sesttes . nr) ‘ + arpa ig at esa Jt Se f itt th sth AS EOE Else do 118 Hyd dds Gebel New Series, I. DOVE MARINE LABORATORY, CULLERCOATS, NORTHUMBERLAND. REPGRT For the year ending June 30th, 1912. Epitep By ALEXANDER MEEK, PRoFEssoR OF ZooLocy, ARMSTRONG COLIiEGE, IN THE UntIverstty or Duruam, AND Drrecror oF THE DovE Marine Laporatory. Published by the Marine Laboratory Committee of Armstrong College on behalf of the Northwmberland Sea Fisheries Committee and other contributing authorities. U me Q @ ql i Five Shillings. Neweastle-npon- Tyne : CAIL & SONS, 29 AND 31, QUAYSIDE. Marine Laboratory Committee. PrincipaL W. H. Hapow. CoUNCILLOR J. W. MEADOWS. ALDERMAN J. CROMIE. PRoFESSOR A. MEEK. RIcHARD J. LEESON. W. S. VAUGHAN. Proressor G. A. LEBOUR. GEORGE WILKINSON. ALDERMAN R. MAson. CHARLES WILLIAMS. F. H. Prusen, M.A., Secretary. Staff. DIRECTOR ~ = - Proressor A. MEEK. ASSISTANT NATURALIST - BENJAMIN STORROW. mo = . . - oa a ad . > : 7 = = os _ > . - : > > > = - = Val, L913. || 2: 1 mile N.E. of Beadnell. 454 3 Vii., 1913...) F. 1 mile N.E. of Beadnell. | 455 32V3 AOLS! Sel) Ws 5 miles N. of Beadnell. Liberated, recaptured . 26 v., 1913, 1 mile N.E. of Beadnell. 460 Oe LOS F, 4 miles E.S.E. of Beadnell. Liberated, recaptured ; 12 v., 1913, 1 mile E. of Beadnell. 461 S iv, 1913...) M. 2 miles E.S.E. of Beadnell. i 463 25 iv., 1913... ‘M. 13 miles 8.E. of Beadnell. ; 464 o Wit Looe.) ae Burnmouth, Label only. 24 miles N. i 480 PADariiee alllB3 s.5) ips 1 mile 8.E. of Longstone, Farne Islands. E 481 Sey HOE ae 1 mile E. of Beadnell. Liberated, recaptured — +. 26 v., 1913, 2 miles S.B. of Beadnell. i 3 xii., 1912 ...| 488 1 v., 1913 ...| F. (16.5 em.) 4 mile from Green’s Haven, Berwick, 10 fathoms. a 18 miles N. 490 | 19 iii., 1913 ...| F. 5 miles E. of Beadnell. ? » | 492 | 19 ii, 1913 .:.| BF, 5 miles E.N.E. of Beadnell. @ xii, 1912... 495 | 28 Vij, 1993.5. |) Me + mile S.W. of Beadnell harbour. 498 | 26 iv., 1913 ...| F. 3 miles E. of Beadnell. t 499 1S AV, VOUS 15) 1 mile $.E. of Beadnell. O00 | 10 iii., 1913 ...) F. Burnmouth. ‘ Brought in to Lowestoft by pur- chaser, who found it in a consignment that he received from R. Kelly, of Burnmouth, N.B.” 24 miles N. ee LOBSTER CULTURE. By ALEXANDER MEEK. T do not intend to refer at length to the results of the experiments made last year, for the reason that the experiments now under operation this year will allow of a more complete statement being made with regard to the subject. The experiments last year were principally directed to finding out the best means of precuring larvae in large numbers. In former years small shallow tanks were used, and it was found that small numbers were hatched and that the larvae were not usually in good condition. The berried lobsters under such confined conditions are very liable to strip the ova from the abdominal appendages. This year eleven berried lobsters were placed in three of the Aquarium tanks, and these yielded either none or few larvae, the berried lobsters again stripping the eggs from underneath them. On the other hand, we had a great deal of success by placing eight berried lobsters in the new supply tank, a tank holding when full 15,000 gallons. A large number of larvae was obtained. These were not only numerous but far stronger and more active than those obtained in the smaller tanks of the Laboratory. We did not attempt to count the larvae carefully, but the impression, based on counting and corrected by our experiments of this year, was that many thousands were thus successfully hatched. They were allowed to remain in the tank, where in spite of the large area, they appeared to be over-crowded, and a large proportion, which again it is diffi- cult to state, since accurate numbers are not available, passed into the fourth stage. The larvae were first observed in the supply tank on June 27th, and some passed into the fourth stage on July 17th. Fifty-seven of the latter were removed to a tank in the Laboratory. Two of these are still living, and we have a young lobster reared from the experiments of 1911. From the experiments being made this year it will be possible to state the actual number hatched from a given number of berried lobsters, and also the numbers successfully reared by different methods to the fourth stage. MUSSEL CULTURE: By B. STORROW. In previous reports accounts have appeared of the experimental work with regard to the formation of mussel beds at Holy Island. It has been pointed out that mussels, if transplanted to what is known as the Oyster Scaup, grow much more rapidly than if left to develop on Fenham Flats or at other places, such as the Hen Pool and the Snook. These three places have mussels in plenty, but the growth is too slow, and the mussels do not grow to a size which is suitable for bait. There is no doubt that if transplanta- tion were undertaken on a large scale an industry would be created which would supply not only the greater number of the fishing villages of the Northumberland coast with bait mussels, but would also be very beneficial to the fishermen of Holy Island, some of whom, at present, have to be content at certain periods of the year, with a bare existence derived by the gathering of winkles from an area which, with the expenditure of a little capital and labour, could be made to have a much higher financial value. Further, provided reasonable care were taken and the beds kept clear of weed, there is good reason for stating that the mussels would be fit for human consumption.—Report, 1909-10, p. 26. The mussels which were first laid down are now much fewer in number, but are of such a size as to form a very good bait. Those transplanted from the Snook, owing to rough weather shortly after the transplantation, have not been able to establish themselves. This year in March some two-and-a-half tons of mussels were taken from Blyth and placed on the Oyster Scaup. These mussels were well grown, and were of a size which would make it necessary to use two for a bait ; there was also a small number large enough to form a bait. At the same time a quantity was obtained from Fenham Flats in the region to the south of the Mill Burn, and also placed on the Scaup. These were as a rule smaller than the mussels from Blyth; the shells were heavy, with coarse ridges, and they had the general appearance of mussels which had been stunted in growth, 23 In order to see if it would be possible to encourage spatting two fences were erected, one to the south of the Mill Burn and the other on the Oyster Scaup. These fences were about eight yards long. Three stakes were driven about three feet into the ground leaving almost five feet above the surface. The stakes were given suitable side supports, and three wires were run from one end to the other. Hazel branches were fastened with rope yarn to the wires, and then the tops were bent over and interlaced with the lower portions of the branches. After these fences were completed a number of stout branches were placed in the muddy ground to the west of the Oyster Scaup. In June the beds were visited. The transplanted mussels were well established, and this year’s growth had commenced. There was a quantity of weed on the beds, which would have been improved and rendered less liable to destruction by heavy seas had there been time to remove the weed. The fence erected on Fenham Flats was standing and in good condition, but covered with a fair quantity of weed. That erected on the Oyster Scaup was down, and two of the small stakes used for side supports, together with the wire of these supports, were missing. It is strange that this portion which was considered to be the strongest part of the fence, should not only come loose but also be washed away. What was left of the fence was fastened securely, and although not in its original condition, it will serve to show if such erections will be of value in encouraging spatting. At the same time portions of the Oyster Scaup and Fenham Flats were examined. ‘Two beds of mussels made by some of the fishermen are doing well, but they also were covered with weed, and would be improved if they were taken up and spread less thickly. To this opinion the fishermen themselves agreed. In the region of the fence on Fenham Flats small beds of mussels, which doubtlessly had spatted last year, were seen. On the Oyster Scaup between the beds formed by transplantation and Holy Island are two patches of young mussels, also of last year’s spat, which together will cover an area of about one-and-a-half acres. In the middle of these patches short stakes were driven in order to fix their location. The development of these young mussels will be watched with interest, for they are in a favourable position for rapid growth. 24 The experiment will be continued, but it would be helped considerably if the fishermen would transplant mussels and form for themselves beds which would in a short time yield them a supply of good bait mussels. The labour entailed need not be great, for sufficient mussels to last a year could be transplanted in a few days. This work could be done when it would be impossible to go to sea on account of weather, and if it were undertaken in a systematic manner from year to year the supply of bait mussels would be continuous, for as one year’s bed became exhausted, the next year’s mussels would be ready for use. The exhausted beds could be re- stocked again by transplantation. As well as providing a stock of bait mussels for themselves, the fishermen would be helping to increase the natural resources of the district, the value coming from which must to a large extent find its way into the hands of the men living in the neighbourhood of the mussel beds. This opportunity is taken of expressing our thanks to Mr. Leyland, of Haggerston Castle, for his kindness in supplying us with suitable material for the erection of the fences, and also to Mr. Cayley, Haggerston Castle Estate Office, for the arrangements made for the delivery of this material. bo OV HYDROIDA NOT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED , FOR THE DISTRICT. By JOYCE HILDRETH ROBSON, B.S&c. Sus-OrpER I—ANTHOMEDUSAE. (Gymnoblastia). CLAVA SQUAMATA, Muller. Hydra squamata, Muller, Zool. Dan. i. 3, tab. IV., figs. 1-3. Coryne squamata, Lamk.,An. sans Vert. (2nd edit.), 1., 73. Clava membranacea, T'. S. Wright, Ed. New Phil. Jour. (n.s.) for July,1857, pl.i., figs. 2, 3. Clava squamata, Hincks, Brit. Hydroid Zoophytes, pl. 1, fig. 2. Locatiry.—Found once only, on the’ beach near the Bear’s Back Rocks, Cullercoats, on a piece of Fucus vesiculosus washed up after a storm, Oct. 2nd, 1912 (with gonophores). GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.—Queensferry, Firth of Forth, on Fucus vesiculosus ; Lerwick, low water, on same weed ; Denmark on same weed ; Plymouth. The appearance of this hydroid is very striking, the brilliant orange-red polypites being set very closely together in moss-like tufts, with the oldest individuals in the centre of the cluster. The stolonic network forming the base gives rise to “ runner ”-like shoots, which spread over the surface of the Fucus and produce new clusters at short intervals. There are from 20 to 30 pellucid white tentacles covering the distal one-third of the polypite, and very large racemous clusters of pedunculated gonophores of a rather darker red, immediately below the proximal tentacles. The polypite when fully extended measures about half-an- inch, tapering towards the base, and presenting the form of a long slender column, supporting a head which varies rapidly in shape from fuse to cup; the whole body quickly contracting to half its original height when touched. 4 aa SYNCORYNE GRAVATA, T. 8. Wright (plate I., figs. 1 and 2). Coryne gravata, Wright, Obser. on Brit. Zooph. Ed. New Phil. Jour. for April, 1858, pl. vii., fig. 5. 26 Coryne mirabilis, Agassiz, N.H.U.S., iv., 185, pl. xvii. (vol. ii1.). Sarsia mirabilis (the sexual zooid), Agassiz, Mem. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences (1860), iv., part ii., 224, pl. 4, 5. Tubularia stellifera, Conth., Boston Journal, N.H., ii., 56. LocaLiry.—Growing on a bottle with Alcyonium digitatwm and Actinoloba dianthus brought by the fishermen from 215 fathoms east by south of Marsden on the Durham coast. GEOGRAPHICAL DistrRiBUTION.—North Berwick ; Filey Brigg, Yorkshire ; “ Syncoryne (2 sp.) gravata, rocks under the Hoe, Plymouth ; Mount Edgeumbe ; Drake’s Island; Garden Battery, North America. The specimens procured did not live more than two weeks in the tank, and no medusoids were produced ; they appeared to agree most nearly with Hincks’ description of S. gravata, with the excep- tion that the number of tentacles was less than in that species ; in this respect the specimens resembled S. decipiens, but there was no trace of the prominent proboscis so characteristic of the latter. A certain amount of variation in the number of tentacles is so common in this genus that an exact statement as to the number cannot be made. Stem, simple or very slightly branched, rooted by a creeping stolon ; smooth, or with a few indistinct wrinkles at the base : colour, pale horn, with the pink colour of the ccenosare showing through. Polypite more or less clavate ; with a long slender base (forming almost half its length) devoid of tentacles ; then slightly enlarged and bearing 8-14 tentacles. Colour, pale pink. Ten- tacles extensile, capitate, transparent white; thread cells very large and distinct. _Gonophores, one to three in number, borne on a small stalk just below the lowest tentacles. Height of hydroid, 6-12 mm. A number of much smaller Syncoryne of doubtful species were dredged from stations 2, 3, 7 and 8, growing on other zoophytes ; possibly young specimens of Syncoryne sarsii (plate I., fig. 3). ‘T AVId—VdloOudaH f ide SNANODNAG be” oo r y ae ¢ IVOPIS - 5 IyND)) 11U2Q2Uag -UVA auhsoy FAIS jeu WinAvdb ANAYOINKS o 6 s i | aynd ] 4 Pe aaa ee Ot | aay «at! , Hn De A ‘A 1 0 ‘ : . ¢ Pry +) . Hl ae ; bi 7 ae ' f be ar) a <0 a ; : : vm ‘ ‘ ul A » ih i) i . : 4 ; J i | . i 1 ! : es i (i , ; of 1 . 1 | 7 \ ‘ ' 1 lye 1 ; i 1 wn ; : . \ 4 i ; f i j ha, ra ' fe ; 3 v i th : q F ‘ , ; : ; i - \ i _ ) 1 / t i 1 " : : : . if ! : . { | ' il y = ad ’ 1 j : ‘ I i : lt = ; 7 . : j i ' ; je ; | i 1 : hy ' nae 1 U i J i : : ; i afi | 1 Jee ; ’ 4 r sae : . ; ; i ; ; \ : ; r j a F ' i ; Y i * ‘ 1 a] 7 . : 1 = 1 1 i i : ; j ’ ; as iL , 3 ; ; te ‘ . . H oe: ; | . | | | . | i 4 \ ‘ Fi ef ; i, : ! sad - ” Mette ve ~ ay 1 1 i =- ; ~ ‘ it a. ; h i { ; i } } i ; ( a ; ; , . be I iF e 1 a . - J : : te = _ yas eed * ' : T ‘ r 1 ' 2 7 i ' CLADONEMA (? sp.) HY DROIDA.—P hate II. 3.52 1 Sere HYDROIDA.—P uate III. rf ues Fen 7 ’ 1 fi y ’ Ht : : on " 1 " E 4s : . ’ "4 i q % ii 1 “ts ~ 4 7 ! ~ ‘ : S ‘ ‘ i i i ¥ i : lay : ba , i ) Je 4 f ‘ i i i i af ’ H , 1 1 124 eA rei) CORYNE VAN-BENEDENII, Hincks (Plate I., figs. 4, a, b, cand d. Syncoryna pusilla, Van Beneden, Rech. sur les Tubul., 52, pl. 11., figs. 1-10. Coryne pusilla, Johnston, B.Z., 41, pl. iv., figs. 1, 2. Locatrry.—Dredged “ Raider No. 2,” July, 1911; and growing on Cellepora avicularis, in 40 fathoms east of Coquet Island. GEOGRAPHICAL DistTRIBUTION.—‘‘I am unable to give any British habitat. Dr. Johnston . . . .has a figure of it, which was taken from British examples, and he states that it is often parasitical on Tubularia indivisa” (Hincks’ B.H.Z.). Ostend (Van Beneden). Liverpool (L.M.B.A., 1896, p. 430). The specimens observed (in spirit) were poor, but the follow- ing characteristics were noted :— A transparent wavy stolon, from which the polypite arises, with a very delicate cup at the base. Polypite rather long, with twenty or more short clavate tentacles. Gonophores round the base of the polypite 2-6 in number, on a short stalk, very large (plate 1., fig. 4c). CLADONEMA—sp._ (Plate 2). Cf. Cladonema radiatum (free zooid), Dujardin. Aun. des Se. Nat. xx. (1843), 370 ; Ann. des Sc. Nat. (8rd ser.), Zool., iv., 271. Cladonema radiatum, Hincks. Brit. Hy. Zooph. pl. xi. Coryne stauridia, Gosse, Dev. Coast, 257, pl. xvi., figs. 1-5. Locatiry.—In one of the laboratory tanks, May, 1913. GEOGRAPHICAL Distribution—Devonshire; in the tanks in the Zoological Gardens, and in Mr. Holdsworth’s aquarium. St. Malo; Messina; Belgium. POLYPITE.—Not observed. Gonozooip.—Umbrella deep bell-shaped, with many thread cells; manubrium long, with four of five oral lobes covered with thread cells ; marginal tentacles 16, springing from orange bulbs, simple, very extensile, roughened by conspicuous groups of thread cells, and each furnished with a suctorial appendage; radial canals, 4.. 28 This description is taken from “ Brit. Hy. Zooph.” (Hincks) where it applies to C. radiatum, and modified to suit the present specimen, which differs from C. radiatum in the following respects :— C. radiatun. | C.— sp. Suctorial appendages, usually 3 in | One only. number; 2 or 4 or rarely only 1. | Appendage filiform. | Short and squat. attached near proximal | Attached near distal end. end of the tentacle. | Tentacles, 8 in number. |) 16: a branched. | Sunple. Radial canals, 8—10. 4, Colour, red (bulbs of tentacles). Orange (bulbs, manubrium and canals). The four sense organs were very large clear spheres, with a small opaque white spot. In habits the medusoid strongly resembled C. radiatum ; it ** frequently fixes itself firmly by means of its suckers, and the arms are thrown back and stand erect around the umbrella. It swims by short and rapid jerks, and when in motion the tentacles are closely retracted.” Unfortunately the medusoid did not survive long, so that it was impossible to make any further observations on its develop- ment. It may have been a young example of C. radiatum, in which the additional radial canals, suctorial appendages, and the branches of the tentacles had not yet developed ; but on the other hand, the medusoid was large and apparently well developed, the bell measuring 1°5 mm. in height, and possessed double the number of arms present in C. radiatum. | While the species is doubtful, the genus in which this medusoid must be placed can only be Cladonema; I can find no previous records of a Cladonema having been found so far north. SuB-OrpER I1—LEPTOMEDUSAE (Calyptoblastia). CAMPANULARIA CALICULATA, Hincks. Clytia poterium, Agassiz, N.H.U.S., iv., 297, pl. xxviii. Campanularia caliculata, Hincks, Ann. N.H. for March, 1863, (ser. 2), xi., 178, pl. v. 0. Campanularia caliculata, Allman, Proc. Roy. Soc., Edin., 1857-58. C. breviscyphia, Sars, Middelhavet’s Litt. Faun., 49. pl. i., figs. 12, 13. 29 Locatity.—Dredged at Station VI. (the Fairway between the inner Farne Island and Bamburgh), Sept. 16th, 1911 (8-9 fathoms). GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.—Old Head of Kinsale, Cork ; Ilfracombe ; Swanage, Dorset; near Ramsgate; Jersey ; Court- masherry Harbour, Cork. (Also Messina, Bergen, Labrador (15 fathoms), Massachusetts and Nova Scotia). A very small colony, consisting of a smooth stolonic network and five or six calycles rising from it on pedicels of various lengths with three or four very distinct rings at the base, and 10-20 crena- tions, surmounted by one well-marked ring immediately below the calycle. Hydrothecae with greatly thickened walls, in some cases thickened unevenly and presenting a ridged outline; a large spherical cavity below the diaphragm. Gonothecae not observed. Although a northern species, C. caliculata has not previously been recorded for the North of Britain. CAMPANULINA TURRITA. Campanulina turrita, Hincks, Brit. Hy. Zooph., pl. xxxvu., fig. 2. Locatit1es.—St. Andrew’s Bay ; Station IV. GEOGRAPHICAL DistrIBuTION.—Holywood, Belfast Lough. Very little was obtained on either occasion. Stem distinctly ringed for the entire length, and groups of two or three ringed pedicels arising at the bends, bearing long tapering calycles, with an operculum composed of about ten segments. Polypites very extensile. OBELIA PLICATA, Hincks. (Plate 3.) Obelia ? plicata. “* Referred provisionally to this genus.’’— iHineks, Brit. Hy: Zooph:, pl. xxx., fies I. LocaLitires.—Dredged at Station IX. (in 15 fathoms), with capsules, June 27th, 1912 ; Station IV. (17 fathoms); Station VIIL.; Station VII. Growing on stones and the cases of worms, and often encrusted with Alcyonidium parasiticum. GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.—Shetland (Jeffreys) ; Liverpool. 50 The specimens dredged were rather poor (the finest not exceed- ing an inch in height), but showed the characteristic compound stem formed by a number of tubules bound closely together, and gradually becoming simpler and more slender towards the extremity of the shoot as the branches are given off (see fig. 1). The branches themselves again branch freely, forming a bushy shoot with a delicate and graceful appearance. The stem is annulated (4-8 rings) above the origin of the calycles and branches ; calycles alternate, campanulate, with entire margins, and borne on erect pedicels (with 5-12 rings) ; gonothecae axillary, urn-shaped, with a raised aperture, and borne on a short four-ringed stalk, and altogether much resembling the gonotheca of O. geniculata (fig. 20). Gonozooids only observed inside the gonotheca ; apparently with 24 tentacles, and similar to those of O. geniculata. GONOTHYREA ? HYALINA, Hincks. G. ? hyalina. ‘“ Referred provisionally to this genus.” Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., pl. xxxv., fig. 2, and ‘“‘ On New Brit. Hydroida,” Ann. Nat. Hist., xviii. (3rd ser.), 297. LocaLitiEs.—Station VIII., Station III., Station I., 8 miles E. $8. of Cullercoats. On shells, zoophytes and Ascidian tests (15 fathoms). GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION.—“ Profusely investing Tubu- laria, Halecium, &c., from Shetland, and, I believe, from deep water.”’ (Hincks’ Brit. Hy. Zooph.) Although occurring frequently, none of the specimens showed the “ densely clustered, tall and much branched ” aspect described by Hincks. A large species, with stem annulated (5-8 rings) above the origin of the branches or pedicels. Pedicels with 5-15 rings, sup- porting a handsome long slender calycle with castellated denticles (about ten in number), the denticles themselves showing distinct indentations. Gonotheca not observed. 31 GONOTHYREA GRACILIS, Sars. Laomedea gracilis, Sars, Beretning om en Zoolog-Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken, 18 ; Middelhavet’s Littoral Faun. 51, pl. ii, figs. 1-4. Gonothyrea gracilis, Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist. for May, 1864. Gonothyrea gracilis, Hincks, Brit. Hy. Zooph., pl. xxxvi., fig. 1. LocaLit1Es.—Station VIII., Station I. (15 fathoms) ; 8 miles east by south of Cullercoats. On Flustra and shells. GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.—Birterbuy Bay, Connemara ; Bergen; Messina (var.). Stem (i.) A creeping interlaced stolon, on which arise long pedicels, with 8-12 rings at the base, a smooth middle portion, and 4-5 rings below the calycle (not two, as given by Hincks). (ii.) A second specimen showed the peculiar branching, the main stem bearing *‘ a single shoot, which has the appearance of growing upon it rather than out of it ” (Hincks). Hydrothecae long and slender, with about ten very sharply pointed denticles. Gonotheca axillary, large, (twice as long as the hydrotheca), borne on a short ringed stalk ; shape, an elongated oval with flat top, tapering below. (Also borne on the stolon.) CUSPIDELLA GRANDIS, Hincks (Plate I., fig. 5). Cuspidella grandis, Hincks, Brit. Hydroid. Zooph., pl. xl., fig. 4. LocatitiEs.—Dredged 4 miles east by south of Newbiggin ; 17 miles south east by south of the Crumstone ; 5-6 miles south- east of the Crumstone. Growing on old mussel and fan shells, pieces of lava, and the roots of other zoophytes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.—*~ Birterbuy Bay, Connemara, Shetland’? (Hincks). “On stems of Halecium tenellum” (Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc.), Plymouth. A minute species. Hydrothecae rising singly from a smooth stolon; cylindrical in shape, slightly curved, and about five times as high as they are broad; the margin forms an operculum of about ten pointed denticles. 9 Be PLUMULARIA—sp. ? (Plate 3, fig. 3 a, 6, c). Locatities.—Stations VII. and VIII. Shoot sturdy, of a dark chestnut brown colour, and attaining a height of about an inch ; stem sometimes compound below, taper- ing above; straight, jointed; pinnae in one plane, often forked just above the first joint, straight, alternate, usually one to each - internode, sometimes two ; hydrothecae adnate, on one side of the pinna only, deep, with an even horseshoe-shaped margin very slightly everted ; one to each internode on the pinnae, and one on the main stem in the axil of the branch ; nematophores one below the hydrotheca and two above, and on the main stem, bithalamic, sessile, expanding into a wide-mouthed cup above. This species most resembles P. frutescens, but in none of the specimens was there more than one calycle to each internode. Hincks does not mention an axillary calycle (which is a constant and conspicuous feature in the present specimen), but it is figured as occasionally present in Johnston’s B.Z. plate of P. frutescens. OBELIA FLABELLATA, var. ? (Plate 4). A number of specimens of Obelia were obtained from Stations I., I., IV. and V. (with reproductive capsules), and VII.; and also washed up on the beach at Cullercoats. Growing on Laminaria. They appear to be intermediate between O. geniculata and O. flabellata. Stem flexuous, much branched, with 2-4 distinct rings above the origin of the branches and pedicels; hydrothecae alternate -ob-conical, with plain margin, borne on short pedicels with four rings, slightly tapering and sub-erect ; gonothecae axillary, erect, urn-shaped, on a short three-ringed stalk. - _Hincks describes O. geniculata as being ‘“ divided by simple joints into a number of short and stout internodes, elbowed above on alternate sides, so that a kind of bracket is formed for the calycles.”’ One specimen (washed up) was a beautiful pale pink, and was setting free great numbers of lively gonozooids, each with a pink spot on the manubrium, eight lithocysts, and twenty-four tentacles. Another specimen presented the subverticillate aspect ascribed by Hincks to O. flabellata. GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION.—Tenby (in pools); Scotland. AGLANTHA ROSEA, Forbes. Aglantha rosea, Browne, Zool. Soc. Lond. Proc., 1897, p. 833, pl. XLIX., figs. 1, la, 16. Circe rosea, Forbes, Monogr. of the Brit. Naked-eyed Medusz (Ray. Soc. 1848), p. 34, pl. L. Aglantha digitalis, Hartlaub, 1894. Medusa digitale, Muller, 1766. Locatity.—All Stations in October, 1912, especially Station Tit. GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION.—Heligoland (Hartlaub), Shet- land Isles (Forbes), St. Andrews (McIntosh and Crawford), Valencia Harbour (E. T. Browne). Large numbers of the Leptomedusa described and figured by Forbes as Circe rosea and by Browne as Aglantha rosea were taken in the plankton catches for October. The characteristic mitre- shaped umbrella measured 3°5 mm. in height and 2 mm. diameter ; the gonads just appearing as bulbous swellings at the summit of the eight radial canals ; the peduncle rather short, extending not more than half the length of the umbrella, and distinctly constricted at the point of junction with the stomach. No tentacles and no marginal vesicles could be seen. Velum narrow, with a plain margin. NotTEe.—Mr. P. Kramp found Gonothyrea gracilis on the rocks at Culler- coats, and 6 miles E. of Longstone (40 fs.) ; Gonothyrea hyalina, 6 miles E. of Longstone; Campanulina repens, 6 miles E. of Longstone in June, 1913. | aa “NOTES ON AN ABNORMAL EPHYRA OF é CYANEA CAPILLATA. By JOYCE HILDRETH ROBSON, B.Sc. o b On February 27th a large yellow ephyra, measuring 2 milli- _ metres in diameter, was observed in the codling tank amongst the Aurelia aurita epyhra. It had eight arms, six of which were of the normal ephyra formation, viz., two-lobed, with one sense organ between the lobes. The other two arms were opposite ; they were each composed of three lobes, with two sense organs between them; the middle lobe was indented, and at first only half the length of the other two, but rapidly grew until it was double their size. A band of clear yellow tissue in the sub-umbrella, stretching from the base of the arm to the centre of this third lobe, seemed to act as a kind of tendon, for the third lobe was generally depressed, making an angle with the plane of the arm varying from 80°-20° or less. ____ Irregularities in the distribution of the sense organs were also observed. The six normal arms had each one sense organ between its two lobes, as is usual ; but one of these arms had also two sense organs close together about halfway between the base and apex of - the arm, to one side of the middle line (fig. 1a). The same thing was noticed in one of the two abnormal arms, while the other arm __ of this pair had a single organ in the same position (fig. 1b). The rmer arm had in addition two sense organs to one side of the _ third lobe (fig. 1c) instead of one, making a total of five sense organs for that arm, and three for the other. Between the arms the tentacles were just beginning to grow out, showing as brownish buds (fig. 1). The ephyra was placed in a glass tank, with a number of Aurelia ephyra and small medusoids. It was not observed to eat any of these till April 2nd, when a small Aurelia, about one-third its Own size, was noticed caught in its manubrium (fig. 5). Next day this was reduced to half its size, while it was entirely digested MARCH G MARCH 14 Fiawre 2 | PLARCH 2.9. | ‘6 YANEA EPHYRA ABNORMAL EPHYRA. PLATE V. Fiavre § bFNe ALK Nees Freure £ ABNORMAL EPHYRA. Pirate VI, TIA SLVIg ‘VUAHA IVNUONAV De ee eee ee a Se + i aS by the third day. After this the Cyanea was put into a small glass dish, and given a partially killed Aurelia, which it wafted towards the manubrium with itsarms. It did not appear to use the tentacles (even when well developed) for catching or holding the prey, but there seemed to be some mucous-like substance produced by the manubrium, which aided in holding it. The ephyra developed rapidly after these meals. Additional tentacles began to bud (see fig. 7). These developed in the order shown in the drawings. Its habits remained sluggish, and it often lav on the bottom of the tank and appeared unable to catch and hold a lively ephyra or medusoid. Its sedentary habits probably caused — its untimely end, for one day it vanished, and suspicion rested on a _ worm which had been put into the tank and forgotten. < one | a : me eae eae en, a 36 THE MARINE POLYZOA OF NORTHUMBERLAND. By ROSA E. ROPER, B.Sc. The following list contains the names and local distribution of all the Marine Polyzoa which have up to the present time been recorded from the coast of Northumberland. Ninety-six species (exclusive of the very small number for which localities on the Durham coast only are given) are recorded in Alder’s Catalogue _ (1857), in the supplementary catalogue 1861, and in the dredging reports for 1862-64. Several of these species I have not been able to find, but I have to record nine species and three varieties new to the district. These are marked with an asterisk. The months in which I have observed the ocecia are given, but the fact that these are in almost all cases the summer months is probably only due to the fact that nearly all the material examined _was dredged during the summer. Ocecia have been found in mid- winter on species living in the aquarium tanks and washed up on the shore, the larvae of Cribrilina punctata and Escharella immersa . hatching out in the tanks in December and January. The order and nomenclature followed throughout has been that adopted by Canon Norman in his catalogue of the Polyzoa con- tained in his collection, published in 1910. The names which appear in italics after these names are those of Alder’s original list. The letters (a), (b), (c) and (d) refer to the volumes of the Trans- actions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club in which the records . occur. _ (a) Vol. TIT., 1854-8 ; (6) V., 1860-62 ; (c) VI., 1863-64 ; (d) : Nat. Hist. Trans. of Northumberland and Durham, I., 1865-67. m os CHEILOSTOMATA. ies ai, . AETEIDAE, 1.8 AETEA TRUNCATA (Landsborough). & : , ‘* Three or four cells of this species were found growing on a “V alve of Venus ovata. The cells were furnished with the charac- _ teristic tubular appendage given off from the middle of the dorsal surface, but did not branch. This species has been previously recorded from various places on the south and west of our coasts, i oe i. ; ~ 1 v ed . e ‘ }- 4 R. NOMAAme. rv Aarot?d U VroM oO py AA oe Re: UK dary a) ~ wre > f Dail ow we! Wri w 1 4 An Won: ST [RAL OR, ie eae FH VALRLALD { dg XA Ay POLYZOA.—Piate I. ot : } (ae ' = re - 71 I, la. 1D.) wa sjookho-n AMPanra Van. ee a Mf ; eye Me, avo v tO. ae aa, OOS RECS YP. RPOLYZ04 ——Prire Li. = ot aie TR ICELLARIID®, EU ; A CHELATA (Linneeus). 7 Parscitieal on small seaweeds and on other zoophytes, between tide marks and a little beyond. Bamburgh, Berwick Bay and Cullercoats. Alder (a). Common from Stations III., 1V. and V. Also found at Stations II., VI., VII. and VIII. Rare between tide marks, Cullercoats. 3. GEMELLARIA LORICATA (Linnezus). Very abundant in the coralline zone. Alder (a). Common from Stations I., II1J. and IV. Also found at Stations revi. VL and LX. Obtained from nearly every dredging. Very commonly washed up along the coast. 4. BUGULA AVICULARIS (Linnezus). On shells and zoophhytes from deep water, occasionally. Alder (a). Obtained in small quantities from Stations [., 1V., VIL. and IX. From 17 fathoms east of Howick Burn on Hyas coarctatus. Ocecia.—June and October. 5. BUGULA PLUMOSA (Pallas). From deep water boats. Alder (5). Obtained once only from Station IV. Ocecia.— July. 6. BUGULA PURPUROTINCTA, Norman. JB. fastigiata (Pabricius). Cullercoats, common ; washed up. Coppin (a). I have occasionally found this species washed up at Cullercoats, and have also found a few colonies only about three-quarters of an inch in height growing on shells from deep water. 7. BUGULA FLABELLATA (J. V. Thompson). i. not On Flustra foliacea, shells, &c., from the coralline zone ; rare. On rocks at extreme low-water mark, Baimburgh. Alder (a). Very young colonies, one-quarter of an inch or less in height. very common on Flustra and other Polyzoa during the summer months. Fine colonies from Stations III. md IV. Small colonies from Station I. Washed up at Cullercoats. Ocecia.—July, August and October. 58 8. BUGULA MURRAYANA (Johnston). From the fishing boats, Cullercoats, rather rare. More common from the deep water boats. Alder (a). The normal variety has been obtained at Station VIII., and from 40 fathoms east of the Longstone. Ocecia.— June. * Var. FRUTICOSA. Plate I., Fig. 1. This variety has been obtained once from Station VII., and in fair abundance from one of the Station IV. dredgings. The front surface of these colonies resembles Hincks’ figure exactly, but the dorsal surface is very different, being complicated by the presence of a peculiarly shaped calcareous framework. This structure is also present on a few zocecia of one of the colonies of the normal form of B. murrayana. I have not been able to find out the nature or the use of this structure, but give a figure representing it. 10.* BUGULA GRACILIS var. UNCINATA, Hincks. Plate L., Fig. 2. A few very small colonies of a species of Bugula have been found growing on the stems of a hydroid which was coated with Alcyoni- dium parasiticum from 30 fathoms east of Newbiggin and from the Import Dock, Blyth. The form of the zocecium resembles that of B. gracilis figured by Hincks. Dr. Harmer, who has examined this specimen, has referred it to B. gracilis var. uncinata, Hincks, with some doubt, owing to the fact that the colonies are very young. FLUSTRIDZ, 10. FLUSTRA FOLIACEA (Linneus). Common on hard ground in a few fathoms water. Alder (a). Very abundant from Stations III., 1V. and IX. Also found at Stations I., II. and V. Ocecia.—May and October. 39 11. FLUSTRA SECURIFRONS (Pallas). F. truncata Linn. In the laminarian and coralline zones ; abundant. Alder (a). Very common from Stations III. and IX. Also found at Stations I., II., IV. and V. Washed up in great quantities at Cullercoats. Ocecia.—May, June, September and October. Var. PAPYRACEA (Dalyell) Cullercoats. Alder. 12. CARBASEA SOLANDERI, Norman. C. papyrea Pallas. From deep water, frequent. Alder (a). Only one colony has been dredged, and that from Station I. SCRUPOCELLARIID 2%. 13. SCRUPOCELLARIA REPTANS (Linneus). Cellularia rep- tans (Linn.). On Flustra foliacea and other zoophytes, on Fuci and stones from within tide marks to deep water; frequent. Alder (a). In rock pools, Cullercoats, and very commonly from Stations I., III., IV., V., VI. and IX., on similar habitats and on crabs. Ocecia.—May to October. 14, SCRUPOCELLARIA SCABRA (Van _ Beneden). Scrupo- cellaria delilic (Audouin). From the deep water boats. Alder (d). 15. SCRUPOCELLARIA SCRUPOSA (Linneus). Cellularia scruposa (Linn.). Parasitical on other zoophytes, Laminariae, shells, &c., from within tidal range to deep water; common. Alder (a). Dredegd from every Station except IX. Ocecia.—September and October. 16. SCRUPOCELLARIA SCRUPEA, Busk. Cellularia scrupea (Busk). From the deep-water boats a single small specimen. Alder (a). 17. BUGULOPSIS PEACHII (Busk). Cellularia peachii, Busk. Numerous specimens from the five-men boats. Alder (a), (6). Occurred twice on shells from Stations VII. and VIII. 40) From these and other considerations of the relationship of value to the statistics which they have procured, the Board arrives at the following calculation which is made the basis for a plea for the enforcement of a 9 in. limit, against which we have nothing to urge since we have already in Northumberland adopted this limit. But the further statement that the berried lobster is not so well worth protecting cannot be allowed to pass without contradiction. Protective Measure. Value Sacrificed. Number Protected. Ratio of Number to Value. San. limihy >. /&.. ,12°5 percent. 4... 23° 9. periecent. 1°91 Protection of Berried Females 12°8 ¥ pes) OSS 5 am} 0°82 It is said ‘From this table it would appear that the 9 in. limit protects more than double the number of lobsters with the same loss of value.” It will be noticed at once that the whole point and purpose of protecting the berried lobster has either been forgotten or ignored. No one to my knowledge has ever proposed to protect the berried lobster as a lobster, the desire has been to protect her because of the crop of embryo lobsters which she is carrying. If this essential point be taken into consideration the number protected in relation to the value sacrificed assumes an altogether different aspect. The number protected is the berried lobster, and the number of the larve which will survive to maturity. Perhaps it will be better to put this matter of the protection of the berried lobster into figures. According to the results obtained by the Board from Sussex, the berried lobster con- stitute 10°48 of the total catch. In the North Eastern district it is 12°4 of the total catch. In the case of Northumberland if we take the Beadnell figures, the percentage of berried lobsters is 12:1, but as the small lobsters are already protected up to 9 in., the percentage less the small is 13, and if the berried lobster be deducted since they are also protected practically altogether by the close time in force on the Northumberland coast, the percentage may be put at 15 of the total marketable catch at the present time. Now in 1911 there were landed in Northumberland 50,734 lobsters, and the number of berried lobsters caught would therefore be 8,610. If only one of the larve survive in each case the total number protected will not be, say 8,500, but 17,000; if two survive, the number would be 25,500. 41 The reasons for the protection of the berried lobster have been stated and restated in the reports submitted to the Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee. The following may now be advanced in further evidence of the good results likely to follow from protecting the berried lobster. Taking again the North Eastern district for comparison with Northumberland. In the former the lobster is protected from Ist September to Ist February, a season which from the Board’s results and our own gives practically no protection at all. In both districts the size limit has been raised to 9 inches, and in the Northumberland district the berried lobster is protected for the months when it is mainly in evidence, viz., from 1st April to 3lst July. We have therefore by the incidence of these bye-laws a means of contrasting the effects of protecting the berried lobster. ‘There is no necessity for referring to the evidence in detail. It was given in the report for 1904, and in the following reports, the last paper on the subject having been given in the report for 1909-10, p. 21. In these papers it was pointed out that five years after the passing of the bye-law, viz., in 1904, Northumberland took the first position with reference to the landing of lobsters on the east coast of England, replacing the North Eastern with its much larger sea board in this respect. Northumberland has occupied the first position since, that is during the last eight years, and the North Eastern has sunk into the third position, the Eastern having advanced into the second place. This in spite of the fact that it is more than probable that the northern portion of the North Eastern district benefits from the protection given by the Northumberland bye-law. The following figures will bring the evidence furnished in the reports for 1904, and for 1909-10 up to 1911 :— Year. Eyemouth. Northumberland. North Eastern. Eastern. OOS. we 0,040 ee 48,877 bi 34,215 rats 48,100 Poa cd er OsO ses 50,734 mee 41,725 ae 45,000 There can be no question in the face of this evidence of the desirability of protecting the berried lobster. The contrast tends to show, moreover, that it is more important to protect the berried lobster than to raise the size limit from 8 to 9 inches. If it be found then that the statements in the paper emanating from the Board with reference to the protection of the berried lobster are not supported by the facts, the remarks 42 28.* ALDERINA IMBELLIS (Hincks). Callopora, Levinsen. Plate I., Figs. 3 and 3a. Two colonies on shells, one from Station VII. and the other from Station VIII, have been referred to this species, of which they may beavariety. They differ from those figured by Hincks, chiefly in the form of the ocecium. The quadrate area in front which Hincks describes as being depressed is in one of these colonies the most prominent part, and is covered with little nodules similar to those on the margin of the cell. The thickened margin of the ocecium surrounding this area is divided into two parts by a small space just above the bottom of the ocecium on each side. In the other colony which I have, the front portion of the ocecia appear to have been rubbed off by some means or another. The lower front edge of the ocecium is in some cases produced downwards into a point. The zocecia are closer together than in Hincks’ figures, and the margins are very decidedly crenate and covered with small protuberances. In this respect and in shape and thickness the margin agrees with my specimens of Callopora auriia, and it is also very like, though thicker, than the margin of some colonies of Am- phiblestrum flemingit. In Vol. I. of the Nat. Hist. Trans. of North- umberland and Durham, Alder records the dredging of Mem- branipora imbellis, but gives neither description nor figure by which it might be ascertained whether his specimens were of the normal type or resembled this variety. 29. AMPHIBLESTRUM FLEMINGII (Busk) = Callopora, Levin- sen. Membranipora flemingii, Busk. On shells, stones, Flustrae, &c., from between tide marks to deep water; common. Alder (a). From Stations VII., VIII. and IX. Also from shells of Nep- tunea, occupied by hermit crabs, from 16 fathoms south-east of St. Mary’s Island. Ocecia—May, June and August. 30. TEGELLA UNICORNIS (Fleming). Membranipora unicornis (Fleming). On old bivalve shells, on stones, and on test of Ascidia sordida ; frequent. Alder (a). On Ascidia sordida from 36 fathoms east of Newbiggin, and on shells from 16 fathoms south-east of St. Mary’s Island, and 29-32 fathoms east by south of the Tyne. 43 Ocecia.—August, October, May and June. The larvae of this species hatched out in the tanks in May. CRIBRILINID %. 31. MEMBRANIPORELLA NITIDA (Johnston). Lepraha nitida, Johnston. Rare. Berwick Bay on Patella cwrulea. Johnston (a). On a limpet shell washed up in a Laminaria root, and on the root itself. Dredged from Station V. Ocecia.—October. 32. CRIBRILINA PUNCTATA (Hassall). Lepralia punctata, Hassall. On the under side of stones in tide-pools ; common. Rare in in deep water. Alder (a). Has been dredged only once from Station VII. Common on stones between tide marks, Cullercoats. Ocecia.—April, May, August and December. 33. CRIBRILINA ANNULATA (Fabricius). Lepralia annu- lata. Two specimens dredged off Northumberland, 1864. Alder (d). CELLULARIID &. 34. CELLULARIA FISTULOSA (Linneus). Salicornaria far- ciminoides (Ellis and Sol.). On shells, &c., from deep water ; frequent. Alder (a). Common from Stations VII. and VIII., from 40 fathoms east of the Longstone, 18 fathoms east of Cullercoats, 25 -3 miles east of Dunstanborough Castle. HiIpPotTHoiID.e. 35. HIPPOTHOA DIVARICATA, Lamouroux. Dredged off Northumberland in 1864. Alder (d). Common on shells and stones from Station VII. Ocecia.—June and September. 14 36. HIPPOTHOA HYALINA (Linneus). Lepralia hyalina (Linn.) Very common on roots and stems of Laminaria digitata and other Fuci, on stones, &c., between tide marks and in shallow water. Alder (a). The Laminaria roots washed up by storms are very often almost covered with this species. It has also been obtained from Stations V. and VI. Ocecia.—September and October. 37. BERENICEA PROMINENS, Lamouroux. Lepralia bron- gniarti (Audouin). Rare. Ona stone from deep water, Cullercoats. Alder (a). 38.* HIPPOTHOA EXPANSA, Dawson, var. TRANSPARENS new variety. Plate II. Figs. 1, la, 10. A small colony of a species of Hippothoa has been found on the stem of a Tubularian hydroid from 40 fathoms east of the Long- stone. The Zocecia are uniserial but are not prolonged into a narrow connecting fibre as in H. divaricata. The orifice in the majority of the cells is orbicular, but in some there is a wide but shallow sinus. The walls of the zocecia are hyaline, and not ribbed or striated in any way. ‘There is in some of the cells a slight lateral calcareous expansion. The ocecia are borne on an imperfectly developed cell, which is attached to the side of a normal zocecium by a short stalk. There are from two to four punctures in the upper part of the ocecium. The species is, I think, referable to H. expansa, the only previous British locality for which seems to be 100 fathoms off Unst, Shetland, and which has been found on shells and stones. The lack of any striation, the punctured ovicell, and wide shallow sinus seem, how- ever, to entitle the specimen to rank as a new variety, for which I propose the name transparens, as the walls of the zocecia and ocecia are so clear that the polypide and embryo can be most distinctly seen through them. 39. HAPLOPOMA IMPRESSUM (Audouin). Lepralia granifera, Johnston. On slaty rocks, in front of the coves of Holy Island, and in Berwick Bay. Johnstone. On Modiola vulgaris, between tide marks at Bamburgh ; not rare. Alder (a). RETEPORIDZ. 45 40. RETEPORA BEANIANA, King. From the deep water fishing boats. King. From deep water, Embleton Bay. Lmbleton (a). 41. RHYNCOZOON BISPINOSUM (Johnston) Lepralia bis- pinosa, Johnston. On Modiola vulgaris from Berwick Bay. Johnston (a). ESCHARELLIDZ. 42. ESCHARELLA IMMERSA (Fleming) = PEACHII (John- ston). Lepralia peachiit. Common on stones and shells from near low water mark to deep water. The variety ¢mmersa is more frequent in deep water. Alder (a). Common between tide marks, Cullercoats. On shells from Stations VI. and VII. and from 22 to 3 miles east of Dunstan- borough Castle. Ocecia. August, October and December. 43. ESCHARELLA VENTRICOSA (Hassall). Lepralia ventri- cosa, Hassall. On Neptunea antiqua from deep water; rare, Cullercoats. Alder (a). Fairly common on various shells and stones from Station VIT. Ocecia.—August. 44, ESCHARELLA VARIOLOSA (Johnston). Lepralia variolosa, Johnston. On stones from the coralline zone; rather rare, Cullercoats. Alder (a). 45. ESCHAROIDES COCCINEA (Abildgaard). Lepralia coc- cinea (Abild.). On the roots of Laminaria digitata, on stones, &¢., at and beyond low water mark; frequent. Alder (a). 46. SCHIZOPORELLA UNICORNIS (Johnston). Lepralia unicornis, Johnston. On the under side of stones in tide pools ; frequent at Culler- coats, rare in deep water. Alder (a). 46 47.* ESCHARINA SPINIFERA (Johnston). Schizoporella spinifera (Hincks). B.M.P., page 241 Plate 35. A small colony growing on a Laminaria root washed up at Cullercoats. Previously recorded from many parts of the coast, including St. Andrews. 48. MICROPORELLA CILIATA (Pallas). Lepralia ciliata (Pallas). On stones and shells from low water mark to deep water, but not common. Frequent on the littoral variety of Modiola vulgaris at Bamburgh. Alder (a). From Stations IV. and VII.; not common. Ocecia.—May and September. 49. FENESTRULINA MALUSIT (Audouin). § Lepralia malusit (Audouin). On shells and stones from deep water; occasionally. Holy Tsland and Cullercoats. Alder (a). From Station VII., on a good many shells and stones. Ocecia.—August, September and October. SMITTINID&. 50. PORELLA CERVICORNIS, var. compressa (Sowerby). Celle- pora cervicornis, Pallas. In deep water, Embleton Bay. LHmbleton (a). 51. PORELLA CONCINNA (Busk). Lepralia concinna, (Busk). On Volutopsis norvegicus from the deep-water boats; rare. Alder (a). Not rare on various shells from Station VII, and on Neptunea from deep water. Ocecia.—July. 52. PORELLA SKENEI (Ellis and Solander). Cellepora skenei (Ellis and Sol.). In deep water, attached to shells and zoophytes ; rather rare. Alder (a). 47 53. SMITTINA TRISPINOSA (Johnston). Lepralia trispinosa, Johnston. Common on shells and stones from deep water. Alder (a). Once from Stations III. and [V. Fairly common from Station aay Ocecia.—July and October. 54. SMITTINA LANDSBOROVII (Johnston). Eschara_ lands- borovit (Johnston). A fine specimen of the erect form on the north coast of North- umberland. Embleton (a). A small double-layered fragment, about is inch square, was found attached to a colony of Scrupocellaria reptans by three or four radical fibres, Station V. 55. SMITTINA RETICULATA (MacGillivray). Lepralia reti- culata, MacG. On Fusi, Modiolae and other shells from deep water ; not rare. Two or three colonies on shells from Cullercoats. Alder (a). 56. SMITTINA AURICULATA (Hassall). Lepralia auriculata, Hassall. On shells from deep water; rare. Alder (b). 57. SMITTINA LINEARIS (Hassall). Lepralia linearis, Hassal. On shells and stones from deep water ; common. Alder (a). On shells and stones from Stations VII. and VIII. Also found on stones between tide marks, Cullercoats. On Flustra securifrons from 40 fathoms east of the Longstone. Ocecia.—July and October. 58. SMITTINA PALLASIANA (Moll). Lepralia pallasiana( Moll) On stones and shells between tide marks, Bamburgh and Cullercoats. Alder (a). I have found one colony of this species on a stone in one of the laboratory tanks. Of Hincks’ figures it most resembles Plate Bex SHE: fig,3. 59. SMITTINA FASCIALIS (Pallas) var. FOLIACEA (Ellis and Solander). LHschara foliacea Ellis and Sol. From deep water, Embleton Bay; rare. Embleton (a). 48 60. DISCOPORA VERRUCOSA (Esper). Lepralia verrucosa (Esper). On stones, shells, and the roots of Laminariae, between tide marks ; frequent. Common at Bamburgh. Alder (a). On rocks and Laminaria roots between tide marks, Cullercoats. 61. DISCOPORA PAVONELLA (Alder). Eschara pavonella, Alder. Cullercoats. Alder (d). Coast of Northumberland, deep water. A. Hancock. 62. PALMICELLARIA (?) CRIBRARIA (Johnston). Hschara cribraria, Johnston. From the deep-water fishing boats; occasionally. Berwick Bay in 35 fathoms. Johnston. Northumberland coast. Hancock, King, Alder (a). CELLEPORID &. 63. CELLEPORA PUMICOSA, Linnzus: On the stems of other zoophytes, on stones and shells, and on the roots and stems of Laminariae, from beyond low water mark to deep water; common. Alder (a). From Stations IIT., IV.,V. and VII.; but not common. Ocecia.— July. 64. CELLEPORA AVICULARIS, Hincks. Common off Holy Island. Alder (c). This is a very common species, and the colonies in some cases reach a large size. One piece I have is about two inches long and an inch wide. I have obtained the species from Stations III., IV., V., VII. and IX. Ocecia.—May, June and September. 65. CELLEPORA DICHOTOMA, Hincks. Off Holy Island; rather common. Alder (c). Common from Stations VII. and VIII. Ocecia.—September. 66. CELLEPORA RAMULOSA, Linneeus. In deep water, attached to shells ; frequent. Alder (a). From Station VII. in only one haul, and from 40 fathoms east of the Longstone. Ocecia.—October and June. 49 67. SINIOPELTA COSTAZII (Audouin). Cellepora hassali (Johnston). On the stems and roots of Lamimariae and other seaweeds, between tide marks, Bamburgh. Alder (a). : From Stations III., IV. and V., chiefly on hydroids, and from 40 fathoms east of the Longstone. Ocecia.—May, June and September. CYCLOSTOMATA. 68. CRISIA EBURNEA (Linnezus). On other zoophytes, and on seaweeds, from low water mark to deep water; common. Alder (a). Fairly common between tide marks at Cullercoats. Dredged from all Stations except VI., abundantly from IIT. and IV., and from 40 fathoms east of the Longstone, 18 fathoms east of Brown’s Point, 32 fathoms east by south of Cullercoats, &c. Ocecia.—May, June, August and October. 69. CRISIA DENTICULATA (Lamarck). Berwick Bay. Johnston. Cullercoats. Alder (a). 70. CRISIA CORNUTA (Linneus). Crisidia cornuta (Linn.). On other zoophytes from deep water. Cullercoats ; rather rare. Coppin and Alder (a). This species has not occurred in any of the sixty or more dredgings examined, but has been found two or three times washed up at Cullercoats on Laminaria roots, and at Bamburgh on Flustra. Ocecia.—November. 71.* CRISIA ACULEATA, (Hassall.) One small colony of this species was found growing on a worm tube which was attached to Hydrallmania falcata. 72. STOMATOPHORA GRANULATA (Milne Edwards). Alecto granulata (MM. Edwards). On old shells from deep water ; rather rare. Alder (0). A few colonies on shells and stones from Station VII. dO 73. STOMATOPHORA MAJOR (Johnston). Alecto major, John- ston. On Modiola vulgaris and other shells, from deep water; not common. Alder (a). On shells from Station VII. 74. STOMATOPHORA DILATANS (Johnston). Alecto dilatans, Johnston. On an old bivalve (Tellina crassa), from deep water, Northum- bzland coast. King (a). On shells from Station VII. 70. STOMATOPHORA FUNGIA (Couch). T'ubulipora penicil- lata, Johnston. Very rare, Tynemouth. Three specimens have been obtained from shell sand. Alder (a). One colony on a shell from Station VII. 76. TUBULIPORA LILIACEA (Pallas). Tubulipora serpens (Linn.). On other zoophytes, shells, &c., from deepish water ; common. Alder (a). From Stations ITI., V., VII., VIII. and IX., from 40 fathoms east of the Longstone (very fine colonies), 18 fathoms east of Culler- coats, 30 fathoms east of Newbiggin, 32 fathoms east by south of Cullercoats, 40-42 fathoms east of Coquet Island, &c. Ocecia.—June, September nad October. 77. TUBULIPORA FIMBRIA (Lamarck). T'ubulipora flabellaris (Fab.) On Volutopsis norvegicus, from deep water ; rare. Alder (a). Three colonies on a shell of Neptunea from 16 fathoms south- east of St. Mary’s Island. 78. TUBULIPORA LOBULATA (Hassall). Dredged off the Northumberland coast in 1864. Alder (d). A few young colonies probably belonging to this species on shells and stones from Station VII. 1 Or 79. DIASTOPORA PATINA (Lamarck). Tubulipora patina, Lamarck. On corallines from deepish water ; frequent. Alder (a). On Laminaria roots washed up at Cullercoats, occasionally. Dredged from Stations I. and VII., but only once from each place. On shells of Neptunea from deep water. 80. DIASTOPORA OBELIA, Johnston. On Modiola vulgaris from deep water ; frequent. Alder (a). 81. LICHENOPORA HISPIDA (Fleming). Tubulipora hispida (Fleming). On Plumularia falcata, Carbasia papyrea, &c., not rare. The variety B. Johns. (7. orbiculus, Lamk.) is the form usually met with. Alder (a). Dredged from Stations I., HI., V., VII., VIII. and IX. on hydroids, other Polyzoa and shells, also from 40 fathoms east of of the Longstone, and 32 fathoms east by south of Cullercoats. Oceciostome observed in June. CTENOSTOMATA. 82. ALCYONIDIUM HIRSUTUM (Fleming). On Corallina officinalis and other seaweeds between tide marks and in shallow water; common. Alder (a) Encrusting form very common between tide marks at Culler- coats. Erect palmate growth about 3 by 3 inches washed up. 838. ALCYONIDIUM MAMILLATUM, Alder. On old shells from deep water; not uncommon. Alder (a). The species has been obtained in fair abundance on the shells of Neptunea and Buccinum undatum occupied by hermit crabs and on Modiola modiolus. 84. ALCYONIDIUM MYTILI, Dalyell. Alcyonidiwm hexa- gonum, Hincks. On stones and shells from between tide marks to deep water ; frequent. Not yet observed upon seaweeds. Alder (a). On stones and Fucus between tide marks, Cullercoats ; common. Dredged from Station VII. on shells occupied by hermit crabs, and from 29 fathoms east of Blyth. 52 85. ALCYONIDIUM POLYOUM (Hassall). On the underside of stones in tide pools, with the last, frequent. Alder (a). Some colonies of Aleyonidium on shells of Neptunea from 16 fathoms south-east of St. Mary’s Island have been referred pro- visionally to this species. There appear, however, to be many intermediate forms between this species and A. mytili and A. mamillatum, differing according to age and the degree of contrac- tion of the polypides. 86. ALCYONIDIUM PARASITICUM (Fleming). On Plumularia falcata and other zoophytes from deepish water ; common. Alder (a). From Stations III. and [X., and from 26 fathoms east of Blyth (on Gemellaria), and 30 fathoms east of Cullercoats. 87. ALCYONIDIUM GELATINOSUM (Linnzus). Attached to old shells and stones in the Laminarian and Coral- line zones ; frequent. On the sides of rocks at low-water mark, Bamburgh. Alder (a), One specimen found in rock pool, Cullercoats. From Stations IV., V. and VIII. Small colonies measuring not more than 2 inches. Numerous much-lobed colonies, some measuring about 8 inches in length on a shell from 29-32 fathoms east 4 south of the Tyne. 88 ALCYONIDIUM ALBIDUM, Alder. Surrounding the stem of Plumularia falcata in small patches from the deep-water fishing boats; rare. Alder (a). Several colonies probably of this species have been dredged from about 40 fathoms E. of Coquet Island. They invest various species of hydroids, chiefly Tubularians. 89. ALCYONIDIUM LINEARE, Hincks. On shells from deep water, Cullercoats; not unfrequently. Alder (6b). = Sy VO 90. ARACHNIDIUM FIBROSUM ?) Arachnidiwm hippotho- oides Hincks. Plate II., figs. 2, 2a. The species described by Alder (b) as A. hippothooides has been split up by Hincks in the “ British Marine Polyzoa ” into the two species A. fibrosum and A. hippothooides. On the tests of Ascidie, shells, &c., from deep water, Culler- coats. Alder. I have found a species resembling this both on Ascidia sordida (from 34-37 fathoms between the Tyne and Newbiggin), and on a shell of Neptunea from 295 fathoms east of Blyth. In each case the colony consisted in part of a large number of cells massed together, surrounded by a network of cells joined by anastomosing fibres. Specimens have been sent to Dr. Harmer, who thinks that although differing considerably from Hincks’ figure, they are to be referred to this species. 91.* ARACHNIDIUM CLAVATUM, Hincks. On the test of Ascidia sordida from 40 fathoms east of Coquet Island. The only previously recorded British locality for this species is Shetland. There is no massing together of the cells in the colonies of this species. 92. FLUSTRELLA HISPIDA (Fabricius). On Fucus serratus and other seaweeds between tide marks, and occasionally on stones; common. Alder (a). Very abundant between tide marks, Cullercoats. 93. VESICULARIA SPINOSA (Linneus). Cullercoats, a single specimen. Alder (a). 94. AMATHIA LENDIGERA (Linneus). Serialaria lendigera (Linn.}. On Fuci and zoophytes from low-water mark to deep water. not rare. Alder (a). 95. BOWERBANKIA IMBRICATA (Adams) var. DENSA Farre. In tide pools, on Corallina officinalis ; frequent. Alder (a). In addition to the above habitat, I have found this variety covering stones in the aquarium tanks very thickly. It has been dredged from Stations III. and IV., growing in dense masses on the fronds of Flustra foliacea. 54 ‘“* At extreme low water mark, Cullercoats, a Bowerbankia is found of a more lax mode of growth, sending off free shoots, and having the cells a little more elongated and slender. This I take to be a depauperated form of the true B. imbricata.” Alder (a). 96.* BOWERBANKIA CAUDATA, Hincks. A small colony of this species, consisting of only about half-a- dozen cells, was found on the leg of Hyas coarctatus from Station V. Osburn (Bryozoa of the Woods Hole Region) gives this species as Bowerbankia gracilis var. caudata, and records it from various parts of the east coast of America. Previously recorded British localities are Ilfracombe, Ply- mouth and Anglesea. 97. FARRELLA PEDICELLATA, Alder. Triticella pedicellata. Duerden, 1893; Hincks, 1880. On old shells of Buccinum undatum and Neptunea antqua, from deep water; not uncommon. Alder (a). This species has only been recorded from one other British locality, viz., from the west coast of Ireland (by Duerden in 18983), where it was also growing on old shells. JI have only found it once when it was growing on Dicoryne conferta, which was itself erowing on the carapace and legs of Hyas coarctatus from deep water. Nordgaard also notes it growing on Dicoryne conferta. The cells in this large colony grow from a thin creeping stolon as described by Alder, and not from a continuous horny crust (Duerden). The pedicels vary in length from + to 4 or 5 times the length of the cell. 98. CYLINDROECIUM DILATATUM (Hincks). Avenella fusca (Busk). On Flustra truncata and Plumularia catherina, from the coral- line zone, Cullercoats. Alder (a). | On Gemellaria loricata from Stations I]. and IV. 99. BUSKIA NITENS, Alder. On Plumularia falcata, Campanularia dumosa, &c., from deep water; rather rare. Alder. On a stone at low water mark, Whitley. Coppin (a). This species appears to be common on both hydroids and branching Polyzoa from Stations II., IV., V., VII. and VIIT -—_ D0 100.* TRITICELLA KORENITI, G. O. Sars. In the report from this laboratory for 1911 Professor Meek recorded the finding of this species growing on two specimens of Calocaris macandree, a crustacean which is only rarely found on this coast. Triticella is growing on the back, legs and telson in thick clumps, but after a closer examination I have come to the conclusion that while the colony on the telson and uropods is undoubtedly 7’. korenii, those on the back and legs must be referred to T. beckii. The zocecia in these latter are much shorter, while the frenaculum is very distinct, and is at least one-third of the length of the cell from the base. This year the stomach of a locally caught sturgeon was opened and found to contain a great many of the Calocaris, which were in a fairly good condition. Most of those which were in a fit state for examination were found to be covered with dense colonies of Triticella korenit. Previous British localities, Kerrera Sound, Oban ; Berehaven, south-west Treland. 101.* TRITICELLA BCECKII, G. O. Sars. * On the back and legs of Calocaris macandree from 34-35 fathoms east of St. Mary’s Island. Previously recorded from Christiania Sound on Geryon tridens; Berehaven, south-west of Ireland, on Portunus depurator (Duerden, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 3rd ser., vol. III., No. 1); the Ivish Sea (47-60 fathoms north-west of Bradda Head) on Calocaris macandree (L.M.B.C., 8th Report) ; and Ply- mouth on Gonoplax rhomboides (M.B.A., new series, vol. VII., No. 2). 102. VALKERIA UVA (Linnzus). In tide pools on Corallina officinalis ; frequent. Alder. Very common on various small algae in tide pools, Cullercoats. * var. CUSCUTA (Linneus). In a tide pool, St. Mary’s Island. Small colonies dredged from Stations IV., V., VII. and VIII. None of these colonies exceeded half-an-inch in length. 56 ENTOPROCTA. 103. PEDICELLINA CERNUA (Pallas). Pedicellina echinata. Sars. On small seaweeds and corallines, near low-water mark ; fre- quent. Alder. (a). Very common on all kinds of algae between tide marks, Culler- coats. Dredged abundantly on hydroids and other Polyzoa from all Stations, except VI. and IX., and from 40 fathoms east of Longstone. * var. BELGICA, Gosse. From Station V. 104. PEDICELLINA BELGICA, Van Beneden. On other zoophytes, Cullercoats ; rare. Alder. Hincks does not inelude this in his list of British species, and Alder gives neither description nor figure by which his identification might be confirmed. 105. ASCOPODARIA GRACILIS (M. Sars). On the under side of stones, and on the stems of zoophytes, Cullercoats and Tynemouth. Alder. On shells, stones, hydroids and Polyzoa from Stations IIT., IV., VII. and VIII. Very common. Also from 40 fathoms east of the Longstone, 32 fathoms east by south of Cullercoats, and between tide marks, Cullercoats. 106.* LOXOSOMA NITSCHEI, Vigelius. In June of this year a species of Loxosoma was found growing in one of the tanks of the aquarium here in very great abundance. It is growing on several very different kinds of Algae, two or three hydroids, several species of Polyzoa, including Alcyonidium hirsutum, Cribrilina punctata, &c., and ona piece of coal. There are numerous buds which move about independently, and expand and contract their tentacles before being set free, and which swim about with the head hindmost, and move in a series of somersaults after being liberated. The chief differences between this species and L. singu- lare, which of those described by Hincks it most resembles, are (1) the peduncle is frequently longer than the body, (2) there are always only eight tentacles, (3) the peduncle does not end in a foot. Dr. Harmer, of the British Museum, has kindly accepted specimens for examination, and a further note on the species will appear later. 57 The species appears to be L. nitscher, Vigelius., described and figured in Niederl. Arch. F. Zool. supp. Band I—Catalogue of the Polyzoa collected during the Dutch north-polar cruises of the « Willem Barents.” Vigelius. This description is very inadequate, being founded on badly preserved material, which probably accounts for the fact that the length of the individuals is given as only 0°15 mm., which is less than half that of the present living specimens. The locality for Vigelius’ specimens is unknown, probably Barents’ Sea, and the habitat Menipea ternata. 58 BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. By the aid of the “‘ Evadne”’ a number of stations were visited during the months of May to October, and catches were made with surface nets and dredges. The surface catches have been examined by Mr. Storrow, and the Polyzoa and Hydroids obtained by the dredge are here reported on by Miss Roper and Miss Robson. The remainder of the material will be used to throw further light on the nature of the fauna of the district. The stations and the nature of the bottom were as follows :— STATION 1, N.E. of Newbiggin Church, ca. 15 faths. Rocky with occasional patches of sand. STATION 2, Druridge Bay, Creswell Trees bearing W. by S., ca., 20 faths. Sand. STATION 3, 4 mile E. of Boulmer Steel Buoy. ca. 12 faths. Rocky. STATION 4, E. of Dunstanborough Castle, ca. 17 faths. Rocky. STATION 5, $ mile E. of North Sunderland Buoy, ca. 12 faths. Rocky. STATION 6, Between the Inner Farne and Bamburgh Castle. Rocky. STATION 7, 5-6 miles §.E. of the Crumstone (Farne Is.), ca. 35 faths. Gravel and broken shells. STATION 8, 17 miles §.E. by S. of the Crumstone, ca. 35 faths. Gravel and broken shells. STATION 9, 4-5 miles E. of Newbiggin Church, ca. 25 faths. Muddy. Stations 1 to 6 were visited in one day, the night was spent at the Farnes or Holy Island, and during the following day catches were taken at stations 7, 8 and 9. The date, time and the state of the sea when the various stations were visited are given in the following table :— | ies STATION. 1 ie 3 4 5 6a 8 9 STATE OF SEA. a ee es ee ee pe — May 41512513 | 257) 1) 1015) | 1 1:45 | 11:10} 12°45} 3°30 | Sea rough on 11th, had P.M. | A.M. |NOON| P.M. ] P.M. | A.M. | P.M. | P.M. to putinto Ambleon | account of weather. Heavy swell on 12th and 13th. June 26ne7 =.) 1295) 145 | 33 150) 530} 615 | 115) V5 10 | Sea smooth. | PM. | PM. | P.M. | P.M. | P.M. P.M. | A.M. | P.M. | P.M. 2 : July 31, 50 | 10°20; 11 | 12°30) 1:50 3 3°50 | 825 | 11°55) 340 | Sea moderate on 30th, A.M. | A.M. | P.M. | P.M. | P.M. | P.M. | A.M. | A.M. | P.M. rough on 3lst. | | | | | Aug. 21, 22 ...; 10°40} 11:10) 1:15 | 2 3 3°40 | 4:20 | 10°55] 1:20 | 5:40 | Sea choppy. aM. | AM. | P.M. | P.M. | P.M. | P.M. | AM. | P.M | P.M. Sept. 12,15 . | 12 | 12:50! 245) 4 S|) Le 1:20 | 3°30 | 6:20 | Heavy swell on_ 12th, ob YOON | P.M. | P.M. | P.M. | P.M. | P.M. | A.M. | P.M. | P.M. light swell on 13th. Oct. 9, 10 1 10:50} 1145) 2 | 340| 5 | 5-40 | 10:30] 1225] 4:10 | Sea choppy. AM. | AM. | P.M. | P.M. | P.M.-] P.M. | A.M. | P.M. | P.M. { | } } In the tables the asterisks indicate the relative abundance of the organisms and groups mentioned. * the presence of the organism, ** in small numbers, *** in fairly large numbers, **** in large numbers, ***** in extremely large numbers. SURFACE LIFE. BY B. STORROW. Fiso Eaas. Fish eggs were taken in the surface net during the months of May, June and July, but by far the greater numbers were found in June. In May the eggs in the catches made at the inshore stations consisted of those of the flounder and dab (P. limanda); whilst these, with Gadoid eggs varying in size from 1:03 -1:15 mm., together with the eggs of the dragonet, were in the catches from stations 7, 8 and 9. In June the eggs taken were as follows :— STATION. | 2 2 } | 5 6 7 8 9 TOTAL. Brill ae tee Me se eieeess, O ace = — —... ww. «2 Flounder Mat aS 4 sie 2 a= years erica d | irene DabtP-lumanda... 3 +... 13 — 25... — _ ee hohe Dragonet Riwiee, + sa a a — ee ee eee gee ot 4 Gurnard el 4 Rockling bee Dr gu? “Ose MO aes ON see) Ok ee — eae. 2 ee bee 69 Sprat ... eer ae? aes aor Sy een a Gadoid ... jedi ME ce LO ae ake Se ie ee Boe Dale eas Owing to the early stages of development in the Gadoid eggs, and the variation in size which may occur in eggs of the same species, it is impossible to name them with any degree of certainty. The rockling eggs varied in size from 0°65 to 0°96 mm., and occasionally the oil globule was pigmented. The eggs taken in July were flounder (3), rockling (1), Gadoid (1). APPENDICULARIANS. Appendicularians were found in the catches from May to September. In June they were most abundant in the northern part of the district, in the neighbourhood of the Farne Islands. The maximum was reached in July when they were generally distributed. In August and September they were present in small numbers, except at station 9 (September), where they occurred in fairly large numbers. 60 IsopopDS AND AMPHIPODS. The only species of Isopods found in the catches were Idotea balthica (Pallas) at station 1 in May, June and October, and Hurydice pulchra, Leach, at station 5 in July. The commonest of the Amphipods was Huthemisto compressa (Goés). Apherusa borealis (Boeck), Apherusa bispinosa (Bate), and a juvenile Metopa were also taken. CoPEPODS. Copepods were most abundant in the months June to Septem- ber, but in May they were present in large numbers at stations 7 and 8, and in October at station 7. The commonest forms and those forming the bulk of the catches were Pseudocalanus elongatus, Boeck, and Acartia clausi, Giesbrecht. Juvenile forms were taken in the largest numbers in May and June, and again in September, though in the latter month there were few juvenile forms from stations 7 and 8. Calanus helgolandicus (Claus) was found in all months, but not at every station. It was generally most abundant in the offshore waters, and was taken only in small numbers in August and Sept- ember. Pseudocalanus elongatus, Boeck. One of the commonest of our copepods. It occurred only sparingly in May ; in June it was more plentiful in the northern part of the district, whilst in July, August and September it formed the greater part of the catches. Centropages typicus, Kroyer. It was only in September that this species was taken in any quantity, and then in the offshore waters. One or two occurred in June in the catch from station 8, none in July, few in August from stations 1 and 8, and in October it was present, but in small numbers, in all catches. Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg). This species though rarely occurring in any great numbers was commoner than the preceding, and was taken every month, being most abundant in July. Temora longicornis, Miller, was taken in greatest numbers in the inshore waters of the northern part of the district in September. It was found every month. Anomalocera patersoni, Templeton. Was most abundant in the offshore waters. It was fairly plentiful in May at stations 7 and 8, and again in September at station 7, in which month it was more 61 generally distributed ; this was probably due to the state of the sea, for on the 12th September there was a heavy swell due to a strong north-east wind on the 11th. Acartia clausi, Giesbrecht. This species is one of our commonest copepods and in July, August, and September, together with Pseu- docalanus elongatus, formed the greater bulk of the surface catches. Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg). Another common form, but rarely occurring in such numbers as the preceding species ; was found in June at stations 3 and 4 to be by far the most abundant copepod in the samples. Oithona similis, Claus. Was present from May to October. It was very plentiful in July at stations 7 and 8, where it was taken in large numbers. Other copepods occasionally taken were Longipedia scotti, G. O. Sars, Alteutha interrupta (Goodsir), Lupelte purpurocincta (Norman), Rhynchothalestris rufocincta (Norman), Dactylopusia tisboides (Claus), and Cyclopicera gracilicauda, Brady. The commonest of these were Dactylopusia tisboides and Longipedia scotti, there being several of the latter in the September catches from stations 5 and 6. CLADOCERA. Evadne nordmanni, S. Loven. Was taken in every month except October. In May it was only obtained in two catches ; in June at station 8 it was present in very large numbers, and in July it was generally distributed, and, as a rule, occurred in fairly large numbers. The August and September samples contain it, but only in small numbers. Podon polyphemoides (Leuckart). This form appeared first in the July samples, but always in small numbers. One or two were found also in August. SAGITTA. Sagitta bipunctata (Quoy and Gaimard). Only odd individuals were present in the May and June catches. In July and August there was a slight increase in numbers, the August catches for stations 8 and 9 yielding fairly large numbers. In September at stations 7 and 8 large numbers of adult specimens occurred, and were followed in October by large catches of young forms at most of the stations. 62 CTENOPHORES. In June thousands of Beroe, together with Lesueuria, Pleuro- brachia and Mertensia were to be seen in the waters of the district, and with them were often countless numbers of Aurelia and Cyanea. They were as a rule most numerous where the tides meet, and often formed long lines some distance from the shore. They do not, except Pleurobrachia, occur in any number in the catches, as such localities were missed when taking the samples. They were noticed in most abundance off Cullercoats, in Druridge Bay, and in the * Kettle,’ an anchorage between the Inner Farne and the Wide Opens. Pleurobrachia was also taken in October. CERATIUM. No attempt has been made to distinguish the different species of Ceratium. Under Ceratiwm tripos are included all Euceratium forms ; Ceratiwm furca includes the Biceratium forms, and probably the young of Ceratiwm tripos, and Ceratium fusus the Amphi- ceratium forms. Ceratium was generally most abundant in the offshore waters, and was found every month, being very common from July to October. PERIDINIUM. Peridinium appeared in June, and obtained its maximum in July. In August and September it was generally present in small numbers, and only occasionally in October. The most important species is probably P. divergens. DIATOMS. Diatoms were not found generally in any quantity, except in September. In May, at station 3, Rhizosolenia, Chaetoceros and Biddulphia were found in fair numbers, and in June, at station 9, Rhizosolenia occurred in large numbers. In September, when large quantities of diatoms were taken, the chief forms were Rhizosolenia delicatula and R. styliformis, with Chaetoceros, Eucampia, Coscinodiscus and Biddulphia. LARVAL Forms. Larval forms of invertebrates were found in every month, and sometimes added considerably to the bulk of the catches. Echinoderm larvze were present every month, but never in any great numbers, except in July, when at station 8 many were taken. In the catches for the other months they occurred but sparingly. 63 Larval Molluscs were found in every month. In May they were few in number, but increased in June, reaching their maximum in July and August ; in September there was a slight decrease in numbers, followed by a slight increase in October. Lamellibranch larve were more abundant than Gasteropod larvze, the latter in June being taken in very small numbers, and then only in one catch. Larval Decapods were never taken in any great numbers, except in August at station 7, where Brachyura megalopas were common. They were absent in May, and in June found only in the catches from the northern part of the district. In July and August they were most abundant, few in numbers in September, whilst in October there was a slight increase. Barnacle larve occurred every month, but were most abundant in May when the Cypris stage as well as the Nauplius was taken in fairly large numbers at the stations in the northern part of the district. Polychaect larvee were present every month, but never in any number, except in June and July at stations 3 and | respectively. Polybostrichus, the bud of Autolytus, was found in June to be fairly common in the southern part of the district, and in September and October it occurred in the samples from the northern stations. In August and September pelagic polychaets, free swimming stages of Syllids, were obtained. Larval Polyzoa (Cyphonautes) were taken every month. Medusoids occurred in October in greatest numbers. There were also in the catches some forms which could not be determined in the preserved condition. Some of them are probably the cysts of Peridinium, others are comparable with the Ovum his- pidum of Cleve, the * Barbierbeckenstatoblast > and Umrindete cyst of Hensen. 64 SURFACE LIFE. MAY. STATION Fish eggs Appendicularians ... Actinotrocha Starfish—Juv. Pluteus Bipinnaria Larval Gasteropods Larval Lamellibranchs CRUSTACEANS. LARVAL DECAPODS. Macrura—Zoéa Mysis Anomura—Zoéa on Metazoéa Brachyura—Zoéa__... Megalopa ISOPODS ... AMPHTPODS. Euthemisto compressa (Goes) COPEPODS Juv. Calanus helgolandi icus (Claus. Nee Pseudocalanus elongatus, Boeck - Centropages typicus, Kroyer... Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) Temora longicornis, Miller Anomalocera patersoni, Templeton Acartia clausi, Giesbr echt : Acartia longiremis Seee Oithona similis, Claus. a Barnacle—Nauplius Cypris ... Cast cuticle Evadne nordmanni, 8. Lovén _... Podon polyphemoides (Leuckatrt)... WORMS Pelagic Polychaets Polybostrichus ... Larval Polychaets Tomopteris helgolandica, ’ Greeff. Sagitta bipunctata (Quoy and Gaimard) Larval Polyzoa—Cyphonautes ... Medusoids ... Ctenophores Ceralium tripos Ceratium furca Ceratium fusus Peridinium sp. Diatoms 7 Catch not taken at this Station in May. ** ** ;2 x % KEK ** ** KEK 65 SURFACE LIFE—continued. STATION Fish eggs ... Appendicularians . Actinotrocha Starfish—Juv. Pluteus a8 se re Bipinnaria wre at we Larval Gasteropods Larval Lamellibranchs CRUSTACEANS. LARVAL DECAPODS. Macrura—Zoéa Mysis Anomura—Zoéa Metazoéa Brachyura—Zoéa __..... Megalopa TSOPODS .:.. AMPHIPODS. .. Euthemisto compressa ( G 0és) EE EODS) uy Calanus helgolandicus (Claus. .. Pseudocalanus elongatus, Boeck Centropages typicus, Kroyer Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) Temora longicornis, Miiller Anomalocera patersoni, Feroplevon Acartia clausi, Giesbrecht as Acartia longiremis ere) Oithona similis, Claus. ... - is Barnacle—Nauplius cae XE ae Cypris ... Ses aes 5 Cast Cuticle ... nee Evadne nordmanni, 8. Lovén ... Podon polyphemoides (Leuckart) oe WORMS. Pelagic Polychaets ae ar Polybostrichus ... eae : Larval Polychaets Tomopteris helgolandica, Greeff. Sagitta bipunctata (Quoy and Gaimard) Larval Polyzoa—Cyphonautes ... wee Medusoids ... oes See aan are Ctenophores aie be soe f Ceratium tripos... sae aes et Ceratium furca ee sae vee eae Ceratium fusus site ee oes oe Peridinium sp. ... AAO Diatoms ... Ses Ste *#K ** * * JUNE. | 1 2 3 | 4 8 50 23 69 x * * * so | RRA * * eK ** * * * * * * * * . ** * so | ROK * OK * * * * eK * * * * * eK **X KEKE * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * KH * ¥** ** ** x Ke OR ROK ERE an KEE SURFACE STATION sas Fish eggs ... se ate Appendicularians ... Sais Actinotrocha was 333 re Starfish—Juv. Ae ae anh Pluteus ... ae sy aes Bipinnaria BAS wee bss Larval Gasteropods ; sa Larval Lamellibranch3s ... oe CRUSTACEANS. Larval DECAPODS. Macrura—Zoéa ae Mysis sive Anomura—Zoéa Metazoéa Brachyura—Zoéa ... Megalopa ISOPODS ... sce see ane AMPHIPODS. Euthemisto compressa (Goés) COPEPODS aoe ‘se Juv. Calanus helgolandi icus (C laus. ‘ee Pseudocalanus elongatus, Boeck Centropages typicus, Kroyer ae Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) Temora longicornis, Miller Anomalocera patersoni, Templeton Acartia clausi, Giesbrecht ate Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg)... Oithona similis, Claus. ... Barnacle—Nauplius tee oe Cypris ... see See Cast Cuticle ... ‘ Evadne nordmanni, 8. Lovén Podon polyphemoides, Leuckart ... WORMS. Pelagic Polychaets oes Soe Polybostrichus ... ee ane Larval Polychaets AeA Tomopleris helgolandica, Greeff. Sagitta bipunctata (Quoy and Gaimard) Larval Polyzoa—Cyphonautes Medusoids ... aoe ae Soe Ctenophores aes ae axe Ceratium tripos ... oa see Ceratium jfurca AEE ane wate Ceratium fusus che Bae ae Peridinium sp. sas wisi re Diatoms ... ae see eee 66 LIFE—contin ued. **K KK * eK JULY. 2K EK AK 7K * OK KK ** *K +x * K* ** ** KKK * KKK * ke EKEKT SURFACE 67 LIFE—continued. AUGUST. STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 a Fish eggs ... | ; 5 Appendicularians ... {a Ce J i ae * = + Actinotrocha + | *: * Starfish—Juv. * * Pluteus Bipinnaria | Larval Gasteropods + | * ce +7 * * ~ Larval Lamellibranchs * ORK * ** * * ** CRUSTACEANS. LARVAL DECAPODS. Macrura—Zoéa 5 * Mysis 6a +* Metazoéa * AX Brachyura—Zoéa * ** * | * Megalopa * | soe | ISOPODS | AMPHIPODS eee * * Euthemisto compressa (Gos) COPEPODS KKEK | * KKK KKK KKK REA * KK KKK Juv. as * * - * = Calanus helgolandicus (Cla us.).. * - ee Pseudocalainus elongatus, Boeck tFE% | #E% +++ ed EES ie ee pi h g Centropages typicus, Kroyer ack be Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) ** * * *# *e | * * Temora longicornis, Miiller ** si = * | = Anomalocera patersoni. ‘Templeton * “e Acartia clausi, Giesbrecht lar KKK KKK KKK KREK | KK KKK KHKAX Acartia longiremis a ore) * ** * Ret ee Oithona similis, Claus. ... fe ** KK * * * + pcs Barnacle—Nauplius * * * sda * ‘i - Cypris >a * * * Cast Cuticle | | | 3. Lovén .... * = ) eek ae ae Podon pol eagle (Leuckart) f se * WORMS. Pelagic Polychaets wae oa: +5, || * | be Polybostrichus ... aes Ae Ses Larval Polychaets : a * * * * Sy Tomopteris helgolandica, Greeff. * ** Sagitta bipunctata (Quoy and Gaimard) * * * bs * Larval Polyzoa—Cyphonautes ... * * * * * ‘f sc Medusoids ... hy - vanes. * + | Ctenophores Be Ate ace Ae Ceratium tripos ... eed fA. seolk wwe a * ae * * ae Ceratium furca nae ae Bee sen * = sz sf ae a Ceratium fusus ae * * Peridininm sp. oe see eee oie * * He = Diatoms... aes oe Siete * + ze * * * ** **X ** REX *** 68 SURFACE LIFE—continued. SEPTEMBER. STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | ) Fish eggs ... + | Appendicularians ... r ** —= * * * * * #** Actinotrocha eee eae ~ | | Starfish—Juv. Pluteus ... * | Bipinnaria Larval Gasteropods * * * x * * * * Larval Lamellibranchs * * 2 * * * CRUSTACEANS. ; LARVAL DECAPODS. Macrura—Zoéa ee Mysis 2 * Anomura—Zoéa ae Bae * * Metazoéa Brachyura—Zoéa_ Megalopa. * a ‘ oa ISOPODS a AMPHIPODS. Euthemisto compressa (Goés) ... COPEPODS on KKK KKK KKK KEK KKK * ROKK KAK KKEK *e* Juv. **X RK * ** #eX eX * * ** Calanus helgolandicus (Claus. a co * 3 * * Pseudocalanus elongatus, Boeck * = ** +4* AALS CSSD || 222 * KEK Centropages typicus, Kroyer aes = = * * * == ee ¥*** * Ceniropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) bes * Fe = +. * * * Temora longicornis, Miiller * = ged * cess ||) tect 2 ** Anomalocera patersoni, pempleton “4 a pe | anes Fates = Acartia clausi, Giesbrecht ut EEE ES FERS RES FE NE |) eae ** * * Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg) = Ee * * * * Oithona similis, Claus. ... See ** * * ¥* * * ¥* * ** Barnacle—Nauplius iat * = * “3 ==. ** * Cypris ... ate * * * * Cast Cuticle 2. A * ne Evadne nordmanni, 8. lovén * + * * ** ¥** * * Podon polyphemoides (Leuckart)... WORMS. Pelagic Polychaets as * * = * Polybostrichus ... be sit * = Larval Polychaets : = * * Tomopteris helgolandica, “Greeff. = Sagitta bipunctata (Quoy and Gaimard) + ~ * EA RESET Te * Larval Polyzoa—Cyphonautes ess a ad * = * Medusoids ... ee ase * 2 * = * Ctenophores sete ac 5 | Ceratium tripos ... * ee | EK *% #3 *X HERE KEE \ aes *S* Ceratium furca ... a * | * * * * ¥¥t ¥*% de or FEE * Ceratium jusus A = i a ¥ Peridinium sp. ane a noc = * * 5 * + Diatoms ... be a eee | RE * CK ** HEEK OKKKES | KKEK ** + Larval herring. 69 SURFACE LIFE—continued. STATION mee Fish eggs ... ape Pe an Appendicularians ... rrr Actinotrocha aie ber ae Starfish—Juvy. ar. se Ses Pluteus ete ae tie Bipinnaria eee aus siete Larval Gasteropods re ae Larval Lamellibranchs CRUSTACEANS. LARVAL DECAPODS. Macrura—Zoéa ve oe Mysis Anomura—Zoéa Metazoéa vs Brachyura—Zoéa ... ae Megalopa ae ISOPODS ... ae na AMPHIPODS éc% Sd Huthemista compressa (Goes) seit COPEPODS a sine she Juv. Calanus helgolandicus (Claus.) Pseudocalanus elongatus, Boeck Centropages typicus, Kroyer : Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) Temora longicornis, Miller ...... Anomalocera patersoni, Templeton Acartia clausi, Giesbrecht ae Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg)... Oithona similis, Claus. ... fe Barnacle—Nauplius a Cypris ... ae Cast Cuticle ... Evadne nordmanni, 8. Lovén nee Podon polyphemoides (Leuckatt)... WORMS. Pelagic Polychaets ms sae Polybostrichus ase Wes Larval Polychaets oe Tomopteris helgolandica, Greeff. Sagitta bipunctata (Quoy and Gaimard) Larval Polyzoa—Cyphonautes ... Medusoids ... aa ee Ctenophores ee aoe ia Ceratium tripos ... ae ais Ceratium jfurca ose eos es Ceratium fusus Peridinium sp. ... wee ee Diatoms ... ee eee sa ** * * KK OCTOBER. 2 3 * * * ** * ** * xX **x EX 4K KEK HEX * * x * KX * * * * * ** ** x * * ** * * * * * * KKK | KKK *EK KKKKE ** KKK ** * * ** * ** * *%* * K*X ** 7 ) i) | * * KX xx * KK * * * *x * KX * KK KE KKK KK RE ** * ** * * * * ** ** * KE * * * * * ** * KKK RK KKK * KKK REKK KKK KER KKEKK KE * ** ** xe *** eee * * = POLYZOA. By R. E. ROPER, B.Sc. Sie ELON ST. zemellaria loricata (Linn.) Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.) Scrupocellaria reptans (Linn.) ... Bugula avicularis (Linn.) = Bugqula flabellata (J. V. Thompson) Flustra foliacea (Linn.) Flustra securifrons (Pallas) Carbasea solanderi, Norman Electra pilosa (Linn.) Crisia eburnea (Linn.) ... Diastopora patina (Lamarck) . Lichenopora hispida (F leming) — Pedicellina cernua (Pallas) Eucratea chelata (Linn.) Gemellaria loricata (Linn.) Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.) Flustra foliacea (Linn.) F. securtfrons (Pallas) ... Crisia eburnea (Linn.) .. Buskia nitens, Alder Cylindroecium dilatatum (Hincks) Pedicellina cernua (Pallas) | May. | June. | July. Aug. Sept. Oct aa * * * * * * * | * | * | * | x | P eee | * Le | | STATION II. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. * * * | | . | | : * * | * * er: * * + Owcia present. (fa POLYZOA—continued. SLALLION © EG May. June. | July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Eucratea chelata (Linn.) ne] a ee = i ‘i Gemellaria loricata (Linn.) ¥ ze) x ibe ad . Bi Menipea ternata (Ellis and Sol. ) | - Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.) snl * rea ‘ ce Scrupocellaria reptans (Linn.) .. ssa ee 2 bia wail Bugula flabellata (J. V. Thompson) oe ia: * bs eae a y Flustra foliacea (Linn.).. cal SRE ‘i sagas | Flustra securifrons (Pallas) - ee hee Electra pilosa (Linn.) . a * a Membranipora membranacea (Linn.) ...) | | | * Callopora dumerilit (Audouin)... | [. | Smittina trispinosa (Johnston) * Cellepora pumicosa, Linn. | * Cellepora avicularis, Hincks ... eel | si at Siniopelta costazii (Audouin) ... ce | me | . ai Crisia eburnea (Linn.) ... ae las i = a is li Tubulipora liliacea (Pallas) ’ 93 > Lichenopora hispida (Fleming) ‘3 . - Alcyonidium, sp. ’ Alcyonidium parasiticum (Fleming) i ace Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams) * | Valkeria uva (Linn.) ea a is Pedicellina cernua (Pallas)... eal’ Vou : | A si Ascopodaria gracilis (Sars) vee ro, a | May. | June. | duly. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Bucratea chelata (Linn.).. = ‘2 * * | o* | # Gemellaria loricata (Linn. ) na ee pi . bales |e Menipea ternata (Ellis and Sol. ) ek Oh ee ae eT) lee Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.) - eo) Ee : 7% tie Scrupocellaria reptans (Linn.)... Oe ea - ‘i eS ea Bugula avicularis (Linn.) , vr si =a ee Bugula flabellata (J. V. Thompson) ve Waiciail Bugula plumosa (Pallas) soe = saa Bugula = murrayana var. _ fruticosa | (Packard) ... | ae Flustra foliacea (Linn. ae eee Sik, re Me ce * Flustra securifrons (Pallas) se wee cei oi a : Electra pilosa (Linn.) | noeae ig as Callopora aurita (Hincks) * Membranipora membranacea (Linn. oe sie Microporella ciliata (Pallas) ... Sea aad Cellepora pumicosa, Linn. d | : Cellepora avicularis, Hincks ... rr aa | ana Siniopelta costazit (Audouin) ... 55 Crisia eburnea (Linn.) ... _ “ar : * Alcyonidium gelatinosum (Linn, ) ss Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams) Be | Buskia nitens (Alder) ... a ie . < Cylindroecium dilatatum (Hincks) es . Valkeria uva (Linn.) ... ae Ree be ase oe Pedicellina cernua (Pallas) * es a . Ascopodaria gracilis (Sars) - s . a 7 Owcia present, ~ bo POLYZOA—continued. STATION V. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Eucratea chelata (Linn.) (een * * | Menipea ternata (Ellis and Solander)... [eae . a (i = 2 Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.) = ep ore Scrupocellaria reptans (Linn.)... . i a = Cellularia fistulosa (Linn.) | * Flustra foliacea (Linn.)... - = Flustra securifrons (Pallas) = Electra pilosa (Linn.) * * oT ee Membranipora membranacea (Linn. he a a saz Membraniporella nitida (Johnston) ee Hippothoa hyalina (Linn.) ... ae, ii Smittina landsborovii (Johnston) ie ees: Cellepora pumicosa, Linn. re [a ier Cellepora avicularis, Hincks ber Sintopelta costazii (Audouin) ... * Crisia eburnea (Linn.) .. = if FS aes Tubulipora liliacea (Pallas) f | Lichenopora hispida (Fleming) % = Alcyonidium gelatinosum (Linn.) - Bowerbankia caudata (Hincks) | | + Buskia nitens, Alder i“ hel - | Valkeria uva (Linn.) ... ae con = Pedicellina cernua (Pallas) by = | Var. glabra we Lf ay fea] | : | | SLATION Vil. | May. | June. | duly. Aug. Sept. | Oct. Eucratea chelata (Linn.) ae a | #* a | Gemellaria loricata (Linn.) ... | + . Menipea ternata (Ellis and Sol.) Scrupocellaria scruposa (Kinn.) see se Scrupocellaria reptans (Linn.)... aes ar . Electra pilosa (Linn.) . sista ee; + Membranipora membranecea (Linn.)«. a Escharella peachit (Johnston) .. “a ves Hippothoa hyalina (Linn.) ... eal | - } Owcia present. POLYZOA—continued. ~ LX) SrATION VIE: Eucratea chelata (Linn.)... Gemellaria loricata (Linn.) Bugqulopsis peachii (Busk) Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.) Bugula avicularis (Linn.) Bugula = murrayana var. (Packard) ; Cellularia fistulosa (Linn. ) Electra pilosa (Linn.) ‘Ge Electra catenularia (Jameson)... Callopora dumerilit (Audouin)... Callopora aurita (Hincks) Callopora flemingit (Busk) Callopora imbellis (Hincks Cribrilina punctata (Hassall) Microporella ciliata (Pallas) Fenestrulina malusii (Jullien)... Hippothoa divaracata, Lamouroux Porella concinna (Busk) : Smittina trispinosa (Johnston)... Smittina linearis (Hassall) Escharella ventricosa (Hassall)... Escharella peachit (Hassall) Cellepora pumicosa, Linn. Cellepora ramulosa, Linn. Cellepora dichotoma, Hincks Cellepora avicularis, Hincks Crisia eburnea, (Linn.) .. Stomatophora granulata (M. -Edwards) Stomatophora major (Johnston) Stomatophora dilatans (Johnston) Tubulipora liliacea (Pallas) Diastopora patina (Lamarck) ... Lichenopora hispida (Fleming) Alcyonidium mytilt, Dalyell Buskia nitens, Alder Pedicellina cernua, (Pallas) Ascopodaria gracilis (Sars) fruticosa May. | sa June. j Owcia present. * ai K+ af Oct. Ce POLYZOA— continued. STATION VIII. | May. | June. | July. Aug. | Sept. Oct. Eucratea chelata (Linn.) a nd . Bugulopsis peachit (Busk) ... al 5 Menipea ternata (Ellis and Sol.) nea : | | | Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.) oa = Bugula purpurotincta, Norman vee] - B. murrayana (Johnston) ee | Pa | Cellularia fistulosa (Linn.) ... ae | fy Electra pilosa (Linn.) ... 5a = ae Callopora dumerilit (Audouin)... 228 3 a | C. imbellis (Hincks) ... ah ae ey | C. flemingii (Busk) Ae sos sak aT ‘3 Smittina trispinosa (Johnston) aes - S. linearis (Hassall) 3 Cellepora dichotoma, Hincks _ ‘g i Crisia eburnea, (Linn.) ... i J Tubulipora liliacea (Pallas) - Alcyonidium gelatinosum (Linn.) * _Buskia nitens, Alder Z Valkeria uva (Linn.) ... i Farella pedicellata, Alder ts * Pedicellina cernua (Pallas) ee sre : ‘2 Ascopodaria gracilis (Sars)... oe Js + i SATION ) EX. | May. | June. July. Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Gemellaria loricata (Linn.) ... zee “3 . x | ) + Scrupocellaria reptans (Linn.) ... ais Bugula avicularis (Linn.) rae eee Na | Flustra foliacea (Linn.)... ee oa coe eaallly ai Flustra securifrons (Pallas)... a ar ig J Membranipora membranacea (Linn.) ... id Callopora dumerilit (Audouin)... oe 2% Callopora flemingii (Busk) ... cate mil Cellepora avicularis, Hincks ... Sal’ Sa: i Crisia eburnea (Linn.) ... Bee we a | Tubulipora liliacea (Pallas) ... Sus “3 Lichenopora hispida (Fleming) ae $i Alcyonidium parasiticum (Fleming) ... = | : any + Owcia present. “1 On POLYZOA—continued. 23-3 miles Hast of DUNSTANBOROUGH CASTLE, July 3l1st, 1912. Eucratea chelata (Linn.) ie Aetea truncata (Landsborough) i Flustra foliacea (Linn.) * Electra pilosa (Linn.)... z Cellularia fistulosa (Linn.) : ete ks Hippothoa divaricata, Lamouroux ... Sy a 5 | Escharella immersa (Fleming) ad ed * | Microporella ciliata (Pallas)... sian as — | Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin) re Ms 3 | Cellepora pumicosa (Linn.) ... oad oa |i Cellepora avicularis, Hincks... see cee = Cellepora dichotoma, Hincks... = ole, Siniopelta costaziz (Audouin) ror si = Crisia eburnea (Linn.) = ae Pee el Tubulipora liliacea (Pallas) ... eae Pe | Pedicellina cernua (Pallas) ... ae hen Ascopodaria gracilis (Sars) ... mae at East of HOWICK BURN, 17 fathoms, May 12th, 1912. Gemellaria loricata (Linn.) ... — ae = Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.) ae a Bugula avicularis (Linn.) ... ‘ oe * on Hyas coarctatus Bugula flabellata (J. V. Thompson) ..» * young colonies Flustra foliacea (Linn.) - oe ne Flustra securifrons (Pallas) ... aes ny Eucratea chelata (Linn.) sae _ ue | ae CULLERCOATS, 8 miles East by South. 32 fathoms. 00 fathoms. | | | Sept. 22, July 9, Sept. 17, | 1911. 1912: 1912. Gemellarva loricata (Linn.) ... il | * * Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.) ...| = Flustra securifrons (Pallas) .. | * Electra pilosa var. dentata (Ellis and Sol.) ; ‘ Cellepora aviculari iS, Hincks.. Crista eburnea (Linn.) : Cellepora dichotoma, Hincks... Tubulipora liliacea (Pallas) ... Lichenopora hispida (Fleming) 4 Diastopora patina (Lamarck) ar Alecyonidium, sp. | Alcyonidium parasiticum (Fleming) | | * Ascopodaria gracilis (Sars) ... | Kk KOK GH HK + Owcia present. 76 HYDROIDS. By J. HB: ROBSON, “B.Sc. STATION I.—15 fathoms N.E. NEWBIGGIN. raniaee: duly 30,| Aug. 21. Sept. 12, Oct. 9. pivis 2. Ne S| eh ee re Perigonimus repens (Wright)... Bs ? Tubularia indivisa, Linn. ie ace * Tubularia coronata, Abildgaard | Campanularia volubilis (Linn.) mae < Campanularia ? raridentata, Alder ... Clytia johnston (Alder) vas PSA aed Opercularella lacerata 4 ohnston) *Obelia plicata, ENG a 0 ed Obelia geniculata (? sp. ) ( (Linn. ) Filellum serpens (Hassall) Calycella syringa (Linn.) .| Halecium halecinum (Linn.) ... 5A eae 6 Hydrallmania falcata (Linn.)... a ca | Sertularia argentea, Ellis and Sol. ..., ** % Sertularia abietina Linn. ... Sect tai Sertularella rugosa (Linn.) Gal Thuvarra thuja (Linn.).. ia ‘: Plumularia echinulata, Lamarck Sob aia Antennularia antennina (Linn.) Medusae (sp. ?) oe Se F Aglantha rosea (Forbes) stalks | Or lS . 4 & ce) SS | = o) (o) Z| G * *K **K STATION II.—DRURIDGE BAY.—E. by N. of CRESSWELL TREES. 22 fathoms. July 30th, 1912. Syncoryne (? sp.) sarsiz (Loven). *Obelia plicata, Hincks. Clytia gohnstoni (Alder). Campanularia verticillata, Linn. Opercularella lacerata (Johnston). Filellum serpens (Hassall). Halecium tenellum, Hincks. Sertularia abietina, Linn. Hydrallmania falcata (Linn.). Thucaria thuja (Linn.). Sertularella tenella, Alder. Nore.—All these specimens found in extremely small quantities, and none at all present on August 21st from Station IT. September 12th.—E. by N. of CRESSWELL TREES, 20 fathoms. Sertularia abietina, Linn. October 9th. _Antennularia antennina (Linn.), Hydrallmania falcata (Linn.), Calycella syringa (Linn.), Lafoéa fruticosa (Sars), Sertularella rugosa (Linn.). * New to the District. + With reproductive capsules. + With male capsules. CO HYDROIDS—continued. STATION III.—BOULMER 300 yds. E. (May), 1 mile W.N.W. (June). STEEL BUOY. 500 yds. E. (July), (Aug., Sept. and Oct.) Aglantha rosea (Forbes) Alcyonium phe ailane Linn. ..; Syncoryne (? sp.) Eudendrium (sp. ?) ramosum (Linn. | ee Tubularia indivisa, Linn. Clytia johnstoni (Alder) ; Campanularia verticillata (Linn. ie Campanularia volubilis (Linn.) Campanularia (? sp.) ... Obelia geniculata (? sp.) i *Gonothyrea ? hyalina, Hincks... *Campanulina turrita, Hincks... Opercularella lacerata (Johnston) Calycella syringa (Linn.) Lafoéa fruticosa, Sars ... Filellum serpens (Hassall) Halecium halecinum, Linn. Halecitum muricatum (Ellis and Solander) Halecium tenellum, Hincks Hydrallmania falcata Cimm) Thuiaria thuja (Linn. ) * Diphasia rosacea (Linn.) Sertularia abietina, Linn. Sertularia argentea, Ellis & Solander... Sertularia operculata, Linn. Sertularella rugosa (Linn.) F Antennularia antennina (Linn.) ‘May 12. ** June 26. | | % & ee July BS Pts ahs * stalks ** 4 mile E. Sept. 12. Oct. 9. fy! rer 1 * * * “ko * * * * * * 1 78 HYDROIDS—continued. STATION IV.—E. of DUNSTANBOROUGH CASTLE. a Endendrium ramosum ? (Linn.) Tubularia simplex ?, Alder Tubularia indivisa, Linn. _ Clytia johnstoni (Alder) Campanularia hincksii, Alder Campanularia flecuosa, Hincks Campanularia neglecta (Alder) *Gonothyrea ? hyalina, Hincks... Campanularia volubilis, Linn. Campanulina turrita, Hincks.. *Obelia plicata, Hincks.. Obelia geniculata (sp. ?) (Linn. ) Lafoéa dumosa (Fleming) Filellum serpens (Hassall) Calycella syringa (Linn.) Halecium tenellum, Hincks Halecium beanii, Johnston Halecium halecinum (Linn.) ... Sertularella rugosa, Linn. Sertularia cupressina, Linn. Sertularia filicula, Ellis and Solander Sertularia argentea, Ellis & Solander Sertularia abietina, Linn. sib Hydrallmania falcata (Linn.).. Diphasia rosacea (Linn.) : Antennularia antennina (Linn.) Plumularia setacea (Ellis) Alcyonium digitatum Linn. Aglantha rosea (Forbes) *K RK May 12. June 26. RL 7 With reproductive capsules. July 30. ee ee HK Aug. 21. Sept. 12. * EK stalks | stalks #% Oct. 9. ** ** HY DROIDS—continued. STATION V.—+ mile East of NORTH SUNDERLAND BUOY. Tubularia coronata (Abildg.)... Campanularia volubilis (Linn. ) Obelia geniculata (?) (Linn) ... Clytia johnstoni (Alder) Opercularella lacerata (Johnst.) Calycella syringa (Linn.) Halecium tenellum, Hineks ... Sertularia argentea, Ellis and Solander Sertularia abietina, Linn. Hydrallmania falcata (Ei iavaly Pe Aglantha rosea (Forbes) | eer May 12, *— .| stalks | | stalk eK June 26. July 30.(Aug. 21. Sept. 12. Oct. 9. ** OR a KAKA * ~ 1 *x x 7 With capsules. STATION VI.—The Fairway, between BAMBURGH and INNER FARNE. | ie Dicoryne conferta, Alder | Obelia dichotoma (Linn.) | Campanularia volubilis (Linn. ) Clytia johnstoni (Alder) Obelia geniculata (Linn.) ; Obelia (? sp.) ... és ely | Ae *Campanularia caliculata Hincks ae * Opercularella lacerata (Johnst. ) Calycella syringa (Linn.) * & Filellum serpens (Hassall) * Lafo’a dumosa (Fleming) i Halecium tenellum, Hincks .| Hydrallmania falcata (Linn. - .| 3 Sertularia abietina (Linn.) . a. Sertularia argentea, Ellis andi | Solander ... ce (a Sertularella tenella, Alder Pes * Sertularella rugosa (Linn.) .... Aglantha rosea (Forbes) ., * New to the district. aii ae) ‘May 12, June 26, ‘guly 30, 1912. | 1912. er * | | 4% * ** 0% RK | ek * ] * t+ With reproductive capsules. Aug. 21, Sept. 12, Oot. 9, | 1912 | 1912. 1912. | 1912. | * | | * | * | | kk | nH } —) * ie) | ee iS | ° ** Zi Cam ed * | KK { 80 HYDROIDS—continued. STATION VII.—5-6 miles S.E. of THE CRUMSTONE. ‘May ES gune at Aug. 22. Sept. 13.) Oct. 9. Podocoryne areolata (Alder) . | | | Syncoryne sarsit (young sp. 2) ‘(Lovén)| | Vt eae Hudendrium capillare (?) Alder asia ae Ludendrium rameum (Pallas) gaia oa a rstatke Perigonimus repens (Wright)... a | gas | Tubularia coronata, Abildg. ... | ban Tubularia indivisa, Linn. ae | => = Clytia johnstoni (Alder) aoe ae ere tee aria — Campanularia flecuosa, Hincks «al | 1 | stalks Campanularia ? raridentata, Alder ... | aba 2 *Obelia plicata, Hincks... Be aie = Obelia (sp. ?) ... eae Obelia dichotoma (Linn. ) : ae | | _— Opercularella lacerata (Johnst. ) sae | =a Filellum serpens (Hassall) .| | [ee ee epee - Calycella syringa (Linn.) re el [ee ease ee i des Lafoéa dumosa (Fleming) ... ae | FE ee dats’ © Lafoéa fruticosa, Sars ... ae nee sca abe ‘oe | 5 Cuspidella humilis, Hincks ... bsg | * - *Cuspidella grandis, Hineks Can we Halecium tenellum, Hincks = [2a A ae Halecium halecinum (Linn.) ... a FET ) a Halecium beanii, Johnst. : cecil Bs | | RY ieee 1 Halecitum muricatum (Ellis and = Solander) 4 7, mel ll, Pace Sertularia abietina, libre : | | = Sertularia filicula. Ellis and Solander | s *% |, ee ee Sertularia pumila, Linn. as on rs a Sertularia fusca, Johnst. * | = Sertularia argentea, Ellis & Solander.. ten cal * Sertularella tenella, Alder ye - “ | 4 Sertularella polyzonias (Linn.) aoe i Saat ec 2 leases? 2 Diphasia rosacea (Linn.) cz =a | Pury ed: Diphasia tamarisca (Linn.) ... or | 4 Thuiaria thuja (Linn.)... a NG — Hydrallmania falcata (Linn. ee ae +e 2) ee + | +o 1 Antennularia antennina (Linn. ) oe + i ee Antennularia ramosa, Lamarck | | id +3 Plumularia setacea (Ellis) ... oe Eee Og, Plumularia echinulata, Lamarck ‘sis | 1 | ihe Plumularia catharina, Johnston pe 1 1 1 td ae Plumularia pinnata (Linn.) ... fe ti ? ‘ *Plumularia (sp. ?) ae ae pe * Aglantha rosea (Forbes) an =: 3 * New to the district. + With female capsules. + With reproductive capsules. 81 immediately assimilate them. This view seems to explain the remarkable difference in the composition of weeds growing so close to one another. In many parts of the British Isles and France seaweed is looked upon as a valuable general manure. Its value in this respect is well brought out by analysis and depends upon the fact that it contains about the same amount of nitrogen, much less phosphate but more potash than rotted dung. As all the nitrogen in seaweed is more or less albuminoid in character, it has no manurial value till the seaweed has been allowed to decay. It decays rapidly, however, and therefore quickly becomes of value as a fertiliser. The potash of the seaweed is, however, immediately available, for when seaweed is simply washed in water a large amount of its potassium salts is leached out. Again, all the potassium is present in seaweed in a soluble form, either as sulphate or chloride, and therefore water need only act on seaweed to make all its potash available. The case of the phosphate is very similar to that of the nitrogen, as it does not come into play as a fertiliser till the seaweed has been allowed to decay. Seaweed is therefore a potash manure, and may be used for crops especially requiring potash, such as potatoes. Professor Hendrick has experimentally proved (op. cit.) that “weight for weight seaweed gives just as great a crop of potatoes as farmyard manure—but to get the best results it should be supplemented with phosphate.” The analyses show that about 15 to 20 per cent. of the original seaweed is dry matter, and of this 60 to 70 per cent. is organic or combustible matter. When seaweed, therefore, is used as a manure, only 3 per cent. of the 60-70 per cent. of the organic matter is used, the remainder being practically valueless. Hence at present (and in those places only, where seaweed is used as a manure), only 15 per cent. (this being a maximum) of the dry matter of seaweed has any commercial value. With these facts in view the organic portion of seaweed has been carefully analysed and subjected to very varied and different processes. The resulting substances, though small in bulk and in many cases obtained in a very impure state, seem to point to the fact that seaweed (more especially of the fleshy type, such as Laminaria digitata), when properly treated is capable of yielding 82 substances of great commercial importance. The production of one of the more important of these, in quantity and in a pure state, is at present being investigated. The results of these observations seem to admit of the following conclusions :— I. That the “Algin” of Stanford is a mixture and has no definite composition, although it undoubtedly contains one and probably more protein bodies. II. That the composition of sea plants largely depends upon their immediate environment, and is affected by the assimilation of certain salts dissolved from the rock bottom on which they grow. III. That, from the point of view of chemical composition, seaweed is as good a general manure as farmyard manure, though it should give best results on crops requiring a potash manure. 83 THE SEALS AT THE FARNE ISLANDS. By A. MEEK. Some years ago the late Mr. Morley Crossman made complaints at the meetings of the Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee regarding the destruction to salmon and to the stake nets by seals. From the proximity of the Goswick Salmon Fishery to the head- quarters of the seals at the Farne Islands, it was clear that seals were to be seen in the neighbourhood of the nets, and also that they were occasionally caught in the nets, but the evidence obtainable was not convincing as to the destruction, and the question was allowed to drop. It has been raised again, and the suggestion has been made that on the Northumberland coast and in other parts of the country steps should be taken to keep down their numbers. Before such measures are considered and the powers of local authorities and of owners of fisheries enquired into, it would be well to ascertain whether the seal actually is guilty of the depredations complained of. With that in view I have recently sent the following notes to Mr. Fryer of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries who has taken great interest in the question. Seals were at one time very plentiful on the North-east coast. There was a large colony at the mouth of the Tees, but with the development of that region commercially about the middle of last century the colony was much reduced, and it came to an end in the sixties. The only colony now left is the Farne Island colony, about which I have the following information, largely obtained from Mr. J. Douglas, Beadnell. It is mentioned by Wallis (History of Northumberland) and by Mennell and Perkins in their Catalogue of the Mammalia of Northumberland and Durham.* *Trans. Tynes. Nat. Field Club, v. 6, 1863-64, p. 135. 84 Numpers.—The fishermen say that the colony consists of about 50 to 60 seals. Mr. Douglas saw about 50 when he visited the Crumstone on June 12th. Position oF Cotony.—The colony is at the Crumstone, a rock about one mile south of the Longstone. The Longstone used to be the headquarters of the colony, and it was when the lighthouse was built in 1826 that they removed to the Crumstone. Stragglers are met up and down the coast, but it is rare that they are seen or caught at a great distance from the Farne Islands. They appear to approach the shore most frequently in the spring at the period when the paddle or lumpsucker is spawning amongst the rocks. Foop.—Mr. Douglas says they are fond of the lumpsucker. The watchers at the Farnd Islands have corroborated this by telling me that they often see the seals feeding on the lump- sucker. Sometimes in the winter they follow the fishing boats to get such fish as may be thrown overboard. The fishermen think that the food is principally codling. The seals we kept at the Laboratory were fed on small gadoids like codling, haddock, whiting, and also on herring. The salmon is certainly not the food of the seal. As the majority of the seals remain in the neighbourhood of the Crumstone they are far away from any salmon fishery. It is generally believed that it is a habit of the seal to take a large bite out of the salmon and leave it. From the description of the size of the bite, I have no hesitation in saying that it would be anatomically impossible for the seal to make it. It is just such a wound as would be made by a porpoise ora dolphin. Furthermore, in our experience in feeding the seals at the Laboratory it is not their habit to make a bite and leave the food. If the fish is too large to deal with in one bite they tear it with claws and teeth until it is all disposed of. Seals have been caught in the salmon nets at Goswick, and it has been presumed that they were caught because they were chasing salmon. The only evidence upon which the charge could be substantiated has not been produced, viz., that the seals were feeding on salmon. This could be obtained by the examination of the seals caught in the nets at Goswick or at any other place where it was alleged the depredations occurred. 85 Usrs.—The fishermen from the ports adjacent to the Farne Islands claim that the presence of the seals at the Crumstone is of great value to them in fog. The roaring of the seals indicates to the fishermen their position, a matter of some moment in a region where rocks and shoals are so numerous. So apart from their esthetic value, it may be said that they have a use. BrEEDING.—Breeding takes place also at the Crumstone, the young appearing in the autumn. During easterly gales in November some of the young are washed ashore. The numbers are kept down by accidents such as these, and by a good deal of shooting indulged in by visitors. The impression of Mr. Douglas is that for a great many years the numbers have remained pretty much the same. 86 SAND EELS. By W. MARK PYBUS. In the summer, about 25 years ago, I was on the Fairy Rocks at Newbiggin with some of my children. My son and some of the other boy visitors there were fishing, but their efforts had not been attended with any success. The tide was high. So far as I remember the hooks were baited with herring. A shoal of sprats appeared, and many of them leaped out of the sea on to the rocks. The bait on the hooks was changed for sprats, and in a few minutes a number of large Blackjack or Coalsaithe, some 3 feet long, were caught by the boys. The caves under the Fairy Rocks were a wriggling mass of Blackjack. Returning to Newbiggin, we saw that on the sands at the back of the Ship Inn, boys were fishing with cords attached to sticks, and wading in the sea to the depth of about one foot anda half. They were catching large eels almost as quickly as they could take them off the hooks. In the evening towards dark I walked along the sands. At every step I took there were phosphorescent flashes of light. I took home with me a handful of sand where it had appeared most luminous, and on a careful examination of it I found many fish scales, such as apparently might come from sprats or herrings. About two summers later I was again on the sands at New- biggin. ‘The sun was very powerful, and the sand was heated to excess. In amoment I saw Sand Eels spring out of the sand and die. Ata rough estimate I should think a dozen carts could have been filled with Sand Eels from a space of about 100 square yards. Yesterday, Sunday, 7th July, 1912, I was on the Carr Rocks at Warkworth with a visitor I had. There was a fog at sea. The morning was not particularly cold, but the temperature was certainly lower than usual in July. My son-in-law, who was staying in Alnmouth, came along to the rocks to bathe. He told 87 me that sea-birds were gathering on the sands in exceptionally large numbers between Alnmouth and Warkworth. I told him that there must be a large number of small fish, Sprats or Sand Eels, well in-shore, or in the sand, and I was reminded of the two above occurrences and referred to them. My son-in-law crossed over to the narrow southern ledge of rock, and after he had got on his bathing costume I noticed that he was trying to attract my attention. We thought he had discovered something amongst the rocks, and we walked over. There we found on the beach countless thousands of small Sand Eels. They were floating about in the sea, and lying in large numbers in pools and on the sand, in places several inches thick. In places their heads were sticking out of the sand. Many of them came up and died. Where the sand was disturbed with a stick, a number of them were disclosed dead or dying. This existed from the Carr Rocks down to the Killicrankie Road, and I am unable to say whether it went further in the direction of Amble. Probably it did. I ascertained in the afternoon that the same state of things prevailed right along the coast from the Carr Rocks up to Alnmouth, and that there were large numbers of Sand Eels on the north side of the Aln, but how much further north they went I do not know. When first I saw such large numbers of Sand Eels come up and die, I concluded that they had been killed by the excessive heat of the sun, but on this last occasion I could not reconcile the occurrence with any unusual temperature, in fact it was cooler than it usually is at this time of the year. What quantity of Sand Eels were washed about in the sea and lying about on the beach I cannot say, but in the aggregate they must have weighed many tons. All the Sand Eels were small, and measured about three inches long. My son-in-law informed me that when he went in to bathe he could feel larger fish rubbing against him in the water. These, no doubt, had followed the Sand Eels, and were feeding upon them. Amongst the Sand Eels, between the Carr Rocks and Alnmouth, were some dead flat fish and whiting, but not any great number, though many more than are found on the beach at any time, unless it be after a big storm, 88 Though all the Sand Eels I saw were about the same size, viz., 3 to 34 inches, I have been told by others who saw them on the beach that there were many in the pools considerably larger, some of them even the length of about 15 inches, but the larger ones did not appear to have been numerous. In all cases it appears that the Sand Eels are driven into shallow water pursued by blackjack, codling, sea-trout and other fish. When they get into shallow water they burrow into the sand. The following may be suggested by way of explanation of the enormous destruction. After the retreat of the tide, a great increase in the temperature of the sand offers a solution in one case. But probably and most frequently the heavy death rate is due to the Sand Eels being prevented from getting back to sea by waves breaking upon the beach, and disturbing and churning up the sand to such an extent as to knock the fish about and stun them. A similar observation is recorded in Day’s “‘ British Fishes.” A.M. 89 FAUNISTIC NOTES. By B. STORROW. See Lagenorhynchus albirostris. (J. E. Grey.) A male 5 feet 2 inches long was taken in the salmon nets at the north side of the mouth of the Tyne, on the 24th of August, 1911. Acanthias vulgaris, Risso. On August 25th, 1911, several of the North Shields trawlers had very large catches of dogfish which had been taken locally. One of the vessels had from three to four cartloads, and in another the gear was broken when hauling the catch on board. Torpedo nobiliana, Bonop. On the 2nd of December, 1911, Mr. Willitts of Tynemouth sent us a fine specimen which had been caught by a trawler, fishing 12 miles E.N.E. of the Tyne in 47 fathoms. Raniceps raninus, Linn. Two specimens are here recorded. One was caught by a trawler 4 miles E. of Souter Point, on December 19th, 1911, and brought to the laboratory by Fishery Officer Taylor. The other was taken on the lines at Cullercoats on March 4th, 1912. Aplysia punctata, Cuv. This mollusc has recently been found in extremely large numbers on the local rocks. It was first obtained on January 23rd, 1912, the specimens being small. Later and up to the present, June 14th, larger examples have been plentiful. Some spawned in the laboratory on April 18th, and shortly after this many strings of spawn, generally attached to Fucus, were observed on the rocks. Hermea dendritica, A. & H. This nudibranch which ap- peared in one of the tanks of the laboratory last year, and was then first recorded for this district, has again appeared in greater numbers in the same tank in June of this year. 90 Antiopella cristata (Delle Chiaje). A record of which was given in last year’s Report was again taken on August 28th, 1911, in 163 fathoms to the EX. of Whitley Bay when dredging with the “ Evadne.” Pleurophyllidia loveni, Bergh. Has not previously been found in this district. On 30th August, 1911, it was found in the net of a trawler fishing in 34 fathoms E.N.E. of the Tyne, and is also recorded in “ Biological Investigations” of this Report. Tisbe furcata (Baird). This copepod was found in large numbers in all the tanks in the Laboratory during March and mepril oF 1912. BL WHOI Library - Serials fOsE2 9 pele! stetele) fe : : ~ tl ; > ‘ Hie! 3 aise r) vee . oi ot) i Rie! a Sa itis at co erst [se = ts