ve DCU Ct 5 ’ JOR ‘ Ye Wi" ay DOU AY ae , *9, 4, os » a { af A «na Fay nan latet tet statrae Vie see iy Wie ery Ove 7) ‘ (YOu) uly oy HNO oe ARs y t + } etree Deut: ae Mir peet tit) AiG) asl viin’y yam EMU jee : rs vem ¥ i ae Ann ase ae HO Dene) RA Gr ag » A Weihe ‘ Rita ierelnt Piece iene ey SEN Wt hate Nt ee a 4 nes ArT Seaver a ai 4 \ We NOT ain rt UGE * Y 208 rs icbraiare. ,, tba 4 AULA vk 5 > A? j Nh AR oye a y a neni IM NATH nN : ate aty ’ ; , A A vi ! La bRaeayuiles j n? ‘ ik y é , 9! ; 0! AM) j eee Ce f AAA MARV As ) x ath ? Pies ahve Mt A efgre bey nti! : HS OAM RAV NIM LIN St tne aM ’ yy Siat) : DiheLy PUT! Prarie athe PAS Y At Me Myf) ‘ 1 a, ‘ i ’ : a) ‘ ated Y ’ f : NOE , ‘ ‘ ' ‘ fev iy ¢ ia" ‘ } f , ; HHA ' MAROC NG Wea 1 i , y lay ) : OAK in t eee Reta ite \ te i 0 bed , . } F FAN Nae Moe tthe 43h i Baty Ae a My ay) i i Povey e ; ¢ Mat, i nN ied ? is Os Ke x ay Na Ne hy / PUA D 4 A ; srr aien ‘ Phan ae ‘ ; i F Sues ’ f if i Dy 4 a Aa nN iad ‘ ; A ‘ AP Wyn Wh (eT aay ern eerie) reatiti Rui einbecarine y ily ? k : ‘ xt) aig vere : , < , * Laas , jedld ; ' 4, (i Py 9,4 ee ’ ; . , . . vif . ’ ’ ‘ ‘ Vy , OOO RN Nir : hy NOUN eK Fe NF SA ‘ * ‘ } * x } d P , te : aA, ‘ : ; ' " Ay) y Peay A ‘ vies ’ vee ‘ ’ hy Nays ‘ ‘ ; ays ; ‘ i's ; Ate ‘ a F . 7 ve ‘ ¥) Le) ‘ ’ ¢ ‘ , : - 7 ete (A) , S44 d ‘ee PEERY AS Brain A ‘ 4 ’ Ae Wy aie tere aa ‘ ligt Ue hed to Ray sare Y see W mye C4 iia ev ggvatty § i 0 i wes Wit Wy WW, eae gunn hei = I eae MAb bly ph = fie: ; bibo he vv " bh bskeheac ct een sees err i} ew bs ‘eye We Ht he i lia Pie “wi adit WA \ th Me, ode : i \) og Ne eee , ws! wwuee Boueewe, vv < { 1x an an if: ovat nt rae i vu" OE aft bff y7 Ve w~ : ec Teh "ot ww if | nv | ann wr" el ry i ae seeweey velvet | site Ate es w\ 4 owe th | My we iy : wi seat Madi " * Wytyy : ie a | ace untltttan = t dy ya " a i ae aan re M we ‘ Saat MAL = 7 NAA jd ws AS ” abel Oe) sii WyW "Wy vette Mt cian i oss wae | , hbbdes N Vea | : gets | ne ose ' 1A vuuY v | wi . id) 4 Wey ; ae ta J ae we ice I v7 4 wu wus {14 arrant y “syby NVidbiWevnev Veo eviccLin, | : fee’ Ww “Vv ~ \ ey ¥ vuUue ARS pe a mi ith hee er ee ik a “AA An Nn- ~r : | YVAN LTTE jf ela\ ty *AAAANA NR ars Vays hk AAA “et ~~ _-~-AAr loltoiet mar AAAA A \an'v > soohachal RRRSA RA anagaaee! PRer Fy AR fi Namath = hess i eM uel POU) be | trate ise int ir ik? ; i i bh ale a | be peas 7 | i ‘3 , : ae See ee ee ee oF PROFESSIONAL PAPERS OF THE ENGINEER DEPARTMENT, U. 8. ARMY. No. 18. REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL, ~ MADE BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR ACCORDING TO ACTS OF CONGRESS OF MARCH 2, 1867, AND MARCI 3, 1869, ‘ Pra - a UNDER THE DIRECTION OF BRIG. AND BYT: MAJOR GENERAL A. A. HUMPHREYS, CHIEF OF ENGINEERS BY CLARENCE KING, U. 8. GROLOGIST. I-It ~“ a ea ea ie ee a ge i i | - ’ ME IV. % ——— Recent Literature. 81 a good species. It also embraces specimens of the rare Kuhl’s Parrot (Coriphilus kuhli) of the Fanning Islands, the precise habitat of which is now for the first time determined, and three new species, one of which, Puffinus (Nectris) nativitatis, from Christmas Island, is here for the first time described. The others are a Gallinule (Gallinula sandvicensis, Streets, Ibis, 1877) p- 25) from the Hawaiian Islands, and a Duck (Chaulelasmus couesi, Streets, Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, Vol. I, 1876, p. 46) from Washing- ton Island. The breeding habits and eggs of Craver’s’Auk (Brachyrham- phus craveri) are also described, and there are many Yaluable biographical and other notes on seyeral hitherto little known species. —J. A. A. Benpire’s Notes oN PHE Birps or SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. —In a list embracing one hundred and ninety-one species and varieties, Captain Bendire * gives the results of field obseryations made in the vicinity of Camp Harney, Oregon, covering a considerable period. Aside from some former notes by the same author,t whith treated more especially of the winter birds of this locality, we have here our first detailed information respecting the ornithology of the immediate region under consideration. Camp Harney, the central point, is situated on the southern slope of one of the western spurs of the Blue Mountains, and has analtitude of about four thousand eight hundred feet. The country to the northward is moun- tainous, and well forested with pine, spruces, and fir, intermixed with groves of aspenand juniper ; in all other directions it is open, consisting of desert wastes of sagebrush and greasewood, with here and there more fertile tracts covered with nutritious grasses. As would be naturally ex- pected, fully one half of the species are emphatically Western, or are represented by Western varieties. The fauna is distinctly, however, that of the Middle Province, although a few forms usually considered as con- fined to the Pacific slope are here represented. The list is enriched with copious biographical notes, including descriptions of the breeding-habits, nests, and eggs of a large number of the less well-known species, and forms a most important contribution to the ornithology of the West. — Ap: ap: Aavawar's REPORT ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE ForTIETH PaR- ALLEL. — This long-delayed work t has by no means lost its importance * Notes on some of the Birds found in Southeastern Oregon, particularly in the Vicinity of Camp Harney, from November, 1874, to January, 1877. By Captain Charles Bendire, U. S. Army. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, pp. 109-149, Nov. 1877. t Notes on Seventy-nine Species of Birds observed in the Neighborhood of Camp Harney, Oregon, compiled [by Dr. T. M. Brewer] from the Correspond- ence of Captain Charles Bendire, lst Cavalry U.S. A. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVIII, pp. 153-168, Nov. 1875. t Report of Geological Explorations of the Fortieth Parallel. Clarence King, VOL. IL. 6 82 Recent Literature. through its late appearance, due to circumstances wholly beyond the con- trol of its author. Based on field-work extending from about June 1, 1867, to the middle of August, 1869, and restricted to a comparatively limited field, not previously to any great extent explored, we have just what all the cireumstances of the case would seem to warrant one in ex- pecting, a thorough and exhaustive account of the ornithology of an in- teresting belt of country. The observations were mainly limited to that portion of the Great Basin included between the thirty-ninth and forty- second parallels, and extending from the Sierra Nevadas to the Wahsatch Mountains. First is given an account of the route of the survey, with a list of the camps. Then follows a short account of the physical features of the region, with a discussion of its “ local avifaunz,” especial reference being had to the station of the different species represented. The term “avifauna” is hence here used in a rather unusual sense, referring rather to the habits of the species than to geographical areas. Thus we have (I) an “ Arboreal: Avifauna,” subdivided into five categories of species, in relation to whether they frequent (1) the upper coniferous forests, (2) the cedar or nut-pine groves, (3) the aspen groves or copses, (4) the caiion shrubbery, and (5) the wooded river-valleys; (II) a “ Terrestrial Avi- fauna,” consisting of (1) birds of the sagebrush, (2) birds of the mountain meadows or peaks, and (3) birds of the lowland meadows ; (ILI) a “ Mural Avifauna,” embracing (1) species strictly saxicoline, (2) species saxicoline only in nesting habits, and (3) species nesting in earth-banks ; and, (IV) an “ Aquatic Avifauna,” consisting of aquatic species. These divisions are of course serviceable in indicating the station and habits of the different species, but do not, of course, strictly characterize faunal areas, in their usual geographical signification. ‘“ Descriptions of the localities where collections or observations were made,” numbering forty-three, then fol- low, including lists of the species observed at each of these, where much time was spent. “General remarks on the Avifauna of the Great Basin,” with an analysis of the species in reference to their geographical range, conclude the introductory portion of the Report, which forms, altogether, nearly ninety pages of exceedingly interesting matter. The “ Report Geologist in charge. Vol. 1V, Part III, Ornithology. By Robert Ridgway. 4to. pp. 803-670. 1877. {As an important bibliological matter to be remembered, it should be stated that current literature for a few years has contained repeated anticipatory cita- tions of such a work as being then ‘‘in press,” —these citations sometimes in- volving questions of precedence ; but the work, which was stereotyped in 1870, was entirely remodelled, and never appeared in its original form, The stereotype plates were melted in 1876, and no perfect copy of the original report exists though a single mutilated set of proofs is, or was, in possession of Dr, Coues, The matter was reset in 1876 or 1877, and the entire remodelling of the subject renders previous citations of the original suppressed report frequently inapplica- ble. — E. C.] Recent Literature. 83 Proper” consists ot a general list of the species, with limited biblio- graphical references, and copious biographical and other notes, including lists of the specimens obtained, their measurements, color of bill, feet, iris, ete., as recorded from the fresh specimen before skinning, with a record of nests and the number of eggs found in each. Many of the biographical notices are quite extended, and add greatly to our knowledge of the species to which they pertain. The Report, as a whole, is quite free from strictly technical matter, and hence attractive to general readers and amateurs, as well as of great value to specialists. Space forbids particular reference to even the more noteworthy portions of this part of the Report, but. we can scarcely omit calling attention to the account of the Western Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis), in which is detailed the wonderful intelligence and affection of several young birds of this species reared as camp pets, and which became thoroughly domesticated. Although many of the observations and results of Mr. Ridgway’s field- work with the Survey of the Fortieth Parallel are not now for the first time placed before the public, the Report seems to have lost little of its freshness. Although originally prepared, and even stereotyped, as early as 1870, it has been so recast that in point of nomenclature it represents the author’s later views. — J. A. A. Recent Lists or THE Birps or CentraL New York.—In “ A Directory of the Ornithologists of the United States,” published at Utica, N. Y., 1877, by 8. L. Willard, Esq., sixteen pages are devoted to “ A List of the Birds of Central New York.” The author’s remarks in the way of a prelude are thus briefly expressed : “The following is a complete list of the birds of Central New York, with notes on their abundance.” This might lead one to expect a valuable contribution to our science, but a perusal of the “List” proves this supposition to be erroneous. Two hun- dred and sixty-seven species are enumerated, and among them are mentioned Lophophanes bicolor, Polioptila cerulea, Protonotaria citrea (“ occasional in Central districts; rare in Northern districts”), Helminthophaga celata, “ Seturus ludovicianus,” Oporornis agilis, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Vireo philadelphicus, Ammodromus caudaeutus, Melospiza lincolni, Chondestes grammaca, Guiraca cerulea, Cardinalis virginianus(“ summer resident ”), Quiscalus major, Corvus “ carnivorus” (“resident”), Empidonax acadicus, Campephilus principalis, Strix pratincola, Cathartes aura, Meleagris gallo- pavo var. americana, Tetrao canadensis (“ resident in Northern districts”), Cupidonia cupido, Lagopus albus, Afgialitis wilsonius, Micropalama himan- topus, Ardea egrétta, A. candidissima, A. cerulea, Fuligula collaris, His- trionicus torquatus, Rhynchops nigra (“ occasional winter resident”), and many others of equal interest. But the author gives no data whatever concerning the dates and localities at which the specimens were procured; nor does he, in a single instance, mention an authority in connection with the occurrence of a species, thus holding himself responsible for all state- 84 Recent Literature. ments made, a much graver responsibility than our young friend imagined when he undertook the task. Being somewhat familiar with the region to which this list pertains, I was requested to review it for the Bulletin, which cireumstance Jed me to make inquiries of its author concerning about seventy of the species therein mentioned. Of this number he had the candor to admit that about thirty were included upon no grounds whatever, while some twenty more were taken from Dekay (and some of these were not known by DeKay, according to his own statements, to occur at all in New York State, and nearly all the others were known to him only from the vicinity of the coast, — far beyond the limits of “ Cen- tral New York”). Quite a number of others rest on the strength of state- ments made by wholly unreliable boys, who thought they had “ seen” the bird in question! On the other hand, some few species were inserted on the authority of perfectly reliable collectors (Romeyn B. Hough of Low- ville, and Fred. J. Davis of Utica) ; but since the author did not see fit to mention authorities, it is impossible to discriminate between truth and error, and he must be held responsible for the whole. Above are the facts; I refrain from comment. It is due the author, however, to state that the “ List ” was prepared in great haste while the “ Directory ” (in which it ap- pears) was passing through the press. He is now but “too well aware of its imperfections,” and when next he favors us with a contribution it will, no doubt, be worthy of a far different criticism from that which it has been my duty to give in this instance. A word about local lists in general: There is, I fear, among our younger and less experienced collectors a strong and lamentably conta- gious tendency to rush into print before having become sufficiently famil- iar with the habits, distribution, and relative abundance of our birds, to be capable of preparing a creditable paper. Thus it is that very truthful and well-meaning people are sometimes led to display their ignorance ina most unnecessary and unfortunate manner. And it sometimes happens that less conscientious observers, who have not yet learned the impor- tance of substantiating their own statements, or failing to recognize the value of exact data, so far forget themselves as to yield to the temptation of swelling their lists by the addition of species concerning which they know absolutely nothing. Mistakes are always liable to occur in human productions, and are to be expected —yes, may even be looked for, per- haps, with no inconsiderable degree of confidence —in works pertaining to this particular line of research ; therefore, when found, they should be corrected in a spirit of scientific charity and lenient good-will. But when a man sits down, and in cold blood writes a list of birds on the authority of his own fertile imagination, he must expect to take the consequences. “Bad lists,” writes Mr. J. A. Allen, “ are, of course, far worse than none at all, and if incompetent aspirants to fame in this direction will make such ventures, it is best, I think, not only for science, but for them personally to show them that such things are not to be done with impunity.” et ( UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF ‘THE FORTIETH PARALLEL. CLARENCE KING, GEOLCGIST-IN-CHARGE. P a = PAR! T; PALMONTOLOGY. BY F. B. MEEK. PAK LT: es, eNO Lies BY JAMES HALL AND R. P. WHITFIELD. PART IIL. ORNITHOLOGY. BY ROBERT RIDGWAY. SUBMITTED TO THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS AND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR UNDER AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS, ILLUSTRATED BY XXIV PLATES. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1877. SMITHSON gy MAY 1 1 1987 LIBRARIES TABLE -OF CONT ENTS. ENTRODUCTOR Vals eeit tae orn wccSccciae s lo wie eadyees os Ee 2p Part J]. PALZONTOLOGY, BY I’. B. MEEK............ NPA an soe ee ae ; INTROUDUONORS MPMARICS 3.60.00 0c cacy asc cen cele see Paar Gee DESCRIPTIONS OF FOSSILS—SILURIAN SPECIES...........--..----. DEVCNIAN SPECIES ...... Pe ee CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES .......- IPROASSICOUSPRGLES! 0.28 = \ieesiro ss od Hoe GRETACEOUS SPEOIES. =.4..0-+5.<---- T’RESH AND BRACKISH-WATER SPECIES. IPTIABY SPHOMIS sco 2s4- eee eee. cee ParT IJ. PALZZONTOLOGY, BY JAMES HALL AND R. P. WHITFIELD ........ 2 GENERAL REMARKS ........ ERC eae el 2 el ean ee ee eee MOSSES OH! TIER ODSD AM ss «force cco ciple os taimeerse, eects cee cokes HO Wit STU URNA Ns tani c/o etenc ag Gk) S.c)5. oyna DEVONIAN... .- COM ein tat, MEAL MS ye eee AWWSARGES Danica y ci ees 27s Mt nche ctacals cnasy ee ee «Bis Sr ho CoaL-MEASURES AND PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS. ... NTSACASIST ICIS ian 28 Fo SACs et aang re aR ete ae eg DTA SEO f5:s%5 tae ap ays ee a Ree ies EEE See PART TMT ORNIDHOLOGY, GY ROBERT RIDGWAY .---...-2...--1.0- 2-205 Pike NSE OF PACOCOTN H 11000 Ce ee rr es Sie MIO EON MU SSION © cosca.e7s x acc so eos cca oetcciesd ante cate side eet wiaalelin ek alo eee . 598 PERDICIDZ—PARTRIDGES AND QUAILS.......-...+------+-- voraiown OU CHARADRIID Z—PLOVERS.....-...--...---+ SOM AAA Oot meat ocala 603 PHALAROPODID.2—PHALAROPES .........2-------- +--+ eee al eiake teen 604 RECURVIROSTRIDA—AVOCETS AND STILTS.......--- soiaats ee 605 ScOLOPACIDA:—SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, ETO......-..----+----0e2e025 - 606 GRID at —ORANEIS eaten slew wls o's oe eral ointintl= Be ert © Wowkeoeamely MOLE RALLIDA—RAILS, GALLINULES, AND COOTS.... .--------++---++- «9 e612 ANIA TLD AS —— RIB TRIG = foie tere ceo ea 8 wrt aero aera pte lara aie Soete sjoreeegnes 615 A-[RD EID :Al—HBRONS - nic seice = nie Neisiesemys are Se ee «kv totes OLG ANATIDZ—SWANS, GEESE, AND DUCKS........-. seceiives eRe! Ole PELECANID &— PELIGANS..-..---- »------ saisiebraveleaweaGle aeapeee aa Oot GRACULIDA:—CORMORANTS.....-..--- S sates aie oie ewe tore eae eee - 635 LARIDA—GULLS AND TERNS...... Saptieegte ici pciose aa iabee Sates ats 636 PoDICIPIDA—GREBES ....- Are er 5 ths (ea ere epl estes seine aerate ae 641 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. .........-...-..- fc Soa ora Pee nt cee 652 INDEX TO POPULAR NAMES........... BCC OC OI peices te 663 ERDEX TO: INDIAN NAMES. ss. c. cc wmc weiss =f emis aoe th naciels jRateneeeaseoe, OS INDEX TO LOCALITIES DESCRIBED OR SPECIALLY REFERRED TO......-...- 669 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Wasurnaton, D. C., November 18, 1876. Sir: I transmit herewith a report on the ornithology of the route explored by the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, based upon field-work from June, 1867, to August, 1869, inclusive, the time during which I had the honor to serve in the capacity of zodlogist to the expedition; the region investigated being that directly between Sacramento City, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah, including a few points directly to the eastward of the last-mentioned locality. The ornithological specimens preserved, and deposited in the National Museum, at Washington, number 1,522, of which 769 are skins, and 753 nests and eggs. This may seem a small collection proportioned to the time employed in its formation, but the making of protracted field-observations and the elaboration of notes therefrom were deemed of greater importance than the amassing of a large duplicate collection. Moreover, almost equal attention was given to other branches of zodlogy, particularly to reptiles and fishes, large series of which, representing very completely the fauna of the country, were placed, according to instructions, in the hands of specialists for identification. The unusual facilities most generously afforded by you, and your kind encouragement at all times, aided very materially the successful operations of the zodlogist; so that whatever is creditable in the results attained by his labors, the merit is mainly due to yourself. Another friend deserves special mention in this connection for his valued assistance—Mr. H. G. Parker, of Carson City, Nevada (at the time of the writer’s connection with the expedition Superintendent of Indian Affairs for that State), whose frequent and gratuitous services contributed greatly to the completeness of the natural history collections. 307 8308 ORNITHOLOGY. Tn the preparation of this report, the valued facilities afforded by the Smithsonian Institution were availed of, through the courtesy and kindness of Professor Joseph Henry, the Secretary of the Institution; among the many advantages thus secured being frequent access to a splendid working library and an unrivaled collection of North American birds. The author wishes also to express himself as particularly indebted to Professor Spencer F. Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and Curator of the National Museum, for invaluable assistance kindly rendered throughout the progress of the work. I have the honor to be, Very respectfully, your obedient servant, ROBERT RIDGWAY. CLARENCE Kine, Esq., United States Geologist, In charge of U.S. Geological Explorations, 40th Parallel. GENERAL REPORT. DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE. The investigations on which the following report is based, were made almost wholly within the limits of that vast interior region of continental drainage known as the Great Basin, between the parallels of 39° and 42° north latitude, collections having been made at but one outlying locality, the vicinity of Sacramento City, California. As observations were extended along the entire course of travel, however, from San Francisco to points in Utah eastward of Salt Lake City, we shall not confine our treatise to the limited region noted, but shall describe each of the main points where observations were made and notes taken, in regular sequence. All the way from Panama to San Francisco several species of pelagic birds followed our vessel, the Black-footed Albatross (Diomedia nigripes) and White-headed Gull (Blasipus heermanni) being daily companions until we entered the “Golden Gate.” No land-birds made their appearance, how- ever, until, when off the coast of Mexico, between Acapulco and Cape St. Lucas, a solitary Mourning Dove (Zenedura carolinensis) made its appear- ance one day about noon, and, although flying around the vessel for nearly an hour, did not alight, but finally disappeared to the eastward, where no land was in sight. 1 We reluctantly omit, as too far beyond the geographical province of our subject, some notes on the Isthmus of Panama, where, however, no North American birds were seen, excepting some waders, observed in the pools along the railroad, among which were the Purple Gallinule (Gallinula martinica) and the Little White BHgret, or Snowy Heron (Garzetta candidissima). In the Bay of Aspinwall several Man-o-war Hawks (Tachypetes aquila) were observed sailing in circles overhead, much in the manner of Swallow-tailed Kites (Hlanoides forficatus); and in the Bay of Panama, on the opposite (Pacific) side, Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus fuscus) were particularly numerous, and noticeable from their occupation of plunging from the air into the water after their prey. 309 310 ORNITHOLOGY. Arrived in California, no peculiarly western bird was observed until we reached Sacramento City; since, after landing at San Francisco, only Purple Martins (Progne subis) and Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon lunifrons), which swarmed about old buildings on certain streets, were seen, while the only notes of other species heard were the familiar songs of caged Canary Birds, The journey up the Sacramento River was equally disappointing in this- respect, since, though we kept a vigilant look-out from our post of observa- tion on the hurricane deck of the steamer, none but familiar eastern species, most ,of which were water-birds (Coots, Florida Gallinules, and various species of ducks), were seen, the only land-birds being an occasional Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) perched on an overhanging willow. During the first day at Sacramento, however, we became familiarized with several of the species peculiar to the western portion of the continent, but as this locality brings us to the commencement of our observations in the field, we shall begin a resumé of the subject in another chapter. 1867.—The first camp of the survey was established at Sacramento City, California, on.the 6th of June, from which date collections were made until July 4th, when the plains to the eastward and the Sierra Nevada were crossed into Nevada. It is much to be regretted that no opportunity was afforded for making collections along this route, especially in the western foot-hills and in the pine-region of the western slope, since a number of additional species and many valuable observations were thus lost to the collection and archives of the exploration. After entering Nevada, the Big 3end of the Truckee was selected for the first working-camp, and there we remained from July 24th until August 18th; a portion of the time being devoted to an excursion to Pyramid Lake, which was reached by descending the river in a batteau, the party returning on horseback, after about a week’s absence. During this trip the main island in the lake was visited. Our investigations from the main camp also included several visits to the dry ‘ations of the Virginia Mountains, about eight miles to the westward, across a very sandy mesa. This camp was abandoned on the 25th of August, when we started across the desert for Humboldt Lake; but upon reaching the latter place the writer became a victim of malarial fever, which for weeks inter- fered very materially with the prosecution of his duties. We next proceeded DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE. SLL up the Humboldt River to Oreana, where a camp was fixed near the town, but our stay was short on account of the spread of the fever in a very malig- nant form, compelling the entire party to seek healthier water and purer air in the high mountains to the eastward. A camp was accordingly made in Wright’s Canon, on the western slope of the West Humboldt Mountains, a locality which proved to be well adapted for a collecting-ground. This camp was deserted, however, about the middle of September, for one on the eastern slope of the same range, for which the town of Unionville, in Buena Vista Canon, was selected. This proved to be the best locality, for birds, yet visited. We left this place about the last of October, and moved westward again, along the same route, toward winter-quarters. At the Humboldt Marshes, on the 31st of October, several new species were added to the collection during the single evening of our stay, but no further collections were made until again at the Truckee Meadows, where we remained from November 7th until the 21st of the same month; and from which place an excursion to the Pea-vine Mountains, near the Sierra Nevada, was made on the 20th inst., in company with Mr. H. G. Parker. From this camp we repaired to Carson City, and remained there until the 5th of December, when, after first spending one day in the pine forests of the Sierra near Genoa, we revisited the Truckee Reservation near Pyramid Lake, through facilities extended by Mr. Parker, who accompanied the writer and assisted him in making his collections. This trip was made via the Carson River to below Fort Churchill, whence the desert was crossed to the Big Bend of the Truckee; but in returning the river was followed to the Meadows (at Glen- dale), thence to Hunter’s Station, and across the valley to the Steamboat Springs, and over the Virginia Mountains, to Virginia City and Carson. 1868.—Winter-quarters at Carson City were left early in May, for the Truckee Reservation, which was reached on the 14thinst. Large collections were made here, the most important being from the island and “‘pyramid” in the lake, which we were enabled to visit through the kindness of Mr. Parker, who placed his handsome yacht “Nettie” at our service, and assisted us to secure large numbers of the previously very rare eggs of several species of water-fowl breeding on these islands. Early in June we repaired to Virginia City, and thence to Austin, in the Toyabe Mountains, which were 312 ORNITHOLOGY. reached on the first of July. Collections and valuable notes were made by the way, especially at the Carson River, seven miles above Fort Churchill (June 23d), Fort Churchill (June 24th), Nevada Station (June 25th), Soda Lake, on the Carson Desert, (June 27th), Sand Springs, (June 29th), Fairview Valley, (June 29th), and Edward’s Creek (June 30th). At Austin we remained only a few days, when, departing for Ruby Valley, we arrived there July 13th, and camped at the base of the mountains, some four miles uorthward of Fort Ruby. Toward the last of August we left this place and proceeded northward along the foot of the East Humboldt Mountains, pitching camps of a few days’ duration at intervals of the journey. Crossing the range through the pass known as Secret Valley, near Fort Halleck, we approached the upper portion of the Humboldt River, and in continuing northward camped on several of the streams flowing from the lofty Clover Mountains into the Humboldt. The month of September was principally spent in traveling northward to the Humboldt “Wells,” thence through Thousand Spring Valley to the Goose Creek Mountains, crossing which we entered the southern portion of Idaho at the “City of Rocks,” the most northern locality reached; from whence our course directed eastward toward Salt Lake City, where we arrived early in October. At intervals during the pursuance of the route traced, small collections were made, when opportunity permitted; the principal stations being—‘Overland Ranche,” Ruby Valley, (August 26-29), “Camp 22,” Ruby Valley, (September 4-5), Secret Valley (September 6-8), Dearing’s Ranche, Upper Humboldt Valley (September 10-12), Trout Creek, Upper Humboldt Valley, (September 16- 20), Thousand Spring Valley (September 21-24), “City of Rocks,” southern Idaho (October 3), and Deep Creek, northwestern Utah (October 5). 1869.—On the 20th of May of this year, collecting was begun at Salt Lake City, and continued until June 21st, when we proceeded to Parley’s Park, about twenty-five miles to the eastward, in the Wahsatch Mountains. In the meantime, Antelope, Stansbury, and Carrington Islands, in the Great Salt Lake, were visited. On the 2d of July an excursion was made, in company with the botanists of the expedition, eastward to the western spurs of the Uintah Mountains; there we remained from the 3d until the 8th instant, when we returned to the main camp in Parley’s Park via the Provo EE ES OT PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE GREAT BASIN. Si lS) Canon, Utah Lake, and Salt Lake City. Work was continued at main camp until August 16th, when collections and notes were packed and our field-work ended. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE GREAT BASIN. While the region traversed by the survey after its equipment embraces the entire distance from Sacramento City, California, to points in Utah eastward of the Salt Lake Valley, the actual field-work began only at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, and was thus entirely confined to the interior area of continental drainage known to geographers as the Great Basin, and which we shall frequently refer to in the following pages by this name, as well as by that of the “Interior,” a convenient synonymous term. This vast area corresponds almost strictly in its geographical boundaries with the ‘Middle Province” of zoélogists. The route of the expedition was mainly across the middle portion of the Great Basin proper, so that the fauna encountered was that typical of the Middle Province. _ In few regions is the influence directed on the distribution of birds by that of the plants so manifest to the observer as in the one under consid- eration; and as vegetation is influenced so materially by configuration of the surface, conditions of the soil, elevation, etc., a brief description of the physical features of the country embraced within the limits of our trip is necessary to the intelligent understanding of the nature of the Middle Province avifauna, and the manner in which it is divided into bands of restricted range, according to conditions of environment. Such an excellent description of the field of our investigations has been given by Mr. Watson, the botanist of the expedition, that we cannot do the subject greater justice than to quote the following from ‘Geographical Notes,” on pages xili-xvii of the Botanical Report:'— 1 Professional Papers of the Eugineer Department, U.S. Army, No. 18. Report of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, made by order of the Secretary of War according to acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of Brig. and B’vt Major-General A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Eugineers, by Clarence King, U. 8. Geologist. Volume V, Botany. By Serevo Watson, aided by Prof. Daniel OC. Eaton aud others. Submitted to the Chief of Engineers, and published by order of the Secretary of War under authority of Congress. Illustrated by a Map and Forty Plates. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1871. 40 314 ORNITHOLOGY. This region constitutes the northern portion of what was at first designated as the “Great Basin,” the high plateau, without outlet for its waters, separated on the north by low divides from the valley of the Snake River and continuing southward until it merges into the desert of the Lower Colorado. Geologically considered, how- ever, as well as botanically, the term is now properly made to include the whole similar arid stretch of country northward to the plains of the Columbia, in latitude 48°, The lofty and unbroken range of the Sierras bounds this section of the Basin on the one side by its steep eastern slope, entering Nevada at only a single point, where it throws over the border a high flanking-spur, the Washoe Mountains. On the opposite side lies the broad and nearly equally elevated system of the Wahsatch, broken through by the Bear, Weber, and Provo Rivers, which head among the peaks of the adjoining Uintahs. The intervening space, 460 miles broad in latitude 42°, but narrowed by the convergence of the opposing mountains to about 200 miles in latitude 37°, is for the most part occupied by numerous short and somewhat isolated minor ranges, having a general north and south trend, and at average distances of about twenty miles. The bases of these ranges are usually very narrow, even in the most elevated, rarely exceeding eight or ten miles in breadth, the slopes abrupt and the lines of foot-hills contracted, the mesas grading at a low and nearly uniform angle into the broad uninterrupted valleys. Over the larger portion of the territory, and especially in Nevada, the combined areas of the valleys and the area occupied by the mountains and-accompanying foot-hills are very nearly equal. The main depressions within this region are tio, one at the base of the Sierras at a level of about 3,850 feet above the sea, into which flows all of drainage there is from the whole northern half of Nevada and from the eastern slope of the Sierras, the other the “Great Salt Lake Basin,” at an altitude 400 feet greater, close upon the base of the Wahsatch and receiving the waters from that range above latitude 40° and from the northeastern portion of the Uintahs. Into the first flow the Truckee, Carson, Quinn’s, and Humboldt Rivers. The Truckee is a clear, cold stream, which issues from Lake Tahoe in the Sierras, and after a rapid descent breaks through the Virginia Mountains and turning north soon empties into Pyramid and Winnemucca Lakes. hese are much the deepest of all the lakes of the Basin, being hemmed in by mountains, and are moderately saline. The Carson River also rises in the Sierras farther to the south, but after leaving the base of the moun- tains is a less rapid stream and gradually becomes somewhat alkaline. Inclining more to the eastward it forms a small shallow lake on the border of Carson Desert, and thence issues in a number of devious channels, and is finally spent in an extensive “sink” or alkaline mud-plain of some twenty or thirty miles in diameter. Of a like character are the “Mud Lakes,” lying north of Pyramid Lake and fed by Quinn’s River, which has its source in southeastern Oregon. Beyond the limits of the survey to the south are Walker’s and some other smaller lakes, Bappeer by streams from the Sierras, but all strongly saline. ; Irom this western depression the general level of the country rises gradually to the eastward very nearly to the border of Nevada, where the valleys have an altitude of about 6,000 feet. Here in the northeastern part of the State the Humboldt River takes its rise, by far the most important river of the Basin, not only as the longest but as opening a passage for three hundred miles to the Central Pacific Railroad through the mountain ranges, that would otherwise have proved a serious obstruction. It is nowhere a large stream, receives few affluents, and in some parts of its course is very Lae PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE GREAT BASIN. 315 tortuous. It at length spreads out into Humboldt Lake, shallow and subalkaline, and from this the little remaining surplus water finds its way in a manner similar to the Carson River into the same sink. The descent of 2,000 feet from eastern Nevada into the Great Salt Lake Basin is almost immediate, nearly the whole northwestern portion of Utah being an alkaline desert, broken by fewer mountain or hill-ranges, and but little above the level of the lake. The lake itself is for the most part very shallow, in no place over 50 feet in depth, the waters a concentrated solution of salt. As with all these sheets of water the shoreline and consequent area vary greatly in different years. The intermediate ranges of the Basin are very similar to each other in character. They vary in altitude from one to 6,000 feet above the valleys, culminating in ocea- sional peaks scarcely ever so rugged that they cannot be ascended from some direction upon mules. They are cut up by numerous ravines or “canons,” which are narrow, very rarely with an acre of interval or surface approaching to a level, the sides some- times rocky or precipitous, more frequently sloping to the summits of the lateral ridges. In geological structure these ranges are more or less complicated, showing rocks of all ages from the azoic to the glacial period, here metamorphic rocks, quartzites, slate, and limestones, there an outburst of granite or syenite, voleanic rocks of often the most diverse and picturesque colors, or broad table-lands of lava overflow. The erosion and decomposition of these various rocks have filled the valleys to a monotonous level with a detritus of gravel, sand or silt, and given to them that accumulation of alkaline salts which is so marked a peculiarity of the country. With few exceptions, also, these mountains are for most of the year wholly desti- tute of water, with but small rivulets in the principal cations, frequently with only scanty springs here and there at their bases, irrigating a few square yards of ground. Even where the mountain supply is sufficient to send a stream into the valleys it is usually either soon entirely evaporated, sinks into the porous soil, or becomes demor- alized with alkali and is “lost” in the mud of the plain. The lowest portion of nearly every valley is occupied by some extent of alkali flat, where in the winter season the water collects and the softened clay-like mud is bottomless and impassable. As the moisture evaporates under the heat of coming summer the level naked surface becomes hard and pavement-like, or covered with a snowy incrustation or deposit of salt or carbonates. The springs and wells even are often more or less saline, and thermal springs are not rare. The chief exceptional ranges in northern Nevada, which from their greater altitude receive heavier snowfalls in winter, retained through the year in greater or less quantity in the more sheltered depressions of the higher peaks, and which in summer are subject to more abandant rains, are the West Humboldt Mountains, 100 miles east of the California State line, the East Humboldt Mountains, 75 miles from the Utah line, and the Toyabes, nearly intermediate between the two. Star Peak is the highest point of the first range, with an altitude of nearly 10,000 feet, but with little deposit of snow and the vegetation of the summit scarcely sub-alpine. Several constant streams here flow from the principal eastern canons and reach the middle of the valley, where they supply irrigation for as many small ranches. The Toyabe Range, especially in its southern portion, is higher, several of its peaks having an altitude of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet, with more snow and fuller streams. The waters of the eastern slope are spent in Smoky Valley. On the western side lies Reese River, flowing northward toward the 316 ORNITHOLOGY. Humboldt, of which it is a reputed tributary. In the upper portion of its course of 150 wiles it is reénforced to some extent by the drainage of the Shoshone Mountains, a rather high range west of the Toyabes, but as it nears Humboldt Valley it diverges into side-channels and seldom has volume suflicient to reach the main river itself. The East Humboldt Mountains are by far the most stern and alpine of all these ranges, the main peaks between 11,000 and 12,000 feet in height, precipitous and ragged, the deeper canons evidently scooped out by glaciers, gemmed with snow-fed lakes beneath the peaks and carrying full streams into the valleys. The southern portion, however, below Frémont’s Pass, is less rugged and of different geological structure, mainly of nearly horizontal strata of limestone. The canons here, often mere gorges, with close precipitous walls, are perfectly dry on the eastern slope, the melting snows sinking almost immediately, but reappearing at the base in bold ice-cold springs. The water from these springs and streams reunites to form Ruby and Frank- lin Lakes, bodies of nearly fresh water, very shallow, and largely occupied by a dense growth of “Tule” (Scirpus validus). As usual in these ranges the western slope is much the more gentle, with a broader line of foot-hills. The streams upon this side form the South Fork of the Humboldt. The ‘Clover Mountains’ of the Catalogue form the northern extremity of this range, isolated by a depression known as Secret Valley, but of equal height and similar character. Such is a general description of the country as far east of the foot of the Wahsatch in Utah. These mountains, upon a broad base of nearly fifty miles in width, and with an irregular crest-line 10-12,000 feet high, have a system of long, deep, well-watered cafons, often exceedingly rocky, and sometimes cleft like a gateway to the valley level, with perpendicular mountain-walls on each side, but usually opening out at some part of their course into meadow-like basins or “parks.” The prevalent western winds deposit their moisture, which they have gathered in the traverse of the Basin, in abundant snows in winter and at other seasons in frequent and occasionally heavy rains. The upper cations and mountain slopes are to some extent timbered, much more generally so than in any of the ranges westward, and the naked peaks above have a truly alpine vegetation. The Uintahs, whieh connect immediately with the Wahsatch’and extend eastward on the line of the 41st parallel for a distance of one hundred and fifty miles to Green River, where they meet the outspurs of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, have more of the charaeter of those mountains, with broad open cafions and extended lines of foot-hills, the peaks overtopping those of the Waksatcb, glacier-seored and polished at the northern base, but the declivity upon the opposite side stretching southward beyond the limits of vision in a high platean broken only by the deeply-worn channels of numerous rapid streams, tributaries of the Uintah and Green Rivers. LOCAL AVIFAUNA OF THE GREAT BASEN. We have gone thus into detail with regard to the more prominent characteristic features of the Great Basin for the reason that the distribu- tion of the birds depends so much upon that of the vegetation; and as we know that the latter is separated into several quite distinct groups, whose distribution depends upon altitude, humidity, proportionate amount of LOCAL AVIFAUN OF THE GREAT BASIN. 317 alkaline salts in the soil, and other causes, we may easily correlate the bird- fauna into corresponding sections. The boundaries between local floras of entirely different character are usually so abrupt in the Great Basin that often a single step will lead from one to the other; thus, the upper limit of the “pine belt” on the mountains marks a given line where the trees disappear almost immediately, and these begin almost as suddenly at the lower edge of the zone; narrow belts of mountain mahogany, western cedar, or cedar and pinon together, may fol- low in the order given, but there is usually no marked straggling of these trees where they meet the sage-brush, as if disputing possession of the ground. The sage-brush reigns supreme from the base of the foot-hills to the brink of the mesa, or over the elevated plain extending from the foot of the mountains to the narrow valleys of the streams, where only the steep, nearly naked bluffs separate the squalid growth of the higher level from the more thrifty growth of the same plants, first with grease-wood intermingled, which occupies the outer portion of the valley-floor; then follows the green- sward of salt-grass in the moister portion of the valley, while nearer the river are thickets of low willows, or in exceptionally rich valleys buffalo-berry and other shrubs, with cotton-wood trees interspersed. In a like manner the luxuriant shrubbery of the mountains is usually restricted to the margin of the brooks in the bottom of the cafons or ravines, where often the slopes so nearly meet that scarcely room is left for a trail. Such are the main features of the distribution of vegetation in this region, subject, of course, to numerous and sometimes, but not often, complicated local modifications. The strict correlation between the birds and plants in this matter of distribution was a fact immediately noticed, and the more firmly impressed toward the close of our long period of observations in the field; each local- ity of particular vegetation being inhabited by its own peculiar set of birds with almost unvarying certainty. In order to familiarize the reader with the local causes which govern the distribution of the birds within the Great Basin the accompanying arrangement of the more distinct types of locali- ties is given, followed by lists of the species of birds characteristic of each. It is of course to be understood that by characteristic we do not mean that a bird is found in the sort of locality to which it is assigned, and nowhere 318 ORNITHOLOGY. else, but simply that such a place is where it is most abundant, or most likely to be found; and also, that the arrangement presented is based upon the distribution of the species during the breeding-season. There are, however, certain species whose distribution seems to be in nowise connected with vegetation, the considerations which influence their range being the presence of water, of rocks, or of earth-banks; but these form a small proportion of the summer residents, most of them being the awater-fowl, and of these many might be assigned to the meadow series, since they nearly all resort to the meadows to breed. The main natural subdivisions of the avifauna of the Interior, as above determined, are the following :— I. Arboreal Avifauna, 1. Birds of the pine-region, or higher coniferous forests. (18 species.) bo Birds of the cedar or nut-pine groves. (9 species.) 3. Birds of the aspen groves or copses. (7 species.) 4, Birds of the canon shrubbery. (7 species.) cr . Birds of the wooded river-valleys. (25 species.) Il, Terrestrial Avifauna. 6. Birds of the sage-brush. (10 species.) 7. Birds of the mountain meadows, or parks. (9 species.) 8. Birds of the lowland meadows. (8 species.) III, Mural Avifauna. 9. Species strictly saxicoline. (2 species.) 10. Species saxicoline only in nesting habits. (5 species.) tt Species nesting in earth-banks. (3 species.) IV. Aquatic Avifauna. 12. Water birds. (41 species.) 1. Birds of the pine-region, or higher coniferous woods.—Compared with the general extent of the Interior, the wooded portions are exceedingly limited, the only approach to a continuous forest encountered being that clothing the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and the more scant and interrupted forests of the Wahsatch and Uintahs, on the opposite side of the Basin. Between these two distant forest-clad mouniain systems no true forests exist, only a few of the loftier ranges supporting an extensive tree- growth on their higher summits, forming islands, as it were, in a sea of desert. a LOCAL AVIFAUNA OF THE GREAT BASIN. 319 Woods of Coniferae form by far the greater part of the sylva of the Great Basin, and though differing somewhat in their character have much the same bird-fauna wherever they exist, the only decided difference with locality being the replacing of species of one side by representative forms on the opposite side. On the Sierra Nevada these forests are much more extensive than anywhere to the eastward, and the growth far larger and more dense, consisting chiefly of Pinus ponderosa, but with which are mixed Abies grandis, A. menziesii, A. douglasii, Libocedyus decurrens, and jerhaps some other trees. Of these species, only the latter did not occur to the eastward, where, on the higher ranges, as the East Humboldt, Wahsatch, and Uintahs, Pinus balfouriana, P. flexilis, Abies englemanni, A. amabilis (2), and Juniperus virginianus occurred as additional species. The birds peculiar to these dark woods are far less numerous than those found only in the more open and sunny groves of the river valleys, but eigh- teen species being noted as peculiar to them, exclusive of those restricted to one side of the Basin. ‘The strictly pinicoline species are the following :— 1. Cineclus mexicanus. Not arboreal. 10. Loxia leucoptera. 2. Regulus calendula. 11. Carpodacus cassini. 3. Parus montanus. 12, Chrysomitris pinus. 4. Sitta aculeata. 13. Picicorvus columbianas. 5. Sitta canadensis. 14. Contopus borealis. 6. Sitta pygmea. 15. Empidonax difiicilis. 7. Certhia americana. ; 16. Sphyrapicus thyroideus. 8. Dendreeca auduboni. 17. Canace obscura. 9. Pyranga ludoviciana. 18. Bonasa umbelloides. The representative and peculiar species of the opposite mountain sys- tems are as follows :— Representative species. Sierra Nevada. | Tahsatch and Uintahs. | . 1. Junco oregonus. 1. Junco caniceps. 2, Cyanura frontalis. 2, Cyanura macrolopha. Peculiar species.' 1. Turdus ustulatus. [None. | 2. Sphyrapicus ruber. 3. Picus albolarvatus. 1Of these species the two in italics are represented in the eastern ranges by closely allied forms, T. swainsoni and S. nuchalis, but they are not inhabitants of the pines, the former being confined to the caion shrubbery and the latter to the aspen grover, 320 ORNITHOLOGY. 2. Birds of the cedar or nut-pine groves.—These groves are generally found on the lower slopes and foot-hills of the desert ranges, between elevations of about 5,000 and 7,000 feet, and occur even in the most barren and arid districts. In general, two species, the western cedar (Juniperus occidentalis) and the nut-pine, or pion (Pinus monophyllus), are mixed together, but often only one species, the former, is the sole constituent of these groves, this being usually the case on the more barren mountains in the absolutely waterless districts; the latter, on the other hand, prevailing on those ranges which have copious streams in the cations. These trees are of low, compact habit and unshapely form, their height rarely exceeding 15 feet, while the branches are characteristically crooked and the trunks short, rugged, and twisted.’ Along the upper edge of this belt occur, more or less plentifully, trees of the ‘mountain mahogany” (Cercocarpus ledifolius), equally stunted and scraggy, but with scant, deciduous foliage. These monotonous groves are seldom inhabited by many birds, but, on the other hand, are often so nearly devoid of animal life that an entire day may be spent among the gnarled and stunted trees without a single living thing being seen, or a sound heard except the far-away croak of a solitary raven from some distant hills. Sometimes, however, the profound silence is broken for a moment by the chattering of a Gray Titmouse (Lophophanes imornatus) or the twittering of a straggling troop of the diminutive “Fairy Titmice” (Psaltriparus plumbeus), while the intruder may be suddenly startled by the piercing whistle of a little Chipmunk (Zamias quadrivittatus). Occasionally, a solitary Myiadestes townsendi flies silently by, and more frequently a flock of querulous Pinon Jays (Gymmnokitta cyanocephala) sweeps overhead, when all is again silent. In case these woods occur on 1On the foot-hills or lower slopes of the Wahsatch these woods are represented by the dwarf-oak ‘‘scrub”—the western cedar haying disappeared far to the westward. This scrub consists of a dense growth of oak bushes about 5-15, rarely 20, feet high, the species being considered by botanists a dwarf form of Quercus alba. The birds inhabiting these oaks are much the same as those found jin the cedar and nut-pine groves, with the exception of Gymnokitta cyanocephala and Myiadestes townsendi, the first of which appears to be peculiar to the cedars, while the other occurs elsewhere only in the high coniferous woods. In addition to these species, Helminthophaga vir- ginie, Pipilo megalonyx, and Cyanocitta woodhousii may be regarded among the most characteristic species of the oak thickets. LOCAL AVIFAUNA OF THE GREAT BASIN, 321 the foot-hills and lower slopes of the higher and more fertile ranges, they may be occasionally visited by several species from the pine-region higher up, or from the adjacent canon shrubbery. The following, however, are particularly characteristic of the cedar and nut-pine groves :— 1. Myiadestes townsendi. 6. Spizella arizonz. 2. Sialia arctica. 7. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. 3. Lophophanes inornatus. 8. Gymnokitta eyanocephala.! 4, Lanivireo plumbeus. 9. Empidonax obscurus. 5. Collurio excubitoroides. 3. Birds of the aspen groves and copses.—The aspens (Populus trem- uloides) occur only on the higher, well-watered ranges, commonly in the upper cafions, in moist and sheltered situations just below the fields or patches of perpetual snow. The slender trees composing these groves or copses are seldom large, never, except perhaps on certain of the more eastern ranges, exceeding 30 or 40 feet in height, and usually not more than half so tall. They are of straight, clean habit, however, with a smooth whitish-green bark, and are carpeted underneath by a varied herbaceous growth, among which beautiful ferns are sometimes conspicuous. The characteristic birds of the aspens are not numerous, the following being all that were noted: — 1. Turdus migratorius. 5. Empidonax hammondi. 2. Progne subis. 6. Picus gairdneri. 3. Helminthophaga celata. 7. Sphyrapicus nuchalis. 4, Empidonax obscurus. Several of the above, or all with the exception of the last three, and Helminthophaga celata, are rather to be considered as species of general and variable range, since they may sometimes be found in very considerable abundance in other wooded localities. 4. Birds of the canon shrubbery—Several of the higher ranges of the Interior receive sufficient precipitation, or retain throughout the summer snow enough near their summits, to supply the main ravines and cations with constant streams of water; and these nourish a thrifty or often luxu- riant shrubby growth along their banks, where many species of birds resort, 1This species we believe to be entirely peculiar to these woods, its food appar- ently consisting exclusively of the seeds and berries of the nut-pine and cedar. 21PR 322 ORNITHOLOGY. as their favorite haunt. These shrubs are of various species, different ones of which predominate in different localities, the more common kinds being Cornus pubescens, upon the berries of which many birds feed almost exclu- sively in the fall, Sambucus glauca, Prunus demissa, Ribes irriguum, Alnus incana, and, more rarely, Crategus rivularis, while in many localities species of Salix are also a common component of the thickets along the cation streams.’ The birds particularly characteristic of this section are: — 1. Psaltriparus plumbeus. 5. Melospiza fallax. 2. Geothlypis maegillivrayi. 6. Cyanocitta woodhousii. 3. Hedymeles melanocephalus. 7. Empidonax pusillus. 4. Cyanospiza amcena, In addition to these, Turdus swainsoni,*? Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Seto- phaga ruticilla,? and Passerella schistacea were found in the Wahsatch region. 5. The Birds of the wooded river-valleys—As a rule, the valleys of the rivers in the Great Basin are destitute of trees, like the adjacent mesas; but in the “‘ western depression” are two notable exceptions in the Truckee and Carson Rivers, both of which are bordered along the lower portion of their course by inviting groves or scattered clumps of large and beautiful cotton- wood trees (Populus monilifera) and dense copses of a smaller species, P. trichocarpa. The buffalo-berry (Shepherdia argentea) and willows (Saliz, species) form the greater part of the shrubbery, but they are associated with numerous other woody plants. In the possession of these features the lower portions of the valleys of both the above-named streams share in common, but the timber along the latter is less regularly distributed, although in places equally extensive. Localities so inviting as these being extremely rare and: distant from each other, it follows as a natural consequence that the birds are found greatly multiplied both in species and individuals in these restricted oases. 1fn the East Humboldt Mountains, but more especially in the Wahsatch, other species, belonging to the Rocky Mountain region, are added, the number being small in the first-named range, but in the latter very considerable, and embracing several eastern species. In the canons of the Wahsatch, for instance, are found Betula ocei- dentalis, Rhus aromatica, R. glabra, Acer grandidentatum, Negundo aceroides, and Sam- bucus racemosa. [See Watson, Botanical Report, p. xxxvii.| 2 Found also as far west as the East Humboldt Mountains, in September. 3Noticed only in the lower portion of the cations, and more commonly in the valleys, as was also the case with Galeoscoptes carolinensis. LOCAL AVIFAUNA OF THE GREAT BASIN. 323 Indeed, to realize how attractive the river-valleys must be to the feathered tribe, one has but to cross the almost limitless desert on either side, with a scorching sun overhead and little else than glaring, heated sand beneath his feet, and after thus suffering all day come suddenly to the verge of one of these lovely valleys, with the fields and groves of verdure close by, while the refreshing breeze brings to the ear the rippling of cooling waters and the glad voices of the birds!) The merry little Wood-Wrens (Troglodytes parkmanni) gabble and chatter among the trunks and massive branches of the old cotton-wood trees; black-and-orange orioles (Icterus bullocki) and crimson-headed linnets (Carpodacus frontalis) whistle plaint- ively or chant a cheerful ditty as they sport among the leafy branches, while from the willows or the more open thickets is heard the mellow flute- like song of the Black-headed Grosbeak (Hedymeles melanocephalus). The birds most characteristic of the wooded river-valleys are the following :— 1. Sialia mexicana. 14, Pica hudsonica. 2. Troglodytes parkmanni. 15. Tyrannus carolinensis. 3. Dendreeca estiva. 16. Tyrannus verticalis. 4. Geothlypis trichas. 17. Myiarchus cinerascens. 5. Icteria longicauda. 18. Contopus richardsoni. 6. Myiodioctes pusillus. 19. Empidonax pusillus. 7. Tachycineta bicolor. 20. Coeeyzus americanus. 8. Vireosylvia swainsoni. 21. Nepheecetes borealis. 9. Carpodacus frontalis. 22, Cheetura vauxi. 10. Chrysomitris tristis. 23. Otus wilsonianus. 11. Cyanospiza amcena, 24, Faleo sparverius. 12. Pipilo oregonus. 25. Zenzdura carolinensis. 13. Icterus bullocki. 6. Birds of the sage-brush.—The term “‘sage-brush” is the western vernacular for that shrubby growth which prevails over the valleys, mesas, and desert mountain-slopes of the Great Basin to the utter exclusion of all other vegetation, except in isolated and extremely restricted places. One species, the, “everlasting sage-brush” (Artemisia tridentata), composes by far the larger part of that growth, “covering valleys and foot-hills in broad stretches farther than the eye can reach, the growth never so dense as to seriously obstruct the way, but very uniform over large surfaces, very rarely reaching to the saddle-height of a mule, and ordinarily but half that 324 ORNITHOLOGY. altitude.” The species just mentioned is not the exclusive component of the “sage-brush” however, for quite a number of other shrubs, belonging to many genera and several widely-different orders, are mingled with it in varying abundance, according to the nature of the soil, some prevailing on the most arid or sandy places, and others thriving best where the soil is strongly alkaline. Those additional to the species given above, are mainly the following, named in the order of their abundance: Obione confertifolia (‘‘grease-wood”), O. canescens, Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Linosyris viscidiflora, Grayia polygaloides, Halostachys occidentalis, Linosyris graveolens (‘‘broom- sage”), Artemisia trifida, A. spinescens, Eurotia lanata, Purshia tridentata, Ephedra antisyphilitica, and Tetradymia canescens. [See Botanical Report, p. xxvi.} The genera named above belong to the following orders: Artemisia, Linosyris, and Tetradymia to the Composite; Obione, Sarcobatus, Grayia, and Eurotia to the Chenopodiacer; Purshia to the Rosace, and Ephedra to the Gnetaceze. The general aspect of these plants is quite the same, however, in the different species, all having a similar scraggy, stunted appearance, with dull-grayish foliage in which there is but the slightest suspicion of green, and a characteristic, disagreeable, pungent odor; and in the utter absence of other shrubs over areas hundreds of square miles in extent, they constitute a most miserable apology for vegetation. The most numerous animals of these arid wastes are the various species of lizards, which are startled at every step as one walks along, and run nimbly to one side—-some kinds disappearing like a flash, so swift are they, while the larger species in their flight scatter the fine gravel and sand so as to make it fairly rattle. These reptiles were most numerous in the western depression, and it was found that they abounded most on the burning deserts, farthest from water. The birds characteristic of the sage-brush are not numerous, either as to species or individuals, but several of them are peculiar to these districts; the characteristic or peculiar species are these:— 1. Oreoscoptes montanus. 6. Eremophila alpestris. 2. Amphispiza nevadensis. 7. Antrostomus nuttalli. 3. Amphispiza bilineata. 8. Chordeiles henryi. 4. Spizella breweri. 9, Speotyto hypogzea. 5. Chondestes grammaca. 10. Centrocereus urophasianus. —— LOCAL AVIFAUN OF THE GREAT BASIN. 325 7. Birds of the mountain-meadows or “parks.’—On the higher ranges of the Interior, the gentle slopes of the upper canons support the richest or most varied vegetation of the entire region; especially is this the case when they incline so gently as to form broad and nearly level meadows on either side of the main stream, with pine forests and snow-fields on the higher ridges and a copious volume of water in all the brooks and rivulets. Here the streams are bordered for their whole length with a luxuriant shrubbery, the bushes consisting of numerous species, and overtopped here and there by occasional trees of the narrow-leafed cotton-wood (Populus angustifolia), sometimes of 50 or 60 feet in height. The higher slopes are densely matted with low but vigorous bushes of “laurel” (Ceanothus velutinus, C. sorediatus, and, in some ranges, Arctostaphylos glauca), with coriaceous, shining, deep- or dark-green foliage. The greater portion of these upper slopes, however, are mainly covered with a rank herbaceous growth, composed of very numerous species, and in season brilliant with a variety of flowers of beautiful or showy appearance, among which the blue spikes or panicles of Lupinus and Pentstemon, the orange-red bracts of Castilleia, and the lovely scarlet blossoms of Gilia aggregata are among the most conspicuous. Species of Geranium are also very prevalent in places, while, in many localities, low bushes of Symphoricarpus montanus are scat- tered through the herbage. The birds most characteristic of these flowery slopes are not numerous, but among them are several fine singers, whose clear and musical voices are among the pleasant memories of these salubrious spots. The following are the most characteristic species :— 1. Zonotrichia intermedia. ( Western ranges.) | 6. Pipilo chlorurus. 2. Zonotrichia leucophrys. (astern ranges.) | 7. Stellula ealliope. 3. Passerella schistacea. 8. Selasphorus platycercus, 4. Pooecetes confinis. 9. Trochilus alexandri. 5. Melospiza lincolni. e 8. Birds of the lowland-meadows.—The lowland meadows include the bright sward of “salt-grass” (Brizopyrum spicatum, vay. strictum) of the low river-valleys, the “bunch grass” (Poa tenuifolia and Eriocoma cuspidata, scattered over the foot-hills, the patches of “rye-grass” (Elymus condensatus ?) 326 ORNITHOLOGY. near the entrance to the cafions, and also the sedge and tule marshes, in the neighborhood of the lakes and rivers. The birds most characteristic of the meadows are all mostly peculiar to them, being seldom if ever found in other localities. Besides the land-birds here enumerated, a multitude of the water-fowl resort to the meadows during the breeding-season, but these are best given in a separate list. 'The most characteristic birds of the meadows are the following: — 1. Telmatodytes paludicola.....--. Marshes. 2. Coturniculus perpallidus......-.. Dry meadovres. 3. Passerculus alaudinus ......... Wet meadows. 4. Ageleus phoeniceus.........-.. Marshes. 5. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus.. Marshes. 6. Sturnella neglecta.............. Everywhere except in marshes. 7. Pedicecetes columbianus .. ....-Dry meadows. 8. Grus canadensis ............-.. Wet meadows. 9-11. Mural Avifauna.—This group is a rather heterogeneous one, part of the species being saxicoline, while others nest in vertical banks of earth; and of the former only two species keep altogether among the rocks, the others merely breeding there, the greater part of their time being spent in obtaining their food in other localities. They may be grouped as follows:— a. Species strictly saxicoline. 1. Salpinetes obsoletus. 2, Gatherpesiconsparsnd: t odivving their habits in neighborhood of settlements. b. Species saxicoline only in nesting habits. . Tachycineta thalassina.—(Jn other districts said to be arboreal.) . Petrochelidon lunifrons. . Hirundo horreorum, Habits modified in settled districts. . Sayornis sayus. . Panyptila saxatilis. AQ oe Ww c. Nesting in earth-banks. 8. Cotyle riparia. a 9. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. 10. Ceryle aleyon. é ° To group “b” of this list might be added such species as Aquila cana- densis and Falco polyagrus, since these species usually build their eyries on LOCAL AVIFAUNAS OF THE GREAT BASIN, 320 the narrow ledges or in niches on the face of cliffs, but their nesting-habits are too variable. The same objection might be urged in regard to Tachy- cineta thalassina, since in some localities this species nests in hollow trees, but along our route we found it to be everywhere strictly saxicoline. 12. Aquatic birds—This group includes the vast multitude of water- fowl, both waders and swimmers; these inhabit chiefly the valleys, the following being the species which breed in the interior: — 1, Adgialitis vociferus. 22, Branta canadensis. 2. Aigialitis nivosus. 23. Anas boschas. 3. Steganopus wilsoni. 24. Chaulelasmus streperus. 4, Recurvirostra americana. 25. Dafila acuta. 5. Himantopuas mexicanus. 26. Spatula clypeata. 6. Numenius longirostris. 27. Querquedula discors. 7. Tringoides macularius. 28. Querquedula eyanoptera. 8. Rhyacophilus solitarius. 29. Nettion carolinensis. 9. Tringa bairdi. 30. Mareca americana, 10. Tringa minutilla. 31, Aix sponsa. 11. Ereunetes pusillus. 32. Erismatura rubida. 12. Falcivellus guarauna. 33. Larus californicus. 13. Falcinellus thalassinus. 34. Sterna regia. 14. Ardea herodias. 35. Sterna fosteri. 15. Herodias egretta, 36. Hydrochelidon lariformis. 16. Nyctiardea neevia. 37. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 17. Botaurus minor. 38. Graculus floridanus. 18. Ardetta exilis. 39. Podiceps occidentalis. 19, Rallus virginianus. 40. Podiceps cristatus. 20. Porzana carolina. 41. Podiceps californicus. 21. Porzana jamaicensis. ? In the preceding lists of the species characterizing special faunal sub- districts of the Great Basin, we have included mainly those which are common to the entire breadth of the Province. Other species, which might properly be assigned to these lists with respect to their habitats, are excluded, from the fact that they belong to only one side or the other of the Basin. The western series was lost almost immediately after our departure from the Sierra Nevada, very few being found even so far to the eastward of that range as the West Humboldt Mountains. The eastern series, however, presented itself much more gradually, additional species being met with in each successive high range to the eastward, the first of them appearing on 328 ORNITHOLOGY. the lofty Toyabe Mountains, while a more decided accession of Rocky Mountain and Eastern forms was noticed on the Ruby and East Humboldt ranges, where, however, the number was far less than that encountered on the Wahsatch and in the Salt Lake Valley. DESCRIPTION OF LOCALITIES WHERE COLLECTIONS OR OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE. 1. Vicinity of Sacramento City, California (June 6-29, 1867.) —The period of our stay at Sacramento being the midst of the dry season, when the valleys of California are parched by the excessive and protracted drought, the bird-life was found to be comparatively scant, and, as in the Interior, though not to so great an extent, confined within the very restricted limits where the vegetation was nourished by the presence of water— either that of natural streams or that derived from artificial irrigation. But even there the abundance of the birds was due to the number of individ- uals of each kind, rather than of the species themselves. Away from the vicinity of the city, the country at the time of our sojourn presented a scorched appearance, the rolling plains being destitute of rivulets or pools, all the surface-moisture having been long since extracted by the excessive and prolonged heat; the ground itself was baked to a tile-like hardness except where ground to dust, and what remained of the grass and herbage was burnt to a dingy yellow, while the scant foliage of the scattered oaks was desiccated to a russet-brownness. In the moister locations, near the river, the aspect of the landscape was more inviting, however, for green meadow-lands prevailed, with woods of good-sized trees along the river bank (among which the western plane tree, Platanus racemosa, was con- spicuous from its white branches), with a pleasing variety of oak, willow, and cotton-wood copses, interspersed with cultivated farms, with here and there isolated large cotton-wood trees left in the fields for shade. Exten- sive marshes, connected with the river, were filled with tall rushes, or tule (Scirpus validus), and other aquatics, many of them being hemmed in by skirting jungles of willows and other shrubs, having a dense, often impen- etrable, undergrowth. Waste places were overspread by a rank growth of wild chamomile, or dog-fennel (Maruta cotula), and large thistles, the latter standing chiefly in the fence-corners, where they presented to the ee DESCRIPTION OF CAMPS. 329 untruder a repellent front of frightful thorny spines. Upon the whole, but for the blue mass of Monte Diablo looming in the south, the long dim range of the Sierra Nevada bounding the eastern horizon, its crown of snow- fields glittering in the sunlight, and the brown Coast Range visible to the westward, one might readily imagine a familiar scene in the Mississippi Valley, so similar is the general aspect of the vegetation, in all its charac- teristic features, to that of a semi-prairie district, during the corresponding season. Not less striking was the likeness between the bird-fauna of the vicinity of Sacramento and that of a locality in the same latitude in the Mississippi Valley, although, as regards the number of species, the latter is by far the richer, since in Illinois, Missouri, or Iowa, an area having a relative proportion of prairie and woodland corresponding to the locality under consideration, will be found to possess at least one hundred species of birds during the breeding-season, many more having been found in certain districts." Our camp was established in a very favorable locality, the outskirts of the city, where the surroundings were a pleasing variety of meadow and thicket, with the best collecting spots at convenient distance. The charac- teristic birds were the Red-head Linnet (Carpodacus frontalis), Gold- Finch (Chrysomitris tristis), Yellow Warbler (Dendreca estiva), Chipping Sparrow (Spizella arizone), and Wood Pewee (Contopus richardsoni), among the oaks; the Black-headed Grosbeak (Hedymeles melanocephalus), Traill’s Flycatcher (Empidonax pusillus, and Least Vireo (Vireo pusillus), in the willow and cotton-wood copses; the Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca cwrulea), Lazuli Bunting (Cyanospiza amena), Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri), and Lark Bunting (Chondestes grammaca), in the fields; Western King Bird (Tyrannus verticalis) and Bullock’s Oriole (Icterus bullocki), in the large isolated cotton-wood trees; the Long-tailed House Wren (Thryomanes spilurus), and, if near water, the Black Pewee (Sayornis nigricans), about dwellings, with a great variety of water-fowl, identical in species with those inhabiting similar places in the Eastern States, found in the tule sloughs. 1Tn the lower Wabash Valley, of Indiana or Illinois, more than one hundred and fifty species are known to breed. [See Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., XVI, L874.) 330 ORNITHOLOGY. The following is a complete list of the birds found breeding at Sacra- mento between June 6th and July 4th :— 1. Thryomanes spilurus....... Re sate SSR arb node Common. ? 2. DONGTOCRWSVA sas wn sinee esi one omen acme sae Abundant. a: Geothlypis'trichas >.<... aaeem sl. = Heteisieres tente - Abundant. 4: Teteria lon gicanda Jes ssc epee Once nce cee atime Abundant. 5; HHirundo horneoruim oa ceice ene: oe onesies Abundant. G. PLOPNG SUDIS= - = 2. 'a 2 gaia o crs'eictste mares Solna ecm ais cee Abundant. Qo JeCCrochelidONMLUDITTODN teres eee eee seein aiolete Abundant. Ss Ootylocriparia: sea serine nce estas. Foie ieee rates Common. 9) Stelpidopteryx serkipenniss «noo ate ace ato Common. 10: Vireosyl vis 8 WainsONts cose cc aces, weloe tanetece- Common. LD VATeEOM POSS. eys.5s shie atoictara cuca eotcer aeteie ete ee Common. 2. Oollariocexcnbitoroides\.\ ois osteo eaisla aris ecieeoeielarsie Common. 13. Carpodacus frontalis............ Sn saan ts See niner ects Abundant. PA OhrySOmMibvis (OVIS tase ce eta os ate ctalelots oraletarsr sete yaaa Abundant. 1b. @oturniculus perpallidus.. <= -m-te seine ain asne Common. 16. ‘Ohondestes/eram Maca cec qme coco eel = wiles Abundant. 17. Melospiza heermannis. =. cectels «se 25 sclclspee apiece Common. AS CS pizeliarbre wens atten = ie alelele = oe ole aeialente alent Common. LO; -SpizellaranizOns cco cine winisnte sea ele pe sansa eee Common. 20. Hedymeles melanocephalus.......-.---.-.--..---- Common. Als Goiraca essral eae sce talite oe aie a eleld clo] -)=/eleer tater Common. 22, \OFANOSPIZh AWN OND Gira el aiaiais eieiciwis =) sinse as aiaie sn eter Common. Pett LON OLGZOUUN sae ale (eterisieleis) ajcic'e! = anseea eee la Abundant. 53. Falco sparverius....-... sahanpece nce meade feieeiete Abundant. 54," Walco NVIOS) o- 265.060 2 a eemie cere FASO ek One pair. 6b. (Buteocaluros: cae cscs ecccmn cs here Sisto petets tetera COMMA TEs 56; Bate swaiDsoni.s.\0.0« cs ectes cian <)-elee nena terete . Common. 57. Haliaétus lencocephalus. .... Say sa A aiatats sleeps Rare. 58. Pandion carolinensis ...........- ee ME Oi tore fare. 59, Rbinopryphus ‘aura: sc-scn sce cee oe a momeere tree Abundant. 60. Zeneedura carolinensis .....-.-. REPS se nk .....Bxtremely abundant. Cle A cinlitis-voulergs qs -s0 Abundant. 86. Mareca americana ......-----+--- -0-e+-----2e2 Abundant. 87. Querquedula discors..--.-..---+----++-----+----- Rare.? 88. Querquedula cyanoptera ...-...-.--)-----+-++--- Common. ROR Wa ACHtAy ns seein cls sec pice cn.eloee mca eine wnicinie'e Rare. 90. Spatula clypeata . -.....---.-------- eee e ee eee Common. 91. Aythya vallisneria. .-.....---.---+2+ 22-220 0+ ose Rare. QO PAUN SDOUSH cs ence ie ss (-/oe/ ee 2 [ns se's'eelennisee Rare. 93. Lophodytes cucullatus ...-.. +--+ -------+-+ee ++ Rare. 94, Brismatura rubida........--.- 00. ese eee ree eeee: Rare. 95. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus....-..----------+--+- Very abundant. 96. Graculus floridanus......-...-..----2+--0--ee eee: Abundant. 97. Larus californicus .-.-.--.--...00.-s0ee---25 08> Very abundant. 98. Sterna regia ..... 2.2.2. . 222s eneee cece es rec eres Rare. QO) STENN@tOrStell. < om cclecc cis = awieee sivact sclear ses Rare. 100. Podiceps occidentalis ...-..-.-----+--++--+-++--- Abundant. 101. Podiceps californicus ......-..------+--+++-++---- Common. 102. Podilymbus podiceps ..--..-.-----.---++-+++-+++> Common. In the above list are the following species which were not observed during the preceding July and August at the Big Bend:— 1. Turdus ustulatus. 4, Nephecetes borealis. 2. Carpodacus frontalis. 5. Chetura vauxi. 3. Molothrus pecoris. 6. Trochilus alexandri. 342 ORNITHOLOGY. All of these were undoubtedly breeding, except the first, a mountain bird, of which only a single individual was seen, probably the last lingering one from the spring migration. It is also a noteworthy fact that Tyrannus carolinensis, Myiodioctes pusillus, and Selasphorus rufus, found at the Big Bend in July and August, were not observed in the lower portion of the valley in May and the early part of June. As the above list embraces only those species found within the valley proper of the river, including the marshes at its mouth, other localities produced additional species; thus, on the mesa stretching from the valley to the Virginia Mountains, Eremophila alpestris, Antrostomus nuttalli, Speotyto hypogea, and Centrocercus urophasianus were found. This locality was visited the previous winter, when the fauna was quite different, the following species, not in the summer-list, having been observed: — 1. Regulusienlendula--22- s-aclerseteccs sestee cates Abundant. 2. ADURUS LMG OVICIANUB)=\c a eile’. ole ee Sen eles Very abundant. 3) Denarceca andnDonl oon. 5 om os = eee ae ene Abundant. 4, Stalig (ArCuea ee aor oe a8 io wien eres eee Rare. 5. “Proglody tes pacificns:. 225. 22 eaeces's ede eee Rare. 6: Corthialameéricans..-cn shi .cieua see eens eee Rare. 7.) ZONGtWICHIG Intermedia: <..2-2---s4- +. saracele see Abundant. 8. (DUNCOOLSROUUS) veces eee shee ble nee ctelsicle elots eee miners Abundant. 9. Spizella mongicolary) 5. fasten sa) ce aeeiatsiteei eee Common. 10. Falco columbarius...... TORS oRSO oo nGo sehr. yey atid Rare. iJ. Arehibuteo ‘sancti-johannis:. ~~ -.,./.. 25 <2 c= <= Rare. 12. Oyenus (buccinator?) =~ 2-6. o~ << eee eee een Abundant. Ads Augerialbatus ie. osisas -saelncchen sees sees Abundant. i4, “Branta hutchinsi= <==... .. .-= sese-0%t eas ee ee AOUNOOhs 1b. 'Branta-nigricans.....2-<. s.0+--eraveen cee nana Rare. % 16. Aythyd americana. ...'5 st. scaneseeacse cee ae Common. Lv. Aythy a.vallisneriay. :<;. cc, fo