X blu sh hlaclf t, ' " Ti'^""" ■■"' '". '"°^* specimens, but occalion- all> bluish-black. Slugs, earthworms, and insect larvae are the princioal September. ^" °' "'°"* ' '°^"^ -^"""^ ''' P^°^"^^d in A^ust ^or tion'ortt^sLTJ. ""'■''■"*"'" '"""''"• •'"' '■"'■' '" '^' southeastern por- Maximum length— fifteen inches. 67. Gray Snake, Virginia valcriac valeriae Baird and Girard 68. Virginia's Snake, Vircjinia valeriae elegans Kennicott bee?senled' toll' fJ"""" '''" 'f ^ '""^'^ ''' ^^""^ylvania has not yet Deen settled. Both forms are uniform gray or brown above cnn-.^f,-^';! with a number of black dots. The belly is whitisKr pafe yellov^^ scales may be either keeled or smooth. Earthworms and nsec larvae are eaten by these snakes and litters probably number about six yo^ng Recorded (one form or the other) from a total of six counties Maximum size — twelve inches. 130 69. Butler's Garter Snake, Thamnophis biitleri (Cope) This species is striped similar to the other local species of Thamnophis, but its very small head is distinctive. It feeds upon earthworms, small frogs, and small fish. Litters of five or more young are born in July or August. Recorded only from Clarion, Forest, McKean, Mercer, Venango and Warren Counties. Maximum length — two feet. 70. Ribbon Snake, Thamnophis saurifus sauritus (L.) Three bright yellow stripes are usually very pronounced against the dark ground color of this species. The tail is very long and slender as compared to that of the Eastern Garter Snake. The species is most common in swamps and other damp situations, where it feeds largely upon salamanders, although tadpoles, small frogs, insects and fish may be consumed at times. Litters of about a dozen young are produced in later summer. Recorded from twenty-seven counties. Maximum size — thirty-two inches. 71. Eastern Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (L.) The yellow longitudinal stripes are sometimes obscured in the Garter Snake by a pattern of numerous dark spots. This species is probably the most common snake in Pennsylvania, inhabiting a w^ide variety of habitats. The principal foods are frogs, toads, fish, and earthworms. Litters of from one to three dozen are customarily produced, but the number may reach the astounding figure of seventy-eight individuals. Recorded from every county in Pennsylvania, except Greene, Juniata, Montour, and Schuylkill. Average size — twenty to thirty inches, but occasioiud specimens re^^ forty-four inches. Family Crotalidae — Pit-Vipers All of the species of this family are venomous. The three Pennsylvania species of poisonous snakes have keeled scales and a pit on each side of the head between the eye and the nostril. These snakes are feared out of all proportion to the actual injuries which they cause. Statistics prove that bath tubs cause many more serious accidents in the United States than do poisonous snakes. The local species are largely nocturnal. The wearing of stout boots in snake-infested areas provides adequate protection for the legs. ^Modern suction kits for the treatment of snake-bite accidents contain excellent instructions and ma- terially lessen the suffering of persons who are bitten. There are prob- ably less than fifty cases of snake-bite in Pennsylvania each year, and it is doubtful if one person per year dies from snake-bite in this State. 72. Northern Copperhead, Agkistrodon mokasen cuprcus (Rafinesque) The Copperhead is the only local snake which has triangular brown or red-brown blotches along each side of the body xvith the base of the triangle toward the ground. If a Copperhead is skinned and the hide flattened out these triangles, with their points in contact, will produce a series of hourglass-shaped figures. No other snake in Pennsylvania has 131 such a distmctve pattern. The Copperhead is largely nocturnal and hence relatively ew accidents occur, in spite of its prevalance even "n urban areas. Mice, frogs and birds are the principal foods aUhough rnany other ,tenis have been found in Copperhead stomachs. From four to nme young are born in late August or September. The Copperhead has been recorded from fifty-two counties in Penn- t&;. " 'PP'""' '° ^' '"■^'•y "'''^"' '" ^'^^ g'^^'^'^d portions of Average size— about thirty inches ; maximum size of Pennsvlvania -fi™hr;;tXs."^^-'"° '"^^^= "^^''"""- -'^ --^d^d in litSu" 73. Mas^as^a^ugj^^Swamp Rattlesnake, Sistrurus catenatus catenates This rare snake has the top of its head covered with large plates which serve to d.stmguish it from the next species, which has numerous small scales on the head. It has a small rattle ^nd a cemralTow of squarish spots along the back. This prairie species feeds Srgwlon Sember."""- '' '"'^'""^ ^"-^"^ «^^ *° "'^ >'°-g in lugUT VeSSfcoires-'oS'"'' ^"^'"' ^^^^^°^^' L~- ^-cer, and Maximum size— three and one-half feet. 74. Banded Rattlesnake, Crotalns horridus horridus L This, the largest local poisonous species has a natfern nf uu i, chevron-shaped blotches across the body^ The ground color rL.L ^ S'^^1!^/^ Jet black, but these ^olors^cS^b^;^^^ ^ sex. Ihe Rattlesnake is most common in snar^elv «PttU.i «, ^^^^.^^tn S"i; f.j" 'r-"'"-r it normally d"esrdf fntoTv eys X- vvater is available. From seven to twelve voun? are hnrn in ol . u The Banded Rattlesnake feeds almost exSX upo^^^ warmESd prey, of which rodents and birds are the chief constituentr Recorded from forty-three counties. Maximum size in Pennsylvania— about ^\g feet. BLANDING'S TURTLE, EMYS BLANDlNGIt (Holbrooke IN PENNSYLVANIA (pp. 173-174) ^' Reprinted from COPEIA, December 31, 1932, No. 4 By M. GRAHAM NETTING When as well-informed a worker a<; D^ ^r^u\ -^ ^t ** . turtle from consideration in a l^t of the turtfes of Z ^ f ding', smes, as noted by Babcock.^ it seems trthwMe to cal aSfoft" the occurrence of this species in Pennsvlvania tL « attention to Emys blandingii in this State, based "rspecimens in hanH "''^'''^ Z^ hshed^y Stewart.3 His record was based'~tU" sSerw^ JS\^°u' £• ^^'PJ' '^""- N- Y. Zool. Soc, 34, (5) 1931. m i w jBabcock. Harold L.; Copeia. (1). 1932: 43. ^' * ^^*'^^'- •Stewart, N. H.; Proc. Penna. Acad. Sci., II, 1928: 24. 132 were collected near Lewisburg. In correspondence, Dr. Stewart in- M "'I 'f^^ol T^ of these specimens was brought to him in April or March o 1927 from Kincade Swamp, which lies in Northumberland County ahhough only one mile east of Lewisburg. The second speci- men consisted of a carapace only which Dr. Stewart found in the col- lection of the Bucknell University Museum, and which one of his associa es recalled as having been taken about 1905 in a small pond one mile south of Winfield in Union County. The distance between these localities is approximately five miles. In addition to the above- mentioned specimens known from Pennsylvania, the Carnegie Museum has two others; No. 3188 was collected at Conneaut Lake in Craw- iT«Q ^"""^^n """ ^"^"t'^ 20, 1904, by Dr. D. A. Atkinson, and No. •5189 was collected at Lines ville, in the same county, on June 9 1906 also by Dr. Atkinson. These localities are approximately six miles apart. Numerous hypotheses, none of which can be accepted as final may be ottered in explanation of this discontinuous distribution. 1. Blanding's turtle may be found elsewhere in the northern part of the btate if systematically hunted over a period of years. 2. The records for the Lewisburg area may indicate that stream capture at the western headwaters of the Susquehanna permitted this turtle to cross from the Allegheny system together with Cryptobran- chus allegmiiensis and Grapteniys geographica, 3. The Lewisburg specimens may be the result of human intro- duction. In a letter to me Dr. Stewart writes, "It is possible that in some years past teachers of zoology here may have liberated some imported material. I can realize that that might have happened in the case of the one from Kincade Swamp, though I have not released any in twenty years. I doubt very much if the Union County specimen had ever been in captivity. I hope to find some in places that would not admit of any possibility of importation." The fact that Blanding's turtle was used widely in the past in comparative anatomy classes lends credence to this view. Since both of the records are from points close to the Susquehanna River, marshy spots that probably were at one time lagoons of this river, it is quite possible that a few escapes established themselves in this region and spread along the river to suitable localities. 4. The Carnegie Museum specimens from the Pymatuning region may indicate that the species is a relict form which persists in this boreal refuge. Many species of plants and animals, of which Clemmvs mulilenbergii is one, exist as relicts in the Pymatuning area although rare, absent, or spottily-distributed elsewhere in the State. :Most herpetologists may be expected to favor this explanation. 5. I must confess, however, that I find myself intrigued by mv final hypothesis; namely, that Blanding's turtle may have reached Craw^ford County by way of the Beaver and Lake Erie Canal. This canal was completed in 1844 and closed in 1871, with an aftermath of rigorous destruction, so that its life as a continuous water-course can scarcely have exceeded thirty years. Yet in this short period Emy^ 133 blandingii may have traversed the forty-five miles of water from the shore of Lake Erie, where it still occurs, to Conneaut Lake, which was directly connected with the canal. The Linesville specimen was taken at a locality about four miles west of the old canal bed. I offer this suggestion that a canal may have influenced the local distribution of a turtle, not because it can be proved at the present time, but because it may stimulate zoogeographers in contiguous states to examine their maps in the light of the possible effect, on semi- aquatic or aquatic biota, of the network of canals which existed during the middle nineteenth century. In those days of canalization four major waterways had outlets on Lake Erie: one extended southward from Toledo; another extended southward from Cleveland; the third connected Erie and Beaver ; and the fourth, and most famed, extended from Buffalo eastwards. Certain of the canals were joined by short ''feeders" or ''crosscut" canals. Most of them were in existence for extremely few decades, yet we know that the Panama Canal during its short period of existence has begun to act as a pathway for the migration of certain fish. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY Through the medium of the Pennsylvania Angler, the press, letters of progress, etc., fishermen, associations and clubs are kept advised of the activities of the board through articles on conservation, species and number of fish distributed, streams stocked, condition of hatcheries, financial condition of the board and other articles of timely interest. Under the administrative code it becomes necessary to sell the Angler on a yearly subscription basis. Subscription price, fifty cents yearly. In groups of twenty-five or more a reduction of ten cents is permitted, t1)is rate is taken advantage of by clubs and associations. To those who are interested in the work of the board we would recommend that they become subscribers. 134 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Probably no state in the Union has an organized body of sportsmen such as the "Federated Sportsmen." To those who have given so unselfishly the Board wishes to extend its sincere appreciation for their fine cooperation and loyal support. They have always stood ready and willing to do more than their share. We also desire to pay tribute to those Associations and individual fishermen not affiliated with any particular group who have done so much to further the cause of conservation— may they keep up the good work. To the members of the press, we are indeed grateful for the pub- licity they have so gladly furnished, not only through current news items but special articles in the columns they edit. The various news services have lent every assistance in publishing articles of interest to the fishermen. The relations with employes have been most satisfactory, and the Board wishes to take this opportunity to commend the loyal spirit of its employes and executives of the Board in discharging their respon- sibilities with efficiency and outstanding ability. 135 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CHARTS AND STATISTICS PERIOD ENDING MAY 31, 1938. 137 It IS with a feeling of genuine satisfaction that your Board of Fish Commissioners submits the financial reports embodied in this issue, and I call to your attention certain pertinent facts relative to this report. The question of fish propagation and distribution in relation to the Budget IS a most important function of the Fish Commission. It re- quires a plan of budgetary control which sets up sane and sound quotas for the Board's expenditures. If we fail in this, it is only a question of time until hatcheries must be abandoned or other important units eliminated. Fortunately, the fishermen of Pennsylvania have a Board of Fish Commissioners as keenly interested in the receipts and dis- bursements of their funds as in the propagation and distribution of fish. The cash balance represents an operating fund until approximately June 1st, when the money received from the sale of 1938 licenses is turned into the Fish Fund, and is also sufficient to protect the Board in an emergency, similar to the loss suffered by the flood. As a whole, we believe the statement discloses that the fund is in excellent financial condition and is operating profitably. With the enactment of the Sunday Fishing Law which became ef- fective in 1937, it is hoped the fund will be materially increased, and the Board has in mind a program of additional fishing waters which will absorb this surplus from time to time. It goes without saying that the fishermen will heartily embrace any plan which will go' to- wards making more and better fishing. The accompanying chart shows the percentages for the various func- tions. Expenditures for Hatching and Propagating have increased considerably, which is reflected in our yearlv distribution. It might interest fishermen to know that in 1937—1,247,650 pounds of food was purchased for the various hatcheries and that it requires 4.6 pounds of food to make a pound of fish. On December 15th, we sent to each Sportsmen's Association on the Board's mailing list, of which there are some 800 throughout the Commonwealth, a progress report for the year 1937. This report gave detailed information as to the Board's accomplishments and a comparative statement of the distribution for 1936 and 1937. They were also furnished a detailed statement of operations and expendi- tures covered by the various functions, and it is our wish to keep fishermen advised as to the progress of their Commission. In closing, may we again express appreciation for the splendid sup- port given the Board last year by the fishermen of the Commonwealth. C. A. FRENCH, Commissioner of Fisheries. 138 HATCHING, PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH 39.60 NEW CONSTRUCTION DEFT REVENUE DEPT STATE INSURANCE PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH - BOAT PATROL - PURCHASE OF LAND & WATERS 1 1 1 - ~^ ' ' i Income 936-57 li It 1 / /l f 1 / / ,^ ^y^ y ^ ^ • ^ • — r 1 - ^ • • -™- — -^^ -^ <*' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ *•* ■■-\ — ■» 1 4 o o CM O Csl o o O a UJ CO < 5 -5 3 5 < < CD < O CO O O O Csl O O o GO O O o fsi sdvinoa do soNvsnoHi 139 FINANCIAL STATEMENT, JUNE 1, 1933, TO MAY 31, 1934 Balance June 1, 1933 $405,955.15 Receipts Fines Commercial hatchery licenses Lake Erie licenses Non-resident Ashing licenses . Interest Resident Ashing licenses ... Contributions for restocking streams Motor boat licenses Sale of unserviceable property Sale of publications .,...••. Miscellaneous *••••«•*• • * • *••■* $5,603.49 835.00 2,980.00 14,604.30 5,247.05 354,122.80 8,000.00 5,186.00 150.00 &42.75 244.49 397,815.88 Total funds available $803,771.03 Expenditures ••■■•«••••• ••■«••••••■•••** # • # Salary of Commissioner — . Office salaries .....•«..♦. — Printing .,,..,... Hatching and propagating . . Expenses— Board members .. Legal expenses — Salaries and expenses of wardens . . Office expenses Boat patrol Field work .»»..•••••.•.•••••••• Buildings, ponds, etc. .. Education and publicity Expenses by Revenue Department . . Expenses by State Department »»*»•♦•••••• ....•••...••••• •"• ••••••••••• .,......«•♦••••••••••••••*•• • • ♦ $6,000.00 14,235.00 1,755.10 W8,318.50 3,750.18 150.00 83,808.82 13,625.06 5,715.86 27,812.25 ^,030.16 7,^4.55 11,319.48 5,610.00 Balance June 1 , 19S4 •#••■... 415,^4 .W $388,076.07 140 JUNE 1, 1934, TO MAY 31, 1935 Balance June 1, 1934 $388,076.07 Receipts Fines Commercial hatchery licenses ............. Lake Erie licenses Non-resident Ashing licenses , , Interest Resident Ashing licenses Contributions for restocking streams Motor boat licenses Sale of unserviceable property Sale of publications »*,.•. Shad seine licenses Miscellaneous $14,758.08 775.00 3,330.00 15,008.40 3,596.29 388,181.20 8,200.00 7,422.00 8,108.20 1,625.10 10.00 185.56 Total funds available 451,199.^ ,275.90 Expenditures «••«#• • •■••• Salary of Commissioner Office salaries , ••• Printing • Hatching and propagating Expenses , board members Legal expenses Salaries and expenses of wardens • . . Office expenses Boat patrol .......... Field work ...».•........♦••• Buildings, ponds, etc. .,.#.....•...•.*«••• Education and publicity Expenses, Revenue Department .. Expenses, State Department .... ...... . # . . . . * • . • a . Balance June 1 , 1935 • • m m m * • «*•••••••• $6,000.00 17,040.00 949.66 215,368.59 4,392.51 95.00 91,661.25 12,121.68 6,377.91 23,003.92 27,767.05 10,482.61 10,997.95 5,610.00 ....(•••..••• 431,868.13 $407,407.77 141 JUNE 1, 1935, TO MAY 31, 1936 Balance June 1 , 1935 $407,407.77 Receipts Fines • Commercial hatchery licenses Lake Erie licenses Non-resident fishing licenses Interest Resident fishing licenses •••• Contributions for restocking streams Motor boat licenses Sale of unserviceable property — Shad seine licenses Miscellaneous Sale of publications •••••.•••• $10,244.33 875.00 2,877.00 13,849.45 3,018.92 368,438.30 8,450.00 2,901.75 56.37 186.84 1,939.(>3 412,867.59 Total funds aA'ailablc $820,275.36 Expenditures Salary of Commissioner Oflice salaries ••.. .••• Printing ,,,•••.,•..« Hatching and propagating ...•,.., Expenses of board members ,.•.•.. Legal expenses .#.,••*,••....... Salaries and expenses of wardens •••••«••• Oflice expenses .,♦««•••«» Boat patrol • ••«,«•••••••• Field work ♦♦♦••••.••••• Buildings, ponds, etc Education and publicity • • Expenses, Revenue Department Expenses , State Department . . Purchase of land and waters . . ■ «#•••»# • • • * • $6,000.00 16,625.16 1,116.54 112,609.89 5,811.40 445.40 96,821.19 10,033.73 1,218.67 23,^)9.69 22,616.14 10,928.12 8,267.11 4,495.00 3,250.00 424,048.04 Balance June 1 , 1936 $396,227.32 142 FISH FUND— JUNE 1, 1936, TO MAY 31, 1937 Balance June 1, 1936 ),227.32 Receipts Fish fines Commercial hatchery licenses Shad seine licenses Motor boat fines Lake Erie licenses Non-resident fishing licenses and tourists ,, Interest ..,.•*,. Resident fishing licenses ....,.,.,, Motor boat licenses Sale of unserviceable property ..•. Sale of publications Contributions for restocking streams Miscellaneous . • •••#•# ^ #####(■••■•• ■• • $12,489.85 890.00 20.00 35.00 3,463.00 16,699.90 3,384.17 470,097.25 5,368.75 156.91 3,745.70 9,450.00 199.34 ^,999.87 Total funds available $922,'227.19 #««**#<*# • # • ■ «^ Expenditures Salary of Commissioner Oflice salaries ...♦. Printing ,••..•. Hatching and propagating ♦.,,,....... Commissioners' expenses Legal expenses Salaries and expenses of wardens ,. Oflice expenses Boat patrol Purchase of land Field work Buildings, ponds, etc Public information and research Expenses, Revenue Department Expenses, State Department ... • •••«•• • « • • « ••••*«**** $4,838.71 16,132.50 2,583.39 237,201.70 6,859.66 195.75 102,085.74 8,961.51 38.94 1,514.79 24,^J9.19 29,016.25 13,203.89 10,357.47 4,495.00 462,414.49 Balance June 1, 1937 $459,812.70 143 FISH FUND JUNE 1, 1937, TO MAY 31, 1938 Balance June 1. 1937 $459,812.70 Eeceipts Fish law fines Commercial hatchery licenses .,•,.♦♦,. Shad seine licenses •••••••••• Motor boat fines Lake Erie licenses Non-resident fishing licenses Interest *••■##* ••*•*•••• >•••••»• $13,000.35 875.00 10.00 145.00 2,249.00 20,848.70 3,507.49 Resident fishing licenses 538,827.00 12,273.00 2,583.07 9,000.00 149.00 187.20 ll.(V4 700.00 10.21 • • • • • Motor boat licenses ♦ Sale of publications Contributions for stocking streams Eel chute licenses ....... Sale of unserviceable property ..... Recovery on insurance Sale of auto— Chrysler Royal MisceUaneous . . * ivr^ rr»** • • * • « p-»-- • • • ^ * * « • • • 604,37().06 Total funds available $1,064,188.76 # • • • . # * • # I* • • Itures ••«••*• t m m m m m • • • ■ •#*••«••••••• Salary of Commissioner OflRce salaries ....... Printing, etc Hatching and propagating Commissioners' expenses (board members) Legal expenses ... Salaries and expenses of wardens Office expenses Boat patrol— Lake Erie . . Field work Buildings, ponds, etc. ... Publicity, research # # * * • • • ■ • ^ ■ • • • • ■••••••••••• «*■•■•■« • ■••••• .$6,000.00 15,310.00 4,194.28 257,654.65 5,191.90 85.00 97,832.19 12,354.19 61.48 30,125.5:3 24,8313.79 14,101.81 Total, Board of Fish Commissioners $467,744.82 By Department of Revenue ^ By Treasury Department (Employes' Re- tirement Fund ) 16,702.51 «««•••• • •••■•• 3,825.00 ^ 487,272.33 Balance June ^ uioQ $576,916.43 144 DATA IN RE: NUMBER OF RESIDENT, NON-RESIDENT AND TOURIST FISHING LICENSES ISSUED SINCE THE LAWS BECAME EFFECTIVE Year Resident (Effective January 1, 1922) 1922 ly^o ••• #»»»«••••...•..••••.•••••.••••»« A.U'^'^ * • • • • • • ■ ••v»#^#ft-*«#fa««ft««**ft*««««#*«4A*v^ J.t/^0 ••■«#«#«•»«*#•• • ■• •• • • • • •■ • ••* * • •*• ■#•■••» J \j^ I ■•««##•••• «••• « • • • • • • • ■ * ••»•••*«*■#«**••• Xt/^0 m • • ft # ft ft'ft *•*•#***•■•• •• •••> ■• •• •• ••••••••« Xu^u •♦«»»#••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ll/tH/ «•••*••••• .•••••••...••.••.••••••••• 1931 1933 1935 1936 1937........ Non-resident (Effective July 8, 1919) Xi/^u ..».....».•..•.....•...........•■••••*••• llTiJl ,,,,,,,'......•.•..•....•.•......••....•.♦ lu^Z .,,,»..•••••......••......... 19^4 ,,,»,,,,««««.#«»«»»••»•»••••••»• xy^o .......».#*»••••♦••••••••♦•••••••♦• ly^o . . • . • • »••»•••••••♦•• •'• #••#»••••••••• lo^U . . • . • . .»••••••••••♦••••••• XiKJU .,,......•.•••••♦•••••••••• t^ • • Xi/Oi •.•«•.•................*.♦♦ Xifo^ ........................... 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 #•••#•■■•*••* »•.#•• •.##•.«#«•#.##. ••.•►••••••^ • •••VI • •••••' ....... Tourist (Effective September 1, 1935) 1935 1936 1937 Number Cost 203,061 $1.00 each 214,302 1.00 each 247.281 1.00 each 250,873 1.00 each 261,109 1.00 each 293,397 1.00 each 255,275 1.50 each 263,633 1.50 each 264,589 1.50 each 250.940 1.50 each 242,863 1.50 each 216.424 1.50 each 258,166 1.50 each 254. %1 1.50 each 261,939 1.50 each 359,528 1.50 each m 5.00 each 1,836 5.00 each 2,031 5.00 each 2.768 5.00 each 2.931 5.00 each 2,964 5.00 each 3.182 5.00 each 3,776 Reciprocal* 5.200 Reciprocal 6,2^ Reciprocal 6,473 Reciprocal 4,739 Reciprocal 4,122 Reciprocal 3,357 Reciprocal 2.799 Reciprocal 3.063 Reciprocal 2,^6 Reciprocal 2,081 Reciprocal 3,.^ Reciprocal 38 1 $1.50 each 1,908 1.50 each 2,778 1.50 each * Hut not lo«!« thHii ^2.50. 145 HKSJDKNT CITIZKNS FlSHINlJ LICENSES ISSUED Caleiular Years 1928-1937, Inc. H Z OJ o (A m oc 1 z o 2 «/> o lij 7 lO < z OJ H o Z _J iLi 9 o K* z Oi — DC X a IL %fi H a o ty q: o o o' o in Wis 1929 1930 1931 I 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 O O o d o tn ■«/>■ ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii h- rO 2^ vO •O g^ lO fO O^ -^ K) 2> lO to 2* eg o ON ■o Qi (A vO m CSl o> O^ u o c tn CM (/I ON 0) «n a c ON o -J rO ■H CM c ON 5 3,620 4,671 615 5,907 1,620 2,539 i 6,648 692 2,901 703 3,402 2,400 1,798 3,976 2,877 2,757 3.346 . 4,:i31 1,S2H .1 4,818 974 11,151 2,305 2,075 1,731 8,799 5,902 3,977 1,800 2,458 5,132 1,088 3,365 2,956 i 2,406 1,515 4,119 3,473 3.489 ' 4,289 2,031 5,460 1,164 2,500 9,041 3,374 776 2,077 1>.96 1,09(> 1,841 2,062 2,080 715 18,761 4,791 3,087 2,310 9,144 22,346 8,417 3,349 4,172 2,361 3,597 5,197 621 4,059 4,407 550 5,918 1,924 2,501 6,717 585 2,653 797 3,258 2,530 1,950 4,645 2,1^5 2,691 , 3,196 4,691 1,577 ; 4,542 883 11,453 2,559 1,935 1.722 9,157 6,004 3,900 1,971 2,487 5,514 1,091 3,198 2,733 2,357 1,880 4,055 3,052 3,i>88 4,144 1,970 5,160 1,200 2,753 9,225 3,107 906 2,140 301 976 1,807 1,928 2,326 716 16,938 5,059 3,011 2,442 8,822 , 2?, 330 8,334 3,914 4,252 2,430 3,341 4,749 3,877 4,507 597 6,476 1,470 2,129 6,878 778 2,556 700 3,466 2,611 1,917 I 4,423 3,242 2,838 4,254 4,646 : 2,000 1 4,526 729 11,257 2,369 1,807 1,635 9,054 5,896 3,890 2,335 2,250 5,549 597 3,241 2,462 2,152 1,844 2,663 2,539 3,205 4,055 1,866 5,130 1,226 1,838 7,586 2,394 760 1.762 292 702 1,960 1,779 1,907 630 19,023 5,395 3,160 2,289 7,635 22,844 7,618 2,894 3,461 2,215 3,311 4,902 681 4,210 4,532 574 6,597 1,716 1,935 6,112 586 2,281 655 3,513 2,343 1,863 3,923 2,916 2,431 3,755 4,138 2,700 4,627 828 10,264 1,954 1,734 1,517 8,332 5,952 4.2<)0 2,001 2,140 5,886 738 i 2,956 2,586 1,928 1,740 2,944 2,609 2,867 i 3,887 1,717 . 5,230 1,299 2,223 6,560 1,914 686 1,759 303 769 1,693 1,488 2,023 647 17,238 5,515 2,484 2,173 6,659 23,905 7,336 I 4,081 ! 2,947 2,080 i 2,890 ' 5,749 476 3,776 ; 4,687 ' 505 6,353 1,350 2,072 5,937 596 1,923 638 3,729 2,554 1,434 3,368 2,848 2,371 iMS 5,058 1,709 4,652 822 I 8,961 1,616 I 1,538 1,367 ; 7,499 ' 5,366 4.136 1,693 1,742 4,687 : 699 2,694 I 2,850 i 1,854 1,720 2,386 2,547 2,646 3,678 2,046 4,185 1,335 1,666 5,333 1,392 670 1,556 317 652 1,585 1,162 1,704 573 15,208 5,365 2,435 2,008 5,479 20,731 6,243 3.858 2,575 1,824 2,513 I 5,788 457 3.882 , 4,467 491 4,912 1.727 1,935 5,449 578 1,482 620 3,494 2,358 1,152 3,025 2,440 2,065 3,3?3 3,728 1,478 4,795 1,058 11,754 2,621 2,153 1,862 8,561 5,946 4,578 1,887 2,514 6,002 I 827 3,141 3,632 2,167 1,957 3,240 2,741 2,877 4,325 2,537 4,633 1,713 1,725 7,104 1,815 746 1,824 I 426 I 1,038 I 2,108 1,613 I 2,095 646 17,794 6,426 3,303 2,520 1 6,277 23,149 7,306 4,385 3,660 2,139 2,932 ' 6,488 588 4,935 5.097 533 j 5,688 I 1,777 2,088 6,166 778 2,054 723 1 4,250 2,588 ' 1,310 3,358 2,508 3,297 i 3,9^ 5,250 1,690 1 5,601 1,070 13,080 2,865 2,298 1,628 8,723 5,684 4,224 1,811 2,649 6,776 594 3,125 3,515 2,124 1,913 3,125 2,648 2,993 4,647 2,387 4,850 1,734 1,595 7,280 1,877 565 1,669 392 1,221 2,330 1,884 1,885 649 15,891 6,310 3,196 2,372 6,223 22,518 i 6,894 I 3,969 3,606 I 2,179 i 2,936 6,^9 576 5,171 4,996 513 6,214 1,749 1,824 5,598 741 2,153 658 4.184 2,399 1,271 3,052 2,003 3,730 3,875 5,687 1,579 5,673 1,107 1,629 14,778 25,129 3,169 4,572 2,824 5,695 1,693 2,195 9,167 12,941 6,060 7,642 4,346 5,096 1,706 23,362 2,999 5.220 6,405 9,223 742 835 3,258 36,695 3,683 4.429 2,089 3,233 1,949 2,885 3,113 4,394 2,607 3,343 3,044 3.341 4,765 6,487 2,580 3,631 5,357 7,566 1,703 2,251 1,651 2,418 8,398 12,0^ 2,792 4,422 637 897 1,903 2,578 448 562 1,148 1,667 2,449 2,850 1,800 2,800 1,827 2,681 566 770 16,075 17,979 6,879 9,992 3,437 5,266 2,436 3,853 5,371 7,098 23,203 24,891 6,955 7,850 3,862 5,545 4,025 6,678 2,152 2,801 2,790 3,179 6,923 8,746 627 861 5,764 7,398 5,038 6,440 536 859 6,769 9,801 , 1,693 1,625 1,692 2,644 5,630 6,872 734 901 2,891 4,038 653 736 4,075 4,257 2,239 2,592 1,222 1,331 3,212 4,557 2,093 3,025 3,334 7,171 3,549 4,215 6,519 9,573 1,588 1,844 5.236 7,959 146 147 STATEMENl* OF PROSECUTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE FISH LAWS Calendar Years 19:JC-1!):J7 Nunilior of Arrests Charge Illegal devices Fishing without license Fishing on Sunday Short fish Aliens fishing Using explosives Fish out of season Lending license Taking frogs by use of light Frogs and tadpoles out of season .. Pollution Exceeding creel limit Using borrowed license _,„„ Violation of motor boat law Selling short blue pike Drawing oflf dam without permit Resisting arrest Fishing on State fish hatchery prop- erty Fishing in posted watcrg Selling bass or trout Interfering with offlcer .«.«„.., Refusing to show license ,.,«.,..,.., Rods not under control ^«, Fishing while license was revoked „_ Operating eel chute without permltn.. Fishing on Sunday without land owner's consent Totals ^..-*-. .„*.- Fines remitted by magistrate ... 148 1 1 — r r 1 o o o o o o o o o o t o o o o o o o d 6 o o o o o o in o in o in ,— — _ r»- r>j (M ^^H rO - ^^1 — !■■■ <^ ^ dj ■■■J (O ^^H rO C£. 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S) 3 X' -C 3" 4* 3 «*- « * F 3 c "^ •*— ^ . »^ .»- £■•' I* O Cj5 '-'3 ** SD a „^ >« <«* ^^ i*- — * fc- C.3 S g 3 a u » ,^« ■e o _, O SQ •M O CJ « ««M Oi ■M O'' BB di 3 a f-i " — ^ c a 3 164 165 I I I I 11 I I I III I I I I I I I [I I M Ml I I I I I I I 11 I I I I I I M ^ - ^ rO N (M soNnod JO sNonnii^ to SQNnOd JO SNOnillAI ^ _ :s^ ^ K) rO cu ^ io CL O^ (D O O PO CD to "D O O CSJ D gj O CL 00 (VJ 3) gj JD _C^ h- o csi -P OJ CO o to CM ^oO gj o in ^ (VI o o> x> (/) .o o> Q- (0 L- ro CD a> fsl Cs4 en Si»e('ies Brook trout— Market Brook trout— Live mature Brook trout— Adv. fry Brook trout— Green eggs Brook trout— Eyed eggs Rainbow trout— Market _ Rainbow trout— Live mature Rainbow trout- Eyed eggs Rainbow trout— Adv. fry Brown trout— Live mature Brown trout— Green eggs ,. Brown trout— Market Black bass Bait fish ...^ ^„ Goldfish ..«.„- . Sunflsh ^..... Catfish .... Miscellaneous ... Number 212,940 57,603 roun«ls Eggs Value 39,825 161 5,175 5,500 620 350,724 69,310 3.721 3,790 33 3« Totals r20,510 40,189 - . - $19,581.07 — 24,451.66 — 198.00 7,528,081 5,925.00 8,588,000 6,945.56 — 128.70 — 918.30 545,000 621.25 — 54.00 — 2,607.51 22,500 287.50 14.00 — 204.10 — 7,300.44 — 1,300.12 — 97.60 — 41.25 — 157.60 16,683,581 $70,8.33.66 REPORT OF COMMERCIAL FLSH HATCHERIES FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1934 Species Number Pounds Eggs Value Brook trout- Market ■*. Brook trout — Live mature „ Brook trout— Adv. fry ... Brook trout— Green eggs Brook trout- Eyed eggs Rainbow trout— Market „ Rainbow trout— Live mature .— - Rainbow trout— Eyed eggs Rainbow trout— Adv. fry ,^. Brown trout— Live mature Brown trout— Green eggs Black bass— Fingerling Bait fish Goldfish „ Sunflsh Catfish — Miscellaneous ^-_.,.. — . Totals ^0,401 m,vn ^ «• $\,m 7,«C W6.345 m,ma 2,686 i,375 1,^ 10,320,000 15,369,990 11.000 400,000 891,681 66,901 26,100,990 $33,088.36 31,321.61 337.72 8,641.00 11,038.82 192.30 836.63 11.00 39.00 10,154.56 440.00 978.95 7,716.89 779.26 82.63 89.19 41.27 $105,789.19 167 166 REPORT OF COMMERCIAL FISH HATCHERIES FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1935 Siu'cics Number Brook trout— Market Brook trout -Live mature ... Brook trout -Adv. fry Brook trout— Green eggs Brook trout— Eyed eggs Brown trout— Market Brown trout -Adv. fry Brown trout Live nmture ... Brown trout—Green eggs .-. Rainl>ow trout- Market Rainbow trout— Live matuie Rainbow trout— Eyed eggs - Rainbow trout— Adv. fry ... Black bass— Atlv. fry Bait fish Goldfish — — Catfish .^ -^ Sunflsh Miseellane-us Pounds 52,022 Eggs Value 132,216 56,935 m Totttls 1,500 1 — 20,02h — _ 163 1 3,223 3,000 — 14,336 436,004 — 106,048 7,521,914 7,326,904 i,o:>o,ooo 37,000 2,(^25 $27,695.52 22,524.87 696.25 5,998.93 5,609.60 525 10 22.50 3,886.05 1,155.00 156.95 772.05 45.25 12.00 981.62 8,951.94 1,400.98 36.00 125.75 35.57 780,228 52,965 15,9:55,818 $80,632.93 REPORT OF COMMERCIAL FISH HATCHERIES FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1936 Biwrlefi Mumber Brook trout— Market ^- Brook trout— Live mature Brook trout— Adv. fry Brook trout— Green eggs Brook trout— Eyed eggs Brown trout— Market Brown trout— Live matu.re .. Brown trout— Green eggs Brown trout— Eyed eggs Rainbow trout— Market Rainbow trout— Live matu: • Rainbow trout— Eyed eggs — Bass — Bait fish - Goldfish " Sunflsh Frogs and tadpoles Pickerel ..- Fish bait Miscellaneous 1^,426 20,400 m,m» 12,84S 2,600 ^>,M0 122, 3M l.iJOO m 500 1,70S 2,1.">0 Pounils Kggs Value 61pi48 ..-. $29,999.19 _ 28,969.58 ._, 167. » 5.680,000 5.245.00 8,122,930 5,608.2f ... 62.31 — . 3,8a>.« 400,000 430.00 1,194,600 888.35 «.. 652.25 „— 2,048.78 75,000 93.75 650.00 — . 8,986.76 2,744.6T , — 104.50 — 3.01 — 100.00 — .51.24 *^— 57.00 Totals 746,949 .52 ,657 15,472,5:K) $90,078.60 168 REPORT OF COMMERCL\L FISH HATCnr.KlES FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1937 Species Brook trout— Market _ Brook trout— Live mature Brook trout— Adv. fry Brook trout — Green eggs Brook trout— Eyed eggs __. Brown trout— Market Brown trout— Live mature ._ Brown trout— Green eggs Brown trout— Eyed eggs Rainbow trout— Market Rainbow trout— Live mature ...„. Bass _. Bait flsh Goldfish Sunflsh , . Pickerel Fish bait „. Miscellaneous . Number 207,416 15,850 39.673 24,256 12,600 545,545 123,935 6,000 675 53,813 2.000 Pounds Eggs 42,846 Totals 1,031,763 Value $31,887.14 40.561.13 314.60 — 5,888,900 6,876.25 — 10,937 ,420 10,835.33 330 — 264.00 _ — 6,691.68 — 38,000 47.60 — 369, 780 416. 7« 677 ^ 590.10 — _! 2,724.27 — 1.082.00 — — 11,809.49 — — 3,912.93 — ^ 215.00 — — 193.75 -. — 1,100.80 — — — 35.00 43,853 17,234.100 $120,556.73 169 so o ^ o o CO »0 O "-t" l>- (M ® »0 QO g?2 o cc QO 8 op oo 33 ^ as »o CTs 05 "^ Oi 5^^ |>«- -rr CV| O iC OO l^ ^-^ »0 O f iO OO CO"^OOOC»?OCO^iQ K?S CM cc !M oo "^ y? coi-ii-co>O'^rH003;»-;otccQO22 %ft (-- (^Ji >s 6^- «4-i hH '^— - ^SS oo lO '^ ^ ^m ^N 9 !« CO 05 O »0 CC 05 o ^ l^ 1-1 O 1^ c^ CO 00 oO <3? 1— t C5 s^l s 8 S S S I -M C>J »T< ''•5= »^ cc l>» !C -^f" w> «•! >-i IM SC C'l -So §0000000000900000 oSSsS^'^S^SxSS ooooosOQCi-ioecooo'MOin cT 8 in 8 8 o> CC in in o Oi ■f <>i -^ t- 00 i^ r- »n m 1-1 in ec ■^ w w (M ■* ^ o§9f-«i- ^Oi-i3a (M ■* in •-■ *l «3 e^i ec CC m CC ^ ^-i tC r-> ^ 1-1 9* ^ 2 r I 00 00 !•" ■»!• •- CC ^ If; Sfi fi S OfD M «M M m t^ mm M §- M S n p I I I I I I o = o c Ig |88|||S||iS2gSSgi52ai ^ ! »^ »i^ sc t- =^0^0,'* o_ ^i O^ t-^ ift^ t '^. 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