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FURST REPORT

OF THE

Cast Rent
NATURAL HISTORY

SOCIETY.
is

ADOPTED AT

A MERTING HELD APRIL 2, 1859,

—_sopee
TY

Canterbury :

PRINTED BY J. WARD, KENTISH GAZETTE OFTICE.

1859,

OFFICERS FOR 1859.

*

oO

PRESIDENT:
SIR WALTER JAMES, Bart.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

MATTHEW BELL, Esq. LORD LONDESBOROUGH

Wi ae HAMMOND, | DR. E. F. ASTLEY.

MAJOR W. A. MUNN.
SIR B. “BRIDGES, Br., M.P.| CAPT. C. J. COX, Q.G.
A. CROFTON, Esa. ALDERMAN J. BRENT.
J. F. CROOKES, Esa. G. HOFFMAN, Esa.
REV. F. F. SCOTT.

TREASURER:
E. F. $8. READER, Esa., SANDWICH.

HON. GEN. SECRETARY:
G. DOWKER, Esa., StourMoutH Houser, STOURMOUTEH.

COMMITTEE:

REV. H. L. JENNER, PREsToN.

DR. PITTOCK, ManrGate,

MR. J. T. HILLIER, Ramsgate.

MR. GEORGE RIGDEN, CANTERBURY.
MR. A. B. ANDREWS, Dirro.

MR. J. LINFORD, Dirvo.

MR. J. REID, Dirtro.

MR. F. H. SANKEY, WInGHAM.

MR. J. MARTIN, CuiLHAm.

MR. E. TUCKER, Grover, MARGATE.

LOCAL SECRETARIES AT PRESENT APPOINTED:

Tsie OFMDRANET "lee erie - J. T. HILLIER, Esa.,
SITTINGBOURNE ...........-. Dr. J. GRAYLING,
GANTERBUBY ice «jee srscke lone Rev. B. S. MALDEN.
MOWER. o stosersers ccs ace Tee EDW. KNOCKER, Esa.,
DEAL AND SANDWICH ...... EK. F. S. READER, Esa.
IEIGRINE DAY ON cietc ce eitvele . CAPT. BOWDEN, R.N.
FOLKESTONE AND HyTHE

PAGELE OLDE Folate: inlisiaivinis fauctens\er«/

Cust Kent Potural Wistory Suciety.

20:

CORRECT LIST OF MEMBERS.

APRIL,

Addley, Mr. J.

Andrews, Alfred B., Esq.
Andrews, T., Esq.
Astley, E. F., Esq., M.v.
Austen, B., Esq., jun.

Banks, Edward, Esq.
Baskerville, Miss
Beard, Mr. F.
Bentley, Mr. D.
Bentley, Mr. T.

Bell, Matthew, Esq,
Blake, George, Esq.
Bland, William, Esq.
Brent, Alderman J.
Bridges, Sir Brook Wm., M.P.
Brooke, W., Esq.
Bottle, Mr. A.
Bowden, Captain
Bowden, Mrs.
Burton, Carr, Esq.
Burton, Lady
Bolton, W., Esq.

Canterbury, VeryRev. theDean of
Caught, William, Mr.

1859.

Bredland, Sturry.

Westgate, Canterbury.

St. George’s-terrace, Canterbury.
Marine Parade, Dover.
Guildford Lawn, Ramsgate.

Shoulden, Deal.

Eddington, near Herne Bay.
Horton Chapel, Canterbury.
High-street, Margate.
High-street, Margate.

Bourne Park, near Canterbury.
Northumberland House, Margate.
Hartlip, Sittingbourne.
Canterbury.

Goodnestone Park.
Cecil-square, Margate.
Townwall-street, Dover.
Hanover-square, Herne Bay.

Chapel Hill Lodge, Thanet.
Sacket’s Hill, Thanet.
Sturry.

Deanery, Canterbury.
Cavendish-street, Ramsgate,

Clements, Mr. Henry
Cotton, Henry, Esq.
Cox, Captain C. J.
Cox, Mrs, C. J.
Coxhead, Mr.
Crofton, A., Esq.
Crookes, J. F., Esq.
Chaffey, Mr.

Cates, Miss

Davis, Mr. G. T.
Dean, Mr. Henry Maxted
Dentry, Mr. John
Delmar, Rev. W. B.
Dombrain, Rev. H.
Dowker, George, Esq.
Dowker, Mrs.

Drew, John Henry, Esq.
Drew, Mrs.

Drury, Mr.

Diggle, J., Esq.

Edwards, James B., Esq.
Elgar, James, Esq.
Elliott, James, Esq.
Evans, William, Esq.

Flashman, Mr. G.
Foss, Edward, Esq.

Foss, Mrs.

Furley, George, Esq.
Finnis, Steriker, Esq.

Giraud, F. F., Esq.
Ginder, Mr. Appleyard
Glenny, Miss

4

High-street, Canterbury.
Dent de Lion, near Margate.
Fordwich House, Fordwich.

1, Elgar-place, Ramsgate.
St. Lawrence, Thanet.
Harewell, Faversham.
Doddington, Faversham.
Garlinge, Thanet.

Canterbury.

Canterbury.

Union Crescent, Margate.
Elmstone Rectory.

Deal

Stourmouth House, near Wingham,

Biggin-street, Dover,

Canterbury.
Laurestone-place, Dover.

Deal.

Wingham Green.
Dymchurch.

Marine Terrace, Herne Bay.

Market Place, Dover.

Churchill House, Folkestone Road,
Dover.

Churchill House, Folkestone Road,
Dover.

Barton Place, Canterbury.
Biggin-street, Dover.

Faversham.
Canterbury.
Herne Bay.

Godfrey, Ingram, Esq.
Green, Mrs. James
Grayling, Dr. J.
Grayling, Mrs,

Hammond, Rev. E. D.
Hammond, Wm. Oxenden, Esq.
Hannam, C. W., Esq.
Hannam, George, Esq.
Higgins, R. G., Esq.
Hillier, J. T., Esq.
Hillier, Dr.

Hilton, Captain T.
Hoare, W. P., Esq.
Hoffman, George, Esq.
Hoffman, Mrs. G.
Horsnail, Mr.

Hunter, W. Frith, Esq.
Hills, Mr. E.

Howis, Mrs.
Hutchesson, Rev. H. J.

James, Sir Walter
Jenner, Rev. H. L.

Keble, Mr.

Kenrick, Miss

Kingsford, Rey. Brenchley
Kingsford, Henry, Esq.
Kingsford, Mrs.

Knocker, Edward, Esq.

Londesborough, Lord
Ladd, Mr. George Wm.
Lake, Robert, Esq.
Lambert, Captain
Linford, Mr, J., Jun.

5

Ash.

St. Margaret’s-street, Canterbury.

Sittingbourne.
Canterbury

Northbourne Rectory.

St. Alban’s Court, Wingham.
Northbourne Court.

Bromston House, Thanet.
Hawley Square, Margate.
High Street, Ramsgate.

High Street, Sandwich.
Nackington House, Canterbury.
Faversham,

Union Crescent, Margate.

St. George’s, Canterbury.
Cecil Street, Margate.
Castle-street, Dover.
Wincheap, Canterbury.
Palace-street, Canterbury.

Betshanger.
Preston.

High Street, Margate.
Stone House, Canterbury.
Bishopsbourne.
Littlebourne.

Castle Hill, Dover.

Charlton Terrace, London.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Milton, Canterbury.
Canterbury.

Canterbury.

Light, Rey. W. E.

Mosse, Rey. 8. Tenison
Mackie, Lewis, Esq.
Mackeson, H. B., Esq.
Masters, Mr. Frank
Mason, Mrs. Charles
Malden, Rev. B. 8.
Mead, Charles, Esq.
Moody, Harry, Esq.
Moore, Rey. T.
Mummery, Mr. P.
Munn, Major Wm. Augustus
Munn, Mrs.

Marston, Rey. C. D.
Martin, J., Esq.
Moxon, W., Esq.

Neame, Mrs. Alfred
Newton, Miss Amelia
Newton, Miss Annie

Plummer, Stephen, Jun., Esq.

Perceval, John, Esq.
Perceval, Miss
Piddock, Mr. George
Philpott, William, Esq.
Pittock, Dr. G. M.
Price, Dr. William
Prior, Miss

Puckle, Rev.

Payn, W. H., Esq.
Perkins, Mrs.
Rammell, Thomas, Esq.
Reader, E. F. Stratton, Esq.
Rees, Rowland, Esq.

6
Marine Parade, Dover.

Vicarage, Buckland, Dover.
Sittingbourne.

High-street, Hythe.
Canterbury.

High-street, Canterbury.
St. George’s Rectory, Canterbury.
Fordwich.

Chartham.

Cecil Street, Margate.
Strond Street, Dover.
Throwley, Faversham

Christ Church Parsonage, Dover.
Chilham.
Brook House, Dover.

King’s Bridge, Canterbury.
Clarence House, Herne Bay.
Clarence House, Herne Bay.

Canterbury.

High-street, Herne Bay.
High-street, Herne Bay.
Westbere.

New Road, Canterbury,
Crescent Place, Margate.
Northumberland Place, Margate.
Hawley Square, Margate.

St. Martin’s Hill, Dover.
St. Martin’s Hill, Dover.
Victoria Terrace, Canterbury.

Sturry Court.
Market Place, Sandwich.

Sutrana Villa, Folkestone Road,
Dover.

a 1

Reid, James, Esq.
Rice, Rev. J. M.
Rigden, George, Esq.
Robinson, Mrs.
Rouse, Mr. Thomas

Standring, Esq.
Sankey, Robert, Esq.
Sankey, F. H., Esq.
Sankey, Mrs. F. H.
Sankey, Miss .
Sankey, Mrs, William
Sankey, H. T., Esq.
Scott, Rev. F. F.
Sheppard, J. B., Esq.
Sherriff, Francis, Esq.
Sillery, R., Esq., M.D.
Slater, Frederick, Esq.
Slater, Mrs, F.
Smithett, R., Esq.
Smithett, Mrs.
Smithett, Miss

Soper, Mr.

Stead, T. F., Esq.
Stein, Charles, Esq.
Stilwell, James, Esq.
Sillery, Esq., M.D.
Spencer, Peter, Rev.

Tainch, E. C., Esq.
Taylor, Mrs.

Thomson, R. E., Esq.
Thompson, G. T., Esq.
Thornton, W. H., Esq.
Tucker, Mr. E.

Walter, 0. C., Esq.

7

Canterbury.

Dane Court.
Burgate-street, Canterbury.
Hawley Square, Margate.
Buckland, Dover.

Hawley-street, Margate.
Canterbury.
Wingham.

Wingham.

1, Camden Crescent, Dover.
Canterbury.

Sibertswould

Medical Hall, Canterbury.
Hawks Lane, Canterbury.
Charlton Lodge, Dover.
Kenfield, Petham.

Hengrove, Thanet.

Hengrove, Thanet.

Hengrove, Thanet.

Churchfield House, Margate.
High-street, Ramsgate.
National Provincial Bank, Dover.
Marine Place, Dover.

Charlton Lodge, Dover.

Temple, Ewell, near Dover,

Addington Square, Margate.
North Street, Herne Bay.
Kenfield, Petham.,

Camden Crescent, Dover,
Hawley-street, Margate.

2, Grove, Margate.

Broadstairs, Thanet.

8

Wharton, Mrs. The Rectory, Sturry.
Wharton, C., Esq. Kemsdale, Boughton.
Wheeler, Rey. R. T. Minster

Wheeler, Mrs. R. T.

White, Rev. Dover,

Wightwick, T. N., Esq. Dane John House, Canterbury.
Willis, Mrs. Shepherdswell, near Dover.
Wilson, Mrs. 3, Caroline-square, Margate,
Wilson, Rev. Charles Carus Eastry.

Willy, A., Esq. Cecil-square, Margate,
Walker, Mrs. Hawk’s Lane.

Way, E. T., Esq. South Eastern Railway, Dover.
Wood, W., Esq. Sydenham House, Sturry.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Bree, C. R., Esq. Editor of the Naturalist, Stow-
market, Suffolk.

Stainton, H. B., Esq. Weekly Intelligencer, Le wisham.

Waterhouse, —, Esq. British Museum.

Newman, E.. Esq. 9, govenonhire siteeh Bishopsgate,
ASSOCIATES,

Baker, Mr. Cattle Market Place, Sandwich.

Coppen, Mr. E. Sibertswould.

Elise, Mr. R. Burgate Lane, Canterbury.

Kennett, Mr. W. Fordwich.

Gordon, Mr. Dover Museum.

Keeler, Mr. R. Elham, near Folkestone.

“a i

Prospectus uf the Committer.

The committee, in inviting the co-operation and support
of all who reside in this division of the county, and who
are interested in or have a taste for Natural History in any
of its branches, beg to draw their attention to the objects
for which the Society has been established.

The Natural History of every county or part of a county
necessarily bears some important relation to the country at
large, and the science in general; that of Kent, from its
geological characters, its geographical position, with its
rivers and sea-girt shore, has a high reputation in this
respect. The abundance and variety of its Fauna and
Flora have long been recognised. To develop and
encourage a more general and practical knowledge of these
features of the district is a primary object of the Society.
At the same time, it proposes to cultivate and apply a
more extended and enlarged acquaintance with the general
principles of the science, without which the study of
local details is incomplete and comparatively unsatisfactory.

The love of Natural History is common to all grades
of society, and its pursuit has ever had an influence for
good upon its followers; the Society therefore aims to
associate all classes in its roll of members. With this
view a high subscription has been avoided, and it is hoped
that the larger number who may thus be induced to

10

subscribe will maintain the finances of the Society in a
satisfactory and effective condition.

The objects and advantages of the Society, with the
mode in which they are to be carried out, may be further
briefly stated thus —

1. To associate and assemble ladies and gentlemen,
whether naturalists, or merely imbued with a taste for the
pursuit, irrespective of the particular branch of the study
they are interested in, for the purpose of mutual information,
and the promotion of the science. This will be effected by
periodical meetings held in the principal Towns in rota,
by local meetings amongst members in convenient neigh-
bourhood to each other, and by occasional excursions to
collect specimens and investigate objects of interest.

2. To hold out inducements to the labouring classes by
free membership and rewards to study the beautiful works
of Creation.

3. To circulate Journals upon Natural History.

4. To collect specimens and distribute them through the
different local museums.

5. To collect and diffuse by publication correct data of
every interesting fact relating to Natural History that may
occur in East Kent. By these means it is hoped that those
who are engaged in the agricultural pursuits for which this
county is justly celebrated, will more accurately ascertain
and be enabled to remove some of the causes that injure and
destroy produce.

Many similar Societies are flourishing in other counties,
and it is confidently trusted that the success of the Easr

Kent Narvrat History Socrery will not be less than that
of any of them.

‘

REPORT

FOR THE YEAR 1858.

OUR Committee have great pleasure and satisfaction
in presenting to your notice the first Report of
the affairs and proceedings of the Society.

The Report of the Society, and its progress during this
first year of its existence, may be summed up under the
following heads :—

First, your Committee congratulate the Society on the
steady increase of its Members, which now reach the
number of 163.

Your Committee have endeavoured to carry out the
objects of the Society, by holding Meetings at the various
towns in the district, hereafter to be mentioned, which
Meetings have been attended with great success.

They have further promoted the usefulness of the
Society, by electing several Associates and Corresponding
Members.

The circulation of journals connected with Natural
History has been attended with partial success ; but
owing to the large increase of its Members since the
commencement of the society, the circulation has been
much retarded. Your Committee would here urge on the

12

Members the necessity of carefully attending to the direc-
tions for book circulation, and facilitating it as much as
possible by giving notice to the Secretary of any Book

they would not wish to receive. x

The following periodicals have been circulated by the
Society :—The Naturalist, the Geologist, the Zoologist, the
Phytologist, the Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
the Quarterly Journal of the proceedings of the Linnzan
Society, the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, the
Natural History Review.

From the Society possessing no Museum of its own, no
progress has yet been made towards collecting specimens
of Natural History; but your Committee hope that the
trustees and public interested in our local museums will
avail themselves of the aid of this Society in collecting
desiderata for their respective Museums, and in arranging
and classifying the objects, so as to render them not only
interesting but instructive.

Your Committee hope that the labours of the Local Meet-
ings may be more systematised, so that the Flora and Fauna
of their respective neighbourhoods may be thoroughly
explored.

The First General Meeting of the Society took place
at the Guildhall Concert Room, at Canterbury, on
Thursday, the 8th day of April, 1858, Major W. A.
Munn in the chair; on which occasion Captain C. J. Cox,
F.B.8., F.E.S., delivered the introductory address. An
interesting collection of objects connected with Natural
History was exhibited by Rev. F. F. Scott, Messrs. J. T.
Hillier, J. Reid, Captain Cox, E, F. 8. Reader, G. Dowker,

13

C. Bewsher, A. B. Andrews, W. Masters. At the close of
the proceedings, Mr. W. Kennett, of Fordwich, was
elected an Associate, he having exhibited a well-assorted
case of Butterflies and Moths.

The Second General Meeting of the Society took place
at Margate, on the 17th of June, G. Y. Hunter, Hsq., the
Mayor, in the chair. G. Hoffman, Esq., read a most
interesting paper on Fungoid Growths, alluding in par-
ticular to that which attacked the vine, the Odium
Tuckerii (named after their distinguished townsman),
illustrated diagrams. Dr. G. M. Pittock read a paper on
some observations he had made on the reproduction of
some of the Marine Zoophytes, illustrated by diagrams
and specimens. Mr. Tucker read a short paper on the
Diatomacea found at Margate, as well as remarks on the
Flora of Thanet, illustrated by diagrams of the Diatomacea
and specimens of the Flora. There were exhibited at the
Meeting many rare aad beautiful Zoophytes from the
aquaria of Messrs. Rowe. Pittock, Hillier, and Tucker; a
collection of Moths and Butterflies from the Margate
Museum; some rare Shells and Caterpillars by Captain
Cox; and many other specimens of the Flora and Fauna of
Thanet. |

The Third General Meeting of the Society took place
in a marquee erected on the Sandhills near Sandwich,
under the presidency of the Rev. F. F. Scott. A paper was
read by the Secretary, Mr. G. Dowker, on the peculiar
natural features of the district where they assembled; and
the Meeting then dispersed on a botanical ramble over
the Sandhills, and re-assembled at a déjeuner in the

14

marguee. Mr. Baker, of Sandwich, was elected an
Associate, for the valuable collection of Stuffed Birds he
there exhibited. The thanks of the Society were voted
to the Earl of Guilford, for his permission to assemble on
his farm.

The Fourth General Meeting of the Society took place at
Dover, on the 24th of August, on which occasion a most
successful excursion to Cop-point, near Folkestone, was
made the great feature of the day. A large party assem-
bled, under the guidance of Mr. H. B. Mackeson, of
Hythe, who gave a most interesting description of the
geological features of the district. The meeting and
dinner took place at the Maison Dieu, under the presidency
of Sir Brook W. Bridges, Bart., M.P. Major W. A. Munn
read a paper on the Honey Bee, giving the results of several
of his original observations, and illustrated by several speci-
mens of bees, with their comb and hives, &c. Mr. Roberts,
of the Dover Collegium, read a paper on the Teredo
Destructor; and the Rev. F. F. Scott a letter written
by the late Mr. John Chaffey, of Doddington, describing
a curious anecdote of the common wood Owl and domestic
Cock.

In addition to these, Local Meetings of the Members in
the vicinity of Margate and Canterbury have been held
monthly in their respective Museum-rooms.

Lastly, your Committee would congratulate your Society
on its present financial position.

Treasurer’s Account, for the Year ending December 31st, 1858.

DR. Sia Sed. CREDITOR. BE se di

Subscriptions Received ........+ee+++eeee++ 55 10 0 | Advertisements ......4- 2... eeeeee cee eeees 0

Ditto Unpaid ........seeeeeveeees 21 0 0 | Use of Room at Meeting .......ssseeeesee 1
Bookstof cirowlations.......e«de«ersdeseem.. = 0 16

0

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INCIDENTAL EXPENCES,

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BAS 2 he NOP

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
TITLE AND OBIRONS. OF THE SOCIETY.

The objects of the East Kent Narvrat History Socrery
shall be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and
Theoretical Knowledge respecting Natural History, in all
its Branches, both in relation to the particular District,
and the General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and
Corresponding members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society, as an
ordinary member, must be proposed in writing by two
members, and the election shall be by ballot, taken at any
Meeting of the Committee, or at a General Meeting—one
black ball in five to exclude.

3. The Annual Subscription, to be paid by ordinary
members, shall be Ten Shillings; the subscription shall
become due on the Ist of January in each year, and shall

17

be paid in advance for the current year. Any member
neglecting to pay his subscription, for three months after
it is due, shall be applied to by the Secretary, and if the
subscription remains unpaid for three months after such
application, he shall cease to be a member of the Society ;
but without prejudice to the right of the Society to such
subscription and arrears.

4. The Committee have power to admit, without ballot,
on the nomination of two members, any Lady who shall
be desirous of becoming an ordinary member, and her
subscription shall be Five Shillings.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in
Natural History, for their liberality to the Society, or for
their connection with similar societies may, on the recom-
mendation of the Committee, be elected honorary or
corresponding members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district: such honorary and corres-
ponding members shall not be subjected to any of the
expenses of the Society, and shall have no vote in its
affairs.

6. In order to encourage the study of Natural History
among individuals, of the class of mechanics, &c., residing
in the district, the Committee shall have power to admit
individuals of that class as associates, provided they shall
first communicate some information or observation on
Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present them to
the Local Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the
Committee. Such associates shall enjoy the privileges of
honorary members.

18
MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.
7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a

Committee of Management, which shall consist of a Presi-
dent, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary.
and not less than six Members, who shall all be chosen at the
Annual Meeting. Three Members of such Committee shall
form a quorum. The Meetings shall be at least quarterly.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held on the first
Saturday in April in each year, at Canterbury, for the
purpose of electing the officers for the current year, receiving
the Annual Report of the Committee, and conducting the
general affairs of the Society.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the
Committee, or by the Secretary, on the requisition (in
writing) of any six Members of the Society, the specific
purposes of the Meeting being stated in the notice, which
shall be sent not less than one week before the time of
such Meeting.

10. All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be
decided by a majority of votes; and if upon any question
the votes shall be equal, the Chairman of the Meeting shall
have the second or casting vote.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers
or Committee, between the Annual Meetings, the same
shall be filled up by the Committee.

19

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the
Committee shall be empowered to appoint any Member
Local] Secretary for the town or district he may reside in.
Such Local Secretary shall be ex officio a Member of the
Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. To promote the interest and usefulness of the
Society, four or more subscribing Members of the Society,
in conjunction with Local Secretary, may make arrange-
ments for organizing and holding Local Meetings, under
the sanction of the Central Committee ; notice to be given of
such Meetings at the General Meeting,

14, Ordinary periodical meetings of the Society for the
purpose of reading papers, exhibiting specimens, ete., or
the discussion of subjects connected therewith, shall be
held in the principal towns of the district, in rota, at such
times as the Committee shall appoint; ten days’ notice of such
meeting shall be sent to every member. Each member
shall have the power of introducing a visitor to the meetings,
on entering the name in a book to be kept for that
purpose. Every donation of Ten Shillings, in addition to
the subscription, shall entitle a member to introduce two
additional visitors. Any of these ordinary periodical meet-
ings, as the committee shall appoint, may be'so arranged as to
comprehend an excursion or excursions for the purpose of
practically investigating the objects of interest in the

district ; every person to bear his own expenses at these
excursions.

20

15. A minute of the proceedings of all meetings shall be
entered by the secretary in a book kept for that purpose.

PUBLICATIONS.

16. The committee shall have power, with the sanction
of the author, to publish any paper or communication read
before the meeting, but the author shall have liberty to
reserve his right of property therein.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.

17. Until the Society has a depository for that purpose,
the objects of Natural History presented to the Society
shall be distributed, as the committee may direct, among
the public Museums of the district.

CIRCULATION OF BOOKS AND FORMATION
OF A LIBRARY.

18. At least one Periodical connected with Natural
History shall be circulated amongst such members of the
Society as desire to receive it, and after circulation shall
be deposited, together with any books presented to the
Society, or purchased from the surplus funds, in some place
that shall be determined by the Committee under arrange-
ments that shall make them available for reference to the
members of the Society.

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED BY J, WARD, “KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH-STREET.

REPORT

OF THE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD MEETING OF THE YEAR

OF THE

EAST KENT

Patneal Arstory Socrety,

HELD AT THE

TOWN EAILIL, EUERNIE BAY,

ON

August 9th, 1859.

10:

SIR WALTER JAMES, BART, IN THE CHAI.

20:

(From the Kentish Gazette of the 16th August.)

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED BY J, WARD, 31, HIGH STREET.

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EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY.

————-——_—

The third general meeting of this society for the present

year took place on Tuesday at Herne Bay. / The weather ©

was the reverse of favourable, and yet, whether we regard
the interest evinced in the proceedings or the numbers
present, this must be pronounced the most successful meet-
ing which the society has hitherto experienced. At each
succeeding gathering the proceedings attract larger assem~
blages—a very healthy symptom, showing that the society
not only fostersa taste for natural science, but is also extend-
ing that taste in quarters where previously it did not exist./

According to the programme on Tuesday, a dredging
boat was to proceed from Whitstable to Reculver, calling
at Herne Bay. The morning was, however, so rough, and
the wind so unfavourable, that this part of the arrangement
was abandoned. Fortunately a land excursion had been °
also organised, and about thirty ladies and gentlemen ac-
cordingly met at Reculver at 11 o’clock, and walked along
the beach to Herne Bay.

Mr. Mackeson, who accompanied the party, kindly
undertook some explanation of the geological sections ex-

4

hibited in the cliff. He stated that he had not particularly
studied the London clay deposits, but that he borrowed his
descriptions from the admirable paper of P. Prestwich’s,
in the Geological Journal. On descending the cliffe
at Reculver we found it {composed of an argilacious
sand, having large tabulated blocks of some indurated por-
tions of sand stone, projecting at the base of the cliff, and
under these were found large quantities of brittle bivalve
fossil shells—this is called the Thanet Sands. Passing
along towards Herne Bay this strata gradually dips to the
N. West, and at a point called Bishop Stone, or
Old Haven Gap, two miles east of Herne Bay, the follow-
ing section is met with:—1. Brown and yellow clay
mixed with ochrous flint gravel. 2. london clay in
beds of brown colour, containing numulites. 3. Thin
irregular bed of green ferruginous clay with round
black pebbles, 2 to 3 inch. 4. Very light yellow
sands with tabular concreted masses of sandstone,
underlaid by a mass of dark clay with very friable shells, are
dispersed in patches. 5. Small flint pebbles with a very
irregular series of ferruginous sandstone, full of casts of
shells. Mr. Mackeson explained that we were in the
London clay formation, called the eocene, which overlaid
the chalk or cretaceous beds, and which formed a large
basin, and it is supposed that the Paris, London, and
Hampshire beds, formed originally one vast bed of a gulph
(the shells contained in them partaking more or less of the
character of shells found in such marine situations), and
that the London bed had been separated from the
others, by the up-heaving of the chalk which now
intervenes. One (characteristic of the,.London clay
fossils is that of containing tropical fruits; the
particular appearance of these in certain situations favours

the belief that they were then deposited by some estuary.
(The number; of ; politi found in these deposits
exceeds one thousafid). The London and Paris basins differ

principally in the latter containing limestone, which is

5
absent in the former ; thus London‘is a city of brick and
tile, while Paris possesses stone buildings. Various speci-
mens of fossil shells, wood, septaria, selenite, were picked
up by the excursionists. The party taking this walk of
the beach but few botanical specimens were found, and
none worthy of note.

At the meeting were exhibited—by Captain Cox, abeau-
tiful collection of moths and specimens, connected with
entomogy. Mrs. Taylor, fossils from Herne Bay, land crab
from Calcutta. Miss Denne, of Reculver, sent some inter-
esting specimens of fossil wood from the chalk and Thanet
sands, with other fossils. Mr. Cummings and Mr. Wetherel
likewise exhibited some beautiful specimens. Mr. Dowker
and Mr. J. Reid exhibited some microscupes with entomo-
logical preparations. Mr. Dowker exhibited a collection
of fossils from the chalk and London clay.

additions) reached Herne Bay, and took lunch in a room
in the Town Hall.

At three the doors of the Town Hall itself were thrown
open for the public meeting. The hall was speedily filled
by a most respectable audience, probably not less than 500
persons being present. A number of beautiful drawings,
of large size, decorated the platform. They were intended
to illustrate the paper read to the meeting, and were exe-
cuted by Mrs. Cox. Below the platform were arranged on
tables a great variety of objects of natural history, collected
chiefly at Herne Bay and the neighbourhood, many of them
being of great interest.

[a two o’clock the party (who now received numerous

Among the company present were Sir Walter James, Bart.,
Lady James and family, Major and Mrs. Munn, Capt. and
Mrs. Cox, Rev. D. Butler and Mrs. Butler, Rev. H. L.
Jenner, I’, H. Sankey, Esq., Capt. Bowden, R.N., Mr. and
the Misses Bowden, Geo. Dowker, Esq., J. Reid, Esq. and
Mrs. Reid, H. B. Mackeson, Esq., A. Wetherel, Esq., Mr.
and Mrs. C. White, 8. Cooper, Esq., — Newton, Esq.,

6

Mr. W. Evans and family, C. Devon, Esq., Captain and
Mrs. Connor, Rev. W. Blandford, Rev. — Dale, Dr.
Appleton, Wm. Wacher, Esq., Col. Blaxland and family,
Mr. Regg, Mr. Manning, Lieut. Coppin, Mr. Spicer, Miss
Slarke, Mr. Frankland, Mr. Lake, Mr, E, Collard, Mr.
Wicks, Mr. Ridout, Mr, George, Miss A. Newton, &e., &e.
Sir Walter James, president of the society, took the
chair. In opening the proceedings he said that before
introducing Captain Cox to the meeting, he would make
a few remarks of a. general character. And first he
would state to the members how very grateful he felt for
the honour they had conferred on him by electing him to
the office of president for the year. (Cheers.) He felt
that he was not a naturalist—that he was not entitled from
his study of these subjects to hold the office which had
been conferred on him. Their choice must, he thought,
have been dictated by his general position, or some other#
circumstance of that kind. At the same time, he could as-
sure the meeting that he was anxious to promote the study
of natural history by any means in his power. (Cheers.)
He was glad that the society had been originated with large
and general views, such as were expressed in its title ‘‘ The
East Kent Natural History Society.” In other neighbour-
hoods it was common to meet with societies having certain
limited objects—floral societies, botanical societies, &c., but
he had not met elsewhere with any society formed on so
broad a basis as their own. (Hear, hear.) His own
studies had not been of that strict character which would
entitle him to speak with authority on scientific questions,
but he would offer to those present one piece of advice as
to the noble study which they desired to prosecute. The
advice he referred to came from the most eminent naturalist
of the day, with whom he (the president) had some slight
acquaintance, and whom he had had the pleasure of meet-
ing in society ; he meant Professor Owen. It was this:—
“Select, if you please, the particular branch of science
which you wish to make your study, and at the same time

»
(

that you select this, if you wish to be a man of detail, if
you wish to enter into the minutie, do not neglect general
and large views.” (Cheers.) Desultory pursuits alone
would never make a man a naturalist, but they were in-
valuable when combined with knowledge of detail.
(Hear.) Nothing in nature stood ona single prop. To
confine ourselves to detail would lead to narrow views, and
would therefore be unwise. The right course was to study
a single branch of science as Captain Cox had done, and
then endeavour to connect it with the whole broad scope of
nature organic or inorganic. (Hear, hear.) Having said
thus much he would call upon Captain Cox to address the
meeting. (Cheers.)

Captain C. J. Cox then delivered his promised lecture on
“The Metamorphoses of Insects as exemplified in the
changes of the Moth and Butterfly.” He-seid :-—

If I were to ask of the society now present in the room
this simple question, “Can you at all inform me whence
come those destroying blights we meet with every spring,
and which do so much damage to our gardens, to our
orchards, to our plantations, and hedge rows, to our cereal
grains, and esculent crops,” I am afraid but very
erroneous answers would be given to my appeal. It would
be said they came from the air, or the wind brought them ;
or the hot, close, and cloudy atmosphere engendered them,
and if I ventured upon a doubt as to the facts given me, I
should be met with, “ But my gardener (a man of observa-
tion) told me so, and therefore it must be true,” or my neigh-
bour farmer Giles, who lives on his own farm, says they are
bred in the air, and farmer Giles goes to church and never
tells a story, so I must believe him. Now, it will be my
duty to endeavour to dispel these illusions, and I must
begin by stating that the air has no more to do with en-
gendering these insect pests than in bringing the barn door
chicken from the egg or our domestic animals from their
parents. The fact is, all life must spring from life—there
is no such thing as spontaneous formation ; all these various

8

minute creatures are known to science, they are all named,
their various tribes are registered in our annals of Natural
History, and when I tell you that amid the myriad little
beings that hum through the air each year adds but little
to our general knowledge, so energetic has been the pur-
suit, so accurate the observation, so extensive the research,
you will no doubt feel great surprise, and still more that so
much knowledge should have been collected and yet so
little diffused among the general public.

I cannot picture or imagine to myself any one thing in
creation more astounding or more wonderful (where ali is
truly marvellous and beautiful), than the progressive de-
velopments of insect life, or a subject that affords a more
unmixed and pleasurable delight to the scientific student or
passing gleaner.

Before, however, I enter into the subject of this day’s
paper, I think it right to mention that the chief object of
our society is not so much to have rare and subtle points of
vital existence and vital phenomena brought before its
notice for discussion, but rather, looking to the general and
popular features of our gatherings, to consider it as a
stepping stone for beginners, receiving into its ranks the
earliest aspirants for nature’s knowledge, assisting them by
simple and practical lessons, given under circumstances the
most advantageous, and at times, like the present, the most
agreeable. This, therefore, must be my apology for ad-
dressing you in a very elementary strain for the sake of
those young naturalists, those youthful travellers along the
intricate and ever varying, ever captivating path of God’s
most beautiful creation.

These immense swarms of destructive insects that seem
to come into the world merely for our personal annoyance
are the offsprings of insects of the past season; the eggs
from which these creatures were hatched were laid by a
careful instinct, as it is called, of the anxious parent during
the previous year; and it is only those who have witnessed
the solicitude displayed by many insects during this

9

act that the truth can be fully appreciated. Last year I
witnessed a very interesting sight, the large Tortoishell
(Vanessa Polychloros) was depositing her eggs upon asmall
branch of elm; before laying an egg she hovered for a
short time over the spot, then stooped, laid her egg, and
glided off, returning again and again for the same purpose.
The sight was so interesting that I called to my family close
by to come and see it. Before they arrived a sand martin,
flying past, came so close to her as to frighten her away.
Having waited a short time without again seeing her, IL
approached the branch and cut it off; just then the insect
returned, and also my party had come to my call; we
watched with deep interest the maternal solicitude of the
poor insect. She no longer hovered with gently vibrating
wing, but dashed about in a most excited state, seeking the
spot where her little treasures had been deposited ; having
waited some time, I replaced the branch on the tree; she
immediately returned to it with most apparent joy and de-
posited a fresh supply of eggs. When we consider that the
parent dies almost immediately after laying her eggs, we are
lost in wonder and amazement at the power instilled into
these little beings that should lead them to seek those spots
only where, when the genial warmth of the sun matures
the eggs, and the young larve escape, they can at once find
food that is suitable to their new state of existence. Cater-
pillars generally feed upon one kind of food, any other is
injurious, and consequently they frequently die from
starvation rather than feed upon that which is not suited
to their species. In depositing the eggs frequently much
care is bestowed to conceal them; they are laid in deep
cracks, under the ledges of bark, or beneath the leaf, or
those which have to seck their food at the roots of plants
are deposited on the ground. These eggs are laid by
means of an instrument called an ovipositor ; it is a long
flexible tube, apparently endowed with great sensitiveness.
When the.insect is observed to lay her eggs, in many cases
this instrument is thrust out to a very great length; she
then touches all around her as far as it will reach, passing

10

it into every small hole and crevice, and should the place
suit her natural instinct each time it is thrust in an egg is
deposited A very singular instance of this lately occurred
to me. Apretty moth called the Brindle Beauty Biston
Hirtaria was confined in a box, from which, the previous
year, a brood of the larve of the Poplar Hawk had come
out, leaving the empty shells attached to the under surface
of the top; in the course of the night she deposited a beau-
tiful green egg in each of the little vacant cells. In a fort-
night these were hatched, and the two sets of empty shells
are on the table for your inspection.

Eggs vary much in form—some are oblong, some square,
some round, many most beautifully ribbed with from six to
over forty ribs longitudinally arranged side by side; these
ribs are also frequently crenulated and have an exquisite
opaline appearance under the common microscope. The
color of eggs also varies much—some have various tints of
green, some chocolate, some flesh colour, some pure white
with every intermediate tone, and others are black. Some
of these eggs are laid singly on a tree or plant, others on
separate leaves, others in clusters on leaves or around the
stem. These latter when hatched live together in a colony
until nearly full grown, when they separate and wander
away for their final repasts and ultimate changes into the
pupa or chrysalite state.

In selecting places for depositing their eggs, I beg of you
to ponder and reflect for one moment upon the marvellous
principle implanted by an Allwise and Almighty hand in
the bosoms of these poor little female insects, that leads them
with uuerring solicitude to deposit them in such places and
upon such trees only, as when after many days or many
months of repose the tiny larva finally eats its way out of
its imprisoned cell, to find its natural food at hand, and in
a fit state for its supply ; the time the egg may lie dormant
varies from a few days to very many months.

All animal life springs from life, and all life has its
origin in an egg; this egg may be hatched witbin the body
when the young come into the world a type of their parent.

11

This system of giving birth is called viviperous, in contra~
distinction to the oviperous, as, where eggs are laid by most
insects and all birds, and the young are brought forth by
the application of heat, either naturally, as when the bird
sits upon the egg, or the natural temperature of the air
brings out the young larva, or artificially, as when heat is
applied ; therefore on the application of a certain amount
of heat the vital principle, until now dormant, is called into
active existence. To watch the progress day by day of the
development of life is of intense interest, and the following
simple arrangement is all that is necessary.

Take a tin square box eighteen inches over and eight
inches deep, fill it half full of sand; have a ledge outside
that it may drop only four inches into another box contain-
ing water; this may stand upon four legs—on keeping an
oil lamp under it with a screw to raise and lower the wick,
and with a thermometer in the bath to regulate the heat,
which should for twenty-one days never fall in the twenty-
four hours below 960 Fahrenheit. You will find that the
eggs (if vitalized) will be opening and the little chicks
coming out. Now from their size it would be very difficult
to observe the changes going on in the eggs of moths ex-
cept under the microscope; but if a sufficient supply of
birds’ eggs were placed in the tin box by taking one out
every six hours and breaking it, the whole system becomes
revealed, and from the simple fertilized cell through all the
marvellous developments of parts, until the little chicken,
with its primitive clothing, a type of its parent, comes forth,
we can trace the organic progress. The feathers no doubt
differ in colour to the adult plumage, but here we have
similarity of form, and an internal organization for all
practical purposes of strong resemblance, But if by the aid
of the microscope we watch the advancing germ in the egg
of a moth, instead of finding, as progressive growth brought
the little creature nearer to its period of liberation, it took
on the form of a winged and perfect insect, we should see a
little worm-like body, and if we watched its exit we should
find it biting its way out by enlarging the aperture it had

12

made by means of a strong pair of mandibles as they are
called, which act in a somewhat similar way to a pair of
scissors. Now it is the changes which this little worm has
to pass through until it finally spreads its light and beau-
tiful wings, an image of all that is lovely, either to bask
beneath the glowing sun, or to poise at twilight over
flowers, inhaling from nature’s laboratory the sweetest in-
eense of its floral haunts, that we shall now proceed to
illustrate.

The insect being hatched it is now called a Larva, from
Larva a mask. This name was given toit by the great
Swedish naturalist Linneeus, who thought that the cater-
pillar condition of an insect masked as it were its future
state. In our language we have restricted the word cater-
pillar almost exclusively to the Larva of moths and butter-
flies. Grubs more especially refer to the beetle; maggots and
gentles, to the order of flies; but the word larva is used
to express the caterpillar state of all orders of insects, and
so we shall use it on this occasion in reference to our
subject.

We do not intend to give an anatomical description of
the Larva, for when I tell you that this insect contains no
fewer than 4,065 muscles, the very enumeration is quite
overwhelming ; but to understand the remarkable changes
which are now about to take place it is very essential that
we should have some general idea of those organs which
play so conspicuous a-part in the metamorphosis of insect
life.

A caterpillar is divided into thirteen segments, or joints;
these joints allow the insect to have perfect motion in
every direction. The first jointconsists always of the head ;
the second, the first pair of pro or fore legs, and first pair
of spiracles or breathing holes, which 1 shall presently
describe ; third, the second pair of fore legs; fourth, the
third pair of fore legs; tifth, the second pair of spiracles ;
sixth, the third pair of spiracles ; seventh, the fourth pair of
spiracles, and when present 1st pair abdominal legs; eighth,

13

tbe fifth pair of spiracles, when present 2aod pair abdominal
legs; ninth, the sixth pair of spiracles, when present 3rd
pair abdominal legs; tenth, the seventh pair of spiracles,
when present 4th abdominal legs; eleventh, the eighth
pair of spiracles; twelfth, the ninth pair of spiracles;
thirteenth, the anal legs, these are always present.

These joints, or segments, are covered by a skin con-
taining a peculiar principle, called chitine; this skin serves
as a skeleton for the attachment of muscles, the same as our
osseous structures, or the bones of birds, but with this
exception, the bones which form our skeleton, and those of
birds, &c., are always internal, but with larve they are
always external; that is to say, this tegument, which has
more or less density, takes the place of bone—it is there-
fore called the dermoid skeleton. The density of the skin is
greater in the centre of each segment, where it joins to its
neighbour, and is very soft and pliant; thus giving great
freedom of motion tothe animal. The skin is sometimes
naked, at others thinly or thickly studded with long or
short hairs. ‘he skin is very little elastic, so that upon the
internal growth of the larva, it becomes highly compressed,
and were it not for the beautiful contrivance of nature,
the little animal would be suffocated by its own growth.
To avoid this, when a sufficient degree of tension is given
to the skin, the animal becomes sluggish, refuses to eat,
and in about thirty hours the skin splits down the back, and
the larva comes out with a bright and more beautiful
covering. It now rapidly increases in size, feeds
yoraciously, and in the course of six or seven days becomes
s0 compressed again in its straightened tunic, that it ceases
to feed, and the skin again bursts asunder. There are
generally from three to six of these dermoid, or skin
changes during the period of larval existence.

To render clearer the changes we are about to explain, it
is yery essential that we first take a brief survey of the
general organs of the larva as we find them during the
period of its existence, We will therefore examine them
in the following order :—Locomotion, vision, mastication,

14

digestion, vascular system, respiratury system, repro-
ducing system, nervous system.

ORGANS OF LOCOMOTION,

The caterpillar of the moth and butterfly has always
eight, and never more than sixteen legs—one pair is placed,
as I have told you, upon the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments
(these are always present, and are called true legs) ; on the
7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, these may altogether be absent, as in
looping larva, or only one or more pairs, the missing ones
being absent always in pairs and commencing from the
seventh segment, proceeding backwards. The last pair of
legs is seated on the 13th segment and is never absent;
these are called false or membranous legs, The first three
pairs of legs are called the pro legs, fore legs, or Thoracic
legs ; the four next are called the abdominal legs; the last
pair the anal legs.

If we examine the pro legs we shall find them short,
jointed, and conical, the apex terminating ina hook. ‘These
legs are never used except when the larva is in progression;
they are employed to catch the uneven surfaces over which
the insect has to walk. When at rest these hooks are
turned inwards and join those on the other side ; the head
dropping forward rests upon the first pair, as you can per-
ceive in the numerous specimens before you.

The abdominal legs, when present, are of more use ;
they are membranous, short, thick, and conical, with the
apex cut off, so as to leave a broad base for the insect to
walk upon. It is in the sphinx larva (of which there are
several in the room) composed of two pieces somewhat
semi-circular, both edged with a row of fine sharp hooks,
the external ones directed inwards, the internal ones
directed outwards. They can walk flat footed, or have the
power of turning their legs inwards, so that by touching
the opposite foot can compress between the two small
twigs, up which they ascend to feed upon the leaves. The
anal foot is somewhat similarly formed, but is larger and

15

fatter, and has very strong adhering powers. Thus

we have seen the first three pairs are articulated, the re-

mainder are membranous; the three first, a rude type of what

the perfect insect will ultimately possess, the five others will

entirely disappear in the first great change to pupa life.
ORGANS OF VISION.

The organs of vision in larve are very different to what
we shall find them in the perfect insect ; they now are only
simple in their construction, consisting only of a single
lens, and are placed on the side of the head near the
mandibles, and vary in number, scarcely ever exceeding
six, but amounting to thousands when the insect has
perfected its final condition.

ORGANS OF MASTICATION.

Whilst in the larve state the insect has a very different
mouth-piece to what it will ultimately possess: it has now
one adapted to the condition it which it has to exist. It
must feed from vegetable or animal substances. By the
laws of its economy it must attack our vegetable world out
of doors, and our animal products within. In the larval
condition JT believe there is no tree, flower, or shrub that
has not its parasite in the shape of some devouring cater-
pillar; and our woollen stuffs, our clothes, and our blankets
our museums of animals, our collections of birds, our
cabinets of insects, all are fit and proper food for larval life,
and all are preyed upon: INDEED, IT IS BUT FOLLOWING
THAT GRAND AND MUNIFICENT LAW OF NATURE, THAT
THAT WHICH IS DEAD IS USELESS AND MUST AGAIN BE
WROUGHT UP IN THE MIGHTY ALEMBIC OF PROGRESSIVE
LIFE—EVERY ATOM OF DUST PASSES THROUGH SOME
PHASE OF THE MARVELLOUS CHEMISTRY OF NATURE, TO
BE OF USE AND BENEFICIAL TO THE LIVING RACES; AND
THE LIVING RACES WOULD SOON CEASE TO EXIST WERE
THE CHANGING AND DISSOLVING HAND OF DEATH TO BE
STAYED BY SOME ALMIGHTY FIAT oF Him WHO RULES
THE UNIVERSE.

If we examine the mouth of the caterpillar we shall
find some little difficulty at first in understanding the

16

different parts; but supposing we take our own mouth for
an example—the upper lip represents the labrium, the lower
lip the labium; the upper jaw being divided into two, form
the mandibles which act laterally and like a pair of
scissors, the lower jaw being equally divided form the
maxillx, or feelers. Inside the lower lip there is a small
nipple shape protuberance ; this is the fusculus, or
spinaret, and here exudes that plastic matter which, harden-
ing as soon as it escapes, becomes silk, varying in quality
as regards the insect producing it, and the manner in
which it spins its cocoon, same as in Bombyx Morii ora
common silk-worm. This larva spins an uninterrupted
web, but others, as in Corpini Saturnia make short
ends so that the silk cannot be wound off; but science, no
doubt, will soon obviate these apparent difficulties, and thus
rescue a very large amount of most valuable property from
its present useless condition. I wish you particularly to
remember the formation of the mouth in the larva; it is
called a mandibulate, from using mandibles in cutting off its

food.
ORGANS OF DIGESTION.

By the aid of these mandibles, or scissors, the larva cuts
off its food; this is then passed into the mouth and down
the cesophagus, or gullet, into the stomach; from here it
passes down the rest of the alimentary canal. It receives
secretions from the salivary glands, bile ducts, &c., and
also from the membranous surfaces of the parts through
whicb it passes; thus it is acted upon in a somewhat
analagous way to the food taken by a higher order of
animals. The cesophagus, or gullet, and stomach is very
large to receive the immense quantities of food these ever
devouring creatures take in. Their periods of rest seem
but short, their time being devoted to one object, to eat as
much as they can whilst in this transitionary state. To give
some idea of the voracity of larva, Count Danolo in his
history of the silk-worm, states that when first hatched it
only weighs one hundred parts of a grain; in thirty days it

17

has done feeding and weighs 95 grains. It has thus in
this short space of time increased its bulk 9590 times, and
if we consider the digested food it has passed away, it has
eaten 15,000 times its weight of food.

The larva of a Privet Hawk weighed 170 grains; there-
fore it had consumed 13,600 times its weight; and a fine
larva of an Atropos, or Death’s Head Moth, weighing 210
grains, 16,800. But Lyonet found that the larva of Cossus
Ligniperda, which remains nearly three years in that state,
increased to 72,000 times its original weight, and if we
consider the time it was growing, feeding the whole time,
it could not have consumed less than 100,000 times what it
weighed when it first left the egg. Well may they leave a
desolated tract for a while behind them where they abound,
and are free from those compensating media which nature,
in her wild and unfettered province, almost invariably
supplies, the poison and the antidote—the overwhelming
accumulations of larve, the unusual collection of birds,
and other insects which prey upon them.

THE ARTERIAL, OR VASCULAR SYSTEM.

This, in the insect arrangement, is very simple. It
consists of one large dorsal vessel, that can be very easily
discerned in larve that have smooth skins, It rans from
the tail to the head, where it divides into two or three
branches. In each segment there is a valve which allows
the blood to flow in, but prevents it returning. The blood
is thin, transparent, and colourless, having small corpuscules
or blood globules, floating in it; these are also colourless.
The blood, it is said, passes along this great dorsal vessel
before it arrives at the head, when it is poured out into the
neighbouring tissues; it traverses every part of the system
and enters again the dorsal vessel through the valves.
There is something very unsatisfactory in this theory of
the arterial, or blood circulation of insects. I think it will
ultimately be proved, however far it may have to travel,
that it is conveyed in blood vessels, no doubt very fine, and
from this cause alone has hitherto escaped observation.

18

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Insects do not breathe through the mouth as mamalia,
birds, and other tribes. They have a peculiar respiratory
system of their own. If we examine the caterpillar, for
instance, of the Privet Hawk Moth, Sphinx Ligustri, we
shall find there are nine little yellow oval discs on each
side called the spiracles, and which have already been
pointed out to you when speaking of the thirteen segments.
These little discs have an opening in the centre; this
opening is surrounded and acted upon by a circular muscle
called a sphincter muscle, If 1 again refer to our lip, you
will have an illustration of the action of this muscle: upon
the least approach of a smile, it begins to relax; if the
smile turn to a laugh, a visible distortion takes place, and
the mouth then opens; but should screaming hysterics
follow, this poor circular muscle is then stretched to its
fullest extent, and it is wonderful how it ever comes again
to its engaging proportion. A sphincter muscle, then,
guards each orifice ; it dilates and closes it, allowing air to
passin. These orifices or spiracles communicate by short
tubes with a longitudinal canal or pipe, one on eack side of
the larva. These tubes send off numerous branches, which
divide and subdivide, allowing air to pass freely into every
part and every organ of the insect system. To this I shall
have again to allude presently. What I wish you to com-
prehend is, that by the universal ramifications of these air-
tubes or trachez, as they are called, the juices or blood of
the creature is acted upon and rendered fit for the purposes
of life, as the blood of our system is affected by the air
passing into our lungs, and there altered in its character to
perform a similar office.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

We shall not stop to enquire into this subject ; but I may
mention that the eggs of the future brood are to be dis-
covered in the larva. We shall now enquire into the
important and interesting physiology of the nervous
system.

19

NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The nervous system in the larva is very simple, yet
plays a most important part in its vital economy, and the
rapid and singular changes that take place init, as the larva
assumes its progressive forms, is not the least wonderful
part of insect metamorphoses. From the lowest to the
highest type of vitality, the nervous system increases in
importance as we ascend the scale of creation, even up to
man, whom if allies in its terrestial condition to the insig-
nificant creature just removed above the range of inorganic
matter, and which we so often wantonly crush beneath our
feet, as if it were but dust or a nerveless inorganic
mass. To the late Mr. George Newport we are much in-
debted, and I in particular, as it is from his beautiful
drawings of the nervous system of the larva, pupa, and
perfect moth of the Sphinx Ligustri, that I have had these
diagrams copied, to assist me in my illustration; and I
cannot refer to his untimely death but as a loss indeed to
science ; for what energy of skill, patient industry, inde-
fatigable research and truthful delineation could surmount,
Mr. George Newport’s was the mind to carry out. He died
just as the lustre of his genius was calling forth the appro-
bation of his fellow-man, Although not the founder, he
had much to do with the early history of the Canterbury
Museum, and bis memory is still cherished by many who
knew him personally as a resident in that city.

Nerves are little opaque white cords, There are three
sets of nerves—sensation, motion, sympathetic. Sensation
carries impressions to the centre of the nervous system, as
toa brain like ours, for instance. As an illustration, sup-
posing you were to place your hand ona piece of hot iron,
sensation would immediately be conveyed to the brain, the
nerves of motion would be excited, and they would cause
the muscles to withdraw rapidly the hand, and the pain
endured would be conveyed by the sympathetic to the
general system, and great bodily distress would ensue, as
seen by the crying, the flow of tears, the heaving and
sobbing of the breast. When these nerves unite into little

20

balls they are called ganglia, and these ganglia differ in
composition from the nerve in having grey as well as white
matter. :

We have seen that the larva is divided into thirteen
segments : the first segment forms the head, and contains
the brain, or a substance analogous to it; the second
segment contains the first of these ganglia, and each con-
tains one down to the twelfth. These ganglia and large
connecting nervous cords may fairly represent the spinal
marrow. From these ganglia the nerves to the different
important organs proceed. The position of tbis portion of
the nervous system in insects lies along this under-surface
just below the cesophagus and stomach; butin mamalia and
birds it is contained in the back-bone or spine.

Diagram No, 1, figure one, shows its relative disposition.
The red nodules are supposed to represent the nervous
ganglia, and are only given this florid colour to show more
clearly their definite outline. Hacb, you will perceive, is
confined to its segment; but as some of these segments
will be nearly absorbed in the change from lava to pupa, it
will be necessary to observe and remember these ganglia
to understand how they adapt themselves to the altered
condition of the larval form. It would prove very little
interesting to you if I were tv enumerate the dry details
of all these nerves that you see delineated. Some few it
is necessary I should point out. Vide diagram.

We have now shown a rough and general distribution of
the nerves; but there is one peculiarity about the nervous
system I may mention, that these ganglia, I believe, with
whatever other vital powers they possess, are the reservoirs
for that peculiar principle which is collected during the
hours of repose to sustain, and in the active duties, pleasures,
and pursuits of every-day existence. If undue exertion be
called forth early in the day, this nervous laboratory is
exhausted before its regular time, and a consequent desire
for repose is absolute. But be this as it may, there is one
certain fact established, that the nervous system is in pro-

21

portion to the natural requirement of organic arrrangement,
and this you will presently observe when I compare some
of the peculiarities in the nervous system in the larva with
those in the perfect insect.

‘Having now briefly glanced over the various organs
belonging to the caterpillar, I will merely add, before we
proceed to its metamorphosis, that in changing its skin all
the external organs come away with it, as also the lining
membrane of the spiracles, a portion of that of the tracheal
and of the mouth, and ali are replaced in the fresh clothed
insect.

The last skin has now been shed, the larva has rapidly
increased in size, its final meal has been eaten, its last par-
ticle of food digested ; it now by instinct, or say rather by a
marvellous power implanted by a beneficent Creator in its
little system—a power, arrogant as we are in our constant as-
sumption over the brute creation, we are entirely at a loss to
comprehend or understand,—secks the retirement of solitude,
and under some carefully sheltered nook prepares for its
change : each species, according to its peculiar habits, shows
that one guiding principle is leading to a definite object,
protection from harm, during the period it is incapable of
locomotion, or protecting itself from that host of enemies
that naturally prey upon it—wise determinating principle,
careful forethought, wonderful instinct—why not reason ?

Some now spin cocoons and enclose themselves in a
shroud of silk, of which we despoil them for the adorning
and covering of our own persons. Some bite off their long
hairs and weave them up in their case; some add particles
of wood, rough bark from trees, sand or earth ; others sus-
pend themselves round the waist with a silken girdle;
others by the tail; others delve into the soil. Thus you
see there are various ways in which they proceed, all tend-
ing to one result, the pupa state—illustrations of which are
on the table for your inspection.

At this period of the larva’s existence—on the eve of its
change to a pupa—we shall find upon examination some
importantalteration, ‘Thus, on thesecond and thirdsegments,

22
the rudimentary wings begin to make their appearance.
The creature has become much shortened and stouter. The
sixteen legs are withered and dried up, no longer of use.
The fourth and fifth segments have become much narrower,
the third much broader. On lvoking at the nervous system
we shall perceive the cord, instead of being straight (as in
fig. 3, No. 2 diagram, below the fifth ganglion) it is now
curved as in fig. 3, No.1. This curving is in consequence
of the shortening of the insect. The fourth and fifth
ganglia are thus brought nearer together in short
turns. The skin becomes easily detached and splits down
the back, all the old covering slips off, and a new creature
makes its appearance.

Last summer I had the pleasure of showing to a party of
friends, assembled round our breakfast table, this most in-
teresting sight. On examining my breeding cages I sawa
fine specimen of the privet hawk in the act of changing to
the pupa state. It was removed with great gentleness and
care to the table. I say this, for it is a very critical time
with the insect, all the parts,are exceedingly soft, and the
least pressure now would, most likely, produce a crippled
insect. After being placed upon the table he commenced
making two or three violent spasmodic movements, his skin
opened down the back, the fissure extending into the sixth
segment—every now and then he gave himself a short
twist with the tail, and in half an hour he was free from
his covering—his head, thorax, and wings were of a most
beautiful silvery green; his body a pale yellow brown.
The whole was covered with a secretion which rapidly dried,
and as it did so encased him in a dark brown shell which
soon became firm and hard: from the first to the last the |
operation occupied about two hours. The insect was now
in its pupa, but its internal organisation had not yet com-
pleted all its changes to adapt itself to its new condition,
Mr. Newport has given a series of drawings showing the
great alteration that takes place almost from hour to hour,
Fig. 2, plate 2, shows the state immediately after the
change; fig. 1, thirty-six hours after; fig. 2, thirty days

23

after ; fig. 1, eight months after. But this only holds good
as regards those pupa which lie dormant after the first stage
is completed, which takes about sixty hours to accomplish ;
they are then in a state of repose, and the nervous system
seems to remain almost inactive until the warmth of the
yernal sun awakens the slumbering world to life and fresh
vitality.

The insects that change to the winged state in a few days
have no period of rest. The larva of the small tortoishell
butterfly, Vanessa urtice, as soon as it is full fed, hangs
itself up by the tail, changes to the pupa, and in nine or
ten days the beautiful imago is seen sporting through our
gardens, Thus the period in which the insect may remain
in the pupa state varies very much, from a few days to one,
two, or I believe even more years. Just previous to its
exit we shall find on examination that the insect has now a
very different aspect to what it had when first it took on
the pupa form, the legs and antennz are formed, the spiral
trunk complete, the eyes, those wonderful and beautiful
objects, are perfected, the first ganglion and brain are one,
the fourth, fifth, and sixth ganglia are united; and thus
bear out what I before alluded to, that the largest nervous
developments are found where the greatest demand is made
for nervous power—look at the brain, surrounded with
highly developed organs; the thoracic ganglia, to supply
the powerful wings during the period of action. Thus all
parts being perfected, the imprisoned insect splits the pupa
case down the back, the legs, antennw, and wing covering
become lose and detached, and the liberated prisoner creeps
from his earthly shroud, but his wings have yet to expand;
all is there, every little scale or feather that gives thos
beautiful hues to its outstretched pinion are in a measure
closely compressed. The insect as soon as it escapes from
its tenement climbs up any object at hand, and then the
completion of the process takes place. The wing I must
inform you now is very soft and has several large vessels in
it, they form the ribs. As the tracheal vessels communicate
freely, I believe the process of expansion is entirely owing

24

to the propulsion of air into these vessels or tubes by which
they are dilated to their fullest extent; the wing now
rapidly becomes dry and hard during this period, and while
hanging down the points nearly touch at the tip, but as
soon as they are dry they take their natural position, ac-
cording to the habit of the insect. This operation lasts
from half an hour to two hours.

We will now examine some of the new or altered struc-
tures we meet with in the perfect insect.

1, The trunk or proboscis. This takes the place of the
old mandibles, the parts where these were situated send out
two long tapering processes, hollow or concave on the inner
side. These processes uniting form a tube through which
the insect can suck up the honey and nectar from the flower
cup; when at rest this tube curls up like a watch spring.

2. The antenne. These are two beautifully urti-
culated objects, projecting from the back part of the head,
immediately above the eyes. Of what use they are to the
insect, or what function they perform, we are quite in the
dark. They serve one purpose, however, to assist us in our
classification, They terminate in a knob, with a point, or
are tapering. The first belongs to the day flying insects or
butterflies, the second to the sphingide or evening lovers,
the third to the night roving species or moths. This divi-
sion is pretty correct as far as it goes, yet some sphingide
fly by day as well as by night. The little humming bird,
Macroglossa Stellatarum, we often see hovering over a
flower, especially in the chalky districts; and the beautiful
convolyulus hawk, I have never captured but after dark.
Several moths also fly by day, the pretty and common
moth, Plusia gamma, is a good example. The shape
of the antenne apparently differs but little among the
diurne or butterflies, nor even very much in the sphingidee;
but among the moths there is greater variety ; some are
beautifully pencilled, some are triangular, some like a
tapering, pointed hair. The antenne of the females is
generally more slender.

25

3. The eye. This in insects is an exqnisite object for
study. Why nature has been so profuse in her bounty as to
give from 4 to 20,000 eyes to an insect we cannot in the least
understand, nor why the caterpillar should only have twelve,
and the moth 14 or 15,000; but such is the case, and al-
though we cannot comprehend why the Great Designer in
his wisdom has so arranged it, yet we are able to appre-
ciate the structural mechanism and marvel at its beautiful
design. The diagram before you is a beautiful section of
a compound eye , copied from a drawing made by Strauss
Durchheim.

You perceive from the brain the optic nerve is thrown
off (a); from its periphery or convex surface a set of short
nerves arise; they form a membrane, the general retina
of the eye (c); before this membrane there is another called
the chorroid (d@), with its pigmentum or colouring matter.
This differs in colour; in the cockchafer it is of a bril-
liant red, in others green or intense black. From the ex-
pansion of the retina (c) the true optic nerves arise (¢) ;
they proceed forwards and then enter the ocelli or little
eyes. In each eye we find a hexagonal chrystallised sub-
stance like the vitreous humour of our own eye; upon this
we have a double convex lens, then a little black line which
may be said to resemble the iris, and finally the cornea or
external transparent coat of the eye. The eye of insects
is immoveable, but with this combination of power, and
the eyes being seated on the lateral side of the head, they
have the facility of viewing objects in almost every di-
rection, and which no doubt must materially assist its
flight.

4. The silk gland ; having no longer the necessity for
exuding that material, becomes altered in its function, and
now supplies the mouth with saliva, becoming a salivary
gland.

5. The legs, as you see by this diagram, are very different
to what they were in the larval state: they are now only
six in number, are distinctly jointed, each joint being bold
and perceptible, and each separate part having a distinct

26
form and use. In fact, the legs of insects are very ser-
viceable to assist in their classification.

6. The appendage to the stomach which we find in the
perfect insect seems to be for a reservoir ; in the bee itcarries
honey, and is the prize schoolboys seek for in the de-
struction of bees. What office its possesses in moths I am
at aloss to state, as they are not like the industrious bee,
a provident race, carrying home in their little sacs the
pilfered honey from the floral nectary, and storing it up
for winter’s use in the hive; but no doubt every thing is
so beautifully constructed by the Great Architect of the
universe for some definite end, that, although unknown to
us, it has its proper and allotted duty to perform.

7. The wings. We now come to the last and most impor-
tant addition to the insect; I mean the wings. They are
four in number, membranous, with strong ribs passing
through them, the whole more or less clothed with
little feathers or scales, reflecting every colour under the
sun—an object of beauty and admiration.

I must now conclude, having thus traced the insect
through its various changes, and seen it at last dressed in
all its perfect and exquisite clothing. Yet before I re-
sume my seat I may mention that from insect life,
philosophers have believed in the transmutations of metal,
from the golden change which some insects exhibit in
the pupa state (vanessa urtice); and poets have borrowed
the sweetest imagery of comparison from all that
is lovely in insect life, and precious in the untarnished
beauty of human loveliness. The ancient Greeks were
alive to some of these transformations, and, with the
classic poetry of their race, they figured the beautiful image
of the insect in its metamorphosis as emblematic of the
transit of the human soul—now for a while, like the
creeping larva, feeding upon food more or less coarse, with
ample satiety or famished appetite—then as the shrouded
chrysalis in its hardened cerecloth. This is no bad emblem
of that state to which all insect life must enter, and all
humanity be subject to. Now there is a period of un-

27

certain probation, a calm and solemn inertia, disturbed at
last by the insect wakening into a new condition, and
stretching its light and beautiful pinions to the air. And
man, according to his doom, an abject nothing, or rising
on the wing of immortality into that glorious, new, and
beautiful existence, permeating that realm where darkness
never reigns, and ascending to glories eternal and ever-
lasting.

Tn conclusion Captain Cox observed that the branch of
study to which he had called their attention was rich in
most interesting matter; and if be had failed to interest
his audience on that occasion, the fault rested with him, and
not with the subject. Captain Cox, in the course of his
address was frequently applauded, and sat down amidst
prolonged cheering. Fo

The President said that it now became his pleasant duty
to propose a vote of thanks to Captain Cox for his very
interesting and able lecture. (Loud cheers.) Captain Cox
had said that if the audience had not been interested the
fault must rest with him, and not with his subject. He
(the President) believed he could assure him that he need
be under no apprehension of the kind, for not only was the
subject most interesting in itself, but it had also been most
ably treated. (Renewed cheers.) It appeared to him that
Captain Cox afforded an example of that rule of study to
which he (the President) had adverted in his former remarks,
and that he had not only studied a particular subject with
diligence, but had also evinced a catholic and a generous
spirit. One who could lecture in such a manner must have
formed an extensive acquaintance not only with Natural
History generally, but also with science in itself. He (the
President) fully concurred in the observations which had
been made as to the true end of such studies—“ to look
from Nature up Nature’s God.’ (Hear, hear.) He
remembered reading in Paley’s ‘‘ Natural Philosophy” an
argument based on the supposition that if a savage were
to find a watch, he would, while viewing its movements and
admiring its intricate covstruction, naturally conclude that

I§

the watch hada maker. In the present state of society
they might go further, and imagine that savage, find-
ing first a part of the watch, then going a little further
and finding another part, and soon. As he picked up the
various pieces he would say, not only that they came from
the same hand, but also that they had been made upon the
same type and the same plan. (Hear, hear.) Captain
Cox had said that the caterpiilar was invariably formed of
thirteen segments. That fact reminded him of another
equally significant. Let them look at the neck of the
giraffe, so long as to enable it to feed upon the branches of
trees, and compare it with the neck of the little mole which
burrowed in the earth. Wide as was the difference between
the two, the neck of the mole was composed of precisely
the same number of segments as that of the giraffe. (Hear.)
It was only of late years that naturalists had taken this
catholic view of nature. Formerly Cuvier, while he looked
into the questions of final causes and the uses of things, did
not rise to the great discovery that all things were made
on the same type. The philosophy of final causes was that
of the useful, but there was a higher philosophy than that
of the uscful—it was conformity to one Supreme Will.
(Cheers.)

The Rev. — Jenner seconded the proposal for a vote of
thanks, which was accorded with loud cheers.

Captain Cox, in acknowledging the compliment, expressed
a hope that the society would receive numerous accessions
of members, especially among the younger branches. The
subscription had been fixed extremely low, in order that
they might have the hundreds and not the units. (Cheers.)

Major Munn was happy to have the opportunity of
adding his testimony to the ability with which the lecture
had been marked. Captain Cox had mentioned a friend of
his who was a great ‘‘nigger-killer.” He (Major Munn)
was the person alluded to, and he must plead guilty to the
charge, Ile did so the more confidently as the slave trade
had been suppressed aud the audience having borne with

29

him so long in spite of his character would, he hoped, bear
with him a little longer. (Laughter). The nigger was,
in fact, a black caterpillar which destroyed the turnip crop,
and he had been fortunate enough to make an implement
which enabled the farmers to get rid of the destroyer.
Apropos of the lecture which they had heard with so much
pleasure he would relate one or two anecdotes which
occurred to him. A bishop went with his chaplain to a
certain village to catechise the children. Their answers
pleased him, and at the end of the examination the bishop
said to one of them, “ Little girl, you have answered very
well. Now would you like to ask me a question?” She
replied ‘“ Yes, if you please, Sir; how many legs has a
caterpillar >” The bishop turned to his chaplain who was
as wise as himself, or probably as many of the audience
before they entered the room. At last he said “ Little girl
I give it up. Can you tell me?” She answered “ Yes,
Sir, I have counted them, there are sixteen.” That was a
kind of experimental philosophy which might be recom-
mended for imitation, An old gentleman who was nearly
blind, used to take walks in his garden, guided by a stick
and generally accompanied by hisdaughter. Feeling along
with his stick one day he hit a gooseberry bush out of
which flew a hedge sparrow. The daughter looked into
the bush and there found a nest with four eggs, and the
bird bad begun to sit. The next day she again went to
look at the nest, and was greatly alarmed to see “a horri-
ble frog” sitting in the nest, and the eggs were smashed.
Next day her brother came home and she took him to the
spot. The frog was still there and he pushed it out. Two
days afterwards, to the surprise of everybody, the frog got
into the nest again, and there remained until the bush was
cut down. (Laughter.) It wasa very remarkable thing
that a frog should have chosen a rough gooseberry bush to
ascend and a nest for its home. Some persons might sup-
pose that “froggy would a wooing go” in spite of difficul-
ties. Perhaps, however, the true solution was that the
flies congregated round the decaying gooseberrics and that

50

the frog chose that spot to pick them off at his leisure. As
the leaves fell off the spot became very oppressive, and as
the frog placed himself in a very inconvenient position in
order to get alittle air, his stay there became the more
surprising, And that brought him (Major Munn) to the
motion which had been put into his hands—a vote of
thanks to the Local Committee. The society had not
laboured under the same difficulties as the frog in obtaining
refreshments—(laughter)—and they were indebted to the
Local Committee for the excellent arrangements of which
they derived the advantage. (Cheers.)

Mr. Mackeson, in seconding the motion, hoped that no
sense of modesty would prevent Captain Cox from inform-
ing the society to whom they were indebted for the artistic
representations illustrative of the lecture. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. G. Dowker, hon. secretary, read the names of the
Local Committee:—Captain Slarke, Captain Bowden,
R.N., Mr. Newton, Mr. Evans.

Tt is needless to say that the motion, as also the follow-
ing ones, was carried unanimously.

Mr. Newton moved a vote of thanks to the exhibitors
of the highly interesting objects in the room. He believed
the society were indebted to Mrs. Cox for the drawings
which had attracted so much admiration. (Cheers.)

Mr. F. H. Sankey briefly seconded the motion.

Mr. Dowker expressed the gratification he had felt in
listening to the excellent and learned discourse of Captain
Cox, and observed that the Society also owed much to
Mr. Mackeson, who so kindly and so ably explained the
geology of the district, giving explanations on a subject
which, he admitted, he had not made particularly his
study. (Cheers.)

Mr. Reid seconded the motion,

Mr. Mackeson, in the course of his reply, remarked upon
the varied strata to be found in this county, such as could
not be met with in a journey of many miles on the continent

dl

thus rendering Kent a highly favourable locality for the
study of geology. (Cheers.)

Capt. Bowden said that on him devolved the very pleas-
ing duty of thanking Sir Walter James for his kindness in
taking the chair on that occasion. (Cheers.) He (Captain
Bowden) was a very poor naturalist, as their president had
declared, though they might judge from the remarks
which had fallen from him that day, Sir Walter James was
better acquainted with the subject than he would allow.
(Hear, hear.) He (Captain Bowden) felt proud and happy
to see him there, and hoped it would not be the last time by
many that they would have that pleasure. (Cheers.)

Captain Cox, in seconding the motion, observed that
while he had been dealing with common-place details, Sir
Walter James had given them those beautiful general
principles on which alone their studies could be advan-
tageously based. (Fear, hear.)

The vote having been carried amidst loud cheering,

The President responded, and in doing so expressed his
regret that unavoidable engagements had prevented his at-
tending the previous meetings of this year. He was glad
that Capt. Cox had seconded the last motion, for he had
shown to him (the President) the greatest kindness and
hospitality, and as he had just received from him a public
expression of thanks, he begged to tender to him publicly
his private thanks, (Cheers.)

Some time was occupied by the members in inspecting
the various curious and interesting objects in the room,
after which the proceedings terminated.

J. Ward, Printer, “ Kentish Gazette’? Office, Canterbury.

ERRATA.

In page 16, thirteenth line, for Corpini Saturnia, read
Saturnia Carpini ; and for Count Danolo, three lines from
the bottom, read Count Dandolo.

Page 20, six lines from the bottom, the and should be ws.

EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

SESSION, 1860.

SEPOR TS

OF

Meetings Melb K Papers Rend,

GENERAL TRANSACTIONS.

GEORGE DOWKER, Stourmouth, Secretary.

Canterbury ;
Printed by Janz Warp, “ Kentish Gazette” Office, High
Street, and Published by the East Kent Naturan
History Soctrery.

AER) OS
> He a

List of Otirevs for the Pear

1860-61.

PRESIDENT :
SIR NORTON J. KNATCHBULL, Barr.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Sir Walter C. James, Bart. J. T. Brooks, Esq.
Sir B. W. Bridges, Bart., J. Brent, Esq.
I.P G

M.P. Hoffman, Esq.
Matthew Bell, Esq. W. Hall, Esq.
W. 0, Hammond, Esq. The Very Rev. the Dean of
Major W. A. Munn. Canterbury.
Captain C. J. Cox. The Mayor of Canterbury.
A. Crofton, Esq.
TREASURER : SECRETARY :
E. F.S, READER, Esa. GEO. DOWKER, Esa.
COMMITTEE :
Rev. H. L. Jenner.“ = Mr. F. H. Sankey.”
Dr. Pittock. Mr. J. Martin.
Mr. J. T. Hillier. Rev. J. Mitchenson.e—
Mr. G. Rigden..~ ay Rev. J. Hutchinson.
Mr. A. B, Andrews. Mr. E. Tucker.
Mr. J. Reid. . - Mr. J. Linford.
LOCAL SECRETARIES :
Istz oF THANET ,.....2. J. T. Hillier, Esq.
SITTINGBOURNE .......... Dr. J. Grayling.
CANTERBURY ayico's\e:.- 56% Rey. B. 8. Malden4#—~
DOMMR Ns Waa ctetcte- is >. Sins'd Edward Knocker, Esq.
Dea anp Sanpwicn .... E. F. 8. Reader, Esq.
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US a ar et eee

FIRST ANNUAL MEETING.

—:0:——
CANTERBURY, APRIL 18, 1860.

a aes

(Reprinted from the “ Kentish Gazette” of April 24, 1860.)

The first ennual meeting of the members and supporters
of this interesting society was held at the Assembly-rooms,
Guildhall-street, on Wednesday afternoon. Among the
members present we observed the Very Rev. the Dean of
Canterbury, Captain and Mrs. C. J. Cox, Matthew
Bell, Esq., — Thompson, Esq., Mr. G. Dowker,
Mr. J. Brent, Mr. G. Rigden, Mr. A. B. Andrews,
Mr. John Martin, Mr. John Linford, Mr. Wn.
Kennett, Mr. John Bateman, Rev. F. T. Scott, Miss E.
Kenrick, Mr. James Reid and family, Rev. F. J. Leach-
man, Mr. F. H. Sankey and Miss Sankey, Rev. C. Warton,
Miss Perkins, Mr. F. Slater, Mr. L. Forrest, Rev. J. Mit-
chinson, Mrs. and Miss Chaplin, Rev. C. W. Bewsher, Mr,
Thomas Addley, and Mr. E.S. Dean. The list of visitors
comprised Mrs. and Miss Croasdill, Mr. J. W. Horsley, Mrs.
F. T. Scott, Mr. Batemen, Miss Brent, Mrs. R. L. Jones,
Mrs. Mitchinson, Miss Alford, Miss Warton, Mr. and Miss
M. A. Perkins, Messrs C. & E. Neame, Mr. J. Rigden, Mr.
John Admans, Mr. W. Bear, Mr. J. Horsley, Mr. M.
Horsley, Mr. J. S. Lipscomb, Mr. A. T. Duval, Rev. H. P.
Wright, Rev. P. and Mrs. Maitland, the Misses Furley,
Mrs. J. B. Kearney, Mr. S. J. Lucas, Mr. E. J. Woodrow,
Mr. E. J. Baker, &c., &e.

In different parts of the room were arranged a large
number of interesting specimens illustrative of different
branches of the science of Natural History. We particu-
larly notleed a collection of sca anemonies from Mr,

6

Dowker, of Stourmouth, including the following varieties :
—Actinolobia Dianthus, plumose anemone, in three varie-
ties; Sagartia Bellis or daisy anemone; Sagartia Troglo-
dites or cave-dweller; Sagartia Miniata, scarlet fringed
anemone; Actinia Mesembrianthenum, the Beadlet; Actinia
Fragascea or strawberry; Thealia Crassicornus or dahlia ;
and a Cerianthus Lloydii or vestlett. A Ball’s dredge was
likewise exhibited by Mr. Dowker, together with a collec-
tion of fresh-water and marine British shells, and several
of the Society of Arts microscopes. A fine collection of
Lepidoptera from Captain Cox’s collection, together with
living specimens of the larva of the oak lappet—Gastro-
pacha Quercifolia—on the branch of a blackthorn bush,
which it so closely resembled as to deceive the eye of any
but the practised entomologist. These larva had but just
roused from their long winter sleep. Mr. Horsley sent a
collection of birds’ eggs; and Mr. Gordon, of Dover, a cu-
rious white polecat—Mustela putorius—which had been
taken in the neighbourhood of Waldershare. Mrs, Mitch-
inson sent Bradbury and Evans’ beautiful book of the British
ferns—Nature printed. A collection of fossils from the
neighbourhood, contributed by the Rev. B. 8. Malden, Rev.
J. Mitchinson, Messrs Horsley and J. Reid. Mr. Malden
sent also for exhibition a very unique book of illustra-
tions of shells, from the cathedral library. Mr. Martin
sent a collection of the wild flowers in bloom in
the neighbourhood, with their generic and specific names ;
among them we particularly observed a specimen of mar-
chantia polymorpha. Mr. Kennett, of Fordwich, one of
the associates, contributed a beautifully assorted collection
of everlasting flowers of last year’s growth from his own
garden, principally composed of varieties of Helichrysum
gnaphalium. A beautiful and rare series of coloured illus-
trations of British Mycology, by Mr. Hussey, was contri-
buted by the Rev. H. S. Jenner. Various popular and
interesting works on Natural History were sent by Mr. J.
Reid, Captain Cox, and Mr. G. Dowker.

In the absence of the President, the Very Rey. the Dean

7

of Canterbury was unanimously elected to preside, and
opened the proceedings by referring to the disappointment
they must all experience by the unavoidable absence of Sir
Walter James.

Mr. Dowxer read the following letter which Sir Waiter
James had addressed to Capt. Cox, explaining the circum-
stances which had rendered it impossible for him to attend
the meeting :—

Betteshanger, Sandwich, April 12.

Dear Captain Cox—I explained fully to you yesterday the
various circumstances which render it necessary for me to be
in London on Wednesday, the 18th instant. I must trust to
your great kindness to make my excuses to my friends at Can-
terbury. The naturalist has always had a delightful pursuit,
but these days have added new interest to this study, and have
carried us back far into the records of past time. May each
succeeding generation open up fresh sources of knowledge,
and lead us nearer to Him from whom all true science has its
origin, Faithfully yours,

Water C. JAMES.

Captain Cox offered some additional explanations respect-
ing the absence of the President.

The Cuarrman said it only remained for him, therefore»
to call upon the Secretary to read the report.

Mr, Dowxer again rose and read the following report of
the committee for the past year :—

In presenting to your notice the second annual report of the
proceedings of the society, your committee would direct your
attention to its present state, its objects, and the means that
have been adopted to further them. And it is hoped that
there is much cause for congratulation, in the interest that has
been awakened, in the welfare of the society in the different
towns where the meetings for the past year have been held.
At the same time, your committee would urge on all members
of the society the importance of a continuance of those active
exertions which have contributed so much towards its advance-
ment,

Important and interesting events in connection with Natural

ta)

History have taken place in our immediate neighbourhood
during the past year, and it is hoped that advantage will be
taken of the facility this society affords, in investigating any
Natural History facts, which may be brought to light in the
district.

The first general meeting of this society, for the past year,
was held in St. George’s Hall, on the 8th of April, 1859, on
which occasion the annual report was read and adopted.

Sir Walter James, of Betteshanger, Kent, was unanimously
elected to fill the office of President for the year. A vote of
thanks was accorded to Sir Brook W. Bridges for his kindness
in filling that office during the past year. A vote of thanks
was also passed for the services rendered by the vice-presi-
dents, as also to the secretary, treasurer, and committee.

The Rey. the Dean of Canterbury having been elected to
the chair, the Rev. F, T. Scott read a very interesting paper
on the ‘t Honey Bee,” prefaced by some admirable remarks on
the present state of the society, and its future prospects. The
room was filled with illustrations of the Natural History of
the district, exhibited by Messrs. Reid, Andrews, Dowker,
Martin, Major Munn, Masters, Horsley, Malden, Castleden,
Keeler, and Pettit, and Captain Cox.

The second general meeting of the society took place at
Ramsgate, on which a dredging expedition was successfully
carried out, after which a meeting was held in the Music Hall,
A. Crofton, Esq., in the chair. Mr. Austin read a paper on
the ‘* Ornithology of the Isle of Thanet,” illustrated by a fine
collection of birds. J. T. Hillier, Esq., read a paper on the
«*Sea Anemonies’’ found on the Thanet Coast. This paper
was copiously illustrated by diagrams and living specimens.
There were exhibited stuffed birds, hornets’ nests, birds’ eggs,
Aquaria, together with the results of the dredging expedition,

The third general meeting of the society took place at
Faversham. After an excursion through the Syndale and
Kade’s woods, the party assembled at the Assembly-rooms,
Faversham, under the presidency of J. F. Crookes, Esq.
Major W. A. Munn read a paper on the ‘* Oyster,” which was
illustrated by dissections by F. G. Giraud, Esq. There were
exhibited a fine collection of British birds, the collection of

9

the late Mr. Chaffey of Doddington. A collection of shells
fossils by Mr. Hall. Microscopes, wild flowers, and the ento-
mological specimens collected on the day. Mrs. Chaffey pre-
sented a donation of books to the society.

The fourth meeting of the society was held at Herne Bay.
A party of excursionists met at Reculver, and proceeded from
thence to Herne Bay under the cliff, the geological features of
which were explained by Mr. Mackeson. The party assembled
in the Town-hall, Sir Walter James the president in the chair.

Capt. C. J. Cox gave a lecture on the ‘* Metamorphosis of
insects as exemplified in the changes of the moth and butter-
fly,’ beautifully illustrated by diagrams. There were exhi-
bited specimens of fossils from the chalk and London clay by
Mrs. Taylor, Miss Denne, Mr. Wetheralt, Mr. Cumming, and
Mr. Dowker. A collection of moths and entomological pre-
parations from Captain Cox.

From the lateness of the season the committee thought best
to defer the proposed visit to the neighbourhood of Dover till
the next year.

A sub-committee of the society has been formed to investi- _
gate the remarkable specimen of coal or lignite found in the
chalk at Lydden, near Dover.

Your committee have thought it desirable to alter the plan
of book circulation, which it is confidently hoped will be of
much service to the society, and solicit the aid of all interested
in the pursuit, in forming a Natural History Library.

From the statement of accounts appended to the report,
it appeared that the income for the year, including sub-
scriptions due, amounted to £92 15s. 7d., and the expenses
to £63 15s. 1d., leaving a balance in favour of the society
of £29 0s. 6d. The balance of subscriptions due is put
down at £30, so that the actual receipts barely cover the
expenditure.

Martruew Bett, Esq., proposed the first resolution to
the annual report just read be received and adopted, and
that it be printed for circulation among the members. He
very much regretted the absence of the President as he was
afraid no other gentleman was prepared with a paper to read

10

to the society in place of the one they had expected
from Sir Walter James. The contents of the report
just read were of a nature to afford matter
for congratulation, especially with regard to the attendance
at the different meetings held during the past year. There
were one or two of those meetings at which it would have
afforded him (Mr. Bell) the greatest gratification to be
present, particularly as the proceedings would have enabled
him to increase his somewhat limited knowledge of different
branches of the science of Natural History. Referring to
the specimen of lignite, which was exhibited in the room,
and which had been found in some of the railway works
now in course of construction. The discovery of that piece
of lignite had given rise to very different feelings among
the inhabitants of the district. Some of the landowners
had been induced to examine into the geological formation
of the district, with the expectation of finding seams of
coal under their estates, by means of which they should be
able in a short time to realise large fortunes. Others,
again, were afraid that the existence of coal should be
demonstrated, lest they should in time see this pretty county
covered with tall chimneys and enveloped in an atmosphere
of smoke. But leaving those considerations out of the
question, it was a very curious fact that an isolated piece of
coal should be discovered imbedded in a stratum of chalk at
a considerable depth from the surface. After referring to
a theory that the piece of lignite may have been conveyed
to where it was found, from some distant locality, by
means of an iceberg, Mr. Bell briefly reverted to a number
of specimens arranged in different parts of the room, and
concluded by again proposing the resolution.

The Rev. B. S. Matpen seconded the resolution, which,
on being put to the vote, was unanimously agreed to.

Captain Cox rose to propose the next resolution. He
very much regretted the absence of Sir Walter James, as
it had in some measure thrown the society into a difficulty.
However, though the meeting might not prove so interest-

See errr — —————— -_

11

ing as it would have done if they had had the pleasure of
listening to the very excellent paper with which they should
doubtless have been favoured by Sir Walter James, he
should be sorry if they were unable to pass the time pro-
fitably on that account. He would suggest that they
should turn the meeting into a conversazione, by which means
they would all be able to contribute to the general edifica-
tion of the company. Captain Cox then proceeded to
direct the attention of the meeting to a piece of black-
thorn, on the branches of which were a number of
caterpillars, a Gastropacha Quercifolia, or ‘oak lappet;
and the nature and habits of which he described at consi-
derable length, the information communicated being the
result of his own observations extending over between
three and four years. He remarked that to watch the
wonderful changes through which the caterpillar passed
would amply repay any one for the care and trouble re-
quired in breeding them. He concluded a very interesting
address by proposing a vote of thanks to Sir Walter James
for his services as president of the society during the past
year.

Mr. G. Riepen seconded the motion, which was aera
to unanimously.

The Rev. J. Mrrcutnson briefly proposed a vote of
thanks to the Vice Presidents for the past year, which, on
being seconded by Mr. Andrews, was also agreed to.

J. Brent, Esq., said it was well known that no society
could flourish except under good management. It had
been shown during the past year that the Natural History
Society was under good management; and he had the
pleasing duty to propose a vote of thanks to the Secretary
and Treasurer for the past year, and that they be re-elected.
In bearing his humble testimony to the services rendered
by the Secretary, he could state that they had been in the
highest degree efficient. They were all aware that to pro-
perly carry on the objects of a society of that description
involved a great deal of labour, and they were consequently
very deeply indebted to those gentlemen who were willing

12

to give the necessary time and attention for that purpose.
He was sure they would all concur in the proposal to award
the best thanks of the meeting to Mr. Dowker, the secre-
tary, and Mr. Reader, the treasurer of the Society. Mr.
Brent then alluded briefly to the pleasure afforded by a
study of the wonders of natural history. He had been
much interested in a book which he had lately been reading
bearing on the influence of insects on the yield of certain
descriptions of crops. The book was by that well known
and enthusiastic naturalist Mr. F.H. Newman. He was
particularly struck by a theory that the growth of a certain
description of clover was influenced by the visits of the
humble bee. It was also stated that the field mice werg
very destructive to the humble bee from the depredations
committed on their stores of honey. Hence it was an ascer-
tained fact that the humble bees were found in larger num-
bers in the neighbourhood of dwelling houses than far
away from the haunts of men. ‘This was attributable to
the number of cats kept for domestic purposes which would
keep down the field mice, From this it was to be inferred
that the flora of a neighbourhood might be very greatly in-
fluenced by the number of cats kept. Mr. Brent then
alluded to a wonderful fact in natural history—the enor-
mous increase of the aphis, It was admitted that the pro-
duce of a single aphis in one year would be equal in bulk to
500,000,000 of stout men. The earth would consequently
be soon overrun with insect life if means were not provided
to counteract such astonishing increase.

The Cuarrman remarked that Mr. Darwin, in his book
on The Origin of Species, made almost precisely the same
statements as had been given by Mr. Brent, who had found
them in another author. It would be somewhat remark-
able if it should be found that he had obtained the theory
from the writings of a naturalist of a somewhat earlier
date.

Mr. G. Rrepen seconded Mr. Brent's resolution, which
was agreed to unanimously.

18

Captain Cox again rose, and alluded to the practice of
farmers strewing about grains of poisoned wheat on their
land, for the purpose of destroying birds, to prevent them
from injuring the crops. Last year he (Captain Cox)
brought a magpie which had been destroyed in that way,
in whose crop eight poisoned grains of wheat were found,
but also several wire worms and a host of small beetles,
and he expressed a hope that some means would be found
to put a stop to this nefarious and abominable practice.
On this occasion he had a complaint to make respecting
almost the same locality. He alluded to the neighbour-
hood of Hoath; and the other day, when he was going to
the residence of Sir Walter James, he discovered the bodies
of several rooks which had been destroyed in that manner.
He did not think the farmers knew their own in-
terest, or they would not seek that wholesale destruc-
tion of birds, as they must be ignorant of their value in
keeping down insect life. It had been mentioned that the
farmers of this county sustained a loss of more than
£30,000 a-year by the depredations of insects; and if the
means provided by nature for the purpose of keeping down
insect life were destroyed, then there would be such an
increase of insect life as to seriously jeopardise the means
of sustenance for the people of this country. But that
was not the only argument to use against the destruc-
tion of birds by means of poisoned grains of wheat.
The poison that was sown for the destruction of rooks and
sparrows, &c., would be picked up by larks, and poisoned
larks might find their way into the market, in which case a
sacrifice of human life would probably result. On that
ground, therefore, the practice ought to be put a stop to.

Mr. Dowxer said he could not allow the flattering terms
in which Mr. Brent had alluded to his services and the ser«
vices of the Treasurer, to pass without acknowledgment,
and particularly as they had been endorsed by the approval
of the meeting. What little service he (Mr. Dowker) had
rendered to the society had been rendered most willingly

14

and with the greatest pleasure. Whatever trouble he had
experienced had been most amply repaid by the acquaint-
ances he had made and the friendships established by being
brought into the society of gentlemen with like tastes and
congenial pursuits—acauaintances and friendships which he
hoped to retain in future years. Societies of that descrip-
tion, in order to succeed, must be conducted on a combi-
nation of popular and scientific principles. It would be
impossible to muster a sufficient number of scientific mem-
bers to give the society a purely scientific basis; and hence
they found it necessary to make it as nearly as they
could scientific and popular. Mr. Dowker then pro-
ceeded to refer with gratification to the great progress lately
made in the science of natural history, and concluded by
directing attention to a number of cheap microscopes which
had been forwarded to him from Birmingham for exhibition
at the meeting.

The Cuarrman remarked that he was a guilty man, in
some respects, with regard to the destruction of sparrows
by means of poisoned grains. If a man had the pleasure
to reside in a house which was incumbered with an
immense quantity of ivy he was sure to be pestered
with far more than a fair proportion of the sparrows
in his neighbourhood. During the week it was all very
well, for, when the gardener was at work, of course
the sparrows had not much chance of doing any great
amount of mischief. It was on the Sunday the greatest
destruction was committed, when the gardener was not at
work, and when the members of his family were at the
Cathedral. They were sure to find on the following day
that the sparrows had destroyed all the crocuses. The
gardener gave them a quantity of poisoned grains, and
numbers of them were soon strewed about the garden. If
Coptain Cox could suggest any other means of getting rid

of the annoyance he (the Chairman) should be very glad
to adopt it.

The Rey. F. T. Scorr, in proposing a vote of thanks to

15

the committee, and that they should be re-elected, and
their number increased by the names of the Rev. Mr.
Hutchinson and the Rev. Mr. Mitchinson, offered some very
interesting remarks upon the Ligurian honey bee. He
stated that having read of the advantages this bee possessed
for apiarian purposes over the common honey bee, he was
desirous of possessing one. A neighbour of his likewise
wishing for one, he ordered of the importer two Ligurian
queens, these arrived packed in small boxes containing some
other bees. He found that one queen was dead, and the
other and her subjects appeared perfectly healthy. His
object was now to unite this queen with one of his hives ;
and as it might interest some of them he would detail the
plan he adopted. He first fumigated the hive to be operated
upon with common puff ball, and whilst the bees remained
stupified, which would be about twenty minutes, he looked
them over and removed the queen, and replaced the others
in the hive. Having then tapped the hive, which he did
to apprise the bees of the loss of their queen (for the bees
always cluster round the queen when any disturbance takes
place), he placed the new queen with some of her species in
an opening at the top of the hive. The bees gladly received
their new queen, and he watched with great interest the
result of the experiment. The next day he found the bees
had killed all the Ligurians but the queen. As the spring
was backward, he had not much opportunity of witnessing
the appearance of the new bees, but lately he had been de-
lighted at beholding some young Ligurians emerge from
the hive, and therefore the experiment had completely suc-
ceeded. In answer toa question put by some gentleman
at the meeting, he stated that the Ligurian bees differed
from the common bee in being of smaller size and brighter
coloured, the two last abdominal rings being of a bright
orange colour; they were of more active habits than the
common bees, and were said to be less addicted to using
their sting. This experiment would likewise set at rest a
disputed point in the history of the bee, viz., its age. He

16

paid one guinea a piece for his Ligurian queens, but they
were now advertised in the ‘* Cottage Gardener” at half
that price.

Mr. SraTeR seconded the motion which was carried
unanimously.

The Dean being obliged to leave the meeting, at this
stage of the proceedings, vacated the chair, which was then
taken by Matthew Bell, Esq. A vote of thanks was unani-
mously awarded to the Dean for his kindness in presiding.

On the motion of Mr. Martin, seconded by Mr. Linford,
a vote of thanks was awarded to the Museum Committee
for placing a room at the disposal of the Natural History
Society for the storing of specimens.

Mr. Dowxer then stated that, application having been
been made to Sir Norton Knatchbull, Bart., to accept the
office of President for the ensuing year, he had received
the following reply :—

Mersham Hatch, April 8th, 1860.

Dear Sir—I am very sensible of the compliment you pay
me in proposing to elect me President of the East Kent Na-
tural History Society for the ensuing year. I shall be very
proud to fill the office. I wish I could feel that i was at all
competent to be of any use to you. If I fail in that respect
it will be from want of power, and not from want of will.

I remain, dear Sir, yours truly,
Norton J. KNarcHButt.

To George Dowker, Esq.

The Rev. M. Scott proposed that Sir Norton Knatchbull
be appointed president for the ensuing year.

Mr. Dowker seconded the motion which was carried
with expressions of approbation.

It was then stated that the meetings of the society for
the coming season are fixed to be held near Dover, Ashford,
Deal, and Margate, and that the dates of which
will be notified in the usual manner. The proceedings
then terminated.

i7

EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Excursion Meeting at Margate.

>

SECOND GENERAL MEETING, JULY, 1860.

The first general excursion meeting of this society, for
the present season, was held, July 26th, at Margate, the
local arrangements being under the able management of.
James Standring, Esq., Mayor, and a select but energetic
committee. On the whole the weather was favourable, but
rather cold. We are sorry to have to record that the meet-
ing was not so successful as that held at Margate last year.
This, however, may be attributed mainly to the circum-
stance that the anniversary festive gathering of the scholars
connected with the Church of England Sunday Schools
took place on the samo day, and not to any decline in the
interest taken by a number of the leading inhabitants of
Margate in the interesting science of Natural History.
According to pre-arrangement the members and friends of
the society assembled about half-past twelve o’clock, at the
Droit Office, where a dredging party and an exploring party
were respectively organized, the members of which, if not

18

numerous, evinced the most enthusiastic ardour in their
investigations into the wonders of nature, both on the shore
and in the briny deep. The parties, however, returned
from their expeditions without discovering any great wonder
or rarity.

At three o’clock a cold collation was served up at the
White Hart Hotel, both the style and quality of which re-
dounded greatly to the credit of the obliging host and
hostess Mr. and Mrs. Fagg, The only drawback here again
was in the meagre attendance. When landlords evince
such promptitude to accommodate societies on pursuits of
science bent in so hospitable a manner, and at so reasonable
arate as Mr. Fage’s, it is much to be regretted on public
grounds that the extent of patronage should fall so short as
to give no encouragement for a continuance of such a meri-
torious policy.

At four o’clock a public meeting was held in the Town-
hall, the use of which had been kindly granted for that
purpose by the Mayor and Corporation. Among the com-
pany we observed James Standring, Esq., Mayor of Mar-
gate, Dr. Rowe, Dr. Pittock, F. H. Sankey, Esq., — Elgar,
jun., Esq., Capt. and Mrs. Cox, Mr. and Mrs. Dowker, C.
F. Gibson, Esq., J. Thornton, Esq., — Hatfield, Hsq., and
the Misses Hatfield, EK. F. S. Reader, Esq., Lady Burton,
Miss Bushell, Mr. E. Tucker, Mr. G. Barton, &c., &c.

Among the specimens exhibited on the occasion we ob-
served a splendid collection of fossils from the chalk by G.
Barton, Esq. ; marine aquariums by Dr. Rowe, Dr. Pittock,
and J. Standring, Esq. ; a fossil tooth and bone from the
South Eastern Railway cutting at Chartham ; silicate of
Potash from burnt straw ; specimens of silk and silk worms,
belonging to Mrs. Friend, exhibited by Captain Cox; her-
barium of the Isle of Thanet by Mr. E, Tucker; the
Anguis fragilis or blind worm, and varieties of flox by Mr.
Dowker; a beautiful specimen of sponge as it grew, by
Dr. Rowe; and a hornet’s nest, from the end of a beam in
an old cottage in Leicestershire, by Lady Burton. There

19

were also a number of microscopes exhibited by Dr. Pittock,
Mr. Dowker, and Mr. Tucker.

James STanDRING, Esq., Mayor of Margate, having been
elected to the chair, proeeeded to open the business, He
said it would ill become him to occupy the time of the meet-
ing when there were other gentlemen present to address
them, much better able than himself to afford amusement
and instruction. He could not, however, avoid expressing
his regret on account of the thin attendance at the meeting.
The smallness of the attendance was no proof that the peo-
ple of Margate were indifferent to the claims of Natural
History, but that they were great friends to the cause of
education. It had happened unfortunately that a festival
for the entertainment of the children connected with the
Church Schools had been fixed for that afternoon, and a
great many of those who would otherwise have been present
on that oceasion were engaged in it, which would in some
measure account for their not having a good meeting. He
felt persuaded there was no science so well calculated ag
Natural History to improve the taste and elevate the mind.
(Hear, hear.) In nature everything was beautiful—every-
thing perfect and in order. There was no bad admixture
of colours, and the more they studied the simple yet beau-
tifal combinations of nature the more their tastes were
likely to improve. They saw in nature the effects and
manifestations of infinite wisdom and infinite love. The
air, the earth, the sea were all teeming with life, and every
plant and insect—every created thing sought sustenance
from God and acknowledged its obligation to an Almighty
Power for the food which it received. (Cheers.) After
alluding briefly to indications of the power of reason evi-
denced in some of the lower orders of created beings, Mr,
Standring proceeded to ask why the earth is teeming with
life and beauty? Why do beautiful flowers cluster in the
flelds? Why are the skies studded with beautiful stars >
Why was everything in nature calculated to afford pleasure
and knowledge to man? Why—but because God wishes

rrr rreeeeereeeeeeeeeneeenennnnenenenmenmmeeeennees

CA

20

for all to be happy, to increase in knowledge and prepare
for a higher state of existence. It was impossible for a
naturalist to be otherwise than a thoughtful man, because
in his investigations he was constantly finding indications
of and reasons for a future life. Weare not to be here
for ever—the present is only a state of probation for a
brighter and a better world. Some of the changes observed
in the insect world were emblematical of the future change
which they would all have to undergo. He need not men-
tion the transformation of the chrysallis which in a brief
space, as it were at the touch of a enchanter’s wand, be-
came a thing of life and beauty, fit emblem of the freedom
and happiness which the human spirit will enjoy when freed
from its present state of existence and transferred to the un-
known land where they were assured there is never ending
spring and never failing pleasures, Mr. Standring con~
cluded his address by explaining that, owing to unavoidable
circumstances Mr. Hoffman was prevented from attending
the meeting and that Mr. Tucker had been too much
engaged to prepare the paper he had been expected to read.
It only remained for him therefore to call upon Dr. Pittock
to read his promised essay on the Corallines found on the
Margate coast, after which Captain Cox would address the
meeting on the silkworm and silk producing insects.

Dr. Prrrock then rose and read an excellent paper, the
more important portions of which we subjoin :—‘ At the
annual meeting of this society, held at Ramsgate last year,
a paper was read by my friend Mr. Hillier, on the “Sea
Anemones of the Thanet coast,”’ which will, doubtless, be
fresh in the recollection of many here present to-day. As
I think it will be universally admitted that the chief, or at
least the most important, object of a society like this, is to
investigate the flora and fauna of the district, in all their
branches, so as to be able to compile a catalogue of the
various species in each department, together with original
observations on their history and habits, for the guidance of

21

the student of Natural History, and the general advance-
ment of the science, I think I need not apologise for
bringing forward before the meeting my humble quota to
the work in the present paper, which may be considered
a continuation of the subject treated of so ably by Mr.
Hillier, and will embrace some account of the other marine
zoophytes of this shore: the class, namely, of the Coral-
lines, comprising the Hydroid zoophytes and the Polyzoa.
As, no doubt, some specimens of this class have been
obtained to-day in the dredging and shore-collecting expe-
ditions, I trust it may be useful to those who are desirous
of knowing something about what they have found to give
an enumeration of the various species to be met with in
this locality, together with a slight sketch of their Natural
History. But as an account, however brief, of the whole
of our marine species would occupy too much of the time
and attention of my audience, I must limit myself for the
present to a description of the shore species only: those,
that is, which are to be found living and growing between
tide-marks. And I can assure my hearers that although
our coast is not peculilarly rich in zoophytes we
have species enough to occupy the naturalist for
many weeks, only to discover and discriminate them,
and to afford him many weeks more of interesting ©
research in the microscopic study of their structure, func-
tions, and life-history. There are many here present who
cannot be supposed to have any previous acquaintance with
the subject of which I am about to treat ; and I will there-
fore prefix a brief account of the general structure of these
animals to the description of the particular species. What
is a zoophyte? In its simplest form a zoophyte or polyp
consists of a minute sac or bag of jelly-like substance, as
Shown here in the hydra or fresh water polyp, having a
mouth at one end, surrounded by a circle of contractile
threads or tentacles, for the purpose of seizing its prey ;
and provided with an adhesive disk at the other extremity,
by which it is enabled to attach itself to any fixed object.

22

The interior of this sac is the simple digestive cavity or
stomach, into which the food is received, and after under-
going the digestive process, the debris or insoluble portions
are ejected. This gelatinous sac is endowed with a re-
markable power of contractibility, by means of which it
can change its shape, rapidly contracting into a globular
form when irritated or alarmed, and again expanding into
the long cylindrical shape here shown. The tentacles are
equally endowed with this contractile property, by means
of which they seize and close around their prey ; and they
are moreover gifted with a remarkable power of benumbing
and killing their victim while struggling in their grasp ;
which faculty resides in certain minute poisonous darts,
which they can project with great force, and which are

called netiling threads. The marine species are for the
most part more complex than this, being compound struc-
tures, consisting of an aggregation of such simple sacs as
that I have described, united together by a common trunk,
so as to give a branched and plant-like aspect to the ani-
mal, as shown in D 35 and others. These compound forms,
called Hydroid zoophytes, from their being formed on the
type of the hydra before described, are invested
with a horny tube, which they have the power of secreting

to serve for protection and support, highly requisite in the
boisterous element they inhabit. This horny sheath called
a polypidon invests the stem and branches, and provides
cup-like cells, of various shapes, into which the polyp-heads
can contract and conceal themselves when danger threatens.
It varies in size, with the contained polyp, from a few line
to a foot in height; is for the most part erect and shrub-
like, attached by root-like fibres to stones and shells, or
sometimes creeping like ivy over sea-weeds and rocks. The
genera of the Hydroid zoophytes are founded upon the con-
figuration and degree of branching of this investing sheath,
or polypidon as it is termed, together with the form and
arrangement of the cells: having premised which, I will
proceed to enumerate the shore species.” Dr. Pittock then

28

enumerated the different species of Hydroid zoophytes, his
descriptions being illustrated by large sized diagrams. This
portion of the paper we must necessarily omit, as without
the illustrations the remarks would not be generally under-
stood. The Dr. then proceeded as follows :—‘‘I have now
enumerated the various Hydroid zoophytes found on our
rocks, and will now turn to the Polyzoa, of which class we
have a greater variety here. The tribe of animals we are
now about to consider, though practically ranked with the
zoophytes, are in reality not zoophytes at all, as a very
brief consideration of their organization will shew. They
certainly resemble them in outward form, and mode of life,
and the dried polypidones of the two can scarcely be dis-
tinguished by the unassisted eye; like the zoophytes we
have been considering, they are composed of a series of
horny or stony cells, which are inhabited by animals closely
resembling polypes, each with its crown of tentacles, and
all united into a compound life. But if we examine them
more minutely wo shall find they differ completely in
all essential characters from the zoophytes proper. D 33
shews a living specimen of one of our shore forms, the trans-
parency of whose envelope will allow usto observe the animal
within, and the delicacy of its tissues will permit us to peno-
trate into the secrets of its internal anatomy. Instead of being
a simple sac like the hydra, we see here a complete diges-
tive system ; a gullet, two stomachs, and an intestine; in
fact, as highly organised a digestive apparatus as exists in
any of the lower forms of mollusca. And again, the ten-
tacles are not here contracted threads, asin the polypes,
but stiff hollow bristles, communicating with the cavity of
the body, and permeated by the nutrient fluid; and beset
on both sides by vibratite cilia; in fact, they are breathing
organs, like the gills of the oyster or muscle, not instru-
ments of prehension, like the tentacles of the hydra. It is
true they also serve to procure the food of the animal, but
it is not by prehension, as the arms of the polypes do, but
by ciliary currents, producing a vortex in tho water, in

24

which the prey is engulphed, according to the ordinary
mode of feeding in the bivalve mollusks. However, for
practical purposes they are conveniently and generally
classed with the zoophytes proper. There is the greatest
variety in the form and arrangement of the cells in this
group, and consequently in the resulting compound struc-
ture. Like the hydroid zoophytes, it is either erect and
shrub-like, or creeping and parasitic; slender and delicate,
or solid and stony; and in many cases furnished with
curious appendages, in the shape of Jirds’ heads, consisting
of a kind of vulturis’ head with a moveable jaw, which
keeps snapping continually, and whose use is surmised to be
connected with ther prehension of food; and whips, or
jointed bristles, also endowed with a power of independent
movement, apparently for the removal of foreign substances
from the polypidons. The genera of this class are founded
upon the texture and arrangement of the cells, and on
their shape and appendages.”

Captain Cox, on rising, expressed the great pleasure he
had experienced in listening to the very able paper contri-
buted by Dr. Pittock. He also expressed his concurrence
with the very appropriate remarks made by the worthy
Mayor on opening the proceedings. He had not prepared
a paper himself, but the subject which he was about to
introduce to the notice of the meeting was one of great
interest, not merely to naturalists, but also in a commercial
point of view, and more particularly to the ladies. By the
kindness of Mrs. Friend, of Northbourne, he was able to
exhibit before them specimens of the silk worm, and he
proposed to give a few particulars respecting that interest-
ing little creature, and of the production of an article which
entered largely into the composition of ladies’ dresses. He
might observe that the attempts to cultivate the silk worm
profitably in this country had hitherto proved entire
failures on account of the difficulty of procuring its food—
mulberry leaves—in sufficient quantities and at a low cost.
The silk worm was exceedingly ravenous, and the amount

25

of food required for its proper sustenance was something
very enormous. In countries where the silk worm is cul-
tivated the people care very little about the mulberry
itself. Captain Cox explained that the quality of the silk
produced depended on the food supplied to the worms, and
that the mulberry leaf contained the essence of the very
best that could be produced. Worms fed upon lettuce
leaves produce a very poor quality of silk indeed. Hethen
proceeded to describe the modus operandi by which the
silk is produced, his remarks being illustrated by worms
which were handed round the company, and which excited
great interest. He then proceeded to observe that a
question of very great commercial importance to this country
was involved in the production of silk, and to the solution
of that question he was directing his attention. He had
already stated that the cultivation of the silk worm in
England had hitherto failed in a commercial sense on account
of the difficulty of procuring the food in sufficient quantity
and at a sufficiently cheap rate. But while they must
still be dependent upon other countries for the best qualities
of silk, would it not be possible to produce in this country
an inferior quality in sufficient quantity and at a cost that
will enable it to be profitably cultivated, and thus make its
production, commercially speaking, a question of national
importance > Captain Cox then proceeded to state that
Mrs. Friend had obtained from her worms almost as much
silk as would make a dress ; and concluded by explaining
the process by which the ‘‘gut” used in fishing is made
from the silk worm, when the little insect is in a certain
state which is fully understood by those who have had ex-
perience in its cultivation.

Captain Cox’s address excited a great deal of attention,
especially among the ladies.

The Mayor explained that Lady Burton had presented
the large hornet’s nest then upon the table to the Margate
Literary and Scientific Institution. He also took occasion
to advert upon the great amount of sagacity displayed by

26

the hornets in the construction of their cells, and adverted
to other articles exhibited on the table, the greater portion
of which we have enumerated above,

The following new members were then formally proposed
and elected:—The Rev. Sanderson Robins, incumbent of
St. Peter’s, and Mr. and Mrs. Gibson.

Mr. Dowxer then read the following letter, which he
had received from Sir Norton Knatchbull, president of the
society :—

London, July 24th, 1860.

Dear Sir,—I am extremely sorry that engagements long
since made, and not in any way dependent upon myself alone,
prevent me from attending your meeting at Margate on the
26th instant. I had been led to suppose when I agreed to
your kind proposal of acting as your President for this year
that your annual meeting would have been held at Ashford,
but even had that been the case I could not have been with
you on the 26th. I regret this very much, because it may ap-
pear to some of your friends that 1 am making a very unkind
return to the compliment your society was good enough to
pay me. Had it been possible I would have met you any-
where: as it is, I can only express my regret, my thanks to
the society for the attention shewn me, and my best wishes for
the success and useful progress of the East Kent Natural
History Society.—I have the honor to remain, dear sir, yours,

very truly,
Norton KnatTcuButt,

Mr. Dowker reported that he was anticipating a great
deal of pleasure this year from some nightingales building
in his garden. All his expectations, however, were dis-
appointed. A pair of “ butcher birds” had taken up their
abode in the garden, and the consequence was that all the
other birds excepting sparrows had forsaken their neigh-
bourhood. Whenever the butcher birds attacked the spar-
rows, the latter raised an instant alarm, and all the sparrows
in the neighbourhood collected together, and proved too
many for the foe. He was now left with only the sparrows;
and certainly whenever he came again across any of the
butcher birds he should make them as scarce as possible.
He exhibited at that mectine a specimen of the Anguis
fragilis, or blind worm, which was rather noticeable in

Sa TE

27

natural history. It was not a true snake, buta kind of
intermediate species between the snake and the lizard.

Some general conversation followed on a variety of sub-
jects connected with natural history, in which Captain Cox,
Mr. Harman, Mr. Dowker, and others took part.

Captain Cox then proposed a vote of thanks to Lady
Burton for her kindness in sending the hornet’s nest and
other specimens, for exhibition at the meeting, and also to
other ladies and gentlemen who had conferred similar
favours on the society.

E. F. S. Reaver, Esq., seconded the motion, which was
unanimously agreed to.

A communiction was received from Mr, Hillier, wishing
to resign his office as Local Secretary, as his time was too
much occupied to give the Society proper attention.

Votes of thanks were also awarded to the Mayor and Cor:
poration for the use of the Town-hall; to the Local Com-
mittee for their services in getting up the meeting, and to
the Mayor for presiding, after which the proceedings, which
were throughout of the most pleasant and agreeable cha-
racter, terminated,

Ede Taek EN £

Patural Distory Society.

70:

‘ MEETING AT ASHFORD.

The Third General Meeting of this Society was held at
Ashford, on Friday, the 3lst August, 1860, and proved a
most interesting and in every respect a satisfactory one.
The arrangements for the meeting were principally under
the control of Robert Furley, Esq., and a resident com-
mittee. The programme of the day’s proceedings com-
prised a botanical ramble over the Eastwell Downs; an
exhibition of specimens illustrative of different branches
of Natural History; and a public meeting.

Fortunately the weather was very favourable, and,
in accordance with the programme a large party of ex-
cursionists met at the principal entrance to Eastwell Park
—(the Earl of Winchelsea having kindly permitted the
society to have their excursion in the park)—under the

350

direction of Mr. J. Marten of Chilham, Wm. Harris of
Charing, T. Thurston, and Mr, A. Russell of Ashford.
After examining the entrance tower the party proceeded
through the grounds to Eastwell Church. The botanical
specimens met with were those generally found on the
chalk at this season. In the pond were found Potamogeton
natans and lanceolatum, Polygonium amphibium, Veronica
anagallis ; and in the woods adjoining were found Epilo-
bium hirsutum and parifiorum, Lythrum salicaria, Eupa-
torium cannabium, Scrophularia nodosa and aquatica. The
border of the large pond was edged with large blocks of
sandstone rock, having a waterworn appearance, and similar
to those composing the “ Kits Coty house,” a Druidical
remains near Maidstone. These blocks occur scattered
over the chalk down in this neighbourhood. After visiting
the Church the party proceeded across the park visiting the
highest grounds where magnificent views may be obtained
of the surrounding county, the geological features of which
were explained by W. Harris, who pointed out to the
party the courses of the Stour through the green-sand at
Ashford, and then through the valley in the chalk, between
Wye and Eastwell—the high ground on which they were
standing. This range of hills stretches out towards Maidstone
and constitutes part of the north downs. From this vantage
grounds the whole of the greensand towards the Weald was
stretched out in the valley, Ashford being on the low
ground through which the different branches of the
Stour bend their winding course. Large specimens of the
beautiful gentiana campestris, in great abundance, were found
in the park. The excursionists next directed their steps
towards Westwell Church, visiting on their way a small
spring, oue of the sources of the Stour. This small stream
took its rise from a deep gorge in the chalk, and it was
noticed that magnificent specimens of Scolopendrium
Vulgare were growing in great abundance, covering large
circles of chalk rock with their rich green fronds, Although
so abundant no varieties were found. This fern seems to

3l

take a preference to a chalky soil, and it would
be well for fern growers to bear this in mind
in forming their ferneries, this plant being a great
ornament when grown well. After an examination
of this curious Church the party returned to Ashford:
It would be impossible and useless to innumerate all the
plants found in this botanical expedition, but it is quite
evident that this neighbourhood yields a large flora of chalk
plants, and had the meeting been held here at an earlier
period of the year we doubt not but that many of the
Orchidese would have been found, and this delightful spot
might well be made the starting point for another botanical
excursion in this neighbourhood. We learned from Mr.
Russell that many a prize might here be obtained by the
young entomologist, but the advanced period of the year
was not favourable for botanical or entomological specimens,
no rarities were found, but there was abundance of interest
to the excursionists, who returned well pleased with their
successful expedition.

After partaking of a lunch at the “ Saracen’s Head,’’ the
party adjourned to the Public Rooms, which were well
filled, this being by far the largest meeting the society has
held this year.

The “public room” in which the collection was dis-
played, presented at once an imposing and pleasing ap-
pearance, the taste displayed in the arrangement being in
keeping with the great variety and interesting nature of
the specimens generously placed at the disposal of the com-
mittee. It is a matter of regret that a complete list was
not prepared of either the exhibitors or their contributions,
Among the more prominent features of the exhibition was
a collection of ferns, British and Foreign, lent by Miss M.
Hi. Furley, of Ashford, and Mrs, Gardner, of Willesborough
the latter lady being also a contributor of a number of rare
and curious flowers and plants. There was a splendid col-
lection of butterflies, The chief exhibitors of these were
Mr. A Russell, of Ashford, who had 16 cases, each con-

32

taining a different variety, and Mr. H, Foster, of Ashford
Messrs. G. Allen, of Alfred; E. Hayward, T. George, A.
Harrisson, R. Down, Saffery, G. Godden, Master C. Viggers,
W. Hayward, J. Allen, G. Wilks, W. Orr, and W. H.
Taylor, of Ashford; Mr. T. Woodford, of Eastwell, and
Mr. Palmer, of Beaver, were also exhibitors of innumerable
varieties of butterflies and other insects; Mr. F. Sankey,
of Wingham, exhibited specimens of the larve of the goat
moth. Master J. Bird sent a case of eggs of British birds,
Mr. T. E. Scott and Mr. T. Hayward, each a
ease of stuffed birds; Mr. Orr was also the exhibitor
of several cases. Mr. Burgess, of Westbrook House,
Lydd, and Mr. G. Gell also displayed a large and
valuable collection of stuffed birds, among them being
some very rare specimens, shot in this county. Among
the other exhibitors were Captain Cox, of Fordwich
House, several beautiful specimens of the shell of the nau-
tilus; Mr. J. Bateman, a series of microscopic photo-
graphs ; Dr. Carter, Kennington Hall, two specimens of
Bohemian chatterers, shot at Kennington, and other foreign
birds; R. N. Taylor, collection of fossils and minerals;
Master A. Harrison, Ashford, cases of stuffed birds, and a
great many of butterflies; Mr. G. Cheesman, Ashford
several specimens of fossils from different parts of England
collected by himself; Mr. G. Allen, of Alfred, several cases
of stuffed birds and animals, a fox, and two owls; Mr, G,
Attrill, of Alfred, specimens of seaweed and Indian
curiosities; Mr. W. Payne, stuffed British birds and
squirrels; Mr. Harris, of Charing, a large collection of
chalk fossils, specimens of gault, green sand, &c., and
a dressing-case, dug up from the Goodwin Sands; speci-
mens of ichthyosaurus in chalk, found at Folkestone; Mr.
H. Whitfield, an aqua-vivarium; Mr. J. Furley and Mr,
N. Toke, some specimens of fossils, the latter gentleman
also adding some agate specimens, and Indian shells and
gums, &., &e., &c.

33

The Rev, J. P. Atcock having taken the chair, on the
motion of Robert Furley, Esq., proceeded to open the pro-
ceedings. Before entering upon the business for which
they had assembled he wished to express his heartfelt
thanks to Almighty God for the blessed change which had
taken place in the weather, and the commencement of a
season in which they might gather the fruits of the earth,
so that in due time they might enjoy them. (Hear, hear.)
He felt great interest in the study of natural history, and
he was glad to see so large a company gathered together on
that occasion. When people really enjoyed nature, and
took an interest in butterfles and insects, he looked upon it
as proof of cultivated taste and kindness of heart. He was
greatly pleased to see the beautiful specimens arranged
round the room, and he directed particular atteation to the
collections of moths and butterflies, and birds and insects
exhibited by those who must have devoted a great deal of
time and incurred no small expense in their collection and
classification. The study of natural history exercised a
great and improving influence, and in proportion as the
love of nature increased there was a softening of heart,
and they could perceive a change for the better. (Hear,
hear.) To the lover of natural history every locality had
its distinct charms and distinguishing beauties, which those
who did not share the taste could not either feel or appre-
ciate. A great change had taken place of late years, which
he believed might be attributed to the spread of education
and the circulation of cheap and excellent books. He held
in his hand a volume on entomology, published twenty-five
years ago, and the price of which at that time was £2 14s. ;
and he also held in his hand a volume by W.S. Coleman,
recently published, the cost of which was only 1s.
(Cheers.) He again remarked that he rejoiced to see so
large a meeting, indicating as it did the extent to which
the taste for Natural History had spread among the people
of that locality. No one knew the inducements to enter
heartily into the study more than he did himself, and he
would earnestly-entreat them all, but the young particu-

34

larly, who took up the pursuit of Natural History, not to
indulge init on the Lord’s day. They should not forget
that the God of Nature was the God of the Bible, and that
he tells in the Bible what his will is; and, while they were
indulging their love for Nature, they should take care to do
so in a religious spirit and not commit a sin by breaking
one of His positive commandments. He advised all who
had not got a volume like the one in his hand, to purchase
one immediately. The cost was only 1s., and while they
would find in it a great deal of valuable and interesting
reading, they would learn also to look from Nature up to
Nature’s God. (Hear, hear.) This season of the year
was usually very rich in regard to insect life, the glow
worm forming a most interesting object for the observation
of those who were fortunate enough to discover it. He
might observe, what was perhaps not known to all present,
that the glow worm was only the female insect, the male
being a winged beetle. The glow worm had formed a sub-
ject for the poet’s muse, and one writer had said

Thine is an unobtrusive blaze, y
Content in lowly shades to shine ; ’
How much I wish, while yet I gaze,
To make thy modest merit mine!

After some further general observations the Chaiffhan con-
cluded, amid considerable applause, by quoting the follow-
ing beautifully expressive and appropriate lines :—
{ Where sense can reach or fancy rove,

From hill to field, from field to grove,

Across the waves, or round the sky,

There’s not a spot, nor deep, nor high,

Where the Creator hath not trod

And left the footsteps of a God.

*» Mr. Wi1t1am Harnis, F.G.S., of Charing, read a paper
entitled ‘Outlines of the Geological History of the
Country between Kingsnorth and Eastwell Park.” He

said: As the section of this district selected for my

lecture, and over which many of you have rambled this

morning, embraces an assemblage of rocks of so many

varieties, composed of clays, gravels, » and limestones,

rT

35

accumulated by the action of seas and rivers during a long
period of time, under various conditions of climate, and
with many changes in the relative position of the land, [ hope
to be able to explain the order of succession of these
changes, to give a brief description of their results, with
notices of the animals and plants that tenanted the lands
and waters during that ancient period ; and thus to illus-
trate the physical history of Ashford and its vicinity, with-
out inflicting on you any great amount of fatigue. A few
introductory remarks on the sequence of the rocks or strata
to be noticed will be found useful, and I beg you to bear
in mind that all these rocks were formed at the bottom of
the then existing seas. It is supposed that the rocky
materials which form the earth’s crust are about ten miles
in thickness, and that granite appears to be the lowest ;
but it will suffice for our purpose to notice that there are
several kinds of rocks in the lower part, and that the
wealden reposes on the oolitic rocks, which are about the
middle set. Immediately above the wealden we find the
lower greensand, on the top of which the gault appears ;
above the gault we have the upper greensand, and next the
chalk-marl ; and then the chalk of which our downs are
made; above the chalk are tae London clay and other
clays and sands called the tertiaries.
THE WEALDEN.

We shall commence our jouruiey at Kingsnorth, which ison
the north-east boundary of the exposed portions of the geolo-
gical formation called the weald or wold, being the low
wooded country lying between the north downs and south
downs of Kent and Sussex. The wealden group of strata
is of fresh-water origin, and consists chiefly of clays and
shales, with subordinate beds of sands, sandstones, and
shelly limestones, the fossils in which indicate an estuary
or brackish-water origin. The wealden is supposed to occupy
the site of an ancient estuary, which received the clay and
mud of some gigantic river whose waters occasionally bore
down the spoils of land plants and land animals, to be en-
tombed along with those of aquatic origin; and thisformation

36

is of very great geological interest, since the embedded
remains give us some insight into the nature of the terres-
trial fauna and flora of the lower cretaceous epoch. Dr.
Fitton first discovered that the whole group was of fluvia-
tile origin, and in proof of this he pointed out the entire
absence of marine fossils characteristic of the cretaceous
rocks above and of the oolitic strata below, and to the pre-
sence in the weald of paludine and various fluviatile shells,
as well asthe bones of terrestrial reptiles, and the trunks
and leaves of land plants, including conifers, cycads,
palms, ferns, &¢., which indicate a genial, if not a tropical,
climate. Geology brings us acquainted with strange
animals, as will be seen by the reptilian fauna, which was
rich, and comprised the iguanodon, megalosaurus, hylieo-
saurus, ichthyosaurus, plesiosaurus, pterodactyl, and
chelonians or turtles, of some of which my friend Mr.
Jones has kindly brought down portraits. In the upper
division, or weald clay, its highest beds are comformable to
the inferior strata of the lower greensand, and of similar
mineral composition. To explain this, Sir Charles Lyeil
says—we may suppose that, as the delta of a great river was
tranquilly subsiding, so as to allow the sea to encroach upon
the space previously occupied by fresh water, the river still
continued to carry down the same sediment into the sea.
In confirmation of this view it may be stated that the re-
mains of the Iguanodon mantellii, a gigantic terrestrial rep-
tile, very characteristic of the wealden, was discovered by Mr.
Bensted, in the overlying Kentish rag, or marine lime: stone
of the lower greensand, near Maidstone. Hence we may infer
that some of the saurians, which inhabited the country of the
great river, continued to live when part of the country had
become submerged beneath the sea. Thus in our own times
we may suppose the bones of large alligators are frequently
entombed in recent fresh water strata in the delta of the
Ganges. But if part of that delta should sink down so as
to be covered by the sea, marine formations might begin
to accumulate in the same space where fresh-water beds
had previously been formed; and yet the Ganges might

37

still pour down its turbid waters in the same direction, and
carry seaward the same species of alligator, in which case
their bones might be included in marine as well as in sub-
jacent fresh-water strata. The iguanodon was first dis-
covered by Dr. Mantell, who tells us it was an herbivorous
reptile, aud regarded by Cuvier as more extraordinary than
any with which he was acquainted. The teeth, though
bearing a great analogy in their general form and crenated
edges to the modern iguanas which now frequent the
tropical woods of America and the West Indies, exhibit
many striking and important differences ; for the teeth of
the fossil iguanodon have often been worn by the process of
mastication, whereas the existing herbivorous reptiles clip
and gnaw off, but do not chew, the vegetables on which
they feed. Fish have also been found in the wealden, but
the only species I have met with is the lepidotus, of which
two fragments are submitted for your inspection—one pro-
cured from Egerton by Mr. Chambers, of Pluckley, and the
other from Headcorn by me, The lepidotus is allied to the
lepidosteus, or gar-pike, of the American rivers, The
whole body was covered with rhomboidal scales, very thick,
and haying the exposed parts coated with enamel. Most
of the species of the genus are supposed to have been either
river-fish or inhabitants of the sea at the mouths of estuaries.
The shells of a species of paludina, closely resembling the
P. vivipara of Eaglish rivers, abound in bands of limestune
called Bethersden marble, among which, plentifully scat-
tered through the wealden clays, are shells of the cypris, a
genus of crustaceans abounding in lakes and ponds; and
we often find shells of cyclas, unio, and other fresh-water
and brackish-water shells. This deposit, after being over-
laid by the greensand and gault, was arched over
with chalk, extending from the north downs to the south
downs ; but the theory and the proofs of the denudation of
the weald, although interesting to geologists, are not likely
to prove interesting to a mixed assembly; and we will,
therefore, step out of the wealden to the lower greensand,
or Kentish rag, which is a marine deposit and at the bottom

of the cretaceous system,
THE LOWER GREENSAND,

This formation ought to be well known to us; but a few
observations as to the origin, lithological composition, and
fossil contents of this rock will, perhaps, be acceptable.
This deposit is described by Dr. Fitton as a triple alterna-
tion of sands and sandstones, with beds of chert and fuller’s
earth in some localities, and it consists of ordinary beds of
sand, clay, and impure limestone, the materials of which re-
sulted from the wearing down of pre-existing rocks, and the
nature of which rocks we learn from finding in the green-
sand pebbles of quartz, quartzose sandstones, and green
grains of silicate of iron, chlorite, and mica. This de-
posit is formed partly of green and partly of ferruginous
sand and sandstone, with some limestone; and these rocks
are classified thus (in ascending order) :—

Caleareous stone called Kentish rag..60 to 80 feet thick.
Sand with green matter............70 t0 100 —,,
Sand—white, yellowish, or ferrugi-

nous, with concretions of limestone

and chert..<>sccccmeesse- avout 70 ~ (0 4,

200 or 250 ce
At the base of the lower greensand, we find, at Ashford,
the Atherfield clay, a thin bed of dark clay, not very dif-
ferent in appearance from the weald clay, but its fossils
are of marine origin. The only specimen I have
from this deposit is a large oyster, Gryphea sinuata, found
by the late Mr. Mark Dorman in clay from a well at the
bottom of Ashford town. I believe it was at Raglan-place,
where these oysters were numerous. Mr. Dorman brought
away five or six of them and gave me three, which were
eagerly caught after by my geological friends in London, to
whom I gave two of the specimens reserving the one I
now submit for inspection. I do not know what other
shells might have been found there if I had been on the
spot, but the well was finished and covered in before Mr.
Dorman called on me, and my object in mentioning these
facts is to draw the attention of resident geologists to the

39

desirableness of watching the sinking of wells in that part
of Ashford. Next to the Atherfield clay you have the
Kentish rag. The Kentish rag, the portions used for
building-purposes (including stone-lime, which the late Mr.
Whichcord, the county surveyor, invariably stipulated in
his contracts should be used for drains and foundations of
buildings) was consolidated by small grains of quartz be-
coming cemented together by different mineral matters.
These materials must have been formed as sand in water,
and must have been deposited by water, and this would
happen in rather shallow water running with a strong cur-
rent; for the Kentish rag is rich in fossil shells, marine
animals, and plants which lived in the shallow waters in
which they were deposited. At the same time it is often
difficult to find the fossils because the sand, when the sea
retired from it, allowed the rain-water to filter through,
and in that way the calcareous parts of the shells were
washed away, and only casts or moulds are left, many of
which are met with in the sandstone. All sandstones are
cemented either with lime, iron, or silex; but the best
sandstones for building-purposes are those which have a
siliceous cement in their structure, because the silex does
not give way again to the action of the atmosphere and
water. On the surface of the Kentish rag we meet with
sand with green matter unconsolidated, but occurring in a
state of sandy loam. This is said to be 70 or 100 feet in
thickness; but the most prominent, best known, and exten-
sively used sand in this form, about Ashford, is the ferrugi-
nous sand, such as is found on the north of Ripton farm ;
and again, at and beyond Hothfield-heath, and at Calehill,
and the south-west side of Charing. Some of the soft
brown sands are used for moulds in casting metals. The,
white sand is best seen near Bearsted and Aylesford; and
is, I believe, used in glass-making. ‘This sand is said to
be 70 feet thick. The fossils of the lower greensand are
marine animals, and there is plenty of fossil wood in it,
Specimens are placed on the table for your inspection.

The more common shells are gryphia sinuata, gervillia

40

anceps, trigonia doedalwa, T. carinata, rhynchonella
gibbsiana, terebratula sella, and large species of cephalopods,
belonging to the genera—nautilus, ammonites, ancyloceras,
and also belemnites; the latter form is allied to the cuttle-
fish of our present seas.

THE GAULT.

Proceeding alorg the Faversham road over Kennington
Common, we arrive at Leneker Street, where we meet with
the gault. Gault is a provincial name for any bluish tena-
cious clay; but it has been adopted by geologists
to denote this peculiar clay, which contains
indurated argillaceons concretions and layers of
greensand: In the bottom bed phosphatic nodules are
found at Westwell Leacon, at Folkestone, and near Farn-
ham in Surrey they are so abundant that they are ground
down and used as a manure on account of their containing a
large percentage of phosphate of lime, of animal origin, partly
coprolitic, propably derived from the excrements of fish.
The gault is described as having an average of 100 feet, but
I have not met with it beyond 45 feet in thickness. This
bleuish clay presents no disttnetive mineral aspect, but is
rich in peculiar fossils, in excellent preservation, often with
their nacreous shells entire.

UPPER GREENSAND AND CHALK MARL.

The upper greensand seems in this district to have
become so mixed up with the chalk-marl as to be lost as a
separate stratum; but in the Isle of Wight and some other
districts it is found to consist of green-sand with layers and
concretions of chert, and with seams and nodules of coarse
chalcedony. The chalk-marl is an argillaceous limestone,
and is so intimately connected with the upper greensand,
on which it reposes, as to be scarcely distinguishable
by an unpractised observer; but it abounds in fossils
and contains numerous species of Ammonites and
other cephalopoda, which are either of excessive rarity in or
altogether absent from the upper chalk strata. Ammonites
varians, and A, Mantelli, are characteristic species of

4}

the chalk-marl. Upon this deposit along the base of the
north and south Downs, and elsewhere on the flanks of the
chalk hills, and in the valleys at their foot, there frequently
occurs a superficial layer of earthy or chalky material,
which, on careful manipulation, yields quantities of the
foraminifera of the chalk-marl in great plenty and variety.
Such astorehouse of the remains of the cretaccous microzoa
occurs at Charing, between Ashford and Maidstone, at the _
foot of the North Downs. It was first observed by me, and
I haye for many years collected its interesting contents,
specimens of which are contained in the slides in the long
boxes before you. Athin narrow band of this whiteish, sandy,
enacious, and calcareous clay is traceable for some miles
east and west of Charing, widening out occasionally in
the basins or little valleys of the district. This superficial
clay, or “ chalk-detritus,” appears to have mainly resulted
from the action of water on the decomposing surface of the
chalk-marl, the outcrop of which, together with that of the
upper greensand (here exceedingly thin), is more or less
coyered by it. At some places flints from the chalk, and
even grayel-flints, are found in the detritus, mixed with

it at a comparatively modern period; and, where streams or
marshes have had much influence on this detrital bed, fresh-

water and land shells of existing species, seed-vessels, and
small bones are found init. This debris is largely made up
of the shells of numerous kinds of foraminifera, spines of
sponges, valves of cytherin, fragments of bryozoa, and
other minute animal remains.

THE CHALK.

The chalk rock and marl have been formed above the
upper green sand, and must therefore be of later date. The
pure white chalk is composed of lime and carbonic acid,
and is a mere aggregation of fragments of shells and other
creatures, so minute that upwards of a million are con-
tained in a cubic inch of chalk; the other particles appear
to be the detritus of similar structures. These organisms
for the most part are the calcareous chambered shells of
the animalcules termed foraminifera, all of which belonged

42

to the sea, and it is therefore a marine deposit. The
chalk is in this neighbourhood from 300 to 400 feet thick.
Now, where the sea was two miles or more in depth, it
would be too far from land to receive these deposits from
ashore; but geologists explain the great thickness of some
of these beds by the supposition that the floor of that sea
was continually sinking, and receiving deposits from the
animals which infested it. In the chalk we frequently find
the perfect remains of animals, such as fishes, &e.; but
we meet with no bones of land animals, nor any plants ex-
cept sea-weeds, and here and there a piece of drift wood ;
and we therefore conclude that the white chalk is the pro-
duct of an open sea of considerable depth. The existence
of turtles and saurians, the ichthyosaurus or fish-lizard,
found by me in chalk at Folkestone and by Mr. Carter,
at Cambridge, the coniosaurus in my collection from Charing,
and the pterodctyl or winged lizard in the chalk near
Maidstone, implies, no doubt, a neighbouring land, which
some geologists’ believe to have been on the west
and south. I have been asked to explain the origin
of the layers of flint in chalk, whether in continuous
sheets, or tabular veins, or in the form of nodules.
This is more difficult to explain than is the origin
of white chalk. Sir Charles Lyell tells us that “no such
siliceous masses are as yet known to accompany the aggre-
gation of chalky mud in modern coral-reefs.” The flint
abounds mostly in the uppermost chalk, and becomes more
rare or is entirely wanting as we descend; but this rule
does not hold universally throughout Europe. Some por-
tion of the flint may have been derived from the decom-
position of sponges and other zoophytes provided with
siliceous skeletons ; for it is a fact that siliceous spiculie, or
the minute bones of sponges, are often met with in flinty
nodules, and may have served at least as points of attraction
to some of the siliceous matter when it was in the act of
separating from chalky mud during the process of solidifi-
cation. But there are other copious sources, of which the
decomposition of felspar is one, and the disintegration of

4

mica is another; but, as Sir Charles observes, we have still
much to learn before the conversion of fossil bodies into
stone is fully understood.

I haye endeavoured to give you the outlines of the phy-
sical history of the district, and I hope I have made myself
understood, At all events, lam sure that you would find
ample interest in the subject if you would take it in hand
yourselves, and not neglect the opportunities of collecting
and investigating those objects of past creation now buried
in therocks, but once living, and so wisely adapted by creative
intelligence to the then existing physical conditions —unfold-
ing to us lessons of useful instruction ; while at the same time
we need not overlook those subsequent changes of land and
water, to which the scenery, as well as the economic
relations of this part of the county of Kent, are evi-
dently due.

Thomas Tuursron, Esq., of Ashford, next rose and, after
some introductiory remarks, read the following paper on
the River Stour :—I have been requested to improve the
present occasion, by introducing some remarks on some
subject, connecting this locality with the society which has
this day honored our town with its presence , and I
hope the subject your are aware I am about to in-
troduce, viz., one connected with the river Stour, may
not prove wholly devoid of interest. It is gratifying to
many of us to find the fast growing desire in the young to
make themselves conversant with the minutic of different
species of animate and inanimate nature, and I know no-
thing so likely to lead us to a knowledge of our Creator and
a just estimate of His almighty power and wisdom, as
learning to appreciate the wonderful order which prevades
the whole universe, and which I feel to be eminently dis-
played in that portion of the creation of which I have un-
dertaken to attempt the illustration. Iam old enough to
look back with some surprise at the advance which science
has made during the present century, indeed I may say
within the last 20 or 30 years societies like this I am now

44

addressing have sprung up around us, and instead of each
individual seeking “to hide his light under a bushel” we
hope to emulate each other in diffusing that knowledge
which circumstances may have enabled some of us to attain.
A lengthened life of professional activity has given me
many opportunities of becoming acquainted with the pecu-
liar features of ¢iis county. I regret I have not made a
better use of them than I have done, but my duties have
drawn me from those studies in which I early took a delight,
and therefore these remarks result more from the study of
authors which might have given me a more scientific know-
ledge of my subject. I well recollect, when botanising with
my schoolfellows in the north of England, I found a fine
specimen of osmunda lunaria or botrychium (as it is now
called). This gave me astanding with my fellow botanists and
I felt an inclination to continue the study of this beautiful
science ; but removing into Kent I lost my instructor and
have been unable to continue it. With societies like the
present this would not have happened; and I beg to suggest
to my young friends, who are now engaged in various
studies of that nature which surrounds them on every side,
in the air above and in the ground beneath, that as they
grow older they will reap a rich harvest from their labours,
with this great advantage that thé store will be
always increasing. While writing these notes I was led to
expect that Mr. Wm. Harris would kindly endeavour to
diffuse some of his extensive knowledge of the character of
the soils, strata, and other geological peculiarities of this
district. I know no one more able to do so, as he-has
diligently devoted his energies to these subjects and gained
a lasting reputation therein ; however, if not treading too
closely in his footsteps, I may be allowed to allude to the
rivers and streams of this district to which the strata he
has described give rise. In 1743 Dr. Christopher Parker
published a most interesting description of these rivers, and
@ very accurate map (when we consider the materials he
had to make it from). I was not aware that a copy of his
map was tobe obtained until I had thrown these remarks

-

45

together. I had lost my copy of his book and only had it
returned to me on Wednesday last. I can assure any
person taking an interest in these matters that the book will
repay acareful perusal. Asa member of the Council of the
Kent Archzlogical Society I have obtained the loan of
their excellent map for a few days, and have therefore
exhibited it on these walls. You will be aware that the
two most important features in my subject are the rivers
Medway and Stour, to the latter, viz. the Stour, you will
most of you claim acquaintance, and to its sources I
propose more particularly to allude, as it rises and discharges
itself at the Eastern division of the county, to which you
profess more particularly to confine yourselves. From this
river the town in which we are met takes it name. Hasted
says it was called formerly the Eshet until the junction of
its two branches at Ashford, which in Doomsday is called
Estefort and Essetisford, and in the will of Sir John Fagge,
jn 1395, it retains the name of Eshetysforde, or the ford of
the Eshet, which ford was plainly seen at the site of the
. present bridge during some recent excavations, and several
relics of antiquity were then discovered. Whether the two
names of Eshet and Stour have a common derivation, I
am unable to trace, but the town is still called Eshford
by many the rural population, which I consider a traditional
corruption of the ancient name. The sunken way hy
which you will recollect we approach the ford from Willes-
borough, shows how many generations have trod in the
same path, and like indications near all the other entrances
show that for centuries and probably for thousands of years
Ashford has been the focus of intercommunication and the
nucleus of the district. The river Stour reaches Ashford
by two opposite streams or branches, both, together with
their numberless arms, rising in what I call the Ashford
Basin; one rises near Lenham Church, the other near
Postling Church, I consider myself justified in giving the
name of the Ashford Basin to this district, out of which
the Stour takes its rise. You may perceive that Dr. Parke
calls it the Ashford Vale, a term synonimous with ‘ Basin,”’

46

It is formed by the watershed line, a line on the other side
of which all the water running off the surface takes some
other course—either first joining the Len which runs from
Lenham to Maidstone, and there falls into the Medway ;
or, secondly, joining the Sluggish Beult, which, rising at
Shadoxhurst, passes through Smarden and empties itself
into the Medway at Yalding: or, thirdly, along the rock
ridge from Kingsnorth and Orlestone to Aldington, falling
towards Romney Marsh, and, taking the course of the
Ancient Lemen, empties into the Harbour of Rye; or,
fourthly, beyond Sandling, falling into the Hythe Valley ;
or, fifthly, over the high chalk range shedding towards the
Nore, but which after filling the chalk strata discharges a
large portion of its waters into the Ashford Basin by those
pores which I shall presently describe as the sources of the
River Stour. These sources, which first supply this river
in ordinary seasons, and which come almost entirely from
the chalk, are in many cases powerful enough to turn the
wheels of water-mills near their first exit from the surface
of the ground. The principal of them are Lenham, West-
well, Eastwell, Brooke, and Postling, that of Westwell
being the most remarkable for quantity and regularity of
supply. The chalk strata, in common with all the others in
this part of the county, is known to dip at aconsiderable angle
to the North; it is umnderlaid by the gault or blue
clay, for the slight vein of upper green sand which
intervenes is too thin to be of any importance in a
popular point of view. This chalk strata presents a
steep face to the south of about 300 feet perpendicular
depth; it is very porous, full of chasms, and becomes the
receptacle of all the rain which falls on the northern half
of the county, lessened only by the small portion which
runs off the surface, or the much larger portion which
escapes by evaporation. The clay known by the name of
gault, and which is so much used for the manufacture of
tiles and pottery, underlays the chalk and is impervious.
It is about 50 feet in thickness, and retains on its surface
all the moisture which enters above.. A species of marle

47

called the chalk marle, also takes the base of the chalk, and
probably partakes of the retentive qualities of the gault. It
is ascertained that the surface level of this bed of water
dips also to the north, as well as somewhat to the east,
naturally caused by the means of exit in these directions,
the ridge of the chalk confining it on the south. The
wells on the summit of the chalk ridge vary from 250 to
350 feet, or over 20 rods in depth. They decrease
gradually in depth as they approach the northern shore,
and at Whitstable a perpetual stream is obtained on the
principle of the artesian wells at a few feet above the
surface, by boring through the alluvial soil which overlays
the chalk, Several small streams burst out at short
distances from the northern coast, but the great
body of the chalk district is totally unsupplied by
streams along the the numerous valleys on that side of
the county. ~As I before stated a number of strong springs
find vent on the southern face of the chalk, all of them first
taking a southeriy direction down the natural slope of the
valley to the bottom of the rock hills, by which they are
directed towards the centre of the basin in two main chan-
nels, turning nearly 20 watermills before reaching Ashford,
where all unite except the Eastwell stream which joins
about two miles below; and it is a peculiar feature of this
river, caused by the formation of the surface, that no other
stream joins it until it approaches Canterbury, when the
small stream from Harbledown joins it at Whitehall. After
this it traverses the Canterbury Vale by Grove Ferry, near
which the Lesser Stour joins the main river. It thence
proceeds to the sea with that peculiar indentation forming
the Stonar Island, the harbour of the old town of Sandwich
preventing a more direct communication with the sea.
There are numerous very strong springs along the channel
of the river and in the adjacent meadows, which add largely
to its volume and power. They commence after the closing
in of the chalk hills below Wye, and continue to Westbere,
where they assume a peculiar character, called nucker pits,
said to be of almost fabulous depths; from thence the

48

springs take an eastward direction, breaking out along the
edge of the marshes, and joining the river at Pluck’s
Gutter. There are two other remarable streams joining at
Sandwich, called the north and south streams, the latter
rising at Eastry and Northbourne and supplying the town
of Sandwich with abundance of pure water. The most re-
markable features in this supply are the streams called
“nailbournes”’ or periodical streams, some of which break out
every winter, running for a limited period and then stopping
suddenly ; others run only once in every five, six, or seven
years. Some of these rise above Elham and Bishopsbourne,
particularly that called the Pott, and another above Petham
which runs to Shalmsford Bridge. The same process occurs
on the southern face of the chalk hills at longer intervals,
and I have frequently had occasion professionally to remedy
the mischief they have caused, which has led me to investi-
gate their origin and cause, for at times they cover a
large space, giving the surface the character of a sponge.
They appear to be solely caused by the “‘overcharge”’ of
the chalk strata, viz., when the water line rises above the
edge of the gault, the water finds vent through an upper line
of pores, and having driven out all the air in its rise, it
starts running like a syphon, or series of syphons, and con-
tinues to discharge the water in the chalk basin below the
level of the orifice with one continuous stream until this
basin is discharged low enough to admit the air press-
ing from above, when it ceases as suddenly as it commenced,
and stops until a series of years or an extraordinary quantity
of moisture again supply the basin to overflowing. The con-
stant springs, which so evenly supply this river with
their waters, rise from a lower level and break through and
over the gault, and the fissures through which they are sup-
plied are probably of considerable length and depth ; whether
in some cases these fissures penetrate through the entire
bed of galut into the lower green sand is uncertain though
not impossible; but as their level is too near that of the
summit of the rock range I should much doubt if it be the
case. However there are many springs in the gravel and

49

other subsoils composing this bed, but they are individually
so small as not to be worthy of note, nearly all the waters
coming from the north side of the channel of the river.
Many of these springs also break out along the east coast
and never come into the Stour valley, and the celebrated
Lydden spout, between Folkestone and Dover, is probably
known to many of you, as also those of Newington and
Folkestone. The purity and clearness of the waters in this
river are strongly contrasted to those of the river Medway,
which is principally supplied from the wealden clays until
it approaches Maidstone, where it receives some tributaries
from the chalk. The impurities which are discharged into
the river from Ashford and Canterbury do not seem mate-
rially to affect the pureness of its water; but I trust the
time is not far distant when these impurities will be turned
to better account. There are times when the Stour assumes
a character totally unconnected with the sources I have
described. I allude now to the floods which occasionally
cause it it overflow its banks, doing much injury to the
pastures along its margin. The Ashford Basin, which con-
tains an area of nearly 80 square miles or 50 thousand
acres, is almost the only feeder for these overflowing
waters; for the arable lands along the sides of the Stour
valley absorb nearly all the moisture which falls upon them,
and therefore I consider that by far the larger portion of
the flood water which enters Canterbury flows through the
Ashford Bridges. A careless observer might wonder from
whence this constant supply of water is derived, and fancy
that at some period or other it might cease to flow. The
more thoughtful mind can trace these waters from their
discharge into the sea back to the recesses in the hills,
from which they are to emerge again and again for the
fructification of the earth and the benefit of mankind.
The exact process by which they rise in vapour from sea
and land, then float in the air as clouds, the small particles
being separated from each other by electric influences, until
by some other atmospheric change they become united, and
by the excess of gravity descend inshowers of rain, hail, or

50

now on to the earth’s surface, has been differently des-

cribed by scientific men. Meteorology is become a science

of itself, and knowledge of its intricacies becomes more ex-
tended every day. For how many cycles of years this pro-
cess of nature has been continued or when it first commenced,
the mind of man has not the power to conceive. When we
examine the chalk strata, and seeits courses laidin regular in-
tervals with lines of flint, indicating the numerous chaotic
waves of semi-fluid matter which must have rolled at inter-
vals over the earth’s surface, leaving its heavier deposits at
the base; when we consider that this mass is full of evi-
dences of pre-existence of life, that beneath this lies the
gault full of the shells of aqueous life ; below that again other
series of rocks also containing evidences of previous
vitality ; thence we descend to the wealden clay, also ser-
rated with solid masses or layers of stone called marble,
which owes its beauty to its organic remains; that these
are each succeeded by other strata, which, after the proofs
of animal life are gone, give other proofs of previous vege-
tation, now forming seams of coal and other products re-
plete with wonders; I repeat the imagination cannot
fathom and language hardly describe the period which
omniscience has chosen for thus far developing the laws by
which the universe is governed. We are told by the first
historian, in the Scriptures of truth, when man first ap-
peared upon the earth; but when chaos first arose at the
Almighty command has not been revealed. The discoveries
of Buckland, of Miller, and of Murchieson, with other
eminent geologists, have done much to enlighten us; but
far more remains, and ever will remain, unknown. Before
I conclude, allow me to add that I think it would be bene-
ficial to this society if its members would unite in making
observations on the quantities of rain which fall in different
altitudes and localities in this division of the county, and
also upon the variations of temperature. It has been as-
certained that on higher levels less rain falls than on those
lower down. In one year the result of numerous obser-

vations gave the following depths of rain falling at the

Cee reece

51

different altitudes:—On the tower of Westminster Abbey
it was 12 inches; on the top of a neighbouring house it
was 18 inches; but on the level of the ground adjacent it
was 22 inches, or nearly double that on the tower. We
have a difference of nearly 700 feet between the hills and
the lowlands of this district, and it would be useful as well
as curious to ascertain if similar effects would result
here. Again, at the approach of winter, we see the
snow capping the hills in this vicinity, while our fields
continue as green as usual, and when we are covered with
snow we often find the Weald or the Marsh almost
entirely free. These effects must result from difference in the
temperature, which it might be useful to analyze. I throw
out these hints for consideration at a future time. I could
have enlarged further on the subject of this paper, but I
should have tried your patience too much at this period of
the day, and in conclusion, let me apologise for my inability
to do justice to the subject I have chosen ; but man has yet
much to learn of the wonderful harmony of the universe,
The seasons revolve at the jiat of the Almighty, the laws
of nature are his laws, and itis our duty to study them.
If I have succeeded in inducing any of you to investigate
these subjects further, I shall feel satisfied with myself. I
may have drawn some wrong conclusions, but they are the
result of continued observation, and I shall be pleased in
being informed where your judgment may have had better
opportunities of arriving at more just conclusions, I am
obliged by your indulgence and thank you for your attention.

Captain Cox, who exhibited some beautiful specimens,
next responded to the invitation of the chairman, and
offered afew interesting remarks on the nautilus. The
shells by which his observations were illustrated had been
carefully cut into sections, and showed how the little crea-
ture was formed to exist without injury when exposed to
the most furious storms, together with the difference be-
tween the nautilus as it existed formerly and as found at
the present time. He said he could not possibly foresee,
when he left home, that they would have so large and in-

52

fluential a meeting, and he was, therefore, rather taken
aback when called upon by the chairman to address them.
He was, however, glad to see the progress the society was
evidently making, and more especially the interest which
the people of Ashford evidently took in the science of
Natural History. The specimens collected together in the
room were sufficiently numerous to constitute a museum,
which would be a credit to the district. It was the general
impression among the inhabitants of other parts of the
county that Ashford was an exceedingly slow place, and
greatly behind neighbouring towns. (Oh! oh!” and
laughter.) Certainly that had been the feeling, but their
gathering of that day, and the evidence before him of the
extent to which the science of Natural History had been
cultivated by the inhabitants, must go far to correct the
impression. He concluded by observing that an immense
boon-would be conferred upon the inhabitants of Ashford
if the exhibitors of the specimens then in the room could be
induced to give them for the purpose of forming the
nucleus of a public museum. (Hear.)

Mr. J. Manren addressed the meeting on the results of
the botanical excursion to Eastwell. It was not, he said,
his intention to give a complete list of the plants found,
but simply to mention the natural families whose reign is
principally centred in the present season, taking them in
their order as to importance and number, and noticing spe-
cially any rarities or plants of peculiar interest. The prin-
cipal families were—1, the grass; 2, the composite; and
3, the umbellate. The families of secondary importance
were—4, the rush; 5, the sedge; 6, the polygonum; 7,
the goosefoot ; 8, the gentian; 9, the wnothera; and 10,
the campanula. Of the grasses, sedges and rushes, it was
not necessary for him to speak at any length, as, although of
great interest to botanists, they were not popularly con-
sidered as flowering plants. The composites were very
numerous. Among them he might first notice the daisy,
growing among the grasses, in the corn fields and hedges ;
the clorysanthemums and camomiles, some species of the

53

latter being often used for medicinal purposes; the cud-
weeds, growing in the woods and copses; the groundsels and
thistles, prominent pests of the cultivated lands as well as
the woods; the chicory or swecory, with its blue flowers,
standing upright by the waysides; and the Jettwces, from
which our edible forms of that plant originate. The com-
posites were found in the dryest and most exposed
situations, and those enumerated were but a few
representatives of a very large family. The umbellates
were also a large family, but not of much general interest,
save the deadly hemlock known to nearly all, and as repre-
senting our vegetable carrots and parsnips and the condi-
mentary seeds used in household economy. The polygonums
were represented by the docks and the pretty pink plants
which crowned the mud banks by the lake; the persicaria,
with its black-spotted leaves, the black spots being fabled
to represent the blood of some unfortunate deity of ancient
times, who died whilst hunting near the ‘plant which was
represented to have retained the mark ever since. The
goosefoots were dull, heavy, and uninteresting plants, fre-
quenting corn-fields, but the favourite localities of which
were the muddy shores of our island. The gentians, famed
for their tonic properties, were mostly very pretty plants.
The enotheras furnished the willow herbs, used by the
Kamtschadales to brew intoxicating drinks, and also eaten
when young like asparagus. To this family belongs also
the enchanter’s nightshade. The campanulas were repre-
sented by the ‘“ Canterbury bells” and the pretty little
“ hare bells” so fond of such downs as those of Eastwell
and Wye. The plants gathered during the excursion com-
prised about 90 species.

Mr. Masters, also made a few remarks descriptive of
some of the plants gathered during the day.

Mr. Fur ey, in complimentary terms, proposed a vote of
thanks to W. Harris, Esq., and Thos. Thurston, Esq., for
the able and interesting papers to which the company had
just listened.

54

Mr. Wrxu1s seconded the motion, which on being put to
the meeting was carried unanimously.

Captain Cox proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Furley and
the local committee consisting of the Rey. J. P. Alcock, Mr.
J. Marten, Mr. Manuell, Mr. Thurston, Mr. John Furley,
Mr. Taylor, and Mr. Russell.

Dr. Grayiine seconded the motion which was also
agreed to.

A vote of thanks was also awarded to the contributors of
the specimens, on the motion of Mr, Whitfield seconded by
the Rev. Mr. Dix; to the Secretary of the Society, Mr.
Dowker, on the motion of Mr. Thurston, seconded by Mr.
Harris ; and to the Earl of Winchilsea for permitting the
excursionists to have the use of his Park, on the motion of
the Rev. Mr. Malden, seconded by Mr. Reid.

Mr. Dowxer, in responding, explained the objects of the
East Kent Natural History Society, and that a library of
reference was in course of formation at Canterbury for the
use of the members.

The meeting terminated by a vote of thanks to the Chair- _
man, but the company afterwards spent some time in|
examining the collection of specimens.

Errata.

Page 42, line 17, for pterodctyl read pterodactyl.
Page 47, line 6, for chalk read gault.

HEP eR

THE BAST KENT

Patural Wrstary Sariety,

BOOKS BELONGING TO FO LIBRARY,

&e., &e.

SESSION, 1865.

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE “‘ KENTISH GAZETTE”’ OPFICE, HIGH-STREET,

4 hua

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Pail ’ prey ;
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In presenting their Eighth Annual Report the Committee
are glad to be able again to congratulate the members on the
condition of the Society, as although the increase in numbers
is not so great as last year from circumstances easily explained,
_ they have still a net balance in hand of more than six pounds,
exclusive of a few subscriptions since paid and a few still
unpaid.

Since the last Annual Meeting the Seciety has lost five
members from various causes, and eleven new members have
been elected, leaving a net gain of six to the Society.

The first meeting in the past year was held in the
Lecture-room of the Museum, at Canterbury, Major Cox in
the chair, on which occasion the Committee proposed the
alteration of the day of genera] meetings and excursions from
the last Tuesday to the last Thursday in the respective
months of February, May, August, and November, which
was adopted by the meeting. After the business the Rev. J,
B Reade, of Bishopsbourne, read a highly interesting paper

4

on The Ashes of Plants and the Arrangement of their Solid
Constituents. The rev. gentleman drew the attention of the
members to the forms taken by the silica and other incom-
bustible constituents of the ashes and their relation to the
form of the spiral and other vessels of the plant, arguing
therefrom that they were essential parts of those organs,
skeletons as it were on which the carbonaceous matter was
arranged and not mere earthy particles taken up for the sake
of the ammonia, &c., in combination with them and dropped
without arrangement as effete among the fibres. The paper
raised some discussion, but the majority of speakers supported
the rev. lecturer’s view.

Mr. Harvey also read a short paper on the so-called
*‘ Circulation in the VWalisneria,” which also led to a brisk
discussion as to the said movement being an evidence of active
life or of decay.

Major Cox then exhibited some wood from a dog kennel
bored by insects, and swarming with a species of Tick—the
Ixodes Plumbeus—but whether they had bored the wood
seemed doubtful, as they are suctorial insects. A number of
microscopes were on the table, and a very successful meeting
was brought to a close with the exhibition of specimens illus-
trative of the papers read.

An extra meeting for the reading and discussion of
papers was held in the same room, on the 29th of April, John
Brent, Esq., in the chair, when Mr. Geo, Dowker read an
interesting paper on The Sleep of Plants, drawing particular
attention to the functions performed by the various organs
during the winter repose of the plants; the accretion and
alteration of the amylaceous parts of the rhizomes or roots,
and the functions of the altered cells in relation to the spring
shoots being especially pointed out. The remarks were illus-
trated by diagrams and specimens, and gaye rise to an ani-

i ce

5

mated discussion, in which many of the members present
took part.

The first excursion for the year of the Society on June
Ist was from Cockering Bottom to Kenfield. The line taken
for this excursion is through Iffen Wood and over Swarling
Downs, and about 60 members met at the end of the journey
having approached it by different routes. The country was
found rich in botanical and entomological specimens, a goodly
variety of each being collected. The members met for
luncheon in Kentfield Park, and afterwards went, by the kind
invitation of T. Thompson, Esq., to see his pinetum in tke
grounds of Kenfield House. The collection of conifers is one
of the most complete in the county, and contains many very
choice specimens, and the inspection of them greatly enhanced
the pleasure of the excursion. Mrs. Thompson added to the
kindness of the invite by hospitably entertaining the whole of
the party to tea, &c.

The next meeting of the Society was an extra excursion
planned by the members residing at Dover, on the 3rd of
August. It was ushered in by a severe thunderstorm, which
broke over Canterbury at half-past seven a.m.; at 9.44 the
weather had somewhat cleared up, but only a very few
members met. On their arrival at Dover, the Local
Committee had the steam tug Lord Palmerston in readiness.
About sixty members and their friends went on board to
dredge along the coast, and met the remainder of the
Society at St. Margaret’s Bay. The weather was very
threatening, and shortly after leaving the pier the rain
began to descend. A very fine water spout broke avout
half-a-mile from the vessel. At the hour of twelve a heavy
thunderstorm was raging over St. Margaret’s Bay; those in
carriages could not alight ; some few came on shore from
the steamer, and both parties then returned to Dover. About
sixty sat down to dinner at the ‘‘ Harp.” No less than three

6

distinct thunderstorms passed over the excursionists during
the day.

While seeking shelter in the little inn at St. Margaret's
Bay, the landlord, who was a collector, showed some very
good entomological specimens, which Major Cox described
to the assembled members.

The third meeting of the Society took place at Folkestone.
The point of rendezvous was at the Folkestone junction
station. Again the weather was so threatening and the rain
coming heavily down soon after only between 20 and 30
members met. Under such circumstances, those who attempted
the investigation of the cuttings and the rich Flora of the
district, soon had to return to Folkestone wet through.
Nothing, therefore, was done. About thirty sat down to
dinner, after which Mr. Whitaker made some interesting ob-
servations on the gault, and the appearance it now presented.
On his last visit it was in fine weather. He then informed the
excursionists that should much rain fall, he had not the least
doubt but that a great deal of the mound on which they were
then standing would slip down. Since then the heavy rains
had deeply perforated the soil, and the great landslip to the
east of the town of Folkestone had resulted.

The last general meeting of the year was held in St.
George’s Hall, on the 7th December, under the presidency of
Sir W. James, when F. Buckland, Esq., gave a lecture on
Fish Culture, or the Life of a Salmon from the Egg to the
Net. The lecture was illustrated by a large number of pre-
served specimens and models, and was listened to with great
attention by a numerous audience, as on this occasion your
Committee, thinking the subject of much practical as well as
scientific interest, issued a number of cards of invitation to
gentlemen in the neighbourhood who were supposed to be
interested in the subject, and your Committee are proud to

7

think that the result of their introduction of the scientific
aspect of the question to the county has been the starting an
Association to carry into practice the views so ably enunciated
by Mr. Buckland on that evening, and though the Association
formed for that purpose, has no direct connection with this
Society, your Committee feel that the first step is at least
due to this Society.

With reference to the exhibition of roses proposed to be
held in Canterbury under the auspices of the Society in
June last, your Committee have to report that it was reluctantly
given up, as they were unable to obtain sufficient help to
carry it to a successful issue,

Your Committee have considered it advisable to sub-
scribe a guinea a year in the name of the Society to the Ray
Society in London, and the first volume for 1865 has been
received and piaced in the library.

Annexed is the Treasurer’s statement of account for the
past year, showing a balance in hand of £6 11s. 4d., and a
list of books and periodicals in the library.

In conclusion your Committee must again congratulate
the Society on the results of the past year. There have been
two extra meetings beyond those provided for by the rules,
and all have been well attended, except the excursion to
Folkestone, when the weather was quite sufficient to account
for the small number of members present; and although at
the Dover excursion the same cause prevented the collection
of many specimens or the introduction of many new mem-
bers, your Committee hope that the interest in the science of
Natural History has been well kept up by the excellent
papers read at the three evening meetings.

Your Committee still have to regret that no decided step

8

has yet been taken towards forming a complete record of the
Flora and Fauna of the district in which our work lies.
With our present distribution of members they feel it re-
quires but little energy on the part of individual members, to
get up a complete record of the Fauna and Flora, of that
part of Kent east of a line drawn from Sittingbourne through
Ashford to the coast by Hythe. At least they hope mem-
bers will make a beginning this year, and that by
the time of the second evening meeting in November, many
members will be ready to hand in lists of the Flora or Fauna
of some districts however small, a part of the whole. It is
proposed to hang the ordnance map of the County in the
Society’s room, on which the districts can be marked off as
completed, nor need members be debarred from the attempt
by the apparent magnitude of the work, for it is one of which
they will find the pleasure will grow with the performance,
while the delight of the country walk or sea side ramble will
be greatly enhanced by the habit of observation that even this
attempt will so greatly encourage. To carry this out your Com-
mittee invite members to send in their names stating at the
the same time the district and the branch of the science

they propose to work in.

Your Committee cannot separate without expressing a hope
that as the Society has now arrived at a position of stability
jts transactions should be printed and a copy delivered to each
member, for your Committee feel it not only due to your
Society, but to science at large, that such valuable papers as
those read by the Rev. J. B. Reade and others should be
made generally known, and it is hoped that some members
will illustrate their papers for the benefit of the Society.

‘AMUNSVaNT, ‘NOH ‘NTAYIY ADUOTY :
*Ponoy Wowepar7~—poyipny

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“LNUNALYIS TVIONVNIA

10

LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS.

BELONGING TO THE East Kent Naturat History Society

British Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, 1 vol., (Reeve)

. Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol., (Wilson)

. Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol., (Harvey)

. Flora of Surrey, 1 vol., (J. A. Brewer)

- Manual of Geology ral vol., (Professor Phillips)

. Flora of East Kent.

. Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.

- Ramsays Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.

. Dallas’ Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

10, Johnstone’s British “Zoophytes, 2 vols.

. A Catalogue of rare Phaenogamous Plants collected in South Kent
in 1829.

12. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring

to Sheets 4 and 7.
13. British Hemiptera Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865, (Douglas and i hl Ie
14. Hand Book of British Flora, 2 vols., (Bentley)

WOITG A Pot

—
_

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol 3, 1863, and 4, 1864. (Half bound Calf)
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1852. (In Cloth)
1858 to 1855. (Half bound Calf)
ba 1856 to 1857. (In Cloth)
1858 to 1861, and for 1863 and 1864. (Halfbound Calf)
N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete at present.
The eur Journal of Microscopical Science, vols. 7 and 8, old Series.
Vols. 1, 1861, 8, 1863, and 4, 1864, new ditto. (Half bound Calf)
Magazine of Natural "History, vols. 3, to 8, and 11 to 14, 8rd Series.
(Half bound Calf)
The Geologist, vols. 2, 3, 4,6, and 7. (Half bound Calf)
The Phytolozist, vol. 3, 1859. (Half bound Calf)
British Moths, Nocturni.
Geometra.
Proceedings of the Geologist’s Association, 1863-4.
Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864.

Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864.
N.B.—As it is most important to increase the number of Books in

the Library for the use of Members, a special subscription for the pur-
chase of Books, or donation of works on Natural Tistory will be thank-

fully received by the Committee.

3?

11

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ:

. Natural History Review

. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

. The Zoologist

. The Geological Magazine

- Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society

“ », of Science

aor nanpw WO NY

. The Geological and Natural History Repertory.

LIST OF BOOKS, &c.

Lent to toe East Kent Naturat History’s Socrety’s Liprary.

1. Clark’s British Marine Testaceous Mollusca, 1855, 1 vol.
By G. Dowker, Esq.

2. Work on Butterflies, 1 vol. By Rey. F. Rouch.

8. Letters of Rusticus on the Natural History of Godalming.
By Miss Kenrick.

4. Work on the Microscope. By Rey. F. Rouch.
5. Hooker's British Flora, 1835, 1 vol. By Dr. Boycott.

12

LIST OF OFFECERS AMD ALEALBERS.

President.
MAJOR GC. J. COX, Forpwicu Hovss.

Vice Presidents.

THE VERY REY. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

SIR BROOK BRIDGES, BART., M.P., Goopnestone Park.
SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BeTsHancER.

MATTHEW BELL, Esa., Bourne Park.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esa., Sr. ALBANS.

REV. Y. SCOTT, SrsertswouLp. :

CAPT. CROOKES, Dover.

REV. J. MITCHINSON, Kine’s Scuoot.

REV. J. B. READE, BisHopspourneE.

GEO. DOWKER, Esa., Srourmoutn House.

Treasurer :
G. RIGDEN, Esa., BurcaTe STREET.

Librarian :
COLONEL HORSLEY.

Secretaries :

MR. JOHN S. LINFORD, Bureate Srreer.
MR. 8S. HARVEY, Hicu Srreer.

Committee :
J, BRENT, Jun., Esa. REV. F. ROUCH.
G. FURLEY, Esa. F. H. SANKEY, Esa.
COLONEL HORSLEY. MR. 8. SAUNDERS.
CAPTAIN KEMP. F. SLATER, Esa.
H. B. MAKESON, Esa. Dr. TASSELL.

Local Secretaries:
G. BOTTLE, Esa., Dover.
Dr. FITZGERALD, ForkestTone.
Dr. PITTOCK, Manreate.

13

VIGISIVIGES FE FISI

~ Alford, Very Rev. Dr.

\ Andrews, A. B. Esq.
“Alcock, Rev. J. P.
Austin, Rev. B.
Abram, Mr. W.
«Bridges, Sir B. W., Bt., M.P.
Banks, — Esq.
Barrow, Mrs.
Bateman, Mr. J.

_ Bell, M. Esq.
Bland, W., Esq.
Bottle, A., Esq.
Bowles, Robert, Esq.

‘Brent, J. jun., Esq.
Briggs, Rev. J. B.
Briggs, A. Esq.
Brooke, John Tea,
Browne, Miss L.
Bliss, Rey. W.

_ Crookes, oe
Cotton, H., Esq.
~Cox, Major C. f
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Chivers, Mr.

hafey, Mrs.

Clement, E. N., Esq.
Dowker, G., Esq.
Dowker, Mrs.

_ Drew, C. T., Esq.
Doridant, C., Esq.

Dean of Canterbury.
Westgate, Canterbury.
Ashford.

St. George’s, Canterbury.
St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.
Goodnestone Park.

Westbere House.

Walmer.

St. George’s 8t., Canterbury.
Bourne Park.

Hartlip, Sittingbourne.
Dover.

Folkestone.

Dane John, Canterbury.
Folkestone.

Tenterden.

Folkestone.

4, Victoria Place, Canterbury.
Betshanger.

Dover.

Dent de Lion, Margate.
Fordwich House.

Ditto.

Palace Street, Canterbury.
Doddington, near Faversham.
Dover.

Stourmouth House.

Ditto.

Chartham.

Folkestone.

Davidson, —, Esq.
Ellis, W., Esq.
Faster, S., Esq-
Farren, Col. C.°B.
Furley, R., Esq.
Furley, George, Esq:
Forrest, Mrs.
Fitzgerald, Dr. W.
Finnis, Steriker, Esq.

Freshfield, C., Esq., M.P.

Furley, W. D., Esq.
Grayling, Dr.

Green, Mrs. J.

Greaves, Mr. Cyril
Green, Mrs. A.
Gordon, Mr. w.C.
‘Hammond, W. O., Esq:
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Harvey, Mr. 8.
Horsley, Colonel

Hall, Mr. J. R.
Hambrook, Mr. J. B.

Jones, R., Esq.
Johnston, W. T., Esq.
Kersey, Dr.

Kersey, Mrs.
Kenrick, Miss

Kemp, Captain
Kingsford, Miss
Kingsford, —, Esq

Kingsford, Montague, Esq.

Knocker, Edward, Esq.
Knocker, Captain
Lake, Robert, Esq.
Leith, R. M., Esq.
Lee, H., Esq.

Levi, Adolphus, Esq,
Linford, Mr. J. 8.
Linford, Mrs.

Lewis, T., Esq.
Lindsey, J. B., Esq.

14

Littlebourne.

Folkestone.

Ditto.

Colchester.

Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Folkestone.

Dover.

Canterbury.
Sittingbourne.
Canterbury-

Ditto.

Dover.

Ditto.

St. Albans.

Word, near Sandwich.
High Street, Canterbury.
St. Stephen’s Lodge.
Folkestone.

Mercery Lane, Canterbury:
Strond Street, Dover.
Nackington House.
Wincheap, Canterbury.
Betshanger.

Chilton, near Dover.
Dover.

Littlebourne.

Ditto.

Stone House, Canterbury.
Cavalry Barracks, Canterbury.
Seaton.

Lundy House. Dover.
Littlebourne.

Castle Hill, Dover.
Dover.

Milton Chapel.
Folkestone.

The Waldrons, Croydon.
Folkestone.

Canterbury.

Ditto.
Castle Street, Dover.
Maison Dieu Road, ditto.

oor —ee”-S,rt te

Mummery, Mr. W. P.
Marshall, Dr.
Makeson, H. B., Esq.
Mitchinson, Rev. Dr.
Mount, Mr. W.
Neame, Mrs. A.
Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E. Siegee
Neame,
Pittock, G. en Esq., M.D.
Parker, R. D., "Esq.
Pool, Mr.
Powell, Rev. W.
Powell, Mrs.
es E. J., Esq.
Payn, W. H., Esq.
Plumptre, C. ip Esq.
Plummer, E., Esq.
Reid, Jas., Es sq.
Rigden, é., Esq.
Rouch, Rey. F.
Reade, Rey. J. B.
Reade, Geo., Pte
Rigden, G. W., Esq.
Scott, Rev. F.
Sankey, F. 2. Esq.
Sankey, M
Saunders, Me. Sibert
Slater, F., Esq.
Scudamore, Dr.
Smith, Capt. Carleton
Stock, Henry, Esq.
Sankey, Herb. T., Esq.

Spice, C. ,
Solomon, a
Smith, J. G., Esq.

Sicard, A.,

Tucker, ta
Thurston, Thos., Esq.
Tassell, Dr.

| Tyson, W. T. Esq.

15

Strond Street, Dover.
Ditto.

High Street, Hythe.
King’s School.

Canterbu

King’s Bridge, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.

Ditto.

Margate.

Barham.

High Street, Canterbury.
Folkestone.

Canterbury.

Dover.

St. Martin’s Hill, ditto.
Fredville.

The Firs, Canterbury.
Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Precincts, Canterbury.
Bishopsbourne.

Ditto.

Canterbury.

Sibertswould.

Wingham.

Ditto.

Whitstable.

Chislett.

Harbledown.

Dover.

Folkestone.

Margate.

Strond Street, Dover.
Little Kenfield.

Dane John, Canterbury.
Dover.

Bridge.

The Grove, Margate.
Ashford.

St. sah Street, batik

Stamford Rectory, Hythe.
North Street, Herne Bay.
Hawley Square, M argate,
Folkestone.

16

Thompson, T., Esq. Kenfield House.

Walker, Mrs. St. George’s Place, Canterbury.

Ward, Miss High Street, Canterbury.

Whitaker, W., Esq. Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London.

Wilson, J. L., Esq. Bridge Street, Canterbnry.

Worsfold, Christopher, Esq. Dover.

Winter, Capt. Bridge.

Way, E. T., Esq. Dover.

Weston, L., Esq. Waterloo Crescent, Dover.

Wightwick, W. Esq. Folkestone.

ASSOCIATES.

Baker, Mr. Cattle Market, Sandwich.
Coppen, Mr. E. Sibertswould.

Else, Mr. R. Burgate Lane, Canterbury.
Gutteridge, Mr. Faversham.

Kennett, Mr. W. Fordwich.

Parren, Mr. W. Canterbury.

Prebble, Mr. J. G. Ramsgate.

Young, Mr. Sittingbourne.

17

EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

TITLE AND OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.

The objects of the East Kent Narurat History Society
shall be, the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical
Knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both
in relation to the particular District, and the General Science.

RULES AND RECCLATIONS,

—

MEMBERSHIP.
1, The Society shail consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Cor.
responding Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by ballot, taken at any Meeting of the Committee, or at a
General Meeting—one black ball in five to exclude.

8. The Annual Subscriptions, to be paid by Ordinary Members,
shall be Ten Shillings; the Subscription shall become due on the Ist of
January in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year.

18

Any Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it
is due, shall be applied to by the Secretary, and if the Subscription re-
mains unpaid for three months after such application, he shall cease to be
a Member of the Society.

4, The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
an Ordinary Member, and her Subscription shall be Five Shillings.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Gorresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district: such Honorary and Corresponding
Members shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs.

6. In order to encourage the study of Natural History among indivi-
duals of the class of mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as associates, provided
they shall first communicate some information or observation on Natural]
History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local Museums,
as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates shall
enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents,
a Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held on the same
day as the February and November General Meetings, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held on the last Tuesday in January
in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of electing the Officers for

———————————

19

the current year, receiving the Annual Statement of Accounts, and Report
of the Committee, and conducting the general affairs of the Society.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of
the Society, the specific purposes of the Meeting being stated in the
notice, which shall be sent to each member not less than one week before
the time of such Meeting.

10. All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by a
majority of yotes; andif upon any question the votes shall be eqnal, the
Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or casting vote.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or Com-
mittee, between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the
Committee.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any Member Local Secretary for the town
or district he may reside in. Such Local Secretary shall be ex-officio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. Two Meetings shall be held in Canterbury yearly, on the last
Thursdays in February and November, for the purpose of reading Papers,
exhibiting Specimens, Lectures, &c. Each Member to have the right of
introducing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14, Two Excursions are appointed to take place yearly, on the last
Thursdays in May and August, for the purpose of investigating the
natural objects of interest in some district in East Kent ; the arrangements
for these Excursions to be made at the Annual Meeting.

15. A Minute of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose.

20

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of such Meetings and
Excursions to every Member, stating the time and place of Meeting, &c.

LOCAL MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society,
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or Ex-
eursions in their districts; and to give notice of the same to the General,
and all the Local Secretaries, stating the time and place of meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTIONS OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society shall endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of
Natural History, both with a view of forming a Museum and distribution
of Duplicate Specimens, according to Regulations to be adopted by the
Committee.

LIBRARY. :
19. Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History are
to be purchased by the funds of the Society, and the number to be pur-
chased shall be determined by the Committee.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some convenient
place, so that Members may be able to refer to them, or take them out,
under such regulations as the Committee from time to time may think
proper to make.

21. Members are also invited to lend Books for the use of the
Library, reserving to themselves the full right of ownership; such Books
to be under the care of the Committee, and not allowed to be taken out
of the Library.

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EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

nr rns rw

SESSION, (861-2.

REPORT

OF
MEETINGS HELD & PAPERS READ,
AND JOURNAL OF
GENERAL TRANSACTIONS.

rr

GEORGE DOWKER, Stourmouth, Secretary.

nnn

Canterbury:
PRINTED BY HENRY CHIVERS, PALACE STREET.

1862,

EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

ANNUAL MEETING,

MAY 15th, 1862.

10:

At the Annual Meeting of this Society, the following
Report was read and adopted.

REPORT.

In presenting this the Fourth Annual Report of the Society,
your Committee, would take the opportunity of expressing
their regret, that the past Session had not been so successful
as the previous, and would urge upon the Members the necessity
(if they would have the Society prosper) of a continuance of
their exertions in aid of the General Meeting of the Society,
During the past year two Excursions have been carried out ;
the first at Hythe on the 5th of July—when a Geological
Expedition (under the guidance of H. B. Mackeson, Esq.)
was successfully carried out. The Excursionists afterwards
assembling in the Town Hall, under the Presidency of the
Dean of Canterbury.

The next Excursion took place on the 29th of August,
when an Expedition to Shottenden Mill and Perry Wood was
organized. Mr. Dowker explaining the Geology of the District,
the party assembling at Canterbury, under the Presidency of
the Dean.

4

The Committee would next direct attention to the Book
Circulation. The same Periodicals have been taken regularly
as those of the previous years, but for want of a better plan of
circulation, the Members have not generally availed themselves
of them. The Committee have also been without the aid of
a paid Secretary during part of the last vear.

Lastly; your Committee would direct your attention to the
state of the Finances. Owing tot he accumulation of arrears,
the Funds of the Society have been declining and it has been
found necessary to issue a circular, calling on Members to pay
up arrears ; this circular has been partially successful.

Society, Cr. Society, Br.
1861. RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS.
GS, ie £ 8s. d.
Subscriptions up to Balance due “I
POGA aS les \ 49 5.6 Treasurer .. 1G) 27
Paid Secretary’s
Salary and ex- 2115 7
penses account
Printing account .. 6 6 0
Book account ...... 515 0
Hire of Rooms .... 3 0 0
Secretary & Trea-
surer; Postage, 011 0

OSC; eee sis se Eice
Sundry expenses of 220

To balance due to 7 6 8 Excursions ...,
Treasurer .... Book Binding ...... 1 00

£56 12 2 £56 12 2

A vote of thanks having been passed for the President,
Vice-President, and Committee. The following were elected
for the ensuing year.

Or

President :
THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

Cice-PBresitents :

Martruew BE tt, Esa.

W. OxenpEen Hammonp, Esa.

Str Brook W. Bringss,
Bart., M.P.

Rev. J. F. Scorr.

J. F. Crooxss, Esa.
Rev. J. P. Aucock.
Capt. C. J. Cox, Q.C.
ALDERMAN J. BRENT.
Sir WALTER JAMES.

Treasurer:
G. RIGDEN, Esa., Canrerpury.

Gen, Secretary:
G. DOWKER, Ese., Stourmoutrn Hovsz, SrourRMovTH.

Local Secretaries:

ISLE OF THANET..... Ch

Dr. G. M. Pirrock.

SITTINGBOURNE ........ Dr. J. GRAYLING.
CANTERBURY. 3, ers... A. B. ANDREWS, Esa.
DEAL anp SANDWICH.... E.F.S. Reaper, Esa.
ABE NOR Ds. 5 Pisin csrrte ps R. Furwey, Ese.
Committee :
Rev. H. L. Jenner, Preston, Rev. B. 8. Matpgrn, Canter-
Rev. J. Mircurnson, Canter- bury.
bury. Rey. H. J. Hurcnxsson, Can-
¥. H. Sanxey, Esa., Wingham. terbury.

J. Rew, Esa., Canterbury.

Mr. J. Linrorp, Canterbury.
H, B. Mackeson, Esa., Hythe.

PROCEEDINGS OF GENERAL MEETINGS.

(et 0

The first General Meeting of the Society held at Hythe,
July 5th, 1861.

According to the programme of the proceedings, the
Excursionists assembled at the Westenhanger Station. The
following were among’ those present.—The Very Reverend
the Dean of Canterbury, Miss Alford, Rev. F. J. Scott, Rev.
B. Kingsford, H. B. Mackeson, Esq., W. P. Hoare, Esq.,
Mrs. Hoare, F. H. Sankey, Esq., T. Hatfield, Esq. and family,
Miss Thurston, Mr. Horsley, A. B. Andrews, Esq., W.
Bridges, G. Dowker, Esq., &c., &e.,

Near the Station was found Dianthus Caryophyllus, appar-
ently wild.

The Excursionists under the guidance of H. B. Mackeson,
Esq., crossed the field at the left of the Station; Mr. Mackeson
pointing out to the party, the valley running in an Easterly
direction, formed in the Lower Green-sand and caused by the
denudation of the Atherfield Clay, the lowest division of the
Greensand; and which from its yielding nature, was seldom
seen in sections, being at the base of the valley. He explained
that by Geologists the Lower Green-sand formation was divi-
ded into three, consisting of, firstly, White and Yellow or
Ferruginous Sand, with concretions of Limestone and Chert ;
secondly of green coloured Calcareous Stone, called Kentish
Rag; and lastly of Clay Marl, the Atherfield Beds, named
from Atherfield in the Isle of Wight, where this stratum
is very extensive), The upper of the series, viz. the sand

7

was seen in one or two quarries by the roadside and was
pointed out by Mr. Mackeson. The Excursionists next
passed through Sandling Park, where from the lower beds of -
the Green-sand, were many Springs much impregnated with
Iron. Specimens of Asplenium Filix Femina or Lady Fern
were here abundant. The Oak and Ash flourished in this soil.
Mr. Mackeson pointed out a mass of Drift upon the green-sand
and accounted for this by the Glacial Hypothesis. Passing
on through the Wood, the Excursionists arrived at a deep val-
ley with ponds, and around magnificent specimens of the
Ash ; this valley is in the Atherfield Clay, it was shewn by
the presence of Rushes in the soil, these being on this formation
a sign of the presence of these Atherfield beds. From this
point the party passed on to the Wealden Clay, which appears
a little beyond the Park. It was explained that this, although
inferior or anterior to the latter formation, (which was of
Marine origin and deposited in the bed of an Ocean through
vast cycles of time), was a fresh-water deposit, as had been
shewn by Dr. Mantel, and more recently by Dr. Tritton.
The Wealden beds were most probably formed by the deposits
of a large fresh-water estuary, and the Shells found were
mostly all of fresh water, the characteristic, in this formation,
being the Paludine and Cyprides, the former constituting
the Sussex Marble, so extensively used in our ancient ecclesi-
astical edifices—as in Canterbury Cathedral. It was noticed
by Dr. Tritton that some of the lower Wealden beds contained
deposits of Oyster Shells, and he, (Mr. Mackeson), had dis-
covered the same to occur in the upper series here represented,
and had pointed out their appearance in this locality to Dr.
Tritton. The explanation given of these Marine Shells,
associated with those of a fresh-water character, was, that the
sea had at different times encroached upon these fresh-water
deposits, and that sand banks or other causes had driven it
back, so that we had at one time Marine and at another
Fresh-water deposits ; the Oyster found in these beds was of
diminutive growth and often distorted. Leaving the green
fields the party soon crossed the hill above Hythe, where

8

the Kentish Rag is extensively quarried. The summit of
this hill commands a most beautiful and extensive prospect,
embracing at one view the entire series of formations from the
Chalk to the Hasting’s Sand. This point was well chosen by
Mr. Mackeson to give a short Field Lecture on the Denudation
of the Weald, which he illustrated by a series of Diagrams.

Field Lecture by Mr. Macxeson on the Denudation
of the Weald.

Mr. Macxeson began by observing that it was very
difficult to explain himself clearly to those who had not a
previous acquaintance with Geology. They must remember,
that all the geological series which were extended before them—
the Chalk Hills to the right and the Hasting’s beds to the left
seen in the distance, embracing as they did vast periods in the
history of the globe—were all deposited at the bottom of the
ocean or in fresh-water estuaries :—that they must get rid of
the notion of the stability of the Land and the unstableness of
the Ocean: the reverse was the case. The Ocean which was
expanded before them had most probably always retained its
level; the land had and was constantly undergoing alterations
in its level, at one time being gradually elevated, (as was the
case now with the coast of Norway), and at other times sink-
ing below the bed of the Ocean. He exhibited a section
shewing the relative position of the Geological series, shewing
the igneous rocks forming the lowest, then the aqueous rocks
or the deposits of seas formed in the basins of these primitive
rocks ; these igneous rocks were constantly elevating or de-
pressing the deposits upon them, and thus it is seen that the
beds of the Ocean on its surface have been constantly changing,
and by the volcanic action underneath upheaved above the
Ocean in which they had been deposited. Mr, Mackeson next
exhibited a Diagram of the Denudation of the Weald, and ex-
plained the denuding action of the Ocean on those beds which
were raised had caused the gradual wearing away of all the
deposits resting upon the Weald.—We must suppose that,

9

before the Green-sand or Chalk was formed, the delta of
some large river had left its deposits in the area of the Weald.
Even the area of this vast deposit does not exceed in magni-
tude that of many modern rivers. (Thus the delta of the Niger,
in Africa, stretches into the interior 170 miles, and occupies,
it is supposed, a space of more than 300 miles along the coast,
this forming a surface equal to about one-half of England.)
If asked where the continent was placed, from the ruins of
which the Wealden strata were derived, we are tempted to
speculate on the existence of the Atlastis of Plato. The story
of the submergence of an ancient continent, however fabulous
in history, must have been true again and again as a geologi-
cal event. This Wealden deposit gradually subsided beneath
the Ocean, and upon it were deposited the Green-sand and the
Chalk ; these, from an upheaving force towards the centre of
the Wealden, were elevated, and the action of the Ocean denu-
ded first the Chalk, then the Gault, and then the Green-sand.
In the centre of the Diagram is seen the Hasting’s sand,
forming an anticlinal axis, on each side of which the other
formations are arranged with an opposite Cliff. Stretching
from Folkestone towards Wye the Chalk is seen forming part
of the North Downs. These hills are bounded by a valley,
where the Gault and upper Green-sand, from their yielding
nature, were more easily denuded. Again we have another
range of Hills formed of the lower Green-sand, which resisted
the action of the denuding force more ; and next we have the
Valley of the Weald represented by Romney Marsh Vale. Mr,
Mackeson next drew the attention of the visitors to the action
of the Ocean at the present time, which was receding and
throwing up banks of shingle; and he pointed out the sand
which had drifted over to the Hills beyond.

The party, after examining the Stone Quay, adjourned to
the Town, where a substantial Cold Collation was provided,
and met at the Town Hall, where an interesting Collection of
Fossils and Entomological Specimens was exhibited.

——_»——_.

10

The second General Meeting of the Members of this
Society was held at Canterbury, on Thursday, the 29th August.
The programme of proceedings for the day comprised an ex-
cursion to Shottenden Mill and Perry Wood, near Selling
Station, on the London Chatham and Dover Railway. The
Excursionists, about 25 in number, were under the guidance
of the Very Rev. the Dean of Canterbury, President for the
year, George Dowker, Esq., and the Rev. B. S. Malden.
Among those present where F. H. Sankey, Esq., of Wingham,
Mr. E. Sankey, and Miss Sankey; F. Slater, Esq., Kenfield,
and Mrs. and Miss Slater; John Brent, Esq., and Mr. F.
Brent; the Rev. H. L. Jenner, of Preston-next Wingham ;
Mrs. Horsley, Master Horsley, and the Misses Horsley ;
Master — Rigden; Edw. Neame, Esq., and Mrs. Neame;
Mr. R. Slater, and Miss Slater; J. F. Crookes, Esq.; Miss
Hoare; the Rev. — Beardsworth, of Selling; Captain
and Mrs. Kemp; — Hatfield, Esq., and family; the Rev.
— White, of Boughton, and Mrs. White; the Rev. J. Mitch-
inson; Miss Alford; — Corbett, Esq.; J. Marten, Esq., &.
The Excursionists found one or two rare plants, and among
other places of interest visited was the supposed site of a
Saxon camp, and Mrs. Neame explained the historical asso-
ciations connected therewith, pointing out the three large
beech trees under which our Saxon forefathers held their Court.
The geological features and peculiarities of the districts where
ably pointed out and explained by Mr. Dowker.

On the return of the Excursionists to Canterbury a number
of them partook of Luncheon which had been provided by Mr.
Moore of the Freemason’s Tavern, and a public meeting was
subsequently held in the Music Hall. Among the specimens
of natural history exhibited we may notice an almost complete
collection of British Ferns from Mr. Alderman Master’s Exotic
Nursery, also a number of specimens of sea weeds ; a quantity
of dried Australian plants, exhibited by Mr. Slater of Kenfield ;
and a quantity of chalk fossils also by Mr. Slater.

The Dean or CanrEersury presided, and having briefly

_

ll

opened the meeting Mr. Dowker delivered an address on ‘* the
Geology of the district visited by the Excursionists,” illustrated
by Diagrams.

Mr. DowkeEr commenced by observing that those members
who had taken part in the excursion had had an opportunity of
noticing some of the principal Geological features of this part
of Kent.—He might remind them that the hill they ascended
at Shottenden, was one of the lowest of the Hocene beds,
popularly termed the London clay. He explained that the
tertiary deposits overlying the chalk, of which the Woolwich
bed was a member, followed in the following succession ;—
Firstly, over the chalk, the Thanet sands; next the Wool-
wich sands; then the basement bed of the London clay, over
which they found the London clay proper. The out crop of
these lower beds extended from Reculver in a south-westerly
direction to Canterbury, and thence to Faversham and Sitting-
bourne, the chalk hills bounding this region towards the South,
and forming the range of hills termed the North Downs.
From the top of Shottenden hill they might see the chalk
extending from the Isle of Thanet (Pegwell Bay Cliffs) to the
North Downs in the direction of Maidstone ; the London clay,
to the North, in the Isle of Sheppy; and the intermediate
Woolwich sands extending from Herne Bay to the point from
which they were observing the scene. The Woolwich sands
were characterised by large beds of pebbles, and a good section
of them was pointed out to the Excursionists in a sand pit near
Shottenden hill. They were also interspersed with beds of a
ferruginous sandstone, impervious to water; and it was
owing to the presence of this sand in the woods at Perry-street
that there were found so many springs of water issuing from
the surface. The Thanet sands lying immediately below these
series were not seen in sections, being for the most part
denuded by fluviatile action; but they could be traced in the
neighbourhood from the number of green flints strewn over
the chalk; these green flints being indicative of the pre-
sence of the Thanet sand. Towards the north, by Bough-

12

ton, the basement bed of the London clay was met with,
and the iron sandstone contained in it was extensively quarried
for smelting purposes. The Woolwich sands were not, at
least in this portion of them, fossiliferous, and the fossils found
were mostly in the form of casts, the ferruginous sandstone
helping to preserve the form, They were partly fluviatile
and partly marine, the fresh water deposits prevailing to a
greater extent as they approach London. In reference to
the physical features exhibited, it might have been remarked
by the Excursionists that a deep gorge appeared opposite
Chilham and Wye, through which the Stour winds its way,
and it was probable that the area of the Wealden, which had
been denuded at various times had, at a late date, geologi-
cally speaking, been a large lake or sea, the gorge being formed
by the breaking through of the waters at a point near Wye.
The deposits of gravel and sand would thus be left in parallel
ridges on either side of the valley, and the more yielding
portion, as the Thanet sands, have been washed away or
denuded. This appeared one explanation of the peculiar physi-
cal features that were exhibited. Mr. Dowker concluded by
apologising for the unconnected character of his remarks,
being quite unprepared to illustrate the subject.

The Rev. B. S. MarpEn gave a summary of a paper, on
the importance of small birds to agriculturists, which has been
recently published in The Times as a translation from the
French. He observed that the subject treated upon was one
to which the members of the Society might advantageously
direct their attention,

The proceedings terminated with a vote of thanks to the
Dean for presiding,

LIST OF

Andrews, Alfred B., Esq.
Alcock, Rev. J. P.
Admans, Mr. John Pa
Bell, Matthew, Esq.
Bayden, Thomas, Esq.
Brent, Alderman J.

Bridges, Sir Brook W., M.P.

Bottle, Mr. A.
Burton, Carr, Esq.
Bateman, Mr. J.

13

MEMBERS.

Westgate, Canterbury.
Ashford.
Knott’s Lane, Canterbury.

Bourne Park, near Canterbury.
Hythe.

Canterbury.

Goodnestone Park.

Town Wall Street, Dover.
Chapel Hill Lodge, Thanet.

St. George’s Street, Canterbury.

Canterbury, The Very Rey. the Deanof, Deanery, Canterbury.

Cotton, Henry, Esq.
Cox, Captain C. J.
Cox, Mrs.
Crookes, J. F., Esq.
Chaffey, Mrs.

: Craig, Mrs.

Dean, Mrs. H. M.
Dentry, John, Esq.
Dowker, G., Esq.

Forrest, Mrs.
Furley, R.. Esq.
Friend, W., Esq.

Grayling, J., Esq., M.D.
Gibson, F., Esq.

: Gibson, Mrs.

Green, Mrs. J.

Dent de Lion, near Margate.
Fordwich House, near Canterbury.
Ditto.

Harewell, near Faversham.
Doddington, near Faversham.
Butchery Lane, Canterbury.

St. Peter’s Street, Canterbury.
Union Crescent, Margate.
Stourmouth House.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Ashford.
Updown House, Thanet.

Sittingbourne.

Hawley Square, Margate.
Ditto.

Canterbury.

%

Hallowes, Mrs.
Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hannam, C., Esq.
Hannam, G., Esq.
Hillier, J. T., Esq.
Hillier, D. D.

Hoare, W. P., Esq.
Hutchesson, Rev. H. J.
Horsley, Mrs.

Harris, W., Esq.
Hatfield, — Esq.

Hatfield, Mrs.
Hatfield, Miss

James, Sir Walter
Jenner, Rev. H. L.

Kenrick, Miss
Knocker, E., Esq.

Lake, Robert, Esq.
Linford, Mr, James, Jun.
Leith, R. M., Esq.

Mackeson, H, B., Esq.
Malden, Rey. B. S.
Mead, Chas,, Esq.
Mitchinson, Rev. J.

Neame, Mrs. A.
Newton, W., Esq.

Percival, John, Esq.
Pidduck, Mr, J.
Philpott, W., Esq.
Pittock, Dr. G. M.

Rammell, Thomas, Esq.
Reader, E. F. S., Esq.
Russel Mr. +
Reid, James, Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.

Sankey, Robert, Esq.
Sankey, F. H., Esq.

14

Canterbury.

St. Alban’s, Nonington.

Northbourne Court, near Deal.

Bromston House, Thanet.

High Street, Ramsgate.

High Street, Sandwich.

Faversham.

Palace Street, Canterbury.

Wincheap Street, Canterbury. «

Charing, near Ashford.

Word, near Sandwich; and North-
down, Thanet.

Ditto.

Ditto.

Betshanger.
Preston Vicarage.

Stone House, near Canterbury.
Castle Hill, Dover.

Milton Chapel, near Canterbury.
Burgate, Canterbury.
Folkestone.

High Street, Hythe.

St. George’s Rectory, Canterbury.
Sturry.

King’s School, Canterbury,

King’s Bridge, Canterbury.
Clarence House, Herne Bay.

High Street, Herne Bay.
Westbere.

New Road, Canterbury.
Crescent Place, Margate.

Sturry Court, near Canterbury.
Sandwich.

Ashford.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate, Canterbury.

Castle Street, Canterbury.
Wingham,

Sankey, Mrs.
Sankey, Miss
Slater, F., Esq.
Scott, Rev. J. F.

Tainch, E. C., Esq.
Tucker, Mr. E.

Thurston, Thomas, Esq.

Tassell, R., Esq.
Tylden, Rey. M.
Thornton, Mr.

Whitfield, H., Esq.
Wish, Rev. J. F.
Willis, Mr.
Walker, Mrs.

15

Ditto.

Ditto.

Kenfield, Petham.
Sibertswould, near Dover.

4, Spencer Square, Ramsgate.
The Grove, Margate.

Ashford.

St. Margaret’s Street, Canterbury.
Stamford Rectory, near Hythe.
Hawley Street, Margate.

Ashford.

Birchington, Thanet.
Shepherdswell, near Dover.
Hawke’s Lane, Canterbury.

ASSOCIATES.

Baker, Mr,
Coppin, Mr. E.
Else, Mr. R.
Kennett, Mr. W.
Gordon, Mr.
Young, Mr.
Gutteridge, Mr.
Prebble, Mr.

Cattle Market Place, Sandwich.
Sibbertswould,

Burgate Lane, Canterbury.
Fordwich.

Museum, Dover.

Sittingbourne.

Faversham.

Ramsgate.

CHIVERS, PRINTER, CANTERBURY,

%

REPORT | .

OF

Tee EAST KES

Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, *

WITH A LIST OF
BOOKS BELONGING TO THE LIBRARY,

&e. &e.

PLAID

SESSION, 1863.

nnn

%
J Canterbury? :

PRINTED BY H. CHIVERS, PALACE a4

EAST KENT
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

BE PORT:

——

In presenting their report for the year 1863, the Com-
mittee are able to congratulate the Society on the prosperous
condition of the financies, as after all expenses are paid, the
Treasurer has a balance of £14 10s. 4d. in hand. The
Library has also been increased by several highly useful
books of reference, and many valuable donations.

The Committee regret that they cannot add the increased
number of Members to their subjects of congratulation, but
various circumstances have caused the resignation of many
Members living at a distance, which are not quite counter-
balanced by new elections.

The Society commenced their campaign last year, by a
Meeting for Scientific purposes, in the King’s School Room,
on the 24th of February, which was fully attended. There
were three papers read,—one by the Rev. J. Mitchinson on
British Inland Mollusca; one by Dr. Boycott on the Wel-
witschia Mirabilis; and one by Mr. Dowker on the
Desmidie. The Rev. J. F. Scott exhibited and explained a
new American Hive; and Captain Cox some beautiful
specimens of the wings of the Tineide. Several Microscopes,

4

with specimens of the wings and of the Desmids were ex-
hibited, and the papers were fully illustrated by specimens,
or diagrams.

The first Excursion of the Society was on the 21st of
May, to Eastwell Park which was generously placed at the
disposal of the Society for the day by the Earl of Winchelsea.
About 60 Members and their friends assembled at the place
of Meeting, (Boughton Aluph Church), and taking various
directions, each in search of his own speciality, met again
at 2 o’clock at Challock Church; where, after luncheon, a
goodly collection of Botanical and Entomological specimens
were exhibited. The party then proceeded by the Star Walk
and Mount Parnassus, from both of which points beautiful
and extensive views of the surrounding country and the
distant channel were obtained, and thence on to EKastwell
Church and House; the Gardens of the latter havingy been
kindly thrown open to them by command of the Karl—
whose kindness was ably and heartily seconded by his
Steward, Mr, Peach, who accompanied the party and pointed
out the objects of interest and beauty on their route. A
brilliant spring sun lit the landscape, and conduced con-
siderably to the success of one of the pleasantest excursions
the Society has had.

The next Excursion of the Society was on August 25th,
to Sandwich and along the road past Stonar to Cliff End,
Owing to a rainy morning the attendance of Members was
small, and the rain coming on again shortly after leaving
Stonar, prevented the collection of the specimens of the
Marsh Plants, &c., which was one of the chief objects of the
Excursion. At Stonar, however, the Members examined the
ancient Sea Beach, still in many parts quite bare of vegetation,
though gradually becoming covered in others, and collected
a few specimens of the peculiar Botany of the district.
Mr. Reader exhibited a plan of the ancient town of Stonar,
and of some cuttings that had been made on the site of the

OO

5

Church; and they then proceeded to Cliff End, where Mr.
Dowker explained the Geological features, especially of the
Thanet Sands there visible—which the frequent showers pre-
vented many from seeing.

In October it was arranged to hold a Monthly Evening
Meeting at the Society’s Rooms, for Scientific purposes, on
the third Tuesday, which has been carried out since, it is
hoped, with some benefit to those attending, more particularly
in Microscopic researches. The Committee hope to continue
these Meetings, and to see a larger attendance of working
Members at them, when they become more generally known.

The last Meeting of the Society was at the King’s School
Room, on the 24th of November, at which Mr. Whittaker
gave an excellent and practical description of the Tertiary
Deposits of Kent, particularly of the immediate district round
the City, which was admirably illustrated by several large
diagrams ; and Mr. Saunders exhibited some beautiful speci-
mens of a genus of Butterflies, Ornithoptera primus, as
illustrating the passage of varieties into species, and the
great difficulty of deciding between them: The specimens
were from the Indian Ar chipelago, and were remarkable for
their beauty and large size; and both Lecturers furnished
much pleasure and iaathactians by the clearness and ex-
cellence of their remarks, to a large audience.

In the next winter the Committee hope (should the state
of the finances permit it) to have a series of elementary
Lectures here on the various branches of the Science of
Natural History, so as to make a short course each on
Botany, Geology, Entomology, &c.

Annexed is the account for the year already referred to,
and a list of Books now in the Library.

In conclusion, the Committee beg to congratulate the

6

Members on the success of the Meetings of the year, and at
the same time to urge on them the necessity of each Member
using such means as are at his command for advancing, as
far as possible, the knowledge of Natural History, by such
observations as fall in his way, especially of the Natural
History of his own neighbourhood, by bringing specimens to
the Society’s Room, at the Monthly or General Meetings.
No observations—carefully taken—of any uncommon oc-
currences are too trivial, no Member too unlearned to be of
service in noting them to the science; while, by a generous
co-operation, we may at once advance our own knowledge,
increase the usefulness of the Society, and add, we hope, to
the happiness of all.

The President, Captain Cox, has this year offered as a
prize for the best collection of the Flora of East Kent, a
Standard Botanical work: The collections to be exhibited at
the General Meeting of the Society in November. Three
competitors to exhibit or no prize will be given. The award
to be made by the Committee.

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‘SINGNGLVIS IVIONVNIA

LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

BELONGING TO THE East Kent Naturat History Society.

. British Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, 1 vol., (Reeve)
. Bryologia Britanica, 1 vol., (Wilson)

. Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol., (Harvey)

. Flora of Surrey, 1 vol., (J. A. Brewer)

Manual of Geology, 1 vol., (Professor Phillips)

. Flora of East Kent

> OR to

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol. 3, 1863. (Half bound Calf)
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1852. (In Cloth)

a 1853 to 1855. (Half bound Calf)
in 1856 to 1857. (In Cloth)
J 1858 to 1859, and for 1861-63. (Half bound Calf)

N.B. The Zoologist for 1860 and 1862 are imcomplete at present.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vols. 7 and 8, old
Series. Vols. 1, 1861, & 3, 1863, new ditto. (Half bound Calf)

Magazine of Natural History, vols. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8¢11, and 12, 3rd
Series. (Half bound Calf)

The Geologist, vols. 2,4 and 6. (Half bound Calf)

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859. (Half bound Calf)

Hand Book of British Flora, parts 1 to 14

British Moths, Nocturni. Presented by Capt. Cox

y Geometre. Presented by Capt. Cox

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ:

1. Natural History Review

. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

. The Zoologist

. The Geologist

. Hand Book of the British Flora

Oar wh

eo

LIST OF BOOKS, &c.,

LENT TO THE East Kent Natrorat History Society’s LIBRARY.

1. The Ray Society’s Publications from 1846 to 1854, 12 vols.
By James Reid, Esq.

2. Balfour’s Class Book of Botany, 1855 and 1859, 2 vols.
By James Reid, Esq.

3. Geology of South East of England, 1833, 1 vol,
By James Reid, Esq.

4, Clark’s British Marine Testaceous Mollusca, 1855, 1 vol.
By G. Dowker, Esq.

5. Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 1847, 2 vols. By G. Dowker, Esq.

6. Martin’s Geological Memoir of Part of Western Sussex, 1828, 1 vol.
By James Reid, Esq.

7. Mantell’s Geology of Surrey, 1840, 1 vol. By James Reid, Esq.
8. Buckland’s Reliquie Diluviane, 1823, 1 vol. By James Reid, Esq.
9. Work on Butterflies, 1 vol. By Rev. F. Rouch.
10. Hints on the formation of Local Museums. By James Reid, Esq.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

Presivent :
CAPTAIN C. J. COX, Forpwicu House.

Wice-Presivents :

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

SIR BROOK BRIDGES, BART., M.P., GoopNESTONE PARK.
SIR WALTER JAMES, BART, BreTSHANGER,

MATTHEW BELL, Esa., BouRNE PaRK.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esa., St, ALBANS.

REV. J. F. SCOTT, SrneRtswoutp.

J. F. CROOKES, Esqa., HAREWELL.

REV. J. MITCHINSON, Kine’s Scuoot.

J. BOYCOTT, Ese., M.D., WatiLine STREET.

Creagurer :
G. RIGDEN, Ese., BuRGATE STREET.

Secretary:
MR. JOHN S. LINFORD, Bureate Street.

Committee :
A. B. ANDREWS, Esa. H. R. MACKESON, Esa.
G. DOWKER, Esa. J. REID, Esa.
G. FURLEY, Esa. F. H. SANKEY. Esa.
COLONEL HORSLEY. REV. F. ROUCH.

CAPTAIN KEMP. Dr. TASSELL.

Andrews, A. B, Esq.
Andrews, Thos., Esq.
Alcock, Rev. J. P.
Bottle, Mr. A.
Bateman, Mr. J.
Bland, W., Esq.
Cotton, H., Esq.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Chivers, Mr.
Chaffey, Mrs.
Dowker, G. Esq.
Dowker, Mrs. ,
Drew, C. T. Esq.
Farren, Col,, C. B.
Furley, R., Esq.
Furley, George, Esq.
Forrest, Mrs.

Grayling, J., Esq., M.D.

Gibson, F., Esq.
Gibson, Mrs.

Green, Mrs. J.
Greaves, Mr. Cyril.
Hallowes, Mrs. P. B.
Hoare, W. P., Esq.
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Hatfield, Mrs.
Hatfield, Miss.
Harvey, Mr. S.
Horsley, Col.
Inthurn, Miss.
Jenner, Rey. H. L.
Kersey, Dr.
Kenrick, Miss.
Kemp, Capt.

Lake, Robt., Esq.
Leith, R. M., Esq.

Mackeson, H. B., Esq.

11

MEMBERS.

Westgate, Canterbury.
Dane John Terrace.
Ashford.

Dover.

St. George’s Street, Canterbury.
Hartlip, Sittingbourne.
Dent de Lion, Margate.
Fordwich House.

Palace Street.

Doddington near Faversham,
Stourmouth House.

Ditto.

Chartham.,

Colchester.

Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Orchard Place Canterbury.
Sittingbourne.

Hawley Square, Margate.
Ditto.

Canterbury.

Ditto.

Stour Street, Canterbury.
Faversham.

Word near Sandwich.
Ditto.

Ditto,

High Street, Canterbury.
St. Stephen’s Lodge.
Wincheap.

Preston Vicarage.
Littlebourne.

Stone House, Canterbury.
Cavalry Barracks.

Milton Chapel.
Folkestone.

High Street, Hythe.

Neame, Mrs. A.
Neame, Miss C,

Pittock, G. M., Esq., M.D.

Parker, R. D., Esq.
Rammell, Thos., Esq.
Reid, Jas., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.
Rouch, Mrs.

Rouch, Miss.
Swathem, Mrs.
Sankey, Robt., Esq.
Sankey, F. H., Esq.
Sankey, Mrs.

Saunders, Sibert, Esq.

Slater, F., Esq.
Scudamore, Dr.
Tainch, E. C., Esq.
Tucker, Mr. E.

Thurston, Thos., Esq.

Tassell, Dr.
Tylden, Rev. M,
Taylor, Mrs. A.
West, Rev. J. F.
Walker, Mrs.
Wildash, Dr.

King’s Bridge, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Margate.

Barham.

Sturry Court.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Precincts, Canterbury.
Ditto.

Ditto.

Castle Street, Canterbury.
Wingham,

Ditto.

Whitstable.

Chislett.

Harbledown.

4, Spencer Square, Ramsgate.
The Grove, Margate.

Ashford.

St. Margaret’s Street, Canterbury.
Stamford, Rectory, Hythe.
North Street, Herne Bay.
Birchington, Thanet. _

St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
Hythe.

CHIVERS, PRINTER, PALACE STREET, CANTERBURY.

REPORT

or

THE EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

WITH A LIST OF

*

BOOKS BELONGING TO THE LIBRARY,
&e., &e.

nnn

SESSION, 1864.

Onn ~

Canterbury :

PRINTED BY H. CHIVERS, PALACE STREET,

ee ee EEE

EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

OOD ODOC CCC CU UU UU UU UO CO

REPORT.

The Committee in presenting their 7th Annual Report,
have again to congratulate the Members on the improved
position of the Society, as although their cash balance is not
so large as last year, there has been a great increase in the
number of members, and several valuable additions to the
Library. The Treasurer has a net balance in hand of
£6 18s. 4d., after paying all accounts to the end of the past
year.

We have since the last annual meeting received an ac-
cession of forty-six new members, and during the same time
we have lost by death and resignation 8, leaving a net gain to
the Society of thirty-eight, among whom your Committee are
proud to recognize several earnest workers in the different
branches of Natural History. ;

The first meeting of the Society was held on the 23rd of
February in Saint George’ s Hall, where a Lecture was deliv-
ered by H. W. Bates, ‘Esq., on the River Amazons and the
Natural History of the Central District of South America.
The Lecture was illustrated with a large map of the course

Bi

of the river and its principal tributaries ; aud Mr. Bates gave a
graphic description of the luxurious forest growth that clothes
the valley on each side, with a sketch of the chief animals and
insects. On this occasion your Committee issued a number of
free admission tickets, and the large room was well filled, more
than three hundred being present; and the lecture was listened
to with marked attention and pleasure throughout. The ex-
periment of issuing a general invitation did not however produce
results to induce your Committee to repeat it.

The first excursion of the year took place on the 31st of
May, to Chilham and thence to Shottenden Wood. In spite
of a threatening morning about 45 members and friends as-
sembled at the Beeches at Shottenden at luncheon, and a
goodly collection of Flowers and Ferns were exhibited. The
President then gave a short Lecture on the formation and
changes in Insects, which was interrupted by a heavy fall of
rain, compelling the party to hasten their return home.

On the 28th of June the President invited the members
to an extra general meeting at Fordwich House, where fifty-
six members and about thirty visitors availed themselves of
his kind invitation and assembled in a marquee on the lawn.

The Presideut opened the proceedings by a short lecture
on the rose—its cultivation, history, and uses, which was
illustrated by some beautiful specimens of the finer or rarer
varieties both cut and growing in the garden. Budding and
grafting were performed by Mr. Kemnett, for the instruction
of the members; and the President concluded a very inter-
esting address by briefly sketching the history of the rose
farms of the east and the manufacture of otto of roses.

Mr. Dowker then explained, with the help of some clearly
drawn diagrams, the principles and construction of the micros-
cope, both simple and compound; after which, the company

5

adjourned to the dining-room, where were several first. class
instruments belonging to different members, and under which
many objects of deep interest were exhibited ; especially an
undescribed species of Ophiura by Mr. H. Lee, Volvox Glo-
bator (alive) by Mr. G. Dowker, and the dental plates of a
Starfish by the Rev. J. B. Reade.

The next meeting of the Society was the autumn excur-
sion to the neighbourhood of Folkestone on the 80th of August,
on which occasion a Committee was formed at Folkestone to
receive and welcome the Society. About 50 members assem-
bled at Copt Point at 2 p.m. on that day, and after exploring
the Flora of the immediate neighbourhood, descended to the
beach, where W. Whittaker, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., gave a short
lecture on the secondary strata, which are well shown at that
spot. By the help of a large diagram he pointed out in the
surrounding cliffs almost the entire cretaceous group, from
upper chalk through lower chalk, upper greensand (not visible
in consequence of the fall of the cliff) and gault to lower
greensand. Several fossils from the gault were collected, and
many actinize and marine Polyzoa from the rocks on the shore,
and the party returned over the cliff to the Pavilion Hotel,
where they dined together—the President taking the chair,
and supported by two of the Vice-Presidents, Capt. Crookes
and Dr. Boycott. After dinner 13 new members were pro-
posed and elected at the next committee meeting.

The President having received an invitation for the Society,
from a Committee of gentlemen at Dover, to attend a Micros-
copic Meeting in the Maison Dieu at that place, and your
Committee having accepted the same on behalf of the members,
a meeting was accordingly held there on the 3rd of November,
which was very numerously attended, both by the members of
the Society and by the citizens of Dover. The members as-
sembled in the Museum at Dover, where they were addressed
by Dr. Astley the Curator, after which they adjourned to the

6

Maison Dieu, where the President delivered an address on the
objects and uses of the Society, which he has since published.
and circulated among the members. Thirty-two microscopes
of various sizes and descriptions were exhibited on a long and
wide table in the centre of the Hall, among which were some
first class Binoculars by T. Ross, some cheaper Binoculars by
C. Baker, single tube instruments by both those makers and
by Smith and Beck, Pillisher, Highley, Powell and Leland,
&c. The objects of interest shewn by these were too nu-
merous to particularize; consisting of rive and mounted
Zoophytes, Diatomaceze, Xanthidiz, Insects and parts of In-
sects, Sections, Algze, &c., &c. The meeting was admirably
organized by the Dover Committee, and was a decided success ;
and with the Folkestone meeting has contributed greatly to
increase the number of members of the Society.

The last meeting of the year was held in St. George’s
Hall, when a Lecture was delivered by B. F. Lowne, Esq.,
on the Natural History of Palestine and the Bible. Mr.
Lowne had travelled in Palestine with the expedition orga-
nized by the Rev. Mr. Tristram as Surgeon and Naturalist,
and gave a graphic description of the Geological Features of
the Jordan Valley, the Lebanon Range and the Dead Sea;
showing the effect of the formation of the Country on its
natural products, and the relation of its Flora and Fauna to
those of Europe on the west, and Africa and Asia on the
south and east.

On this occasion, your Committee thinking the citizens of
Canterbury might be interested in the subject of the lecture,
resolved to admit non-members on a small payment, but the
invitation was not responded to, and the lecture (which gave
great satisfaction to those who heard it) was listened to by an
audience more select than numerous.

The Monthly Evening Meetings, which were commenced

7

in 1863, have been continued regularly through the past: year,
and with one or two exceptions have been well attended, and.
many objects of interest exhibited and discussed, (especially
some very interesting specimens of Marine Polyzoa and An-
nelilida, by Mr. Saunders); and your Committee believing
much benefit has accrued from these meetings, and much
information been gained and disseminated at them, recommend
their continuance in the present year.

The Prize offered by the President at the last Annual
Meeting has not been awarded, as there was but one com-
petitor ; and our want of room has assisted in preventing the
institution of the courses of elementary lectures hoped for in
our last report.

Annexed is the Treasurer’s statement of account for the
past year, and a list of the books in the Library, those added
during the year being marked with an asterisk.

Your Committee have to regret the loss of the services of
Dr. Boycott one of your Vice-Presidents.

It having ‘been suggested to the Committee that an ex-
hibition of Roses would be very popular in Canterbury, your
Committee, having carefully considered the matter, and ascer-
tained that they are likely to be well supported by the nobility
and gentry of the county, beg to recommend that an exhibition
of the native and cultivated varieties of the Rose be held at
Canterbury, under the auspices of the Society, about Thursday
June the 22nd; and in order to induce exhibitors to send
specimens, prizes be offered for competition, under such reg-
ulations as a Committee specially appointed shall determine
on, and a subscription be started to defray the cost thereof.

In concluding their report the Committee can but con-
gratulate the members on the success that has attended the

8

meetings during the year, and the improved position of the
Society generally; and again urging on members the utility
and necessity of each member noting carefully the observations
that fall in his way of the Natural History of his own im-
mediate neighbourhood, or of any part of the county where he
may be sojourning, as it is by a number of separate observa-
tions, apparently trivial in themselves, that many of the great
truths of the science have been established. With our in-
creased number of members, spread over a space comprehend-
ing Dover, Deal, Sandwich, Ramsgate, Margate, Herne Bay,
Whitstable, Faversham, Sittingbourne, Tenterden, Ashford,
Hythe, and Folkestone, we should be in a position to make
out a complete Fauna and Flora for East Kent, particularly
of the neighbourhood of the coast line—a task the Committee
hope for the cordial co-operation of the members in attempting.

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LIST OF BOOKS ‘AND PERIODICALS.
BELONGING TO THE East tye Bes Para cone Soorery.

1. British Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, 1 vol., (Reeve)
2. Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol., (Wilson)
8. Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol., (Harvey)
4, Flora of Surrey, 1 v6l., (J. A. Brewer)
5. Manual of Geology, 1 vol., (Professor Phillips)
6. Flora of East Kent
*7, Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.
*8, Ramsays Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.
*9, Dallas’ Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.
*10. Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.
*11, A Catalogue of rare Phcenogamous Plants collected in South Kent
in 1829.
#12. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol 3, 1863. (Half bound Calf)
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1852. (In Cloth)

oa 1853 to 1855. (Half bound Calf)
5 1856 to 1857. (In Cloth)
5 1858 to 1861, and for 1863,. (Half bound Calf)

N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete at present.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vols. 7 and 8, old
Series. Vols. 1, 1861, and 3, 1863, new ditto. Half bound Calf)

Magazine of Natural History, vols. 3, 4, 6, 6, 7,-8, 11, and 12, 3rd
Series. (Half bound Calf)

The Geologist, vols. 2, 3,4,and 6. (Half bound Calf)

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859. (Half bound Calf)

Hand Book of British Flora, parts 1, to 24.

British Moths, Nocturni.
a) Geometre.

Proceedings of the Geologist’s Association, 1863-4,

N.B.—As it is most important to increase the number of Books
in the Library for the use of Members, a special subscyiption for the
purchase of Books, or donation of works on Natural History will be
thankfully received by the Committee.

<s

11

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ:

. Natural History Review

. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
- Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

. The Zoologist

. The Geological Magazine

. Hand Book of British Flora

- Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
a5 op Science.

“TD Oe COD

foe)
.

LIST OF BOOKS, &c.

Lent To THE East Kent NATURAL History Socrety’s LIBRARY.

1. The Ray Society’s Publications from 1845 to 1854, 12 vols.
By James Reid, Esq.

2. Balfour’s Class Book of Botany, 1855 and 1859, 2 vols.
By James Reid, Esq.

3. Geology of South East of England, 1833, 1 vol.
By James Reid, Esq.

4. Clark’s British Marine Testaceous Mollusca, 1855, 1 vol.
By G. Dowker, Esq.

5. Martin’s Geological Memoir of Part of Western Sussex, 1828, lvol.
By James Reid, Esq.

6. Mantell’s Geology of Surrey, 1840, 1 vol. By James Reid, Esq.
7. Buckland’s Reliquie Diluviane, 1823, 1 vol. By James Reid, Esq.
8. Work on Butterflies, 1 vol. By Rev. F. Rouch,
9. Hints on the formation of Local Museums. By James Reid, Esq,

10. Letters of Rusticus on the Natural History of Godalming.
By Miss Kenrick.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

WPresitent :
SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BersHANGER.

Wice-resitents :

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

SIR BROOK BRIDGES, BART,, M.P., GoopNESTONE PARK.
MAJOR C. J. COX, Forpwicu Hovssz.

MATTHEW BELL, Esa., BouRNE PARK.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esa., St. ALBANS.

REV. J. P. SCOTT, S1sERTSWoULD.

CAPT. CROOKES, Dover.

REV. J. MITCHINSON, Krne’s ScHoot.

REV. J. B, READE, BisHopsBouRNE.

©
Treasurer :
G. RIGDEN, Esa., BuRGATE STREET.
Secretary:
MR. JOHN S. LINFORD, Burecate STREET.
Committee:
J. BRENT, Jun., Ese. H. B. MAKESON, Esa.
G. FURLEY, Esa. F. H. SANKEY, Ese.
COLONEL HORSLEY. REV. F. ROUCH.
MR. S. HARVEY. MR. S. SAUNDERS,
CAPTAIN KEMP. Dr. TASSELL.

MR, W. MOUNT.

Pocal Secretaries :

G. BOTTLE, Esa., Dover.
Dr, FITZGERALD, Fo.kesTone.

13

MEMBERS.

Alford, Very Rev. Dr.
Andrews, A. B. Esq.
Alcock, Rev. J. P.

Austin. Rey.

Abram, Mr, W.

Bridges, Sir B. W., Bt., .MP.
Bell, M. Esq.
Bottle, Mr, A.
Bateman, Mr. J.
Bland, W., Esq.
Brent, J. jun., Esq.
Briggs, Rev. J. B.
Briggs, A. Esq.
Brooke, John Esq.
Bowles, Robt. Esq.
Barrow, Mrs.
Browne. Miss L.
Crookes, Capt.
Cotton, H., Esq.
Cox, Major

Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Chivers, Mr.
Chaffey, Mrs.
Dowker, G., Esq.
Dowker, Mrs.
Drew, C. T., Esq.
Doridant, C., Esq.
Davidson, — Esq.
Ellis, W., Esq.
Eastes, S., Esq.
Ellis, Rev. J. H.
Farren, Col., C. B.
Furley, R., Esq.
Furley, Geerge, Esq.
Forrest, Mrs.
Fitzgerald, Dr. W.
Grayling, J., Esq, M.D.

Dean of Canterbury
Westgate, Canterbury.
Ashford.

St. George’s.

St. Dunstan’s

Goodnestone Park.

Bourne Park.

Dover.

St. George’s Street, Canterbury.
Hartlip, Sittingbourne.
Dane John.

Folkestone.

Tenterden,

Folkestone.

Ditto.

Walmer.

4, Victoria Terrace, Canterbury.
Dover.

Dent de Lion, Margate.
Fordwich House.

Ditto

Palace Street.

Doddington near Faversham.
Stourmouth House,

Ditto.

Chartham,

Folkestone.

Littlebourne.

Folkestone.

Ditto.

Elham.

Colchester.

Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Folkestone.

Sittingbourne.

Green, Mrs. J.
Greaves, Mr. Cyril
Gillett, Mr.
Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hallowes, Mrs. P. B.
Hoare, W. P., Esq.
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Hatfield, Mrs.
Hatfield, Miss
Harvey, Mr. 8.
Horsley, Col.

Hart, R. Esq.
Imthurn, Miss
James, Sir W., Bart.
Jenner, Rev. H. L.
Kersey, Dr.

Kersey, Mrs.
Kenrick, Miss
Kemp, Capt.
Kingsford, Miss
Lake, Robt., Esq.
Leith, R. M., Esq.,
Lee, R., Esq.

Levy, Adolphus, Esq.
Linford, Mr. J. 8.
Linford, Mrs.
Makeson, H. B., Esq.
Mitchinson, Rey, Dr.
Mount, Mr. W.
Neame, Mrs. A.
Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs.
Pittock, G. M., Esq., M.D.,
Parker, R. D., Esq.
Pool, Mr.

Powell, Rev. W.
Powell, Mrs.

Reid, Jas., Esq.
Rigden, G. Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.
Reade, Rey. J. B.
Reade, Geo., Esq.
Scott, Rev. L. F.
Sankey, Robt., Esq.
Sankey, F. H., Esq.

14

Canterbury.

Ditto.

Ditto.

St. Albans.

Stour Street, Canterbury.
Faversham.

Word near Sandwich.
Ditto.

Ditto.

High Street, Canterbury.
St. Stephen’s Lodge,
Folkestone.

Wincheap.

Betshanger.

Preston Vicarage.
Littlebourne.

Ditto.

Stone House, Canterbury.
Cavalry Barracks,
Seaton.

Milton Chapel.
Folkestone.

The Waldrens, Croydon.
Folkestone.

Canterbury.

Ditto.

High Street, Hythe.
King’s School.
Canterbury.

King’s Bridge, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.

Ditto.

Margate.

Barham.

High Street, Canterbury.
Folkestone.

Canterbury.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street.
Precincts, Canterbury.
Bishopsbourne.

Ditto.

Sibertswould.

Castle Street, Canterbury,
Wingham,

Sankey, Mrs.
Saunders, Mr. Sibert,
Slater, F., Esq.
Scudamore, Dr.

Smith, Capt. Carleton
Stock, Henry, Esq.
Sankey, Herbt. T., Esq.
Tainch, E. C., Esq.
Tucker, Mr. E.
Thurston, Thos., Esq.
Tassell, Dr.

Tylden, Rey. M.
Taylor, Mrs. A.
Thornton, W. H., Esq.
Tyson, W.T., Esq.
West, Rev. J. F.
Walker, Mrs.

Ward, Miss
Whittaker, W., Esq.
Wilson, J. L., Esq.
Worsfold, Christopher, Esq.

15

Wingham.

Whitstable.

Chislett.

Harbledown.

Dover.

Folkestone.

Burgate Street, Canterbury.
4, Spencer Square, Ramsgate.
The Grove, Margate.
Ashford.

St. Margaret’s Street, Canterbury.
Stamford Rectory, Hythe.
North Street, Herne Bay.
Hawley Square, Margate
Folkestone.

Birchington, Thanet.

St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
High Street, Canterbury.

St. Margaret's, Canterbury.
Bridge Street.

Dover.

The following were elected at the Annual Meeting :—

Green, Mrs. A.

: Hambrook, Mr. J. B.
Kingsford, — Esq.
Lewis, F., Esq.
Lindsay, J. B., Esq.
Mummery, Mr. W. P.
Pryer, E. J., Esq.
Spice, C., Esq.
Weston, L., Esq.
Wightwick, W., Esq.

_—

9, Clarence Lawn, Dover.
Strond Street, ditto.
Lundy House, ditto.
Castle Street, ditto.
Maison Dieu Road, ditto.
Strond Street, ditto,

ditto. ditto.

ditto. ditto.
Waterloo Crescent, ditto.
Folkestone.

CHIVERS, PRINTER, PALACE STREET, CANTERBURY,

BHPORE

OF

THE EAST KENT

Watural Histary Saciety,

WITH A LIST OF

BOOKS BELONGING TO THE LIBRARY,

&e., &e.

Sessian, 1866.

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE ‘ KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH-STREET.

BHPORT.

a

The Committee have the pleasure of laying their ninth
annual report before the members, and again find their chief
source of congratulation in the financial position of the Society,
as the present balance in hand is more than £9, which would
be greatly increased were all the outstanding subscriptions
paid up. Since the publication of the last report the Society
has lost eleven members from various causes, and twenty-
eight new members have been elected, being a net gain of
seventeen to the Society.

In consequence of an arrangement entered into with the
proprietor of the ‘‘ Kentish Gazette,” the Committee are
enabled to present to the members a more detailed account of
the proceedings of the Society than they have hitherto given.

The Committee regret the compulsory omission of the
November meeting in the past year, but as none of the mem-
bers were at the time prepared with a paper, and they were
unable to procure a professional lecturer from London, it would
have been useless to call the meeting. One of the chief uses
of fixing the days of these evening meetings was to allow such
members as had anything to communicate tothe Society to
give notice of their intention to the Secretary before the time
of meeting; but the Committee fear that this convenience has
hardly been appreciated by the members, as a reference
to the report will show only three original papers during
the year, viz., one by G. Dowker, Esq., on the work

Iv.

of the East Kent Natural History Society; one by J. Brent,
jun., Esq., on the Stork ; and one by Mr. Gordon on the Birds
frequenting the Kentish Coast,—this last being an epitome of
personal observations extending over a period of more than a
quarter of a century.

It will be seen by the Librarian’s statement appended
that 6 new books and 5 vols. of periodicals have been added
to the library, and that several volumes which had been kindly
lent for reference, have been reclaimed by their owner, James
Reid, Esq., to whom the Committee tender their best thanks
for some years’ use of a number of valuable works. The
Librarian has yet a sum of £5 2s. 1d. in hand awaiting an
opportunity of obtaining one or more expensive books of
reference, for which he is at present in treaty, at a reduced
rate.

The Treasurer’s account, duly audited, is also annexed,
showing a balance of £9 7s. 1d. in favour of the Society.

In conclusion, the Committee beg to urge on the members
the necessity of increased activity, if not of observation, at
least in the communication of their results to the Society at
large. The excursions have been pretty well attended this
year, and the Microscopic Meeting was a decided success,
while the interest in the papers read, at the second and third
meetings especially, render it still more to be regretted that
there were none to keep it up at the meeting which should
have been held in November.

Annexed is the detailed report of the proceedings before
alluded to.

Vv.

LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

Betonemse To THe East Kent Naturat Hisrory Society.

British Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, 1 vol., (Reeve)

Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)

Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol., (Harvey)

Flora of Surrey, 1 vol., (J. A. Brewer)

Manual of Geology, 1 vol., (Professor Phillips)

Flora of East Kent.

Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.

Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britian, 1 vol.

Dallas’ Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

10. Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vol.

11. A Catalogue of rare Pheenogamous Plants collected in South Kent
in 1829.

12. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring
to Sheets 4 and 7.

13. British hip ye Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865, (Douglas and Scott)

14. Hand Book of British Flora, 2 vols., (Bentley)

15. Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 1 vol.

16. Recent Memoirs on the Cetacez, 1 vol.

17. Monograph of British Spongidie by Dr. Bowerbank.

18. Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.

19. Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.

20. Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs. Gatie from Professor

Harvey’s Phycologia Britannica.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol. 3, 1863, and 4, 1864. (Half bound Calf)
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1852. (In Cloth)
-s 1853 to 1855. (Half bound Calf)
s 1856 to 1857. (In Cloth)
¥ 1858 to 1861, and for 1863 to 1865. (Half bound Calf)
N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete at present.
The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vols. 7 and 8, old Series.
Vols. 1, 1861, 3 to 5, 1863 to 1865, new ditto. (Half bound Calf)
Magazine of Natural History, vols. 3 to 8, and11 to 16, 3rd Series.
(Half bound Calf)
The Geologist, vols. 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7. (Half bound Calf)
The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859. (Half bound Calf)

PON A Sue She

British Moths, Nocturni.
7 Geometre.
Proceedings of the Geologist’s Association, 1863-4.
Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, and 2, 1866.
Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864.

The Librarian regrets to state that in consequence of the undermentioned
Periodicals not having been returned to the Library, nor any entry of them
made in the book kept for the purpose in the Society’s reading room, he
has been unable to have the volumes for 1865 bound, viz:—Journal of
Science, No. VI. Natural History Review, No. X.

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ:

Natural History Review
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
The Zoologist
The Geological Magazine
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society

. » of Science

BGO S Bt

LIST OF BOOKS, &.

Lent to THE East Kent Naturat History’s Socrery’s Lrprary.

1. Clark’s British Marine Testaceous Mollusca, 1855, 1 vol.
By G. Dowker, Esq.
2. Work on Butterflies, 1 vol. By Rev. F. Rouch.
3. Letters of Rusticus on the Natural History of Godalming.
By Miss Kenrick
4. Work on the Microscope. By Rev. F. Rouch
§. Hooker’s British Flora, 1835, 1 vol. By Dr. Boycott

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VIII.

List of Oficers and Members.

20:

President :
MAJOR C. J. COX, Forpwicn Hovsse.

Vice Presidents:

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

SIR BROOK W. BRIDGES, BART., M.P., Goopnestone Park.
SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BetsHancER.

MATTHEW BELL, Esa., Bounnn Park.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esa., Sr. AtBans.

REV. F. SCOTT, Srsexrtswovu.p.

CAPT. CROOKES, Dover.

REV. J. MITCHINSON, D.C.L., Kine’s Scxoot.

_ REV. J. B. READE, M.A., BisHorspourne.

GEO. DOWKER, Esa., F.G.8., Stourmovra Hovse.

Treasurer:
G. RIGDEN, Esa., Buncate STREET.

Librarian :
COLONEL HORSLEY.

Secretaries :

MR. JOHN 8. LINFORD, Bureate Street.
MR. 8. HARVEY, Hiex Sraezer.

Committee:
J. BRENT, Jun., Esa. J. S. PILBROW, Esa. F.G.S.,
G. FURLEY, Esa. F.S.A.
COLONEL HORSLEY. REV. F. ROUCH.
CAPTAIN KEMP. F. H. SANKEY, Esa.
H. B. MAKESON, Esa. MR. 8. SAUNDERS.
T. G. PECKHAM, Esa. F. SLATER, Ese.

Local Secretaries:

A. BOTTLE, Esa., Dover.
Dr. PITTOCK, Margate.

———

IX.

embers.
Alford, Very Rev. Dr. Dean of Canterbury.
Andrews, A. B., Esq. Westgate, Canterbury.
Alcock, Rev. J. P. Ashford.
Austin, Rev. B. Harbledown, Canterbury.
Abram, Mr. W. St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.
Astley, Dr. Dover.
Bridges, Sir B. W., Bart., M.P. | Goodnestone Park.

. — Esq. Westbere House.
Bateman, Mr. J. St. George’s Street, Canterbury.
Bell, M., fa Bourne Park.

Bland, W., Esq. Hartlip, Sittingbourne.
Bottle, A., Esq. Dover.
Bowles, Robert, Esq. Folkestone.
Brent, J. jun., Esq. Dane John, Canterbury.
Briggs, Rev. J. B. Folkestone.
Briggs, A., Es Tenterden.
Brooke, John, Folkestone.

, Rev. Betshanger, near Deal.
Beer, Miss K. Parade, Canterbury.
B W., Es St. George’s Fields, Canterbury.
Bell, R. J. Es St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.
Barton, T. E., Esq. Liverpool Street, Dover.
ioe aay Rey. 42, Marine Parade, ditto
Crookes, Capt. Dover.
Cotton, H., Esq., Dent de Lion, Margate.
Cox, Colonel, C. J. Fordwich House.
Cox, Mrs. C. J. Ditto.

‘ey, Mrs, Doddington, near Faversham.
Clement, E. N., Esq; Dover.

is, P. B., Esq., Ditto.
Court, P., Esq. Ditto.
Cozens, Mr. J F. Sturry Road, Canterbury.
Cozens, Mrs. J. F. Ditto.
Dowker, G., Esq. . Stourmouth House.
Doridant, C., Esq. Folkestone.
Ellis, W., Esq. Ditto.
Easter, 8., Esq. Ditto.

Estridge, — Esq.
Farren, Col. C. B.
Furley, R., Esq.
Furley, George, Esq.
Forrest, Mrs.

Finnis, Steriker, Esq.
Freshfield, C., Esq., M.P.
Furley, W. D., Esq.
Grayling, Dr.

Green, Mrs. J.
Greaves, Mr. Cyril

Gill, Dr.

Huddleston, J. W., Esq., M.P.
Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hatfield, G. T,, Esq.
Harvey, Mr. 8S.

Horsley, Colonel

Hart, R., Esq.

Hambrook, Mr. J. B.
Hilton, Captain

Harvey, John, Esq.
Hayward, H., Esq.
Haddon, Miss

Haddon, Miss C.,
Hemery, John, Esq.
James, Sir W., Bart.
Jones, R., Esq.

Johnston, W. T., Esq.
Johnson, H., Esq.

Kersey, Dr.

Kersey, Mrs.

Kemp, Captain
Kingsford, Miss
Kingsford, —, Esq.
Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Knocker, Edward, Esq.
Knocker, Captain

Lake, Robert, Esq.

Leith, R. M., Esq.

Lee, H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S. ,
Levi, Adolphus, Esq.

x.

Dover.

Colchester.

Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Dover.

Canterbury.

Sittingbourne.

Canterbury.

Ditto.

Dover.

Museum, Dover.

4, Camden Crescent, Dover.

2, Park Prospect, St. James’s Park.

St. Albans.

Word, near Sandwich.

High Street, Canterbury.

St. Stephen’s Lodge.

Folkestone.

Strond Street, Dover.

Nackington Honse.

St. Mary’s, Dover.

Castle Street, ditto.

Effingham Crescent, ditto
ditto ditto

London & County Bank, Canterbury.

Betshanger.

Chilton, near Dover.

Dover.

London and County Bank, Dover.

Littlebourne.

Ditto.

Cavalry Barracks, Canterbury.

Seaton.

Lundy House, Dover.

Littlebourne.

Castle Hill, Dover.

Dover.

Milton Chapel.

Folkestone.

The Waldrons, Croydon.

Folkestone.

Linford, Mr. J. 8.

Lewis, T., Esq.
Lindsey, J.B. , Esq.
Mummery, Mr. W. P
Marshall, Dr.

Makeson, H. B. Esq.
Mitchinson, Rey. Dr.
Mount, Mr. W.
Neame, Mrs. A.
Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs.
Pittock, G. M., Esq., M.D.
Parker, R. D., Esq.

Pool, Mr.

Powell, Rev. W.

—~

Pilbrow, J., Esq, F.G.S., F.S.A.

Payn, G. H., Esq.
Rad, Jas., Esq.
aa G., Esq.

megs

Smith, Miss J.
Smith, J. G., Esq.

xI,

Canterbury.

Castle Street, Dover.
Maison Dieu Road, ditto.
Strond Street, Dover.
Castle Street, ditto.
High Street, Hythe.
King’ s School.
Canterbury

King’s Bridge, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.

Ditto.

Margate.

Barham.

High Street, Canterbury.
Folkestone.

Dover.

St. Martin’s Hill, ditto.
Fredville.

The Firs, Canterbury.
St. Mary's, Dover.

3, Marine Place, ditto
Hall Place, Harbledown.

Wingfield House, Canterbury.

Saxon Street, Dover.
Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Taunton, Somerset.
Precincts, Canterbury.
Bishopsbourne.

Ditto.

Sibertswould.

Wingham.

Ditto.

Whitstable.

Chislett.

Dover.

Folkestone.

Liverpool Street, Dover.
Biron’ Street, ditto.
Little Kenfield.

Dane John, Canterbury.
Dover.

44 Vande
/ 4h / Wyre

Sicard, A., Esq.
Tucker, Mr. E.
Thurston, Thos., Esq.
Tuckey, C., Esq., M.D.
Tylden, Rev. M.
Taylor, Mrs., A.
Thornton, W. H., Esq.
Tyson, W. T., Esq.
Thorpe, J. C., Esq.
Thomson, R. E., Esq.
Walker, Mrs.

Ward, Miss

Wilson, J. L., Esq.

Worsfold, Christopher, Esq.

Winter, Capt.
Weston, L., Esq.
Wightwick, W., Esq.
Wray, Miss

Warman, Mr. W.
‘Warman, Mrs.
Winch, —, Esq.

XII.

Bridge.

The Grove, Margate.

Ashford.

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.

Stanford Rectory, Hythe.

North Street, Herne Bay.

Hawley Square, Margate.

Folkestone.

Dover.

Kenfield House.

St. George’s Place, Canterbury.

High Street, Canterbury.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.

Dover.

Bridge. :

Waterloo Crescent, Dover.

Folkestone.

Barton Fields, Canterbury.

St. Peter’s Street, Canterbury.
Ditto ditto

Dover.

Honorary and Caryresponiing Members,

Sandilands, —, Esq.

Saunders, J., Esq.
Whitaker, W. Esq.

Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia.

Reigate.

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London.

Assuciates,

Baker, Mr. Cattle Market, Sandwich.
Coppen, Mr. E. Sibertswould.

lse, Mr. R. Burgate Lane, Canterbury.
Gutteridge, Mr. Faversham.
Kennett, Mr. W. Fordwich.
Parren, Mr. W. Canterbury.
Prebble, Mr. J. G. Ramsgate.
Young, Mr. Sittingbourne.

———

XIII.

EAST KENT

NATURAL MISTORY SOCISTY,

Title and Ohjects of the Saciety,

The objects of the East Kent Narvrat History Socrery
shall be, the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and
Theoretical Knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its
Branches, both in relation to the particular District, and the
General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.
1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Cor-
responding Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by ballot, taken at any Meeting of the Committee, or at a
General Meeting—one black ball in five to exclude.

3. The Annual Subscriptions, to be paid by Ordinary Members,
shall be Ten Shillings ; the Subscription shall become due on the Ist of
January in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year.

XIV.

Any Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it
is due, shall be applied to by the Secretary, and if the Subscription re-
mains unpaid for three months after such application, he shall cease to be
a Member of the Society.

4. The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
an Ordinary Member, and her subscription shall be Five Shillings,

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with simila,
Societies may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district: such Honorary and Corresponding
Members shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs.

6. In order to encourage the study of Natural History among indivi-
duals of the class of mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as associates, provided
they shall first communicate some information or observation on Natura,
History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local Museums,
as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates shall
enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
sho shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held on the same
day as the February and November General Meetings, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held on the last Tuesday in January

XV.

in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of electing the Officers for
the current year, receiving the Annual Statement of Accounts, and Report
of the Committee, and conducting the general affairs of the Society.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of
the Society, the specific purposes of the Meeting being stated in the
notice, which shall be sent to each member not less than one week before
the time of such Meeting.

10, All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by a
majority of votes; and if upon any question the votes shall be equal, the
Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or casting vote.

11. In the event of ary vacancy occurring in the Officers or Com-
mittee, between the annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the
Committee.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any Member Local Secretary for the town
or district he may reside in. . Such Local Secretary shall be ex-officio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. Two Meetings shall be held in Canterbury yearly, during the first
and last quarters, for the purpose of reading Papers, exhibiting Specimens,
Lectures, &c, Each member to have the right of introducing a Visitor at
these Meetings.

14. Two Excursions are appointed to take place yearly, during the
Summer, for the purpose of investigating the natural objects of interest iD
some district in East Kent; the arrangements for these Excursions to be
made at a Committee Meeting to be held in the first week of each of the
Summer Quarters.

XVI.

15. A Minute of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of such Meetings and
Excursions to every Member, stating the time and place of Meeting, &c.

LOCAL MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society,
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or Ex-
cursions in their districts; and to give notice of the same to the General,
and all the Local Secretaries, stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTIONS OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society shall endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of
Natural History, both with a view of forming a Museum and distribution
of Duplicate Specimens, according to Regulations to be adopted by the
Committee.

LIBRARY.

19. Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History are
to be purchased by the funds of the Society, and the number to be pur-
chased shall be determined by the Committee.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some convenient
place, so that Members may be able to refer to them, or take them out,
under such regulations as the Committee from time to time may think
proper to make.

21, Members are also invited to lend Books for the use of the
Library, reserving to themselves the full right of ownership; such Books
to be under the care of the Committee, and not allowed to be taken out of
the Library.

ail

FIRST ANNUAL MEETING.

Canterbury, March 7st, 7866.

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,” of March 6th, 1866,

On Thursday afternoon last an interesting meeting in
connection with this Society was held in the Corn Ex-
change, Canterbury. Major Cox, the President of the
Society, was called to the chair, and there was a large at-
tendance of members and their friends. Among those
present we noticed G. Dowker, Esq., Vice-President, Peter
Marten, Esq., (Mayor), and party, W. R. Mummery, Esq.,
A. Bottle, Esq., Captain Kemp, C. T. Drew, Esq., T.
Davidson, Esq., Colonel Horsley, Dr. Tuckey, Dr. Gray-
ling, J. Reid, Esq., Mrs. Reid, and family, W. Delmar,
Esq., G. Rigden, Esq., F. Slater, Esq., J. Brent, jun., Esq.,
Mrs. and Miss Brent, W. D. Furley, Esq., and party, J.
F. Crookes, Esq., E. Plummer, Esq., M. G. Lloyd, Royal
Dragoon Guards, Revs. E. Gilder, T. 8. Huxley, J. M.
Ward, P. W. De Quetteville, A. P. Moore, and E. R.
Orger, F. Rutley, Esq., Mrs. Cox and party, Mr. E.
Collard, Mrs. and Miss Robertson, Rev. J. White, Miss
White, P. B. Claris, Esq., Mr. J. Linford and Mrs. Linford,
Mr. 8. Harvey, &c., &e.

The Presipenr in addressing the meeting, said that he

2

was extremely pleased to see so many visitors present at
this the first meeting for the year, and he could assure them
that they were most kindly received by the Committee and
members of the Society generally. He was especially
gratified to see so large an attendance of the fair sex, and
the Society would ever strive to enlist their best feelings
by explaining to them the wonderful works of the Al-
mighty, by the powers of the microscope. (Hear, hear.)
He would now call upon Mr. Dowker to read a paper
which he had kindly consented to draw up, explaining to
those who were not acquainted with the Society, some of
the objects it has in view.

G. Dowxer, Esq., F.G.S., after making a few
prefatory remarks, read a paper entitled “‘ The work of the
East Kent Natural History Society; what should be ac-
complished, and how to set about it; with a short summary of
what has been done towards a knowledge of the fauna and
flora of the district.” He said:—

I hope in bringing this subject to your notice at this first
meeting of the Society for the year, I may be pardoned if
I sketch out a programme which might be adopted, with
some modifications, by this Society, and which would, I
think, be some step towards working out what should be
the primary object of such a Society as this, viz., to de-
scribe and collect the Fauna, Flora, and Geology of the
district.

The Society has been in existence since the year 1859, and
therefore we have had seven years to consider our work, for
it may be truly said that the primary olyect for which the
Society was established was for the collection and diffusion of
practical knowledge respecting Natural History, and espe-
cially in regard to this particular district.

No doubt this was not entirely the object for which this
Society wasformed. The diffusion of theoretical knowledge
on various points of Natural History generally ; the associa-
tion of members of congenial pursuits and tastes, to examine

3

and admire the wonderful works of the Creator scattered
around us in such munificence, and to teach others to look
for the hidden beauties in flower and field, this was one
object of the Society ; and this, in every sense of the word,
is the popular part of its proceedings. To this latter object
the Society has hitherto directed too exclusively its atten-
tion. But surely with seven years of experience, during
which we have formed so many I may say happy acquaint-
ances with those residing in the county who have a practical
knowledge of Botany, Zoology, Entomology, and Geology,
and who would be most likely to aid us in this undertaking,
surely now some practical work is expected of us; and
although we may regret that seven years have passed over
our heads leaving so little practical work behind as the re-
sult, yet we may, on the other hand, be glad that we have
not begun our work with scanty knowledge and few work-
men. We have the experience of the past to guide us, and
I hope we shall for the future resolve that our energies shall
be directed into some practical channel.

East Kent, from its varied surface, its sea-bound coast,
and, above all, its varied geological features, possesses an
exceedingly rich flora, and consequently fauna. Itis not
unexplored, for many botanists and zoologists have written
about its wealth, but yet much remains to be done; and
I may observe that what has been done has been accom-
plished by single individuals, aided, it may be, by others.
As we have a society devoted to Natural History, containing
many members qnalified to record accurate observations,
the task should fall proportionately lighter on our shoul-
ders.

In suggesting to you the following plan, I would ob-
serve that although many men constitute an army, they
cannot work without their separate generals ; so they again
require a field marshal, a general-in-chief, to direct their
operations. With our Republican Natural History Society
it will be necessary for us to place confidence in those indi-

4

viduals whom we place over their respective departments,
allowing them to chose their aides-de-camp ; but it should be
understood that they are responsible only for their indivi-
dual observations, and give credit in acknowledgment of all
assistance rendered. :

All the different departments of Natural History are mu-
tually dependent on one another. Firstly, the geology and
physical features of a district affect the flora. To the
chalk districts, for instance, a certain flora is confined ; to
the London clay another, and so on, Then again the flora
of a district affects the fauna; certain plants are the food
of certain insects, and therefore to know where to find the
plant will help us to find the insect.

1st. The geology and physical features will therefore
constitute the key to the products to be found.

2nd. The flora will constitute the next.

3rd. The fauna the third.

4th. Besides these we must place a division embracing
the marine fauna and flora, which are a distinct branch of
study, and are influenced by other considerations.

In carrying out the work of determining the flora, fauna,
geology, &c., of this county, we must first make ourselves
acquainted with what has been accomplished by other
observers ; and in doing this we shall make out, also, the
bibliography ; but nevertheless it would be a task which
might be left to one direction.

I do not think it advisable to map out the district into
square miles and assign to individuals the task of determin-
ing the botany or zoology of such district, because to do
so it would be necessary to have a staff of officials always
ready, and with the time at their command, to examine
every such district every month of the year, which,
with the few workers we have, would be a manifest
impossibility; on the other hand, I would avoid a
desultorious way of proceeding by requiring those ladies or
gentlemen who would undertake the task to communicate

5

monthly with the head of their respective departments,
giving account of all finds, whether in botany, zoology, or
geology, and all plants, &c., found by them should be
chronicled by the head of that department at his discretion,
with the name of the observer and time and place of obser-
vation. Thus, for instance, suppose certain gentlemen at
Canterbury proceed to Wye and there find certain plants in
bloom, they should communicate this fact to the head of the
botanical department, whose duty it should be to acknow-
ledge the receipt of the communication, and ask for such
information as he might require; and at the same time
any zoological or entomological finds, should be noted in like
manner to the heads of their respective departments. By
this means we should render available all the aid we might
expect from different scattered members of this Society.
With respect of a collection of plants for our museum, it
would be desirable to form such a collection, and it should
be impressed on all collectors the necessity of making aceu-
rate observations, keeping all doubtful specimens for careful
observation and comparison, and keeping dried specimens
with this important caution—not by any means to extermi-
nate a species by securing the only specimen if vare; and
not publish the habitat of any rare plant except to the
head of the botanical department. I may here observe that
I do not think the Society would do well to publish habitats
of rare plants except in some general way, as plants have
often been exterminated by the injudicious zeal of amateurs
and the cupidity of regular collectors, when the exact spot
is indicated ; and I would rather see the attempt made to
introduce scarce plants into fresh localities—a task which
would repay those who are interested in botany.

By extending these observations over a few years, with
occasional notices to the members of our general progress
and hints for their aid, we should collect a mass of valuable
information, which at some future time might be published
by the Society.

6

In order to carry out such a scheme, it would be ad-
visable to form a sub-committee of gentlemen in the So-
ciety noted for their scientific pursuits; to arrange and
adopt shortly a plan to carry such object out.

Before leaving this subject allow me to add that we need
not be alarmed at the work before us, and may take
courage from what has been accomplished by others. In
geology we have the observations of Philips, Prestwich,
Morris, Fitton, Trimmer, and a host of minor observations
by other geologists; and lastly, the valuable aid of the
Geological Survey, under Mr. Whitaker. Nor must I
omit the chart published by Christopher Packe, a native of
Canterbury. On botany we have the observations of
Ray, Boys, Bateman, Jacob, Smith, Turner, Hunter, Curtis
Dillwyn, and lastly Cowell, in his Faversham and East
Kent floral guide.

On zoology we have the observations of Ellis, and the
contributors to the Dover and other musuems, Dr. Plomley’s
birds, &e.

I would not wish this Society to forego its pleasant in-
structive excursions and popular. exhibitions, and am per-
fectly aware that such a Society must be supported by
members who have not the time or inclination to enter into
scientific pursuits; at the same time I think the Society
would still add to its usefulness, and not diminish its
income, by adopting a more business way of proceeding
than has yet characterised its transactions.

By setting to work studiously to increase its practical
scientific usefulness, we shall I have no doubt, revive the
energy, and receive again in our ranks those real workers
in Natural History who have not had the inclination to
continue in a Society whose pleasant excursions they can-
not find time to attend, and whose meetings generally lack
that scientific interest which would attract them; and by
finding local work for them, may keep up a greater bond of
fellowship among distant county members.

7

The company then proceeded to inspect the microscopes,
which were arranged on three large tables, in the centre of
the Exchange. ‘The following is a list of the microscopes,
and the persons by whom they were exhibited.

A. Bottle, Esq., Dover, microscope by Smith and Beck,
showing the circulation of blood in the frog; tongue of
spider, &c.

Major Cox, Fordwich House, binocular microscope by
Ross, showing wild flowers, and hairs ef deutzia and other
plants.

Captain Crookes, Dover, microscope by Baker, showing a
variety of objects.

Dr. Davidson, Littlebourne, binocular microscope by
Ross, showing the tongue of wasp, diamond beetle, and
other insects.

G. Dowker, Esq., Stourmouth, microscope by Smith and
Beck, showing polysiphonia, fibulosa, delessaria, hypoglos-
sum, calithamnion, gracilimum.

C. Drew, Esq., Chartham, microscope by Pillischer, show-
ing the xanthidie in flint, spicules of gorgonia, arachnoi-
discus from Cape, and microscopic photographs.

Mr. 8. Harvey, Canterbury, three microscopes by Ross
and Baker, showing the vegetable circulation in yalisneria ;
scales of sole, by polarized light; section of echinus spine,
and various diatomaceze.

Mr. J. 8. Linford, Canterbury, two large binocular mi-
croscopes by T. Ross, showing cysticercus, trichina spiralis,
leaf of oncidium, leaf of sage, pollen of mallow, frond of
fern, palate of trochus, peristome of moss, and foot of
dytiscus.

W. P. Mummery, Esq., Dover, binocular microscope by
Stewart, showing bowerbankia and other polyzoa.

F. Rutley, Esq., Dover, microscope by Baker, showing a
section of toe of mouse and section of human skin ; fora~
minifera ; crystals of chlorides, growing.

8

S. Saunders, Esq., binocular microscope by Ross, showing
embryo oysters and various polyzoa.

F. Slater, Esq., microscope, showing the fronds of ferns,
foot of spider, &e.

Refreshments were provided by Mr. James, of the Cathe-
dral Yard, and the company, who were much interested by
the objects exhibited, dispersed at about seven o’clock.

BEGCOND MEETING.

Ganterbury, May Ath, 17866.

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette” of May 8th, 1866,

On Friday evenirg a meeting of the members of this So-
ciety was held at the Museum, Guildhall Street, Canter-
bury, for the purpose of hearing a paper read by J. Brent,
jun., Esq., on the ‘‘ Stork,” and an address by G. Dowker,
Esq., on the “ Drift.’”, Among those present were Major
Cox (the President of the Society), Mrs. and Miss
Cox, Mrs. and Miss Brent, Misses Brock, Mrs. Powell, Mrs,
Foreman, and Miss Rigden; Col. Horsley, Ald, J. Brent, jun.,
G. Dowker, Esq., G. Rigden, Esq., T. G. Peckham, Esq.,
Captain Kemp, Dr. Grayland, A. B. Andrews, Esq., and
Messrs. Harvey and Linford, hon. secs. A collection of
flint arrow heads, &c., was placed upon the table by Mr.
Brent, and examined with much interest by the company.

The CnarrMan having briefly introduced Mr, Alderman
Brent to the meeting,

Mr. Brent said that before he proceeded to read the
paper which had been set down opposite his name, he would
give a short description of the flint implements which were
lying before him. They were very interesting in a scientific

10

point of view, but he should not on this occasion enter into
any discussion as to their age or the date of their formation,
because on this point there was a great deal of mystery.
Excavations on a large scale had recently taken place at
Abbeville, and a great many of these flints had been found.
They were called by the workmen cats’ tongues, on account
of the similarity they exhibited to those objects. An ex-
amination of them would prove that they were artificial,
but the deposit was so ancient that their existence
excited the attention of learned men in various parts of
Europe. The subject had been carefully studied, and in the
course of the investigation attention was drawn to a
specimen in the British Museum, which had been found in
digging a well in Gray’s Inn Lane. They were also found
in what is called the drift above the Thanet sands,
and in other parts of England similar objects had
been found. It was ascertained that at a place called
Noxné, in Suffolk, the workmen had discovered similarly
shaped stones, and the attention of Messrs. Evans,
Falconer, and Prestwich, having been called to the French
excavations, they went over, and endeavoured to discover if
there was any probability of these objects having been
manufactured. After spending much time and research in
the matter, these gentlemen came to the conclusion that
these flints were authentic—in fact, some of these objects
were taken out of the Abbeville excavations by themselves.
Certain flint implements had been associated with our Celtic
ancestors, and had been classed as being identical with the
stone period. [Mr. Brent then showed the specimens,
some of which were very fine, and described each of their
peculiar characteristics in a very pleasant manner.]
Some specimens lent him he said were Mexican, others
came from the South Sea Islands, and others again
from Sweden. It was believed that from these im-
plements our ancestors designed the weapons called
“ celts,’ which had been discovered almost in every

11

tumulus scattered over the county. Nearly the whole
of the implements on the table Mr. Brent said had been
found under his inspection, or by his means. He then went
on to describe a visit he had paid to Reculver and Bishops-
bourne with a friend, where he found two beautiful
specimens. The deposit above the shore was gravelly,
and it was supposed that these implements had been left
on the beach and were exposed by the flow of the
wayes, As an indication of their very great age, the bones
of the elephant, rhinoceros, bears, and hyenas had been
found along with similar specimens. In Torquay flints
had been found with the bones of extinct animals,
which was another proof of their great antiquity. After some
other remarks Mr. Brent said he would not occupy the time
of the meeting farther, but would at once proceed with the
subject which stood first on the list of business—the read-
ing of his paper on “The Stork.” He was glad to say that
a gentleman would follow him who would tell them more
about these flints and their interesting history than he could.
(Applause.) Mr. Brent then read the following paper : —
THE STORK.

The increase of population, the progress of the arts of
civilization, the building up of large towns, combined with
certain physical changes in the face of a country, produce
those mutations in the habits of animated nature which are
constantly occurring.

The wolf no longer prowls amid the fastnesses of Wales,
nor the Grampians of Scotland, and—to say nothing of a
remote and prehistoric period when the rhinoceros, the
elephant, the hyena, the cave lion, and the cave bear, with
that gigantic elk whose antlers are frequently found em-
bedded in the bogs of Ireland, thereby indicating that he
was comparatively a modern inhabitant of our isles —we
are constantly reminded as naturalists, that several species
of birds and animals of our temperate zone, have become
wholly or partly extinct.

12

There is little doubt, that together with the wild dog
and the wolf, and perhaps beaver, a species of bear pro-
bably similar to the individual of old German forests, inhabited
our woods. We find frequent allusions in the grants and
notitie to “bear dogs,” dogs employed in hunting the
bear. Even the woods around Canterbury, the Blean or
“ Blen” as it was called anciently, were the abode of the
bear as well as wolves and foxes.

Taking a wider range, we find that of birds, the Dodo,
moa, or dinormis,* and perhaps the great Awk may be con-
sidered extinct. Considerable interest has of late years
been attached to the histories of two of these examples by
the discovery of an almost entire skeleton of the Dodo at
the Mauritius, in the mud and deposit of a pond or morass,
by Mr. George Clark, of Mahebourg, and the interesting
circumstance brought to light that an egg of the Moa, rest-
ing in the bony hand of a human skeleton, has been ex-
humed from a grave in New Zealand. This egg
was probably a trophy to the fame of some chief
or native, who had slain or captured one of these
gigantic birds—or buried with him as a charm
or as one of the most valuable of his possessions. The
discovery of the bones of the Dodo ineptus, almost com-
plete I believe, are still more important—-as the remains of
this bird have hitherto been confined to a very small portion
of its frame — nevertheless, the Dodo has been drawn at full
length. Buffon has a portrait of it, and all manner of hy-
pothetical sketches have been given. Now however the re-
mains of this bird have been handed over to Professor
Owen, we shall have most probably an opportunity of test-
ing how far the ideal creature has conformed to the shape
and appearance which its osseous structure suggests. The
Dutch, indeed, who boast of having seen numerous indivi-

* Note.—Dinormis, said by Professor Owen to be three
times the size of the ostrich, but the head only eight inches
long. — Times, 22nd Febrbary, 1866.

13

duals of the species when the Mauritius and Isle of Bourbon
were first discovered, named it ‘‘ Dodaers,’’ and also
“Walch Vogel,” “ Disgusting Bird,’ a suggestive, per-
haps, but not very hopeful title. But to return to the
Stork. This somewhat celebrated bird may be said not only
to possess an European, but a classical fame, to say nothing
of the singular reputation it has had for its piety and morals.
The Stork, family ‘“Gralle,” and genus “ Liconia” of
Cuvier, is the “Ardea” of Linnaeus, and is described by
Buffon as consisting of two species—the white and the
black stork. The latter is the rarer bird ; its habits are
comparatively unsocial; it resorts to secluded places and
to the depths of woods. It is smaller than the Ciconia
Alba. There is a tolerable specimen of it in the Canter-
bury Museum. It is for the most part black, reflecting
shades of orange, green, anddark blue. The feet of both
species are semi-webbed.

The Ciconia Alba, whose beak and legs are a crimson red,
is of a snowy whiteness, with the exception of its wings and
some part of its head and thighs, which are of a glossy
black. In the young birds these parts are tinged with
brown. It sits for thirty days, and lays from two to four
eggs. The wings when flying exhibit a rather singular
arrangement, the large quill feathers folding into a sort of
double scalloping. The Storks of Europe migrate about
the middle of August and return in the spring.

Asa bird the Stork has generally gained respect in all
the countries it has inhabited. In Egypt it is held in
veneration, second only to the sacred ibis. In ancient
Thessaly, it was death to kill aStork. The white Stork
seems to invite the confidence of man; she builds in the
midst of populous cities, she chooses the most noted and
celebrated buildings, she has as much veneration for an
old minster as an antiquary, and for a battlemented castle,
as a feudal baron. Sheisa sort of swallow on a gigantic
scale, and sheds a glamour around her of respect and for-

14

bearance that ensures her protection. In Strasbourg,
Storks’ nests may be seen amongst the chimneys of the
most populous parts of the city, nay the Storks are pur-
posely invited, as in France at one time carriage wheels
were placed on the house tops for these birds to build in.
A similar practice held in Alsace in Germany.

The attachment of Storks to their young has been noted,
as well as the audible joy and gratulations often expressed
together with a flapping of the wings, when after their
long migrations these birds return to the old nests and ha-
bitations. The young Storks are said to cherish and feed
their aged parents. ‘To Egypt, when by the subsidence of
its waters the Nile leaves ample supply in the soft mud, of
worms, fish and reptiles, the stork loves to migrate ; and to
Asia in the mountains around Antioch, quitting for a time
the fens and marshes of the northern latitudes. In these
climes, however, the native born Stork is not always mi-
gratory. They often pass from Egypt to Asia, and im-
mense flights of Storks, which have occupied hours in pas-
sing, have been observed by travellers. The Stork has a
high reputation—scriptural, classical, and medizval authori-
ties are full of allusions to this bird. “‘ The Stork, worker of
adventure,” says Chaucer; Bruin observed carved in a
stone amidst the ruins of Persepolis a nest of
Storks; Juvenal in an obscure and almost untrans-
latable line, Sat. 1, verse 115 observes, ‘‘ Queeque
salutato crepitat Concordia nido,” in which he is
supposed to allude to the Stork, or rather to its
nest, as containing the only worshippers in the deserted
temple of Concord during the reign of Tragan. Juvenal
was a man of peace, and hated the warlike propensities
of the Emperor. The Stork is represented on one of the
coins of Hadrian. I may here give a bit of antiquarian
gossip, a stray waif from the myths of the North; itis a
pretty little tradition about the Stork.

Hans Christian Anderson has made a tale from it. When

15

a little stranger is born in a house, to the great joy and

wonderment of the younger children in the nursery,
“Where does baby come from?” is a natural query.
“The Stork has brought it,” said the old nurses to the
little Danes and Saxons. The Stork was truly a familiar
and household bird to our Northern forefathers at the date
of these sayings, and almost as cherished as the little in-
habitants of our roofs and eaves, the gentle swallows.

I might mention also, in allusion to the above, that
“Christening Tongs’’ were once formed with handles, re-
presenting Storks; each bird sometimes carrying a little
child.

I must now refer to that part of the subject which first
induced me to prepare this paper—a subject which has from
time to time excited attention, and engaged the considera-
tion of many writers in that useful publication, “ Notes and
Queries,” and other periodicals. ‘Did the Stork ever
inhabit and breed in England?” and if so, when was the
fact last observed? and why did it leave us? “It will
only live in Republics,” says one authority, and “it was
common in England in the time of Uliver Cromwell.” Sir
Thomas Brown, in his Treatise on “ Vulgar Errors,” vol.
8, page 142, ed. 1626, seriously endeavours to refute an
hypothesis which implied such a nicety of political scruples
in a bird; and he instances several countries wherein the
Stork is found abiding under despotic governments. I[t is
not worth while, however, for us to linger over an hypo-
thesis so absurd as this.

We revert to our question, did the Stork ever breed in
England ? The poets have answered in the affirmative—
Phillips in his poem on “ Cyder,” p. 22, ed. 1727, alludes
to the migration of the Stork to this country as a known
fact —

*T will profit when the Stork, sworn foe to snakes,
Returns to show compassion to thy plaints.

The poets are not the most correct teachers in Natural His-

16

tory. Milton, and I approach his name with reverence,
who sang so delightfully in his minor poems of rural sce-
nery, was not always a correct describer. In ‘ Penseroso,”
he says —

The Bee, ‘‘ with honied thigh.”
Milton took much of his rural scenery from books, and
wrote in his back parlour in London of the country he
loved, all the more delightfully, for the smoke, and noise
and gloom around him. In the “ Allegro’”’ he says —

‘* Though the sweet briar and the vine,

Or the twisted Eglantine.”’
By “ twisted Eglantine’’ he meant doubtless to describe the
honeysuckle—but the Eglantine is the wild rose. In the
same poem he describes the lark as coming to his window,
there to bid good morrow—a habit more applicable to the
robin than the lark.

Ben Jonson, who made a journey on foot to Scotland to
visit Drummond of Hawthornden, thus wrote sweetly of
the bee, and other matters suggestive, and described that
insect correctly too —

‘* Haye you seen but a bright lily grow,

Before rude hands have touched it ¢

Have you marked the fall of the snow,

Before the soil hath smutched it ?

Have you felt the wool of the bever, or swan’s down ever,

Or smelt of the bud of the briar, or Nard in the fire,

Or have tasted the bag of the bee—

Oh so white, so soft, sosweet, is she ?”

Again with the poets, the nightingale has from all
time “leaned her breast up ’till a thorn,’ and sang
to the rose, and the rose has blushed back in reply,
and as for the phoenix, his existence is not only taken for
granted as a proved fact, but like the poet himself he is
always ready to be consumed in his own fires. Taking
therefore Phillips’ evidence with caution, I am nevertheless
inclined to the opinion that he related a fact, and that when
in this country there existed a large area of fens, forests,

17

and undrained land, as in Lincolnshire not long since,
affording harbour for snakes, reptiles, and the small am-
phibie, the Stork frequented England, and built there, as at
present in Holland and in Germany. Wallace, in his His-
tory of Northumberland, dated 1766, mentions a Stork as
haying been killed at Collerford Bridge. Albin records an
account of two speciinens having been seen at Edgware in
Middlesex. Sir William Jardine somewhat vaguely says,
in allusion to the presence of the Stork, “In England it
has occurred lately at various seasons in many of the
Southern countries,’ he may merely have in view the autho-
rities given as above, “once or twice in Scotland, and as
far North as Shetland, on the authority of Yarrell, who
states this species (the white Stork, we presume) has been
killed in Ireland.’ This is not unlikely, as the bird fre-
quents Sweden and the countries adjacent.

The best proof which I have to offer of Storks building
in England is from a notice I accidentally met with the
other day, recorded in a little book entitled, ‘The Accounts
of the Corpus Christi Fraternity at Maidstone.” In these
accounts, dated 1477 a.p., amongst the payments for a feast
is an entry, :

Fora Stork’snest .. .. .. £0 3 4
These birds, for it is not likely the nest was edible, were
probably considered a delicacy, as young rooks are by some
people; and that they were esteemed is in some measure
proved by the sum they cost, which, taking into considera-
tion the value of money in our own times compared with
those of Edward the Fourth, would equal thirty-
five or forty shillings of our coin. Amongst
the payments for the same feast we find re-
corded, ‘‘ For a hogshead of red wine,” twenty shillings ;
“two legs of mutton,” fivepence ; ‘“ three rounds of beef,”
sixteenpence ; ‘a calf,” two and sixpence; anda “ barrel
of beer’? (very small no doubt?) twentypence. We may
wonder at this period how the nest of Storks tasted, as we

18

have it on record that Storks were not considered a dainty
amongst the Romans. We may wonder at many things
at which our ancestors adorned their repasts. Thus in a
great feast given within a year or two of our Corpus Christi
feast at the enthronization of George Nevill, Archbishop of
York and Chancellor of England, we find as recorded by
Battely, in his History of Canterbury (Appendix, p. 29),
amongst other edibles there were provided 400 swans, 104
peacocks, 1000 egrits, 204 cranes (very like Storks these ?)
4000 heronshaws, and 12 porpoises or seals. By way of
digesting the latter, there were supplied also 4000 cold
tarts baked, 3000 plain dishes of jelly, 500 stags and roes,
to say nothing of pigeons, woodcocks, conies, oxen, quails,
wild bulls, spices, ‘‘ sugared delicates,’’ and wafers.

A Lord Mayor’s bill of fare is nothing to this. The feast
stood open doubtless to all comers. Amongst the grosser
supplies were 300 quarters of wheat, 300 tuns of ale, and
100 tuns of wine. There were 1000 officers and servants,
and 62 cooks in the kitchen, the latter a moderate contin-
gent, and not too many to spoil the broth.*

I shall conclude with a description of the black Stork —
Ciconia Nigra. It is smaller than the white species, but not
less elegant. It is said to be easily tamed by one authority,
although Buffon describes it as unsocial. Its colour for the
most part is black, that is its upper plumage, a black going
off in the living specimen to a violet and golden green and
azure. These shades contrast beautifully with the
under portion of its body. The beak and naked skin
around the eyes is red, the bill and legs a
crimson red. On the authority of Sir William Jardine,
well authenticated accounts exist of its being taken in the

* Note.—A.D. 1601.—The Sheriff of Devon provided the
judges with an excellent supper during the whole time they
were at Exeter. ‘he Tuesdays’ evening was as follow :—“‘A
quarter of mutton, a breast of veale, one joynt, a capon, two

chickens, two ducks, two rabbits, 1 qr lamb, one tarte, one
gull.—Foss’s Judges, Vol. 6, p. 191.

19

British Islands. Thus in 1814 a specimen was taken in
Somersetshire, another was taken in 1831 on the Thames,
another near Ipswich, and a fourth in November, 1839, in
the Isle of Purbeck, on the south side of Poole Harbour.
Its native countries are said to be Switzerland, Hungary,
and Turkey. It has also been found at the Cape and at
Madeira.

The Prestpent (Major Cox) said he was sure all the
members present would agree with him that the Society
Was very much indebted to Mr. Brent for the remarks he
had made and the able paper he had read on the Stork.
One reason, he (Major Cox) believed, why this bird did not
now breed in England was because it had been so constantly
and relentlessly persecuted. In the time of Henry VIII
fine was imposed on any one who took a stork’s or a orale
nest, and at Leeds Castle the tower is seen where the Storks
used to build. The Storks migrated in cold weather to those
latitudes where its particular food was provided. In Hol-
land this bird was entirely domesticated, and any individual
thinks himself honoured by their building beside him.
They were seen walking about in the market places, and in
many places in Germany a heavy fine was imposed on any
one who injured this bird. From Holland the Stork took
its way to the Nile, where, from the large number of am-
phibie, of snakes, and lizards, it found abundance of food.
But it this country they had been persecuted, along with, in
fact, almost any class of birds, and this was the reason why
they were now extinct. So also in the case of hawking —
that was once a favourite amusement, and a gentleman in
this neighbourhood used not long ago to keep them ; but
no sooner had they flown away to any distance, than a num-
ber of guns were pointed at them. (Hear, hear.) On be-
half of the Society, he had much pleasure in conveying their
thanks to Mr. Brent for his kindness in coming among
them, and for his instructing papers. (Applause.)

Mr. Dowxer, vice-president of the Society, said that al-

20

though he had been announced to give some information
with regard to the flint-implements exhibited by Mr.
Brent, he would rather Mr. Brent should have addressed
them on the matter, as it was really more of an archo-
logical than a geological matter. As, however, Mr. Brent
had asked him to supplement his remarks, he would en-
deavour to do so, although what he had to say would relate
more to the drift than the implements themselves. As the
flint-implements had been found in the drift, it was not out
of place to speak of them in connection with it. He
would first point out to them why they dated these im-
plements back so far anterior to the time it was supposed
that man had been an inhabitant of the earth. What was
tgymed the drift, geologically speaking, was that mass of
gravel and sand generally spread over the sides of
valleys, and more especially in the neighbour-
hood of rivers. It consisted of the debris caused
by the destruction of older strata, by means of
river and pluvial action. It was supposed at one
time, that all drift owed its origin to causes, such as
the action of the sea; and an idea was once entertained by
geologists that the whole earth had been washed over by
the sea, and that a complete wreck of the entire formation
had taken place by a sort of diluvial wave and left this
drift behind. That notion, however, was now quite ex-
ploded, and the researches of modern geologists had shown
them that the drift was the result of river action. If they
went along the banks of the Thames, or the banks of their
ownriver Stour, and examined thesides of the hills, they would
discover they were covered with gravel deposits, which ex-
tended more or less to a considerable height above the pre-
sent level of the river. That was the case with nearly aly
the rivers in England, and more especially so with the
Stour, the Thames, and the Severn, in which some of the
implements had been found.

In order to form any adequate conception of the length

21

of time required to form these deposits at so great an eleva-
tion above the present river courses, we must consider that
—taking the River Stour, near Canterbury, for instance —
the water confined to the narrow limits of the present
stream had once flowed at a much higher level, and filled
the valley from Wincheap on the one side to Harbledown
on the other, wearing away the strata on either side and
depositing the gravel and sand along its banks, and that the
present river is flowing through deposit made by the silt
and sediment formed during many thousand years.

If they examined the drifts of sand and gravel in various
parts of England they would find, generally speaking, that
they presented nothing to show that they were associated
with anything existing at the present day; nor would
they find any Roman or Saxon remains, except those
placed there artificially. Roman pottery was found
at various depths of strata, and in various positions, but it
was never found so associated that they could clearly say
that the pottery was deposited with the sand or gravel in
which it was found, except by some artificial means. That,
however, was not the case with the bones of extinct ani-
mals, such as the Elephas Primigenius, the extinct ox, hip-
popotamus, and the elk, whose bones they did find associated
with these gravel beds. It was also an interesting geological
fact that there were to be found in these beds of drift fresh
water shells, which were entirely wanting at the present
day in this country, and were only to be found in the delta
of the Nile, and some Asiatic rivers. Such was the deposit
at Reculver, in which some of the flint implements had
been found.

A few years since the attention of geologists, throughout
Europe, was excited by the discovery of a large number of
flint implements, in a bed of gravel resting on chalk, in the
valley of the river Somme, in France, this gravel being over-
laid by 20 or 30 feet of peat. M. Boucher de Perthes had
collected and described some flint hatchets which had been

22

found at Abbeville. Dr. Falconer having seen this collec-
tion urged Mr. Prestwich to explore the geology of the
valley of the Somme. He did so in company with Mr. J.
Evans. ‘They established the authenticity of these flint
implements, and the geological age of the deposit in which
they were found. The only conclusion they could arrive at
was, that they were of the same age as the gravel with
which they were associated, as the fractured surfaces were
discoloured by the gravel; that they could not have been
formed by natural means; that they were of the same age
as the bones of extinct Mammalia found in the same deposit,
and that the river Somme had not much altered its level
since the Roman period. That the peat extended to the
coast and there passes under the sand-dunes below the sea
level.

It so happened that among the collection of things
found in the peat, there was the remains of a piece of
Roman pottery, which Mr. Brent would tell them could be
identified as having been made at a definite period, an-
terior to a certain date. This Roman pottery rested near
the surface of the peat, and was so constructed that it could
not very easily sink into the peat; and as the piece to which
he had alluded was discovered at some depth, they had data
on which to estimate the rate of growth of this peat. That
the flint implements found in the bed of the river must have
been of extreme antiquity would thus appear. The charac-
ter of the extinct mammals would show that the climate
was not so warm as at present, as some of the extinct
animals now only exist in Northern regions. It had been
known that flints formed after a similar pattern had been
found in caves with bones of extinct animals, but it had
hitherto been supposed that they had been introduced
at a later period. Human bones had likewise
frequently been found, with these flint implements.
Mr. Dowker then directed the attention of the audience to
what he called a clipped ‘ weathered-flint,”’ which he said

——_—=-” —_—-. -

23

must have been in existence a vast number of years indeed

to have become so much “ weathered”? as that was. The |
flints in Richborough Castle, built during the Roman period,
were so little weathered that the chipped surfaces presented
quite a fresh appearance. The peculiarity of the flints
produced was that they were all chipped in such a manner
as to form a particular arrow-head, showing that they were
formed with some design. The idea was entertained by
some people that the flints were chipped by being rolled
about by the action of the water ; but some of the ablest
geologists, who had handled the hammer all their lives —
men who had picked up flints in all parts of the world,
told them that when flints were fractured by ac-
cident they never assumed the particular form of
those produced. It was quite evident that the collection
before them had been chipped in a particular manner. The
supposition that flints were cut in this way was strength-
ened by the fact that when Capt. Cook discovered New Zea-
land he found the natives used arrow-heads cut out of stone
in the same manner as the flints before them. Looking at
all these facts he thought they could come to no other con-
clusion than that these flint arrow-heads were manufac-
tured by men who existed at a very remote age, and some
of whose remains had been found in the same drifts from
which the flints were taken. Mr. Dowker observed that at
different depths and associated with different deposits had
been found weapons, first of flint, secondly of bronze, and
thirdly of iron, and some antiquaries maintained, man in
advancing towards civilization had made use first of one
and lastly of the other materials; and from the fact of a
skull having been found with the earliest the flint of a
very low type, had maintained that the earliest races of
mankind were possessed of little cerebral development. But
there was a great difference of opinion amongst authorities
on this subject. In conclusion Mr. Dowker, said he could
not, without having made any preparation to address

24

them on this subject carry his remarks any further, but he
hoped that he had sufficiently explained himself to show
that the flints exhibited by Mr. Brent, did possess very
great interest. Similar flints to those shown by Mr. Brent
had been found at Reculver, first by Mr. J. Leach afterwards
by Messrs. Evans, Prestwich, Hughes Ramsay and
Whitaker.

Mr. Brent said they must all have been much pleased
with the very lucid manner in which Mr. Dowker bad ex-
plained the geological as well as the archeological character
of the flints he had exhibited. He was sorry that his friend
had been so unsuccessful in his efforts to find these flints ;
but he himself had made five journeys along the cold bleak
sands between Reculver and Bishopsbourne, and on two oc-
casions only was he successful in finding flints. He had
also spent several days in searching for flints in the gravel
pits in this neighbourhood, but had, however, been unsuc-
cessful. The flints produced were found in the neighbour-
hood of Ash, Sittingbourne, and Reculver.

Mr. Dowxer said he believed that it was pretty well
known that at the period at which the extinct animals of
which he had spoken existed in this country, it was under
very different conditions to what it is now. The climate
was then very cold—more like that of the arctic regions of
the present day.

Colonel Hoxstey asked how it was that no human re-
mains had been found among the flints and arrow heads
discovered in France ?

Mr. Dower said that human remains quickly decom-
posed in soil through which water percolates freely. In the
course of the excavation of Saxon remains at Sarre a short
time since, where hundreds of graves were opened, in many
of them nothing was found with the exception of some
trinkets and teeth. Even the bones of the elephant, which
contained a large quantity of ivory, and resisted decom-
position much longer than the bones of man.

ofg

25

The Cuarrman said they must all have been very much
pleased by the exceedingly interesting remarks made by
Alderman Brent and Mr. Dowker, and now that they had
entered on a course of lectures he hoped they would be per-
severed with, and that others equally interesting would be
given by other members of the Society. ‘They did not come
together merely to look at pretty things, but to investigate
the wonders of nature which the Almighty had spread so
abundantly in this division of the county.

Mr. Dowxer remarked that at a former meeting of the
Society he suggested that something should be done towards
collecting fauna and flora of the county, and his idea was
that it could best be done by forming a committee of those
gentlemen who took a special interest in the matter. He
believed that if such a system were adopted they would
eventually get a mass of information which it would be
worth while to publish, and which would also be a credit to
the East Kent Natural History Society.

Mr. Linrorp said they had been endeavouring to carry
out Mr. Dowker’s idea for the last two months, but unfor-
tunately they could not find a gentleman to undertake the
botanical department.

Some further discussion took place on the subject, but the
Chairman thought it was a matter which ought to be settled
in committee.

The Paresmwent then tendered the thanks of the meeting
to Messrs. Dowker and Brent, and said he was pleased to
find that the members of the Society at Dover were doing
so well. It was proposed to take some of the birds’ nests
on the rocks in the course of a short time, and an excursion
in connection with the Society would take place during the
present month.

The proceedings then terminated.

26

THIBD MEETING.

Dover, fune 5, 7866.

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,’ June 12, 1866.

The first excursion of the East Kent Natural History
Society for the season took place on Tuesday, June 5th; and
as the weather was beautiful, a day of unalloyed enjoyment
was passed by all who formed the party. The Canterbury
section of the members of the Society assembled at the sta-
tion of the London, Chatham,and Dover Railway Company,
where special carriages had been set apart for their use.
These were attached to the down train for Dover, and the
party were landed at the pier after a very pleasant run.
At the Admiralty Pier a large number of ladies and gentle-
men from Dover joined the party —which now numbered
upwards of fifty. Among those present were : —Lieut-Col.
Cox (President of the Society), Mrs. and Misses H. and J.
Cox, Col. Farren, 0.B., Col. Pilbrow, F.G.S., and Miss
Pilbrow, H. Lee, Esq. (of Croydon), the Rev. M. Scott (of
Shepherdswell), Dr. and Miss Grayling, Dr. G. M. Pittock,
the Rey. T. B. W. Briggs, Councillor Thorpe, Capt. Kemp,

————

27

Lieut. and Miss Hatfield, Miss Munn, Miss Beer, W. H.
Payn, Esq., Mrs. and Miss Astley, Miss Walker, Mr. War-
man, Miss Haddon and party, Miss Eastwood, Mr. Bate-
man, Miss Simmons, Mr. G. Rigden (treasurer of the So-
ciety), Mr. S. Harvey (secretary), Mr. Alexander Bottle
(local secretary), Mr. Lambert Weston and Miss Weston,
Mr, E. N. Clement, Mr. C. Gordon, &c.

The steam tug “‘ Palmerston” was most kindly placed at
the disposal of the members of the Society by the au-
thorities, and the obliging and highly respected harbour
master commanded in person. One portion of the excur-
sionists took the boat, and those who did not relish the
water took carriages which were also in waiting ; and both
conveyances started shortly after eleven o’clock for St.
Margaret’s Bay. On the steamer reaching the bay, a num-
ber of ladies and gentlemen were put off in small boats and
joined the party who had come by land. An examination
of the flora of the bay was made by the members, and
several beautiful specimens were obtained in the course of
the day. A great deal of interest was excited by the
descent from the cliff by ropes by men engaged to collect
eggs of wild fowl, on account of the perilousness of the ad-
venture. The men were lowered full 180 feet from the top
of the cliff, and amongst the eggs they succeeded in collect-
ing was one of the guillemot, commonly known as the wil-
lock. It is a very singuiar-looking egg, of a pear shape,
quite as large and as heavy as the egg of a goose, of a
greenish colour with black spots. The guillemot is now
comparatively a rare bird along the coast, St. Margaret’s
being one of the few places in which it now locates; and
the egg was, therefore, regarded with considerable curiosity.
A great number of other eggs were also obtained, and were
distributed among the members by the President, Lieutenant
Colonel Cox—who took charge of the whole arrange-
ments at St. Margaret’s Bay.

A number of ladies and gentlemen remained on board

28

the “ Palmerston,’’ and after landing those who wished
to join the party at St. Margaret’s Bay, the boat
proceeded on a dredging expedition, which unfortu-
nately was unsuccessful. This arose in consequence of the
non arrival of a “ dredge’ from Whitstable which had been
promised, and the party had therefore to take the only one
they could get, which was much too large in the mesh,
and in other respects unsuitable. Several of the party who
had gone with the steamer were put ashore at Shellness,
and explored the beach for shells, &c., while the dredging
party continued their operations off the shore. After
cruising about along the Deal and Walmer coast for
several hours, the steamer’s head was turned, and
the exploring party from Shellness having been again
received on board, a run was made for Dover, which was
reached about four o’clock. The run home was made in
the midst of a rougher sea, and a less gentle breeze than the
steam out in the morning, but this did not mar the plea-
sure of the day, except in the case of some of the ladies,
who in the coming home were a little sea sick. On reaching
Dover, however, this very soon wore off; and when the
party assembled at dinner in the Harp Hotel shortly after,
all traces of this malady had disappeared.

About sixty ladies and gentlemen sat down to dinner,
which was served in excellent style by Mr. Spice’s
assistants. The chair was occupied by Lieut.-Colonel Cox,
president of the Society; and Mr. Alexander Bottle, of
Dover, the respected local secretary, filled the chair of the
Vice-President.

After dinner the Chairman rose and said there was only
one toast which he wished to propose —that was the health
of our most Gracious Majesty the Queen—a toast which
as Englishmen it was their pride and pleasure to drink on
all such occasions. The toast was drunk with all the
honours.

The PresipentT then called on Mr. Chas. Gordon, curator

29

of the Dover Museum, to read the paper which he had been
good enough to prepare for the occasion.

Mr. Gorpon, after expressing the pleasure which it gave
him to meet so large a party of ladies and gentlemen, read
the following paper on

THE BIRDS FREQUENTING THE KENTISH
COASTS.

Lapirs anp GrenTLEMEN, —Having been solicited by our
Secretary, Mr. Bottle, to give a reading on the local birds
and their nests along the coast, I do so with much pleasure,
so far as in my rambles the different species of birds have
come under my notice in my shooting excursions along this
cliff for the last 28 years that I have been connected with
the Dover Museum.

I have frequently gone along this coast, in search of
specimens for our Museums, at all seasons of the year. The
Spring time is the most favourable for getting specimens of
the rarer species, as they alight a short time before going
inland.

The first bird I call your attention to is the Peregrine
Falcon (Falco Peregrinus). This bird is a frequenter of the
seaside during the greater part of the year, and may often
be seen taking its flight along our cliffs, and not unfre-
quently taking a trip inland, to the dread of game pre-
servers, who would, if an opportunity occurred, stop his
progress. The boldness of this bird makes him a great
enemy to keepers, who do their best to destroy them.
Many of their young are destroyed in the first year, from
the easy way in which they may be found. When the
parent birds feed their young the call attracts the attention
of anyone who may be near. This leads to the destruction
of great numbers, which are taken from the nest or shot.
When the bird arrives at maturity it is more cautious, and
is not so easily approached. It builds in various parts of
our cliff, generally high ; others I have known to nest near

30

the base, within gunshot. The eggs are from two to four
in number, mottled over with pale reddish brown. There
are generally two nests of these birds between Dover Castle
and Kingsdown. The nest is difficult to find until the
young are produced. It is then that the parent birds show
great boldness to any one that approaches near their nest, by
continually swooping over their heads, uttering a ery of
alarm, and woe be to any solitary gull that may be passing
near at the time, for it is not unusual to wreak its ven-
geance on the passing bird by striking it with its talons, as
a notice to quit. Lionel Rice, Esq., of Dane Court, ob-
tained a nest of these birds from these cliffs last year for
training purposes, but I believe he was not very successful in
keeping them. W. 0. Hammond, Esq., of St. Alban’s Court,
also obtained a nest of these birds by the Shakespeare’s cliff,
for hawking a few years past, and was, I believe, successful
in flying them at Partridges. We have several specimens
of these birds in our Museum. The young and adults.
Also a specimen killed in India. The young Peregrimes
leave their nest early in July.

The next of the falcon tribe which locates in our cliff is
the Kestrel hawk (falco tinnunculus). This is the most
common of all the hawk tribe found on these shores; its
general plumage isa light chesnut with transverse bars of
black on the back. The breast is of a pale rusty brown.
The adult male has the head and tail ash coloured, the
latter with a broad band of black. This small falcon may
be seen daily soaring high in the air, sailing ina rotary
motion, now and then turning its head to the wind aud re-
maining as if stationary, looking to the earth as if it had
discovered some favourite prey. Suddenly down it darts
on its prey, which is often a mouse, this being the most fa-
yourite meal. I believe this bird ought to be watched by
the agriculturalist. It may probably do some mischief to
the poultry by now and then taking a “chick,” but the
amount of good these birds do overbalance considerably any

31

pilfering they may do in the poultry yard. I have known this
bird to have been shot with a half-grown rat in its claws.
These birds build high up the cliff in crevices, and you may
constantly hear the shrill cry of the parent birds along
these cliffs during the breeding season. The eggs are of a
dark chocolate colour, generally four in number. These
birds nesting in woody districts often take possession of an
old magpie’s nest, jay’s, or a deserted crow’s, and I have
no doubt the same will be carried out in our cliff by their
taking possession of the daw’s nest.

There are various other Hawks killed occasionally along
the coast, but I think the Peregrine and the Keshal are the
only species of Hawks that nest in our cliff.

I have known the rough legged Buzzard (Falco La-
gopus), also the (Falco Cyanais), Her Berria Merlin, these
are stragglers shot generally in the migration season.

The Raven (Corvus Corax) is often seen on our coast. I
have known a pair of these birds to nest in the Western
Cliff, another pair to the Eastward ; they generally build
high in the cliff, the nest is not difficult to find, from the
quantity of material which it is composed. Its nest is
something after the carrion crow, being composed of a large
quantity of sticks and lined with hair and small roots.
The eggs are generally five in number, very much resemb-
ling the Rooks.

The young of these birds are exceedingly voracious and
restless for their food, so that the whole number of their
young are seldom reared, as it generally happens that some
fall from the nest. I have known two of the young cap-
tured on the beach unable to fly. Their nests are fre-
quently taken by the fishermen, as there is not much
difficulty to get at them. There has been a nest of these
birds in the Western cliff this year that have escaped been
taken; I suppose it was owing to the difficulty of getting
at the nest. The young birds generally take to flight early
in March, I have known the young birds to be captured

32

in a singular way ; there are two persons engaged, one on
the top of the cliff the other at the bottom, the man above
has a bell attached to along line. At an indication by the
man below as to where the bird is perched, he throws the
bell over, causing it to ring, frightening the bird, and by
quickly chasing the bird it gets exhausted, goes to the
bottom when it is captured by the man below.

I have purchased several young birds but have not been
able to keep them long, owing to their mischievous habits.
There was a pair of these birds nested for several years near
the Langdon Stairs.

The Raven did not nest in this locality in either 1864 or
1865.

The (Corvus Monedula) or common Jackdaw builds in
great numbers in most parts of the Cliff; the eggs are of a
pale bluish white, spotted with ash colour and clove brown.
The birds lays from four to six eggs.

There are several of the Sylvide build on the shore, such
for instance as the Wheatear (Saxicola enanthe). This
little bird may be seen often perched on the highest point
of large blocks of chalk. The birds are very shy and difli-
cult to approach. The nests are not easily found owing to
the falls of cliff, which form a favourite place for their
nesting. I have a nest and eggs of this bird at the Museum.
The materials of which the nest is composed are dried grass,
wool, hair, black, brown, and red worsted.

The eggs are pale blue, from four to six in number, the
latter not uncommon. The nest [ have contained six.

The next birds I call your attention to ate the common
Pied Wagtail, (Motacilla Yarrillu) and the Wagtail,
(Motacilia Alba) the last named bird is not very common,
T have seen this little bird along our shore, and I am cer-
tain it occasionally builds in the cliff. Although I have
never found its nest, I have been mobbed by the parent
bird on two occasions, but I could never succeed in finding
its eggs. The Pied Wagtatail is frequently met with ;

33

there is a great resemblance in the two birds, and it is only
by comparing the two that you can really distinguish the
difference. Mr. Gabrel in his description of the two birds
says—the Pied Wagtail of England, (Jf. Yarrillu), is
somewhat more robust in form, and in its full summer
dress, has the whole of the head, chest, and back, of a full
deep jet black ; while on the White Wastail, (IZ. Alba) at
the same period, the throat and head alone are of this
colour, the back and the rest of the upper surface being a
light ash grey. In winter the two species more nearly
assimilate in new colouring ; and this circumstance has
doubtless been the cause of their being hitherto considered
identical; the black back of WM. Yarrillu being grey at
this season which has doubtless contributed to the con-
fusion. The female of our Pied Wagtail never has the
black back as in the male—this part, even in summer,
being dark grey, in which respect it closely resembles the
other species. We have both species in Dr. Plomly’s col-
Jection in our Museum. If any lady or gentlemen should
feel an interest in seeing the two species I have just de-
scribed, I shall be pleased to give them every information,
by company, of every bird we have in our collection.

The Rock Pipit (Aluda Obscura), or Shore Pipit, as it
is sometimes called, is considerably larger than the meadow
species. ‘This bird, as its name imports, inhabits the sea-
shores, especially where there are beaches of sand and mud,
low rocks, or benty downs where it can nestle. The eggs
are yellowish-grey with reddish-brown spots. The nest is
formed of bents and other plants growing near.

The House Sparrow (Fringella Domestica) rearsits young
in the cliff. This bird so well known needs no further com-
ment from me.

The Common Starling (Sturnus Vulgaris) build nu-
merously in the cliff. The eggs are of a uniform pale
delicate blue.

The Common Gullimot (Uria Troi), commonly named

34

Willock (Willey, as it is known to fishermen), rears its
young high in the cliff, near St. Margaret’s Bay. The
bird lays but one egg, of large size, very variable in colour.
We have several of their eggs in the museum collection.
These birds were very numerous some fifty years ago, in
proof of which I might mention the fact that hundreds of
eggs were taken by the coast-guard and others.
There was also at the time an annual shooting party
which destroyed these birds, until they became too scarce
to afford them a good day’s sport. There is only a small
family of these birds that now breed in the cliff.

I now come to the Gull tribe (Larus Fuscus) the herring
gull ; this gull is the only one that I know of that nests in
our cliff. These birds congregate in large numbers to the
eastward, where they nest on the projecting ledges of the
cliff. The birds lay from three to four eggs. The general
colour of the eggs is a light olive-brown, spotted with two
shades of dark brown. The plumage of this bird is a dark
and uniform French grey on the back and wings. The
head, neck, and breast, pure white. The mandible is bright
yellow, the under one tinged with red.

To the westward there are many of the common species
build near Folkestone, in the double cliff, such as the
Common Linnet, Yellow-hammer, Stone Chat, and Black-
bird, the vegetation being more prolific than to the east-
ward.

I may mention the Common Martin (Hirunda Urbica)
builds numerously in the cliff.

In the migration season the Black Redstart, Pied Fly-
catcher, Hoopce, Woodcock, and sometimes the Cormorant,
have been killed. Iam not aware of any other specimens
found on our shores worth notice.

I trust you will accept this hasty sketch, and excuse any
imperfections which may have been observed, and I beg to
assure you that I shall have much pleasure in rendering
any further information in my power to Members of this

35

Society who may honour me with a visit to the Dover
Museum.

After the reading of the paper,

The Prestpent said he had great pleasure in proposing a
vote of thanks to Mr. Gordon for his interesting paper on
the ornithology of the district ; and in doing so he could not
help complimenting Mr. Gordon on the very creditable
manner in which the Dover Museum, under his charge, was
kept. He advised any of the members of the Society who
had a little time to spare to pay it a visit, and they would
be much gratified. In reference to the meeting of to-day
there could be but one opinion—it was one of a very plea-
sant character. (Hear, hear.) In one of the local papers
(the Telegraph ) the editor had given a notice of their meet-
ing to-day ; but a correspondent of the paper had made
some remarks which were calculated to act rather prejudi-
cially towards this Society ; he alluded to what was termed
their ‘raid’ upon the poor fwillocks) or guillemots at the
cliffs in St. Margaret’s Bay. He scarcely required to tell
them that the East Kent Natural History Society did not
go out to destroy but to observe. They did not wish to
destroy every flower that bloomed, but to see, and to take
just such as was necessary for the prosecution of their study
in this branch of science. To-day he counted no less than
fifty willocks, but they took or destroyed none of them 3
they found only one egg, and that they took away. It was
not anorganized Society like the present that attempted to do
the injury complained of ; it was the number of persons going
out from Dover with guns destroying these poor harmless
willocks. The members well knew that there was a deter-
mination in the willock as in other birds and tribes to go on
laying eggs until they bring up a progeny; therefore, by
simply taking the eggs they did no damage ; but it was
different in the case of taking the young bird, when the old
bird wailed for the loss of its young. He knew it was the
practice of some gentlemen to give large amounts for the

Nb bMs Ace

36

young of rare birds, and only the other day he knew that
two gentlemen offered two guineas for a nest of the perigrine
falcon. But this Society did not want to do that: they
wanted the eggs, and not the birds: it was their object to
protect, and not to destroy. Mr. Lee had kindly stated
that, having a number of these eggs, he should be happy to
give any member of this Society a specimen. In tendering
the vote of thanks to Mr. Gordon, he said if any present
would pay a visit to the Dover museum, they would find a
charming collection, and would be well repaid the trouble.

The Presipent then said that as the party that day had
been divided—one portion pursuing their investigations on
the land, the other upon the sea, and as Mr. Bottle had
had charge of the marine section—perhaps he would be
good enough to inform the members what he and his party
had done upon the sea that day.

Mr. ALEXANDER Borrue said before he entered upon what
they had done upon the sea, he asked to be permitted to
thank the company for kindly assembling at Dover again
to venture upon an excursion to St. Margaret’s. They had
not been so unfortunate as last year, as the weather had
been much more favourable ; although they had not escaped
a contretemps ; for inasmuch as last year they had a diffi-
culty in getting the dredge on board the steamer, this
morning they did not get it at all, and they were, therefore,
obliged to make shift with a local dredge, which, not being
fine enough for their purpose, they unfortunately dredged
nothing. Every available means had been adopted for the
purpose of getting the dredge which they had on board put
into order, and they had been most persevering in their
attempts to secure some specimens, but, he was sorry to say,
without effect. With regard to their proceedings of to-day,
he had to report that he took the marine section of this
Society, under the guidance of their good harbour-master,
Mr. Irons, safely to St. Margaret’s Bay, and then steamed
on with the remainder to opposite Deal Pier and thence to

37

Shellness, where some landed to make an inspection of the
shore, but unfortunately it being nearly high tide they did
not make much progress. Returning on board ship, they
tried the dredge again, but without success. He hoped on
any future occasion when the East Kent Natural History
Society might favour Dover for a marine excursion, they
would adopt the suggestion of Mr. Irons, and go in the har-
bour tug down to Dungeness, where they were likely to be
more successful than they had been at St. Margaret’s. This
would be a nice day out, and he hoped the Society would
avail themselves of the opportunity for such a delightful
marine excursion. He was very glad that all their friends
who had joined them that day had enjoyed themselves so
much ; and he thought the present was about as successful
and enjoyable an excursion as they could have desired.
(Hear, hear.) Before sitting down he begged to pro-
pose the health of Col. Cox, their worthy president ; he was
a gentleman who took a deep interest in natural history,
and without whose energy the Society could not exist. As
an humble local officer, he felt much pleasure in serving
under such a colonel, and he hoped he would long have the
happiness of seeing Col. Cox at the head of the Society»
and leading them on in the pursuit of natural history. (Ap-
plause.)

Lieut.-Col. Cox returned his warmest thanks for the
compliment paid him. He was simply a pioneer in the
pursuit of natural history, which was like a flowing river
opening up new wonders for study as it advanced. The ob-
ject of this Society was to do some good ; and if they could
only inculcate in the younger branches a taste for the pur-
suit of natural history ; if they could bring their children to
see that God had made these creatures for our use and not
for our abuse; that things so beautiful existed in the
ground, in the air, and under the water, so that they might
have something better to think of than the follies and
frivolities which surround them—then the Society would

38

have accomplished something worth an exertion. There was
an undying pleasure in the study of natural history: it
made them wiser people, by imparting to each a knowledge
of the beauties of creation. Regarding their excursion to-
day, he felt they were deeply indebted to Mr. Irons, in
placing at their disposal and himself taking command of
the steamer ‘“ Palmerston,” which had been the means of
affording them a large amount of interest, and promising
them the vessel for any future excursion ; he therefore ten-
dered him a vote of thanks in the name of the meeting.
With respect to the little difficulty in obtaining a dredge,
he thought it was time the Society should have dredges of
its own; for there was a peculiarity about our shores and
subsoil, and wherever they found these peculiarities they
would be sure to find a peculiar race of animals. He
thought it was a happy thing that this meeting of the
Society had been postponed till that day, because they had
such beautiful weather, and every one seemed to have en-
joyed themselves very much. Mr. Irons, to whom their
best thanks was due, took a great interest in the Society,
and he had shewn his goodwill by placing at their disposal
his vessel, and conducting the members on their sea ex-
cursion personally. He thought, therefore, he was only
expressing the feelings of every member of the Society
when he proposed a cordial vote of thanks be passed to
Mr. Irons for his great kindness and attention, in giving
the use of the ‘“‘ Palmerston” and in himself taking the
command. (Applause.)

Mr. Lex said he should be very happy to present the So-
ciety with a dredge, remarking that for general dredging
and interesting specimens there was none to surpass the
East Coast of Kent, being one of the most productive in
the kingdom,. In proof of this he was in possession of a
most unique specimen of a double star-fish with fourteen
rays which he had shown to Dr. Carpenter, and which that
gentlemen pronounced to be a very fine specimen.

39

The Presrpent tendered a vote of thanks to Mr. Lee
for the dredge with which he had offered to present the So-
ciety. Remarking on the huge stones which were now
being raised from the bottom of the sea off Dover, he said
there was upon them a very curious class of marine
zoophytes ; on one stone he counted no less than seven dis-
tinct classes of animals and sixty different species. He
had hoped that Dr. Astley or some other learned local mem-
ber would have given them a paper on “ Deep Water Fish-
ing;’”’ but Dr. Astley, he believed, had been called away
from the town to-day on professional business. However,
he trusted that by the time the Society met again at Dover
Mr. Bottle, with the assistance of Dr. Astley and Mr.
Mummery would give them a paper on one of those blocks
of stone he referred to, upon which was deposited a large
quantity of marine life, and he was sure it would be read
with much interest.

The Rev. T. B. W. Brices proposed the health of the
vice-Chairman, Mr. Alexander Bottle, who in this district
had thrown so much spirit into the movements of the
Society. In all the local districts, if they had not a local
secretary or gentleman who manifested an interest in these
researches, the Society would be a dead letter in the com-
munity. Mr. Bottle, being a man of considerable intelli-
gence and information, brought a vast amount of scientific
knowledge to bear on natural history or any other subject
which he undertook, and he felt gratified that Dover had
him to take so prominent a part in their proceedings.
(Hear, hear.)

Mr. Borrzez acknowledged the compliment paid him, and
said with reference to the stone blocks alluded to by the
President, he should be only too happy to make a record,
with the assistance of Dr. Astley and Mr. Mummery, of
his observations. He also acknowledged the vote of thanks
on the part of Mr. Irons—who, he said, had gone to attend
a meeting in reference to the erection of a new church in

40

Dover, and who would be much gratified at having his
name mentioned.

In the afternoon some beautiful specimens of the flora of
St. Margaret’s Bay, which had been gathered by the excur-
sionists who remained there, were handed round the table
for inspection. A large number of eggs were also shown
by Colonel Cox, and a number of shells and marine speci-
mens by the party who landed at Shellness.

The party broke up about 7 o’clock in the evening, it being
close on the hour for the departure of the train for Canterbury.
Several of the Dover members accompanied the Canterbury
party to the station, and after the interchange of mutual
congratulations on the success of the excursion, the train
started, and Canterbury was safely reached, every one well
pleased with the day’s enjoyment.

41

FOURTH MEARTING.

Polhestone, September 6, 7866.

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,” September 11, 1866.

The second excursion of the East Kent Natural History
Society for the season took place on Thursday, and notwith-
standing the somewhat unfavourable weather, was very
successful. It was intended to visit the lighthouse and
coast at Dungeness; and for this purpose the steamer
Palmerston, of Dover, had been kindly placed at the service
of the Society. Another party was formed for the purpose
of visiting and inspecting the undercliff at Folkestone,
under the able superintendence of George Dowker, Esq., of
Stourmouth ; and the excursion, therefore, promised to be
one of the best of the season. In the morning a pretty
numerous party assembled at the station of the London,
Chatham and Doyer Railway, at Canterbury, where a

42

special carriage was kindly set apart for their use by the
railway authorities. The excursionists were reinforced at
various stations along the line by members of the Society ;
and the morning, which up to this time had been dull and
lowering, began to brighten up, and raised in a correspond-
ing degree the hopes of the excursionists. On arriving at
Dover the party were joined by several of the members re-
siding there ; but the hopes of not a few of the Canter-
burians were damped by the intelligence that the Palmer-
ston could not proceed to sea, in consequence of the heavy
swell on the coast, and the great difficulty under such
circumstances of landing at Dungeness. A_ personal
inspection of the marine element by a number of the party
conyineed all, save one or two “old salts’ among the
members, that it was a prudent step to abandon for that
day the sea excursion. Several of the old frequenters of
the pier on being appealed to for their opinion on the
matter, declared that all the appearances were those of
approaching “dirty” weather; and how “dirty” it
proved may be learned from the account, in another column,
of the effects of the gale of Thursday night and Friday
morning. The Dover Regatta was to have been held on
the same day ; but after mature deliberation it was post-
poned, and the decision of the committee in that case had
considerable weight with those who had the charge of
matters at Dover. On the whole, perhaps, it was the wisest
course which could have been adopted —though certainly an
hour after noon, the sea looked calm and quiet enough.
There was, however, no choice left; and the whole of the
party, therefore, took the train to Folkestone, where they
arrived after a somewhat tedious delay near the harbour
about half-past eleven o’clock, when the whole of
the excursionists (by this time reinforced by the pre-
sence of several of the Folkestone members) took
their way to the undercliff, under the able guidance
of Mr. Dowker. We should have said that previous

43

to this, and immediately on arrival at Folkestone, Mr.
Dowker pointed out the peculiar geological formations
and characteristics of the east cliff in a few lucid sentences,
to the party assembled on the Pier.

Much disappointment was felt among the Folkstone mem-
bers of the Society atthe non-arrival of the Palmerston; butof
course they had not been informed of the turn which affairs
had taken at Dover, in consequence of the high sea running
at that place, and the impossibility of carrying out the
original programme. leven o’clock was the appointed
time for the rendezvous. At that time several mem-
bers had assembled, belonging to Folkestone, and re-
mained on the look out for the Palmerston. Dr. Fitz-
gerald, the Local Sec. for Folkestone, proceeded to the
junction station in search of members from Dover or Can-
terbury. After waiting patiently on the pier for an hour
and a half, the conclusion was come to that the excursions
both by land and water had been given up, and the few who
had assembled were about to separate, when they were met
by Dr. Fitzgerald, who informed them that a strong party
had arrived from Canterbury and Dover, who, with Mr.
Dowker, had started by the lower road for Sandgate. The
party, which included a number of ladies, and Lieutenant
Colonel Cox, President of the Society, moved along the
Lower Sandgate-road to inspect the undercliff. A more
interesting walk cannot be found in the neighbourhood of
Folkestone. The cliffs —crowned by the fashionabie
promenade —the Lees--show the peculiar formation of
the sandstone beds, and are otherwise geologically in-
teresting, whilst the sloping bank and deep indentions
are covered with a profusion of wild flowers, over which
flitted moths of many kinds, affording much interest to
those who came provided with nets. The small plantations
ef young trees, too, were explored, and on the foliage
were discovered a variety of caterpillars, some of them
rare kinds, which soon found themselves prisoners in the

44

tin cases of the collectors. A halt was made a little dis-
tance along the road, the party got together, and Mr.
Dowker pointed out the false bedding of the sandstone.
He explained the cause of the falling of the undereliff and
the urgent necessity there was for the course now being
taken by Lord Radnor of draining the accumulations of
water from under the cliff which threatened to bring it
down in time and the houses with it. By draining away
the water the danger was removed. Under their feet were
the Sandgate beds. Where the earth had slipped away
a quantity of pyrites were to be found. At a little dis-
tance from the toll gate on the Sandgateside the cliff juts out
toa bold and rugged poirt, and at this spot Mr. Dow-
ker pointed out the junction of the Folkestone
and Hythe beds. The Folkestone beds contained a forma-
tion called Chert, a specimen of which he exhibited. It
was a kind of flint always found in rocks containing car-
bonate of lime, which was not to be found in the lower
beds. A move was then made through Sandgate on to Sea-
brook, and the walk being too far for the ladies, they were
left behind under a proper escort. At Seabrook Mr. Dowker
gaye a brief general description of the geology of the
neighbourhood, and spoke of the remarkable changes going
on in Hythe Bay and at Dungeness by the rapid accumla-
tion of beach, which shut the sea out from Romney Marsh.
By this time the sky had become overcast, and a few drops
of rain which fell warned members, and especially those who
had experience of the drenching they got last year, that it
was time to return, and arapid move towards Folkestone was
made, a few more accustomed to ‘‘ heavy wet”’ than the others,
going by way of the military road over Shorncliffe Camp,
to Folkestone.

Whilst many of the members followed Mr. Dowker in his
interesting walk, others of the party paid attention to
the entomology of the district—nets, boxes, cans, every-
thing being in readiness to secure captures, which unfortunately

a ee

45

did not appear. This was entirely owing to the late
very unsettled state of the weather, for the locality
visited by the Society is usually exceedingly rich in insect
life—many varieties of moths, butterflies and beetles,
have been captured along this undercliff. The rare anchorite
moth (clostera anchoreta) was taken a few years since in
the larva state after having been lost so long to the country
as to be recorded, not a British insect, but on this occasion
rain and heavy murky clouds drove the insect tribe to
shelter, scarcely any being seen during the whole ex-
cursion excepting a few common larva taken off the Bolson
Poplars. The Buff tip (Pygwra Bucephala notrodonta
Camelina) ; Herald, (Scoliopteryx Libratix); Poplar
Hawk, (Smerenthus Populi) ; Broom Moth, (Hadena Pisi) ;
Dot Moth, (Hadena Persicaria.)

In the afternoon about forty ladies and gentlemen met in
the Pavilion Hotel to dinner. The chair was occupied by
the President, Lieut.-Col. Cox, and there were present several
representatives of the Society from Folkestone, Dover, and
Canterbury, among whom we observed Mrs. Cox and party,
J. Pilbrow, Esq., F.G.S., F.S.A., and party (Canterbury),
G. Dowker, Esq., Mr. Alderman Brent (Canterbury), J.
Reid, Esq., and party, A. Green, Esq., J. Stalkartt, Esq.,
and party, Dr. Kersey and party, T. M. Gladstone, Esq.,
C.E. (London), Rey. Thos. Briggs, Capel Lodge, Mr.
Saunders, Mr. Warman, Mr. C. Greaves, Mr. 8. Harvey,
(Hon. Secretary), W. H. Payn, Esq., Coroner of Dover,
E. N. Clements, Esq., W. Jacobs, Esq., Alexander Bottle,
Esq., local Secretary at Dover, Mr. H. Stock, Folkestone.
After the cloth had been removed,

The Presipent rose and said there were only a very few
toasts which he had to propose, as the party was not of a
formal character. There was one toast which upon all
occasions took the precedence, and very properly so. It was
to the health of her gracious Majesty the Queen—a Sove-
reign who ruled her people as none other did; and who

46

had gained the respect and the love of all her subjects.
(Loud cheers.)

The Prestpent then gave “ The Prince of Wales and
the rest of the Royal Family,’ which was also drunk with
all the honours.

Alderman BReEnT rose in response to the call of the Pre-
sident, and said he had great pleasure in meeting the So-
ciety on that occasion, and felt that all these social and
scientific gatherings were productive of much good, and
tended to the general advantage of the members as well
as to the progress of the particular department of know-
ledge to which they were devoted. It would not perhaps
be out of keeping or uninteresting were he to give them
some account of the proceedings of the ‘‘ Somersetshire Ar-
chological and Natural History Society,” with whom he
spent two most pleasant days during the last week in the
month of August. Amongst the leading members of this
Society were Mr. Ashworth Sandford, formerly he believed
one of the representatives of the county of Somerset ;
Messrs. Moore, Dawkins, Freeman, Rev. W. Jones, &e.
The preliminary meeting was held at Ilminster, in the
school-room of that town. A converzazione followed in the
evening. The church at Ilminster, which was ably de-
scribed by Mr. Parker, presented several particulars of in-
terest, especially the Squints or Hagioscopes—constructions
adopted with openings into the church or church yard,
where—as at the remarkable little church at Stoke-sub-
Hampden, the lepers and infected persons stood outside, and
looked through into the interior of the church and toward
the altar during the performance of certain holy offices,
a few centuries since. The great interest, however, of the
day was comprised in discourses delivered by Mr. Moore
and Mr. Sandford. The former of these gentlemen may
be called the leading geologist of the district, if he may
not be said to have a general fame, several of his paleonto-
logical discoveries such as the ‘‘ Eryon Moorii,” “ Leptena

47

Moorii,”’ &c., being named after him by scientific friends and
Societies. The peculiar strata Mr. Moore undertook to
illustrate was that of which many examples existed round
Ilminster—the middle and upper Lias. These deposits were
particularly rich in fossil remains. In the sea beds were in-
numerable foraminifera, amongst which was found, in great
profusion, the polymorphema. A peculiar clay or sand, a
sort of sea or fish bed, exhibited the formation of certain
oddly shaped nodules or stones. Those contained various
ancient remains. The cuttle fish, the icthyosaurus, the
Lethiosaurus, a production almost peculiar to the district,
and the pachydormis, a beautiful fish found between the
middle and upper Lias. Adjoining this bed was another in
in which were ammonites and belemnites in great profusion,
the former varying in size from shells of nine inches to half
an inch in diameter ; whilst the belemnites existed in such
numbers, that in the face of a quarry, which, accompanied
by Mr. Moore, I examined, they were sticking out of the
deposit like so many ten-penny nails, and might be col-
lected two or three at a time. Mr. Moore rendered
his paper particularly interesting by the perfect mastery he
exhibited over his subject, and the illustrations he gave
from time to time of the geological remains to which he had
called attention. In allusion to the curiously shaped nodules
containing the fossil remains of fish, crustatea, lizards, &c.,
the Lecturer selected two or three specimens ‘ He had at-
tained,” he said, “ perfect knowledge of their contents from
their outward conformation. The fish or lizard perishing
in the sea or on its bed had attracted around it, certain
stony elements, and so remained petrified in its rocky
tomb for an infinitude of ages.’”’ ‘* This stone,” said Mr.
Moore ‘‘I will wager a hundred pounds, contains a cuttle
fish, and this, a lizard.”’ Adroitly applying the hammer to
the first, in a stroke or two, it split equally asunder,
revealing a beautiful specimen of the cuttle fish. Mr.
Moore, placing a moistened finger on the sepia contained in

48

the specimen, and applying it to a sheet of white paper,
made a clear black stripe down it, thus showing that the
ink retained all its specific qualities after a lapse of in-
numerable ages. Above this fish bed, in the upper Liaslay the
ammonites. The Society adjourned shortly afterwards to
inspect on the spot some of the geological strata Mr. Moore
had been describing. Recent researches in the neighbour-
hood of Taunton, and at Sandford Hill and Wokey Hole had
revealed vast stores of osscous remains of extinct animals
as in Kent’s Hole, the Dardogne cave, and other localities
in this country and in Europe. The species exhibited were
the elephas primogenius, bison priscus, rhinoceros
tichorrhinus, ursa speloea, felis spelcea, the hippopotamus,
&c. Allthese animals had once been inhabitants of our
latitudes; and this department of geology is particularly
interesting from the fact that in juxta-position with these
bones and the bones of the mammoth, have been found
flints, worked artificially by some unknown being, endowed
with reason, and made into weapons of war, and imple-
ments of the chase, or for domestic use. These implements
have been found iz our own neighbourhood, in the drift
deposits near Reculver, and in juxta-position with the
bones and tusks of extinct, or what we were once accus-
tomed to call, antediluvian animals. At the evening meet-
ing at Ilminster, Mr. Sandford gave a most interesting
lecture on the comparative anatomy of the animals of the
Taunton cave deposits, especially the species Felis, and
contrasted in a most scientific manner the formation of
the skull of the cave lion, with that of our present denizen
of the African wilds. An interesting discussion arose be-
tween Mr. Sandford and Mr. Dawkins, respecting the
probable temperature of this geological period, the more
important as not only being a possible period in which
man, or some similarly constructed being might have
existed, but because of the anomalies it exhibits
in the animal world. Mr. Sandford contended that the

SS. ee

aes SS es owe

Lay aw

49

average yearly temperature probably assimilated to our
own, with winters, however, of unusual severity, exhibiting
the action of ice in the peculiar formation of the boulders
of the gravels and river beds. Mr. Dawkins contended
strongly for a glacial temperature, and instanced as amongst
the fauna inhabiting these latitudes, the reindeer and
musk ox, creatures of an Arctic climate—the marmot,
the lemur, and the beaver. Mr. Sandford met or enda-
voured to meet this argument by instancing the fact of the
existence of the hippopotamus, an animal unable to exist in
a climate where the rivers would be frozen into a solid
block nine months in the year, strongly arguing also that
the vegetation of this period closely resembled that of the
present day, and that the rhinoceros had been found fos-
silized amongst remains of trees, similar species of which
were now growing above the surface ; and that in the jaws
and stomach of a fossil bat had been detected undigested
vegetable food identical with the flora of the present climate
of England and middle Europe. A gigantic bear had also
been discovered at Taunton; the horse skoe bat, and a
bison resembling the Aurock, though larger. The Mendip
Hills of the district were said to contain the largest collec-
tion of fossil-bones in the world. Allusion was made to the
all-important question of the antiquity of man, and the ex-
traordinary discovery, if authentic, made by Dr. Falconer,
of the remnant of ivory found in the Dardogne cave, exhi-
biting a rude drawing of a mammoth in the act of charging
—found with the bones of the animal itself, and drawn
by some hand, that had skill and cunning enough to design
it on the spot, and perhaps to perish with the portrait it
had taken, one of the oldest if not earliest designed of pic-
tures! Other papers followed —a chapter from his unpub-
lished ‘‘ History of England,” by Mr. Freeman, giving an
animated and graphic account of the battle of Hastings, and
Meath of “Harold, King of the English.’ Visits were
made the second day by the Society, through many of the

50

green lanes and roads of the beautiful and picturesque
county of Somerset to Ford Abbey, a well preserved
Monastic building of the time of Henry VII., although
portions of the structnre (the chapel especially) dated from
a much earlier period. Here the Society was most hos-
pitably entertained by the owner of the property. Visits
were also paid to the old Manor House of Donyatts, near
Ilminster ; to the ancient remains at Chard, and to Jordans
the Manor House of the “‘ Spekes.’”’ “I know not, Mr. Pre-
sident,” concluded Mr. Brent, “that I ought to add
more—too much, perhaps, has been said already. We
are all pilgrims in pursuit of two branches of science—
the old and the new; the unexhausted remains of
antiquity, and of that beautiful world now pre-
sent around us—the ever varying Nature, the same,
yet constantly exhibiting new forms of beauty and
enchantment. Day by day, hour by hour, we hope
to add a stone or a brick to that great edifice built up to
modern science ; or rather, a great temple, as surely we may
call it, erected to the munificent Author of all we have, or
hope for. A further revelation of the wonders of design,
the depth of knowledge, exhibited in created things around
us, must be a tribute and an offering to Him—however
silent, and, at the moment, however unacknowledged. I
would conclude with giving ‘‘The Prosperity of the East
Kent Natural History Society,” and would couple the sen-
timent with the name of our worthy President, Colonel
Cox, one who is our chairman at this meeting, and one who
has his whole heart and soul in forwarding the welfare of
the Society and science in general, not only by the talents
and energy he contributes, but by his constant attention
and watchfulness over its interests. (Loud applause.)

The Presipent responded to the toast. He said he was
very glad indeed to have heard the very interesting state-
ments which had been made by Mr. Brent as to his visit to
Somersetshire. He quite agreed with him as to the very

i ee ee ion

tl

i ae Oa Pa) rare" oF

51

interesting places there were in that county, particularly
about the Mendip Hills and Cheddar, but he could not go
so far as Mr. Brent had done in reference to Kent. There
were places of far more interest to him (the President) in
his own county. To go no further than where they were
at present assembled, he could assure them that the cliffs
which they had that day explored, and the range of similar
formation between Folkestone and Dover, were exceedingly
interesting. (Hear, hear.) He also must express the plea-
sure he had experienced in hearing of the researches of
other societies with kindred objects to their own; as any-
thing which tended to enlarge the sphere of their observa-
tions was of especial interest to the members of this So-
ciety. (Hear, hear.) Speaking of the excursion they had
that day made, the President remarked that it was one emi-
nently calculated to bring about this result, and he was very
much pleased to see that all the ladies were highly gratified
with the route which had been taken, and were all
so much gratified with the exertions which had been made
by Mr. Dowker to please and to instruct. (Applause.)
These cliffs were exceedingly interesting, and took them
back to very ancient times. Some excellent specimens of
fossils were found in that locality, and he regretted very
much that he had none on the table for their inspection.
Any one might pick up these beautiful specimens. here
was a man near the upper station who gained his living by
collecting them, and he would haye been glad to have
bought specimens if notice had been given him. He was
sorry that the turn out on that occasion was not so large as
might have been expected, but this by no means formed an
index as to the number of the Society. Some
liked the dry land, others were fond of the
sea, and he regretted very much to be told that
a very large number from Dover had been disappointed of
the steamboat trip to Dungeness. The weather had been
against them on several occasions recently, and it was a

52

pity it was so that day. He also regretted the absence of
Dr. Fitzgerald, who he had no doubt was absent on pro-
fessional duty. It was also matter of regret that the Mayor
of Folkestone was not present, of whose kindness to them
on the last occasion of their visit every one then present
would have a very lively recollection. (Hear, hear.) He
understood that a friend of the Mayor’s, living in the
neighbourhood, was very ill indeed, and this was quite a
sufficient excuse for his absence. In conclusion he asked
them all to drink to the good health of the local secretary
for Folkestone, Dr. Fitzgerald, with thanks to him for all
his exertions, both on that occasion and previously, to pro-
mote the success of the Society. ( Applause.)

The Rev. Thomas Brices responded on behalf of Dr.
Fitzgerald, who he said had been called away on profes-
sional business, and was unable to be present. He could
only say that he should be too glad to report to Dr. Fitz-
gerald the very flattering terms in which his services had
been spoken of; and for himself he could say that the re-
marks of the President were fully warranted. Dr. Fitz-
gerald felt very great anxiety about the excursion to
Dungeness, and had watched, along with himself, on the
Pier for a long time in the expectation of seeing the
Palmerston, but without success. ‘They were very glad at
last ‘to see the members arrive by the train; but he had
been desired by several friends to ask the Society not to
give up the excursion to Dungeness, but to try one more
day yet. (Hear, hear.) They had been very much disap-
pointed at not getting there that day, but he had no doubt
that in the Divine economy the weather which was now
being sent would turn out to be the best for the world at
large. He urged the Society not to give up the excursion,
and said that very often in September, and even in October,
the weather was beautiful. (Hear, hear.) On behalf of
Dr. Fitzgerald he begged to return his best thanks, and to
say that he had done all he could for the Society. He re-

— Ii

oF

53

gretted the absence of Folkestone friends, but Dr. Fitz-
gerald had said to him, in explanation of this want, that
though there were a great many naturalists in Folkestone,
they did not belong to the East Kent Natural History
Society. (Hear, hear.)

The Present, in reply to the remark made by Mr.
Briggs in reference to another day being fixed for an ex-
cursion to Dungeness, said he was sure if the Folkestone
people would fix the day for the trip to Dungeness, the
Dover and Canterbury members would put their shoulders
to the wheel and help them. It was the duty of every one
to do his best to support the Society, as the more they were
instructed the better they became in every respect. He
hoped the weather would be more favourable for a visit to
this new land, as it had been called by Mr. Dowker, and if
they went they would be able to see the electric lighthouse,
which in itself would be a very great treat, and something
of which Kent had great reason to be proud —inasmuch as
it was the only lighthouse in the kingdom in which the
electric element was employed. They could also explore
the flora and fauna of the locality, which were very rare

‘and beautiful. Dover was the greatest supporter of the

Society, and the success which had attended them was due
to the indefatigable exertions of Mr. Bottle, the local
secretary, whose health it gave him much pleasure to pro-
pose. (Applause.)

Mr. Borrue, in responding, said he was not aware that
any exertion of his entitled him to be singled out for
honour. He was not a naturalist, but only a learner,
nevertheless he enjoyed their rambles very much indeed.
With respect to Dungeness, if the Folkestone people did
not think it was too late in the season, he would do all he
could to get up an excursion, and he believed Mr. Irons,
the Harbour Master, would grant them the use of the
Palmerston steamboat for the trip. He would name that
day fortnight for the trip, and no doubt he should be able

54

to bring a large cargo from Dover. He concluded by pro-
posing “ The Health of Mr. Dowker,” who had given them
such an interesting account of the geology of the
locality, though he was sorry they had travelled rather
too far for the ladies to hear all he had said. (Applause.)
Mr. Dowxer responded. After thanking the members
for the way in which the toast had been drunk, he said he
felt a strong attachment for Dungeness Point, and if the
Palmerston had come he should have thrown himself in
with the party, however rough the weather might have
been. It was entirely new land, having sprung into
existence within the last century. It was a place difficult
to get at except by steamboat as there were no roads to it,
the growth of the beach having outstripped the growth of
the roads. He did not wish to give up the excursion, but
he was afraid there was but little probable chance of fine
weather for the next fortnight, and they could not look
forward for settled weather for a month. Under these cir-
cumstances perhaps it would be as well to defer the trip till
early next season. It wasa place which he thought the
East Kent Natural History Society should visit for two
reasons, first, on account of the extraordinary accumulation
of beach, and secondly on account of the flora of the dis-
trict. Marine plants were to be found there such as could
not be found in any part of England. Taking all things
into consideration he thought they had better defer the trip
to May or June next year. With respect to his services, he
was very glad they had been appreciated ; but he must tell
them that to profit by what they had heard they must take
a part of the work themselves. There was not a cliff which
they had passed over which could not unveil to them
a vast history and which contained a flora of which they
knew nothing. He alluded particularly to the junction of
the chalk formation with the gault with its innumerable
fossils of unsurpassed beauty. These were to be found only
at Copt Point, at an elevation of about 100 feet. Then

55

came the Folkestone or upper beds of the lower greensand,
which could be traced westward till they died out, and
other beds were seen cropping out above them. These
were the Hythe beds, the lower division of the same series,
in which could be found a vast assemblage of fossils of gi-
gantic reptilia—one of these in particular having originally
been so large that its size would take up more space than
the large room they were occupying. They could hardly
conceive the great changes this globe had undergone since
such monstrous reptiles had their existence. He had only
given them a general view of the geology of the district
which they might study for themselves in detail. He could
not resist going to the end of this remarkable series of beds
that afternoon. The Hythe beds contained the stone called
Kentish Rag—used principally for building churches,
and it was in these beds that the remains of
these gigantic reptiles were found. With reference
to Hythe, it was an important port at one time,
but now it was a long way to travel to it from the sea, and
then it was all over beach. Further on they came to Rom-
ney Marsh, a most extraordinary place, said to have been
dropped from the clouds, so that it might be said there
were now five great divisions of the globe, instead of four,
viz.,—Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Romney Marsh.
(Laughter.) At one time this marsh must have formed the
bed of the ocean. Lympne was once a port in the time of
the Romans, and Appledore another, but in a most extra-
ordinary manner it had been reclaimed from the sea. Mil-
lions of tons of beach had accumulated there, and banked
out the sea, and it would be for them to find out how the
change had taken place; his own opinion was that it must
have been caused by some peculiar alteration in the set of
the currents forming local sandbanks. The whole appear-
ance and character of the district had undergone a change,
and it presented features well worthy of special study. He
did not intend to weary them, but would merely conclude

56

by saying that he should always be happy to advance the
interest of the Society in any way he could. (Applause.)

The Presipent said there was yet one more toast which
he desired to give before the meeting broke up, as he saw
by the clock that the time for the departure of the train
was approaching. It was fo the good health of Mr. Harvey,
the hon. secretary at Canterbury—a gentleman who had
shown a very great desire to do all he could to advance the
interests of the Society, and whose attention to all the de-
tails of their meetings it was the duty of the members thus
to acknowledge. (Applause.)

Mr. Harvey responded. He said he was very much
gratified if anything which he had had the opportunity of
doing had in any way advanced the interests of the So-
of the Society. Their object was a high and a noble one,
and it was to him a great pleasure to be instrumental even
ina very slight degree in advancing their interests, or in
promoting the prosperity of the Society. (Applause.)

Dr. Kzrsry said they could not separate without pro-
posing the good health of the ladies, coupled with the name
of Mrs. Cox, the wife of their much esteemed President.
(Applause.) He was sure this was a toast which would be
cordially received, as they were all highly honoured by the
presence of the ladies on that occasion. They had that day
shown themselves ardent students in the pursuit of natural
history, and he trusted the ladies had all been gratified by
their visit to Folkestone. (Applause.)

The PresipentT returned thanks for the compliment paid
to Mrs. Cox and the ladies in a few very happy remarks,
after which the meeting broke up.

The time for the starting of the train on the return
journey had now arrived, and after a brief but pleasant ride
the Dover party were safely landed, and the train sped on
to Canterbury, which was reached as the shades of evening
were closing in. Thus terminated a very pleasant and pro-
fitable excursion.

2 Ee OR TL

THE EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCInTY,

dast af Rooks belonging to the Library,

&e., &e.

SESSION, 1867,

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE ‘‘ KENTISH GAZETTE’ OFFICE, HIGH-STREET.
?

BE PP Ok ..

The Committee in laying their tenth annual report before
the members haye the pleasure of congratulating them on the
financial condition of the Society, the balance in hand being
£14 1s. 6d.

Since the last report the Society has lost by resignation,
death, and various causes, sixteen members, and six new
members have been elected, leaving a nett deficiency of ten.
This loss is however, more apparent than real (as the financial
balance will show), being the result of a thorough revision
of the list of members, and the expunging several names
that had been retained by accident long after the members had
left. The annexed report, reprinted from the ‘Kentish
Gazette,” contains an account of all the meetings of the year,
including the two Excursions, both of which were well at-
tended. The collection of plants at the first was tolerably
large and rich in flowers of comparative rarity, and would
probably have been larger, but for a sudden and heavy
shower which put a stop to collecting. The Committee have
to thank T. Sawbridge Drax, Esq., for the permission to
meet on this occasion in his park.

The second Excursion to Dungeness and Lydd Beach was
unmarred by weather or any other drawback, except that
from unayoidable delays it was too late in the year to find
the flora of the district in perfection, and the short time
allowed on land, in consequence of the tide, did not admit of
any comparison of results.

The success of the meeting was greatly to be attributed to
the kindness of R. Iron, Esq., harbour superintendent of
Dover, in lending the Palmerston steam-tug for the use of the
members. Early in the year your Committee instituted
monthly meetings for microscopic and conversational purposes,
_ at Canterbury, which at first were well attended, and at which

IV.

some very interesting papers were read, notably one by Dr.
Mitchinson, on “‘ Siluria,” a continuation of which your Com-
mittee hope to have in the ensuing session. Dr. Mitchinson
also kindly offered to the members the opportunity of seeing
several rare British flowers in bloom in his garden where he
had been very successful in bringing them to perfection. From
some cause, however, the interest in the monthly meetings
flagged, or their days were forgotten, and six only were held.
Your Committee regret this the more as much useful infor-
mation was circulated at these meetings in a pleasant conver-
sational manner after the reading of the papers. Reports of
all the papers will be found annexed.

Your Committee are indebted also to Messrs. Geo. Dowker
and Jas. Reid for extended lists of the flora of the two districts
investigated at the Excursions, which will be found printed
with the reports of meetings.

The two general lecture meetings were also successful,
though the bad weather militated against the attendance at
the last, a fact the more to be regretted as the lecture by the
Rey. J. B. Reade was so highly interesting and instructive.

It will be seen on reference to the Librarian’s statement
that some valuable additions have this year been made to the
Library, being 14 volumes of new books and 3 volumes of
periodicals.

The Treasurer’s account duly audited is also annexed.

In concluding their annual account, the Committee feel
that during the past year the Society has been moderately suc-
cessful, and if the members generally, or at least those whose
business or pleasure carries them into the rural districts of the
county, would follow the excellent example of Messrs. Reid
and Dowker in recording for the benefit of members generally
the flowers, insects, or migratory birds they notice in their
walks, in each month, an amount of information really large
and valuable would be accumulated, and these annual reports
become useful records, not only to ourselves, but to those who
may come after us.

As the great majority of the members reside either in
Canterbury or Dover, and as one or other of these places is

Vv.

accessible to most, it is proposed to hold the monthly mectings
this year alternately in each place, at which any such records
of flora or fauna will be noted if forwarded to the Secretary
a day or two previously.

_ Your Committee have to regret the loss of the services of
their late Hon. Treasurer, whose kindness and energy has
greatly conduced to the financial prosperity of the Society
during the last eight years.

LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

BELONGING to THE East Kent Naturat History Socrery.

i. British Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, 1 vol. (Reeve)
2. Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)

3. Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol., (Harvey)

4, Flora of Surrey, 1 vol., (J. A. Brewer)

5. Manual of Geology, 1 vol., (Professor Phillips)

6. Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.

7. Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.

8. Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.
9. Dallas’ Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

10. Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.
11. A Catalogue of rare Phoenogamous Plants collected in South

Kent in 1829.

12, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. re-
ferring to Sheets 4 and 7.

13. British Hemiptera Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865, (Douglas and

Scott)
14 15, Hand Book of British Flora, 2 vols., (Bentley)
16. Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 1 vol.
aie Recent Memoirs on the Cetacew, 1 vol.

18. Monograph of British Spongidiw by Dr. Bowerbank, 1 vol.

19. Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.

20. Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 tf

21. Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs. Gatie from Professor
Haryey’s Phycologia Britannica, 1 yol.

VI.

*22 25. Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.
*26. Forbes British Star Fishes, 1 vol.
*27 28. Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 2 vols.
*29 30. Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.
31 34, Smiths English Flora, 4 vols.
*35. Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol.
*36. Nitzsch’s Pterylography.
Those marked * were added this year.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol. 3, 1863, and 4, 1864. (Half bound Calf)
The Zoologist, from 1848 to 1852. (In Cloth)

- 1853 to 1855. (Half bound Calf)
if 1856 to 1857. (In Cloth)
ae 1858 to 1861, and for 1863 to 1865. (Half bound

Calf)
N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete at present.
The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vols. 7 and 8, old Series.
Vols. 1, 1861, 3 to 6, 1863 to 1866, new ditto. (Half bound Calf)
Magazine of Natural History, vols. 3 to 8, and 11 to 16, 3rd Series.
(Half bound Calf)
The Geologist, vols. 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7. (Half bound Calf)
The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859. (Half bound Calf)
British Moths, Nocturni.
Fi Geometra.
Proceedings of the Geologist’s Association, 1863-4.
Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, and 2, 1865.
Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864.

The Librarian regrets to state that in consequence of several Periodicals

not having been returned to the Library, nor any entry of them made in
the book kept for the purpose in the Society’s reading room, he has been
unable to have the volumes to which they belong bound.

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS
ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SocIETY, viz:

Natural History Review

The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
The Zoologist

The Geological Magazine

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
of Science

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VII.

List of Officers and Members.

a

President :
COLONEL HORSLEY, Sr. SterHEn’s Loves, C CANTERBURY.

Vice Presidents:

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.
SIR BROOK W. BRIDGES, BART., M.P., Goopnesronz Park.
SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BersHANGER.
COLONEL C. J. COX, ForpWicH House.
MATTHEW BELL, Esa., Bourne Park.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esq., St. ALBANS.
REV. F. SCOTT, Srsertswoup.

CAPT. CROOKES, DoveEx.

REY. J. MITCHINSON, D.C.L., Kine’s Scxoot.
REV. J. B. READE, M.A., F.RS., BisHOPSBOURNE.
GEO. DOWKER, Ssa., F. G. 8., SrourmouTs Hovse.

Treasurer :
MR. J. S. LINFORD, Bureate STREET.
Librarian:
COLONEL HORSLEY.

Secretaries :

MR. JOHN S. LINFORD, Bureare SrRzer.
MR. 8S. HARVEY, Hieu SrReer.

Committee:
G. FURLEY, Ese. REV. F. ROUCH.
CAPTAIN KEMP. G. RIGDEN, Esa.
H. B. MAKESON, Esa. F. H. SANKEY, Esa.
T. G. PECKHAM, Esa. MR. 8S. SAUNDERS.
Je) Be PILBROW, Ese., F.G.8.,| F. SLATER, Esa.
S.A. T. O. WELSH, Esa., M.D.

Local Sccretaries :

A. BOTTLE, Esa., Dover.
Dr. PITTOCK, Manecars.

Memhers.

Alford, Very Rey. Dr.
Andrews, A. B., Esq.
Astley, Dr.
Bridges, Sir B. W., Bart., M.P.
Bell, M., Esq.
Bland, W., Esq.
Bottle, A., Esq.
iggs, Re

, J. F., Esq.
Cox, Colonel, C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.

Parren, Col. C. B.

Dean of Canterbury.
Westgate, Canterbury.
Dover.

Goodnestone Park.

Bourne Park.

Hartlip, Sittingbourne.
Dover.

Capel, near Dover.
Tenterden.

Folkestone.

Betshanger, near Deal.
Parade, Canterbury.

4, Victoria terrace, ditto.
St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.
Liverpool Street, Dover.
42, Marine Parade, ditto
5, Waterloo Crescent, ditto.
Fordwich House.

Ditto.

Doddington, near Faversham.
Dover.

St. Martin’s Hill, Dover.
Dover.

Stour Street, Canterbury.
Christchurch, Ramsgate.
Stourmouth House.
Folkestone.

Ditto.

Colchester.

Furley, R., Esq.
Furley, George, Esq.
Forrest, Mrs.

Finnis, Steriker, Esq.
Freshfield, C., Esq., M.P.
Furley, W. D., Esq.
Grayling, Dr.

Green, Mrs. J.
Gordon, Mr. W. C.
Giraud, Byng, Esq.
Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
Gibson, F. Esq.

Huddleston, J. W., Esq., M.P.

Hammond, W. 0., Esq.
Hatfield, G. T. Esq.
Harvey, Mr. 8S.
Horsley, Colonel

Hart, R., Esq.
Hambrook, Mr. J. B.
Hilton, Captain
Hanvey, John, Esq.
Haddon, Miss

Haddon, Miss C.
Horsnail, Edward, Esq.
James, Sir W., Bart.
Jones, R., Esq.
Kersey, Dr.

Kersey, Mrs.

Kemp, Captain
Kingsford, F., Esq.
Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Knocker, Edward, Esq.
Knocker, Captain
Lake, Robert, Esq.
Leith, R. M. Esq.

Lee, H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.
Levi, Adolphus, Esq.
Linford, Mr. J. 8.
Lewis, T., Esq.
Mummery, Mr. W. P.
Makeson, A. B., Esq.
Mitchinson, Rey. Dr.
Munn, Major

Neame, Mrs. A.
Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.

xX.

Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Dover.

Ditto.

1, St. George’s Place, Canterbury.

Sittingbourne.

Canterbury.

Museum, Dover.

Castle Street, Dover.
Clovis Terrace, Canterbury.
Margate.

2, Park Prospect, St. James’s Park.

St. Albans.

Hartsdown, Margate.

High Street, Canterbury.

St. Stephen’s Lodge.

Folkestone.

Strond Street, Dover.

Nackington House.

Waterworks, Dover.

Effingham Crescent, ditto.
ditto ditto.

Dover.

Betshanger.

Clyde House, Dover.

Littlebourne.

Ditto. 3

Cavalry Barracks, Canterbury.

Lundy House, Dover.

Littlebourne.

Castle Hill, Dover.

Dover.

Milton Chapel.

Folkestone.

The Waldrons, Croydon.

Folkestone.

Canterbury.

Castle Street, Dover.

Strond Street, Dover.

High Street, Hythe.

King’s School, Canterbury.

Churchill House, Dover.

Lamb Lane, Canterbury.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.

Selling.

:
1

Neame, Mrs. E.

Pittock, G. M., Esq., M.D.
Parker, R. D., Esq.

Pool, Mr.

Payn, W. H., Esq.
Plumptre, C. J., Esq.
Plummer, E., Esq.

Puckle, Rev. J.

Poynter, A., Esq.
Peckham, T. G., Esq.

q
Pilbrow, J. 8., Esq., F.G.8., F.8.A.

Powell, me _
Payn, G. H., Esq.
Reid, Jas., Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rey. F.
Reade, Rev. J. B.
Reade, Geo., Esq.
Scott, Rev. F.
Sankey, F. H., Esq.
Sankey, Mrs.
Saunders, Mr. Sibert
Slater, F., Esq.
Smith, Capt. Carleton
Stock, Henry, Esq.
Sutton, Dr.

Spice, C., Esq.
Solomon, — Esq.
Smith, Miss J.
Smith, J. G., Esq.
Sicard, A., Esq.
Stillwell, J., Esq.
Tucker, Mr. E.

Ward, Miss

Worsfold, Christopher, Esq.

Weston, L., Esq.
Wightwick, W., Esq.

xI.

Selling.

Margate.

Barham.

High Street, Canterbury.
St. Martin’s Hill, Dover.
Fredville.

The Firs, Canterbury.

St. Mary's, Dover.

3, Marine Place, ditto.
Hall Place, Harbledown.
Wingfield House, Canterbury.
4, Dane John Grove, ditto
Saxon Street, Dover.
Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Precincts, Canterbury.
Bishopsbourne.

Ditto.

Sibertswould.

Wingham.

Ditto.

Whitstable.

Chislett.

Dover.

Folkestone.

Liverpool Street, Dover.
Strond Street, ditto.
Little Kenfield.

Dane John, Canterbury.
Effingham Lawn, Dover.
Bridge.

Victoria Park, Dover.
The Grove, Margate.
Ashford,

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.
Stanford Rectory, Hythe.
North Street, Herne Bay.
Hawley Square, Margate.
Folkestone.

5, Claremont Place, Dover,
Kentfield House, Petham.
St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
High Street, Canterbury.
Castle Street, Dover.
Waterloo Crescent, Dover.
Folkestone.

XIl.

Wray, Miss Barton Fields, Canterbury.
Warman, Mr. W. St. Peter’s Street, Canterbury.
Warman, Mrs, Ditto ditto.
Winch, A., Esq. Norman Street, Dover.

Hanorary and Coryespanding Members.

Bates, H. W., Esq. London.

Boycott, J., Esq., M.D. London.

Sandilands, —, Esq. bireecr Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia,

Saunders, J., Esq. Reigate.

Whitaker, W., Esq. Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London.

Assucviates,

Baker, Mr. Cattle Market,Sandwich.

Coppen, Mr. E. Sibertswould.

Else, Mr. R. Burgate Lane, Canterbury.

Gutteridge, Mr. Faversham.

Kennett, Mr. W. Fordwich.

Parren, Mr. W. Canterbury.

Prebble, Mr. J. G. Ramsgate.

Young, Mr. Sittingbourne.

XIII.

EAST KENT

NATURAL BISTORY SOCIaTY.

20:

FLTEE & OBIZETS OF THE SOCLETE,

30:

The objects of the East Kent Narvrat History Socrery
shall be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and
Theoretical Knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its
Branches, both in relation to the particular District and the
General Science.

Rules and Regulations,

MEMBERSHIP.
1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Correspond_
ing Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by ballot, taken at any meeting of the Committee, or at a
General Meeting—one black ball in five to exclude.

8. The Annual Subscriptions, to be paid by Ordinary Members,
shall be Ten Shillings; the Subscription shall become due on the Ist of
January in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year.

XIV.

Any Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it
is due, shall be applied to by the Secretary, and if the Subscription
remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall cease to
be a Member of the Society.

4, The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
an Ordinary Member, and her subscription shall be Five Shillings.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district: such Honorary and Corresponding
Members shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs.

6. In order to encourage the study of Natural History among indivi-
duals of the class of mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates, provided
they shall first communicate some information or observation on Natura]
History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local Museums,
as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates shall
enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held on the same
day as the February and November General Meetings, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held on the last Tuesday in January

XY.

in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of electing the Officers for the
current year, receiving the Annual Statement of Accounts, and Report of
the Committee, and conducting the general affairs of the Society.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of the
Society, the specific purposes of the Mecting being stated in the notice,
which shall be sent to each member not less than one week before the time
of such Meeting.

10. All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by a
majority of votes ; and if upon any question the votes shall be equal, the
Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or casting vote.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or Com-
mittee, between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the
Committee.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any member Local Secretary for the town
or district he may reside in. Such Local Secretary shall be ex-officio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. Two Meetings shall be held in Canterbury yearly, during the first
and last quarters for the purpose of reading Papers, exhibiting Specimens
Lectures, &c. Each member to have the right of introducing a Visitor at
these Meetings.

14. Two Excursions are appointed to take place yearly, during the
Summer, for the purpose of investigating the natural objects of interest in
some district in East Kent; the arrangements for these Excursions to be
made at a Committee Meeting to be held in the first week of each of the
Summer Quarters.

XVI.

15. A Minute of the Proceedings of all Mcetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of such Meetings and
Excursions to every Member, stating the time and place of Meeting, &c.

LOCAL MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society,
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or Ex-
cursions in their districts ; and to give notice of the same to the General,
and all the Local Secretaries, stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTIONS OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society shall endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of
Natural History, both with a view of forming a Museum and distribution
of Duplicate Specimens, according to Regulations to be adopted by the
Committee.

LIBRARY.

19. Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History are
to be purchased by the funds of the Society, and the number to be pur-
chased shall be determined by the Committee.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some convenient
place, so that Members may be able to refer to them, or take them out,
under such regulations as the Committee from time to time may think
proper to make.

21. Members are also invited to lend Books for the use of the
Library, reserving to themselves the full right of ownership; such Books
to be under the care of the Committee, and not allowed to be taken out of
the Library.

FIRST MEETING.
Ganterbury, March 7, 1867.

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,” March 12, 1867.

A meeting of the members of this flourishing Society was
held on Thursday afternoon, in the Lecture Hall of the
Museum, Guildhall Street, Canterbury, for the purpose of
hearing a lecture by Dr. James Murie, F.G.S., prosector
to the Zoological Society, on ‘ Mermaids,” or, the struc-
ture and geographical distribution of the order Sirenia.

There was a large attendance—among whom were Col.
Cox, President of the Society, Mrs. Cox and party, Mr.
Lee, Mr. T. G. Peckham, Mr. Pilbrow, C.E., Mr. John
Brent, jun., Mr. Linford, Mr. Rigden, Mr. 8. Harvey, Dr.
Mitchinson, &c., &e.

The Presrpent, in taking the chair, said the present
meeting was convened for the purpose of hearing a lecture
from Dr. Murie, on the order Sirenia ; and from the ability
of the lecturer, as well as the interest and importance of
the subject, he was sure that Dr. Murie would receive a
patient and attentive heaxing from all who were present.

Dr. Murie then rose, and was received with applause.
In introducing the subject, he said—The first part of the
present lecture ‘“‘ Upon Mermaids,” may give rise in your
minds to the idea of my delivering a sensational lecture
upon objects which all persons, be they young or old, look
upon as but a fireside story, or at best an ancient supersti-
tion; but the concluding clause of the title *‘ The structure
and Geographical distribution of the Order Sirenia,” to
any person moderately acquainted with Natural History,
supplements, or is explanatory, of the real objects of the lec-
ture. It is truly interesting to trace the sequence of fables
onwards to the facts on which they originally have been
based; it bears a comparison with the growth of the

2

human mind from childhood to man’s estate, at first a
credibility to all the stories told us, which once firmly im-
printed on our memory, as we grow older shape and re-
shape themselves, until finally analogies are traced between
the nursery tale and what is really a true historical narrative.
Much in the same manner have the ancient traditions about
mermaids been handed down from generation to generation,
till at last natural historians have established the exist-
ence of animals whose physical appearance and general
habits easily accounted for the fictitious narratives regarding
creatures, believed to possess the attributes of human beings
and fish. While patiently waiting, therefore, a telegram from
the mermaids themselves, per the recently and successfully
laid sub-atlantic wires — (for as Punch gave forth in one of his
droll cartoons last year, these folks were very busy in this
submarine undertaking) —we shall proceed to anticipate
their communication, by a genial account or summary, of
what naturalists know regarding some of the tribe.
Notwithstanding the number of travellers and seafaring
persons who for centuries have been visiting distant regions,
it is only in comparatively recent times that a fair know-
ledge of the structure and position in the scale of beings
of these quondam mermaids has been obtained ; even now
their affinities with different groups of animals is a subject
which occasionally provokes fresh discussion among
naturalists. Probably one of the best examples of mermaids
is that which represents them in the human female form,
the posterior part being composed of a fish’s tail, and as
such they were mentioned by many of the old writers.
Pliny, in his natural history of Fishes, devotes a chapter
to “‘ The forms of the Tritons and Nereids.”’ He says that
word was brought to the Emperor Tiberius that a Triton
had been both seen and heard in a certain cavern, blowing a
conch shell, and of the form under which they are usually
represented. Nor yet is the figure attriouted to the
mermaids at all a fiction ; only in them the portion of the
body that resembles the human figure is still rough all over
with scales. For one of these creatures was seen upon the
waves, and as it died, its plaintive murmurs were heard

3

eyen by the inhabitants at a distance. I, too, have some
distinguished informants who state that they themselves saw
once in the ocean of Gades asea man, which bore in every
part of his body a perfect resemblance to a human being,
and that during the night he would climb up into the
ships; upon which, the side of the vessel where he seated
himself would instantly sink downward, and if he remained
there a considerable time even go under the water.
Among the older naturalists Juvenal speaks in his four-
teenth satire of “‘the monsters of the ocean, and the youths
of the sea.” Pliny too talks of “human beings who have
been beloved by dolphins.” And in the Eastern Archipelago
and in regions thereabouts are animals found which bear a
very striking resemblance, or at least give colour to, many
of these old tales. There can be no doubt that the old stories
of mermaids were brought down to us by travellers, who,
like du Chaillu, had their statements magnified to an in-
definite extent. Without entering further into the stories
of mermaids—for he imagined they as a Natural History
Society wanted something more than mere story telling—
he would only indicate in a few words how these stories had
their origin, and then pass on to the more serious part of
the lecture. In the reign of Alexander a great number of
his sailors brought stories as to enormous sea monsters
who possessed attributes in common with man. The
sylphs and sirens of old were familiar to all readers of clas-
sical literature. In the reign of the Emperor Augustus, a
very affecting incident was recorded of a boy who wasa
good player on the lute, and who used to play that instru-
ment daily when going to school. An attachment sprung
up between him and a dolphin who inhabited a lake on the
road which the boy took daily. The fish used to come to
the surface and listen intently to the strains of music, and
when the boy left, retire to the deepest part of the lake as if
sorrowing for his absence. At last the boy died, and when
the poor dolphin found he was not coming any more, he
also sickened and died. It was also recorded that Alexander
the Great made a boy high priest of Neptune at Babylon on
account of his love for a do!phin, and his skill in music.

4

Arien, too, who was a beautiful performer on the lute or
lyre, was at one time on board a ship, and from some cause
or other the sailors took a dislike to him, and pitched both
him and his lyre overboard. The dolphins who were fol-
lowing the ship in great numbers bore him on their backs
safely to the promontory of Tanacrum. In the “ Arabian
Nights Entertainment,” too, frequent mention was made of
fish, and many stories are told concerning them. Leaving the
more fanciful portion of the subject, the lecturer
went on to say that he should endeavour to
show what the old mermaids really were—be-
cause there were in the animals which had been grouped
together into the order called sirenia, certain characteristics
which were specially worthy of notice, as showing the con-
nection between them and the class of animals which doubt-
less had given rise to the stories now current about mermen
and mermaids. The order sirenia was in some respects
synonymous with the group which embraced the dolphin
tribe; and these were not to be confounded with fish, in-
asmuch as they breathed pure air only, coming to
the surface and blowing like whales. To this group
of mammalia, the name cetacea had been given. The
tail was quite different from an ordinary fish, and was
worked in a horizontal instead of a perpendicular manner.
They had the nasal organ fixed in the crown of the head,
one fin at each side, and another at the top. [All these
peculiarities were explained fully by Dr. Murie, by the aid
of a series of beautifully executed representations of the
animals described, which it is, of course, impossible to re-
produce here.] The order sirenia consisted of four differ-
ent groups or kinds, to which he would allude in detail.
The first of these was the halicore, or dugong. These ani-
mals were herbiverous, or feeders on vegetal life, and they
bore some resemblance to cows, in this respect—that they
did not live always in the water, but often came up the
ereeks which they inhabited on to the land and browsed
like oxen. They were thus carnivorous and herbiverous.
Cuvier, and some of the older naturalists, had noted these
peculiarities, and pointed out that they seemed to belong to

6

an order by themselves. Dr. Murie then spoke at length
of the sirens who of old were supposed to assume the shape
of beautiful women, and by their beautiful singing enticed
the unwary sailor to destruction, and pointed out that seem-
ingly all the foundation there existed for this was that
many of the animals in the order sirenia bellowed in so
peculiar a way, and sat upright in the water when nursing
their young, that it was by no means difficult in the dusk
or distance to imagine that it was a human form in the
water—imagination easily filling in the rest of the story.
[The anatomical structure and other peculiarities of the
dugong were then explained at length, and illustrated by
life sized plates. ] They were also possessed of such peculiarities
as the following : An external rough skin, very tough and
something like a gnarled oak, the nostrils, open in front,
the mouth distinct and small, whereas in the dolphin the
mouth was extremely large. These animals were found in
Australia and the Indian seas, and from all that was
known of them, there was every reason to believe that they
were members of a distinct order and entitled to take rank
by themselves. The second member of the order was the
rytina, which was not now known to exist. A hundred
years ago it lived only in Beering’s Straits, and was made
food of by the Russian arctic expeditions of 1731 and fol-
lowing years—it being found to be an excellent substitute
for the salt beef usually carried by their ships. The rytina
was the largest of all this group, some specimens being
found twenty-six feet long, but now it might be said to be
extinct. The third branch of the order was the manatus
or manatee, which possessed many of the attributes of the
dugong. Its tail was flat like that of a beaver, and instead
of being a mermaid, to which family it undoubtedly be-
longed, you would imagine it to be a badly made bottle,
with a couple of handles. [The illustrations of the animals
in various positions were here shown and fully explained by
Dr. Murie.] There were some peculiarities which distin-
guished this animal from all others of a similar kind. In-
stead of having seven cervical vertebra it had only six. In
the order of sirenia, too, there was a peculiarity in thestomach

6

—it being what might be called double, and having a sort of
horny substance like a sausage, composed of little cells,
which probably was intended to aid digestion. The only
other animal in which this horny substance was found, was
in the hyrax or coney of Scripture, but in other respects
such as dentition, &c., it was very like the hippopotamus,
as well as the class of animals of which he was speaking.
Dr. Murie then showed from the skulls of the seal, lion,
and hippopotamus, that the manatee belonged to this tribe
of animals—the explanations being illustrated by ex-
cellent specimens obtained from the Museum. ‘The
manatee was supposed by many to be a kind
of seal; and Tom Hood had written a series
of funny verses on one poor animal which was obtained by
the Zoological Gardens at great trouble and expense. These
verses were read by the lecturer, and were much appre-
ciated, as was also some particulars regarding the feeding
of this creature with milk from a bottle, by the keeper sent
out to bring him home to England. The fourth class of
the order, the halitherum, was an old fossil mermaid, now
extinct, which was found in Central Europe, and besides
possessing many features in common with the other
classes had the rudiment of a hind limb, thereby
showing its aflinity to the class of hippopotami.
If the question were asked an ordinary observer— What
class of animals does the manatee belong to ?—there is a
great chance of the reply being —a kind of seal; and, in-
deed, in so far as mere rough external appearance goes, it
is as like some seals as anything else. Nevertheless, the
manatee belongs to a small group of aquatic mammalia
bearing close relation to whales, although differing in seve-
ral essential particulars from them, and, on the other hand,
rather approaching elephants in general organization.
As to seals, these amphibious carnivora can be confounded
with the manatee tribe only by an outward approach in
form, and the fact that much of their lives is spent in a
watery element. Like the manatee their body is elongated,
round, fat, and tapering posteriorly. There is a want of
external ears, and the nostrils are valvular. Their fore

7

limbs have a paddle form, and their hind limbs are webbed
together in such a manner as to appear as if one large
candal fin. But these resemblances are deceptive, for the
seal has distinctly four well-developed limbs besides a tail,
its body is covered with abundance of fur, the eyes are large,
and the teeth are akin to those of the dog tribe; which
characters in themselves, without further details, are enough
to separate a seal from a manatee by the most casual observer.
Having spoken thus, it would seem that the manatee and
its immediate confreres have some sort of resemblance to
seals, to elephants, and to whales, besides the historical
half human, hnlf fish like character accorded them. How-
ever, instead of entering into too long and learned an ac-
count of the comparative anatomy of these creatures, it
appears quite enough for the present purpose to have
sketched out the main distinctions which every one may be
expected to know something of.

So far then as mermaids are concerned, the mere fancied
resemblance to the human form through animals of the
manatee tribe half raising themselves out of the water, and
disporting themselves, at the same time displaying a
rounded head, or suckling their young at their breasts, was
easily dispelled by an examination of the various likenesses
of these animals which hung round the lecture room, and
which were described with much minuteness by Dr.
Murie. As to mermaids, pure and simple, they might be
said all to come from one workshop, and that was Japan.
Captain Cuming, R.N., son of Mr. Cumming, of Braidwood-
terrace, Plymouth, has returned from Yokohama, bringing
with him a great variety of curiosities — from bronze buckles
to playbills—from a joss to Japanese jars four feet in
height—maps, plans, toys, puzzles, and some superb
bronzed vases —in fact, a regular curiosity shop. Amongst
them isa mermaid. The head is that of a small monkeys
with prominent teeth, a little thin wool on the
head and upper parts; long, attenuated arms and
claws, below which the ribs show very dis-
tinctly ; beyond these latter the skin of a fish is so neatly
joined that it is hardly possible to detect where the joint is

8

made; in fact, where the fish begins and the monkey
leaves off. The fish has large scales, spines on the back, a
square tail, and appears to be a species of chub. It is quite
perfect except the head, which only seems to have been re-
moved to make the joint. Total length, about sixteen
inches; colour of monkey, dull slate; the fish, its natural
colour ; and the whole in a state of excellent preservation.

This specimen of Japanese manufacture was shown and
explained by Dr. Murie at the close of the lecture, as
were also several photographs of manatees, and other
animals of the order sirenia. The lecture, of which the
above is an abstract, was delivered without notes, and was
listened to throughout with the utmost attention. On re-
suming his seat, Dr. Murie was loudly and deservedly
applauded.

Colonel Cox then rose, and in a few appropriate remarks
proposed that the cordial thanks of the Society be given to
Dr. Maurie for his able, entertaining, and instructive
lecture,

Mr. Dowxer seconded the motion, and in the course of
his remarks asked Dr. Murie to what particular classes of
animals the order Sirenia was allied ?

Dr. Murze replied that the order might be placed be-
tween the cetaceous and the pachyderm—between the
whale and the hippopotami. As to the mermaids, pure and
simple they were only the manatees transformed into the
supposed shape of half women, half fish, by the imagination
of the poets, or by the old Grecian and Roman sailors, who
seeing animals of this tribe, transformed them into sweet
damsels playing on lutes. (Applause.)

The cordial thanks of the Society were then awarded to
Dr. Murie, and having been suitably acknowledged by that
gentleman, the meeting adjourned.

SECOND MASBTING.

Ganterbury, March 20, 1867.

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,” April 2, 1867.

The first of a series of monthly meetings in connec-
tion with this Society was held on Wednesday, the
20th ult., in the Museum, Guildhall-street. The chair was
ccupied by Colonel Cox, the respected President of the
Society, and there were present about forty members of
the Society. A very interesting letter was read by the
Secretary from M. Bell, Esq., relative to the capture of a
specimen of the American Badger in his preserves. Mr. Bell
having promised to exhibit the specimen to the Society, a
vote of thanks was unanimously passed. The President
exhibited some recent fruits from Jamaica, brought over by
Colonel Farren, U.B.; also the Jamaica Tarantula Ctiniza
Nidulans (a species of hunting spider), its singular nest, and
a brood of young ones. Some ripe bananas were tasted by
the members present. The subject for illustration was “ The
circulation of the blood in the young salmon,” which was
handled in a very masterly manner by Mr. George Dowker,
F.G.S., of whose address we give an abstract,

Ever since the discovery by Dr. Harvey of the circulation

10

of the blood, said Mr. Dowker, this interesting sight has been
a favourite study by the microscopist. Indeed, the frog plate
was considered an indispensable part of the apparatus of the
older microscopists. This was a contrivance by which a
frog could be placed under the microscope, so as to exhibit
the circulation of the blood in the web of the foot.
The young salmon, presents to us facilities for study-
ing this interesting phenomena, in a far greater degree
than in the Frog, Newt, or any other animal with which
we are acquainted. Before pointing out the peculi-
arities in the young salmon, to render the subject
plain to you all, I propose to exhibit by means of a dia-
gram, the course of the blood in the human subject. I
will be seen from this diagram, which represents a section
of the human heart, with its accompanying large blood ves-
sels, that the heart is first divided into two separate cavities, a
right, and a left, and these again subdivided by a series of
valves into upper and lower cavities; thus we have a
right left auricle and right left ventricle. ‘The office of
the auricles is to receive the blood, and force it into the
ventricles; the ventricles receive the blood from the
auricles, and force it through the lungs and through the
body. The vena cava receives the blood from the
system, and conveys it to the right auricle, from which it
descends to the right ventricle, which forces it through the pul-
monary artery into the right and left lungs, where it is ex-
posed to the influence of the air in minute vessels—
thence it is collected by the pulmonary veins and conveyed
to the left auricle, thence to the left ventricle, which con-
tracting, forces the blood by the great aorta through the
entire system by means by the arteries. After passing the
capilaries, the return current is collected in the veins to
go through a similar course. It will thus be seen that the
heart in the human subject and also in all mammalia is
double, and it was pointed out by Dr. Murie, that a pe-
culiarity of some of the Sirenia, was the presence of a
heart, in which the two halves were separated. The cir-
culation of the blood in fishes, differs in this impor-
tant peculiarity from that of mammalia, that the heart is

ll

single, and the branchiw serve the purpose of lungs; the
water passing through the gills effecting that change in the
blood which is performed by the air in the lungs in the latter.
Among the peculiarities noticeable in the circulation of
these young salmon, perhaps the most interesting is that
we perceive in the appendage to the abdomen, termed the
umbilical vesicle. I should observe that the young
salmon immediately it is batched, possesses this strange
vesicle, which appears, as far as I can ascertsin, to con-
tain a large amount of albuminous substance, and coloured
oil globules, and to be supplied with innumerable blood
vessels, In this stage of growth, the young salmon is
perfectly transparent, and on being placed under the
microscope, we may observe the entire circulating vessels,
the beating of the heart, and the course of the blood
through the system. The vertebra and viscera are also
easily seen. The umbilical vessel is of large size, com-
pared with the young fish. During its growth, this ap-
pendage is gradually absorbed, and at the same time
the different portions of the young fish as they are
built up, become gradually opaque. ‘he following is the
result of the observations I have made during some weeks,
examination of these minute fish. Firstly, with regard to
this umbilical vesicle. All the blood with which it is
supplied appears to proceed from the liver, at least from an
organ which I suppose to represent the liver, and the
blood sent to this organ comes from the vena cava,
that great dorsal blood vessel which brings the blood back
to the heart after traversing the system. This blood, after
passing the liver, is spread over the whole umbilical vesicle
by a network of veins which lastly unite, towards its infe-
rior extremity, into large veins (vena porta), by which
itis conveyed to the heart. This vena porta unites with
the vena cava, and thence the blood enters the auricle,
which is placed above the ventricle, the whole organ
being situated in what I should term the cervical region,
or between the gill openings and the body—the fish pos-
sessing no neck; or, I should have said, his heart was in
his neck (not in his mouth). The contraction of the auricle

12

sends the blood into the ventricle, the two cavities being
apparently separated by a muscular substance. The
auricle and ventricle are crimson red, and are conspicuous
objects. Towards the upper portion of the auricle a valve
exists, but I could not clearly ascertain this by examination.
The ventricle has a bulbous thickening towards the junction
with the artery which supplies the branchie; the blood
here traverses the leaflets of the gills, and from thence it
is collected into an aorta, a great dorsal artery, which dis-
tributes it to all parts of the animal. It is wonderful and
instructive to see this circulation. The blood disks, where
they pass through the smaller vessels of the capilaries, are
squeezed into an oblong shape, the return of the blood can
be traced into the veins, in which, from their larger size,
they resume their proper figure. There is a peculiarity in
the circulation in the ¢ai/ of the fish, which has been before
observed and I think mentioned by Mr. Buckland, but I
have not been able to read what has been written on this
subject, and give you but the results of my own observa-
tions, which are as follows: —When the young salmon is
only a few days old, on examining its tail, it will be found,
in the first place, that the dorsal vertebra bend at right
angles and form a caudal extremity similar to that shown
in the cartilaginous fishes, the Sturgeon and the Shark
and Ray. At this time no appearance of rib is seen in
the caudal fin, but it is abundantly supplied with blood
vessels, which ramify in a radiate form from the end of the
dorsal artery, where this caudal vertebra bends, and the re-
turn blood brought back by the veins, which all converge
towards this point, collects in a sort of sinus, from whence
it appears propelled into the dorsal vein towards the heart.
I say appears, for it is difficult to determine if the accelera-
tion of the blood is due to a determined action of this vessel
or from its escape into the much larger calibre of the dorsal
vein. I believe this vessel (whatever may be its nature)
has given rise to the statement that the young salmon has a
heart in his tail. The drawing I here exhibit shows what
I describe. 1 have drawn the heart of the tail as if it
had a valve, having on one occasion thought I detected it,

13

but am not sure of the circumstance. There is, however,
another point in connection with this of great interest. It
appears as the fish grows, that this caudal extremity of the
vertebra is entirely absorbed, and instead of it we find a
number of cartilaginous strie, which extend equally on
each side of the vertebra, and form the caudal fin of the
fish —and while this is going on, the dorsal fins are likewise
being strengthened by additions of cartilage disposed in strie.
As I have explained, that during the growth of the young
fish the umbilical vesicle is gradually absorbed, and that
during that time various other changes are taking place in
other parts of the animal, such as the formation of cartilage
and skin and bone—it appears to me a point of peculiar in-
terest to determine, how the contents of the vesicle aid in
this change. Now, physiologists tell us that all parts of the
frame are built up by the blood, and that this blood is re-
newed by the absorption of the nutritious elements con-
tained in the food we eat; no matter what that food is, it
is all converted into flesh and bone by the wonderful elabo-
ration of nature. It appears, also, that the liver plays an
important part in the chemical changes produced on the
food. May not this liver in the fish, taking up, as it ap-
pears to do, the venous blood returning by the great dorsal
vein, aid in preparing the contents of the umbilical vesicle
for assimilating in the body? ‘This is merely my sur-
mise, which I offer with some diffidence. The contents,
again, of this vessel are, I believe, albumen and oil globules.
At any rate, the former fluid coagulates with alcohol, and
the latter float on the water when the contents of the
cist are burst. Again, the colouring matter of the
oil appears gradually in the fins and vertibra of the fish,
as I have frequently observed. In conclusion, let us con-
sider the obvious reason why the young salmon should be
born in so incomplete a state with this umbilical appendage.
The parent fish deposits her eggs in the gravel of running
water, where they are exposed to numerous enemies, and
consequently where, if hatched quickly, they will better
have an opportunity of escape. The ova are about 90 days
hatching, but are not perfected under 140 days, during

14

which time the young fish buries himself under stones, and
most carefully conceals himself from his numerous enemies.
In my hatching boxes, although they contain hundreds of
young fish, but very few are to be seen. The eye is the first
organ developed, and can be seen in the ova, and shows a
beautiful provision of nature to provide thus early for the
safety of the fish. The young fish feeds on the contents of
the umbilical vessel until old enough to shift for himself,
and by the time this has disappeared he is a most active
little fellow and by no means an easy object to catch.

At the close a cordial vote of thanks was passed to Mr.
Dowker for his able illustration of the subject.

16

THIRD MEBTING.

—_

Canterbury, April 77, 1867.

—os

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,” May 14, 1867.

At the second of the series of monthly meetings of this
Society, held in the Museum, Guildhall-street, on the 17th
April, in the absence of the Rev. Dr. Mitchinson, who was
expected to address the members of the Society on a geo-
logical subject, Colonel Cox, the president of the Society,
delivered an excellent address on a rare spider of the West
Indies, and showed its nest and male and female specimens
to great advantage through very powerful microscopes.

The chair was occupied by Mr. Alderman Brent, who
apologised for the absence of the Rey. Dr. Mitchinson, who
was expected to deliver an address on a geological subject.
He had much pleasure in intimating that Col. Cox, the re-
spected President of the Society, had come forward to fill
the gap thus occasioned, and would give an address, with
illustrations, on some of the rare spiders of the East —par-
ticularly the cteniza nidulans ; and he (the Chairman) was
sure that the place of the rev. doctor would be well sup-
plied.

Colonel Cox said he had been called unexpectedly to ad-
dress the meeting, and had not the time for preparation which
he could have wished. The subject he was to say a few
words upon, was a very interesting one, and at the outset

16

he was afraid he should destroy some popular fallacies in
the matter of spiders. When we spoke of these animals,
we called them insects, but in reality they were not so. The
spiders lay between the insect group, and were called
arachnide. What in reality was an insect? Insects pos-
sessed no back bone. Those creatures which possessed a
back bone were called vertebrate, and those which did not
were called invertebrate. The insects were built up of a
series of rings, and it was called an insect, because it had
the appearance of being cut. Then the insect breathed by
the trachee through spiracles, the system being illustrated
in a very pleasing manner by Col. Cox, by means of dia-
grams. An insect possessed six legs; it also underwent a
state of metamorphoses—it came out of an egg, and was
then called a caterpillar, and it then underwent two, three,
or four changes, until it reached the perfect state. The
spider, on the contrary, was an invertebrate animal, and
might be summed up, scientifically, as an articulate inver-
tebrate animal, breathing sometimes by lungs and some-
times by the trachea, It possesses no antenna, but has
from six to ten legs, and undergoes no metamorphoses.
From this enumeration, it would be seen that it differed in
many respects from the insect tribe. ‘Then the eye of the
insect was also different from that of the spider—in the
latter there was no separation of the head from the body.
In the insect the eye was always placed on the side of the
head—in the spider on the top of the head. This complex
organ of vision was also described fully by Col. Cox on the
black-board and by diagrams, which, of course, we can-
not re-produce. The lecturer then described at
considerable length the hybernation of insects, and then
showed a most beautiful specimen of the nest
of the spider, cteniza nidulans, in a __ perfect
state of preservation and almost translucent. The male and
female cteniza were also shown much enlarged by means of
the microscope. Speaking of some extraordinary charac-
teristics of the arachnide tribe, Colonel Cox remarked
that if a leg was taken away it grew on again. Then this
order merged into another, sometimes by imperceptible

17

changes, until at last we came up to man, the greatest work
of the Almighty. Colonel Cox here made some very appro-
priate remarks on the importance of the study of natural
history, as showing at every time the greatness and the
goodness of God, as enlarging the mind, and giving it a
pure and healthy tone which could not be imparted to the
same extent by any other study. Reverting again to the
insect tribe, he showed that they all produced silk or a
glutinous matter resembling it, and that the moment this
glutinous substance came in contact with the air it was
turned into a silky matter. He then showed the way in
which the spider constructed its nest, as illustrated by the
splendid specimen on the table. Coming next to speak of
the habits of some of the large spiders he spoke of the
tarantula nidulans, whose bite was poisonous, and who
marched boldly out in search of food. The mode in which
the poison was communicated to the human subject was ex-
plained at great* length, and with much perspicuity by the
lecturer, and as the bite of the latter spider produced tetanic
symptoms, this was the origin of the tarantula dance, the na-
tives of the West Indies supposing that music would havesome
effect in allaying these symptoms. The nest of the taran-
tula was of considerable size, inasmuch as this spider bur-
rowed in the soil, sometimes to the depth of four or five
inches. He first spun the silk, and then mixed it up with
soil, making the nest a very compact looking article. Col.
Cox concluded by a very interesting account of the eggs of
the spider, and the manner in which they were exuded from
the body, and at the close of the lecture the cteniza nidulans
was shown to all the audience through the microscope,
along with a number of other specimens of interesting ob-
jects from Colonel Cox’s private collection.

At the close of the lecture, the Chairman, in neat and
appropriate terms, moved a vote of thanks to the President
for his very interesting address, which was heartily re-
sponded to, and the proceedings then terminated.

18

FOURTH MEBTING.

—

Canterbury, May 22, 1867.

——

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,” May 28, 1867.

The third of the monthly afternoon meetings of this
Society was held in the Lecture Room of the Philosophical
Institution on Wednesday last. Colonel Cox, the president
of the Society occupied the chair; and the attendance
was pretty numerous. The subject for illustration was
“Siluria,”’ by the Rev. Dr. Mitchinson, of the King’s
School, Canterbury, and it was handled with the reverend
gentleman’s usual ability. After disclaiming all inten-
tion of reading an elaborate paper on the subject, Dr.
Mitchinson said his intention was only to give an extempore
address or conversation on the subject of Siluria, not the
Silurian system, which would open a much wider field than
he could possibly hope to traverse in the time during which
he was to speak. The Silurian system embraced so wide
and varied a field, that anything like a description of it
would require a treatise rather than a lecture to do it justice.
He had chosen the title Siluria, as the theme of his address,
because it was always more interesting to be told the per-
sonal experiences of an eye-witness, and he had himself
been over theground in the course of 1866. It might ap-
pear to some to be a novelty to talk about the geology of
other parts of the country, while the object of their Society

19

was really to deal only with our own district. But he
thought it was a wise thing sometimes to extend one’s range
of view in all departments of science, so as to familiarise
ourselves with the phenomena of other regions as well as of
our own county. Their first duty was with East Kent ; but
in these days of rapid railway trains, travellers could easily
become acquainted with other localities than those in which
their ordinary sphere of duty lay. He therefore proposed to
lay before them some accourt of a very interesting district
which he had traversed during last year, in connection
with the subject of his address. And first it might not
be out of place to say that ‘Siluria” was a term given by
the great geologist, Sir Roderick Murchison, to that tract
of country which contains what were at one time be-
lieved to be the earliest stratified rocks. The
reason for giving it that name was that the tract was
that which was inhabited by the ancient Silurians -a people
who occupied a portion of the counties of North Wales,
and who under King Caradoc made a gallant stand against
the Romans. [Dr. Mitchinson here traced on a geo-
logical map the course of the Silurian deposits—stating
that they were contained in the counties of Pembroke,
Cardigan, Brecknock, Radnor, Shropshire, Hereford, and
the entire range of North Wales with the exception of
Flintshire.] Siluria was classic ground, inasmuch as it was
the site upon which were worked out the Cambrian and
Silurian systems. Previous to the researches of Sir Roderick
Murchison nothing had been investigated lower than the
old red sandstone ; all below this was called grauwacke, and
before this distinguished geologist appeared on the field, it
was supposed to be impossible to elicit anything like order
out of the mass of deposits now called by the name Silurian.
Sir Roderick, previously to engaging in the investigations
which have been so beneficial to science, consulted his old
friend Dr. Buckland as to where he should begin his re-
searches, and that gentleman indicated the valleys of Wye
and the Usk, which Sir Roderick at once explored. As the
result of his patient labour, he succeeded, partly by tracing
the strata under one another, and partly by the fossils em-

20

bedded in the limestone of the neighbourhood, in evolving
a definite system of rocks, until he reached a stratum in
which even his industrious researches failed to distinguish a
single fossil. Meanwhile Professor Sedgwick was investi-
gating the slaty rocks of North Wales, andthe result of
his labours was to bring to light an entirely new system of
rocks, and apparently underlying those which Sir Roderick
Murchison was investigating. These were called provi-
sionally and apparently Cambrian ; but when a comparison
of the fossils which were unaltered by slaty cleavage was
made, they were found to be one and the same
with Murchison’s Silurian fossils. Subsequent in-
vestigations pressed this still more strongly, and
now it was a generally accepted doctrine that they were
the same, but it was agreed asa matter of convenience to
separate the lower portion of Professor Sedgwick’s from
the Silurian system of Sir Roderick Murchison’s, and re-
strict the term Cambrian to it. Dr. Mitchinson then pro-
ceeded to speak of the classification of the Silurian rocks.
at length. The Longmynd was the basis of the
Silurian system—so called from its geographical position.
The Longmynd mountain was then described with great
felicity of language by Dr. Mitchinson. This formation
disappeared under the mountains of North Wales, until
it cropped out again in large masses between Barmouth in
Merioneth, and Festiniog in Carmarthenshire. They then
appeared again in the great slaty rocks which were quarried
on the eastern shores of the lake of Llanberris and in the
Bethesda quarries, belonging to Lord Penrhyn, out of which
the finest roofing slates in England were got. These slates
were Cambrian rocks, identical with the Longmynd
rocks of Sir Roderick Murchison. In England these
rocks had never yielded any fossils. They again
dipped under the sea at Holyhead, and reappeared at
Bray, in Ireland. There they had yielded one or two species
of fossils of a very low organisation—one a polype resem-
bling the horny-textured Sertularia. Oldhamia was the
name of the genus, of which two species had been deseribed ;
and Sir Redovick Murchison, speaking of this animal, called

21

it the lowest form of fossil. Since then, however, an im-
mense mass of strata had been found below this, containing
a small formation of genus fossil, which showed that it was
quite useless for scientific men to fix prematurely any limit to
their discoveries. This species to which he had referred
was called the Hozoon Canadense ; it was found in limestone
of a highly crystalline character. Thus it could be
seen that the attitude of every student of science should at
all times be purely tentative, as much apart as pos-
sible from the dogmatism which was the great
snare of scientific men at the present day. The
watchword of science was patience and humility, and
it was only as far as these conditions were observed,
that true success would be found. Dr. Mitchinson then
explained conformable and unconformable stratification, as
applicable to the succession of Silurian rocks. Upon the
Longmynd or Cambrian rocks lay conformably the first
truly fossiliferous strata, viz., the Lingula Flags, called by
the continental geologists the ‘ Zone primordial,” and
forming the true base of the Silurian system. The Lingula
was merely a bivalve shell, belonging to the order in zoology,
called the Brachiopoda. This was one of the oldest forms
which existed in the ocean, but is to be found to this day
on our own Southern coast. It had little caleareous matter
inits shell, which was horny in texture, that primeval sea
apparently containing little carbonate of lime; but
when we get to the limestone beds, there we find that life
was getting more largely developed, and then we get a pro-
fusion of animal remains. In the Lingula Flags, there are
a few species of Trilobite, an animal which the lecturer de-
scribed on the black boardand by meansof anengraving. This
trilobite belonged to the class crustacea, and was somewhat
like the wood louse. It was derived from ¢res three, and
lobos a lobe, because it was divided into three lobes, with
two very large eyes, something like those of a fly. Upon this
reposed the whole of the Silurian system. Dr. Mitchinson
then exhibited some very fine specimens of fossils—par-
ticularly the trilobite of the Llandilo flags, the Ogygia
Buchii—one of the characteristic fossils of the lower Silurian

22

age. The lecturer then spoke of the Caradoc formation,
which overlay the Llandilo Flags, which could be studied
with greatsuccess on the summit of Snowdon. After speaking
of the peculiar geological structure and formation of this
remarkable mountain, Dr. Mitchinson said that as he had
now spoken an hour, he would, with the permission of the
President, defer his remarks on the other portions of his
subject till another evening later in the year.

Col. Cox then moved a vote of thanks to Dr. Mitchinson
for his able address, and signified the pleasure which he
personally felt at the anticipation of another treat from Dr.
Mitchinson later in the year. The motion was most cordially
agreed to.

Dr. Mircarnson, in thanking the members of the So-
ciety, said he might mention that he had been particularly
successful in getting some rare British plants into flower in
his garden, and he should be much pleased when any par-
ticular one was in flower, to see any of the members of the
Society at his house, and shew them the plants. (Applause.)

Some interesting conversation then took place on the
subject of the paper among the members, and the evening
was spent in a very pleasant manner.

28

FIFTR MAaBTING.

éxeursion to Wye Downs, May 27, 7867.

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,” May 28, 1867.

The first excursion of this Society took place on Monday,
the 27th May, when, by the kind permission of T. Saw-
bridge Drax, Esq., the members assembled in the grounds
of Ollantigh Towers, and after inspecting the foreign
conifers and other shrubs there collected, and seeing
with regret how severely they had suffered by the late
frosts, departed in parties for Wye Downs. The members
who came by the South Eastern Railway unfortunately
failed to fall in with those who went from Canterbury by
the road, whereby the party at luncheon was somewhat re-
stricted, and the collection either of rare plants and insects,
having been interrupted by a heavy shower lasting half-an-
hour, was not so large or so varied as on the last occasion
of the Society visiting these Downs. In consequence of the
wet weather, the proprietor of Little Ollantigh Farm kindly
lent his barn for luncheon, the grass being too wet for pic-
nicing out of doors. The party here consisted of the worthy
President and Mre. Cox and party; Col. Horsley and party;
J. 8. Pilbrow, Esq., and party, Capt. Kemp and party ;
John Brent, Esq., and Mrs. Brent; A. B, Andrews, Esq.,

24

and party; F. Slater, Esq., and Mus. Slater; F. Sankey,
Esq.,; Mr. and Mrs. Linford and party, &e. A pleasant
hour was spent here, and then the weather having cleared,
the parties resumed their search for objects of natural his-
tory for a time, and then a bright sunny evening made the
ride home not the least pleasant part of the day.

The plants observed in flower have since been tabulated
by Jas. Reid, Esq., and G. Dowker, Esq., and were found
to number eighty-eight, belonging to the following natural

orders :—
RanuNcULACEx —
Ranunculus aquatilis
Ranunculus hederaceus
Ranunculus auricomus
Ranunculus acris
Ranunculus repens
Ranunculus bulbosus
Caltha palustris
CrUcIFERE—
Cardamine Pratensis
Sisymbrium officinale
Alliaria officinalis
Brassica sinapistrum
Lepidium Campestre
RESEDACEX—
Reseda Lutea
CisTACE —
Helianthemum vulgare
VioLacEx—
Viola tricolor
PoLyGALAcEzxZ—
Polygala vulgaris
CarYOPHYLLACER—
Silene inflata
Lychnis vespertinze
Lychnis diurna
Lychnis Flos-cuculi
Cerastium vulgatum
Stellaria holostea
Stellaria media
Arenaria trinervis
Linacex —
Linum catharticum
GERANIACEER —
Geranium Molle

GERANIACEEZ—
Geranium Robertianum
Oxalis acetosella

CELASTRACE —
Euonimus europans

PaPILIONACEx —

Ulex europceus
Sarothamnus scoparius
Trifolium pratense
Trifolium repens
Lotus corniculatus
Vicia sepium
Onobrychis sativa

Rosacrm —

Geum Urbanum
Rubus fruticosus
Fragiaria Vesca
Potentilla Anserina
Poterium Sanguisorba
Rosa Canina
Crategus Oxycautha
Pyrus Malus

RIBESIACEX—

Ribes Grossulariz

UMBELLIFERZ
Cherophyllum Sylvestre
Sanicula Europcea
Bunium flexuosa
Scandix Pectum

Cornacea—

Cornus sanguinea

CaPRIFOLIACER —
Sambucus Niger
Viburnum lantana
Viburnum Opulus

25

STELLATA— OrcnIDAcEx—

Galium cruciatnm Cephalanthea grandiflora

Galium aparine Listera ovata (one with

Asperula odorata three leaves) Hak ;

Sherardia arvensis Orchis Militaris — “°°
Composirz— Orchis ustulata

Bellis perennis Orchis morio

Hieraceum Pilosella Orchis mascula

Sonchus arvensis Orchis maculata
PRIMULACER — Orchis latifoiia

Primula veris var. b. Habenaria trifoliata (two
ScuRoPHULARINE — varieties)

Myosotis arvensis Ophrys aranifera

Veronica serpyllifolia Ophrys muscifera

Veronica chamedris Liniacrezx—

Veronica hederifolia Paris quadrifolia

Veronica agrestis Allium ursinum

Veronica arvensis CypERACEE-—

Rhinanthus Crista-galli Carex proecox
Lasratz— Carex paniculata

Nepeta Glechoma GRAMINEZ—

Laurium Galeobdolon Anthoxanthum odoratum

Ajuga reptans (blue and | Melica uniflora

white) EquisETacEx—

PLANTAGINER— Equisetum limosum

Plantago Media Finices—
Evrxorpiacex— Aspidium Filix mas

Euphorbia Helioscopia Asplenium Trichomanes

Euphorbia Amygdaoides Asplenium adianthum ni-

Mercurialis perennis grum

Asplenium ruta muraria
The insects found were very few in number, shewing the
effect of late frosts in lessening their numbers—a result
which, however disappointing to the naturalist, will not be
regretted by the farmer and gardener.

SUXTh MEBTING.

Canterbury, fune 79, 1867.

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,’ June 25, 1867.

On Wednesday afternoon last, Mr. Harvey in place of the
Rey. J. B. Reade (prevented by domestic affliction), delivered a
discourse to the members of the above, in the Museum
lecture-room. The subject was ‘‘ Orchids,” a very peculiar
family of flowering plants, many of them haying their petals
so fancifully formed as to resemble several species of insects,
and which are consequently termed Fly-orchis, Bee-orchis,
Frog-orcnis, &c. ; there is also a little mystery respecting
the mode of fructification in at least one species, and which
Botanists are not yet agreed on, The lecturer had specially
directed his attention to this part of his subject, and had
drawn some very clear diagrams of the same.

The audience was somewhat small, but deeply interested,
and at the close, the chairman, G. Rigden, Esq., (Col. Cox
being unavoidably absent) paid a well-merited compliment
to Mr. Harvey, for coming forward so readily, and on so
short a notice.

Mr. Linford (one of the secretaries) stated that he also
had derived a great deal of information from the lecture ;
and a tray of flowers, supplied by Mr. Andrews, afforded a

27

considerable amount of interest and instruction to the
parties present, who, gathering round them, the lecturer,
and the donor, could learn the names and properties of the
specimens, in a pleasant and familiar manner, a distinctive
and very commendable feature of this energetic little
society, The little floral beauties were so numerous, that
most of the ladies were supplied with a tiny bouquet, to
take home and preserve alive; the silent monitors, long as
they may live, reproducing and repeating the several propo-
sitions of the lecture.

SEVENTH MEETING.

Canterbury, fly 17, 7867.

—

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,’ July 23, 1867,

A meeting of the members of this Society was held in
the Museum Lecture room, on Wednesday last, under the
presidency of Colonel Cox. It was expected that the Rev.
J. B. Reade would read a paper on the microscope, but the
President explained that from unavoidable circumstances,
that gentleman was unable to be present. Mr. Dowker, of
Stourmouth, at very short notice, very kindly consented
to give an account of a botanical excursion from Apple-
dore to Lydd and Dungeness Point, which the President was
sure would prove very interesting.

Previous to the reading of the paper, Colonel Cox exhi-
bited a case of insects brought from Jamaica by Colonel
Farren, C.B., and collected by him in that island during his
leisure hours. In mtroducing the objects collected by
Colonel Farren, the President availed himself of the op-
portunity to make a few pertinent remarks, showing the
uses of a union like the East Kent Natural History So-
ciety, and the important part it played in the advancement of
science, and a love of the true, the beautiful, and the good
among its members. The President then went on to say that
Col. Farren bad no idea of collecting insects till he joined

29

the Society, but the many beautiful objects which had been
placed before him by various members induced him to col-
lect. Thus he went out to Jamaica with his mind pre-
pared to imbibe a taste for the study of the beautiful
objects with which these islands abound; and hence
the occupation of collecting the many splendid specimens
which now adorned the table had been to him a source of
great pleasure and interest, after the anxious and laborious
duties which he had to discharge as president of the Court
Martial in the Jamaica trials. The case was then exhibited,
and contained many beautiful specimens of insects (princi-
pally butterflies and moths) and was much admired by all
who were present.

ROMNEY MARSH—ITS PHYSICAL FEATURES.

This large tract of lowland hasalmostall been recovered from
the sea during historical times. In Roman times, a harbour
existed at the foot of Lympne Hill, and there yet exists
the remains of the Roman castrum now termed Stutfall
Castle. In a.p. 833, King Egbert granted to the monastery
of Lyminge a piece of land at Sandtun, that was bounded
on the south by the river Limen (now named Rother), the
military canal now occupying nearly its course. Subse-
quently the Rother shifted its course and flowed out to sea
at Romney, this was most likely before the Norman con-
quest. In those days the Rother flowed from Newenden,
round the north side of the Isle of Oxney, by Small Hithe
and Reading Street to Appledore, and from this latter place
to Romney its course was along the Ree Wall, the present
high road. With regard to Dungeness beach, if true as
supposed by Mr. Drew, in his memoir on Romney Marsh,
that the river at that time took its course between New
Romney and Lydd, it follows that all that great mass of
shingle forming Dunge beach, which lies to the east of this
point, must have collected since the Rother first came to
Romney. We have no accurate maps to guide us before
the time of Queen Elizabeth, during whose reign a chart
was made of the Marsh aud Ness. It appears from Mr.

30

Redman’s researches, that, at that time, Dungeness point was
just three miles from Lydd church, whereas in 1844 it was
three miles and seven eights. In the middle of the thirteenth
century some destructive storms forced the river to seeka new
channel. It then changed its course at Appledore and fell
into the sea at Rye, and from that time New Romney de-
cayed as a port.

I will now speak of this Lydd beach. One charac-
teristic of this and all similar beaches, is that it
accumulates above high water mark, and thus drives back
the ocean and protects the land. At present the whole of
Romney Marsh is below high water mark, so that were it
it not for this protection and the Dymchurch wall connect-
ing it with Hythe, the marsh would be subject to constant
inundation. The whole of the beach is formed of rounded
chalk flints, which must have been derived from the South
Downs, washed by the sea. These flints washed out of the
cliffs and broken by the waves, are carried by the sea cur-
rents directed by the prevailing winds, along the shore, till
deposited or checked by counter currents; and thus we
may suppose that prevailing south-west winds have accu-
mulated this beach. Now, it is worthy of remark that this
beach is accumulated in certain fulls or ridges which cor_
respond with periodical high tides, and as these ridges
remain, the beach shows a continuous succession of these,
marking the successive changes that have taken place in
the shore ; and thus we learn that an ancient beach which
existed west of Lydd, has been cut off by the waves and de-
posited towards the east. Between Lydd and the sea,
certain breaks occur in the regularity of this beach, which
now constitute large fresh water ponds of some acres in
extent. The present beach is about eighteen feet above
low water mark.

Now, with regard to the geology of the district, I may
observe that the Marsh is surrounded on one side by high
ground, consisting on the eastward towards Hythe, of the
Escarpment of the Lower Green sand, and south westward
by the Wealden beds, which I have represented by green and

31

umber in the map here exhibited. The Marsh itself con~
sists of what is termed alluvium, a recent deposit of sand,
beach, and Estuary mud, at places at least fifty feet deep.
Near Appledore, which is the lowest part of the Marsh, the
peaty soil is full of oak stumps, which appear to have

grown in the situation they now occupy.
It now remains for me to gave an account of the wild
plants noticed growing between Appledore Station and

Dungeness Point.

The plants observed were as follows, being 103 in
number, and they were only those attracting our attention

during the ride and walk.

They are arranged in the Natural Orders :—-

RANnvUNCULACEZ—
Ranunculus Aquatilis, var.
Circinatus
Ditto Flammula
Ditto Lingua
PAPAVERACER —
Papaver Rhoeas

FumariacEx—
Fumaria officinalis

CrucirErm—
Teesdalia nudicaulis
Cardamine pratensis
Nasturtium officinale

CARYOHYLLACEEX —
Silene maritima
Ditto nutans

Lychnis diurna
Ditto floscuculi
Sagina procumbens
Stellaria uliginosa
Cerastium yulgatum
Matvacem—
Alhcea officinalis

Malva sylvestris
GERANIACER —
Geranium Robertianum

Dike, Denge Marsh, from
Beach.

Ponds, Beach.

Ditto, ditto, abundant.

Cultivated ground,
Ditto corn fields.

Beach eperite yy
Beach, ponds, double variety.
Ditches about Lydd.

Beach, abundant.

Of this rare plant several
specimens were found on
the beach.

A few specimens.

Beach, ponds, abundant.

Beach, near ponds.

Beach, ponds.

Near Beach ponds.

Plentiful along the roads,
near Hak
Near Lydd.

Plentiful all over Beach.

PAPILIONACER
Sarothamnus scoparius

Ulex europzus

Ononis arvensis
Medicago denticulata
Lotus coniculata
Variety Major

Vicia Cracca

Rosacen—
Prunus spinosus

Potentilla repens
Do. comarum

Rubus fructicosa
OrnaGRACEEZ—

Epilobium palustre

a5 tetragonum

Myriophyllum spicatum
LyTHRacEz—

Lythrum salicaria
CrassuLACEZ—

Sedum anglicum
UMBELLIFERE—

Hydrocotyle vulgaris

Conium Maculatum

Apium grayeolens

AEnanthe fistulosa

»» pimpinelloides
AKthusa cynapium
Caucalis infesta

Cherophyllum temulum
Pastinaca Sative
RuBiacExZ—
Galium Verum

»» palustre

» uliginosum

» saxatile

» Mollugo

32

Particularly procumbent and
abundant on the Beach.
On the Beach with the same
procumbent habit.

Beach.

Beach.

Beach.

Beach Pond.

Roadside, near Lydd, abun-
dant.

Beach, densely matted, and
procumbent.

Between Lydd and Beach.

This plant, so rare in the
South, appears in great
profusion in the beach
ponds—the only habitat I
know in East Kent.

Procumbent on the beach.

Ponds, Beach.

Ponds, Beach.
Beach, Ponds.

Ditches near beach.
Beach
Beach, ponds, abundant.

Near Appledore station
Ditches from Appledore to

Lydd
Ditto ditto.
Ditches near Lydd.

Cultivated ground, Lydd.
Near Light-House, Dunge-

ness.
Denge Marsh farm.
Station.

Between Beach & Lydd.
Ponds and dikes, Beach.
Ponds, Beach.

Beach.

Between Beach and Lydd.

VALERIANEZ—
Valeriana officinalis

ComposiTx —
Helminthia echioides
Sonchus arventis
Arctium lappa
Leontodon autumnalis
Senecio viscosus
Carduus pycnocephalus

CAMPANULACEZ—
Jasione montana

GENTIANACEZ—
Menyanthes trifoliata

PrRimuLacExZ—
Anagallis tenella

Samolus Valerandi
ConvovuLAcEz—-
Convolvulus arvensis
Cuscuta Epithynum
BorkaGin EX —
Echium vulgare
Myosotis palustris
” arvensis
Cynoglossum officinale
SoLanacexZ—
Solanum Dulcamara
ScroPpHULARINEEZ—
Veronica scutellaria
se Anagallis
Digitalis purpurea

Verbascum thapsus
IATH —
Mentha aquatica
Teucrium scorodonia
Galeopis Ladanum
Prunella vulgaris
PLumBacinsZ—
Armeria maritima
Poryconacem—
Polygonum amphibium
Rumex Acetosa
» Acetosella
» Aquaticus

33

Dike, Lydd.

Road side, Lydd.

Cultivated land.

Beach.

Beach.

Beach.

Coast guard St. near Light
house.

Most abundant on beach.
Beach ponds.

Sides of ponds carpeted with
its beautiful blooms.
Sparingly, beach ponds.

Between Beach and Lydd.
Beach on Ullex Enropens.

Beach.
Ponds.

Beach.
Beach.

Beach ponds.

Dikes,

All over the Beach, abun-
dant.

Beach.

Dyke,Denge Marsh.
Beach, abundant.
Beach abundant.
Beach.

Covering portions of Beach.

Ponds, Beach,
each.

Ditto.

Dikes, Lydd.

Urrticacex—

Urtica dioica Beach.
ARMENTACEZ—

Salix repens or myrica In Pond on Beach.

gale

TyPHaceEs—

Typha angustifolia Pond Beach.

Sparganium ramosum Dikes, Denge Marsh.
NatapEx —
Potamogeton pusillus Ponds, Beach,

— Heterophyllus } the latter sparingly.

ALISMACER—
Alisma plantago
» Ranunculoides Ponds, Beach.
Triglochin maritimum

HyprocHaRIpEx—
Hydrocharis morsus-ranee Dikes Marsh.
IrmEx—
Tris pseudacorus Ponds.
JuUNCACEE—
Juncus communis
» Articulatus Around Ponds, Beach.
» Acutus
CyPERACEZ—
Scirpus Lacustris Abundant in ponds.
» Palustris tats
», Maritimus Between Beach and Lydd.
Carex pseudo-cyperas Ponds.
» Vulpina
Eriophorum polystachyam = Beach Ponds.
GRaMINEZ—

Anthoxanthum odoratum Beach, being the first
Arrhenatherumavenaceum — vegetation next the crip-

Hordeum maritimun togams.
Firices—
Aspidium Thelypteris Abundant in one pond on
Beach.

The ponds on the Beach are of considerable extent, and
greatly resorted to by wild fowl. We observed the follow-
ing :—-Anas Boschas (wild duck), Larus canus (common
gull), Larus ridibundus (black headed gull), and Larus
argentatus (herring gull.) In the ponds we found very
large specimens of Limnea stagnalis (pond marsh snail),
and some very curious caddis worms, with great variety of
Entomostraca.

tee

ae

BIGHTH MABTING.

éacursion to Dungeness Laghthouse,

fly 29, 1867.

This was the day fixed upon for the Society’s excursion
to Dungeness lighthouse ; and as the visit had more than
once been put off, partly in consequence of the tide not
being favourable, and partly in consequence of the steamer
“ Palmerston’? not being available for the purpose--the
excursion was looked forward to with much interest by the
members of the Society. The weather for the few previoug
days had been squally and unfavourable —and the conse-
quence was that comparatively few turned out on the pier
at Dover, many being afraid to venture on the trip. The
day broke unfavourably, but towards noon the clouds dis-
persed, and the afternoon and evening were all that could
be desired.

The steamer “ Palmerston”? got under weigh about
eleven o’clock, and left the harbour with a goodly
number of the members on board. Rounding the Ad-
miralty Pier, the vessel proceeded well in shore by
Folkestone, Hythe, and Sandgate. En route, Mr. Mackeson,
of Hythe, pointed out the more prominent features of the
coast scenery, and explained the geological formation and
structure of the different strata. His remarks were listened

36

to with much interest, and a very interesting conversation
among the members was the result. A small party who
were afraid to venture by sea took the morning train for
Ashford, and posted from thence to the lighthouse. Both
routes were very interesting, and were much enjoyed by
both the good sailors and the more timid landsmen.
Dungeness was reached by the steamer ‘ Palmerston”
about two o’clock, and the process of disembarkation com-
menced. This was done by small boats, and from the peculiar
formation of the beach, was a work of considerable difficulty,
All, however, got on ¢erra firma with no other mis-
hap, even in the worst cases, than wet feet, and the party
then wended their way to the lighthouse. The land party
had reached previously, and had been taken over the light-
house by the officers. The same duty was undertaken a
second time with much cheerfulness, and the whole of the
intricate and beautiful machinery pointed out by which the
electric light is produced. The fog signal was then visited,
and its construction explained—the officer in charge stating
that it can be heard miles out at sea when the light cannot
be seen in foggy weather. The machinery was most
obligingly put in motion, and the dull unearthly sound was
heard to the best advantage. The remainder of the day
was spent by the party in exploring the shore and district,
and in the course of their peregrinations many interesting
shells and other objects of natural history were picked up
by the members. A list of flora of the district was sub-
mitted at a previous meeting, but in consequence of the
bad weather very few of the best specimens were obtained.

ee Ooo

37

NINTH MEETING.

Canterbury, December 7 1, 4GsGihe

Reprinted from “Kentish Gazette,” December 24, 1867.

On the evening of Tuesday last, a lecture was delivered,
uuder the auspices of the above Society, on ‘ Microscopic
Illumination,” by the Rev. J. B. Reade, V.P., F.R.S. There
was a small attendance; which was all the more to be re-
gretted as the lecture wasa rare treat. The chair was
occupied by Colonel Cox, the President of the Society, who
introduced the lecturer in a few appropriate remarks.

Mr. Reape commenced his lecture with a few
general observations on the importance and interest of the
subject upon which he was to address the audience, ex-
plaining how very much of what was seen in the microscope
depended on the way the object was illuminated. It was a
subject of a rather abstruse character, and would require at
his hands considerable amplification and illustration. He
then proceeded to speak first of the necessity of illumina-
tion under the microscope, and next of the various methods
which had been devised for that purpose up to the present
time. Fifty years ago he used Dollond’s best microscope

38

which was fitted with one plain silvered mirror and one
condenser as the only means of illumination then supplied ;
while in the present day, the means of illumination are
thonght of as much consequence as the magnifying power
—in fact, without the modern improved means for that end
the higher powers could not be used with any effect. The
problem submitted to the microscopist was - “Tell me all
about an object too small for me to see with my naked eye
or to touch ;” and the two things required were amplifica-
tion and illumination, and the first was useless without the
last. This was obtained in various ways. Direct and
oblique reflected light for opaque objects, and for transparent
ones direct and oblique transmitted light in addition ;— the
means of obtaining all which were described and illustrated.
The first condenser which the lecturer explained and illus-
trated was known as Wollaston’sdoublet, which was in use in
1828. Single lenses only had been used in former years,
and these had been found to answer to a certain extent ;
but an improvement took place very shortly after
the death of Dr. Wollaston, which inaugurated
a new era in microscopic illumination. The lecturer
described the lenses in use at this period on the black
board, and also showed them all to the audience —he hay-
ing a rare and costly collection of all sorts of articles re-
quired for microscopic illumination. It is impossible with-
out the aid of diagrams to give even a syllabus of the lec-
ture—suffice it to say that those who heard it experienced
a rich intellectual treat. The eye doublet of Dr. Wollaston
was shown and described at length ; and in 1831 Sir David
Brewster suggested a considerable improvement by making
the focus of the reflector fall upon the object in the plane of
non-aberration. A microscope with Wollaston’s doublet, and
Herschel’s lenses was shown, and, as the lecturer remarked,
was deemed to be then very superior to any in use. A re-
markable advance from the use of single lenses took place
about this time (1834), so important, indeed, as to mark
a new era in the science of optics, as applied to miscroscopic
illumination, by the introduction of Ross’s achromatic con-

39

denser. The lecturer read an extract from a paper
read by him before the Royal Society at this time, detailing
his own investigations and experiments, and which proved
that to him was due the eredit of discovering the mode of
producing dark ground illumination by oblique transmitted
light at a certain definite angle, which he illustrated by
diagrams and the microscope. He then adverted to the method
pursued by himself, in conjunction with Dr. Carpenter, in
obtaining dark ground illumination, and explained with
much minuteness the way in which his experiments were

conducted, and the success which attended them. The

labours of Mr. Ross and Mr. Shadbolt were then referred
to—particularly the spot lens of the former, which was an
achromatic condenser, with a small spot to stop out the
central rays of light, and admit only those beyond the angle
of vision—and the paraboloid of the latter—which was
shown and explained by the lecturer. The condensers of
Smith, and Beck, and Gillet were next passed under review,

and shown both in use and on the black-board. The lecturer
then referred to, and explained the construction of a
magnificent microscope which was presented to him by his
late parishioners at Stone. After he had it in his posses-
sion some time, he thought on a mode by which the con-
denser might be made more useful, and this led to a great
improvement on the solar microscope. ‘The lecturer then
described at great length, and with much minuteness, the
mode by which the kettledrum condenser (an invention of
his own) was used for conveying the rays of light in in-
struments of high power, by admitting only two pencils of
rays at angles of 30, 60, or 90 degrees apart, thus throwing
into prominent relief all projections or lines crossing each
other at all or either of those angles. He then
spoke of the application of polarised light to mi-
eroscopical illumination, and explained the curious and
interesting phenomena of this wonderful discovery.
The undulatory theory of Dr. Young accounted
in a very satisfactory manner for all these phe-
nomena ; and he therefore thought that this theory of ligh,

40

was the true one as opposed to the corpuscular theory of
Newton. This portion of the iecture was of a very abstruse
character, but was rendered very simple by the illustrations
of the talented lecturer—illustrations which we much regret
we cannot reproduce without the aid of diagrams. The
reverend gentleman concluded a long and deeply interesting
lecture by saying that they must never forget that while
they were investigating some of the most sublime truths of
science—while men of science were delighted to bring their
best skill and power to illuminate these objects—the ob-
servers themselves would be greatly benefited by illumina-
tion, but not from the terrestrial source ; and that the proper
frame of mind in which to pursue such studies was best
typified by the expression with which he would conclude—
“ What in me is dark that make Thou light.’

A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer on the
motion of the President, seconded by Mr. Dowker, of Stour-
mouth, and the company then passed a pleasant hour in the
examination of the different microscopes which were placed
on the tables. The meeting was in every respect a most
interesting one, and all departed highly gratified and in-
structed.

x de EE

OF

os BAST BN

NATURAL HISTORY SOOINTY,

WITH A
fe st of Rooks Helanging to the Libary,

&e., &c.

SESSEON, 1868.

| CANTERBURY:
| PRINTED AT THE ‘f KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH STREET.

A Te
Oe
a

.
r
»
7

B 8 SE @ SH Be

_ The Committee in presenting their Eleventh Annual Report
to the Members, have again to congratulate them upon the
financial condition of the Society, the balance in hand being
£9 13s. 9d.

Since the last Annual Meeting Eight new Members have
been elected, while the losses by Resignation, Removal, and
Death, have not been such as to affect seriously the numerical
‘strength of the Society.

Among the New Members the Committee have had the
pleasure of welcoming a most distinguished naturalist, G.
Gulliver, Esq., who has already contributed two valuable
papers, and whose future aid will doubtless tend greatly to
the efficiency of the Society.

Two Excursions took place during the past Summer, the
st to Shottenden Woods, which was very numerously
attended ; the second to St. Margaret’s Bay, which would
have met with equal patronage but for the threatening aspect
of the weather; those Members who ventured however, were
pratified by spending a day of real enjoyment.

_ Full accounts of the above will be found in the following
Report of the Meetings which is nearly twice as yoluminous
is any previous one, and inciudes papers by Major Munn, Dr.
Mitchinson, Ambrose Poynter, Esq., G. Gulliver, Esq., and
W. Ord, Esq., M.D.

The December General Meeting, when a lecture on
“Tongues” was delivered by the latter gentleman, was a
Most interesting and successful one, and was very well
attended. The Library has received several valuable additions
during the past year, and besides the books and periodicals
purchased by the funds of the Society, the following have

Ivy.

been presented by G. Gulliver, Esq., to whom the thanks of
the Committee have been tendered, viz, The Works of W.
Hewson, edited by the donor; Pamphlets written by him
upon Lemnacez, and The Raphidian Character of Plants in
Relation to systematic Botany, &c., &c. From the Report
annexed, it will be seen that the Library is deserving of
general and constant resort by the Members, and from the

increased number of volumes, an additional bookcase is

indispensable.

In conclusion, the Committee are of opinion that the past :

year has been a prosperous one as far as the Society is con-
cerned, and the Members generally have taken a lively and
increased interest in the proceedings. They earnestly advocate
the necessity for individual exertion, aud would offer every
encouragement to those who are willing to contribute the re-
sults of their observations in the great world of Nature.
However insignificant these may appear at the time, they
frequently prove of value to the Naturalist, and may have a
most important bearing on the future of the Science.

By the removal of Mr. J. 8. Linford to London, the .

Committee have lost the services of an energetic Secretary as
well as a fellow-worker who has always taken a most lively
and active interest in all the affairs of the Society. The in-
creasing importance of the Dover branch, and the arrange-
ment entered upon at the beginning of the year that alter-
nate monthly meetings should be held at Canterbury and
that place, has rendered it necessary that a Secretary should
be appointed there, and this office has been most efficiently
filled by Alex. Bottle, Esq., by whose exertions three excel-
lent meetings have been held at Dover during the year.

LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

BELONGING To THE East Kent Naturat History Society.

British Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, 1 vol. (Reeve)

Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)

Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol. (Harvey)

Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer)

Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)

Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.

Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.

Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol,

Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.

A Catalogue of rare Phoenogamous Plants collected in South Kent in
1829.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring to
Sheets 4 and 7.

British Hemiptera Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865 (Douglas and Scott)

Hand Book of British Flora, 2 vols. (Bentley)

Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 8 vols.

Recent Memoirs on the Cetacem, 1 vol.

Monograph of British Spongidia, by Dr. Bowerbank, 1 yol.

Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.

Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.

Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs, Gatie from Professor
Harvey's Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol.

Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.

Forbes’s British Star Fishes, 1 vol.

Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 2 yols.

Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vels.

Smith’s English Flora, 4 vols.

Ralf’s Desmidizx, 1 vol.

Nitzsch’s Pterylography.

_ * Hooker’s Jungermannia, 1 yol.
_ * Smith’s Diatomacee, 2 vols.

* Works of W. Hewson, F.R.S., 1 vol.

_* Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder, Girdle and

eee ss

Sternum in the Vertebrata, 1 vol.
Those marked * were added this year.

VI.

PAMPHLETS.

British Moths, Nocturni.
Geometre.
Memoires pour servir & la connaissance des Orinoides vivants par Michael
Sars.
Etudes sur les Affiinites Chimiques par MM. Guldberg et Waage.
Notes on Lemnacee and the Raphidian Characters of Plants, by G. Gulliver,
Esq., F.R.S.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vols. 3, 1863, and 4, 1864.

The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1861, and from 1863 to 1868.
N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vols. 7, 1859,
and 8, 1860, new series, vols. 1, 1861, to 8, 1868, Vol. 2 ex-
cepted.

Magazine of Natural History, third series, vols. 3, 1859, to 8, 1861, and
11, 1863, to 22, 1868.

The Geologist, vols. 2, 1859, 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864.

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859.

The Geological Magazine, vols. 1, 1864, to 5, 1868.

Quarterly Journal of Science, vols. 1? 1864, to 5, 1868.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vols. 20, 1864, to 24, 1868.

The Natural History Repertory, 1865.

The Librarian regrets to state that in consequence of several Periodicals
not having been returned to the Library, nor any entry of them made in
the book kept for the purpose in the Society’s reading room, he has been
unable to have the volumes to which they belong bound.

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, YIZ.:

- The Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
- Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.
. The Zoologist.
. The Geological Magazine.
spureey Journal of the Geological Society.
+ » of Science.

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‘SHSNTIX ‘SLUIGOLa

"8981 ‘INANWALVLS IVIONVNIA

fist of Officers and Members.

:0:

President :
THE RIGHT HON. LORD FITZWALTER, Goopnestonz Parx.

Vice-Presidents :

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BetsHancER.

COLONEL C. J. COX, Forpwicu Houses.

MATTHEW BELL, Ese., Bourne Park.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esa., St. ALBAN’s.

REV. F. SCOTT, Srsertswouxp.

CAPTAIN CROOKES, Dover.

REV. J. MITCHINSON, D.C.L., Kine’s Scoot,

REY. J. B. READE, M.A., F.R.S., Bisopspourne.

GEO. DOWKER, Esa., F.G.S., Stourmovra Houses.
COLONEL HORSLEY, St. Srepuen’s Lopez, CanrerBuRyY.
G. GULLIVER, Esa., F.R.S., Cuovis Terrace, CANTERBURY.
H. A. BUTLER-JOHNSTONE, Esea., M.P.

Treasurer and Librarian.
COL. HORSLEY.

Honorary Secretaries :

G. GULLIVER, Esa., F.R.S.
MR. SIDNEY HARVEY, 8, Hicu-srreer, CANTERBURY.

Committee:
DR. ASTLEY. T. G. PECKHAM, Esa.
G. FURLEY,"Esa. Rev. F. ROUCH.
E. HORSNAILL, Esa. G. RIGDEN, Ese.
Cart. KEMP. J. REID, Esa.
H. LEE, Esa, F. SLATER, Esa.
H. B. MACKESON, Esa. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esa.

Local Secretaries:

Doven—A. BOTTLE, Esa.
Marcate—G, M. PITTOCK, Esa., M.D.

Alford, Very Rev. Dr.
Andrews, A. B., Esq.
Astley, Dr.

Bell, M., Esq.
Bland, W., Esq.
Bottle, A., Esq.
Bliss, Rev. W.
Beer, Miss K.
Browne, Miss L.

Bell, R. J. Esq.

Barton, F. E. Esq.
Bampton, Rev.
Brinckman, Capt NSE.
Barnard, Mrs. Philip.

Crookes, J. F., Esq.
Cox, Col., C.J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Claris, P. B., Esq.
Court, P., Esq.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Castleden, Rey. G.

Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, Colonel, C.B.
Fitzwalter, Rt. Hon. Lord,
Furley, R., Esq.

Furley, George, Esq.
Forrest, Mrs.

Finnis, Steriker, Esq.
Furley, W. D., Esq.

Ix,

Members,

Dean of Canterbury.
Westgate, Canterbury.
Dover.

Bourne Park.

Hartlip, Sittingbourne.

Dover.

Betshanger, near Deal.

Parade, Canterbury.

4, Victoria Place, St. Dunstan’s,
Canterbury.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.

Liverpool Street, Dover.

42, Marine Parade, ditto,

3, St. George’s Fields, Canterbury.

5, Waterloo Crescent, Dover.
Fordwich House.

Ditto.

Dover.

Ditto.

Stour Street, Canterbury.
Christchurch, Ramsgate.

Stourmouth House, Wingham.

Colchester.

Goodnestone Park.

Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Dover.

1, St. George’s Place, Canterbury.

Grayling, Dr.
Giraud, Byng, Esq.
Gulliver, G., Esq., F.R.S.

Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Harvey, Mr. 8.
Horsley, Colonel
Hambrook, Mr. J. B.
Hilton, Captain
Hanvey, John, Esq.
Haddon, Miss C.
Horsnaill, Edward, Esq.

James, Sir W., Bart.
Jones, R. H.,Esq.

”q
Johnstone, H. A. Butler, Esq., M.P.

Kersey, Dr.

Kersey, Mrs.

Kemp, Captain

Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Knocker, Edward, Esq.
Knocker, Captain

Lee, H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.8.

Mummery, Mr. W. P.
Makeson, H. B., Esq.
Mitchinson, Rey. Dr.
Munn, Major
Matthias, Mrs.

Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E.

Parker, R. D., Esq.

x.

Sittingbourne.
Castle Street, Dover.
Clovis Terrace, Canterbury.

St. Alban’s Court.

Hartsdown, Margate.

High Street, Canterbury.

St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury.
Strond Street, Dover.
Nackington House.

Waterworks, Dover.

Effingham Crescent, ditto.
Dover.

Betshanger.
Clyde House, Dover.

Littlebourne.

Ditto.

Cavalry Barracks, Canterbury.
Littlebourne.

Castle Hill, Dover.

Dover.

The Waldrons, Croydon.

Strond Street, Dover.
High Street, Hythe.
King’s School, Canterbury.
Churchill House, Dover.

Carlton Place, St. Dunstan’s, Canter-

bury.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.
Ditto.

Barham.

Payn, W. H., Esq.
Plumptre, C. J., Esq.
Plummer, E., Esq.
Puckle, Rev. J.
Poynter, A., Esq.
Peckham, T. G., Esq.
Powell, Mrs.

Reid, Jas., Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.
Reade, Rev. J. B.

Scott, Rev. F.
Saunders, Mr. Sibert
Slater, F., Esq.
Spice, C., Esq.
Solomon, — Esq.
Smith, Miss J.

Smith, J. G., Esq.
Sankey, Herbert, Esq.
Stilwell, James, Esq.

Tuckey, C., Esq., M.D.
Taylor, Mrs., A.
Thorpe, J. C., Esq.
Thomson, R. E., Esq.

Walker, Mrs.
Ward, Miss
Weston, L., Esq.
Wray, Miss
Warman, Mr. W.
Winch, A., Esq.

XI.

St. Martin’s Hill, Dover.
Fredville.

The Firs, Canterbury.

St. Mary’s, Dover.

3, Marine Place, ditto.

Hall Place, Harbledown,

4, Dane John Grove, Canterbury.

Bridge Street, ditto.
Burgate Street, ditto.
Precincts, ditto.
Bishopsbourne.

Sibertswould.

Whitstable,

Chislett.

Strond Street, Dover.
Little Kenfield.

Dane John, Canterbury.
Effingham Lawn, Dover.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Victoria Park, Dover.

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.
North Street, Herne Bay.
5, Claremont Place, Dover.
Kentfield House, Petham.

St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
High Street, Canterbury.
Waterloo Crescent, Dover.
Barton Fields, Canterbury.

St. Peter’s Street, Canterbury.
Norman Street, Dover.

Honorary and Conuyesponding Members,

Bates, H. W., Esq.

Boycott, J., Esq., M.D.

London.
London.

Kemp, Dr. William
Linford, Mr. J. 8.

Sandilands, —, Esq.

Saunders, J., Esq.

Whitcker, W., Esq.

Baker, Mr.
Coppen, Mr. E.
Else, Mr. R.

Gordon, Mr. W. 0.
Gutteridge, Mr.

Kennett, Mr. W.

Parren, Mr. W.
Prebble, Mr. J. G.

Young, Mr.

xXIl.

Fort Nelson, New Zealand.
London.

Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia.
Reigate.

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street
London.

Assuviates.

Cattle Market, Sandwich.
Sibertswould.
Burgate Lane, Canterbury.

Museum, Dover.
Faversham.

Fordwich.

Canterbury.
Ramsgate.

Sittingbourne.

XII.

EAST KENT
NATURAL HISTORY SOCInTY.

20:

TEETER & OBIEGCES OF PLE SOCIETY,

20:

The objects of the East Kent Natvrat History Socrery
shall be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and
Theoretical Knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its
Branches, both in relation to the particular District and the
General Science.

Rules and Regulations,

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Correspond-
ing Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by ballot, taken at any meeting of the Committee, or at a
General Meeting—one black ball in five to exclude,

8. The Annual Subscriptions, to be paid by Ordinary Members,
shall be Ten Shillings ; the Subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of
January in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year.

XIV.

Any Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it
is due, shall be applied to by the Secretary, and if the Subscription
remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall cease to
be a Member of the Society.

4, The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
an Ordinary Member, and her subscription shall be Five Shillings.

§. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district: such Honorary and Corresponding
Members shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs.

6. In order to encourage the study of Natural History among‘indivi-
duals of the class of mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates, provided
they shall first communicate some information or observation on Natural
History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local Museums,
as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee, Such Associates shall
enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of
such Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held on the
same day as the February and November General Meetings, and at such
other times as the Secretary may deem necessary.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held on the last Tuesday in January

XV.

jn each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of electing the Officers for the
current year, receiving the Annual Statement of Accounts, and Report of
the Committee, and conducting the general affairs of the Society.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of the
Society, the specific purposes of the Meeting being stated in the notice,
which shall be sent to each member not less than one week before the time
of such Meeting.

10. All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by a
majority of votes ; and if upon any question the votes shall be equal, the
Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or casting vote.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or Com-
mittee, between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the
Committee.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any member a Local Secretary for the town
or district he may reside in, Such Local Secretary shall_be ex-officio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. Two Meetings shall be held in Canterbury yearly, during the first
and last quarters for the purpose of reading Papers, exhibiting Specimens
Lectures, &c. Each Member to have the right of introducing a Visitor at
these Meetings.

14, Two Excursions will be appointed to take place yearly, during the
Summer, for the purpose of investigating the natural objects of interest in
some district in East Kent; the arrangements for these Excursions to be
made at a Committee Meeting to be held in the first week of each of the
Summer Quarters.

Xvi.

15. A Minute of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of such Meetings and
Excursions to every Member, stating the time and place of Meeting, &c.

LOCAL MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society,
Local Secretaries and Members ure invited to organize Meetings or Ex-
cursions in their districts ; and to give notice of the same to the General,
and all the Local Secretaries, stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTIONS OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society shall endeavour to make a‘Collection of Objects of
Natural History, both with a view of forming a Museum and distribution
of Duplicate Specimens, according to Regulations to be adopted by the
Committee,

LIBRARY.

19. Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History are
to be purchased by the funds of the Society, and the number and par~
ticular books of this class to be purchased shall be determined by the
Committee.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some convenient
place, sv that Members may be able to refer to them, or take them out,
under such regulations as the Committee from time to time may think
proper to make.

21. Members are also invited to lend Books for the use of the
Library, reserving to themselves the full right of ownership; such Books
to be under the care of the Committee, and not allowed to be taken out of
the Library.

ees DM Ee Iw ee

Daver, January 11, 1868.

REPRINTED FROM THE ‘‘ KENTISH GAZETTE.”

It has been arranged that in future meetings of this
scientific association are to be held alternately in Canterbury
and Dover. It will be recollected that a very successful
reunion took place here a few years since at the Town Hall ;
but then it was open to the public. On the present occa-
sion it was at first considered that the fitting locale would be
the reading-room attached to the museum, but on second
consideration it was thought advisable to hold the séance at
the spacious assembly room of Mr. Licence, Marine Library,
Marine Parade. ‘The hall was kept at a nice temperature,
and was speedily filled (about five o’clock) by a select party

v4

of savants, M.D.’s, amateur naturalists from Canterbury
and Dover, with a fair sprinkling of ladies.

Among those present we noticed Colonel Horsley, Presi-
dent ; Capt. Kemp ; Col. Cox and family; Major Munn ;
Rev. F. Scott, Sibertswould ; R. E. Thomson, Esq. ; Rev.
J. Bampton ; Dr. Astley ; A. Poynter, Esq., and Mrs. Poyn-
ter; W. Hussey, Esq. ; Rev. W. E. Light and family ; F
Barton, Esq. ; P. B. Claris, Esq. ; J. F. Crookes, Esq., and
family ; T. Lewis, Esq. ; Henry Payn, Esq. ; Mr. L. Weston
and family ; Mr. W. P. Mummery; Mr. J. B. Hambrook ;
Mr. Winch; Mr. and Mrs. C. Spice ; J. C. Thorpe, Esq. ;
Mr. Alexander Bottle; Mr. Knocker and family ; and Mr.
Horsnaill.

The following were the exhibitors:—Major Munn,
paper on Raising Queen Bees; Mr. Gordon, Hanging
Wasp’s Nest ; J. F. Crookes, Esq., Binocular Microscope
(by Baker), she wing Living Cheese Mites, Young Oysters,
Feathers of Birds, &.; P. B. Claris, Esq., Microscope (by
Baker), shewing Ovaries of Queen Bee, and other interest-
ing dissections; Mr. Horsnaill, Microscope (by Crouch),
shewing Jaws and Proboscis of Bee, also numerous other
parts, dissected under the direction of Major Munn; Mr.
Hambrook, Microscope, shewing Tongues of Bee and Cat,
&e.; Mr. W. P. Mummery, Binocular Microscope (by
Stewart), shewing Bowerbankia, Sertularia, Eye, with the
hexagonal facets; Mr. Alexander Bottle, Microscope (by
Smith and Beck), shewing Sting of Bee with Poison Bag,
Jaws and Tongue of Bee, Jaws and Tongue of Humble Bee,
Parasite of Bee, and Sting of Wasp.

The display of instruments and specimens was an instruc-
tive exemplification of the Horatian maxim that what
enters the mind through the visual organ makes a deeper
impression than that communicated by the auricular
tympanum. In saying this, we mean no disparagement to
the painstaking and eloquent Major Munn, who, after a
few introductory remarks from the{ President of the Society,
Colonel Horsley, proceeded to read the following

3

paper on the subject of raising queen bees from Ligurian
stocks :—

The experiments of Huber would almost seem conclusive
‘* that the bees have the power of converting the worms of
the worker bee into queen bees,’’ and subsequent experi-
ments have gone so far as to procure queen bees by
operating on worms, not chosen by the bees themselves, but
selected by the experimentalists or naturalists. And I can,
from personal, constant watchings, now for a period of a
quarter of a century or more, speak most positively on the
subject as an established fact. Still, I find, on my return
to England, and placed once more on the list of members of
your Kent Natural History Society, that there are still some
moot points raised in the bee-culturing world, and this
in the face of the evidences of such men as my lamented
old friend, Dr. Bevan, the author of the ‘“‘ Honey Bee,” of
Hereford ; and the distinguished writer and naturalist, Sir
William Jardine, Bart. On this occasion, I venture to
give a few of my own observations, not that Huber, Bevan,
or Jardine require any confirmation, or that my notes are
of sufficient value to supply any deficiency in their
evidences, or refute any errors which the more recent book-
making bee-masters, or hive-building impostors in natural
history are constantly putting forth before the bee-masters
and the public ; but I offer them, with all due deference, in
the hope that this Society and especially the more
scientific members of it, will join those purely out of door
naturalists and zealous observers heartily, and test again
and again their experiments suggested by Schirach exactly
100 years ago, and set at rest any question that may arise,
as the more numerous the experiments and greater the
diversity of experimentalists, the more clearly is each
alleged fact established. The results be uniformly the same,
as Sir William Jardine has observed in his beautiful work
on the entomology of the honey bee, and with the same
feelings uppermost in my thoughts I commend to my
brother workers, in this most interesting field of enquiry, to

4

get aided by those members who have the advantages of
possessing such magnificent microscopes us I see before me
this day in Dover. I shall take only the history of the
Queen bee, as the bulk of every swarm consists only of two
kinds of bees, the workers and the drones, the latter (the
males) are only raised during part of the year, bred in May
and killed in August or July, and as Butler describes him :
‘ He spendeth his time in gluttony and idleness,” and this
“lazy yawning drone” is killed before the winter by the
workers, to save their stores of honey and pollen; but his
history I leave for another question. The Queen bee and
the worker bee being one and the same, except to make the
head of the family or swarm; a selected egg of the worker
is raised to royalty, and has been thus named Queen, as the
fertile bee and worker, when sterile and undeveloped are
empioyed in the work and labour of love, in storing and
collecting the honey and pollen, constructing cells of the
combs, watching and warming the broad cells, feeding and
rearing the young bees, &c. But the fact that startles the
imagination is, that the Queen and the worker being raised
from the same kind of egg, should materially alter in form
and structure; but so it has been established. And the
only part of the bee that does not undergo that great
change are the eyes, which are of the composite construc-
tion, as called by entomologists, and consist of a vast collec-
tion of small hexagonal lenses (how far they effect the form
of the hexagonal cells bees build is a question!) There
may be 30 or 300, I forget which, but the microscopes
will show us to-day, disposed with exquisite regularity,
each lense being itself a telescope through which the
bee spies out its point of attack, and which
attack, fortunately, the bee master is able from
experience to avoid, by gently moving out of the line of
flight, which flight commonly (when not directed towards
any purpose) is always at an angle of forty-five from the
starting line of the hive. Now let us compare then the
two bees, although both raised from the same kind of

5

egg: when the eggs of bees, which are of a lengthened
oval shape, and bluish in colour and slightly curyed, are
deposited and made to adhere at the bottom of each of the
cells, they remain four days before they are hatched. The
Queen egg is always laid in a cell made at the edge of the
comb, and worker eggs always in the centre of the comb.
The former plan is followed to avoid feeding the worker
brood or larva with the Queen-making jelly (a compound of
“farina and honey ’’), and the latter to obtain the necessary
warmth of the parallel combs, filled with other brood, and
which the bees, by clustering at the bases of the combs,
prevent being ventilated, and more certainly to retain the
required warmth of the 70 deg. Fahrenheit. With the
fewer number of the worker bees, the queen is raised in a
corner-shaped cell; the worker in one truly hexagonal,
and supported on all sides by other cells. The Queen re-
ceives more pungent and nourishing food, quantities of
which are left in a yellow paste at the bottom of the queen
cell, whilst the worker has no food to spare, and is ‘ pent
up” inits six-sided narrow cell. The Queen takes about
sixteen days to arrive at maturity ; the worker takes twenty-
one days for the same. Weather, however, makes a diffe-
rence in all these Nature’s processes, and great care and ac-
curacy of observation is necessary in attempting to note the
facts, and the temperature has much to do with rearing a
perfect Queen, although there is always the five days’ dif-
ference between the Queen and the worker perfected bee.
Before this the Queen and worker larva have been sealed
in their respective cells, and have spun their cocoons, and
have gone into that sleep which is to raise them up in a
perfect condition. The Queen spins an incomplete cocoon
—that silken shroud that envelopes the larva —the size of
large cell preventing her completing it ; the worker spins a
complete cocoon, and the cells which originally had been
built up round by the bees, and then chased by their man-
dibles into the true hexagonal shape, leaving only the angles
supporting the six juncture pins of the adjoining cell on

6

the same side, and the three bases of the opposite
side of the partition wall of the combs, which wax the bees
had economized for building up the edges of such hexagonal
cell, making it look to be rounded by this addition, and
giving a ridge to commence closing in either the honey when
stored, or brood, when about to be transformed. This co-
coon, however, makes the cell take back its first round ap-
pearance, and, indeed, being attached to the sides and angles
of the cells, after forming the cradle of successive swarms
becomes so filled and round as to be small and useless. On
the issue of the perfect Queen, and the after consequences
of her raising a large colony of worker-bees, in number,
according to Schirach, from 70,000 to 80,000 eggs in one
season, and also the question of the drone I must leave for
another occasion, and merely observe that workers, or ama-
zons, as they have been called, which are less developed
females, also frequently lay drone or male eggs, but none
else ; and the Queen bee, if she delayed beyond the twenty-
first day, would also lay none but drone eggs, like the worker
or amazon, all her life after, and this worker we have seen
is twenty-one days old before she becomes a perfect bee, and
the Queen bee partakes of the same influences. Thus far
we have traced the life of the worker-bee and her sister, the
elected Queen-bee, from the egg-shell and the earlier ma-
turity of the latter, caused by the warmth and space of
cell and better feeding, giving her the advantages of com-
mencing the perfect state five days before her humble ama-
zon worker sister. There is also still a difference as to the
result of these consequences, whereas the Queen-bee is per-
fected forty-six to forty-eight hours, or two days, after her
issue from the hive, and establishes her right to reign and
colonize it fully, she commences to give her sister bees the
duty of watching over and raising the brood from the eggs.
She has commenced laying in the worker cells (these are all
female eggs) up to a certain period of her existence, when
she commences laying a few hundreds of male eggs. This
wonderful discovery of a doctrine of Schirach’s has long

rf

established the practice of the early formation of artificial
swarms, and it is building upon this theory that Professor
Thury, of Geneva, has brought forth fruits, and results
which have been laid before the Royal Agricultural Society
of England, and makes one part of the question so simple
and comprehensible. Huber has added in his earlier writ-
ings, “ Experiments and theory therefore concur in demon-
strating that the larve of a bee may become a
queen or worker, according to circumstances.” A
female always appears, whether possessing the physical
qualities of maternity as the fecundity of queens, or the
conservative properties displayed by the workers in regard
for the young. This partition of industry and courage on
the one hand, and of prodigious fecundity on the other;
this partition, originating from the mysterious rearing of
the larve, is amongst the finest subjects for contemplation
which natural history affords ; and let us accord what we
can of one of the most curious discoveries which has em-
bellished science, to the great penetration and perseverance
of Sehirach. As we have so many beautiful and perfect
instruments brought here to-day, I will appeal to their
penetration and definition, and turn to the actual anatomy
of the queen bee and compare the visible effects on the
various parts of the bee when transformed into a perfect
Queen. I must not omit a passing tribute of regret to the
memory of a Kentishman, who was curator at Canterbury
Museum, Mr. Newman, one of the most pains-taking and
correct naturalists of his day, and a great loss to the scien-
tific entomological world, although he has left us some of
his works in his grammar ; yet the entomological societies
required such a perfect depictor of insects. Madamosielle
Jurine, although she died early in life, still had assisted
Huber in dissecting and comparing the external organiza-
tion of the bee. I have said that the eyes are the only
parts that do not undergo any very material change; a
very casual examination will prove this; but I wish to
revert to the hexagonal lenses of the eye, and to examine

8

this question more minutely another time; when speak-
ing on the three stemmata found on the crown of the
head, and supposed to be eyes to enable the bee to see
in the depths of the dark cells in the midst of combs,
and I trust you will all be enabled to examine for yourselves
these external differences of structure. I must here beg to
thank Mr. Horsnaill for his kind assistance in refreshing my
memory of the anatomy of the bee, and with his very use-
ful microscope I hope he will able to show you what his
own steady hand and clear young eyes have done to prove
many points that may be still considered moot points in the
anatomy of insects ; and I believe I shall be able to show
you that the proboscis of the honey bee is a hollow tube,
through which the honey is sucked or pumped up, and
which I have examined, and stated asa fact, as I have seen
the colored sugar, &c., pass up into the cesophagus, &c.,
although I have seen so many statements made in bee books
that contradict this, and add that the proboscis is solid and
not tubular. Itis, then, with this view, as we are, so often
led away by arguments which take things for granted
after the examination has proceeded so far, that I now beg
this Society to enter into a quiet and thorough examination
of the entire history of the honey bee, and give a stamp to
it and an authority as a body, not anxious to be new dis-
coverers, but as confirming if possible all that is true and
exact, that has been stated by those enquirers who have
gone before ; and I believe this would tend to check the
great impositions put upon anxious and innocent enquirers
into the truth of this mystery of nature, and at any rate
remove from the field the ‘ book-making ” and “ bee-hive
selling ’’ impostors of the day. Having alluded to the
hexagonal form of the cells and that the facet of the eyes
(which are also hexagonal), might have something to do
with the form, the bee ultimately chases, or chisels out,
the first roundly formed brood and honey cells, whilst
that wonderful instinct of economy of material, also seems
to direct their workings of the interior of the cells. I

9

maust not forget to mention one fact, that the queen cells
proper are always round within, and fixed at an angle of
some twenty or twenty-five degrees, below the given hori-
zontal line. This places the head of the Pupa Queen
downwards for a time, and the worker cells are formed at
an angle of some fifteen or twenty degrees above the line,
and thus raises the head of the worker-pupa upwards; the
cell, when used for storing honey also keeps the honey from
flowing out, until it is filled and seuled up. When a young
bee quits its pupa cell, it becomes the ‘ Imago,’’ or perfect
insect, and we at once see the body, which has become dis-
tinct in three chief divisions of the head, thorax, and
abdomen, which was not the case when we had to
examine it in the worm or larvie state and was being
fed and raised in the cells. And in the comparison be-
tween the parts of the perfect Queen bee, and the
worker bee, her sister, we find the alterations in the
strength of the jaws, the length of the proboscis,
and the longer curved string of the Queen bee, depriving
her of secreting the wax, and obliterating the pollen
baskets on her thighs and the hooklets of the two pair of
wings, these wings placed further apart and elongating the
body, or abdomen, and the tone of the whole Queen bee
of a richer rufus colour than that of the worker bee ; but
let us bring one or two more points of difference to the
test of the powerful microscopes now placed before you ;
you will find the mouth of the bee is the same, the upper
jaws, however, are stronger in appearance in the Queen
bee, to enable her to tear open any rival Queen bee cells,
the only (murderous) work she has been permitted to do,
whilst dispatching the victim of her hatred by her
sting, the worker bee’s jaws being used for the purpose
of paring down waxen walls, and to assist in building
the combs, and these jaws are called mandibles, and
move horizontally ; the lower jaws or maxille, which
includes the proboscis, they open vertically. The lingula,
although from its position has been named the

10

tongue, 1s, strictly speaking, formed from a prolongation of
the lower jaw, this is used for suction ; but the proboscis is
stated by all writers to be solid, and that the honey is
licked, or swept up, by this instrument; all my experi-
ments prove to my mind, as far as I dare trust my lenses
and eyes, that it forms the canal for the fluid, nectar or
honey, to be passed through successive valves, by pumping
or suction into the pharynx or canal, situated at its root,
and through that it is conveyed to the honey bag. I trust
the more accurate workers with the microscopes will set
this question at rest by examining the proboscis and dissect
it transversely and more carefully. This wonderful appa-
ratus, however, is much shorter*in the queen bee, who
never helps herself to the food through it, but receives it
from the worker bees, even at the moment of starvation.
The whole of this complex machinery rests on a pedicle
which admits of its being drawn in or elongated to
enter the calix of the flower. I beg you to examine
the statement in the “ Book of the Entomology of Bees,’’
page 35, Naturalist’s Library. There are also the three
stemma on the head ; these are identical in the queen and
worker bee, and are situated and set in a triangle above
and between the “ Antene.’’ Having drawn your attention
to the parts that differ in the head of the bee, it remains
for me to mention the thorax or centre of the body. The
head is attached by a pedicle, and has the passages leading
to the sucking stomach, and cesophagus, &c., and the thorax
contains the centre motive powers, the muscles of the legs
and wings. The great differences in these having been al-
ready alluded to, I shall merely mention the external ap-
pearance of the spiracles or stigmata through which the
wings force the air and enable the bees to ventilate, and
produce that vibrating hum so frequently heard in a hive,
and that particular rushing of sound, when suddenly
alarmed by concussion, &c., and we pass on to the
third part of the insect formation, viz., the abdomen.
In the Queen, it contains the developed ovarum, consisting

ll

of ten branches, and formed by longitudinal tubes,
numbering about one hundred or, more and containing
seventeen or twenty eggs in each tube, and terminating in
the one oviduct, the two stomachs, the small intestine, the
venom bag, and last the long bent sting, peculiar to the
Queen bee. All these parts are inclosed within the six
scaly rings of unequal breadth, and these external walls or
scales constructed so as to contract or expand, and perform
all the duties of circulation and secretion; and in the
worker bee enables it to digest the honey, and secrete the
wax in the wax pockets, as shown in the specimens ex-
hibited here (but these are undeveloped in the Queen bee),
the discharge of the venom from the poison bag into the
grooves of the barbed strings, which are shorter and
stronger in the worker bee. The worker bees have the
power of regurgitating the honey into the cells
through the esophagus from the sucking sto-
mach, which is like the true crop of the pigeon,
Thus as briefly as possible I have called your attention to
the queen and worker bee, the females of the hive. And I
only wish I could impress upon all, that if the true history
of these queens, be learned by all bee-keepers, before they
bought those costly hives, and swarms of Ligurians, and
books made to order, they would not be so frequently dis-
appointed of their hopes of establishing an apiary, and their
honey harvest, or find the deserted hives and dead bees in
the early cold spring of this country. The truth is also, a8
Sir W. Jardine observes—‘ The writers on bees, like writers
on many other subjects, especially in natural history, are
fond ofclassing acts and proceedings of their little favourites
under certain and fixed uniform rules, from which they are
supposed never to deviate, whereas daily experience may
convince us, that bees, like human beings, are often the
slaves of circumstances, and their instinct is sometimes at
fault,’ and it is with this experience, and the feeling that
properly to study the natural history of the honey bees
they should be kept and examined in hives, as much ap-

12

proaching their natural habits as possible, and in whick
they ean be gently examined without alarm, that I origi-
nally constructed and patented in France my “ bar-frame
” which you see before you, and which hives I sent
a few years afterwards to Dr. Bevan for his use, and the
acknowledgment of the safe arrival of which I have here in
a letter, dated in 1843. If Iam not taking up too much
of the time of this meeting before going into the question of
the Ligurian bees, I will tell you the titles of a few books
that it may be as well to consult on bee matters.
Ruber should be your first study, and your endeayour to
refute all his experiments. ‘There was an edition trans-
lated by Sir J. G. Dalyell, of Edinburgh, 1841. In
1832 there was an attempt to introduce the ‘ventilation
system’ with collateral hives, &c., dedicated highly and
sold also highly, but I need hardly add the question of ven-
tilation not being understood by the writer, Mr. Nutt, it
turned out a book-making imposition. Dr, E. Bevan, in
1838, made the best and simplest compilation of bee history,
assisted by the experiments of Mr. R. Golden, and often
confirmed by Dr. Dunbar. In 1842 the Rev. W. C. Catton
gave the bee world a work called “ My bee book,” beauti-
fully illustrated, and written, as the able ‘‘ Reviewer” in
the Quarterly said (in after years) in the purest Saxon, and
the humblest spirit. We all know the history of the se-
eretary of the Bishop of New Zealand (Selwyn), and his
zeal in transporting bees to the Colonies, as well as his
wonders in the bee world whilst at Christ Church, Oxford.
Mr. John Milton, to whom I am indebted for the first copy
I ever saw of Wildmann’s book on bees, made a small com-
piled list of bee books when publishing his own bee history,
and showed a list extending from 1529, besides the ancient
authors, until 300 stood on the shelves for inspection ;
and it is perfectly wonderful to see the number of im-
postors and copyists who have followed every device to
foist upon the public their various hives and bee books ;
and even Sir W. Jardine’s excellent volume on the

hives,

eS

13

* Entomology of Bees,” in 1852, has not checked this piracy
and pillage by the great impostors of the day, either in
America or England; but I have not time beyond remark-
ing that when that accomplished and amusing naturalist,
Dr. Buckland commenced his lectures on the acclimatization
of all useful birds, beasts, and fishes, I heard him introduce
the subject of the Ligurian bee. Professor Owen was in
the chair, and M. Tugmuor was brought forward to
speak on the subject, but it has escaped my memory
when this took place, and I fancy I introduced my hive to
the notice of the Apiarian Society, which had a very short
lived existence under M. Tugmour’s supervision, when I
used to attend asa member of the Entomological Society
of London ; thus much I can vouch for, that in July,
1859, Mr. G. Neighbour, of Regent-street, was the
original introducer of the Ligurian or Alp bee, through a
German named Herman, and he first sent me three queens,
and they were introduced to Mr. Woodbury also through
him, in the sheets of the “ Cottage Gardener,” in 1859,
and Mr. Woodbury now supplies, I believe, the Ligurian
bees and bee-hives at £5 and £6 each stock ; whilst the
original introducer, Mr. Neighbour has to deplore the
great loss of some sixty stocks of bees. Mr. Pettitt, how-
ever, not dealing in such costly bee-hives, has been able
to secure Ligurian queens, and they may be seen here in
Dover.

I must also point to the Rev. J. Scott, of Shepherdswell,
who is sitting at my side, as one who was able to import
himself a Ligurian Queen bee from Italy. He will, how-
ever, explain to you what has been the history and fate of
these Ligurian Stocks, as I have been absent these last few
years abroad, visiting the country itself, and the people
where these bees come from, and if history be correct, and
these bees partake of the character of the inhabitants, as
reported by the older historians, “that the Ligurians were
arace of robbers,” and were a great annoyance, as they
formed bands of short armed soldiers, and harassed the

14

Roman troops, and at one time gave them only a
road way along the Mediterranean sea to pass from
Italy to Gaul; I trust these bees then will belie their
name and not filch the honey from our poor honest
brown bee and their hives, although I cannot see how the
Ligurians can collect more from a given quantity of flowers
and a shorter summer’s work. You will find a collection of
these Ligurian bees and queens in the room, and also a
novel interesting collection of bees sent to me to exhibit
from Mr. F. Smith, of the British Museum. The honey
bee of Canaan and the Egyptian bee, with stingless bees of
Brazil, are in the case, and with the humble-bee of our
country, you will see the splendid large wood boring bees of
the East, and parts of Kurope (I have seen the violet
coloured bee in Geneva), and with a collection also of the
ichneumon. I must turn now to describe the mode of form-
ing Queen bees from the Ligurian Stocks.

Dr. Bevan begins his chapter on bee boxes thus :—
‘¢ There has been some difference of opinion as to the most
suitable dimensions of bee boxes,” and upon this I cannot
do better than observe that all bee book makers and bee-
hive sellers have traded for the last thirty years on that
question, and one of the greatest failures we have had, and
that has deluded the poor bee keepers most has been Mr.
Nutt’s system of ventilation of collateral hives, I need hardly
add to those who know tke Natural History of the Bee, the
reason being simply from the habits of the bees, as they
can at any moment prevent any contrivances of man to
carry this out effectually, as they merely cluster at the edge
of the parallel combs, and no air can enter thus
by attempting this foolish plan to prevent swarming! the
bees are made to keep within the hives and issue only the
first fine warm day, when they dare leave the brood, &c.
I will just read an extract from a Professor ‘“‘ Hammett,”
who has made a report on the hives exhibited at Paris the
last year, he is a professor of some bee knowledge, when I
inform you that Mr. Pettitt, of Dover, who gained a medal

16

at Paris for his collection of hives, and upon whose hives
this professor turns his wit, he says (referring to my bar-
framed hive), this is said to approach nearest to the natural
habitat of the honey bee. Why many of you have seen
wild bees, they form no nest, they swarm into narrow trees,
or clefts of rocks, and this box cannot be much like a
natural habitat, but a lady’s work box, at least that is the
kind of criticism these professors use, and I think their
ignorance is so self evident that I need only show you that
this ‘‘ bar-framed hive,’ being a box within a box, has a
space all round it, which keeps up the interior atmosphere
to an equable condition, and also, is always dry and clean
from the dead bees being shot off the inclined alighting
board. I will not, like the American writer, give you the
69 reasons or requirements for a perfect ‘‘ bee-hive, or bee-
box,’”’ which M. Langstroth claims as his invention, which
exist in the bar-frame, as you can judge for yourselves by
looking at the one before you. I had the vanity, when a
young man, to take out the patent only in France, and
after that period, 1843, it became known more generally in
Germany and America, although I had used the hive, with
the assistance of some other friends, some years before that
time, and I am glad to find that after all the invention is
thus traced to an Englishman ; and the bar-frame hive was
first constructed, and the term given, by myself, although I
regret to find some of the writers in the bee hive articles
have attempted to appropriate to themselves the first intro-
duction, through their American cousins and cousin
Germans ; indeed I have some of the correspondence by me,
which proves that in the American courts that an attempt
to patent my bar-frame hive was frustrated by the proofs
the court had, that I had invented and used that kind of
hive before, but the amusing part of this book of the
American divine stops not at hives and bars, but actually
takes poor Hood’s puns and ludicrous wood cut, and intro-
duces the unfortunate beering as well (a man buffetting of
course with an angry swarm of bees.) I believe I have

16

traced, however, the identity of my “‘ bar-frame hive” only
in a very early “ frame maker,’’ viz., Samson, who, doubt-
less, must have taken the honey from the carcase (dried in
the eastern climate, and perhaps showing its ribs), which
would at once suggest the bars of a hive, although it would
be difficult to prove that Samson took ribs and all with the
comb to give to his father and mother, and afterwards gave
the Philistines that puzzling riddle, ‘‘ Out of the eater came
forth meat,” and in the same manner it seems necessary
that the “ bar-frame hive ” should be explained to some of
those learned editors of bee books and bee articles in publi-
cations ; or they may give the credit to the Americans and
Germans. I therefore challenge these gentlemen to pro-
duce any book or pamphlet in which a “bar and frame”’
has been mentioned as having been used before the publica-
tion of my pamphlet and the introduction of my patent in
Paris. Mr. John Milton (not the poet), Marylebone-street,
first noticed this bar-frame hive in 1843. The advantages of
the “patent bar and frame hive”’ consist in affording per-
fect protection from wet in the open air, retaining an equal
temperature within the hive, both in summer and winter.
The bees can be fed without exposure to the cold from
above. It also provides cool store room for the honey, per-
fect inspection of the whole hive at any moment, an easy
method of taking the honey without destroying the bees,
&c., &e. I believe I gave Mr. Pettitt this invention at the
Royal Agricultural Association meeting, in 1851, or before,
and in 1860 the Agricultural magazine reporting on the
various hives exhibited by Mr. Pettitt, adds the ‘“‘ bar-frame
hive” is fitted up with a mathematical correctness, that
every comb is constructed in a bar-frame, by which each
can be viewed by the use of an observation frame, made with
glass sides, and every comb can be brought to view in per-
fect safety, each one, as it were, worked on a hinge, and
when lifted into the observation frame can be taken away
without asingle bee escaping; and the queen bee easily
Temoved into the drawing-room for observation, and again

17

returned to the hive. Any of the combs, when filled with
honey, can be taken away and an empty bar-frame ex-
changed at any time for the full one. The “ bar-hive’’ of
Taylor, and the “leaf-hive” of Huber, must give way to
Major Munn’s invention. Thus much for “ bar-frame
hive.” Ican only mention that the common bar hive or
Grecian hive, consisted merely of sticks at the top, to per-
mit the removal of the honey comb, but the sides of the
combs were always fastened to the sides of the hive, and
there was the necessity of keeping the sides free, by pas-
sing a blunt knife down each of the combs to move them.

Mr. Golding, of Hunten, and Dr. Dunbar had much
improved these hives and bars, and you will find a long

account of the distance these bars were to be put apart,
and how the bees were requested to build their combs to
the exact dimensions, until the apiarians began to quarrel
as to the distances of the centres of these bars being placed
either one inch and fiye-eights or one 1-inch and 1-fourth ;
but Mr, Golding being a practical bee-master, soon pointed
out the necessity of guide combs on each bar, and even
then the difficulty was not removed, as the disposition of
the bees is to construct brood combs of one uniform thick-
ness, while the stores for the honey being always at the
top, the combs were elongated to two or three inches.
Hence all the difficulty of adjusting the distances, except by
having, as I originally constructed my hexagonal frames,
on a bar, sliding laterally in the rim of the outer case or
box. You see before you one of the hives that gained the
medal at the last Paris Exhibition, and it is much to the
credit of Mr. Pettitt that he has striven hard to reduce
the cost of these hives, by much simpler work, and cer-
tainly the hives cannot be called costly, when £2 will buy
the best Dr. Cumming’s hexagonal hives, or the Rev
Scott’s improved Grecian hive, or the bar and frame-hive.
The most foolish attempt at an innovation on the bar-
frame hive is one called a ‘compound frame bar.” It isa
short bar dropping between one of my frames with the top

18

cut off, and having the two sides of the bar left to left
by the improvement made by the Rev. Scott, but I need
hardly point fout the folly of such a make, when the combs
come tumbling‘out, with this short bar, and breaking away
the comb from the sides. The original long bar and frame
which I used had a bevelled slip let in if required for re-
moval from any experimental hive; but I have never seen
the utility of this shifting top bar, and gave it up and re-
turned to the solid frame, which you now see, made with
zine hooping for economy and lightness, but which,
whilst it enables me to fix in the combs for experiments
with greater “ease, I fear loses the advantages of the
double wood frame for warmth for the bees, in the
winter, &c. For a description of many of these hives
I can only advise you to expend a shilling upon one of Mr.
Pettitt’s small books, which, with the wood cuts, will give
you a better idea of the hives than any description. Sup-
pose you had two hexagonal boxes made, the one to fit
within the other, and a space left between of half-an-inch
all round, and that the width between the sides of the
hexagon was about a foot inside measure of the inner box,
neither box to have a top or bottom, and the larger box
18 inches deep, whilst the smaller and inner one was
only 6 inches deep, and also, you took the outer or larger
hexagonal box, and cut it asunder, and fixed on four legs
like cross bars at the two open ends, which should, how-
ever, now have semi-hexagonal pieces nailed on to close
them, and at the bottom angle a passage was made to ad-
mit the bees: this opening should extend the whole length
of the box, 18 inches, as thus the bottom board forms an
angle for the dead bees to fall off; the upper half has
hinges and forms the lid of the bar-frame hive: this of
course made and arranged to work the observatory frame on,
&c.; the smaller hexagonal box, 6 in. deep, must be cut
in six pieces, this again cut in halves you have 12 semi-
hexagonal frames, these 12 are placed on 12 bars, which
bars are fourteen inches long, so that they can be rested

19

on the sides of the larger box, in the slits or not
as you see in these hives, so that an 18-inch box will
have within it arranged these 12 frames half an inch apart
(except the last one, which is only used as a solid division
frame, and has no half measure on the end), the top bars
have slips of zine to run into them ; when, therefore, these
twelve frames are put into these slits, and the frames crossed
with the zinc one and a quarter slips, you have a box with
semi-hexagonal sides, and an entrance at the bottom of the
box. I am obliged to use the term semi-hexagonal as it is
merely ahexagon cut inhalves, &c., and giving any otherdes-
cription orthe exact measurementwould occupy too much space;
into this bar frame hive then any swarm can be introduced,
either from above by removing the zinc slides and jerking the
bees in, or making them ascend by the bottom entrance.
If, therefore, the question of the raising of the queen bee
be really understood, it only remains for me to show how
these frames can be divided and subdivided to make the re-
quired number of stocks from a single stock of Ligurian.
I shall, however, only caution you by stating that there
are great hazards of raising really fertile queen bees in
this our uncertain climate, and were the slightest delay in
the queen bee becoming a perfect insect it would produce
nothing but disappointment in having nothing but drone
brood ; but in the three months, about 15 or 16 days being
permitted to intervene, six queens might be raised. Abroad,
in Italy, this is more certainly performed, and the practice
is usual ; but here we have to strengthen each swarm with
the brown bees of the country, and for which purpose you
would have to be prepared with six or seven distinct stocks,
from whence you could remove the brown queens and
introduce the Ligurians. These, again, can be strengthened
by worker bees, taken from the stocks which the cottagers
would destroy, and which you can secure by paying them a
shilling a stock, and giving them all the honey and wax.
To enter into the full details will occupy me longer than the
half-hour I am given. I must, therefore, leaye you to fol-

20

low these very short observations I have made, and at once
proceed to examine the beautiful microscopes now before you.

The speaker was followed by the Rey. Mr. Scorr, of
Shepherdswell, who, among other things, observed that the
Egyptian bee was the true bee of Palestine, and that the
Ligurian, a most troublesome customer, would be a most
welcome naturalized citizen if it were not for his irritable
propensities.

The company then proceeded eagerly to examine the con-
tents of the slides, and certainly the revelations were of the
most gratifying description. The magnifying power of some
of the microscopes was astonishing, and excited intense
satisfaction. Mites of huge dimensions, oyster-spat with
transparent tiny shells, parasitic dwellers on the sea-weed,
the antennz of beetles, the stings and poison-bags of wasps
and bees, foraminifers and entozoa, zoophytes and wings of
butterflies, ova and ovaries, ‘the womb of nature and its
graye,” each spoke after its own peculiar fashion the won-
drous works of the Supreme. Among so many exhibitors it
would be invidious to single out any, but each merits his
due share of praise for ministering to two or three hours’
innocent and elevating recreation.

21

SECOND MEETING.

———__—— .

Eanteybury, Warch 10, 1868.

REPRINTED FROM THE ‘“‘ KENTISH GAZETTE.”’

a

On Tuesday evening, the Rey. Dr. Mitchinson delivered
the second part of his lecture on “ Siluria,” to the East
Kent Natural History Society, in the Museum Room, Can-
terbury. The President (Col. Horsley) occupied the chair,
and a numerous company of the members and friends were
present, including Colonel and Mrs. Cox and party, Colonel
Farren, Dr. and Mrs. Kersey, Dr. Welch, Mr. and Mrs,
Rigden, J. Pilbrow, Esq., F.S.A., and Miss Pilbrow, Dr.
Grayling, Mrs. Linford, Miss Smith, Mrs. Barnard, F.
Slater, Esq., W. P. Mummery, Esq., Byng Giraud, Esq.,
Mr. A. Bottle, &., &c.

The lecturer began by regretting that such along interval
should have occurred between the two portions of his address,
He had, however, in the meanw hile, had the opportunity of
visiting one of the most interesting spots geologically (as il-
lustrative of the former part of his lecture), in the British Isles
—the west coast of Sutherlandshire. There he hadseen the only

22

British representative of the oldest known stratified rocks,
the Laurentians of Canada. In Sutherland, they take the
form of a highly crystalline granitoid gneiss, forming a
range of low rolling hills and headlands along
the sea coast, and dipping manifestly under the very pic-
turesque detached mountains, which tower some miles
inland. These mountains, Coulmore, Canisp, Suilvein and
Cunaig, are mainly composed of a vast thickness of choco-
late coloured sandstone and conglomerate, entirely unfossi-
liferous so far as present observation goes, reposing
unconformably on the gneiss already described. The caps,
however, and eastern flanks of these mountains (for their
escarpment is to the west) consist of stratified quartzite,
also resting unconformably upon the russet sandstone
series. This quartzite, which is simply sandstone
altered by igneous action, again dips under a considerable
thickness of limestone, little if at all altered, and exhibiting
all the peculiar features of limestone districts generally,
viz., the surface split up into a kind of pavement, the
streams disappearing down “swallows” and flowing
through underground channels, and the propensity which
the mountain limestone always has to form bold escarp-
ments and caverns. This again is seen to dip beneath
another stratum of quartz rock, similar to the other. It is
the limestone which really gives the key to the position.
Unfossiliferous as it generally is, it has in one place, near
Duirness on the north coast, yielded to the researches of a
local geologist, Mr. Peach, a number of fossils, which
have without hesitation been referred to the Lower Silurian
period, and in particular, to a low stage in that period, the
lower part of the Llandeilo formation, which formed the main
subject of the former lecture. This being established, we re-
cognize in the underlying quartz rock, the Lingula Flags,
or ‘Zone Primordiale’’ of Barrande, and in the uncon-
formable chocolate sandstones and conglomerates beneath,
we haye the Cambrian system (the Longmynd or Bottom
rocks of Sir R. Murchison), and in the (still unconformable)

23

gneiss upon which these rest, we are forced to recognise
the most ancient of all sedimentary deposits, the venerable
Laurentians. From this digression, intended by the lec-
turer to recall ina more vivid form to the minds of his
audience the chief points treated of on the former oc-
casion, he passed on to the business more imme-
diately in hand, the members of the Silurian
System which overlie the Llandeilo flags and cara-
doc standstone. ‘There is now recognised an intermediate
formation between the Lower and Upper Silurians, being
alike unconformable to both, but being intermediate, as con-
taining certain fossils common to both. This is called the
Llandovery Series, consisting of an upper and a lower, so
called from the little town in Carmarthenshire, where it is
most developed. Of this the characteristic fossil is the
Pentamerus, a Brachiopod Mollusk, very similar in form to
the Terebratula of the chalk and oolite. The upper
Silurian system is divided into two well-defined groups
called respectively (in ascending order) the Wenlock and
the Ludlow formations. These are severally subdivided—
the Wenlock, into Denbigh grits and slates, Woolhope lime-
stone, Wenlock shale, and Wenlock limestone ; the Ludlowinto
lower Ludlow, Aymestry limestone, and upper Ludlow.
The lecturer then proceeded to exhibit and describe some of
the more characteristic fossils, in particular the Halysites
and Favosites, the Chain, and Honey-comb corals, of the
Wenlock limestone ; the Homalonotus, a Trilobite, charac-
teristic of the upper and middle Silurians, and the various
genera of Cephalopods—the Lituites, the Phragmoceras,
and the Orthoceras—structurally alike, differing only or
chiefly in their amount of curvature or straightness. After
entering with some minuteness into the conchological
structure of the Orthoceras, and its relation to the
economy of the animal, he proceeded to describe
the “ bone-bed,” a mass of the debris of fish—teeth, spines,
scales, bones, and incerta fragmenta, which forms the
uppermost zone of Siluria, and immediately underlies the

24

Old Red Sandstone. This led him to some concluding re-
marks on the succession of life, traceable, as far as we know
at present,—for on this he laid great stress, remarking that
any such generatizations are simply provisional, and may
be upset by a single adverse fact if brought to light in the
process of research—in the Silurian and earlier systems.
First a lowly organized foraminifer-a mere speck
of Sarcode, not flesh, in a _ calcarous sheath,
the Eozoon Canadense of the North American Laurentians ;
then the zoophyte of the lower Cambrians, the Oldhamia,
together with a few scanty traces of worm tracks; then in
the “zone primordiale,”’ a larger number of creatures, re-
presenting s parsely the three lower sub-kingdoms ; then in
the lower and upper Silurians, an abundant supply of re-
presentatives of these lower sub-kingdoms, Radiata, Mol-
lusca, and Articulata ; and, lastly, at the very close of the
Silurian epoch appear vestiges of the lowest member of the
Vertebrate sub-kingdom, fish.

At the close of this very interesting lecture, a vote of
thanks was accorded to Dr. Mitchinson by the President,
who took the opportunity of remarking that the lecturer’s
kindness in thus coming forward to exhibit the results of
his holiday excursions was an example worthy of being fol-
lowed by other members of the Society. He concluded by
expressing the hope (in which all present joined) that they
might before long have the pleasure of hearing from him a
further disconrse on the same subject.

Severai fossils and specimens were displayed by Dr.
Mitchinson, which were minutely examined by the com-
pany ; also microscopes by the President and Mr. 8. Harvey.

25

et ED IME Eri Nie

VBaver, April 14, 1868.

On Tuesday afternoon a meeting in connection with
this society was held at the Assembly Room, Marine
Library, Dover, when a paper on ‘ Conchology was read
by Ambrose Poynter, Esq.

Colonel Honrsuey occupied the chair and briefly intro-
duced Mr. Poynter, but before that gentleman began,

J. F. Crooxes, Esq., as one of the vice-presidents, ex-
pressed a desire on the part of the Society that everybody
present should consider themselves pro tem as members of
the Society, and ask for any information they required,
which he had no doubt would be willingly accorded by Mr.
Poynter or any member of the Society. He wished to ask
Colonel Cox, who, he believed, was President of the So-
ciety at the time when Mr. Buckland gave his lecture, to
inform them of the present position of the Stour Fishery
Association. They wished to make their Society practical
as well as theoretical, but in the report of the above Asso-
ciation presented by Mr. Buckland, the East Kent Natural

26

History Society was not mentioned. He should like to ask
Colonel Cox what had been done in the matter ?

Colonel Cox said the object they had always in view was
to carry out in the best possible manner the preservation of
everything that related to Natural History in this county.
He then referred to the River Stour, and the very large area
of water that had been made available for the production of
fish for the table, &c., and added that they had invited Mr.
Buckland down to Canterbury to give them a lecture upon
the possibility of stocking the river with salmon, when it
was thought that the Stour might be made a profitable
stream, and from that lecture emanated the Stour Fishery
Association. The Society distinctly originated the idea of
stocking the river with salmon, Mr. Buckland being a paid
lecturer ; and it ought to go forth to the public that such
was the case, so that their Society might have itsdue. As
regards the Stour Fishery Association, their Society had
nothing to do with carrying out its details—all they looked
for as naturalists, was to the river cultivated. Aftera few
remarks as to the success which had attended the Stour
Fishery Association, he concluded by saying that he agreed
with Mr. Crookes that as the Society was instrumental in
instituting that Association, having paid Mr. Buckland to
lecture at Canterbury for that definite purpose, that fact
should be made generally known.

The CuarrmAn was also of opinion that they ought to
give public notice of it, that the Society might have the
credit it deserved.

Mr. Poynter then read a very interesting paper on
‘ Conchology.’’

Conchology is a wide subject for a lecture in a smali way.
Unless it is to be understood in a sense so confined as to
strip it of all interest, it must branch into collateral ques~
tions, which cannot be entirely overlooked, even in the most
fragmentary discourse.

Nothing could be less interesting than a description of
empty shells, without some allusion to the animals of which

oF
21

they formed a part, and whose form, structure, and habits,
have tended to impress upon them the variety which they
present, or to those fossil remains which unite the living
world with the earliest records of creation, among which,
from the endurance of their materials and the stability of
their forms, shells are the most abundant and the most
perfect, and as the fossil shells are, in a very large propor-
tion, extinct species of living genera, they form one con-
tinuous series, and are now so treated by naturalists. The
animals to which these shells belong are the molluscs,
which constitute one of the four sub-kingdoms of the ani-
mal kingdom of natural history, placed by Professor Owen
the third in the scale according to their organization. They
are called the molluscs, or soft-bodied animals, because they
are altogether soft and pulpy, without any hard or bony
structure whatsoever, in contradistinction, (1st) to the Ver-
tebrata, or vertebrated animals ; —those namely which are
constructed with an internal vertebrated or jointed skeleton,
such as men, geese, rattlesnakes and whitings, for although
there is some dissimilarity in these four classes, which these
animals typify, they all agree in the essential structure of a
vertebrated backbone, which brings them all into one cate-
gory. (2nd.) To the Articulata, or articulated animals, con-
structed with a sort of external skeleton, articulated or
jointed, such as the Crustaceans, (Crabs and Lobsters for
example,) which need only be named to explain at once
what is meant by an articulated animal; Spiders, which
form a class by themselves; Insects, Worms and Barnacles
—in all of which this structure is to be traced, although
sometimes obscurely. These constitute the 1st and 2nd sub-
kingdoms ; the 4th is that of the Radiata or, radiated ani-
mals, so called, because their parts and organs radiate from
acentre, of which the star-fishes are the type. The radiata
include the Zoophytes, Polyps, and others of the lowest
animal organizations, and the Infusoria,—microscopic Ani-
malculz, which swarm in the sea, and which are more par-
ticularly mentioned, because they contribute much to the

28

food of the molluscs, especially those which are fixed to
the rocks like the oysters, which depend for their sustenance
upon what the sea conveys into their shells. In common with
all the rest of the animal kingdom, the sub-kingdom of
the molluscs, is divided into classes, orders, sections, families,
genera and species, and it is hardly necessary to remind you
that by assigning to every member of the animal kingdom,
from the largest to the most minute, and from the
highest to the lowest organization, its place in each
of these divisions, the naturalist is able to describe every
one by the peculiarities which characterize it, and which
distinguish it from every other one. Although the molluscs
have no hard or bony structure, a very large proportion of
them have their soft bodies pyotected by external shells,
Those which are thus enclosed, are called testaceous or
shelly molluscs, those without external shells are called
naked molluses. The snail willbe the most familiar type of
the one, and the slug of the other. A snail may be
called a slug’ in a shell, and a slug a
snail without ashell. The sub-kingdom of the molluses
is divided into six classes, two of which are altogether
testaceous, three partly testaceous and partly not, and one
without any shell whatever. ‘he first is that of the
Cephalopoda, or, as we may term it, the head-footed, so-
called because their organs of motion are situated round
their heads. This class consists of both naked and testa-
ceous molluscs, the cuttle fish being the type of the one
group, and the nautilus that of the other. Of the cuttle
fishes, applying that term generally to the whole group,
there are four living families, consisting of numerous
genera, and amounting in the whole to about 200 species,
distributed in all parts of the world. Of tke testaceous
Cephalopoda there are only two living genera, the nautilus
and the argonaut, or paper nautilus, or, to speak more
correctly, only the nautilus, the argonaut being excep-
tional ; the species of both together do not amount to a
dozen, but the testaceous cephalopoda are the beings of an

29

ancient world. Among the extinct fossil Cephalopoda we
shall find one family only allied to the cuttle fishes, namely;
the belemnitide, consisting of about 100 species; but of
the testaceous cephalopoda, the shells or casts of about
1200 species are found in the primary and secondary sedi-
mentary rocks. This argument if taken alone, may not be
conclusive, since the extinct species are distributed in suc-
cession throughout these immense geological periods; but
it must be coupled with the fact that not only the species
of these testaceans are extinct, but also the genera and the
families. Some 900 species belong to the extinct family of
the ammonitide, and between 500 and 600 to the one genus
ammonites, a fossil form, familiar to every one, and the
whole of this great group, with the single exception of the
nautilus, has been extinct ever since the formation of the
chalk; at the most half-a-dozen species of the nautilus
are in the land of the living, to illustrate the tale of their
ancient relatives. The Cephalopoda constitute the most
important and interesting chapter in the history of the
molluses, but itis not to the present purpose to enlarge
upon it.

The second class is that of the Gasteropoda, or stomach-
footed, so called because they crawl upon a broad foot placed
under their bodies ; whoever has seen a snail in motion will
at once comprehend this structure. As I shall speak of the
Gasteropoda more in detail, we will pass on to the third
class, called the Pteropoda or wing-footed—in plain English
they are furnished with fins. ‘his is a group of small ani-
mals, and they differ from all the other molluscs, inasmuch
as they inhabit the wide ocean, where they swim by means
of their fins in shoals miles in extent ; one species, the Clio
Borealis, inhabits the Arctic Ocean in such masses as to
form a staple article of food to the whale. The Pteropoda
are partly testaceous and partly not, and some of those
which have shells are only partially covered by them, leay-
ing the fins free to act.

Here are a few of the Pteropoda, shown on a scale large

30

enough to be visible. How large you will judge, since the
shell, which I hold between my finger and thumb, the
Hyalea Tridentata is the original of the first of these
five diagrams ; these shells are not often seen in collections.

The fourth class is that of the Brachiopoda, or arm-footed,
so called from a pair of fringed arms by which they are sup-
posed to agitate the water and draw within their shells the
Infusoria and the particles which serve them for food. The
three former classes which have been described are univalves,
that is to say the shells are in one piece, the shell of the
snail for example ; but Brachiopoda are bi-valves, that is to
say they consist of two shells opening with a hinge. The
Brachiopoda, like the testaceous Cephalopoda, may be con-
sidered rather as the inhabitants of a former than of the
present world, for while there are 70 living species belong-
ing to this class, 1,000 are found fossil ; this, as it has been
already remarked, would not of itself be conclusive were it
not also that the extinct genera are twice as many as the
recent, and that some whole families have been extinct ever
since the Primary Geological Period. The Brachiopoda are
small, ranging from the size of a pea to that of a common
cockle, which some of them very much resemble ; but there
is one feature by which the Brachiopoda of this form may
be distinguished: The Brachiopoda live attached to the
rocks by a fleshy pedicle, and there is a hole in the lower
shell through which this attachment passes ; this gives to
some of the shells very much the form of an antique lamp
with the hole for the wick, and hence the Brachiopoda have
been called lamp shells by the older naturalists. The forms
of these shells will be best understood by these diagrams,
on an enlarged scale, and here is a specimen of a living
species of another form, the Lingula, with the pedicle at-
tached to it. j

The fifth class is that of the Conchifera; this includes,
with the exception of the Brachiopoda, the whole immense
group of bi-valve molluscs, some of which are well known
otherwise than as mere objects of natural history, such as

31

cockles, mussels, scallops, and, above all, our excellent friend
the oyster.

The sixth and last class is that of the Tunicata, a sort of
sea slugs, to which, as they have no shells, we have nothing
tosay. The shells of the testaceous molluscs are for the
most part of such capacity that the animals can be entirely
contained within them, and of such solidity that they are
rather their habitations than their clothing. The bodies
of the Gasteropoda are exceedingly retractile, so that al-
though they are attached to the shell by their hinder parts,
the bulk of the body can be protruded beyond the aper-
ture, and withdrawn to some depth within it, when the
animal re-enters. In some species there is a horny or
shelly plate called the Operculum, attached to that part of
the animal which is last drawn in, fitting the mouth of the
shell, and closing it up, whereby the seclusion and protec-
tion of the mollusc becomes complete. Every one who has
eaten a periwinkle, or seen one eaten, knows the circular
scale which must be picked off, before the animal can be
drawn out, after the most approved method by means of a
pin, and this is the Operculum. In some large species of
the genus Turbo, the Operculum isa solid calcareous stopper.
As the molluscs grow and increase in bulk, so does the
shell advance in capacity, differing in this respect
from the crustaceans, the lobster for instance,
which casts its shell during .its growth, and is
again clothed with a new one, but the shell of
the mollusc does not grow in the same sense as that in
which the animal grows; the animal constructs it, though
not in the same sense in which the bee constructs its comb,
since the action on the part of the mollusc is functional and
involuntary. The body of the moiluse is covered by an in-
tegument called the pallium or mantle, and by this organ
the material is secreted, which forms the shell. When a
snail.is taking his walks abroad, you will observe that the
shell rests altogether on the back of the animal, so that
every part of the aperture is in contact with the mantle,

32

and as long as the mollusc is advancing toward its full
growth, the mantle continues to deposit fresh materials
round the aperture, so that the shell grows with it, and
hence the striated structure, which, in some shells, is very
strongly marked, though obliterated in others. The mantle
deposits not only the substantial materials of the shell, but
also the epidermis, or outer coating, together with the
colours, patterns, and polished enamel with which many of
them are ornamented, and the internal lining which is
sometimes iridescent, as in the Haliotis, sometimes pearly
and lustrous, also the pearls which are accidents formed
within the shells of the pearl oysters and mussels. These
functions of the mantle are exercised more energetically on
one side than on the other, and hence the complicated forms
of the shells. It is obvious that if the minute shelly cup
pointed or rounded, which covers the mollusc in the first
stage of its existence, were added to equally and uniformly
round its edge, the growth of the shell would be straight-
forward, and the result would be a simple cone more acute
or obause according as the spread of the molluse were more
or less rapid. This is precisely what happens in the case
of the Orthoceras, one of the extinct Cephalopoda, which is
avery long cone, and of the common Limpet, which is a
very short one. Now, if we suppose the additions of the
shelly material to be made on one side of the aperture more
rapidly than on the other, that side of the cone will grow
longer than the other, if at the same time the aperture is
kept square with the axis of the cone, the result will be a
curved form like the Toxoceras, another of the extinct
Cephalopoda, and such is the Dentalium, a Gasteropod. If
the addition of the material to one side of the aperture is so
rapid that one side of the shell overtakes the other, the shell
will be coiled as in the case of the Ammonite, which is a
cone precisely analogous to the Orthoceras and Toxoceras
rolled up. The structure of the Nautilus is the same, but
less conspicuously so than in the Ammonite, and this is the
character of all the testaceous Cephalopoda. Here you will

33

see that the progress of the shell has always been forward
in the direction of the axis with which the aperture is
symmetrical. For the Gasterpoda the case is different, with
some exceptions, such as we have seen in the Limpet and
Dentalium—the deposition of material by the mantle, that
is transverse in a sidelong direction to the axis of the shell,
and the result is a spiral form, the mouth of the shell
opening sideways, and, as a general rule, on the right side,
as it is regarded in front. This is the general character of
the Gasteropoda, in most of which the spiral form is ob-
yious, in some less obvious and in some very obscure.
Here is the terebra for example, forming a regular
spire, the whorls increasing in size with the growth
of the mollusc from the point to the base, where the aperture
is situated. The whorls turn round a column formed in the
centre, so that the section of a shell of this structure is ex-
actly like a turret stair with a solid newel, and the animal
which formed and inhabited it would be shaped like a cork-
screw. Here is a diagram, shewing a section of such a
shell to a large scale. Here we may follow clearly the
formation of the shell, if we suppose it to be still further
developed by rapid additions to the outer, and slow additions
to the inner lip. It is obvious that the termination of the
column forming the inner lip will be advanced, and that
the outer lip will be carried round it, and another whorl
will be formed in this shell, the form of which is the
type of a great many genera, all of small size, the Terebra
being the largest. The growth of ‘the molluses has been
gradual, and every whorl which has accompanied it bears
the same proportion to the whorl above it, but this is not
always the case. In the Triton for example, the same
form is seen to a certain extent from the apex of the shell,
after which the body of the mollusc takes a sudden develop-
ment, accompanied by the last whorl, called thence the
body whorl, which is out of all proportion to the whorls
above it. In some of the Volutes again, asin the Voluta
Neptuni, the spire, although distinctly developed, forms

34

a very insignificant portion of the shell, which is all body
whorl, and this is the case with a great number of shells
which assume a globose form, in which, however, the
initial spire is small and very little raised, as in -
the species of Paludina (for instance), and the
most common snails. In such shells as Nerita
of which an elarged diagram is here given, the spiral
form becomes more obscure. But this is not so obvious,
because the axis of the shell is in the direction of the
shorter, and the mouth in the larger measurement, contrary
to the other shells we have been looking at. In the Cyprea
the spiral form becomes exceedingly obscure ; no one would
take a Cypreea for a spiral shell, but it is so nevertheless.
Here is a young Cypreea showing the spiral apex, a wide
aperture, and sharp lip, which is afterwards thickened as it
approaches the inner lip, while the spire is buried so as to
become scarcely discernible in the mass of the shell.
I will now call your attention to these seams on the
back of the Triton. The deposition of the shell by the
mantle is not continuous ; if would appear that after a cer-
tain time the power of the animal becomes exhausted, an
interval of rest follows, after which another portion of shell
is secreted, and then another rest, and so on. These seams
mark the intervals of rest, and the spaces between them are
the portions of the shell formed at each period of activity.
Some molluscs, whenever an interval of activity is com-
pleted, form a mouth to the shell exactly like the final aper-
ture ; and in many cases, where the mouth of the shell
is thickened and reflected, the seams are marked accord-
ingly, each having been in its turn the mouth of the
shell. In the Murex imperalis, for instance, the mouth is
thickened, denticulated, and knobby, and this same forma-
tion, the knobs included, is repeated in every seam on the
back of the shell. But the case of the successive forma-
tions of the complete mouth is most remarkably shown in
the Murex Inflatus : the luxuriant and beautiful foliations
of the aperature have been repeated at the termination of

35

every period of activity, and remain like a grove of spines
on the back of the shell. In the Terebra and other shells
where the lip is thin there is nothing to mark the succes-
sive periods of growth, and in others, though the lip may
be thickened and marginated, it does not appear to be thus
developed until the shell is complete ; in some species of
Cassis, for example, though the lip is greatly thickened,
the back is smooth. In the Pteroceras there is no appear-
ance of the remarkable horns which garnish the aperture
until the sheli has attained its full growth. In many cases
after the amimal and the shell have attained th eir full de-
velopment the action of the mantle still continues to add
fresh materials, and old shells are often extensively solid
and massive.

Nothing has yet been said of the division of the classes
into orders and sections, nor will it be necessary to say
more than as the forms of the shells may be affected.
Naturalists group the molluses in accordance with the struc-
ture of the animals, making very little account of the shells.
Hence it arises that even in one and the same genus the shells
often exhibit the greatest dissimilarity in form and magni-
tude, as may be observed by inspecting the two groups on
the table of the Murex, the typical genus of the family of
the Muricide, and the Volute, the typical genus of the
Volutidss. Nevertheless there are family likenessess, as will
be noted presently. (n the other hand, there are shells
closely resembling one another, though the animals are en-
tirely distinct. The Siphonaria, for example, which is a
land shell, is so like a Limpet, that it requires a close inspec-
tion of the interior markings to distinguish them. The
animal structure is referable principally to the breath-
ing organs: these divide the molluscs into two great
groups—the Branchiata, those which breathe water
by means of branchie or gills, like fishes, and the
Pulmonifera, those which breathe air by means of lungs,
like Christians, and the rest of the land animals. Some
varieties in the structure and position of the gills divide the

36

water breathing molluscs into several orders and sections,
which it will be foreign to the present purpose even to
enumerate ; but the first order, including all the marine mol-
luses, is divided into two sections, animals which draw the
water to their gills through a syphon or tube, called the
Siphonostomata, or syphon-mouthed, and those which have
no such syphon, called Holostomata, or entire mouthed.
In those which have no syphons, the outer lip of the mouth
is rounded and passes uninterruptediy from the body of the
shell to the inner lip, where, as in the syphonated molluses,
the front of the mouth is interrupted by a notch, through
which the syphon passes, as in the Volute. This notch fre-
quently opens into a tube more or less prolonged, called the
canal, as may be seen in the Triton, the greatest develop-
ment of the canal being in the Muricide generally, and
most of all in the Murex Hanstellum. In the Strombus, the
typical genus of the Strombide, there is both a canal and a
notch, through which the head of the animal passes. In
those species of Strombus which have a smooth lip,
this notch} is very sharply cut. There are six families
of syphonated molluscs. The first is that of the
Strombidw, which are generally characterized by a great
development of the outer lip, but in no recent shell
is it so great as in the extinct species of the
Genus Rostellaria. The 2nd family is that of the Muricide,
which, as I have already said, are marked by the great
development of the canal and also the exuberance of spines
and foliations. The 3rd family are the Buccinidew, of
which the Buccinum is the typical genus. The species
Buccinum undatum is our common Whelk. The beautiful
Harp Shells and Olives belong to this family. The 4th are
the Conidz, the typical genus of whlch the Cone is with
few exceptions constant to the form, from which it takes
its name. The 5th are the Volutes, which, through all the
varieties of their form, may be known by the strong spiral
fluting on the front of the inner lip. The 6th are the
Cypreade, the typical genus, the Cyprea or Cowrie is per-

37

haps the most constant of all genera to the typical form.
It is to be remarked that all these syphonated shells are
carniverous. The Strombus and other large molluses are,
in the Tropics, the scavengers of the sea shore. Those
with entire mouths, on the contrary, are generally vegetable
feeders. Thus whenever you meet with a shell with a
canal or a notched mouth, you may be sure it is a Marine
Shell and belongs to a carnivorous family. There are 15
families of Marine Holostomata or entire mouthed
Univalves, but as this discourse is of shells in general and
none in particular, it would simply be tedious to enumerate
them. Except some species of Turbo, and certain Tropical
Limpets, which spread out to the size of a cheese-
plate, none of them are large shells. All the
land molluscs are of the order Pulmonifera, or air breathers,
and their shells entire-mouthed: there are four families of
land shells, the most important and extensive of which
are the Helicide, the typical genus being the Helix or snail,
comprising about 1,200 species, world-wide in their distri-
bution. According to the best authority, Turton’s British
shells, edited by Dr. Gray, there are 72 species of this
family in Great Britain, 28 of which belong to the Genug
Helix, or)snail proper. Many of the shells belonging to
the Genus Pupa, Clausilia, Cylindrella, and Balea, a
group of small pointed shells, less known than the snails,
from being generally smaller, more retired in their habits,
and more local jin their distribution. Nor are the several
species of shells to be found. everywhere, their local
distribution being influenced by soil and vegetation, and
some are scarce. The Helix Aspersa, the common
brown snail, is universal. The Helix Hortensis is also very
generally spread. There are several varieties of this species,
among which is the beautiful black and yellow banded
snail, as powerful in its colouring, if not so lively, as many
tropical shells. The largest British species is the Helix
Pomatia, or Roman snail, so called because it is said to have
been introduced by the Romans as an article of food, it is,

38

in fact, the edible snail seen in the markets of Italy and the
South of France, it is found on the chalk soil about Dork-
ing, and Leatherhead, but I do not know that it is to be
met with in this part of the country. The smallest British
species is the helix pygma, not larger than a grain of
mustard seed. Another minute species is the Helix Pispida,
a hairy snail, is to be met with about the Shakespear
Cliff. The Helix Pomatia is far exceeded in magnitude by
the snails of the tropics, though none of them are of large
size, but two other genera of this family, the Bulimus and
Achatina, become large shells, especially some African
species of Achatina. Here is one from Zanzibar, which
from its size and solidity would not readily be taken for a
snail, but such it is and there are larger specimens in the
British Museum. The snails have no Operculum, but they
make a temporary enclosure for themselves during the
winter, when they are torpid. The common brown snail
fills the aperture of its shell with a glutinous substance,
The Helix Pomatia forms a calcareous plate. Another
family of land shells, the Cyclostomide, are operculated.
There is one species of Cyclostoma the typical genus of this
family in Great Britain, it inhabits chalky soils, and I
mention it here because it is to be found on the Hast Cliff.
Tam afraid [ have already broken bounds beyond the time
usually allotted to these little discourses, and must say but
very few words about the Conchifera. The shell of the
Conchifera is formed in the same manner as that of the
Gasteropoda, that is to say by secretion from the mantle of
the animal, but the action is more simple, be-
ing in a direction forward from the original
shell of the infant molluse, which finally becomes the
apex of the adult shell, and called the Umbo, nevertheless,
as in the Gasteropoda, the action of the mantle is more en-
ergetic in one part than in another ; hence, as a general
rule, the Umbo, is not in the middle of the shell of which
a greater part is behind the Umbo, than in front of it, as
may be conspicuously seen in the Tapes. Moreover,

39

though the general form of the shells is more

simple, the depositions of the mantle are as lux-

uriant in spires, rays, ribs, and frills, as in
the Gasteropoda, as may be seen in the Spondylus,
the Pectens, clams, and many others, and perhaps above all.
the Hammer Oyster. The two shells of the bi-valves are
commonly called upper and lower, but this definition only
holds good with such shells as are fixed like the oysters.
The shells of those which are free are called by naturalists
right and left. When the bi-valves are at rest they lie on
the left valve, and in one species—the Pecten Pleuronectes
—the left valve is without colour, like the under side of the
flat fishes. To know which is the right, and which is the
left valve of a shell, place it on its lower edge, with the
Umbo forward, and you have the two shells in their proper
position. When the molluscs betake themselves to loco-
motion, they rise on their edges, and move forward on
a foot, or what serves as a foot. The common Cockle can

do more than this, for by means of a fold in its foot, it can
leap with some agility ; and the Pectens, swim after a
fashion by clapping their shells together. The hinge of the
bivalve shells is not a hinge in the mechanical sense, it is
only a strong ligament, which opens the shell by its elas-

ticity, and the muscular action of the animal is exerted, not
to open the shell, but to close it ; and hence, when the ani-
mal is dead, the shell always gapes open. The shells are

steadied in their places by denticulations adjoining the
hinge, but there is no articulation. The ligament is some-
times external and sometimes internal : when external it is
situated behind the Umbo. The Tridacna is a genus of the
family of Chamidw or Clams, and the species called Tridacna
Gigas is the largest of all the molluscs, far exceeding in
size and solidity the largest of the bi-valyes. These
magnificent shells are sometimes used in the churches
abroad as holy water basins. There is a pair in the church

of St. Sulpice in Paris, and another in the church of St.

Eustache,

40

Ladies and gentlemen,—Imperfect as this notice has
been, I wish it may answer in any degree the only pur-
pose such notices can answer, which is not so much to af-
ford information as to be an index to those who would seek
it. For further information I would recommend an in-
spection of the collection of shells in our museum. It is
neither extensive nor valuable, but it has the advantage of
being arranged. I wish I could refer you to our sea-shores
for examples, but this locality is not rich in shells,

OMre Tt £2; IM Bear cr

—

ixcursian ta Shattendane Woods,
Thursday, May 28, 7868.

OnThursday, the East Kent Natural History Society made
their first excursion for the year under their president, Col,
Horsley, to Shottendane-woods. The day was everything
that could be desired. Between fifty and sixty members
assembled under the shade of the beeches in the middle walk
—Colonel Horsley and party, Colonel Cox and party, Mr.
Peckham and party, Capt. Kemp and party, Dr. Grayling
and party, Major Munn and party, Mr. J. Neame and
party, Mr. Bottle and party, and Mr. Mummery and party.
However lovely the woods may be for a pic-nic or a sum-
mer’s ramble they are not rich in either insects or plants.
The geological structure is, however, very interesting,
showing a very remarkable section of the tertiary deposit.
This, the Society have before examined and reported upon,
but few insects or plants were collected ; nothing new.
After a most delightful walk and rustic entertainment the
Society returned towards home.

Some little disappointment was created by the exact site
of the Beeches not being understood from the circular,
members from Dover coming by the 12 train had no one to
guide them from Selling Station, they arrived at these
beeches and remained there a considerable time—the place
of rendezvous was in the middle walk,

TS ES: DA EE ay ore

Banterbury, Sune 9, 1868,

A meeting of this Society, was held on Tuesday, in the
lecture-room of the Museum, Guildhall-street, Colonel
Horsley in the chair. A very interesting lecture was de-
livered on the ‘‘ Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Vertebrates,”’
by George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., late Professor of Anatomy
to the College of Surgeons and Surgeon in the Blues.
The lecture was profusely illustrated by a magnificent set
of coloured Diagrams, representing the corpuscles magnified
8000 diameters, and all drawn to one and the same scale, from
the most remarkable examples of those corpuscles through-
out the vertebrate sub-kingdom.

The PresmpentT haying introduced the lecturer in a few
appropriate remarks,

Mr. Guturver rose and said,—No wonder that we
should think of the blood in this county, where the illus-
trious discoverer of the circulation of that fluid was born ;
and in this city, where he received his scholastic education.
His discovery was published in 1619, and he died in 1657.

But we are now to treat of a yery important part of the
blood which was unknown to Harvey. Marcellus Mal-
pighi, an eminent Italian anatomist, whose name is
steryotyped, as it were, into the records of zootomy and
phytotomy, discovered the red corpuscles of the blood in
1673, sixteen years after Harvey’s death, and William
Molyneux first saw them circulating within their vessels in the

43

Water-newt in 1683, twenty-six years after the death of
Harvey. And thus the circulation of the blood was first
discovered by an Englishman who never saw that circula-
tion, and first seen by another of our countrymen upwards
of half a century after that discovery.

Independently of the leading fact of the circulation,
Harvey’s observations on the properties of the blood, and
on the development of the vertebrate embryo, were so im-
portant and in advance of the knowledge of his time, as to
be alone sufficient to vindicate the high character of British
physiology at that period. But, as with other great men,
his reputation rests almost entirely on his one greatest
work, which thus eclipses his very valuable, but com-
paratively, smaller labours; just as his illustrious con-
temporary, Milton, is known rather by his wonderful epic
than by those beautiful pieces which could only be called
“minor”? among his own works.

And now Harvey seems to be almost forgotten. We see
little of his name even in the most comprehensive systems
of animal physiology, either in this couutry or on the Con-
tinent. So apt are we to be ungrateful, forgetting the
Creator in the Creation. And yet, besides his great
discoveries, he was the first physiologist that gave a
systematic demonstration of the truth of the declaration of
the inspired writer of the Pentateuch—that “The Blood is
the Life.”” Nothing at the time could be more exact and
convincing, or even now more beautiful, than the series of
observations and experiments by which Harvey finally
established this great truth on a scientific basis. And now,
like all immutable truth, once plainly displayed and proved,
it is ours evermore.

The whole tenor of our observations on the corpuscles of
the blood is a very remarkable accumulation of evidence in
support of Harvey’s doctrine. These corpuscles are truly
living organisms, and have functions to perform of the very
first importance in the vegetative or organic life of the
animal ; one and the same function in the same and each

44

class, as we might infer when we perceive how alike they are
in form and structure in that class, as you see displayed in the
diagrams before you. But, when we show the identity
thus in Man and other Mammalia, let it not be supposed
that we are only adding another fact to the number of late
raked up to degrade the human species.

Indeed, it has recently become a common objection to
anatomical pursuits, that they tend to lead to views calcu-
lated at once to outrage our common faith and our common
sense. The objection is of so little weight that it can
never permanently support itself, simply because such
Coctrines are not founded on the truth; that is to say, as
our law wisely words it, ‘“‘The whole truth, and nothing
but the truth.’”’ It is a very old and sage proverb that “ a
lie stands on one leg, and the truth on two;” and every
casuist well knows that more error is propagated in the
shape of mere literal or half truths, than by point blank
misstatements, as may be seen well illustratedin Fielding’s
prose epic, “Tom Jones,” by Coleridge, in that excellent
series of essays called the “ Friend,” and more recently by
Tennyson in some lines specially on the subject. I said, as
to the anatomical facts and doctrine, “raked up,’’ because
in the very same shape they were rife and vulgar about half
a century since, having been imported into England, chiefly
from the Continental Encyclopedists, and known here un-
der the name of materialism; and this, because it at-
tempted to reduce our judgment of man’s nature, simply to
a question of material structure—of mere brute anatomy
—and thus to confine the evidence to nothing but a half
truth. It seems amazing that sincere and conscientious
phiiosophers—as I believe they are—should descend thus
to reproduce a mass of stale, flat, and unprofitable facts and
doctrine, as if they were fresh and new discoveries! And
still more remarkable is it that those philosophers, in at-
tempting thus to degrade mankind, should not perceive that
they are only dealing with a half truth.

Even granting its literal accuracy in all respects —which

45

I do not—we must perceive that no correct judgment of
such questions can be hoped for without a due considera-
tion of the entire evidence, in the light of the full and
comprehensive truth; and this includes the moral or
psychological nature of man, as well as his mere structural
or physical form. Thus considered in the light of the
whole truth and nothing but the truth, we cannot avoid
the conclusion that man is separated from the highest ape,
as from all other brutes, by a gulf so utterly impassible,
that any attempt to bridge it over by anatomical facts and
speculations must ever be simply preposterous.

In short, without questioning the sincerity, or truthful-
ness so far as it goes, of those philosophers who confine
their researches to this kind of materialism, we may cer-
tainly conclude, as to ‘‘ Man's position in Creation,” or
‘* Man’s place in Nature,” that it is exactly where he has
always found himself, and where his Maker put him,
Lord of Creation—“ with those thoughts that wander
through eternity,’’—at the head of all animated creatures,
and elevated above the highest of them to an immeasurable
extent. Nor shall we be led to any other opinion by the
demonstration, now to be given, of the identity in structure
between the red corpuscles of man and those of other
mammalia.

And so we may go on our way, rejoicing that a right
pursuit of anatomical science will certainly lead us to
“look through nature up to nature’s God,” and as surely
never afford the slightest proof that it is now, or ever was,
any part of His design to develope an ape or any other
beast into a man.

After a description of the three well-known chief proxi-
mate constituents of the blood, of which the red corpuscles
form such a remarkable part, the lecturer remarked that it
is usual in these inquiries to describe first the structure and
then the function. But as the practical British mind ever
meets one at the threshold with the question, ‘‘ What’s the
the use of ‘em,’ we will mention this briefly now, and point

46

out the evidence in the sequel. The red corpuscles, then,
vivify the blood, and through it the animal frame, and this
mainly by the immediate agency of those corpuscles as
carriers of oxygen, received from the atmosphere in their
passage through the capillary vessels of the lungs, being,
thus, most essential to the process of respiration and the
production of animal heat; so that without these red
corpuscles we should be instantly suffocated, and, in short,
could neither move nor breathe nor have our being.

A comparative view of the size, form, and intimate struc-
ture of the red corpuscles throughout the vertebrate sub-
kingdom was given by the aid of the illustrative diagrams.
The smallest red corpuscles were discovered by the lecturer
about twenty years since in the Musk-deer ; and the largest
among Mammalia in the great Anteater, the Capybara, and
the Whale, excepting the Elephant, in which Mandl has pre-
viously discovered their like largeness. Of Birds, the smal-
lest red corpuscles are found in the little Finches and Hum-
ming birds ; the largest in such big species as the Ostrich.
In scaly Reptiles the corpuscles are much smaller than in
the naked batrachians or Amphibia, and in some of these
last the largest red corpuscles yet known are found. In
Fishes the largest corpuscles occur in the Sharks and Rays ;
the smallest in the osseous subdivision, in which a singular
form, pointed at both ends, is presented in the corpuscles of
the Pike. As a rule, in the oviparous vertebrates the cor-
puscles are more or less oval, flattened discs, and somewhat
biconyex from slight projection of the nucleus; but in the
Lamprey they are mostly circular; and many of this round
shape, still discoid, occur among the majority of the oval
discs in the blood of osseous fishes, as may be seen in
Gasterosteus, Mugil, Belone, &c. Indeed, all the oval cor-
puscles, whether of the camels or oviparous vertebrates, are
apt to become rounded or globular from the action of inci-
pient putrifaction and of pure water, and retain their oval
shape in weak saline solutions. So, too, with the red cor-
puscle of mammalia, which is liable also to many variations

47

of shape from osmosis, irregular contractions or puckering,
and granulation ; but the regular form of the red corpuscle
in this class, including man, is a circular biconcave disc ;
excepting the camels, all of which have oval discs, but these
still in size and structure are quite mammalian. Some
orders of mammalia, as the Ruminants, are characterized by
the smallness of their red corpuscles; and other orders, as
the Edentates, by the comparative largeness of those discs.

The size of the red corpuscles is not a question merely of
curiosity, by no means unimportant, as is too often supposed
or ignorantly asserted, but is connected with the rest of the
organization of the animal, especially with the perfection
of the lungs and their function, in direct relation to which
the largest proportion of surface is afforded by those
corpuscles in subordination to their office as carriers of
oxygen. This extension of their aggregate surface is
provided by their relative abundance and small size; by
which minuteness the sum of the surface of a given
quantity of them is vastly increased, just as the surface
of an ounce of lead would be greater divided into small
shot than into bullets. Given, therefore, the proportionate
quantity of blood and of the amount and size of the red
corpuscles of different species, the comparative degrees of
heat in such species might, ceteris paribus, be inferred. Of
the numerous proofs, by the researches of John Davy,
Christison and others, that it is by the red corpuscles that
the oxygen is carried to vivify the system, the most remark-
able one is that of Brown—Sequard, almost like a miracle
of the middle ages. Into the blood vessels of a dead and
starklimb, onall parts of which the galvanic stimulus was quite
powerless, he injected red corpuscles charged with oxygen,
after which operation the muscles and fingers relaxed, so far
by an actual revivification, and became obedient or sensible
to galvanism.

As to structure, the Mammalian corpuscle consists mainly
of a matter soluble in water, and of a thin membranous
base which must by no means be confounded with a nu-

48

cleus. In oviparous vertebrates, on the contrary, be-
sides the colouring and the membranous parts, the red cor-
puscle has a most distinct nucleus. And this very remark-
able difference of structure is the most fundamental one
between the Mammalia and oviparous vertebrates. Thus the
lecturer distinguishes these two great sections as
Pyrenemata and Apyrenemata, and declares that the
shortest, most fundamental and universal single diagnostic
character of Mammalia is Vertebrates with non-nucleated
red corpuscles of the blood.. There are two orders of facts
in such inquiries, differing much in their value, judged by their
significance, under the light of ourstilllimited knowledge ; the
one set of facts minor, incidental, and isolated ; the other large,
constant, and central, and worth hundreds of the former as
comprehending them all. Of these former, examples are
such as occur in the curious deviations in the shave of the
red corpuscles of the camels and certain fishes ; of the latter
facts, which appear with the dignity of central phenomena,
that oftheconstant difference of structure between thePyrene-
matous and Apyrenematous red corpuscles is an important
exemplification. The whole of “this vexed question of a
nucleus’’ affords a very curious and interesting chapter in
physiological history ; but the facts, often mistaken, denied,
asserted, and confused, are now proved and placed at the
service of systematic zoology.

And thus we have shown that the red corpuscles are so
important, and so intimately related to the rest of the
organization, as to form an essential and fundamental part
of the anatomy of every species of the vertebrate sub-
kingdom, never, consequently, to be disregarded in their de-
scription and classification, and these corpuscles affording, in-
deed, by their structure, at once the most certain and central
difference between the two great divisions of that sub-king-
dom. Whenever an aberration of the size of the redcorpuscles
occurs in a species—e. g. Cercoleptes, Basaris, Hyrax—
that species will certainly prove an aberrant one in other _
parts of its organization ; as shown too by their magnitude

49

or reptilian character in that paradoxical creature, the
Lepidosiren, or}Mud-fish, of Western Africa. No anatomist
now, after examining simply the red corpuscles of the
Whale and Ornithorhynchus, could for a moment think of
degrading the one to a fish, or the other to a bird; nor, observ-
ing the great similarity of these corpuscles in birds, fail
to perceive in this single fact an exponent of the remarkable
uniformity of the general organization of this class.

In conclusion, we are led back to the grand declaration of
our illustrious countryman, Harvey ; that the blood is the
primogenial part of the body, where the Lares and Penates
of Life are enshrined—the immediate and chief seat of the
vegetative faculties of the animal—the first part to live and
the last to die of this our wondrous microcosm. I may
add, too, as the child is more worthy than the cradle, so is
the blood more worthy than the parts that merely contain
or defend it, and that the Red Corpuscles have now been
proved to occupy a most eminent place in the organic func-
tions of the vertebrate animal.

And yet as to these researches we are often still pestered
about “cui bono?’ more ‘analogies’ and “homologies ?”’
wider ‘‘generalizations?’’ Asif the uninquiring mind can
expect to see the good of anything beyond its own know-
ledge; as if the study of difference, now so sadly neglected
in anatomy, as Lord Bacon, too, complained was the case
in his time, were not as important and more difficult than
that of resemblance ; and as if, of late years, in the present
state of science, “knowing only in part,” we have not
had some rather too sweeping generalizations—a sort of
new Age of Reason :—

“No end, in wand’ring mazes lost :
* * * * * *

Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy.”

50

Sis PED (MED TRMG.

Canterbury, Actobey 20, 1868.

REPRINTED FROM THE “‘ KENTISH GAZETTE.”

The usual morthly meeting of the above Society was
held in the Library of the Working Men’s Institute, Can-
terbury, on Tuesday evening last, when G. Gulliver, Esq.,
¥.R.S., delivered a very interesting and instructive lecture
on ‘ Cell-biography, in relation to Systematic Botany.”
Colonel Horsley presided, and there were also present
Colonel Cox and family, Rev. W. Blissard, J 8. Lipscomb,
G. Rigden, A. B. Andrews and 8. Harvey, Esqrs., and
many lady friends and patrons.

The Cuarran congratulated the Society upon the ac-
quisition of Dr. Gulliver asa member, and expressed the
gratitude they must feel at that gentleman’s kindness in
coming forward to instruct them on the present occasion.
He concluded by introducing to the meeting

Mr. Guiurver, who, after the applause which greeted
his appearance had subsided, said :—Ladies and gentlemen,
—Responding to the request of our respected president, I
proceed to offer a few observations, to be followe 1 by some
simple practical demonstrations, in order to show how

61

easily and pleasantly an important branch of phytology
might be cultivated by many of our members, and even by
ladies, whose taste may incline to this science. Indeed, it
seems to me that, instead of rambling among the miscel-
laneous wonders of the microscope, every possessor of that
instrument should endeavour to employ it in some of the
many methods likely to be at once useful and instructive,
and that pointing out any path to this end, how to pursue
it and find the subjects, are among the legitimate objects of
this society. There are, moreover, certain chains of scien-
tific inquiry which can only be completely followed and the
missing links cleared by the co-operation of a large number
of independent observers, and without which we are never
likely to acquire sufficient materials for an accurate and
conclusive judgment. And this is eminently the case as
regards the subject to which I have now to solicit you
attention.

A long pursuit of minute anatomy has led me to the
belief that the next great step towards a truly natural
system of classification of the products ot organized nature
will be in this direction. In the anatomy of animals, the
observations of John Quekett, Alexander Nasmyth, Mr.
Tomes, and Professor Beale, are to this effect ; years have
rolled away sinceI proved the immense importance of a
certain part of this branch of knowledge in systematic
zoology ; and my subsequent researches have shown a like
yalue of the same line of inquiry in systematic botany.

And in this point of view we come to the Cell-biography
of Plants, on which subject it is now proposed to give an
account of the results of some of my own researches, and of
the means by which those results were obtained; so that
any botanist, even with the most slender information of
phytotomy, may easily ascertain the value of the leading
phenomena. To me, they appear quite sufficient to prove
that, until the cell-life of plants has been more carefully
studied, and the facts generally realized by botanists, we
shall never arriye at a full and satisfactory knowledge

52

of botanical science. Those learned men will all
grant that the most fundamental and universal ele-
mentary organ of vegetables is a cell; and that the
entire life of a plant is the sum of the life of its
constituent cells. How then can we ayoid the conviction
that the organs of this life must possess a correlative impor-
tance in taxonomy? And how is the investigation of this
subject to be prosecuted without a careful attention to the
phenomena of this life? Surely we shall never be able to
comprehend and realize the mysterious plans of Nature, and
those infinite details by which she has marked, for our in-
terpretation, the true affinities and contrasts of the mem-
bers of her system in the vegetable kingdom, unless we use
every diligence in our attempts to read her own characters.
And how are we to do this without a recognition of the
phenomena of the cell-life as part and parcel of the natural
history of every plant ? And though we have this evening
to treat of avery small fragment of this great argument, itisa
portion which has been strangely overlooked ; and this chiefly
from a lamentable neglect by systematists, admirable as their
labours have generally been, of the cell-biography of spe-
cies. This neglect is the more remarkable, as the cell-
characters are not only eminently natural, but in some in-
stances, to be shown presently, afford the most fundamental
and universal single diagnostic between allied orders, and
yen lower subdivisions.

Good use, no doubt, has long since been made of the
intimate structure, including cells, of course, for the great or
primary divisions of the vegetable kingdom, such as Cellu-
lares and Vasculares, in systematic works. But let any one
refer to those works for the diagnostic characters of some of
our most familiar British plants, such as members of the
orders Onagracee, Galiacez, and Balsaminacem, or the species
of the genera Ranunculus, Lotus, Juncus, Hymenophyllum,
and many others, when he will not find a single hint of the
cell-diagnostics by which, as will be shown this evening,
these orders or species may be at once distinguished from

es, ee

53

their allies. You are left to the recognized and orthodox
characters ; and as these, for ordinal purposes, are commonly
founded on the flowers and fruit, to the chance of finding
such parts present for your purpose ; while the fact of re-
markably natural characteristics in such cases being really
afforded by that inmost structure, to be noticed immediately,
never seems to have been dreamt of by the author of any
Flora or other systematic book, native or foreign.

Let us turn then a little from such books to the book of
Nature—for she is ever true and delightful, and, as one of
her own poets sings, ‘‘ Never did betray the heart that loved
her ’’—when we shall find that she has stamped a cell-
character on certain orders by which they may at any sea-
son, at any period of growth, even in the sced-leaves, and in
truth from the cradle to the grave of the species, be plainly
distinguished from the nearest allied orders. And this sim-
ply by remarkable cells abounding in raphides; the
raphides being beautiful needle-like crystals, com-
posed either of phosphate or oxalate of lime; yet not
mere crystals, as they form part and parcel of a delicate
organism — the raphis-cell. This cell will be
found so diffused throughout the frame of the plant that a
mere fragment of that plant will be sufficient for the diag-
nosis. Again, certain closely allied species in some lower
flowering plants may be distinguished in like manner; and
several high Exogens and some Endogens may be known by
their pollen-grains, epidermoid and other cells, and certain
Ferns by the tissue-cells of their fronds and spore-cases.
Indeed, the extent, distinctness, and value of such truly
natural characters are probably far greater than we suppose ;
and, as the subject is new, it seems proper to specify the
means by which it was investigated.

Adopting, then, Lord Bacon’s recommendation to re-
view our knowledge and transplant it into the minds of
others as it grew in our own, let us see how the import-
ance of cell-characters as diagnostic of orders or species
became evident to me. During many years I had been

54

making dissections under the microscope, and notes of the
the results, of every plant collected in my rural excursions,
These researches were undertaken mainly for the purpose
of comparing the intimate structure of plants and animals ;
and the discovery of the value of this structure in syste-
matic botany was quite an incidental and unexpected result.

My own observations had not been long prosecuted when
several examples were found that seemed to justify the
truth of Schleiden’s remark as to how little hope there is,
without a study of the fundamental principles of develop-
ment, of much further aid to systematic botany from mere
anatomy. But, when a large mass of my notes has been
collated, it plainly appeared that the mature structure and
function of the plant-cells would be far more useful in this
way than was supposed by the eminent German botanist.
Thus, for example, no single instance of any species be-
longing to the orders Onagracew, Galiacer, and Balsa-
minacee was without a note of the presence of raphidian
cells. And, conversely, a single order, e.g., Hydrochari-
dacez, in which these cells were never seen at all, would
be surrounded by its allied orders in which raphidian cells
always appeared abundantly. The cells of the pollen, epi-
dermis, pith, and of many tissues of various other orders of
plants, were also found to give constant and diagnostic
characters. Thus it was that this subject forced itself on
my attention; and, afterwards, numberless experimental
trials satisfied me that the raphidian form of cell-life is, in
particular, an essential and intrinsic, a distinct and truly
characteristic, phenomenon throughout the life of the
plants exhibiting it, and withal clearly a sure and con-
stant result of that life; while the same character is as
certainly wanting in the species of allied orders. These
raphidian cells were proved to be present in the ovule, in
the seed-leayes, and thenceforth throughout the succeeding
leaves and a large part of the intertexture of the frame of
the species of several orders, some of which haye been just
specified.

55

And, independently of the interest of the subject in ab-
stract botanical science, I have often found this cell-charac-
ter useful practically. Thus, in little accidental embarrass-
ments or disarrangements of the garden and seed-frame,
I have been able very easily, and with surprising certainty
and novelty, to pick out, simply by this diagnostic, all the

seedlings of exotic Onagracee, now so generally cultivated
and admired, from seedlings of other orders ; and seedlings
of Mesembryacee, which had been sown in pots, and got
into perplexing confusion with other pots of seedling
Crassulaceee—both orders of succulent flowering plants —
were as surely and quickly distinguished in like manner.
This kind of practical diagnosis also proved equally good
and convenient in plants at every period of their existence,
and even shapeless fragments of their dead and rotting
stems were thus plainly distinguishable. For example, a
reserve bed, in which had been planted, and intended for
removal when required, a Willow-herb, various Evening
Primroses, Phloxes, Campions, and Rockets, had got into
troublesome confusion, when nothing was easier than to pick
out allthe Onagracez solely by this raphidian characterin the
roots, subterranean buds, and dead and rotten leaves or stems,
and at a time before growth had revived in the winter and
early spring. Only there was an abundance of raphidian
cells, beautifully marked in the tissue of the root and under-
grown stems of another plantin that bed, and certainly neither
a Willow-herb, an Evening Primrose, nor any other ‘ Onagrad.’
Here then was a puzzle ; some perplexing exception? Not
at all. For after it had been put into a pot, and grown
there for further observation, this questionable plant turned
out to be a fine specimen of Woodruff, a species belonging
to that very order, Galiaces, which I had already shown to
be characterised by these raphidian cells. Thus plants
may be known by their inmost structure ; and for that rea-
son by characters most eminently natural, but which use of
them is yet either unknown to, or neglected by, all syste-
matic writers ; since in their works you will lookin yain

is

56

for these diagnostics, or, indeed, for any other that would
be available in such cases.

Other similarly instructive examples might be indefinitely
multiplied, but it is better to indicate the way by which they
may be easily found and realised ; to show how a fertile field»
hitherto left barren, may be cultivated with such pleasure
and profit as to afford a source of rational amusement and
information to persons in the country ; to point out another
and refined addition to rural pursuits, and one by which a
reasonable hope may be entertained, even by inexperienced
and unskilful observers, of enlarging the bounds of botanical
science.

And this is not the only value of such pursuits, In
themselves they afforda precious reward. They beguile the
dull routine of professional and other employments, take us
out of what Milton too truly called ‘‘ the troubled sea of
noises and hoarse disputes,’’ cherish gentle thoughts and calm
desires, and multiply and refine our enjoyments ; thus en-
dearing many a rural walk with delightful associations of

. . . . ‘Hach lane, and every alley green,
Dingle or bushy dell, .
And every bosky bourn from ae A ate”

Such studies, too, may soften affliction ; they must convey
meek and touching lessons of the means of happiness so
bountifully spread around us, and of how cheaply some of
our best pleasures may be purchased. But, above all, while
thus teaching us to look for the good and the beautiful in
surrounding objects, and helping us to the true riches of
contentment and thankfulness —those large and best posses-
sions—incline our minds to the grateful habit of “looking
through nature up to nature’s God.”

Another recommendation of the study of this depart-
ment of cell-biography is that the subjects are ever at
hand. And hence, in reply to frequent questions about
collections and preparations, I have constantly referred to
Nature’s own collection, always at our disposal, and the
very best after all; and there, with certainty, we may find

57

many treasures, and employment of idle time, then not
idly spent. In fact, the chief purpose of the present ob-
servations is to show how she invites us gratuitously, how
the visit may be paid with little trouble and much profit,
and how even this lowly study of the cell-life of plants
may de made at once subservient to science and to some of
our best enjoyments.

To this end we have only to compare the cells of the
many plants ever greeting us in our country rambles, and
for which purpose an achromatic object-glass of half an
inch focal leugth will suffice. The form and contents of
the cells may be best seen in fine sections, made in various
directions, of the stems, leaves, roots, and other parts; but
as such preparations require practice and skill, they may
be dispensed with generally, and another way employed,
rough and ready, yet likely to be rewarded with interest-
ing and useful results, provided the pursuit be steadily
continued. Thus we have simply to dissect with needles,
or scrape or mash witha penknife, a fragment of the plant-
tissue in a drop of water on the glass object-plate,
and place it, either covered or not with a thinner bit of
glass, under the microscope, when many of the vegetable
cells will appear with their form and contents perfect, and
more injured or broken, with their contents, yet recogniza-
ble and characteristic, escaped into the water. You
will perceive that this kind of examination is far
more easy than the process required for the display
of the anatomy of the seed, andsome other ordinal characters,
while the character we are searching for is determinable at
once and at all times, quite independently of the flowers or
fruit. For example, if the problem be to distinguish, even
if by a mere fragment of the species, whether a Rush be-
long to this or that division of the genus, we have only to
look at the pith-cells, which form a very beautiful stellate
or radiate tissue in one group of the genus, and a tissue
of oval cells in the other, as may be well seen by comparing
the actinenchyma of the pith of the common Juncus

58

conglomeratus, with the ovenchyma of the pith of Juncus
bufonius. The constant difference of size in the cells is
remarkable sometimes when their form and contents remain
the same. If you examine them in Hymenophyllum
Wilsoni and H. Tunbridgense, you will perceive this
difference at once, and very likely then dissent from the
views of those eminent botanists who regard these two
pretty ferns as but one species. To the same effect is
the uniformly smaller size of the pollen-cells in Lotus
major than in L. corniculatus. By the singular largeness
and roughness of the same cells in Ranunculus arvensis,
this species is distinguished from its nearest allies, and other
curious cell-differences, either of form or size, occur in dif-
ferent sections of this genus, and indeed of many other genera.

But still more striking examples occur as regards eithex
the presence or absence of raphidian cells. Thus, e.g., if
the question be to discriminate between a Balsam, Bed-
straw, or Willow-herb—species belonging to the orders
Balsaminacee, Onagracee and Galiacee—and any of the
plants in the alliances of those orders, mere shapeless
fragments of the leaves or stems, or other parts, without the
slightest aid from the recognized characters in systematic
books, would, as already explained, be quite sufficient for
the purpose.

Of the validity of this character numberless examples
might be added; one more will suffice now. Having
proved the facts as regards several orders in our own
Flora, I extended the inquiry to all the exotic plants avail-
able, and never could find any exception to the character of
Onagracee, e.g., as a raphis-bearing order ; when at length
an apparent exception turned up in Montinia. However,
on subsequent inquiry this genus, though placed by Lindley
and other eminent botanists in the order Onagracew,proved
to be no member of it, but rather to belong to the
Saxifrages, with which its cell-structure better agrees ; and
thus a seeming exception became an excellent proof of the
rule.

59

But in this inquiry we must take care not to confound
raphides with crystal prisms, sphwraphides, and other
crystals. There will be endless confusion else. Their
distinctive characters are given, with far more details than
can be entertained at present, in the memoirs contributed
by me to the Annals of Natural History, the Micro-
scopical Journal, and Seemann’ sJournalof Botany, from 1861
to 1866, and epitomized in the Popular Science Review for
1865-8. And I must beg to warn you against the very
maze of errors on this and other points of the subject
occurring in all the books on the Microscope with which
I am acquainted; for in this department of phytotomy
confusion has been led round from compiler to compiler in
most admired disorder.

The question will arise of the use of raphides and other
plant-crystals; it has never been answered. But we have
now proved one use of them in systematic botany, including
the fact that nature has regularly established in certain
plants a laboratory and storehouse of these crystalline
calcareous salts; while we all know how valuable they are
as manure, and can now perceive how curiously and care-
fuily the excess of them, more than has been expended in
the economy of the plant, is soon and periodically restored
to the parent soil, so that there may be no unnecessary loss
of a fertilizing matter. Hence we see a good reason why
the rotted leaves and other parts of such vegetables -e.g.
the Willow-herbs, Fuchias, and Duckweeds —as abound in
raphides, should be carefully husbanded by the gardener for
his composts. These crystals are surely also useful, if not
necessary, as part of the food of many animals, and some-
times as medicine for man, The commonest Duckweed
abounds in raphidian cells and starch-granules; and I have
found it, presenting its true cell-characters, in the
stomachs of water-fowl and water-rats. Thus even this
abject and despised weed is plainly useful in the economy
of nature, and we could hardly imagine a better adjunct
to the aliment of the young growing animal than the

60

phosphate of lime and starch. Besides, any physician
would testify to the medical properties of sarsaparilla in
certain diseases of the bones ; and this plant too, like the
other Dictyogens, abounds so in raphides of phosphate of
lime, in an organic form, that I have suggested a plenti-
ful course of it in those sad cases in which this salt is
morbidly deficient, as in the Rickets of children. Such
facts are among the practical applications of the subject.

Finally, simple and plain evidence has now been adduced
of the novelty and importance of the cell-biography
plants ; and we may conclude that, without a discrimina-
tive recognition of this subject, both in its physiological
bearings, and as presenting intrinsic and essential charac-
ters in systematic botany, no fair and complete history can
ever be written of the Vegetable Kingdom.

Valuable microscopes were lent for the occasion by
Colonel Horsley, Colonel Cox, and Mr. Harvey. The lec-
turer showed the method of making the preparations or
dissections, of the choice of plants and suitable parts, and
of the easiest means of subjecting them to microscopic
examination ; and so the subjects under discussion were
thus amply and practically illustrated. Colonel Horsley
exhibited the crystal prisms subjected to polarized light,
while the raphides, spheraphides, and other objects were
under view with the other microscopes. At the conclusion
of the meeting, a vote of thanks to Mr. Gulliver, for his
agreeable and instructive lecture and demonstrations, was
proposed by Colonel Horsey, seconded by Mr. Dowxer,
and cordially carried.

61

LeEOrrvu he

Delivered at St. George’s Hall, Canterbury, on Tuesday,
December 8th, 1868, by

WILLIAM M. ORD, Ese., M.B., &.,

OF LONDON,

An “Tongues,”

aA

In this lecture it was proposed to pass in review some
few kinds of Tongues, regarding them as performing cer-
tain duties and as gifted accordingly. Beginning with the
Human Tongue, the gifts of that organ were enumerated.
It was found to be possessed, first, of great range of mo-
bility, allowing of change in the shape of the whole mass
on the one hand, and of the surface in large or in exceed-
ingly small tracts on the other. This mobility had an
evident relation to the complete application of the surface
of the Tongue to the irregular surfaces of bodies brought
into contact with it, whereby the Tongue might, so to
speak, be enabled to take momentary casts of such bodies,
Ministering also to the same purpose, the Tongue was
found possessed of the properties of softness and supple-
ness, of a moist surface, and of remarkable elasticity or
power of resuming its original form ; second, of the sense
of touch ; and third, of the sense of taste. The condi-
tions upon which these endowments depended were found,
first, in the arrangement of the muscular fibres of the

62

Tongue which were found running in all directions,
closely interwoven with one another, and attached in large
numbers, and often by branched terminations to the inner
surface of the skin of the Tongue ; and second, in the
constitution of its skin or mucous membrane, which was
found to be a moist internal skin, presenting numerous
minute projections of its surface, called papille. Three
kinds of papillae were noticed, namely, very minute projec-
tion, called simple papilla, very long hair like papille with
comparatively hard surface, and club-shaped or flattened
papillae with very delicate surface, and with a great number
of fine bloodvessels in the interior. It was evident that
the first two kinds were calculated to act as organs of
touch, and the third kind as organs of taste, and this was
further indicated by minute differences in their structure,
and by their distribution on the surface. A short analysis
of the part taken by the senses of touch and taste respec-
tively in regard of substances introduced into the mouth
was then made, as follows: touch was used in determining
form ; touch was used in perceiving the contact of certain
stimulating matters, such as capsicum, just as the surface
of the eye would be conscious of their presence; touch and
taste appeared to be used together in the case of acid sub-
stances, &c.; taste was used alone in perceiving simply
sapid matters such as bitters and sweets; and smell acted
with taste in relation to matters which were odorous as
well as sapid. The distribution of the senses of touch and
taste on the surface of the Tongue corresponded with the
distribution of two important nerves, the fifth a nerve of
touch, and the glossopharynged a nerve of taste, though
the functions of these two nerves could not be technically
separated. Things to be tasted must be soluble, must be
moved upon the surface of the Tongue, and must be com-
pressed between the Tongue and the palate. The acute-
ness of the sense was very remarkable, particularly in the
case of purely sapid matters, such as Quinine, The sense
might be educated to great refinement, and could be

63

“dazzled.” It was shewn next that as an organ of touch
the tip of the Tongue was the most delicate in the body,
being twice as discriminating as the tips of the fingers.
The duties of the Tongue were then examined. It was
found to be:—1. A sort of watch-dog, looking after the
cleanliness of the mouth and worrying intruders among the
teeth. 2. An inspector of food, reporting upon its whole-
someness, its consistence, its dryness, determining the
amount of chewing requisite, and the amount of saliva
which certain glands are called upon to supply. 3. It
adjusted food between the teeth in chewing. 4. Took an
active part in the process of swallowing food. 5, Was the
chief organ of articulate speech. With the Human
Tongue other Tongues were then compared. Among
Mammalia the Tongues of Ruminants and Carnivora were
compared, with especial notice of their different modes of
drinking, the lapping of the Carnivora being rendered
necessary by the wideness of the gape and the projection of
the nostrils. The Ant-eater was noticed as having the
longest and the Whale as having the shortest tongue
among Mammals in proportion to the size of the body. In
Birds the Tongue was found to be generally smaller, more
compact, harder, and supported by bone. ‘fhe Tongue was
found put to various special uses in particular Birds. The
Toucan used it as a rasp (and here Mr. Bates’s curious ac-
count of the Toucan was quoted) ; the Humming Bird as a
brush to collect honey; in the Raven and many other Birds
it was armed with several series of large recurved hooks;
the Goose used it as a sieve; the Woodpecker as a barbed
spear ; and the Parrot wielded a finger-like Tongue with
great dexterity, even accomplishing a mimicry of articulate
speech by its aid. In Snakes the small size and the forked
shape of the Tongue were associated with the swallowing
of lumps of food of greater diameter than that of the
body. The dart-like use of the long and intricately con-
structed Tongue of the Chameleon was described. It was
shewn how the—at first sight absent—Tongue of the

64

Crocodile was modified so as to constitute a valve closing
the communication between the mouth and the throat,
whereby the animal could breathe through its nostrils
while drowning its prey. The Tongue of the Frog was
last described. In the review of this series of Tongues it
was observed that no new structures were added to those
observed in the Human Tongue. All were indicated there,
and ail the structures of the Human Tongue were found in
the Tongues of Mammals, though, of course, often
curiously modified for special purposes. Yet, though these
Tongues were so identical in their conformation fheir en-
dowments were not the same. The Human Tongue was
subservient to the faculty of intelligent articulate speech. No
one could dispute that this faculty belonged to Man alone
on this earth. The parrot might seem to be an exception,
but this exception, if considered carefully, would prove the
rule. The parrot mimicked sounds without comprehending
them, and never originated them. The parrot was low down
in the scale of creation, and joined by no links to man. If
the parrot had been near man in organisation, the instance
would have been of weight. But none of the animals more
allied to man in their organisation had ever formed a lan-
guage. They had their own collection of sounds, but these
were instinctive and always the same for the same purpose
in all members of our species. There was in this matter no
progress for the animals. The cock crowed and the dog
barked with the same tone and meaning to-day as when
they issued from the ark. Thinking over the Tongues
brought before us the question of our relation with the
lower animals. Structurally the same with the animals,
even in respect of the most minute points, man had certain
mental gifts, possessed by him in his most savage state,
which he did not share with the animals. These were, the
power of perceiving moral ideas, and the faculty of articu-
late speech. The first of these might be rendered active
by teaching; the second was always active and always
changing. The changes undergone within a few years by

65

the languages spoken by savage tribes in Africa, as quoted
by Professor Max Miller, were cited here. Finding man
thus capable of, nay, impelled to change and progress, we
saw held out for us in Nature hopes of a better future
wherein our spiritual part should more and more dominate
the bodily, should be purified to clearer seeing, and should
become in fashion nearer the Highest. But Tongues could
also teach us to look around, to be humble, and to see glory
in our fellowship with the animals, As we learned that we
were not self-existent, so we came to feel that we were not
alone. Wesaw that we owned something of a common
being with creation ; we became conscious of a throb within
us beating in harmony with the essential life of all breath-
ing things. We were made to see that not only was the
rest of creation made for our use in a material way, but
that in an immaterial way, as touching our moral being
we were but imperfect, shorn of much strength and seeing
if this lower creation had not come to our help. This had
been said in noble words by a poetcss of our generation—

Mrs. Browning :—

“O solemn-beating heart
Of Nature! I have knowledge that thou art
Bound into man’s by cords he cannot sever ;
And, what time they are slackened by him ever,
So to attest his own supernal part,
Still runneth thy vibration fast and strong
The slackened cord along.”

66

dixcursion ta St, Mangaret’s Bay,
August 77, 7868.

The second excursion of the year was to this delightful
locality, which the Society had upon two previous season
visited under most unfavourable circumstances as regarded
the weather. Upon this occasion the early morning was
overcast and threatening, but it cleared by ten o’clock, and
afforded an agreeable day for out-door research.

The President and his friends arrived in Dover by the
London, Chatham, and Dover Railway about 10 a.m., and
were met at the Priory Station by the Secretary, Major
Munn, Messrs. W. P. Mummery, R. H. Jones, E. Horsnaill,
and other Dover members, and at once left for St. Margaret’s
Bay, arriving there about noon.

As the tide was fast flowing, the party at once proceeded
to the rocks beyond the Foreland Cliffs, to the westward of
the Bay, and succeeded in capturing and collecting speci-
mens of the Fatherlasher (Cottus gobio), Smooth Blenny
(Blennius pholis), Black Goby, Rock Prawn, and Actinia
mesembryanthemum. Also, Bowerbankia, Flustra foliacea
and other Zoophites; among the Alge—Plocanium Danza
and that beautiful weed Delesserin Sanguinea.

A curious parasite was found on one of the prawns
captured, fixed beneath the carapace, which was consider-
ably enlarged. On being dissected out it was found to
measure nearly half ar inch in length, and must haye been
a very undesirable travelling companion. The rocks. by
this time being covered by the flowing tide, the party by
adjourned to luncheon under the shadow of the white cliffs.

EE

67

This indispensable portion of the day’s proceedings haying
been accomplished, the President invited Mr. Horsnaill, of
Dover, to make a few remarks upon the specimens pro=
cured.

The party then proceeded eastward, and were joined by
the Revds. E. C. Lucey, of St. Margaret’s-at-Cliffe, and
W. iH. Astley, of Langdon, and party.

On passing the Coastguard Station the boatmen were
overhauling Captain Boxer’s rocket apparatus for saying
life from shipwreck, which was fully explained by the petty
officer in charge, and proved very interesting to the mem-
bers, who then continued their walk towards Kingsdown.
Among the plants observed growing on the beach were
Eryngo (or Sea Thistle), Belladonna, Horned Poppy,
Papayer glaucium, Coltsfoot and Brassicw in great profusion.
On the cliff Samphire was seen in bloom.

The party next ascended to the village of St. Margaret’s
and were conducted over the fine old Norman church now
in process of restoration, the characteristic features of which
were with great courtesy explained by the Rey. E. C.
Lucey, and afforded much gratification to the members,
who then returned to Doyer highly pleased with the day’s
excursion.

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Dee BAST FSEN

NATURAL BISTORY SOCITY,,.

WITHA

ist of Books Belonging ta the Lihyary,

&c., &c.

SESSION, 1869,

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE ‘‘ KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH STREET.

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REPORT.

The financial state of the Society continues prosperous.
There were 90 members last year and now they number 92.

The members and their friends had two very agreeable.
and instructive excursions. The first was on the second of
June, to explore the district between Ashford and Mersham,
Hatch. The second was a dredging and exploring party to
Herne Bay and Reculver. Such excursions not only tend to
promote sociality among the members, but to familiarize
them with the natural history of the neighbourhood.

Two scientific meetings were held at Dover and three at
Canterbury, at which were given papers or lectures amount-
ing in number to seven or eight, to wit :—

Mr. Horsnaill, on ‘A Crustacean of the family Pycnogonide,
found near Dover.”

Major Munn, on ‘The Hexagonal Cells of Bees and
Wasps.”

Dr. Mitchinson, on “ Volcanic Action (Extinct Volca-
noes)’.

Mr. Dowker, on ‘‘ Some Points in the Geology of the Isle

of Thanet” (Two Lectures).
_ Mr. Dowker, on ‘“ Marine Hydrozoa with some original
observations on Medusze, enumerating the Zoophytes found
at Herne Bay, October, 1869.”

Mr. Gulliver, on ‘‘ The uses of the Red Corpuscles of the

Blood in Respiration and the importance and significance of
their sizes both in a Taxonomic and Physiological point of

Iv.

view, with an account of his discoveries of the characters
afforded by the blood-discs in Tragulus, Moschus, and
Orycteropus.”

Mr. Gulliver, on ‘‘The Auditory Organs of Molluscs and
Insects.”

The Sub-Committee appointed to make arrangements for
publishing the Papers read, has arranged with the Editor of
Scientific Opinion* to publish in abstract the proceedings of
the Society. Accordingly it is requested that every member
making a communication will furnish an abstract at the time
of reading the Paper, that a duly authentic Report may be
published without delay.

The Sub-Committee on the Botany of the District has not
been idle, as will appear from the following report of Mr.
Reid, the Honorary Secretary of the Committee, and our
best thanks are due to that gentleman for the talent and zeal
with which he has entertained the subject.

In the department of the Library the following donations
have to be noticed :-—

“¢ Sketches to a Scale of the Auditory Organs of Molluscs,”
by Geo. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.; from the Author. ‘‘ On the
Muscular Sheath of the (ésophygus of the Ave-Aye,
(Chiromys Madagascariensis),”’ by G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S. ;
from the Author. ‘On the Fibres of the Crystalline Lens of
Petromyzonini,” by G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.; from the
Author. ‘The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom
Markings, the Microscope Prism and the Structure of the

Podura Scales,” by the Rey. J. B. Reade, F.R.S.; from the —

Author. ‘‘Le Glacier de Boinon” and other Pamphlets, per
8. A. Sexe; from the University of Christiana.

The Committee, in returning the cordial thanks of the
Society to those Members and others who have aided it by
Lectures, Papers, and Donations, entertain the hope that such
favours may be continued. And, in order to extend the in-

* The Abstract of the Proceedings of the Society for the year 1869 is
published in Scientifie Opinion, April, 1870.

a

v.

terest in and usefulness of the Society, the Committee would
beg to suggest that regular and set periodical meetings of the
Members should be established, when and where any Mem-
ber may bring the results of his observations to view. Ac-
cordingly it is recommended that this question and all the
needful arrangements and details, be entertained at a General
Meeting of the Members at as early a period as may be con-
venient.

The primary object of all local Societies of this kind, your
Committee believe, should be to investigate the natural his-
tory of the neighbourhood ; that is to say, the nature and locali-
ties of the minerals, vegetables, and animals of the district.
And though these are often much illustrated by the produc-
tion of other regions, still the main fact remains that the
composition, structure, economy, and habitats of East Kent
specimens are more particularly interesting to this Society.
It is probable that regular, frequent, and fixed periodical
meetings, when the Members would enjoy every facility of
intercommunication on these and kindred subjects, would
promote the interests of science and bring the Members of
the Society into an agreeable and profitable intercourse.

———_———_—__—__-

Report of Sub-Committee on the Flora of East
Kent for the year 1869.

At the first meeting of the Committee after the Annual
Meeting a Sub-Committee was formed, for the purpose of
carrying out the proposed investigation into the Flora of East
Kent. The Members are G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., and G.
Dowker, Esq., F.G.S., James Reid, Esq., and the Hon.
Secretary of the Society, and power was given to them to
associate persons willing to co-operate in the undertaking.
In April the Sub-Committee met, and a plan of proceeding
was defined for obtaining information and encouraging obser-
vations on the Botany of the District. Circulars were issued
to all persons who were thought likely to aid the inquiry,

vi.

and the following persons have intimated their willingness to
assist :—Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, London; Dr. J. Mitchin-
son, Canterbury; J. T. Hillier, Esq., Ramsgate ; H. B.
Mackeson, Esq., Hythe; W. O. Hammond, Esq., St. Alban’s
Court ; H. Allyett, Esq., Folkestone ; Miss Metcalfe, Harble-
down; J. Marten, Esq., Ensign; G. Dowker, Esq., Stour-
mouth; J. Grayling, Esq., Sittingbourne; Mrs. Dean, Win-
cheap Street; 8. Harvey, Esq., Canterbury; J. Reid, Esq.,
Canterbury. Miss Metcalfe, Mr. Hillier, and Mr. Dowker,
have sent very useful monthly returns of their observations,
in addition to general information, during the period that the
Sub-Committee has been at work. Mrs. Dean, Mr. Allyett,
and Mr. Reid, have contributed full lists of plants. Dr.
Masters at once put into the hands of the Committee what
information he possessed, together with some interesting
observations on the nature of the work. J. Britten, Esq.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew, and H. Trimen, Esq., Botanical
Department of the British Museum, hearing incidentally of
the inquiry, very promptly and kindly tendered their aid.
Several contributions promised have not been received yet.
It is desirable they should be sent without delay, that the
work may be recommenced with the new season. The
Inquiry is fairly initiated, and some valuable records obtained.
The Register, as soon as completed, will be laid on the table
of the Society’s Room for inspection by Members. In the
next Session it is proposed to carry on more vigorously the
monthly observations of plants, with the identification of
Species. Out of these materials matter will be furnished for
monthly conversations on the Botany of East Kent, The
Plants observed on the Excursion from Ashford to Mersham
Hatch form part of the record of the past year.

A grant of £3 was made towards the expenses of the
Inquiry, £2 18s. 4d. of which has been expended in the
purchase of the various MSS. books, catalogues, and stationery
required. ‘Little more than the expenses of postage will be
incurred in the next year.

Amongst other matter connected with this subject the

Vil.

following may be specially noticed. Two plants, either new
to or rare in the district, have been found in it and clearly
identified :—Wolfia arrhiza, Riccia fluitans.

The Wolffia, having never before been found in Kent, is
now for the first time added to the Flora of this county ; and
the discovery of this curious member of the order Lemnaceze
was the more interesting, as it enabled Mr, Gulliver to
complete his observations on the distinctive cell-characters
ef Wolfia and Lemna, as described and figured by him
in Dr. Seemann’s Journal of Botany, January, 1869. The
Riccia is a pretty muscal Cryptogam, and the Lemna our
lowest and smallest Phanerogam; and both these diminutive
plants will be found novel and interesting for cultivation in
vases of fresh water.

Vili.

LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

BELONGING TO THE East Kent Naturat History Socrety,

British Land and Fresh Water Molluscs, 1 vol. (Reeve)

Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)

Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol. (Harvey)

Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer)

Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)

Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.

Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.

Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.

Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.

A Catalogue of rare Phoenogamous Plants collected in South Kent in 1829.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring to
Sheets 4 and 7.

British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865 (Douglas and Scott)

Hand Book of British Flora, 2 vols. (Bentley)

Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 3 vols.

Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol.

Monograph of British Spongiadw, by Dr. Bowerbank, 1 vol.

Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.

Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 yol.

Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs. Gatie from Professor Harvey’s
Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol. i

Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.

Forbes’s British Star Fishes, 1 vol.

Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.

Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.

Smith's English Flora, 4 vols.

Ralf’s Desmidie, 1 vol.

Nitzsch’s Pterylography.

Hooker’s Jungermannia, 1 vol.

Smith’s Diatomaces, 2 vols.

Works of W. Hewson, F.R.S., 1 vol., edited by Gulliver.

Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle and Sternum
in the Vertebrata, 1 vol.

*Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10th edition, 2 vols.

*Masters’s Vegetable Teratology, 1 vol.

Those marked * were added this year.

PAMPHLETS.

British Moths, Nocturni.
=F Geometre.
Memoires pour servir 4 la connaissance des Crinoides vivants par Michael

Sars.

Etudes sur les Affinites Chimiques par MM. Guldberg et Waage.

Notes on Lemnacew and the Raphidian Characters of Plants, by G.
Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

eis ae a simi of the Auditory Organs of Molluscs, by G. Gulliver,

sq., F.R.S.

On the Muscular Sheath of the Cisophagus of the ‘“‘ Aye Aye” (Chiromys
Madagascariensis), by G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

On the Fibres of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini, by G.
Gulliver, Esq., F.R.8.

The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom Markings, The Micro-
pope Prism and the Structure of the Podura Scales, by the Rev.
J. B. Reade, F.R.S.

Le Glacier de Boinon, per Mons. S. A. Saxe

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vols. 3 1863, and 4 1864.
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1861, and from 1863 to 1869.
N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vols, 7, 1859,
and 8, 1860, new series, vols. 1, 1861, to 8, 1868, vol. 2 excepted.

Magazine of Natural History, third series, vols. 3, 1859, to 8, 1861, and
11, 1863, to 23, 1869.

The Coolest, vols. 2, 1859, 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864,

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859.

The Geological Magazine, vols. 1, 1864, to 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of Science, vols. 1, 1864, to 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vols. 20, 1864, to 25, 1869.

The Natural History Repertory, 1865.

The Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, vol. for 1869
The Librarian regrets to state that in consequence of several Periodi-

cals not having been returned to the Library, nor any entry of them made

in the book kept for the purpose in the Society’s reading room, he has been

unable to have the volumes to which they belong bound.

x.

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIzZ.:

. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
- Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society.
+ The Zoologist.
- The Geological Magazine,
+ Quarterly Journal of the "Geological Society.
of Science.

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"6981 ‘LNANGLVLIS TVIONVNIA

XIi.

ist of Officers and Wembers.
:0:——————
President :
THE HON. G. W. MILLES, M.P., Lees Covat.

Vice-Presidents :
THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.
THE RIGHT HON. LORD FITZWALTER, GoopnzsTonE Park.
SIR WALTER JAMES, Bart., BetsHANGER.
COLONEL C. J. COX, Forpwicu Hovse.
MATTHEW BELL, Esa., Bourne Park.
WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esc., St. ALBAN’s.
REY. F. SCOTT, S1sertswovuLp.
CAPTAIN CROOKES, Dover.
REV. J. MITCHINSON, D.C.L., Kine’s Scoot.
REV. J. B. READE, M. ie F.R. 8., BisHOPSBOURNE.
GEORGE DOWKER, Esa, F.G. B., SrournmoutH House.
COLONEL HORSLEY, Sr. STEPHEN’ s Lopcr, CANTERBURY.
G. GULLIVER, Esa., FR 8., Crovis TERRACE, CANTERBURY.
H. A. BUTLER-JOHNSTONE, Esa., M.P., —

Treasurer and Librarian:
COL. HORSLEY.

Honorary Secretary :
G. GULLIVER, Esa., F.R.S.

Honorary Assistant Secretary:
MR. FULLAGAR, 48, Hicu-stREET, CANTERBURY.

Committee :
Dr. ASTLEY. T. G. PECKHAM, Ese. 4
Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. Rey. F. ROUCH.
Mr, E. HORSNAILL. G RIGDEN, Esa.
Dr. ose J.. REID, Esa.
H. LEE, E F. SLATER, Esa.
H. B. MACKESON, Esa. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Ese.

Local Secretaries :
Dover—A. BOTTLE, Esa.
Mareatze—G. M. PITTOCK, Esa., M.D.

XU.
Wemheys.
* Alford, Very Rey. Dr. Dean of Canterbury.
- Astley, Dr. Dover,
* Bartlett, E. Esq. London.
+ Bell, M., Esq. Bourne Park, Canterbury.
* Bland, W., Esq. Hartlip, Sittingbourne.
Bottle, A., Esq. Dover.
Bliss, Rev. W. Betshanger, near Deal.
Browne, Miss. L. <<a, 4, Victoria Place, St. Dunstan’s,
Canterbury.
Bell, R. J. Esq. — c St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.
- Barton, F. E. Esq. Liverpool Street, Dover.
- Bampton, Rey. 42, Marine Parade, ditto.
Brinckman, Captain, M.P. a Street, Grosvenor Square,
ondon.
Barnard, Mrs. Philip. € 3, St. George’s Fields, Canterbury.
Buchanan, Rev. Herne.
Crookes, J. F., Esq. 5, Waterloo Crescent, Dover.
Cox, Col., C, J. Fordwich House, near Canterbury.
Cox, Mrs. C. J. Ditto.
Claris, P. B., Esq. Dover.
Court, P., Esq. Ditto.
Cowell, Mrs. £. G Stour Street, Canterbury.
Dowker, G., Esq. « Stourmouth House, Sandwich.
Dean, Mrs, C Wincheap.
Farren, Colonel, C.B. Colchester.
Fitzwalter, Rt. Hon, Lord. Goodnestone Park, Wingham.
Furley, R., Esq. Ashford.
Furley, George, Esq. Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Forrest, Mrs. C Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Finnis, Steriker, Esq. Dover.
Furley, W. D., Esq. 1, St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
F ar, Mr. c High Street, Canterbury.

Grayling, Dr.
Giraud, Byng, Esq.
Gulliver, G., Esq., F.R.S.

Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hatfield, G. T. Esq.,
Harvey, Mr. 8.
Horsley, Colonel
Hambrook, Mr. J. B.
Hilton, Captain
Hanvey, John, Esq.
Haddon, Miss C.
Horsnaill, Edward, Esq.

James, Sir W., Bart.
Jones, R. H., E

XIV.

Sittingbourne.
Castle Street, Dover.
Clovis Terrace, Canterbury.

St. Alban’s Court, Wingham.
Hartsdown, Margate.)

High Street, Canterbury.

St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury.
Strond Street, Dover.

Nackington House, near Canterbury.
Waterworks, Dover.

Effingham Crescent, ditto.

Dover.

Betshanger, near Sandwich.
Clyde House, Dover.

sq.
Johnstone, H. A. Butler, Esq., M.P. 6, Hamilton Place, Piccadilly.

Kersey, Dr. |

2
Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Knocker, Edward, Esq.
Knocker, Captain

Lee, H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

Milles, the Hon. G. W., M.P.
Mummery, Mr. W. P.
Makeson, H. B., Esq.
Mitchinson, Rev. Dr.

Munn, Major

Matthias, Mrs.

Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E,

Littlebourne.

Canterbury.
Littlebourne. - a
Castle Hill, Dover.
Dover.

The Waldrons, Croydon.

Lee’s Court, Faversham.

Strond Street, Dover.

High Street, Hythe.

King’s School, Canterbury,
Churchhill House, Dover.

Carlton Place, St. Dunstan’s, Canter-

bury.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.
Ditto.

Parker, R. D., Esq.
Payn, W. H., Esq.
Plumptre, C. J., Esq.
Plummer, E., Esq.
Puckle, Rey. 3 ‘
Poynter, A., Esq.
Beater, T. G., Esq.
Powell, Mrs.

Peake, Mr. Henry

Reid, Jas., Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.
Reade, Rev. J. B.

Scott, Rev. F.
Saunders, Mr. Sibert
Slater, F., Esq.
Spice, C., =o
Solomon, — Esq.
Smith, J. G., Esq.
“aah Herbert, Esq.
Stilwell, James, Esq.

Tuckey, C., Esq., M.D.
Taylor, Mrs., A.
Thorpe, J. C., —"
Thomson, R. E., Esq.

Walker, Mrs.
Ward, Miss

VG
‘

XV.

Barham.

St. Martin’s Hill, Dover,
Fredville, Nonington.

The Firs, Canterbury.

St. Mary’s, Dover.

3, Marine Place, ditto.

Hall Place, Harbledown.

4, Dane John Grove, Canterbury.
Dover.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street, ditto.
Precincts, ditto.
Bishopsbourne.

Sibertswould, Dover.
Whitstable.

Chislet.

Strond Street, Dover.
Little Kenfield, Canterbury.
Effingham Lawn, Dover.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Victoria Park, Dover.

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.
North Street, Herne Bay.
5, Claremont Place, Dover.
Kenfield House, Petham,

St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
High Street, Canterbury,
Waterloo Crescent, Dover.
Barton Fields, Canterbury.
Norman Street, Dover.

Honorayy and Coryosponding Wemhbors,

Bartlett, A. D., Esq.

Bates, H. W.., 5 a

Boycott, J.,

Zoological Gardens, London.
London,
London.

Britten, J., Esq.
Kemp, Dr. William

Linford, Mr. J. 8.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell T.

Sandilands, —, Esq.

Saunders, J., Esq.,

Trimen, H., Esq.

Whitaker, W., Esq.

Baker, Mr.
Coppen, Mr. E.
Else, Mr. R.

Gordon, Mr. W. C.
Gutteridge, Mr.

Kennett, Mr. W.

Parren, Mr. W.
Prebble, Mr. J. G-

Young, Mr.

XVI.

Royal Herbarian, Kew.
Fort Nelson, New Zealand.
London.

London.

Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia.
Reigate.

Botanical Department, British Mu-
seum.

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London.

Assnctates.

Cattle Market, Sandwich.
Sibertswould.
Burgate Lane, Canterbury.

Museum, Dover.
Faversham.

Fordwich.

Canterbury-
Ramsgate.

Sittingbourne.

XVII.

EAST KENT
NAQTUBZAL HISTORY SOCIMTY.

20:
TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.

20:

The objects of the East Kent Narvrat History Socrery
shall be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and
Theoretical Knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its
Branches, both in relation to the particular District and the
General Science.

Rules and Regulations.

MEMBERSHIP.

1, The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Correspond-
ing Members, and of Associates.

2, Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by ballot, taken at any meeting of the Committee, or at a
General Mecting—one black ball in five to exclude.

8. The Annual Subscriptions, to be paid by Ordinary Members,
shall be Ten Shillings ; the Subscriptions shall become dne on the Ist of
January in each year, and shall be paid in adyance for the current year,

XVIII.

Any Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it
is due, shall be applied to by the Secretary, and if the Subscription
remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall cease to be
a Member of the Society.

4. The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
an Ordinary Member, and her Subscription shall be Five Shillings.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district: such Honorary and Corresponding

Members shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no yote in its affairs,

6. In order to encourage the study of Natural History among indi-
viduals of the class of mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates, provided
they shall first communicate some information or observation on Natural
History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local Museums,
as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates shall
enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of
such Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held on the
same day as the February and November General Meetings, and at such
other times as the Secretary may deem necessary.

8, An Annual Meeting shall be held on the last Tuesday in January

XIX.

in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of electing the Officers for the
current year, receiving the Annual Statement of Accounts, and Report of
the Committee, and co. “ucting the general affairs of the Society.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of the
Society, the specific purposes of the Meeting being stated in the notice,
which shall be sent to each member not less than one week before the time
of such Meeting.

10. All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by a
majority of votes; and if upon any question the votes shall be equal, the
Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or casting vote.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or Com-
mittee, between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the
Committee.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any member a Local Secretary for the town
or district he may reside in. Such Local Secretary shall be ex-officio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. Two Meetings shall be held in Canterbury yearly, during the first
and last quarters, for the purpose of reading Papers, exhibiting Specimens,
Lectures, &c. Each Member to have the right of introducing a Visitor at
these Meetings.

14. Two Excursions will be appointed to take place yearly, during the
Summer, for the purpose of investigating the natural objects of interest in
some district in East Kent ; the arrangements for these Excursions to be
made at a Committee Meeting to be held in the first week of each of the
Summer Quarters,

XX.

15. A Minute of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of such Meetings and
Excursions to every Member, stating the time and place of Meeting, &e.

LOCAL MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society,
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or Ex-
cursions in their districts ; and to give notice of the same to the General,
and all the Local Secretaries, stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTIONS OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society shall endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of
Natural History, both with a view of forming a Museum and distribution
of Duplicate Specimens, according to Regulations to be adopted by the
Committee.

LIBRARY.

19. Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History are
to be purchased by the funds of the Society, and the number and par-
ticular books of this class to be purchased shall be determined by the
Committee.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some convenient
place, so that Members may be able to refer to them, or take them out,
under such regulations as the Committee from time to time may think
proper to make.

21. Members are also invited to lend Books for the use of the
Library, reserving to themselves the full right of ownership ; such Books
to be under the care of the Committee, and not allowed to be taken out of
the Library.

Boar RACTS

From Papers read by
MAJOR MUNN ann MR. HORSNAILL,
At Dover, on Tuesday, February 9, 1869. ae

sg

BY MR. HORSNAIGL.

“On a Crustacean of the Family Pycnogonide
fovnd in the locality.”

In the course of his interesting essay, Mr. Horsnaill said:
—At first sight they might be taken for diminutive speci-
mens of some of the long-legged spider crabs, Inachus or
Stenorynchus ; to the latter genus especially their gaunt and
skeletonlike aspect as they lazily sprawl their eight un-
wieldy legs over the weeds, gives them a very considerable
resemblance. This resemblance is, however, only in exter-
nal form—for while the crabs, and their congeners the
shrimps, prawns, and lobsters, are the most highly organized
of the Articulata, and possess a true muscular heart, and a
complicated respiratory apparatus; our little friends the
pycnogons have neither heart nor lungs, or at any rate no
special organs which are entitled to rank as such. ® * *
As far as my observations have gone, there appear to be
two species, at least, common on this coast ; one, somewhat
larger than the other, is, I believe, identical with that
figured by Dr. Carpenter under the name of Ammothea
pycnogonoides; and of his woodcut the illustration is an en-
larged copy. The other species is, if anything, commoner than
the first, and differs in such important particulars that I have
no doubtit belongs to a distinct genus—though I have not yet

2

been able to identify it.+ Let us now place a specimen of
Ammothea on an excavated slide with a few drops of sea
water, and after covering it witha disc of thin glass ex-
amine it under the microscope with a power of 30 or 40
diameters. Wesee the animal to consist of a central
thorax, composed of four segments, and presenting a some-
what octagonal figure. Into the first segment is fused, as
it were, a spindle-shaped head, which is prolonged nearly
to a point, the extremity being furnished with a very
small mouth, the orifice of which is triradiate, or trefoil
shaped, as shewn in the sketch. Dr. Carpenter states that
the orifice of the mouth is armed with cilia—these I have
not been able to make out, though no doubt they exist.
The head is also provided with a pair of jointed antenna,
and a pair of feet jaws; these latter in the species under
consideration seem to be but rudimentary, without claws,
and in a position in which they can hardly be of much use
to the animal ; but in the second species we find that they
are very largely developed, so as quite to overhang the
head, and are armed with powerful pincers. From each
segment of the thorax springs a pair of legs, each com-
posed of nine joints, and terminated by a strong claw, with
a smaller one attached to the same joint on its upper side.
These claws do not appear to be used as weapons, but are
instruments of progression, giving the creature a firm hold
on the stems and branches of the seaweeds which it in-
habits. The abdomen is reduced to a mere rudiment, and
exists in the form of a minute tail terminating the body.
In the female there are two false feet, attached to the
undersurface of the thorax, and doubled back so as to form
a sort of loop; these are used for carrying the spawn. The
legs are also armed with strong prominences, which, under
a high power, are seen to be continuations of the shell, and
from each of which rises a stiff bristle* * *
With respect to the early stages of the development of the
pycnogons, I have been able to obtain very little informa-

+ I believe this species to belong to the Genus Nymphon,
probably N. grossipes.—E.H.

8

tion. I have frequently during the summer and autumn
months had females loaded with spawn, which is carried
in two large masses, attached to the under surface of the
thorax by the false feet before mentioned. I have also had
two or three individuals, covered with what I at first took
to be a parasite, but which I now believe to be the crea-
ture’s larval form, having found the cases of recently hatched
spawn, and what I take to be the young on the same spe-
cimen. If this be the case, the parent animal carries the
eggs about till they are hatched, as is the case in many of
the higher crustacea. The larva, if such they be, are
curious little creatures, somewhat resembling a cheese-mite
with the addition of a pair of very large pincer claws on
each side of the head. They are very active; and cling
most tenaciously to their parent, by means of their claws
and four bristle feet. I have not yet been able to watch
their development, and thus verify my suspicions respecting
their true character, as hitherto I have found them disap-
pear after a few days’ confinement. The mature pycnogons °
are very tenacious of life, as might be expected from their
very low vitality, and they will live a long time in a vessel
of seawater. Some of those I have in the room have
been kept in a tumbler for nearly two months—and for
purposes of observation are better than freshly caught
specimens, as they have got rid of much of the coating of
diatoms and other extraneous matter which usually covers
them. They seem to feed upon decaying animal and vege-
table matters, which they find amongst the weeds on which
they live. I have sometimes noticed a green colour per-
vading the stomachs asif from the presence of partially
digested alge and conferve. In conclusion, I would again
recommend these humble creatures to the notice of any
amateur microscopist who is in search of instructive objects
upon which to employ the powers of his instrument. The
great transparency of their shelly covering renders their
whole internal organization very apparent, and there are
many points in their economy which are well deserving of.
further elucidation,

4
BY MAJOR MUNN.
“On the Hexagonal Cells of Bees and Wasps.”

Major Munn began by saying—‘“I need hardly
observe that the materials of which the bees construct those
beautiful combs, which deserve so much admiration, is wax.
This ductile substance is secreted by the bees, and may be
seen frequently (especially in a newly swarmed colony of bees)
appearing under the rings of the abdomen, and more than
half extruded ; and these scales are ready to be employed to
lay the foundations for combs and the hexagonal cells that
form the future homes of the bees and their brood, &c. Bees
exhibit a wonderful degree of instinct, and often baffle man’s
ingenious devices to take a peep into the interior economy
of their cells, as they adapt their waxen structures to every
change of circumstance, and so frame them asto overcome any
artificial obstacle—in building upwards, contrary to their
natural mode of procedure—in building laterally, when un-
able to find a sure foundation for their works, either above
or below—in curving their combs, and cells also, But the
great question is, “‘ The construction of hexagonal cells by
bees.” Although attributed to lateral pressure, the ‘circular
theory”? is a great fallacy with regard to the cells of the
honey bees, or indeed any other bee or wasp. I will not
divert your attention by giving a list of names of persons,
scientific and otherwise, that still adhere to this circular
.theory, but proceed at once to lay before you the works of
the bees themselves, and leaye you to judge whether these
examples be not conclusive as to the fallacy of this theory.
I may also just recall to your memories that I on a former
occasion mentioned the hexagonal lenses of the honey bees’
eyes, and merely asked the question, ‘“‘ Has this anything
to do with the hexagonal cells?’’ when I was at once
called to order, and told the circular theory would solve the
whole mystery. I now beg to answer this question. With
regard to these hexagonal lenses, let me quote from a
popular work on the bee, not that it affects the question

5

Ihave put, beyond showing how completely this eircular
theory takes hold of us all, to account for even eyes, whilst
the hexagonal form of cells (or eyes) is the plan laid down
by the Great Architect, and the bees (and the eyes) carry
out his designs. “It appears to us questionable whether
the normal shape of these lenses is hexagonal or whether
this form is not rather a necessity of growth ; that is to say,
we think they are normally round, but assume the hexagonal
shape during the process of development in consequence of
their agglomeration. If this be correct, it applies equally
to the compound eyes of all insects.” So says the modern
naturalist. I cannot do better than at once attack the
fallacy of the circular system as applied (by philosophers)
to the construction of the hexagonal cells of bees and wasps
(as the latter have the same formation of letises or hexa-
gonal shapes as the honey bee), and I will leave the disco-
very I made many years ago of the proofs of the queen cells
and breeding cells not being sealed with wax, but closed
with the silken meshes of the cocoon spun and formed by
the larva or embryo bee, until the latter part of this paper.
So perfect is the structure of the hexagonal cells of bees
that it satisfies every condition of a refined problem in
geometry, and I will just detain you for a moment by stating
the strength with which these cells are built. While there
is great economy of materials, there are no useless partitions
in a honey comb; the transition cells are honey cells; each
of the six lateral panels of one cell forms also one of the
panels of an adjoining cell; and of the three rhombs which
form the pyramidal base of a cell, each contributes one-
third towards the formation of the bases of three opposing
cells, the bottom or centre of every cell resting against the
point of union of three panels that are at the back of it.
Besides this there is economy of room, no interstices being
left between adjoining cells (which circles would certainly
produce). Thus the greatest possible capacity or internal
space is secured, consistent with the two former desiderata,
and economy of materials and economy of room produce
economy of labour, whilst the whole ranges of cells are

6

constructed and supported in the strongest manner possible,
considering the quantity of materials employed, and would
resist any lateral or circular pressure, if such force could be
brought to bear upon the combs after their construction ;
and certainly nothing of the kind can be shewn to be the
case whilst the bees are at work upon each separate cell.
It is useless troubling you with descriptions of these beau-
tiful cells, as a glance at them will satisfy you that
such is the fact; and I have here specimens of
the drone, worker, transition cells, all hexagonal ;
and also the larger, exceptionally constructed queen
cells, which are built with one object and are peculiar.
Now I may just state as a fact that the eight scales pro-
duced by the wax-workers from their wax pockets will
exactly build up a worker brood cell, and leave the bee
sufficient to fortify the edge of the cell with an additional
ledge, or border of wax, rough and strong, not as is stated
by bee-writers to prevent its bursting from the struggles of
the bee-nymph, or from the ingress and egress of the
labourers, but to enable the cocoon or silken ventilator to
be attached and worked upon from side to side by the
embryo or nymph bee when closing itself in, to pass into its
perfect state. And this entrance border is at least three
times as thick as the sides of the cell, and thicker at the
angles than elsewhere, which prevents the mouth of the
cell from being regularly hexagonal, though the interior is
perfectly so. These raised borders of wax form the
‘stepping stones”’ for the workers to pass over whilst
storing their honey and pollen in those adjoining cells
where none of the brood are, and also enable the worker
bees to hang on to the combs whilst the circulation of air
for the brood is secured, to produce the temperature necessary
for their perfection ; and this the bees always can do, either
by clustering at the bases of the combs and sides, in
masses, when the brood combs form the outside range of
the combs (but this is seldom done) although the Queen
cells are generally advanced at the edges of the combs, for
reasons which I may state upon another occasion when at-
tempting to remove some further fallacies of our earlier

7

bee keepers and bee-book writers who take things for
granted. Thus I have given a brief statement of the
hexagonal cells as formed by the honey bee. Now let me
remark that this hexagonal form of cell has been, and, in-
deed, is even now generally acknowledged by all philoso-
phers to be the result of the mechanical laws which in-
fluence the pressure of cylinders composed of soft materials.
They state that the nests of solitary bees, and the royal cells
in a bee hive, are uniformly circular; and the cells in the
pith of wood, which are hexagonal in the central parts, are
circular towards the circumference, where there is
diminished pressure; hence it is inferred that the hex-
agonal form is produced by the general reaction of the solid
parts on each other. Now I must express my surprise at
such a theory being held by any naturalist. Indiarubber
tubes, peas, or soft balls placed within a space, and equally
compressed, we all know do show the hexagonal forms, but
thatthe cells are built in a circular form and then pressed into
hexagons is one of those wild imaginations I cannot com-
prehend * - * * =
I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Frederick Smith, of
the British Museum, who has allowed me to exhibit this
Brazilian wasp’s nest (‘‘ Tatua’’), or rather one sheet of it
or floor, to prove the cells are hexagonally built on a plane
surface; and I may add, to strengthen my position, that
Mr. F. Smith read a paper, as President of the Entomologi-
cal Society in London, and may be found in the transac-
tions of 1864, in which he gives three further convincing
proofs of the fallacy of the circular construction, and adds,
“combination of labour is deemed essential”’ by “one
philosopher,’”’ and “‘ no solitary bee or wasp could construct
hexagonal cells.” This is refuted by the fact that the queen
wasp is a solitary builder in the spring of each year.
Another naturalist says, ‘‘the hexagonal form of cell may
be accounted for simply by the mechanical pressure of the
insects against each other during the formation of the
cell. In consequence of the instinct that compels them to
work with reference to a plane, and of the cylindrical form
of the insects’ bodies, the cells must be hexagons.” This is

8

disproved by the above statement of the solitary queen
wasp, but may I not add ironically, why not prove the
body of the bee itself a hexagon? Thus six of the bees
pressing against the six sides of the cell, with one jolly bee
in a centre cell, would just form the hexagon (from the
ductile nature of the wax), although the centre cel]
bee would come out of pressure like a “brick.”
Another condition, essential for this circular system, was
“the bee or wasp, when the builder must insert its head to
form the hexagonal cell.’”’ The head of the wasp placed
over one of the smaller worker celis, proves to you that
could not be done in many cases, and especially in these cells.
And lastly, the width of the planes of the hexagon were
thus explained: a worker bee was supposed to place itself
exactly opposite the centre of one of the planes, and then
fixing itself steadily in the proper position, the width of the
plane would be the exact distance that the bee cut, or reached
with its mandibles when turning its head as upon a pivot,
The uniformity of the size of the bees themselves also
would appear to add to the completeness of the theory.
But, alas! it soon occurs to any casual observer, that the
same bees afterwards construct the larger celis of the drones,
and the transition cells in the combs. To prove isolated
hexagonal cells are built, if you examine the nest of Jcaria
gutlatipennis, and also that of Polistes Tasmaniensis, you
will find many examples. Vespa Norvegica I have myself
the recollection of seeing in the museum at Bergen as an
example of building detached hexagonal ceils ; showing the
hexagonal form does not necessitate the infringement of six
adjoining cells for its production, a position that had been
laid down as being absolutely necessary by the circular the-
orists, and which Mr. Smith has, by the examples I have
quoted from him, I think completely refuted. The
one other curious fact with regard to the honey-
bee, is that the workers avail themselves of the
compressed wax foundations, which are stamped rhom-
boids, to raise the hexagons upon for complete cells.
A word as to the clcsing of the nymph bee to allow it to
spin its cocoon, when it has no further occasion for

9

food. ‘‘ The bees with admirable foresight terminate their
cares by sealing up each cell, enclosing the nymph with a
woven lid.” This is Dr. Lardner’s account, approaching
somewhat nearer the truth. My old friend Dr. Bevan, in
his Honey Bee, the best work ever written on the subject
leaves the question in a doubtful position, but
what he thought the fact when receiving his informa-
tion. “The form of these royal cells is an oblong
spheroid tapering gradually downwards, and having the
exterior full of small indentations, somewhat resembling
the rustic work of stone buildings. These cells are in
depth about an inch, in diameter about the third of an
inch, and smoothly polished within. The mouth of the
cell, which is always at the bottom, remains open till the
maggot is ready for transformation, and is then closed like
the rest, but with a thicker cover.” It is to me a marvel
how naturalists, having such assistance as the microscope
can now give, should so confidently state these obvious errors,
and only proves how apt we are to follow in one another’s
track and seldom consult nature itself for truth. It is with
this sole object I have ventured to come before you to-day
with a few rough notes, but founded on facts and close
observation, and ask you to pardon my crude statement
upon a former lecture which has been put forth more to
draw the attention of the members of our Club than to
teach or promulgate any new theories of my own or as in any
way likely to shake the faith of the philosophers who have
written and spoken before us as to the correctness of their
circular system when applied to the construction of the
hexagonal cells of bees and wasps. However, my proofs
are my own observations, and if I am mistaken in my con-
clusions, I shall be glad to be corrected by any member of
the Club. We must therefore conclude (as Reid and
Butler have written) that the bees, although they act
geometrically, understand neither the rules nor the
principles of the art which they practice so skilfully, and
that the geometry is not in the bee, but in the Great

10

Geometrician who made the bee, and made all things in
number, weight, and measure.

At the conclusion, a variety of objects illustrative of the
above and other subjects of interest, were exhibited by
members of the Society under their microscopes.

OF

THE HAST KENT

Natural History Seciety,

dist of Books belonging to the Lihnany,

&c., &c.

SESSION, 1870,

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE “ KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH-STREET,

Report foy the Weay 1870.

Your Committee has to report that the Society, as to
members and finances, is in much thesame condition as at the
end of the preceding year. Though the balance of only 11s.
4d. in the hands of the Treasurer now, against £5 15s. 3d. at
the end of the year 1869, might appear as a large deficiency, it
is not so in reality; for most of the difference had been added
to the permanent capital of the Society, chiefly in the shape of
valuable and expensive books to the Library, of which the
details will be appended to this Report. And this is a depart-
ment which your Committee regards as of great importance,
since a Library of some of the best books of natural science is
absolutely indispensable in carrying out the designs of the
Society, especially in a city where no other collection of such
books is to be found. It is, therefore, with pleasure that your
Committee congratulates the Society on its success in this
direction, which is, in fact, a very valuable and prosperous
achievement ; indeed, on this point alone the Society might
well and truly found a claim to the support of all persons
in the district who have sufficient intelligence to appreciate
the true value of natural science, and to promote it accord-
ingly, as part and parcel of a liberal education.

But your Committee regrets that its efforts have not yet

4

been equally successful in other directions. Although the
City has long had an independent Museum, with a suitable
building and funds, there is a sad, and, it is to be hoped,
singular want in the district of a taste for, and knowledge of,
natural science, which that Museum has utterly failed to
supply. And this is the great difficulty under which the East
Kent Natural History Society labours at present. Hence, to
excite and diffuse an interest in the subject, to spread and
popularize a knowledge of it, appears now to be a chief duty
of the Society, which, as already mentioned, has the funda-
mental aid of a Library; and it is hoped that your Society
may yet succeed in awaking more attention in the district to
the pleasures and advantages afforded by the pursuit of natural
science, especially now the great importance of it in national
education has been publicly recognized by our great Universi-
ties and other learned bodies.

During the year only one excursion took place, as it has
been found difficult and expensive to effect such gatherings of
the members and their friends. Of Lectures there have been
several—by Dr. Mitchinson, Major Munn, Mr. Dowker, and
Mr. Gulliver; and the thanks of the Society are due to all
these gentlemen for their services in this respect.

Though your Committee is fully alive to the advantages
of lectures by professional persons, the expense is a serious
consideration, and a sufficient objection, when estimated in
reference to the excellent books which the money would enable
the Society to add to its Library. And it should be borne in
mind that your Committee, while by no means objecting to
such lectures, must in the first place consider the funds of the
_ Society, and how they may be most profitably expended ; and

that a few detached lectures on detached parts of detached
subjects can afford but little knowledge in so wide a field as
that of natural science. The real want here seems to be
regular and constant instruction, and diffusion of knowledge,
by frequent and set meetings for this purpose, when any
branch of the extensive subject of natural history may be
discussed, and this with the advantages of an easy intercom-
munication of the members, so that the knowledge of the
whole may be at the service of any individual.

Accordingly your Committee has instituted fortnightly
evening meetings, to which the members of the Society and
their friends (properly introduced) are invited to bring any

5

specimens of natural history objects, either for the purpose of
imparting or acquiring information thereon; when any mem-
ber can offer either oral or written information, such as short
lectures or observations, and formal papers suited to the pur-
pose, besides the explanatory remarks which the occasion is
likely to bring forth. Thus this kind of intercourse will be
more or less easy and profitable; and, from the trial already
made in this way, your Committee is disposed to anticipate
good effects from it in future, especially when the design has
been more fully carried out under the care of the newly-elected
President, and with the valuable aid so liberally afforded by
Colonel Cox, Colonel Horsley, Mr. Harvey, Mr. Fullagar, and
Mr. Bell, of their microscopes. Whether classes ‘for instruc-
tion at Canterbury in one or other branch of natural history
might not be formed with advantage may become a question.
In the kindred Society at Folkestone such classes have proved
useful, and that on botany for ladies, under the care of the
Rey. Charles L. Acland, a complete and gratifying success ;
-while the liberal and judicious transfer there of the Town
Museum to the Natural History Society is likely, in many
points, and especially by promoting the cause of natural
science in the district, to shew the utility and true objects of
a local Museum.

On the whole subject of Excursions, your Committee
ventures to hope that the fortnightly mectings, already ex-
plained, will prove further useful, by inducing Members and
their friends to make frequent explorations of the district, and
lay the results before the Meetings ; and this rather prompted
by a general increase of interest and zeal among the Members
than by any particular attempts at “organizations” of Excur-
sions by the Committee.

Your Committee has already given short reports, such as
appear suited as local news, of the evening Meetings, and
recommend that similar reports be continued, and steps taken
to have them inserted, for the information of Members and
others, in the Canterbury and Dover newspapers. And this,
it is presumed, might be done by requesting the editor to whom
the original manuscript report is sent to forward printed slips
of it accordingly.

As regards lady Members, your Committee recommends
that they should be eligible to serve on the Committee.

Your Committee has to call attention to the list of

6

Associates, not one of whom has been in direct communication
with the Society for years. Associates of scientific societies
are usually persons able and willing to assist the Society and
themselves by intercourse with it, but from whom the pay-
ment of subscriptions could not be expected. Such Associates
the Society will at all times be ready to welcome and encourage
most cordially ; but it isa question whether a limit ought not
to beso far put to them that, in case they cease any intercourse
with the Society for two or three years, this fact should cause
their names to be removed from the list, any Associate thus
removed being still eligible for re-election. Special cases of
exemption could easily be dealt with by the Committee.

Committee on the Flora of East Kent.

This Committee has to report that, owing to unusual and
unavoidable circumstances, the initiatory steps for renewing
the investigations into the Flora of the district could not be
taken at the commencement of last year, and consequently the
inquiry was checked for the season. The work, however, has
not been suspended, the analysis and registry of previous lists
of plants, which were considerable, have been going on, and
one or two fresh lists have been received. The Committee will
shortly renew the inquiry under the plan that has been hitherto

so satisfactory.
JAMES REID, .
Hon. Sec. of this Committee.

Report of Librarian for 1870.

The funds placed at the disposal of the Librarian during
the year 1870 consisted of £10 from the General Fund of the
Society, and 6s. balance from 1869.

Of this sum £2 14s. 8d., have been spent in the purchase
of new works, viz.:—Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature,
1 vol.; Gosse’s Marine Zoology, 2 vols.; Bowerbank’s British
Spongiade, vol. 1; Journal of Botany for 1870 (12 Nos.), 1 vol.;
£4 16s, 2d.in the purchase of Periodicals; and 19s. 6d. for

7

binding nine volumes of Periodicals of 1869, leaving a balance
in hand of £1 15s. 8d.

The following Works and Pamphlets have been presented
to the Society during 1870, viz.:—3rd edition Bevan on the
Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn: presented by the editor.

Two Pamphlets presented by G. Dowker, Esq., F.G.S. :—
1. On Structure of a Fern Stem, from the Lower Eocine
of Herne Bay: by Mr. Carruthers.
2. On the Chalk of Thanet, Kent, and its connection
with the Chalk of Hast Kent: by Mr. Dowker.
Two Pamphlets presented by their author, G. Gulliver,
Esq., F.R.S. :—
1. Onthe Hsophagus of Sauropsidaand other Vertebrata.
2. On the Red Blood-corpuscles of Moschus, Tragulus,
and Orycteropus.

No work was received from the Ray Society in 1870, in
return for the annual subscription of one guinea paid by the

Society.
W. H. HORSLEY, Cot.,

Tibrarian.

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LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

BELONGING TO THE Hast Kent Narurat History Sociery.

British Land and Fresh Water Molluscs, 1 vol, (Reeve).

Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson).

Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol. (Harvey)

Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer)

Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)

Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.

Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.

Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.

Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.

A Catalogue of rare Phenogamous Plants collected in South Kent
in 1829

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. refer-
ring to Sheets 4 and 7

British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865 (Douglas and Scott)

Handy Book of British Flora, 2 vols. (Bentley)

Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 3 vols.

Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol.

Monograph of British Spongiade, by Dr. Bowerbank, 2 vols.

Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.

Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.

Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs. Gatie from Professor
Harvey's Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol.

Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.

Forbes’s British Star Fishes, 1 vol.

Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.

Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.

Smith’s English Flora, 4 vols.

Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol.

Nitzsch’s Pterylography.

Hooker’s Jungermanniz, 1 vol.

Smith’s Diatomacee, 2 vols.

Works of W. Hewson, F.R.S., 1 vol., edited by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle and
Sternum in the Vertebrata, 1 vol.

Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10th edition, 2 vols.

Masters’s Vegetable Teratology, 1 vol.

Bevan’ on the Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn, F.R.H.S., 1 vol.

Gosse’s Marine Zoology, 2 vols.

Haughton’s Three Kingdom’s of Nature, 1 vol.

10
PAMPHLETS.

British Moths, Nocturni.
55 Geometre.

Memoirs pour servir 4 Ja connaissance des Crinoides vivants, par

Michael Sars.

Etudes sur les Affinites Chimiques par MM. Guldberg et Waage.

Notes on Lemnacee and the Raphidian Character of Plants, by G.
Gulliver, F.R.S.

Shetches to a scale of the Auditory Organs of Molluscs, by G.
Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Muscular Sheath of the @sophagus of the “Aye Aye”
(Chiromys Madagascariensis), by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Fibres of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini, by G.
Gulliver, F.R.S. ;

The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom- Markings. The
Microscope Prism and the Structure of the Podura Scales, by
the Rey. J. B. Reade, F.R.S.

Le Glacier de Boinon, per Mons. §S. A. Saxe.

On a Fern-stem (Osmundites Dowkeri) from the Lower Eocine of
Herne Bay, by Mr. Carruthers.

On the Chalk of Thanet and East Kent, by G. Dowker, F.G.S.

On the sophogus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata, by G.
Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus, and
Orycteropus, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

PERIODICALS. ;

Natural History Review, vol. 3 1863, and vol. 4 1864.
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1861, and from 1863 to 1869.
N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vol. 7,
1859, and vol. 8, 1860, new series, vol. 1, 1861, to vol. 8, 1868,
vol. 2 excepted.

Magazine of Natural History, third series, vol. 3, 1859, to vol. 8,
1861, and vol. 11, 1863, to vol. 28, 1869.

The Geologist, vol. 2, 1859, vols. 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864.

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859.

The Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 20, 1864, to vol.
25, 1869.

11

The Natural History Repertory, 1865.
The Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, Ist vol.,
1869.

The Librarian regrets to state that in consequence of several
Periodicals not having been returned to the Library, nor any entry
of them made in the book kept for the purpose in the Society’s
reading room, he has been unable to have the volumes to which
they belong bound.

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS
ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ.:

The Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society.
. The Zoologist.

. The Geological Magazine.

- Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.

. Science Gossip.

. The publications of the Ray Society.

. Seemann’s Journal of Botany.

DOwIM op wr pr

1Z
fist of Officers and Wenrbers.
———0:0:0 ————_

President :
THE REVEREND J. MITCHINSON, D.C.L.

Vice-Presidents :

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

THE RIGHT HON. LORD FITZWALTER, GoopNeEsTONE PARK.
SIR WALTER JAMES, Bart., BETSHANGER.

COLONEL C. J. COX, ForpwicH Houser.

MATTHEW BELL, Esq., BouRNE PARK.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esqa., St. ALBAN’s.

THE REV. F. SCOTT, SrseRTswouLp.

CAPTAIN CROOKES, Dover.

GEORGE DOWKER, Esa., F.G.S., StourmMoutH Hovss.
COLONEL HOLSLEY, Sr. STeEPHEN’s LcopGE, CANTERBURY.
G. GULLIVER, Esq., F.R.S., Clovis TERRACE, CANTERBURY.
H. A. BUTLER-JOHNSTONE, Esq., M.P.

H. LEH, Esqa., F.L.S., F.G.S.

H. B. MACKESON, Esa.

THE HON. G. W. MILLES, M.P.

Treasurer and Librarian :
COL. HORSLEY.

Honorary Secretary:
GEORGE GULLIVER, Ese., F.RB.S.

Honorary Assistant Secretary:
MR. FULLAGAR, 48, Hicu-strreeT, CANTERBURY.

Committee:

Dr. ASTLEY. T. G. PECKHAM, Esa.
Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. Tue Rev. F. ROUCH.
Mr. E. HORSNAILL. G. RIGDEN, Esq.

Dr. KERSEY. J. REID, Esq.

H. LEE, Esa. F. SLATER, Esa.

H. B. MACKESON, Esa. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esa.
MAJOR MUNN, F.R.H.S. A. BOTTLE, Esq.

Local Secretaries:

Dovrer—A. BOTTLE, Esq.
MarcaTte—G. M. PITTOCK, Ese., M.D.

13
Members,
Alford, Very Rev. Dr. Dean of Canterbury.
Astley, Dr. Dover.
Bartlett, E., Esq. London.

Bell, M., Esq.
Bland, W., Esq.
Bottle, A., Esq.
Bliss, Rev. W.
Browne, Miss L.

Browne, Miss

Bell, J. R., Esq.

Barton, F. E., Esq.
Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Brinckman, Captain, M.P.

Berry, Captain
Barnard, Mrs. Philip
Buchanan, Rev. J. R.

Crookes, J. F., Esq.
Cox, Col., C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Claris, P. B., Esq.
Court, P., Esq.
Cowell, Mrs. E.

Dowker, G., Esq.
Dean, Mrs.

Farren, Colonel C. B.
Fitzwalter, Rt. Hon. Lord.
Furley, R., Esq.

Furley, George, Esq.
Forrest, Mrs.

Finnis, Steriker, Esq.
Furley, W. D., Esq.
Fullagar, Mr. James.

Bourne Park, Canterbury.

Hartlip, Sittingbourne.

Dover.

Betshanger, near Deal

4, Victoria Place, St. Dunstan’s,
Canterbury.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.

Liverpool Street, Dover.

42, Marine Parade, ditto.

56, Park Street, Grosvenor Square,
London.

23, St. George’s Place, Canterbury

3, St. George’s Fields, Canterbury.

Herne.

5, Waterloo Cresent, Dover.
Fordwich House, near Canterbury.
Ditto.

Dover.

Ditto.

Stour Street, Canterbury.

Stourmouth House, Sandwich.
Wincheap.

Colchester.

Goodnestone Park, Wingham.
Ashford.

Barton Villlas, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Dover.

1, St. George’s Place, Canterbury,
High Street, Canterbury.

Grayling, Dr.
Giraud, Byng, Esq.
Gulliver, G. Esq., F.R.S.

Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Harvey, Mr. Sidney
Horsley, Colonel
Hilton, Captain

Hanvey, John, Esq.
Horsnaill, Edward, Esq.

James, Sir W. Bart.
Jones, R. H., Esq.

14

Sittingbourne.
Castle Street, Dover.
Clovis Terrace, Canterbury.

St. Alban’s Court, Wingham.

Hartsdown, Margate.

High Street, Canterbury,

St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury.

Nackington House, near Canter-
bury.

Waterworks, Dover.

- Dover.

Betshanger, Sandwich.
Clyde House, Dover.

Johnstone, H. A. Butler, Esq., 6, Hamilton Place, Piccadilly.

M.P

Kersey, Dr.

Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Knocker, Edward, Esq.
Knocker, Captain

Lee, H. Esq., F.L.S., F.G.8.]

Milles, the Hon. G. W., M.P.

Mummery, Mr. W. P.
Makeson, H. B., Esq.
Mitchinson, Rev. Dr.
Munn, Major, F.R.H.S.
Matthias, Mrs.

Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E.

Littlebourne.
Ditto.

Castle Hill, Dover.
Dover.

The Waldrons, Croydon.

Lee’s Court, Faversham.

Strond Street, Dover.

High Street, Hythe.

The King’s School, Canterbury.

Churchill house, Dover.

Carlton Place, St. Dunstan’s,
Canterbury.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.
Ditto.

Parker, R. D., Esq.
Payn, W. H., Esq.
Plumptre, C. J., Esq.
Plummer, E., Esq.
Puckle, Rev. J.
Poynter, A., Esq.
Peckham, T. G., Esq.
Powell, Mrs.

Peake, Mr. Henry

Reid, Jas., Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.

Scott, Rev. F.
Saunders, Mr. Sibert
Slater, F., Esq.

Spice, C., Esq.
Solomon, — Esq.
Smith, J. G., Esq.
Sankey, Herbert, Esq.
Stilwell, James, Esq.
Skinner, Mrs.

Tuckey, C., Esq., M.D.

Taylor, Mrs
Thomson, R. E., Esq.

Walker, Mrs.
Ward, Miss
Wray, Miss
Winch, A., Esq.

15

Barham.

St. Martin’s Hill, Dover.
Fredyille, Nonington.

The Firs, Canterbury.

St. Mary’s, Dover.

3, Marine Place, ditto.

Hall Place, Harbledown.

4, Dane John Grove, Canterbury.
Dover.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street, ditto.
Precincts, ditto.

Sibertswould, Dover.
Whitstable.

Chislet,

Strond Street, Dover.
Little Kenfield, Canterbury.
Effingham Lawn, Dover.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Victoria Park, Dover:
Canterbury.

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.
North Street, Herne Bay.
Kenfield House, Petham.

St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
High Street, Canterbury.
Barton Fields, Canterbury.
Norman Street, Dover.

Honorary and Caoryesponding Wembhers,

Bartlett, A. D., eat
Bates, H. W.,

Boycott, J., ier eve Dz.

Zoological Gardens, London.
London.
London.

16

Britten, J., Esq. Royal Herbarian, Kew.

Kemp, Dr. William Fort Nelson, New Zealand.

Linford, Mr. J. S. London.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell T. London.

Sandilands, —, Esq. Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia.

Saunders, J., Esq. Reigate.

Trimen, H., Esq. Botanical Department, British
Museum.

Whitaker, W., Esq. Geological Museum, Jermyn
Street, London,

Assuciates,

Baker, Mr. Cattle Market, Sandwich.

Coppen, Mr., E. Sibertswould.

Else, Mr. R. Burgate Lane, Canterbury.

Gordon, Mr. W. C. Museum, Dover.

Gutteridge, Mr. Faversham.

Kennett, Mr. W. Fordwich.

Parren, Mr. W. Canterbury.

Prebble, Mr. J. G. Ramsgate.

Young, Mr. Sittingbourne.

17

Js Ha Matural History Soci

TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.

The objects of the East Kent Narvrat History Socrery
shall be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and
Theoretical Knowledge respecting Natural History in all its
Branches, both in relation to the particular District and the
General Science.

SS
RULES & REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Cor-
responding Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the
election shall be by ballot, taken at any meeting of the Committee,
or at a General Meeting—one black ball in five to exclude.

8. The Annual Subscriptions tobe paid by Ordinary Members
shall be Ten Shillings; the Subscriptions shall become due on the
Ist of January in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the
current year. Any Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for
three months after it is due, shall be applied to by the Treasurer or
Secretary, and if the Subscription remain unpaid for three months
after such application, he shall cease to be a Member of the Society,

18

4. The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot,
on the nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous
of becoming an Ordinary Member, and her Subscription shall be
Five Shillings.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural
History, for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection
with similar Societies may, on the recommendation of the Com-
mittee, be elected Honorary or Corresponding Members of the
Society, provided they do not reside within the district; such
Honorary and Corresponding Members shall not be subjected to
any of the expenses of the Society, and shall have no vote in its
affairs.

6. In order to encourage the study of Natural History among
individuals of the class of mechanics, &c., residing in the district,
the Committee shall have power to admit individuals of that class
as Associates, provided they shall first communicate some informa-
tion or observation on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or
present them to the Local Museums, as shall by their merits
satisfy the Committee. Such Associates shall enjoy the privileges
of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee
of Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents,
a Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six
Members, who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three
Members of such Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings
shall be held on the same day as the February and November
General Meetings, and at such other times as the Secretary may
deem necessary.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held on the last Tuesday in

19

January in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of electing
the Officers for the current year, receiving the Annual Statement
of Accounts, and Report of the Committee, and conducting the
general affairs of the Society. °

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Com-
mittee, or by the Secretary, on the requisition in writing of any
six Members of the Society, the specific purposes of the Meeting
being stated in the notice, which shall be sent to each member not
less than one week before the time of such Meeting.

10. All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by
a majority of votes; and if upon any question the votes shall be
equal, the Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or
casting vote.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or
Committee, between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled
up by the Committee.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Com-
mittee shall be empowered to appoint any member a Local
Secretary for the town or district he may reside in. Such Local
Secretary shall be ex-officio a Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. Two Meetings shall be held in Canterbury yearly, during
the first and last quarters, for the purpose of reading papers,
exhibiting Specimens, Lectures, &c. Each member to have the
right of introducing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14. Two Excursions will be appointed to take place yearly,
during the Summer, for the purpose of investigating the natural
objects of interest in some district in East Kent; the arrange-
ments for these Excursions to be made at a Committee Meeting
to be held in the first week of each of the Summer Quarters.

20

15. A minute of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be en-
tered by the Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of such Meetiugs
and Excursions to every Member, stating the time and place of
Meeting, &e.

LOCAL MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the
Society, Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize
Meetings or Excursions in their districts ; and to give notice of the
same to the General, and to all the Local Secretaries, stating the
time and place of Meeting, and what particular subjects are to be
brought forward.

COLLECTIONS OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society shall endeavour to make a Collection of Ob-
jects of Natural History, both with a view of forming a Museum
and distribution of Duplicate Specimens, according to Regulations
to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

19. Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History
are to be purchased by the funds of the Society, and the number
and particular books of this class to be purchased shall be deter-
mined by the Committee.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some con-
venient place, so that Members may be able to refer to them, or
take them out, under such regulations as the Committee from time
to time may think proper to make.

21. Members are also invited to lend Books for the use of the
Library, reserving to themselves the full right of ownership; such
Books to be under the care of the Committee, and not allowed to
be taken out of the Library.

OBSERVATIONS
Romney Warsh and Lydd Beach,

WITH AN ACCOUNT OF

A BOTANICAL RAMBLE

FROM
Appledore to Lydd and Dungeness Pont,
MADE BY
G. DOWKER, J. REID, & JOHN MARTEN.
READ BEFORB

Dees SAST REN eL
Matural History Society,

JULY 17, 1867.

WARD, PRINTER, CANTERBURY,

tool Silber te doi Wer ‘at a ie wir
‘ay gat Dik dy ;
“ (usa Sea
7s jelous se, ser evista
Pini: aie te) Se

a
. i
4
a
F 3

eS aw Sa
f 4 y

ROMNEY MARSH—ITS PHYSICAL
FEATURES.

This large tract of lowland hasalmostall beenrecovered from
the sea during historical times. In Roman times, a harbour
existed at the foot of Lympne Hill, and there yet exists
the remains of the Roman castrum now termed Stutfall
Castle. In a.p. 833, King Egbert granted to the monastery
of Lyminge a piece of land at Sandtun, that was bounded
on the south by the river Limen (now named Rother), the
military canal now occupying nearly its course. Subse-
quently the Rother shifted its course and flowed out to sea
at Romney, this was most likely before the Norman con-
quest. In those days the Rother flowed from Newenden,
round the north side of the Isle of Oxney, by Small Hithe
and Reading Street to Appledore, and from this latter place
to Romney its course was along the Ree Wall, the present
high road. With regard to Dungeness beach, if true as
supposed by Mr. Drew, in his memoir on Romney Marsh,
that the river at that time took its course between New
Romney and Lydd, it follows that all that great mass of
shingle forming Dunge beach, which lies to the east of this
point, must have collected since the Rother first came to
Romney. We have no accurate maps to guide us before
the time of Queen Elizabeth, during whose reign a chart
was made of the Marsh and Ness. It appears from Mr.
Redman’s researches, that, at that time, Dungeness point was
just three miles from Lydd church, whereas in 1844 it was
three miles and seven eights. In the middle of the thirteenth
century somedestructive storms forced the river to seeka new
channel. It then changed its course at Appledore and fell
into the sea at Rye, and from that time New Romney de-
cayed as a port.

I will now speak of this Lydd beach. One charac-
teristic of this and all similar beaches, is that it

4

accumulates above high water mark, and thus drives back
the ocean and protects the land. At present the whole of
Romney Marsh is below high water mark, so that were it
it not for this protection and the Dymehurch wall connect-
ing it with Hythe, the marsh would be subject to constant
inundation. ‘he whole of the beach is formed of rounded
chalk flints, which must have been derived from the South
Downs, washed by the sea. These flints washed out of the
cliffs and broken by the waves, are carried by the sea cur-
rents directed by the prevailing winds, along the shore, till
deposited or checked by counter currents; and thus we
may suppose that prevailing south-west winds have accu-
mulated this beach. Now, it is worthy of remark that this
beach is accumulated in certain fulls or ridges which cor-
respond with periodical high tides, and as these ridges
remain, the beach shows a continuous succession of these,
marking the successive changes that have taken place in
the shore ; and thus we learn that an ancient beach which
existed west of Lydd, has been cut off by the waves and de-
posited towards the east. Between Lydd and the sea,
certain breaks occur in the regularity of this beach, which
now constitute large fresh water ponds of some acres in
extent. The present beach is about eighteen feet above
low water mark.

Now, with regard to the geology of the district, I may
observe that the Marsh is surrounded on one side by high
ground, consisting on the eastward towards Hythe, of the
Escarpment of the Lower Green sand, and south westward
by the Wealden beds, which I have represented by green and
umber in the map here exhibited. The Marsh itself con-
sists of what is termed alluvium, a recent deposit of sand,
beach, and Estuary mud, at places at least fifty feet deep.
Near Appledore, which is the lowest part of the Marsh, the
peaty soil is full of oak stumps, which appear to have
grown in the situation they now occupy.

It now remains for me to give an account of the wild
plants noticed growing between Appledore Station and
Dungeness Point.

The plants observed were as follows, being 103 in
number, and they were only those attracting our attention

during the ride and walk.

They are arranged in the Natural Orders :—-

RanvuncuLacem—
Ranunculus Aquatilis, var.
Circinatus
Ditto Flammula
Ditto Lingua
PAPAVERACER -
Papaver Rhoeas
FuMARIACEX —
Fumaria officinalis
Crucirerz —
Teesdalia nudicaulis
Cardamine pratensis
Nasturtium officinale
CaRYOHYLLACER —
Silene maritima
Ditto nutans

Lychnis diurna
Ditto floscuculi
Sagina précumbens
Stellaria uliginosa
Cerastium yulgatum
Matvacex —
Alheea officinalis

Malva sylvestris

GERANIACER —
Geranium Robertianum

PaPiLionace®
Sarothamnus scoparius

Ulex europzus

Ononis arvensis
Medicago denticulata
Lotus coniculata
Variety Major

Vicia Cracea

Dike, Denge Marsh, from
Beach.

Ponds, Beach.

Ditto, ditto, abundant.

Cultivated ground.
Ditto corn fields.

Reach sparingly.
Beach, ponds, double variety.
Ditches about Lydd.

Beach, abundant.

Of this rare plant several
specimens were found on
the beach.

A few specimens.

Beach, ponds, abundant.

Beach, near ponds.

Beach, ponds.

Near Beach ponds.

Plentiful along the roads,
near Lydd.
Near Lydd.

Plentiful all over Beach.

Particularly procumbent and
abundant on the Beach.
On the Beach with the same
procumbent habit.

Beach.

Beach.

Beach.

Beach Pond.

Roadside, near Lydd, abun-
dant,

RosacEx—
Prunus spinosus

Potentilla repens
Do. comarum

Rubus fructicosa
ORNAGRACEX—

Epilobium palustre

5 tetragonum

Myniophyllum spicatum
LyTHRACExX —

Lythrum salicaria
CrassuLACEXx—

Sedum anglicum
UMBELLIFERE—

Hydrocotyle vulgaris

Conium Maculatum

Apium grayeolens

Enanthe fistulusa

»» pimpinelloides
ARthusa cynapium
Caucalis infesta

Cherophyllum temulum
Pastinaca Sative
RvBIACcER ~
Galium Verum
» palustre
» uliginosum
» saxatile
» Mollugo
VALERIANEX —
Valeriana officinalis
ComposiTz —
Helminthia echioides
Sonchus arventis
Arctium lappa
Leontodon autumnalis
Senecio viscosus
Carduus pyenocephalus

Beach, densely matted, and
procumbent.

Between Lydd and Beach.

This plant, so rare in the
South, appears in great
profusion in the beach
ponds—the only habitat I
know in East Kent.

Procumbent on the beach.

Ponds, Beach.
Ponds, Beach.
Beach, Ponds.

Ditches near beach.
Beach

Beach, ponds, abundant.

Near Appledore station

Ditches from Appledore to
dd

ditto.
Ditches near Lydd.
Cultivated ground, Lydd.
Near Light-House, Dunge-

ness.
Denge Marsh farm.
Station.

Between Beach & Lydd.
Ponds and dikes, Beach.
Ponds, Beach.

Beach.

Between Beach and Lydd.

Dike, Lydd.

Road side, Lydd.

Cultivated land.

Beach.

Beach.

Beach.

Coast guard St. near Light
House.

CAMPANULACEZ—
Jasione montana

GENTIANACER— _
Menyanthes trifoliata

PRIMULACEZ—
Anagallis tenella

Samolus Valerandi
ConvovuLAcEx—-

Convolvulus arvensis

Cuscuta Epithynum
BoracinEz—

Echium vulgare

Myosotis palustris

es arvensis

Cynoglossum officinale
SoLranacez—

Solanum Dulcamara

ScroPpHULARINEZ—
Veronica scutellaria
“ Anagallis
Digitalis purpurea

Verbascum thapsus
Lasuatz—
Mentha aquatica
Teucrium scorodonia
Galeopis Ladanum
Prunella vulgaris
PLUMBAGINEE —
Armeria maritima
PotyconacEZ—
Polygonum amphibium
Rumex Acetosa
» Acetosella
» Aquaticus
Unticacex—
Urtica dioica
ARMENTACEZ—
Salix repens or
gale
TyPHacex—
Typha angustifolia
Sparganium ramosum

myrica

Most abundant on beach.
Beach ponds.

Sides of ponds carpeted with
its beautiful blooms.
Sparingly, beach ponds.

Between Beach and Lydd.
Beach on Ullex Enropens.

Beach.
Ponds.

Beach.
Beach.

Beach ponds.

Dikes,

All over the Beach, abnn-
dant.

Beach.

Dike, Denge Marsh.
Beach, abundant.
Beach abundant.
Beach.

Covering portions of Beach.
Ponds, Beach,

Beach.

Ditto.

Dikes, Lydd.

Beach.

In Pond on Beach.

Pond Beach,
Dikes, Denge Marsh.

NatrapEx —
Potamogeton pusillus Ponds, Beach,

— Heterophyllus } the latter sparingly.
ALISMACEZ—

Alisma plantago
» Ranunculoides Ponds, Beach.
‘Triglochin maritimum }

HyprocHaRIpDEx—
Hydrocharis morsus-rane Dikes Marsh
[R1pExX—
Iris pseudacorus Ponds.
JuNCACEEZ—
Juncus communis
» Articulatus Around Ponds, Beach.
», Acutus
CyPERACEZ—
Scirpus Lacustris Abundant in ponds.
» Palustris ee
» Maritimus Between Beach and Lydd.
Carex pseudo-cyperas Ponds.
» Vulpina

Eriophorum polystachyum § Beach Ponds.
GRAMINEZ—
Anthoxanthum odoratum Beach, being the first
Arrhenatherumavenaceum —_ vegetation next the crip-

Hordeum maritimun togams.
Firices—
Aspidium Thelypteris Abundant in one pond on
Beach.

The ponds on the Beach are of considerable extent, and
greatly resorted to by wild fowl. We observed the follow-
ing:—-Anas Boschas (wild duck), Larus canus (common
gull), Larus ridibundus (black headed gull), and Larus
argentatus (herring gull.) Inthe ponds we found very
large specimens of Limnea stagnalis (pond marsh snail),
and some very curious caddis worms, with great variety of
Entomostraca. Fives —

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