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REP ORL
DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST

mux DAUR GIBSON, FIRS CG. F.E.S.A.

FOR THE

Two Years 1919 and 1920

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REPORT OF THE DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST

For the Two Years Ending March 31, 1921.

Ortawa, March 31, 1921.
The Honourable,
The Minister of Agriculture,
Ottawa.

Sir,—I have the honour to submit my first report as Dominion Entomo-
logist, covering the work of the officers of the Entomological Branch during the
two fiscal years ending March 31, 1921.

Before discussing the work of the branch during this period, I wish to record
my sincere regret in the death of Charles Gordon Hewitt, who occupied the
position of Dominion Entomologist and Consulting Zoologist from 1909 to 1920.
His death occurred about 11 p.m. on February 29, 1920.

Dr. Hewitt was born near Macclesfield, England, on February 23, 1885.
He received his education in the Macclesfield Grammar school and Manchester
University, which latter institution conferred upon him the degree of Doctor
of Science. In 1909, he left England for Canada, having received the appoint-
ment of Dominion Entomologist. In 1916, his title was changed to that of
Dominion Entomologist and Consulting Zoologist. During his eleven years of
office he developed the Dominion entomological service from a very small
division attached to the Experimental Farms Branch to an important separate
branch of the department. This development is instanced in the establishment
of important divisions at Ottawa, such as the Division of Field Crop and
Garden Insects; the Division of Forest Insects; the Division of Foreign Pests
Suppression, and the Division of Systematic Entomology, all under the immed-
iate direction of highly qualified chiefs. In addition to these divisions of the .
work special officers have been given charge of such lines of study as Natural
Control Investigations, Insecticide Investigations and Stored Product Insect
Investigations. In the various provinces, too, field or regional laboratories have
been established with trained entomologists in charge who study local problems
and disseminate information of value to agriculturists, horticulturists, lumber-
men and others. In 1909, he recognized the importance of legislation to prevent
the introduction or spreading of insect pests and diseases destructive to vegeta-
tion, and as a result Parliament passed the Destructive Insect and Pest Act in
May, 1910. Under the regulations of this Act inspectors were appointed to deal
with the threatened spread of the brown tail moth in the Maritime Provinces,
and provisions were made for the prohibition, fumigation or inspection of
nursery stock at definite ports of entry. In addition to the brown tail moth
scouting work which he developed in co-operation with the provinces of Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick, he also arranged for the collecting in Massachusetts
and establishment in Eastern Canada of thousands of parasitic and predaceous
enemies of the brown tail and gipsy moths.

Dr. Hewitt was keenly interested in medical entomology and accomplished
much useful work on problems relating to the house-fly, mosquitoes, ticks and
other animals which spread disease.

61123—2

6

He was the author of important books and memoirs. His chief published
work is the well-known book on the house-fly, of which there were two editions.
A smaller book on the same subject appeared later as one of the Cambridge
Manuals of Science and Literature. His departmental publications consist of
a series of annual reports (1910-1918) and bulletins, chief among the latter of
which are those on the Honey Bee and the Large Larch Sawfly. Just before
he died he completed an important volume on the Conservation of the Wild
Life of Canada, which has since appeared in book form. The publication in
1919 of the various parts of an important volume on the insects collected by
the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918, was brought about under his
direction.

Dr. Hewitt’s reputation was by no means confined to Canada. In addi-
tion to a wide connection among scientifie workers in England, his outstanding
abilities were soon recognized by entomologists in the United States, where
economic entomology particularly has reached a high development. In the
year 1913, he was honoured by being elected a Fellow of the Entomological
Society of America. In 1915, he was elected President of the American Associa-
tion of Economic Entomologists. In Canada, in 1913, he accepted the Presi-
dency of the Entomological Society of Ontario and in the same year was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In the following year he was
appointed Honorary Treasurer of the latter society which office he held at the
time of his death. He was a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London
(England); a Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London, and
Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, London,
(England). He was a recognized student of wild life preservation and rendered
valued services in the capacity of Secretary of the Advisory Board on Wild Life
Protection. The gold medal of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
was presented to Dr. Hewitt on March 12, 1918, in grateful recognition of
successful efforts in furthering the treaty, between Canada and the United
States, for the protection of migratory birds.

WORK OF THE BRANCH

The work of the branch during the two fiscal years covered by this report
related particularly to the following:—

I. Investigations :—

(a) Insects affecting field and garden crops.

(b) Insects affecting forest and shade trees.

(c) Insects affecting fruit crops.

(d) Insects affecting greenhouse and ornamental plants.
(e) Insects affecting man and domestic animals.

(f) Insecticides.

(q) The natural control of insects.

II. The administration of the regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest
Act, including: —
(a) Inspection and fumigation of foreign nursery stock and other
plant products.
(b) Field work against the brown tail moth in Eastern Canada.
(c) Amendments to Regulations.
III. Maintenance of the National Collection of Insects.

IV. Branch laboratories.

V. Miscellaneous :—
(a) Gopher control by means of chlorine.
(b) Indian orchard work in British Columbia.
(c) Travelling.
(d) Advisory Board on Wild Life Protection.
(e) Publications.
(f) Staff.

I—INVESTIGATIONS.

Important progress has been made in the investigations of insect pests and
their control which have been conducted at Ottawa and at the field laboratories
established in the various provinces, excepting Prince Edward Island:

INSECTS AFFECTING FIELD AND GARDEN CROPS

The work of the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects for the two
years ending March, 1921, was carried on under my immediate direction, in
1919 as Chief of the Division and in 1920 as Dominion Entcmologist. The
insects which occurred in destructive numbers and which occupied the attention
of officers connected with the division are the following:—

UUs

Cutrworms.—These caterpillars were the cause of much damage in various
parts of Canada, particularly in the Prairie Provinces. In the eastern pro-
vinces no very serious outbreaks occurred. In Ontario, the glassy cutworm,
Sidemia devastator Brace, was rather abundant, and in Middlesex county
caused important injury. Near Pond Mills, Ont., an eight-acre field of corn
was entirely destroyed. The field had been in sod for four years. Mr. H. F.
Hudson, in charge of the Strathroy, Ont., laboratory had an opportunity of
demonstrating the value of poisoned bran for surface-feeding cutworms. A
three-acre corn field was severely infested in early June; in fact the owner had
given up all hope of a crop. Two applications of bait, however, at the rate of
20 pounds to the acre, one on June 4, the other on June 7, stopped the outbreak
completely. Unfortunately the species of cutworm was not determined but a
moth reared from material collected in the field has been determined by me as
Euxou personata Morr., a species which has been destructive in Manitoba but
of which we have no economic records from Ontario. The variegated cutworm,
Lycophotia margaritosa Hbn., was complained of from a few localities in
Ontario, chiefly owing to injury to corn and tomatoes. :

In the Prairie Provinces, cutworms were very numerous and it was in these
provinces that the important damage took place. In Manitoba and Saskatche-
wan, according to Mr. N. Criddle, in charge of the Treesbank, Man., laboratory,
who personally investigated many outbreaks, probably half a million acres of
crops were destroyed. In Manitoba the red-backed cutworm, Huxoa ochrogas-
ter Gn., was particularly destructive in oat fields, many of which had to be
resown. In the district of Lumsden, Sask., it was estimated by Mr. Arthur
Anslow, president of the local agricultural society, that fully 2,000 acres of
crops were destroyed. In the province of Alberta, the pale western cutworm,
Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr., was again very prevalent and responsible for the
greatest percentage of the destruction. The chief area of infestation was north
from Taber in the Retlaw-Lomond districts. In this area it was estimated that
25 per cent of the crops were destroyed.

61123—23

8

In addition, important injury was caused by the red-backed cutworm,
particularly in the neighbourhod of High River, Claresholm and Pincher Creek,
Alta. In the district of Blackfalds and Blackie, Alta., the black army cut- -
worm, Agrotis fennica Tausch, was found in association with the red-backed cut-
worm. At the former place injury was effected, particularly to sweet clover
during the latter part of May. Another species of cutworm, hitherto apparently
unrecorded as an economic pest, namely, Huxoa tristicula Morr., also oceurred
in Alberta, particularly in the neighbourhood of Blackie, Lochend, Retlaw and
Stettler. Mr. E. H. Strickland, in charge of the entomologica! laboratory at
Lethbridge, Alta., visited the areas in April and May, but the larve were not
present in sufficient numbers to be considered a serious menace to spring crops
Ile estimated the loss from cutworm outbreaks in Alberta, in 1919, as amount-
ing to from three to five million dollars.

From British Columbia specimens of the dark-sided cutworm, Huxcoa
messoria Harr., were received. The cutworms were destructive in gardens,
particularly in the district of Lillooet. Some of the larve were affected by a
bacterial disease. In this connection it is of interest to record the occurrence
of the fungus Entomophthora megaspermum Cohn,* in British Columbia,
described in 1873, and never reported since. Diseased noctuid larve were
found by Mr. E. R. Buckell, at Keremeos near Penticton. As they were found
hanging from bushes, the larve, apparently, cannot be considered to have been
true cutworms.

GrassHoprers. The worst outbreak of many years occurred in 1919 in
the prairie provinces, the species involved being the roadside grasshopper,
Camnula pellucida Scudd., and the lesser migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus
atlanis Riley. According to Mr. Criddle, the outbreak in Manitoba was the
worst, of which he had record, since 1875. Soon after the grasshoppers appeared
Mr. Criddle and Dr. A. E. Cameron, in charge of the Saskatoon laboratory, .
rendered valuable assistance to farmers in southwestern Manitoba and south-
eastern Saskatchewan. Meetings were held and demonstrations made in the
method of making and distributing poisoned baits to destroy grasshoppers.
Owing to the suddenness of the outbreak and the lack of sufficient poison, etc.,
our officers were handicapped at first; but an excellent organization was soon
put into effect and with the assistance rendered from the Provincial Depart-
ment of Agriculture of Saskatchewan and the Provincial. Department of Agri-
culture of Manitoba, excellent results were obtained and much crop was saved.
Mr. Criddle estimated that the total area infested by grasshoppers in Manitoba
was in excess of 500,000 acres, of which by far the greatest proportion was
situated in the southwestern corner.

In the province of .Saskatchewan, Dr. Cameron and Mr. M. P. Tullis, of
the Provincial Department of Agriculture, reported that an area of approxi-
mately 1,500 square miles was more or less involved in the outbreak, extending
from the Manitoba and United States boundaries in the southeastern part of the
provinces and following a northwesterly direction to the vicinity of Saskatoon.
About 75,000 acres of growing wheat were destroyed within the infested area.
A fuller account of the outbreak of grasshoppers in the prairie provinces in
1919 was published in Circular No. 13, of the Entomological Branch.

In Alberta, serious infestation occurred in areas west and south of Leth-
bridge. The most important species in the grain fields was the lesser migra-
tory grasshopper, although the roadside grasshopper was abundant in some
sections, particularly on headlands.

In British Columbia, grasshoppers were reported from four widely separ-
ated districts, viz., in the Bridesville-Rock Creek area; at Celesta on Shuswap

* Determined by Dr. A. T. Speare, U.S. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C.

9

lake; in the Chilcotin district, 150 miles north of Ashcroft; and in the Hunting-
ton area of the Fraser river valley. At Bridesville, the roadside grasshopper was
the chief injurious species involved; at Celesta it was the lesser migratory
grasshopper; in the Chilcotin the roadside grasshopper; and in the Fraser
valley, the red-legged grasshopper.

In the province of Ontario grasshoppers caused some Gamage particularly
to vegetable crops in gardens.

THE WESTERN WHEAT STEM SAwFty, Cephus cinctus Nort. In the prov-
inces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan a very serious outbreak of this insect
occurred in 1919. According to Mr. Criddle, this outbreak was the worst of
which he had record. In southwestern’ Manitoba and southeastern Saskatche-
wan many complaints of injury were received and fields in infested areas were
personally investigated by Mr. Criddle. In one locality near Melita, Man., it
was estimated that in some fields of wheat the loss from the attack of this insect
was as high as 60 per cent of the crop.

Tue Beer Wesworm, Lovwostege sticticalis L—Many inquiries were
received from the prairie provinces regarding this insect. The moths from
overwintered material appeared in countless thousands in May and June, and
much anxiety was felt among farmers as to possible injury to grain crops
later in the season. Caterpillars from eggs laid by these moths were very
numerous in August, but as has been the case with similar outbreaks in other
years practically no injury was effected to field crops other than rather unim-
portant injury to alfalfa. In gardens, however, much injury was caused to
beets, peas, carrots, corn, onions, etc. In fields, weeds such as lamb’s quarters
and Russian thistle were the favourite food. In view of the widespread interest
in this insect a Crop Protection Leaflet (No. 12) was prepared by Messrs. Strick-
land and Criddle.

Insects AFFECTING Corn. The appearance of our warning poster regard-
ing the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn., was responsible for
the receipt of various borers found working in corn. The potato stem-borer,
Gortyna micacea Esp., was frequently sent in from Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
wick. It was found chiefly in gardens feeding on corn, potatoes, rhubarb,
tomatoes, etc. The burdock borer, Papaipema cataphracta Grt., was more or
less abundant in Ontario, feeding within the stems of such plants as dahlias,
hollyhock, rhubarb, tomatoes, corn, ete., and was assumed by the senders to
be the European corn borer. Mr. Criddle, forwarded a larva which he had
received from Winnipeg, Man., with the statement that it had been found in
considerable numbers attacking growing corn, first the leaves and later the
stem through which it bored. Mr. A. V. Mitchener, of the Manitoba Agricultural
College, sent us further specimens, and Mr. J. B. Wallis, also of Winnipeg,
kindly forwarded us a moth which he had reared from similar larve. Tue
species, therefore, was determined as Helotropha reniformis Grt. This species is
referred to under the name of the western corn borer in Entomological Circular
No. 14. From a borer in corn forwarded from Picton, N.S., another noctuid
moth was reared, namely, Apamea nictitans americana Speyer. In late summer
and in autumn the insect which was most conspicuous in corn and which was
thought te be the European corn borer was the well known corn ear-worm,
Heliothis obsoleta Fab. This insect was more than usually abundant in
Ontario, the injury being confined largely to late planted corn. In some districts
the ears of dent corn were injured more than were those of flint corn.

Tue Poraro Lear Hopper, Empoasca mali Le B. An important outbreak
of this insect took place in Eastern Canada, particularly in the province of

10

Ontario. Mr. Hudson investigated outbreaks in his immediate district of Strath-

roy and reported that in some fields the yield was decreased by fully 25 per ©
cent owing to the attack. In sections where the insect was prevalent, beans were —

also affected to an important degree. At the Vineland Station, Ont., labora-
tory, Mr. Ross begun a study of the life-history and habits of the insect.

Tue Cuincu Bue, Blissus leucopterus Say. It is some years since this
insect appeared in Canada in noticeable numbers. In 1919, Mr. W. A. Ross, in
charge of the Vineland Station, Ont., laboratory, reported an important out-
break in Gainsboro township, Lincoln county, Ont. Meadow grasses, parti-
cularly timothy were in some instances killed outright. Oats were injured to
a considerable extent; some damage was also effected to corn. Diseased speci-
mens of the chinch bug sent to Ottawa for examination indicated that they
had been destroyed by the well known chinch bug fungus, Sporotrichum globuli-
jerum Speg. Mr. Ross estimated that the percentege of mortality from this
disease varied from 25 to 75 per cent in the fields examined.

Tue ArMy Worm, Cirphis unipuncta Haw. A rather important outbreak
of this insect occurred in Prince Edward county, Ont., namely, throughout
Hallowell district as far east as Bloomfield, the chief damage being to corn
and oats, particularly the latter. This is the only outbreak of which we have
record in 1919. The moths of this insect, according to a statement made by
Mr. A. F. Winn at a recent meeting of the Entomological: Society of Ontario,
were rather abundant in the autumn of that year, in the district of Montreal.

THE CoLorapo Porato Brerie, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. During
1919, this important enemy of the potato was enormously abundant in many parts
of Canada, particularly in the eastern provinces. The beetles overwintered in
excellent condition and in the early part of the season caused much damage to
tomato plants. Soon, the conspicuous egg masses were noticed in large numbers,
und where spraying was not in practice the potato vines were soon destroyed.
In British Columbia, the Colorado potato beetle was reported for the first time,
having been found in the southwestern corner of the Kootenay district. Close
biological studies of the insect were incepted at Ottawa.

Tue Hessian Fiy, Mayetiola destructor Say. An important outbreak of
this insect took place in the province of Ontario, particularly in the extreme
western counties, as for instance in Essex county. Mr. Hudson visited many of
the fields and gave advice to the growers in the various districts.

Tue Importep ONION Maacor, Hylemyia antiqua Mg. Experimental work
in the control of this insect was conducted during 1919, particularly in the pro-
vince of British Columbia.. As indicated in the report of the Dominion Ento-
mologist for the two years ending March, 1918, a poisoned bait consisting of
sodium arsenite, molasses and water, has been used successfully under field con-
ditions in eastern Ontario. In British Columbia, however, this remedy has not
given the same results. In 1918, Mr. Treherne again tested this remedy in
this later province, and was unable to get satisfactory control of the onion
maggot under field conditions which prevailed that year in the Vernon district.
He secured data of value, however, on the influence of a suitable type of volun-
teer onion as a trap crop for the first generation of the insect to lay their eggs
upon.

Tue Cappace Roor Maccot, Hylemyia brassicae Bouché. In 1919, further
investigational work was conducted on the cabbage root maggot both in Eastern
and Western Canada. Following experiments of a comparatively small scale,
in 1916, 1917 and 1918, with corrosive sublimate, large fields of cabbages in
the Ottawa district were treated with strengths of commercial corrosive sublimate

11

mixture varying from one ounce in four gallons of water to one ounce in ten
gallons of water, some blocks of plants having four treatments, others onlv
three. ‘The results from these experiments indicated that in corrosive sublimate
we have an excellent remedy for the control of the cabbage root maggot. There
was practically no difference in the plots treated with the various strengths.
The weakest solution, namely, one ounce in ten gallons of water, gave excellent
results and three applications were found to be sufficient, the first being made on
the fourth day after planting, the second six days later, and the third ten
days after the second, about one-half a cupful of the mixture being poured around
the base of the stem of each plant on each occasion. In the province of British
Columbia, Mr. Treherne also tested the value of corrosive sublimate in the
district of Armstrong, particularly for cauliflowers. The results of these experi-
ments were, in general, similar to those obtained in Eastern Canada, and demon-
strated that this remedy was equally valuable in the province of British Colum-
bia.

OruerR Fietp Crop Pests. The cabbage worm, Pieris rapae L., and the
diamond back moth, Plutella maculipennis Curt., were abundant throughout
Canada and caused much damage to cruciferous crops. In the prairie provinces,
the red turnip beetle, Entomocelis adonidis Fab., was freely complained of, the
particular injury being to radishes and turnips. In Ontario, the onion thrips,
Thrips tabaci Lind., caused important injury. Mr. Ross reported exceptional
abundance of the larve of the clover leaf weevil, Phytonomus punctatus Gyll.,
particularly in the Niagara district. Mr. Hudson also investigated outbreaks
which occurred in the southwestern part of Ontario, particularly Delaware town-
ship. By the end of May, however, a fungus disease appeared and completely
destroyed the grubs, thus in most fields preventing serious injury. The tar-
nished plant bug, Lygus pratensis L., was exceptionally abundant in 1919. At
Kingston, Ont, spinach grown for seed was injured to such an extent that the
plants failed to produce any seed. Ornamental plants, such as asters and
dahlias, were in many sections a complete failure from the result of attack by
this insect.

1920

Cutworms. In all the provinces, these caterpillars were responsible for
important injury in 1920. Numerous reports were received from the eastern
provinces regarding injury to vegetable crops, such as peas, beans, beets, cab-
bages, tomatoes, etc., the chief destructive species being the red-backed cut-
worm, Euzroa ochrogaster Gn., and the striped cutworm, Huzoa tessellata Harr.
From Manitoba and Saskatchewan comparatively few reports of serious injury
were received. The red-backed cutworm was the species mostly complained of.
In June, considerable injury was effected to wheat, in the district of Piapot, in
southwestern Saskatchewan, one correspondent reporting that about two-thirds
of a ninety-acre field was destroyed. No larve were received, but from inform-
tion at hand we think the species responsible for this injury was the pale
western cutworm, Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr. In the province of Alberta,
the latter species again caused serious losses. Mr. Strickland reported that by
May 23, 50 per cent of the crops on summer-fallow around Retlaw, Alta., had
been destroyed. The pest moved further westward and from Granum to
Pincher Creek, Alta., a new and serious outbreak was reported. The species,
Euxoa tristicula Morr., which appeared in 1919, was again abundant in the
district of Retlaw, Alta.

THe Army Worm, Cirphis unipuncta Haw. A rather wide infestation of this

insect occurred in the province of Nova Scotia. On the whole, the outbreak
was not serious, but some fields of oats in which the larve were abundant were

12

cut for fodder. In Yarmouth and Queen’s ‘county, N.S., Mr. A. Kelsall, of the
Annapolis laboratory, demonstrated the value of poisoned baits for controlling
this caterpillar. A bait consisting of sawdust 100 pounds, white arsenic 5
pounds, molasses 2 gallons, gave excellent control. The bait was applied: at
the rate of 20 pounds to the acre. A report received from Sussex, N.B., indicated

that the larve were present in large numbers and had caused important injury
in fields of oats.

GraAssHoprers. These insects were again the cause of much loss in several
of the provinces. In Eastern Canada, particularly in the provinces of Ontario
and Quebec, and in Western Canada in the three prairie provinces and British
Columbia. In the east, the lesser migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus atlanis
Riley, was especially abundant and caused important injury to clover, corn,
timothy and oats. In the province of Manitoba, the infestation in 1920 covered
a wider area than that of 1919. The lesser, migratory grasshopper and the
roadside grasshopper, Camnula pellucida Seudd., were the chief injurious species.
Mr. Criddle reported that the outbreak of grasshoppers threatened crops over
an area of more than ten thousand square miles. This necessitated much pub-
icity work among the farmers during the months of May, June, July and
August. It was estimated that the co-operative efforts of provincial and federal
entomologists resulted in the saving of crops worth $17,000,000. Experiments
with poisoned baits consisting of sawdust, of any kind, with an equal quantity
of bran, were entirely successful and reduced considerably the cost of control.
Mr. Criddle further demonstrated the value of salt in the bait as a substitute for
molasses and lemons, and excellent control of grasshoppers was secured with
a mixture made of 50 pounds of sawdust, 50 pounds of bran and 6 pounds of
salt. As a result of these demonstrations large quantities of salt were used by
the farmers.

In Saskatchewan, the provincial organization was very effective and
according to Mr. M. P. Tullis, Field Crops Commissioner of the province,
1,400,000 acres of crop were actually sived by treatments of poisoned baits.
At a grasshopper conference held in Winnipeg in October, 1920, Mr. Tullis made
the following statement: ‘The money value of the crops saved after making
all allowances for light yields, destruction by hail, drought, etc., is very great and
the figures given reach such a high total, exceeding $20,000,000, that we hesitate
to submit them as the official estimate.” Ninety-seven municipalities, or almost
one-third of all Saskatchewan municipalities, were infested. The province used
7,200 tons of poisoned bait. In this bait, sawdust was employed to a consid-
erable extent. To the Entomological Branch belongs the credit of first demon-
strating under large acreage conditions, the value of sawdust as a cheap carrier
for poison.

In Alberta, Mr. E. H. Strickland, directed the grasshopper campaign in
1920. He reported that the area infested south of the main Canadian Pacific
Railway line comprised 6,500 square miles, the predominating species being the
roadside grasshopper and the lesser migratory grasshopper. As a result of his
work, crops to the value of over one million dollars were saved to farmers who
followed our recommendations.

The outbreak in British Columbia, in 1920, was reported as serious in
sections in the Lower Fraser valley, as for instance in the district of Mission.
Reports indicating injury to grass crops were received from North, B.C. The
damage by grasshoppers to grasses on cattle range land was investigated by
Mr. E. R. Buckell, of the provincial service, under the direction of Mr. Treherne,
special studies being undertaken in the Chilcotin district, which is a typical
range area. Considerable damage was being effected by grasshoppers, particu-
larly the roadside grasshopper.

13

In order to investigate further the value of various poisons for killing
grasshoppers it was arranged for Mr. A. Kelsall (Insecticide Investigations) to
spend most of the months of June and July in the neighborhood of Carlyle,
Sask. Dust mixtures, contact sprays, poison gas and poisoned baits were
experimented with. The dust mixtures, with white arsenic or calcium arsenate
as the poisons, were applied in the early morning, at the rate of about 25 pounds
to the acre, A traction duster was used to spread the dusts. These experi-
ments indicated that dust mixtures were in no way as successful as the well
known poisoned baits. Contact sprays of various kinds were experimented
with when the grasshoppers were in a more advanced stage, but the only ones
from which results of value were had were either very concentrated kerosene
emulsions or pure kerosene. Spraying for grasshoppers under prairie conditions
would, of course, be always difficult, particularly owing to the labour required -
and the difficulty of securing, at hand, the necessary quantity of water. In
addition, too, unless in districts where good spraying machines could be regu-
larly used for other purposes, such apparatus would be too expensive to keep
for grasshopper years.

The poison gas used was chlorine. The experiments conducted were suc-
cessful as regards the killing value of the gas, but the cost of the treatment was
found to be excessive, being at least $20 per acre. Mr. Kelsall is of the opinion
that when the grasshoppers are in their early stages, it is probable that one
treatment with chlorine would accomplish about the same results as three
average treatments with poisoned bait. An apparatus was devised (1) “to
utilize the gas in such a way as to get the greatest concentration to bear upon
the grasshoppers and to prevent waste, and (2) to enable one to operate with
gas in the wind. This apparatus, which could be attached to a truck or ordinary
wagon, was primarily designed for use on road allowances and headlands, or
such places where vegetation would be immaterial.” The experiments, on the
whole, indicated that, in addition to the danger of injuring crops, the gas treat-
ment was altogether too expensive for practicable purposes.
Experiments with poisoned baits indicated that the most economical insecti-
cide is white arsenic. This, of course, should be superfine, capable of passing
through a 200 mesh to the inch screen—if finer, all the better. Various carriers
for the poison were used, and further evidence secured of the value of sawdust
in these mixtures. Mixtures of one-third shorts and two-thirds sawdust, with
five pounds of poison to one hundred pounds of the carrier gave excellent
control. A large number of different chemicals, essential oils, fruits, vegetables,
ete., were added to the baits, but Mr. Kelsall was unable to obtain any definite
well marked benefit from their use. Nothing better was noted than molasses
or salt.

Tue WeEsTERN WueEat Stem SAwe ty, Cephus cinctus Nort. This insect
was again prevalent in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Mr. Criddle reported that
“the outbreak of 1920 was by far the worst in the history of Western Canada,
and the losses due to its attack far exceeded those caused by grasshoppers. It
was most plentiful over the southwest portion of the province of Manitoba
where, in some places, fully 75 per cent of the wheat stems were cut, and from
that area it extended far to the north and east. Generally, it may be said: to
be present in injurious numbers from the international boundary north 135
miles, and from Saskatchewan east to Portage la Prairie, thus covering an
area of approximately 16,000 square miles. The loss by the insect in 1920
certainly amounted to more than a million dollars.” Mr. Strickland, in charge
of the Lethbridge, Alta., laboratory, reported a slight infestation at Brooks,
Alta.

Tue Beer Wesworm, Lovxostege stricticalis l.—The outbreak of this in-
sect in the prairie provinces continued in 1920, particularly in Alberta. In
61123—3

14

the middle of June, Mr. Strickland reported that the moths were present in
large numbers. The numbers of moths flying may be realized when it is stated
that between June 9 and 20 a single light trap on the entomological laboratory,
at Lethbridge, captured an average of 2,000 moths each night. In the latter
half of July, the caterpillars were present in countless thousands, especially
in the area between Lethbridge and Calgary... In gardens, onions, cabbage,
turnips, rhubarb and other plants were freely attacked. In the latter part of
July, Mr. Strickland made a trip through the worst infested area. Writing
afterwards, he said: “ For mile after mile the roadsides were stripped bare of
weeds while in many grain fields which had been shockingly weedy, there now
projected above the wheat only a forest of bare lambs’ quarters stems.”

Tue Evropran Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn—This serious pest
of corn was first found in Canada on August, 10, 1920. On that day, Messrs.
Keenan and Simpson, of the Division of Foreign Pests Suppression, found the
caterpillars in a field of ensilage corn near Lorraine Station, Welland county, Ont.
Dr. McDunnough, Chief of the Division of Systematic Entomology, confirmed
the determination. On August 26, a farmer in the vicinity of Aylmer, Elgin
county, Ont., submitted specimens of the larve. An investigation of fields in
the locality indicated that the infestation was greater than that in Welland
county. From early August until towards the end of October scouting work
was continued. Mr. McLaine, Chief of the Division of Foreign Pests Suppres-
sion, who directed this work, reported as follows: “ A total of thirteen counties
in northern Ontario were inspected and seven of these were found to be infested
by the European corn borer; in all one hundred and five townships were scouted
and thirty-five found to be infested.” In this scouting work we had the co-
operation of the Provincial Department of Agriculture.” A further report
submitted stated: “ The scouting work shows that there are two distinct and
more or less widely separated infestations; attempts were made to connect
these infestations but without success. Infestation No. 1, centres around Ridge-
way and Chrystal Beach, extending along the Lake Erie shore from Fort Erie
on the east to Dunnville on the west, and Stevensville on the north. Infesta-
tion No. 2 centres around St. Thomas, in Elgin county, extending from Bay-
ham township on the east to Harwich township on the west and to Farquhar,
Usborne township, on the north. The total area infested covers approximately
two thousand seven hundred and eighty square miles.”

A leaflet describing this serious pest was issued in September, 1920, and
given wide publicity. The nature of the injury, a description of the borer, the
habits of the insect and suggested methods of control were discussed in this
leaflet, which also included a full page reproduction of a warning circular which
was widely distributed during the spring and summer of 1919 and of 1920
before the borer was discovered in Ontario. It illustrates graphically the life-
history of the insect and shows typical damage to the corn plant.

Tue Porato Lear Hoprrer, Emposca mali Le B. In the Niagara district
of Ontario, Mr. W. Robinson, under the direction of Mr. Ross, undertook impor-
tant studies in the life-history and control of this insect. With regard to the
latter, these officers reported that Bordeaux mixture alone did not repel the leaf
hopper nymphs satisfactorily. When 2 pint of nicotine sulphate (40 per cent)
was added to a 3-10-40 Bordeaux, results were secured. “This latter spray was
applied most thoroughly to every part of the leaves and within twenty-four hours
the tops became entirely free from nymphs of all stages. In order to destroy
newly-hatched nymphs, this treatment was repeated in ten days.”

In western Ontario, where the insect had been destructive in 1919, no seri-
ous outbreaks occurred in 1920, according to reports received from Mr. Hudson,
in charge of the Strathroy laboratory.

ie

Tue Cotorapo Potato BEETLE, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Not nearly
so abundant in Eastern Canada in 1920 as in 1919. In the former year it was
reported from British Columbia for the first time, having been found in the
southeastern corner of the Kootenay district. In 1920, Mr. W. B. Anderson
reported the beetle from Waldo, B.C. In Manitoba, Mr. Criddle reported that
- the insect was exceedingly numerous and occasioned heavy losses to growers,
many of whom were not equipped with spraying outfits. Mr. Strickland stated
that in southern Alberta the beetle was abundant on wild solanaceous plants, but
was not exceptionally severe on potatoes.

Tue Hessian Fry, Mayetiola destructor Say. At the Strathroy, Ont.,
laboratory, Mr. Hudson continued, in 1920, investigations on the life-history and
habits of this insect. In the autumn of 1919, wheat was sown in plots at differ-
ent dates, in an endeavour to establish safe “ fly-free”’ seeding dates. These
preliminary experiments indicated that early sown wheat is likely to be infested
to an injurious extent. In plots of wheat sown up to September 18 (Middlesex
county), important infestations were noted. Regarding the outbreak of the
insect in western Ontario in 1920, Mr. Hudson reported that there were impor-
tant losses in Elgin, Essex, Kent, Middlesex, and Lambton counties. Further
experimental plots of wheat were established in the autumn of 1920. Following
a report received indicating the presence of the Hessian fly on Vancouver
island, B.C., Mr. R. Glendenning made a survey of the Saanich peninsula in
October, 1920, and in nearly every field examined the insect was found to be
more or less prevalent. This is the first record we have of the occurrence of the
Hessian fly on Vancouver island. Mr. Glendenning was of the opinion that the
insect had been present in the Saanich peninsula for several years.

Tue Importep Onion Maccot, Hylemyia antiqua Mg. Further work on
the life-history and control of this important pest in British Columbia was con-
tinued in 1920, by Mr. Treherne. Much data was obtained on the bionomics of
the insect and further experiments conducted demonstrating the value of the
trap crop method of control Mr. Treherne reported as follows: “The cost of
applying cull onions as trap crops was slight, only four men for two days in
planting and four men for one day in destruction, spread over nine acres. The
method shows great promise and local growers are satisfied with the results.”
It had been previously observed that volunteer plants with leafy growth were
preferred by the female flies upon which to deposit their eggs.

THE Capsace Roor Maccot, Hylemyia brassicae Bouché. Excellent results
with corrosive sublimate were again obtained, in’1920, in the control of this insect
under field conditions, both in Ontario and British Columbia. In this year many
growers in the former province used this remedy for the first time. In sections
of the United States, too, it has been adopted as a result of our success. We
have estimated that in Ontario alone at least $50,000 worth of crop was saved.
In British Columbia one plantation consisting of 25,000 early Jersey Wakefield
cabbages was treated, under the direction of Mr. Treherne, with corrosive subli-
mate in the strength of one ounce to ten gallons of water (four applications).
Perfect control was secured.

OTHER Fietp Crop Pests. In southwest Manitoba some fields were heavily
infested by the greater wheat stem maggot, Meromyza americana Fitch, which
destroyed the heads just as they were appearing through the sheath. In Ontario,
important damage by the same insect was caused in some sections, as for
instance in the district of Chatsworth. The western turnip aphis, Aphis
pseudobrassicae Davis was locally, in Manitoba, responsible for important
destruction in fields of white turnips. The cabbage worm, Pieris rapae L., and
the diamond back moth, Plutella maculipennis Curt., were again abundant in

61123—33

16

many sections of Canada, causing particular injury to cabbages.. White grubs,
Lachnosterna spp, were complained of in Ontario and Quebec, such crops as
strawberries, tomatoes, cabbages and potatoes being attacked. In the same
provinces, the ash-grey blister beetle, Macrobasis wnicolor Kby., attacked the
foliage of clover, potato, tomato and beans, particularly during the latter part
of June and until about mid-July. The pea moth, Semasia nigricana Steph.,
was reported from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In the district of Simcoe,
Ont., the pea aphis, Macrosiphum pisi Kalt., was again present in destructive
numbers.

INSECTS AFFECTING FOREST AND SHADE. TREES

_ The work of the Divjsion of Forest Insects has been under the immediate |
direction of Dr. J. M. Swaine. Investigations conducted during 1919 and 1920
related to the following important forest and shade tree pests:—

1919

THE Spruce Bupworm, Harmologa fumiferana Clem. This insect, better
known among foresters and lumbermen as the balsam budworm, was again
destructive in some sections in Eastern Canada. Referring to the Quebee
province iniestation, following personal investigations made by Dr. Swaine and
an assistant, Mr. 8. A. Graham, it was reported that the heaviest loss to balsam
was in the district extending from Grand Lake Victoria eastward to Lake St.
John. In this area many dead balsam trees were noted. For instance, around
Grand Lake Victoria, between the upper Baskatong country and the upper waters
of the Dumoine river, practically all the balsam was found to be dead and many
trees had aiready fallen. The infestation apparently spread from this section
eastward and southeastward to Lake St. John, the Saguenay river and into
the province of New Brunswick; westward to Lake Abitibi in the province of
Ontario. Jn the province of New Brunswick, according to investigations made
by Mr. J. J). Tothill, of the Fredericton, N.B., entomological laboratory and Pro-
fessor G. H. Prince, Provincial Forester, Dr. Swaine states that “the loss of
balsam in trees dead or past recovery in the province as a whole approximates
90 per cent cf the stand. A large portion of the New Brunswick forest is pre-
dominantly balsam and this enormous loss is a veritable calamity to the pro-
vincial pulp industry.” In some sections of Eastern Canada, spruce has also
suffered to some extent.

Bark-BretLe INFESTATIONS IN BritisH CotumBIA. Following a request
from the Chief Forester of British Columbia, Dr. Swaine spent the month of
August, 1919. in British Columbia examining particularly bark-beetle infested
trees in the yellow pine forests in the Nicola and Kamloops districts. The most
serious outbreak was found in the Coldwater, Voght and Spious valleys.
Arrangements were made with the Provincial and Dominion Forest Branches to
co-operate in winter control work under the immediate direction of Mr. Ralph
Hopping, forest entomologist of the Entomological Branch. The injury to the
yellow pine is caused by the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec.

In the district of Yahk, B.C., Dr. Swaine investigated a rapidly spreading
outbreak of the western pine bark beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., which
had already killed many of the trees and seriously injured others.

An outbreak of the Douglas fir bark-beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae,
Hopk., was investigated in the Upper Spious valley, about twelve miles from
Canford, B.C. On the north side of the valley, Douglas fir trees in apparently
perfect health were found to be severely infested.

lower figure, showing destruction

,

os
udworm.

salici

notia
pruce B

Moth, Stilp

Satin

adults of the

Upper figure,

ginal).

(Ori

5

*k by

Brunswit

in New

18

Forest SAMPLE Pior Srupres. In co-operation with the Commission of

Conservation, forest sample plots were established in Quebec province as fol- ~
lows: seven near Lac Tremblant, Que., one on the Bouleé river and five near ~

Lake Ndward. Eleven thousand trees, mostly balsam and spruce, were num-
bered and recorded. Four sample plots were also established in New Brunswick
in the district of South Esk. Each of these plots is about an acre in size. From
the information gained from these plots, we expect eventually to have exact
knowledge of the various factors which determine the development of new
timber. Mr. M. B. Dunn, of the Division of Forest Insects, has been in imme-
diate charge of this work.

Tue Larcu Sawrriy, Nematus erichsonu Hartig. Dr. Swaine reported
serious and extensive injury to larch by this insect, west of the Great Lakes in
northern Ontario and Manitoba. Defoliation was noticeable along the lines of
both the Canadian Pacifie Railway and the Canadian Northern Railway west of
Fort William, Ont. Many trees were dead and large numbers apparently dying.

Forest Insect Injury IN JASPER Park, Atta. At the request of the Com-
missioner of Dominion Parks, arrangements were made for Dr. Swaine to per-
sonally investigate reports of the dying of lodge-pole pine in the Jasper National
Park. In August, 1919, therefore, a survey of certain sections of the park
was made and it was found that, in places, the pine was seriously diseased.
The trees showed characteristic evidence of mistletoe attack, the larger pine in
some stands being from 10 to 25 per cent dead or very badly diseased.

SHADE TrEE Insect Stupies. Mr. C. B. Hutchings, of the Division of
Forest Insects, continued investigations on the biology of certain shade tree
pests, particularly the oak carpenter worm, Frionoxystus macmurtrei Guer.,
a rather uncommon pest and one that has been little studied; and the bronze
birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, an important pest, the eggs of which were
found after three seasons’ search. These investigations were conducted at the
forest insect laboratory at Aylmer, Que., and at the insectary, Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa. In 1919, Mr. R. N. Chrystal, of the same division, made
a study of the biology and control of the European elm sawfly leaf-miner, Kali-
osysphinga ulmi Sund., which had become established in the district of Kingston,
Ont.

In the Agricultural Gazette of Canada, Vol. 6, No. 2, Mr. W. B. Anderson
recorded an outbreak of the tussock moth, Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa, and a
reference to the infestation is also given in the late Dr. Hewitt’s report as
Dominion Entomologist for the years 1917 and 1918. Further breeding and
study of this insect has resulted in the conclusion that the indentification was
in error and since, Dr. MeDunnough has described it as a new species, Hemero-
campa pseudotsugata.*

1920

THE Spruce Bupworm, Harmologa fumiferana Clem. Investigations con-
ducted by officers of the Division of Forest Insects in 1920 indicated that this
insect had spread considerably. Dr. Swaine reported as follows: The budworm

outbreak has spread from the Grand Lake Victoria country through Lake
Expanse and Long Lake, across the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario railway
into the Timagami forest reserve. It extends south and along Lake Temiskam-
ing northward across the height of land.’ In order to secure further infor-
mation as to the extent of this infestation, arrangements were made with the
Air Board for aerial flights over budworm-attacked forests. In these flights our

“Canadian Entomologist, LII, 53, 1921,

ee Eee

19

officers were accompanied by foresters attached to the Commission of Conser-
vation. Dr. Swaine and Mr. Dunn, undertook this work. The former in report-
ing upon these flights states: “We were able to obtain valuable information upon
the area of the infestation and also to locate the blocks of spruce and balsam
which could be expected to suffer from attack next season. Our flights covered
the area west and north of Lake Temiskaming where the outbreak was spreading
and also west ana northeast of the lakes in which areas the infestation has been
acute for the Jast two years. From a height of 3,500 feet it was possible to
determine the different types of timber and to locate the blocks of spruce and
~balsam accurately. The information obtained from a few days’ flying would
have taken two men more than six months to acquire by ground surveys.” No
other reports of active budworm infestation in any other parts of Ontario or in
Quebec province were received in 1920. In New Brunswick, in 1920, under the
direction of Mr. J. D. Tothill, a survey of forested areas in the province was
undertaken. As a result of this survey it was found that the injured area was
largely confined to the central part of New Brunswick, balsam having been
especially attacked.

BARK-BEETLE CONTROL OPERATIONS IN British Cotumpta. Following a
co-operative arrangement between the Dominion Forestry Branch, the British
Columbia Forestry Branch, the Dominion Department of Indian Affairs, local
lumber companies and the Entomological Branch, Mr. Ralph Hopping planned
and supervised all control work to check the spread of the bark-beetle out-
breaks in yellow pine in the Coldwater, Voght, Indian Meadows, and Spious
valleys. Dr. Swaine reported on this work as follows: “ The entire work was
apparently performed in a most thorough manner. In addition to the regular
logging operations, including special slash burning regulations, more than 6,000
infested trees were cut and burned in the direct control work. The area covered
by the direct control work would, without question, have shown thousands of
ireshly infested trees this season if the work had not been done. Our inspection
showed only a very small number of freshly infested trees, at most one or two
hundred over the whole area of many square miles.”

Forest SAMPLE Prot Srupres. A number of additional acre forest sample
plots were established by Mr. Dunn in 1920, as follows: one in mixed spruce
pine and hardwoods near the shore of Lake Abitibi, Que.; two in spruce and bal-
sam near Long Lake, Que.; three in spruce and jack pine near Harcourt, N.B.;
three in spruce and balsam near Bathurst, N.B.; and two in spruce and balsam
near Fredericton, N.B. The trees on all of these plots were numbered and
recorded as in 1919.

SHADE TREE INsEcTS. Few reports of important injury to shade trees were
received during 1920. An infestation of the satin moth of Europe, Stilpnotia
salicis L., on poplar trees was discovered in July of this year in the city of New
Westminster, B.C., by our officers, Messrs. Tothill and Baird. The caterpillars
were not abundant enough to cause much damage. This insect is a pest of
geeerance in Europe and Asia, and in addition to poplar trees, it also attacks
willows.

At the forest insect laboratory at Alymer, Que., Mr. Hutchings made fur-
ther observations on the life-history and control of the oak carpenter worm,
Prionoxystus macmurtrei Guer. A study of the birch-leai skeletonizer, Buccu-
latrix canadensisella Chamb; which was prevalent in eastern Canada, was
also made, and notes taken on other insects of importance. The fall canker-
worm, Alsophila pometaria Harr., was also prevalent in Eastern Canada; in
some districts the caterpillars entirely denuded maple, ash and elm trees.

20
INSECTS AFFECTING FRUIT CROPS

Studies of the life-histories and habits of important orchard insects and ~
their control were made in 1919 and 1920 in the following provinces:—

Nova Scotta. In this province investigations related almost entirely to
insecticides, special mention of which work is made on page 25. The most
important record of the year 1919 was the discovery of the apple sucker,
Psyllia mali Schmidb., an European insect found for the first time in North
America, at Wolfville, N.S. In reporting upon this discovery, Professor W. H.
Brittain*, Provincial Entomologist for Nova Scotia, stated as follows: “It is
a notable fact that this outbreak should take place so suddenly and in such great
severity in a district where its presence was never before noticed, neither by the
owners of the orchard nor by any members of the provincial inspection staff
working in that district. During the summers of 1912, 1913 and 1914, all this
territory was carefully covered by provincial inspectors during the San Jose
scale survey, and if this insect had been present in destructive numbers, it could
hardly have failed to attract their notice. Subsequent to that date, the depart-
ment had been conducting extensive spraying and dusting experiments in the
vicinity of Wolfville, and an outbreak of this kind would certainly have been
observed or reported, had such occurred. We are, therefore, safe in saying
that this is the first destructive outbreak that has taken place in Nova Scotia,
as well as the first record of the occurrence of this insect in North America. It
goes without saying, however, that before the infestation could reach such pro-
portions, the insect must have been present for some time.”

THe WHITE-MARKED Tussock mMoTH, Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. and
Ab., which was prevalent in 1917 and 1918, was practically absent throughout
the Annapolis valley in 1919 and 1920. Both of the tent caterpillars, Mala-
cosoma americana Fab., and M. disstria Hbn., were noticed in apple orchards
but not excessively. The pear psyllia, Psyllia pyricola Fuerst, was reported in
numbers on apple, pear and plum, particularly in Kings county. The green
apple bug, Lygus communis novascotiensis Knight, while present in destructive
numbers in some orchards, was noticeably absent in others. The oyster-shell
scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi L., was very numerous in 1919, and in the same year
the apple leaf-miner, Tischeria malifoliella Clem., was particularly abundant.
Two other pests which were present in destructive numbers were the blister mite,
Eriophyes pyri Pgst., very numerous on apple; and the common spider mite,
Tetranychus telarius L., which was reported by Mr. Sanders as causing serious

damage to apple trees in several localities, the first time he had observed such
serious attack.

Qursec. Experiments with various orchard mixtures were continued by Mr.
Petch, in charge of the Hemmingford laboratory, much valuable data resulting
therefrom. As a result of his work on spray mixtures, Mr. Petch is recommend-
ing for use in Quebec, lime-sulphur sprays in the following strengths: green-tip
spray, 1.010 sp. gr.; pink-bud spray, 1.008 sp. gr.; calyx spray, 1.007 sp. gr.;
after calyx spray, 1.007 sp. gr.; all later sprays, 1.006 sp. gr., with arsenate of
lime added in each case at the rate of 3 pound to 40 gallons of mixture.

In 1919 and 1920, the apple curculio, Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say, and
the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst, particularly the latter, were —
responsible for serious injury resulting in thousands of barrels of apples being
unsaleable. In both years, too, the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh,
was increasingly destructive and destroyed entirely what otherwise would have
been an excellent crop of fruit. The red-humped apple caterpillar, Schizura
concinna Sm. and Ab., caused considerable damage to trees in a number of dis-

* Aprie, Gazette Can., Sept., 1919, p. 824.

21

tricts, but was not so destructive as in 1918. The fall webworm, Hyphantria
cunea Drury, was noticeably present in the province. In some sections, the
budmoth, Tmetocera ocellana D. and §., and the cigar case bearer, Coleophora
fietcherella Fern., effected important injury to apples, particularly in the
Chateauguay, Hemmingford, Rougemont, and Abbotsford districts. The codling
moth, Carpocapsa pomonella 1.,. was observed in increased numbers in many
orchards.

Ontario. Under the immediate direction of Mr. W. A. Ross, life-history
studies of the pear psyllia, begun in 1917, were continued in 1919 and 1920 and
much further work was effected on the control of this insect, valuable data being
secured, especially in regard to the susceptibility of the eggs to various spray
materials. In the same year, investigations on the strawberry weevil, Anthono-
mus signatus Say, were undertaken and excellent progress reported. Experi-
ments with insecticides for controlling various species of aphids and other fruit
insects were conducted in 1919 and 1920. An investigation of the blackberry
leaf miner, Matallus bethunei MacG., was incepted in 1919. The codling moth
was more abundant than usual in 1919 and was responsible for considerable loss.
Some unsprayed orchards in the Niagara district had almost every apple infested,
while orchards which had been well sprayed for several years suffered little
injury, thus showing the cumulative effects of good spraying. The mullein leaf-
bug, Campylomma verbasci Mey., which attacks a variety of plants, was reported
‘by Mr. Ross as being abundant in apple orchards in Norfolk county. Baldwin,
Roxbury Russet, and Spy varieties were freely attacked, on some infested trees
75 per cent of the apples being more or less injured. Conspicuous brown or
blackish corky warts formed at the spots where punctures by the nymphs were
made.

Other orchard pests which were destructive in Ontario in 1919 were: the
cigar case bearer, the work of which was readily apparent in unsprayed orchards;
the blister mite, which increased to a marked extent; the pear slug, Caliroa
cerasi L., which destroyed the foliage of thousands of pear and cherry trees; the
rose chafer, Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab., which appeared in countless num-
bers, as for instance in the Simcoe and Fonthill districts, and injured apples,
erapes and cherries; the plum curculio, unusually destructive in the Niagara dis-
trict, in one peach orchard over 50 per cent of the crop being destroyed; the
blackberry leaf-miner, which caused important injury in blackberry plantations
in the Burlington and Niagara districts; the rose leaf hopper, Typhlocyba rosae
L., common on foliage of apples; and the budmoth, which was more abundant
than usual.

In 1920, Mr. Ross made a preliminary investigation of the status of the
plum spider mite, Paratetranychus pilosus Can. and Fanz., as a pest in the
Niagara district. It had been observed that plum trees which were not sprayed
or which were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, became heavily infested with the
mite. Mr. Ross stated as follows: “On badly infested trees the mite by its
feeding activities made the foliage pallid and sickly in appearance and apparently
functionless. In our two experimental orchards, the difference between the
infested rows of trees with their pallid foliage (sprayed with Bordeaux mixture)
and the uninfested trees with their dark green foliage (sprayed with lime
sulphur) was very striking and could be observed a long way off.”

Most of the imported pests prevalent in 1919 were again complained of in
1920. In addition, in this latter year, outbreaks of the following insects were
specially reported by Mr. Ross: the San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus
Comst., which is increasing in unsprayed and poorly sprayed orchards; the oyster-
shell scale, more noticeable than during the previous two or three years; the
fruit tree leaf roller, Cacoecia argyrospila Wlk., found in destructive numbers,
particularly in the vicinity of Newcastle; the fall canker worm, Alsophila

22

pometaria Harr., especially noticeable in Halton and Wentworth counties where
some trees were completely defoliated; and the grape leaf hopper, Erythroneura
comes Say, which was present in injurious numbers in several Niagara vine-
vards.

BritisH Cotumsia. In this province, Mr. Treherne directed investigations
relating to the following insects.

Tue Peacu Twic Borer, Anarsia lineatella Zell—Further studies on the
life-history, habits and control of this insect were made in 1919, particularly in
the district of Penticton. It was again demonstrated that applications of lime-
sulphur and arsenate of lead successfully controlled this insect.

Fruir Worm INvestTiGATIONS.—In reporting upon these studies, Mr. Tre-
herne stated as follows: “ For many years the correct identity of the various
fruit worms and budmoths infesting Okanagan apple orchards has been in
doubt because of the superficial resemblance of the fruit worms and the possible
confusion with the larve of the codling moth, which latter insect has not as
yet become generally established in the Okanagan valley. In some years severe
injury is caused to the buds and fruit of apple trees. Larval feeding and
structural characteristics have been studied this year (1919) of the following:
Tmetocera ocellana D & §8., Argyroploce consanguinana Wlsm., Cacoecia rosa-
ceana Harr., Mineola tricolorella Grt., and Laspeyresia prunivora Walsh.

Tue Coptinc Morn. During 1919, provincial inspectors found 257 larve
and pup of this insect which were collected in the area under quarantine at
Okanagan Landing; in addition, 116 were collected in the district comprising
the city of Vernon. In 1920, the fincings in the former district were 89; in the
latter careful inspection throughout the season in this year failed to reveal the
presence of any larve or pup. A new infestation, however, of an important
nature was discovered in 1920, namely in the region of Swan lake, three miles
north of the city of Vernon.

Experiments in superheating empty railway cars to prevent the introduc-
tion of injurious fruit insects, such as the codling moth, were begun in 1920.
Following recommendations from our own and provincial officers, arrangements
were made to conduct preliminary experiments at Okanagan Landing, B.C.,
with the co-operation of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Several insects of
various stages were placed in the cars and Mr. Treherne reported that steam
injected into a refrigerator car under 60 pounds pressure raised the temperature
in fifteen minutes to 115° F., resulting in the death of all insects used in the
experiments.

THE STRAWBERRY Root WEEVIL, Otiorhynchus ovatus L. The investigation
of this insect on the Saanich peninsula of Vancouver island, commenced in 1918,
was continued in 1919 and 1920 by Mr. Downes. Satisfactory progress was
made in devising barriers to prevent the weevil gaining access to strawberry
plantations. This work, which was conducted principally at Gordon Head, B.C.,
will be continued in co-operation with the Provincial Horticultural Branch of
the Provincial Department of Agriculture.

Tue Currant Fruir Fry, Epochra canadensis Loew. In the Vernon dis-
trict, Mr. Treherne reported that the flies were abundant on May 19, and many
eggs were present in the fruit on May 22. “ This was at a period in the growth
of red currants when some fruit had commenced to form but with some blossoms
still in evidence. Red currants were in full bloom during the first two weeks
of May. Maggots started to leave the fruit for pupation at the end of June,
entering the soil to a depth of from 1 to 4 inches.’”’ Control experiments with
poisoned bait sprays conducted in the Okanagan valley by Mr. Treherne, and

shoppers,

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Figures 1 and 2 showing work of European Corn Borer

24

on Vancouver island by Mr. Downes, were not promising in nature and our
officers preferred to recommend cultivation and the use of chickens, which should
be allowed to run among the bushes so that they may feed upon the prematurely
ripened fallen fruit and the larvee which may have left the fruit and entered the
earth. Owing to the fact that chickens are liable to disturb the soil to a con-
siderable extent at times, care should be taken to prevent the root system
remaining bare for too great a length of time, especially im arid sections.
Other insects of importance which occupied the attention of our officers
in British Columbia were: the raspberry crown borer, Bembecia marginata
Harris, an investigation of which was started on Vancouver island in 1919;
the rose leaf-hopper, Empoa rosae L., which was abundant in many apple
orchards in the Okanagan valley, particularly in 1919; the western lined June
beetle, Polyphylla decemlineata Say, which in some years is present in destruct-
ive numbers, and which in 1920 caused important ‘losses on Vancouver island
in fields of strawberries; and the raspberry cane maggot, Phorbia rubivora
Coq., the attacks of which in 1920 were confined largely to loganberries.

INSECTS AFFECTING GREENHOUSE AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

Tue Rose Mince, Dasyneura rhodophaga Coq. This insect during recent
vears, particularly in 1919, caused very serious losses to roses grown under glass
in the province of Ontario. Following investigations conducted chiefly by Mr.
Ross, of the Vineland Station, Ont., laboratory, we were able to demonstrate
the value of tobacco dust as a remedy for this pest and during 1920, important
growers whose premises were infested followed our recommendations with per-
fect success. Tons of tobacco dust were used by Ontario rose growers, which
dust was obtained through the efforts of our officers who found a sufficient source
of supply and arranged for its distribution. The results of these investigations
in 1920 were, it was estimated, worth at least $50,000 to the growers.

Tue GREENHOUSE LEar-tTyer, Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hbn. This insect has
become a major pest in greenhouses, particularly in Eastern Canada. It has
been particularly destructive to the foliage of chrysanthemum, cineraria, mari-
gold, ageratum, primula, and snap dragon. Following control experiments con-
ducted during the winter of 1918-19, the following spray mixture is recom-
mended: soluble sulphur, one ounce by weight; nicotine sulphate (40 per cent)
one fluid ounce; and water, six gallons. Three applications, at intervals of one
week, have controlled the pest.

Tue GREENHOUSE Wuite Fry, Trialeurodes vaporariorum West., was fr2-
quently complained of in 1919 and 1920, from various districts of Eastern Can-
ada, particularly in Ontario, the plants attacked being tomato, cucumber, aster,
primula, fuschia, lobelia, ete.

Other pests complained of were the chrysanthemum midge, Diarthronomyia
hypogaea H.Lw.; the variegated cutworm, Lycophotia margaritosa Haw; the
chrysanthemum leaf-miner, Phytomyza chrysanthemi Kowarz; the cabbage
looper. Autographa brassicae Riley; the cyclamen mite, Tarsonemus pallidus
Banks; and such regularly occurring enemies of greenhouse plants, as the com-
mon scale insects, mealy bugs and aphids.

INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS

Mosquito Investications. In 1919, a preliminary investigation of the
economic importance of mosquitoes in the Fraser River valley of British Colum-
bia was undertaken by Mr. E. Hearle. Life-history studies were made oi
the various kinds of mosquitoes inhabiting the region investigated. In this

25
work four main objects were kept in mind, namely (1) a general study of the
topography and nature of the district; (2) the economic relation of mosquitoes
to the industries of the affected area; (3) a study of the factors governing mos-
quito abundance; and (4) a study of the mosquito fauna to ascertain the im-
portant species and locate their breeding places. A laboratory was established
at Mission, B.C.

__ The following is a brief summary of Mr. Hearle’s work in 1920: The Mis-
sion laboratory was mainly restricted to a careful study of the main problems,
which had been determined by the 1919 faunal survey. ‘By means of motor-boat
and canoe the main breeding areas, flooded alder bottoms and open prairies
bordering the Fraser river, were worked over and the mosquito breeding con-
ditions in these places were made the subject of careful investigation. No season
could have offered better advantages for this work as the river freshets were
higher than they had been for many years. The comparison of conditions in
1919 and 1920 is of very great value in determining those factors responsible
for mosquito outbreaks in the district. In 1919 mosquitoes were not sufficiently
abundant in the valley to constitute a pest or to be considered as a factor of
economic importance. During 1920, the mosquito plague was, next to the actual
loss of crop by flooding, the most vital economic factor affecting the lower
Fraser valley. Nearly all the lumber camps in the affected district were closed
down for varying periods, construction of roads were hampered and general
farming operations were seriously handicapped. The marked difference in the
mosquito conditions of 1919 and 1920 resulted from the difference in the freshet
levels. In 1919 seventeen feet four inches was the highest level reached, and
in 1920 the river rose to twenty-one feet and very extensive areas were flooded.
Although field surveys occupied most of the time a certain amount of laboratory
and experimental work was undertaken and methods for breeding and carrying
out life-history studies were devised. The season proved to be a highly satis-
factory one in that it enabled a careful study to be made of the mosquito pest
at its worst.

Live Stock Insects. In the province of Saskatchewan, Dr. Cameron con-
tinued, as time permitted, studies of the insect pests of cattle. In 1919, some
progress was made in the study of black flies, which in some years are very
troublesome. Dr. Cameron reported in part as follows: “ The prevalent species
is Simulium simile Mall., recently described from the arctic. Breeding as it.
does, extensively in the North and South Saskatchewan rivers, the areas most
affected are adjacent to their places of origin. Large swarms may, however,
be encountered as far as twenty miles from the rivers, and wherever they occur
in numbers, the cattle suffer considerably from their biting.”

In Quebec province, Mr. Petch made further observations on warble flies,
reporting that they were abundant, causing much annoyance to cattle. In
Manitoba, Mr. Criddle reported that in 1920, the horn fly, Hematobia serrata
R-D, was very numerous, in fact more so than any season since its first intro-
duction. Other live stock pests, such as horse flies, bot-flies and warble flies
were also complained of in the prairie provinces.

INSECTICIDES

Important progress has been made in the development of improved insecti-
cides, such research being conducted at the Annapolis Royal, N.S., laboratory
under the immediate direction of Mr. G. E. Sanders with the assistance of Mr.
A. Kelsall.

These researches were, for the most part, of a comprehensive nature
involving chemical studies of the insecticides under consideration, insectary

26

studies on the effect of insect poisons, and experimental field plots both large
and small. As a result spray calendars and dust calendars were devised, relat-
ing to various plant crops in various localities, embodying the latest findings
on the subject, and thus making such information readily available to the
public.

One of the important results of this work was the development and
advancement of the dust method of pest control. It was shown that under
certain conditions the dust method could be efficiently and economically utilized.
This desirable achievement was in part brought about by studies of several
factors pertaining to this problem, namely, the development of new dusting
materials, the development of new manufacturing and dust mixing systems
which were capable of turning out much cheaper products, the development of
more efficient dusting machines, and a study of the periods and timing of dust
applications which would give maximum results. In all these a considerable
degree of success was obtained. The dust invented by Mr. Sanders composed
of dehydrated copper sulphate, calcium arsenate, and hydrated lime came
rapidly into general use, not only in Canada but throughout the United States
and also in other countries. Coincidentally better types of power dusters were
manufactured, and each year brought a price reduction of the materials used
due to more up-to-date methods of making and distribution, and to the larger
scale on which such materials were being handled.

Methods were developed for the utilization of white arsenic as an insecti-
cide in Bordeaux mixture. White arsenic being much the cheapest form in
which arsenic can be obtained, this method was one which represented a high
potential saving, particularly for potato growers. This method has already been
utilized to some extent by growers, but in its present form the making of the
mixture involves a little extra inconvenience, and for this reason studies are
being continued on this problem with very high hopes of a satisfactory solu-
tion.

Other numerous lines of investigation have received attention, the com-
patibility of various insecticides with various fungicides, foliage injuries result-
ing from sprays and dusts, their cause and prevention, insect repellents and
attractants, new uses for insecticides, relative tests and efficiency of new insecti-
cides, and so on. The manufacture of new insecticide-fungicide dusts has
occupied much time and thought, and investigations are at present under way
on the manufacture of dusting materials which will be much cheaper, for a
given amount of efficiency, than dusts at present in use. These have at present
reached a stage where at least some measure of success would appear assured.

More recently other new lines of work have been commenced. Among the
more prominent of these may be mentioned the utilization of nicotine fumes
and other gases as insecticides in connection with a power-dusting machine, a
study of various spray and dust “spreaders” and “ stickers,” and a study of
the absorption of water soluble arsenic by various materials.

Insecticide specifications and standardization have necessarily received
much study. The desirable percentages of active ingredients, the maximum
percentage allowable of water soluble arsenic, the fineness, etc., are all
important. In all of these matters the services of our insecticide entomologists
have been much in demand.

THE NATURAL CONTROL OF INSECTS

_ Studies of the natural control of certain important insect pests were con-
tinued during the two years covered by this report along similar lines as during
the years preceding. These studies were under the immediate charge of Mr.

J. D. Tothill, assisted particularly by Messrs. A. B. Baird, A. G. Dustan, and
R. P. Gorham.

27

THe Spruce Bupworm, Harmologa fumiferana Clem. Much additional
data was obtained on the natural control of this forest insect which has caused
enormous losses in Eastern Canada. In addition to studies made in New Brunswick
in 1919, Mr. Baird made observations in British Columbia in the same year.
In the following year, Mr. Dustan continued a study of the parasites attacking
the budworm in the vicinity of Fredericton, N.B.; about 60 per cent of the larve
in this latter district were found to be parasitized. In 1920, Mr. Tothill spent
about a month in British Columbia, particularly in the Lillooet district, where
he made special observations relating to the effect of winds in connection with
the distribution of the insect. In the same district, Mr. Baird continued parasite
studies and observations were also made on the birds present which were seen
to be feeding to an important degree upon the budworms.

THe Fatt WesBworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury. The studies of the natural
' control of this insect, which have been conducted for a number of years by Mr.
Tothill, are now completed and have been published in bulletin form.*

THe Forest TENT CATERPILLAR, Malacosoma disstria Hbn. The causes of
outbreaks of this insect have been specially studied by our officers. In 1920,
investigations related particularly to the province of British Columbia. Mr.
Tothill reporting on the outbreak in the district of Vancouver and New West-
minster, stated: ‘‘ From the studies that Mr. Baird has made it is evident that
the first cause of the outbreak is an overproduction of food supply, due to the
march of civilization. In the thirty or forty square miles of suburban territory
affected, the original forest cover has been removed and a thick second growth
of willows and alders has taken its place. This has afforded an admirable
feeding ground for the insects in question. Coupled with the abundance of food,
there is also an overproduction of domestic cats and a consequent underpro-
duction of insectivorous birds, such as are found generally in suburban districts;
so that the insects have had an unusually good opportunity for an outbreak.
Another thing that has worked to the advantage of the caterpillars is that
during the outbreak, insect parasites have been an almost negligible factor in
control.”

Minor projects undertaken related to the following:—

Tue WHITE-MARKED Tussock Moru, Hemerocampa leucostigma 8 and A.
A two-year study of the natural control of this insect was completed by Mr.
Dustan. An account of this work has been published in the Proceedings of the
Acadian Entomological Society.7

Tue Oyster SHELL Scate, Lepidosaphes ulmi L. In 1917 colonies of the
predaceous mite, Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer, collected in New Brunswick were
forwarded to British Columbia and liberated on Vancouver island, at Mission,
and in the Okanagan valley. Examinations made in the latter district, in 1920,
by Mr. Baird, showed that the mite had become established with every promise
of increasing and rendering useful service.

Tue GreeN AppLe Bue, Lygus communis novascotiensis Knight. A study
of the natural control of this insect in Nova Scotia was undertaken in 1920,
Mr. Dustan being detailed for the same, which was incepted in the immediate
vicinity of Wolfville. Mr. Dustan found that an important control factor,
namely, a fungous disease of the genus Entomophthora, was responsible for the
destruction of large numbers of the adults of the insect.

Parasite Recoveries. Work in connection with the recovery of parasites
of the brown tail moth liberated in the Maritime Provinces during the sum-
mers of 1913 to 1916 was continued. Mr. Tothill reported that the tachinid

* Bull. No. 3, N.S., Dom. Dept. Agric., 1922.
+ No. 8, 1922.

28

parasite, Compsilura concinnata Meigen, was found in the Annapolis valley, it
having been recovered in New Brunswick in the summer of -1918. It is very
gratifying indeed to report that this important parasite is now apparently
established in both of the above provinces.

The hymenopterous parasite, Apanteles lacteicolor Vier., of the brown tail
moth, was ‘reported by Mr. W. N. Keenan to have been recovered in 1920 from
three localities in Nova Scotia, namely, Lochartville and Horton in Kings
county, and Round Hill in Annapolis county. In this province in this year
there was a marked decrease in the number of winter webs collected and as a
result only a small number of the webs were collected for Apanteles recovery
purposes.

II—THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE REGULATIONS UNDER
THE DESTRUCTIVE INSECT AND PEST ACT.

In the reorganization of the entomological service, a new division was
established in April, 1919, namely, the Division of Foreign Pests Suppression,
and Mr. L. 8S. McLaine was appointed to the position of chief of the division.

This division is concerned with the carrying out of the regulations under the

Destructive Insect and Pest Act, so far as these refer to insects.

INSPECTION AND FUMIGATION OF FOREIGN NURSERY STOCK AND OTHER
PLANT PRODUCTS

During the importing seasons of 1918-1919, and 1919-1920, the inspec-
tion and fumigation of nursery stock and other plant products was continued
as formerly. Numerous specimens of scale insects, aphids, lepidoptera, beetles,
and other foreign insects were intercepted and removed from stock. Owing to
the great difficulties of overseas transportation during these years, as well as
the increased cost of freight rates and other factors which affected trade, there
was a decided reduction in the quantity of nursery stock entering Canada from
Europe.

Mr. McLaine has prepared the following tables which relate to the seasons
of 1918-19 and 1919-20, respectively.

Importation of NurRsERY Stock SusBsecr To INSPRcTION, SHOWING C'‘OUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, SEASON 1918-1

Great United
Nature of Stock Holland France Britain States Japan Totals
Ornamentals............... 43,524 241,584 51,118 21,817 198 |.- 358, 241
SS os Re ee Ar 3 4, 220 85,695 BAaOr lat eae 43 95,397
IMIG IGLCeS >: «itn a ese alco 42 50 45 16,195 4 16,336
MALLING. ace 0» see Dales; eek Ree a 39 1;910 "|. 2 .<.ceeeeee 2,165
Seedlings and grafting stock|............ 310,000 87,927 6,400... cine eee 404° 327
48,002 637 , 329 144,568 46, 322 245 876, 466

a

29

ImportTATIONS oF NURSERY Stock SuBJECT TO INSPECTION, SHOWING DESTINATIONS OF SHIPMENTS,
SEASON 1918-19

|
Prince New Man- |British !

Nature of Stock Edward| Nova | Bruns- |Quebec |Ontario| itoba Col- Totals
Island | Scotia wick | umbia
(OVATE RTCTCH A aa a 125 28,603 1,460} 40, He 287 , 003 2 204 358, 241
(CORI 216) d Lee oe te ners Gee iI(0) | cena o vitae ATS GAO TO" He peek |e noe a 95,397
OTE IBT EES ia) fone chy. cae cavotremeries Woee ete cent Se 7 kell eee ay Beat af PAD AIPA BSUS ao oe 22 16,336
PSIMSNIIMUAUSS <u ges oo Sos c stone |leigelereue.s PALO ES} le ean er 20 LOG Se ayostevr | Reocnetsrart: 2,165
Seedlings and grafting stock...|........ AAO | prety we eta leoaeecra sxe S98FS815| seer 112) 404,327
125} 39,849 1,460} 41,484) 793,208 2 338 876, 466

Imrortations oF NuRSERY Stock SuBsEcT TO INSPECTION, SHOWING COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, SEASON 1919-20

Bel- Great | United Den-
Holland] gium | France |Britain | States | Japan | mark | Totals

( OVERETOYS TE FS) Ue ee 178,217) 13,865] 375,20) 20,846) 20,964) 10,884; 9,550) 629,616
Conifers and evergreens......... 22,046 16} 64,475 DOG eae yee SVB bso hados 87, 456
EBIFTEMI Tr (RGIS Gp cnt ETE ee NGZiliserea es 15,075 411 3,836 (KO) Poorer: 19,499
SuPmDIIU AUIS, . eee Rs eee eT Pea eee 11 210) 11 IPOS! le Bees yl acre ee 2,565
Seedlings and grafting stock..... SO NAOO| pore eer ASSnOSoleesan DOOR ee TR OOO ener 405, 325

237,130] 138,881] 739,145) 106,454] 26,084] 12, 217 9,550} 1,144,461

ImporTaTION or NuRSERY Stock SuBsect To INSPECTION, SHOWING DEsTINATION OF SHIPMENTS, SEASON

1919-20
New Prince
Nova Bruns- Quebec | Ontario | British | Edward | Totals

Scotia wick Columbia| Island
OINAMENTAS a cye osicmce oeieide vee 26,396 12,565 36,322) 528,591 25,619 123 629,616
MOniters andev.ergreens. fo... |\5<)sjcc-ssern cal coca ones 7,606 ZRSOO | eomat attri Rasa creaee 87,456
GROG EURCE Se on deres ihtte 5 eitcaye ate PASE (te) alee RE | les eas. Aerie 16, 695 ZOE s ciate tees 19,499
Stentulll bir hht aus Gee ee 1a W743) lak ane eerie cere eae ete 1,279 NIG) Eee A 2,565
Seedlings and uanet stock.. (F677 | ear Nee) (er ee 325, 860 lOO Pea) nice 405, 325
36, 622 12, 565 43,928] 952,275 98,948 123] 1,144,461

Firtp Work AGAINST THE Brown-Tatt MotH

The winter field work against this insect was continued in 1918-19 and
1920-21 in the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia under the super-
vision of Mr. McLaine.

NEW BRUNSWICK

The counties of Carleton, York, Sunbury, Queens, and Charlotte were
scouted in the winter of 1918-19, and it is gratifying to state that not a single
winter web of the brown-tail moth was found. Nests in all of these counties
had been found during the previous winter. In the winter of 1919-20, the same
counties were again scouted, attention being directed particularly to the areas
most likely to be infested by the pest. During this period, too, no nests were
found. Mr. McLaine, in reporting upon this work, stated:—

“The brown-tail moth work has gradually been reduced to its present
status chiefly by careful and consistent work on the part of the scouts employed.
It will be remembered that during the winter of 1913-14, as many as 28,100

30

winter nests were collected. The insect undoubtedly develops under New Bruns-
wick conditions; it is, therefore, advisable to scout areas which appear to be
favourable breeding grounds. Our recent policy has been to reduce the cost of
the work to as low a minimum as possible, but always to be on the watch for
a new outbreak.”

In the winter of 1918-19, the province of New Brunswick co-operated with
the Entomological Branch by furnishing additional inspectors, but in 1919-20,
owing to the fact that no winter webs were being found by our own inspectors,
this additional help was not necessary. Mr. W. N. Keenan, of the Division of
Foreign Pests Supression, had the immediate direction of this work.

NOVA SCOTIA

In the province of Nova Scotia scouting work of a similar nature to that
in New Brunswick was conducted. In 1918-19, the field work started on Novem-
ber 19, 1918, and was completed by April 5, 1919.

During this period an average of ten scouts were employed; five by the
province and five by the Entomological Branch, all under our direction. Mr.
McLaine reported that in 1918-19, 1,269 winter nests were collected, as com-
pared with 3,024 found in 1917-18, representing a decrease of approximately
60 per cent. Four counties were found to be infested, namely, Digby, in which
three webs were found; Annapolis, in which 655 webs were found; Kings, in
which 602 webs were found. Ninety-one per cent of the webs were taken from
apple trees. The total number of localities found infested was 54, as compared
with 92 in 1917-18.

In the winter of 1919-20, field work was started on December 1, 1919, and
was completed on March 13, 1920. Mr. McLaine reporting on the result of this
season’s work, stated: ‘At the beginning of the season ten scouts were
employed, but on account of the rapidity with which the ground was covered,
favourable meteorological conditions, and the fact that few nests were being
found, six of the scouts were discharged on January 31, 1920. The total num-
ber of nests found during 1919-20 was 358, as compared with 1,269 in 1918-19,
a decrease of about 72 per cent. In Annapolis county, 97 nests were found, in
Kings county 260, and in Hants county 1.” In 1919-20 as previously, the work
was undertaken jointly by the Provincial and Federal Departments. The total
number of localities found infested in 1919-20 was 22, as compared with 54 in
1918-19. On apple trees there were 331 nests found.

Mr. F. C. Gilliatt, of the Annapolis laboratory, was in charge of the
Nova Scotia field-scouting parties. ;

AMENDMENTS TO REGULATIONS 1919

By Order in Council dated May 19, 1919, the importation into Canada
was prohibited of all corn fodder, or cornstalks, whether used for packing or
otherwise, green sweet corn, roasting ears, corn on the cob or corn cobs, from
the counties of Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, and Suffolk, in the state of Mass-
achusetts, and also from the counties of Schenectady, Saratoga, Montgomery,
and Albany, in the state of New York, two of the United States of America.
This prohibition shall not extend to shipments of corn transported through
the quarantined areas on a through bill of lading. This amendment was passed
owing to the danger of introducing into Canada with such importations, the
very destructive European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn., which has
become established in the states mentioned.

By Order in Council dated November 28, 1919, no apple stock of any
description, including nursery stock seedlings, scions, buds and grafts, shall be
removed from that area included within a radius of five miles of the post
office of the town of Wolfville, in the county of Kings, province of Nova Scotia,

3l

unless the same is accompanied by a certificate of inspection signed by an auth-
orized inspector, which states that the said stock, seedlings, scions, buds or grafts
have been duly treated in accordance with the instructions of the Department
of Agriculture and is free from the apple sucker, Psyllia mali Schmidb. This
new European pest was discovered in the summer of 1919. The above regula-
tion has been passed in order to prevent its further spread on infested scions,
nursery stock, ete.

1920-1921

By Order in Council dated April 14, 1920, the importation into Canada of
alfalfa (lucerne) hay, whether for feeding, packing or other purposes, originating
in the states of Idaho, Utah, and also in the counties of Unitah, Sweetwater
and Lincoln in the state of Wyoming, and the counties of Dennison and Gunni-
son in the state of Colorado, four of the United States of America, is prohibited.

This amendment was passed in order to assist in preventing the introduc-
tion of the alfalfa weevil into Canada on shipments of alfalfa hay.

By Order in Council dated May 24, 1920, the amendment dealing with the
European corn borer passed on May 19, 1919, was rescinded. Under the new
amendment the importation into Canada of corn and broom corn, including
all parts of the stalk, celery, green beans in the pod, beets with tops, spinach,
rhubarb, oat and rye straw, as such or when used as packing, cut flowers or
entire plants of chrysanthemums, aster, cosmos, zinnia, hollyhock, gladiolus
and dahlia from the areas in the United States infested by the European corn
borer is prohibited, unless the same are accompanied by a certificate of inspec-
tion issued by the United States Department of Agriculture stating that the
above products are free from the pest.

By Order in Council dated August 21, 1920, the amendment dealing with
the apple sucker passed on November 28, 1919, was rescinded and substituted
by a Ministerial Order. Under this Ministerial Order the counties of Kings,
Hants, Colchester, and Cumberland, in the province of Nova Scotia were quar-
antined on account of the apple sucker, and no nursery stock may be moved
from any of the quarantined areas unless accompanied by a permit or a certifi-
cate of inspection duly signed by an authorized inspector.

By a Ministerial Order passed on September 16, 1920, the removal of corn,
including all parts of the plant, from the London, Ont. fair grounds was pro-
hibited on account of the danger of spreading the European corn borer thereby.

On September 25, 1920, a Ministerial Order was passed adding the com-
munities of Aldersville, New Ross and Mill Road, in the county of Lunenburg,
Nova Scotia, to the areas mentioned in the quarantine passed on August 21,
1920, under which the removal of nursery stock is prohibited owing to the danger
of spreading the apple sucker.

On November 25, 1920, a Ministerial Order was passed prohibiting the
removal of corn fodder or cornstalks, including broom corn, whether used for
packing or other purposes, green sweet corn, roasting ears, corn on the cob or
corn cobs, from the areas in southern Ontario infested by the European corn
borer. Five exceptions were made to this quarantine, namely :—

1. To the articles enumerated when they shall have been manufactured in
such a manner as to eliminate the risk of carriage of the European
corn borer

2. To clean shelled corn and cleaned seed of broom corn.

3. To shipments of the articles enumerated, transported through the quar-
antined areas on a through bill of lading.

4. To shipments of the articles enumerated for experimental or scientific
purposes, by the Dominion Department of Agriculture or the Ontario
Department of Agriculture.

32

5. To shipments of dried seed corn on the cob for exhibition purposes —
and consigned to the secretary of a winter fair or exhibition duly
recognized by the Dominion Department of Agriculture or the Ontario
Department of Agriculture. Such shipments shall be inspected at point

of destination by an inspector duly appointed under the Destructive
Insect and Pest Act.

By Order in Council dated February 25, 1921, that part of section 3 of the
Regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act passed on July 17,
1917, and reading as follows, was rescinded:—

“ Truro, N.S., and Digby, N.S., for nursery stock destined to points
in the province of Nova Scotia only, from March 15 to May 15, and
from October 7 to December 7.”

III—THE NATIONAL COLLECTION OF INSECTS.

Considerable progress was made during the two years covered by this report
in the arrangement of the National Collection of Insects. On April 1, 1919, Dr.
J. H. McDunnough, a systematist of high standing, was appointed Chief of the
Division of Systematic Entomology. Through the efforts of this officer, assisted
by other entomologists in the branch, large accumulations of unclassified
insects have been worked over and placed in correct systematic positions. The
species of the various orders of insects have been transferred to permanent steel
cabinets.

Special cabinets for the reception of alcoholic material were received, and
Mr. Paul N. Vroom was engaged during the winter months in arranging such
material, particularly the spiders (Arachnide).

In November, 1919, Mr. August Busck, of the United States National
Museum, Washington, D.C., visited the branch and rendered valuable assist-
ance in arranging the collection of Microlepidoptera. Dr. Harrison G. Dyar,
of the same institution, also visited Ottawa for the purpose of examining the
collection of mosquitoes.

ApDDITIONS TO CoLLEcTIONS. From British Columbia valuable collections of
insects have been received from Messrs W. Downes, W. B. Anderson, E. H.
Blackmore, W. R. Buckell, and E. R. Buckell. Many specimens from Alberta
have been contributed by Messrs. F. Carr, K. Bowman, D. Mackie, F. White-
house and E. H. Strickland. From Manitoba collections have been received
from Messrs. Norman Criddle, J. B. Wallis, P. N. Vroom and Mrs. W. Hippisley,
Material collected in Ontario has been received from Messrs. W. A. Ross, H. F.
Hudson, and J. F. Brimley. From the Yukon Territory valuable specimens
were donated by Mr A. P. Hawes. Various officers of the Geological Survey,
notably Messrs. C. H. Young, C. M. Barbeau, and H. C. Cook, have collected
material for the National Collection.

Dr. W. Barnes, of Decatur, Ill, very kindly donated a number of species
of lepidoptera, including paratypes of species described from Canadian material.

The most important addition to the National Collection was the very valu-
able collection of lepidoptera of the late F. H. Wolley-Dod, which was bequeathed
to the branch. This collection consisted of over 20,000 specimens. It is particu-
larly rich in noctuide, of which family Mr. Dod was a recognized authority.

Fietp Work. In 1919, Dr. McDunnough made large collections in the
Ottawa district and also began a faunal study in the Lake of Bays region of
northern Ontario. In the following year this district was again visited, special
attention being given to the collecting of specimens of odonata and neurop-

33

teriod insects. These latter insects are of considerable economic interest from
the fact that their larvee constitute to a considerable extent the food of impor-
tant fishes.

COLLECTIONS OF THE CANADIAN Arctic Expepirion. During the two years
under review studies of collections of insects made by members of this expedi-
tion were completed and reports published on collembola, neuropteroid insects;
diptera; mallophaga and anoplura; coleoptera; hemiptera; hymenoptera and
plant galls; spiders, mites and myriopods; lepidoptera; and orthoptera. These
reports are valuable contributions to the literature of arctic insects.

The specimens, with the types of those described as new to science, have
been deposited in the National Collection.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Our thanks are due to a number of specialists in the
United States and elsewhere, who have helped us in determining specimens. In
this connection we are specially grateful to Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the
United States Bureau of Entomology, and his colleagues at Washington, D.C.

The Chief of the Division of Systematic Entomology has rendered much

help to entomologists, teachers and others, in the determination of doubtful
material.

IV—BRANCH LABORATORIES.

ANNAPOLIS Roya, N.S., Mr. G. E. Sanders, Entomologist in charge. The
officer at this laboratory was in immediate charge of insecticide investigations
of the branch. This latter work is referred to particularly on page 25. Suc-
cessful orchard and field demonstrations have impressed the growers of the
Maritime Provinces of the importance of this work and as a direct result larger
and better crops have been grown. Through the studies of the officers at this
laboratory in developing improved insecticides, important financial savings to
fruit growers have resulted. In addition to the insecticide investigations which
were carried on at this laboratory, studies have also been made of important
outbreaks of insects occurring in Nova Scotia. A rather widespread outbreak
of the true armyworm was investigated in 1920, resulting in an opportunity
of demonstrating under field conditions successful control by means of poisoned
baits.

Frepertcton, N.B., Mr. J. D. Tothill, Entomologist in charge. At this
laboratory the various causes of insect outbreaks have received close investiga-
tion. The study of the natural control of such important pests as the fall
webworm, the forest tent caterpillar and the spruce budworm was continued.
Important parasites of the brown tail and gipsy moths which were introduced
into New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, were recovered during 1920; one import-
ant parasite, namely Apanteles lacteicolor Vier., has increased considerably. A
further statement regarding natural control investigations will be found on page
26. Outbreaks of important pests such as the tent caterpillar, birch leaf
skeletonizer, spruce budworm, army worm, etc., have been investigated.

HEMMINGFoRD, Qur., Mr. C. E. Petch, Entomologist in charge. Orchard
demonstrations with various spray and dust mixtures occupied much of the
time of the officer in charge of this laboratory during 1919 and 1920. Orchard
and field demonstrations with various insecticides have attracted considerable
attention. Life-history studies of important pests such as the apple curculio
and the plum curculio have been made. In addition, the following are the
insects which have been most destructive in Quebec province in the two years
covered by this report: flea beetles, fruit worms, cutworms, root maggots, white
grubs and budmoth.

34

VINELAND SraTion, Ont., Mr. W. A. Ross, Entomologist in charge. Life-
history studies of the pear psyllia commenced in 1917 were largely completed
in 1919 and much valuable data on its control was obtained. In the same year
investigations on the strawberry weevil and potato leaf hopper were begun and
satisfactory progress made. Orchard demonstrations in the control of a number
of fruit pests were conducted in various sections of the Niagara district. Experi-
ments with various orchard dusts and new spray materials were also under-
taken. Systematic studies of the various species of aphids found in Canada
were continued by the officer in charge of this laboratory.

SrrarHroy, Ont., Mr. H. F. Hudson, Assistant Entomologist in charge.
The important lines of investigations carried on in 1919 at this laboratory were
the continuation of the life-history studies of white grubs and other soil-infest-
ing insects and demonstrations of insecticides valuable for controlling the
Colorado potato beetle, and experiments on the control of the potato leaf hopper.
An infestation in western Ontario of the Hessian fly received attention. In the
following year this latter insect was again destructive to wheat in western
Ontario. In addition to the above, other insects which were studied, were the
seed-corn maggot, cabbage root maggot, wireworms, etc.

Treespank, Man., Mr. Norman Criddle, Entomologist in charge. In 1919,
owing to the very serious outbreak of grasshoppers in the southwestern sections
of Manitoba and southeast Saskatchewan, the officer in charge of this laboratory
devoted the major portion of the summer to visiting grasshopper infested areas,
giving advice to farmers and demonstrating the value of poisoned baits and
other control measures In 1920, the continued outbreak of grasshoppers in
Manitoba again necessitated Mr. Criddle’s personal attention during most of
the season. In May, June, July, and August of this latter year meetings of
farmers in infested districts were addressed, bait-mixing stations were visited
and advice in general given. Outbreaks of other field crop insects such as the
western wheat-stem sawfly, cutworms, sugar beet webworm, blister beetles,
diamond-back moth, etc., were investigated.

SasKAToon, Sask., Dr. A. E. Cameron, Entomologist in charge. The grass-
hopper outbreaks in this province in 1919, like those in Manitoba, necessitated
the attention throughout the growing season of the officer in charge of this
laboratory. Many farmers’ meetings were held and definite instructions given
regarding the control of these destructive insects. Our officer worked in close
co-operation with provincial officers. In the same year, as time permitted,
investigations were made on insects affecting live stock. In 1920, in addition to
assisting in the grasshopper campaign, Dr. Cameron continued investigations
on the biology of such pests as black flies, horse-flies, ete. Outbreaks of cut-
worms were also studied as well as infestations of the beet webworm, which
was prevalent in the province.

Leruprivcr, AuTa., Mr. E. H. Strickland, Entomologist in charge. Cut-
worm studies occupied the attention of the officer in charge of this laboratory.
In 1919, a very severe outbreak of these caterpillars occurred in Alberta; in
fact, probably the most extensive outbreak in the history of the province. Many
thousands of dollars’ worth of growing crops were destroyed, particularly by
the pale western cutworm. In the following year field experiments in cutworm
control were conducted as well as studies on parasites attacking these cater-
pillars. In 1920, grasshoppers were very abundant, particularly in southern
portions of the province. From the end of May until late in the season the
services of our resident field officer were required in the campaign of control.
This work resulted in the saving of much crop from destruction.

VERNON, B.C.; Victoria, B.C.; AcaAssiz, B.C., anp Mission, B.C. Mr. R.
C. Treherne has had general supervision over all the entomological work in
British Columbia. In the Vernon district important investigations were con-

;

|

35 i
ducted on the life-history and control of orchard and small fruit insects, such
as the codling moth, currant fruit fly, etc., as well as vegetable insects, particu-
larly the cabbage root maggot and the onion maggot. Investigations relating
to insects affecting range lands, especially grasshoppers, were also conducted
from this laboratory.

At the Victoria laboratory, Mr. W. Downes had charge of investigations
relating to strawberry insects, particularly the strawberry root weevil. Through
the co-operation of the Provincial Department of Agriculture office accom-
modation was provided for Mr. Downes in the Parliament Buildings and all
enquiries received at the Provincial Department of Agriculture relating to
insects were referred to our officer.

At the Agassiz laboratory, Mr. A. B. Baird was in temporary charge. The
work of this officer was concerned particularly with the natural control of
insects, and studies were made of important parasites of the tent caterpillar,
the fall webworm and the spruce budworm.

The laboratory at Mission for mosquito investigations was established in
1919 with Mr. Eric Hearle, Assistant Entomologist, in charge. This work is
referred to particularly on page 24.

_V—MISCELLANEOUS.
GOPHER CONTROL BY MEANS OF CHLORINE

While in Saskatchewan in 1920, Mr. Kelsall experimented with varying

amounts of chlorine which were liberated down holes into which the gophers
had been seen to go. Chlorine gas, being heavy, sinks directly into the holes.
In reporting upon these experiments he stated as follows:—
EXPERIMENT No. 1. (a) Holes into which a small puff of gas had been liber-
ated. A few seconds after liberation of gas the gophers emerged from the holes.
They were in a dazed condition, considerably distressed, and it was thought
they might stand a chance of eventually recovering.

(6) Holes into which a little more chlorine than the above was liberated.
A few seconds after liberation of gas the gophers came to the mouth of the hole
where they remained gasping and in great distress. These gophers died in
times varying from half a minute to two minutes after appearing at the mouth
of the hole.

(c) Holes into which still more chlorine than the above was liberated.
These gophers dic not appear at all, and it was evident that they had died
almost immediately in the hole.

EXPERIMENT No. 2. A cylinder of chlorine having a rubber exit tube attached
was placed in a wagon and conveyed to an area where gophers were very numer-
ous. Before commencing operations the total weight of the cylinder was
noted. The time chosen was about 6 p.m. when it was known that the largest

- number of gophers would be out of their holes.

While driving it was noted which particular holes gophers went in (many
holes were old and apparently deserted), and the wagon taken near such holes.
The opening of the rubber tube was then placed at the mouth of the hole and
gas turned on for one or two seconds. In each case it was the aim to liberate
about the same quantity of gas as that used in Experiment 1 (c), or an amount
somewhat exceeding this. It is to be noted that no longer time than a few
seconds was taken at each hole. It was not necessary to get out of the wagon.

In no cases did gophers appear again on the surface after the gas had
been liberated. In this way chlorine was liberated in forty-two holes, in many
of which more than one gopher was known to be. It was found on again
weighing the cylinder that a little less than four pounds of chlorine had been
used to gas the forty-two holes.

ae! 36
INDIAN ORCHARD WORK IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

In the years covered by this report (1919 and 1920), the work amongst
the Indians in the province of British Columbia, for which provision is made
by the Department of Indian Affairs, has been under the direction of the
Dominion Entomologist, the officer in immediate charge being Mr. Walter B.
Anderson, Supervisor of Indian Orchards in British Columbia.

This work being of a general agricultural and horticultural nature is
especially concerned with educational matters, such as the pruning, the removal
of worthless trees which afford breeding places for pests, the control of orchard
insects by proper spraying methods, ete. During the winter months and at
other times as well, various reserves have been visited and lectures given on
fruit growing, injurious insects, value of bird protection, etc. In some sections
spraying machines have been installed and demonstrations given in the prepara-
tion of standard spray mixtures. Many of the Indians have become excellent
operators of these machines and, as a result, orchards have been protected from
important pests and improved crops of fruit secured. From the reports received
from Mr. Anderson, and from observations which I have personally made, there
has undoubtedly been marked improvements in the Indian orchards of British
Columbia, as a result of this work.

“TRAVELLING

Visits have been made by me personally to the entomological field labora-
tories in the various provinces to see the work of our officers and the districts
in which such investigations were being conducted. Meetings of various socie-
ties have also been attended. In December, 1919, I represented the branch at
the annual meetings of the American Association of Economic Entomologists,
and Entomological Society of America, which was held at St. Louis, Mo. At the
end of the year 1920, I attended similar meetings of the same societies at
Chicago, and was elected Vice-President of both societies. Dr. Swaine also
attended these latter meetings. In September, 1920, I visited the United States
Bureau of Entomology laboratories, near Boston, Mass., namely the gipsy and
brown tail parasite laboratory at Melrose Highlands, and the European corn
borer laboratory at Arlington. In the same month, accompanied by Mr.
McLaine, I also visited corn borer infested regions near Buffalo, N.Y. During
the years 1919-20 and 1920-21, I had the honour of being elected President
of the Entomological Society of Ontario.

ADVISORY BOARD ON WILD LIFE PROTECTION

In December, 1920, I was appointed by Order in Council a member of the
Advisory Board on Wild Life Protection. This board is an interdepartmental
one, the function of which is to advise the various Government departments
in matters relating to wild life protection, as well as in advising provinces con-
cerning wild life problems which they refer to the board. The Departments
represented on this board are: Agriculture, Indian Affairs, Mines, Interior,
Fisheries and Mounted Police.

PUBLICATIONS

The following bulletins, circulars and leaflets have been published during
the two years ending March 31, 1921:

BULLETINS

Studies in North American Cleorini (Geometridae). By J. H. McDunnough, Bulletin No.
15, 64 pp., issued November 19, 1920.

37

CIRCULARS

Boring Caterpillars Affecting Corn and other Crops and which are -Liable to be Mistaken
for the European Corn Borer. By Arthur Gibson, Circular No. 14, 14 pp., issued
April 9, 1920.

Locust Control in the Prairie Provinces. By N. Criddle, Circular No. 13, 20 pp., issued
April 13, 1920.

CROP PROTECTION LEAFLETS

How to Control Locusts or Grasshoppers. By A. Gibson and N. Criddle, Crop Protection
Leaflet No. 6, 4 pp., issued June, 1919

The Beet Webworm. By E. H. Strickland and N. Criddle, Crop Protection Leaflet No.
12, 3 pp., issued November, 1919.

The European Corn Borer. By A. Gibson and L. S. McLaine, Crop Protection Leaflet
No. 13, 3 pp., issued September 24, 1920.

The Control of Grasshoppers. By N. Criddle and A. V. Mitchener, Crop Protection Leaf-
let No. 14, 4 pp., issued March, 1921.

The Date on which itis safe to Reseed Fields in the Prainie Provinces after they have been
Devastated by Cutworms. By E. H. Strickland. Crop Protection Leaflet No. 11, pp. 2.

In addition to the above publications issued by the Branch, an illustrated
bulletin on the apple maggot—32 pp.—was prepared jointly by L. Caesar, Pro-
vincial Entomologist, and W. A. Ross, in charge of our Vineland Station, Ont.,
laboratory, and published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture in May,
1919.

The following articles have been published in the Agricultural Gazette of
Canada :—

sa ea Borer, Saperda calcarata Say. By R. N. Chrystal, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 333-337,

pril, 1919.

The European Corn Borer, Pyrausta_nubilalis Hubner, A New and Most Dangerous Pest.
By L. 8. McLaine, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 448-446, May, 1919.

The Greenhouse Leaf-Tyer, Phiyctaenia ferrugalis Hbn. By Arthur Gibson, Vol. 6, No.
7; pp. 626-629, July, 1919.

The European Elm Sawfly Leaf-Miner. By R. N. Chrystal, Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. 725-728,
August, 1919.

The Corn Ear Worm in Consignments of Imported Tomatoes. By A. Gibson, Vol. 6,
No. 9, pp. 797-799, September, 1919.

The Use of the Aeroplane in Entomological Work. By C. Gordon Hewitt, Vol. 6, No.
10, p. 877, October, 1919.

The Use of White Arsenic as an Insecticide in Bordeaux Mixtures. By G. E. Sanders
and A. Kelsall, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 10-12, January, 1920.

The Pine Bark Beetle Outbreaks. By J. M. Swaine, Vol. 7, No. 8, pp. 642-644, August,
1920.

What is Entomology? By J. H. MeDunnough, Vol. 7, No. 9, pp. 739-740, September, 1920.

Two New and Important Insect Pests Recently Found in Canada1 By L. 8. McLaine,
Vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 793-794, October. 1920.

Gopher Control by Means of Chlorine. By A. Kelsall, Vol. 7, No. 11, pp. 879-880,
November, 1920.

The European Corn Borer Infestation. By L. S. McLaine, Vol. 7, No. 12, pp. 938-939,
December. 1920.

A Survey of Our Forests From the Air. By J. M. Swaine, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 20-22,
February, 1921.

The Value of Insectivorous Birds to Agriculture. By Arthur Gibson. Vol. 8. No. 2, pp.
126-127, March, April, 1921.

In addition to the above, officers of the branch have contributed important
scientific articles to The Canadian Entomologist and other entomological jour-
nals; as well as popular articles, relating to the habits and control of important
insect pests, to agricultural and other papers.

1 European Corn Borer and Satin Moth.

38

STAFF ; |
During the two years ending March 31, 1921, the following permanent |
technical officers were appointed to our staff:— |
J. H. McDunnough, Ph. D., Chief, Division of Systematic Entomology,
Ottawa, Ont.
Ralph Hopping, Entomologist, in charge of forest insect investigations in
British Columbia, Vernon, B.C
H. G. Crawford, B.S.A., Entomologist, Division of Field Crop and Garden
Insects, Ottawa, Ont.
ag oF Craighead, Ph.D. , Entomologist, Division of Forest Insects, Ottawa,
Ont.
H. L. Seamans, B.Se., Entomologist, in charge of Lethbridge, Alta.,
laboratory.
R. P. Gorham, B.S.A., Assistant Entomologist, Fredericton, N.B.
E. Hearle, B. Ss. A., Assistant Entomologist in charge of mosquito investiga-
tions in western Canada. |
V. B. Durling, Junior Entomologist, Annapolis Royal, N.S. |
The following resignations took effect: |
A. E. Cameron, D.Sc., in charge of Saskatoon, Sask., laboratory. .

R. N. Chrystal, B.Sc., Assistant in the Division of Forest Insects, Ottawa,
Ont. |
. McMahon, B.S.A., Assistant, Annapolis Royal, N.S., laboratory. |

>

It is very gratifying to record the loyal support I have received from all
members of the staff since my appointment as Dominion Entomologist and
Head of the Entomological Branch. In my opinion in no branch of the public
service is there to be found a better spirit of co-operation than that which
exists in the Entomological Branch. Our officers, both technical and clerical,
without exception, have rendered splendid service, as a result of which the
standing of entomology in Canada has been considerably advanced.

I have the honor to be, sir,
Your obedient servant,

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Dominion Entomologist.

INDEX

Page
Wdaiwions tol Collections. .....256¢2.002. 54x05 32
Administration of Regulations under ENE
ceig TE. JMG 5 aes Re ae ee 28
Advisory Board on Wild Life Protection.... 36
Agana boretory....... 2.25... 556025 34
Agricultural Gazette, articles in............. 37
EACLE Ta 0 A 18
Un gah NEO U Ese oe A ee 8
PAj(eiie |i COTS A Oe See cee eae ae 31
PRIS THINURDOTILELATUG soe or visic cco o's see si ow sinsera® 19-21
Amendments to Regulations................ 30
NITE ATMMIIECOLLC LUM cece Sic ee wishes a Sa ete bey ss 22
Annapolis Royal Laboratory................ 33
Anthonomus quadrigibbus..........0000602045 20
YS ON AD PS) G0) 7 21
Apamea nictitans americand...........+.+.+5- 9
IMECICSTLNCLELCOLOT: 3.5. oo eo Baie ee 28
Jor IGN. 202 2 ERG ato te eo eee ee 24
TAMIES ISCUNODTUSSICOE... occ00 sc cece sso e eee 15
Pear EIEC INNO et eycic's otc eis. civ aia Sees 20
POPE MIBCADTVINOE fees Sojci oh wa cela siete sb eeie ws 20
J TTP UTS Se eee ee 20
“yellt Si ORS 2 ge ee 20-31
Argyroploce consanguinand................45 22
USTED SY. | Se een AAS eee ea ek eae 10-11
Ash Gray Blister Beetle. -7.--2......:...-:. 16
“Aspidiotus perniciosus..............0.000005- 21
PRLOTPINOHOTASSICOE. o.oo eines cons ces eces sss 24
IBials Binni@t es Cee Gin pOEOEgCn ee 16-19
EASh, SE DR es Se ee. 9-13
REVELATION 2 2 5 he oe a be cis sss sess 24
Breh-leat skeletonizer...2.....5..5....5..- 19
lackperny Weat-miner......5...5-.500ss.60% 21
PEERRTISELCULODICTUSS «on o/s.c osc sev ccsccenesaess 10
Lh log th Luke. ot Be Ag eee een eee ae 20
erenePRETECUOROLeE.. >. c.ccsscagicsssseecss 18
pe UD =) 1. oo cc cee Cece ne 29
PCI EWOLIGAPAINSL...<2-<.22<s6ccce cess 29
Da SD ad oo 29
> GME S@Uth. ee 29
Bucculatriz canadensisella.................... 19
Hn) DOD. jee ORB One e 21
isy LE cCis). . ah Ss SB ees Bee aoe eee 36
Divi las Wier, Co 9
Osiohne ibe 20 ae 24
@abbaec root Marrot.... 5.2.6... ce te eee 10-15
2s yaaa onl 4 Sas ee 11-15
NEPOCEMUMUTOUTOSTIUG © «0. ccc loss sec et ecavees 21
QUOTE RT HORT BETTS ee 22
RUESTARINGENIESE Mates oho) Saisie chav ois te sicedescecs 21
Cicchetti re 8-12
CampulomimaDerDUsct 2.250. e secs cee 21
Canadian Arctic Expedition Reports........ 33
CORBOCLPSD POMONELIA....: 2.022.000 .000rdees 21
DRUGS EAVES. 2 Sehe6 DECOR CoE Eee 9-13
livin ioe. . +22 eee 10
Ubon... .,¢ 63 SSeS Eee 10
“LAISE SEs. 2. oR 13-35
Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner................ 24
Curysanghemum Midge..........000...065- 24
PAI ASE-DCALCL...-. enc csceccessccsceeses 21
SRS os ooo 6 OnE eee 37
OTF HIDE Th DL | ee eee ee 10-11
CIB METCRE WEEVIL. 5 o5.c,< 5020 fos 0 cele oo eles 11
Coline Ite ee. 21-22
Coleophora fletcherella.............. cece eeeee 21
Colorado Potato Beetle........5..00...0.00 10-15
@oemmion spider Mite..... 2.25.66. scsesseees 20
Compsilura concinnata:......2....20.s020206% 28
Conotrachelus nenuphar...........2...+02002- 20
DSMEBE RED WODIN. 2/ic-cecce cab savisisios « oo aee sere 9

39

Page

Corrosive Sublimate for Cabbage Root
IW Ag rOt 2 oscars oe Se roca eee oes 10-15
@rop- Protections Wéeatets.an sees. ace 37
Gurrantibruit Bly ic. ccess «te ees s st eces eee 22
@utwonrms <-..s soccss mate coat eee neccmeteie 7-11
Black Arm yacncen meric tise teeters 8
Dark=sidGd': \e see sone teas ee ee 8
Wie us'ok. f. Jf ee, cate take lero eis Acloc co 8
Gilassyens okra ree te aetornee seine ae 7
Pale Western: «2. bec nese ese es 711
Red=backed: 5-281 eee raction cick c.tacre 7-11
Striped... 253 5.Sa sae ce etn So ae ere 11
Variegated, snd acne conten asocee se oe < 7-24
Cyclamen: Mite scsen nee ae seises < B-se eer 24
Dasyneura rhodophaga.....:.....--.-..0-s0. 24
Dendroctonus brevicomis..........0e.00.cee06 16
- Dendroctonus monticolae............0.0.e000. 16
Dendroctonus pseudotsugaeé..............+.05 16
Diamond-back=MOuhuowss es eee eee eee 11-15
Diarthronomyia hypogaed............2..eeeeee 24
Douglas Fir Bark-beetle.................... 16
PIM POWTOSAE W235 5s Khe Re AO Ae ee es 8 ore 24
Em poasca mali... sect s one ne Does eee 9-14
Eintomocelis adontdts. ..< 2.22. ¢ ceus vere ces soe 11
Entomophthora megasperum. ........20.0eee 8
Epochra@ CONMdenSis. so5 2 os.ce8 eo ece eens 22
EFTOMRYES. PUNE ce hen Gasol tere es aeieae Uae 20
Prat hTONeurd COMES No mac hiciecisiiecss = « ei esis a ree 22
Huropean (Corm/Borets eae. ns A> 1 - es oe 9-14-30
Scoutingioryss cyanea neo: oe ee 14
European Elm Sawfly Leaf Miner........... 18
BAUTOM NESS OTUs sion Satin oe 8S oo OOO 8
EUSTON OCT OG ASLOT Feioaia. coco oxe's nie ores cles stemtets 7-11
BUSOU PETSONALG: 2. ono ae os ss Da cies se oaleenle 7
PENT OMS SOUL ns Dace a ar ojers hs aca 'vis Sieve wee OS 11
Par OUtTISUIGUE A led Ws sa Sods eee eee 8-11
Hali@ankeEwOrm...)..schoeee ores eoce tats 19-21
Hall Web worn: <) 45 cae ns eta ac oe eiereeve ke rees 21-27
Forest Insect Injury in Jasper Park, Alberta. 18
Forest Sample Plot Studies................. 18-19
Horest: Ment, Caterpillang. Aone soceac te etl. se 27
Bredencton: Laboraiocyeraeosnsa scene tenes 33
‘Bruit bree? beaf-rollenses 5s mee sees icectns 21
Hroutt worm, Investigations: .:..2....2.0.s.6s 22
Gopher Controle, dasccirsciaeine oo «2 tees 35
Gortynasiicacels mr acctepieprcvem tie iieee a aero: 9
Grape Leaf-bopper:.< 2. scseere cone ooteees 22
Gpasshoppensi nace 5 ckaoce ee oe eee 8-12
Control by chlorine gas................. 13
Tnesser: Misratonyssae.tes ee eee oe 8-9-12
Red-learedt iy scenic ee ie ae 9
Roadside cece tae. cea. 8-9-12
Greater Wheat-stem Maggot................ 15
Green Apple;Bug yi... eos ot seeks 20-27
Greenhouse Usesi-Gyers. s.2 0 )t oases fest onss 24
Greenhouses Witte! Hiv S53. . ciie.c eet cers ote ne 24
Haematobia Seri atisaa.on eee eo eee 25
Harmologa fumiferana..........6..0s000+% 16-18-27
Heltoihisvobsoletizen... cat aemra oe en k e 9
Helotro PhOcTeEnuanmisi 1 noone ee eae 9
Hemerocam pa leucostigma..............2-+2- 20-27
Hemerocampa pseudotsugata.............-..- 18
Hemerocampa vetusta...........0cccccccccees 18
Hemisarcoptes malus..........202020.000052% 27
Hemmingford Laboratory................:% 33
ibfessian lyse ea eo eee re ee 10-15

Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon, Obituary Notice... 5

40

INDEX—Concluded
Page
Horn Blysi. ont canes arin ie ee se 20%) Pen Moth: sts. 2s Senits beeen ee ee a ee
Hylemyioa Gftiquas sn. c. testa. ne etek eae 10-157 \ Peach Uiwir Borer. < sce... fs seen eee
HuylemyialOTrasstCae.e += 06s wc ne seer socks sr 10-15 = Pear=Payilia. 27 asks see oo cee eae
ey PRAnbrsCUundane oe <a cee eee sles « 21-27. ‘Pear Slug...... Mine 9 Attihe sleate aieisioe Sas amen
Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Te ORK r abs ce ee eee
Imported Onion Maggot.............-...+.- 10-153 Phorbra rubiword..4..0.. cape eee Ree eee
Indian Orchard Work in British Columbia. . 36 Phytomyza chrysanthemt...2.2..+..s00.+eeb ee
Importation of Nursery Stock............... 28° Phytonomus punctatus.......-..+-. os ueeeesee
ables. eh cease. wena ces hee eee 28-29 Pieris 'ranaee.). cess 5. dak ete ine. Be
[nkecuicides!., coe. ace tae ss etait eres 25. Plum Curculio’y <2: ...2. o:ce 1
Tnsects Affecting Corn. ...3500-;+. eo eee ae 9 Plum Spider Mite sad So'e deel ed ob
Insects Affecting Domestic Animals and Man 24. — Plutetla maculipennis...22-.~~. <2 s2<s Seeee
Insects Affecting Field and Garden Crors. “,. Polyphylia decemitineata:......=...-.<2se eee
Insects Affecting Forest and Shade Trees... 16 Porosagrotis orthogonia...... 22.2% ..ccestse seen
Insects Affecting Fruit Crops................ 20 Potato Leaf Hopper... ...'..-... Soe eeeeee
Insects Affecting Greenhouse and Orna- Potato Stem Borer............ a eee
Mente LANES. 5.. acim create scien ee MS 24 Prionosystus macmurtret...::.2.+.....sseeene
Unvenhirations sys. os. bevel deere Te SPeyllta malt cco. 0s alee
Psyltia pyricola.. kk. sah. te eee
Kaliosysphinga tlm saci ote, os «eer iaalepiacs) === 18... ‘Publications... 5054.4 -1--smchian ee
Pyraustanubtlalts:..:... .2 .c%. See ane es eae
Maboratortess.. 2) u.3 53. cen Ree eae ee ae a ;
pg tsar U Cee SORTED PIC BA cee on ct 2
Ammapolis Royal. ..00000000000000000 is” Haepberry Grows Borer... a
Fredericton... .....- 2-2. 006e tee centee ants Red-humped Apple Caterpillar..............
Hemmingford ae ae eae 33 Red T ip B l
Tethhrid 34 e urnip:Beetle:: . 22-22)
stn LBS. n « nice, vje0fe =, sup sien e]= = iojee = o)n ein Rhagoletis pomonella Seo Lee ee
WT TRRION ore Lc eek om rapek aevola Ce tee 34. Rose Chafer
Bankanopneete fice ickeicbarie trae ooo of Raa Leaf-hopper ne Oo en namie
Sirathroy ce teen ene oc PR ee Be” RoshiMidgeu. asses ene paige x é
MTeCS DANI’, Woe. bes cscsnore eee eee Bhs Sing a 2 Mes es, en
PeEDOR cen nc ve Sosperaseeeeigie 0 ee = Bea Joa ele eee
Vineland Station............0vsecspwaeue 34 Saskatoon coon
‘ : pe Moth.. Racine
wb De Se ela Bessie sh OLE Ree chizura concinna.. Ss oy
bare ams | 18 Shade ‘ree Insets
Laspeyresia Prumivora..... 2... cee cee cncnenees 22 CEE eos ae oe
Bepidosaphes Unt: sos «cok Sona ne 20-27 Sidemia devastator............. ahi
Leptinotarsa decemlineata.............+.++++: 10-15 Simulium simile.............
Lethbridge Laboratory..................... 34 Spruce Budworm................
Baye Stock Insects cs cadens mates one ahs 25 Sporotrichum globuliferum.......... :
Mgroptege Stich chia .rae. sw... rene aniga%: > emmise ele 9-13 Staff...-........-eseeeee sees eee
Lycophotia margaritosa.............0.000005- 7-24 Stilpnotia salicis.............-+.+--
Lygus communis novascotiensis.............-. 20-27 Strathroy Laboratory. 2.0.22...
BAUS DIGlENSBes vdeo. 2 2\.9.0 co eae oi 11 Strawberry Root Weevil.......... ‘
Strawberry Weevil... .cce.ssenseee eiiegee
WMGCTODESIS UNICOLOT..k..... asinine oe ee se 16 =
Macrodactylus subspinosus...........0.4+000++ 21 ‘Tarnished: Plant Bumie....-0. oe
MOCrOSEDRUM Dist oe os vas sa duiowekeemacde 16. Tarsonemus pallidus.............--
Moalacosoma amerivana...........tnaceovccsnes 20. Tent Caterpillarsaeeee- eens eee
Malacosoma disstria...... Sook) oo SAC EESEIEInG 20-27 Tetranychus telarius.............. F
WhORa tia DeLnunetae cs 3 e cte mio ere ein nisieeys er 21 Thrips tabact. ~....<. saan eee ‘
Mealy BUgs . caus scsee ne ceauw as se ener 24 Tischeria malifoliella............1008
Miryetrola destructor... <.,-1.2 > can cee cio a eee 10-15 Tmetocera ocellana............-+.+oeeee
Mglgnonlus Ctlants:, <..:,<cc.+ -mieios viele Sh eeet. 8-12 "Travelling: 0.0 ..cc.6.u2. += eo .65 3 ee
Meromyza QMEricana....... 00s cc2ccevesdsclass 15° Treesbank Laboratory.......... sees
MANGO UTtCOLOT Ela. ...\. 20 eae sms Babe elo eee 22 Trialeurodes vaporarioruMm. .........eee eee eee
Mission WA DOLALOLY.«.. 52. cw inia.oc Uses erm 34 «§ Typhlocyba. rose... .ci.. 0s. > oe eee
Mosquito Investigations................++.. 24
Miullem Lesi-bug. .....50. 5. foes kcmene ees 91 # ‘Vernon Laboratory... .....<...0cmeee ene
Victoria Laboratory... .......s0eunenee
National Collection of Insects............... 32: ‘Vineland. Laboratory. .......s.:as..esen eee
Natural Control of Insects...............+.- 26
INGMGTUS CYICNSONIL. <5 a/0\0% s/s 0 wlio sol eleloato eer 18. Warble Plies. .ccc.:.5:./0 ne eles spe a
Western’ Gorn Borer. «5.265.100 0 eee 9
Oak Garpenter Worm... .%.0%.. ses eae eee 18-19 Western Lined June Beetle................6. 24
OnoneCHrins:: 65.2.2. > «ee eeeiewelt nein emi 11 Western Pine Bark Beetle................... 16
Osiorhinchis QUGHIA.... 1. 6 seamen ns te PRR 22 Western Pine Beetle...... ... s+.» seine 16
Oyster Shell Seale:........ 1 hens ppeeeies » sete 90-21-27 ~ ‘Western Turnip Aphbis...........0s.seenneee 15
Western Wheat Stem Sawfly...............- 9-13
Papatpema cata phracta. . .\sewieicls sss »''\ a 5 9 White Grubs: «uc... 0.55 ss00<.0 cen sh ennnnnnee 16
Parasite Recoveries. ........ 05h emis e seen 27 White-marked Tussock Moth............... 20-27
Paratetranychus pilosus..........0000.0eee08 21 Wild Life Protection, Advisory Board on.... 36
PES VADNIS. o> o> so <b). s REE | opiate 16

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