CM CM LIB RA HY OF THE U NIVLR.SITY Of ILLI NOIS 507 "F45 1942-45 cop. 4 SiAHffiAt HISTORf? CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each lost book. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of book* are reasons for disciplinary action and may result In dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CAIL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN m 1 7 1995 APR 2 4 1995 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. li<$2 ^oS"ft& rw^ort iQV meueal> 1944 to n CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM January • 1945 JYaiitiiiki li i y 1,7 )fy &u/. '• Library ,~ I BRIGADIER-GENERAL THEODORE ROOSEVELT (September 13, 1887-July 12, 1944) Died in France while serving with the United States Army A Trustee of the Museum from 1938 to 1944 PLATE 1 <7U? CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the year 1944 A CONTINUATION OF THE REPORT SERIES OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JANUARY, 1945 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS 1 NctV. Hisi- ,4, Contents PAGE List of Illustrations 7 Officers, Trustees, and Committees, 1944 9 Former Members of the Board of Trustees 10 Former Officers 11 List of Staff 13 Report of the Director 17 James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation 30 N. W. Harris Public School Extension 33 Department of Anthropology 39 Department of Botany 48 Department of Geology 54 Department of Zoology 58 Membership 64 Public Relations 65 Library 67 Publications and Printing : . 68 Photography and Illustration 73 Maintenance and Construction 75 Attendance and Door Receipts 78 Financial Statements 80 List of Accessions 82 Articles of Incorporation 94 Amended By-Laws 96 List of Members 102 Benefactors 102 Honorary Members 102 Patrons 102 Corresponding Members 103 Contributors 103 Corporate Members 104 Life Members 104 ■5- List of Members — Continued PAGE Non-Resident Life Members 106 Associate Members 107 Non-Resident Associate Members 122 Sustaining Members 122 Annual Members 122 -6- List of Illustrations PLATES PAGE Brigadier-General Theodore Roosevelt 3 The Service Flag of Chicago Natural History Museum 13 Two Forms of Calcite Crystallization 17 TEXT FIGURES PAGE 1. A Model of a Branch of the Cottonwood Tree 19 2. El Paricutin, the Mexican Volcano 21 3. Color Changes in the Flounder 26 4. School Children Listening to a Raymond Foundation'- Lecturer 31 5. Artist John C. Hanson Painting a Background for an Exhibit of the Harris Extension 34 6. An Aleut Hunter Throwing a Bird Spear 39 7. "Where the American Indians Came From, When, and Why?" 40 8. A Hypothetical Harvest Ceremony of the Oneota Indians 43 9. An Illustration of the "Comic Strip" Technique Now Used in the Museum 44 10. An Etruscan Cista 46 11. The Deer Antler Head-Dress of the Hopewell Indians 47 12. Part of a Flowering and Fruiting Branch of the Quinine Tree 49 13. A Restoration of a Flowering Branch of an Extinct Cycadeoid 51 14. Fruits and Vegetables of American Origin 52 15. Fruits and Vegetables of Old World Origin 53 16. A Fossil Leaf 55 17. Hexagonal Crystals 57 18. An Australian Sea-Horse 58 19. The Cavendish Dik Dik 59 20. The Lion Fish '. 62 21. Typical Egg Clusters of the Spotted Salamander 69 22. Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert at Work on the Mural Decorations of the Hall of Whales 72 23. Indian Farmers of Northeastern North America 76 24. Dwarf Antelopes 87 -1 - PAGB 25. A Wooden Bowl from the Admiralty Islands 91 26. Division of Labor among the Hopewell Indians 101 27. A Pictorial Floor Plan 106 28. The Pitcher Plant 121 29. Wooden Pillows from New Guinea 123 Officers, Trustees, and Committees, 1944 OFFICERS BOARD OF TRUSTEES COMMITTEES Stanley Field, President Albert A. Sprague, First Vice-President Silas H. Strawn, Second Vice-President Albert B. Dick, Jr., Third Vice-President Clifford C. Gregg,* Secretary Solomon A. Smith, Treasurer and Assistant Secretary Orr Goodson, Acting Secretary Lester Armour* Sewell L. Avery W. McCormick Blair Leopold E. Block BOARDMAN CONOVER Walter J. Cummings Albert B. Dick, Jr. Howard W. Fenton Joseph N. Field* Marshall Field John P. Stanley Field Samuel Insull, Jr.* Charles A. McCulloch William H. Mitchell George A. Richardson* Theodore Roosevelt f Solomon A. Smith Albert A. Sprague Silas H. Strawn Albert H. Wetten Wilson Executive. — Stanley Field, Solomon A. Smith, Albert H. Wetten, Albert B. Dick, Jr., Albert A. Sprague, Marshall Field, Silas H. Strawn, John P. Wilson. Finance. — Solomon A. Smith, Leopold E. Block, Albert B. Dick, Jr., Howard W. Fenton, John P. Wilson, Walter J. Cummings. Building.— Albert H. Wetten, William H. Mitchell, Charles A. McCulloch, Leopold E. Block, Boardman Conover. Auditing. — Albert B. Dick, Jr., Albert H. W. McCormick Blair. Wetten, Pension. — Albert A. Sprague, W. McCormick Blair, Sewell L. Avery. * On leave in the Nation's Service. t Deceased, 1944. 9- Former Members of the Board of Trustees George E. Adams,* 1893-1917 Owen F. Aldis,* 1893-1898 Allison V. Armour,* 1893-1894 Edward E. Ayer,* 1893-1927 John C. Black,* 1893-1894 M. C. Bullock,* 1893-1894 Daniel H. Burnham,* 1893-1894 George R. Davis,* 1893-1899 James W. Ellsworth,* 1893-1894 Charles B. Farwell,* 1893-1894 Frank W. Gunsaulus,* 1893-1894, 1918-1921 Emil G. Hirsch,* 1893-1894 Charles L. Hutchinson,* 1893-1894 John A. Roche,* 1893-1894 Martin A. Ryerson,* 1893-1932 Edwin Walker,* 1893-1910 Watson F. Blair,* 1894-1928 William J. Chalmers,* 1894-1938 Harlow N. Higinbotham,* 1894-1919 Huntington W. Jackson,* 1894-1900 Arthur B. Jones,* 1894-1927 George Manierre,* 1894-1924 Norman B. Ream,* 1894-1910 * Deceased. Norman Williams,* 1894-1899 Cyrus H. McCormick,* 1894-1936 Marshall Field, Jr.,* 1899-1905 Frederick J. V. Skiff,* 1902-1921 George F. Porter,* 1907-1916 Richard T. Crane, Jr.,* 1908-1912, 1921-1931 John Barton Payne,* 1910-1911 Chauncey Keep,* 1915-1929 Henry Field,* 1916-1917 William Wrigley, Jr.,* 1919-1931 John Borden, 1920-1938 James Simpson,* 1920-1939 Albert W. Harris, 1920-1941 Harry E. Byram,* 1921-1928 Ernest R. Graham,* 1921-1936 D. C. Davies,* 1922-1928 Charles H. Markham,* 1924-1930 Frederick H. Rawson,* 1927-1935 Stephen C. Simms,* 1928-1937 William V. Kelley,* 1929-1932 Fred W. Sargent,* 1929-1939 Leslie Wheeler,* 1934-1937 Theodore Roosevelt,* 1938-1944 -10- PRESIDENTS FIRST VICE-PRESIDENTS SECOND VICE-PRESIDENTS THIRD VICE-PRESIDENTS SECRETARIES TREASURERS DIRECTORS Former Officers Edward E. Ayer* 1894-1898 Harlow N. Higinbotham* 1898-1908 Martin A. Ryerson* 1894-1932 Norman B. Ream* 1894-1902 Marshall Field, Jr.* 1902-1905 Stanley Field 1906-1908 Watson F. Blair* 1909-1928 James Simpson* 1933-1939 Albert A. Sprague 1929-1932 Albert A. Sprague 1921-1928 James Simpson* 1929-1932 Albert W. Harris 1933-1941 Ralph Metcalf 1894 George Manierre* 1894-1907 Frederick J. V. Skiff* 1907-1921 D. C. Davies* 1921-1928 Stephen C. Simms* 1928-1937 Byron L. Smith* 1894-1914 Frederick J. V. Skiff* 1893-1921 D. C. Davies* 1921-1928 Stephen C. Simms* 1928-1937 * Deceased. 11 \/\KKKKKKK SSEZS ' aa/ THE SERVICE FLAG OF THE MUSEUM The gold star represents General Roosevelt PLATE 2 List of Staff DIRECTOR ACTING DIRECTOR DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Clifford C. Gregg* Orr Goodson Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator, African Ethnology Richard A. Martin, Curator, Near Eastern Archaeology T. George Allen, Research Associate, Egyptian Archaeology C. Martin Wilbur,* Curator, Chinese Archaeology and Ethnology Fay-Cooper Cole, Research Associate, Malaysian Ethnology Alexander Spoehr,* Curator, North American Ethnology and Archaeology John Rinaldo,* Associate, Southwestern Archaeology J. Eric Thompson, Research Associate, Central American Archaeology Donald Collier, Curator, South American Ethnology and Archaeology A. L. Kroeber, Research Associate, American Archaeology George I. Quimby, Jr., Curator of Exhibits Wilton M. Krogman, Research Associate, Physical Anthropology Robert YuLE,f Assistant, Archaeology Alfred Lee Rowell, Dioramist Gustaf Dalstrom, Artist John Pletinckx, Ceramic Restorer B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator Paul C. Standley, Curator, Herbarium J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator, Herbarium Julian A. Steyermark,* Assistant Curator, Herbarium Francis Drouet, Curator, Cryptogamic Botany L. H. Tiffany, Research Associate, Cryptogamic Botany Llewelyn Williams,* Curator, Economic Botany Samuel J. Record, Research Associate, Wood Technology Earl E. Sherff, Research Associate, Systematic Botany Emil Sella, Chief Preparator, Exhibits Milton Copulos, Artist-Preparator * On leave in the Nation's Service, t Resigned, 1944. 13 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Henry W. Nichols,! Chief Curator Bryan Patterson,* Curator, Paleontology Paul O. McGrew, Assistant Curator, Paleontology James H. Quinn,* Chief Preparator, Paleontology Albert A. Dahlberg,* Research Associate, Paleontology Sharat K. Roy,* Curator, Geology Bryant Mather,* Assistant Curator, Mineralogy Harry E. Changnon, Assistant, Geology John Conrad Hansen, Artist Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus Colin Campbell Sanborn,* Curator, Mammals Rudyerd Boulton,* Curator, Birds C. E. Hellmayr,§ Associate Curator, Birds Emmet R. Blake,* Assistant Curator, Birds Boardman Conover, Research Associate, Birds Louis B. Bishop, Research Associate, Birds Ellen T. Smith, Associate, Birds Melvin A. Traylor, Jr.,* Associate, Birds R. Magoon Barnes, Curator, Birds' Eggs Clifford H. Pope, Curator, Amphibians and Reptiles Loren P. Woods,* Assistant Curator, Fishes Marion Grey, Associate, Fishes William J. Gerhard, Curator, Insects Rupert L. Wenzel,* Assistant Curator, Insects Henry S. Dybas,* Assistant, Insects Alfred E. Emerson, Research Associate, Insects Charles H. Seevers, Research Associate, Insects Alex K. Wyatt, Research Associate, Insects Fritz Haas, Curator, Lower Invertebrates D. Dwight Davis,* Curator, Anatomy and Osteology H. Elizabeth Story, Assistant, Anatomy and Osteology Dorothy B. Foss, Assistant, Anatomy and Osteology TAXIDERMISTS Julius Friesser Leon L. Walters L. L. Pray W. E. Eigsti C. J. Albrecht John W. Moyer* Frank C. Wonder Frank H. LETL,f Preparator of Accessories Nellie Starkson,! Artist-Preparator Joseph B. Krstolich, Artist * On leave in the Nation's Service. § Deceased, 1944. t Resigned, 1944. J Retired, 1944. -14- ASSOCIATE EDITOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION JAMES NELSON AND ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND FOUNDATION THE LAYMAN LECTURER THE LIBRARY ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATION AND RECORDS PUBLIC RELATIONS COUNSEL DIVISION OF MEMBERSHIPS Lillian A. Ross John R. Millar, Curator Albert J. Franzen, Preparator and Taxidermist John Bayalis, Preparator Miriam Wood, Chief Marie B. Pabst* Bert E. Grove! Roberta Cramer Paul G. Dallwig Velma D. Whipple Elizabeth Best* Loraine Lloyd Emma Neve Emily M. Wilcoxson, Librarian Mary W. Baker, Associate Librarian Eunice Gemmill, Assistant Librarian Benjamin Bridge, Auditor Noble Stephens, Assistant Auditor A. L. Stebbins, Bookkeeper Robert E. Bruce, Purchasing Agent Henry F. Ditzel.J Registrar Marion G. Gordon, Assistant Registrar Elsie H. Thomas, Recorder Edna T. Eckert, Assistant Recorder H. B. Harte Pearle Bilinske, in charge * On leave in the Nation's Service. t Retired, 1944. t Resigned, 1944. 15 DIVISIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION STAFF ARTIST DIVISION OF PRINTING GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT CHIEF ENGINEER CAPTAIN OF THE GUARD C. H. Carpenter, Photographer Herman Abendroth, Assistant Photographer John Janecek, Illustrator Arthur G. Rueckert Raymond H. Hallstein, in charge W. H. Corning James R. Shouba, Assistant William E. Lake E. S. Abbey 16- TWO FORMS OF CALCITE CRYSTALLIZATION Calcite is unsurpassed among minerals in the number of its crystal forms and the variety of combinations that they assume. The two forms illustrated are exhibited in the new installation of the Chalmers Collection of crystals (Hall 34). PLATE 3 ^Hmwra a I r4pott m JJuvcfor To the Trustees: I have the honor to present a report of the operations of the Museum for the year ending December 31, 1944: Contrary to expectations, it may be said that the war has enlarged rather than diminished the importance of the Museum in the life of the community. That there is a broad and increasing interest in natural history is evident from the number of people, particularly adults, who visited the institution during 1944. There is little doubt that geographic curiosity aroused by the war has been an influence in this trend, but, regardless of the reason, the fact that so many people have demon- strated new or revived interest is a challenge to the Museum to hold this interest and to stimulate it. It is clearly apparent that hundreds of thousands of average men and women are seeking knowledge regarding the people and places which have been in the news. Letters from their relatives and friends serving with the armed forces have spurred this quest for authentic information. Parents, wives, children, and other intimates of service men wish to know more about how the people live where their men are stationed, and about the fauna and flora of the regions. This is a healthy and encouraging trend from the Museum view- point and one which holds promise of a new appreciation on the part <\7 < of the public for the Museum and its work. The Museum must do its part, however, to maintain the tempo by broadening its program in education and in exhibition, and by presenting its materials in such a manner that the public can both understand and appreciate what it sees or hears. A museum with an intelligently planned program should become a part of the average person's daily life the same as the newspaper, the church, or even the theater and movies. This contention is based on the premise that the Museum is a truly public institution that seriously attempts to participate in the field of mass education. Perhaps a more constant interest in the natural history of the world could even be an influence in helping to establish a world which can live in peace, for it is agreed that most prejudices are caused by lack of knowledge. That the influence of geography, climate, the fauna, and the flora of a region are important factors in governing the pattern of life of its inhabitants is a fact well-known to the scientist; and the dissemination of knowledge in these fields could prove a potent factor in eliminating prejudices, hatreds, economic misunderstanding, and other underlying causes of world strife. Attendance The trend indicated in the preceding paragraphs is also revealed by the Museum's attendance statistics for 1944. The total number of visitors received during the year was 1,264,513, an increase of more than 225,000 or in excess of 23 per cent over the 1943 attend- ance of 1,021,289. While, as has always been the institution's experience, paid attendance was only a fraction of the total, this attendance, too, rose to 99,752 in 1944 compared with 77,980 in 1943. All of the other 1944 visitors— 1,164,761— were admitted without charge, including those coming on the free admission days, and those whose status as children, teachers, members of the armed forces of the United Nations, and Members of the Museum entitles them to free admission any day. Inasmuch as the 1943 attendance, both free and paid, had declined slightly, compared to that of 1942, the large rise in 1944 seems doubly significant, especially when it is considered that the difficulties of transportation became even more acute and the pressure of war activities more intense than had been the case in the other years since Pearl Harbor. It always seems well to stress that the attendance alone is no measure of the Museum's full influence. Hundreds of thousands of other persons were reached outside the walls of the building by the activities conducted by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation and the N. W. Harris Public School Extension, whose activities will be found outlined in detail in other sections of this report. The Museum's message was further disseminated by means of newspapers, magazines, radio, its own publications, and other media. Special events, including series of programs and temporary exhibits, drew additional crowds to the Museum. Most important among these were the annual spring and autumn courses of free illustrated lectures presented in the James Simpson Theatre on Saturday afternoons in March, April, October, and November; the Raymond Foundation free motion picture programs for children presented on Saturday mornings during the same months, and an Fig. 1. Model of a branch of the cot' tonwood tree, showing catkins with their downy seeds, which fill the air in June. Harris Extension exhibit. ^19 additional series on Thursdays during July and August; the "Lay- man Lectures" given on Sunday afternoons in the autumn, winter, and spring by Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, volunteer member of the Museum staff; the special "Backgrounds of the War" lecture series of the Raymond Foundation during the summer; and the Founda- tion's daily guide-lecture tours for both adults and children through- out the year. The increase in the federal tax on admissions to amusement places, which became effective April 1, applies also to all such educa- tional institutions as the Museum. On the days when admission of 25 cents is charged the tax is now 5 cents, making a total entrance fee of 30 cents. Children will be admitted free on all days, as in the past, as will also teachers, uniformed members of the armed forces of the United Nations, and Museum Members. In the case of children admitted free on days when adults are charged, the government requires payment of the tax for those twelve years of age, or over, but this charge will be absorbed by the Museum as has been the practice ever since the former 3-cent tax was imposed. Thus, every child over twelve admitted on a pay-day will cost the Museum 5 cents in actual cash outlay, but the Trustees regard this as justified in the accomplishment of the educational aims of the Museum. Expeditions In general, the policy adopted immediately after Pearl Harbor of discontinuing expeditions for the duration of the war was followed, but one important exception was necessarily made because the objec- tive could not have been attained unless work was undertaken while the opportunity was available. This was the expedition to El Pari- cutin, the new volcano in Mexico, conducted by Dr. Paul O. McGrew, Acting Chief Curator of the Department of Geology. Only the unique character of the phenomenon, presenting an opportunity which if missed at this time might have been lost forever, induced the Museum to make this exception. Funds for the purpose were made available by a donor who wishes to remain anonymous. The expedition made important scientific observations and collec- tions of material, some of which are already on exhibition in the Museum. Details of the work will be found in the section of this report dealing with the Department of Geology. Minor field work was conducted during the year by Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of the Department of Zoology; Mr. Clifford -20- H. Pope, Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles; and Mr. Harry Changnon, Assistant in Geology. Personnel Changes During 1944, one more member of the Museum staff, Mr. James H. Quinn, Chief Preparator in Paleontology, took leave of absence Fig. 2. A view of El Paricutin, the Mexican volcano, from the village of San Juan Parangaricutiro. The town was completely demolished by a flood of red-hot lava. Here two Tarascan Indians are viewing the destruction of a house by the approaching wall of lava. and enlisted in the Navy as a metalsmith. At the end of the year, the total number of staff members on leave for war service, after de- ducting for those who had been in service and had been released, or whose status with relation to the Museum changed otherwise, was thirty-eight. Various members of the Museum staff in the armed services were promoted in rank during the year. Among these are: Bryan Patter- son (Curator of Paleontology), from private first class to corporal, then to T/5; Henry S. Dybas (Assistant, Insects), from private to sergeant; Henry Horback (Assistant, Geology), from private to -21- staff sergeant; William J. Beecher (Temporary Assistant, Zoology), from private to corporal; Dr. Alexander Spoehr (Curator, North American Archaeology), from lieutenant (j.g.) to senior lieutenant, U.S.N.R.; Loren P. Woods (Assistant Curator of Fishes), from ensign to lieutenant (j.g.), U.S.N. R.; Nicholas Repar (printer), from aviation machinist's mate 2/C to aviation machinist's mate 1/C, U.S.N.R.; Morris Johnson (carpenter), from carpenter's mate 2/C to carpenter's mate 1/C, U.S.N.R.; Miss Elizabeth Best (guide- lecturer), from ensign to lieutenant (j.g.) in the WAVES; Miss Marie B. Pabst (guide-lecturer), from seaman 1/C to lieutenant (j.g.) in the WAVES; Melvin A. Traylor, Jr. (Associate, Birds), from first lieu- tenant to captain in the Marine Corps; M. C. Darnall, Jr. (guard), from ensign to lieutenant (j.g.) in the Coast Guard. T/5 Bryan Patterson, Curator of Paleontology, on leave for service with the Army, was reported wounded in action during the drive late in the year through Belgium. Captain Traylor of the Marine Corps suffered serious wounds resulting in the loss of one eye during the assault on Tarawa. Earlier he had been awarded the Silver Star for gallantry and intrepidity during action on Guadalcanal. Staff Taxidermist John W. Moyer, now a chief specialist in the Navy, was engaged in important assignments in various theaters of war, making motion pictures of naval medical and surgical work. These films are for the training of medical corps men and the ad- vancement of field surgery. Mr. E. Fred Bromund, who had worked as a volunteer in the Museum's Division of Reptiles, died November 14, as the result of wounds received in action on the German front. Mr. Henry W. Nichols, for more than fifty years a curator on the staff of the Department of Geology, and Chief Curator of the Depart- ment since 1936, was retired on pension December 31. He was 78 years old, and for several years past had been suffering from illness, despite which he had remained faithfully at his post. He was the dean of the staff. During his career, he conducted sixteen expeditions for the Museum, collecting a wide variety of material now on exhibition. He was the writer of many papers in his field of science. Upon the retirement of Mr. Nichols, Dr. Paul 0. McGrew, Assistant Curator of Paleontology, was appointed Acting Chief Curator of the Department. -22- Mr. Farley H. Wade resigned as superintendent of the Division of Printing, and Mr. Raymond H. Hallstein was appointed to this position. Miss Velma Whipple, who had been a member of the staff of the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures some years ago, was reappointed to fill a vacancy in that division. Mr. Bert E. Grove, who returned to his position as a Raymond Foundation lecturer after completing war service with the American Field Service and the United States Army, resigned late in the year to take a teaching position at Lake Forest Academy. The active services of Miss Edith Vincent, Librarian of the Department of Botany, who has passed normal retirement age, were continued at the request of the Board of Trustees. Mr. Henry F. Ditzel, Registrar, retired on March 15 under the Museum's pension plan. He had been connected with the institu- tion since 1905. Mrs. Marion Grey was appointed as an Associate in the Division of Fishes, on a volunteer basis. Other volunteers appointed during the year include Dr. Wilton M. Krogman, anatomist and physical anthropologist at the University of Chicago, appointed by the Museum as Research Associate in Physical Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology; and Dr. L. H. Tiffany, professor of botany at Northwestern University, appointed as Research Associate in Cryptogamic Botany in the Museum's Department of Botany. Mr. Harry E. Changnon, Preparator in the Department of Geology, was appointed Assistant in Geology. During three summer months, Miss Priscilla Hannaford and Mr. Rodger Mitchell were employed as temporary assistants in the Department of Zoology. Mr. Frank H. Letl, Preparator of Accessories in Zoology, and Miss Nellie Starkson, Artist-Preparator, resigned. Dr. Oscar Neumann, formerly of the Berlin Museum, and well known among European ornithologists, made arrangements with the Museum whereby he is in daily attendance, pursuing studies in the Division of Birds. Miss Helena Maria Da Costa Azevedo, librarian at the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro, spent several months in work and study in the Library of this Museum. News of the death of Dr. Charles E. Hellmayr, Associate Curator of Birds, was received during the year. Dr. Hellmayr, who was ■23- sixty-six years old, died in Switzerland. He joined the staff of the Museum in 1922. His principal work here was the monumental series of ornithological volumes, The Birds of the Americas. In 1931, for personal reasons, he requested and received permission to return to Vienna to continue there the preparation of the remaining volumes. When the Nazis invaded Austria he was confined as a political prisoner, but finally regained his freedom and was enabled to take up residence in Switzerland. Edward L. Burchard, Librarian and Recorder of the Museum in its earliest days, died November 29 at the age of 77. Trustees and Officers The Board of Trustees lost one of its members on July 12, 1944, in the death of Brigadier-General Theodore Roosevelt, on active duty with the United States Army in France. General Roosevelt had been a Trustee since May 23, 1938, and his keen interest in the Museum dated back many years before that. Chicago will have a permanent memorial to both General Roosevelt and his brother, Major Kermit Roosevelt, who also died in the nation's service in Alaska, in the habitat groups in the Museum composed of rare animals collected in Asia by them. Following the death of General Roosevelt, the Trustees adopted the following memorial resolution: "The death of General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., deprives Ameri- can science and culture of a staunch supporter and an active partici- pant in the advancement of knowledge. Distinguished son of a distinguished father, he led a life of intense devotion to public service during which his interest in and appreciation of natural history were never submerged by the exigencies of administrative affairs. "His direct connection with the Chicago Natural History Museum began in 1925 when with his brother Kermit he conducted with great success the James Simpson-Roosevelts Asiatic Expedition. Again in 1928, also with his brother, he continued with a similar and equally successful undertaking, the William V. Kelley-Roose- velts Expedition to Eastern Asia. These expeditions were planned and carried out on a large scale. They traversed difficult and little- known regions and they brought to the Museum some of the largest and most important zoological collections acquired within its history. It is significant that, although both these expeditions engaged in the exciting chase of rare game animals and secured material for some of the finest exhibits in the Museum, there was also provision for careful study of the little-known and unspectacular elements of -24- the fauna of the regions explored. In both cases trained zoologists were associated with the parties and their notes and collections have formed the basis of technical publications detailing large additions to knowledge. "General Roosevelt's interest in and service to the Museum were by no means confined to expeditionary activities. While Governor of the Philippines he was instrumental in securing important col- lections for the Museum, and elsewhere he was ever alert for its interest. After his election as a Trustee in 1938, he kept in touch loyally with Museum affairs although unable to be in regular attend- ance at meetings. "His brilliant record as a soldier in two wars, especially in the present one, is remarkable, bringing to his memory the acclaim and gratitude of the entire nation. "Therefore, be it resolved that this expression of our high regard for him be spread upon the permanent records of the Board and that our deep sympathy be conveyed to his family. The loss of his stimulating personality, his valued counsel, and his warm compan- ionship will long be felt." On September 21, Secretary of War Stimson presented to General Roosevelt's widow the Medal of Honor, an award which had been recommended prior to the general's death in Normandy on July 12. The War Department citation said : "For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on June 6, 1944, in France. After two verbal requests to accompany the leading assault elements in the Normandy invasion had been denied, Brigadier-General Roosevelt's request for this mission was approved and he landed with the first wave of the forces assaulting the enemy-held beaches. "He repeatedly led groups from the beach over the seawall and established them inland. His valor, and courage and presence in the very front of the attack and his complete unconcern at being under heavy fire inspired the troops to heights of enthusiasm and self- sacrifice. "Although the enemy had the beach under constant direct fire, Brigadier-General Roosevelt moved from one locality to another, rallying men around him, directed and personally led them against the enemy. Under his seasoned, precise, calm and unfaltering leader- ship, assault troops reduced beach strong points and rapidly moved inland with minimum casualties. He thus contributed substantially to the successful establishment of the beachhead in France." -25- When the flounder's eyes are over a light background the whole fish is light. When the flounder's eyes are over a dark background the whole fish is dark. If an artificial background is not too extreme it will be imitated by the flounder. ■ »7* -i *» J #s»i # Natural sea bottom is success- fully imitated by the flounder. .'•»_-«* J**^NC~y ! j*4P' . ;.-#"--' _"■- Fig. 3. Color changes in the flounder are controlled through the eye. Part of an exhibit illustrating the principles of coloration in fishes (Hall O). -26- General Roosevelt previously had been awarded the Distin- guished Service Cross, Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Purple Heart with Oak Leaf Cluster, and several foreign decorations for his service in World War I. He was awarded the Oak Leaf Cluster to the Silver Star in 1943 for gallantry in action in this war. Mr. Stanley Field, President of the Museum, was re-elected to that post to serve his thirty-sixth consecutive year. All other officers who served during the preceding year were re-elected and served out their full terms. Up to the end of 1944, no action had been taken on filling the vacancy on the Board caused by the death of General Roosevelt. Commander Lester Armour, U.S.N.R., a member of the Board of Trustees, was awarded the Bronze Star Medal during the year at headquarters of the United States Naval Forces in Europe. The medal was awarded by Admiral Harold R. Stark, commander of the naval forces in that theater, for Commander Armour's work in organizing and directing special military activities before and after D-Day. New Exhibits Within the limits imposed by wartime shortages of materials, and the depletion of the staff due to the absence of many members on war service, the Museum continued expansion of its exhibits on as extensive a scale as possible. Details of all new installations will be found in this report under the headings of the various departments in which they occur. One of the new exhibits, that illustrating the "web of life" in a fresh-water lake of the Middle West, as it would be seen by a person descending beneath the water with a diver's helmet, is distinguished for the unique new techniques devised by Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert to achieve the illusion of water-shimmer and other condi- tions difficult of reproduction by ordinary methods. This group, the result of a Museum expedition with diving equipment to the bottom of Lake La Grange, Cass County, Michigan, was completed in the Hall of Fishes (Hall 0). It illustrates the life in a typical fresh- water lake of the region comprising northern Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Michigan. Also installed in Hall O is a new exhibit (Fig. 3) showing notable examples of various types of fish coloration, presenting the results of experiments with color change in fishes, and models to show how some of them change color. The Department of Zoology also com- -27- pleted a habitat group of the giant forest hogs of an African rain forest, in Carl E. Akeley Memorial Hall (Hall 22). The Department of Anthropology concentrated chiefly upon Hall B, devoted to the history or archaeology of American Indians, the first section of which was opened in the preceding year. In 1944, the second section was opened, with ten exhibits completed. Seven of these deal with the Hopewell Indians who lived in southern Ohio from about A.D. 1100 to 1400. The new techniques employed in connection with the first section of this hall, as described in the Annual Report for 1943, were again used; in addition, new experi- ments were carried out to obtain further vividness and increase educational value. Minor additions were made to the exhibits in the Departments of Geology and Botany, including a geological exhibit of specimens of volcanic material collected at the new Paricutin volcano in Mexico by Dr. Paul 0. McGrew, Acting Chief Curator of Geology. A number of special temporary exhibits were installed during the year as occasion arose, and these proved to be of interest to large numbers of visitors. A special exhibit of documentary photographs illustrating native life in the Belgian Congo, and the war contributions of that country, was displayed in Stanley Field Hall during the summer. The pictures were supplied by the Belgian Government Film Mission. In co-operation with the Victory Garden movement, the Museum accepted on loan and placed on exhibition in the Hall of Food Plants (Hall 25) a miniature diorama made and lent to the Museum by Miss Halina Przydatek, a teacher in the Chicago Public Schools. On November 22, the Museum participated in an exhibition of material representing Chicago's outstanding facilities for education and recreation, under the auspices of the Chicago Recreation Com- mission. Mr. John R. Millar, Curator of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension of the Museum, was the representative of this institution. Contributions The Museum was recipient during 1944 of one of the largest gifts in its entire history when Mr. Marshall Field, for many years both a Trustee and a Benefactor of the institution, fulfilled his pledge made in the previous year on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the Museum. Mr. Field transferred to the ownership of the Museum one of Chicago's important office structures, the Pitts- -28- field Building, and the Loop real estate it occupies, together with 10,000 shares of Marshall Field and Company 6 per cent preferred stock. Mr. Field's gift, which totals in value more than $5,000,000, becomes part of the permanent endowment of the Museum and is subject to no special restrictions. Mr. Stanley Field, President of the Museum, contributed for various Museum purposes the sum of $15,650. Mr. Thomas W. Hinde, a Life Member of the Museum, made a gift of $2,500, on the basis of which the Trustees elected him to the list of Contributors (a special membership classification including all persons who give or devise between $1,000 and $100,000 to the Museum in money or materials; their names are enrolled on an honor list in perpetuity). From the estate of the late Frederick T. Haskell, the Museum received $1,000, and Mr. Haskell was therefore posthumously elected a Contributor. Other cash gifts in various denominations were received from Mr. Donald Richards, Mr. Peder A. Christensen of St. Louis, Mr. E. Stevenson, Mr. Val J. Seng, and the Maymar Corporation. Among notable gifts of Museum material were ethnological objects from Labrador and Greenland, from Mrs. Frederick H. Raw- son, widow of a former Museum Trustee and expedition sponsor; valuable meteorite specimens, collections of photographs, and books from Mr. Stuart H. Perry, of Adrian, Michigan, who subsequently was elected a Contributor in recognition of his gifts; specimens of pure gold from Mr. Thomas J. Dee; a gift of a remarkable jade boulder weighing 2,300 pounds from Mr. James L. Kraft, for which he was elected a Contributor; an extensive collection of nearly 13,000 moths and butterflies from the heirs of Arthur W. Herz, who was therefore posthumously elected a Contributor; a valuable collection of geological and anthropological specimens from the late William F. E. Gurley, posthumously elected a Contributor; a gift of 2,249 maps to the Library from the United States Army Map Service; two specimens of the rare eggs of the California condor, given by Judge R. Magoon Barnes, noted oologist of Lacon, Illinois, and Curator of Birds' Eggs on the Museum staff; and a collection of most rare and valuable Aleut artifacts collected in the Aleutian Islands near Dutch Harbor, by Lieutenant Alvin R. Cahn, LT.S.N.R., for which he was elected a Contributor. From all parts of the world where armed forces of the United States are stationed, the Museum has been the recipient of collec- -29- tions of fauna and flora, ethnological and archaeological objects, and geological specimens. Many of these have come from members of the institution's staff now in war service; many others have come from other soldiers, sailors, marines, and their officers. Acknowledg- ments of these will be found in the list of gifts at the end of this report, and details of several of the more important acquisitions of this kind will be found in the departmental sections of the report. The Chicago Park District turned over to the Museum $125,099.35, as its share of taxes levied to aid in the support of several museums under an act of the state legislature. Raymond Foundation The Raymond Foundation continued in 1944 its presentation of lectures, tours, motion picture programs, stories, and radio broad- casts to groups of people in the Museum and in the schools. Handicaps such as curtailed transportation and public con- centration on war efforts held down the number of groups able to reach the Museum. It is interesting to note, however, that many more teachers brought children's groups to the Museum than in the preceding year. The comparative figures follow: 1943 278 groups with 8,477 attendance 1944 386 groups with 12,168 attendance Attendance figures for the majority of other Raymond Founda- tion activities were also higher than in 1943. Following is a summary of all Raymond Foundation activities in 1944, with attendance figures: Within the Museum: For children Groups Attendance Groups Attendance Tours in Museum halls 386 12,168 Radio follow-up programs 9 1,339 Lectures preceding tours 15 2,101 Motion picture programs 52 31,913 Total 462 47,521 For adults Tours in Museum halls 374 6,940 Lectures on Backgrounds of the War. . . 9 2,230 Adult commencement 1 935 Total 384 10,105 -30- EXTENSION ACTIVITIES: Groups Attendance Groups Attendance (cont.) (cont.) Extension lectures 190 65,180 Total 190 65,180 Totals for Raymond Foundation activities 1,036 122,806 Saturday Afternoon Free Lecture Courses for Adults (Supervised by Raymond Foundation) 17 14,774 Total, Raymond Foundation plus Museum adult lectures. . 1,053 137,580 A series of weekly broadcasts was initiated in conjunction with the Radio Council of the Chicago Public Schools. The series, "Places and People," was designed to give expert and up-to-the- minute information on various localities and races, especially those in the war regions. In the second half of the year the series was continued with programs on the Far East. The scripts were pre- pared by professional writers, with guidance by the Museum staff; broadcasts were by Museum staff members at the Radio Council studio, WBEZ, a frequency modulation station. An additional Fig. 4. A Raymond Foundation guidclecturer tells a group of first-graders about the tipis of the Plains Indians. An exhibit of miniatures illustrates her talk. 31 outlet through WIND provided a greater listening audience. Five follow-up programs were given in the Museum. For adults, the third series of Backgrounds of the War lectures, instituted in 1942, was presented, this time on a larger and more elaborate scale. Four new extension lectures, illustrated with natural color slides, were offered to the schools: "Weather Wisdom," "Islands Pene- trated by the Japanese," "Modern Alaska," and "India, Land of Contrasts." Two portable projectors were purchased in order that new type slides might be used in the schools, the majority of which are not equipped to show small slides. Museum Stories for the spring and autumn motion picture programs were written by members of the staff and distributed to more than 20,000 children. Layman Lectures The Sunday afternoon "Layman Lectures" presented during six months of the year by Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, a volunteer member of the Museum staff, continued to be a major attraction for the public, drawing large audiences at each presentation. Mr. Dallwig has changed his technique, dividing each lecture between a platform appearance in the Museum Lecture Hall and a tour of exhibits related to the subject under discussion. In this manner he has been able to increase the size of the audiences which he can accommodate each Sunday to an average of 155. The lectures in 1944 were given during six months, from February to April inclusive, and again in November and December, a total of 22 Sunday lectures. A different subject is offered by Mr. Dallwig in each month of his season. The audiences at the 22 lectures in 1944 totaled 3,400 persons. This figure, combined with the aggregate attendance in his previous lecture seasons from the time of his first appearance on October 3, 1937, makes a total of 22,803 during his career with the Museum to date. The Museum benefited also from Mr. Dallwig's lecture work outside the institution, as he accepted many engagements to appear before various organizations both within Chicago and on a tour of the Pacific Coast. As his subjects pertained chiefly to the Museum, he thus brought this institution's activities before many people who would not otherwise have been reached. -32- Harris School Extension The preparation of portable Museum exhibits and their circula- tion in the schools of Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension continued to follow the pattern of service established during the past three decades, with what are considered to be some significant developments. The sixty-four high schools reached by the Extension were grouped in a separate category, and, beginning in September, received a special selection of exhibits believed to be most useful for science teaching at the high school level. This innovation was a logical consequence of attempts made in recent years to prepare exhibits to help accomplish definite teaching objectives, to associate related subjects in the pairs of cases customarily placed in each school, and, within the limits of material available, to have pairs of cases follow in a developmental sequence as they are changed each thirteen school days throughout the year. Another attempt along the same line was the establishment of a modified service to a vocational school, which was included in the Extension service at the start of the fall semester. In this instance, the school does not participate in the regular circulation of cases, but, because of its specialized curriculum, receives only such portable exhibits and loose specimens as are requested and it is possible to provide on scheduled deliveries in the vicinity. The placement of exhibits in schools at times when they will correlate closely with the subjects being studied remains one of the chief problems of operation of the Harris Extension. Both of the above-mentioned changes are believed to be steps toward a better solution. Several hundred specimens were added to the reserve collections maintained by the Extension for the preparation of new exhibits, or for the lending of unmounted material. These were obtained largely through the gift of birds and small mammals, rocks, minerals, fossils, and shells by Mr. Emil Liljeblad, a retired former member of the Museum staff; the gift of numerous shells by Mrs. Walter Lyman, Downers Grove, Illinois; and the gift of botanical specimens collected in Mexico by Miss Margaret Bauer, of the Museum staff. The Illinois State Department of Conservation supplied specimens of live fishes, which were needed for the preparation of certain new exhibits to be completed in 1945. Eleven new exhibits were prepared, and twenty-six were revised. Noteworthy among the new exhibits is one on the common cotton- -33- wood in which a natural-size model of a fruiting branch (Fig. 1) and enlarged models of the male and female flowers, wood samples, and photographs of other details of the tree make a comprehensive exhibit on a subject that occurs at many places in the public school science curriculum from the first to the tenth grades. The temporary assignment of Mr. John C. Hansen, staff artist for the Department of Geology, to the Harris Extension, permitted the Fig. 5. John Conrad Hansen painting a background for a portable exhibit of the Harris Extension. resumption of a necessary program to improve the backgrounds of many habitat-type school exhibits made in past years. The tinted photographic backgrounds used in these cases had not produced con- vincing illusions of reality in many instances. The least effective of these are now being replaced by paintings produced by Mr. Hansen. Simplicity, better color, and better perspective make paintings superior for the purpose to tinted photographs of actual scenes. Seventy-three cases were damaged while in schools. This is a greater number than the average of 51 for the past seven years. The increase may be related to the current problem of juvenile delin- quency since Museum cases were involved in two instances when schools were broken into by young vandals. One settlement house that had been using the cases asked to have loans discontinued 34 because it could no longer protect the Museum property. Neverthe- less, most of the 262 cases that required repairs during the year suffered only from accidental damage or ordinary wear. Twelve exhibits were retired from circulation as no longer satis- factory. These are to be replaced in whole or part by exhibits of similar subject matter now in preparation or planned for the near future. Four exhibits, which had been withheld from circulation for some time, were dismantled and the cabinets reconditioned for further use. The total number of exhibits deemed suitable for circu- lation at the end of the year was 1,114, of which 1,015 are in con- tinuous use. Scheduled deliveries were made without mishap or delay by the two Museum trucks maintained for the purpose. Each school partici- pating in the service for the entire year received twenty-six exhibits during the period. The Chicago Parental School and the North- western University Settlement had special loans of six cases each, which were retained for the school summer vacation period when ordinary circulation of exhibits ceases. Repairs to keep the trucks in serviceable condition and to reduce gasoline consumption were made as the need arose. Their operation continues under the restric- tions imposed by the Office of Defense Transportation and the local ration board. Volunteer Workers Much Museum work which would otherwise have had to be postponed because of the absence of so many members of the staff in war service was continued through the assistance, as in past years, of a corps of enthusiastic volunteer workers who give their time and effort on a basis of regular hours without compensation. Distin- guished from salaried workers by the titles "Research Associate" and "Associate," the names of some of these volunteers appear in the List of the Staff at the beginning of this report. Also appearing in the list, under the title of "Layman Lecturer," is the name of Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, who likewise contributed his services without recompense. Grateful acknowledgment for their services is herewith made to all who are thus listed, and the following additional volun- teers: In the Department of Geology: Mr. B. Strickler; Department of Zoology: Mrs. John Morrow, Dr. Oscar Neumann, Miss Joan Sweany, Dr. Harry Sicher, Dr. Walter Segall, Miss Marie Pettibone, Miss Margaret Blatchford, Mrs. Sarah H. Pope, Mr. Alexander H. Pope; Harris Extension: Mr. Milton Mehlberg, Miss Margaret Johnson. -35- Special Staff Activities Recognition is due to many members of the staff for activities outside the Museum associated with their work in the institution. Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of the Department of Anthro- pology, gave seven lectures on Southwestern Archaeology during the year. He was honored by appointment as a member of the executive committee of the Chicago Anthropological Society. Dur- ing the summer he was engaged in educational work for boys at Camp Highlands, Wisconsin. Mr. Donald Collier, Curator of South American Ethnology and Archaeology, was elected a member of the Institute of Andean Research of New York, a group of scholars organized to promote and co-ordinate anthropological investigations in the Andean area of South America. He was also appointed Editor of South American Archaeology for the Handbook of Latin American Studies. Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator of African Ethnology, gave a series of lectures for the University of Chicago on "Peoples and Cus- toms of the Pacific." He also continued his work as a consultant- member of the African Committee of the National Research Council, Washington, which deals with war and post-war problems. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of the Department of Zoology, visited a number of museums in the East in the interest of the Museum's Hall of Whales, which was in preparation during the year. Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus of Zoology, spent some time in New York in research at the American Museum of Natural History. Dr. Francis Drouet, Curator of Cryptogamic Botany, engaged in a similar mission at the United States National Museum in Washington. Mr. Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles, lectured at Black Mountain College near Asheville, Tennessee. He was elected a fellow of the New York Zoological Society. Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, the Layman Lecturer, was elected to the American Gem Society (national and international) in recognition of his lectures on gems at the Museum and before that society. Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, on leave for government war work, was transferred during the year from Ecuador to Venezuela. In co-operation with the Navy and War departments, several members of the Museum's scientific staff, notably Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, and Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Chief -36- Curator of Botany, contributed to special publications intended to aid service men in discriminating between safe and dangerous plants and animals of various parts of the world. 9 University Co-operation As part of the long term plans for the Museum, a joint committee with the University of Chicago was established in March to study plans for increased co-operation between the Museum and the university. Such co-operation should be effective both in education and in research. A committee was appointed, composed of the four Chief Curators of the Museum and the following representa- tives of the allied fields in the university: Professor Fay-Cooper Cole (Anthropology), Professor John M. Beal (Botany), Professor Everett C. Olson (Paleontology), and Dr. Alfred E. Emerson (Zoology). Dr. Paul 0. McGrew served for Chief Curator Nichols, of the Museum's Department of Geology. After discussion of possibilities for increasing the Museum's services to the university students and staff, and for discovering means by which the university might offer effective aid to the Museum, resolutions were adopted by the committee and presented for action to the Director and Board of the Museum and to the President and Board of the University. It is hoped that the plans drawn up, after the test of practice, may be used as models for further co-operation with the several universities and colleges of the area. Preliminary plans have already been discussed with representatives of Northwestern University. Miscellany More than fifteen years ago, this Museum, in anticipation of the possible destruction of type specimens in historic botanical collections in Europe, carried out a plan, partly with the co-operation of the Rockefeller Foundation, for photographing such specimens. Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, spent more than ten years thus engaged in the herbaria of Vienna, Paris, Geneva, Berlin, Munich, Copenhagen, Madrid, and elsewhere, and this Museum, as a result, now has 40,000 photographs of such specimens. The foresight has been justified by what has happened in the war; for example, it was learned that the Botanical Museum in Dahlem, a suburb of Berlin, was completely destroyed during an air raid. The photographs made by Mr. Macbride include 15,800 of type specimens that were in that institution. They are the standard by which -37- thousands of our American plants are to be judged. The only substitute for the lost types hereafter will be the photographs assembled in Chicago by this Museum, duplicates of which are made available to other institutions. A citation was awarded to the Museum by the executive com- mittee of the School Broadcast Conference, for educational excellence in the series of radio programs, "Places and People," presented jointly by the Museum and the Radio Council of the Chicago Board of Education. The Museum programs dealt with various geographic areas and races, especially in regions of the world with war signi- ficance. Chiefly responsible for preparation of the programs were Miss Miriam Wood of the Museum's Raymond Foundation and Mrs. Isabel Callvert of the School Broadcasting Council. The Museum co-operated also in the presentation of a second series of programs given on station WLS — one each month. These programs were part of the WLS feature known as "School Time Broadcasts." Miss Martha Gowdy, WLS commentator, brought groups of some fifteen grade-school boys and girls to the Museum for a tour of the halls. The programs were picked up directly from the Museum halls through a traveling microphone moving about the exhibits with the group. During the program, the children asked questions about the various exhibits they were inspecting, and Museum curators gave them the answers. A group of distinguished Latin-American newspaper men and publishers touring the United States under the auspices of the National Press Club and the (Co-ordinator of Inter-American Affairs visited the Museum May 24. Those in the party were Senor Rodrigo Facio Brenes, Editor and Publisher, Diario de Costa Rica, Costa Rica; Senor Ricardo A. Peralta, Director, El Liberal Progresista, Guatemala; Senor Juan Ramon Aviles, Editor, La Noticia, Managua, Nicaragua; Senor Alberto McGeachey, Editor, Star-Herald and Estrella de Panama, Panama City, Panama; Senor Julio Velis Lopez, Publisher and Editor, La Correspond encia, Cienfuegos, Cuba; Senor Luis Enrique Franco, Editor, La Informacion, Santiago, Dominican Republic. The group was conducted by Mr. A. Edward Stuntz of the office of the Co-ordinator of Inter-American Affairs and Mr. Charles E. Bibbo. On October 21, the Museum was host to a similar group of newspaper women from Latin-American countries. Those in the party were Sefiorita Lenka Franulic, writer, Revista Ercilla; Senorita Piedad Levi Castillo, writer, El Telegrafo; Senora Aurora Estrada y Ayala de Ramirez Perez, magazine and radio writer; Sefiora Elsa de -38- Barrios, Director, Proa; Sefiorita Gloria Menedez Mina, Director, Azul; Sefiora Raquel Delgado de Castro, Director, Vida y Sahid; and Senorita Laura de Arce, Director, Mujeres de America. Winners of the contests for the annual awards of the 4-H Clubs, brought to Chicago from rural areas all over the United States and Canada at the time of the Fat Stock Show early in December, included this Museum as one of the places to be visited, in accordance with the long-established custom of the National Congress of 4-H Fig. 6. An Aleut hunter throw- ing a bird spear. One of the illustrations from a popular leaf- let, "Aleutian Islanders," recently published by the Museum. Clubs. On December 4 a group of 500 of the girls was brought to the Museum, and on the next day 400 of the boys. For each group the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation presented lectures. Department of Anthropology Research Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator, Mr. Donald Collier, Curator of South American Ethnology and Archaeology, and Mr. George I. Quimby, Jr., Curator of Exhibits, have continued their work on a forthcoming general publication on North American archaeology. Most of the year, however, was spent by Dr. Martin and Curators Collier and Quimby in research for the new exhibits in the Hall of Indian America (Hall B). 39- i n w^m**** r *$ i * /t^. Fig. 7. A detail from an exhibit in Hall B: i ^^ ^n™ 0 "Where the American Indians came from, j fa £,- *f^^ when, and why?" The reconstructed scene suggests the crowded condition of men and animals in northeastern Asia after the gla- ciers began to recede and emphasizes the ease with which both men and animals could journey across Bering Strait from Asia to America. Time about 18,000 B.C. *i Chief Curator Martin, Curators Collier and Quimby, and Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator of African Ethnology, spent much of their time writing new labels for Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall (Races of Mankind— Hall 3). Chief Curator Martin wrote four articles for the Museum Bulle- tin. Curator Collier prepared an illustrated article on the archaeology of Ecuador for the Handbook of South American Indians to be published shortly by the Bureau of American Ethnology; another article, "The Sun Dance of the Plains Indians," was published in America Indigena, journal of the Inter-American Indian Institute. During the year Curator Quimby continued his work on the new Hall of North American Archaeology (Hall B). In collaboration with Chief Curator Martin, Curator Collier, and Artist Dalstrom, five new exhibits were completed and two others were planned. With Mr. Collier, Mr. Quimby prepared a long review of Griffin's Fort Ancient Report for the American Anthropologist. A shorter -40- to review of another publication was written by Mr. Quimby for pub- lication in American Antiquity. Curator Quimby supervised the cataloguing, by students in the museology course taught by the Department, of the collection of prehistoric Aleut artifacts collected and presented by Lieutenant Alvin R. Cahn, U.S.N.R. Some research on this collection was also undertaken by Mr. Quimby. A study of the decorated objects from a stratified site on Amaknak Island in the Aleutians led to the conclusion that there were two distinct periods of art. The art of the late period is suggestive of Punuk Eskimo design in northern Alaska, whereas the art of the early period resembles that of the mysterious Dorset culture in the eastern Arctic. The results of this research are incorporated in an article which has been accepted for publication by the Society for American Archaeology. In November the Museum published an anthropology leaflet, by Mr. Quimby, entitled Aleutian Islanders (Fig. 6). It is illustrated 41 with drawings by Mrs. (Helen Z.) Quimby and photographs from the anthropology collections. The format of this leaflet marks an innovation in the publication of anthropology leaflets. The booklet is pleasing and colorful, and aptly suggests a live treatment of a living past. The Aleutian Islanders, or Aleut as they were called by their Russian discoverers, were Eskimos who had achieved a rather spectacular culture or civilization. The leaflet describes this civili- zation as it existed before the Russian conquest in 1741. Aleut civilization is basically old Eskimo with modifications pro- duced by adaptation to a sub-Arctic climate and by contact with peoples of northern Asia and American Indians. These factors are in part responsible for the unique culture of the Aleut. During the year Dr. Hambly continued research on a collection of crania brought here from various islands of Melanesia by the late Dr. Albert B. Lewis, who led the Joseph N. Field South Seas Expedi- tion of 1909-13. The object of the research and publications, the first of which was Craniometry of New Guinea, is to make a detailed statistical comparison of the average cranial measurements of samples from New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Ambrym, and Malekula in the New Hebrides. The results so far indicate clearly that the skulls of New Guinea show Negroid and Australoid characteristics. During the year considerable advance has been made with the printing of a work entitled Craniometry of Ambrym. This should be a welcome addition to craniometry, which lacks data from that island. Now in course of preparation is a manuscript on Deformed Crania of Malekula, another useful addition to craniometry, since this Museum is fortunate in possessing the largest collection of skulls yet reported from this island of the New Hebrides group. In 1932 the late Dr. Lewis prepared a handbook on the Melane- sian peoples, and on the Melanesian collection (Figs. 25, 29) which he brought from the Pacific when leader of the Joseph N. Field South Seas Expedition. A reprint of this work is now in progress because, as a result of American activity in the Pacific, demand for the book has been great. Many geographical names which were of interest only to scientists a few years ago are now household words. A section has been added to the description of the physical appearance of the Melanesians, and a survey of the most important studies of this area since 1932 will be added. Dr. Hambly recently began work on a series of maps of Africa, and brush drawings based on photographs of several aspects of Negro -42- life. The intention is to prepare a pictorial representation of African life which will make the exhibits of the African halls more colorful. Mr. Richard A. Martin, Curator of Near Eastern Archaeology, completed research in order to prepare an Etruscan exhibit (Fig. 10). He also made a preliminary survey of and catalogued a portion of a collection of several thousand pieces of miscellaneous Near Eastern material received as a bequest from the late William F. E. Gurley, Fig. 8. A portion of an exhibit in Hall B, showing a hypothetical harvest cere- mony of the Oneota Indians. Time about A.D. 1100-1400. and completed a popular leaflet on the subject of mummies. This publication is now in press and will be issued early in 1945. Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of North American Ethnology and Archaeology, now on leave from the Museum for service as an officer in the United States Naval Reserve, found time to prepare for publication a monograph on The Florida Seminole Camp. The field work on which this publication is based was sponsored by the Department of Anthropology at the University of Chicago in 1939. This publication, published by the Museum Press in December, supplements Lieutenant Spoehr's previous publications on the social organization of the Florida Seminoles. Mrs. Rose Miller, volunteer, has continued to study and cata- logue the Museum's large collection of Chinese rubbings. The 43 HOW INDIANS DISCOVERED AMERICA 20.000 Y€A«S AGO IN SIBCfilA YOUR BAWD *S 4MTRVCHNC OW THf Y AM our wuNriM« cnotiwo. vouit toom«"t , * «AV/ TO MOVf. ] fO» ^ ARIA IS TOO CAOWDFD FOR OOOO HUNTINC , THFBI I5WT CNOU&M FOOO fOR All 1 f r- AM A MCCTlfiiC. Ot IHf HAMO PROPOSAL TO MOV£ IS MADC >r- if* vff 4^ ■^WEi:\i ***S>. •"•ft**] *^» i l ACROSS > 1 Hi'.- ■ ■[■-•..! TMEV CROSS AT BERING STftAl" Ski' ft wH/it a urns? hot TO PC BUMPING j(P into oiHctt nunthw. ^ ^0 S*|P - A^ l ■ v A THE . LCAVC f Mt Gl ACIEfl B( HfNH (MEM THtV ^ETTU FOB A TIMI IN A WOOtUD VAlltY */HlA( Ntw WORLD II ill'ttD BV II LOOKS LIM£ DIAL HUNTING COUNT 6 V. *•* **WP^ Fig. 9. The "comic strip" or "picture-story" technique supplants the long printed labels formerly used. Here it is used to explain the origin of the American Indians. Time about 18,000 B.C. (Hall B). catalogue is in both English and Chinese. The usefulness of the collection will be greatly enhanced by this work. Dr. Martin and Curators Collier and Quimby, in conjunction with the Department of Anthropology at the University of Chicago, have given a course in museology for graduate students. This 44- course requires the student to spend fifteen hours each week at the Museum for nine months. Briefly stated, this course is designed to provide an interneship in practical museum work for advanced students who expect to qualify for staff positions in museums. The following subjects are covered in the course: methods of obtaining collections; care of specimens; recording and cataloguing; storage problems; exhibition techniques, new and old; label writing; restora- tion and mending; comparison of museum buildings; and museum activities (education, research, publicity, radio programs, etc.). Installations and Rearrangements — Anthropology During the year, six new exhibits of Etruscan materials have been prepared and installed in Edward E. and Emma B. Aver Hall (Hall 2) by Curator Richard Martin. Curator Quimby, assisted by Artist Dalstrom, Chief Curator Martin, and Curator Collier, prepared five new exhibits for Section 2 of Hall B (History and Archaeology of the Indians of North, Central, and South America). These exhibits cover the following subjects: (1) Tools, pots, houses, and rituals of the Northern Farmer Indians (Oneota, Fort Ancient, and Iroquois; Figs. 8, 23); (2) sources of raw materials imported for manufacture by the Hopewell Indians of Ohio; (3) ceremonial pottery used by the Indians of Arkansas; (4) the daily life of the Shell Mound Indians of Kentucky; and (5) where the Indians came from, when, and why? The last two exhibits (4 and 5) are unique in that a comic strip technique is employed in each one to take the place of a long label. We know that visitors will seldom read labels more than two or three lines in length; and yet many times we have interesting information which we want to convey to our visitors and cannot because they will not read long explanatory labels. But almost anyone will look at a picture or series of pictures, and most people will glean more information from a pictorial than from a word stimulus. We deter- mined, therefore, to use this pictorial means of expression. The resulting exhibit has proved to be popular and has brought much praise to the Museum. In fact, it was so satisfactory that, when confronted with the necessity of telling the story of the origin of the American Indians, the comic strip technique was again employed, as it seemed the best method by which this saga could be visualized. The truth of this assertion may be more forcibly realized when one understands that no tools, weapons, equipment, gear, or skeletons -45 - of the earliest Indians have ever been found. Stone tools and weapons of Indians dating from 10,000 to 18,000 years ago have recently been discovered; but these probably do not represent the culture of the first migrating Indians. But, since no artifacts of the first Indians have ever been found, there are no specimens to exhibit. The only way the story of the Fig. 10. An Etruscan bronze cista (3rd century B.C.). Cistae served as toilet boxes, and con- tained mirrors, combs, hairpins, rouge pots, etc. They were us- ually decorated with engraved designs showing mythological scenes (Hall 2). migration could be told was pictorially. This has been done by means of two large maps — one of North America and one of eastern Asia. On the maps we have shown the extent of glaciation about 20,000 years ago and drawings of the extinct animals which roamed the continents at that time (Fig. 7). Between the continents is a plaque bearing fifteen pictures in the comic strip technique (Fig. 9). These pictures show why some of the Asiatics were forced to leave Asia, how they crossed over to America, and how they wended their way through a corridor in the glacier until they finally reached the Plains area. The details of where these people came from, and when and why, are fairly well established. Much research went into every detail, 46 and several experts on early man in the New World were consulted in order to be sure that details were accurate. Dr. Ernst Antevs, glacial geologist of the Carnegie Institution, Washington, has been especially helpful. He supplied the data for the map, which shows the approximate location of the American Glacier at about the time man first entered the New World, and data for the chronology which was used. The indebtedness of the Museum to Dr. Antevs is gratefully acknowledged. Dr. Paul 0. McGrew, Assistant Curator of Paleontology, was most generous in supplying data for the paleontological aspects of the exhibit. A recent report asserts that "facts presented in picture strips are (at first reading) grasped 10 to 30 per cent more thoroughly than the same facts presented in words alone." Our experience certainly corroborates this report. Furthermore, if we tried to tell the story Fig. 11. The head of a Hope- well Indian man, wearing a deer antler head-dress. The ear orna- ments, the pendants, and the base of the head-dress consist of copper, and the antlers are wood covered with copper. The neck- lace is made of fresh-water pearls. The head was modeled after a pottery statuette excavated from an ancient burial mound in Ohio. HallB in words rather than in pictures, it would require a label containing from 300 to 400 words, which visitors would not stop to read. There- fore, to accomplish the purpose, comic strips have been used. -47- Department of Botany Research The daily work of the Department of Botany has been handled by the few members of the staff remaining at the Museum during the emergency. Along with administrative work and attention to exhibits and special projects, Chief Curator B. E. Dahlgren con- tinued his studies of palms and made various additions to the palm herbarium which is gradually taking shape out of material obtained by Museum expeditions and his personal collecting during the past twenty years. Incidentally, a second part of his Index of American Palms was advanced with a view to eventual publication in the Museum's Botanical Series. Much attention was given during the year to post-war plans for botanical exhibits, especially to botanical synoptic series, and for a forestry hall presenting a geographical and ecological arrangement of the principal American trees. Besides current work of determinations and care of the herbarium of flowering plants and ferns, study of the plants obtained by the Guatemalan expeditions of 1938-42 was continued throughout 1944 by Mr. Paul C. Standley, Curator of the Herbarium. This work has been practically completed, and a manuscript, Flora of Guatemala, is now almost ready for publication. The first volume is in course of publication. The Curator of Cryptogamic Botany, Dr. Francis Drouet, con- tinued research on the classification of Chroococcaceae and Oscil- latoriaceae, partly in collaboration with Mr. William A. Daily. Dr. Hanford Tiffany, Research Associate in Cryptogamic Botany at the Museum, continued research on the algal flora of Illinois during 1944. Mr. Harry K. Phinney, graduate student at Northwestern University, spent all of the school year at the Museum working on a revision of the Cladophoraceae. Professor G. M. Smith of Stanford University, Mr. and Mrs. William A. Daily of the Herbarium of Butler University, and Dr. L. H. Flint of Louisiana State University made use of the collections of algae at various times. Mr. Donald Richards, volunteer assistant, worked with the collections of mosses, and Mrs. Cloyd B. Stifler of Wilmette with the collections of fungi. Both Mr. Phinney and Dr. Drouet spent some time in collecting cryptogams in Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Several members of the staff were absent from the Museum during the year. Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, spent the year in California, on leave of absence. Mr. Llewelyn Williams, Curator of Economic Botany, was engaged -48- Fig. 12. A detail of a flowering and fruiting branch of the quinine tree (Cin- chona Ledgenanal, reproduced from material received from Guatemala (Hall 29). 49 »■■ i in emergency work for the United States government in Venezuela. Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, was employed by the Board of Economic Warfare, also for work in Venezuela. After his separation from that organization in October, he spent two months in the high sandstone region of Ptari-tepui and Sororopan-tepui of southern Venezuela, where he made a large collection of plants at elevations of 3,000 to 8,000 feet. A full report upon his field work and the material obtained has not yet been received. The region had not been visited previously by any botanist, and because of its similarity to the remarkable mountains of Duida and Roraima, it is expected that a substantial number of species of plants previously unknown to science will be found in his collections. Publications of the Department issued during the year by the Museum Press are listed on page 70. Besides these, various scientific contributions appeared elsewhere. A pamphlet of 102 pages and 72 text figures, prepared by Chief Curator Dahlgren and Curator Standley, entitled Edible and Poisonous Plants of the Carib- bean Region, was edited, supplied with captions and tables, and issued by the United States Navy, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Dr. Dahlgren also contributed an article, "The Economic Uses of Palms," to Tropical Woods, and Mr. Standley an account of the family Araceae to the Flora of Panama, published by the Missouri Botanical Garden. In 1944 the Department of Botany received 220 accessions consisting of material for the economic collections and for the exhibits and herbaria. Of these, 6,530 specimens were received as gifts; 6,315 in exchanges; 572 as purchases; and 677 were obtained by Museum expeditions, a total of 14,094 items. The total number of specimens in the herbaria and other organ- ized collections at the end of 1944 was 1,141,628. During the year there were added to the herbaria 14,754 sheets of specimens, besides photographs and printed or typewritten descriptions of new species of plants. Of the total receipts during the year, 13,987 consisted of plant specimens and photographs for the herbaria. The largest single accession consisted of 1,585 specimens of flowering plants and algae received in exchange from the Department of Botany of the University of Texas. More than 7,500 new specimens of cryptogams were received during 1944, in addition to those originating on Museum expeditions. Of these, some 2,500 came as exchanges from other herbaria. The remainder were gifts, including 737 algae from Dr. Walter Kiener, -50- of the University of Nebraska; 587 fungi from Mrs. Cloyd B. Stifler, of Wilmette, Illinois; and 500 cryptogams from Mr. Lawrence J. King, of Wooster, Ohio. The bulk of these and other gifts consisted of algae received for identification. Cryptogams numbering 9,856 were mounted and filed in the cryptogamic herbarium during the year. A considerable portion Fig. 13. A restoration of a flowering branch of Williamsoniella, an extinct Cycadeoid recently added to the botanical exhibits in Hall 29. of the collection of fungi and all of the Characeae were repackaged in permanent form. The thousands of packets required were in large part folded by Mrs. Catherine M. Richards, of Chicago. More than 5,000 duplicate cryptogams were sent in exchanges to other public and private herbaria. Mr. Richards, Mr. Harold B. Louderback, and Mr. Phinney assisted in the preparation of these. Mr. Louderback was engaged in making a catalogue of the genera of cryptogams, which when completed will be useful both in research and in the curating of the collections. 51- A large quantity of Venezuelan wood specimens, obtained by Mr. Williams on an expedition of the Museum and the Venezuelan government for botanical exploration in 1941-42, was cut by the carpenter into hand specimens for proper filing and conservation in the wood study collection of the Department and for exchange. During 1944, the Department distributed as exchanges 6,500 duplicate specimens of plants and 950 hand specimens of woods. There were distributed also, by sale or exchange, 12,970 photographic Fig. 14. Fruits and vegetables from the exhibit of food plants of American origin in Hall 25. prints from the negatives of type specimens of plants made in Euro- pean herbaria by Associate Curator J. Francis Macbride. Installations and Rearrangements — Botany With the number of preparators in the Department of Botany reduced to two, few of the additions under way for the botanical exhibits were actually completed and installed during the year. A notable new one was a branch of a quinine tree (Fig. 12) of the par- ticular kind that for many years has been the chief source of the world's supply of this hitherto indispensable drug. This has been a desideratum for the botanical exhibits for a long time. In view of the recent history of quinine, it is of interest to recall that a specimen -52- desired for the purpose could not be obtained from the Dutch planta- tions. It was finally secured, soon after the beginning of the war, from a plantation in Central America. It is now to be seen with other plants of the madder family in Hall 29 (Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall). A case displaying the most important food plants of New World origin (Fig. 14 ) has been a feature of Hall 25 for a number of years and a source of interest to most visitors to the botanical exhibits. It is ip4 v jjN# v Fig. 15. Fruits and vegetables from the exhibit of food plants of Old World origin in Hall 25. now complemented by a recently installed case showing in a similar manner the principal food plants of the Old World (Fig. 15). Thanks to the presence of corn, pumpkins, and other large and brightly colored natural products, the New World contributions to man's vegetable food supply are seen at a glance to be much more showy, while the Old World staple cereals, vegetables, and fruits are less brilliant but much more numerous. Two remarkable Old World harvest scenes, one from Hungary, the other from Calais, were added to the exhibit of small grains in the same hall. Both were obtained by the courtesy of the photographers who made them Vedas Erno of Budapest and Joseph Breitenbach, A.R.P.S., of New York. 53 In the Hall of Foreign Woods (Hall 27) the display of Venezuelan timbers was increased by installation of eight new specimens obtained on the middle and upper Orinoco River by a joint expedition of the Museum and the Venezuelan government in 1941 and 1942. For display in the same hall, two large maps have been prepared, respec- tively of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, to show distribution of the main types of plant formations of the world with special reference to the forests yielding the many and varied kinds of timber represented in this hall. Much work has been done during the year in preparation for an African desert scene for the series of plant habitat groups in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29). Reconstructions of two fossil Cycadophytes to fill a gap in the synoptic series of Gymnosperms in the same hall have been almost completed and will be added to the exhibits before this report has been printed. A filing case for the Harper Collection negatives, similar to those provided last year for the collection of type photographs, was built by the carpenter, and several standard type exhibition cases, too shallow to accommodate various new exhibits, were rebuilt by him during the year. Department of Geology Research The loss to war service of more than half of the staff members of the Department of Geology has decidedly reduced the achievements of the Department, in both research and exhibition. The follow- ing staff members were away, either in the armed forces or in civilian work bearing on the war effort: Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Curator of Geology; Mr. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Paleontology; Mr. Bryant Mather, Assistant Curator of Mineralogy; Dr. Albert A. Dahlberg, Research Associate in Paleontology; Mr. James H. Quinn, Chief Preparator in Paleontology; and Mr. Henry Horback, Assist- ant in Geology. Research was limited to that carried on by Dr. Paul 0. McGrew, Assistant Curator of Paleontology, whose studies resulted in the publication of three papers in the Geological Series of the Museum. One was a description of a mammalian fauna from Nebraska with a discussion of the late phases of horse evolution and the general correlation of late Pliocene and early Pleistocene faunas of North America, Asia, and Europe. Another was a discussion of a group of -54- fossil dogs known as Aelurodon in which statistical methods were used to define the group. The last was a description of a fossil dog collected in the Republic of Honduras in 1941, a specimen that extends the known range of a genus and species from the Great Plains well into the Central American isthmus. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, as on several previous occasions, has extended his detailed knowledge of living turtles to fossil turtles in the paleontological collections. Descrip- tions of two new genera of turtles, Phyllomys and Catapleura, from Fig. 16. A fossil leaf from one of the plants that formed the important coal deposits of Illinois. This specimen is one of a large number of coal-forest plants recently added to the collections of the Museum. Cretaceous beds of Arkansas were published by Mr. Schmidt in the Museum's Geological Series. Although expeditions have nominally stopped for the duration of the war, the eruption of the volcano El Paricutin in the state of Michoacan, Mexico, was of such importance that a short collecting trip was made there by Dr. McGrew. This volcano is notable in that it is the first to be born essentially under scientific observation. Several other volcanoes have been born in historic time, but none was observed by geologists in the early stages of growth. Because of the complete studies made possible by this new volcano, it was important that this Museum acquire a collection of the various volcanic products available during the early periods of eruption. Such a collection, consisting of volcanic ash, lapilli, bombs, mineral crystals, etc., was made and brought to the Museum. In addition, a complete photographic survey was made of the volcano and its effects on the surrounding country (Fig. 2). Because of the intense public interest in El Paricutin, a special temporary exhibit was placed in Stanley Field Hall. In the case were exhibited the various volcanic products and a series of photo- ns graphs showing details of the eruption and of the destruction of the villages of Paricutin and Parangaricutiro. Installations and Rearrangements — Geology As in other phases of Museum activities, installation of new exhibits was reduced during 1944, although some progress was made, both in geology and paleontology. In Hall 34, the mineral hall, two introductory cases of crystals were installed. These contain repre- sentatives of the various crystal systems, exhibited in such a way as to show the distinguishing characters of the different crystal forms and to bring out their natural beauty (Fig. 17; Plate 3). In paleontology, three new mounted skeletons were placed on exhibition. A skeleton of the South American Capybara, the largest living rodent, was placed in the "Evolution of the Rodents" case for direct comparison with the extinct Castoroides, the largest rodent that ever lived in North America. To round out the "History of the Horse" group, two skeletons of ancestral horses, Mesohippus and Pliohippus, were installed, along with restorations in oil paint- ings done by Mr. John Conrad Hansen. A large boulder of nephrite jade presented to the Museum by Mr. James L. Kraft, of Chicago, was installed in Hall 34. This boulder, weighing 2,490 pounds, was found in a recently discovered locality for jade, about fifty miles southwest of Lander, Wyoming. A small piece was cut from the boulder and polished to bring out the beauty of the specimen. Mr. Stuart H. Perry, of Adrian, Michigan, made another impor- tant gift consisting of a set of five large volumes containing photomicrographs of iron meteorites. The photomicrographs were made by Mr. Perry during the course of his meteorite studies. Only three sets were made, the other two having been pre- sented by Mr. Perry to the United States National Museum and the University of Michigan. Besides these rare volumes, Mr. Perry presented meteorites which were a welcome addition to the Museum's already extensive collection. Despite the fact that the Museum has an excellent restora- tion of an ancient Coal Age forest, our collections have contained only a small number of the well-known coal-forest plants. This deficiency was remedied during 1944 by the purchase of the Lang- ford collection of fossil plants obtained near Wilmington, Illinois. The fossil plants were gathered by Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, Illinois. This collection of nearly 5,000 specimens contains beauti- fully preserved representatives of most of the coal-forming plants -56- of this region (Fig. 16). It should form a good basis for what is hoped will be an expanding collection of paleobotanical material. The Division of Paleontology acquired, by exchange with the University of Oklahoma, a fine representative series of fossil mam- mals from the Pliocene deposits near Optima, Oklahoma. This assemblage is from a classic locality and adds considerable value to the important study collections. Fig. 17. Hexagonal crystals exhibited in the new installation of the Chalmers Collection (Hall 34). Most minerals crystallize in characteristic forms, and many crystals are of great beauty. The curtailment of expeditionary work has made it possible to improve the condition of the study collections in both geology and paleontology. In the paleontology laboratories, Mr. Orville Gilpin has devoted most of the year to completing preparation of fossils, some of which were collected as early as 1898. The non-metallic minerals were rearranged by Mr. Harry Changnon, Assistant in Geology, and a complete card catalogue was made. 57 ■ Department of Zoology Research Mr. Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles, made a brief field trip in May to Black Mountain College in North Carolina and to the University of the South at Suwanee, Tennessee, where he was aided by the students in zoology and by Professor Fig. 18. Australian sea-horse (Phyllopteryx eques) with sea- weed-like appendages. An ex- ample of camouflage in fishes. Hall O Edward McCrady, of the latter institution, in making collections of salamanders and other amphibians and reptiles. The discontinuance of active field work necessitated by the war necessarily directs the attention of the residual staff mainly to com- pletion of reports already in hand and to the identification and rearrangement of existing collections. In the Division of Anatomy, Miss H. Elizabeth Story, Assistant, has continued work on the comparative anatomy of the giant panda and related mammals. Dr. Harry Sicher, of the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, and Dr. Walter Segall have continued studies on anatomical problems under the auspices of the Division. 58 In the Division of Mammals, Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, continued studies on South American mammals, and made further progress on his check-list of South American mammals. He continued his interest in the establishment of an effective advi- sory commission on zoological nomenclature. A paper by Dr. Osgood on Ecuadorean and Peruvian rodents was published during the year (see p. 71). In the Division of Birds, Mr. Boardman Conover, Research Associate, continued his studies of game birds, publishing a paper on the North Pacific purple sandpipers. Dr. Oscar Neumann, a volunteer, continued studies on exotic birds in the course of re- arrangement of various collections. A paper by Dr. Neumann, based on specimens in the Museum's collections, "A Hitherto Un- named Glossy Starling from East Africa," appeared in the Auk. In the Division of Reptiles, Mr. Pope completed his handbook, Amphibians and Reptiles of the Chicago Area, and it was published by the Museum Press (Fig. 21). Mr. Pope ako engaged in investigations Df the rattlesnake and the treatment of snake-bite. These studies are being carried on with the co-operation of Mr. R. M. Perkins, director of the Lincoln Park Zoo, and with members of the staff of the College Fig. 19. The Cavendish dik dik is representative of the small dik dik antelopes, widespread in Africa. The fine pose of this specimen represents the school of artistic taxidermy that grew up in the Museum under the influence of the late Carl E. Akeley (Hall 13). *.JLg k ■* ^^ ^^y * ; *# • of Medicine of the University of Illinois. A paper by Messrs. Pope and Perkins on "Differences in the Patterns of Bites of Venomous and Harmless Snakes" appeared in the Archives of Surgery. Mr. Pope's ■ 59- Poisonous Snakes of the New World, a revision of a former publication under the same title, appeared as a publication of the New York Zoological Society. Papers on amphibians and reptiles published by Chief Curator Karl P. Schmidt, with the aid of volunteer students now in the United States Army, are listed on page 71. In the Division of Fishes, Mrs. Marion Grey, Associate, engaged in a careful check of the Museum's types of fishes, which was urgently necessary, and which will result in a published list. In the Division of Lower Invertebrates, Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator, has continued the revision of the collections, with a resulting by- product of notes for publication. In the Division of Insects, which had large accessions during the year, Curator William J. Gerhard has been engaged in curatorial and departmental work. Dr. Charles H. Seevers, Research Asso- ciate, has continued his studies on staphylinid beetles. Five publi- cations on arthropods, based on the collections of the Division, appeared during 1944 in the Museum's publications (see p. 71). Seven articles were prepared by the staff for the Museum Bulletin. Chief Curator Schmidt continued his services as herpetological editor for Copeia, as consulting editor for the American Midland Naturalist, and as editor for Amphibians and Reptiles for Biological Abstracts, together with other editorial and advisory activities. Total accessions number 22,648 specimens, of which 208 are mammals, 411 birds, 925 amphibians and reptiles, 964 fishes, 16,740 insects and other arthropods, and 3,400 lower invertebrates. The most notable acquisition was the gift of 12,944 butterflies and moths from the estate of the late Arthur Herz, of Chicago. The specimens in this collection are neatly mounted and labeled, and include an excellent representation of many European species not previously represented in the Museum's collection. Dr. P. W. Fattig, of Emory University, continued his gifts of pinned and determined insects from Georgia. Members of the staff in the armed forces of the United States, and numerous other service men, continued their additions to the collections as opportunities were presented. The Museum especially appreciates this material, often obtained under difficult conditions, as an earnest of their continued and future interest in the activities of the Museum. It seems evident that many service men will bring home with them an active interest in the several fields of natural history, which cannot fail to stimulate museum programs every- where. The list of collectors in the services is as follows: 60 Number of Specimens Corp. William J. Beecher 517 Maj. Henry J. Bennett 90 Pvt. E. Fred Bromund 3 Lieut. Alvin R. Cahn, U.S.N. R. 104 Pvt. Jerry Cordell 32 Corp. D. Dwight Davis 150 Maj. W. G. Downs 97 Sgt. Henry S. Dybas 217 Edwin C. Galbreath, Ph. M. 1/C 2 Col. C. C. Gregg 85 Lieut. H. Hoogstraal, U. S. Army 16 Lieut. M. L. Johnson, U.S.N. R. 35 S/Sgt. C. S. Laubly 45 Number of Specimens Pvt. S. B. Lummis 65 Corp. Bryan Patterson 93 L. A. Posekany, Ph. M. 1/C . . . 11 Capt. John A. Powell, U.S. Army 4 J. H. Quinn, M 2/C (S.R.) 1 Corp. Eugene Ray 138 Sgt. Thane Riney 16 Pfc. Emil J. Rokosky 1 Sgt. Norton Rubin 1 Lieut. C. C. Sanborn, U.S.N. R. 579 Lieut. R. Snyder, U.S. Army. . . 2 Lieut. E. C. Tobiasz, U.S. Army 3 Lieut. Loren P. Woods, U.S.N. R. 334 Installations and Rearrangements — Zoology The most important improvement in the exhibition halls of the Department of Zoology was the completion of the habitat group of fresh-water fishes of the Chicago region. This is the work of Taxi- dermists Leon L. Pray and W. E. Eigsti, Preparator Frank H. Letl, and Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert. The group presents an under- water scene in a near-by Michigan lake, in early summer, with the nesting of the black bass as a principal focus of interest, and with such familiar fishes as the bullheads, pike, and pickerel, and the various brightly colored sunfishes and minnows. The technical problem of imitating the cloudy haze of the alga- filled lake water was met by the device of an oiled ground glass partition through the middle of the group, which leaves the fore- ground clear but obtains the hazy effect of the more distant water. The colored labels present a chart of the fishes shown in the group and a diagram of the "web of life" in a fresh-water lake, in which every living thing is somehow dependent on all the others. Mr. Pray completed a life-size exhibition model, based upon data from the elaborate published accounts, of the remarkable fish Latimeria, whose discovery on the coast of Africa represents the ichthyological event of the century. This creature represents a group of large fishes that were long thought to be extinct; and this group, the fringe-finned ganoids (Crossopterygia), is of especial interest since it apparently represents the stock from which the amphibians, the first land vertebrates, arose. Mr. Pray also completed the models and installed the case illus- trative of the general principles of coloration in fishes. The first panel of this three-panel exhibit shows, by means of enlarged models of the cells of the fish skin, how color change takes place. A series 61- of specimens of the Nassau grouper exhibits the range of color changes, apparently under nervous control and largely independent of the fishes' surroundings. The second panel is devoted primarily to the remarkable color changes of the flounder (Fig. 3), by which this common fish, which lies on one side on the sea bottom, adjusts the '^** ftb *. \ - s*,;», ** v > ** 9 * " • ff _ w- * ••» «"" ~ X ■*r Fig. 20. The lion fish is an example of brilliant animal coloration. The camouflage principle of disrupted general outline is evident (Hall O). color of its exposed side to its surroundings. The control of this highly perfected color change is through the eye, as is proved by a series of ingenious experiments. The third panel of the exhibit includes various other phenomena of animal coloration exhibited by fishes — camouflage by counter-shading, protective resemblance, differences between the sexes, and color mutation (Figs. 18, 20). Minor changes of labels were made in Halls 20 and 21 (habitat groups of birds, and birds systematically arranged). In the Division of Mammals, one case in George M. Pullman Hall (Hall 13) was -62- slightly rearranged in preparation for the installation of a case of the very small antelopes known as dik diks and duikers (Figs. 19, 24), on which Taxidermist Julius Friesser has been occupied. Taxidermist Leon L. Walters has continued the accumulation of celluloid models of reptiles for exhibition, and has aided in other exhibition projects such as the case for the races of the domestic pigeon, which is to illustrate the general topic of selection by man- artificial selection, as opposed to natural selection, the principal molding force that alters species in nature. During the first part of the year Taxidermist Eigsti was occupied with the completion of the accessories and installation of the fresh- water fish group, and has subsequently been engaged on the domestic pigeons, together with Taxidermist Frank C. Wonder. Mr. Wonder has also been occupied with the care of the reference collection of mammals and birds. Much progress was made on the project for a hall of whales, or rather of whale models, which has been in preparation during several years by Taxidermist C. J. Albrecht. The painting of the life-size models of porpoises and dolphins by Mr. Rueckert had been completed by the end of the year, and mural decoration of the hall (Fig. 22) has now been completed; the models are well advanced. Chief Curator Schmidt, in the absence of the Curator of Mammals (Lieut. Colin C. Sanborn, U.S.N.R.), has been engaged on the labels for the whale cases and on plans for two cases to be devoted to the anatomy and natural history of whales. Mr. Schmidt consulted specialists on whales in Washington and New York, and examined collections and exhibitions of whales in other eastern museums in December. Cataloguing, Inventorying, and Labeling — All Departments The customary attention was given in all four scientific depart- ments to the tasks of cataloguing, inventorying, and labeling. Anthropology New accessions received by the Department of Anthropology totaled fifteen, of which eight were entered in the inventory books. Nine previous accessions were entered in whole or in part. Four hundred and fifty-nine catalogue cards were prepared during the year, and 416 cards were entered. Since the inventory books were ■ 63- first opened, 229,788 cards have been entered in them. The Division of Printing delivered to this Department 2,500 catalogue cards and 818 labels. Botany The records of botanical accessions, loans, and exchanges and the catalogues of the contributions of collectors represented in the Museum Herbarium were kept up to date as usual by Miss Edith Vincent, Librarian of the Department, along with the Botany Library catalogue and the card index of new species. Labels were prepared for new exhibits added during the year and various old labels were revised. Labels were provided by Mrs. Frances S. Goetz for the 13,000 type photographs furnished to other institutions in 1944. Geology The Department of Geology catalogued 473 specimens received during the year. This includes all specimens acquired by the Depart- ment with the exception of some 5,000 coal-forest fossil plants that will be held until they can be sorted. Labels printed for specimens on exhibition totaled 378. To the collection of photographs were added 329 prints of various geological subjects. For meteorites, minerals, gems, and rocks, 600 new catalogue cards were prepared and filed. Zoology Entries in the Department catalogues number 6,391, of which 1,588 are for lower invertebrates, 58 for insects, 53 for fishes, 901 for reptiles and amphibians, 3,545 for birds, 125 for mammals, and 121 for the Division of Anatomy. The revision of the reference collec- tion of mollusks occupied much of Dr. Haas's time, involving new labels and checking old ones. Mrs. John Morrow's work, on the catalogue mentioned above, consisted mainly of the entries for birds of the Bishop Collection, all but about 1,200 specimens of which are now catalogued and in place in the general collection. Membership Despite continued heavy demands on the public due to the war effort, it is most gratifying to report an increase in the number of Museum Members on the rolls in 1944. During the year, 494 new Members were enrolled. Through transfers, cancellations, and deaths a total loss of 355 Members was -64- incurred, resulting in a net gain of 139 Members, as compared with a gain of 54 in 1943. The total number of memberships at the end of 1944 was 4,468. In view of the many and increasing demands for support of other causes, the contributions of all the Museum Members who have continued their association with this institution are deeply appreciated. It is only by such co-operation and support that the scientific and educational work of the Museum can be successfully continued. It is hoped that the many Members who are now serving in the armed forces, and those who for various other reasons found it necessary to discontinue their memberships, will resume member- ship in the near future. The following tabulation shows the number of names on the list in each of the membership classifications at the end of 1944: Benefactors 23 Honorary Members 10 Patrons 23 Corresponding Members 7 Contributors 140 Corporate Members 44 Life Members 214 Non-Resident Life Members 14 Associate Members 2,421 Non-Resident Associate Members 8 Sustaining Members 10 Annual Members 1,554 Total Memberships 4,468 The names of all persons listed as Members during 1944 will be found on the pages at the end of this Report. Public Relations On at least eleven occasions during 1944, despite the space limitations which war exigencies have imposed on the newspaper publishing business, the Museum was favored with Sunday feature stories and picture layouts filling from one to two entire pages of the Chicago metropolitan newspapers — a notable recognition by the press of the work of this institution. In addition to furnishing the material for these, the Public Relations Counsel has maintained throughout the year the usual run of routine releases ranging from small items to full column stories, the number of such articles produced in the Division during the year totaling 314. These were frequently accompanied by photographs; in other cases, they aroused the interest of city editors ■ 65- to the extent that they sent their own reporters and photographers to follow up — a result which testifies more to the success of publicity work than mere publication of "handout" material as released. Further, there were instances where these stories stimulated editorial writers of newspapers and magazines to make favorable comments on the institution's accomplishments. The continued co-operation of editors, special writers, columnists, and photographers with the Museum's Public Relations Counsel, in presenting the story of the Museum to the public, is most gratifying. Special acknowledgment is due to the staffs of the Chicago Sun, Chicago Daily News, Chicago Daily Times, Chicago Tribune, and Chicago Herald-American; also, the City News Bureau, the Associated Press, United Press, Inter- national News Service, Science Service, Time Magazine, and many other local, national, and international publications, and news agencies. Apart from direct radio activities of the Museum described elsewhere in this report (see Raymond Foundation), the Division of Public Relations has had the co-operation of various news broad- casting and special events radio programs. Most notable among these is the North Western Hour over station WMAQ, which scarcely let a week pass without some notice of the Museum, and special appreciation is due to Mr. Patsy Gallichio, announcer, to his sponsor, the Chicago and North Western Railway, and to the Caples Com- pany which prepares the programs. In addition to metropolitan press and major radio station pub- licity, the Museum has again benefited by notable contributions of space in the community newspapers published for various Chicago neighborhoods; also, liberal space in the foreign-language group of newspapers, and in the newspapers of Chicago's suburbs and other dailies and weeklies in various parts of Illinois and the Middle West. The Museum Bulletin, production of which is a part of the work of the Division of Public Relations, was held to six bi-monthly issues, reduction from the usual twelve having been necessitated by the wartime paper shortage, the absence in war service of many mem- bers of the staff who normally contribute, and the heavy burdens on the Division of Printing. It has again been gratifying to note that many Bulletin articles have been considered of such interest that newspapers and periodicals have reprinted them. Also produced in the Division of Public Relations were articles for various publications, including the Americana Annual (of the Americana Encyclopedia), the magazine Victory of the Office of -66- War Information, the magazine En Guardia published by the Office of the Co-ordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and others. Poster advertising, without cost, was again made available by- various transportation companies and other organizations, including the Chicago and North Western Railway, the Chicago, Aurora and Elgin Railroad, the Chicago Rapid Transit Lines, and the Illinois Central System. Many thousands of Museum folders were distrib- uted through co-operating agencies. Library The Library has had an unusually active year, due in part to the greater variety of readers' needs in subject matter. There has been an appreciably larger number of readers from outside. Also, more members of the staff have adopted the practice of keeping abreast of the periodicals containing new material in their fields. There have been many opportunities, too, for the Library to assist men and women in the national service. As in the preceding year, and to an even greater degree, the war has made a distinct difference in much of the work. Many of the queries received have been in regard to material concerning fauna or flora of strategic localities. Because of uncertain transportation from abroad, foreign publi- cations continue largely to be reserved for future shipments. This is true of exchanges as well as of the purchased foreign publications. In 1943, the revision of the Union List of Serials was reported completed; in 1944 it has been necessary to revise the revision. Effort has been made to complete, wherever possible, important sets of periodicals received either by purchase or exchange. Among those to which additions have been made are: American Folklore Society, Memoirs; American Philosophical Society, Proceedings and Transactions; Archaeological Survey of Egypt, Memoirs; Egypt Exploration Fund, Memoirs; Nuttall Ornithological Club, Memoirs; and Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Society. Mr. Stanley Field has again presented the current numbers of Illustrated London News and the magazine of the Audubon Society. Mr. Boardman Conover, Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Mr. Orr Good- son, Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Mr. Henry W. Nichols, and Mr. Paul C. Standley also presented current numbers of useful and important periodicals. Among those who have given collections of pamphlets and books, or have added to those previously presented, are Mr. Emil Liljeblad and Dr. Alfred Emerson. -67- Mrs. William F. E. Gurley presented interesting and rare books, among them Hummingbirds, containing six original drawings in color, by Ernest Griset, and Histoire de 4.1 e Fauteuil de V Academie Francaise, by Ars4ne Houssaye. The Library has assisted in war work by lending books and maps to both Army and Navy. In return, the outstanding acquisition of the year was the receipt of maps from the Army Map Service. Some 1,200 were received in the initial installment, and many others later. These were sent in recognition of material lent by the Library to this service. Another unusual gift was five volumes of photomicrographs of iron meteorites presented by Mr. Stuart H. Perry of Adrian, Michigan. The negative plates are deposited permanently in the United States National Museum. The photographs, about 1,400 in number, were made incidental to the metallographic studies embodied in the Metallography of Meteoric Iron, just published. Only three copies of this set are in existence: one at the United States National Museum, one at the University of Michigan, and the third at this Museum. A few of the outstanding purchases should be mentioned: Lamarck, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, 1815 1822; Delessert, Recueil des Coquilles, 1841; Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen; Perty, Delectus Animalium Articulatorum; Wagner, Testacea Fluviatilis; Drake del Castillo, Illustrationes Florae Insu- larum Maris Pacifici; Roxburgh, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel; and Wallich, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores. The Library has had some of the Mexican codices, but lacked some especially desired numbers. By a fortunate opportunity, nine of these were secured. As in previous years, the Library acknowledges courtesies of inter-library loans, especially from the John Crerar Library, the University of Chicago, and Yale University. Books have also been sent out as inter-library loans to various institutions in many parts of the country. Publications and Printing Distribution of exchange publications to libraries of museums, universities, and individual scientists during 1944 still was confined to those in the Western Hemisphere. Because of war restrictions and limited ocean shipping space, copies for libraries in other parts of the world continue to be held at the Museum for the duration of the war. -68- Fig. 21. Typical egg clusters of the spotted salamander. An illustration from a handbook recently published by the Museum Press, "Reptiles and Amphibians of the Chicago Area," by Clifford H. Pope. 69 The papers sent out on exchange account consisted of 13,084 copies of publications, 514 leaflets, and 412 miscellaneous books and pamphlets. Sales during the year totaled 4,040 publications, 7,597 leaflets, and 21,304 miscellaneous pamphlets, such as Guides, Handbooks, and Memoirs. Thirteen new exchange arrangements with institu- tions and scientists were established. For future sales, foreign exchanges, and other distributions, the Museum in 1944 wrapped, labeled, and stored 29,500 copies of publications and miscellaneous pamphlets in 405 packages. A total of 150,568 picture post cards was sold during the year. Production of the Division of Printing in 1944 included twenty- three new numbers in the Museum's regular publication series. These comprised 584 pages of type composition. The aggregate number of copies printed was 20,396. One leaflet was printed, comprising 48 pages of type composition. The number of copies printed was 2,020. The Annual Report of the Director for 1943 consisted of 121 pages of type composition, and 5,835 copies were printed. A special publication, Amphibians and Reptiles of the Chicago Area, was issued, which had 275 type pages. The number of copies printed was 1,030. Three reprints of the General Guide, each consisting of 60 pages, totaled 15,870 copies. The total number of pages printed in all books was 1,315 and the total copies issued numbered 46,831. Six issues of the Chicago Natural History Museum Bulletin were printed, with an average of 5,450 copies per issue. Exhibition labels printed during the year reached a total of 2,157. Other printing, including stationery, posters, Museum Stories for Children (Ray- mond Foundation), lecture schedules, and post cards, brought the total number of impressions for the year to 944,612. Following is a detailed list of publications issued during the year: DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Quimby, George I. Aleutian Islanders. Anthropological Leaflet No. 35, 48 pp., 9 text figures, 8 plates. Spoehr, Alexander The Florida Seminole Family Group. Anthropological Series, vol. 33, No. 4, 36 pp., 9 text figures, 5 plates. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Standley, Paul C. and Steyermark, Julian A. Studies of Central American Plants — IV, V, and VI. Botanical Series, vol. 23, Nos. 2, 3, and 4, 162 pp. -70- DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY McGrew, Paul O. An Early Pleistocene (Blancan) Fauna from Nebraska. Geological Series, vol. 9, No. 2, 36 pp., 9 text figures. An Osteoborus from Honduras. Geological Series, vol. 8, No. 12, 5 pp., 1 text figure. The Aelurodon saevus Group. Geological Series, vol. 8, No. 13, 6 pp., 1 text figure. Schmidt, Karl P. Two New Thalassemyd Turtles from the Cretaceous of Arkansas. Geological Series, vol. 8, No. 11, 12 pp., 5 text figures. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Bishop, Louis B. Ornithological Notes from Point Barrow, Alaska. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 12, 10 pp. Chamberlin, Ralph V. Chilopods in the Collections of Field Museum. Zoological Series, vol. 28, No. 4, 44 pp., 5 plates. CONOVER, BOARDMAN The North Pacific Allies of the Purple Sandpiper. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 11, 11 pp. Hanson, Harold C. A New Harvest Mouse from Wisconsin. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 14, 5 pp., 1 text figure. Osgood, Wilfred H. Nine New South American Rodents. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 13, 14 pp. Pope, Clifford H. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Chicago Area. 275 pp., 50 text figures, 12 plates. Ray, Eugene New Mordellid Beetles from the Western Hemisphere. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 7, 17 pp. Schmidt, Karl P. New Frogs from Misiones and Uruguay. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 9, 8 pp., 3 text figures. Schmidt, Karl P. and Owens, David W. Amphibians and Reptiles of Northern Coahuila, Mexico. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 6, 19 pp. Schmidt, Karl P. and Smith, Tarlton F. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Big Bend Region of Texas. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 5, 27 pp. Seevers, Charles H. A New Subfamily of Beetles Parasitic on Mammals. Zoological Series, vol. 28, No. 3, 20 pp., 3 plates. Sicher, Harry Masticatory Apparatus in the Giant Panda and the Bears. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 4, 13 pp., 5 text figures. Masticatory Apparatus of the Sloths. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 10, 8 pp., 3 text figures. -71- I < -J -J O L- ^ X < -I LU if) Smith, Hobart M. Snakes of the Hoogstraal Expeditions to Northern Mexico. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 8, 18 pp., 2 text figures. Traub, Robert New North American Fleas. Zoological Series, vol. 29, No. 15, 9 pp. Wenzel, Rupert L. On the Classification of the Histerid Beetles. Zoological Series, vol. 28, No. 2, 103 pp., 3 text figures, 8 plates. ADMINISTRATIVE PUBLICATIONS Annual Report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the Year 19^3. 121 pp., 17 text figures, 2 plates. General Guide to the Exhibits in the Chicago Natural History Museum. Twenty- fourth Edition. 60 pp., 3 text figures, 6 plates. Photography and Illustration For the second successive year there was a large increase made in production by Photographer C. H. Carpenter and his assistants. The 1944 output was 18,363 items, as compared with 16,017 in 1943, and 12,458 in 1942. Included in this figure are negatives, prints, en- largements, lantern slides, transparencies, color films, and miscellane- ous items. The various departments and divisions of the Museum itself were the principal users of the services of the Division of Photography, but a considerable number of photographs were pro- duced also for other institutions, for the press, for book publishers, and for miscellaneous sales to the public. The gigantic task of classifying, indexing, numbering, captioning, and filing the Museum's vast collection of negatives, now numbering nearly 101,000, was continued. Mr. John J. Janecek, the Museum's Staff Illustrator, although during part of the year dividing his time between the Museum and special work for the government in connection with war needs, continued to meet all demands for miscellaneous art work required by the various departments and divisions of the Museum. These included the drawing of illustrations, maps, charts, etc. for publica- tions, exhibits, transparencies, and other purposes. The Staff Artist, Mr. Arthur G. Rueckert, was engaged for the greater part of the year on two major projects, one completed, and one continuing on into the next year. The completed project is the new fresh- water fish group, an underwater habitat exhibit in the Hall of Fishes (Hall O) for which Mr. Rueckert contrived a most ingenious and completely new technique to simulate the peculiar underwater effects necessary to obtain a realistic diver' s-eye view of the fauna, and its ecology, as illustrated in the group. The other project is -73- the new Hall of Whales, for which Mr. Rueckert completed several mural paintings, backgrounds for exhibits, charts, and other acces- sories, as well as painting the models of whales themselves (Fig. 22). Art Classes Co-operation with the Art Institute of Chicago, which has been in effect for many years, was continued. This Museum again pro- vided facilities for the use of both child and adult students in classes brought here by the school of the institute. Especially on Saturdays, large classes of children from the art school's junior department were accommodated. The studies in composition, drawing, painting, research, design, sketching, and modeling which form the curriculum of these classes were greatly advanced by the inspirational material provided in the Museum's exhibits. A special classroom is provided for the use of these students. The results of the training here were made the subject of a special exhibit, displayed both at the Art Institute and at this Museum, in which were included the best drawings, paintings, and ceramic objects created by the students. The Book Shop Continuing the policy of selling only publications approved by the staff, the Museum's Book Shop again broke all previous sales records. Especially heavy was the demand for books dealing with the natural history of the war areas. To offset the increasing number of nature books running out of print, additional titles of equal value were added to the standard selection of merchandise. The natural history stories which have long been popular with Chicago school children, and which are prepared by members of the Raymond Foundation, were purchased by libraries and schools throughout the United States. Each spring and fall new titles are added to the list. The increase in orders for the series attests to its value as supplementary material for class room studies. Cafeteria The largest number of persons for any year since 1934 was served by the Museum Cafeteria during 1944. The total was 105,860, as compared with 93,811 in the preceding year. On the other hand, the number accommodated in the rooms provided for those who bring their own lunches declined in 1944 to 79,131 from 87,327 in 1943. -74- Combined total for the cafeteria and lunchrooms together, however — 184,991 — was the largest for any year since 1933. The lunch- rooms, used principally by children who bring their own box lunches but open to all visitors, sell sandwiches, desserts, and soft drinks. However, full use of lunchroom facilities is extended to all visitors whether or not they buy anything. Maintenance and Construction Although the reductions in personnel and the shortages of materials caused by the war continued to place obstacles in the paths of the Superintendent of Maintenance, Mr. William H. Corn- ing, and the Chief Engineer, Mr. William E. Lake, by careful management the proper maintenance of the Museum building was continued and they carried out the most urgent of new projects required in the course of the institution's activities. New double handrails were installed in the center of both stair- ways leading from Stanley Field Hall to the ground floor. Announce- ment and directory boards were constructed and attached to the bronze standards at each end of Stanley Field Hall. Floor-guide plans were installed in frames at various locations throughout the public space. The office of the superintendent of maintenance was moved to a space adjacent to the carpenter shop in the southwest corner of the ground floor. The space vacated by this move was made into a room for art students and lecture groups. Sash and frame repairs continued during the summer, completing the work on the third floor excepting the east and west elevations. Roof maintenance and tuck pointing were continued with Museum labor only, particular care being given the north and south steps and the painting of steel work beneath. In addition to general maintenance, a great deal of washing and painting was done. All the exterior woodwork on the main elevations of the building was painted a light gray. In the Department of Geology a project was begun for the Division of Paleontology. Partitions between Rooms 101, 103, and 105 on the third floor were removed to form a large storage and research room approximately 112 feet long. A continuous counter was built the entire length of the room with storage cup- boards above and below. Much of the material for this work was salvaged from discarded cases. Four large storage cases to fit above the present cases were built and installed. The room was redecorated. >75< Four individually lighted cases similar in design to the Gem Room cases were constructed for use in Hall 34, for exhibiting the Chalmers Collection of crystals. For the Department of Anthropology two more cases were remodeled and refinished for Hall B. Improvements were made in other cases, and in workrooms. Fig. 23. A detail from an exhibit in Hall B: "Indian Farmers of Northeastern North America" (A. D. 1400-1700). An Indian woman is cultivating her garden with a hoe made of bone and wood. The painting also shows the principal crops: corn, beans, squash, gourds, pumpkins, and sunflowers. In the projected Whale Hall rough construction was completed and a case for displaying whaling tools was installed at the west end. All four boilers were thoroughly cleaned, new ignition arches were built in two boilers, and the arches in two were repaired. Bridge walls and fire walls were patched. Four main header valves were removed, repaired, and replaced. Plastic insulation was applied to outside boiler walls. All soot blowers were repaired. A new coal receiving hopper was installed and stokers were overhauled. New rotary assemblies were installed in the two house pumps. The boiler feed pump and vacuum pumps were overhauled. 76- The governor and safety cables were replaced on the freight elevator, guides and rails were lined up, and the car leveled. A variety of other improvements and repairs was accomplished on power lines, in workrooms, on elevators, and elsewhere. Under continued contracts, a total of 14,221,180 pounds of steam was furnished to the Shedd Aquarium, and 14,951,790 pounds to the Chicago Park District, a total of 29,172,970 pounds for the year. In the pages that follow are submitted the Museum's financial statements, lists of accessions, by-laws, and lists of Members. Orr Goodson, Acting Director <77 .264,513 ,021,289 ATTENDANCE AND DOOR RECEIPTS For Years 1943 and 1944 3,474 Total Paid May 21-May 16 Feb. 11-Jan. 19 Sept. 4-Sept. 6 Average daily Average paid attendance attendance Highest Lowest Highest paid admissions admissions (?5% of total) attendance attendance attendance 1 17,746 \ \ 12,036 Number of guides sold 40,882 ^ 26,046 50,568^, 83,909 Number of articles cheeked Number of post cards sold t $6,926.63 $5,902.81 Sales of publications, leaflets, handbooks, portfolios, and photographs -78 ; 52,917 ATTENDANCE (Continued J Service personnel 8,241 17.339 School children Teachers Members FREE ADMISSIONS ON PAY DAYS Students Thursdays \ Saturdays Sundays 692,167 555,289 ADMISSIONS ON FREE DAYS ■79 Comparative Financial Statements FOR YEARS 1943 AND 1944 Income 1944 Endowment funds $299,762.42 Funds held under annuity agree- ment 19,152.87 Life Membership fund 9,693.56 Associate Membership fund... 11,822.21 Chicago Park District 125,099.35 Annual and Sustaining Mem- berships 14,600.00 Admissions 24,938.00 Sundry receipts 21,731.65 Contributions, general purposes 603.00 Contributions, special purposes (expended per contra) 619.25 Special funds — part expended for purposes designated (in- cluded per contra) 14,424.97 Expenditures Collections $ 5,582.77 Operating expenses capitalized and added to collections. . . 45,697.72 Expeditions 1,350.00 Furniture, fixtures, etc Wages capitalized and added to fixtures 1,305.33 Pensions and group insurance. . 46,097.08 Departmental expenses 35,057.45 General operating expenses. . . . 283,246.73 Building repairs and alterations 32,157.35 Annuity on contingent gift .... 25,000.00 Reserve for building repairs and mechanical plant deprecia- tion 10,000.00 Reserve for contingencies aris- ing from the war 55,000.00 Balance . . . Contribution by Mr. Marshall Field 1943 $192,732.11 18,509.58 9,364.35 11,154.40 121,642.39 12,885.00 19,495.00 26,766.43 740.76 21,047.25 $542,447.28 14,928.74 16,904.18 49,644.84 5,302.83 49,048.03 32,956.70 291,077.18 26,187.98 25,000.00 40,000.00 10,000.00 $449,266.01 $540,494.43 $ 1,952.85 Deficit. Balance . $ 1,952.85 $546,121.74 $ 96,855.73 97,218.75 $ 363.02 The N. W. Harris Public School Extension 1944 1943 Income from endowment $ 17,299.14 $ 17,128.90 Operating expenses 15,626.52 16,227.03 Balance $ 1,672.62 $ 901.87 80 Contributions and Bequests Contributions and bequests to the Chicago Natural History Museum may be made in securities, money, books, or collections. They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to a person or cause, to be named by the giver. Contributions made to the Museum are allowable as deductions in computing net income for federal income tax purposes, subject only to the limitation that the total deduction for charitable gifts may not exceed in any year 15 per cent of the contributor's net income. Contributions and bequests in any amount to the Chicago Natural History Museum are exempt from federal gift and estate taxes. Endowments may be made to the Museum with the provision that an annuity be paid to the patron during his or her lifetime. For those desirous of making bequests to the Museum the fol- lowing form is suggested: FORM OF BEQUEST I do hereby give and bequeath to the Chicago Natural History Museum of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois, -81 List of Accessions DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Bellon, Gustavo, Oaxaca, Mexico: 1 tripod bowl, 1 tripod jar, 1 incense bowl with handle — Quilapan and Zautla, Oaxaca, Mexico (gift). Bond, William Scott, Chicago: game — Northwest Coast; Navajo belt — Arizona (gift). Columbia University, New York: 39 records of songs made from wax cylinders recorded on Field Museum expeditions — Philippines, Plains, South- west, Tibet, and Colombia (exchange). Drake, Cecil, Tulsa, Oklahoma: 1 Huastecan tripod plate — Panuco, Vera Cruz, Mexico (gift). Field, Dr. Henry, Washington, D.C.: 10 ethnological specimens — British Guiana (gift). Fishleigh, Lawrence E., Chicago: head of Maori chief carved from Kauri gum — New Zealand (gift). Gregory, Mrs. Alice Hall, Chi- cago: Indian painting on muslin show- ing hunting and war scenes, Sioux or Assiniboine tribe — Fort Peck Reserva- tion, Montana (gift). Guest, Lieut. Comdr. Ward E., Pacific War Theater: 3 preserved heads from Big Namba tribe — Malekula Island, New Hebrides (gift). Gurley, Estate of William F. E., Chicago: jewelry, pottery, stone and copper tools, sculpture, seals, bronze and stone vessels, etc. — Egypt, Italy, Greece, etc. (gift). Harrison, Carter H., Chicago: Chippewa birch-bark canoe — Wiscon- sin; 10 nineteenth-century Bolivian tex- tiles— La Paz, Bolivia (gift). Jarrow, Col. H. W., Chicago: model of outrigger canoe — Pago Pago, Samoa (gift). Rawson, Mrs. Frederick L., Chi- cago: 15 ethnological specimens — Greenland and Labrador (gift). University of California, Berke- ley, California: 46 potsherds — Sinaloa, Mexico (gift). DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY— ACCESSIONS Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 9 speci- mens of Colombian plants, 5 specimens of marine algae (exchange). Apolinar Maria, Rev. Brother, Bogota, Colombia: 45 specimens of Colombian plants (gift). Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts: 302 plant specimens (exchange). Barkley, Dr. Fred A., Austin, Texas: 106 specimens of algae (gift). Barrett, Mrs. John W., Freeport, Illinois: 2 bamboo canes — Siam (gift). Bazuin, C. W., Grand Rapids, Michigan: 105 specimens of Michigan plants (gift). Benke, Hermann C, Chicago: 147 specimens of United States plants, 3 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Brannon, Dr. M. A., Gainesville, Florida: 86 specimens of algae (gift). British Honduras, Department of Forestry, Belize, British Honduras: 52 plant specimens (gift). Cabrera, Dr. Angel L., La Plata, Argentina: 250 specimens of Argentine plants (exchange). California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California: 32 plant specimens (exchange). Camp, Dr. W. H., Quito, Ecuador: 45 specimens of Ecuadorean plants (gift). Castellanos, Dr. Alberto, Tucu- man, Argentina: 1 specimen of Ficus (gift). Chicago Natural History Museum: Collected by Dr. Francis Drouet and others: 547 cryptogamic specimens — Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. -82- DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Collected by Dr. Francis W. Pennell (Captain Marshall Field Expeditions to South America, 1923-1925): 94 specimens of Peruvian plants. Collected by Lieut. Colin C. Sanborn, U.S.N.R.: 36 specimens of Peruvian algae. Purchases: 134 plant specimens- Mexico and South America; 88 plant specimens — Aleutian Islands; 350 plant specimens — Alaska. Colby, Carl, Pittsville, Wisconsin: 1 plant specimen (gift). Conard, Dr. Henry S., Grinnell, Iowa: 35 specimens of mosses (gift). Connors, Dr. J. J., Oakland, Cali- fornia: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Copulos, Milton, Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). Cornell University, Department of Botany, Ithaca, New York: 57 specimens of United States plants (exchange). Corning, William H., Chicago: 5 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: 69 speci- mens of Mexican plants (gift). Croasdale, Dr. Hannah T., Han- over, New Hampshire: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Cross, Dr. A. T., Notre Dame, Indiana: 5 specimens of algae (gift). Cuatrecasas, Dr. Jose, Cali, El Valle del Cauca, Colombia: 70 speci- mens of Colombian plants (gift). Daily, William A., Indianapolis, Indiana: 196 specimens of algae (gift). Daniel, Rev. Brother, Medellin, Colombia: 36 specimens of Colombian plants (gift). Daston, Joseph S., Chicago: 1 plant specimen, 44 cryptogamic speci- mens (gift). Davidheiser, Bolton, Trenton, North Dakota: 16 specimens of algae (gift). Dayton, Dr. W. A., Washington, D.C.: 8 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Demaree, Dr. Delzie, Monticello, Arkansas: 112 specimens of algae (gift). Dodge, Dr. Carroll W., St. Louis, Missouri: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Drouet, Dr. Francis, Chicago: 282 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Duke University, Department of Botany, Durham, North Carolina: 127 specimens of Puerto Rican ferns (exchange). Durham, O. C, Chicago: 58 speci- mens of United States plants (gift). Durno, W. F., Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). Dybas, Sgt. Henry S., U. S. Army: 98 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Elazari-Volcani, Dr. B., Rehovoth, Palestine: 48 specimens of algae (gift). Elias, Rev. Brother, Caracas, Venezuela: 120 specimens of Vene- zuelan plants (gift). Escuela Superior de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, El Valle del Cauca, Colombia: 100 specimens of Colombian plants (exchange). Esselmont, W. H., Chicago: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Farlow Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 136 cryptogamic speci- mens (exchange). Field, Dr. Henry, Washington, D.C.: 15 specimens of British Guiana plants, 25 cryptogamic specimens, 4 economic specimens (gift). Fisher, George L., Houston, Texas: 63 specimens of Mexican plants (gift). Fishleigh, Lawrence E., Chicago: 1 kauri gum carved head (gift). Florists' Publishing Co., Chicago: 3 specimens of cultivated plants (gift). Flint, Dr. L. H., Baton Rouge, Louisiana: 15 specimens of algae (exchange). Funk Bros. Seed Company, Bloom- ington, Illinois: 4 specimens of hybrid corn (gift). Garfield Park Conservatory, Chicago: 4 specimens of cultivated plants (gift). Gorton, G. R., Los Angeles, Cali- fornia: 1 plant specimen (gift). Gould, Frank W., Tucson, Arizona: 270 specimens of plants from Utah (exchange). Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts: 30 plant specimens, 14 photographic prints of type specimens of plants (exchange). Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). Hambly, Dr. Wilfrid D., Chicago: 1 specimen of diatom (gift). -83 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Hannaford, Miss Priscilla, Win- netka, Illinois: 16 specimens of algae (gift). Harper, Dr. Roland M., Univer- sity, Alabama: 70 specimens of Ala- bama plants, 46 photographic prints (gift). Heard, Norman, Killeen, Texas: 2 specimens of algae (gift). Heath, Charles A., Chicago: 1 water color painting, 108 color prints, 1 leaflet, 1 wood specimen, 10 speci- mens of South African seeds and dry fruits (gift). Herre, Dr. A. W., Stanford Uni- versity, California: 1 cryptogamic speci- men (gift). Illinois State Museum, Spring- field, Illinois: 2 specimens of ferns (gift). Indiana Department of Conserva- tion, Division of Forestry, Indiana- polis, Indiana: 7 photographic prints (gift). Instituto del Museo, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Department of Botany, La Plata, Argentina: 104 specimens of plants (exchange). Johnson, H. F., Jr., Racine, Wis- consin: 17 specimens of Brazilian palms, 1 economic specimen (gift). Jordan, C. Basil, Dallas, Texas: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Kiener, Dr. Walter, Lincoln, Nebraska: 737 specimens of algae (gift); 978 specimens of algae (ex- change). King, Lawrence J., Wooster, Ohio: 500 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Knobloch, Dr. I., Buffalo, New York: 8 specimens of algae (gift). Kuehne, Paul, Muenster, Saskatch- ewan, Canada: 2 cryptogamic speci- mens (gift). Lackey, Dr. James B., Cincinnati, Ohio: 13 specimens of algae (gift). Leite, Sr. Jose Eugenio, Cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 32 speci- mens of Brazilian plants (gift). Lewis, Mrs. B. B., Knightstown, Indiana: 6 specimens of Guatemalan plants (gift). LOUDERBACK, HAROLD B., ArgO, Illinois: 450 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Lummis, Pvt. Standley B., Fort Myers, Florida: 73 specimens of Aleu- tian Islands plants (gift). Luttrell, Dr. E. S., Experiment, Georgia: 12 specimens of fungi (gift). McAllister, T. H., Eston, Sas- katchewan, Canada: 3 specimens of fossil wood (gift). McFadden, Mrs. Fay, Los Angeles, California: 320 specimens of mosses (exchange). McFarland, Prof. Frank T., Lex- ington, Kentucky: 100 specimens of Kentucky plants (exchange); 1 crypto- gamic specimen (gift). McNeill, Dr. E. Meade, Athens, Georgia: 8 specimens of algae (gift). Martin, Dr. A. C, Washington, D.C.: 16 specimens of algae (gift). Martinez, Prof. Maximino, Mexicc City, Mexico: 49 specimens of Mexican plants (gift). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri: 1 plant specimen, 20 cryptogamic specimens, 4 photographic prints (exchange). Mitchell, Pvt. Rodger, Camp Wheeler, Georgia: 21 specimens oi Georgia plants (gift). Moench, Dr. F., Belle Center, Ohio: 1 wood specimen (gift). Moldenke, Dr. Harold N., North Warren, Pennsylvania: 2 plant speci- mens (gift). Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica: 345 specimens of Costa Rican plants (gift). New York Botanical Garden, New York: 22 plant specimens, 26C cryptogamic specimens (exchange). Noecker, Dr. Norbert L., Notre Dame, Indiana: 4 specimens of algae (gift). Owen, Allan F., Chicago: 4 speci- mens of California plants (gift). Ownbey, Dr. Marion, Pullman Washington: 90 specimens of Ecua- dorean plants (gift). Patrick, Dr. Ruth, Philadelphia Pennsylvania: 5 specimens of algae (gift). Pearsall, Gordon S., Maywood Illinois: 20 plant specimens (gift). Phinney, Harry K., Evanston Illinois: 450 cryptogamic specimen; (gift). Pohl, Richard W., Colorado City Texas: 10 cryptogamic specimens (gift) 84- DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Rabixovich, Sexorita Delia, Bue- nos Aires, Argentina: 29 specimens of algae (gift). Ruegg, G., La Junta, Colorado: 1 specimen of fossil palm (gift). Runyo-n, Robert, Brownsville, Texas: 403 specimens of Texas algae (gift'. Schmidt, Karl P., Homewood, Illi- nois: 11 plant specimens (gift). Schugmax, Mrs. Effie, Chicago: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Sharp, Dr. Aarox J., Knoxville, Tennessee: 3 specimens of algae (gift). Sherff, Dr. Earl E., Chicago: 32 specimens of Hawaiian plants, 21 photographic negatives (gift). Smith, Lester W., Sarasota, Florida: 2 specimens of Florida plants (gift). Sxyder, Mrs. L. M., Berkeley, Cali- fornia: 27 specimens of Arabian plants (gift). Staxdley, Paul C, Chicago: 5 specimens of Illinois plants, 96 crypto- gamic specimens (gift). Stevexsox, Dr. J. A., Beltsville, Maryland: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Stifler, Mrs. Cloyd B., Wilmette, Illinois: 587 specimens of North Ameri- can fungi (gift). Story, Miss H. Elizabeth, Chi- cago: 15 specimens of Ohio cryptogams (gift). Swixk, Y 2,/C Floyd A., U.S.N.R., Chicago: 2 plant specimens (gift). Taylor, Dr. William R., Ann Arbor, Michigan: 7 cryptogamic speci- mens (gift). Templeton, Dr. B. C, Los Angeles, California: 9 specimens of algae (gift). Thompson, Frederick O., Des Moines, Iowa: 1 specimen of Mexican amber, 2 maps (gift). Tiffaxy, Dr. Haxford, Chicago: 5 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Tolstead, Corp. W. L., Camp Barkley, Texas: 33 specimens of Texas algae (gift). United States Departmext of Agriculture, Forest Service, Wash- ington, D.C.: 1 plant specimen (gift). Uxited States Natioxal Museum, Washington, D.C.: 304 plant specimens, 110 cryptogamic specimens, 169 photo- graphic prints (exchange). Uxited States Sugar Corporatiox, Clewiston, Florida: 4 specimens of sugar cane (gift). UXIVERSITY OF CALIFORXIA, De- partmext of Botaxy, Berkeley, Cali- fornia: 98 specimens of fungi (ex- change). University of Illixois, Depart- mext of Botaxy, Urbana, Illinois: 11 photographic prints, 1 plant specimen (gift). University of Michigan, Depart- mext of Botaxy, Ann Arbor, Michi- gan: 336 specimens of Ecuadorean plants, 300 cryptogamic specimens (exchange). University of Tenxessee, De- partmext of Botaxy, Knoxville, Ten- nessee: 69 specimens of bryophytes (exchange). UXIVERSITY OF TEXAS, DEPARTMEXT of Botaxy, Austin, Texas: 1,505 speci- mens of plants, 80 specimens of algae (exchange). University of Washington, De- partment of Botany, Seattle, Wash- ington: 162 specimens of bryophytes (exchange). Welch, Dr. Winoxa H., Green- castle, Indiana: 26 specimens of mosses (exchange). Wilde, Johx E., and Baldwin, John T., Rio Branco, Territorio do Acre, Brazil: 120 specimens of Brazilian plants (gift). Yale University, School of For- estry, New Haven, Connecticut: 1 plant specimen (gift). Zuck, Robert E., Evansville, Indi- ana: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ACCESSIONS Almex, Carl, Chicago: 1 iron pyrite Breslix, Jim, La Junta, Colorado: 2 concretion showing glacial striae— specimens of polished dinosaur bone — Rantoul, Illinois (gift). La Junta, Colorado (gift). -85 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Cahn, Lieut. Alvin R., U.S.N.R., Chicago: a molar of mammoth, Mam- monteus primigenius — Keewatin, Alaska (gift). Chicago Natural History Museum: Collected by Dr. Paul 0. McGrew (Chicago Natural History Museum Expedition to Paricutin, Michoacan, Mexico): 36 specimens of volcanic products — El Paricutin, Mexico; and 2 specimens of minerals collected at Lance Creek, Wyoming. Collected by Harry E. Changnon: 41 invertebrate fossils and a specimen of oolitic limestone — La Salle County, Illinois; and a specimen of glacial lake varves — Baraboo, Wisconsin. Purchases: a fossil egg of Struthio- lithus — Chei Chia Chuang, province of Shantung, China; and a collection of fossil plants — Wilmington, Illinois. Crane, Mrs. Richard T., Jr., Chi- cago: 7 chalcedony intaglios from Carthage, a green jade ring, and a citrine cane head (gift). Dee, Thomas J., Evanston, Illinois: 7 specimens of crystallized gold and a gold nugget — Breckenridge, Colorado (gift). Felix, Benjamin B., Dundee, Illi- nois: 10 specimens of lava — El Paricutin volcano, Paricutin, Michoacan, Mex- ico (gift). Field, Dr. Henry, Washington, D.C.: 6 specimens of sand and 2 rock specimens — British Guiana and north- ern Trinidad (gift). Finch, R. H., Hawaii National Park, Hawaii: a specimen of Pele's hair— Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii (gift). Fitzner, Alex, Chicago: 10 speci- mens of columbite — near Hartsel, Colo- rado (gift). Gurley, Estate of William F. E., Chicago: collection of mounted and cut stones (gift). Kraft, James L., Chicago: a neph- rite jade boulder — near Lander, Wyo- ming (gift). Lang, Lieut. V. A., Chicago: brachi- opods, Camarotoechia, on slab — near Wellsboro, Pennsylvania (gift). La Paz, Lincoln, Columbus, Ohio: a specimen of Odessa meteorite — Odessa, Texas; 2 tectites — Albuquerque, New Mexico (exchange). Lincoln, Ralph L., Chicago: a trilobite — Virginia (gift). Menzel, William E., Chicago: a specimen of metahewettite on sand- stone— Monument Claims, Arizona (gift). Perry, Stuart H., Adrian, Michi- gan: 5 meteorite specimens — various localities (gift); and an individual meteorite — Rose City, Michigan (ex- change). Redman, William, Chicago: a speci- men of weathered sandstone — near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin (gift). Robbins, Percy A., Chicago: 5 mineral specimens — Alaska (gift). Roberts, L. B., Monticello, Arkan- sas: a specimen of wood replaced with iron oxide — Shreveport, Louisiana (gift). Ruegg, G., La Junta, Colorado: 6 specimens of polished dinosaur bone, a specimen of polished chalcedony, and a polished slice of thunder egg — La Junta, Colorado, and Oregon (gift). Sanborn, Lieut. Colin C.U.S.N.R. : 2 specimens of gastropods — Lobitos, Estado de Piura, Peru (gift). University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma: 222 specimens of fossil mammals — Optima, Oklahoma (ex- change). Vasek, Mrs. Anna, Honey Creek, Wisconsin: 1 copper boulder — Honey Creek, Wisconsin (gift). Wible, C, Tacoma, Washington: 20 specimens of chalcedony concretions in country rock — Washington (gift). DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY— ACCESSIONS Adamson, A. M., Trinidad, British West Indies: 6 reptiles, 3 amphibians- Trinidad, British West Indies (gift). Albrecht, C. J., Homewood, Illi- nois: 2 mammal skins, 3 mammal skeletons — Quibell, Ontario (gift). Allen, Ross, Ocala, Florida: 3 reptile skulls — Marion County, Florida (gift). American Museum of Natural History, New York: 10 mammal skins and skulls — South America (exchange). 86 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Andrews, Mrs. A. M., White Cloud, Michigan: 89 shells — Hawaiian Islands (gift). Anthony, Mrs. John, Downers Grove, Illinois: 2 mounted dogs- United States (gift). Beebe, William, New York: 9 lizards — Kartabo, British Guiana (ex- change). Beecher, Pfc. William J., South Pacific: 23 mammal skins, 63 mammals Cascard, Ben, Gary, Indiana: 7 mammals — Indiana (gift). Chicago Natural History Museum: Collected by Clifford H. Pope: 15 reptiles, 51 amphibians — Tennessee and North Carolina. Collected by Dominick Villa: 3 ticks, on rhinoceros skin in collection. Collected by Frank Wonder: 25 lice, on pigeons in collection. Fig. 24. A case of dwarf antelopes (duikers and dik diks) newly installed in Hall 13. in alcohol, 21 mammal skulls, 138 bird skins, 13 bird skeletons, 117 reptiles, 43 amphibians, 19 fishes, 79 insects, 1 crayfish — South Pacific (gift). Below, William and Robert, Glen Ellyn, Illinois: 1 horned toad — Arizona (gift). Bennett, Maj. Henry J., South Pacific: 5 fishes, 32 insects and their allies, 33 crustaceans, 20 shells — South Pacific (gift). Bromund, Pvt. E. Fred, St. Charles, Michigan: 3 reptiles — Gibb County, Georgia (gift). Brooking, A.M., Hastings, Nebraska: 1 mounted bird — United States (ex- change). Cahn, Lieut. Alvin R., U.S.N.R., Chicago: 1 mammal skull, 103 marine invertebrates — Alaska (gift). Camras, Sidney, Chicago: 2 flies— Smokemont, North Carolina (gift). Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: 42 butterflies — Asia (ex- change). Purchases: 33 mammals — various localities; 177 bird skins — British Gui- ana; 8 reptiles — United States; 977 insects — various localities; 139 shells- various localities. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois: 9 mammals, 53 birds, 5 reptiles, 10 mites — various localities (gift). Coe, Dr. Wesley R., La Jolla, Cali- fornia: 32 mussels — California (gift). Conover, Boardman, Chicago: 5 bird skins — various localities (gift). Conwill, David J., Chicago: 1 katydid — Chicago (gift). Cordell, Pvt. Jerry, Chicago: 32 frogs — Chatham County, Georgia (gift). Davis, Corp. D. Dwight, Naper- ville, Illinois: 5 reptiles, 15 amphibians, 120 insects and their allies, 10 crusta- ceans— Arkansas and California (gift). Demaree, Delzie, Monticello, Arkansas: 208 shells — Florida and Arkansas (gift). 87 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY—ACCESSIONS {Continued) Downs, Maj. W. G., U. S. Army: 97 insects — Empress Augusta Bay, Bougainville Island (gift). Dybas, Sgt. Henry S., U. S. Army: 21 reptiles, 10 amphibians, 186 inverte- brates— various localities (gift). Edgar, S. A., U. S. Medical Branch: 24 invertebrates — Oahu, Hawaii (gift). Eigsti, W. E., Chicago Heights, Illinois: 1 snake — Cook County, Illi- nois (gift). Evans, Keith, Chicago: 1 fish— Acapulco, Mexico (gift). Fattig, Dr. P. W., Emory Univer- sity, Georgia: 1,564 insects — Georgia (gift). Field, Dr. Henry, Washington, D.C.: 1 mammal skull, 2 turtles, 10 beetles — various localities (gift). Forbis, Homer, Albany, Missouri: 1 wheel-bug — Albany, Missouri (gift). Franzen, Albert J., Chicago: 1 beetle — Will County, Illinois (gift). Friesser, Julius, Chicago: 1 mam- mal skeleton — Hudson Bay, Canada (gift). Galbreath, Ph. M. 1/C Edwin C, Springfield, Illinois: 2 fishes — locality unknown (gift). Gerhard, William J., Chicago: 90 insects — United States (gift). Goodnight, Dr. and Mrs. C. J., Urbana, Illinois: 4 harvestmen — Africa and China (gift). Greeley, Lieut. Fred, Winnetka, Illinois: 5 mites, 2 leeches — Vilas County, Wisconsin (gift). Greeley, Mrs. Fred, Winnetka, Illinois: 2 salamander larvae, 10 shells — Illinois (gift). Gregg, Col. C. C, Washington, D.C.: 78 insects and their allies, 7 shells — various localities (gift). Haas, Miss Edith P., Chicago: 4 clams — LakeDelavan, Wisconsin (gift). Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago: 1 beetle larva, 155 shells — Michigan (gift). Hanson, Harold C, Cache, Illinois: 1 raccoon — Illinois (exchange); 2 liz- ards, 3 frogs — Illinois and Canada (gift). Hearst, Joseph, Chicago: 4 clams— McHenry County, Illinois (gift). Herz, Estate of Arthur Wolf, Chicago: 12,944 moths and butter- flies— various localities (gift). Hilton, Dr. William A., Clare- mont, California: 17 salamanders — Los Angeles County, California (exchange). Hoff, Dr. C. Clayton, Quincy, Illinois: 11 ostracods, 13 water mites- United States (gift). Hoogstraal, Lieut. H., Fort Mc- Pherson, Georgia: 9 reptiles, 7 amphib- ians— Fulton County, Georgia (gift). Hubricht, Leslie, St. Louis, Mis- souri: 914 shells — various localities (gift). Johnson, J. E., Jr., Waco, Texas: 181 reptiles, 35 amphibians — Texas (gift). Johnson, Lieut. M. L., U.S.N.R., Seattle, Washington: 24 reptiles, 11 amphibians — South America (gift). Knull, Dr. J. N., Columbus, Ohio: 20 beetles— United States (gift). Laubly, S/Sgt. C. S., Tyndall Field, Florida: 45 insects — Tyndall Field, Florida (gift). Liljeblad, Emil, Indianapolis, Indi- ana: 6 beetles, 112 shells — various localities (gift). Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago: 6 mam- mals, 24 birds, 11 reptiles, 2 amphibians — various localities (gift). Lummis, Pvt. Standley B., Fort Myers, Florida: 65 marine inverte- brates— Alaska (gift). Lyman, Mrs. Walter C, Downers Grove, Illinois: 90 shells — Florida (gift). Maria, Niceforo, Bogota, Colom- bia: 5 bats — Colombia (gift). Mark, Mrs. E. A., Chicago: 1 bat- Chicago (gift). Meeker, Oden H., New York: 19 reptiles, 1 amphibian, 1 insect, 6 crustaceans — Haiti (gift). Merriam, Elsey, Chicago: 1 snake — Porter County, Indiana (gift). Milstead, William, Houston, Texas: 56 reptiles — Houston, Texas (gift). Minnesota Museum of Natural History, Minneapolis, Minnesota: 82 reptiles — various localities (gift). Morrison, Joseph P. E., Washing- ton, D.C.: 1 shell — Kartabo, British Guiana (gift). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 2 frogs- Peru (exchange). -88- DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Nelson, Charles D., Grand Rapids, Michigan: 271 shells — various localities (gift). Neumann, Paul, Chicago: 6 reptiles, 20 amphibians, 31 insects, 3 crayfish- Hot Springs, New Mexico (gift). Passot, Mrs. R. C, Chicago: 1 spider — Chicago (gift). Patterson, T 5 Bryan, Chicago: 58 insects and their allies, 35 crusta- ceans— various localities (gift). Pilsbry, Dr. Henry A., Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania: 39 shells — various localities (exchange). Posekany, Ph. M. 1/C L. A., U. S. Navy, Madison, Wisconsin: 3 fishes, 8 insects and their allies — Bougainville Island (gift). Powell, Capt. John A., U. S. Army: 4 fishes — Sterling Island, South Pacific (gift). Quinn, M 2 /C (S.R.) J. H., U.S.N. R. : 1 mammal skeleton — Mesa County, Colorado (gift). Rasool, H., British Guiana: 2 mam- mals— British Guiana (gift). Ray, Corp. Eugene, Chicago: 18 reptiles, 9 amphibians, 111 insects and their close allies — California (gift). Riney, Sgt. Thane, Hayward, Cali- fornia: 2 mammals, 6 reptiles, 8 amphibians — Illinois (gift). Riverside Boy Scout Troop 23, Riverside, Illinois: 1 snake — Thornton, Illinois (gift). Rokosky, Pfc. Emil J., Brookfield, Illinois: 1 cricket — Jolon, California (gift). Rowell, Alfred L., Chicago: 1 insect — Chicago (gift). Rowland, Prof. Durbin, Chicago: 1 toad shed — Chicago (gift). Rubin, Sgt. Norton, Chicago: 1 spider — Texas (gift). Rueckert, Mrs. Arthur G., Chi- cago: 5 amphibians, 33 insects and their allies — Hardee County, Florida (gift). Sanborn, Lieut. Colin C, U.S.N. R. : 23 mammals, 2 birds, 1 baby gecko and eggs, 1 sea horse, 4 insects and their allies, 548 marine invertebrates — vari- ous localities (gift). Schacht, F. W., Chicago: 1 snake- Grand Haven, Michigan (gift). Schmidt, Karl P., Homewood, Illi- nois: 2 shells — Brazil (gift). . Schultz, Dr. Leonard P., Washing- ton, D.C.: 17 fishes — various localities (exchange). Smith, Prof. Clarence R., Aurora, Illinois: 1 reptile, 1 amphibian — Kane County, Illinois (gift). Smith, Mrs. Hermon Dunlap, Lake Forest, Illinois: 1 bird — Lake Forest, Illinois (gift). Snyder, L. M., Berkeley, California: 3 reptiles, 2 amphibians, 29 insects and their allies — Saudi Arabia (gift). Snyder, Lieut. Richard, U. S. Army, Ithaca, New York: 2 snakes — Dale County, Alabama (gift). Solem, G. Alan, Oak Park, Illinois: 40 shells— South Pacific (gift). Storey, Miss Margaret, Stanford University, California: 16 fishes — Flor- ida (gift). Story, Miss Belvia Fay, Coal Run, Ohio: 14 insects — Coal Run, Ohio (gift). Story, Miss H. Elizabeth, Chicago: 1 snake, a salamander shed, 20 insects and their allies — various localities (gift). Story, Mrs. M. R., Coal Run, Ohio: 8 insects — Knox County, Ohio (gift). Sullivan, Rev. Floyd H., Flint, Michigan: 1 mammal skull — Siam; 1 turtle skull — Malay Peninsula (gift). Tanner, Dr. Vasco M., Provo, Utah: 4 reptiles— Utah (gift). Thompson, Dr. Paul E., Chicago: 7 lizards — various localities (gift). Tobiasz, Lieut. Edward C, U. S. Army, Melrose Park, Illinois: 1 sala- mander, 2 insects — Illinois (gift). Townsend, Irving D., Hot Springs, Arkansas: 1 salamander — Garland County, Arkansas (gift). Tregillus, H. G., Oswego, Illinois: 2 spiders — Oswego, Illinois (gift). United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Chicago: 18 mammals — Pan- ama (exchange); 19 shells — Nebraska (gift). United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.: 72 beetles — various localities (exchange). United States Public Health Service, Hamilton, Montana: 1 tick- Bogota, Colombia (gift). Veto, Mrs. Emil, Chicago: 10 shells — Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea (gift). Vorhies, Dr. Charles T., Tucson, Arizona: 2 snakes — Arizona (gift). -89- DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Wallis, Mrs. Henry A., Oak Park, Illinois: 60 shells — Sanibel Island, Flor- ida (gift). Walls, J. W., Chicago: 1 mammal- Kane County, Illinois (gift). Webb, Walter F., Rochester, New York: 2 shells — Panama (gift). Weld, Dr. Lewis H., East Falls Church, Virginia: 76 gall insects, 44 insect galls — North America (gift). Wonder, Frank C, Chicago: 2 birds, 65 shells — Illinois (gift). Woods, Lieut. Loren P., U.S.N.R., Princeton, New Jersey: 301 fishes, 7 millipedes, 26 shells — various localities (gift). Woods, Mrs. Loren P., Princeton, New Jersey: 595 fishes, 2 reptiles, 13 amphibians, 6 insects, 49 mollusks— California (gift). Wright, Earl, Green Bay, Wiscon- sin: 3 reptiles — Spider Island, Wiscon- sin (gift). Wyatt, Alex K., Chicago: 26 insects — various localities (gift). RAYMOND FOUNDATION— ACCESSIONS Chicago Natural History Museum: Purchases: 205 natural color slides, 2 slide projectors. McKinley, William B., Peoria, Illinois: 12 natural color slides. DIVISION OF PHOTOGRAPHY— ACCESSIONS Cahn, Lieut. Alvin R., U.S.N.R.: 11 negatives of artifacts from the Aleutian Islands. Chicago Natural History Museum: Made by Division of Photography: 17,065 prints, 702 negatives, 296 enlargements, 210 lantern slides, 3 transparent labels, and 87 kodachromes. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS List of Donors of Books institutions American Forestry Association, Wash- ington, D.C. Arctic, Desert and Tropic Information Center, Army Air Forces Training Aids Division, New York. Army Air Forces Training Aids Divi- sion, New York. Bakelite Corporation, New York. Banta, George, Publishing Company, Menasha, Wisconsin. Canadian Conservation Association, London, Ontario. Celanese Celluloid Corporation, New York. Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Washington, D.C. Chicago Park District Library, Chi- cago. Chicago Tribune, Chicago. Ciba Pharmaceutical Products, Sum- mit, New Jersey. Co-ordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Washington, D.C. Eastern States Archaeological Federa- tion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Educational and Research Bureau for By-Product Ammonia, Columbus, Ohio. Eugenics Society of Northern Cali- fornia, Sacramento, California. Guatemala Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Guatemala. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Urbana, Illinois. Illinois State Archaeological Society, Urbana, Illinois. Inter-American Financial and Eco- nomic Advisory Committee, Wash- ington, D.C. International Harvester Company, Chicago. International Labour Office, Montreal, Canada. Iowa State College Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Ames, Iowa. -90- LIBRARY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Ireland-Geological Survey, Dublin, Ire- land. Lake Carriers' Association, Cleveland, Ohio. Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York. Miami County Historical Society, Peru, Indiana. Middle America Information Bureau, New York. Oak Parker, Oak Park, Illinois. Pan American Union, Washington, D.C. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania. Procter and Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio. Quebec Societe pour la Protection des Plantes, Quebec, Canada. Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio. Royal Air Force Headquarters, Colom- bo, Ceylon. Fig. 25. A carved wooden bowl from the Admiralty Islands (Hall A). Municipal Court (Psychiatric Insti- tute), Chicago. Museo de la Patagonia, Buenos Aires, Argentina. National Academy of Sciences, Wash- ington, D.C. National Woman's Christian Temper- ance Union, Evanston, Illinois. Nevada Department of Highways, Carson City, Nevada. New Zealand Legation, Washington, D.C. Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), New York. Swift and Company, Chicago. Timken Roller Bearing Company, Can- ton, Ohio. Union League Club, Chicago. United States Steel Corporation, New York. United States War Department, Wash- ington, D.C. Westinghouse Electric Supply Com- pany, Chicago. INDIVIDUALS Amaral, Afranio do, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Bellamy, Paul, Cleveland, Ohio. Benke, H. C, Chicago. Cain, Stanley A., Knoxville, Tennessee. Calatroni, Dr. D. Ricardo, Chicago. Cattoi, Miss Nolmi V., Buenos Aires, Argentina. Comas, Mrs. Edith R. M., Baltimore, Maryland. Conover, Boardman, Chicago. Cooley, R. A., Hamilton, Montana. Dahlgren, Dr. B. E., Chicago. Daniel, H., Medallin, Colombia. Dempster, Mrs. Charles W., Chicago. Ditzel, Henry F., Chicago. Drouet, Dr. Francis, Chicago. Dwyer, John D., Albany, New York. Eastwood, Miss Alice, San Francisco, California. -91 LIBRARY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Emerson, Dr. Alfred, Chicago. Fattig, P. W., Emory University, Georgia. Feinland, Alexander, Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. Fester, Dr. G. A., Santa Fe, Argentina. Field, Dr. Henry, Washington, D.C. Geiser, S. W., Dallas, Texas. Gerhard, William J., Chicago. Gilbert, Ross Winthrop and Miss Mabel C, Oakland, California. Givler, J. C, Greensboro, North Carolina. Goodson, Orr, Chicago. Gregg, Col. C. C, Washington, D.C. Grove, Bert, Lake Forest, Illinois. Gurley, Mrs. William F. E., Chicago. Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago. Hallock, Miss Leota, New York. Hatch, Melville H., Seattle, Washing- ton. Heath, Charles A., Chicago. Herz, Arthur Wolf, Chicago. Heyser, Frank L., Chicago. Hornell, James, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England. Howell, Benjamin F., Princeton, New Jersey. Isely, F. B., San Antonio, Texas. Jadhav, G. M., Baroda, India. Kelso, Leon, Washington, D.C. Krukoff, B. A., New York. Kiihne, W. G., Isle of Man, England. Lathrop, Charles, Washington, D.C. Lazarte, Manuel Liende, La Paz, Bolivia. Liljeblad, Emil, Indianapolis, Indiana. Lima, Angelo M. da Costa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lippincott, Miss Sarah, South Bend, Indiana. Littell, John McGregor, South Orange, New Jersey. Love, James Lee, Burlington, North Carolina. Lyman, Mrs. Walter Campbell, Downers Grove, Illinois. McAtee, Dr. W. L., Chicago. McGrew, Dr. Paul O., Chicago. McKenney, Frank D., San Diego, Cali- fornia. Marchais, Jacques, New York. Marshall, Roy K., Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. Marshall, Miss Ruth, Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. Miller, Henry, Chicago. Moldenke, Harold N., New York. Moran, Reid V., La Canada, California. Moseley, Dr. E. L., Bowling Green, Ohio. Nichols, Henry W., Chicago. Nichols, Mrs. Henry W., Chicago. Parr, Dr. A. E., New York. Pereyra, Jose A., Buenos Aires, Argen- tina. Perry, Stuart H., Adrian, Michigan. Phelps, William H., Caracas, Vene- zuela. Phillips, E. P., Pretoria, South Africa. Pitcairn, Raymond, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pope, Clifford H., Chicago. Pray, Leon L., Homewood, Illinois. Rehder, Alfred, Jamaica Plain, Massa- chusetts. Richdale, L. E., Otago, New Zealand. Riggs, Elmer S., Lawrence, Kansas. Ross, Herbert H., Urbana, Illinois. Ryden, Dr. Stig, Gothenburg, Sweden. Sabrosky, Curtis W., Manning, South Carolina. Sanborn, Lieut. Colin C, U.S.N. R. Sanderson, Ivan T., London, England. Savage, Donald E., Norman, Okla- homa. Schmidt, Karl P., Homewood, Illinois. Sherff, Dr. Edward E., Chicago. Smith, Mrs. Hermon Dunlap, Lake Forest, Illinois. Snyder, Mrs. L. M. S., Berkeley, Cali- fornia. Souza-Novelo, Dr. Narcisco, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Standley, Paul C, Chicago. Stauffer, Clinton R., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tucker, H. H., Columbus, Ohio. Villar Cordova, Pedro E., Lima, Peru. Welch, Mrs. Virgil C, Hampton, Iowa. Welling, Richard, New York. Wenzel, Capt. Rupert, Chicago. Wheeler, H. E., Little Rock, Arkansas. 92 LIBRARY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Willis, Bailey, Stanford University, Wolcott, A. B., Downers Grove, Illinois. California. Wood, Miss Miriam, Chicago. Wiltshire, E. P., Bombay, India. Wyatt, Alex K., Chicago. 93 Articles of Incorporation STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF STATE William H. Hinrichsen, Secretary of State To All to Whom These Presents Shall Come, Greeting: Whereas, a Certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed in the office of the Secretary of State, on the 16th day of September, a.d. 1893, for the organization of the COLUMBIAN MUSEUM OF CHICAGO, under and in ac- cordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereto attached. Now, therefore, I, William H. Hinrichsen, Secretary of State of the State of Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby certify that the said COLUMBIAN MUSEUM OF CHICAGO is a legally organized Corporation under the laws of this State. In Testimony Whereof, I hereto set my hand and cause to be affixed the Great Seal of State. Done at the City of Springfield, this 16th day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and eighteenth. W. H. HINRICHSEN, [Seal] Secretary of State. TO HON. WILLIAM H. HINRICHSEN, Secretary of State: Sir: We, the undersigned citizens of the United States, propose to form a cor- poration under an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amendatory thereof; and that for the purposes of such organization we hereby state as follows, to-wit: 1. The name of such corporation is the "COLUMBIAN MUSEUM OF CHICAGO." 2. The object for which it is formed is for the accumulation and dis- semination of knowledge, and the preservation and exhibition of objects illus- trating Art, Archaeology, Science and History. 3. The management of the aforesaid museum shall be vested in a Board of Fifteen (15) Trustees, five of whom are to be elected every year. 4. The following named persons are hereby selected as the Trustees for the first year of its corporate existence: Edward E. Ayer, Charles B. Farwell, George E. Adams, George R. Davis, Charles L. Hutchinson, Daniel H. Burnham, John A. Roche, M. C. Bullock, Emil G. Hirsch, James W. Ellsworth, Allison V. Armour, O. F. Aldis, Edwin Walker, John C. Black and Frank W. Gunsaulus. 5. The location of the Museum is in the City of Chicago, County of Cook, and State of Illinois. (Signed) George E. Adams, C. B. Farwell, Sidney C. Eastman, F. W. Putnam, Robert McCurdy, Andrew Peterson, L. J. Gage, Charles L. Hutchinson, Ebenezer -94- Buckingham, Andrew McNally, Edward E. Ayer, John M. Clark, Herman H. Kohlsaat, George Schneider, Henry H. Getty, William R. Harper, Franklin H. Head, E. G. Keith, J. Irving Pearce, Azel F. Hatch, Henry Wade Rogers, Thomas B. Bryan, L. Z. Leiter, A. C. Bartlett, A. A. Sprague, A. C. McClurg, James W. Scott, Geo. F. Bissell, John R. Walsh, Chas. Fitzsimmons, John A. Roche, E. B. McCagg, Owen F. Aldis, Ferdinand W. Peck, James H. Dole, Joseph Stockton, Edward B. Butler, John McConnell, R. A. Waller, H. C. Chatfield-Taylor, A. Crawford, Wm. Sooy Smith, P. S. Peterson, John C. Black, Jno. J. Mitchell, C. F. Gunther, George R. Davis, Stephen A. Forbes, Robert W. Patterson, Jr., M. C. Bullock, Edwin Walker, George M. Pullman, William E. Curtis, James W. Ellsworth, William E. Hale, Wm. T. Baker, Martin A. Ryerson, Huntington W. Jackson, N. B. Ream, Norman Williams, Melville E. Stone, Bryan Lathrop, Eliphalet W. Blatchford, Philip D. Armour. State of Illinois ] [ ss. Cook County J I, G. R. Mitchell, a Notary Public in and for said County, do hereby certify that the foregoing petitioners personally appeared before me and acknowledged severally that they signed the foregoing petition as their free and voluntary act for the uses and purposes therein set forth. Given under my hand and notarial seal this 14th day of September, 1893. G. R. MITCHELL, [Seal] Notary Public, Cook County, III. CHANGE OF NAME Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 25th day of June, 1894, the name of the COLUMBIAN MUSEUM was changed to FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. A certificate to this effect was filed June 26, 1894, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. CHANGE OF NAME Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 8th day of November, 1905, the name of the FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM was changed to FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY". A certificate to this effect was filed November 10, 1905, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. CHANGE IN ARTICLE 3 Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 10th day of May, 1920, the management of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY shall be invested in a Board of Twenty-one (21) Trustees, who shall be elected in such manner and for such time and term of office as may be provided for by the By-Laws. A certificate to this effect was filed May 21, 1920, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. CHANGE OF NAME Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 15th day of November, 1943, the name of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY was changed to CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. A certificate to this effect was filed November 23, 1943, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. 95 Amended By-Laws DECEMBER, 1944 ARTICLE I MEMBERS Section 1. Members shall be of twelve classes, Corporate Members, Hon- orary Members, Patrons, Corresponding Members, Benefactors, Contributors, Life Members, Non-Resident Life Members, Associate Members, Non-Resident Associate Members, Sustaining Members, and Annual Members. Section 2. The Corporate Members shall consist of the persons named in the articles of incorporation, and of such other persons as shall be chosen from time to time by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings, upon the recom- mendation of the Executive Committee; provided, that such person named in the articles of incorporation shall, within ninety days from the adoption of these By-Laws, and persons hereafter chosen as Corporate Members shall, within ninety days of their election, pay into the treasury the sum of Twenty Dollars ($20.00) or more. Corporate Members becoming Life Members, Patrons or Honorary Members shall be exempt from dues. Annual meetings of said Corporate Members shall be held at the same place and on the same day that the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees is held. Section 3. Honorary Members shall be chosen by the Board from among persons who have rendered eminent service to science, and only upon unanimous nomination of the Executive Committee. They shall be exempt from all dues. Section 4. Patrons shall be chosen by the Board upon recommendation of the Executive Committee from among persons who have rendered eminent ser- vice to the Museum. They shall be exempt from all dues, and, by virtue of their election as Patrons, shall also be Corporate Members. Section 5. Any person contributing or devising the sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) in cash, or securities, or property to the funds of the Museum, may be elected a Benefactor of the Museum. Section 6. Corresponding Members shall be chosen by the Board from among scientists or patrons of science residing in foreign countries, who render important service to the Museum. They shall be elected by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings. They shall be exempt from all dues and shall enjoy all courtesies of the Museum. Section 7. Any person contributing to the Museum One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00) or more in cash, securities, or material, may be elected a Contributor of the Museum. Contributors shall be exempt from all dues and shall enjoy all courtesies of the Museum. Section 8. Any person paying into the treasury the sum of Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) at any one time, shall, upon the unanimous vote of the Board, become a Life Member. Life Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall enjoy all the privileges and courtesies of the Museum that are accorded to mem- bers of the Board of Trustees. Any person residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, paying into the treasury the sum of One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) at any one time, shall, upon the unanimous vote of the Board, become a Non-Resident Life Member. Non-Resident Life Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall enjoy all the privileges and courtesies of the Museum that are accorded to members of the Board of Trustees. Section 9. Any person paying into the treasury of the Museum the sum of One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) at any one time, shall, upon the vote of the Board, -96- become an Associate Member. Associate Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall be entitled to tickets admitting Member and members of family, includ- ing non-resident home guests; all publications of the Museum issued during the period of their membership, if so desired; reserved seats for all lectures and enter- tainments under the auspices of the Museum, provided reservation is requested in advance; and admission of holder of membership and accompanying party to all special exhibits and Museum functions day or evening. Any person residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, paying into the treasury the sum of Fifty Dollars ($50.00) at any one time, shall, upon the unanimous vote of the Board, become a Non-Resident Associate Member. Non-Resident Associate Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall enjoy all the privileges and courtesies of the Museum that are accorded to Associate Members. Section 10. Sustaining Members shall consist of such persons as are selected from time to time by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings, and who shall pay an annual fee of Twenty-five Dollars ($25.00), payable within thirty days after notice of election and within thirty days after each recurring annual date. This Sustaining Membership entitles the member to free admission for the Member and family to the Museum on any day, the Annual Report and such other Museum documents or publications issued during the period of their mem- bership as may be requested in writing. When a Sustaining Member has paid the annual fee of $25.00 for six years, such Member shall be entitled to become an Associate Member. Section 11. Annual Members shall consist of such persons as are selected from time to time by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings, and who shall pay an annual fee of Ten Dollars ($10.00), payable within thirty days after each recurring annual date. An Annual Membership shall entitle the Member to a card of admission for the Member and family during all hours when the Museum is open to the public, and free admission for the Member and family to all Museum lectures or entertainments. This membership will also entitle the holder to the courtesies of the membership privileges of every museum of note in the United States and Canada, so long as the existing system of co-operative interchange of membership tickets shall be maintained, including tickets for any lectures given under the auspices of any of the museums during a visit to the cities in which the co-operative museums are located. Section 12. All membership fees, excepting Sustaining and Annual, shall hereafter be applied to a permanent Membership Endowment Fund, the interest only of which shall be applied for the use of the Museum as the Board of Trustees may order. ARTICLE II BOARD OF TRUSTEES Section 1. The Board of Trustees shall consist of twenty-one members. The respective members of the Board now in office, and those who shall here- after be elected, shall hold office during life. Vacancies occurring in the Board shall be filled at a regular meeting of the Board, upon the nomination of the Executive Committee made at a preceding regular meeting of the Board, by a majority vote of the members of the Board present. Section 2. Regular meetings of the Board shall be held on the third Mon- day of the month. Special meetings may be called at any time by the President, and shall be called by the Secretary upon the written request of three Trustees. Five Trustees shall constitute a quorum, except for the election of officers or the adoption of the Annual Budget, when seven Trustees shall be required, but meet- ings may be adjourned by any less number from day to day, or to a day fixed, previous to the next regular meeting. Section 3. Reasonable written notice, designating the time and place of holding meetings, shall be given by the Secretary. ARTICLE III HONORARY TRUSTEES Section 1. As a mark of respect, and in appreciation of services performed for the Institution, any Trustee who by reason of inability, on account of ■ 97 ■ change of residence, or for other cause or from indisposition to serve longer in such capacity shall resign his place upon the Board, may be elected, by a majority of those present at any regular meeting of the Board, an Honorary Trustee for life. Such Honorary Trustee will receive notice of all meetings of the Board of Trustees, whether regular or special, and will be expected to be present at all such meetings and participate in the deliberations thereof, but an Honorary Trustee shall not have the right to vote. ARTICLE IV OFFICERS Section 1. The officers shall be a President, a First Vice-President, a Second Vice-President, a Third Vice-President, a Secretary, an Assistant Secretary and a Treasurer. They shall be chosen by ballot by the Board of Trustees, a majority of those present and voting being necessary to elect. The President, the First Vice-President, the Second Vice-President, and the Third Vice-Presi- dent shall be chosen from among the members of the Board of Trustees. The meeting for the election of officers shall be held on the third Monday of January of each year, and shall be called the Annual Meeting. Section 2. The officers shall hold office for one year, or until their suc- cessors are elected and qualified, but any officer may be removed at any regular meeting of the Board of Trustees by a vote of two-thirds of all the members of the Board. Vacancies in any office may be filled by the Board at any meeting. Section 3. The officers shall perform such duties as ordinarily appertain to their respective offices, and such as shall be prescribed by the By-Laws, or designated from time to time by the Board of Trustees. ARTICLE V THE TREASURER Section 1. The Treasurer shall be custodian of the funds of the Corpo- ration except as hereinafter provided. He shall make disbursements only upon warrants drawn by the Director and countersigned by the President. In the absence or inability of the Director, warrants may be signed by the Chairman of the Finance Committee, and in the absence or inability of the President, may be countersigned by one of the Vice-Presidents, or any member of the Finance Committee. Section 2. The securities and muniments of title belonging to the cor- poration shall be placed in the custody of some Trust Company of Chicago to be designated by the Board of Trustees, which Trust Company shall collect the income and principal of said securities as the same become due, and pay same to the Treasurer, except as hereinafter provided. Said Trust Company shall allow access to and deliver any or all securities or muniments of title to the joint order of the following officers, namely: the President or one of the Vice- Presidents, jointly with the Chairman, or one of the Vice-Chairmen, of the Finance Committee of the Museum. The President or any one of the Vice-Presidents, jointly with either the Chairman or any one of the other members of the Finance Committee, are authorized and empowered (a) to sell, assign and transfer as a whole or in part the securities owned by or registered in the name of the Chicago Natural History Museum, and, for that purpose, to endorse certificates in blank or to a named person, appoint one or more attorneys, and execute such other instru- ments as may be necessary, and (b) to cause any securities belonging to this Corpo- ration now, or acquired in the future, to be held or registered in the name or names of a nominee or nominees designated by them. Section 3. The Treasurer shall give bond in such amount, and with such sureties as shall be approved by the Board of Trustees. Section 4. The Harris Trust & Savings Bank of Chicago shall be Cus- todian of "The N. W. Harris Public School Extension of the Chicago Natural History Museum" fund. The bank shall make disbursements only upon warrants drawn by the Director and countersigned by the President. In the absence or inability of the Director, warrants may be signed by the Chairman of the Finance Committee, and in the absence or inability of the President, may be countersigned by one of the Vice-Presidents, or any member of the Finance Committee. -98- ARTICLE VI THE DIRECTOR Section 1. The Board of Trustees shall elect a Director of the Museum, who shall remain in office until his successor shall be elected. He shall have im- mediate charge and supervision of the Museum, and shall control the operations of the Institution, subject to the authority of the Board of Trustees and its Com- mittees. The Director shall be the official medium of communication between the Board, or its Committees, and the scientific staff and maintenance force. Section 2. There shall be four scientific Departments of the Museum- Anthropology, Botany, Geology, and Zoology — each under the charge of a Chief Curator, subject to the authority of the Director. The Chief Curators shall be appointed by the Board upon the recommendation of the Director, and shall serve during the pleasure of the Board. Subordinate staff officers in the scientific Depart- ments shall be appointed and removed by the Director upon the recommendation of the Chief Curators of the respective Departments. The Director shall have authority to employ and remove all other employees of the Museum. Section 3. The Director shall make report to the Board at each regular meeting, recounting the operations of the Museum for the previous month. At the Annual Meeting, the Director shall make an Annual Report, reviewing the work for the previous year, which Annual Report shall be published in pamphlet form for the information of the Trustees and Members, and for free distribution in such number as the Board may direct. ARTICLE VII THE AUDITOR Section 1. The Board shall appoint an Auditor, who shall hold his office during the pleasure of the Board. He shall keep proper books of account, setting forth the financial condition and transactions of the Corporation, and of the Museum, and report thereon at each regular meeting, and at such other times as may be required by the Board. He shall certify to the correctness of all bills rendered for the expenditure of the money of the Corporation. ARTICLE VIII COMMITTEES Section 1. There shall be five Committees, as follows: Finance, Building, Auditing, Pension, and Executive. Section 2. The Finance Committee shall consist of not less than five or more than seven members, the Auditing and Pension Committees shall each consist of three members, and the Building Committee shall consist of five members. All members of these four Committees shall be elected by ballot by the Board at the Annual Meeting, and shall hold office for one year, and until their successors are elected and qualified. In electing the members of these Committees, the Board shall designate the Chairman and Vice-Chairman by the order in which the mem- bers are named in the respective Committee; the first member named shall be Chairman, the second named the Vice-Chairman, and the third named, Second Vice-Chairman, succession to the Chairmanship being in this order in the event of the absence or disability of the Chairman. Section 3. The Executive Committee shall consist of the President of the Board, the Chairman of the Finance Committee, the Chairman of the Building Committee, the Chairman of the Auditing Committee, the Chairman of the Pension Committee, and three other members of the Board to be elected by ballot at the Annual Meeting. Section 4. Four members shall constitute a quorum of the Executive Com- mittee, and in all standing Committees two members shall constitute a quorum. In the event that, owing to the absence or inability of members, a quorum of the regularly elected members cannot be present at any meeting of any Com- mittee, then the Chairman thereof, or his successor, as herein provided, may summon any members of the Board of Trustees to act in place of the absentee. -99- Section 5. The Finance Committee shall have supervision of investing the endowment and other permanent funds of the Corporation, and the care of such real estate as may become its property. It shall have authority to invest, sell, and reinvest funds, subject to the approval of the Board. Section 6. The Building Committee shall have supervision of the con- struction, reconstruction, and extension of any and all buildings used for Museum purposes. Section 7. The Executive Committee shall be called together from time to time as the Chairman may consider necessary, or as he may be requested to do by three members of the Committee, to act upon such matters affecting the administration of the Museum as cannot await consideration at the Regular Monthly Meetings of the Board of Trustees. It shall, before the beginning of each fiscal year, prepare and submit to the Board an itemized Budget, setting forth the probable receipts from all sources for the ensuing year, and make recommendations as to the expenditures which should be made for routine maintenance and fixed charges. Upon the adoption of the Budget by the Board, the expenditures stated are authorized. Section 8. The Auditing Committee shall have supervision over all ac- counting and bookkeeping, and full control of the financial records. It shall cause the same, once each year, or oftener, to be examined by an expert indi- vidual or firm, and shall transmit the report of such expert individual or firm to the Board at the next ensuing regular meeting after such examination shall have taken place. Section 9. The Pension Committee shall determine by such means and processes as shall be established by the Board of Trustees to whom and in what amount the Pension Fund shall be distributed. These determinations or findings shall be subject to the approval of the Board of Trustees. Section 10. The Chairman of each Committee shall report the acts and proceedings thereof at the next ensuing regular meeting of the Board. Section 11. The President shall be ex-officio a member of all Committees and Chairman of the Executive Committee. Vacancies occurring in any Com- mittee may be filled by ballot at any regular meeting of the Board. ARTICLE IX NOMINATING committee Section 1. At the November meeting of the Board each year, a Nomi- nating Committee of three shall be chosen by lot. Said Committee shall make nominations for membership of the Finance Committee, the Building Committee, the Auditing Committee, and the Pension Committee, and for three members of the Executive Committee, from among the Trustees, to be submitted at the ensuing December meeting and voted upon at the following Annual Meeting in January. ARTICLE X Section 1. Whenever the word "Museum" is employed in the By-Laws of the Corporation, it shall be taken to mean the building in which the Museum as an Institution is located and operated, the material exhibited, the material in study collections, or in storage, furniture, fixtures, cases, tools, records, books, and all appurtenances of the Institution and the workings, researches, installa- tions, expenditures, field work, laboratories, library, publications, lecture courses, and all scientific and maintenance activities. Section 2. The By-Laws, and likewise the Articles of Incorporation, may be amended at any regular meeting of the Board of Trustees by a vote in favor thereof of not less than two-thirds of all the members present, provided the amendment shall have been proposed at a preceding regular meeting. 100- ♦ • ♦ ^■s, ~±if HUNT INC FICHTINC F I S H I N C ti$ CARPENTRY ajK" o * Man's Work: Fishing, carpentry, hunting, and fighting. MAN'S WORK S SEWING 1 I WEAVING iii m PREPARATION OF FOOD ROMAN'S WORK JADES 30 24 FOREIGN TREES JS J — 'A 27 i™-S N. AMERICAN TREES '""Vy''** I , 26 rf-r. M FOOD PLANTS, I PALMS 2 5 | SECOND FLOOR V, Fig. 27. One of the pictorial floor plans placed around the building for the guidance of visitors. -106- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Those 2vho have contributed $100 to the Museum Aaron, Charles Aaron, Ely M. Abbott, Donald Putnam, Jr. Abbott, Gordon C. Abbott, Guy H. Abbott, W. Rufus Abbott, William L. Abeles, Mrs. Jerome G. Abrahamsen, Miss Cora Abrams, Duff A. Ackerman, Charles N. Adamick, Gustave H. Adams, Mrs. Charles S. Adams, Mrs. David T. Adams, Mrs. Frances Sprogle Adams, Miss Jane Adams, John Q. Adams, Mrs. S. H. Adams, Mrs. Samuel Adams, William C. Adamson, Henry T. Adler, David Adler, Mrs. Max Ahlschlager, Walter W. Aishton, Richard H. Alden, William T. Aldis, Graham Alexander, Mrs. Arline V. Alexander, Edward Alexander, William H. Alford, Mrs. Laura T. C. Allbright, John G. Allen, Mrs. Fred G. Allensworth, A. P. Allin, J. J. Allison, Mrs. William M. Alsip, Charles H. Alsip, Mrs. Charles H. Alter, Harry Alton, Carol W. Ames, Rev. Edward S. Andersen, Arthur Anderson, Mrs. A. W. Anderson, Mrs. Alma K. Anderson, Miss Florence Regina Andreen, Otto C. Andrews, Mrs. E. C. Andrews, Milton H. Anstiss, George P. Antrim, E. M. Appelt, Mrs. Jessie E. Armbrust, John T. Armbruster, Charles A. Armour, A. Watson, III Armour, Laurance H. Armour, Philip D. Armstrong, Mrs. Julian Armstrong, Kenneth E. Arn, W. G. Arnold, Mrs. Lloyd Artingstall, Samuel G. Ascher, Fred Ashcraft, Raymond M. Ashenhurst, Harold S. Aurelius, Mrs. Marcus A. Austin, E. F. Austin, Henry W. Avery, George J. Ayres, Robert B. Babb, W. E. Babson, Mrs. Gustavus Bachmann, Mrs. Harrold A. Bachmeyer, Dr. Arthur C. Back, Miss Maude F. Bacon, Dr. Alfons R. Badger, Shreve Cowles Baer, David E. Baer, Mervin K. Baer, Walter S. Bagby, John C. Baggaley, William Blair Bair, W. P. Baird, Harry K. Baker, Mrs. Alfred L. Baker, G. W. Baker, Greeley Baldwin, Mrs. Katharine W. Baldwin, Vincent Curtis Balgemann, Otto W. Balkin, Louis Ball, Dr. Fred E. Ballard, Mrs. Foster K. Ballenger, A. G. Banes, W. C. Banks, Edgar C. Bannister, Miss Ruth D. Bantsolas, John N. Barber, Phil C. Barbour, James J. Bargquist, Miss Lillian D. Barkhausen, L. H. Barnes, Cecil Barnes, Mrs. Charles Osborne Barnes, Harold O. Barnett, Otto R. Barnhart, Mrs. A. M. Barnum, Harry H. Barr, Mrs. Alfred H. Barrett, Mrs. A. M. Barrett, Mrs. Harold G. Bartelme, John H. Barthell, Gary Bartholomae, Mrs. Emma Bartholomay, F. H. Bartholomay, Henry Bartholomay, Mrs. William, Jr. Bartlett, Frederic C. Barton, Mrs. Enos M. Basile, William B. Basta, George A. Bastian, Charles L. Bateman, Floyd L. Bates, Mrs. A. M. Bates, Joseph A. Battey, Paul L. Baum, Mrs. James E. Baum, Wilhelm Baumann, Harry P. Bausch, William C. Beach, Miss Bess K. Beach, E. Chandler Beachy, Mrs. Walter F. Beasley, Dr. Edward W. Beck, Alexander Beck von Peccoz, Baroness Martha Becker, Benjamin F. Becker, Benjamin V. Becker, Frederick G. Becker, Herman T. Becker, James H. Becker, Louis Becker, Louis L. Beckman, Victor A. Beddoes, Hubert Behr, Mrs. Edith Beidler, Francis, II Bell, Mrs. Laird Benjamin, Jack A. Benner, Harry Bennett, S. A. Bennett, Professor J. Gardner Benson, John Benson, Mrs. Thaddeus R. Bent, John P. Bentley, Arthur Bentley, Mrs. Cyrus Benton, Miss Mabel M. Berend, George F. Berkowitz, Dr. J. G. Berkson, Mrs. Maurice Berry, V. D. Berryman, John B. Bersbach, Elmer S. Bertol, Miss Aurelia Bertschinger, Dr. C. F. -107' ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Besly, Mrs. C. H. Bettman, Dr. Ralph B. Bichl, Thomas A. Biddle, Robert C. Biehn, Dr. J. F. Bigler, Mrs. Albert J. Biggs, Mrs. Joseph H. Billow, Elmer Ellsworth Billow, Miss Virginia Bird, Miss Frances Birk, Miss Amelia Birk, Frank J. Bishop, Howard P. Bishop, Mrs. Martha V. Bistor, James E. Bittel, Mrs. Frank J. Bixby, Edward Randall Blackburn, Oliver A. Blair, Mrs. M. Barbour Blair, W. McCormick Blair, Wolcott Blatchford, Carter Blatchford, Dr. Frank Wicks Blayney, Thomas C. Blecker, Mrs. Michael, Jr. Blessing, Dr. Robert Blish, Sylvester Block, Joseph L. Block, Leigh B. Block, Mrs. Leigh B. Block, Philip D., Jr. Bloom, Mrs. Leopold Bloss, Mrs. Sidney M. Blum, David Blum, Harry H. Blunt, J. E., Jr. Bluthardt, Edwin Boal, Ayres Boericke, Mrs. Anna Boettcher, Arthur H. Bohasseck, Charles Bolotin, Hyman Bolten, Paul H. Bondy, Berthold Boomer, Dr. Paul C. Boone, Arthur Booth, Alfred V. Booth, George E. Borg, George W. Borland, Mrs. Bruce Borowitz, David Borwell, Robert C. Bosch, Charles Bosch, Mrs. Henry Botts, Graeme G. Boulton, Mrs. Rudyerd Bousa, Dr. Bohuslav Bowen, Mrs. Louise DeKoven Bowers, Ralph E. Bowey, Mrs. Charles F. Bowman, Johnston A. Boyack, Harry Boyd, Mrs. T. Kenneth Boyden, Miss Ellen Webb Boyden, Miss Rosalie Sturges Boynton, A. J. Boynton, Frederick P. Brach, Mrs. F. V. Bradley, Mrs. A. Ballard Bradley, Charles E. Bradley, Mrs. Natalie Blair Higinbotham Brainerd, Mrs. Arthur T. Bramble, Delhi G. C. Brand, Mrs. Maude G. Brand, Mrs. Rudolf Brandt, Charles H. Bransfield, John J. Brauer, Mrs. Paul Breckinridge, Professor S. P. Bremner, Mrs. David F., Jr. Brendecke, Miss June Brenner, S. L. Brennom, Dr. Elmo F. Brennwasser, S. M. Brenza, Miss Mary Brewer, Mrs. Angeline L. Breyer, Mrs. Theodor Bridges, Arnold Briggs, Mrs. Gertrude Bristol, James T. Brock, A. J. Brodribb, Lawrence C. Brodsky, J. J. Broome, Thornhill Brostoff, Harry M. Brown, A. Wilder Brown, Mrs. Bradford Brown, Christy Brown, Mrs. Everett C. Brown, John T. Brown, Dr. Joshua M. Brown, Mark A. Brown, Scott Brucker, Dr. Edward A. Bruckner, William T. Brugman, John J. Brundage, Avery Brunswick, Larry Brunt, J. P. Bryant, John J., Jr. Buck, Guy R. Buck, Nelson Leroy Buckley, Mrs. Warren Bucklin, Mrs. Vail R. Buddig, Carl Buehler, Mrs. Carl Buehler, H. L. Buettner, Walter J. Buffington, Mrs. Margaret A. Buhmann, Gilbert G. Bunge, Mrs. Albert J. Bunte, Mrs. Theodore W. Burbott, E. W. Burch, Clayton B. Burchmore, John S. Burdick, Mrs. Alfred S. Burgess, Charles F. Burgmeier, John M. Burgstreser, Newton Burgweger, Mrs. Meta Dewes Burke, Mrs. Lawrence N. Burke, Webster H. Burley, Mrs. Clarence A. Burns, Mrs. Randall W. Burry, William Bush, Mrs. William H. Butler, Burridge D. Butler, Mrs. Hermon B. Butler, John M. Butler, Paul Butz, Herbert R. Butz, Theodore C. Butzow, Mrs. Robert C. Byfield, Dr. Albert H. Byrne, Miss Margaret H. Cahn, Dr. Alvin R. Cahn, Bertram J. Cahn, Morton D. Caine, John F. Caine, Leon J. Callender, Mrs. Joseph E. Calmeyn, Frank B. Camenisch, Miss Sophia C. Cameron, Dr. Dan U. Cameron, Will J. Camp, Mrs. Arthur Royce Campbell, Delwin M. Campbell, Herbert J. Canby, Caleb H., Jr. Canman, Richard W. Capes, Lawrence R. Capps, Dr. Joseph A. Cardelli, Mrs. Giovanni Carlin, Leo J. Carmell, Daniel D. Carney, William Roy Caron, 0. J. Carpenter,Mrs. Benjamin Carpenter, Mrs. Frederic Ives Carpenter, Mrs. George A. Carpenter, George Sturges -108- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Carpenter, Hubbard Carpenter, Miss Rosalie Sturges, II Carqueville, Mrs. A. R. Carr, Mrs. Clyde M. Carroll, John A. Carry, Joseph C. Carter, Mrs. Armistead B . Carton, Alfred T. Cary, Dr. Eugene Casselberry, Mrs. William Evans, Sr. Cassels, Edwin H. Castle, Alfred C. Castruccio, Giuseppe Cates, Dudley Ceding, Fredolph A. Cernoch, Frank Chandler, Henry P. Chapin, Henry Kent Chapin, William Arthur Chapman, Arthur E. Chatain, Robert N. Cheney, Dr. Henry W. Cherones, George D. Cherry, Walter L., Jr. Childs, Mrs. C. Frederick Childs, Mrs. George W. Chinlund, Miss Ruth E. Chinnock, Mrs. Ronald J. Chislett, Miss Kate E. Christensen, E. C. Christiansen, Dr. Henry Chritton, George A. Churan, Charles A. Clark, Ainsworth W. Clark, Miss Alice Keep Clark, Charles V. Clark, Mrs. Edward S. Clark, Edwin H. Clark, Willard F. Clarke, Charles F. Clarke, Harley L. Clay, John Clemen, Dr. Rudolf A. Cleveland, Paul W. Clifford, Fred J., Jr. Clinch, Duncan L. Clithero, W. S. Clonick, Seymour E. Clough, William H. Clow, Mrs. Harry B. Clow, William E., Jr. Coath, V. W. Cochran, John L. Coffin, Fred Y. Cohen, George B. Cohen, Mrs. L. Lewis Colburn, Frederick S. Colby, Mrs. George E. Coldren, Clifton C. Cole, Leopold E. Cole, Sidney I. Coleman, Clarence L., Jr. Coleman, Dr. George H. Coleman, Loring W. Coleman, Marvin H. Colianni, Paul V. Collins, Beryl B. Collison, E. K. Colvin, Miss Catharine Colvin, Miss Jessie Colvin, Mrs. William H. Colwell, Clyde C. Compton, Mrs. Arthur H. Compton, D. M. Compton, Frank E. Condon, Mrs. James G. Conger, Miss Cornelia Connell, P. G. Conners, Harry Connor, Mrs. Clara A. Connor, Frank H. Cook, Miss Alice B. Cook, Mrs. David S. Cook, Jonathan Miller Cook, L. Charles Cook, Louis T. Cook, Thomas H. Cooke, Charles E. Cooke, Miss Flora Cooke, Leslie L. Cooley, Gordon A. Coolidge, Miss Alice Coolidge, E. Channing Coolidge, Dr. Edgar D. Coombs, James F. Coonley, John Stuart Coonley, Prentiss L. Cooper, Samuel Copland, David Corbett, Mrs. William J. Cornell, Dr. Edward L. Cornell, Mrs. John E. Cosford, Thomas H. Coston, James E. Cowan, Mrs. Grace L. Cox, James A. Cox, James C. Cox, Mrs. Rensselaer W. Cox, William D. Coyle, C. H. Cragg, Mrs. George L. Crane, Charles R., II Crego, Mrs. Dominica S. Crerar, Mrs. John Crilly, Edgar Cromer, Clarence E. Cromwell, Miss Juliette Clara Cubbins, Dr. William R. Cudahy, Edward I. Cummings, Mrs.D. Mark Cummings, Mrs. Frances S. Cuneo, John F. Curran, Harry R. Curtis, Austin Guthrie, Jr. Curtis, Mrs. Charles S. Curtis, Miss Frances H. Cusack, Harold Cushman, A. W. Cushman, Barney Cutler, Henry E. Cuttle, Harold E. Daemicke, Mrs. Irwin Paul Dahlberg, Bror G. Daily, Richard Daley, Harry C. Dalmar, Mrs. Hugo Dalmar, Hugo, Jr. Dammann, J. F. Danforth, Dr. William C. Dangel, W. H. Danne, William C, Jr. Dantzig, Leonard P. D'Aquila, George D arrow, Paul E. Dashiell, C. R. Daughaday, C. Colton Davey, Mrs. Bruce E. David, Dr. Vernon C. Davidonis, Dr. Alexander L. Davidson, David W. Davidson, Miss Mary E. Davies, Marshall Davis, Arthur Davis, C. S. Davis, Dr. Carl B. Davis, Dean W. Davis, Don L. Davis, Frank S. Davis, Dr. Loyal Davis, Dr. Nathan S., Ill Deahl, Uriah S. Dean, Samuel Edward Deane, Mrs. Ruthven Decker, Charles O. DeCosta, Lewis M. DeDardel, Carl O. Dee, Thomas J. Deery, Thomas A., Jr. Degen, David DeGolyer, Robert S. DeKoven, Mrs. John DeLemon, H. R. Delph, Dr. John F. Demaree, H. S. Deming, Everett G. 109 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Dempster, Mrs. Charles W. Deneen, Mrs. Charles S. Denison, Mrs. John Porter Denkewalter, W. E. Denman, Mrs. Burt J. Dennehy, Thomas C, Jr. Denney, Ellis H. Deslsles, Mrs. Carrie L. Deutsch, Mrs. Percy L. DeVries, David DeVries, Peter Dick, Edison Dick, Elmer J. Dick, Mrs. Homer T. Dickey, Roy Dickinson, F. R. Dickinson, Robert B. Dickinson, Mrs. Thompson Diehl, Harry L. Diestel, Mrs. Herman Dimick, Miss Elizabeth Dimmer, Miss Elizabeth G. Dixon, George W., Jr. Dixon, Mrs. William Warren Doctor, Isidor Dodge, Mrs. Paul C. Doering, Mrs. Edmund J., Jr. Doering, Otto C. Doetsch, Miss Anna Dole, Arthur Dolese, Mrs. John Donker, Mrs. William Donlon, Mrs. Stephen E. Donnelley, Gaylord Donnelley, Mrs. H. P. Donnelley, Miss Naomi Donnelly, Frank Donohue, Edgar T. Dorocke, Joseph, Jr. Dorschel, Q. P. Douglas, James H., Jr. Douglass, Kingman Douglass, Mrs. W. A. Dreutzer, Carl Dreyfus, Mrs. Moiise Dryden, Mrs. George B. Dubbs, C. P. DuBois, Laurence M. Dudley, Laurence H. Dulany, George W., Jr. Dulsky, Mrs. Samuel Dunbaugh, Harry J. Duncan, Albert G. Duner, Joseph A. Dunham, Miss Lucy Belle Dunham, Robert J. Dunlop, Mrs. Simpson Dunn, Samuel O. Dupee, Mrs. F. Kennett Durand, Mrs. N. E. Durbin, Fletcher M. Easterberg, C. J. Eastman, Mrs. George H. Ebeling, Frederic O. Eckhart, Percy B. Eckstein, Mrs. Louis Eddy, Thomas H. Edwards, Miss Edith E. Edwards, Kenneth P. Egan, William B. Egloff, Dr. Gustav Ehrman, Edwin H. Eichengreen, Edmund K. Eiseman, Fred R. Eisendrath, Edwin W. Eisendrath, Miss Elsa B. Eisendrath, Robert M. Eisendrath, William B. Eisenschiml, Mrs. Otto Eisenstaedt, Harry Eisenstein, Sol Eitel, Karl Eitel, Max Elenbogen, Herman Elich, Robert William Ellbogen, Miss Celia Elliott, Dr. Clinton A. Elliott, Frank R. Ellis, Howard Elting, Howard Embree, J. W., Jr. Emery, Edward W. Engberg, Miss Ruth M. Engel, E. J. Engel, Miss Henrietta Engstrom, Harold Erdmann, Mrs. C. Pardee Erickson, Donovan Y. Ericson, Mrs. Chester F. Ericsson, Clarence Ericsson, Dewey A. Ericsson, Henry Ericsson, Walter H. Ernst, Mrs. Leo Erskine, Albert DeWolf Etten, Henry C. Evans, Miss Anna B. Evans, Mrs. David Evans, David J. Evans, Eliot H. Evans, Evan A. Fabian, Francis G. Fabrice, Edward H. Fabry, Herman Fackt, Mrs. George P. Fader, A. L. Faget, James E. Faherty, Roger Faithorn, Walter E. Falk, Miss Amy Fallon, Dr. W. Raymond Falls, Dr. A. G. Farnham, Mrs. Harry J. Farrell, Mrs. B. J. Faulkner, Charles J., Jr. Faulkner, Miss Elizabeth Faurot, Henry Faurot, Henry, Jr. Fecke, Mrs. Frank J. Feiwell, Morris E. Felix, Benjamin B. Fellows, William K. Felsenthal, Edward George Feltman, Charles H. Fennekohl, Mrs. Arthur C. Fergus, Robert C. Fernald, Robert W. Ferry, Mrs. Frank F. Fetzer, Wade Filkins, A. J. Findlay, Mrs. Roderick Fineman, Oscar Finley, Max H. Finnegan, Richard J. Finnerud, Dr. Clark W. Fischel, Frederic A. Fish, Mrs. Helen S. Fishbein, Dr. Morris Fisher, Mrs. Edward Metcalf Fisher, George F. Fisher, Harry M. Fisk, Mrs. Burnham M. Fitzpatrick, Mrs. John A. Flavin, Edwin F. Fleming, Mrs. Joseph B. Flood, Walter H. Florsheim, Harold M. Florsheim, Irving S. Florsheim, Mrs. Milton S. Folonie, Mrs. Robert J. Folsom, Mrs. Richard S. Folsom, Mrs. William R. Forch, Mrs. John L., Jr. Ford, Mrs. Willis Roland Foreman, Mrs. Alfred K. Foreman, Mrs. E. G. Foreman, Edwin G., Jr. Foreman, Harold E. Forgan, James B., Jr. Forgan, Mrs. J. Russell Forgan, Robert D. -110 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Forman, Charles Forstall, James J. Fortune, Miss Joanna Foster, Mrs. Charles K. Foster, Volney Foute, Albert J. Fox, Charles E. Fox, Jacob Logan Fox, Dr. Paul C. Frank, Arthur A. Frank, Dr. Ira Frank, Mrs. Joseph K. Frankenstein, William B. Frankenthal, Dr. Lester E., Jr. Frazer, Mrs. George E. Freedman, Dr. I. Val Freeman, Charles Y. Freiler, Abraham J. French, Dudley K. Frenier, A. B. Freudenthal, G. S. Frey, Charles Daniel Freyn, Henry J. Fridstein, Meyer Friedlich, Mrs. Herbert Friedman, Mrs. Isaac K. Friend, Mrs. Henry K. Friestedt, Arthur A. Frost, Mrs. Charles Sumner Fuller, Mrs. Gretta Patterson Fuller, J. E. Fuller, Judson M. Furry, William S. Gabathuler, Miss Juanita Gabriel, Adam Gaertner, William Gale, G. Whittier Gall, Charles H. Gall, Harry T. Gallagher, Mrs. John J. Gallup, Rockwell L. Gait, Mrs. A. T. Gamble, D. E. Gann, David B. Gansbergen, Mrs. F. H. Garcia, Jose Garden, Hugh M. G. Gardiner, Mrs. John L. Gardner, Addison L. Gardner, Addison L., Jr. Gardner, Henry A. Gardner, Mrs. James P. Garen, Joseph F. Garnett, Joseph B. Garrison, Dr. Lester E. Gates, Mrs. L. F. Gawne, Miss Clara V. Gay, Rev. A. Royal Gaylord, Duane W. Gear, H. B. Gehl, Dr. W. H. Gehrmann, Felix Geiger, Alfred B. Geiling, Dr. E. M. K. Gellert, Donald N. Gentz, Miss Margaret Nina George, Mrs. Albert B. Georgs, Fred W. Gerber, Max Gerding, R. W. Gerngross, Mrs. Leo Gettelman, Mrs. Sidney H. Getz, Mrs. James R. Getzoff, E. B. Gibbs, Richard F. Gibbs, Dr. William W. Gibson, Dr. Stanley Gidwitz, Alan K. Gielow, Walter C. Giffey, Miss Hertha Gifford, Mrs. Frederick C. Gilbert, Miss Clara C. Gilchrist, Mrs. John F. Gilchrist, Mrs. William Albert Giles, Carl C. Giles, Mrs. Guy H. Gillette, Mrs. Ellen D. Gimbel, J. W., Jr. Ginther, Miss Minnie C. Girard, Mrs. Anna Glaescher, Mrs. G. W. Glasner, Rudolph W. Godehn, Paul M. Goedke, Charles F. Goehst, Mrs. John Henry Goes, Mrs. Arthur A. Golden, Dr. Isaac J. K. Goldenberg, Sidney D. Goldfine, Dr. Ascher H. C. Golding, Robert N. Goldman, Mrs. Louis Goldsmith, Mitchel Goldstein, Nathan S. Goldstine, Dr. Mark T. Goldy, Walter I. Goltra, Mrs. William B. Goode, Mrs. Rowland T. Gooden, G. E. Goodman, Benedict K. Goodman, Mrs. Milton F. Goodman, W. J. Goodman, William E. Goodwin, Clarence Norton Goodwin, George S. Gordon, Miss Bertha F. Gordon, Harold J. Gordon, Dr. Richard J. Gordon, Mrs. Robert D. Gorrell, Mrs. Warren Gottlieb, Frederick M. Gould, Jay Grade, Joseph Y. Gradle, Dr. Harry S. Graf, Robert J. Graff, Oscar C. Graham, Douglas Graham, E. V. Graham, Miss Margaret H. Gramm, Mrs. Helen Granger, Mrs. Everett J. Grant, James D. Grant, John G. Graves, Howard B. Grawoig, Allen Gray, Dr. Earle Gray, Edward Green, Miss Mary Pomeroy Green, Robert D. Greenburg, Dr. Ira E. Greene, Henry E. Greenebaum, M. E., Jr. Greenlee, Mrs. William Brooks Greenman, Mrs. Earl C. Gregory, Mrs. Robert B. Gregory, Stephen S., Jr. Gregory, Tappan Gressens, Otto Grey, Charles F. Grey, Dr. Dorothy Griest, Mrs. Marianna L. Griffenhagen, Mrs. Edwin O. Griffith, Mrs. Carroll L. Griffith, E. L. Griffith, Mrs. William Griffiths, George W. Griswold, Harold T. Grizzard, James A. Gronkowski, Rev. C. I. Groot, Cornelius J. Groot, Lawrence A. Gross, Henry R. Grossman, Frank I. Grotenhuis, Mrs. William J. Gruhn, Alvah V. Grulee, Lowry K. Grunow, Mrs. William C. Guenzel, Louis Guest, Ward E. Gunthorp, Walter J. Gurley, Miss Helen K. Gurman, Samuel P. Guthman, Edwin I. -Ill ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Gwinn, William R. Haas, Maurice Hadley, Mrs. Edwin M. Haffner, Mrs. Charles C, Jr. Hagen, Mrs. Daise Hagen, Fred J. Hagens, Dr. Garrett J. Hagner, Fred L. Haight, George I. Hair, T. R. Hajieek, Rudolph F. Haldeman, Walter S. Hale, Mrs. Samuel Hales, William M. Hall, Edward B. Hall, Mrs. J. B. Hallmann, August F. Hallmann, Herman F. Halperin, Aaron Hamill, Mrs. Ernest A. Hamm, Fred B. Hammerschmidt, Mrs. George F. Hammond, Thomas S. Hand, George W. Hanley, Henry L. Hann, J. Roberts Hansen, Mrs. Carl Hansen, Jacob W. Harder, John H. Hardie, George F. Hardin, John H. Harding, John Cowden Harding, Richard T. Hardinge, Franklin Harms, Van Deursen Harper, Alfred C. Harris, Mrs. Abraham Harris, David J. Harris, Gordon L. Harris, Hayden B. Hart, Mrs. Herbert L. Hart, Max A. Hart, William M. Hartmann, A. 0. Hartshorn, Kenneth L. Hartwig, Otto J. Hartz, W. Homer Harvey, Byron, III Harvey, Richard M. Harwood, Thomas W. Haskell, Mrs. George E. Haskins, Raymond G. Hass, G. C. Hay, Mrs. William Sherman Hayes, Charles M. Hayes, Harold C. Hayes, Miss Mary E. Haynie, Miss Rachel W. Hays, Mrs. Arthur A. Hayslett, Arthur J. Hazlett, Dr. William H. Hazlett, Mrs. William H. Healy, Vincent Jerrems Heaney, Dr. N. Sproat Heaton, Harry E. Heaton, Herman C. Heck, John Hedberg, Henry E. Heffernan, Miss Lily Heide, John H., Jr. Heiman, Marcus Heine, Mrs. Albert Heinzelman, Karl Heinzen, Mrs. Carl Heisler, Francis Hejna, Joseph F. Heldmaier, Miss Marie Helfrich, J. Howard Heller, Albert Heller, John A. Heller, Mrs. Walter E. Hellman, George A. Hellyer, Walter Hemple, Miss Anne C. Henderson, Thomas B. G. Henkel, Frederick W. Henley, Dr. Eugene H. Hennings, Mrs. Abraham J. Henry, Huntington B. Henry, Otto Henschel, Edmund C. Henshaw, Mrs. Raymond S. Herrick, Charles E. Herrick, Miss Louise Herron, James C. Herron, Mrs. Ollie L. Hershey, J. Clarence Hertz, Mrs. Fred Hertzberg, Lawrence Herwig, George Herwig, William D., Jr. Herz, Mrs. Alfred Heun, Arthur Heverly, Earl L. Hibbard, Mrs. Angus S. Hibbard, Mrs. W. G. Higgins, John Higinbotham, Harlow D. Higley, Mrs. Charles W. Hildebrand, Eugene, Jr. Hildebrand, Grant M. Hill, Mrs. E. M. Hill, Mrs. Russell D. Hill, William C. Hill, William E. Hille, Dr. Hermann Hillebrecht, Herbert E. Hills, Edward R. Himrod, Mrs. Frank W. Hind, Mrs. John Dwight Hinkle, Ross O. Hinman, Mrs. Estelle S. Hinrichs, Henry, Jr. Hinsberg, Stanley K. Hirsch, Jacob H. Histed, J. Roland Hixon, Mrs. Frank P. Hodgkinson, Mrs. W. R. Hoffmann, Edward Hempstead Hogan, Robert E. Hoier, William V. Holabird, W. S., Jr. Holden, Edward A. Holland, Dr. William E. Holliday, W. J. Hollingsworth, R. G. Hollis, Henry L. Hollister, Francis H. Holmburger, Max Holmes, George J. Holmes, Miss Harriet F. Holmes, J. A. Holmes, Mrs. Maud G. Holmes, William Holmes, William N. Holt, Miss Ellen Holub, Anthony S. Homan, Miss Blossom L. Honsik, Mrs. James M. Hoover, Mrs. Fred W. Hoover, H. Earl Hoover, Ray P. Hope, Alfred S. Hopkins, Mrs. James M. Hopkins, Mrs. James M., Jr. Horcher, William W. Home, Mrs. William Dodge, Jr. Horner, Dr. David A. Horner, Mrs. Maurice L., Jr. Hornung, Joseph J. Horst, Curt A. Horton, George T. Horton, Hiram T. Horton, Horace B. Horween, Arnold Hosbein, Louis H. Hottinger, Adolph Howard, Willis G. Howe, Clinton W. Howe, Mrs. Pierce Lyman Howe, Ralph B. Howe, Warren D. Howe, William G. Howell, Albert S. 112 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Howell, William Howes, Mrs. Frank W. Howie, Mrs. James E. Howse, Richard G. Hoyne, Miss Susan D. Hoyne, Thomas Temple Hoyt, Mrs. Phelps B. Hraback, L. W. Hubbard, George W. Huber, Dr. Harry Lee Hudson, Miss Katherine J. Hudson, Walter L. Huey, Mrs. A. S. Hufty, Mrs. F. P. Huggins, Dr. Ben H. Hughes, John E. Hughes, John W. Hulbert, Mrs. Milan H. Hume, John T. Humphrey, H. K. Huncke, Herbert S. Huncke, Oswald W. Hunding, B. N. Hurd, Ferris E. Hurley, Edward N., Jr. Huska, Mrs. Joseph Hust, George Huston, Ward T. Huszagh, R. LeRoy Huszagh, Ralph D. Hutchinson, Foye P. Hutchinson, Samuel S. Hyatt, R. C. Ickes, Raymond Idelman, Bernard Ilg, Robert A. Illich, George M., Jr. Ingalls, Allin K. Inlander, Samuel Irons, Dr. Ernest E. Isaacs, Charles W., Jr. Isham, Henry P. Ives, Clifford E. Jackson, Allan Jackson, Archer L. Jackson, Mrs. Arthur S. Jackson, Miss Laura E. Jackson, Mrs. W. A. Jacobi, Miss Emily C. Jacobs, Hyman A. Jacobs, Julius Jacobs, Walter H. Jacobs, Whipple Jacobson, Raphael Jaffray, Mrs. David S. James, Walter C. Jameson, Clarence W. Janson, Dr. C. Helge M. Janusch, Fred W. Jarchow, Mrs. C. E. Jarchow, Charles C. Jeffreys, Mrs. Mary M. Jeffries, Dr. Daniel W. Jeffries, F. L. Jenkins, David F. D. Jenkins, Mrs. John E. Jenkinson, Mrs. Arthur Gilbert Jennings, Ode D. Jennings, Mrs. Rosa V. Jerger, Wilbur Joseph Jetzinger, David Jirka, Dr. Frank J. Jirka, Dr. Robert H. John, Dr. Findley D. Johnson, Dr. Adelaide Johnson, Alvin O. Johnson, Arthur L. Johnson, Mrs. Harley Alden Johnson, Joseph M. Johnson, Nels E. Johnson, Mrs. O. W. Johnson, Olaf B. Johnson, Philip C. Johnston, Arthur C. Johnston, Edward R. Johnston, Mrs. Hubert McBean Johnston, Mrs. M. L. Jones, Albert G. Jones, Mrs. C. A. Jones, James B. Jones, Dr. Margaret M. Jones, Melvin Jones, Miss Susan E. Joseph, Mrs. Jacob G. Joseph, Louis L. Joy, Guy A. Joyce, Joseph Judson, Clay Juergens, H. Paul Julien, Victor R. Junkunc, Stephen Kaercher, A. W. Kahn, J. Kesner Kahn, Jerome J. Kahn, Louis Kaine, James B. Kamins, Dr. Maclyn M. Kane, Jerome M. Kanter, Jerome J. Kaplan, Nathan D. Karcher, Mrs. Leonard D. Karpen, Michael Kasch, Frederick M. Katz, Mrs. Sidney L. Katz, Solomon Katzenstein, Mrs. George P. Katzin, Frank Kauffman, Mrs. R. K. Kauffmann, Alfred Kaufmann, Dr. Gustav L. Kavanagh, Clarence H. Kay, Mrs. Marie E. Keefe, Mrs. George I. Keehn, George W. Keeney, Albert F. Kehl, Robert Joseph Keith, Stanley Keith, Mrs. Stanley Kelker, Rudolph F., Jr. Kellogg, John L. Kelly, Edward T. Kelly, Mrs. Haven Core Kelly, Miss Katherine Marjorie Kelly, William J. Kemper, Hathaway G. Kemper, Miss Hilda M. Kempner, Harry B. Kempner, Stan Kendall, Mrs. Virginia H. Kendrick, John F. Kennedy, Mrs. E. J. Kennedy, Lesley Kennelly, Martin H. Kenney, Clarence B. Kent, Dr. O. B. Keogh, Gordon E. Kern, Mrs. August Kern, H. A. Kern, Trude Kerwin, Edward M. Kesner, Jacob L. Kestnbaum, Meyer Kettering, Mrs. Eugene W. Kiessling, Mrs. Charles S. Kile, Miss Jessie J. Kimball, William W. Kimbark, John R. King, Clinton B. King, Joseph H. Kingman, Mrs. Arthur G. Kinsey, Frank Kinsey, Robert S. Kintzel, Richard Kirkland, Mrs. Weymouth Kitchell, Howell W. Kittredge, R. J. Kitzelman, Otto Klein, Henry A. Klein, Mrs. Samuel Kleinpell, Dr. Henry H. Kleist, Mrs. Harry Kleppinger, William H. Kleutgen, Dr. Arthur C. Kline, Sol -113 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Klinetop, Mrs. Charles W. Knickerbocker, Miss Paula Knopf, Andrew J. Knott, Mrs. Stephen R. Knox, Harry S. Knutson, George H. Koch, Mrs. Fred J. Koch, Raymond J. Kochs, August Kochs, Mrs. Robert T. Kohl, Mrs. Caroline L. Kohler, Eric L. Kohlsaat, Edward C. Komiss, David S. Konsberg, Alvin V. Kopf, Miss Isabel Koppenaal, Dr. Eliza- beth Thompson Kosobud, William F. Kotal, John A. Kotin, George N. Koucky, Dr. J. D. Kovac, Stefan Kraber, Mrs. Fredericka Kraft, C. H. Kraft, James L. Kraft, John H. Kraft, Norman Kralovec, Emil G. Kralovec, Mrs. Otto J. Kramer, Leroy Kraus, Peter J. Kraus, Samuel B. Kreidler, D. C. Kresl, Carl Kretschmer, Dr. Herman L. Kretschmer, Herman L., Jr. Kropff, C. G. Krost, Dr. Gerard N. Krutckoff, Charles Kuehn, A. L. Kuh, Mrs. Edwin J., Jr. Kuhl, Harry J. Kuhn, Frederick T. Kuhn, Dr. Hedwig S. Kunka, Bernard J. Kunstadter, Albert Kunstadter, Sigmund W. Kurfess, John Fredric Kurtzon, Morris Lacey, Miss Edith M. LaChance, Mrs. Leander H. Laflin, Mrs. Louis E. Laflin, Louis E., Jr. Lambert, C. A. Lampert, Wilson W. Lanahan, Mrs. M. J. Landry, Alvar A. Lane, F. Howard Lane, Ray E. Lane, Wallace R. Lang, Edward J. Lange, Mrs. August Langenbach.Mrs.AliceR. Langhorne, George Tayloe Langworthy, Benjamin Franklin Lanman, E. B. Lansinger, Mrs. John M. Larimer, Howard S. Larsen, Samuel A. Larson, Mrs. Sarah Lashley, Mrs. Karl S. Lasker, Albert D. Lassers, Sanford Lau, Max Lauren, Newton B. Lauter, Mrs. Vera Lautmann, Herbert M. Lavezzorio, Mrs. J. B. Lavidge, Arthur W. Law, Mrs. Robert O. Lawless, Dr. Theodore K. Lawson, David A. Lax, John Franklin Layden, Michael J. Laylander, O. J. Lazear, George C. Leahy, James F. Leahy, Thomas F. Leavell, James R. Leavens, Theodore Leavitt, Mrs. Wellington LeBaron, Miss Edna Lebold, Foreman N. Lebold, Samuel N. Lebolt, John Michael Lederer, Dr. Francis L. Lee, David Arthur Lee, Mrs. John H. S. Lefens, Miss Katherine J. Lefens, Walter C. Leichenko, Peter M. Leight, Mrs. Albert E. Leland, Miss Alice J. Leland, Mrs. Roscoe G. LeMoon, A. R. Lennon, George W. Lenz, J. Mayo Leonard, Arthur G. Leonard, Arthur T. Leslie, Dr. Eleanor I. Leslie, John Woodworth LeTourneau, Mrs. Robert Letts, Mrs. Frank C. Leverone, Louis E. Levinson, Mrs. Salmon 0. Levis, Mrs. Albert Cotter Levitan, Benjamin Levitetz, Nathan Levy, Alexander M. Levy, Arthur G. Lewis, Mrs. Ellis R. Lewy, Dr. Alfred L'Hommedieu, Arthur Liebman, A. J. Ligman, Rev. Thaddeus Lillie, Frank R. Lindahl, Mrs. Edward J. Linden, John A. Lindheimer, B. F. Lingle, Bowman C. Lipman, Robert R. Liss, Samuel Little, Mrs. E. H. Littler, Harry E., Jr. Livingston, Julian M. Livingston, Mrs. Milton L. Llewellyn, Paul Lloyd, William Bross Lobdell, Mrs. Edwin L. Lochman, Philip Lockwood, W. S. Loeb, Mrs. A. H. Loeb, Hamilton M. Loeb, Leo A. Loewenberg, Israel S. Loewenberg, M. L. Loewenherz, Emanuel Loewenstein, Sidney Loewenthal, Richard J. Logan, L. B. Long, William E. Lord, Arthur R. Lord, John S. Lord, Mrs. Russell Loucks, Charles O. Louer, Albert E. M. Louis, Mrs. John J. Love, Chase W. Lovell, William H. Lovgren, Carl Lucey, Patrick J. Ludington, Nelson J. Ludolph, Wilbur M. Lueder, Arthur C. Lufkin, Wallace W. Luria, Herbert A. Lurie, H. J. Lusk, R. R. Lustgarten, Samuel Lyford, Harry B. Lynch, William Joseph Lyon, Charles H. Maass, J. Edward MacDonald, E. K. -114- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Macfarland, Mrs. Henry J. Mackey, Frank J. Mackinson, Dr. John C. MacLeish, Mrs. Andrew MacLellan, K. F. MacMurray, Mrs. Donald Madlener, Mrs. Albert F., Jr. Madlener, Otto Magan, Miss Jane A. Magerstadt, Madeline Magill, John R. Magnus, Albert, Jr. Magnuson, Mrs. Paul Maher, Mrs. D. W. Main, Walter D. Maling, Albert Malone, William H. Manaster, Harry Mandel, Mrs. Aaron W. Mandel, Edwin F. Mandel, Mrs. Emanuel Mandel, Miss Florence Mandel, Mrs. Robert Manegold, Mrs. Frank W. Manierre, Francis E. Manierre, Louis Manley, John A. Mann, Albert C. Mann, John P. Manning, Miss Cordelia Ann Mark, Mrs. Cyrus Marks, Arnold K. Marquart, Arthur A. Marsh, A. Fletcher Marsh, John McWilliams, II Marsh, Mrs. John P. Marsh, Mrs. Marshall S. Marston, Mrs. Thomas B. Martin, Mrs. Franklin H. Martin, Mrs. George B. Martin, George F. Martin, Samuel H. Martin, W. B. Martin, Wells Martin, Mrs. William P. Marwick, Maurice Marx, Frederick Z. Marzluff, Frank W. Marzola, Leo A. Mason, Willard J. Massee, B. A. Massena, Roy Massey, Peter J. Masterson, Peter Mathesius, Mrs. Walther Matson, J. Edward Matter, Mrs. John Maurer, Dr. Siegfried Maxant, Basil Maxwell, Lloyd R. Mayer, Frank D. Mayer, Mrs. Herbert G. Mayer, Herman J., Jr. Mayer, Isaac H. Mayer, Oscar F. Mayer, Oscar G. Mayer, Theodore S. McAllister, Sydney G. McAloon, Owen J. McArthur, Billings M. McAuley, John E. McBirney, Mrs. Hugh J. McCahey, James B. McCarthy, Edmond J. McCarthy, Joseph W. McCausland, Mrs. Clara L. McClun, John M. McCord, Downer McCormack, Professor Harry McCormick, Mrs. Alexander A. McCormick, Mrs. Chauncey McCormick, Fowler McCormick, Howard H. McCormick, Leander J. McCormick, Robert H., Jr. McCoy, Herbert N. McCrea, Mrs. W. S. McCready, Mrs. E. W. McCreight, Louis Ralph McDonald, E. F., Jr. McDonald, Lewis McDougal, Mrs. JamesB. McDougal, Mrs. Robert McDougall, Mrs. Arthur R. McErlean, Charles V. McGraw, Max McGuinn, Edward B. McGurn, Mathew S. Mclnerney, John L. Mcintosh, Arthur T. Mcintosh, Mrs. Walter G. McKenna, Dr. Charles H. McKinney, Mrs. Hayes McMenemy, Logan T. McMillan, James G. McMillan, John McMillan, W. B. McMillan, William M. McNamara, Louis G. McNamee, Peter F. McNulty, Joseph D. McQuarrie, Mrs. Fannie McVoy, John M. Mead, Dr. Henry C. A. Medsker, Dr. Ora L. Melcher, George Clinch Melendy, Dr. R. A. Melnick, Leopold B. Merrell, John H. Merriam, Miss Eleanor Merrill, William W. Metz, Dr. A. R. Meyer, Mrs. A. H. Meyer, Abraham W. Meyer, Charles Z. Meyer, Sam R. Meyers, Erwin A. Meyers, Jonas Michaels, Everett B. Michel, Dr. William J. Midowicz, C. E. Milburn, Miss Anne L. Milhening, Frank Miller, Miss Bertie E. Miller, Mrs. Clayton W. Miller, Mrs. Donald J. Miller, Mrs. F. H. Miller, Hyman Miller, John S. Miller, Mrs. Olive Beaupre Miller, Oscar C. Miller, Mrs. Phillip Miller, R. T. Miller, Walter E. Miller, William S. Mills, Allen G. Miner, Dr. Carl S. Miner, H. J. Minturn, Benjamin E. Mitchell, George F. Mitchell, John J. Mitchell, Leeds Mitchell, Oliver Mix, Dr. B. J. Mock, Dr. Harry Edgar Moderwell, Charles M. Moeling, Mrs. Walter G. Moeller, George Moeller, Rev. Herman H. Moist, Mrs. Samuel E. Mojonnier, Timothy Mollan, Mrs. Feme T. Molloy, David J. Monheimer, Henry I. Monroe, William S. Montgomery, Dr. Albert H. Moore, C. B. Moore, Paul Moore, Philip Wyatt Moos, Joseph B. Moran, Brian T. Moran, Miss Margaret -115 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Morey, Charles W. Morf, F. William Morgan, Alden K. Morris, Mrs. Seymour Morrison, Mrs. C. R. Morrison, Mrs. Harry Morrison, James C. Morrison, Matthew A. Morrisson, James W. Morse, Mrs. Charles J. Morse, Leland R. Morse, Mrs. Milton Morse, Robert H. Morton, Sterling Morton, William Morris Moses, Howard A. Moss, Jerome A. Mouat, Andrew J. Mowry, Louis C. Moyer, Mrs. Paul S. Mudge, Mrs. John B. Muehlstein, Mrs. Charles Mueller, Austin M. Mueller, Miss Hedwig H. Mueller, J. Herbert Mueller, Paul H. Mulford, Miss Melinda Jane Mulhern, Edward F. Mulholand, William H. Mulligan, George F. Munroe, Moray Murphy, Mrs. Helen C. Murphy, Joseph D. Murphy, Robert E. Musselman.Dr.GeorgeH. Muszynski, John J. Naber, Henry G. Nadler, Dr. Walter H. Naess, Sigurd E. Nahigian, Sarkis H. Nance, Willis D. Nast, Mrs. A. D. Nathan, Claude Naumann, Miss Susan Nebel, Herman C. Neely, Mrs. Lloyd F. Nehls, Arthur L. Neilson, Mrs. Francis Nellegar, Mrs. Jay C. Nelson, Arthur W. Nelson, Charles G. Nelson, Donald M. Nelson, N. J. Nelson, Victor W. Netcher, Mrs. Charles Neu, Clarence L. Neuffer, Paul A. Neuman, Sidney Neumann, Arthur E. Newhall, R. Frank Newhouse, Karl H. Newman, Mrs. Albert A. Newman, Charles H. Nichols, Mrs. George R. Nichols, Mrs. George R., Jr. Nichols, J. C. Nichols, S. F. Nicholson, Thomas G. Nilsson, Mrs. Goodwin M. Nishkian, Mrs. Vaughn G. Nitze, Mrs. William A. Noble, Samuel R. Nollau, Miss Emma Noonan, Edward J. Norcott, Mrs. Ernest J. Norman, Harold W. Norris, Mrs. Lester Norton, R. H. Novak, Charles J. Noyes, A. H. Noyes, Allan S. Noyes, David A. Noyes, Mrs. May Wells Nufer, Eugene Nusbaum, Mrs. Hermien D. Nyman, Dr. John Egbert Oates, James F. Oberf elder, Herbert M. Oberfelder, Walter S. Obermaier, John A. O'Brien, Frank J. O'Brien, Miss Janet O'Connell, Edmund Daniel Odell, William R. Odell, William R., Jr. Off, Mrs. Clifford Offield, James R. Oglesbee, Nathan H. O'Keefe, Mrs. Dennis D. O'Keeffe, William F. Olcott, Mrs. Henry C. Oldberg, Dr. Eric Oldefest, Edward G. Oleson, Wrisley B. O'Leary, John W. Oliver, Mrs. Paul Olsen, Miss Agnes J. Olsen, Mrs. Arthur O. Olson, Gustaf Olson, Rudolph J. Ooms, Casper William Oppenheimer, Alfred Oppenheimer, Mrs. Harry D. Orndoff, Dr. Benjamin H. O'Rourke, Albert Orr, Mrs. Robert C. Orr, Thomas C. Orthal, A. J. Ortmayer, Dr. Marie Osborn, Mrs. Gertrude L. Osborn, Theodore L. Osgood, Mrs. Cornelius Ostrom, Mrs. James Augustus Otis, J. Sanford Otis, Joseph E. Otis, Joseph Edward, Jr. Otis, Ralph C. Otis, Stuart Huntington Owings, Mrs. Nathaniel A. Paasche, Jens A. Packard, Dr. Rollo K. Paepcke, Walter P. Palmgren, Mrs. Charles A. Pam, Miss Carrie Pardee, Harvey Pardridge, Albert J. Pardridge, Mrs. E. W. Park, R. E. Parker, Frank B. Parker, Dr. Gaston C. Parker, Norman S. Parker, Troy L. Parks, C. R. Parmelee, Dr. A. H. Partridge, Lloyd C. Paschen, Mrs. Henry Pashkow, A. D. Patterson, Grier D. Patterson, Mrs. L. B. Patterson, Mrs. Wallace Pauling, Edward G. Peabody, Mrs. Francis S. Peabody, Howard B. Peabody, Miss Susan W. Peacock, Robert E. Peacock, Walter C. Pearl, Allen S. Pearse, Langdon Pearson, F. W. Pearson, George Albert, Jr. Peck, Dr. David B. Peel, Richard H. Peet, Mrs. Belle G. Peirce, Albert E. Pelley, John J. PenDell, Charles W. Percy, Dr. Mortimer Nelson Perkins, A. T. Perkins, Mrs. Herbert F. Perry, Dr. Ethel B. 116- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Perry, Mrs. I. Newton Peter, William F. Peters, Harry A. Petersen, Jurgen Petersen, Dr. William F. Peterson, Albert Peterson, Alexander B. Peterson, Arthur J. Peterson, Axel A. Peterson, Mrs. Bertha I. Peterson, Mrs. Richard E. Pfaelzer, Miss Elizabeth W. Pflaum, A. J. Pflock, Dr. John J. Phelps, Mason Phelps, Mrs. W. L. Phemister, Dr. Dallas B. Phillips, Dr. Herbert Morrow Phillips, Mervyn C. Pick, Albert, Jr. Pick, Frederic G. Pierce, J. Norman Pierce, Paul, Jr. Pierson, Joseph B. Pink, Mrs. Ira M. Pirie, Mrs. John T. Pitcher, Mrs. Henry L. Pitzner, Alwin Frederick Plapp, Miss Doris A. Piatt, Edward Vilas Piatt, Mrs. Robert S. Plummer, Comer Plunkett, William H. Pobloske, Albert C. Podell, Mrs. Beatrice Hayes Pohn, Jacob S. Polk, Mrs. Stella F. Pollak, Charles A. Pomeroy, Mrs. Frank W. Pool, Marvin B. Poole, Mrs. Frederick Arthur Poole, George A. Poole, Mrs. Ralph H. Poor, Fred A. Pope, Henry Pope, Herbert Poppenhagen, Henry J. Porter, Charles H. Porter, Edward C. Porter, Mrs. Frank S. Porter, Henry H. Porter, Louis Porter, Mrs. Sidney S. Porterfield, Mrs. John F. Portis, Dr. Sidney A. Post, Frederick, Jr. Post, Mrs. Philip Sidney Pottenger, William A. Pottenger, Miss Zipporah Herrick Poulson, Mrs. Clara L. Pratt, Mrs. William E. Prentice, John K. Price, John McC. Primley, Walter S. Prince, Harry Prince, Rev. Herbert W. Prince, Leonard M. Proxmire, Dr. Theodore Stanley Prussing, Mrs. R. E. Pucci, Lawrence Puckey, F. W. Pulver, Hugo Purcell, Joseph D. Purcey, Victor W. Purdy, Sparrow E. Putnam, Miss Mabel C. Puttkammer, E. W. Pyterek, Rev. Peter H. Quick, Miss Hattiemae Quigley, William J. Raber, Franklin Racheff, Ivan Radau, Hugo Radford, Mrs. W. A., Jr. Radniecki, Rev. Stanley Raff, Mrs. Arthur Raftree, Miss Julia M. Railton, Miss Frances Ramis, Leon Lipman Randall, Rev. Edwin J. Randall, Irving Raney, Mrs. R. J. Rankin, Miss Jessie H. Rassweiler, August Ravenscroft, Edward H. Raymond, Mrs. Howard D. Razim, A. J. Reach, Benjamin F. Reach, William Redfield, William M. Redington, F. B. Redmond, Forrest H. Reed, Mrs. Frank D. Reed, Mrs. Lila H. Reed, Norris H. Reed, Mrs. Philip L. Reeve, Mrs. Earl Reffelt, Miss F. A. Regan, Mrs. Robert G. Regenstein, Joseph Regensteiner, Theodore Regnery, William H. Reich, Miss Annie Reichmann, Alexander F. Reid, Mrs. Bryan Reingold, J. J. Remy, Mrs. William Renshaw, Mrs. Charles ReQua, Haven A. Rew, Mrs. Irwin Reynolds, Harold F. Reynolds, Mrs. J. J. Rice, Arthur L. Rice, Mrs. Charles R. Rice, Laurence A. Rich, Elmer Rich, Harry Richards, Mrs. Bartlett Richards, J. DeForest Richards, James Donald Richards, Marcus D. Richardson, George A. Richardson, Guy A. Richter, Mrs. Adelyn W. Rickcords, Francis S. Ridgeway, Ernest Riemenschneider, Mrs. Julius H. Rieser, Leonard M. Rietz, Elmer W. Rietz, Walter H. Ripstra, J. Henri Ritchie, Mrs. John Rittenhouse, Charles J. Roberts, Mrs. John Roberts, John M. Roberts, Dr. S. M. Roberts, Shepherd M. Roberts, Mrs. Warren R. Roberts, William Munsell Robertson, Hugh Robinson, Theodore W., Jr. Robson, Miss Sarah C. Roche, Miss Emily Roderick, Solomon P. Rodgers, Dr. David C. Rodman, Thomas Clifford Roehling, Mrs. Otto G. Roehm, George R. Roesch, Frank P. Rogers, Miss Annie T. Rogers, Mrs. Bernard F. Rogers, Edward S. Rogers, Joseph E. Rogerson, Everett E. Rolfes, Gerald A. Rolnick, Dr. Harry C. Romer, Miss Dagmar E. Root, John W. Rosborough, Dr. Paul A. Rosen, M. R. Rosenbaum, Mrs. Edwin S. 117 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Rosenfeld, M. J. Rosenfeld, Mrs. Maurice Rosenfield, Mrs. Morris S. Rosenthal, Kurt Rosenthal, Lessing Rosenthal, Samuel R. Rosenwald, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Richard M. Ross, Robert C. Ross, Mrs. Robert E. Ross, Thompson Ross, Walter S. Roth, Aaron Roth, Mrs. Margit Hochsinger Rothacker, Watterson R. Rothschild, George William Routh, George E., Jr. Rozelle, Mrs. Emma Rubens, Mrs. Charles Rubloff, Arthur Rubovits, Theodore Ruckelhausen, Mrs. Henry Rueckheim, Miss Lillian Ruettinger, John W. Runnells, Mrs. Clive Rushton, Joseph A. Russell, Dr. Joseph W. Russell, Paul S. Rutledge, George E. Ryan, Mrs. William A. Ryerson, Joseph T. Sackley, Mrs. James A. Sage, W. Otis Salisbury, Mrs. Warren M. Salmon, Mrs. E. D. Sammons, Wheeler Sample, John Glen Sandidge, Miss Daisy Sands, Mrs. Frances B. Santini, Mrs. Randolph Sardeson, Orville A. Sargent, Chester F. Sargent, John R. W. Sargent, Ralph Sauter, Fred J. Sawyer, Ainslie Y. Sawyer, Dr. Alvah L. Schacht, John H. Schafer, O. J. Schaffner, Mrs. Joseph Schaffner, Robert C. Scharin, Mrs. J. Hippach Scheidenhelm, Edward L. Scheinman, Jesse D. Schermerhorn, W. I. Schlichting, Justus L. Schmidt, Dr. Charles L. Schmidt, Mrs. Minna Schmitz, Dr. Henry Schneider, D. G. Schneider, F. P. Schnering, Otto Y. Schnur, Ruth A. Scholl, Dr. William M. Schram, Harry S. Schreiner, Sigurd Schroeder, Dr. George H. Schroeder, Dr. Mary G. Schueren, Arnold C. Schukraft, William Schulze, Mrs. Mathilde Schupp, Philip C. Schurig, Robert Roy Schuyler, Mrs. Daniel J., Jr. Schwander, J. J. Schwanke, Arthur Schwartz, Charles K. Schwartz, Charles P. Schwartz, Dr. Otto Schwarz, Herbert E. Schwarzhaupt, Emil Sclanders, Mrs. Alexander Scott, Miss Maud E. Scott, Robert L. Scribner, Gilbert Scully, Mrs. D. B. Sears, Miss Dorothy Sears, J. Alden Sears, Richard W., Jr. Seaton, G. Leland Seaverns, Louis C. Sedgwick, C. Galen See, Dr. Agnes Chester Seeberger, Miss Dora A. Seeburg, Justus P. Seifert, Mrs. Walter J. Seip, Emil G. Seipp, Clarence T. Seipp, Edwin A. Seipp, Edwin A., Jr. Seipp, William C. Sello, George W. Sencenbaugh, Mrs. C. W. Seng, Frank J. Seng, V. J. Senne, John A. Shaffer, Carroll Shambaugh.Dr.GeorgeE. Shanahan, Mrs. David E. Shanesy, Ralph D. Shannon, Angus Roy Shapiro, Meyer Sharpe, N. M. Shaw, Alfred P. Shaw, Mrs. Arch W. Sheldon, James M. Shelton, Dr. W. Eugene Shepherd, Mrs. Edith P. Sherman, Mrs. Francis C, Sr. Sherman, Mrs. W. W. Shields, James Culver Shillestad, John N. Shire, Moses E. Shoan, Nels Shorey, Clyde E. Short, J. R. Short, Miss Shirley Jane Shoup, A. D. Shumway, Mrs. Edward DeWitt Sidley, William P. Siebel, Mrs. Ewald H. Sieck, Herbert Sigman, Leon Silander, A. I. Silberman, Charles Silberman, David B. Silberman, Hubert S. Sills, Clarence W. Silverthorne, George M. Simond, Robert E. Simonds, Dr. James P. Simpson, John M. Sinclair, Dr. J. Frank Singer, Mrs. Mortimer H. Sinsheimer, Allen Sisskind, Louis Sitzer, Dr. L. Grace Powell Skleba, Dr. Leonard F. Skooglund, David Sleeper, Mrs. Olive C. Smith, Charles Herbert Smith, Clinton F. Smith, Mrs. E. A. Smith, Mrs. Emery J. Smith, Mrs. Frank S. Smith, Franklin P. Smith, Harold Byron Smith, Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Smith, Jens Smith, Mrs. Katharine Walker Smith, Mrs. Kinney Smith, Miss Marion D. Smith, Paul C. Smith, Samuel K. Smith, Mrs. Theodore White Smith, Walter Byron Smith, Mrs. William A. Smith, Z. Erol Smuk, Dr. J. E. Smullan, Alexander Snow, Fred A. Snyder, Harry -118- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Socrates, Nicholas A. Solem, Dr. George O. Sonnenschein, Hugo Soper, Henry M. Soper, James P., Jr. Sopkin, Mrs. Setia H. Soravia, Joseph Sorensen, James Speer, Robert J. Spencer, Mrs. Egbert H. Spencer, Mrs. William M. Sperry, Mrs. Leonard M. Spertus, Herman Spiegel, Mrs. Arthur H. Spiegel, Mrs. Frederick W. Spitz, Joel Spitz, Leo Spohn, John F. Spooner, Charles W. Spoor, Mrs. John A. Sprague, Dr. John P. Spray, Cranston Squires, John G. Staack, Otto C. Stacey, Mrs. Thomas I. Staley, Miss Mary B. Stanley, Sinclair G. Stanton, Henry T. Starbird, Miss Myrtle I. Starrels, Joel Stearns, Mrs. Richard I. Stebbins, Fred J. Steele, W. D. Steffey, David R. Stein, Benjamin F. Stein, Dr. Irving Stein, L. Montefiore Stein, Sydney, Jr. Steinberg, Dr. Milton Stenson, Frank R. Stephan, Mrs. John Sterba, Dr. Joseph V. Sterling, Joseph Stern, Alfred Whital Stern, David B. Stern, Felix Stern, Gardner H. Stern, Oscar D. Stevens, Delmar A. Stevens, Edward J. Stevens, Elmer T. Stevens, Harold L. Stevens, Mrs. James W. Stevenson, Engval Stewart, Miss Eglantine Daisy Stewart, Miss Mercedes Graeme Stirling, Miss Dorothy Stockton, Eugene M. Stoll, John O. Stone, Mrs. Jacob S. Stone, Mrs. Theodore Straus, Henry H. Straus, Martin L. Straus, Melvin L. Strauss, Dr. Alfred A. Strauss, Ivan Strauss, John L. Straw, Mrs. H. Foster Street, Mrs. Charles A. Strickfaden, Miss Alma E. Stromberg, Charles J. Strong, Edmund H. Strong, Mrs. Walter A. Strotz, Harold C. Stulik, Dr. Charles Sullivan, John J. Sulzberger, Frank L. Summer, Mrs. Edward Sundin, Ernest G. Sutcliffe, Mrs. Gary Sutherland, William Sutton, Harold I. Swan, Oscar H. Swanson, Joseph E. Swartchild, Edward G. Swartchild, William G. Swenson, S. P. O. Swett, Robert Wheeler Swift, Mrs. Alden B. Swift, Edward F., Jr. Swigart, John D. Sykes, Aubrey L. Sykes, Mrs. Wilfred Taft, Mrs. Oren E. Tatge, Mrs. Gustavus J. Taylor, Frank F. Taylor, George Halleck Taylor, Herbert J. Taylor, J. H. Taylor, James L. Taylor, L. S. Taylor, William G. Templeton, Stuart J. Templeton, Walter L. Templeton, Mrs. William Terry, Foss Bell Teter, Lucius Thatcher, Everett A. Theobald, Dr. John J. Thomas, Emmet A. Thomas, Mrs. Florence T. Thomas, Frank W. Thomas, Dr. William A. Thompson, Arthur H. Thompson, Edward F. Thompson, Floyd E. Thompson, Fred L. Thompson, Dr. George F. Thompson, John E. Thompson, Mrs. John R. Thompson, John R., Jr. Thorne, Hallett W. Thorne, James W. Thornton, Dr. Francis E. Thorp, Harry W. Thresher, C. J. Thulin, F. A. Tibbetts, Mrs. N. L. Tilden, Averill Tilden, Louis Edward Tilt, Charles A. Tobey, William Robert Tobias, Clayton H. Todt, Mrs. Edward G. Torbet, A. W. Touchstone, John Henry Towler, Kenneth F. Towne, Mrs. John D. C. Traer, Glenn W. Trask, Arthur C. Traylor, Mrs. Dorothy J. Traylor, Mrs. Melvin A., Jr. Trees, Merle J. Trenkmann, Richard A. Tripp, Chester D. Trombly, Dr. F. F. Trowbridge, Mrs. A. Buel, Jr. Trude, Mrs. Mark W. True, Charles H. Tumpeer, Joseph J. Turck, J. A. V. Turner, Alfred M. Turner, Mrs. Horace E. Tuthill, Mrs. Beulah L. Tuthill, Gray B. Tuttle, Emerson Tuttle, Mrs. Henry N. Tyler, Mrs. Orson K. Ullmann, Herbert S. Upham, Mrs. Frederic W. Utter, Mrs. Arthur J. Vacin, Emil F. Valentine, Joseph L. Valentine, Mrs. May L. Valentine, Patrick A. VanArtsdale, Mrs. Flora D. VanCleef, Felix Van Cleef, Mrs. Noah VanCleef, Paul VanDeventer, Christopher Vanek, John C. VanSchaack, R. H., Jr. VanZwoll, Henry B. Vawter, William A., II Veeder, Miss Jessie 119 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Vehe, Dr. K. L. Vehon, Morris Verson, David C. Vial, Charles H. Vial, F. K. Vickery, Miss Mabel S. Vierling, Mrs. Louis Vogl, Otto VonColditz, Dr. G. Thomsen- vonGlahn, Mrs. August Voorhees, Mrs. Condit Voorhees, H. Belin Voynow, Edward E. Wager, William Wagner, Fritz, Jr. Wahl, Arnold Spencer Wakerlin, Dr. George E. Walgreen, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, James Walker, Mrs. Paul Walker, Samuel J. Walker, William E. Wallace, Walter F. Waller, Mrs. Edward C. Waller, James B., Jr. Wallerich, George W. Wallovick, J. H. Walpole, S. J. Walsh, Miss Mary Walther, Mrs. S. Arthur Wanner, Arthur L. Ward, Edwin J. Ward, Mrs. N. C. Wardwell, H. F. Wares, Mrs. Helen Worth Warfield, Edwin A. Warner, Mrs. John Eliot Warren, Allyn D. Warren, Paul C. Warren, Paul G. Warren, Walter G. Washburne, Clarke Washburne, Hempstead, Jr. Washington, Laurence W. Wassell, Joseph Waterman, Dr. A. H. Watson, William Upton Watts, Harry C. Watzek, J. W., Jr. Waud, E. P. Wayman, Charles A. G. Weaver, Charles A. Weber, Mrs. Will S. Webster, Arthur L. Webster, Miss Helen R. Webster, Henry A. Wedelstaedt, H. A. Wegner, Charles T., Jr. Weil, Mrs. Leon Weil, Martin Weiler, Rudolph Weiner, Charles Weinstein, Dr. M. L. Weinzelbaum, Louis L. Weis, Samuel W. Weisbrod, Benjamin H. Weiss, Mrs. Morton Weiss, Siegfried Weisskopf, Maurice J. Weisskopf, Dr. Max A. Welles, Mrs. Donald P. Welles, Mrs. Edward Kenneth Wells, Arthur H. Wells, Miss Cecilia Wells, Harry L. Wells, John E. Wells, Preston A. Wendell, Barrett Wendell, Miss Josephine A. Wentworth, John Wentworth, Mrs. Sylvia B. Werner, Frank A. Wertheimer, Joseph West, Miss Mary Sylvia West, Thomas H. Westerfeld. Simon Wetten, Albert H. Weymer, Earl M. Whealan, Emmett P. Wheeler, George A. Wheeler, Leo W. Wheeler, Leslie M. Wheeler, Mrs. Robert C. Whinery, Charles C. White, Mrs. James C. White, Joseph J. White, Richard T. White, Sanford B. White, Selden Freeman Whitehouse, Howard D. Whiting, Mrs. Adele H. Whiting, Lawrence H. Whittier, C. C. Widdicombe, Mrs. R. A. Wieland, Charles J. Wieland, Mrs. George C. Wienhoeber, George V. Wilder, Harold, Jr. Wilder, Mrs. John E. Wilder, Mrs. Paul Wilker, Mrs. Milton W. Wilkey, Fred S. Wilkins, George Lester Wilkins, Miss Ruth Wilkinson, Mrs. George L. Wilkinson, John C. Willems, Dr. J. Daniel Willens, Joseph R. Willey, Mrs. Charles B. Williams, Miss Anna P. Williams, J. M. Williams, Kenneth Williamson, George H. Willis, Paul, Jr. Willis, Thomas H. Willner, Benton Jack, Jr. Wills, H. E. Wilms, Hermann P. Wilson, Mrs. E. Crane Wilson, Harry Bertram Wilson, Mrs. John R. Wilson, Miss Lillian M. Wilson, Morris Karl Wilson, Mrs. Robert E. Wilson, William Winans, Frank F. Windsor, H. H., Jr. Winston, Mrs. BertramM. Winston, Hampden Winston, James H. Winter, Irving Witkowsky, Leon Wolf, Mrs. Albert H. Wolf, Walter B. Wood, Mrs. Gertrude D. Wood, Mrs. Hettie R. Wood, John H. Wood, Kay, Jr. Wood, Robert E. Wood, William G. Woodmansee, Fay Woodruff, George Woods, Weightstill Worcester, Mrs. Charles H. Work, Robert Works, George A. Wright, H. C. Wright, Warren Wrigley, Mrs. Charles W. Wupper, Benjamin F. Wyeth, Harry B. Yerkes, Richard W. Yondorf, John David Yondorf, Milton S. Yondorf, Milton S., Jr. Yorkey, Mrs. Margaret Young, B. Botsford Young, E. Frank Young, George W. Young, Hugh E. Zabel, Max W. Zabel, Mrs. Max W. Zapel, Elmer J. -120 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS {Continued) Zerler, Charles F. Ziebarth, Charles A. Zimmerman, Herbert P. Zimmerman, Louis W. Zinke, Otto A. Zork, David Affleck, Benjamin F. Atwater, Walter Hull Barnes, James M. Bauer, Aleck Birkenstein, George Blackman, Nathan L. Brandes, A. G. Brennemann, Dr. Joseph Burkholder, Dr. J. F. Chisholm, George D. Dawes, E. L. Dixon, Alan C. Doerr, William P. EtsHokin, Louis Fay, Miss Agnes M. Fetcher, Edwin S. Deceased, 1944 Flosdorf, Mrs. A. E. Fox, Dr. Philip Gamble, James A. Hale, William B. Hamlin, Paul D. Hoover, Mrs. Frank K. Huff, Thomas D. Hughes, George A. Hunter, Samuel M. Kaspar, Otto Kavanagh, Maurice F. Keene, Mrs. Joseph Kemp, Mrs. E. M. Kersey, Glen B. Krause, John J. Krueger, Leo A. Lindholm, Charles V. Loeb, Jacob M. Loesch, Frank J. Mills, Fred L. Moore, Dr. Beveridge H. Morgan, Mrs. Kendrick E. Parker, Dr. J. William Prahl, Frederick A. Robertson, John P. Rogers, Dr. Cassius C. Rogers, Walter A. Sonneveld, Jacob Stanton, Dr. E. M. Stevenson, Dr. Alexander F. Volicas, Dr. John N. Fig. 28. The pitcher plant is a trap for insects, which drown and are digested in the fluid contained in its urndike leaves. One of a group of models of carnivo- rous plants in a Harris Extension exhibit. . *i C*.«d« .'..i