i m I CO ' p~ m CD CD Woods HoieCcaanographicinsutution. U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT - - - COASTGUARD BULLETIN No. 26 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN - nTsV] U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT COAST GUARD Bulletin No. 26 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN FLOYD M. SOULE G. VAN A. GRAVES mRm BIOLOGICAL LABORATC.^Y LIBRARY WOODS HOLE, MASS. W. H. 0. I. Season of 1936 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1938 i .0 .H ;w TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword _. _ v Figure 1, Chart, Ice Patrol Area Facing 1 The International Ice Patrol, 1936 1 Ice conditions North Atlantic Ocean, 1936. 4 Followed by figures 2-6, Ice Charts Communications 6 Weather 7 Figures 7-18, Weather Diagrams 10 Cruise Reports 16 Followed by figures 19-24, Cruise Charts Table of Ice, 1936 26 Oceanography, including figures 25-58 33 Table of Oceanogr&phic Data 59 (m) ^'^L FOREWORD The section of this report deahng with oceanography was prepared by Senior Physical Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule, United States Coast Guard, and the other sections of the report by Lt. G. Van A. Graves, United States Coast Guard, ice observation officer. The International Ice-Observation and Ice-Patrol service in the North Atlantic is an international service created for the purpose of safeguard- ing life and property along the trans-Atlantic shipping lanes in the North Atlantic during the season of danger from drifting ice and to make studies of ice conditions in the North Atlantic. This interna- tional service, which was first assumed by the Coast Guard in 1914 and carried on since then, is conducted under the provisions of the Inter- national Convention on Safety of Life at Sea signed at London, May 31, 1929, which convention superseded the first covenant signed at London on January 20, 1914. The convention also imposes upon owners of vessels the obligation of having their vessels follow the recognized North Atlantic lane routes when crossing the Atlantic, bound to or from ports of the United States via the vicinity of the Grand Banks. The expense of this international service is borne by the various maritime nations in the proportions specified under the terms of the existing convention. For the history of the ice patrol and its methods of operation, the interested reader is referred to previ- ous bulletins of this series, particularly the report of the 1935 season, Bulletin No. 25, 1936. (V) 59° 58° 5r 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 47° 46° 45° 44° 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48' 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 1.— Chart showing general In-Patrol area, principal region of activity (within solid black lino), critical area (shaded), and the steimjr tracks as prescribed by North Atlantic Track agreements as revised, 1931. 149346—88 (Face p. 1) THE INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL 1936 The patrol vessels for the season of 1936 were the United States Coast Guard cutters Pontchartrain and Champlain. The oceano- graphic vessel was the United States Coast Guard patrol boat General Greene. The commander of the International Ice-Patrol force was Commander R. L. Lucas, who was also the commanding officer of the Pontchartrain. The commanding officer of the Champlain was Commander G. W. MacLane. On board the General Greene were Boatswain A. L. Cunningham, commanding, and senior physical oceanographer, Floyd M. Soule, and his four assistants. The ice- observation officer, technical advisor to the commander of the Inter- national Ice-Patrol force, was Lt. G. Van A. Graves, who remained at sea with two assistants throughout the Ice-Patrol season. The first ice reported in 1936 was heavy field ice sighted on March 4 by a steamer using Canadian track F. Succeeding reports indicated a progressive movement of this ice to the southeast. Therefore, on March 23, 1936, the Ice-Patrol cutter Pc ntchartrain sailed from Boston, Mass., for the ice-patrol area to survey ice conditions in that region. The Pontchartrain arrived in the Grand Banks area on March 27. In order to locate the ice already reported, and any other southward moving ice, the Pontchartrain scouted out the cold current from the Tail of the Banks (latitude 43° N.) to latitude 49°15' N. This current lies, in general, between the 100 and 1,000 fathom curves along the east and northeastern edges of the Grand Banks. No areas of field ice and no icebergs were seen. Only three small growlers were sighted in this usually ice-infested area. It is interesting to note two facts made apparent by reading the section on Ice Conditions, North Atlantic Ocean, 1936 (p. 4) and the Table of Ice Reports (p. 27). First, no icebergs at all were reported in March, and second, the last report of field ice for the season (in the Ice-Patrol area) came on March 29. Such an early disappearance of field ice and total absence of bergs in March, even in light ice years, is very unusual. It gave an early indication of what proved to be a very light ice year and a short Ice-Patrol season. Not since 1931 have the steamer lanes been so free of field ice and bergs. Canadian tracks D and E were passable at all times and even track F (Cape Race route) was in use and passable throughout the season although field ice existed along this route in March and bergs in April and May. No menace to the United States-European lane routes existed this year at all. Although the large annual variation in the number of icebergs south of latitude 48° N., and the amount (1) of field ice each year is not yet wholly explained, the annual forecast of the number of bergs for 1936, made by the Coast Guard, was a notable success. The forecast was for a very light, or far below nor- mal, year; specifically 65 bergs. The actual count was 22 icebergs south of latitude 48° N. Dui-ing the second cruise, April 5 to 19, the fii'st icebergs for 1936 were reported. The first indication was four bergs reported on April 6 in latitude 49° 15' N., longitude 49°13' W. The patrol vessel on April 10 and 11 thoroughly searched south and east of these reported bergs and sighted no ice at all. By April 12, however, further reports showed a real southward movement of bergs and on April 13 the patrol again searched this area and located 13 bergs and many growl- ers in the cold current on the northeastern edge of the Grand Banks. (See figs. 4 and 20.) During the remainder of the patrol poor visibility prevented any extensive scouting. Wliat searching could be done, however, revealed a slow movement southward on to the Banks where there is no sustained current to carry them farther south. Use of track E became general and more vessels began using track F during this cruise, though these routes ran through the area of reported ice- bergs. These vessels, together with the operations of the patrol ship, made it possible to check closely the number of bergs in the area. Only 19 bergs had been reported this season and these were grouped m a comparatively small area, for the most part, north of latitude 48° N. (See fig. 20.) Observations of the drift of these bergs showed the movement to be sluggish, never over 10 miles a day and not sus- tained. The Canadian Ice Patrol in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cabot Strait was inaugurated on April 5 but, apparently due to lack of sufficient ice to warrant its continuance, it was stopped on April 14. From April 20 to May 4, the third cruise, ice conditions improved considerably. Increased use of Canadian track F together with the observation vessel's scouting, showed not only that there was no in- crease in the number of bergs present, but that the bergs already arrived had largely disappeared. The areas likely to contain bergs were repeatedly crossed and recrossed by passing steamers in good visibility and were searched at every opportunity by the observation vessel and by May 4 only nine known bergs remained in the area. Only two of these were in an advantageous position to drift southward. The current map prepared by the oceanographic vessel between April 9 and 19 showed a rather broad and comparatively slow moving cold current flowing southward between latitude 47° N., and the Tail of the Banks with its axis well outside the 100 fathom curve. (See fig. 25.) At latitude 45°30' N., a portion (nearly one-half) of this current curved to the northeast and bergs, which might have continued south to threaten the United States-European lanes, were diverted at this point. The surface temperatures as shown by the cruise charts (figs. 19-24) which carry the surface isotherms for the period of the par- ticular cruise, were warmer than is usual. There was a total dis- appearance of below freezing surface water south of latitude 48° N., during this cruise. This observed fact may in part explain the early- disappearance of field ice and the evidences of rapid disintegration of all icebergs sighted. This higher than average surface temperature, together with the slow rate of flow, averaging about H knot, reduced the chances of icebergs reaching the Tail of the Banks to a minimum. During the fourth and fifth criuses, or to the end of May, the number of bergs in the area reached its highest peak and declined rapidly to zero. In all this time no berg drifted south of latitude 45° N., and no berg was reported south of latitude 49° N. after May 22. The move- ment of all the ice during this period was slow and uncertain. The bergs showed no tendency to drift south but moved to the east and northeast well north of Flemish Cap, disintegrating rapidly. (See figs. 22 and 23.) A short cruise of 9 days, the sixth, from June 1 to June 9 during which the cold current was searched from latitude 46° N., to the Straits of Belle Isle, showed no ice south of latitude 49°25' N., and the ice season, as far as the transatlantic lane routes were concerned, was over. No ice menace to the United States-European steamer lanes existed this season and all routes were passable (except Belle Isle route) during the whole ice season. Because of the light ice conditions the regular Ice Patrol was not inaugurated this year wliich left the observation vessel free to leave the critical area to ascertain ice con- ditions farther north and along the Newfoundland coast. Ice obser- vation was discontinued on June 9, 1936, for the season. All shipping was informed of the termination of the ice observation service by a broadcast at the regular ice broadcast times as long as the observa- tion vessel remained in the area. Immediately following this section is a discussion of the general features of the ice season by months with a summary. A detailed account of the individual cruises will be found under Cruise Reports (p. 16) and there are also sections on Weather (p. 7) and Com- munications (p. 6). The scientific program for this year, as in the last 6 years, consisted of periodic dynamic surveys of the region of principal activity. (See Fig. 1.) Three current maps were constructed during the ice-patrol season, one in April, one in May, and one in June. These current maps showed the cold current running in a broad stream with sUghtly below normal velocities from latitude 47° N., southward along the eastern edge of the Grand Banks to latitude 43° N., and around the Tail of the Banks to the westward in April and May. (See figs. 25 to 27.) The current maps are used by the patrol vessel in laying out the scouting plan, determining the areas to be searched and in locating dangerous bergs after periods of fog. After the termination of ice observation for the season the General Greene made a short post- season oceanographic cruise consisting of two sections, or lines of stations, one from South Wolf Island, Labrador to Cape Farewell^ Greenland, and one short section from latitude 60°09'' N., longitude 51°15' W., to the entrance to Arsuk Fjord, Greenland. A detailed discussion of the operation and scientific program of the oceanographic vessel will be found in tliis volume under Oceanography (p. 33) and a narrative account of the post-season cruise under Cruise Reports (p. 24). The observation vessel was able to render medical assistance to a member of the crew of the trawler Imperialist of St. John's, Newfound- land. The patient was treated by the medical officer and transferred to observation vessel for transportation to St. John's and hospitaliza- tion there. (See Cruise Report, second cruise, p. 17.) This year, as in every year, the intelUgent conduct of the patrol was made possible tlirough the assistance and cooperation of the merchant steamers passing through these waters. The vessel on patrol is dependent on these vessels, which have been called "the thousand eyes of the Ice Patrol", for a general picture of ice conditions at any particular time. All ships are requested in every scheduled ice broadcast to report, beside all ice sighted, their position, course, speed, sea-water temperature and weather every 4 hours while in the Ice-Patrol area. Not only do these reports give the patrol excellent information about the quantity and distribution of ice over the entire North Atlantic, but enables the patrol to plot the track of every vessel and send out appropriate warnings and advice to those who are standing into danger. Thus the cooperating ships are of im- measurable help to the Ice Patrol and, at the same time, contribute greatly to their own safety. The number of ships so cooperating is increasing from year to year, but there are still some who do not fully comply. This opportunity is taken to thank those who sent in their reports as requested and to urge those who did not to do so. The more reports received, the more effective is the patrol. As it is impossible to treat each ship as an individual case, it must be assumed that all ships have copied the ice broadcasts (see Communications, p. 6), wliich contain all available information up to the time of transmittal. For this reason special information or warnings are not sent unless requested or some unusual situation develops after the broadcast has been sent out. ICE CONDITIONS, NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, IN VICINITY OF THE GRAND BANKS, 1936 SEPTEMBER TO DECEMBER 1935 No ice reported in September. In October four bergs were reported in the Straits of Belle Isle and in November one berg, 140 miles northeast of Belle Isle. During the first half of December four bergs were reported on the northeastern edge of the Grand Banks, south of latitude 49° N., and during the latter half of this month three widely scattered bergs were reported off the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula. (See fig. 2.) The southernmost berg from September to December was reported on December 26 in latitude 47°10' N., longi- tude 51°58' W. JANUARY AND FEBRUARY 1936 As far as is known, no ice was reported during these two months. MARCH 1936 The first ice report for the season 1936 came on March 4. A vessel reported sku'ting heavy field ice from latitude 49°00' N., longitude 49°50' W., for a distance of 50 miles in a southwesterly direction. This same vessel reported open field ice about 45 miles east-northeast of St. John's, Newfoundland, on the same date. No other ice was reported until March 18, when an ice field extending about 30 miles due south from latitude 48°42' N., longitude 48°33' W., just inside the 1,000-fathom curve on the northeastern edge of the Grand Banks, was reported. This, very likely, was the same ice field that was reported on March 4, having moved southeast at a little over 4 miles per day. On March 19, 20, and 29 very scattered patches of open field ice and some growlers were reported, all inside the 1,000-fathom curve and on the northeastern slope of the Grand Banks. The move- ment of all this ice was sluggish. No icebergs were reported during March. The distribution of the ice is graphically shown on the March ice chart. (See fig. 3.) APRIL 1936 By the beginning of April, all field ice had disappeared and no reports of St. Lawrence ice were received. Bergs began to appear in some numbers during the fu'st part of this month north of latitude 48° N., but reports became few toward the end. Only 25 bergs in all were reported in the Ice Patrol area this month, and only 8 drifted south of latitude 48° N. The movement of these bergs was slow and uncertain, all of them either melted or drifted northeastward before reaching latitude 46° N. The distribution of the ice for tliis period is graphically shown on the April ice chart. (See fig. 4.) MAY 1936 The month of May brought, as usual, the widest distribution of bergs for the season. Even in this month, however, no bergs drifted south of latitude 45° N. During the first part of the month, bergs continued to enter the area from the north, though only in small numbers. During the latter half of May only eight bergs were reported in the entire area, and only one of these drifted south of latitude 48° N. The distribution of the bergs for this period is graphically shown on the May ice chart. (See fig. 5.) No bergs were reported in the Ice-Patrol area (i. e. south of 49° N.) during June. Numerous bergs were reported in the Straits of Belle Isle to Cape Norman, and scattered bergs along track G for a distance of 220 miles to the northeast of Belle Isle. The international ice observation was discontinued on June 9, 1936. From June 18 to July 1, however, the United States Coast Guard cutter General Greene, the oceanograpliic vessel of the Inter- national Ice-Patrol force, made a short oceanographic cruise along the Labrador coast north to South Wolf Island and thence to the southwest coast of Greenland between Cape Farewell and Arsuk Fjord (Ivigtut). Ice conditions in these regions were extremely light for any season, but remarkably so for the month of June; no field ice at all along the Labrador coast and only scattered pieces around Cape Farewell. Cape Farewell, which is usually inaccessible due to pack ice and bergs, was easily attained this year. Bergs were less prevalent than normally. (See fig. 6.) SUMMARY The season of 1936 was an extremely hght ice year. The only reports of field ice for the year were in March, and this formed no obstruction to trans-Atlantic traffic. Only 22 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., this year, and no bergs south of latitude 45° N. Tracks A, B, C, and D were free of ice the entire season except for one berg which crossed the track D, which runs to the north of Ire- land, on May 11, in longitude 45°40' W. Canadian tracks E and F were open the whole season, although scattered bergs were present along these routes during April and May. The forecast of the num- ber of icebergs south of 48° N., based on the formula described in Coast Guard Bulletin 19, Part 3, pages 180-189, was 65 icebergs. The number south of this latitude for an average season is 419. The estimated count for 1936 was 22 icebergs as stated above. No known loss of life resulted directly from ice conditions, and no vessel struck an iceberg during the season. COMMUNICATIONS The great importance of dependable radio communication to the Ice Patrol is apparent. The conduct of the patrol, as now organized, would be impossible without it. Through radio the patrol vessel becomes a mobile clearing house for all ice, hydrographic, and mete- orological information over the area between latitudes 39° N., and 49° N., and longitudes 42° W., and 60° W., through which all the North Atlantic tracks pass (except Belle Isle route, track G). From this nerve center the invisible threads of radio waves stretch out to every corner of the area of about 475,200 square nautical miles, making pos- sible the constant exchange and dissemination of vital information. 5.7° 56° 55' 54° 53° 52° 51° ^ sISLr^r.d;-^^^,.,^^^' '^r ^^° I i^F 43° w S-- ^5rf^ v:^.J K/: 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° Figure 2.— Ice conditions, December 1936. Numbers indicate day of i 19° 48° 47° 1 ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° 149346—38 (Face p. 6) No. 1 « c;p° K70 "ilRo 55° 5^ X' 53° 52 51 — =1 ' . 4S 4S 47 ° 46 45 ° 44 ^3 =.=^, 19* «. GENERAL CHART :;e patrol area , GRAND BANKS NKWl-OLNDL "IT^ "'" \. .,^' ^^ %ii -T^" — "••'' 48* 48° y "•=•- C^r^fe ''^^..Um ^^^aJli^ ^i ^^- 59° 58° 57° j-— 55° E 53° ' 50° i-^— 48° 47° 46° 45'' .44° 43° — . 58° Sr 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 5f 50° '49° 4Q° J^^' 46° ^ ^ ^ 45° ^ ^° /^S' 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° ' 53? 52° 51° 50° 49' 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° FiouBE 4.-Ice conditions, AprU 1936. Numbers Indicate day of month Ice was sighted or reported. 14934&— 38 (Face p. 6) No. J ^' ^^° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50°: 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 5— Ice conditions, May 1936. Numbers indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 149346 — .38 (Face p. 6) No. 4 June lfi36. Numbers Indicate day ©i mootb Ice was sighted or reported. 149346 — 38 (Face p. 0) No. ( The position of every ship and its course, speed and weather conditions are known and their safety is the chief concern of the Ice Patrol. Only as radio communications improve can the Ice Patrol, itself, become more efficient and more useful. The willing cooperation of the Canadian radio stations is gratefully acknowledged. Their assistance in both gathering and disseminating ice information w as indispensable. Two radio bearings were obtained each day from Cape Kace radio which were valuable in checldng the patrol vessels position during long periods of fog or overcast weather. As last year, schedules w^ere maintained with the St. Lawrence Ice Patrol in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, while they were on duty, and ice information was exchanged and inbound and outbound traffic reported. The patrol vessels are equipped with the very latest types of radio receivers and transmitters. This year automatic transmitting ma- chines were used for the first time in sending the regular ice broadcasts. It is hoped that the more regular keying and constant speed has made the sometimes excessively long ice bulletins more accurate and more easily read. The following daily schedules were maintained throughout the period of the patrol. All times are Greenwich Civil Time. DAILY ICE BROADCASTS TO SHIPPING Time (G. C. T.) Frequency (kilocycles) Emission 175 Al 1000 425 A2 175 - . Al 2200 425 - - A2 DAILY SCHEDULES WITH WASHINGTON (N A A) NIDK NAA 1100 }8,460 and 12,690 kcs.. 8,150 and 12,225 kcs.. f - Al \ Al 2330 WEATHER Meteorological conditions over the Ice-Patrol area are important to the patrol vessel. It is necessary to know the coming weather in advance for several reasons: (1) in order to plan the scouting opera- tions for the next day or two; (2) in predicting berg drifts and (3) in answering requests for weather conditions and in advising vessels as to safe courses to follow. To supply this information two weather maps are constructed each day from data supplied by the major Ma- rine bulletin broadcast from Arlington radio. In order to make the synoptic situation as detailed as possible, within the Ice-Patrol area, these data are supplemented by weather reports from vessels in the vicinity, whenever available. In planning scouting it is important to Imow the approximate time that fog, low visibility such as rain or 8 snow, will arrive and when high winds may be expected. The patrol vessel must at these times be in the vicinity of the southernmost or most dangerous iceberg and not 50 or 100 miles away and miable to return because of weather conditions. Long periods of strong wmds or gales effect the drift of icebergs considerably and the areas of these high winds are sometimes restricted and the wind force and direction may vary greatly from place to place over the area. These differences show up on the weather maps. It is necessary to have a complete synoptic picture m order to give accurate and detailed mformation concerning present conditions in any particular area or coming weather for any general area. It must be borne in mind in interpreting the average temperatures given below that the Ice-Patrol area is a region of sharp contrasts due to the juxtaposition of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream and the cold waters of the Labrador Current. Also the region Hes in the average track of all North Atlantic storms and the weather is there- fore excessively boisterous. The patrol vessel, itself, constantly on the move as it is, passes from cold water to warm and vice versa with consequent rapid changes in temperature; and from cold fog to warm clear weather, and its average position varies considerably from year to year depending on the distribution of the ice. For these reasons the data are of little use from a clhnatological point of view but are interesting as a picture of the type and variations in weather that may be expected in this region. The weather conditions experi- enced by the patrol vessel are discussed below by months, in general, and figs. 7 to 18 give the observed weather data in detail. MARCH The weather during the last of March in the vicinity of the Grand Banks was governed in large measure by a deep trough which remamed almost stationary over the ocean about 750 miles east of Newfound- land. This gave the Grand Banks region prevaiHng fresh to strong northerly winds at tmies approaching gale force. This excess of polar ah- resulted in cold weather and freedom from fog. No disturb- ance of marked intensity passed directly over the area. The average temperature was 37.7° F. and the percentage of fog, visibihty less than 2 miles, was 0.095 percent. (See figs. 7 and 8.) APRIL The rather stationary conditions existing over the northwestern Atlantic in the last days of March were ended early m April, April 8 and 9 by the passage of a migratory cyclone of marked intensity. This disturbance brought winds of gale force for 18 hours, reacliing a max-imum, force 11, from the north-northwest at 0100, April 9, 4 hours after the cold front passage. Lowest barometer reading was 28.87 inches. (See fig. 9.) On April 13 and 14 an unusually long period of strong easterly winds brought rain and fog. The winds from the easterly quadrant persisted for 30 hours and attained gale force for 8 hours. These winds were accompanied only by a slow drop in pressure but no evidences of a real disturbance. Unfortunately no pilot balloon observation could be obtained. The morning map of April 24 showed a minor depression just east of the Bahamas. This moved slowly northward deepening slightly and assuming more definite characteristics as it moved until in the vicinity of Bermuda it was found as a full fledged extra-tropical cyclone on the evening map. From Bermuda it moved with surprising rapidity, averaging 50 miles an hour, and increasing intensity to a position just south of Cape Race, Newfoundland, on the morning of April 25. It then moved more slowly east and northeast, deepening steadily, and passed just south of observation vessel's position on April 26. The observa- tion vessel experienced winds of force 11 for 4 hours and winds of gale force, 7 and over, for 29 hours. Lowest barometer 29 inches. As this storm swept eastward it apparently increased in intensity and area causing much damage to shipping as far east as the Irish coast. Two known cases of serious distress were the direct result of this storm. The S. S. San Quentin, whose case was handled by the S. S. Washington and the S. S. Ivanhoe which was assisted by the S. S. Pilsudsky. The great mass of polar air pouring down over the ocean in the wake of this deep disturbance stagnated over the middle Atlantic, intensifying the semipermanent high pressure over the ocean and bringing regular early summer conditions to the Grand Banks region, i. e. a prevalence of light to moderate southwest winds bringing showers and fog. April was, in general, cold with an aver- age temperature of 35.0° F. although the percentage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was about normal, 22.1 percent. (See figs. 8 to 12.) MAY Regular early summer conditions persisted all through this month. No storms of marked intensity passed through the area. Light to moderate south and southwesterly winds prevailed with seasonably warm and mild weather, and much fog. The percentage of tune with visibility less than 2 miles during the last half of May was 57.0 per- cent. The average temperature for the month was 45.3° F. and the percentage of fog was 46.4 percent. (See figs. 12 to 16.) JUNE The observation vessel was present in the Grand Banks area only during the first 9 days of June. During that period light to moderate southwesterly winds persisted, bringing warm and very mild condi- tions and much fog. The average temperature was 45.9° F. and the percentage of fog, visibihty less than 2 miles, was 54.6 percent. (See figs. 17 and 18.) 10 11 149346—38 2 12 13 14 15 16 CRUISE REPORTS FIRST CRUISE "PONTCHARTRAIN". MARCH 23 TO APRIL 4, 1936 The Pontchartrain sailed from Boston, Mass., at 1705, March 23, 1936, on an ice-observation cruise in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The outbound run was uneventful and on March 27 the Pontchartrain arrived at the Tail of the Grand Banks and began scouting out the eastern slope of the Grand Banks in the cold water to locate ice. Upon entering the Ice-Patrol area (east of longitude 60 °W.) on March 25, the district radio commissioner, Halifax, Nova Scotia, was informed by radio that this vessel was making an ice observation-cruise in the interests of International Ice Patrol, and requested that the Canadian radio stations lend the same valuable assistance in the col- lection and dissemination of ice information as in former years. This same day our presence in the Ice-Patrol area was made known by a general call to all vessels, informing them that the Pontchartrain was making an ice observation cruise and requesting ail vessels to report to this vessel their sea-water temperature, weather, barometer, visi- bility, position, course, and speed every 4 hours. The regular ice broadcasts were commenced at 1900 March 28, 1936. From March 27 to April 3 the Pontchartrain carried out an intensive search for field ice and bergs from the Tail of the Grand Banks (latitude 43°00' N., longitude 50°00' W.) to latitude 49°15' N., in the cold water on the eastern edge of the Banks. This search passed through, or in the near vicinity of, every ice report that has been received this year. No field ice of any kind was sighted ; no icebergs were sighted or have been reported this season ; only three small growlers were seen in this extensive and usually ice-infested area. These small pieces of ice sighted by the observation vessel were hardly large enough to constitute a danger to navigation and were located in the following positions: Two small growlers, latitude 46°49' N., longitude 48°25' W., and one growler in latitude 48°40' N., longitude 50°18' W. No field ice has been reported since March 29, and the two growlers sighted on that date are believed to have disappeared. This leaves only one piece of ice, a growler, remaining in the Ice-Patrol area at the end of this cruise. (See fig. 19.) On the evening of April 3, the Pontchartrain steamed to the west- ward toward the contact point and at 0737 April 5, met the Champlain in latitude 42°43' N., longitude 56°32' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Champlain and at 0800 the Champlain reheved the Pontchartrain as ice observation vessel. The Pontchartrain set course for Boston, Mass., arri\ang there at 0735 April 7, 1936. 17 The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during the cruise: Number of bergs reported south of 48°00' N 0 Number of bergs reported south of 43°00' N 0 Number of ice reports received 3 Number of water-temperature reports received 449 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 3 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 79 Number of vessels furnished special information 8 SECOND CRUISE "CHAMPLAIN" APRIL 5 TO 19, 1936 The Champlain sailed from New York, N. Y., at 1653, April 3, 1936, on ice observation duty in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of New- foundland. The voyage to the ice area was uneventful and at 0700, April 5, 1936, the Champlain met the Pontchartrain in latitude 42°49' N., longitude 56°32' W. Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 0800 the Champlain relieved the Pontchartrain as ice-observation vessel. The trawler Imperialist of St. John's, Newfoundland, on April 4 had reported a man suffering from abdominal pain and nausea. Treat- ment was prescribed by radio and immediately upon relieving the Pontchartrain the Champlain arranged contact with the hnperialist to examine patient. The Imperialist was met in latitude 44°15' N., longitude 52°43' W., at 2025, April 5. A boat was lowered and Asst, Surg. V. J. Dorset, medical officer, boarded the Imperialist to treat patient. At 2114, Asst. Surg. V. J. Dorset returned aboard with patient, one Francois Poilpot, seaman, of Pleurivo, Cote du Nord,. France, in need of immediate hospitalization. The Champlain set course for St. John's, Newfoundland, at full speed arriving there at 1106, April 6, 1936, and Francois Poilpot was transferred to the St. John's General Hospital. On the regular ice broadcast at 1000 plus 3 time, shipping was informed that the Chamiplain was to be in port and the regular ice bulletin would be discontinued until 1900, April 7,. 1936. A special broadcast advised vessels that the ice-observation vessel could not answer calls while in port and to discontinue water- temperature reports until 1900, April 7. At 1500, April 7, Cape Race radio was requested to inform shipping that the ice-observation vessel would not resume broadcasts until 1900, April 8. At 0640 April 8, the Champlain departed St. John's, Newfoundland^ and set course to the northward 20 miles off shore. It was planned to scout out the cold current as far north as the Straits of Belle Isle in an effort to locate icebergs. A cyclonic disturbance of high in- tensity, bringing winds of gale force successively from the southwest, west, and northwest, together with fog and blizzard conditions, made it impossible to complete this plan within a reasonable time. So the Champlain lay to on a southeasterly course for the duration of the gales, 18 hours, and at 1700, April 9, set course for the north- 18 eastern slope of the Banks where four bergs had been reported on April 6. On April 10 and 11 the Champlain searched an area north of latitude 47°40' N., outside the 100-fathom curve between longi- tudes 47° W., and 50° W., as far north as 49° N. One small berg, now a growler, was sighted in latitude 48° 17' N., longitude 48°17' W., on April 11. On the following day, April 12, the search was con- tinued to the southward to latitude 46°30' N., but no ice was sighted. On April 13, with excellent visibility throughout the day the Champlain scouted along the 100-fathom curve between latitudes 47° 10' N., and 48°50' N., and sighted 12 bergs and 7 growlers in scattered positions along this course. (See fig. 20.) April 14 and 15 poor visibility pre- vented extensive scouting, but the berg of AprU 11 was relocated on April 15, showing a drift almost due south at about 10 miles per day. On April 16, a search was made to the south of the search of April 13 to determine whether the bergs sighted on that day had drifted southward. A small berg was located in latitude 47°58' N., longitude 49° 13' W., just outside the 100-fathom curve but could not be de- finitely identified. On April 17, with poor visibility, the Champlain ran southeast along the 100-fathom curve and sighted only one berg. This berg was a large one and undoubtedly the same as one sighted in the late afternoon of AprU 13. Its new position, latitude 48°08' N., longitude 49° 13' W., showed a drift due south averaging less than 10 miles a day. (See fig. 20.) Scouting had to be abandoned on April 18 due to fog and rain, so at 1300, April 18 the Champlain set course to westward across the Banks to the relieving point. At 0624, April 19, the French Barken- tine Lt. Rene Quillon of St. Malo, engaged in fishing in latitude 44°58' N., longitude 51°02' W., was identified and courtesies ex- changed. The Pontchartrain was met at 0210, April 20, in latitude 43°08' N., longitude 55°38' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Pontchartrain and at 0230, the Pontchartrain re- lieved the Champlain as ice-observation vessel. The commanding officer Champlain attended a conference with the commander inter- national ice-patrol force on the Pontchartraim and at 0336, the Cham- plain set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 0940, April 21, 1936. The following is a summary of ice and water-temperature reports received during the cruise: Number of bergs south of 48°00' N 4 Number of bergs south of 43°00' N 0 Number of water-temperature reports received 829 Number of ice reports received 9 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 8 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 91 Number of vessels furnished special information 20 19 THIRD CRUISE "PONTCHARTRAIN", APRIL 20 TO MAY 4, 1936 The Pontchartrain departed Boston, Mass., at 1715, April 17, 1936, ^n ice-observation duty. The voyage to the ice area was uneventful and at 0052, April 20, the Pontchartrain met the Champlain in lati- tude 43°08' N., longitude 55°38' W. Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice- observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 0230 the Pontchartrain relieved the Champlain as ice-observation vessel. The Pontchartrain proceeded to the eastward to meet the General Greene and at 2059, April 20, contact was made in latitude 44°02' N., longitude 50°50' W. The commanding officer of the General Greene and Senior Oceanograplier Floyd M. Soule reported aboard for a con- ference and Mr. Soule delivered a current map of the area along the eastern slope of the Grand Banks between latitudes 47° N,, and 41° N. At 2344 the General Greene proceeded to St. Jolm's, Newfoundland, and the Pontchartrain set course due east for the eastern edge of the Grand Banks. On April 21 and 22 the Pontchartrain scouted up the axis of the cold current as shown on the current map. Poor visibility curtailed scouting on April 22, but an effort was made to locate a berg reported on the western edge of the cold curent in lati- tude 46°15' N., longitude 47°44' W., on that day. This search was continued on April 23 until it was demonstrated that the berg had not been in the position reported. The next day, April 24, this berg was relocated by another vessel in latitude 46°20' N., longitude 48° 10' W., some 20 miles northwest of its supposed position and well out of the southerly current. On April 24 and 25 the Pontchartrain searched up the axis of the cold current just outside the hundred-fathom curve from latitude 45°30'N., to latitude 48°00' N., to try and relocate some of the 13 bergs sighted by the Champlain on the last cruise. The effectiveness of this scouting was reduced materially by poor visibility and was brought to an end at 1500 April 25, when the wind reached gale force from the northeast and increased steadily throughout the night, reaching force 11, a storm, from the northwest at 0900, April 26. Due to heavy seas, blizzard conditions, and generally low visibility, the Pontchartrain hove to throughout the day and night of April 26, and resumed scouting on the following morning, April 27. On this day, courses were run directly through the positions of the bergs sighted last cruise and no ice was seen. There being no ice threatening the United States-European shipping lanes and little known ice obstructing the Canadian tracks, advantage was taken, on April 28 and 29 of fine clear weather to scout up the Labrador Current well to the northward outside the regular area to determine what ice, if any, was moving southward. This search carried the Pontchartrain north to latitude 52° N., the latitude of the 20 Straits of Belle Isle. The course was laid along the probable axis of the cold stream, as shown from past surveys, just inside the 600- fathom curve and the ship's course changed as necessary to remain in cold water. In this manner the vessel remained in water whose tem- perature was constantly 1° below freezing, 31° F. By this method the Pontchartrain searched an area of southward moving water 48 mUes wide between latitudes 49° N., and 52° N., a region known, in any normal year, to contain many icebergs and through wliich any bergs bound for the critical area south of latitude 44° N., must pass. Only one iceberg and two growlers were found in this area. On April 30 and May 1 the search was continued to the southward south of latitude 49° N., along the northeastern slope of the Grand Banks outside the line scouted out earlier in the cruise. No new ice was sighted in this area but in the evening of May 1 a berg first reported in latitude 46°01' N., longitude 47°25' W., was relocated in latitude 45°38' N., longitude 47°38' W., showing a drift of only 25 miles in 3 days. The Pontchartrain drifted in vicinity of this berg, the southernmost ice, during the night. Dense fog, general over the Grand Banks, on the morning of May 2 prevented the relocation of this berg so at 0945 the Pontchartrain set course for the relieving point making such speed as the visibility would permit. (See fig. 21.) The Champlain was met in latitude 43°13'30" N., longitude 57°29' 30" W., at 1642, May 4, 1936. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Champlain, and at 1850, the Champlain relieved the Pontchartrain as observation vessel. The Pontchartrain set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 0836, May 6, 1936. The following is a summary of ice and water-temperature reports received during the patrol: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° N 7 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° N 0 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 18 Number of ice reports received 18 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 92 Number of water temperature reports received 998 Number of vessels furnished special information 9 FOURTH CRUISE "CHAMPLAIN," MAY 5 TO 18, 1936 The Champlain sailed from Hahfax, Nova Scotia, at 0555, May 3, 1936, on ice-observation duty. Moderate southerly winds, slight sea and dense fog were experienced en route. The trip was uneventful, and at 1640, May 4, the Champlain met the Pontchartrain in latitude 43°12' N., longitude 57°26' W., Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation ofl&cer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 1850 the Champlain relieved the Pontchartrain as ice-observation vessel. 21 Upon relief the Champlain set course for the eastern edge of the Grand Banks to scout out the cold current and locate the southern- most ice, arriving at the 100-fathom curve in latitude 44 °00' N., on the morning of May 6. Fog prevented any scouting on that day but on the morning of May 7, with good visibility, the Chamjdain searched between latitudes 44° N. and 45° N., and a line 40 miles outside the 100-fathom curve. No ice was sighted. The following day the search Contribution No. 154 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutioD. (33) 34 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° Figure 25.— Dynamic current map, from data collected April 9-19, 1936. 35 .52° 5f 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44 ■tori . I I I I I I I i I I I . I . — : — r--; — ;=ni 52° 51° 50° 49° .48° 47° 46° 45° 44° FiGTJEE 26.— Dynamic current map, from data collected May 7-17, 1936. 36 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° Figure 27.— Dynamic current map, from data coUected June 2-8, 1936. 37 an abbreviated post-season cruise in the Labrador Sea. These 30 stations were occupied between June 20 and June 26 and were disposed in the form of two sections, one extending from the vicinity of South Wolf Island, Labrador, to Cape Farewell, Greenland, and the other from 60°09' N., 51°15' W., to the mouth of Arsuk Fjord, Greenland, The surface currents indicated by the measurements at these stations are shown in the dynamic topographic chart, figure 28. The tempera- ture and salinity data collected at the 217 oceanographic stations 38 occupied during the season and on the post-season cruise are pre- sented in the oceanographic table in this bulletin. On the post-season cruise 295 sonic soundmgs were made with the fathometer. These have been corrected for sounding velocity by means of the concurrently collected temperature and salinity data in accordance with the temperature-saluiity-pressure-velocity relations given in the British Admiralty tables (H. D. 282). The corrected soundings have been tabulated and forwarded to the United States Hydrographic Office and to the International Hydrographic Bureau. During the ice season, and in continuation of cooperation with the Newfoundland Fisheries Research Laboratory at Bay Bulls, abstracts of temperatures and salinities measured were forwarded to that laboratory promptly upon the return of the General Greene to St. John's at the conclusion of each survey. Other incidental data collected on the General Greene consisted of barograms and sea-water surface thermograms. The Ice Patrol has photographed the glacier front in Arsuk Fjord, Greenland, during the summers of 1928, 1931, 1933 and did so agam in 1936. This year the various distances of retreat and advance were measured by means of numerous horizontal sextant angles taken from both ends of a 600-foot base line. The results of these measurements have been forwarded to the chahman of the committee on glaciers of the American Geophysical Union. The equipment and methods of measurement were the same as in 1935. Routine salinity bridge measurements were performed by the oceanographer's assistants, Bernard S. Loebig, yeoman, first-class; Edwin H. MacDonald, ciuartermaster, third-class; and surfman James F. Flannery. The first-named performed the cahbration titrations. At the 187 stations occupied during the season serial observations of temperature and sahnity extended to depths of between 1,000 and 1,400 meters where the depth of water permitted. The levels from which it was attempted to obtain measurements were 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, and 1,400 meters. On the post-season cruise the observations were carried to as near the bottom as practical at all stations, the nominal depths of observations bemg similar to those listed above from the surface down to 1,000 meters and at 500-meter intervals below 1,000 meters. Both during the season and on the post-season cruise the ther-' mometers, which were used in pairs, were occasionally shifted with respect to each other so that each thermometer was eventually paired with several other thermometers, thus furnishing a check against the possibiHty of any thermometer or thermometers suffering a change of. cahbration or ceasing to function properly during the period of ob- servations. A total of 1,434 such comparisons were investigated. Probable differences between the corrected readmgs of the pair of 39 thermometers were computed for each group. These probable differences varied between 0.003° and 0.014° C. and the probable difference for the entire 1,434 comparisons was 0.008° C. It is therefore considered that the observed temperatures are accurate to 0.01° C. The current maps prepared during the season were made following the procedure used in 1935, the season's maps being referred to the 1,000 decibar surface. The cmTent map representing conditions found on the post-season cruise is referred to the 1,500 decibar surface. The dynamic ciu-rent map for April, figure 25, shows the Labrador Current to be somewhat subnormal in surface velocity in the northern part of the map, but having unusual width. In latitudes 44° to 45° its flow is augmented by the Grand Banks whorl wliich is frequently a characteristic of the circulation in tliis region. Another feature less frequently encountered is the slow but definite clockwise whorl near the eastern edge of the Banks in about latitude 47° north. Its effect is to set icebergs in onto the Banks; a natural tendency here where the shoaling bottom below the Labrador Current probably exerts some influence in a deflection toward the right. A part of the Labrador Current ^\^ll be seen to recurve northeastward north of latitude 45°. Although the measurements do not extend to the westward of about longitude 50° west it is evident that south of the Tail of the Banks the Labrador Current continues west and south before recurving eastward. Gulf Stream water is to be seen in the more rapidly flowing currents at the southern edge of the map. From figure 26 it will be seen that the Labrador Current decreased in width and increased in velocity from April to May. The clock- wise whorl noted in the April map near the eastern edge of the Banks in about latitude 47° north joined the Banks whorl centered near 44°30' N., 49°30' W. This Banks whorl contributed water off the Grand Banks to what would seem at first glance to be the Labrador Current. However, it will be seen that that portion westward of about the 971 isobath was part of the Banks whorl and cannot be considered part of the ice-bearing Labrador Current. Much of the latter continued to recurve northeastward between latitudes 47° and 44° north although a part still continued to the Tail of the Banks.. The Gulf Stream margin wealdy evidenced on the eastern edge of the April map between latitudes 44° and 45° north had intruded with strength and began the pinching oft' of the Labrador Current and resulted in closing off and partly assimilating the cold-water pool near the Tail of the Grand Banks. The June current map, figure 27, shows that the Labrador Current was much weakened in velocity, while the intruding Gulf Stream salient had made no further westward jDrogress from the situation shown 40 in figure 26. What has been drawn as a Gulf Stream salient between latitudes 45° and 46° north may be a closed whorl in the nature of clockwise eddy separated from the mam stream. If it is indeed such an eddy the possibihty is suggested that it was present in all three maps, moving in a northeasterly direction from near the lower edge of figure 25 to the middle eastern edge of figure 26 to the upper eastern edge of figure 27. The observations do not extend far enough to the eastward to teU. If this is such an eddy it is probably the first time that one of this magnitude has been surveyed during 3 successive months. The fact that the enthe area of the eddy was not investi- gated makes it impossible to arrive at any accurate conclusion as to the energy involved. However, it is interesting to note its persistence over a period of about 2 months. Throughout the season the maps indicated a possible avenue of southward transport for bergs, so that the discontinuation of the Ice Patrol for the season had to be made on the basis of lack of ice rather than on the basis of currents which would not permit the drift of ice into the steamer lanes. In United States Coast Guard Bulletin No. 19, Part 2, the authors of that paper briefly discussed the question of an annual cycle m the strength of the Labrador Current in the Grand Banks sector in view of the popular but unsupported opinion that that current experiences a "spring freshet" approximately coincident in tune with the peak of the iceberg season. Because of the paucity of comparable data then available it could only be concluded that if such a cycle did exist it was masked by the great variations from year to year. Since the preparation of that report further work on this question has been done and another year's observations are available. In view of the facts that the variations from year to year are large and the number of available data small it was reaUzed that in order to investigate the annual cycle properly it would be necessary to have a succession of measurements for each season considered and that random measure- ments from various years could not be combined without overweighting averages with the characteristics of those particular years. We have to discuss here some of the same sections discussed m United States Coast Guard Bulletin No. 19, Part 2, in the chapter on the Grand Banks sector, and for the convenience of those who wish to refer to the above pubhcation we shall retain the previous section designations which are: Section T, runnmg southeasterly from about latitude 46°20' N., longitude 49°00' W.; section U, runnmg east and west at about 45° N. ; and section W, a north and south section at the Tail of the Grand Banks in about 50° W. The Labrador Current passing section T may be regarded as coming entirely from more northerly regions. The southerly flow past section U represents the Labrador Current of section T plus the contribution of the Grand Banks whorl and minus the usually small amount of Labrador Current 41 which has recurved northeastward between sections T and U. The westerly current through section W represents that part of the flow past section U which has not recurved although occasionally aug- mented by the borders of a closed counterclockwise eddy south of the Tail of the Grand Banks. Sections T and U have been occupied during the months of April, May, and June of each of the years 1934, 1935, and 1936. Section W has been occupied during April and May of each of these 3 years and in June 1934. The volume of flow, the mean temperature, and the minimum temperature have been investigated for each occupation of these sections and the results are tabulated below. Table 1. — Shoiving volume of flow in million cubic meters per second, mean tem,- peratiire in °C, and minimum temperature in °C, of the Labrador Current in the Grand Banks region April: Vol Mean Temp.. Min. Temp... May: Vol Mean Temp.. Min. Temp... June: Vol. Mean Temp.. Min. Temp... Section T 1.8 1.63 -1.66 1.5 2.6 -1.72 2.1 1.67 -1.71 4,1 2.85 -1.56 2.71 2.06 -1.50 1.86 0.98 -0.75 3.15 2.90 -1.47 1.92 1.39 -1.37 2.94 2.43 -1.24 2.44 2.75 -1.56 Section U 3.48 1.11 -1.37 3.11 1.56 -1.70 0.84 1.32 -1.65 Section W 1.08 2.72 -1.12 3.87 1.47 -1.02 3.13 2.61 0.02 8.78 2.85 0.08 1.79 2.17 -0.75 4.76 1.80 -0.84 An inspection of the above table shows that although the mean temperature and the minimum temperature do not show very con- sistent trends, the volume of flow does. The volume-time relation is shown graphically in figure 29 for each ice season and for each of the sections T, U, and W. Smooth curves have been drawn and although the exact course of any curve between points is somewhat conjectm'al the curves illustrate that there is a strildng uniformity in the sugges- tion of a seasonal maximum volume of flow about the middle of May. At least they do not preclude the existence of such a maximum. Curves are also shown representing the 3-year average for each of the sections. It will be noted that the volume of flow was above this average throughout the season of 1936 at each of the sections. As the curves in figure 29 have been drawn the time of the maximum is slightly earlier for section U than for either sections T or W. It is doubtful that this tune difl'erence is significant in view of the small number of data considered. It may nevertheless be real and if so is connected with the Grand Banks whorl. It is possible that this whorl, which is centered near the shoalest part of the Grand Banks, is accelerated by vernal warming just prior to the arrival of the true freshet from north of the Grand Banks. 42 Further inspection of table 1 shows considerable variabiHty in the mean temperature of the Labrador Current. A much greater con- stancy is shown in the minimum temperature. Comparison of the values for the season of 1936 with those of the 3-year average shows that at section T the mean temperature was colder than usual during the months of April and May and slightly warmer than usual in June. As stated above, this section is regarded as most nearly indicative of unmodified Labrador Current conditions of the three sections con- / \ / \ ' ^ V ^. 1, f/^" ~'y^ s ACTION T APRIL MAY JUNE \ \ J '\ v // / / / \\ \ \ \^ .'■ \ \ \ S ECTION U APRIL MAY JUNE . H 1 1 / 1'" '■■ / '! J ll 1 II 1 /> ,' % vA "i. s ECTION w FiGUEE 29.— Variations in volume of flow of the Labrador Current in the Grand ice seasons of 1934, 1935, and 1936. — AVERAGE- inks sector during the sidered. Taking all sections, the mean temperature was only 0.26° C. warmer for the entire season than average. However, the minimum temperature was warmer than average for each section throughout the season, and taldng all occupations of all sections for 1936 the minimum temperature was 0.52° C. warmer than average. As has been shown by Smith, Soule, and Mosby in United States Coast Guard Bulletin No. 19, Part 2, the Labrador Current is com- posed of Baffin Land Current and West Greenland Current in the pro- portions of about 2 to 3, the Bafiin Land component supplying the inshore, minimum temperature band of the Labrador Current. In 1935, both in March and in August, the West Greenland Current rounding Cape Farewell, Greenland, was flowing at about double its 43 normal volume. As a part of the West Greenland Current enters Baffin Bay across Da\^s Strait Ridge it is probable that this excessive rate of flow was communicated to the Baffin Land Current, with the resultant increase in volume of flow and minimum temperature noted in the Labrador Current in the Grand Banks sector during the season of 1936. The significance of such a flood of the West Greenland Current in relation to the quantity of berg ice subsequently appearing in the Grand Banks region is as yet obscure. Two oppositely direct effects are at once suggested. The greater heat transfer northward along the Greenland coast will tend to release accumulations of pent-up bergs. On the other hand warmer temperatures should hasten the disintegration of the bergs during their long travel to the Grand Banks. The first effect of the flood in question was probably to sweep the American side clean of bergs in 1935 and to free large num- bers of bergs along the Greenland side. The latter bergs probably spent the winter of 1935-36 in the vicinity of Melville Bay and can be expected to winter near Cape Dier 1936-37 appearing in the Grand Banks region during the season of 1937. It wdU be of interest to note whether the higher temperatures during the interval of travel, 1935- 37, will outweigh, through more rapid disintegration of the bergs, the effect of a greater number of bergs freed and result in a net increase or decrease of berg ice on the Banks as reflected in the discrepancy be- tween the actual berg count and the number forecast on purely meteorological considerations. Temperature-salinity relations are frequently helpful in tracing and identifying water masses. In the region of the Grand Banks, where two major ocean currents of different characteristics (the Labrador Current and the Atlantic Current) closely approach each other, we are concerned chiefly with the fluctuations in the boundary between them and the departures of that boundary from its normal position. The data accumulated during the seasons of 1934, 1935, and 1936 have been examined and salinity anomalies determined. The anomalies are departures from the T-S relation for the western North Atlantic above 4° C, and for the Chesapeake Bay-Bermuda section between 2° and 4° C, as shown by Iselin (Papers in Phys. Oceanog. and Met. M. I. T. and W. H. O. I., vol. IV, no. 4, pp. 41 and 87. Aug. 1936. Cambridge). Examination shows a characteristic tongue of maximum salinity anomaly at intermediate depths of about 800 meters in the Atlantic Current, grading off to characteristic negative anomalies in the Labrador Current. The position of the projection, on a horizontal surface, of the zero anomaly line in the axis of maximum anomaly has been taken as a criterion of the boundary between Atlantic Current water and Labrador Current water. Figure 30 shows the course of this zero anomaly line for each of the nine surveys carried out during 149346—38 i 44 the three year period. Inspection of these lines showed five charac- teristic sahents of Atlantic Current water and four intermediate sahents 52" 51° 50' 47° 46° 45° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° Figure 30— Boundary between Labrador Current water and Atlantic Current water as indicated by the course of the zero anomaly line bounding the intermediate salinity anomaly maximum. Individual surveys and average, 1934-36. of Labrador Current water from the Tail of the Grand Banks to Flemish Cap. The mean positions of these nine points have been computed and a smooth curve drawn through them to represent the average 45 course of the zero anomaly line. This is the heavy line in figure 30. Thus it will be seen that in 1936 the April survey showed greater than normal intrusion of Atlantic Current water, with May and Jane not much different than normal. It is also possible that the early season departure from normal was the result of the above-mentioned pre- ponderance of the West Greenland Current component in the make-up of the Labrador Current through alteration of the Baffin Land Current character. The usefulness of such a method of comparing the results of any survey with average conditions is not impaired by any doubt as to the validity of the T-S relationship used as a reference. Such a doubt does exist and possibly the resulting anomaly maximum is more ap- parent then real. The T-S relation used as a reference below 4° C. has in it a hump of lower saUnity centered at about 3° to 4° C. A smoother curve would require a maximum increase of about 0.02%o saUnity at about 3.5° C. Such an amount would reduce but not erase the anomaly maximum referred to above. This anomaly maxi- mum, coming as it does in depths of about 800 meters, falls within the temperature range of about 3° to 4° C. In the area from which the T-S relationship in question was derived, namely from Chesapeake Bay to Bermuda, the temperature range of 3° to 4° C. is at a depth of about 1,600 to 3,000 meters. The sugges- tion is that this water has, as one of its components, water from some region where a less positive (or more negative) salinity anomaly is characteristic such as the bottom water of the Labrador Sea. The drainage of such water out of the Labrador Sea into the Western Atlantic Basin is discussed farther on under the heading "Bottom temperature." POST-SEASON CRUISE, 1935 As described in United States Coast Guard Bulletin No. 25, a post- season cruise was made in 1935 to the region of the Labrador Sea from about the fiftieth parallel to a Une between Cape Farewell, Greenland, and South Wolf Island, Labrador. The station table data, the result- ing dynamic topographic map of the surface with respect to the 1,500 decibar surface, and a bathymetric map of the area covered have already been published in that bulletin. Parts of the data have been drawn upon in the preparation of Bulletin No. 19, Part 2. Some phases of the survey, however, have been mentioned but briefly and will be taken up here. Horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity. — The horizontal distribution of temperatm'e and salinity in the upper layers has been illustrated by composite maps of those variables at 100 meters, pub- lished as figures 127 and 128 of Bulletin No. 19, Part 2. At this level both temperature and salinity show the presence of the major surface streams, the Irminger and Atlantic Currents being characterized by 46 warm and salty water and grading off inshore to the colder fresher water of the East Greenland and Labrador Currents. At a depth of 1,000 meters the temperature and salinity distribution, as shown in figures 31 and 32, still is characterized by relatively warm and salty water beneath the Irminger and Atlantic Currents. Figures 33 and 34, the temperature and salinity at 1,500 meters, show that although beneath the deeper-flowing Atlantic Current the higher temperatui'es and salinities persist, around Cape Farewell this level is below the effect of the Irminger Cm-rent and we find typical intermediate water of the Labrador Sea ^ except in the southern part of the region. At 2,000 meters we approach the lower limit of the intermediate water. Figures 35 and 36 give the temperature and salinity distribu- tion at this level and show the central portion of the area to be filled with intermediate water wliile the margins, except beneath the At- lantic Current, show the transition toward deep water character with lower temperature. Another indication of the transition to deep water is the 34.94%o salinity line near the eastern edge of the area. Figures 37 and 38 represent the temperature and salinity distribu- tion at 2,500 meters. This level is in the upper part of the deep water, the margins showing lower temperature than the central part and the 34.94%o isohalines dehneating the upper portions of the salinity maxima which characterize the deep water. Figures 39 and 40 show the temperature and salinity at 3,000 meters and seem to be well centered in the deep water. In figure 40 the 34.96%o salinity line and its surrounding 34.94%o line indicate a salinity maximum probably originating in the northeastern arm of the Labrador Basin. The 34.94%o area between Labrador and Cape Farewell probably had its origin in the northwestern arm of the Labrador Basin. Attention is called to the opinion set forth in United States Coast Guard Bulletin No. 19, Part 2, that these sahnity maxima of the deep water of the Labrador Sea are formed intermittently and follow the general cyclonic movement of the deep water northward along the west Greenland side of the basin and southward along the American side. Figures 41 and 42, the temperature and salinity at 3,500 meters, show the transition from deep water to bottom water with indica- tions of the coldest water moving out of the Labrador Basin along the American side. This direction of motion of the bottom water is further indicated in figures 43 and 44 which give the temperature and salinity at 4,000 meters. Circulation within the sfrafos^^Aere.— Observation and experience has shown that the direction and velocities of the surface currents as indi- cated by the drift of icebergs are essentially in agreement with dynamic topographic maps referred to the 1,500 decibar level. In the past ' The intermediate- deep- and bottom-waters referred to here are those described by Smith, Soule, and Mosby in U. S. Coast Guard Bull. No. 19, Pt. 2; not those of Wust which differ in thickness, circulation and origin from the above. Figure 33.— Temperature ot 1,600 meters. July 10-August 23, 1 FiouEE 34.— Salinity at 1,600 meters. July 10-August 23, 1936. 149346—38 (Pace p. 46) No. 1 J ■ \ ! . I / f! Figure 37.— Temperature at 2,600 meters. July 10-August 23, 193,'i. FIOUBE 38,— Salinity at 2,600 meters. July 10-August 23, 1935. 149346—38 (Face p. 40) No. -Temperatnre at 3,600 mvUm. July lO-Aufnut 23, 1036. 1493-13—33 (Face p. 46) No. 3 , M . • v^. / // ■\'l_~'^ -23 i^^^, . :-\i^ ■ 7newfounol«i . FiGUBE 43.— Temperature at 4,000 meters. July lO-August 28, 1635. 44.— Salinity at 4,000 meters. JuJy 10-Augu3t 23, 1935. 149346—38 (Pace p. 46) FiQDBK 45— Anomaly of specific volume at 1,500 meters. July 10-August 23, FiGDKE 46— Anomaly of specific volume at 2,000 meters. July 10-Augnst 23, 1935. FiQusE 47.— Anomaly of specific volume at 3,000 meters. July 10- August 23, 1935. Sn^k m -42 J _ Fioimx 48.— Anomaly of spedflc volume at 4,000 meters. July 10- August 23, 1 149346 — 38 (Face p. 48) No. 1935. Dtaerences In anomaly of dynamic height eipressed In centimeters. dedbars. July lO-Augost 23 Wiavu M.-Dynamlc topography at 4,000 dedban relative to 2.000 declbars. July 10-Angurt 23. 1035. Differences In anomaly of dynamic height expressed In centlmetera. 149346—38 (Pice p. 46) No. 6 47 deeper reference surfaces have not been used for this region chiefly because of the errors which would have been introduced through neces- sary extrapolations in the many cases where observations did not ex- tend to deeper levels. Since, in tliis survey, all stations were occupied to as near bottom as was practicable the question arose as to whether the deepest common level would be the best. In order to find the most nearly motionless level in the area as a whole the least variability in vertical differences in dynamic height for any 500-meter layer was selected as a criterion. This investigation showed that the desired level was at about 2,000 meters. This method was checked by in- spection of horizontal gradients of anomaly of specific volume. Figures 45 to 48 show the horizontal distribution of anomaly of specific volume for the 1,500, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 decibar surfaces and demonstrate that the horizontal gradients are least in the 1,500 and 2,000 decibar surfaces. It will be seen that with the exception of the region im- mediately south of Cape Farewell, the 2,000 decibar level is indicated as most nearly motionless. This level was then used as a reference surface in the preparation of the dynamic topographic maps of the 3,000, 3,500, and 4,000 decibar surfaces shown in figures 49 to 51. Admittedly, because of the small density gradients involved and the probably undulatory character of the motionless surface if one exists, the accuracy of these maps is highly questionable as to velocity. It is believed, however, that the indicated directions of flow are reliable in the main. They show the southward movement along the American side of the basin consistent with other criteria of the movement of the deep and bottom waters of the Labrador Sea. They also show that this water is joined by other water from the southern side of the end of Reykjanes Ridge. As to the origin of the latter stream, the absence of observations to the eastward of the area surveyed does not permit of more than a conjec- ture. The higher temperature points to some source other than the northwestern arm of the Labrador Basin. Possibly, the water in question comes from the northeastern arm of the Labrador Basin to the latitude shown in figures 49-51, by a route eastward of the fortieth meridian. There is even the possibility that it crosses the Mid- Atlantic Ridge from the eastward between latitudes 50° and 55° N. The need for a further survey to determine this question is plainly indicated. Bottom temperatures. — As previously mentioned, the observations were carried to as near bottom as was practicable at all stations. Thus we have data on which to base good extrapolations to bottom, supported by 20 cases in which the lowest bottle bore evidence of actually having been on bottom. (Such as mud or sand in the lip of the bottle, in the water sample or in the glass case of the unprotected thermometer.) From this material it has been possible to construct 48 reliable charts of the bottom temperature in situ and the potential bottom temperature. These charts are shown in figures 52 and 53, respectively, and apply to depths greater than 1,500 meters. The stations at which actual bottom temperatures were obtained are marked with a cross. The considerable horizontal gradient is in accord with the circulation of the deep and bottom water discussed above and shown in figures 49-51. The lowest temperatures may be Figure 62.— Bottom temperatures in situ for depths greater than 1,500 meters. July 10- August 23, 1935. looked upon as most characteristic of the bottom water of the Labrador Sea and in this light it is interesting to note that along the American side the axis of minimum temperature follows the channel of greatest depth as the water progresses toward the Newfoundland Basin. In figure 53 the potential temperature has a minimum at about 55° N., 50° W. and another southwestward of Cape Farewell. Considering the seasonal production of the deep water of the Labrador Sea, such minima are to be expected. Furthermore, their temperature and extent may also be expected to vary with the varying severity of the winter of their production. It is doubtful, however, if the location of minima from successive winters can be used for the determination 49 of the rate of movement of the deep water because of the possible division of what was originally one into two or more minima, and because of our present ignorance regarding the tortuous path they follow. For comparison, the two temperatures, upon which Wiist hypothe- sized the existence of a Newfoundland Ridge, have been plotted on figure 53. The potential temperature of 1.85° C, reported by an ^ ..46 AT 4234 M. / CAMBRIA, B. A. LIST OF DEPTHS (1905) 1.85 AT 4005 M. UNNAMED SHIP, B. A. LIST OF DEPTHS (1918) Figure 53.— Potential bottom temperatures for depths greater than 1,500 meters. July 10- August ; unnamed ship in the British Admiralty List of Depths (1918) in latitude 49°49' N., longitude 38°00' W., at a depth of 4,005 meters hes somewhat outside the area surveyed but apparently is in good agreement with our observations. The other temperature, 1.46° C, reported by the Cambria in the B. A. List of Depths (1905) in latitude 51°34' N., longitude 41°43.5' W., at a depth of 4,234 meters, is not in accord with our observations, except as to depth of water. Pos- sibly the observation may have been made during the passage of a temperature minimum produced in an unusually severe winter. One cannot overlook_|^the possibility that if a Fahrenheit thermometer 50 reading of 35.8° were mistaken for 35.3°, the correct centigrade potential temperature would have been 1.73° which would be much more plausible. For years the source of the deep water of the North Atlantic has been a much debated topic. The foregoing charts of deep level tem- peratures (figures 41 and 43), the deep level current maps (figs. 49 to 51), and the bottom temperature charts (figs. 52 and 53), combine to Figure 54.— Dynamic topography at 800 decibars relative to 2,000 decibars. July 10- August 23, 1935. Differences in anomaly of dynamic height expressed in centimeters. demonstrate the contribution of water from the Labrador Basin to the deep water of the North Atlantic. They further support the picture of the origin and circulation of the waters of the Labrador Sea drawn by Smith, Soule, and Mosby in United States Coast Guard Bulletin No. 19, Part 2. Lateral mixing. — As Wiist ^ has considered that in the region cov- ered by this survey we have a source of North Atlantic intermediate water which has a major southward component, it will be of interest » Die Stratosphare. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutehen Atlantischen Expedition auf Jem Forschungs- und Vermessungsschiffe JV/e^eor, 1925-27. Band VI. ErsterTeil. Berlin. 1935. 51 to present here figure 54, which is a dynamic current chart sho\ving the horizontal motion at the 800-decibar surface rehitive to the 2,000- decibar surface. In the manner in which Wiist has shown liis inter- mediate water graphically, it should be moving southward at about this level (800 meters) in the southern part of the area covered by figure 54, However, it is evident from figure 54 that in this region the general movement of the water at 800 meters is in a direction simi- lar to that of the Atlantic Current and has a major northeasterly component. The intermediate water of Wiist is identified by the criterion of minimum salinity and such water has been found, not only by others, but also in tliis sm-vey and in this particular region. However, as pointed out by Smith, Soule, and Alosby in United States Coast Guard Bulletin No. 19, Part 2, it should be looked upon not as a dhect southward sinking from near the surface in the vicinity of the "polar front", but as the product of mixing, cabbeling and gradual sinldng taking place along the borders of the Labrador Current, the resulting mixed water following the same general directions as the parent cm-rents. This view does not deny the possibility of lateral transfer by mixing. On the contrary, the very observations which demonstrate, in figure 54, the direction of horizontal motion of this water may help to clarify the mechanism of such lateral transfer. Rossby,'* in liis work on m ake streams, and Parr,^ in his work on the Caribbean, have concluded from independent considerations that horizontal mixing is a maximum where vertical stability is a maximum. This principle can be applied to the low-salinity water in the vicinity of the fiftieth paraDel. In figure 55 is shown a vertical section of salinity approximately at right angles to the direction of flow. The geographical location of the section is indicated by the line AA in figure 54. Here we see a tongue of minimum salinity whose axis lies at about 800 meters at the left hand (southern) end of the section and at successively higher levels to the right (north). In figure 56 the vertical stabihty,^ expressed as the depth rate of change of ct, has been shown for the same section. The axis of maximimi stability is shown to approximate with remarkable closeness the axis of minimum sahnity shown in figure 55. Above tliis axis of maximum stability is a layer * C. G. Rossby. Dynamics of steady ocean currents in the light of experimental fluid mechanics. Papers in Phys. Oceanog. and Met. M. I. T. and W. H. O. I., vdl. V, no. 1. Aug. 1936. Cambridge. » A. E. Parr. A contribution to the hydrography of the Caribbean and Cayman Seas. Bull. Bingham Oceanog. Collection, vol. V, art. 4, 1936. New Haven. • Strict adherence to the definition of stability permits only the determination of the average stability of a layer so that in order to determine the stability at a point one must estimate the course of a smooth curve of vertical distribution drawn with regard to a succession of computed averages for a series of layers. The accuracy of the resulting value of stability at a point will therefore depend on the assumed course of the smooth curve. Such individual values of stability are therefore approximations. Another method for determining good approximations to point-stabilities is to graphically determine tangents to a carefully drawn vertical distribution curve of potential densities ((Jt^). As the potential density, ct^, is not signifi- cantly different from the corresponding crt in depths less than 1,000 meters, and as the phenomena consid- ered occur in these shallow depths, the stabilities made use of here are the graphically determined tangents to vertical distribution curves of crt; the use of true stabilities being regarded as an unnecessary refinement. 52 of minimum stability. At depths of about 2,000 meters and 3,000 meters another minimimi and maximum are indicated, but because of the errors involved in determining the stability the reality of such a minimum and maximum is questionable at present. 500 10^00 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 SAL. % Figure 55.— Vertical section of salinity. Stations 1961 to 1965. July 15-17, 1935. If lateral mixing actually is a maximum at levels of maximum stability the good agreement between the location of the axes of mini- mum salinity and maximum vertical stability shows that this tongue of low salinity arises from lateral mixing as the mixed water along the border of the Atlantic Current follows the course of that current as indicated by figure 54. It should be emphasized that the topographic dynamic charts, such as figure 54, give the major direction of flow 53 and that lateral mixing, as indicated in the vertical sections, does not involve major velocity components of the water mass. Similar vertical sections of salinity and vertical stability have been prepared for sections approximately at right angles to the major 1000 2500- 3000 3500- 4000 STABILITY /^^/(^ X lo'^ FiGUEE 56.— Vertical section of vertical stability, expressed as depth rate of change of ! 207 3 24 34.76 200.... 3.25 34. /5 27. ;;s 311 3.59 34.86 300...- 3. 55 34.85 27. 73 409 3 78 34.90 400.— 34.90 2. i5 612 3,74 34.93 600..-- 3.75 34. 93 '2, . 1 7 815 3.76 34.95 800.... 3.75 34. 95 2/ . 79 1,014.... 3.50 34.95 1,000.. 3. .55 34.95i 27. SI 67 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2123; May 8; latitude 46°51' N., longitude 46°36' W.; depth 631 meters; dynamic height 970.815 meters 52.. 78.. 104. 156. 209. .313. 414. 4 96 34.38 0 4.96 34.38 4.80 34.36 25 4.80 34.36 4.41 34.43 50 4.45 34. 42 4.31 34.50 75 4.30 34. 49 3.72 34.64 100__.. 3.80 34. 63 3.92 34.80 150.... 3.90 34.78 4.32 34.92 200.... 4.30 34.91 4.32 34. 99 300.... 4.35 34.99 3.87 34.96 400.... 3.95 34.97 (600).. 3.40 34.94 27.21 27.21 27.30 27.37 27.53 27.64 27. 70 27.76 27.79 27.82 Station 2124; May 8; latitude 46°5r N., longitude 46°18' W.; depth 320 meters; dynamic height 970.815 meters 0 4.55 34.28 0 4.55 34.28 26 4.69 34.32 25 4.70 34.32 51 4.56 34.34 50 4.55 34.34 77 4.07 34.42 75 4.10 34.42 103 4.28 34.64 100.... 4.25 34.61 154 4.04 34.77 150.... 4. 05 34.76 206 4. 23 34.91 200...- 4 20 34.90 309 3.68 34.94 300.... 3.70 34.94 27.17 27.19 27.22 27.34 27.47 27. 01 27.71 27.79 Station 2125; May 8; latitude 46°51' N., longitude 45°44' W.; depth 224 meters; dynamic height 970.816 meters 26.. 52.. 78.. 104. 156. 208. 5.17 5.17 4.80 4.61 4.45 3.87 3.94 34.43 34.43 34.46 34.48 34.55 34.74 34.88 5.17 .5. 15 4.80 4.65 4. .50 3.90 3.90 34.43 34.43 34.46 34.47 34. 53 34. 72 34.86 27.22 27.22 27.29 27.32 27.38 27.60 27.71 Station 2126; May 8; latitude 46°51' N., longitude 44°58' W.; depth 155 meters; dynamic height 970.830 meters 0.... 21._. 47. _. 73... 98... 145.. 5.36 5.19 5.08 4.64 4.47 4.01 34.46 34.45 34.46 34.46 .34. 47 34.60 0.... 25... 50... 75... 100.. (150), 5.36 5.15 5.05 4.45 3.95 34.46 34.45 34.46 34. 46 34.48 34.61 27.24 27.26 27.31 27.34 27.50 Station 2127; May 8; latitude 46°54' N., longitude 44°40' W.; depth 130 meters; dynamic height 970.841 meters. 5.27 4.87 4.69 4.37 4.27 34.42 34.43 34.44 34.44 34.50 j 25. 50. 75- 100 5.27 4.85 4.70 4.40 4.25 34.42 34.43 34.44 34.44 34.48 27.21 27.26 27.28 27.32 27.36 Observed values Tem- Depth, pera- raeters ture °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2128; May 8; latitude 46°45' N., longitude 44°40' W.; depth 167 meters; dynamic height 970.842 meters. 0 4.96 34.36 0 4.96 34.36 27.20 26 4.66 34.37 25 4.70 34.37 27.23 52 4.25 34.42 50 4. 30 34.41 27.31 77 4.08 34.55 75 4.05 34.54 27.43 103 34.63 100.... 4. 00 34.62 27.51 155 3.91 34.72 150.... 3.90 34.71 27.59 Station 2129; May 8; latitude 46°38' N., longitude 44°41' W.; depth 224 meters; dynamic height 970.832 meters. 0... 5.18 34.39 0 5.18 34.39 27.19 26 4.65 34.42 25 4.65 34.42 27.28 52 4.06 34.50 50 4.10 34.49 27.39 78. 3.87 34.60 75 3. 85 34.59 27.49 103 3.79 34.67 100.... 3.80 34.66 27.56 155. 3.77 34.82 150-... 3. 75 34.81 27.68 207 3.80 34.84 200..-. 3.80 34.84 27.70 Station 2130; May 8; latitude 46°31' N., longitude 44041' \v.; depth 622 meters; dynamic height 970.838 meters. 0 5.13 34.38 0. 5.13 .34. 38 27.18 26 4.60 34.39 25 4.60 34. 39 27.25 52 4.06 34.44 SO 4.10 34. 43 27.34 78 4.06 34.52 75 4.05 34.51 27.41 104 3,94 34.58 100.... 3.95 34. 57 27.47 156 3.71 34.74 150 3. 70 34. 72 27.62 208. 3. 75 34.84 200.... 3. 75 34. 83 27.69 312 3.77 34.90 300.... 3. HO 34. H9 27.74 417 3.76 34.92 400 3.75 34. 90 27.75 619 3.57 34.95 600.... 3.60 34.95 27.81 Station 2131; May 8; latitude 46°26' N., longitude 44°42' W.; depth 1,866 meters; dynamic height 970.849 meters. 0.... 26... 51... 77... 102.: 153.. 205.. 307.. 408.. 608.. 5.54 34.40 0 5. 54 34.40 5.04 34.43 25 5.05 34.43 4.66 34.44 50 4.65 34.44 4.38 34.46 75 4. 35 34.46 4.24 34.51 100--.. 4.25 34. 5C 3.92 34.63 150.... 3.95 34.62 3.76 34.81 200 3. 75 34. 8C 3.79 34.89 300.... 3.80 34. 8S 3.77 34.92 400.... 3. 75 34.92 3.72 34.96 600.... 3. 75 34.96 3.54 34.95 800.... 3. 55 34.95 3.43 34.94 1,000.. 3. 45 34.94 3.33 34.94 27.15 27.24 27.29 27.34 27.38 27.51 27.67 27.74 27.77 27.80 27.81 27.81 68 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Scaled values Depth, meters Salin- ity 96o Station 2132; May 8; latitude 46°13' N., longitude 44°48' W.; depth 3,310 meters; dynamic height 970.955 meters. 0 7.42 34.19 0_ 7.42 34. 19 26.74 26 9. fir, 34.93 25 9.65 34.91 26.96 52 9.77 35.00 50 9.76 :;4. 99 27.00 78 9.51 35.00 75 9.55 35. o(; 27.05 104 9.11 35. 02 100.... 9.20 35. 02 27.12 156 8.16 34.98 150.... 8.30 34. 9^ 27.23 207 V. 15 34.98 200.... 7.25 34. 9S 27.38 311 5. 3(: 34.93 300-..- 5.45 34.93 27.58 401. 5.01 35.00 400—- 5.05 35. (K) 27.69 600 4.37 35.01 600- — 4.35 35. 01 27.78 798 3.94 35.00 800— 3.95 35.00 27.81 1,000 3.61 34.97 1,000-- 3.60 34. 97 27.83 1,405.-.. 3.49 34. 96 Station 2133; May 8-9; latitude 46°06' N., longitude 45°23' W.; depth 2,634 meters; dynamic height 970.989 meters. 0 23.- 46-... 69— 92.... 138- 183- 275.. 255- 397.. 649.. 711.. 1,064 9.53 34.65 0 9. 53 34.65 9.44 34.66 25 9.45 34.66 9.04 34.79 50 9. 05 34.83 9.79 35.05 75 9. 75 35.04 9.45 35.00 100-.- 9.25 34.99 8.28 34.93 150—. 7.9(: 34.88 6.83 34.78 200- — 6.65 34.80 5.47 34.86 300---. 5.15 34.87 6.08 34.92 400.-- 4.4( 34.90 4.40 34. 90 600-.. . 4.00 34. 95 3.95 34. 93 800.-- 4.10 35. 00 4.12 35.00 1,000-- 3.70 34.98 3.66 34.97 26.99 27.04 27.09 27.21 27. 33 27.58 27.68 27.77 27.80 27.82 Station 21,34; May 9; latitude 46°09' N., longitude 46°02' W.; depth 1,234 meters; dynamic height 970.921 0 23.— 46.-. 68—. 91-— 137— 183— 274— 306— 470— 641... 827... 973— 5.03 33.86 0 5.03 33.86 6.66 34.34 25 6.70 34.35 6.85 34.44 50 6.80 34.43 6.45 34.40 75 6.35 34.40 6.18 34.41 100--- 6.05 34.46 5.56 34.69 150— 5.40 34.71 5.17 34.76 200 - - 5.05 34.78 4.57 34.88 300-- 4.40 34.88 4.32 34.88 400.-- 4.05 34. 9C 3 89 34.92 600.--- 3. 8(1 34.94 3.75 34.95 800- __ 3.60 34.94 3.57 34.94 1,000-. 3.45 34.92 3.46 34.92 26.79 26.97 27.01 27.05 27.14 27. 42 27.51 27.66 27.72 27.78 27.80 27.80 Station 2135; May 9; latitude 46°11' N., longitude 46°27' W.; depth 633 meters; dynamic height 970.857 meters 0— .. 26—. 51—. 77—. 102- 163- 205- 307- 408- 3.23 33.54 0 3.23 33.54 2.80 33.76 25 2.8(i 33.76 33.90 50 2. 7(1 33.89 2.98 34.26 75 2.95 34.24 2.98 34.50 100.— 3. 00 34.48 3.58 34.72 150-- 3. 55 34.71 3.78 34.83 200.— 3.75 34.82 4.27 34. 96 300— 4. 25 34.96 34.96 400-- 3. 95 34.96 3.55 34.94 600— 3.55 34.94 26.72 26.94 27.04 27.30 27.49 27.62 27! 75 27.78 27,80 Depth, meters pera- ture °C Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96 0 Station, 2136; May 9; latitude 46°14 N., longitude 46°51' \V.; depth 1,262 meters; dynamic height 970.844 meters 0 - 2.50 33.64 0- 2. .50 33.64 26.86 26 - 33.86 25 2. 40 33. 86 27.05 51 2.72 34.17 50 2.70 34. 16 27.26 77 2.90 34.30 75 2.90 34. 29 27.35 102 3 14 34.52 100— 3.15 34.49 27.48 153-— 3.37 34.78 150.... 3.35 34. 77 27.69 205. 3 50 34.82 200.... 3. ,50 34. 82 27.72 307 - 3.70 34.89 300.... 3. 70 34. 89 27.75 404 3 82 34.92 400.... 3. 80 34.92 27.77 605 3.71 34.94 600.... 3. 7(1 34. 94 27.79 806 3 ,53 34.94 800.... 3.55 34.94 27.80 1,012--- 3.40 34.92 1,000.. 3.40 34. 92 27.81 Station, 2137; May 9; latitude 46°16' N., longitude 47°17' W.; depth 622 meters; dynamic height 970. S96 meters 0 26 51 77 103— 154—- 0.84 32.85 0 0.84 32.85 .82 33.46 25 .80 33.44 1.58 33.75 50 1. .55 33.74 1.82 34.00 75 1. 80 33.98 1.86 34.26 100-... 1.85 34.22 2.84 34.56 150.... 34.54 3.15 34.70 200-.. 3. 1(1 34.68 3.56 34.82 300.... 3. ,55 34.81 3.52 34.80 400 ... 3. 70 34.87 3.71 34.90 (600).- 3.70 34.92 26.36 26.82 27.01 27.19 27.38 27.55 27.64 27.70 27.74 27.,78 Station 2138; May 9; latitude 46°18' N., longitude 47°43' W.; depth 165 meters; dynamic height 971.020 meters 0.. 0,65 32.69 0 0.65 32.69 26.23 26 .12 32.72 25 .15 32.72I 26.28 53 -,02 32.86 50 .(K) 32.83 26.38 79 .15 33.19 75 .15 33.14 26.62 105 -.17 33.41 100.... -.15 33.38 26.83 158 .05 33.52 150..- .00 33.61 26.93 Station 2139; May 9; latitude 46°21' N., longitude 48°05' W.; depth 107 meters; dynamic height 971.008 meters 0 2.00 33.02 0 2.00 33.02 26.41 26 ?. 11 33.22 25 2.10 33. 22 26.56 52 33.26 50 1. 35 33.25 26.64 .88 33.31 75 .90 33.30 26.70 97. .87 33.30 100.— .90 33.31 26.71 Station 2140; May 9; latitude 46°23' N., longitude 48°36' W.; depth 88 meters; dynamic height 971.008 meters 0. _ 2 79 33.16 0. 2.79 33.16 26,46 26 2.72 33.19 25 2.75 33.19 26.49 51 1.,57 33.25 50 1.60 33.24 26.62 .78 33.33 75 .80 33.321 26.73 69 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Station 2141; May 10; latitude 46°25' N., longitude 48°55' W.; depth 68 meters; dynamic height 971.017 meters 0 - 26 63 3.01 2^45 33.28 33.28 33.31 0 25 50 3.01 2.90 2.50 33.28 33.28 33.31 26.54 26.55 26.60 Station 2142; May 10; latitude 46°13' N., longitude 48°38'W.; depth 88 meters; dynamic height 971.029 meters 0 2.77 33.15 0 2.77 33.15 26.46 26 2.74 33.19 25..... 2.75 33.19 26.49 61 1.59 33.24 50 1.65 33.24 26.61 77 .79 33.34 75 . 85| 33. 33 26.73 Station 2143; May 10; latitude 46°02' N., longitude 48°18' W.; depth 110 meters; dynamic height 971.046 meters 0 .- 0.82 32.72 0 0.82 32.72 20 .77 32. 75 25 .71) 32.76 45 .02 32.80 50 -.05 32.83 70 -.34 32.98 75 -.35 33.03 95 _ .01 33.30 (100)-. .10 33.36 26.25 26.28 26.38 26.55 Station 2144; May 10; latitude 45°58' N., longitude 4S°12' W.; depth 165 meters; dynamic height 971. "36 meters 0.. 18. 42. 32.68 32.70 32.84 33.15 33.46 33.48 0_... 25... 50... 75... ]00_. (150) 0.50 32.68 .35 32.73 -.05 32.91 -.05 33.30 -.05 33.47 .10 33.48 26.24 26.28 26.44 26.75 26.90 26.90 Station 2145; May 10; latitude 45°50' N., longitude 47°57' W.; depth 622 meters; dynamic height 970.970 meters 0 0.56 32.82 0 0.56 32.82 26.34 22 .54 32.82 25 .55 32. 82 26.34 44.. -.14 33.03 50 -.25 33 ()9 26.59 66 -.43 33.26 75 -.25 33.37 26.82 88 .05 33.48 100-._. .45 33, 63 26.99 132 1.42 34.04 150.... 1.95 34. 23 27.38 176 2.53 34.46 200.... 2.65 34.49 27.53 264 2.83 34. 58 300... _ 3. 0(1 34.64 27.62 253 2.81 34.56 (400).. 3. 60 34. 81 27.70 367 3.48 34.76 (600).. 3.80 34.92 27.77 Station 2146; May 10; latitude 45'='42' N., longitude 47°S4' W.; depth 1,097 meters; dynamic height 970.895 meters 0 _ 1.04 33.07 0 1.04 33. 07 26.52 25 .47 33.36 25 .47 33. 36 26.77 50 1.24 33.63 50 1.24 33. 63 26.94 75 1.24 33.88 75 1.24 33. 88 27.14 100 2.26 34.12 100._-. 2.26 34.12 27.27 160 3.11 34.55 150.... 3.11 34, 55 27. 54 200 3.12 34. 72 200.... 3.12 34.72 27,68 300 3. 51 34.84 300_._. 3.51 34.84 27.73 332 3.57 34.85 400-... 3.65 34. 88 27.74 505 3. S(l 34.92 600.... 3.85 34.95 27. 78 684 3.84 34.96 800... . 3.80 34.96 27.80 907 3.70 34.96 (1,000). 3.65 34.95 27.80 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 960 Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2147; May 10; latitude 45°32' N., longitude 47°45' W.; depth 1,536 meters; dynamic height 970.869 meters 0 2.49 33.44 0. .. 2.49 33.44 26.70 26 2.24 33.50 25 2.25 33. 50 26.78 52 2.51 34.16 50 2.45 34. 09 27.22 77 3,19 34.46 75 3.10 34.44 27.45 103 4.51 34.74 100.... 4.35 34.69 27.52 15,5 5, 04 34.89 150..-. 5.05 34. 8H 27.59 207 4.84 34.94 200--.. 4.90 34. 93 27.65 310 4,52 34.98 300.... 4.55 34. 9S 27.73 414 4 22 34. 98 400.... 4.30 34. 98 27.75 618 3.70 34.94 600... . 3.75 34.94 27.78 820 3.60 34.94 800...- 3.60 34.94 27.80 1,025.-.. 3. 40 34.94 1,000.. 3.45 34. 94 27.81 1,437.... 3.32 34.94 Station 2148; May 10; latitude 45°21' N., longitude 47°18' W.; depth 2,451 meters; dynamic height 970.914 meters 0 3.61 33.38 0 3.61 33. 38 26.56 26 3.56 33.40 25 3.55 33.40 2(3, 58 51 6,74 34.29 50 6.70 34. 28 26. 91 77 3.37 33.98 75 3. 40 33. 9S 27.05 103 4 13 34.34 100..- 4,15 34.29 27.22 154 3 93 34.58 150_... 3,95 34. ,56 27.46 206 4.21 34.76 200.... 4, 20 34.74 27. 58 309 4 08 34.87 300.... 4.10 34. 86 27.69 414 4 17 34.95 400...- 4,15 34, 94 27.74 617. 3,86 34.96 600-.-- 3.90 34. 96 27.79 818 3,61 34.96 800-.. . 3.65 34.96 27.81 1.023.-.. 3.49 34. 95 1,000.. 3. 50 34.95 27.82 1,435.... 3,30 34. 93 Station 2149; May 10; latitude 45°22' N., longitude 46°39' W.; depth 3,045 meters; dynamic height 970.939 meters 0 7.20 34.14 0 7.20 34. 14 26.73 26 8.12 34.38 25 8.10 34.38 26.79 52 8.50 34.63 50 8. 5(: 34.61 26.91 78 8.17 34.72 75 8.2C 34.71 27.04 104 7.50 34.82 100.... 7.7(: 34. 81 27.19 156 5.66 34.64 150.... .5.8C 34.65 27.32 207 5.08 34.72 200.... .5. 1(1 34. 71 27.46 311 4.65 34.90 300... . 4.7(1 34. 89 27.64 404 4.40 34.95 400-..- 4.40 34,95 27.72 603 34.95 600..- 3, 9(1 34,95 27.78 800 3.65 34.94 800... . 3. 65 34. 94 27.70 1,003.... 3.48 34.94 1,000.. 3.50 34,94 27.81 1,411 3.33 34. 935 Station 2150; May 11; latitude 45°22' N., longitude 45°51' W.; depth 3,658 meters; dynamic height 970.909 meters 0 5. 36 33.82 0 5,36 33.82 26.72 26. 5, 54 33.85 25 5. 55 33.85 26.72 52 6.11 34.28 50 6.05 34.23 26.96 77 6.76 34.66 75 6.75 \i4. 65 27.20 103 6,73 34.76 100.-- 6.75 34.75 27.28 155 6 06 34, 85 150.... 6, 15 34.85 27.44 207 4.72 34,79 200..-. 4.75 34.79 27.56 310 4,67 34.94 300-.- 4.65 34. 93 27.68 403 4.69 35.01 400—. 4.70 35.01 27.74 604. 4.14 35, 00 600.... 4.15 35. 00 27.79 803 3.79 34.97 800-..- 3. 80 34. 97 27.81 1,006.... 3. ,54 34.96 1,000- 3. 55 34.96 27.82 1,416 3.31 34. 935 70 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Depth, meters pera- ture °C Station 2151; May 11; latitude 44°56' N., longitude 45°59' W.; depth 3,704 meters; dynamic height 971.021 meters 0 25.-. 51.... 76.... 102... 153... 204... 306... 393... 782]" 980... 1,378. 10.80 34.72 0 10.80 34.72 10.61 34.69 25 10,61 34.69 11.44 35. 205 50 11.45 35. 20 11.42 35.26 75 11.40 35.26 11.23 35.24 100.... 11.30 35. 25 8.38 34.82 150-... 8.60 34.85 6.59 34.66 200_.-. 6. 65 34.76 5.52 34.78 300... . 5.55 34.78 5.08 34.89 400 5.05 34.89 4.29 34.96 600.... 4.25 34.96 4.00 34.97 800.... 4 00 34.97 3.67 34.96 1,000.. 3. 65 34.96 3.33 34.94 26.61 26.62 26.88 27.08 27.30 27.45 27.60 27.75 27.79 27.81 Station 2152; May 11; latitude 44°21' N., longitude 46°05' W.; depth 3,887 meters; dynamic height 971.262 meters 0... 21.. 42.. 62.. 83- 125 166. 249. 228. 321. 413. 521. 756. 15.70 35.73 0 15.70 35.73 15.77 35.76 25 15. 80 35.79 15.91 35. 98 50 15.95 36.00 15.97 36.02 75 15.75 36.01 15.60 36. 00 100..,. 15.60 36.06 15.62 36.16 150.... 14.70 35.95 14.00 35.79 200--.. 12.65 35.54 12.06 35.40 300-.__ 11.60 35.40 11.98 35.42 400..-. 9 10 35.18 11.27 35. 40 600...- 6.85 35.13 8.83 35.16 (800). _ 4.60 35.00 7.82 35.17 (1,000). 3 90 34.95 4.87 35.02 26.40 26.41 26.55 26.60 26.67 26.78 26.90 26.99 27.26 27.56 27.74 27.78 Station 2153; May 11; latitude 44°27' N., longitude 46°38' W.; depth 3,914 meters; dynamic height 971.180 meters 0 14.94 35.55 0. 14 94 35.55 26.43 29 15. 02 35.64 25 15.00 35.64 26.48 69 -. 14.39 35.63 50 14.70 35.63 26.54 88 13. 31 35.55 75 13 70 35.58 26.72 116 13.16 35.60 100...- 13.20 35.57 26.81 175. 11.96 35.40 150---- 12.40 35.48 26.90 233 11.51 35. 42 200—. 11.75 35.41 26.98 349 9.36 35.23 300..-. 10.35 35. 31 27.15 464 7.46 35.12 400.-. 8.45 35.17 27.36 739 4.60 35.02 600.— 5. 65 35.05 27.66 1,044..-- 4.08 35.02 800-- 4 50 35.02 27.77 1,308-..- 3. 65 34.98 1,000__ 4.15 35.02 27.81 1.839.... 3.32 34. 95 Station 2154; May 12; latitude 44°36' N., longitude 47°24' W.; depth 3,823 meters; dynamic height 971.006 meters 0 7.89 33.59 0 7 89 33.59 26.20 26 7.31 33.82 25 7. 35 33.81 26.46 51 - 5. 66 33.99 50 5. 65 33. 99 26.82 77 5.78 34.22 75 5.75 34. 21 26.98 103 5.70 34.28 100.... 5.70 34. 27 27. 04 135 0.80 34.53 150.... 7.15 34, 65 27.14 180 7.47 34.84 200.— 7. 55 ,34 91 27.29 270 7.22 35. 01 300.... 6.45 34.97 27.49 3.58 5. IC 34.86 400.-- 4,65 34. 88 27.64 629 4. IC 35.00 600.-. 4. 05 35. 00 27.80 1,273-... 3. 5(1 34.95 800.-. 3. 85 34, 98 27.80 1,000.. 3.70 34.97 27.82 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2155; May 12; latitude 44°45' N., longitude 4S°08' W.; depth 2,707 meters; dynamic height 970.897 meters 0 26 51 616... 817... 1,022. 1,433- 5.61 33.52 0. 5.61 33.52 5.59 33.66 25 5. 60 33.65 5.20 34.28 50 5. 20 34.25 5.02 34.47 75 5.00 34.46 5.29 34.65 100.... 5 30 34.63 4 66 34.74 150.... 4.75 34.73 4.01 34.76 200.... 4 05 34.76 5,00 35.03 300... . 5.00 35. 02 4. .33 34.98 400.... 4.40 34.99 3.96 34.98 600.-. 4.01) 34.98 3.52 34.94 800--.. 3.55 34.94 3.45 34.94 1,000-- 3. 45 34.94 3.30 34.94 26.46 26.56 27.08 27.27 27.36 27.51 27.61 27.72 27.75 27.79 27.80 27.81 Station 2156; May 12; latitude 44°51' N., longitude 48°40' W.; depth 1,536 meters; dynamic height 970.918 meters 0 24 48 72 96 144.... 191-..- 287-... 320.-.- 482.... 647—. 823-... 1,193.. 1.52 .53 .77 1.06 3.16 2.37 2.92 3.43 3.45 3.84 3.86 3.73 3.48 32.90 33.14 33.57 33.74 34.19 34.31 34.64 34.81 34.82 34.92 34.94 34.94 34.94 0..- 25... 50... 75... 100.. 150.. 200- - 300- . 400.. 1.10 3.15 2.45 3.00 3.45 3.70 3.85 3.75 33.75 34.20 34.34 34.68 34.81 34.87 34.94, 34.94 34.94 26.34 26.60 26.95 27.05 27. 25 27.42 27. 65 27.71 27.74 27.77 27.78 27.80 Station 2157; May 12; latitude 44°54' N., longitude 48°55° W.; depth 622 meters; dynamic height 971.060 meters 0.... 51..... 77 103.... 154.... 205.... 1.41 32.66 0 1.41 32.66 .08 32.71 25 . 10 32.71 -.94 32.94 50 — . 95 32.93 -.25 33.30 75 — . 25 33.29 -.17 33.36 100.... — . 15 33.35 -.09 33. 45 150..- — 10 33.44 1.00 33.92 200.... .9(1 33.86 2.41 34.44 300... . 2. 35 34.41 3.09 34.69 400.... 3.10 34.68 3.51 34.85 600.... 3.50 34.85 26.75 26.80 26.87 27.16 27.49 27.64 27.74 Station 2158; May 12; latitude 44°56' N., longitude 49°00' W.; depth 199 meters; dynamic height 971.136 meters 0 1.99 32.62 0 1 99 32. 62 26.09 26 .13 32.71 25 .20 32. 71 26.27 51 33.02 50 -.1(1 33.01 26.53 77 0.00 33.10 75 0. 00 33. 10 26.59 103 .10 33.13 100.... .10 33.13 26.62 154 -.16 33.28 150_ — -.15 33. 27 26.74 185 -.03 33.36 (200).. .06 33.39 26.83 Station 2159; May 12; latitude 44°67' N., longitude 49°09' W.; depth 88 meters; dynamic height 971.154 meters 0 1.79 32.70 0 1.79 32.70 26.16 87 32.78 25 .90 32.78 26.29 52 ,53 32.84 50 .55 32.81 26.34 78 .27 33.00 75 .30 32.98 26.49 71 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters pera- ture °C Depth, meters Salin- ity 96o Station 2160; May 12; latitude 45°02' N., longitude 49°33' W.; depth 64 meters; dynamic height 971.150 meters 0 22 47 4.21 32.86 2.04 32.92 1.19 33.01 0 25 50 4.21 32.86 2.00 32.93 1.15 33.03 26.09 26.34 26.48 Station 2161; May 12; latitude 44°11' N., longitude 49°36' W.; depth 60 meters; dynamic height 971.127 meters 0 13 - 40 4.77 4.36 4.16 33.21 33.26 33.27 0_ 25 (50)..- 4.77 4.25 4.10 33.21 33.27 33.28 20.31 26.40 26.43 Station 2162; May 13; latitude 44°05' N., longitude 49°12' W.; depth 88 meters; dynamic height 971.130 meters 0 1.03 32.71 0 1.03 32.71 26.22 26 -- .4S 32.75 25 .50 32.75 20.29 51 .14 32.90 50 .15 32.90 26.43 77 .03 32.98 75 .05 32.98 26.50 Station 2163; May 13; latitude 44°04' N., longitude 49°08' W.; depth 220 meters; dynamic height 971.126 meters 0... 8— 30.. 52-. 74- 118- 162. 1.08 32.67 0 1.08 32.67 .83 32.67 25 0. 00 32.69 -.20 32.71 50 -.25 33.02 -.27 33.06 75 -.20 33.15 -.20 33.15 100.— -.20 33.16 -.22 33.16 150..-. -.15 33.21 -.16 33.24 (200).. -.10 33.31 26.19 26.26 26.54 26.64 26.65 26.70 26.76 Station 2164; May 13; latitude 44°01' N., longitude 49°00' W.; depth 649 meters; dynamic height 971.082 meters 0 0.76 32.64 0 0.76 32.64 26.19 25 -.07 32.70 25 -.07 32.70 26.27 51 .07 33.16 50 .05 33.15 26.64 76 -.07 33.17 75 -.05 33.17 26.65 102 -.13 33.33 100..- -.10 33. 31 26.76 153 33.57 150-- .25 33. 55 26.95 204 1.48 34.07 200 1. ;« 34.03 27.26 306 2.81 34.52 300— 2.80 34. 51 27.53 406 - 3.03 34.62 400.... 3. 05 34.61 27.59 607 3.44 34.76 600.— 3.45 34.75 27.66 Station 2165; May 13; latitude 43°58' N., longitude 48°50' W.; depth 1,509 meters; dynamic 971.005 meters 0 1.20 32.70 0 1.20 32,70 26.21 25 ,34 32.84 25 .34 32. 84 26.37 51 _ -.48 33.09 50 -.50 33. 09 26.60 76 -.28 33. 32 75 -.30 33,31 26.77 102 1.20 33.71 100 1.10 .33.67 26, 99 153 1 7?, 34.13 1.50- - 1.70 34.10 27.29 203 2.37 34.38 200-.. 2.35 34. 37 27.46 305 .3,02 34.63 300____ 3. 00 34. 62 27.61 396 3.24 34.70 400... . 3.25 ;i4. 70 27.64 591- 4.17 34.93 600-.. 4.15 34. 93 27.73 784 3.73 34.90 800.... 3.70 34, 9(1 27.76 980 3.57 34.90 1,000.. 3.55 34.90 27.77 1.371— 3.47 34.87 Observed values Depth, meters Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, Tem- pera- ture "C Salin ity Station 2166; May 13; latitude 43°52' N., longitude 48°20' W.; depth 3,365 meters; dynamic height 970.969 meters 25 50 76 101 151 200 302 394 591 788 988 1,390... 8.23 34.09 0 8.23 34.09 8.16 34.11 25 8.16 34.11 6.91 34.28 50 6,91 34.28 6.49 34.42 75 6 ,50 34.41 5.96 34.52 100-.. 5. 95 34.51 5.78 34.73 150-.- 5 SO 34.73 5.25 34.77 200— 5. 25 34.77 4.95 34.92 300..- 4, 95 34,92 4.85 34.96 400...- 4.85 34.96 4.18 34.94 600.--- 4.15 34.94 3.90 34.94 800- - 3 90 34. 94 3.60 34.94 1,000-. 3.60 34.94 3.32 34.89 26.54 26.57 26.88 27.04 27.19 27.38 27.49 27.64 27.68 27.74 27.77 27.80 Station 2167; May 13; latitude 43°44' N., longitude 47°45' W.; depth 3,941 meters; dynamic height 970.925 meters 0 8.13 33.74 0 8,13 33.74 2S. 29 26 6.56 34.06 25 6. 55 34. 06 26.76 52 5.94 34.11 50 6,00 34.10 26.86 77 5.32 34.43 75 5.35 34.40 27.18 103 5.43 34.61 100-.- 5. 40 34.59 27.32 155 5.34 34.76 150-- 5, 35 34.75 27.46 207 5.39 34.90 200.-.. 5.40 34.89 27.56 310 4.74 34.94 .300-- 4 80 34.93 27: 66 407 4.78 35.01 400--. 4,80 35.01 27.73 610 4.13 34.99 600..-- 4,15 34.99 27.78 811 3.92 34.98 800.-- 3.95 34.98 27.79 1,014— 3.71 34.97 1,000-- 3.75 34.97 27.81 1,420— 3.40 34.97 Station 2168; May 13; latitude 43°40' N., longitude 47°06' W.; depth 4,289 meters; dynamic height 970.935 meters 8.94 33.98 0 8. 94 33.98 8.44 34.15 25 8. 50 34.15 6.43 34.36 .50 6.75 34.34 5.92 34.56 7,5 5, 95 34.56 4.81 34.49 100.... 4.85 34.49 5.14 34.67 150... _ ,5. 10 34.65 5.54 34.86 200.-.. 5. 50 34.85 4 28 34.84 300.... 4. 35 34. 84 4.82 35. 02 400..- 4.85 35.01 35.015 600.... 4.40 35. 02 3.84 34.97 800- - 3.90 34. 98 3.58 34.96 1,000.. 3, 60 34.96 3.32 34. 945 26.35 26.55 26.95 27.10 27.31 27.41 27.52 27.64 27.72 27.78 27.80 27.82 Station 2169; May 13; latitude 43°36' N., longitude 46°26' W.; depth 4,536 meters; dynamic height 971.055 meters 0 0.07 32.97 0 6.07 32.97 25.96 20 11. 55 34.71 25 11.55 34. 68 26.44 51 11.15 34.98 50 11.20 34.98 20.74 8 92 34.63 75 9.10 34. 66 26.86 103 7.23 34. 47 100-- 7.35 34. 48 26.98 1.54 7 87 34.74 l.TO-.. 7.85 34. 72 27.10 205 7 08 34.75 200.... 7.25 34. 75 27. 21 308 3.61 34.44 300- _. 3.70 34.44 27.40 375 5,07 34.82 400.... 5.10 34. 87 27.58 .5.57 4.93 35. 02 600____ 4.75 35. 02 27.74 736 4.26 35.00 S00-- 4.10 35.00 27.80 927 .3.90 34.99 1,000.. 3.85 34.99 27.81 1,317.... 3.57 34.98 72 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tern pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2170; May 14; latitude 43°12' N., longitude 46°39' W.; depth 4,198 meters; dynamic height 971.084 meters. 0 11.19 34.13 0 11.19 34. 13 26.08 26 12.12 34.90 25 12.10 34.88 26.50 .52 11 49 35. 10 .50 11.55 35.08 26.75 78 35.34 75 11.85 35. 33 26.89 104 - 11.21 35.21 100_... 11,30 3.'.. 21 26.91 156 in 56 35.20 150__._ 10.65 35. 20 27.01 208 9.77 35.20 200.... 9.90 35.20 27.14 312 3.67 34.38 300.... 4.00 34. 40 27.33 304 3,77 34.38 400.... 4.15 34. 65 27.51 443 4 38 34.80 600.... 4.75 35.01 27.73 573 4.80 35. 01 800.... 4.10 34.99 27.79 728 4 33 34.99 1,000... 3.90 34. 99 27.81 1,051.... 3.87 34.99 Station 2171; May 14; latitude 42°47' N., longitude 46°52' W.; depth 4,070 meters; dynamic height 971.184 meters. 0.. Ifi 48 35. 55 0 16.48 35. 55 26.08 29. 15 04 35. 56 25 15.25 35.56 26.37 56 13.95 35.56 50 14.10 35. 56 26.62 85 13 73 35.61 75 13.75 35. 59 26.71 113 13 81 35.71 100.... 13. 80 35.67 26.76 170 11.92 35.38 150.... 12. 60 35.49 26 87 227 10,91 35. 24 200.... 11. 35 35.28 26.94 340 9.48 35.27 300.... 10. 05 35,26 27.16 494 6.30 34.99 400.... 8. 05 35.14 27.39 732 4.46 34.99 600.... 6.15 34.99 27.67 961 4 06 35.00 800.... 4. 35 34.99 27.76 1,203.... 3.66 34.97 1,000.. 4.00 35.00 27.81 1,688.... 3.39 34.95 Station 2172; May 14; latitude 42°54' N., longitude 47044' "w.; depth 3,738 meters; dynamic height 970.920 meters. 0 8.17 33.53 0 26 6.18 33.57 25 52 .5. 37 34.24 50 78 fi.29 34.62 75 104 4.58 34.48 100.... 156 5.16 34.74 150.... 207 4.79 34.82 200.... 311 4. .50 34.95 300.... 409 4.51 34.97 400.... 610 4,01 34.97 600.... 809 3.64 34. 95 800.... 1,013.... 3.44 34.93 1,000.. 1,422.... 3.31 34.94 8.17 6.20 5.40 6.25 4.70 5.15 4,80 4,50 4.50 4.05 3.65 3.45 33.53 33.57 34. 16 34.62 34.49 34.73 34.81 34.94 34.97 34.97 34.95 34.93 26.12 26.42 26.98 27.24 27.32 27.46 27.57 27.70 27.73 27.78 27.80 27.80 Station 2173; May 14; latitude 43°06' N., longitude 48°25' W.; depth 3,081 meters; dynamic height 970.907 meters. 0. 8,37 33.90 0 8. .37 33.90 26.38 26 6.06 33.95 25 6.05 33. 95 26. 74 52 6.44 34.34 50 0.45 34. 30 26.96 77 4 74 34. 45 75 4.75 34.44 27.28 103 5 08 34.61 100.... 5. 05 34. 59 27.36 155 5.23 34.79 150.... 5. 25 34. 78 27.49 207 4.74 34.84 200.... 4.75 34. 83 27.59 310. 4,75 34. 96 300.... 4. 75 34. 95 27.68 416 4.47 34.98 400.... 4. 50 34. 98 27.73 620 3.95 34.97 600.... 4.00 34.97 27.79 823 3. 53 34.93 800.... 3. ,55 34, 93 27.79 1,029.... 3. 51 34.94 1,000_. 3. 50 34.94 27.81 1,442.... 3.32 34, 93 Observed values Depth, meters Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Salin- ity Station 2174: May 15; latitude 43°18' N., longitude 49°04' W.; depth 1,472 meters; dynamic height 970.892 meters. 0 3,45 33.02 0 3, 45 33.02 25 1.58 33.40 25-... 1.58 33.40 51 1.31 33.74 50 1.3t 33.72 76 1.85 34.23 75 1.85 34.22 101 1,86 34.27 100.... 1.85 34.26 152 2.93 34.56 150.... 2. 9(: 34.53 203 3, 43 34.70 200.... 3, 4(: 34.69 304 3.76 34.87 300.... 3.75 34.86 .380 3.91 34.90 400.... 3. 9(: 34.90 572 3.79 34. 92 600.... 3.75 34.92 765 3. 64 34,94 800.... 3.6C 34.94 963 3. 45 34.92 1,000.. 3. 45 34.92 1,369.... 3.35 34. 93 26.28 26.74 27.02 27.38 27,41 27. 54 27.62 27.72 27.74 27.77 27.80 27.80 Station 2175; May 15: latitude 43°15' N, longitude 50°05' W.; depth 68 meters; dynamic height 971.072 meters. 0 5. 52 32.90 0 5. .52 32,90 25.97 25 3.34 32.96 25 3.34 32.96 26.25 51 '" 33.08 50 1.25 33.07 26.50 Station 2176; May 15; latitude 43°01' N., longitude 50°05' W.; depth 82 meters; dynamic height 971.064 meters. 0. 3.32 32.94 0 3..32 32.94 20 2. ,54 32.96 25 2.10 32.99 45 .42 33.10 50 .40 33.11 76 .28 .33. 14 75 .30 33.14 Station 2177; May 16; latitude 42°48' N., longitude .50°04' W.; depth 622 meters; dynamic height 970.999 meters 0 1.82 32.74 0. 1.82 32.74 26.20 26 .08 33.06 25 .10 33. 05 26.56 51 .31 33.48 50 .30 33. 46 26.87 77. .67 33.76 75 .65 33.74 27.07 102 1.25 33.98 100... . 1.15 33. 95 27.21 153 1.83 34.21 150..- 1.80 34. 20 27.37 205 2.04 34.29 200.... 2.00 34.28 27.41 307 2.60 34.48 300.... 2. (iO 34. 47 27.52 399 2.93 34.62 400.... 2, 95 34. 62 27.61 696 3.62 34.84 600.... 3.65 34. 84 27.71 Station 2178; May 15; latitude 42°37' N., longitude 50°04' W.; depth 2,103 meters; dynamic height 970.898 meters 0 3,70 33.02 0 3.70 33. 02 26.26 25 1.54 33.38 25 1.54 33. 38 26.73 49 1.95 33. 81 50 1.95 33.87 27.09 74 2,42 34.17 75 2.40 34.17 27.30 98 .- 2,30 34.30 100.... 2. .30 :i4. 31 27.42 147 2.53 34.51 150.... 2. 55 34. 52 27.57 197 2.78 34.61 200.... 2.80 34.62 27.62 295 3.41 34.80 300.... 3.45 34. 81 27.71 359 3, 55 34.84 400.... 3. ()5 34. 86 27.73 543. 3.90 34.935 600-... .3.85 34. 94 27.77 730 3,78 34.945 800.... 3.75 34. 91 27.78 923. 3. 65 34. 945 1,000.. 3. 65 34.94 27.79 1,321.... 3.47 34.94 73 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin ity 96o Tem- Depth, para- meters ture °C %a Station 2179; May 15; latitude 42°18' N., longitude 50°05' W.; depth 3,008 meters; dynamic height 970.917 meters 51... 76... 102.. 153.. 204.. 7.76 33.25 0 7.76 33.25 4.57 33.22 25 4.57 33.22 2.12 33.71 50 2.25 33.70 2.79 34.14 7,^ 2. 75 34.13 3.3f) 34. 35 100.... 3. 30 34.33 4.8C 34.73 150.. _. 4.70 34.72 5.08 34.88 200.... 5. 05 34.87 4.64 34.95 300.... 4.65 34.95 4.73 35. 005 400... . 4.75 35.00 4.27 35.02 600.... 4.25 35.02 3.96 35. 005 800.... 3. 95 35.00 3.76 34. 995 1,000.. 3. 75 35. 00 3.50 34.98 25.96 26.33 26.93 27.23 27.34 27.51 27.59 27.70 27. 72 27.80 27.81 27.83 Station 2180; May 15; latitude 42°00' N., longitude 50°08' W.; depth 3,365 meters; dynamic height 970.909 meters 0.... 26... 51... 77... 102__ 153.. 205.. 307.. 384.. 578.. 772.- 970.- 1,370 7.33 33.08 0 7.33 33.08 4.47 33.47 25 4.50 33.45 5.07 34.20 50 5.05 34.16 5.34 34.44 75 5.35 34.44 4.24 34. 46 100.... 4.35 34.45 3.29 34.54 150..- 3.30 34.53 3.50 34.69 200.... .3.45 34.67 4.67 34.96 300.... 4.65 34.95 *4.65 35.01 400..-. 4.60 35.01 4.32 35.02 600-... 4.30 35.02 4.00 35.02 800.... 4 00 35.01 3.75 34.99 1,000.- ,3.70 34.98 3.38 34. 945 25.88 26.52 27.03 27.21 27.33 27.50 27.60 27.70 27.75 27.79 27.82 27.82 Station 2181; May 16; latitude 41°37' N., longitude 49°20' W.; depth 2,853 meters; dynamic height 971.123 meters 0 11.00 33. 67 0 11.00 33 67 25.77 25 11.44 34. 82 25 11.44 34.82 26.58 49 12.70 35.42 50 12. 7C 35. 43 26.80 74. 12.,')9 35.48 75 12.55 35 48 26.87 99 11.91 35.36 100.... 11. 9C 35. 35 26.90 148. 9.97 35.04 150-... 9.75 3,=). 01 27.02 197 6.57 34.46 200.... 6.55 34.46 27.08 296. 6.37 34.66 300.-.. 6.30 34.66 27.27 362 4.79 34.52 400...- 4.90 34. 63 27.41 548 5 33 35.00 600..- 5.15 35.01 27.69 737 4.. 59 35.01 800--- 4.40 35.01 27.77 929 3. 98 34.99 1,000.- 3.80 34. 98 27.81 1,324.... 3.47 34.96 Station 2182; May 16; latitude 41°15' N., longitude 48°34' W.; depth 3,319 meters; dynamic height 971.096 meters 0 - 11.24 33 71 0 11.24 33. 71 25.75 25 9.09 34.44 25 .. 9.09 34.44 26.68 51 10.74 35. 05 50 10.70 35. 04 26.88 76 10.85 35.13 75 10.85 35. 13 26.92 102 10. V8 35.14 100.... 10. 80 35.14 26.94 163 10.8(J 35.22 150.... 10.80 35. 22 27.00 204 7.72 34.74 200.... 7.90 34. 77 27.13 306 8 63 35.15 300.... S.6() 35.15 27.32 414 6.37 35.00 400.... 6.60 35.01 27.50 618 4.41 34.94 600 4.45 34. 94 27.71 821 4.18 34.98 800.... 4.20 34.97 27.77 1,024...- 4.01 35.00 1,000.. 4. 05 35, 00 27.80 1,430-... 3.54 34.96 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2183; May 16; latitude 41°00' N., longitude 47°39' W.; depth 3,383 meters; dynamic height 971.203 meters 0 18.45 35.40 0 18.45 35.40 25.48 25 15.66 35.72 25 15.66 35.72 26.40 .50 14. 56 35. 55 50 14.56 35.55 26.51 75 12.54 35.16 75 12. .54 35.16 26.62 100 13.82 35.64 100 1.3.82 35.64 26.74 150 13. 04 35.58 150.... 13.04 35.58 26.86 200 11.50 35.30 200 11. ,5(1 35.30 26.94 .300 10.51 35.34 300.... 10.51 35.34 27.15 313 10. 3C 35. 34 400..- 8.55 35.21 27.37 474 7.23 35. 09 600 .5. 75 35.08 27.66 639 5.41 35. OS 800- — 4.60 35.04 27.77 813 4.54 35.04 1,000-- 4.10 35.01 27.81 1.177_.__ 3.84 35.00 Station 2184; May 16-17; latitude 41=45' N., longitude 47°14' W.; depth 4,115 meters; dynamic height 971.239 meters 0 17.95 36. 00 0 17.95 36. 00 26.07 20 17. 72 35.96 25 17.75 35.96 26.08 51 13. 99 35.35 50 14.00 35. 36 26.49 77 13.71 35.51 75. 13. 7(1 35. 51 26.66 103 13. 37 35.52 100.... 13.40 35.52 26.73 153 12.55 35.48 150-.- 12.60 35. 49 26.87 204 a. 24 35.25 200.... 11.30 35.26 26. 94 307 10. ,59 35. 37 300 10.65 35. 37 27.15 429 7.63 35. 02 400 - 8.40 35. 09 27.30 649 5.69 35.01 600-.. 5.95 35.01 971 4.51 35. 07 800 5. 10 35. 04 27.71 1,110 4.02 35.02 1,000-- 4,40 35.06 27.81 1,570-- 3.51 34. 975 Station 2185; May 17; latitude 42°10' N., longitude 47°47' W.; depth 3,676 meters; dynamic height 971.082 meters 0... 25.. 48.. 73.. 97.. 146. 195. 292. 244. 386. 501. 646. 961. 11.76 33. 55 0 11.76 33.55 8.32 34.16 25 8.32 34.16 10.52 34.93 50 10.65 34.97 11.06 35.15 75 11 ()5 3.5. 16 10.92 35.17 100.... 10. 85 35.16 9.91 35.05 150..- 9.90 35.06 9.95 3.5. 18 200.... 9.80 35.18 7.42 34.95 300.... 7. .35 34.95 8.47 35.08 400.... 6.60 35.08 6.77 35.09 600.... 4.90 35.03 5. IS 35.00 800.... 4.3{ 35.02 4.78 35.04 (1,000).. 3. 75 34.97 3.81 34.98 25.53 26.59 26.84 26.90 26.95 27.04 27.14 27.35 27.55 27.73 27.79 27.81 Station 2186; May 17; latitude 42°36' N., longitude 48°30' W.; depth 3,182 meters; dynamic height 970.920 meters 26 5.09 51 2.65 77 3.23 103 3.20 154 3.62 205 3.49 308 4.43 389 4.04 611 3.98 785 3.76 3.48 3.29 33.25 33.50 33.97 34.20 34.32 34.54 34.66 34.90 34.90 34.98 34.97 34.95 34. 945 0 25 50 75 100.... 150 200.... 300.... 400 600.... 800-... 1,000.. 8.38 5.75 2.70 3.20 3.20 3.60 3.50 4.40 4.05 4.00 3.75 3.50 33.25 33.49 33.95 34.19 34.31 34.53 34.65 34.89 34.90 34.98 34.97 34.95 25.86 26.41 27.09 27.24 27.34 27.47 27.58 27.67 27.72 27.79 27.81 27.82 74 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936-Coiitinued Observed values Depth, meters Salin- ity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2187; May 17; latitude 42°31' N., longitude 49°11' W.; depth 2,726 meters; dynamic height 970.893 meters 0 26 52 77 103.... 155.... 207.... 310...- 415...- 620.-. 823..- 6.01 33.15 0_ 6.01 33. 15 5.20 33.30 25 6.25 33. 3C 2.54 33.88 50 2.75 33.83 3.24 34.28 76 3. 26 34. 26 3.K 34.48 100.... 3.20 34.45 4.59 34.79 150.... 4. 6(1 34.78 4.27 34.83 200-. 4.30 34.83 4.25 34.91 300.-. 4.26 34. 9C 4.14 34. 96 400 4.15 34.96 3.74 34.96 600 3. 8C 34. 96 3.51 34.95 800.... 3. 56 34.95 3.4C 34.95 1,000.. 3. 4( 34.96 3.32 34.94 27.29 27. 45 27.57 27.64 27.70 27.76 27.80 27.81 27.83 Station 2188; June 2; latitude 43°23' N., longitude 49°33' W.; depth 82 meters; dynamic height 971.088 meters 0 26 51 72 6.20 4.84 1.45 1.08 32.98 33.01 33.10 6.20 32.93 25.91 4.90 32.98 26.11 1.75 33.011 26.43 1.05 33.111 26.65 Station 2189; June 2; latitude 43°22' N., longitude 49°31' W.; depth 229 meters; dynamic height 971.089 meters 0 22 46 n.M 33.02 0 .- 6.64 33.02 26.93 6.3<^ 33.01 25 6. 15 33.01 26.11 2. 35 33. 006 50 2. 00 33.01 26.41 MS 33.06 76 1.00 33.08 26.53 .76 33.11 100.... .60 33.16 26.61 .16 33.48 150..- .30 33.67 26. 96 .62 33.70 (200).. .90 33.78 27. 09 Station 2190; June 2; latitude 43°21' N., longitude 49°17' W.; depth 640 meters; dynamic height 971.017 meters 0 4.08 32.74 0 4.08 32. 74 26.01 26 .11 32.84 25 .11 32.84 26.39 60 -.28 33.07 50 -.28 33.07 26. 68 76 -.45 33.24 75 -.45 33.24 26.73 101 -.08 33.45 100.... -.10 33.44 26.87 151 .66 33.76 160.... .66 33.76 27.09 202 1.62 34.12 200— 1. 56 34.10 27.30 303 3. 00 34.64 300..- 3.00 34.63 27.61 394 3.46 34.79 400.. _. 3. 60 34.79 27.69 598 3.72 34.89 600.... 3.70 34.89 27.75 Station 2191; June 2; latitude 43°19' N., longitude 49°10' W.; depth 1,783 meters; dynamic height 970.977 meters 0 _. 3. 26 32. 68 0 3.26 32.68 25.96 25 _- 32.80 25 .11 32,S(I 26.36 49 — 1 09 32.99 50 -I.IC 33. 00 26.56 74 -.83 33.28 75 -.80 33. 30 26.78 98 .29 33.65 100_-.. .45 33. 69 27.04 147 1.86 34.21 150.... 1.90 34. 24 27.39 196 2.68 34.61 200.... 2.70 34.53 27.56 294 3.17 34.71 300.... 3.20 34. 72 27.67 320 3. 26 34.74 400.... 3.60 34. HI 27.71 500 3.70 34.87 600..-. 3.76 34. 89 27.74 651.-.^ 3.76 34.90 800.... 3.80 34.92 27.77 832 3.79 34.92 1,000.. 3.70 34. 92 27.78 1,217—. 3.55 34. 925 Observed values Depth, meters Salin- ity Depth, meters Salin- ity 96 0 Station 2192; June 3; latitude 43°15' N., longitude 48°60' W.; depth 2,112 meters; dynamic height 970.892 meters 0 5.71 32.97 0 5.71 32.97 26.01 25.. 4.01 33.84 25 4.01 33.84 26.88 51 3.66 34.18 50 3.65 34.17 27. 19 76 3.26 34.41 75 3.25 34.41 27.41 102 3.28 34.42 100... . 3.25 34.42 27. 42 153 5.01 34.84 150 6.00 34.83 27.56 203 4.99 34.90 200..- 5.00 34.89 27.61 305 4.76 34.98 300.... 34.98 27.70 404 4.15 34.93 400.... 4.15 34.93 27.73 022 4.05 34.98 600.... 4.05 34.98 27.78 802 3.70 34.96 800.... 3.70 34.96 27.80 1,003.... 3.55 34.94 1,000.. 3.55 34.94 27.80 1,408-... 3.32 34.92 Station 2193; June 3; latitude 43°12' N., longitude 48°12' W.; depth 3,200 meters; dynamic height 970.967 meters 0 10.11 33.30 0 10.11 33.30 25.62 26 8.98 33.43 25 9.00 33. 43 25.91 62 4.16 33.92 50 4.55 33, 86 26.84 77 4.41 34.30 75 4.40 34. 29 27.20 103 5. 1() 34.59 100.-.. 5.10 34. 56 27.34 155 5.36 34.74 160..- 5.35 34. 73 27.44 207 4.69 34.78 200.... 4.75 34.77 27.55 310 4.77 34.93 300.-.. 4.75 34.92 27.66 417 4.64 34.98 400-.. 4.70 34 98 27.71 640 4.17 34.99 600.... 4.25 34. 99 27.77 82.5 3.83 34.96 800.... 3.90 34, 96 27.79 1,029.... 3. 60 34.95 1,000.. 3.60 34.95 27.81 1433.... 3.38 34.94 Station 2194; June 3; latitude 43°13' N., longituda 47°32' W.; depth 3,594 meters; dynamic height 970.978 meters 0-. 26.. 61.. loi' 152. 203. 304. 398. 610. 797. 997. 1,39 6.41 6.87 7.15 6.18 6.90 4.20 3.93 3.68 3.34 33.31 33.46 34.19 34.61 34,76 34.73 34.84 34.86 34.98 34.97 34.96 34.95 34.92 33.31 33.46 34.18 34.61 34.76 34.73 34.84 34.86 34.98 34.97 34.96 34.95 25.47 26.29 27.00 27.15 27.23 27.33 27. 45 27.59 27.69 27.76 27.79 27.80 Station 2195; June 3; latitude 42°42' N., longitude 46°57' W.; depth 3,996 meters; dynamic height 971.199 meters 0 17.22 35.25 0 17.22 36. 26 25.67 26 16.66 35.10 25 16. 60 36.10 25.71 61 12.00 35.04 60 12.20 36.04 26.60 77 11.24 36. 09 75 11.26 36.09 26.82 102 11.41 36. 19 100.— H.4(l 36,18 26.86 153 35.25 160.-.. 11.35 35. 25 26.92 205 9.90 35. 03 200.-.. 10.10 3,6. 06 26.99 307 7.98 34.86 300.... 8.00 34.86 27.19 391 7.27 34.94 400.... 7.20 34.96 27.37 613 5.47 35.02 600--.. 6.56 36.02 27.65 799 4.72 36. 03 800-.- 4.70 35. 03 27. 75 998 4.29 36.03 1,000.. 4. 30 36, 03 27.79 1,39"5--- 3.66 34.98 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Depth, meters Tern- pera- Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C Station 2196; June 3; latitude 43°07' N., longitude 46°47' W.; depth 4,070 meters; dynamic height 971.149 meters 0 25-..- 50-— 76.— 101 — 151— 202— 303— 402— 626_- 806— 1,007. 1,407. 15. 00 34.46 0 15. 00 34.45 13.48 34.44 25 13.48 34.44 11.21 34.98 50 11.21 34.98 11.36 35.16 75 11.35 35.15 11 70 35.30 100..- 11.7(1 35.30 10.98 35.18 150— 10.95 35.18 10.37 35.16 200.... 10.40 35.16 8.04 35.00 300.... 8.05 35.00 7.35 35.10 400.... 7.4(1 35.10 4.86 35.00 600.... 5. 05 35.01 4.20 34.97 800.... 4.2(1 34.97 3.95 34.98 1,000.. 3. 95 34.98 3.49 34.96 25.56 25.88 26.74 27.03 27.29 27.46 27.70 27.77 27.79 Station 2197; June 4; latitude 43°36' N., longitude 46°27' W.; depth 4,536 meters; dynamic height 971.006 meters 0 11.93 33.59 0 ... 11.93 33.59 26 10.95 33.74 25 -. 10.95 33.74 51 7.49 34.06 50 - 7.60 34. 04 77 6.71 34.40 75 ... 6. 70 34.38 103 7.08 34.69 mo ... 7.05 34.66 154 6.6C 34.76 150 — 6.65 34,76 205 4.74 34.63 200 ... 4.80 34.63 308 4,96 34.88 300 .-. 4.95 34.98 412 5.01 34.98 400 ... 5.00 34. 98 634 4. 2(1 34.98 6(K) ... 4.30 34.98 815 34.97 800 ... 3.90 34.97 1,016-... 3.61 34.96 1,0( 0.. 3.65 34.96 1,415.— 3.40 34.95 25.54 25. 83 26.60 26.99 27.17 27.30 27.42 27.60 27.68 27.75 27.80 27.81 Station 2198; June 4; latitude 43°41' N., longitude 47°0.5' W.; depth 4,152 meters; dynamic height 970.958 meters 0 11.63 33,70 0 11.63 33. 70 25.67 26 9.70 33,75 25 9.70 33, 75 26.05 51 6.88 34, 30 50 7.00 34, 28 26,87 77 5.44 34,38 75 5.45 34,38 27,15 103 5. 87 34,63 100— 5.85 34, 62 27,29 154 ,5,48 34,71 1,50.-.. 5.50 34, 70 27,40 205 5. 32 34. 85 200-.- 5.35 34,84 27, 53 308 4. ,58 ,34. 89 300-.. 4.60 34, 89 27, 65 408 4.74 35.00 400...- 4.75 35,00 27,72 629 4.22 34.99 600..- 4.30 34, 99 27,76 813 3. 82 34.97 800..- 3.85 34. 97 27,80 1,015.... 3. 60 34.96 1,000- 3.60 34,96 27,82 1,420.... 3.33 34.95 Station 2199; June 4; latitude 43°50' N., longitude 47^46' W,; depth 3,896 meters; dynamic height 970.939 meters 0 24 49—- 73-— 97-.- 146— 194— 291 — 375— 582- . 758-.. 952.- 1,346. 12. 18 33, 76 0 12.18 33, 76 9.61 33.87 25 9. 55 33,87 6,92 34.28 50 6.90 34.28 4,36 34.29 75 4, 35 34.29 4,89 34,51 100.— 4,95 34.54 5,33 34,76 1.^0 .-- 5, 30 34.77 5,07 34,84 200— 5. 05 34.84 4,94 34,96 300..- 4.90 34.96 4,67 34, 98 400..-- 4.60 34. 98 4,36 35. 01 600.— 4. .30 35. 01 4.00 34.99 800.... 3.90 34.99 3.77 34.98 1,000.. 3.75 34.98 3.43 34.96 25.62 26.17 26.88 27.20 27.34 27.48 27.56 27.72 27.78 27.81 27.81 Observed values Depth, meters pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2200; June 4: latitude 43°58' N., longitude 48°28' W.; depth 3,310 meters; dynamic height 970.933 1 0.— 26— 51— 77— 103- 1.54- 205- 308- 11,00 33.67 0 11.00 33,67 6,62 33.72 25 6.65 33,72 5,24 34.27 50 5, 25 34,25 5,00 34.39 75 6.00 34,38 5,41 34. 52 100 5.30 34,50 6.08 34. 82 150- — 6. 05 34,81 5,27 34,82 200..- 5, 30 34. 82 5,51 35,03 300.... 5. .50 35. 03 4,73 35, 00 400.... 4,75 35. 00 4,21 35,00 600.— 4,25 35. OC 3,72 34,98 800- — 3, 75 34, 9S 3,51 34,96 1,000-. 3, .50 34, 96 3.28 34.94 25, 77 26.48 27,07 27,20 27,28 27,42 27,51 27.65 27.72 27.78 27,81 27.83 Station 2201; June 4; latitude 44°03' N., longitude 48°52' W.; depth 1,344 meters; dynamic height 970.917 meters 0. 25 50 76 101 151 202 303 367 568 727. 904 5.45 32,62 0 5, 45 32,62 2.55 33,14 25 2,55 33,14 1 89 33, .59 50 1 89 33,59 1,88 33.90 76 1,85 33,90 2,62 34. 21 100... . 2,60 34, 20 2,98 34. 47 150..-. 2, 95 34,46 3.33 34,64 200.... 3, 30 34.63 3.55 34,82 300..-. 3, 55 34.81 3.65 34.90 400— _ 3,70 34.91 3.84 34.94 600.— ,3,85 34.95 3.77 34.96 800.... 3,70 34.96 3.63 34.94 (1,000). 3,55 34.95 25. 76 26.46 26.88 27.12 27, 30 27.48 27, 58 27,70 27,77 27.78 27.81 27.81 Station 2202; June 4; latitude 44°05' N., longitude 48°59' W.; depth 613 meters; dynamic height 970.975 meters 0 4.40 32.67 0 4.40 32.67 25 .93 32.76 25 .93 32.76 51 -.42 33.15 50 -.4(1 33.13 76 -.25 33.34 75 -.25 33.34 102 .05 33.49 KJO.-- .00 33.47 153 1.63 34.16 150-.. 1. 55 34.10 203 2.65 34.53 200.... 2.55 .34. 51 305 3,09 34.69 300.... 3. 05 34.68 311 3. 09 34.69 (400).. 3. 35 34.78 484 3.55 (600;.. 3.70 34.92 25.92 26. 27 26.64 26.80 26.90 27.30 27. 50 27.64 27.69 27.78 Station 2203; June 4- latitude 44°07' N., longitude 49°04' W.; depth 238 meters; dynamic height 971,001 meters 0 ..- 5.78 32,65 0 5.78 32.65 26.74 26 1.78 32.72 25 1.80 32. 72 26.18 51 - -.49 33.13 50 -.50 3.3.11 26.62 77 -.32 33.26 75 -.35 33.25 26.72 103 -.32 33.30 100..- -.30 33. 29 26.75 154 - 1. 16 33.96 1 1,50.... 1.05 33. 90 27.18 206 2,55 34. ,50 1 200... 2.45 34.46 27.52 Station 2204; June 4; latitude 44°08' N., longitude 49°10' W.; depth 86 meters; dynamic height 971.023 meters 0 18 44 5.22 2.99 2.50 -.16 32.70 32.75 32. 76 32.88 25--. 50.-. (75)- 5.22 2.85 1.55 32.70 32.76 32.77 32.92 25.85 26.13 26.24 26.46 149346—38- 76 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued ST-\.TIONS OCCUPIED INT 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2205; June 5; latitude 44°13' N., longitude 49°41' W.; depth 48 meters; dynamic height 971.030 meters 0... 27 41 9.84 33.14 5.52 33.12 6.03 33.14 0 25 (50)... 9.84 5.60 4.90 33.14 33.12 33.16 25.54 26.14 26.25 Station 2206; .Tune 5; latitude 44°57' N., longitude 49°34' W.; depth 66 meters; dynamic height 971.044 meters 0 26 53 9.61 4.87 1.06 33.04 33.07 33.06 0 25 50 9.61 4.90 1.25 33.04 25.51 33. 07 26. 18 33.00 26.49 Station 2207; June 5; latitude 44''48' X., longitude 49°08' W.; depth 98 meters; dynamic height 871.046 meters 0 7,00 32.61 0 ... 7.00 32.61 25.57 26 2.33 32.64 25.... 2.50 32. 64 26.07 51 -,72 32.81 50 -.70 32.80 26.39 77 -.89 33.07 75..... -.90 33.06 26.60 Station 2208; June 5; latitude 44°47' N., longitude 4y°05' W.; depth 221 meters; dynamic height 971.026 meters 0 6,47 32.60 0 6.47 32. 60 25.03 10 32.54 25 -.40 32.71 26.30 36 -1.23 32.86 50 -1.05 33.00 26.56 61 -.85 33.09 75 -.65 33. 15 26.66 87 -.49 33.21 100.... -.20 33. 33 26.79 138 .61 33.69 150 .90 33.81 27.12 189 1.65 34.15 (200).. 1.85 34.24 27.39 Station 2209; June 5; latitude 44°45' N., longitude 48°58' W.; depth 622 meters; dynamic height 970.984 meters 0 5.99 32. 52 0. 5.99 32.52 25.62 26 -.40 32.82 25 -.35 32.81 26.38 51 -1.22 33.10 50 -1.20 33.09 26.63 -.35 33.37 75 -.45 33.37 26.83 103 .45 33.76 100.. __ .30 33.71 27.07 154 1.67 34.17 150.... 1. .55 34.14 27.33 205 1.95 34.27 200..-. 1. 90 34.26 27.41 308 3 03 34.65 ;i00-... 3 00 34. 63 27.61 404 3.46 34.81 400.... 3.45 34.80 27.70 605 3.75 34.92 600_._. 3.75 34. 92 27.77 Station 2210; June 5; latitude 44°44' N., longitude 48°53' AV.; depth 1,481 meters; dynamic height 970.968 meters 0. 7.18 32. .55 0 7.18 32. 55 25. 48 25 2.70 32.76 25 2.70 32. 76 26.13 51 1 77 33.32 50 1.80 33.29 26.63 76 .21 33.54 75 .2(1 33. 54 26.94 102 .9c 33.92 100.... .90 33. 87 27.17 153 1.9(: 34.27 !50..-_ 1.85 34. 25 27.40 204 2 28 34.44 200.... 2.25 34.42 27.51 306 3. 26 34. 76 300.... 3.20 34.75 27.69 322 .3.31 34.78 400-... 3. ,55 34. 84 27.72 501 3, 7(1 34.89 600.. __ 3.80 34.92 27.77 656 3.80 34. 93 800.. __ 3. 80 34. 94 27.78 835 3.78 34. 94 1.000.. 3,65 34. 94 27.79 1,211.... 3.45 34.94 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Station 2211; June 5: latitude 44°36' N., longitude 48°24' W.; depth 2,634 meters; dynamic height 970.937 meters 0. 26 52. 78 104 156 208 312 12.69 33.67 0. 12,69 33.67 33.76 25 8.70 33.76 6.68 34.44 50 6.75 34.38 6.03 34.49 75 6. 05 34.48 6.86 34.78 100.... 6.85 34.77 .5.25 34.76 150.... 5. 35 34.76 4.38 34.76 200...- 4.40 34.76 5.03 34.98 300.... 5.00 34.96 4.67 35. 01 400.-.. 4.70 35.01 4.09 3.5.00 600--.. 4.15 35.00 3.77 34. 975 800-... 3.80 34.98 3.58 34.96 1,000.. 3. 60 34.90 3.33 34.95 25.34 26. 22 26.98 27.15 27.28 27.47 27.57 27.67 27.74 27.79 27.81 27.82 Station 2212; June 5; latitude 44°33' N., longitude 47°45'W.; depth 3,640 meters; dynamic height 970.932 meters 14.27 33.75 0 14.27 33. 75 25.18 26 9.13 34. 02 25 9.20 34. 01 26.33 .52 (i.61 34. 23 50..... 6.85 34, 22 26.85 77.. 5. 05 34.31 75-.... 5.05 34.31 27.15 103 - 4.86 34.56 100-... 4.85 34. .53 27.34 155 5. 28 34.78 150.... 5. 25 34. 77 27.49 207 4.59 34.79 200.... 4.60 34.79 27.57 310 - 4.48 34.93 300.... 4.50 34. 92 27.69 394 .34. 97 400.... 4.40 34. 97 27.74 608 4.28 35.02 600.... 4.30 35.02 27.79 789 3. 92 35.00 800.... 3. 90 3,5. 00 27.82 987 3.67 34.98 1,000.. 3. 65 34. 98 27.82 1,386-.- 3.38 34.96 Station 2213; June 6; latitude 44°32' N., longitude 47°13' W.; depth 3,795 meters; dynamic height 971.060 meters 0 12 92 33.47 0 12,92 33, 47 25. 24 25 7.09 33.89 25 7.09 33. 89 26. 55 50 11.94 35.29 50 11.94 35. 29 26. 84 76 10.21 35.04 75 10. 20 35.04 26.97 101 10. .57 35.17 100.... 10. 55 35. 17 27.01 151 8.57 34.88 150-... 8.60 34. 88 27.10 201 9,12 35. 15 200-... 9.15 3.5, 15 27.23 302 6. 56 34.92 300.... 6.65 34.93 27.43 284 7,19 34.98 400--.. 5. 15 34. 91 27.61 434 34.91 600-... 4.45 34. 97 27.74 557 4.46 34.96 800-.- 4.30 34. 98 27.75 723. 4.41 3.72 34.98 34.97 1,000.- 3.90 34.97 27.80 Station 2214; June 6; latitude 44°33' N., longitude 46°44' W.; depth 3,859 meters; dynamic height 971.010 meters 0 12.68 33.50 0 12.68 .33. .50 25. 32 25 7.26 33.96 25 7.26 33. 96 26.58 51 10.05 35.00 .50 1(1. (Kl ;«. (Kl 26.97 76 9.45 34.95 9.45 34. 95 27.02 101 8.10 34.76 100.... 8.10 34.76 27.09 152 8 31 34.96 150.... 8. ;<() 34. 96 27.22 203 6.25 34.74 200-... 6.35 34. 74 27.32 304 4.91 34. 80 300-... 4.95 34.79 27.53 .374 ,5.08 34.91 400-.-. 5. 05 34. 93 27.63 575 4.57 35.00 000...- 4.45 3,5. (H) 27.76 745 .3.95 34.97 800--.- 3.85 34.96 27.79 937 .3.71 34.96 1,000.- 3. 70 34.96 27.81 1,327-... 3.44 34.95 1 77 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °G Salin- ity 9do Station 2215; June 6; latitude 44°49' N., longitude 46°06' W.; depth 3,640 meters; dynamic height 970.946 meters 0 13.19 33.65 0 13.19 33.65 25.32 26 6.38 33.82 25 6.40 33. S2 26. 59 62 6.45 34.30 50 6.45 34. 24 26. 91 77 6.13 34.39 75 6.15 34.38 27.06 103 6.15 34.63 100.... 6.15 34. 61 27. 25 155 5.66 34.76 150.... 5.70 34.75 27.41 207 5. 34 34.85 200_... 5.40 34. 84 27.52 310 4.64 34.92 300.... 4.70 34. 91 27.66 410 4.64 35.00 400.... 4.65 34.99 27.73 629. 4.32 35.03 600.... 4.40 35. 03 27.78 817 3.94 35.00 800-... 4.00 35.00 27.81 1,019—. 3.64 34.96 1,000.- 3.65 34.96 27.81 1,422.... 3.36 34. 95 Station 2216; June 6; latitude 45°19' N., longitude 45°57' W.; depth 3,585 meters; dynamic height 970.949 meters 0 26 52 77 103 155 207 310 411 632 816 1,019.... 1,423-... 13.84 33.48 0 13.84 33.48 6.55 34.03 25 6.60 34.02 6.06 34.32 50 6.10 34. 30 5.75 34.39 75 5.75 34.38 6.76 34.66 100.... 6.65 34. 63 5.73 34.76 150.... 5.80 34.75 5.43 34.82 200.... 5.50 34.81 4.48 34.87 300-... 4.50 34.86 4.57 34.98 400.... 4.55 34.98 4.04 34.97 600-... 4.10 34.97 3.93 34.99 800-.. . 3.95 34.99 3.57 34.96 1,000.. 3.60 34. 96 3.24 34. 925 25.06 26.72 27.01 27.11 27.19 27.40 27.49 27.64 27.73 27.78 2217; June 6; latitude 45°20' N., longitude 46°36' W.; depth 3,429 meters; dynamic height 971.168 meters. 0 - 17.28 35.33 0- 17.28 35 33 25.72 26 15.02 35.42 25 15.10 35. 42 26.28 61 14. 53 35.62 50 14. ,55 35. 62 26.57 77 13.68 35.64 75 13.70 35. 64 26.76 102 13.36 35.64 100.... 13.40 35. 64 26.82 153 ll.Hd 35.36 150..-. 11,90 35 37 26.92 205 11. 3y 35.38 200.... 11.45 35. 38 27.00 307 8.77 35. 10 300-... 8.9C 3.5.11 27. 24 406 H.dd 35.15 400-... 8.10 35.15 27.40 625 4.96 34.99 600-.-- 5.15 3.5,00 27.68 806 4.40 35.01 800-.-. 4.40 35.01 27.77 1,007.... 4.09 35.00 1,000.. 4.10 35.00 27.80 1,408-..- 3.51 34. 96 Station 2218; June 7; latitude 45° 18' N., longitude 47°21' W.; depth 2,944 meters; dynamic height 971.135 meters 0 15.35 34.42 0 15.35 34.42 25.46 26 12.36 34.60 25 12.35 34. 59 26.22 51 13.51 35.57 50 13. 50 35, 57 26.75 77 12.01 35.27 75 12,05 35.27 26.80 102 12. 30 3.5. 41 100.... 12.25 .35. 41 26.88 153 11.37 35.28 150-... 11.40 35, 28 26,94 205 11.27 35.40 200..-- 11.30 35.39 27. 04 307 8. 03 35.03 300.... 8. 35 35. 05 27.28 408 5. 69 34.84 400-.-- 5. 75 34.84 27.48 627 4.V6 35.00 600-..- 4.85 34 99 27.70 805 4.20 34.99 800.... 4.20 34.99 27.78 1,006-... 3.82 34.97 1,000.. 3S5 34 97 27.80 1,409,... 3.40 34.94 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Station 2219; June 7; latitude 45°31' N., longitude 47°41' W.; depth 1,646 meters; dynamic height 970.919 meters 0 10.07 33.13 0...... 10.07 33.13 25.50 26 4.62 33.28 25 4.70 33. 28 26.36 51 2.48 33.88 50 2.50 33. 82 27.01 77 2.90 34.18 75 2.85 34. 17 27.26 102 2. 45 34.28 100-... 2.45 34. 26 27.36 153 3.99 34.63 150..-. 3.85 34.61 27.51 205 4.26 34.77 200--.. 4.25 34. 76 27.69 307 4.19 34.83 300-... 4.2C 34.83 27.65 388 4.09 34.90 400-.-. 4. IC 34.91 27. 73 596- 3. 75 34.94 600-... 3.75 34. 94 27.78 3.44 34.94 800-.- 3.40 34. 94 27.82 964 3. 33 34.94 1,000.. 3.35 34. 94 27.82 1,359.... 3.22 34.94 Station 2220; June 7; latitude 45°40' N., longitude 47°56' W.; depth 1,143 meters; dynamic height 970.893 meters 0 8.32 32.68 0- 8. .32 32.68 25. 43 25 .37 33.22 25 .37 33.22 26.67 50 1.51 33.78 50 1.51 33.78 27.05 76- 1.93 34.15 75 1.95 34.14 27.31 101 3.01 34.40 100-... 3.00 34.39 27.42 151 2.98 34.59 150.-- 3.00 34.59 27.58 201 3.28 34.77 200-.-- 3. 25 34.76 27.69 302 3.65 34.86 300..- 3.65 34.86 27.73 218 3.34 400-.-. 3. 75 34.90 27.75 3,72 34.90 600.— 3.70 34.93 27.78 595 - 3.72 34.93 800-.- 3. 60 34. 94 27.80 790 3.59 34.95 1,000- - 3. 55 34.94 27.80 988 3.52 34.94 Station 2221; June 7; latitude 45°44' N., longitude 48°03' W.; depth 599 meters: dynamic height 970.939 meters 0 25 51 76 102- — 153..-. 204.... 306.... 356.... 550.... 9.24 1.81 -0.22: 0.52 1.79 2. 34 1 2.85! 3.321 3.621 3.741 32.46 0 9.24 32.46 32.86 25 1.81 32.86 33.35 50 -0.2(1 33.34 33.86 75 0.60 3:<.86 34.26 100..- 1.70 34.22 34.44 150-.. 2. .30 34.42 34.63 200.... 2.80 34.62 34.76 300..-. 3. 30 34.75 34.86 400-.-. 3. 70 34. 8S 34.90 (600).. 3.75 34.90 25.11 26.29 26.79 27.18 27.39 27. 51 27.62 27.68 27.74 27. 75 Station 2222; June 7; latitude 45°49' N , longitude 48°09' W.; depth 169 meters; dynamic height 970.981 meters 0-. 26-. 51.. 103! 154. 7.27 0.52 -1.07 -.28 .16 1.35 32.47 32.76 33.03 33.51 33.62 34.07 25.. .50. 75-. 100. 150 7.27 32.47 25. 42 .65 32.76 26.29 1.05 33.02 26.57 -.30 33.50 26. 93 .10 33.61 27.00 1.20 34. 03 27.27 Station 2223; June 7; latitude 45°53' N., longitude 48°15' W.; depth 115 meters; dynamic height 971.001 meters 0 26.... 51-... 77.... 89 32. 53 0 8.89 32.53 25.22 36 32.74 25 -. 2(1 32.74 26.32 47 32.92 50 -1.45 32.91 26.49 17 33.15 75 -1.20 33.14 26.67 34 33.34 100-.. . -.45 33.31 26.78 Table of Oceanograpldc Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936-Continued Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Salin- ity 96o Station 2224; June 7; latitude 46°0fi' X., longitude 48°35' W.; depth 89 meters; dynamic height 970.999 meters 0.... 25... 51... 76... 9.75 4.68 1.52 .71 3.3. 09 33.07 33.18 33.30 9.75 4.68 1.60 .75 33.09 33.07 33.17 33.30 25 26.20 26. 56 26.71 Station 2225: June 7; latitude 46°21' N., longitude 48°57' W.; depth 68 meters; dynamic height 971 .004 meters 9.27 33.16 0 9.27 33.16 5. 15 33. 14 25 5.30 33.14 2.30 33.25 50 2.40 33.24 25.66 20.19 26.56 Station 2226: June 7; latitude 46°20' N., longitude 48°34' \V.; depth 91 meters; dynamic height 971.008 meters 4.82 1..36 33.14 33.11 33.24 33.30 0.. 25. 50. 75. 8.81 33.14 4.95 33.11 1.50 33.24 .85 33.30 26.62 26.71 Station 2227: June 7; latitude 46°18' N., longitude 48°08' W.; depth 114 meters; dynamic height 971.019 meters 0 9.78 32.94 0 9.78 32.94 25.40 23 4.82 33.00 25 4.80 32.99 26.13 49 .18 32.86 50 .10 32.86 26.40 74 -.25 33.20 75 -.25 33. 2C 26.69 100 .06 33.38 100 .06 33.38 26.82 Station 2228: June 7; latitude 4fi°10' N., longitude 47°44' W.; depth 167 meters; dynamic height 971.017 meters 0... 23_.. 49.. 74-. 100.. 152.. 5.57 2.11 -1.15 -1.17 -.24 32.44 32.54 32.86 33. 06 33.44 33.52 32.44 32. 56 32.86 33. 07 33.44 -. lo! 33.52 25.61 26.04 26.44 26.62 26.88 26.94 Station 2229: June 8; latitude 46°15' N., longitude 47°16' W.; depth 622 meters; dynamic height 970.920 meters 0 8.59 32. 60 0 8. .59 32. 60 25. 33 26 1.52 33. 00 25 1,05 32. 99 26. 41 51 -.07 33.58 50 -.05 33 57 26.98 77 .91 33.96 75 .85 33. 95 27.23 102 1.38 34.20 100.... 1. 30 34. 17 27.38 153 2.58 34.50 150.... 2. 50 34. 48 27.53 205 3.07 34.70 200.... 3. 05 34. 68 27.64 307 3.51 34.82 300.... 3. m 34. 81 27.71 381 3.62 34.86 400... . 3. 65 34. 87 27.74 576 3.75 34.92 (600).. 3.75 34.92 27.77 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters pera- ture °0 Salin- ity 96o Station 2230: June 8: latitude 46°14' N., longitude 47°01' W.; depth 1,234 meters; dynamic height 970.897 meters 0 6.51 32.78 0 6. ,51 32.78 25.76 26 ].,57 33.06 25 1,6(1 33.05] 26.46 51 1.00 33.66 50 1.00 33.64J 26.97 77 1.32 34.13 75 1.3(1 34.12; 27.34 103 2.04 34.38 100.... 1.95 34. 36 27.49 154 3. 04 34. 68 150.... 3. 0(1 34.67 27.65 205 3.24 34.74 200-... 3. 25 34. 73 27.66 308 3.61 34.83 300_... 3 60 34, 83 27.71 223 .3.29 400.... 3.75 34.89 27.74 408 3.72 34.89 600.... 3. 75 34. 92 27.77 610 3. 73 34.92 800- _.. 3 60 34.94 27.80 809 3.61 34.94 1,000.. 3.60 34.94 27.80 1,014.... 3.58 34.93 Station 2231: June 8; latitude 46°12' N., longitude 46°32' W.; depth 613 meters; dynamic height 970.838 meters 0 26 51 77 103 154 206 309 405 7.80 33.22 0 7.80 33. 22 3.0s 34.17 25 3. 1(1 34. 151 3 66 34.49 50 3. 6(1 34.48 4.42 34.69 75 4.4(1 34.68 4.63 34.80 100.... 4.65 34.79 4.46 34.86 1.50... . 4.45 34. 85 4.5C 34.96 200-.. . 4. 50 34.96 4.19 34.97 300.... 4.20 34.97 3.93 34.97 400.... 3. 95 34.97 3.7. 34.95 600-.. . 3.70 34. 95 25.93 27.22 27.43 27.50 27.57 27.64 27.72 27.77 27.79 27.80 Station 2232; June 8; latitude 46°10' N., longitude 45°53' W.; depth 914 meters; dynamic height 970.922 meters 0 13.66 33.62 0 13. 66 33. 62 26 6.48 33.80 25 6. .55 33.80 51.. 4.78 34.18 50 4.80 34.16 77 4. 88 34.42 75 4.85 34.42 103 4.98 34.53 100.... 4.95 34.51 154 5. 60 34.86 150.... 5.55 34.86 205 4.84 34.86 200.... 4.85 34.86 308 34.96 300-... 4.70 34.96 67 4.89 400.... 4.6(1 35.01 399 4.58 35.01 600.... 3. 8(1 34.96 599 848 3.82 3.36 34.96 34.94 800.... 3.40 34.94I 1 25.22 26.56 27.05 27.26 27.32 27.52 27.60 27.70 27.75 27.80 27.82 Station 2233; June 8; latitude 46°06' N., longitude 45°17' W.; depth 2,451 meters; dynamic height 970.995 meters. 0 14.73 32.96 0. 14.73 32.96 26 4.67 33.58 25 4.70 33.57 51 6.09 34.30 .W 6. 05 34.27 77 6.36 34.43 75 6. 35 34. 42 10.3 7 80 34.82 100.... 7.70 34.81 154 6.77 34.74 150.... 6.75 34.74 205 7.54 35.03 200.-.- 7.50 35.02 308 5.96 34.97 300.... 6.05 34.97 411 4.71 34.95 400.... 4.85 34.95 5.32 3.88 34.94 600.... 3.90 34.94 816 3.71 34.95 800.... 3.75 34.95 1,019.... 3.53 34.96 1,000.. 3. ,55 34.96 1,423.... 3.39 34.95 24.43 26.60 26.99 27.07 27.19 27.27 27.38 27.55 27.67 27.77 27.79 27.82 79 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °G Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Station 2234; June 8; latitude 46°05' N., longitude 44°47' W.; depth 3,502 meters; dynamic height 970.952 meters 0 26 51 ., 814 1,017... 1,421... 14.94 33.18 0. 14.94 33.18 3.77 33.45 25 3.80 33.44 7.42 34.54 50 7.40 34.56 6. 5fi 34.53 75 6,60 34.55 5.63 34.50 100.... 5.65 34.54 5.83 34.75 150.... 5.80 34.74 5.31 34.79 200.... 5. 40 34.79 4.53 34.89 300.... 4. 55 34.88 4.64 35.00 400.... 4. 65 34.99 3.68 34.94 600.... 3.80 34.94 3.55 34.94 800.... 3.55 34.94 3.37 34.94 1,000.. 3.40 34.94 3.32 34.94 24.60 26.59 27.04 27.14 27.25 27.39 27.48 27.65 27.73 27.78 27.80 27.82 Station 2235; June 20; latitude 53°44' N., longitude 55°51' W.; depth 100 meters; dynamic height 1,454.835 meters 53... 79... 4.26 -.97 -1.55 -1.61 27.74 32.49 32.68 32.78 0 25.... 50.... 75.... (100). 27.74 32.48 32.67 32.77 32.85 22.02 26.13 26.30 26.39 26.45 Station 2236; June 20; latitude 53°51' N., longitude 55°38' W.; depth 182 meters; dynamic height 1,454.780 meters 0.... 26..., 52... 78... 103.. 155.. 176.. 2.42 32.16 0 2.42 32.16 .62 32.48 25 .70 32.47 -1.52 32.82 50 -1.50 32.80 -1.48 32.91 75 -1.50 32.90 -1.55 33.03 100.... -1..55 33.01 -1.13 33.44 150.... -1.15 33.41 -1.04 33.50 25.69 26.05 26.41 26.48 26.58 Station 2237; June 20; latitude 53°59' N., longitude 55°23' W.; depth 144 meters; dynamic height 1,454.735 meters 0.... 26_. 52... 77... 103. 137. 2.00 32.44 0 2.00 32.44 1.03 32.54 25 1.10 32.54 -1.51 33.11 50 -1.50 33.05 -1.3S 33.26 75 -1.40 33.25 -1.21 33.46 100.... -1.25 33.43 -.54 33.76 (150).- 33.89 25.95 26.09 26.58 26.76 26.91 27.24 Station 2238; June 20; latitude 54°12' N., longitude 55°00' W.; depth 166 meters; dynamic height 1,454.731 meters 0 1.73 32.44 0 1.73 32.44 25. 97 16 32.43 25 0.75 32. .58 26. 14 42 -1.47 32.89 50 -1.50 32. 96 26.53 68 -1.47 33.13 75 -1.35 33 23 26. 75 94_ -l.OS 33.52 lOO.... -i.on 33. ,58 27.02 157 .22 33.97 150.... .10 33.93 27.25 Observed values Depth, Tem pera- ture °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Salin- ity 96 0 Station 2239; June 20; latitude 54°26' N., longitude 54°32' W.; depth 200 meters; dynamic height 1,454.729 meters l.,52 32.53 0 ■„,. 32. 53 26.05 25 .20 32.62 25 .20 32.62 26.20 50 -1.46 33.18 50 -1.46 33.18 26.71 75 -1.38 33.34 75 -1.38 33.34i 26.84 101 -1.21 33.48 100.... -1.25 33.47 26.95 151. -.27 33.82 150.... -. 30 33.82 27.19 186 .62 34.10 (200).. 1.05 34.21I 27.43 1 Station 2240; June 20; latitude 54°42' N., longitude 54°02' W.; depth 268 meters; dynamic height 1,454.695 meters 0 -0.37 32.46 0 -0.37 32.46 26.09 16 -.72 33.00 25 -1.05 33. 15 26.67 42. -1.43 33. 35 50 -1.40 33. 42 26.91 68 -1.24 33.56 75 -1.20 33. 61 27.06 94 -1.06 33.68 100.... -1.00 33.70 27.12 147 -.24 33.92 150.... -.20 33. 94 27.28 200 .89 34. 20 200.... .90 34. 20 27.43 252 2.16 34.51 2241; June 20; latitude 54°52' N., longitude 53°42' W.; depth 623 meters; dynamic height 1,454.602 meters 0 2.02 33. 25 0. 2.02 1 33.25i 26.60 24 -.14 33.82 25 -.15 33.83 27.19 48-. 43 34.04 50 .45 34.05 27.33 71 .62 34.12 75 .70 34.14 27.39 9.5- 1..52 34.36 100.... 1.60 34.381 27.52 143. 2.22 34.52 150 2.30 34.53 27.69 191 2.70 34.63 200...- 2.80 34.65! 27.64 286 3. 52 34.85 300.... 3. 50 34.83 27.72 295. 3 43 34.81 400-... 3. 6(1 34. 89 27.76 490 3.61 34.92 (600).. 3.65 34.92 27.78 Station 2242; June 20-21; latitude 54°55' N., longi- tude 53°35' W.; depth 1,368 meters; dynamic height 1,454.563 meters 0... 1,66 33.06 0 1.66 .33. 06 26.46 25 2. 55 33.86 25 2. .55 33. 86 27. 03 51 4.14 34.43 50 4.15 34.43 27.33 76-. 2 .53 34.50 75 2. 55 34.50 27.55 101 3.66 34.80 100.-.. 3. 65 34.80 27.68 152. ,3.61 34.89 150.... 3.60 34.89 27.76 203 3, 60 34.90 200.-.. 3. 60 34.90 27.77 304. 3.60 34.94 300.... ,3.60 34. 94 27.80 385. 3.60 34.95 400.... 3. 60 34. 94 27.80 503 3. .58 34.93 600.... 3.55 34.94 27.80 776 3.51 34.94 800.... 3. .50 34. 94 27.81 974 3,49 34.94 1,000.. 3. 5t 34.94 27.81 1,274.... 3.38 34.94 80 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936-Continued Observed values Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C Salin- ity Station 2243; June 21; latitude 55°08' N., lonfritude 53°12' W.; depth 2,708 meters; dynamic height 1,454.530 meters 0 4.32 34.47 0 4. ,32 34.47 27.35 25 4. 30 34.49 25 4.30 34. 49 27.37 61 3.77 34.70 50 3.75 34.69 27.58 76 3.69 34.77 75 3.65 34. 77 27.66 101 3. 62 34.86 100.... 3.60 34. 85 27.73 162 3.61 34.92 150.... 3. 60 34. 92 27.79 203 3.60 34.92 200... 3. 60 34. 92 27.79 304 3. 59 34. 94 300.... 3.60 34.93 27.79 408 3.61 34. 93 400.... 3. 6(1 34. 93 27.79 611 3.58 34.95 600.... 3. 60 34. 95 27.81 814 3. 55 34.95 800.... 3. 55 34.95 27.81 1,016.... 3.51 34.96 1.000.. 3. 55 34. 96 27.82 1,524.... 3.30 34.95 1,500.. 3. 30 34. 95 27.84 2,034.... 2.98 34.96 2.000.. 3.O0 34.96 27.88 1,763-... 3.17 2,500.. 2.70 34. 97 27.91 ■,m.... 2.62 34.97 Station 2244; June 21; latitude 55°27' N., longitude 52°34' W.; depth 3,216 meters; dynamic height 1,454.538 meters 0 4.90 34.62 0 4.90 34. 62 27.41 24 4.85 34.63 25 4.85 34.63 27.42 48 4. .54 34.72 50 4.4C 34.73 27.54 72 3.66 34.79 75 3. 65 34.79 27.67 96 3. .55 34.80 100... . 3. .5(1 34.80 27.70 144 3.39 34.83 150.... 3. 40 34.84 27.74 192 3. 51 34.89 200.... 3. ,5(1 34.89 27.77 288 3. 51 34.91 300.... 3. 5(1 34.91 27.79 320 3.54 34.92 400.... 3. 5C 34.91 27.79 481 3.48 34.91 600.... 3. 45 34.92 27.80 654 3. 43 34.92 800.... 3. 4(1 34.93 27.81 827 3 39 34. 93 1,000.. 3. 35 34.93 27.81 1,282 3.26 34.93 1,500.. 3. 25 34.94 27.83 1,767-... 3. 23 34,94 2,000.. 3. 15 34.94 27.84 2,286.... 3. 09 2,500.. 2.9(1 34.95 27.88 2,460 2.95 34.95 3,000.. 2.15 34.93 27.92 3,006.... 2.14 34.93 Station 2245; June 21; latitude 56°05' N., longitude 51°17' W.; depth 3,616 meters; dynamic height 1,454.571 meters 0 .5.36 34.61 0 5. 36 34.61 27.35 26 5. 35 34.61 25 5.35 34.61 27.35 51 4.66 34.56 50 4.70 34.56 27.38 77 3. 55 34. 66 75 3. 55 34.66 27.58 103. 3.45 34.70 100.... 3.45 34.69 27.61 154 3. 7(: 34.80 150.... 3. 7(1 34.80 27. 68 206 3. .58 34.82 200. .. 3. .55 34.82 27.71 309. 3. 75 34.90 300.-. 3.75 34. 89 27.74 401 3.69 34.92 400 3.70 34.92 27.78 602 3. .53 34.92 600- — 3. .50 34.92 27.80 803 3 42 34. 90 800- — 3. 4(1 34. 91 27.80 1,001 3.35 34.91 1,000.- 3. 35 34.91 27.80 1.505.... 3. 27 .34. 93 1.500.. 3.25 34.93 27.82 2,016.... 3. 25 34.93 2,000.. 3. 25 34.93 27.82 2,508.... 3,(W 34.95 2,500.. 3 05 34.95 27.86 2,776.... 2.86 3,000.. 2.65 34.93 27.88 3,009.... 2.65 34.93 3,500. . 1.90 34. 92 27.94 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- lure °C Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters pera- ture °C Station 2,246; June 22; latitude 56°41' N., longitude 50°08' W.; depth 3,654 meters; dynamic height 1,454.553 meters 0 f,. 05 34.70 0 5. 05 34 70 27. 45. 25 .5.04 34.70 25 5.04 34.70 27.45 50 4.87 34.72 50 4.87 34. 72 27.49 76 - 4.13 34.75 75 4.15 34 75 27.59 101 3. .50 34.78 100.... 3. ,50 34. 78 27.68 151 3.40 34.82 150-.-- 3. 4(1 34. 82 27.73 201 3.42 34.86 200.... 3. 4(1 34. 86 27.76 302 3. 45 34.90 300.... 3. 45 34. 90 27.78 385 3.48 34.90 400..-- 3. ,5(1 34. 90 27.78 579 3.46 34.91 600.-.. 3. 45 .34. 91 27.79 774 3. 39 34.91 800..-. 3.40 34.91 27.80 970 3. .32 34.91 1,000.. 3.35 34.91 27.80 1,465.... 3. 25 34.92 1,500.. 3. 25 34. 92 27.82 1.967... . 3.24 34.92 2,000.. 3.25 34.92 27.82 2,544.... 3.08 34.94 2,500.. 3. 1(1 34.94 27.86 2,815-... 2.93 3,000.. 2. 75 34. 96 27.90 3,046.... 2.71 34.96 3,500.. 1.95 34. 94 27.95 3,546-.. 1.84 34.94 Station 2,247; June 22; latitude 57°16' N., longitude 49°02' W.; depth 3,672 meters; dynamic height 1,454.547 meters. 0 5.28 34.71 0...... .5.28 34.71 27.43 26- 5.06 34.80 25 5.05 34.80 27.53 51 4.65 34.82 50 4.65 34. 82 27.60 4.04 34.92 75-.... 4. 05 34. 92 27.74 103 3.93 34.91 100... . 3.95 34.91 27.74 155 3.87 34.90 1.50-... 3.90 34.90 27.74 206 3 88 34.92 200.... 3. 9(1 34. 92 27.76 309 3.79 34.92 300.... 3. 80 34.92 27.77 403 3.78 34.92 400... . 3. 80 34.92 27.77 602 .3.71 34.93 600-.-- 3. 7(1 34. 93 27.78 801 3.50 34.93 800-..- 3. .50 34.93 27.80 997 3.37 34.93 1,000.. 3. 40 34.93 27.81 1,503.... 3.26 34. 92 1,500-- 3. 25 34. 92 27.82 2,013..-. 3.24 34. 93 2,000.. 3. 25 34. 93 27.82 2,512-.-. 3.08 34.95 2,500. . 3.10 34.95 27.86 2,736.... 2.93 3,000.. 2.7(1 34. 95 27.89 3,018..-- 2.70 34.95 3,500- _ l.()0 34. 92 27.90 3,472.... 1.09 34.92 Station 2,248; June 22-23; latitude 67°57' N., longitude 47°50' W.; depth 3,352 meters; dynamic height height 1,454..542 meters 0 .5.24 34.74 0 ,5.24 34.74 27.46 26 5.03 34.80 25 5. 05 34. 8(1 27.53 51 4.67 34.76 50 4.70 34. 76 27.54 77 3 .58 34.77 75 3,60 34.77 27.67 103 3 41 34.78 100-.. . 3. 40 34. 78 27.69 154 3.46 34.83 150-.. . 3. 45 34. 8a 27.72 205 3 55 34.88 200-... 3.55 34.87 27.75 308 .3,66 34.91 300-... 3. 65 34.91 27.77 418 3.54 34.91 400-.-. 3. 55 34.91 27.78 622 3.45 34.91 600-... 3. 45 34. 91 27.79 822 3 32 34.93 800-.. . 3.35 34. 93 27.81 1,020.... 3,28 34.93 1,000.. 3. 30 34. 93 27.82 1,530.... 3.22 34.93 1,500... 34. 93 27.82 2,042.... 3,20 34.95 2,000. 3. 20 34. 95 27.85 2,511.... 2,500.. 2.95 34.96 2,568.--. 2.8a 34.96 3,000.. 2.40 34.95 27.92 3.075... . 2.25 34.95 3,242--.. 1.48 34.92 81 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 36o Station 2,249; June 23; latitude 58°38' N., longitude 46°36' ^^^; depth 2,634 meters; dynamic height 1.454.552 meters 0 5.701 34.78 0 5.70 «.7« 27.43 23_ 5.66 34.80 25 5. 65 34. 8(1 27.46 46. _ 5 37 34.83 50 5, 25 34. 84 27.54 70 4.75 34.89 75 4.75 34.91 27.65 4.72 34.97 100 — . 4.7(1 34. 97 27.71 140 4.48 34.96 150-.-. 4.45 34. 96 27.73 186 4.45 34.97 200-... 4.40 34.97 27.74 279 4. OS 34.94 300-..- 4. 05 34. 95 27. 76 301 4.06 34. 95 400-... 3. 95 34. 94 27.76 456 3.91 34.94 600- - 3. 80 34.93 27.77 614 3.77 34.93 800--. 3.55 34. 93 27.79 776 3. 57 34.93 1,000-. 3.401 34.94 27.82 1,204.... 3.2« 34.94 1,500.. 3.20 34.95 27.85 1,542.... 3.21 34.95 2,000.. 2.90 34.94 27.88 1,894.... 3.02 34.96 (2,500) . 1.65 34.92 27.96 2,236.... 2.40 34.93 Station 2250; June 23; latitude 59°00' N., longitude 45°25' W.; depth 2,403 meters; dynamic height 1,454.548 meters 0.... 26... 61... 77..., 102.. 153.. 205.. 307.. 406.. 604.. 800.. 992- 1,347 1,698 2,019 5.66 34.78 0- 5.66 34.78 5.51 34.82 25 5. 5(1 34.82 5.34 34.83 50 5. ;i5 34.83 34.95 75 4.70 34. 95 4.58 34.96 100 4. ,55 34.96 4.58 34.98 150.... 4.60 34.98 4.68 34.98 200-... 4. 65 34.98 4.58 35.00 300.... 4.60 35.00 4.25 34.97 400.... 4. 25 34.97 4.03 34. 97 600--.. 4. 05 34.97 3.70 34.96 800... . 3,70 34.96 3.49 34.96 1,000.. 3. .50 34.96 3.32 34. 95 1,500.. 3. 20 34.95 2.97 34.95 2,000.. 2. 60 34.92 2.54 34.92 27.44 27.50 27.52 27.69 27.72 27.72 27.72 27.74 27.76 27.78 27.81 27.83 27.85 27.88 Station 2251; June 23: latitude 59°12' N., longitude 45°02' W.; depth 2,032 meters; dynamic height 1,454.564 meters 0 5. 75 34.60 0- 5, 75 34,60 27.29 26 5.45 34.70 25 5.45 34. 7C 27.40 51 5.30 34.80 50 5. 3(1 34. 79 27.49 77 4.97 34.96 75 4.95 34. 96 27.67 103 5. 00 34.99 100-.. 5, 0(1 34,99 27.69 154 5.04 35.02 150.... 5.05 35.02 27.71 206 4. 98 35.03 200..-. 5. 00 35. 03 27.72 309 4.75 35.02 300-.-. 4. SO 35. 02 27.74 410 4.64 35.00 400-.. . 4.65 35. 00 27.74 613 4.21 34.98 600... . 4. 20 34. 98 27.77 814 3.86 35.00 800-.. . 3.90 35. 00 27.82 1,014.... 3.61 34.97 1,000.. 3.65 34.97 27.82 1,360.... 3.33 34.95 1,.500.. 3.20 34, 95 27.85 1,677..-. 2.98 34.95 (2,000)- 2. 40 ■M. 92 27.90 1,978-... 2.47 34. 925 Observed values Depth, meters Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem pera- ture °C Salin- ity 9oo Station 2252; June 23; latitude 59°22' N., longitude 44°44' W.; depth 1,696 meters; dynamic height 1,454.607 meters 0 4.79 34.18 0 4.79 «.« 27.07 25 5.35 34.62 25 .5.35 34. 62 27.36 .50 5.44 34.72 50 5.44 .34, 72 27.42 75 5.58 34.98 75 5.57 34, 98 27.61 100 5.61 35.02 100.... 5.61 35.02 27.64 150 5.46 35.05 150.--- 5.46 35, 05 27.68 200 5. ,52 35.06 200.... 5.52 35, 06 27.68 300- 5.10 35.02 300.... 5.11 35.02 27.70 378 4.94 35. 02 400.... 4.90 35. 02 27.73 566 4.53] 35.00 600...- 4.50 35, 00 27.75 754 4.22 34.99 800.... 4.20 34.99 27.78 898 4.02 34.98 1,000-- 3.90 34. 98 27.80 1,179..-. 3.651 34.97 (1,500). .3.15 .34 94 27.84 1,465.... 3.20 34.94 Station 2253; June 24; latitude 59°26' N., longitude 44°37' W.; depth 1,096 meters; dynamic height 1,454.703 meters 366.... 550.... 743.... 940.... 1.27 33.26 0 1,27 33. 26 1.89 33.52 25 1.90 33.52 2.82 33.82 50 2. 75 33.80 4,12 34. .30 75 4 05 34.24 5.03 34.66 100.... .5.00 34.61 4.13 34, 76 150.... 4.15 34.75 4.75 34. 93 200.... 4.70 34.91 4.96 35.00 300.... 4.95 35.00 4.97 35.00 400.... 4.95 35.00 4 89 35.00 600.-. 4 S5 35.00 4.85 35.00 800-.-. 4.80 .35.00 4.57 35.00 (1,000). 4.40 35.00 26.83 26.97 27.20 27.39 27.59 27.66 27.70 27.70 27.71 27. 72 27.76 Station 2254; June 24; latitude 59°32' N., longitude 44°27' W.; depth 643 meters; dynamic height 1,454.701 meters 0 -0.10 32.34 0- -0.10 32. .34 25.99 26 -.82 33.15 2.5 -.80 3.3.14 26.66 51 -.8(1 33.52 50 -.80 33. 51 26.96 77, .44 33.82 75 .35 33.81 27. 15 103 2.12 34.30 100-.. 1.95 34. 22 27.38 154- 2.77 34.95 1.50-.. 2.7(1 34. 95 27.89 206 3.60 34.95 200... 3.50 34.95 27. «2 309 4.81 34.93 300-.-. 4.8(1 34.93 27.66 399 4.86 34.95 400.... 4,85 34. 95 27.67 602 4.83 34.99 600.... 4.85 34.99 27.70 Station 2255; June 24; latitude 59°38' N., longitude 44°17' W.; depth 162 meters; dynamic height 1,454.755 meters -0.08 32.10 0 -0. 08 32.10 -.46 32.78 25 -.45 32.76 -.49 33.36 50 -.50 33.32 -.34 33.64 75 -.40 33.62 .21 33.85 100-... .10 33.81 2.15 34.31 150..-. '"" 34.26 25.79 26.34 26.79 27.04 27.16 27.41 82 Table of Oceanograghic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1936— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 2256; June 24; latitude 59°48' N., longitude 44°10' W.; depth 80 meters; dynamic height 1,454.786 meters 31.95 32.18 32.99 33.21 0 25 50 (75)... 0.00 31.95 25.67 -.18 32.18 25.86 -.59 32. 99 26.53 -.25 33.33 26.79 Station 2257; June 25; latitude 60°09' N., longitude 51°15' W.; depth 3,286 meters; dynamic height 1,454.564 meters 0 5.24 34.74 0 5.24 34. 74 27.46 24 5.17 34.76 25 6.15 34. 76 27.49 47 4.94 34.76 50 4.90 34.76 27.52 71 4.73 34.82 75 4.70 34. 83 27. 59 94 4.53 34.89 100.... 4.50 34. 89 27.66 141 4.43 34.93 150.... 4.45 34.94 27.71 188 4.46 34.97 200.... 4.45 34. 97 27.74 282 4.36 34.96 300-... 4.30 34. 96 27.74 312 4.28 34.96 400.... 4.15 34.96 27.76 475 4.09 34.97 600.... 3.95 34. 97 27.79 642 3.91 34. 965 800.... 3.75 34. 96 27.80 814 3.71 34.96 1,000.. 3.55 34. 95 27.81 1,269-... :<.39 34.94 1,500.. 3.30 34. 94 27.83 1,754.... 3.26 34.94 2.000.. 3.10 34. 95 27.86 2,634 2.72 34. 955 2,500.. 2.75 34. 95 27.89 2,967.... 2.14 34. 94 3,000.. 2.05 34. 94 27.94 3,115.... 1.79 34.94 Station 2258; June 25; latitude 60°30' N., longitude 50°07' W.; depth 3,032 meters; dynamic height 1,454.551 meters 0 5.19 34. 59 0 6.19 34. 69 27.36 24 6.07 34.60 25 6. 06 34. 60 27.37 49 4.82 34. 74 50 4.80 34.74 27.51 73 4.66 34.82 75 4.65 34. 83 27.60 98 4.46 34.92 100..-. 4.45 34. 92 27.70 147 4.66 34.97 150.... 4. 66 34.97 27.73 195 4.49 34.97 200..- 4.50 34. 97 27.73 293 4.38 34.98 300— 4.40 34. 98 27.74 403 4.12 34.98 400... _ 4.15 34. 98 27.77 606 3. 95 34.98 600.... 3. 95 34. 98 27.79 811 34.97 800.... 3. 70 M. 97 27.82 1,018...- :{.64 34.97 1.000.. 3. 65 34.97 27.83 1,543.... ;i'>6 34.95 1,500.. 3.30 34. 96 27.84 2,116...- 34.95 2,000.. 2. 85 34. 96 27.88 2,227..- 2. 59 34.94 2,500.. 2.15 34.93 27.92 2,742..- 1.75 34.93 (3,000). 1.30 34.92 27.98 Station 2269; June 25-26; latitude 60°37' N., longitude 49°38' W.; depth 2,855 meters; dynamic height 1,454.557 meters 0- 6.08 34.48 0. ,6.08 34. 48 27.27 25 5.00 34.58 25 6.00 34.58 27.36 51 4.87 34.73 50 4.90 .34.73 27.49 76- - 4. ,68 34.81 75 4. 66 34. 81 27.60 102 4.32 34.88 100— 4. 35 34.87 27.67 153 4. .64 34.96 150.... 4.55 34.96 27.72 203 4. .66 34.98 200.— 4. ,65 34. 98 27.73 305 4.:« 34.97 300— 4. 35 34. 97 27.76 370 4.22 34.96 400.— 4.20 34.96 27.76 658- 3. 93 34.96 600.... 3. 90 34. 96 27.79 748 :i.8i 34.95 800.... 3. 76 34. 96 27.79 940 3. .67 34.96 1,000.. 3.50 34.96 27.83 1,426.... 3.24 34.95 1,600-- 3.20 34.95 27.85 1,928.... 2.92 34.95 2,000-- 2.90 34. 96 27.87 2,082— 2. 82 34. 96 2,600.- 2. ,60 34.94 27.90 2,473-.- 2. 66 34.94 2,668--.. 2.10 34.92 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem pera- ture °C SaliU' ity Station 2260; June 26; latitude 60°44.6' N., longitude 49°25' W.; depth 2,524 meters; dynamic height 1,454.657 mi'ters 298... 312— 946... 1,131- 1,343- 4.12 34.35 0 4.12 34.35 4.12 34.34 25 4.12 34.34 3.98 34.38 50 .3.98 34.38 3.87 34.51 75 3. S6 34.51 3.92 34.60 100--__ 3.95 34.60 4.19 34.79 150-.- 4. 20 34.79 4.31 34.83 200.-. 4. 30 34.83 4.67 34.96 300-.. 4. 66 34.95 4.69 34.95 400... . 4.76 34.97 4.76 34.97 600... . 4.65 36.00 4.72 35.00 800... . 4.40 34.99 4.58 35. 00 1,000.. 4.15 34.98 4.24 34.98 1,500. . 3. 46 34.94 3.99 34.97 (2,000) 2.80 34.92 3.64 34.96 3.34 34.93 27. 28. 27.27 27.31 27.43 27.49 27.62 27.64 27.70 27.70 27.74 27. 76 27.77 27.81 27. 86- Station 2261; June 26; latitude 60°61' N., longitude 49°11' W.; depth 89 meters; dynamic heiglit 1,454.711 meters 0 2.74 ».., 0 2.74 33.78 25 2.60 33. 80 25 2.6(: 33.80 50 2. ,69 33.82 50 2. .69 33. 82 75 1.66 34.02 75 ,.« 34.02 26.96 26. 98 27. 00 27.24 Station 2262; June 26; latitude 60°,67' N., longitude- 49°00' W.; depth 177 meters; dynamic height 1,454.749 meters 0 1.46 33.04 0 1.46 33. 04 26.47 26 1.41 33.04 25 1.41 33. 04 26.47 49 . 88 33.27 50 .90 33.28 26.69 74 1. 38 33. 84 75 1.36 33. 84 27.11 98 1.53 33.92 100... . 1.65 33. 92 27.16 147 1.61 33.95 150.-- 1.65 33.95 27.18 Station 2263; June 26; latitude 61°02.2' N., longitude 48°50' W.; depth 114 meters; dynamic height 1,454.762 meters 0. 24 48 1.62 .88 .73 1.03 1.15 32. 94 33.02 33.13 33.50 33.68 0 25 50 75 100..- 1.62 .85 .75 1.05 1.15 32.94 33.02 33.16 33.52 33.70 26.37 26.49 26.60 26.88 96 27. 01 Station 2264; June 26; latitude 61°06.5' N., longitude 48°37.7' W.; depth 229 meters; dynamic heiglit 1,454.8.34 meters 0 4.19 30.05 0 4.19 30. 06 23.86 24 1.81 32.46 25 1.80 32.48 25.99 47 1 ,64 32.91 .60 1..60 32.94 26.38 94 -- 1.06 33. 25 76 1.26 33. 14 26.66 100.— i.or 33. 28 26.69 (150).- .75 33.52 26.90 o U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT - - - COASTGUARD BULLETIN No. 27 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN - [TgTr"] U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT COAST GUARD Bulletin No. 27 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN FLOYD M. SOULE G. VAN A. GRAVES SEASON OF 1937 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1938 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pas* Foreword v Figure 1, Chart, Ice Patrol Area facing p. 1 The International Ice Patrol, 1937 1 Ice Conditions North Atlantic Ocean, 1937 8- Followed by figures 2-8, Ice Charts Communications 14 Weather 14 Figures 9-24, Weather Diagrams pp. 17 to 24 Cruise Reports 25 Followed by figures 25-33, Cruise Charts Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports 42 Oceanography, including figures 34-45 71 Table of Oceanographic Data 93 (ni) FOREWORD The section of this report entitled Oceanography was prepared by Senior Physical Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule, United States Coast Guard. The other parts of the report were prepared by Lt. G. Van A. Graves, United States Coast Guard, ice observation officer. These annual reports of the International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service in the North Atlantic have been published since 1913, with the exception of the years 1917 and 1918 in which years no patrols were conducted. These reports form the continumg story of the history and development of this service. It has not been attempt- ed in any one of these reports to solve all the problems or settle all the controversies of the Ice Patrol but in each one it has been attempted to stress, develop, and if possible to solve one phase of the general problem and to brmg out the particular and peculiar characteristics of the season in question. It is evident, therefore, that in order for the reader to have a complete understanding of these activities he must consider these many reports as constituent parts of a homoge- neous whole, and not as entities in themselves. To obtam this back- ground the interested reader is referred to previous bulletins of this series, particularly the report of the 1935 season, Bulletin No. 25, 1937, the foreword of which contains a reference list of the more im- portant and interesting bulletins. The mechanical problems presented in locating the ice and the technical problems in receiving and disseminating the necessary information were soon solved and the efficiency of this phase of the work is limited only by the advances in radio telegraphy. The most successful phase, however, of this work and the one from wliich the most gratifying results have been obtained has been the program of scientific research. This program now consists almost entirely of research in physical oceanography and the success of the current maps which resulted from work in this field assures their continued use. The attention of the student in oceanography is called to the sections on oceanography in ah of these bulletins which afford him a constantly increasing source of oceanographical data and treatises on ocean circulation in the western North Atlantic Ocean. €^' ^^^ sfrfb«fbythrKorth'ATlamlcVraek ^^ "*" '"""'""^ °'*°'' ^^°''' "' N-ewfoundlan,l), principal region of activity (smaller area within solid black line southeast of Grand Banks), critical area (shaded), and the steamer 81041—39 (Face p. 1) THE INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL, 1937 The ice season of 1937 was in many ways an interesting one. Two outstanding characteristics made it so. One, the very early appear- ance of bergs and their wide distribution in January. And second, the concentration of the main mass of both field ice and bergs along the Newfoundland coast and southeast, south, and southwest of Cape Race, Newfoundland; almost to the total exclusion of other areas. (See fig. 1 and figs. 2 to 7.) These characteristics had some natural results. The early appearance of bergs brought the patrol vessel to the Grand Banks area on the earliest date in the history of the Ice Patrol and the peculiar distribution of the ice made the approach to the Newfoundland coast difficult during February, March, and April (see figs. 3 to 5) and also left the more southern routes, the United States tracks and Canadian track D, remarkably free of bergs during most of the year. Track F was hampered by field ice and bergs from the latter part of January through to the first of July and track E also by field ice and scattered bergs from early February to the first of May. The work of the Ice Patrol was carried out this year in the same manner and with the same organization as in the last 3 years. The patrol vessels for the season of 1937 were the United States Coast Guard cutters Cham'plain and Mendota. The oceanographic vessel was the United States Coast Guard patrol boat General Greene. The commander of the International Ice Patrol Force was Commander G. W. MacLane, who was also commanding officer of the Champlain. The commanding officer of the Mendota was Commander Henry Coyle. On the General Greene were Chief Boatswain Thomas Noland, commandmg, and Senior Physical Oceanographer, United States Coast Guard, F. M. Soide and his four assistants. The ice observa- tion officer, technical adviser to the commander of the International Ice Patrol Force, was Lt. G. Van A. Graves, who remained at sea with two assistants throughout the ice patrol season. On February 1 and 2 reports of bergs were received located near the Tail of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and along the eastern side of the Banks. These bergs were only a few miles north of west bound track C, then in use, in the critical area where bergs move swiftly southward and form an immediate danger to traffic on that route. Upon receipt of these reports the Coast Guard cutter Cayuga was ordered to sail immediately for the ice regions to patrol (1) the critical area until the regular Ice Patrol vessels could be dispatched to begin the annual ice observation service. The Cayuga arrived in the Ice Patrol area February 5. All vessels were informed by a radio broadcast that the Cayuga was making an ice observation cruise and vessels were requested, as usual, to report all ice sighted and when in the Ice Patrol area (see fig. 1) to report their sea water temperature, barometer, weather, visibility, position, course, and speed every 4 hours. The regular ice broadcasts were commenced this same day. During the first cruise, February 4 to 21, the area south of the Tail of the Banks and along the eastern edge of the Banks north to latitude 48°15' N., was thorouglily searched. The only ice sighted was light open field ice in latitude 47°47' N., just outside the 100 fathom curve on the northeastern slope of the Banks. The scattered bergs reported on the Banks and along the eastern slope in January and the first days of February had apparently disappeared and whatever forces tended to move them into this critical area had ceased. Wliile cruising in this area, tlirough which the Arctic ice-bearing current normally flows, no appreciable drift attributable to the Labrador Current was found. An inspection of the cruise chart for the first cruise (fig. 25), shows further evidence that no strong southerly current existed along the east side of the Banks at this tim.e. The isotherms show the usual horizontal thermal gradient along the northern edge of the Gulf Stream, or Atlantic Current, but no indication of south- ward extension of cold water. This is to be expected at this early date but how, then, can the extremely early appearance of bergs in the area and their southerly position in the steamer lanes in January be explained? (The ice reported during the first 10 days of February was undoubtedly the remains of January ice and little or no new ice moved in until after that date. See fig. 3.) The distribution of the bergs on the Januarj^ Ice Chart (fig. 2) does not conform to any known current system in the area and, as stated above, little or no arctic current was observed in February so it is safe to assume that the same condition existed in January. The bergs were scattered indiscrimi- nately in areas of warm and cold water alike, showing that they were blown there by the high northerly gales of December and January. This, however, is not the whole answer, as it is obvious that winter gales blow every year. It is apparent that further investigation is called for, and two lines of inquiry present themselves. One, to see if the occurrence of winds of gale force, force 7 Beaufort scale, or over, was above the normal along the Labrador and Newfoundland ; coasts during the winter of 1 930-37 and, two, to see if the light ice ^ conditions on the Laborador coast in the early winter of 1936, men- tioned under Ice Conditions North Atlantic Ocean (p. 8), were con- ducive to such action. A comparison between the cruise charts for the first and second cruises (figs. 25 and 26) reveals still further proof of the very tem- porary and abnormal character of the January ice distribution and its lack of relationsliip to the existing current system. It will be seen that the Newfoimdland east coast was clear of ice until February 8 (antl had been all through January) while after that date there was a definite change in the distribution and movement which left the area east of longitude 50° W. free of reports of any kind. This change was preceded and accompanied by a strong flow of arctic water down the Newfoundland east coast around Cape Race as evidenced both by surface temperatures and the stronger and stronger tendency for all the ice to move southward by that route. The situation at the end of the second cruise, March 6, was substantially this: Field ice and bergs were concentrated north of latitude 45° N., between longi- tudes 52° W., and 55° W., with no reports whatsoever, east of longi- tude 51°30' W. All tliis area showed surface temperatures below 30° F. (—1.2° C); consistently colder than anywhere else in the Ice Patrol area. This distribution of bergs maintained itself almost constantly until the end of the season. There is another aspect of the season which demands some explana- tion. The discussion just preceding this seems to indicate that little or no Labrador Current flowed down the eastern slope of the Banks during the season. This is not strictly so. The current maps in April, May, and June show southerly current flowing with approxi- mately normal volume and velocity just east of the Banks between latitude 46° N., and the Tail. (See figs. 34 to 36.) Also the isotherms beginning with the fourth cruise chart (fig. 28) show a definite flooding of the east branch of the Labrador Current at this time, the end of March. This action, surprisingly enough, was not accompanied by any general movement of bergs southward by this route. The ice chart for April and particularly the fourth and fifth cruise charts seem to belie tliis statement. (See figs. 5,^ 28, and 29.) All these charts show bergs drifting southward along the eastern edge of the Grand Banks in accordance with the current chart delivered April 11. As is usual these charts give a greatly exaggerated picture of the number of bergs present. This is because each day the successive positions of the various bergs are plotted as they are relocated either by the patrol ship or passing vessels. (When the contact with the berg is contmu- ous, or its identity free of any doubt, the berg's drift track is indicated by a dashed line between the various positions.) As a matter of fact only 13 bergs drifted south of latitude 45° N. along the eastern slope during the entire season. On March 29 and 30 the patrol vessel found a large mass of field ice on the northeastern shoulder of the Grand Banks and counted 10 large bergs in this ice. (See fig. 28.) The subsequent breaking up and melting of the field ice released these bergs and they drifted southward in the cold current. Here we have the only apparent mechanism for delivering bergs to the eastern branch of the Labrador Current; i. e., field ice (wliich is strongly influenced by wind) containing bergs blown southeastward to the northeastern slope of the Banks and there releasing the bergs into the only high road southward to the United States-European lane routes. With the disappearance of field ice from the area and cessation of continued high winds, with the advancing season, tliis means of delivering bergs to the eastern branch of the Labrador Current no longer existed and no more bergs came south in that current. In other words the 10 bergs (and 3 more probably from the same source) counted by the patrol vessel on March 29 and 30 were the only bergs to enter the critical area in 1937. In attempting to explain why, tliis year, bergs did not drift south in what is considered the normal path along the eastern slope of the Banks it must be realized that the fundamental reason for these seasonal changes are somewhat obscure. The answer lies in the meteorological conditions over the shores of Greenland, Labrador, and Baffin Land and in the ocean circulation in the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay and their connecting waters. The immediate cause is more readily apparent. Bergs, because of their deep draft and small percentage of area exposed to other influences, are perhaps the best known current indicators or "drift bottles." Following this idea out leads to the conclusion that if 97.2 percent of the bergs south of latitude 48° N., this season came south via the western branch of the Labrador Current west of longitude 50° W., it was because the major portion of arctic water entered the Atlantic by that route this particu- lar year. This unusual flooding of the arctic current around Cape Race will also account for the appearance of ice bergs in the vicinity of latitude 44°30' N., longitude 54°30' W., on two occasions tins season, February 23 and 24, and May 1 and 5. This is a most unusual place to find bergs and it formed an unexpected menace along track E to Halifax. This year, as in every other year, an estimated count of the number of bergs driftmg south of latitude 48° N., was made for statistical purposes and to compare with the result of annual forecast of the number of bergs south of that same latitude. Because of the concen- tration of field ice and bergs in the rather small area around Cape Race through which for a good part of March no ships could pass, the problem of estimating the number of bergs and of sorting out repeated reports was even more difficult than ordinarily. However, the forecast for the season of the number of bergs to drift south of latitude 48° N., based on the formula described in Coast Guard Bulletin 19, part 3, pages 180 to 189, was 600 bergs as compared with an estimated count of 470 bergs. Given below is a table showing the number of ice bergs south of latitude 48° N.; the annual total and the number in each month from 1900 to 1937. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934. 1935. 1936. 1937. May July Sept. Oct. Nov 222 1,024 50 39ft 1,019 550 731 468 54 38 199 317 445 748 523 236 11 109 515 1,351 475 13 514 216 576 875- 22 470 38-year average, 423. An inspection of the above table shows the months in wliich bergs are most numerous south of Newfoundland and the annual totals bring out strikingly the great variation in the yearly amount of ice. The correlation factor between numbers of bergs and amounts of field ice is very liigh (Smith, 1931, p.. 185). In other words, years which show large berg counts will also be rich in field ice. It would seem then that on the basis of annual totals a direct comparison could be made between any two seasons. This is not true. From the above table or from any similar statistics no idea can be obtained of the distribution of the ice. This is an important factor in determining the relative danger from ice to shipping in any year. To illustrate this the season of 1935 was a very severe year bringing 875 bergs south of latitude 48° N., (over twice the average) and a correspondingly great amount of field ice, but the coast of Newfoundland was remark- ably free of field ice and the east and south coast ports were open the entire year. In contrast, during the 1937 season, which had only 470 bergs or a little over half the number in 1935 and proportionately less field ice, the Newfoundland coast was at certain times unap- proachable because of field ice and was dangerous of approacli during February, March, and early April. Again take the seasons of 1926 and 1934 having annual totals of 345 and 576 bergs respectively. It might be expected that these seasons would be somewhat similar in their effect on shipping south of the Tail of the Banks; one being a little over and the other just under the average. In 1926 forty-eight bergs drifted south of latitude 43° N., while in 1934, with the greater total number, only one drifted south of tliis parallel, with the exception of a doubtful report of ice in latitude 30°50' N., longitude 45°06' W., in May. Many other comparisons could be drawn to illustrate how the varying distribution of the ice influences the character of the season insofar as it tends to menace shipping in any particular area or to leave that area unusually free. (See Bulletins No. 15, No. 24, and No. 25.) Much has been said during the last 24 years concerning the variation in the annual amounts and distribution of field ice and bergs, but not nearly enough. It cannot be too strongly impressed on shipmasters running the North Atlantic routes and on the officers of the Ice Patrol themselves that no one year is anything hke any other year. Nature has infinite opportunities and resources for variety and uses them all with customary lavishness. There are, of course, similarities and it would be just as easy to draw likenesses as it has been to draw con- trasts; but they would generally be misleading. The main point it is desired to stress in this discussion is that a successful or safe course of action in one year should not, in the absence of very recent and accurate information, be used as a basis of action in any other year; and the principle to be derived is that vessels should follow the United States and Canadian seasonal tracks, using the route only between the dates specified in the North Atlantic track agreement. These routes are designed to take a vessel clear of field ice even in extreme ice years and it is believed, without doubt, that in the end time and money will be saved by adhering to these seasonal tracks. The Ice Patrol was terminated June 11, 1937. This was somewhat earlier than the average bat nearly the same as 1936. At the end of the last patrol the bergs in vicinity Cape Race and westward were constantly diminishing in number and reports indicated that they were breaking up rapidly in the continuously warming surface water. The current chart completed June 7 showed a current situation on the eastern edge of the Banks that made the southward drift of any more bergs this season very unUkely. The Ice Patrol season for 1937 was, therefore, definitely over both because of lack of ice and because of no means to transport ice southward. Immediately following this section, under Ice Conditions, North Atlantic Ocean, (p. 8) is a discussion of the ice season by months with a general summary of ice conditions during this year. A detailed account of the operations of the patrol vessel each cruise will be found under Cruise Reports (p. 25) and there are also sections on Communi- cations (p. 14) and Weather (p. 14). The scientific program was limited this year, as in the last 7 years, almost entirely to oceanographical investigations. These studies and observations may be divided into two phases. One, the work during the ice patrol season, which is of immediate and practical value to the patrol vessel, and two, the continuing, long term program of research carried on during the post-season cruises and the interim periods be- tween seasons. The first phase consists of the construction of surface current charts covering approximately the area of principal activity, about 50,000 square nautical miles, each month. (See fig. 1.) The charts are, as can be easily understood, of inestimable value to the patrol vessel showing, as they do, the direction and velocity of the currents in this important area. (See figs. 34, 35, and 36.) The three charts constructed this year, one in April, one in May, and one in June, are thoroughly discussed and analysed elsewhere in this bulletin under Oceanography (p. 71). The second phase of this program for 1937 consisted of a post-season cruise the purpose of which was an investiga- tion of the Labrador and Atlantic Currents and their common boundary from the Grand Banks eastward to longitude 40° W. The results of this investigation are discussed under Oceanography (p. 71) and a narrative account of the postseason cruise may be found under Cruise Reports (p. 40). During the season the patrol ships were able to give medical assist- ance and advice in the following cases: (1) February 10, S. S. Saga- porack, patient suffering from badly injured eye. Advice was given. by radio but no report of the patient's progress was received. (2) March 18, steam trawler Imperialist, patient suffering from serious infection of hand and arm. The patrol vessel took the man aboard for treatment and when cured he was returned to his home in New- foundland via commercial steamer. (3) April 13, S. S. West Queeche, patient suffering from acute and probably infectuous disease. Advice by radio was given but no report of patient's progress was received. (4) April 22, steam trawler Imperialist, patient suffering from infected gum or jaw following extraction. Advice was given by radio and the patient was reported as greatly improved. (5) April 28, S. S. Srane- holm, patient suffering from suppuration in upper jaw and possible blood poisoning to the brain. Advice was given by radio and arrange- ments made to transfer patient to S. S. Scanmail, bound New York. Transfer was effected 7 hours and 30 minutes later, (6) June 3, trawler Cormorant, patient brought aboard and transferred to Halifax for hospitalization. More com.plete accounts of these cases will be found under cruise reports (p. 25). It might be mentioned here that reports of the patients' progress are often essential to continued proper treatment and in any case would be greatly appreciated. The ultimate success of the Ice Patrol is dependent upon the willing cooperation of the merchant vessels for whom this service is main- tained. Without this assistance it would be impossible for a single vessel to adequately protect shipping from the menace of ice. The cooperation of vessels with the Ice Patrol consists primarily, of course, in the reporting of all ice sighted. The necessity for this service need not be emphasized. Secondarily, the ships are asked to report their position, course and speed every 4 hours wliile in the Ice Patrol area (see fig. 1) and at the same time send in their sea water temperature, at that position, and meteorological data, at that time. It is this secondary function of the cooperating ships that it is desired to stress here. These 4-hourly temperature reports serve a fourfold purpose: one, the sea surface temperature is used to construct a biweeldy surface isothermal chart which indicates in a general way the major water movements and supplements the montlily current charts; two, the information as to the whereabouts and movement of the vessels in the prescribed area obtained by these reports contributes materially to the safety of the vessels maldng the reports; three, the tracks of the reporting vessels can be plotted and with the information on their weather and visibility, large areas which might contain ice are scouted out, which is of great assistance to the patrol; and four, the weather reports are useful in the construction of daily weather maps, in planning scouting and in advising vessels as to safe courses. The number of ships sending in these reports is increasing each year but there are still some who do not cooperate and it is thought that if the importance of these reports, both to the Ice Patrol and to them- selves, were realized these ships would be more willing to help. Oppor- tunity is here taken to thank those ships who cooperated in this matter and to urge those, who did not, to do so. ICE CONDITIONS, NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, SEASON OF 1937 JULY TO DECEMBER 1936 As far as is known no ice bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., during this period. A few bergs continued to be reported east of ^elle Isle and in the Straits during the first part of July but these soon disappeared. Bergs were much less numerous along the Labrador coast during the fall and winter than in 1935. All the bergs had drifted south during the summer months except eight bergs, which were sighted between Ragged Island and Macovik, Labrador on vOctober IL (Approximate latitude 55° N.) No bergs were reported 1 in the Straits of Belle Isle in December but new ice (local slob) was encountered ofT Cape Norman December 30.^ JANUARY 1937 Tiie first ice appeared in the Grand Banks area January 14. From that date until the end of January about 23 bergs were reported in widely scattered positions along the northeastern and eastern edge of the Grand Banks. Beginning January 24, large areas of heavy field ice were reported north of latitude 47° N., between longitude 49° W., and 52° W. It is estimated that 20 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. during this month. The easternmost ice was in latitude 44°14' N., longitude 45°45' W., and the southernmost in latitude 43°45' N., longitude 46°13' W. The distribution of the ice for the period is graphically shown on the January Ice Chart. (See fig. 2.) FEBRUARY 1937 The early days of February showed little change from conditions in the preceding month. The ice reported during this time, say from the first to tenth, seemed to be almost entirely the remains of January ice. That is, scattered bergs and growlers along the eastern edge of the Banks apparently drifting onto the Banks and large areas of heavy field ice north of latitude 47° N., on the northeastern edge of the Grand Banks. Toward the middle of the month heavy field ice was reported along the Newfoundland coast around Cape Race and southwest and southeast of the Cape as far as latitude 45° N. Nu- merous bergs were also reported all through this area which drifted rapidly southward and southeastward over the Banks, and as far southwest as latitude 44°24' N., in the vicinity of longitude 54°30' W. No reports of any kind, field ice or bergs, were received east of longi- tude 50° W., after February 13, with the exception of patches of field ice on February 14. This condition maintained itself until the end of the month at which time there was no ice in the area east of longi- tude 51°30' W. Heavy ice was reported streaming out of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence past Scatari Island, Cape Breton Island, on February 1, 8, 11, and 20. It is estimated that 53 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., during February. The distribution of the ice for the month is graphically shown on the February Ice Chart. (See fig. 3.) MARCH 1937 The situation during the first half of March remained identical with conditions as described in the latter part of February. Bergs and field ice continued to be concentrated in the area north of latitude ' For the information along the Labrador coast and vicinity of Belle Isle for the above period the Coast Guard is in iebted to the Marine Department of the Newfoundland Railway, St. John's, Newfoundland. 10 45° N., and west of longitude 50°30' W., to the exclusion of all other parts of the area. The field ice was more dense and heavier than any- reported during February and bergs continued to move mto the above area in good numbers. Ice conditions in the congested area, say within a radius of 120 miles of Cape Race, which includes practically all the ice south of latitude 48° N., were particularly difficult to deter- mine during this month. As the field ice and bergs spread south and southeast from Cape Race as a center, ice conditions in the area, between the Cape and the eastern and southern limits of the ice, became less and less known. This field ice was heavy and so closely packed that it was dangerous for any but ships specifically built to work in ice, and when this became generally known all vessels, except for those bound to Newfoundland ports, avoided this area. This, of course, resulted in a great scarcity of reports from this region. The situation remained substantially the same throughout the month. Heavy field ice was reported March 28 extending 63 miles east southeast from Scatari Island, Cape Breton Island. This was the only report of St. Lawrence ice for the month. On March 29 and 30 a large mass of field ice was located, m which 10 large bergs were counted, extending 100 miles in an east southeast direction from latitude 48° N., longitude 49° W. This field ice was first reported on March 17 and had appar- ently moved to the eastward since that date. This ice was the only ice reported east of longitude 50° W. in March. It is estimated that 121 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. durmg the month and the distribution of the ice is graphically shown on the March Ice Chart. (See fig. 4.) APRIL 1937 This month brought a change in the ice distribution. For the first time since February bergs began drifting southward along the eastern edge of the Banks. From April 1 to 27 eleven bergs drifted south of latitude 45 into the critical area along the southeastern edge of the Banks. These bergs formed the first real threat to the United States- European lane routes since January. One berg, observed by the patrol vessel from April 21 to 30, drifted southward across track C to latitude 42°07' N, This was the extreme southern limit of the ice for the season. Reports of field ice were noticeably less during this month, especially in the ice infested area south and east of Cape Race. With the breaking up and disappearance of the heavy field ice the use of track F became more general and a more accurate knowledge of the true conditions in that area was obtained. The situation remained dangerous throughout the month as shown by repeated reports of numerous bergs and growlers in scattered positions in vicinity of Cape Race and extending southeast and south to latitude 46° N. and west to longitude 55° W. Large areas of field ice continued to be reported north of latitude 46°50' N. and west of longitude 50° W. in the last 11 days of this month when vessels began to attempt to cross this area again. St. Lawrence ice was reported throughout the month in heavy floes drifting past Scatari Island, Cape Breton Island. The St. Lawrence Ice Patrol was started April 8 and discontinued May 1, when all the heavy floes had disappeared. April brought the widest distribution of ice for the year through not the greatest number of bergs. It is estimated that 124 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. during this month and the distribution of the ice is graphically shown on the April Ice Chart. (See fig. 5.) MAY 1937 Bergs continued to enter the area along the eastern coast of New- foundland in good numbers throughout this month. By May 7 all the bergs had disappeared from the eastern edge of the Banks and no further menace to the United States-European lane routes existed this season. The distribution of bergs was therefore restricted almost entirely to the area around Cape Race between longitude 51° W., and 55° W. and north of latitude 46° N. There is one notable exception to this general picture. As happened early in the season, namely February 23 and 24, several bergs w^ere reported on May 1 and 4 in vichiity of latitude 44°30' N., longitude 54°30' W., and one in latitude 43°50' N., longitude 55°47' W., on May 5. This is a most unusual locality for bergs. In the last days of May a few bergs in scattered positions were reported along the north and n.ortheastern slope of the Banks, all north of latitude 48° N. On May 25 a group of four bergs was reported in latitude 47°31' N., longitude 46°55' W. The Straits of Belle Isle and the immediate vicinity were reported clear of ice on May 20. Subsequent reports, however, showed that tliis route was blocked by heavy impassable field ice to the eastward. On May 23 and 29 heavy field ice was reported in approximate longitude 53°30' W., extending as far as can be seen to the north from latitude 51°30' N. Also on the 29th numerous bergs and strings of field ice were re- ported, extending 120 miles east northeast of Belle Isle. These reports continued to the end of the month indicating that although the coast of Newfoundland and southern Labrador in vicinity of the Straits of Belle Isle were remarkably free of ice for May, that the field ice and bergs were still moving southward in quantity off-shore. However, in the Cape Race region, where for so long the unusual concentration of bergs had made track F hazardous in fog or darkness, the bergs were, by the end of May, constantly diminishing in number and showing signs of disintegration. By the last day of May not more than 40 bergs remained in this area. It is estimated that 137 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. this month. The distribution of ice for this period is graphically shown on the May Ice Chart. (See fig. 6.) 81041 — 38 2 12 JUNE AND JULY 1937 As was seen in the last days of May there was a definite lessening of the number of bergs in the area. This continued until June 1 1 when there remained only 18 bergs south of latitude 49° N., all but three of which were in vicinity of Cape Race and extending westward along track F, in widely scattered positions to longitude 56° W. The bergs reported along the north and northeastern edge of the Grand Banks had showed no tendency to move southward but drifted slowly east- ward melting in the rapidly warming surface water. The International Ice Patrol was discontinued for the season on June 11, but the United States Coast Guard patrol boat General Greene, the oceanographic vessel of the Ice Patrol Force, made an oceanographic cruise in the North Atlantic from June 19 to July 25, 1937. During this period the ice situation was as follows: reports from the Cape Race area and along the Newfomidland east coast continued during the latter part of June and then diminished rapidly imtil a cessation of ice reports from this region on July 6 showed that the bergs there had at last disintegrated and no more were moving in to take their place; the reports from the Belle Isle area continued to show, throughout the period, numerous bergs in scattered positions extendmg eastward from Belle Isle along the track to longitude 50° W., and west of Belle Isle, in the straits, to Point Amour, which is a normal situation and should continue for some time; about July 9, bergs began to be reported about 180 miles northeast of Cape Race, just outside the 100 fathom curve, and subsequent reports from July 12 to 22 showed these bergs moving southward in that area, which had been clear of bergs since June 11. It is estimated 15 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., during this period, 14 in June and 1 in July. The distribution of the bergs for these months is graphically shown on the June and July Ice Charts. (See figs. 7 and 8.) SUMMARY Evidence seems to show that the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay basins were swept practically clear of ice during the summers of 1935 and 1936. The Ice Patrol's observations during June 1936 m the vicinity of Cape Farewell, Greenland, found only a few scattered pieces of field ice and remarkably few bergs. From reports obtained in the late fall and early winter of 1936 along the Laborador coast, at least as far north as Hopedale, there was a singular absence of bergs in an}^ numbers and no field ice at all. (See Ice Conditions, 1936, Bulletin No. 26, Washington, 1937.) The salient points of the season were: (1) The early appearance (January 14) and extremely wide distribution of bergs in Januarv and (2) the concentration of 59° 58° ^ 57° GENERAL CHART ICE PATROL AREA GRAND BANKS 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 5e« 57» 56° 55° 54° 53' 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° FiGUEE 2.— Ice conditions, January 1937. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° 81041—39 (Face p. 12) No. 1 c;q° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° ^ 53° 52' 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52"" 51° 50° 49*' 48° 47° FiouBE 3— Ice conditions, February 1937. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° 81041—39 (Face p. 12) No. 2 (^ ( _ L K<- «W|ll|l '""'!!"% L ICLCHAKI mRCi/7.?7 '"''«x«i,:;,uJ.'***' 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° FIOUBK 4.— Ice conditions, March 1937. Fipiros indicate day of mopnth Ice was sighted or reported. 81041—39 (Face p. 12) No. 3 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45' 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51' 50° 49° Figure 5.— Ice conditions, April 1937. Figures Inlicate day of month ice was sighted ( 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 81041—39 (Face p. 12) No. 4 SB° sr ;36'' 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° AST 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50' FiouRB 6— Ice conditions, May 1937. Figures indicate day ef month ice 48° 47° was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° 81041—39 (Face p. 12) No. 5 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 3° .^ ^^' 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° FlODEE 7.— Ice conditions, June 1937. Figures indicate day of month ice was siglited or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° ...... 81041—39 (Face p. 12) No. 6 59^"^^ 57" 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° FiocRB 8.— Ice conditions, July 1937. Figures indicate day ot month Ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° 810-41—39 (Face p. 12) No. almost all field ice and bergs in the area immediately under the New- foundland coast and southwest, south and southeast of Cape Race. The unusually open conditions in the Davis Strait, Baffin Bay region, especially along the Labrador coast, mentioned above, may conceiv- ably have had an influence on the following ice season. It would be interesting to see if, over a period of years, a correlation could be found between the quantity and distribution of the ice in the Grand Banks area and conditions along the Labrador coast the preceding fall and winter. It is not unusual for field ice or even a few bergs to be reported on the north and northeastern slopes of the Grand Banks in the middle and latter part of January, but the large number of bergs, and their dis- tribution, existing from January 14 on, this year, shows without doubt that there was much unreported ice in the early days of January or even in the latter part of December. Tract F was blocked by field ice, track E had scattered bergs obstructing it east of longitude 50° W and at least two bergs had even crossed track C before the end of Jan- uary. These same conditions existed through the middle of February when there was a definite change in the distribution and movement of the bergs and field ice which caused the concentration of all ice along the Newfoundland coast and south of Cape Race which continued throughout the season. This situation completely blocked track F during March and April and this route was seriously obstructed by numerous bergs through May and June. Track E was impassable only in March but was distinctly unsafe at night in fog until the first of May. The only menace to the United States-European routes after January existed between April 11 and 30. During this period 13 bergs drifted south of latitude 45° N., along the eastern edge of the Banks, one reaching the extreme southern latitude for the year, latitude 42°07' N. Tracks B, C, and D were clear of ice for the season May 1. All routes except track G, Belle Isle route, were entirely clear by August 1. Through August the only ice reports along the steamer routes were a few bergs in the vicinity of Belle Isle. It is estimated that 470 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., during the season. This compares fairly well with the forecast number, 600 bergs south of that latitude. No loss of life directly attributable to ice conditions occurred this season although one vessel collided with an iceberg in the Straits of Belle Isle in June. Little damage was sustained and she continued her voyage under her own power. Considerable delay and some slight damage was experienced by vessels bound to New- foundland ports, or attempting to run through the ice on track F, during February, March, and April. Only one iceberg drifted south of the Tail of the Banks (latitude 43° N.) durhig the season 1937. 14 COMMUNICATIONS The conduct of the patrol, as now organized, would be impossible without the aid of modern radio. The great unportance of dependable communications to the Ice Patrol is readily apparent and has been often stressed before. Suffice it to say here that the Ice Patrol vessels are equipped with the very latest types of radio receivers and transmitters and every attempt is made to bring radio personnel and equipment up to the very highest standard. Suggestions and criti- cisms in this field are always welcome. Last year automatic transmit- ting machines were first used in sending the regular ice broadcast and their success has assured the continued use of these instruments. The willing and helpful cooperation of the Canadian radio stations is gratefully acknowledged. The assistance of these stations, both in gathering and disseminating ice information, was indispensable. The following daily schedules were maintained without serious interruption throughout the period of the patrol. In addition to these schedules contact was made with Washington about every 2 hours. All times are Greenwich civil time. DAILY ICE BROADCASTS TO SHIPPING Time (G. C. T.) Frequency (kilocycles) Emission 0100 175 1000 425 175 A2 1300 Al 2200 425. A 2 DAILY SCHEDULES WITH WASHINGTON (NMH) NIDK NMH 1130 |8,4G0and 12,690 .-. 8,400 and 12,600 { i\ WEATHER It is apparent that weather conditions over the patrol area are impor- tant to the patrol vessel. Knowledge of the coming weather is neces- sary for several reasons: (1) in order to effectively plan scouting opera- tions for the next 36 hours; (2) in predicting the drift of icebergs and movements of field ice; and (3) in order to be able to answer requests for weather conditions and to advise vessels as to safe courses to follow. To supply this information two weather maps are constructed each day from the data supplied by the Marine-Angot weather bulle- tin broadcast from Arlington radio. In addition, weather reports from vessels in the ice patrol area, which are received every 4 hours, are also plotted in order to make the synoptic situation as detailed as possible within the ice patrol area. The monthly weather conditions while the patrol vessel was in the Grand Banks region are described in general below and the percentage- 15 of fog and average temperatures are given for each month. Because this region, as has been so often mentioned before, is a region of sharp contrast due to the juxtaposition of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream and the arctic waters of the Labrador Current, these data are of little value for climatological studies but are only interesting as a picture of the type and extreme variations in weather that may be expected in this region. Figures 9 to 24 give the observed weather data in detail for the period February to June 1937. FEBRUARY The weather during this month was boisterous as might be expected at this season. However, only one severe storm passed directly over the area prior to February 20. This disturbance moved east north- east from the Virginia Capes, centered over southeastern Newfound- land, causing west and northwest winds of gale force, force 8 for the most part and at times force 9, for 29 hours on February 8 and 9. Other disturbances caused high winds for short periods, notably on February 6 and 16, southerly winds of force 7 on both occasions. The average temperature for this month was 37.99° F., and the per- centage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was 13.9 percent. (See fig. 9.) MARCH The weather during this month was on the whole favorable and was characterized by moderate winds and a large percentage of good visibil- ity. Only one storm of marked intensity passed over the area, giving winds of gale force from March 21 to 25 with an extreme low barom- eter of 28.86 inches. The average temperature for the month was 33.6° F., and the percentage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was 10.4 percent. (See figs. 10 to 14.) APRIL The weather during the first half of this month was iniiuenced, with one exception, by a great mass uf polar air that flowed south over the North Atlantic in the wake of a deep depression which remained almost stationary about 600 or 700 miles east of Newfoundland from April 1 to 5. This air flowed southward and strengthened the semi- permanent Azorean high, which is usual over the ocean, establishing summer conditions over the North Atlantic for the season. The resulting weather conditions in the Grand Banks area were a pre- dominance of moderate to fresh southwest winds, rain, and a high per- centage of fog. The onlj^ notable exception to these conditions was a wave disturbance originating April 11 in the vicinity of tbe Bahamas and moving rapidly northeastward, arriving over tiie Banks on April 13, giving strong northeast winds that day and strong northwest diminishing rapidly on the 14th. During the next week the weather was milder, partly due to the adA^ancing season, partly to the more southern locale of the patrol vessel, but more properly due to the prevailing southwest winds. These conditions are characteristic of the season and bring generally unsettled weather, frequent showers and an increasing percentage of fog. On April 22 a deep disturbance, practically stationary just south of Cape Race, Newfoundland, gave strong northerly winds approaching gale force at times that day and developed into a long trough or discontinuity line, giving strong northv/est winds on its northern side for the next 2 days and drawing a deep mass of polar air southward beliind it, bringing fine weather until the 29th when southerly winds preceding the next disturbance brought fog and rain. This second depression moved slowly east- ward and by April 30 had developed the same sharp line of discon- tinuity with the warm Atlantic air on the southeast side and a deep mass of polar continental air on the northeast side. This cold front moved slowly across the area on April 30 causing a sudden wind shift from strong south southwest wind, warm weather and dense fog, to north northeasterly winds with clear weather but cloudy and cold. The passage of the front was marked by heavy showers. The aver- age temperature for the month of April was 39.03° F., and the per- centage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was 28.5 percent. (See figs. 14 to 18.) MAY During the first days of May a wave disturbance developed along the sharp cold front, described above on April 30, just northeast of Bermuda and moved slowly northward, then retrograded slowly and filled during the next few days without going to occlusion or mov- ing appreciably. Tliis was followed by a long period of extremely mild summer conditions bringing an extraordinary amount of fog to the ice patrol area which persisted to May 24. The percentage of fog during this period was 65.5 percent. The remainder of the month was characterized by light to moderate west southwest winds bringing warm mild conditions and less than normal percentage of fog. Low visibility during this month materially int erf erred with scouting oper- ations for the first time tliis year. The average temperature during the month was 44.27° F., and the percentage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was 38.1 percent. (See figs. 18 to 23.) JUNE The patrol vessel was in the Grand Banks region only during the first 11 days of tliis month. During tliis time the weather was seasonably warm and mild with south and southwesterly winds pre- vailing and much fog. The average temperature was 50.2° F., and the percentage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was 78.6 percent. (See figs. 23 and 24.) 17 18 19 20 I \ 21 22 23 24 CRUISE REPORTS FIRST CRUISE "CAYUGA," FEBRUARY 4 TO FEBRUARY 21, 1937 The Cayuga sailed from Boston, Mass., at 1810, February 3, 1937, on an ice observation cruise in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Northerly winds and moderate sea and good visi- bility were experienced enroute and on February 6 the Cayuga arrived in the vicinity of the Grand Banks and began the search for ice. On February 5, the District Eadio Commissioner of Halifax, Nova Scotia, was informed by radio that this vessel was making an ice observation cruise in the interests of the International Ice Patrol, and requested that the Canadian radio stations lend the same valuable assistance in the collection and dissemination of ice information as in former years. This same day all vessels were informed of our presence in the ice patrol area by general call on 500 kilocycles, informing them that the Cayuga was making an ice observation cruise and requesting all vessels to report all ice sighted and their sea water temperature, weather, barometer, visibility, position, course and speed every four hours. The regular ice broadcasts were begun at 1900 February 5. From February 7 to February 17, the Cayuga scouted out the cold water to the south of the Tail of the Grand Banks and up the eastern edge of the Banks between the 100 and 1,000 fathom curves from latitude 43° N., to latitude 48°10' N. No icebergs were sighted and only one area of field ice. This field ice was light and open with a few heavy pieces and was about 6 miles wide, extending from latitude 47°42' N., longitude 48°33' W., to latitude 47°52' N., longitude 48°45' W. The bergs and growlers reported in the cold current east and northeast of the Grand Banks on February 1 and 4 have dis- appeared and no others have appeared in an advantageous position to drift southward. Much light and open field ice was reported during this cruise around Cape Race and to the eastward, wliile a few bergs were reported in scattered positions on the Banks and around Cape Race. Heavy field ice was reported moving out of the St. Lawrence through Cabot Strait past Scatari Island, Cape Breton Island. No menace to the United States-European lane routes or Canadian track D existed during this cruise. Canadian track E was in constant use and only five bergs in widely scattered positions were reported along this route, all on the Banks. Considerable field ice was reported along Canadian track F inside the 100 fathom curve. This route is passable by using due caution during fog and darkness but is not recommended and was used by only a few vessels during this cruise. (See fig. 25.) On the evening ol February 17, the Cayuga steamed westward toward the relieving point and at 0730 February 21 met the Champlain in latitude 43°48' N., longitude 59°38' W. A boat was lowered and 26 Li. (). Vnn A. (Jravos, ico observation olliccr, was transferred to the Cham.plam and at 0740 the Champlain relieved the Cayuga as ice observation vessel. The Cayuga set course for Boston, Mass., arrivino; there at 1736, February 22, 1937. On February 10, medical advice was given to a patient on board the vS. S. Sagaporack, who was suffering Ironi a badly injured eye. No report of the mail's condition has been received. The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports recciveil during this cruise: Number of ice roiwrts received — - _^ 19 NinnlKT of water temperature rei)orts received 992 Number of vessels furnishiug ice reports 11 Numb(>r of vessels furiiisliiim water temperature reports 03 Nuiuber of v(>ss(>ls fui iiislieil special information 1 SECOND CRUISK "CHAMPLAIN ". FEFJHUARY 21 TO MARCH 6. 1937 The Champlain ^i\\\o(\ from New York, N. Y., at lOlS, February 10, 1937, and after anchoring in Gravesend Bay because of thick snow, set sail for the Grand Banks of Newfoundland on an ice observation cruise at 1150. The trip to the ice area was stormy and boisterous in the extreme. On clearing New York Harbor, northeasterly gales were encountered which backed slowly to northwest maintainhig gale force for 34 hours. Willi tlie al)ating of weather on February IS, the Champlain proceeded to the relief oi the Cayuga at economical speed. February 20 brought strong winds to moderate gales from the north again, and speed was reduced accordingly. The Cayuga was met south of Sable Island in the lee of the island at 0730, February 21, 1937. l^t. G. Van A. Graves reported aboard and at 0740 the Cham- plain relieved the Cayuga as ice observation vessel. Course was set for the Tail of the Grand Baid^s where the Champlain arrived at mid- niglit, February 22, and stopped to drift and await daybreak to com- mence the search for ice. Little scouting could be done on February 23 due to rain and fog but the next day with good visibility the Champlain ran up the west- ern edge of the Banks to scout out an area of reported bergs and field ice moving southwest off the shoal in the vicinity of latitude 44°30' N., longitude 54°30' W. Courses w^ere run through the re- ported ice and only one small berg was sighted in latitude 44°36' N., longitude 54°22' W. No further time could be spent developing this region as it was necessary to head for the critical area on the eastern slope of the Banks to scout out the cold current around the Tail. So during the night of February 24, and the next day, the Champlain ran eastward across the Banks to this important area arri\ing there in the evenhig of February 25. No scouting could be done on February 26 due to fog and rain but on February 27 and 28 the Champlain searched between the 100 and 27 1,000 fathom curves, in tlic cold water from latitude 44°20' N., around the Tail and up the western edge to latitude A'.V^'M)' N. As several bergs liad been reported in the early days (^f February south of latitude 45'^ X., on the Iianlv her position immediately, making such speed as was prudent tiiicjugh tli(; easterly gale and very heavy snow that maintained at that time, iiy morning it was learned that the S. S. Imofjene of Saint John's, Newfoundland, had the Esmond in tow so no further action was required by this ves- sel. During tlie day of Mnrch 2, the Cfi/implain encountered and developed ii v;i.st iife;i, of JKtnvy field if;e containirjg fniujy bergs juid large heavy pieces find growlers ext(!nding for 70 miles east and west from longitude 52'"''10' W., to longitude 53'^50'W., approximately along anfi to the north of the forty -sixth parallel. This ice was dangerous to navigation ;ind ouide Canadian tr;ir,l; ]-' impassable west of longitude .52'" \V. During the night of \];irc\\ 2, the CfMiaptain steuiii(;d to (!ii,stward to again sejueh ihe, ecitifiil jireji on the eastern slope of the i>;i,nks for southward moving bergs. On .Xbiteh '■'), tliis area was scoutrjd out from latitude 4^/^-,(J' X., sou) h\\;ii(l \i, i;iiitnf|e l.'^'IO'X. .\'o bergs were sighted. Xo scouting could tx; done on Miueh 4, [;e,e.i]jjse of strong northwest winds and high seas. On MjireJi .">, with rjither fjoor visibility and rain, it was attempted to scout out iui iire;). of e^ld wji.ter which lay off the western edge of the Banks in Ihr; vieinify of hititudr; 44'"' X., lorjgitwfjf; rA'^ W., in stn effr)rt to reJoejite ii grouf; of five bergs reportefj on l""ebr-ij;i.ry 2.'j, smd unrepf,rte(J -iur'c. th;it d;ite. This search wys given up due to rain and generally low visibility ;ind tlie Cfi/im/plain steamed westward toward the relievirLg point. The Merulota was met at 154o, 0 Mar?;h, 1937, in latitude 43'^] 8' N., longitude 55^25' VV. Lt. G. Van A. (iraves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Mrmdota and at 1040 the Mcndota relieved the Cho/raylava as ice observation vessej. The ClMrn/phiin set course for lbj|if;jx, Xova Scotin., jir/'ivirjg Ibf-re, ij.t 0928, 8 March, WM . The follo'.vifig i~, ii. suinm;ify of Ir^.e ji.nd wu\.<-\- tem j;er!jt,ijre r(',ports received duriog tfjc patrol: Xurnher of vessels furnishing ice refKjrts 14 N'umber of ifx; reports receive^i 52 Number of vessfjls furnishing water temperature reports 76 N'umber of water temperat ure reports reeei vf^l 828 Number of ve.ss*;lH furnished special information 13 ] 8)041— .■'.!< .-', I 28 THIRD CRUISE "MENDOTA," MARCH 6 TO MARCH 24, 1937 The Mendota sailed from New York, N. Y., at 0940, March 3, 1937, to reUeve the Champlain as ice observation vessel in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The trip to the ice regions was without incident and moderate southwest and northwest winds and good visibility were experienced. The Champlain was met in lati- tude 43°14' N., longitude 55°33' W., at 1545, March 6, 1937, Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer and the observer's party reported aboard and at 1640 the Mendota relieved the Champlain as ice observation vessel. On March 7, an area of cold water on the western edge of the Banks suspected of containing bergs was scouted out but no bergs were found. On March 8, 9, and 10 and 11, the Mendota searched around the Tail of the Banks and up the cold current on the eastern edge to latitude 46°40' N. No ice was sighted. The next day, March 12, was spent steaming across the Banks to the area of reported field ice and bergs south and southeast of Cape Race. During March 13 and 14, the eastern and southern limits of the field ice were delineated south of latitude 46° N. Heavy field ice was found to extend east to longitude 50°30' W., and south to latitude 45°15' N., with patches of ice and pieces south to 45° N. Three bergs were sighted in the ice. (See fig. 27.) The following days March 16, 17, 18, and 19 were spent scouting out the western edge of the Banks south of the ice for bergs. During this, the following steam trawlers were spoken and identified and all found well aboard: S. S. Saiita Joana of Aveiro, Portugal: S. S. Capricorne of Bordeaux, France; S. S. Greenland of Fecamp, France; and the S. S. Vallwiit of St. Malo, France. At 2200 March 18, a message from the steam trawler Imperialist ol St. John's Newfoundland, stating a man aboard had a serious infection of the hand and arm and requesting medical aid was received. The Mendota proceeded immediately to her position making contact at 0700 March 19, in latitude 43°55' N., longitude 52°04' W. A boat was lowered to get the injured man and at 0700, one, John Ryan, mariner, of Bay Bulls, Newfoundland, was received aboard for treat- ment. The Imperialist proceeded on her way and the Mendota con- tinued scouting to the south and eastward throughout that day and the next, working toward the eastern edge of the Grand Banks, arriv- ing there the morning of March 20. With rather poor visibility the Mendota searched up the 100-fathom curve that day until dense fog made further scouting useless and the Mendota stopped to drift. As the weather showed no signs of clearing, course was laid to the west- ward toward the relieving point and so throughout the next day and night. The Champlain was met in latitude 43°55' N., longitude 59°37' W A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officei 29 and the observer's party were transferred to the Champlain and at 1830, March 24, 1937, the Champlain reheved the Mendota as ice observation vessel. The Mendota set course for HaHfax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 1318, March 25, 1937. The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during the patrol: Number of ice reports received 47 Number of water temperature reports received 922 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports _ 12 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 9(5 Number of vessels furnished special information 12. FOURTH CRUISE, "CHAMPLAIN," MARCH 24 TO APRIL 5, 1937 The Champlain sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 0555, March 21, 1937 to relieve the Mendota as ice observation vessel. Enroute to the relieving point on March 22, west northwest gales were encountered wliich blew force 10, whole gale, for 17 hours. At 1945 March 22, the Champlain headed for latitude 42°22' N., longitude 59°38' w' where the steamer Bjirkli was reported in distress. Little headway could be made in whole gale and mountainous seas and as the Chelan had the situation in hand and was making progress the Champlain hove to at 2300 that night, keeping, however, in close touch with distress work. Because of the continued gale force wind it was thought advisable to effect relief in lee of Sable Island, so durino- March 23 and 24 the Champlain made what speed she could toward that place arriving there at 1700 March 24. Lt. G. Van A. Graves ice observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 1830 the Champlain relieved the Mendota as ice observation vessel Course was set for the Tail of the Banks and on March 26, 27 and 28 the Champlain searched around the Tail and up the eastern 'edge of the Banks, just outside the 100-fathom curve, to latitude 46°50' N. The search was continued the next day as far as latitude 48°10' N where heavy field ice was encountered. The southern and eastern hmits of tins ice were determined during the afternoon of March 29 and the next day. The ice extended from latitude 48°03' N., longi- tude 49° W., in a general east southeast direction for 100 miles and Its limits to the north could not be seen. This mass of ice contained about 10 large bergs and completely blocked Canadian track F and mil probably drift across track E. The next day, March 31, the Champlain scouted to the south 24 miles east of the courses run lorthward during the preceeding 2 days. Tliis search extended south to latitude 45° N. No ice was sighted in the area. Durmg the remainder of the patrol, April 1, 2, 3, and 4, the area mounded by latitudes 45° N., and 47° N., and longitudes 50°30' W md 52° W., was scouted out. This area which at the end of last cruise 30 was known to contain large masses of heavy field ice and many bergs was now found to be almost entirely free of ice with exception of three small bergs and five growlers in scattered positions sighted on April 4, Tliis ice had apparently been blown off the coast and down from the north by the prevailing northerly winds. With the completion of this search on the evening of April 4 the Champlain headed to the south- westward toward the relieving point. The Mendota was met in latitude 43°31' N., longitude 56°15' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Mendota and at 1700 April 5, 1937, the Mendota relieved the Champlain as ice observation vessel. The Champlain set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there, without incident, at 1545, April 6, 1937. The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during the patrol: Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 8 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 110 Number of ice reports received 17 Number of water temperature reports received 867 Number of vessels furnished special information 10 FIFTH CRUISE, "MENDOTA," APRIL 5 TO 20, 1937 The Mendota sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 0600, April 4, 1937, to relieve the Champlain as ice observation vessel. The voyage to the relieving point was accomplished without incident. Fresh to strong north and northeast winds with the accompanying rough sea, prevailed. The Champlain was met at 1530 and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and the Mendota relieved the Champlain as ice observation vessel at 1700, April 5, 1937, in latitude 43°39' N., longitude 56°23' W. The Mendota set course to the eastward crossing the Banks and arriving on the eastern edge at daylight, April 7. That day and the next 2 days, April 8 and 9, the Mendota scouted out the cold current between i latitude 44° N., and 45° N. On April 7 three bergs and two growlers ■■ were sighted in this area. One berg was large and had grounded in i 33 fathoms of water in latitude 44°25' N., longitude 49°05' W. On ; April 8, the grounded berg was relocated and had not moved, butt poor visibility prevented a thorough search for the other ice. How- ever, two growlers were found that day and on April 9, all the icei seen on the 7th was relocated showing a southward drift of about 16< miles per day. The General Greene was sighted this day and while she was on station in latitude 44°20' N., longitude 48°48' W., one seamaD from the Champlain was transferred to the General Greene to fill a vacancy in her crew. April 10 was foggy and no scouting could be^ done. 31 On the morning of April 11, the grounded berg was ascertained to be in the same position and at noon the Mendota steamed to the north- eastward to contact the General Greene, which was met at 1415, and a current map of the critical area was delivered by heaving line over the stern of the Mendota. The General Greene proceeded to St. John's, Newfoundland. Three average sized bergs were found this day in the following positions: latitude 44°46' N., longitude 48°43' W., latitude 44042' N.^ longitude 48°51' W., and latitude 44°37' N., longitude 48°43' W. These bergs were in the south bound current as shown by the current chart and moved rapidly southward accordingly. Following the southward drift of this ice occupied the remainder of the patrol. During the day of April 12, the area between latitudes 43° N., and 44° N., in the cold current was searched in an effort to locate the two small bergs and two growlers last sighted just north of latitude 44° N., on April 9. This ice was not found nor was any other ice sighted in this area. Northeast winds and poor visibility prevailed all of April 13, but efforts were made to find the berg which had been grounded in latitude 44°25' N., longitude 49°05' W. It was not found. The search on April 14 was planned so as to pick up the three bergs sighted on April 11, and if possible, to relocate the grounded berg last seen April 1 1 . The three bergs were found in the following posi- tions: latitude 43°50' N., longitude 49° W., latitude 44°12' N., longi- tude 48°49' W., and latitude 44°06' N., longitude 48°28' W. Over the period of 3 days, two of these bergs averaged 16 miles a day and one averaged 13 miles a day. The observed velocities and directions of drift of these bergs are in excellent agreement with the calculated stream lines shown on the current chart. The grounded berg was not found. The Mendota drifted with the easternmost of these bergs the night of the 14, and the next day, April 15, all three were relocated. The easternmost of these three had drifted into the warm northerly current and moved only 7 miles in a northeast direction. The other two showed continued southerly drift in accordance with the current chart but the observed velocity of movement, about 20 miles per day, was in excess of what should be expected fi-om the density of the isobaths. The search courses on the 15 were planned so as to cover the 50-fathom curve from latitude 44°30' N., to latitude 43°12' N., in a final effort to locate the large berg last seen aground on April 1 1 in latitude 44°25' N., longitude 49°05' W. The search was unsuccess- ful so at sunset the Mendota returned to the southernmost ice, then in latitude 43°29' N., longitude 48 '53° W. to drift for the night. Due to rapid southward drift of these bergs carrying them south of latitude 44° N., into west bound tracks C and D, it was recommended to the Commander, International Ice Patrol Force on April 14 that ice patrol be inaugurated for the season of 1937. Acting on tliis recommendation the Commander, International Ice Patrol Force or- 32 dered the commencement of ice patrol at 2400 G. C. T., April 15, 1937, and Headquarters and the United States Hydrographic Office were so advised. To review the story of the berg repeatedly mentioned in the para- graph above, as aground in latitude 44°25' N., longitude 49°05' W., this berg was first reported AprU 7, and was identified and located by the patrol ship that same day. It was visited each day thereafter up to and including the morning of April 11, at wliich time it was ap- parently still hard aground in the same position in 33 fathoms of water. Advantage of good weather was taken on April 12 to scout out the area between latitude 44° N., and latitude 43° N., as mentioned above. No ice was sighted. Although the visibility was poor April 13, it was attempted to find the grounded berg. Its position and the immediate vicinity were searched but because of the low visibility the search was inconclusive. It not having been found, however, and it being in the strength of the Labrador Current while aground, its where- abouts became a serious concern of the patrol. Its possible movements may be summarized as follows: Assuming that the berg rolled or was moved sufficiently to dislodge itself immediately after the Mendota left it at noon, April 11, the current would have carried it almost due south clear of the shoal. But 10 miles south of its starting position the current bends strongly towards the shoal and this tendency, combined with the strong northeast winds of the 13th, would have surely carried the berg back onto the shoal again. Admitting the possibility that it might have remained clear of the shoal it would have drifted southward along the Banks with the current. In either case, the scouting on April 12 would have found it so that its immediate dislodgement seems unlikely. As the position was run over in clear weather on April 15, and the berg's departure definitely established, the 12, 13, or 14 are the days it must have moved if it was dislodged as a whole to drift with the current. The scouting of April 14 and 15 exhausted the possibilities of its moving southward close in along the Banks as it most naturally would, or of moving due south or south southeast, its only other possible directions, and definitely established its disappear- ance from the critical area. However, it cannot be thus summarily dismissed, for, when last seen on April 11, it was the largest berg south of latitude 45° N. and the possibiUty of its melting is beyond considera- tion. The only hypothesis which would explain the failure to find the berg in its normal drift tracks is that being hard aground and unable to float freely, it had internal stresses set up in it by sloughing off pieces, wliich it did from time to time, changing the distribution of weight and mass sufficiently to cause it to break up into two or three pieces small enough to drift over the 30-fathom curve where they will join the Grand Banks oscillatory rotary circulation and melt in the constantly warming Bank water. 1 33 During the day and night of April 16, the Mendota drifted with the southernmost berg. On April 17, with only fair visibility, the two bergs south of 44° N., were relocated and also two growlers in the following positions: latitude 43°08' N., longitude 48°46' W., latitude 43°18' N., longitude 48°42' W., and the two growlers in lati- tude 43°24' N., longitude 48°54' W. The scouting was extended west to the Grand Banks but no other ice was seen and the Mendota stopped to drift with the southernmost ice for the night. April 18 was foggy so the patrol sliip remained in the vicinity of the ice. At 1100, April 19, the Mendota headed westward toward the reheving point. (See fig. 29.) On April 13, the S. S. West Queeche requested medical advice by radio for a man suffering from an acute and probably infectious but undetermined disease. Advice was given but no further information was received. On April 15, the French fishing schooner Madiana, of St. Malo, was identified and signals exchanged ascertaining that all was well on board. Her name, position, and heading were reported to authorities at St. Pierre, Miquelon, by radio. The Chamjilain was met in latitude 43°23' N., longitude 51°46' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Champlain, and at 0615, April 20, 1937, the Champlain relieved the Mendota as ice patrol vessel. The Mendota set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 1857, April 21, 1937. The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during the cruise: Number of water temperature reports received 880 Number of ice reports received. 86 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 33 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 70 Number of vessels furnished special information 8 SIXTH CRUISE "CHAMPLAIN," APRIL 20 TO MAY 9, 1937 The Champlain sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 0558, April 18, 1937. Moderate northeasterly winds were experienced the first day veering slowly to east and south bringing fog and rain in the after- noon of April 19. The weather cleared with a rapid shift of wind to northwest on April 20, and the Mendota was met in latitude 43°40' N., longitude 51°53' W. Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 0615, the Champlain relieved the Mendota as ice patrol vessel. This day the Champlain scouted from the relieving point along the 100-fathom curve and around the Tail of the Banks and then north northeastward 10 miles outside the 100-fathom curve to latitude 43°50' N. The next day the scouting was continued southward, 20 miles outside the previous day's search around the Tail and west to longitude 51° W. No ice 34 was sighted in tliis critical area. During the night and the morning of the next day the Champlain ran northeastward across the Banks to commence scouting to the northward along the eastern slope of the Grand Banks. A berg was located in latitude 44°25' N., longitude 48°35' W., and the Champlain stopped to drift with this ice for the night. The berg had drifted 25 miles south by east from its reported position the previous day, April 21, and was observed to drift 15 miles during the night of April 22. The next day, April 23, the Champlain searched an area between latitudes 44° N., and 45°20' N., extending 40 miles east of the 100- fathom curve. Only one small growler was sighted in tliis area and the Champlain returned to the beig to drift for the night. The next 6 days, April 24 to 30, the patrol vessel was occupied observing the rapid southward drift of tliis berg wliich carried it south to latitude 42°07' N. (See fig. 30.) On April 23, 24, and 25 the berg averaged 34 miles a day. This very rapid drift was not due, however, entirely to the current but to the strong northerly winds on those dates in addition to the current. Also tliis was a comparatively shallow draft berg with two high fiat sided peaks presenting a large sail area. Such bergs are greatly influenced by strong winds. April 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30, with the cessation of the strong northerly winds, the berg assumed a more reasonable average daily rate of 15 miles per day. On April 28, the berg reached its farthest south, latitude 42°07' N., and turned northeastward. At tliis time it had been reduced to a growler. The Champlain stayed with this growler until the evening of April 30, when it was so small as to hardly be a danger to naviga- tion. The following morning it could not be located and it was struck from the ice-patrol records. The next daj^, May 1, the Champlain, with only fair visibility, headed north for the critical area around the Tail of the Banks to locate any southward moving ice in that vicinity. A search was run from latitude 43°25' N., south southwestward on the eastern slope of the Banks just outside the 100-fathom curve and around the Tail and westward to longitude 51° W. No ice was sighted. The follow- ing day no scouting could be done because of east northeast gales and low visibility. On May 3, dense fog persisted all day but the Champlain steamed at slow speed northeastward throughout the day in order to be in a position to commence scouting up the eastern edge of the Banks in cold current when the weather cleared. The next day, May 4, with excellent visibility, the cold current was scouted out from latitude 42°50' N., to latitude 44°50' N. No ice was sighted. On May 5, dense fog prevented scouting in the morning but in the afternoon, with good visibility, a berg was located, apparently aground in latitude 45°13' N., longitude 48°52' W. The Champlain drifted with berg for the night. The next day the Champlain searched north 35 and east to latitude 45°20' N., in cold current and ran a line south- ward 20 miles outside the search of May 4, southward to latitude 43°45' N. Only one growler was sighted in this area. On May 7, the berg which was supposedly aground in latitude 45°13' N., longi- tude 48°52' W., was relocated in latitude 44°30' N., longitude 48°47' W., having drifted 43 miles m 37 hours or about 28 miles per day. That night the Champlain headed westward toward relieving point intending to investigate several bergs reported on May 1, 2, 4, and 5, in vicmity latitude 44°30' N., longitude 54°30' W., enroute. (See fig. 30.) The following cases of medical assistance were handled durmg this patrol. On April 22, the steam trawler Imperialist of St. John's, Newfoundland, requested advice concerning a man aboard with badly infected gum or jaw following an extraction. Advice was promptly given and the patient was reported 2 days later as greatly improved and resting nicely. On April 28, the S. S. Svaneholm bound east reported a passenger, woman 65 years old, suffering from suppuration in upper jaw and possible blood poisoning to the brain and requested whether the patrol vessel coidd take patient or if some passenger ves- sel bound west in vicinity could take patient aboard. The S. S. Svaneholm was given the position, course, and speed of the S. S. Scanmail, bound New York, in her vicinity and told to communicate with that vessel and inform the Champlain of result. The S. S. Scanm&il was willmg to take patient and the transfer was successfully effected at 0130, April 29, or 7 hours and 30 minutes after the first message. The Mendota was met in latitude 44°39' N., longitude 55°18' W. Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Mendota and at 1345, May 9, the Mendota relieved the Champlain as ice patrol vessel. The Champlain set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 0745, May 11, 1937. The following is a summary of ice ajid temperature reports during the cruise: Number of water temperature reports received 1,926 Number of ice reports received 175 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 71 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 102 Number of vessels furnished special information 19 SEVENTH CRUISE "MENDOTA," MAY 9 TO 24, 1937 The Mendota sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 0557, May 7, 1937, and after clearing the sea buoy set course for the relieving posi- tion. Strong east northeast winds were experienced the first day and then light and variable winds with fog and rain until the Cham- plain was met in latitude 44°39' N., longitude 55°26' W. The com- manding officer departed for a conference with Commander, Inter- 36 ^ national Ice Patrol. At 1332 the commanding officer returned and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation oflBcer, reported aboard and at 1345, May 9, 1937, the Mendota relieved the Champlain as ice patrol vessel. Course was set to the eastward and a rendezvous arranged with the General Greene wliich was met at 0610, May 10, and a current map of the critical area was delivered. The General Greene departed for St. John's, Newfoundland, at 0650. During the remainder of that day and May 1 1 the Mendota steamed slowly eastward across the Grand Banks to begin a search for ice, arriving there the evening of May 11. On May 12 the Mendota drifted the entire day in dense fog. On May 13, however, with good visibility, the Mendota scouted southward along the eastern edge of the Banks from latitude 44°45' N., around the Tail and westward until fog was encountered in longitude 50°27' W. The Mendota ran southeastward to escape the fog and scouted eastward, 20 miles out- side the westward course, until dark. Fog prevented scouting the next morning, but in the afternoon the search was continued northward out- side the previous day's run. On May 15 and 16 the cold current, as shown on the current chart just delivered, was thoroughly searched to latitude 47°30' N. In the afternoon of May 16, the Mendota scouted southwestward from the 100-fathom curve between tracks E and F as far west as longitude 50°30' W. No ice was sighted in all this area. (See fig. 31.) Fog prevented further scouting during the next 5 days, May 17 to 21. On the evening of May 21, at 2157, the Mendota set course for Saint Jolm's, Newfoundland, to hospitalize a seaman suffering from acute appendicitis, arriving there at 1134, May 23, 1937. The entire trip and the approach to the harbour was made in dense fog. While in port necessary repairs to the main condenser were accomplished^ requiring about 4 hours. Thick fog in the harbour and harbour en- trance prevented sailing that night prior to the evening broadcasts, so permission was obtained from the local authorities to open up our transmitters for the broadcasts. The Mendota departed Saint Jolm's, Newfoundland, at 0600, May 23, 1937. VisibiHty was just good enough to negotiate the Narrows and dense fog shut in immed- iately on clearing the harbour. Course was down the coast and fog: cleared at 1120 and the Mendota headed for the relieving point. Two • bergs were sighted this day in the following positions: latitude 46°45' N., longitude 52°31' W., and latitude 46°20' N., longitude 52°38' W. The Champlain was met in latitude 44°36' N., longitude 56°33' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party were ti-ansferred to the Champlain and at 1700, May 24, 1937, the Champlain relieved this vessel as ice patrol vessel. The Mendota headed westward toward Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 1543, May 25, 1937. 37 The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during the cruise: Number of water temperature reports received 1, 203 Number of ice reports received 114 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 61 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 81 Number of vessels furnished special information 23 EIGHTH CRUISE "CHAMPLAIN," MAY 24 TO JUNE 3, 1937 The Champlain departed Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 0607, May 23, 1937, for ice patrol. The voyage to the relieving point was uneventful but hampered by fog and haze with light easterly and southeasterly winds prevailing. The Mendota was met in latitude 44°40' N., longitude 56°30' W. Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 1700, May 24, 1937, the Champlain relieved the Mendota as ice patrol vessel. During the next 2 days the Champlain thoroughly scouted out the area south and southwest of Cape Race from which the major part of the ice reports had been coming for the past month. Nineteen large bergs were found in tliis area in widely scattered positions extending from Cape Race to the south and southeast to latitude 46°15' N., and west to longitude 55° W. The next day, May 27, the Champlain ran northeastward along track F to latitude 48° N. Only two bergs were found along tliis route in the following positions: latitude 46°49' N., longitude 51°46' W., and latitude 46°42' N., longitude 51°10' W. On May 28 and 29, the Champlain searched out an area of 11,400 square nautical miles from longitude 46°21' W., to 48°40' W., between latitudes 46° N., and 48° N. This area is an important one through which any bergs enroute southward to the Tail of the Banks must pass. Since the first of May only one ice report has come from this region, i. e. four bergs in latitude 47°30' N., longitude 46°55' W., on May 25. These bergs were not found nor was any other ice discovered in this area. The next day. May 30, dense fog prevented any scouting until 1316, when the weather cleared with westerly winds. In the after- noon the Champlain scouted northwestward along the 100-fathom curve from latitude 47°33' N., and located a small berg in latitude 48°07' N., longitude 49°02' W., and stopped to drift for the night. The patrol vessel drifted with the berg the next day and relocated it the morning of June 1, in latitude 48°08' N., longitude 48°26' W., having drifted 25 miles almost due east in 32 hours. This berg was in the coldest water on the northeastern edge of the Banks where normally the current runs southeastward and southward down the eastern edge of the Banks. However, this berg's drift seemed to be entirely con- jtrolled by the light to moderate southwest winds on May 30 to June 1, jand showed no tendency to move southward with the hypothesized current. If the drift of this berg proves to be truly indicative of the 38 current system in this area and other bergs follow the same pattern there is little likelihood of any more bergs moving south by this route, the only route, to threaten the United States-European steamer tracks. At 2345, May 31, a message was received from the United States trawler S. S. Princeton in latitude 44°45' N., longitude 57°50' W., stating that she had lost her propeller. By daylight it was apparent that no other ship in the vicinity would assist this vessel so at 0416, June 1, the Champlain proceeded at full speed toward the Princeton's position to tow her to a safe anchorage. En route to this place the Champlain passed close to Cape Race and sighted eight bergs in this ice infested area: Four aground close in on the beach and four offshore south and east of Cape Race in scattered positions. At 1310, June 2, the Champlain took the Princeton in tow and pro- ceeded westward to contact the trawler Cormorant of Boston, Massa- chusetts, to remove a sick man. The Cormorant was met at 0630, June 3. A boat was lowered and the patient brought aboard for treatment and transportation to Halifax. At 0643 the Champlain set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, to meet the Mendota, effect relief and deliver the Princeton and patient from the Cormorant at Halifax. The Mendota was met in latitude 44°26' N., longitude 62°53' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Mendota and at 1620, June 3, 1937, the Mendota relieved the Champlain as ice patrol vessel. The Champlain proceeded to Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 2006, June 3,1937. The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during the cruise: Number of water temperature reports received 752 Number of ice reports received 168 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 48 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 81 Number of vessels furnished special information 8 NINTH CRUISE "MENDOTA," JUNE 3 TO JUNE 11, 1937 The Mendota sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1241, June 3 1937, on ice patrol duty. The Champlain was met in latitude 44°26 N., longitude 62°50' W. A boat was lowered to get the ice observa tion party on the Champlain. The boat returned and Lt. G. Van A Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 1640, June 3, 1937, the Mendota relieved the Chamjdain as ice patrol vessel. The Mendota set course due east to meet the General Greene on the Grand Banks upon completion of the current map. Dense fog was encountered the next afternoon and persisted throughout the eastward run. The General Greene was met at 0525, June 7, 1937. At 1251, Senior Oceanographer F. M. Soule and Chief 39 Boatswain Thomas Noland reported aboard for a conference bringing the current chart just completed. At 1421, Mr. Soule and Chief Boatswain Noland returned to the General Greene and that vessel departed for Saint John's, Newfoundland. The current chart delivered to the patrol vessel by Oceanographer F. M. Soule, showed conditions to be such that it was improbable that any more bergs would drift south of latitude 45° N. this year and that the ice menace in the North Atlantic was definitely over for the season. The current chart showed a very slow moving and erratic current flow- ing southward just outside the 100-fathom curve. This current is alsc very narrow, being only 12 miles wide at latitude 47° N., and only 8 miles wide at latitude 45° N., at which place it also runs upon the shoal. There are many branchings off of this current to the eastward as it moves south from latitude 48° N., and this action combined with its narrowness, tendency to run into shoal water, and very low ve- locity, less than one-half knot, brings the chances of a berg making the journey of over 300 miles to the Tail of the Banks, down to an irreducible minimum. It only remained for the patrol vessel to scout northward in this current to determme whether conditions warranted a discontinuance of the Ice Patrol at this time. Upon the departure of the General Greene the Mendota steamed eastward toward the east- ern edge of the Banks in latitude 45° N., in order to be m a position to commence this search when the dense fog which had persisted since the afternoon of June 4, over the entire area, should clear up. The Mendota arrived on the eastern slope of the Banks June 8, and drifted in dense fog that day and the next. On June 10, with the visibility fair at times, the Mendota moved up the cold current to latitude 46° N., the extreme possible southward drift of any known ice on the eastern edge of the Banks. On June 11, the Mendota with good visibility the whole day, searched out the cold current from latitude 45°50' N., to latitude 49° N., and sighted only one small berg in latitude 48°22' N., longitude 48°44' W. At 1900, plus 3 time, June 11, 1937, therefor, in accordance with Commander International Ice Patrol Force dispatch 6011-1910, Ice Patrol was discontinued for season of 1937. AH shipping was so advised by radio at the regular broadcast times as long as the Mendota remained in the Ice Patrol area. At 1949, June 11, the Alendota headed for St. John's, Newfoundland, to transfer Lt. G. Van A. Graves to the General Greene for the post- season oceanographic cruise, and arrived there the morning of June 12. Motor boat from General Greene alongside at 0937 and at 0955 Lt. Van A. Graves departed in the General Greene motor boat for trans- fer to the General Greene. At 1005 the Mendota headed for Norfolk, Va., arriving there at 1554, June 16. 40 The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during the cruise: Number of water temperature reports received 450 Number of ice reports received 54 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 28 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 64 Number of vessels furnished special information 3 POST-SEASON CRUISE "GENERAL GREENE," JUNE 19 TO JULY 25, 1937 At 1200, June 19, 1937, the General Greene, being in all respects ready for sea, departed from St. John's, Newfoundland, on the first leg of an oceanographic and ice observation cruise in the interests of the International Service of Ice Observation and Ice Patrol. The purpose of this cruise was an mvestigation of the Labrador and At- lantic Currents and their common boundary and the East Greenland and Irminger Currents as they round Cape Farewell, Greenland, to form the West Greenland Current. To this end the oceanographic sections were planned so as to run, in general, south, southeast, and east from the Grand Banks across the Labrador Current and the At- lantic Current; approximately normal to the direction of flow of these streams. Also one long line of stations from latitude 46°30' N., longi- tude 40° W., across the Labrador Basin to latitude 58° N., longitude 45° W., and thence to Cape Farewell, Greenland. This section could not be completed north of latitude 55° N., because of failure of the diesel auxiliary engines. Upon clearing St. John's Harbor course 163° true was set for the position of the first station, number 2466, in latitude 41°51' N., longitude 5f)°40' W. From this position the General Greene ran the courses and occupied the stations as shown on figure 45. At 2135, July 1, Headquarters dispatch 6001-1626 was received directmg this vessel to take station along the line of flight of the trans-Atlantic planes, Pan-American and Imperial Air Lines, between Botwood, Newfoundland, and Foynes, Ireland, on July 5 and 6. At this time the General Greene was just south southeast of Flemish Cap and nearly through with the first leg of the cruise so that supplies of fuel and stores were nearly exhausted. In order to be on station along the great circle track 400 miles east of Botwood early on the morning of July 5 it was necessary to discontinue the oceanographic program and pro- ceed immediately to St. John's for supplies. This necessitated omittmg the last four stations planned for the first leg of the cruise. Course was set for St. John's at 2150 July 1 and the General Greene arrived there at 0902 July 3, 1937. Supplies had been ordered by radio and came aboard during the day. The General Greene departed for the designated position 400 miles east of Botwood along great circle course to Foynes, Ireland, arrivmg at 1037 July 5. The General 41 Greene steamed eastward along the track until the American plane passed over, bound east, and headed on course 167° true so as to be as near as possible the course Ime of the English plane, which was flying rhumb line, about 100 miles south. At 0710 July 6, both planes having successfully completed the trans-Atlantic crossing, the General Greene headed for Flemish Cap to resume the oceanographic work of the post-season cruise. The first station of the second leg of the post-season cruise was occupied in latitude 46°58' N., longitude 44°54' W., at 0202 July 7. From tliis position the General Greene ran the courses and occupied the stations shown on the chart. (See fig. 45.) While occupying station number 2529 on July 9, the wire carrying the bottles and thermometers parted and 3,995 meters of wire, 6 sea water bottles, 12 thermometers, 2 weights, and 6 messengers were lost. The loss of this equipment made it impossible to continue observations from surface to bottom but sufficient spare wire and other equipment was on hand to continue the cruise taking observations to 2,000 meters. On July 13 upon arrival at station number 2541 the timing gear of the starboard auxiliary motor, supplying power to the oceanographic winch, carried away and could not be replaced or repaired. With the breakdown of this equipment it was necessary to discontinue the oceanographic cruise. Course was set for St. John's, Newfoundland, and the General Greene arrived there at 1700, July 15, 1937. During the period of the post-season cruise, June 19 to July 25, the ice situation was as follows: Reports from the Cape Race area and along the Newfoundland east coast continued during the latter part of June and then diminished rapidly until a cessation of ice reports from this region on July 6 showed that the bergs there at last had disinte- grated and no more were moving in to take their place; the reports from the Belle Isle area continued to show, throughout the period numerous bergs in scattered positions extending eastward from Belle Isle along the track to longitude 50° W., and west of Belle Isle, in the straits, to Point Amour, this is a normal situation and will continue for sometime; about July 9 bergs began to be reported about 180 miles northeast of Cape Race, just outside the 100 fathom curve, and re- peated reports from July 12 to 22 showed these bergs moving south- ward in that area which had been clear of bergs since June 11. It is interesting to note that the last report from the Cape Race area pre- ceded the appearance of bergs in the eastern branch of the Labrador Current by three days, which indicates a relation between the two and possibly a complete change in conditions. In considering possible explanations for this problem it will be interesting to consider the de- partures from normal of the wind force and direction, pressure dis- tribution, during this period and also the results of the post-season oceanographic observations compared with last current map. 42 Tracks C, F, and G were in general use during the cruise; track C entirely clear of ice as it had been for some time and track F having bergs in vicinity Cape Race until July 6 and then scattered bergs in longitude 50° W. The usual conditions existed along the Belle Isle route, track G, that is, numerous bergs in the straits and extending 200 miles northeast of Belle Isle. The S. S. Cairnglen (British) struck a berg in the straits of Belle Isle on July 17. Only minor damage was sustained and the vessel proceeded on her voyage under her own power shortly after collision. On July 21, at 0910, the General Greene being in all respects ready for sea departed St. John's, Newfoundland, for Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts, arriving there without incident at 0740, July 25, 1937. During the post-season cruise the General Greene cruised 4881.6 miles and was under way 29 days 6 hours and 29 minutes. TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS No. Date Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1936 July 6 July 7 July 10 July 19 July 24 July 25 July 31 Aug. 7 -.-do ...do-.-. — do._-- Aug. 13 —do —do- Sept. 16 — do_--. Dee. 11 —do -.do Dee. 15 ...do.... —do-... —do.... ..-do-.. 1937 Jan. 14 Jan. 17 Jan. 24 — do--.- — do--.- — do-... — do--.- — do-..- — do.-.- — do-..- — do-... -.-do.... 50 45 52 26 53 46 ."il 51 2 Belle Isle radio Bergs and growlers. 3 4 do Cape Race radio to 52 22 1 62 30 51 52 1 54 05 to 52 03 55 12 48 51 49 32 52 25 51 28 Do. Berg and 2 growlers. 5 Belle Isle radio Bergs. 6 7 do - do t 52 23 52 18 t 52 04 52 45 52 04 52 01 52 05 51 5B 51 50 52 36 51 50 52 13 52 18 Cape Fathe Cape M 0 51 35 54 16 0 64 32 55 05 54 50 55 12 54 40 55 16 54 28 61 12 54 32 54 32 54 22 Salmon r Point Do. Bergs and growlers. 8 do 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 do.— - -—do- - — do- do.— -...-do do - — do- - do - Cape Salmon radio- Father Point radio Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growlers. Heavy close packed ice everywhere. Light open field ice everywhere. 20 21 Cape Salmon radio.. - Cape Salmon Matane Cape Magdalene Fame Point Belle Isle Heavy open ice. 22 Cape Magdalene radio Fame Point radio Heavy open ice. Light close packed ice. 24 Belle Isle radio.-- 25 Cape Race radio 48 35 48 15 46 59 46 42 47 21 48 33 47 34 t 48 26 47 08 46 00 47 34 t 47 34 45 09 48 07 48 45 48 30 46 37 47 14 48 02 49 38 50 44 0 49 50 50 03 47 50 51 30 0 50 04 48 00 49 14 Berg. 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 do do— -- - I--do----------- I--do]---------- ---do------------ I."--do-.--II-"-I""I Berg and growlers (same as 25). Large berg. Small berg. Berg and numerous growlers. Large berg. Field ice northnorthwest. Low lying berg. 2 bergs. Broken field ice north and south. Small berg and pieces. Small berg and growlers. 47° 46° 45" 44° 43° 55° 54° 53° 52" 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44^ FiOTOE 25.-First crals., February 4 to 21. 1937, showing surface isotherms, track of vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 81041—39 (Face p. 42) No. 1 . 44° . 43° 52° 51° 50° 49°^ 48° 47° 46°" 45° FIGURE 26.-Second cruise, February 21 to March 6, 1937, showing surface isotherms, track of vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 81041—39 (Face p. 42) No. 2 5r 56° SS" _ 54° 53' 52° 51° 50° 48° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° FiouHE 27.— Third otulsc, March 6 to 24, 1937. showing surface isotherms, track of ' 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 81041—39 (Face p. 42) No. 59° 58° Sr _ 56° 55° 54° 53° .52° ^1°^ 50° ■49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43' 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53°" 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° ,47° 46° 45° 44° 43° FIOURE 28.— Fourth oruise, March 24 to April 6, 1937, showinK surface isotherms, track of vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 81041—39 (Face p. 42) No. 4 58" 57* 56° 55' 54° 53° -■■52' 50' 49° 48° 47° 3° ::57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° "49° 48° 47° 46^^ 45° 44° 43° FiQDBE 29.— Fifth oru'je, April 5 to 20, 1937, showing surface irotherms, track of vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 81047—39 (Face p. 42) No. I 59' ^^X. ^^° ^^° ^ ^ GENERAL CHART ICE PATROL AREA GRAND HANKS 52° 51° 50° 49° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° FiouEE 30— Sixth cruise, April 20 to May 9, 1937, showing surface isotherms, track of vessel, and ice condit 48° 47° 46° 45'' 44° 43° Figures Indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 81041—39 (Face p. 42) No. 6 57"" 56° 55° __54° 53* 52^ 50° 49* 46° 47° 46° 45° 59° 58° 57° ^ 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51 FiouBE 31— Seventh cruise, May 9 to 24, 1937, showing surface isotherms, track of 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° id ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 81041—39 (Face p. 42) No. 7 59° ^ iy^^_^^r..^__.£gi ^^L^ ^^°^ ^^°^-^^s^i_ .^L^ E-°i ■ A^^-^ 47° 46° 45° 44° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 5y 52°" 5P 50° 49^ 48^ 4r 46°~ 45° 44° 43° Figure 32.— Eighth cruise, May 24 to June 3, 1937, showing surface isotherms, track of vessel, and Ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 81041—39 (Face p. 42) No. 8 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° \52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° FiGDRE 33.— Ninth cruise, June 3 to 11, 1937, showing surface isotherms, track of vessel, and Ice conditions. Figures indicate date that lee was sighted or reported. 81041—39 (Pace p. 42) No. 9 43 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued 1937 Jan. 26 .-do.... ...do..... -do .-do-... Jan. 29 -.do-.., Jan. 30 ..do.. ..do-, .-do.. ..do-. ..do.. ..do.. ..do., -do-, -do.. Jan. 31 -.-do.... Name of vessel Cape Race radio. ....do —do., do... ...do... ..-do-.. ...do... Feb. : ..-do-.. ...do... .-do... ...do... ...do... .-do... do... do... do... do... .-do... .-do... Feb. 2 ..-do... Feb. 3 ...do... ..-do... Feb. 4 ..-do.... ..do-... .-do.... Feb. 6 ..do.... --do.-.. Feb. 7 -.do.... Feb. 8 —.do ..-.do ....do ....do ....do .-..do ....do. ....do. .—do. .—do. ..-do-, —do. ....do.. ....do- ...-do.. do.. Delheim.. -...do Vasaholm Tungsha Koenigstein Newfoundland. .do. 92 Feb. 93 ...do-. Cape Race radio. Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 47 45 4,5 39 45 2fi 4.5 39 47 02 4.5 50 47 00 47 no 4() Ofi 4fi 20 44 15 50 03 49 20 49 31 48 11 47 31 49 45 49 30 51 26 52 00 48 29 47 21 45 45 4fi 49 47 09 47 07 47 07 Cape Spear 51 00 49 08 49 33 49 20 49 12 50 55 52 00 47 56 46 14 49 47 47 19 47 25 49 29 47 58 47 36 48 34 47 .38 49 35 51 55 52 18 49 00 49 00 51 00 49 29 47 19 47 25 49 47 52 00 47 56 49 35 48 30 47 59 48 08 5? 30 50 34 48 40 49 20 47 07 47 19 47 40 43 45 47 43 46 09 46 08 46 34 46 48 47 05 47 59 46 42 46 21 46 05 46 02 48 00 to 47 00 I to 46 37 46 34 46 09 46 OS 47 43 46 56 47 40 43 32 45 17 46 05 46 07 45 35 45 09 46 15 48 11 Cape Race 44 15 44 13 43 38 44 05 45 50 46 58 Cape S|pear to Cape Race 49 23 49 48 49 47 51 20 Lancastria. do 45 31 45 31 49 59 49 46 Low lying berg (same as 32.) Field ice north and west far as can be 2 bergs. Berg. Berg and growlers. 2 bergs and field ice. Low lying berg. Large patches field ice far as can be seen. Berg. Do. Berg and growlers. Close-packed pan ice 12 miles 120° T. Pack ice Berg. Do. Bioken sm.-ill ice as far as can be seen north and south. Patches field ice. Broken small ice. Berg. Patches field ice. Berg. Orowler. Berg. Do. Orowler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Field ice. Do. Bergs, growlers and field ice as far as can be seen. Berg. Do. Growler. Bergs and field ice as far as can be seen Patches field ice. Field ice. Berg and growler. Growler. Do. Do. Field ice. 2 growlers. Berg. 2 bergs. Field ice extending 7 miles southwest and as far as can be seen eastward. ^%o. Berg, small (same as 75). Berg. Do. Berg and growler. .Continuous loose ice along Newfound- land coast. Large body heavy ice drifting south past Scatari Island, Cape Breton Island. Bertr. Growler. 81041—39 4 44 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lnti- Longi- tude turte Description Feb. 11 ...do.... Cape Race radio. do Cape Race Montclare. do Feb. 12 .__do-... .._do-_.. Feb. 13 ...do.-.. Feb. 14 ..do.. ..do., .-do.. ..do-, .-do.. ..do.. Feb. 15 Feb. 16 Feb. 17 ...do--.. Feb. 19 Feb. 20 Cape Race radio. do ....-do Dakotian.- Cayuga Humber Arm. Caimross Humber Arm . .....do do ...-do Egyptian Prince. Cairnross Cape Race radio . do do Newfoundland... Cape Race radio. -do. Feb. Topdalsfjord. do ...do .-—do do do do do Delaware. ..do-... .-do-... .-do-..- .-do---. .-do Feb. 24 Feb. 25 .-do.-.. Kenbane Head... do do do Cape Race radio. Champlain Nova Scotia .do. ...do. Cape Race radio- KirstenMaersk.. Nova Scotia Kirsten Maersk.. Cape Race radio. Ravnefjcll 45 46 45 42 52 17 52 30 45 39 I 46 38 I Cape I Cape Bs 46 03 I 47 42 I t 47 52 47 06 Cape Race Cape Ballard 49 30 50 12 49 00 49 20 52 10 52 21 52 46 52 54 49 56 53 00 47 40 to 47 30 46 51 46 44 46 43 46 32 47 11 to 46 50 I 46 22 I to 46 05 I , Southwest Cape Race 46 47 I 52 52 46 32 52 58 46 26 I 53 41 Southwest from Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race From Flint Island to Scatari Island Cape Race to Cape Ballard 45 18 45 13 45 08 45 02 45 03 44 55 45 05 45 40 t 45 05 45 45 t 45 23 44 24 44 26 44 33 25 53 44 53 48 53 56 54 04 54 09 54 05 54 17 51 55 53 55 54 00 54 00 54 54 54 25 54 24 54 14 Cape Race 44 36 I 54 22 46 08 I 52 07 Cape Ballard to Cape Race 45 35 I 55 18 to 45 44 54 57 52 17 01 54 15 Cape Race Field ice 6 miles eastward. Ice along east Cape Breton extending 8-20 miles off shore. Berg. •Scattered field ice. Berg. Berg 3 miles south. Berg. Berg and growler. ^Patches field ice with some heavy pieces. Strings loose ice with large lumps and growlers. •Several patches light field ice. Berg and large area field ice. Floe berg. Berg (same as 100). Berg (same as 98). Continuous patches field ice (same as ' 103). ^ Large pieces field ice as far as can be seen. Field ice close to shore as far as can be seen to southwest Cape Race. Large berg. Berg. Do. Field ice, drifting. Berg, 8 miles southeast. 2 growlers 1 mile south. Field ice and slob ice extending south- ' east. Numerous bergs and growlers 10 miles offshore. Berg. 2 bergs and growlers. Small berg. Do. Large berg. 2 bergs. Do. •Broken field ice. ■Heavy field ice. Berg. Do. Do. 2 Bercs. Heavy field ice close lo shore. Small berg. Berg and field ice. Numerous bergs and growlers 12 miles offshore fsame as 119). Patches field ice south as far as can be • seen. Scattered pan ice extending north and south as far as can be seen. Scattered field ice. Heavy field ice packed close to shore along coast (same as 133). Small berg. 45 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description 1937 Feb. 26 Kirsten Maersk. .do— _do-. .-do Feb. 27 ...do-.. - .._do_-.. -.-do Feb. 2S ...do ...do...- Mar. 1 ...do.... Mar. 2 ...do ...do -.-do Mar. 3 ....do Cape Race radio. Examiner. Ravnefjell Cape Race radio. Cyril-. ....do --.-do. ...-do--- Esmond. Champlain. Imogene Cape Race radio. Champlain Cape Race radio. Jolin W. Mackay. Nova Scotia. .do -do Cape Race radio. Mar. 4 ...do ...do -..do ..-do -.-do -..do -.-do Mar. 5 ---do Mar. 6 -..do -..do...-. -.-do ...do -..do.... Mar. 7 ...do—.. Mar. 8 .-do..... Cape Race radio John W. Mackay... do Cyrus Field Duchess of Bedford- Cyrus Field do do Cape Race radio. Cyrus Fiold ..-.do .-.-do.... --.do ..-.do ... do John W, Mackay. Cape Race radio.. Cyrus Field Tanda John W. Mackay. Cape Race 47 03 47 09 46 39 to 10 1 52 16 52 20 52 38 Cape Race 10 17 46 47 Cape P 45 46 45 46 to 45 58 45 55 45 50 to 46 29 46 29 46 17 38 15 52 00 54 19 53 53 54 04 53 52 52 40 52 40 52 15 to 45 50 I 52 to 46 06 I 53 to 46 13 I 53 Cape Broyle to Cape Race Cape Race to Cape Pine 46 22 I 51 Cape Race 46 00 I 53 46 St. John's and Bull Head Cape Race Cape Race Saint John's to Cape Race then west to 46 32 I 53 50 Cape Race 45 26 45 24 45 11 44 33 45 06 45 19 45 07 Cape Race 46 12 46 25 46 21 46 44 46 30 46 56 Cape Race to 46 32 I 54 Cape Race 54 48 54 45 54 38 53 38 53 58 53 35 53 30 ice 52 28 52 27 52 28 52 11 52 23 51 49 do Batory 48 22 48 30 46 30 to 46 30 46 23 44 44 53 44 53 41 51 55 Scattered field ice 25 miles southeast Cape Race. ■Heavy field ice. Heavy field ice close to shore around Cape Race. Black bell buoy drifting. Large berg. Close packed ice south and .-southwest of Cape Race moving case. Large berg. ■Heavy field ice. Large berg and field ire. •Heavy field ice. Field ice as far as can be seen. Heavy field ice containing 10 bergs and numerous growlers and heavy pieces \ extending southwestward and as far as can be seen north and east from that point. Many bergs, (same as 164), leavy field ice extending off shore. Berg. Loose field ice to southeast off shore and loose field ice on shore to west- ward with bergs all directions. Bergs and field ice (same as 156). 7 bergs between, with field lee 6 miles off shore as far north and south as can be seen. Field ice 4 miles off shore with several bergs . Open field ice 5 miles off shore. Numerous bergs all directions (same as 164). Berg. Field ice. Field ice all directions. Growler. Numerous bergs and large field of ice. Several bergs and field ice. Berg. Numerous bergs all directions. Extensive open field ice. Field ice all directions. Heavy field ice. Scattered field ice and berg. Scattered field ice. Do. Heavy field ice numerous bergs and growlers. Field ice 8 miles off shore. Field ice extending east and west. Scattered field ice. 5 bergs. Berg (same as 180). Large growler. 46 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description Mar. 9 ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... John W. Mackay. do do.. do do ...do.... ...do..... ...do..... Mar. 10 ...do ...do Montcalm John W. Mackay. do do._ ....do do Mar. 11 ...do..„ ...do.... ...do..... ...do..... Mar. 12 ...do..... Cvrus Field ...do John W. Mackay. .....do do Cyrus Field .do. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do John W. Mackay. Cape Race radio.. Cyrus Field John W. Mackay. Mar. 13 ...do ...do .. do..... .do.... -do.... .do.... ....do.... ....do.... Corner Brook ....do John W. Mackay. Bornholm ....do John W. Mackay. ...do.... -.-do.... Mar. 14 -.-do.... ...do..... ...do..... ...do.-... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do.... Mar. 15 ..do .-do .do-.... -do .-.do. ...do. ...do. do do do do do John W. Mackay. do .....do.. .....do do Robert Maersk Nova Scotia John W. Mackay. Nova Scotia John W. Mackay. 46 27 46 22 46 26 46 26 53 34 53 35 53 21 53 09 46 22 46 16 45 35 45 33 45 32 46 26 46 31 46 10 Cape Race to 46 20 I 62 55 Western side Cabot Strait 53 29 53 40 53 28 53 58 53 50 51 55 51 50 51 37 52 40 52 35 51 14 Cape Race 45 21 I 52 51 46 47 I 51 14 to 51 25 51 35 51 04 53 03 52 20 52 23 46 34 46 25 46 46 45 30 45 24 46 47 46 05 46 20 45 47 45 25 45 10 45 25 46 48 46 40 45 25 45 45 45 50 15 to 45 40 1 45 25 45 20 45 25 45 IH 45 24 45 21 46 51 46 47 46 36 47 00 46 47 47 33 50 40 50 54 52 40 52 48 63 12 50 45 50 35 52 23 61 60 52 02 52 26 62 33 52 54 52 39 52 03 52 12 62 00 52 02 50 40 to Virein Rocks 46 30 I 53 36 46 50 I 52 32 Cape Race to Cape Ballard Cape Ballard to Cape Spear Cape Race to St. John's 46 48 I 52 04 to 8 miles south Cape Race Berg. Do. 3 bergs. Berg. Field ice containing 3 bergs; and as far east and south as can be seen. Heavy rafted pack ice extending 10 to 16 miles offshore. Large berg. Do. Field ice north and east. Growler. Loose field ice containing large pieces and several growlers. Large berg (same as 169). Eastern edge ice field. Field ice extending as far west and north as can be seen. Large berg. Large area field ice. Berg and growler and fleldjce. Berg and field ice. Large ice field. Bergs all directions. Field ice and growler. Extensive field of heavylice. Berg. Heavy field ice. Berg and growler. Strings slob ice. Southern extremity ice field of large extent. Field ice to north and west. Heavy field ice. Loose field ice. Berg. Do. Do. •Large areas of heavy field ice. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Several bergs in vicinity. Berg. Do. Do. 2 growlers. Heavy field ice. 18 bergs. Several large bergs. 16 bergs. 4 bergs on coast. Patches field ice 12 miles olT shore. 14 bergs. 47 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- Lonei- tude tude Description 1937 Mar. 15 Mar. 16 ...do.— . ...do__... John W. Ma okay. Robert Maerslj- Nova Scotia ...-do IMar. 17 ...do..._. .—do. ..-.do- Syrian Priuce- Mar. 18 Mar. 24 ..do.... Mar. 26 — do-.. ...do..... Mar. 28 .do..-. -do— . .do.... .do.... .do-... .do..-. .do..-. .do— Apr. 1 .do..-. Apr. 2 .do-... Apr. 3 ...do. .--do. ..-do- ...do. ...do. ...do- ...do. ...do. Robert Maersk. Syrian Prince-- - -do. ....-do Cape Race i Esmond .do. .-.-do- learus- Champlain. Dalblair- ....do... ....do-.- ...-do... ... do-., .-.-do— ...-do-.. ...-do... Imperialist - ..-do Newfoundland- ....do Champlain- St. John's radio- Champlain- do .-..do ...-do .-..do ....do ....do ....do Cape Race 29 03 46 34 47 40 47 43 47 26 48 25 7 40 6 09 7 17 6 36 53 37 50 21 51 45 52 20 50 50 48 25 48 00 52 24 52 39 52 08 Cape Race to 46 33 I 53 45 Cape Race to Cape Spear 47 10 I 51 to 46 46 I 46 40 I to 46 27 I 45 30 45 49 I to 45 40 I 48 03 I to 47 55 I to 47 49 I 47 49 I to 47 32 to 16 52 00 52 00 52 00 51 46 59 14 58 49 20 00 47 55 47 47 33 33 47 32 1 48 00 46 10 46 10 46 14 46 13 46 16 46 20 46 m 46 40 46 42 46 42 52 56 52 46 53 04 52 51 52 51 52 46 52 52 52 48 St. John's to Cape Race 46 24 I 53 12 46 17 I 53 00 Cape Ballard to Cape Race 46 44 I 52 00 to 47 03 I 52 05 St. John's 52 09 52 00 52 07 46 25 46 27 46 20 46 09 46 21 45 57 45 40 46 54 40 I 22 I 17 bergs (same as 234). Field ice. Bergs and growlers. Field ice as far north and south as can be seen; thence east. Extensive open field ice. Strips heavy field ice extending north- east and southwest. Scattered pack ice. Many growlers and large bergs. Field ice 6 miles oflt shore. Bergs and growlers both sides track. Numerous bergs and growlers both sides of track. Numerous bergs and growlers. Field ice and bergs (same as 246 and 247). Heavy field ice. Large field of ice extending as far west as can be seen. Eastern edge small ice field. Field ice. Field ice containing 10 bergs and numerous heavy pieces. Growler. Do. Large berg and growlers. Small berg. Do. Do. Large berg and several growlers. Numerous bergs and growlers all directions. Numerous bergs. Berg. Berg and growlers. 14 bergs 2 miles off shore. Strings and patches field ice as far north as can be seen. Heavy field ice 2 miles oflf shore ex- tending as far as can be seen. Berg. Growler. 2 growlers. Growlers. Growler. Berg. Do. Patches fleld ice. 48 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued 1937 Apr. 5 ...do... Apr. 6 ...do... _..do— ...do— ...do... Apr. 7 ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do-.. ...do.-. _..do.... ...do.__. ...do.... ...do-... .. do.... Apr. 8 ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ..-do.._. ...do.... ...do-.- ...do.... ...do_... ...do.-.. ...do.... ...do-.. Apr. 9 ...do-.- ...do.... ...do.... ...do_... ...do.... ...do..-. ...do_... ...do.... ...do.... ...do. ...do. ...do_ ...do. Apr. 11 ...do..-. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... -..do-.. ...do— . Apr. 12 ...do -.do.-. ...do—, -..do.... ...do.-.. Name of vessel St. John's radio- do Bergensfjord do do do St. John's radio. Henri Jasper do Hermtabor -.-do-.. Sagaporaek St. John's radio. Tabor Mendota do do .....do do Dunda Beaverdale Blankaholm Newfoundland. do Cape Race radio. Beaverbrae St. John's radio-. do do do .-.-do Mendota do do Qartavon Blankaholm Mendota do .....do do do .....do do Batory Etna St. John's radio. Etna .. — do General Greene. Huntingdon John W. Mackay. Mendota —do do John W. Mackay.. American B anker . Cairnross General Greene John W. Mackay.. ...-do General Greene do do Lati- tude Longi- tude St. John's Bay Cape St. Francis " ^ 48 28 48 31 48 38 48 05 45 47 45 55 4(i 01 45 55 44 25 44 25 44 43 44 43 44 45 44 47 44 14 46 00 45 OH 47 OS 48 35 49 05 47 37 47 37 47 15 49 00 49 05 48 54 48 46 48 49 48 3S 51 01 46 30 52 45 52 40 Cape Spear to Cape Race Cape Race to 46 22 I 54 01 Cape Race 45 43 I 48 20 St John's 45 15 I 48 35 to 48 45 48 58 48 51 49 01 49 04 48 49 48 55 49 05 55 02 51 41 49 05 48 43 48 50 48 43 48 37 48 3,^ 48 42 51 21 48 35 Cape Spear to Cape St. Francis 48 38 48 38 49 05 37 18 50 50 48 43 50 28 61 18 47 55 50 54 50 23 50 18 52 01 52 30 52 21 45 04 00 55 04 OH 29 31 25 55 28 25 16 15 43 43 49 20 45 21 45 01 45 12 45 07 44 25 39 28 45 33 44 46 44 42 44 37 45 38 42 15 46 3(1 45 42 46 20 46 41 46 18 46 49 4G 29 Description Strings field ice across. Heavy jam of ice. Berg. Do. Berg and growler. Small berg. Heavy field ice 1 mile off shore . Growler. Berg. 2 growlers. Berg. Large berg. Ice about 3 miles off shore, but close to Cape Spear extending north and east as far as can be seen. Large berg (same as 287) . Do. Berg. Large growler. Growler. Berg. 2 large bergs. Berg. Berg (same as 276). Heavy field ice. Numerous bergs along Newfoundland coast. Numerous large bergs. Numerous bergs all directions. 2 growlers. Heavy open field ice 5 miles east north- east from; with numerous bergs and growlers all directions. Patches slob ice. Berg and several pieces (same as 282) . Berg and 2 growlers (same as 283). 2 bergs (same as 283). Berg (.same as 284). Growler (same as 295). Growler (same as 296). Berg (.same as 288). Large berg. Berg (same as 275). Berg (same as 287). Berg (same as 294). 2 growlers (same as 295 and 296). Berg (same as 282). Growler (same as 282). Berg (same as 309). Growler (same as 297). Berg and growler (same as 275) . Berg. Many bergs and growlers from 5 to 15 miles offshore. Berg. Growler. Berg (same as 287). 4 large baulks of timber secured to- gether, 9 feet square. Berg (same as 275). Berg. Do. Do. Berg (.same as 275). Buoy flashing white every 10 seconds. Berg. Small berg (same as 275). 2 growlers. Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. 49 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1937 April 12 John W. Mackay. John W. Mackay. Dorelian do John W. Mackay. do ...do.-.-. _._do..... April 14 ...do ...do...-. ...do..... ,._do..... ...do...-. ...do ..do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .-do. ...do. ...do. ...do. do... Ascania. ....do... John W. Mackay. Ascania John W. Mackay. Bingarton ....do ....do -...do .-..do Geraldine Mary... Cape Race radio, -. Geraldine Mary... Mendota ...-do .-..do ...-do ....do -.-do -..do..-.. ..-do-... April 15 --do..... John W. Mackay.. Elizabeth Maersk. Frost Duchess of York... do ...do-.-. -..do ..-do ...do.-.- ...do— . -..do ...do -.-do ...do.— . ...do.— April 10 ...do .--do .--do— . April 17 .-do .-do .-do- ...do. ...do. .-do- .-do. Alaunia .-—do John W. Mackay- Scanyork .--do Mendota do .—do Clineonia Duchess of York. - John W. Mackay. Cold Harbor Cape Race radio. John W. Mackay- Cape Race radio- - Newfoundland Andania BeaverhOl Nova Scotia John W. Mackay. do .-.-do ...do.. ...do., .-do- -.-do.- April : -.-dO- --do- ...do- --do- -.do- -.do- --dO- April : Mendota. .-..do.... do- Manchester Port. Cape Race radio.. John W. Mackay. Batory.- Newfoundland -.- — -do --.do San Fabian Newfoundland Bristol City 47 37 50 22 45 25 59 10 to 46 00 I 58 20 and 46 47 I 58 28 to 47 07 47 40 46 53 46 56 47 51 47 44 48 00 45 27 02 47 51 46 25 47 51 43 50 44 V?. 44 02 44 06 44 04 47 23 58 01 60 23 46 53 46 51 50 22 50 24 50 22 50 08 47 48 50 22 47 15 50 22 49 00 48 49 48 31 48 28 Cape Race 47 37 43 ,50 44 12 44 02 44 06 44 04 47 52 46 26 46 00 45 59 46 02 44 09 44 07 47 56 43 31 43 32 44 11 43 45 43 29 43 29 46 00 47 53 44 45 47 49 00 48 49 48 31 48 2S 48 25 50 14 52 09 48 21 50 33 48 52 48 48 48 22 48 53 48 53 49 00 52 24 50 25 46 30 Cape Race 47 54 I 50 21 Cape Race 46 25 I ^3 42 Cape Race to 46 20 46 21 46 26 47 46 47 46 47 47 47 47 43 08 43 18 43 23 46 00 53 44 54 34 51 38 50 26 50 27 50 30 48 46 48 42 Cape Race 47 55 46 44 47 32 47 18 47 12 32 50 47 11 46 04 50 35 48 13 52 11 52 05 51 43 43 34 Large patches field ice all directions as far as can be seen. Berg. Growler. Berg. Loose field containing large pieces icfr as far as can be seen all directions. Loose field ice to soutli and west. Berg and growler (same as 275). Berg (same as 338). Field ice extending 20 miles north. Berg (same as 346). Berg. Berg (same as 334) . Berg (same as 333). 2 growlers. Berg (same as 332). Growler. Small patch field ice. Many bergs all directions. Berg. Berg (same as 334). Berg (same as 333). 2 growlers (same as 358) . Berg (same as 334). Growler (same as 360) . Field ice all directions, moving east- Berg. Large berg (same as 342). Berg (same as 340). Growler. Berg (same as 3.32) . Growler (same as 332). Berg and field ice (same as 348). Berg (same as 334). Growler. Berg (same as 3.32). Berg (same as 333) . Berg (same as 334). Berg (same as 332). Berg (same as 342). Field ice west and north. Large berg. Several bergs all directions. Field ice south and west. Numerous bergs all directions. 2 bergs. Several bergs from 12 miles south. Berg, large low-lying. Large berg. Berg and growler. Berg and growler (.same as 355). Patches heavy field ice as far as can be' Berg. Do. 2 growlers. Large berg. Many bergs in vicinity. Berg (same as 348) . Berg and several growlers. Berg. Do. Small berg. Bell buoy with framework 10 feet high. Berg. Large berg and 2 growlers. 50 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude 1937 Apr. 19 .-do Apr. 20 ._do— - ..do .-do.— . ..do...-. ..do ..do..-. ..do-.-.. ..do -.do-.-. Apr. 21 ...do-—, .do-..-, .do—, .do.—, .do-.-. -do— ..do— . -.do— . ..do— . ..do ..do .-do— . .-do.-.. ..do Apr. 22 ...do .-do -.do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do.—. ...do.—. ...do ...do—.. ...do-.-. ..-do—. ...do—. ..-do- Cape Race radio- do John W. Mackay Hazel wood — -do Anna Sofie Manchester Regiment- ....do ...-do ...-do John W. Mackay- ...-do Cape Race radio John W. Mackay. Windsorwood ...-do Uakotian Marisa Thorden. Nova Scotia Storfjeld Kenbane Uead... Windsorwood Nova Scotia John W. Mackay. Nova Scotia ...-do Lancastria Cape Race radio— Duchess of AthoU. Lancastria ....do -...do -.-do .-..do Duchessof Atholl- .-..do.... — Kentucky John W. Mackay.. .-.do — .do- — .--do — .do ..do. ..do- ..do- ..do- .-dO- ..do. ..do- -.do.. ..do-, .-do.. ...do-, —do.. ...do.. Apr. ...do-. ...do-. ...do. ..-do- ...do-. .--do- ...do- ...do- ...do. ...do- ...do- ...do. ..-do. ...do. ..-do. West Kyska Champlain Duchess of AthoU - ....do .....do ....do Qlitrefjell do Montcalm John W. Mackay.. . — .do .....do Duchess of AthoU. Tennessee West Madaket — Athenia do Champlain Maplewood John W. Mackay. do Oxelosund Beaverford do Montcalm- -- do do- do do Cape Race 48 05 47 57 47 12 47 14 50 33 50 46 iace 50 41 52 39 52 34 47 20 48 40 42 50 47 37 4H 14 46 14 44 14 45 12 45 12 45 22 45 20 48 00 47 45 Cape Cape Race 10 48 19 54 54 50 54 52 52 21 56 50 38 Cape 49 20 30 32 30 17 48 47 11 30 46 25 47 44 47 4S 47 22 46 20 45 30 45 10 46 13 46 17 44 11 45 36 46 22 45 18 44 06 46 14 46 16 46 19 46 21 46 19 46 27 46 27 51 05 53 01 53 43 53 44 48 30 48 52 51 11 51 06 48 36 51 18 Many bergs and growlers in vicinity. Bell buoy, adrift. Loose scattered field ice. Large berg. Small berg (same as 391). Small berg (same as 332) . Growler. Large growlers. Growler. Pieces ice. Berg. Do. Several bergs and growlers, all direc- tions. Field ice north and west. Large berg (same as 342) . Numerous small pieces scattered ice. Small berg and several growlers. Berg. 23 bergs within 5 miles of coast. Large berg. Berg. Berg (same as 391) . 7 bergs. Berg (same as 418). Berg (same as 39l) . Berg (same as 342) . Many small pieces. Berg (same as 402) . Several bergs and growlers all directions. Growler. Berg. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Growler. Do. Do. Log 20 feet long, 2 feet thick. Berg. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Heavy field ice as far east and north as can be seen. Growler. Berg (same as 424) . Berg. 2 bergs. Growler. Do. Heavv pack ice extending north and south as far as can be seen with 7 bergs and numerous growlers. Large berg. Berg (same as 402) . Berg. Do. Do. Large berg, growlers and pieces (same as 437). Growler. Do. Do. Berg. Berg (same as 424). Berg. Growler. Do. Berg. Growler. Berg and scattered pieces. Growler. Do. Do. Do. Do. 51 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Descripti( 1937 Apr. 23 -..do ...do.... ...do.—. ...do-— . ...do—. ...do.—. .do— -do.... -do— -dO-..- .do— -do— -dO-.- -do-.- -do..-. -do— Montcalm do-. do do— Antonia do- do. Beaverford .-..-do Cape Race radio. Champlain do Hada County Antouia- do-. -. ....do ...-do ...do.— Apr. 24 ...do— - ...do— ...do— - ...do— ...do-— ...do..-. ...do.... -.-do.... Apr. 25 ..-do-... ...do.— -.-do— .-.do— ...do..... ...do..... -.-do..... Apr. 26 ...do --do..... ...do...-. -..do ...do ...do..... ...do --.do ..-do..... --do --do..... -do...- -do.... .do.... Beaverford Cape Kace radio Cham plain Maplewood Cham plain Manchester Brigade. ---.do Stad Vlaardingen ---do Norwegian Cham plain Norwegian- ..-do ...do ..--do- -- ...-do Champlain Duchoss of York ---.do Cape Race radio Andania .-..do ...-do ...-do Champlain Andania ....do —do .-..do ...-do—. .-..do.. ....do ..-do ....do ....do ...-do ...-do .--do ....do ....do General Greene- Empress of Australia. -...do ....do ...-do ...do -.-do Cairnelen. —do ....do ..-do ...-do ....do 46 30 46 27 46 24 46 22 46 06 46 03 46 09 46 20 46 15 Cape Race 44 32 48 47 44 05 48 25 45 51 53 46 24 53 38 46 22 53 42 46 24 53 43 Cape Race to Cape Pine 46 24 I 54 Cape Race 44 00 46 00 43 40 45 18 45 21 47 14 47 07 46 09 43 l(i 46 11 46 22 46 16 46 21 46 15 43 05 46 21) 46 12 Cape Race 46 20 46 24 46 21 46 19 42 43 46 27 46 12 46 12 46 27 46 20 46 27 46 23 54 53 53 53 49 53 53 53 53 53 53 ( 52 i Cape Ballard to Cape Race 46 26 46 27 46 27 46 18 46 32 46 29 46 45 47 36 46 54 46 22 46 26 46 12 46 00 46 OH 46 06 46 17 46 36 Cape 46 29 46 34 46 35 46 35 53 53 53 53 52 52 Race 53 53 53 53 Large berg and pieces. Do. Do. Large berg and pieces (same as 437) . Sirall growlers. Small berg. Do. Berg and several growlers. Several small pieces. Many bergs and growlers in vicinity. Small growler. Berg (same as 424) . Berg (same as 452) . Berg (same a.s 479) . Berg (same as 480) . Berg (same as 481). Numerous bergs. Large berg (same as 482) . Several bergs all directions. Berg (same as 424) . Large berg and pieces (same as 452) . Berg (same as 424) . Berg. Large berg. Do. Field ice as far north as can be seen. Two large growlers. Berg (same as 424) . Growler, low. Large berg (same as 482). Berg. 3 bergs (same as 479-80-81) . Growler. Berg (same as 424) . Large flat berg (same as 482). Large low berg. Many bergs and growlers in vicinity. Berg (same as 482). Bere (same as 481). Berg (same as 480). Berg (same as 479) . Berg (same as 424) . Berg (same as 481). 2 bergs (same as 514) . 10 growlers. Growler. 2 growlers. Large berg. Berg. 4 bergs. 3 .growlers. Growler. Berg. 4 growlers. Small low berg. 4 growlers. Berg. Patches loose southeast.) pack ice. (Drifting Large area loose field ice with some heavy piecjs. Berg (same as 482). 3 bergs (same as 479-480-481). Berg (same as 486). Berg (same as 452) . Growler. Do. Barg. Large berg. Large berg 3 miles south. Large berg. Growler. Do. Large berg. 52 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Lati- tude Longi- tude Description Apr. 26 ...do ...do Cairnglen General Greene. do ...do Apr. 27 ...do..... ...do ...do ...do -do.... -do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do..._ .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... -do.... .do.... .do.... ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Apr. ...do- ...do. ...do. ...dn. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Apr. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do- ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. _-.do. Apr. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .do. do Alaunia ....do do.-.. do .-..-do General Greene. Alaunia do Champlain General Greene. Cairnglen do ..—do .—do do do Skjoldheim General Greene. Alaunia do.. EUerdale... ..—do do do Champlain. BeaverhilL. Champlain. BeaverhilL - do do .....do do do Taurus Champlain. Cape Corso. Duchess of Bedford. Champlain Duchess of Bedford. do Torr Head do Duchess of Bedford. .....do Emile Francqui Malaren St. John's radio. Delillian do do do...- - do do Champlain. Beaverdale. do do do do Ascania do Delillian do Beaverdale. Ferryland Head Cape Race 47 25 I 52 30 51 52 51 31 51 05 53 47 53 45 53 45 53 18 53 06 50 57 52 10 51 54 49 36 51 00 53 30 53 31 53 34 53 34 53 40 53 46 48 03 50 35 51 00 50 50 50 03 52 57 47 23 47 21 47 16 46 25 46 25 46 21 46 22 46 19 47 10 46 26 46 39 42 35 47 04 46 33 46 30 46 30 46 32 46 35 46 34 44 IH 46 55 46 50 46 53 46 08 46 16 46 17 46 12 46 06 46 00 46 15 42 25 45 50 46 00 46 04 46 05 46 12 46 07 46 10 46 20 46 46 08 53 14 53 44 51 36 50 28 54 00 53 34 53 10 51 51 47 52 49 45 51 10 51 41 49 33 52 30 52 41 53 20 54 34 51 10 53 07 53 27 53 49 54 00 52 58 51 56 52 19 49 06 53 38 53 54 53 56 54 17 54 30 52 53 52 56 54 11 Several large and small bergs close shore. Scattered pieces of ice. Heavy pack ice with numerous growl- ers. Field ice all directions. Large berg (same as 479). Large berg (same as 480). Do. Growler. Do. Scattered pack ice north and east as far as can be seen. Large berg. Berg. Do. Small flat berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Large berg. Do. Large field of ice containing several Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 482) . Berg and growler. Berg. Berg and growler. Large berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 426) Berg. Spherical black buoy with tripod super- structure, whistle working. Small berg. Growler. Berg. Growler. Large berg. Small berg. Berg. Berg (same as 482) . Black can buoy, red top with skeleton frame. Berg. Field ice close to shore. Growler. Berg. 3 bergs. Berg. Growler. Berg. Large berg. Small growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 544). Berg (same as 575). Berg. Growler. Small berg (same as 590). 53 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description Apr. ...do.. ...do- _..do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. May ...do- _.do.- _.do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. May ...do.. ...do.. ..do.. ..do.. Ascania... .....do do ....do -.-do ....do ...-do ....do .-..do ..-do --.do -...do Montcalm do.-. do St. Jotin's radio.. Cape Race radio. ...do.. ...do-. ...do.. ...do.. ...do- .-.do- ..do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. May ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do... ...do.. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do.. ...do... ...do.. ...do... ...do... May ...do... I. ..do... Simonburn... .....do Montcalm Arundo.- do . .-—do Yacht Fontome 2nd-- do Manchester Division- do Geraldine Mary Antonia do ---do St. John's radio. Nova Scotia Elswick Park - Sir Earnest CasseL Cape Race radio... Manchester Port.. do.. do .....do Duchess of Atholl. do do ....do General Greene Elswick Park Lancastria ..-.do Athenia Duchess of Atholl. Lancastria Athenia ....do Nuolja Nova Scotia. Hazel wood., do. Lancastria. Athenia do. Beaverford ----do- Hazel wood Boston City Hazel wood Boston Citv Windsor Wood- .— do...- —do ---do 46 16 46 22 46 24 45 58 46 24 46 17 46 15 46 07 46 11 53 23 53 40 53 39 53 37 53 45 53 55 54 11 54 29 54 37 British Monarch, -.--do Tanker Burano... 54 3 54 3 54 1 Saint John's Cape Race 44 30 44 35 45 58 46 01 45 56 45 59 44 26 44 32 44 49 44 50 Saint J 54 05 54 26 50 14 54 16 53 32 53 54 54 12 54 27 52 14 52 15 to 47 36 46 20 46 22 46 19 52 21 54 42 54 36 54 32 Saint John's Cape Race to 46 30 I 54 00 Cape Race to Saint John's 45 21 I 51 58 47 00 I 49 48 Cape Race 54 35 54 26 54 12 54 00 54 45 54 37 54 15 54 26 47 52 55 02 54 43 54 38 54 15 53 38 52 00 53 32 53 00 48 53 Saint John's Bay 53 52 53 41 51 50 51 53 51 47 54 46 51 59 52 00 52 26 51 44 53 10 54 39 54 31 54 22 54 11 51 .57 52 22 47 29 46 18 46 18 46 16 45 56 46 24 46 22 46 20 46 18 44 42 44 30 46 22 46 20 46 10 46 04 46 05 45 57 46 06 45 11 46 OS 46 05 45 54 45 56 45 58 46 24 45 58 45 55 45 36 45 56 45 47 46 28 46 22 46 18 46 25 46 02 46 10 40 31 Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 608) . Berg. Do. Berg (same as 615). Growler. Do. Berg (same as 611). Berg (same as 612). Berg. Berg (same as 629) . Berg (same as 612). Berg. Field ic« 3 miles offshore moving east. Many bergs and growlers all direc- tions. Berg. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 627) . Berg (same as 608). Berg and growler (same as 609 and 610). Berg. 2 bergs and growlers. Small berg and growler. Growler and small berg. Field ice extending north as far as can be seen. Berg (same as 629). Berg (same as 612). Growler. Loose field ice all directions. 19 bergs and pieces. Numerous bergs along Newfoundland coast. Berg. Large berg. Several bergs all directions. Berg (same as 629). Berg (same as 612). Berg (same as 632). Berg (.same as 609). Berg (same as 629). Berg (same as 612). Berg (same as 632). Several growlers. Small berg. Berg. Berg (same as 629). Berg (same as 612). Berg (same as 632). Berg. Do. Berg (same as 608). Growler. Large berg. Heavy field ice. Berg. Berg (same as 668). Growler (same as 605). Berg (same as 605). 3 small growlers. Berg (same as 629) . Berg (same as 605). Growler. Berg Several small growlers. Large berg. Berg (same as 629). Small bergs (same as 612). Small bergs (same as 632) . Do. Berg (same as 669). 2 bergs. Drifting rusty cylindrical buoy No. 195 . 54 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1937 May _..do... ...do-.. _..do... ...do... ...do... _..do... ...do... ...do... ...do... .do... .do... ...do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... .-do... ...do ...do ...do May 5 ...do ...do..... Cape Race radio.. Bristol City do ...-do -..do do ....do British Monarch. .._.do do do do Bristol City do do do do do Mercator Bristol City. Carperby. do do..._ .-do.... ..do.— ..do.... ..do-... —do-... ...do..- —do.... ...do.... ...do-.. May 6 ...do.... — do— ...do ... ...do-... ...do-.. ...do.-. ...do.... ...do—. ...do— ...do.... ...do— ...do—. ...do.... ...do—. ...do-... -do.... ..do-.. -do.... ..do—. -do.— -do.... -do.... ...do..- May 7 ...do ...do—. ...do—. ...do—. ...do.... ...do.-. ...do.... Bristol City Tredinnick Cape Race radio. Blairspey. do .—do.... Champlaln Tabian Fort Amherst. ....do .---do Champlain Melmore Head Tredinnick -. Duchess of Richmond - -...do Topdalsf jord ....do Claere Hugo Stinnes... .—do A. L. Kent. do- Tredinnick.. ...-do .-..do Duchess of Richmond. do --do--------- do Cape Race radio do Claere Hugo Stinnes... Champlain. Washington Aurania do do .—.do do do Beaverburn. do -..do... ...do... ...do... do Trematon.-. Beaver burn. Cape 46 30 40 21 46 20 46 22 46 26 46 26 46 10 46 21 46 28 46 26 46 23 46 23 46 25 46 31 46 40 46 35 46 15 44 26 46 20 1 46 20 45 56 46 06 46 02 46 11 45 11 Race 51 41 54 36 54 25 54 17 54 12 54 00 53 10 55 04 53 29 53 36 53 40 53 46 53 46 53 39 52 30 52 20 53 30 54 15 54 02 52 14 48 53 Cape Race 45 56 45 57 46 01 43 50 45 12 31 43 46 38 46 40 46 45 13 47 56 45 12 46 08 45 54 46 06 46 02 46 39 46 38 45 56 45 55 45 42 45 44 45 47 46 46 21 46 19 46 21 46 19 53 31 53 57 53 17 55 47 48 54 54 21 54 10 48 50 43 37 52 05 52 11 54 26 54 17 53 19 53 42 54 06 53 35 53 43 53 43 Cape Cape 46 26 44 51 41 07 46 49 46 42 46 33 46 42 46 48 46 29 46 11 46 14 46 21 46 00 46 22 Trematon Saint John's radio. 46 22 46 05 47 28 52 12 48 12 48 14 52 12 51 43 52 10 52 20 51 30 52 47 53 42 51 fO 52 37 Bergs and growlers all directions. Berg and 2 growlers. Berg (same as 629). Berg (same as 012). 3 growlers (same as 612). Berg (same as 632) Berg. Berg (same as 650) . Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg. Berg apd 2 growlers. Berg (same as 701). Do. Do. Berg (same as 703) . 2 bergs and numerous pieces (same as 6-11 and 642). 3 bergs. Large berg (same as 008) . Bere. Do. Berg (same -^s 606) . Berg (same as 072). Many bergs and growlers to north eastward. Berg (same as 608) . Berg and growlers (same as 609). Berg and growler. Berg. Berg (same as 672). Large spar buoy. Large berg. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 672). Flat growler. Berg (same as 652). Large berg (same as 606). Berg (same as 008). Large berg (same as 605). Berg. Large berg. Berg. Large berg. 3 growlers. Berg (same as 084). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Field ice 7 miles to northeast. Many bergs and growlers all directions. Berg. Growler. Black whistling buoy with frame work 7 feet high. Large berg. Berg and growler (same as 733). Berg (same as 734). Growler. Growler and heavy field ice. Large berg (same as 740). Growler. Berg and numerous pieces (same asl 710). lyarge berg (same as 710) . Growler. Numerous bergs (same as 050) . Berg (same as 605). 55 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description 1937 May ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... May _..do... Saint John's radio. Letitia.. , ...do Beaverburn Champlain Cape Race radio. Letitia ....do ...-do Tuscania Trelissick. Cape Race radio. Saint John's radio. ....do ..do_ ..do. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Fort Amherst. do ..._do Cairnglen. do ..:tdo ....do — .do :...do do May ...do.. ...do.. Cairnglen.. do Jean Jadot. ...do..... May 10 ...do..... ...do..... ...do-.... ...do... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do.... ...do..... ...do-.... ...do.-.. -..do.... -..do.-.. ...do-.. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.— ...do.-. ...do— . ...do.... ...do.... ...do-... ...do.... ...do..-. May 11 Savenjell U. S. S. Porter. do do Kilda Duchess of Bedford. ..._do ....do- General Greene ....do ....do Delilian ..--do -.--do-..- General Greene Duchess of Bedford. U. S. S. Porter ...-do .-.-do - ---do .—do... ....do ....do ....do --.-do- -.do., -.do., -.do., -.do.- ...do.- ...do.- -.do.. Scarborough- Delilian.. Maplewood.-. do..-- Kenbanehead _ Montclaire. do Dorelian 4fi 04 4H IS 40 21 44 30 51 52 52 09 54 35 48 Cape Race 45 57 46 07 46 14 43 52 45 50 Cape 52 51 52 09 52 22 58 04 54 26 Race 47 28 I 52 37 Saint John's Cape Spear Cape Spear to Cape Race to 53 50 54 33 54 26 54 22 53 50 53 49 53 45 53 36 53 37 Baccalieu Island to 52 30 51 32 53 07 52 55 56 30 46 24 46 20 46 13 46 34 46 14 46 34 46 28 46 30 35 47 40 1 47 40 46 33 46 39 42 23 46 32 46 05 46 22 46 29 46 03 45 48 46 23 46 12 46 00 46 43 46 52 4fi 52 46 20 46 12 46 02 47 02 46 04 46 31 46 33 46 36 46 36 46 35 46 36 46 38 46 45 46 46 53 50 54 20 54 00 53 36 54 14 54 20 54 23 54 29 30 ■54 54 48 53 23 52 15 53 16 53 21 53 02 53 09 52 50 52 55 Cape Race 45 52 45 52 45 53 45 44 46 18 46 18 46 08 52 32 53 36 54 02 54 21 52 08 52 10 53 26 Open field ice 5 miles east moving southwest Berg (same as 605). Berg (same as 710). Large berg. Berg (same as 672). Numerous bergs and growlers all directions. Large berg (same as 605) . Berg (same as 606) . Berg. Lighted bell buoy painted red. Berg (same as 734) . Numerous bergs and growlers all directions. Berg. Open field ice 5 miles east moving southwest (same as 761). Strings field ice 2 miles east. Many bergs and growlers close inshore along Newfoundland coast. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. ■Heavy field ice. Berg. Berg and growler. Large red light and whistle buoy, light extinguished, dangerous to naviga- tion. Berg. Berg (same as 627). 3 bergs. 2 bergs. Berg (same as 627) . Berg and several growlers (same as 734). Berg. Growlers. Berg (same as 627) . Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Large growler. 3 growlers. Berg. Small berg and pieces. Berg. Do. 3 bergs. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Large berg. Numerous bergs and growlers 10 to 15 miles east to south. Berg. Large berg (same as 60S) . Growler (same as 609). Berg and several growlers (same as 734). Berg. Do. Large growler. 56 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description May 12 ...do ...do ...do..„. ...do ...do..... .._do May 13 ...do..-.. ...do..... ...do ...do ...do ...do..... ...do ...do ...do__... ...do.-... ...do...-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do _..do._... ...do..... ...do..-.. ...do..... ...do ...do ...do May 14 ...do..... ...do..... Cape Race radio. Montclaire. Warlady... ....do May 15 ...do ...do —do ...do ...do ...do ...do do Edam Santa Joanna... Cliristiansborg.. do He Au-x Marins. Hadiotis do.... .....do Honor... .....do. Newfoundland. Beaverbrae Honor Duchess of York. .....do do... ...-do do .-.-do do ..-.do.... Cliristiansborg... do Andania... do .....do ...-do do. do. do. Cornerbrook. -...do ....do do.. do. Alaunia. ....do... ....do-.. .-..do— .-.-do..- Cornerbrook Cape Race radio. Alaunia ....do .-..do -..do ....do ----do Cornerbrook. ..--do ...-do Manchester Regiment. Alaunia Wentworth ...-do --.-do .-.-do ....do ....do .-.-do ....do ..-do Black Heron Sularia .-..do .-..do .--do Kerkplein. .-.-do ...-do ....do Cape Race 46 21 46 01 45 54 45 59 45 35 46 30 46 30 44 42 45 49 45 54 45 54 45 52 46 00 48 02 46 52 45 53 46 22 46 23 46 15 46 09 46 28 46 57 46 49 46 54 46 52 46 22 46 23 46 29 46 33 46 32 46 33 46 35 46 24 47 02 47 00 46 52 46 52 46 45 46 50 Cape 54 20 40 59 53 11 53 24 53 07 53 45 53 57 54 13 54 21 51 06 46 24 46 28 46 22 46 24 46 33 46 31 46 48 46 49 46 59 47 13 46 31 46 27 46 23 46 27 46 31 46 32 46 35 46 52 46 57 47 10 41 40 46 12 46 2(1 46 23 46 30 48 12 47 55 47 52 48 02 53 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 51 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 54 53 53 53 53 53 51 51 51 51 52 52 Race 53 53 53 53 52 57 53 44 53 50 54 38 51 50 51 57 52 22 52 35 Several bergs and growlers all direc- tions. Large berg. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 627). Rusty conical buoy. Large berg. Growler. Berg. Large berg. Berg. Berg (same as 823). Berg. Berg (same as 824). Berg (same as 627). Heavy open field ice extending south 13 miles, then west 18 miles, and north as far as can be seen. Berg. Berg (same as 608). Large berg (same as 608). Large berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Large berg (same as 627) . I^arge berg. Berg (same as 836). Growler. 2 bergs and numerous pieces. Large berg. Large berg (same as 797). Large berg (same as 798). Large berg (same as 841). Berg (same as 842). Large berg (same as 845) . Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Small berg (same as 836). Berg. Growler. 2 bergs (same as 848). Berg (same as 849). Bergs all directions. Berg. Berg (same as 839) . Berg (same as 841). Berg (same as 842). 2 growlers. Growler. Berg (same as 862). Growler. Berg (same as 836). Growler. Large berg (same as 845). Berg (same as 842). Do. Berg. Berg and scattered ice (same as 842). Berg (same as 858). Berg. Berg (same as 863). Berg and 2 growlers. Berg. Black and white striped conical buoy No. 16. Large berg. Large berg (same as 841) . Large berg (same as 842) . Large berg (same as 845) . 2 growlers. Berg and growler. 3 bergs. Berg. 57 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1937 _do... U. S. S. Porter. Magnus- do... Cairnross. May 16 ...do ..do_..- ...do ...do -._do ...do...-. _.-do ...do ...do ___do..... ...do... _._do.- ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... August Kyno do do .....do do.... do do .....do. do.. do... do U. S. S. Porter.. Brookwood do do Cape Race radio. Aldermain. August .-..do ...-do Kerkplein Kirsten Maersk. ._-_do. -...do .—do. ....do ....do -...do ..-.do ....do Arizpa Newfoundland. - ..-do ....do .-.-do -—do -—do .-.-do ...-do.-- --. ...do.--, —do.--, -.-do..-, —do---, —do---. May 17 ---do--_. —do..-. ...do..-. -do-.-, —do.--. ...do..-. ...do.--, -..do-.-, -..do-... — do--. -.-do..-. ...do.... ..-do.--, ---do.... ...do.--, --do.--, -.-do.--. ...do.-., ---do---, —do.-., ---do..-, —do..-. do do -- do Arizpa --- Cygnus Duchess of Richmond Cape Race radio - do Aurania Pajala Letitia -. do --- do do do Grey County-- -. do Aurania do do do do , do do - Letitia --- do do do -. From St. John's to Cape Race 47 15 I 51 40 47 29 51 49 47 12 I 52 04 to Cape Race 54 35 52 02 52 16 52 01 52 16 52 30 52 30 52 44 52 44 46 35 46 57 46 56 46 50 46 49 46 42 46 41 46 35 46 35 46 33 46 31 46 30 46 25 45 55 45 54 46 07 53 36 54 11 Cape Race 48 11 50 56 46 41 52 23 46 46 52 16 46 45 52 25 4K 20 50 45 46 4S 52 20 46 40 52 20 46 34 52 4S 46 36 52 55 46 39 52 56 46 33 53 03 46 31 53 04 46 37 53 04 46 30 55 OK 46 29 52 32 46 30 53 ] ] 46 27 53 04 46 37 53 OS 46 24 53 06 46 35 53 24 46 34 53 23 46 29 53 34 Cape Race 46 46 25 24 46 24 46 18 46 27 46 08 46 08 46 36 46 23 46 36 46 24 46 22 46 25 46 30 46 29 46 07 45 59 46 23 46 27 46 29 46 29 46 32 46 34 46 34 46 33 46 31 46 33 46 37 53 47 53 48 53 51 ^3 07 53 07 53 21 53 21 53 06 53 28 52 52 53 55 53 33 53 43 53 31 53 07 54 26 53 40 53 48 53 39 53 00 53 00 Numerous bergs within 3 miles of shore. Berg. •12 bergs on both sides of track. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg (same»as608). Berg and growler (same as 824) . Berg (same as 627) . Several bergs and growlers all direc- tions. [scattered field ice extending north- 1 west. Berg (same as 904) . Berg (same as 903). Berg (same as 905) . Extensive heavy field ice. Berg (same as 904). Berg (same as 90.5). Berg (same as 906). Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 909) . Do. Berg (same as 910). Berg. Berg (same as 910). Berg (same as 909) . Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Numerous bergs and growlers all direc- tions. Berg (same as 842) . Berg (same as 911). Do. Berg. Several bergs in vicinity (same as 934). Berg. Large berg (same as 944) . Laige beig (same as 925). 2 bergs. Berg (same as 906). Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 937) . Berg (same as 910). ""!.o. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. 58 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued No. Date Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 967 1937 May 17 ...do _..do.... ...do.--, -.do..-. ...do-... ...do..-. — do.-- — do-... ..-do.... ...do--- ...do..- May 18 ...do -..do — do--.- ...do..-. -..do.-- — do-.- — do---. -..do.— ...do.--- ...do..-. May 19 ...do..- May 20 ...do ...do-.-- .--do May 21 ..-do.--. May 23 ...do ..do..- ...do.-.. ...do.-.. ...do..- ...do...- ...do--- ...do.--- _..do.... ...do.... ...do_-._ ...do.-.. ...do.-.. ...do.--- ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... — do--- ...do.... ...do.... ...do.-.. — do.--. ...do.-.- ...do.... -.-do.... ...do.... ...do..- — do-... ...do..-. ...do.... ...do.-.. May 24 ...do ...do..-. ...do.--. ...do.--. _..do.--- ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.--- ...do.._. ...do..-. Letitia - 46 37 46 42 46 38 46 46 46 45 46 49 46 49 47 00 46 58 46 43 46 56 39 58 48 03 47 57 45 47 St. Job Cape 47 54 48 01 48 04 48 09 46 23 Cape 48 53 48 59 46 31 46 57 46 33 46 23 48 39 47 07 46 35 46 20 46 32 46 28 46 34 46 27 46 32 46 37 47 59 46 27 46 21 46 26 46 30 46 52 48 00 46 26 1 52 26 I 51 56 46 45 46 20 46 43 46 07 46 31 46 29 46 26 46 26 46 33 46 26 46 21 46 27 46 30 46 35 46 20 46 37 46 37 46 19 46 19 46 53 46 23 46 23 46 18 46 25 46 30 47 05 47 01 52 54 52 51 52 46 52 32 52 24 52 25 52 22 50 52 50 58 51 18 51 10 47 39 52 08 52 35 53 47 I's Bay Race 52 20 52 20 52 20 53 40 Race 50 15 49 58 52 34 50 59 54 32 53 23 49 54 51 06 53 23 53 28 53 31 53 40 53 37 53 40 53 57 53 48 49 40 53 56 54 05 54 36 52 39 51 03 49 34 54 52 53 55 53 10 52 31 52 38 52 30 54 45 54 44 53 33 53 21 53 41 53 55 54 10 53 19 55 15 53 04 52 52 53 53 52 52 52 40 53 20 52 54 51 33 52 35 53 17 53 24 53 08 52 56 51 25 51 16 968 969 970 971 972 973 '. --do'. _ - V V .". -V.".- ."-.' .....do-- do --'do^--I-"--."--V.V.V-'- Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. 975 do Do. Do. 977 978 ' Cont i Sa'voia.V .'.'.'"- ." ." '/.'.'. Aldermain Do. Floating can buoy. 2 growlers. 979 Berg. 981 Honor Berg. 982 Cape Race radio Bergs all directions. 984 985 986 987 do. - do do Rushpool Berg. Do. Do. Scattered ice. 988 Cape Race radio Several bergs and growlers all directions. Pajala 990 991 do Montcalm Growlers. Growler. Berg. 994 Montcalm Growler. Berg. 996 Athonia . . . . Several small pieces. 997 Scarborough Berg. 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 do do '. '. '. -do. -V. ..".."..'... .V. " - - Carperby . . . Giowler. ^"%,o. 3 giowlers. Berg. Do. Do. Large berg and small growler (same as 995). 1007 1008 do do Do. Do. 1010 1011 Carperby Berg (same as 992). 4 small growlers. 1012 Athenia Large growler. 1013 Bochum [Field ice and growlers as far north as [■ can be seen. Berg. 1015 1016 do Cairnvalona Do. Berg (same as 1014). Berg. 1019 Cairnvalona Numerous bergs and growlers. 1020 1021 1022 1023 '--(io-r.--.------ Nuolia Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. 1025 1026 1027 do do do Do. Berg and growler. Berg. 1029 Beaverbrae Berg. 1030 do Berg (same as 1014). 1032 1033 do Empress of Australia Do. Small beig. Berg (same as 1015). 1036 1037 1038 1039 ^--do------------ Duchess of York Berg. Do. Do. Growler. 1040 Berg. 59 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1937 May 24 ...do.... ...do.-.. ...do.-_. ...do ...do ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do..-. ...do.... .._do._.. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.._. ...do.... ...do..-. ...do.... ...do.--. ...do..-. ...do.... ...do.,.. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do ...do May 25 ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ._do.. ..do.. ..do.. ._do.. ..do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. _._do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. May i ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. Dueliess of York. Gray county Andania ..-.do Beaverbrae Dakotian .-..do Alaunia Empress of Australia. .do. .do .do -do.. .do Andania Empress of Australia. -.do ...do..- -..do ...do ...do --.do ---. ..-do ...do .-.do do do Beaverbrae. Rene Moreux... Nuolja Fanad Head do do.. - .—do Sulairia Cape Race radio. Belle Isle radio. General Greene. Trematon .....do Sulairia... do do do do ....do Champlain .... do do Tyrifjord.. do do Sulairia... do do do do do do do Trematon. do Pilsudski.. do.... do Sulairia do Melmorehead. do do 47 10 46 26 46 26 46 35 46 33 46 52 47 09 47 04 46 56 46 56 46 33 46 38 46 33 48 01 46 26 46 38 46 33 46 28 51 05 54 10 53 00 52 53 51 06 51 25 50 35 52 00 62 43 52 49 52 51 53 01 53 04 49 35 54 14 53 25 53 34 53 43 53 44 54 11 54 15 54 19 54 40 54 48 51 28 52 42 47 31 46 05 48 23 46 28 46 28 46 31 46 36 46 42 54 21 54 42 Cape Race Cape 46 28 46 16 46 44 46 35 46 28 46 27 46 34 46 37 4(i 17 46 18 46 16 47 00 46 51 47 03 46 23 46 33 46 39 46 23 46 39 46 23 46 34 46 36 46 22 46 20 48 12 48 02 47 58 46 34 46 39 46 17 46 16 46 20 Spear 54 30 64 25 54 29 54 24 54 10 53 48 53 58 54 04 52 36 52 52 52 58 51 18 51 24 51 09 53 46 53 35 53 26 53 20 53 15 53 12 53 06 52 58 53 19 63 08 49 50 60 11 60 14 52 51 52 45 52 15 53 10 52 68 ^Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1033) . Berg. Berg (same as 1033). Numerous growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 1014). Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Berg (low lying) (same as 996). Berg. Small berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 growlers. Berg. Growler. Berg (same as 1033). Berg (same as 1014). Berg. 4 bergs. Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. 4 growlers. Berg. Several bergs and growlers all direc- tions. Large areas of open field ice, extending from 11 miles northeast Belle Isle to eastward for 110 miles. Berg aground. Growler. Berg. 2 growlers. Large berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg (same as 1015). Berg. Do. Growler. Berg (same as 1033). Growler (same as 1047). ^%o. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Do. Do. ^%o. 2 growlers. Berg. Growler. Berg and numerous pieces. Large berg (same as 1058). Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1090). 81041—39- 60 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued No. Date Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1937 o , o / 1112 May 26 Pilsudski 46 49 52 40 Berg. 1113 ...do.... do 46 45 52 41 Do. 1114 ...do.... do.-- 46 41 52 48 Berg (same as 1058). 1115 ...do.-.. Champlain 46 14 54 15 Bertr. 1116 ...do.... .....do... 46 27 54 04 Do. 1117 ...do.... do 46 32 53 55 Do. 1118 ...do.... do 46 26 53 46 Do. 1119 ...do.... do 46 22 53 44 Do. 1120 ...do.... do 46 30 53 32 Do. 1121 ...do.... do 46 22 53 17 Do. 1122 ...do.... do 46 20 53 16 Do. 1123 ...do.... do.. 46 15 53 16 Do. 1124 ...do.... ...do.... Pilsudski 46 32 46 19 52 51 53 16 Do. 1125 Do. 1126 ...do.-.. ////.do.y////////".'."'.'."'. 46 22 53 17 Do. 1127 ...do.... do... 46 24 53 18 Do. 1128 ...do.... do 46 26 53 10 Do. 1129 ...do.... do 46 23 53 46 Do. 1130 ...do.... do 46 23 54 09 Do. 1131 ...do.-.. Duchess of Bedford 48 13 49 46 Growler. 1132 ...do.... do 48 15 49 53 Small berg. 1133 ...do.-- do 48 08 49 47 Growler. 1134 ...do.... do 48 03 50 11 Small berg. 1135 ...do...- do.. 47 56 50 13 Small pieces. 1136 ...do.... Cavallo 46 18 53 09 Small berg. 1137 ...do.... do 46 23 53 08 Do. 1138 ...do..-. do - 46 13 53 25 Berg. 1139 ...do..-. do 46 18 53 25 Do. 1140 .-dO..- do 46 23 53 27 Do. 1141 ...do... Hawnby 46 52 51 41 Do. 1142 ...do.... ..-.-do. 47 00 51 29 Small berg and growler. 1143 do Champlain . . 46 27 53 18 Berg. Do. 1144 ...do..-. do 46 34 53 07 1145 ...do.-.. 46 38 53 02 Do. 1146 ...do..-. -do 46 15 52 58 Do. 1147 ...do.--. "]I]do""I""""IIIII"I! 46 20 52 56 Do. 1148 ...do.-- do 46 32 52 54 Do. 1149 ...do.... 46 38 52 50 Do. 1150 ...do.--. ""]do":":""":i:"i::: 46 44 52 51 Do. 1151 ...do.-- ...do Pilsudski 46 16 45 59 54 31 55 17 Do. 1152 do Do. 1153 ...do.... ...do.-.. Fort amherst 46 54 46 40 54 48 54 32 Do. Do. 1154 1155 ...do do 46 26 54 08 Do. 1156 ...do..-. --iiidoi"i"iii:ii:i":"i" 46 31 53 56 Do. 1157 ...do.... do 46 26 53 50 Do. 1158 ...do.-.. do 46 25 53 47 Do. 1159 ...do.... do 46 32 53 34 Do. 1160 May 27 Duchess of Bedford 46 41 52 50 Do. 1161 _..do.— 46 36 52 51 Do. 1162 ...do.... (Jo 46 38 53 02 Do. 1163 ...do.-.. do 46 33 53 06 Do. 1164 ...do...- do 46 32 53 33 Do. 1165 — do.... ;"'ido:"""::i:iiiiii"" 46 28 53 49 Do. 1166 ...do.... .-do 46 34 53 58 Do. 1167 ...do Newfoundland 46 18 54 41 Large berg. 1168 ...do Duchess of Bedford 46 28 54 12 Berg. 1169 ...do Champlain 46 49 51 46 Berg (same as 1141). 1170 ...do.... Newfoundland Cape Race Numerous bergs along coast of New- t 0 foundland. St. J ohn's 1171 do Antonia 48 16 49 32 Growler. 1172 ...do do 48 10 49 47 Berg (same as 1104). 1173 ...do Nyugat 46 50 51 46 Berg (same as 1141). 1174 do Cavallo 46 46 51 24 Large berg and 2 growlers. 1175 "do Champlain ........ 46 44 61 13 Berg. 1176 ""do Cyrus Field 46 22 54 40 Do. 1177 ...do.-. do 46 26 54 14 Do. 1178 ...do.... Beaverford 46 41 51 19 Berg (same as 1175). 1179 ...do.... do 46 48 51 57 Berg (same as 1049). 1180 ...do-... ...do.... Antonia . 46 52 46 49 52 46 52 50 Berg. Berg and 2 growlers. 1181 do - 1182 ...do.... do 46 41 52 61 Berg. 1183 ...do.... do 46 36 52 51 Do. 1184 ...do.... — ..do 46 27 63 04 Do. 1185 ...do.... --..do 46 27 53 07 Do. 1186 ...do.... ...do...- Rudby - 46 08 46 22 53 28 54 10 Do. Do. 1187 do... 1188 -.do-... Bennestvet 48 21 49 49 Do. 61 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description 1937 May 27 ..do-.-, -do-... -do-... -do---. -do-... .-do-... -do.... ..do.... ..do-... .--do-... ..do-... ..do.... ..do.... ..do-... ..do..-. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.-.. ..do.... ..do.... ...do.... ...do-... ...do.... ...do..-, .-.do--.. ...do.... ...do-... _..do.... ...do.-.. ...do..-. May 28 ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... _..do-.-. -.do-... ...do---, .-.do.... ...do---. ...do-.- ...do.... ...do.... ---do-.-, .-.do.... --do-... _..do..-. ...do..- ...do--. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do..-. May 29 ---do.-.. ...do-.-. ...do-... ...do..-. _-.do..-. ...do-.-. ...do..-. _..do.... ...do.... ...do-... .-do- .-do. .-do. -..do Cyrus Field. do .-.-do ...-do Bennestvet.. Antonia .-..do- ....do .--do --..do -.--do Ascania -..-do Cyras Field. ....do -..-do ....do -...do — .do ..-.do .-.-do --..do -—do Bennestvet Beaverford ...-do -..-do— .—do Ascania Laconia Stagpool Delilian Ascania Belle Isle radio.. Manchester Port do Newfoundland-. do Cyrus Field Balmoralwood Leto B almoral wood Montcalm ....do- do do. ..—do Manchester Port. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Newfoundland. .—do ....do Balmoralwood.. -...do ....do ..-.do Stagpool do Montcalm Fort Amherst.. Cairnesk. Cape Race to Cape Pine Humber Arm. do 46 36 53 07 46 33 53 07 46 36 53 12 46 26 53 20 46 26 53 51) 46 30 53 37 46 22 53 23 46 27 53 19 48 10 50 31 46 26 53 20 46 23 53 24 46 33 53 35 46 27 53 50 46 34 53 57 46 26 54 12 46 42 51 21 46 49 51 55 46 27 53 07 46 33 53 06 46 38 53 02 46 36 52 50 46 42 53 0(1 46 36 52 52 46 42 52 51 46 47 52 56 46 57 52 49 46 62 52 53 48 06 50 37 46 30 53 20 46 32 53 34 46 34 53 58 46 29 54 12 46 35 52 51 46 49 52 06 48 34 45 50 46 38 52 53 46 34 Bell 54 3 Isle 45 46 41 51 13 46 50 Cape 51 Spear 49 St. J ohn's 48 54 51 32 46 47 51 22 46 26 54 35 46 45 51 51 46 21 54 44 46 26 54 15 46 30 54 06 46 26 53 46 46 28 53 46 46 48 t Cape 51 0 • Race 34 46 31 53 37 46 27 53 51 46 25 53 52 46 28 54 14 48 11 50 51 48 31 50 11 48 54 51 32 46 23 53 26 46 23 53 31 46 24 53 27 46 24 53 29 46 27 53 30 46 27 54 00 48 18 49 34 46 00 55 44 52 15 t 53 0 10 51 30 53 43 52 08 t 53 0 00 52 06 53 15 52 02 t 53 0 55 51 57 54 SI Numerous bergs and growlers and field 2 bergs. Growler. 2 bergs. 3 bergs in vicinity. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg. Large berg. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1175). Berg (same as 1141). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 3 bergs. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1049). Berg, long low-lying. 2 bergs. Small berg. Loose strings field ice 10 miles southeast. Berg (same as 1175). Berg (same as 1141). Berg aground. Berg aground 3 miles north. Berg and 3 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Several bergs each side of track. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1199). Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Do. Berg and growlers. Large berg. Berg (same as 1104). Berg. ►Heavy field Ice. » Field ice. ►Loose field ice. 62 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude LoriEii- tude Description 1937 May 29 ...do__. ...do..- May 30 ...do.._ ...do... ...do... — do... ...do.... ...do... ...do..-. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do.._ ...do... ...do... ...do... May 31 ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do.-. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... June 1 ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Humber Arm. ....do --.do Leopold Manchester Regiment. Brookwood. .-.-do ...-do — .do -.-do ....do —do Leopold do —do Lagaholm.. Cape Rnce radio — Duchess of Atholl. .--do .--do — -do John W. Maekay.. Beaverford Viiri Champlain Duchess of Atholl. do- Beavcrhill. do ,— .do .....do — .do Athenia.-. 51 58 51 54 51 50 46 23 46 40 54 52 54 52 55 34 54 48 54 25 to Cape Race 46 25 46 27 46 29 46 28 46 24 46 22 46 24 46 22 46 26 North point Belle Isle 53 59 53 49 53 49 53 42 53 25 53 18 53 20 53 25 53 24 53 20 52 25 I 41 25 46 25 4G 28 46 27 46 27 48 05 46 24 48 39 48 07 46 24 46 23 46 27 46 25 46 26 46 29 46 24 46 25 North point Belle Isle 50 30 50 00 54 52 54 15 54 02 53 52 49 04 54 51 50 04 49 02 53 28 53 20 54 14 53 58 53 49 53 48 53 30 54 50 Belle Isle radio Cairnross... .—do ...-do Viiri - Ausonia Champlain Empress of Australia ...-do- -.- ...-do .- .- do. Ullapool — -do Viiri Empress of Australia ....do ....do ...-do -.--do Viiri Ullapool — do - --- ---do Dagied Champlain Montclare Champlain ...-do... ....do to 52 35 52 30 51 55 51 57 51 59 52 02 52 04 to 52 07 I , then to 51 40 I 54 00 to 51 27 54 25 53 00 55 12 55 07 54 69 54 S3 54 48 54 38 51 27 48 18 46 35 48 13 46 21 46 27 46 28 46 27 46 21 46 21 46 36 46 25 46 21 46 32 46 37 46 37 46 23 46 35 46 40 46 57 41 45 48 08 46 21 46 41 46 36 46 38 53 30 53 30 50 46 52 52 48 50 54 50 54 09 53 53 53 48 53 22 53 23 52 58 53 24 53 19 53 20 52 52 52 46 53 26 52 55 52 52 52 45 47 23 48 26 54 52 52 51 52 51 53 05 Berg. Do. Floe berg. Berg. [Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Numerous bergs and strings of field Large can buoy. Berg. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Numerous bergs field ice. Qd strings heavy Heavy, close pack ice. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Open field ice, then heavy, close pack 1 ice, then heavy, open field ice f numerous growlers, and several bergs. Large floe berg. Berg. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Dc. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Black, buoy Berg. Do. Do. Do, Do. I 63 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1937 June ] ...do... ...do--. ._do-.. June i .-do... ..do--. ..do--. ..do.-. ..do... -_do-- ..do-.. ..do... -.do-... June 3 ..do..-. ..do.... .-do---. .-do---, -.do--, .-do.--, .-do--., -.do-... -_do-... ..do---, -.do.-., -.do---. ._do.--. -.do-.- ..do... -.do... ..do-- -.do-- ..do-.- -.do... ..do-- -.do.-. -.do-- -.do-- -.do-- -.do-- June ..do-- ..do.. --do.- -do-.. ..do— ..do-.. ..do.. June ._do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do-, --do., -.do.. 1383 June 7 Ascania. 1384 ...do ....do. 1385 L.-do Beaverford- Champlain do .-—do .--.-do .- Ducliess of Richmond John W. Mackay — -do - — -do ..-do ----do Vardcfjell - - ----do Nova Scotia Marpessa Duchess of Richraond- -...do - ....do -.-do ..--do — -do .---do Wearwood-. Bochum Beaverdale. Bochum ---do Ullapool Beaverdale- — -do.-.- .—do .-..do- — .do — -do -...do ...-do -_..do. Belle Isle radio - — --do Theos Kepast do Favorit Cornelia Maersk. Kerkplein .-. Cornelia Maersk- Cape Race radio.. —do ----do --. .--do do Duchess of Bedford- do do — .do -- --do — -do , ---do- --.do -.--do Josephina Thorden-. 4f. 37 46 37 4fi 37 46 32 48 17 46 35 46 22 46 26 46 23 53 07 53 11 53 12 53 20 49 18 52 62 52 40 52 52 53 21 53 32 53 20 53 25 Cape Spear to Cape Race Cape Race to 53 59 53 46 22 44 OH 46 22 46 24 46 2.S 46 27 46 27 46 27 46 14 48 18 46 05 46 34 46 34 46 40 48 50 53 51 53 53 54 14 54 48 47 20 54 49 52 34 52 55 52 52 50 34 Ferryland Head to Cape Race 53 21 53 22 46 36 46 37 46 33 46 ■22 46 25 46 30 46 31 46 27 52 45 52 38 52 03 53 07 53 39 Belle Isle Belle Isle 46 22 I 54 46 28 48 30 to Belle Isle Belle Isle Belle Isle Belle Isle to Cape Norman 52 20 52 51 46 21 55 05 46 18 55 02 46 37 54 25 46 40 54 16 46 25 fiH 50 46 28 53 50 46 21 53 29 46 23 53 27 46 24 52 50 40 48 46 03 46 28 53 23 46 27 53 24 46 24 5- 51 Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler Csame as 1104). Berg (same as 1318). Bers (same as 1319). Berg. 2 bergs. 2 small bergs. Large berg. Berg. in bergs along Newfoundland coast close inshore. 9 bergs along track. Red whistle buoy drifting. Berg. "Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 3 bergs, 2 growlers and pieces. Large berg. 2 bergs 2 miles south Cape Race. Small bergs. Large bergs. Large berg. Large berg and pieces. Growler and pieces. Berg. Scattered field ice and strings heavy open ice containing many small bergs and growlers. Heavy scattered ice containing U bergs, numerous growlers. 2 small bergs in straits. Berg. 2 bergs and pieces. Berg. Berg (same as 1345). Berg (same as 1300). Berg (same as 1319). Several bergs, numerous growlers, and heavy broken ice. Large berg, 9 miles southeast. Srnall berg, 5 miles west. Small growlers and small pieces. 3 large bergs. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Large berg and pieces. Do. Large berg. Red conical light and whistle buoy, light exting lished. Berg. Do. Do. 64 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued No. Date Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1937 o , o , 46 22 53 31 ^%,. 1387 .__do_.... do 46 26 52 49 48 01 48 03 1389 47 42 47 08 Berg. 1390 ...do..... Empress of Britain 48 05 47 34 Growler. 1391 do Otterpool 46 23 55 53 Large berg and two growlers. 1392 ...do Cape Race 1393 do Colytto . . 46 28 54 53 Bere. 1394 ...do..... do 46 25 53 51 Do. 1395 ...do..... do 46 28 53 48 Berg and growler. 139fi ...do....- do . 46 27 53 28 Do. 1397 ...do...._ do 46 22 53 29 Do. 1398 ...do..... Makefjell.. 48 37 49 36 Bers. do 46 37 52 42 Hon ...do..... Empress of Britain 46 42 52 37 Berg. 1401 ...do..... ...-do.... 46 36 52 45 Do. do Thirlhy 46 31 54 01 Do. 1403 ...do-...- do 46 30 54 02 Do. 1404 June 10 Belle Isle 46 26 53 31 Do. 1405 do Duchess of York Cape Race 140fi ...do..... Empress of Britain 46 30 55 45 3 small pieces. 1407 ...do..... .....do 46 28 55 49 Large berg (same as 1391). 1408 ...do..... do... 46 30 55 53 Small berg. 1409 ...do Kentucky ..- 48 28 49 18 Bertr (same as 1398) . 46 27 53 23 1411 ...do..... 46 23 53 30 Do. 1412 ...do..... (Jo 46 30 53 48 Do. 1413 ...do-..- do 46 26 53 40 Do. 1414 June 11 do 46 34 54 34 Large berg. 1415 do 46 38 52 37 Berg (same as 1400). do 46 31 55 39 1417 ...do..... do 46 27 55 51 Berg (same as 1407). 1418 do Andania 46 37 54 48 Berg. 1419 ...do 46 28 53 23 Do. 46 28 53 26 Do. 1421 ...do..... do - 46 24 53 21 Do. do 46 30 53 46 1423 ...do do-... 46 25 53 56 Berg. 1424 .do Andania ..- 46 34 55 49 Berg and 4 growlers. 1425 ...do..... do 46 35 55 52 Small low berg. 1426 .-.do..-.. Topeka 46 25 53 50 Berg. 52 37 50 45 1428 ...do...-. do.... 52 25 51 28 Berg. 1429 ...do..... 52 25 51 21 Do. 1430 ...do do 51 55 54 26 Do. 1431 ...do do 52 27 51 50 Do. 1432 ...do do... 51 57 54 48 Do. 1433 ...do..... do 51 52 55 15 Do. 1434 - -do do 52 06 54 29 Growlers. 1435 ...do do.. 52 31 51 46 Berg. 1436 ...do do 52 27 51 44 Do. 1437 ...do do 52 33 51 35 Do. 1438 ...do..... do 52 26 51 27 Do. 1439 ...do..... do 52 32 51 25 Do. 1440 ...do do 52 38 51 10 Do. 1441 ...do do 49 54 54 46 Do. 1442 ...do..... do 49 57 54 49 Do. 1443 ...do do 52 28 51 30 Growler. 1444 ..-do..... do 49 34 55 07 Do. 1445 ...do..... do . 50 14 .54 06 Do. 1446 ...do do 52 26 51 20 Do. 1447 ..-do do 52 24 51 35 Do. 1448 ..-do do 52 57 Do. 1449 —do.-... do .- 52 58 51 23 Field ice extending north and south a far as can be seen. 1450 ---do-...- do .- 52 33 51 04 Berg. 1451 ..do-.... Tyrifjord... 47 41 46 48 Berg (same as 1389). 48 22 48 44 1453 Cape Race radio 46 35 52 28 Berg. 1454 -..do.— . do-... .- 46 30 52 26 Do. 1455 June 13 46 28 53 25 Do. 1456 ...do do 46 22 53 32 Do. 1457 ...do..... ...do..-.. do 46 27 46 26 53 46 53 50 Do. 1458 Do. 1459 ...do..... do 46 38 55 48 Large berg (same as 1425). 1460 ...do..... do 46 44 55 49 Berg (same as 1424). 1461 ...do..... do St. Pierre Miquelon 2 bergs 15 to 20 miles south southeas (same as 1424 and 1425). 65 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued 1937 June 13 ...do ..do ..do ...do..... ..do..... June 14 . do June 15 -.do._... ..do ._do Cape Race radio. ....do -...do —..do ....do ...:do -..do ....do June 16 ..do_-.. June 17 ..do..... -do ..do._... _.do June 18 ..do -..do.... ...do.... ...do.... .._do_... -_.do..._ ...do-... .-.do.... June 19 ...do..... ...do...-. ...do-... --.do...-. -_-do-... ...do --.do-.-.. ..do. ..do. -do. ..do. ..do., ..do-. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do., -do. ..do.- -do.. ..do., -.do., -do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. June 20 .do..... -do..... .do.-.- .do..-., -do..... June 21 -do-.-.. .-do- -do- .--do.. .do.. ....do., .--.do.. ....do.. ....do-, .---do- ..--do.- ...do-. ...do.. Seringa Fort Amherst... General Greene. -.-.do Cape Race radio. -.-.do Belle Isle radio.-. do ....do """ ....do -...do " ....do .-..do. .-.do.— ."."""" — .do -.--do ","i: Stad Vlaardinfjen IManchester Exporter. Belle Isle radio ....do ....do Cape Race radio. do .---do ., Belle Islaeradio-- ---do ....do ....do... Lati- Longi- tude tude Cape Race 46 27 53 53 46 31 53 4fi 46 27 53 35 46 37 53 06 46 44 52 58 46 40 5'^ 34 Seal Cove to Bull Head Cape Race 46 43 46 29 52 23 53 20 53 28 53 53 52 37 £3 12 53 32 53 45 54 09 52 18 52 24 46 29 46 26 48 42 46 47 46 48 46 32 46 23 46 20 46 28 46 49 46 56 46 47 46 50 46 32 46 22 46 23 53 05 52 50 54 03 54 38 54 44 53 15 53 24 52 33 52 05 53 40 53 15 52 20 St. John's Bay 46 48 I 52 21 Description 52 16 52 19 53 IS 53 33 53 51 51 15 51 54 51 53 52 04 51 57 52 06 52 08 52 08 45 04 52 03 46 33 46 47 27 46 32 53 53 00 I 51 25 to Belle Isle 52 28 52 30 52 03 52 01 52 42 51 58 51 27 51 11 51 18 47 50 46 20 53 30 51 45 52 00 53 40 54 16 54 40 ^4 43 55 26 55 22 55 15 52 28 52 30 52 25 52 27 52 27 52 05 52 02 47 50 43 49 54 30 52 43 Cape Ballard 52 17 51 in 52 13 51 33 52 21 51 34 52 55 51 30 Berg close in shore. Berg. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Bergs. 2 bergs. 8 bergs. Several bergs and growlers in vicinity Berg. •^ Do. Do. Do. Do. 5 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Berg. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg (same as 1482) . Do. Berg. Do. Do. Numerous bergs and growlers either side ol track. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Dp. Wreckage of Schooner Pauline E. Loh- ner. dangerous to navigation. Berg, large, low. Berg, large. Berg (same as 1482). Berg. Berg (same as 1499). Berg. Numerous bergs side of track. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Berg and growler. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Many bergs and growlers either side of track. 2 bergs. Do. Numerous bergs and growlers. Do. growlers either Berg and growlers. 2 bergs and growlers. Berg (same as 1513). Red whistle buoy. Berg in shore. Berg, growler and large area open ice. Several growlers. Berg (same as 1518). Growler. 66 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1937 June 21 .-.do_— ...do._._. ^_.do_..- ._.do.._. June 22 ...do..... _._do____. ...do..... .-.do__... June 23 _..do.__.. ...do..... ...do— .. ...do...-. ...do..... ...do.-... ...do-.... .--do..... -..do -..do --.do-... .--do.— . June 24 .do... .do... .do... .do... .do— .do.- .do— .do— .do... .do- Bell Islae radio - do do do do do--.- do do Cape Race radio- do do -.--do Belle Isle radio. . do ....do.. -...do...- do -...do ....do ....do .—do -...do ..-.do -.-.do ..do. ..do. -do. do. .do. .do. .do- .do. .do- .do- ...do ...do—.. -..do ---do June 25 —do... ....do... ..-.do... ....do— ....do... ....do. ..-.do. ....do- -.do ..do..... ..do ..do -.do -do -do- June 27 .do .do .do ..-.do ....do --..do ..-.do ....do .-.do Tomislar Veerhaven Cape Race radio. ....do Belle Isle radio.. 52 19 52 53 52 43 51 55 52 03 52 21 52 11 53 25 to Belle Isle 52 42 52 53 46 25 44 11 Cape Race 48 25 52 20 52 33 52 34 52 18 52 28 53 19 53 16 52 10 52 28 52 16 52 03 53 23 51 28 51 24 51 50 51 51 52 08 53 50 54 04 55 00 50 34 51 11 50 58 51 13 51 48 51 50 51 54 51 51 51 52 South end Belle Isle 51 48 51 54 51 50 55 06 50 35 53 14 52 35 52 32 52 28 52 16 52 32 53 08 53 07 53 03 52 33 52 25 52 27 52 31 52 16 54 43 52 50 52 34 52 49 52 42 52 12 47 50 53 32 53 13 52 44 53 45 52 14 52 03 51 59 52 08 53 08 52 24 53 31 51 55 54 20 North Channel Cape Norman 53 30 53 30 51 48 43 30 46 30 46 30 46 35 52 39 to 52 55 I 53 02 I to 53 17 I 3 bergs (same as 1518). 2 bergs. Growlers. JJO. Numerous bergs and growlers both sides of track (same as 1515). Berg and growler. 2 bergs, 3 growlers. Berg and growler (same as 1514). Red gas and bell buoy. Bergs vicinity. Berg. Growler. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. 2 growlers. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Several bergs and numerous growlers. Berg. Do. Berg and numeroai growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 20 scattered bergs and numerous growl- 1553). Berg and growlers (same i Bergs (same as 1555). Berg (same as 1554). Berg. 15 bergs and growlers both sides of track. Berg. Do. 15 bergs, 5 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. 27 bergs and numerous growlers. 3 bergs and 2 growlers. 58 bergs and numerous growlers along track and both sides. 9 bergs. 2 bergs. Berg. 4 bergs. Several bergs. Berg. Red can buoy. Berg. Berg (same as 1581). Berg. Numerous bergs and growlers. 67 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 52 50 51 54 Berg. 52 45 52 00 Do. 52 59 51 55 Do. 52 44 52 03 Do. 52 57 52 09 Do. 52 51 52 00 Do. 52 49 52 10 Do. 52 48 52 21 Do. 52 56 52 22 Do. 52 40 52 22 Do. 52 37 52 25 Do. 52 56 52 35 Do. 52 46 52 13 Do. 52 44 52 19 Do. Longi- 51 35 16 bergs and numerous growlers along tude to track and on both sides. longi- tude 52 25 52 35 53 33 Berg. Longi- tude. 54 02 0 17 bergs and numerous growlers along track. Bel elsle 51 48 55 47 Berg. 43 48 60 16 White whistle buoy marked SPM, drifting. 52 45 50 22 Berg. 52 45 50 22 17 bergs and numerous growlers both 0 Belk Isle 46 28 54 09 Berg. 52 00 54 49 2 bergs. 51 55 55 41 Berg and growlers. 45 37 55 30 Conical buoy with frame. 45 54 56 U Heavy floating timber, apparently wreckage, with iron anchor: danger- ous to navigation. 52 22 51 06 2 bergs. 52 23 51 00 Berg. 51 47 55 50 Do. 51 57 55 37 Do. 52 07 55 22 Do. 52 47 52 01 0 51 18 33 bergs and numerous growlers. 52 57 52 50 52 01 Ber?. 52 52 51 45 Do. 52 57 51 30 Do. 52 46 51 34 Do. 52 47 51 23 Do. 52 49 51 18 Do. 53 08 50 36 Berg and growlers. 55 12 Berg. 46 32 54 11 Berg and growler fsame as 1607). S3 15 Berg. 4S 56 50 47 Do. 46 33 54 13 Berg fsame as 1607) . 51 45 2 bergs and numerous growlers. 52 J5 Berg. 52 18 52 42 Do. 53 04 52 42 Numerous bergs. 52 16 52 45 Do. 53 13 52 56 Berg ind growler. 53 07 53 05 Berg. 53 04 53 12 Do. 52 50 53 28 2 berjs. 52 55 53 30 Berg and growlers. 52 48 53 30 Do. 52 48 53 45 Berg. 52 45 53 53 Do. 52 40 54 00 Do. 51 50 54 12 Do. 51 49 54 12 Do. 51 56 53 31 Do. 52 23 51 35 Do. 51 46 55 42 Do. 51 49 55 40 Do. 51 47 1 55 40 1 Do 1937 June 28 -do.... ...do-... ..do-.... .-do.-... -.do-.-. —do..... -do-... -do— . .-do ..do .-do -do ..do-.... .-do --do .-.do —do — do— - June 30 -.do ...do ..do -.do ...do.... July 1 ..do.-- -do.... ..do— . -do...- ..do-.. -do...- ..do— .-do-., -do-., -do- July 3 -.do.... ...do...- -.do..- ...do— .. .-do..-. .-do-.-.. -.do-.-. -do — . -.do..... ...do..-, -do—, -do-.... -do -do--.. -do -do-..- -do -do -do— .- Jnlv 4 -do -do Montcalm ..-do --..do .---do ---do.-.- -..-do ..--do .-.-do ...-do —do -.-do .-.do .—do.. ...-do Belle Isle radio. .-do. —do. Cape Belle Isle radio, --..do Cape Race radio. Belle Isle radio. - .--do— Cape Race radio, .-.-do Belle Isle radio. -..-do —do -..do -.-do ...-do- do do do do do do do do Cape Race radio. Belle Isle radio... Kungsholm Cape Race radio. Belle Isle radio... .-..do --.do- — . ---do -..do .-..do -..-do ...-do ..-.do -.-do- -..do — .do ....do .--.do --do --..do .-.-do ..-do .-..do --.-do- -.-do 68 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1937 July 4 ..do ..do ..do .... ..do ..do July 5 ..do ..do... . .-do..... ..do... ..do... ..do... 1660 1661 1662 1665 1666 lf)69 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1682 1683 ..do..... ..do..-., -do.-... ..do..... ..do...., ..do_-.. July 6 ..do.... ..do..-. ..do_... July 7 July 9 ..do..-. .-do.... ..do..- -do..- ...do-... -.do.... do-.. do.... 1700 1701 ..do ..do ..do -do-.- ..do ..do..... -.do ..do..... ..do ..do-.... _.do..._. Julv 10 July 11 ..do.... ...do..-. Bell It,le radio- .--.do ....do ....do ....do.. Garoufalia Clir. Knudsen. Belle Isle radio ....do .--.do ..do- ..do. ..do. .—do .—do ....do __.-do Kungsholm. do. Belle Isle radio -...do Cape Race radio ran American Clipper III Drottingholm Kuolja Leto Belle Isle radio. do ..—do- - do- -. do do do .do... do... .do... .do... .do... .do— -do.„ .do... -do... .do., .do., .do- .do., .do.. ..do., .do., .do., -do. ..do. -do. .-do. ..do. ..do. ..do. 52 02 51 52 51 50 51 50 61 55 47 22 50 15 52 38 52 19 Longi- tude 55 21 55 21 54 53 55 06 53 48 53 28 52 56 to 52 37 1 T/Ongi- 1 tude 1 50 35 50 50 51 12 51 44 52 01 52 11 52 05 52 55 53 4S Ion g 1 - tude 52 46 52 34 62 18 51 44 58 01 51 46 52 03 53 00 46 18 50 18 44 42 IS 29 48 30 52 19 52 30 52 27 52 34 52 41 52 40 Longi- tude I longi- tude 51 59 51 33 61 55 51 51 54 11 54 41 54 44 55 01 39 28 49 42 49 40 51 33 51 39 51 34 52 56 53 10 53 12 52 18 55 31 55 38 55 29 55 38 55 46 52 50 50 09 North Cliannel Belle Isle 54 20 54 15 52 34 53 14 52 51 58 51 50 52 16 52 52 51 42 Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Numerous bergs and growlers along track 2 bergs. Berg. Bergs and growlers. 52 00 52 00 53 03 5'.! 26 52 18 62 16 62 13 61 51 51 48 53 34 53 62 53 51 Bergs along track. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and 2 growlers. Berg. 6 bergs vicinity. Berg. Do. Black and white conical buoy, 6 fee above water. Berg and growler. Berg and growler (same as 1669). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Numerous bergs and growlers along tracS Berg. bo. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Several bergs drifting rapidly west. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. 69 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued 1937 July 11 —do.... —do.... -..do.... --.do.... ...do.... -.-do.... July 12 ...do-..., -.-do...., -..do.-., ---do..-.. --do ...do..... ...do .--do Name of vessel -do..-. .do.... .do-.-, -do..... .do..... -do-... -do -do-... -do -do -do July 13 .--do..... ---do.—. ..-do ...do .-do- ._do. -do- -do. .-do. .-do- ..do. .-do., .-do., ..do.. ..do., -do-. ..do-, -do., -do., -do., -do-, -do., .do- .do.. -do-, -do., -do., -do., -do- Belle Isle radio. do -- do do do- do do do do do do - do --. do do— do do Beaverhill --..do Cantabria Belle Isle radio . ...-do .-.-do —.do --.-do.- do- do, do- Cape Race radio- ..-do — -do .-.-do --..do Veerhaven. -—do ..-do do- Julv 14 --.do ...do .-.do July 15- ..do ..do ..do .-do .-do -do -do -do .-do ..do Belle Isle radio. .--do ---do --..do -.- ---do -.-do Drottingholm. -do- do. Belle Isle radio. do.- —do do do do. .—do -.. .--do- .—do ---do .--do ---do -.-do ---do --.do ....do General Greene. Belle Isle radio. --..do ---.do -—do- - -.-.do.- .-..do .---do.- —do , ..-do- —do ....do —do— ---do ---do—- Lati- tude Longi- tude South point Belle Isle 52 01 51 48 51 50 51 44 51 40 51 37 52 03 52 09 52 07 51 58 51 54 52 19 52 33 52 32 52 19 51 58 52 19 48 58 52 17 52 13 52 12 5: 52 07 52 05 51 54 52 04 49 40 49 35 49 37 49 42 48 48 49 37 49 42 49 40 49 35 52 23 52 38 51 39 45 51 47 48 35 48 53 48 54 52 18 52 17 52 06 52 13 52 20 52 15 52 14 52 03 52 00 51 58 52 01 51 50 51 40 51 38 Point Amour North Channel Belle Isle 55 05 55 13 55 30 55 46 56 07 56 12 54 04 54 00 54 00 54 02 53 52 53 22 52 33 51 49 50 52 54 02 50 52 49 51 52 45 53 12 53 18 53 18 53 22 53 40 53 52 53 40 50 05 50 30 50 28 50 20 49 32 50 28 50 20 50 05 50 03 52 57 53 00 56 12 56 01 55 46 55 36 49 37 49 50 49 41 53 16 53 30 53 28 53 35 53 41 53 56 54 04 54 08 54 30 Si 39 54 56 55 07 56 05 56 20 Description 50 44 52 07 52 14 51 56 51 54 51 49 51 45 51 53 51 45 49 50 52 38 52 38 52 12 53 04 54 20 54 33 54 17 64 57 Belle Isle Belle Isle 51 47 I 55 30 51 47 55 32 51 57 55 27 51 58 I 65 30 Berg ashore. ^%o. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do, Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler (same as 1720). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. 3 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Berg and growler, 6 miles southeast. 4 bergs. Large berg. Berg. Do. Berg and 6 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg, 8 miles east. Berg, 2 miles south southeast. Berg. Do. Do. Do. 70 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS— Continued No. Date Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1778 1937 July 15 ...do ...do _._do ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do_.... -_-do._.. July 16 ...do July 19 July 20 July 21 ...do July 22 July 23 July 26 July 29 July 30 Aug. 3 Aug. 11 Aug. 10 Aug. 27 Aug. 31 Belle Isle Radio 51 50 55 41 51 48 56 05 51 45 56 12 51 38 56 14 51 35 56 17 50 23 50 11 49 08 51 50 49 10 52 03 42 07 53 40 48 29 49 57 48 31 49 56 48 37 49 02 48 24 47 49 48 22 47 17 48 27 49 59 48 34 49 16 Belle Isle Berg- Do. Berg and 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 do ;':':do'.]:^]]::;;]":;"""i-: do 1784 1785 :"]:do'.':"i"""".""""" Cape Race radio Do. Do. Conical buoy 1786 1787 1788 do Berg. Berg (same as 1786). Berg 1789 1790 do v. Do. Do 1791 1792 1793 do do Belle Isle radio . Do. Do. 1794 Clizia 48 18 1 46 18 50 15 1 51 15 Belle Isle Berg and growler. 1795 1796 Pan American Clipper III. Berg. 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 '.'.V/ao\VS"".'.''.\'.V.'.'.'.'.\\ Belle Isle Belle Isle Belle Isle Belle Isle Belle Isle 3 bergs in sight, fi bergs in sight. 3 bergs in sight. Berg in sight. 2 bergs in sight. OCEANOGRAPHY » By Floyd M. Soule The General Greene departed from Woods Hole on March 24, 1937, stopping at Halifax with parts for the Mendota enroute to the Grand Banks, where the work of makmg a current survey began on March 31 at station 2265 located at 43°54' N., 53°54' W. In view of the reported location and drift of early-season ice southward from the Avalon Penmsula of Newfoundland, it was deemed advisable to. include in tliis survey the southwestern slope of the Grand Banks. Work progressed without major incident until the completion of station 2290 in 41°40' N., 49°20' W., on AprU 4, when conditions of wind and sea caused the omission of two proposed stations located southeastward of this position. Station work was resumed at station. 2291 in 41°56' N., 46°59' W., on April 6 and continued until AprU 10; when the collection of data was completed at station 2315 in 44°28' N., 46°55' W., a total of 51 stations having been occupied. Two additional sections northward of latitude 45° had been planned but had to be eliminated in order to retain a fuel reserve sufficient to reach Halifax in the event that the harbor of St. John's, Newfound- land, could not be entered because of the field ice which had been prevalent along the Avalon Peninsula during the spring. The result- ing current chart was then constructed and delivered to the Mendota 20 hours after the last station had been completed. The General Greene then proceeded toward Cape Race, skirting the coast inside the ice to St. Jolm's, where she arrived on April 13. On April 26 the General Greene departed from St. John's for the purpose of making a second current map of the region in the vicinity of the Grand Banks beheved to be critical with respect to the drift of menacmg ice. In order to insure getting data from that part of the area immediately southward of latitude 47° N., and to take advantage of a waning moon it was decided to work from the north towards south. Accordingly, the work of collection of data began at station 2316 located at 46°58' N., 48°41' W., on April 27. Aside from occasional delays arising from mechanical difficulties, the work progressed with- out interruption. Collection of data was completed at station 2389 at 42°00' N., 52°00' W., on May 9, a total of 74 stations having been occupied. The resulting current map was then constructed and 1 Contribution No. 173 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (71) 81041—39 6 72 1 although it was finished 9 hours after the last station had been com- pleted, delivery could not be effected until the Mendota could be contacted the next morning, May 10. After the map was delivered aboard the patrol cutter, the General Greene proceeded to St. John's where she arrived on May 11. The General Greene departed from St. Jolm's on May 25 to make a third current survey. The reported distribution of what few bergs seemed destined to travel the eastern branch of the Labrador Current indicated that current information was desirable from the area east of the Grand Banks and immediately northward of latitude 47° N., in addition to information from the usually surveyed area to the southward. Therefore, the work of collection of data was begun at station 2390, located near the northwestern edge of Flemish Cap, on May 26. Work progressed without major interruption and was completed at station 2465 at 43°25' N., 50°09' W., on June 6, after 76 stations had been occupied. The resulting current map was then constructed and was delivered aboard the Mendota 18^ hours after completion of the last station. The General Greene then proceeded to St. Jolm's arriving there on June 8. Thus 201 oceanographic stations were occupied during the ice- patrol season. Between June 21 and July 12 an additional 75 sta- tions were occupied on a post-season cruise which involved six sections approximately normal to the Labrador and Atlantic Currents and designed to cross their common boundary at intervals from the Tail of the Grand Banks to northeast of Flemish Cap. The temperature and salinity data collected at the 276 oceanograpliic stations occupied during the season and on the post-season cruise are presented in the oceanograpliic table in tliis bulletin. On the post-season cruise, 843 sonic soundings were made with the fathometer. These have been corrected for sounding velocity by means of the concurrently collected temperature and salinity data in accordance with the temperature-salinity-pressure-velocity rela- tions given in the British Admiralty tables (H. D. 282). The cor- rected soundings have been tabulated and forwarded to the United States Hydrographic Office and to the International Hydrographic Bureau. During the ice season, and in continuation of cooperation with the Fisheries Research Laboratory of the Newfoundland Department of Natural Resources, abstracts of temperatures and salinities measured were forwarded to that laboratory promptly upon the return of the General Greene to St. John's at the conclusion of each survey. Other incidental data collected on the General Greene consisted of barograms and sea-water surface thermograms. The equipment and methods of measurements were the same as in 1936. Routine salinity bridge measurements and calibration titra- 73 tions were performed by the oceanographer's assistants, Bernard S. Leobig, yeoman, first-class, and James F. Flannery, seaman, first-class. At the 201 stations occupied during the season, the extent and nominal depths of the serial observations of temperature and salinity where the same as during the season of 1936. On the post-season cruise the observations were carried to as near bottom as was practical at most of the stations in the region southwestward of Flemish Cap and to 2,000 meters at the remaining stations. As a check on the functioning of the reversing thermometers, a program of intercomparison through periodic shifts in thermometer pairs was carried out as in 1936. A total of 1,378 individual compari- sons were investigated. The probable differences between the corrected readings of a pair of thermometers varied among the different groups from 0.002° to 0.015° C. and the probable difference for the entire 1,378 comparisons was 0.007° C. It is therefore con- sidered that the observed temperatures are accurate to 0.01° C. The current maps prepared during the season w^ere made following the procedure used in 1936, the season's maps being referred to the 1,000-decibar surface. The current map representing conditions found on the post-season cruise is referred to the 2,000-decibar surface. In figure 34 is shown the current map resulting from the first sur- vey, March 31 to April 10. This map shows a small part of the Labrador Current rounding the Tail of the Grand Banks to the west- rt^ard before curving south and east. A small pool of cold water is jhown southwestward of the Banks and a larger pool southeastward )f the Banks. This latter has an eastward extension which will be -emarked upon later on. The maximum velocity of the Labrador I!urrent is about normal, but the location, both of this maximum and )f the westward intrusion of Atlantic Current water, is some 40 niles south of the usual location. The Grand Banks whorl was com- paratively inactive, but, as the whorl is believed to be partly energized )y the vernal warming over the southeastern shoal, its inactivity is n accord with the early date of the observations. The edge of the Atlantic Current is to be seen at the eastern border of the map. Figure 35 shows the current map made from data collected on the second survey, April 27 to May 9. A notable feature of this map is ihe amount of current commg off the Grand Banks northward of atitude 44° N. A part of this is the Grand Banks whorl but it is )elieved that considerable additions to the whorl from the western )ranch of the Labrador Current are present in this survey. That the vestern branch of the Labrador Current was flowing with abnormal itrength is indicated by the unusual concentration of ice drifting south along the Avalon Peninsula. This western branch spreads an-like with rapidly diminishing velocities after reaching Cape Race. I 74 .54° 53° 52° 51* 50° 49° 48° 47° 46* 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° Figure 34.— Dynamic current map, from data collected March 31-April 10, 1937. 75 53"' 52° 51° 50° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44* 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46' 45° 44° Figure 35.— Dynamic current map, from data collected April 27-May 9, 1937. 76 The off-shore part of the western branch moves eastward across the Banks to join the eastern branch on the left and the Grand Banks whorl on the right. It is to this portion of the western branch of the Labrador Current that a considerable part of the movement of water off the Banks is attributed. The southward displacement of such characteristic features as the position of maximum velocity of the Labrador Current, the westward intrusion of Atlantic Current water, and the vortical center usually associated with Flemish Cap, was present again in this survey although not as pronounced as in the first survey. The two cold-water pools found in the first survey became larger and merged into one whose eastward extension was agam noteworthy. The westward mtrusion of Atlantic Current water between about 43°30' N., and 45°00' N., strengthened some- what and, combined with the augmented Grand Banks whorl, suc- ceeded in turning back to the northeastward more of the Labrador Current. The current situation found in the third survey, May 26 to June 6, is shown in figure 36. The dynamic isobaths of this survey follow in unusual detail the features of the bottom topography. This is probably attributable to the long-continued period of quiet weather preceding the observations. Gales of short duration apparently do not permanently alter the currents. At least it has been observed that after a few days of gales the berg-drifts are still in accord with a current map made prior to the gales. However, it is also evident from a consideration of the meteorological conditions on the Labrador coast in connection with the transportation of icebergs and volume of flow of the Labrador Current, that average conditions over a period as long as a month are effective in mtroducing wind-current compo- nents. Consequently, it is reasonable that the above-mentioned long- continued period of quiet weather meant the absence of disturbing wind-current components and permitted the currents to follow with unusual fidelity the bottom features. The contribution of water off the Grand Banks was less vigorous than m the second survey but covered a much wider front, the center of the Grand Banks whorl having shifted southward some 60 or 70 miles. As in the first two surveys, the intrusion of Atlantic water retained its unusually southern position. The cold-water pool shown in the first two surveys was still present as indicated by the southeasternmost stations, but the survey did not extend far enough to the south to fully develop its extent. 77 .52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44* 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° Figure 36.— Dynamic current map, from data collected May 26-June 6, 1937. 78 ?ss ss?g SSS OoSS Cit-N oS5 c^irooo CD003 cr> ^ c ) to 002: 33. 71 26.75 51. 2 76 34.14 50 2.8(: 34.13 27.23 66- 2.63 34.25 75 2. 65 34. 31 27.40 102 2.64 34.45 100... . 2.65 34.44 27.49 153 2 64 34. 57 150—. 2. 65 34. 57 27.60 203 2.88 34.67 200-... 2. 85 34. 66 27.65 305 3. 32 34.78 300-.. . 3.30 34. 78 27.70 398 3 45 34.83 400.... 3. 45 34.83 27.72 597 3.47 34.86 600.... 3. 45 34. 86 27.75 796 3.40 34.89 800-... 3.40 34. 8(, 27.78 1,060...- 3.4f 34. 89 1.000.. 3. 4(1 34.89 27.78 1,292.... 3.31 34. 895 Observed values Depth, meters pera- ture °C. Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Station 2499; June 29; latitude 44°52' N., longitude 48°59' W.; depth 579 to 430 meters; dynamic height 1,937.444 meters 0 10.26 32.13 0 10.26 32.13 24.70 25 -1.41 33.16 25 -1.41 33. 16 26.69 49 -l.lSi 33. 36 50 -1.15 33. 37 26.86 72 -.9(: 33.56 75 -.9C 33.58 27.02 99 -.02 33.86 100..-. o.or 33. 8H 27.22 148 .80 34. 11 150...- .90 34. 13 27.37 197 1.87 34.39 200-.-. 1.95 34. 4C 27.52 296 2,72 34.62 300-..- 2. 70 34. 62 27.63 360 2.81 34.64 (400)... 2.85 34.65 27.64 Station 2500; June 29; latitude 44°53' N., longitude 49°03' W.; depth 175 to 91 meters; dynamic height 1,937.479 meters 0 8.47 32.24 0 8.47 32. 24 25.06 28 -1.37 33.17 25 -1.05 33.13 26.66 56. -1.15 33.33 50 -1.20 33. 3(1 26.80 112 -.60 33.58 75 -1.00 33. 42 26.90 100---- -.75 33.52 26.97 (150)... -.20 33.79 27.16 Station 2501; June 29; latitude 44°54' N., longitude 49°10' W.; depth 68 meters; dynamic height 1,937.493 meters 0 12.44 32.03 0 12.44 32.03 24.23 27 -.52 33.10 25 -.10 33.06 26.56 54 -..8 33.37 50 -.95 33. 34 26.83 Station 2502; June 29; latitude 44°57' N., longitude 49°29' W.; depth 66 meters; dynamic height 1,937.491 meters 0 13.17 32.55 0 13. 17 32.55 25 .66 33.04 25 .66 33.04 50 -.93 33.33 50 -.93 33.33 24.48 26.52 Station 2503; Jime 29; latitude 46°13' N., longitude 49°07' W.; depth 70 meters; dynamic height 1,937.461 meters 0 26. 53 14.38 1.38 -.32 32.64 33.04 33.21 32,64 33.03 33.19 24.30 26.45 26.68 Station 2504; June 29-30; latitude 45°53' N., longitude 48°28' W.; depth 97 meters; dynamic height 1,937.455 meters 32.17 33.04 33.28 33.44 0 25.... 50...- 75.... 13.41 .15 -1.15 32.17 33.02 33.25 33.41 24. 14 I 26. 52 26. 76 26.88 121 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1937— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Station 2505; June 30; latitude 45°4.S' N., longitude 48^16' W.; depth 116 meters; dynamic height 1,937.455 meters 0 12.77 31.86 0- 12. 77 31.86 25 .05 33.05 25 .05 33.05 61 -1,25 33.33 50 -1.25 33.32 76 -1.12 33.44 75 -1.15 33.44 102 -.77 33.60 100—. -.80 33.58 24.03 26.56 26.82 26.92 27.01 Station 2506; June 30; latitude 45°40' N., longitude ■i8°03' W.; depth 617 meters; dynamic height 1,937.401 meters 0 12.29 31.59 0. 12.29 31.69 23.91 26 .69 33.28 25 .69 33.28 26.70 60 -.41 33.56 50 -.41 33.56 26.95 76.. .09 33.87 75 .05 33.85 27.20 100 .78 34.09 100.... .78 34.09 27.35 150 1.75 34.36 150.... 1.75 34.36 27.50 201 2.57 34.59 200.... 2. 55 34.59 27.62 301 3. 04 34.70 300.... 3.05 34.70 27.66 492 3.14 34.76 400.... 3.10 34.74 27.69 699 3.29 34.84 600.... 3.30 34.84 27.75 Station 2507; June 30; latitude 45°36' N.; longitude 47°68' W.; depth 1,138 meters; dynamic height 1,937.356 meters 0. 26 , 60. 76 99. 149 198 297 341 13.07 31.88 0. 13.07 31.88 6.23 33.68 25 5.23 33.68 2.16 34.10 50 a. 16 34.10 2.21 34.37 75 2.20 34.37 2.46 34.48 100.... 2.45 34.48 2.72 34.62 150.... 2.75 34.62 2.86 34.68 200.... 2.90 34.68 3.10 34.77 300.... ■A. 10 34.77 3.17 34.80 400.... 3. 20 34.83 3.37 34.86 600.... 3. 35 34.87 3.34 34.87 800.... 3.35 34.88 3.35 34.89 1,000.. 3.36 34.90 23.98 26.62 27.26 27.48 27.53 27.63 27.66 27.72 27.75 27.77 27.77 27.79 Station 2508; June 30; latitude 45''32' N., longitude 47°52' W.; depth 1,390 meters; dynamic height 1,937..354 meters 0 13.39 32.00 0 13.39 32.00 24.01 25 5.97 34.06 25 6.97 34, 06 26.84 61.. 3. 35 34.34 50 3. 40 34. 34 27.34 78. 2.98 34.48 75 2.95 34.47 27.49 102 2.95 34.59 100.... 2.95 34.58 27.57 153 2.77 34.63 150.... 2.80 34. 63 27.62 203 2 89 34. 72 200.... 2 9(1 34.71 27.69 305 3.17 34.80 300-... 3.15 34.80 27.73 405. 3.45 34.85 400-... 3. 45 34. 85 27.74 606 3.46 34.88 600.... 3, 45 34 88 27.76 806. 3. 34 34.86 800.... 3. 35 34. 86 27.76 1,083.... 3. 36 34.90 1,000. . 3. 35 34. 89 27.78 1,301.... 3.30 34. 905 Observed values Tem- Depth, pera- meters ture °C. Salin- ity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 96o Station 2509; June 30; latitude 45°29' N., longitude 47°43' W.; depth 1,673 meters; dynamic height 1,937.387 meters 0- 25 51 79 101 152 203 304 393 589. 785 980 1,376.... 16.16 1 33.72 0 16.16 33.72 6.67 34.20 25 6.67 34.20 6.27 34.30 50 5.30 34.30 3.04 34.24 75 3. 2;. 34.24 2.92 34.34 100.... 2.90 34.33 4.9] 34.75 150-... 4,85 34. 73 4.90 34.86 200.... 4.95 34.86 3.08 34.74 300.... 3.10 34.74 3.97 34.89 400.... 3.95 34.89 3.74 34.91 600.... 3.75 34.91 3.56 34.90 800.-.. 3. 55 34.90 34.89 1,000.. 3. 45 34.89 3.32 34.91 1,500.. 3. 3(J 34.90 3.30 34.90 24.76 26.86 27.11 27.27 27.38 27.50 27.59 27.69 27. 7? 27. 76 27. 7r 27.77 27.8a Station 2510; June 30; latitude 45°25' N., longitude 47°33' W.; depth 2,294 meters; dynamic height 1,937.417 meters 0 25.... 50.... 78.... 101... 151... 202... 303... 405... 605... 806... 1,004. 1,502. 1,999. 2,223. 17.51 34.06 0 17. 51 34.06 10.15 34.58 2.5 10.15 34.58 9.12 34.91 50 9.12 34.91 8.41 34.94 75 8.45 34.94 7.42 34.84 100.... 7.45 34.84 6.72 34.88 150.... 6.75 34.88 4.84 34.72 200.... 4.90 34.72 4.50 34.87 300.... 4.50 34.87 3.90 34.89 400.... 3. 90 34.89 3.54 34.88 600.... 3. 55 34.88 3.73 34.93 800.... 3. 75 34.93 3.49 34. 905 1,000.. 3. 50 34.91 3.35 34. 905 1,500.. 3. 35 34.91 3.18 34.915 2,000.. 3. 15 34.92 3.11 34.92 (2,500). 3.05 34.92 24. 69' 26.61 27 05 27.18 27.25 27.38 27.49 27.65 27.73 27.75 27.77 27.79 27.80 27.83 27.84 Station 2511; June 30; latitude 45°30' N., longitude- 46°39' W.; depth 2,936 meters; dynamic heighli 1,937.382 meters 0 16.88 33.52 0 16.88 33. 52 24.42 25: 6.88 33.86 25 6.88 '.VA.m 26. 55 50 2.68 34.08 50 2.68 34.08 27.19 77- 2. 52 34.25 75 2, ,51) 34. 24 27.34 101 3.32 34.50 100.... 3. 30 34.48 27.46 151- 3. 5(: 34.67 150.... 3. 50 34.67 27. 60 201 3. 5(^ 34.75 200.... 3. 60 34. 75 27. 65 302 4.02 34.89 300..- 4.05 34. 89 27.71 401 3. 58 34.85 400.... 3. 6( 34.85 27.73 601 3, H5 34.93 600.... 3. 85 34, 93 27.76 802 3.67 34.92 800.... 3.7C 34,92 27.78 1,001-... 3. 51 34.91 1,000.. 3. 5(: 34,91 27.79 1,500.... 3. 3(: 34.88 1,500.. 3. 3( 34,885 27.79 1,998-... 3.16 34. 895 2,000.. 3.15 34, 90 27.81 2,495.-.. 2.91 34.92 2,500.. 2. 90 34, 92 27.85 2,670-- 2.81 34.90 2,892.... 2.66 34. 905 122 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1937— Continued Observed values Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "G. Salin- 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C. Salin- ity 96o .. Station 2512; June 30-July 1; latitude 45°33' N., longi- tude 45°56' W., depth 3,489 meters; dynamic height 1,937.401 meters 0 18.45 33.80 0 18.45 33.80 24.26 25 4.35 33.88 25 4.35 33.88 26.87 61.. 2.96 34.08 50 2.95 34.07 27.17 78. 4.53 34.51 75 4.50 34.48 27.34 101 4.76 34.62 100.... 4.70 34.62 27.43 152 6.26 34.99 150 6.20 34.99 27.54 203 4.18 34. 75 200...- 4.20 34.75 27.59 304 4.92 34.99 300_.- 4.95 34. 99 27.69 406 3.81 34.88 400.... 3.85 34.88 27.72 607 3.62 34.88 600.-.. 3.65 34.88 27.74 806 3.70 34.90 800..-. 3.70 34. 90 27.76 1,006.... 34.88 1,000.. 3.40 34.88 27.77 1,505.... 3.34 34. 905 1,500.. 3.35 34.90 27.79 2,014..-. 3.16 34.905 2,000.. 3.15 34.91 27.82 2,515.... 2.90 34.915 2,500.. 2.90 34.91 27. 85 3.012.... 2.55 24.91 3,000.. 2.55 34. 91 27.88 3,237.... 2.45 34. 895 (3,500).. 2.30 34.90 27.89 3,460.... 2.30 34. 906 Station 2513; July 1; latitude 45°38' N., longitude 45°08' W.; depth 4,040 meters; dynamic height 1,937.393 meters 0. 19 44 33.80 0 19.44 33. 80 24.01 25 6.87 34.00 25 6.87 34. OC 26.67 60 3.98 34.28 50 3.98 34.28 27.23 76 4.01 34.40 75 4.00 34. :w 27.32 101 4.11 34.54 100 4.10 34.54 27.43 151 4,35 34.69 150.... 4. 35 34.69 27. 52 201 4 15 34.76 200.... 4.15 34.76 27.60 302 4.02 34.88 300.... 4.06 34.88 27.70 397 3 80 34.87 400.— 3.8(1 ■Ai.m 27. 73 694 3 65 34.89 600.... 3.65 34.89 27.75 790 3.73 34.92 800.... 3.71 34.91 27.77 986 3.48 34.88 1,000.. 3.45 34.89 27.77 1,480.... 3.30 34.91 1,500.. 3.30 34.91 27.81 1,976.... 3.15 34.90 2,000.. 3.15 34.90 27.81 2,373..- 3,04 34.88 2,500.. 2.95 34.89 27.82 2,862..,. 34.90 3,000.. 2.6.S 34.90 27.86 3,353.... 2.42 34.89 3,500.. 2.40 34. 90 27. 88 3,653.... 2.:« 34.90 (4,000).. 2.10 34.88 27.88 3,878..- 2.15 34.88 Station 2514; July 1; latitude 45°41' N., longitude 44°24' W.; depth 4,560 m.eters; dynamic height 1,937.658 meters 0 25.... 60.... 77.... 100... 150... 201— 301— 300 440— 672— 698— 1,082- 1,487- 1,402- 1,740. 2,100. 2,476- 2,648- 2,832. 21.13 35.12 0 21.13 35. 12 16.04 35.39 25 16.04 35. 39I 13.35 35.28 50 13.:i5 35. 2>. 12.97 35. 30 75 13.00 35. 3C 12.39 35.23 100—. i2.:<9 35.2a 12.55 35.49 150.... 12. 55 35.49 11.31 35.38 200..- 11.35 35.38 6.89 34.76 300.... 6.95 34.76 6.93 34. 76 400--- 6.95 34.85 5.63 34.86 600-.- 4.10 34.84 4.22 34.84 800.— 3. 85 34.90 3.84 34.87 1,000.. 3.85 34.92 3.86 34. 925 1,500_. 3.40 34.89 3.51 34.90 2,000.. 3.30 34. 90 3.37 34. 885 2,500.. 3.15 34.91 3.33 34.89 (3,000).. 2.90 31. 91 3.27 34.905 3.16 34.91 3.08 34.92 2.98 34.92 24.57 26.06 26.56 26.64 26.71 26.88 27.02 27.26 27.46 27.67 27.74 27.76 27, 27 27.82 27.85 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C. Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity Station 2515; July 1; latitude 46''14' N., longitude 44027' W.; depth 3,475 meters; dynamic height 1,937.318 meters 16.80 34.17 0 16.80 34.17 7.80 34.53 25 7. 80 34.53 6.51 34.60 50 6.51 34.60 5.8C 34.62 75 5.9C 34.62 5.26 34.64 100.... 5.3f 34.64 4.60 34.68 150 4.65 34.68 4.12 34.72 200.... 4.15 34.72 3.44 34.76 300...- 3.45 34.75 3.12 34.80 400..- 3.10 34.80 3.06 34.86 600-... 3.05 34.86 3.18 34.90 800-... 3.20 34.90 3.18 34.90 1,000.. 3.20 34.90 3.07 34.92 1,500.. 3.05 34.92 2.87 34.916 2,000.. 2.85 34.92 2.63 34.92 2,500.. 2.66 34.92 2.35 34.916 3,000.. 2.35 34.91 2.24 34.91 (3.600)-. 2.20 34.91 2.22 34.91 24.94 26.95 27.19 27.29 27.37 27.48 27.57 27.66 27.74 27.79 27.81 27.81 27.84 27.86 27.88 27.89 27.91 Station 2516; July 1; latitude 46°21' N., longitude 44°24' W.; depth 1,953 meters; dynamic height 1,937.285 meters 0 25.... 51.... 79.... 101... 152... 203... 304... 977... 1,473. 1,650. 13.47 34.24 0 13.47 34.24 6.85 34.36 26 6.85 34.36 5 53 34.48 50 5.55 34.48 6.12 34.73 76 5.20 34.71 4.42 34.77 100.... 4.45 34.77 4.01 34.82 150.... 4.05 34.82 34.83 200.... 3.60 34.83 3.60 34.88 300.-. 3.60 34.88 3.39 34.88 400.... 3.35 34.88 3.29 34.89 600.... 3.30 34.89 3.28 34.90 800.... .3.25 34.90 3.20 34.89 1,000.. 3.20 34.89 3.14 34.915 1,500.. 3.15 34.91 3.12 34.91 25.72 26.96 27.21 27.44 27.68 27.66 27.71 27.75 27.77 27.79 27.80 27.80 27.82 Station 2517; July 7; latitude 46°58' N., longitude 44°54' W.; depth 149 meters; dynamic height 1,937.404 meters 0 16.17 33.90 0 16.17 33. 90 24.88 26 5.25 34.22 25 5. 50 34. 22 27.02 52 3.79 34.30 50 3.80 34. 29 27.26 77 3.71 34.38 75 3.70 34.38 27.34 103 3.62 34.38 100..- 3.55 34.38 27.35 129 3.50 34.46 Station 2618; July 7; latitude 46''55' N., longitude 44°30' W.; depth 168 meters; dynamic height 1,937.413 meters 0 16.14 34.02 0 16.14 34.02 24.98 26 5.07 34.18 25 5.50 34.18 26.98 51 3.95 34.29 50 3. 95 34.28 27.24 77 3 65 34.35 76 3.65 34. 36 27.33 103 3.61 34.43 100... . 3. 60 34. 42 27.39 164 3.66 34.68 150.... 3.65 34.57 27.60 123 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1937— Continued Observed vaues Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 96o Station 2519; July 7; latitude 46°M' N., longitude 44°20' W.; depth 242 meters; dynamic height 1,937.396 meters 0. 15.65 34.00 0 15.65 34.00 25.07 27.. 4.70 34.21 25 5. 20 34.20 27.04 53 3 67 34.32 50 3. 70 34.31 27.29 80 3.65 34.40 75 3. 65 34.39 27. 35 106 3.54 34.45 100—. 3. 55 34.44 27.41 160 3.26 34.54 150.... 3. 30 34.52 27.50 213 3.28 34.66 200.... 3.25 34.63 27.59 Station 2520; July 7; latitude 46°53' N., longitude 44°00' W.; depth 324 meters; dynamic height 1,937.389 meters 0 15.06 33.68 0 15.06 33.68 24.96 25. 4.46 34.20 25 4.46 34. 24 27.15 51 3.69 34.32 50 3.70 34. 32 27.30 76 2.97 34.35 75 3.00 34. 35 27.39 101 2.51 34.33 100.... 2.50 34.33 27.41 152 3.11 34. 50 150.... 3.10 34. 49 27.49 203 3.31 34.67 200.... 3.30 34. 76 27.09 304 3.83 34.85 300—. 3.80 34.85 27.71 Station 2521; July 7; latitude 46°51' N., longitude 43°54' AV.; depth 582 to 576 meters; dynamic height 1,937.370 meters 0 15.10 33.75 0 15.10 33. 75 25.01 25. 3.39 34.16 25 3. 39 34.16 27.20 50 2.66 34.46 50 2.66 34.46 27.51 79. 3. 3H 34.63 75 3. 35 34. 62 27.57 101 3.35 34.63 100.... 3. 35 34.63 27.57 151. 3.40 34.71 150.... 3. 4(: 34. 71 27. 64 202 3 59 34.78 200.... 3. 6(' 34. 77 27.67 303 3.66 34.80 300... . 3.65 34.80 27.68 370 3.64 34. 85 400.... 3. 6(; 34.86 27.74 3.37 34.86 (600)... 3.35 34.86 27.76 Station 2522; July 7; latitude 46°48' N., longitude 43°27' W.; depth 2,236 meters; dynamic height 1,937.405 meters 0 17.18 34.28 0- 17.18 34.28 24.94 25 8.27 34. 80 25 8.27 34. 80 27.10 50 7.65 34.85 50 7.65 34.85 27.23 79 7.55 34.95 75 7.55 34.95 27. 32 101 6.51 34.85 100.... 6. 55 34.85 27.38 151 5.17 34.83 150.... 5.20 34.83 27.53 202 4.47 34.82 200.... 4.50 34.82 27.61 303 3.69 34.80 300.... 3.70 34.80 27. 68 399 3. 37 34.82 400..-. 3. 35 34.81 27.72 598 3.31 34.80 600 3.30 34.81 27.73 796 3.28 34.84 800.... 3. 30 34. 84 27.75 994 3.24 34.84 1,000.. 3. 25 34.84 27.75 1,490.... 3.22 34.86 1,500.. 3. 20 34.86 27.78 1,935.... 3. 22 34.86 2,000.. 3. 20 34.86 27.78 2,154.... 3.11 34.86 Observed values Depth, meters Tern' pera- ture °C. Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity Station 2523; July 7; latitude 46°43' N., longitude 42°41' W.; depth 3,610 meters; dynamic height 1,937.356 meters 0 17.61 34.15 0 17. 61 34.15 24.74 25 7.82 34.31 25 7.82 34.31 26.78 49 5.53 34.52 50 5. 50 34, ,52 27. 2« 78 4 86 34.64 75 4.90 34.64 27.42 98 4.32 34.64 100.... 4.25 34. 64 27.49 147 3.78 34.74 150... _ 3. HO 34. 75 27.63 197 4.34 34.88 200... . 4.35 34.88 27.67 295 4.13 34.90 300.... 4.15 34. 90 27.71 386 •4.27 34. 94 400.... 4.20 34,94 27.74 580 3.59 34.88 600.... 3. 55 34.88 27.75 775. 3. 46 34.90 800.... 3. 45 34. 90 27.78 971 3.44 34.90 1,000.. 3. 45 34 90 27.78 1,464.... 3.24 34. 905 1,500.. 3. 25 34.91 27.81 1,960.... 3.09 34.92 2,000.. 3. 10 34. 92 27.82 2,474 2. 76 34.91 2,500-. 2. 75 34.91 27.85 2,970.... 2.36 34.915 3,000.. 2.35 34.91 27.89 3,345.... 2.22 34.89 3,500.. 2. 20 34.89 27.89 3,560.... 2.19 34.89 Station 2524; July 7-8; latitude 46°46' N., longitude 42°04' W.; depth 4,054 meters; dynamic height 1,937.594 meters 0 19.69 34.46 0 19.69 34.46 24.45 24 15. OS 35. 50 25 15.00 35. .50 26.37 48- 13.65 35.46 50 13. 5(1 35. 44 26.65 76 .- 12. 7S 35.33 75 12. 8C 3.5.3? 26.71 96 13. OS 35.60 100... . 13. 05 35. K. 26.86 144 11.58 35.40 150.... 11.40 35. 38 27.02 192 10.15 35124 200.... 9.95 35.22 27.16 288 6.N7 34.88 300.... 7. (15 34. 91 27.38 207 9.71 35.22 400.... 6. 30 34.96 27.50 305 7.08 34. 945 600.... 4.40 34. 9H 27.74 414 6 09 34.96 800.... 3.95 34. 95 27.77 495 5.07 34.98 1,000.. 34. 9S 27. 77 1,037.... 3. 75 34.93 1,500.. 3.40 34.9(1 27.79 1,284.... 3. 55 34.93 2,000.. 3. 30 34. 90 27.80 1,544.... 3. 38 34.90 1,816.... 34.90 1,941.... 3.31 34.90 2,069.... 3.26 34.905 Station 2525; July 8; latitude 46°59' N., longitude 41°33' W.; depth 4.300 meters; dynamic height 1,937.848 meters 280... 425.-- 574... 726... 1,131. 1,566. 1,891. 2,308. 2,740. 3,187. 3,389. 20.60 35.77 0 20.60 35.77 17.92 35.84 25 17.86 '35. Si 15.28 35.82 50 1.5. 16 35.81 14.41 35.70 75 14.41 36. 7C 14. IC 35. 70 100.... 14.05 35. 7C 13.47 35.70 150.... 13. 40 35.6' 12.88 35.64 200... . 12. 80 35.62 12.10 35.58 300.... 12.05 35. 6J 12.14 35.60 400.— 11.35 35. 4S 11.02 35. 44 600.... 7.45 36.02 35.04 800.... 5.20 34.95 5.80 34.96 1,000.. 4.20 34.92 3.90 34.92 1,500.. 3. 6(1 34.93 3.56 34.93 2,000.. 3.35 34.91 3.3C 34. 905 2,500.. 3.15 34.91 3.27 34.92 3,000.. 2.86 34.91 3.02 34. 896 3,500. _ 2.50 34. 9C 2.74 34.92 34.90 2.44 34. 905 25.21 25.96 26.58 26.66 26.73 26.86 26.94 27.05 27.10 27.39 27.63 27.73 27.79 27.80 27.82 27.85 27.87 124 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1937— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin-: ity %o etation 2526; July 8; latitude 46°50' N., longitude 40°43' W.; depth 4,545 meters; dynamic height 1,937.971 meters 0 20.18 35.64 0 20.18 35.64 25.22 23 17.76 35.62 25 17.65 35.62 25.85 46 15.08 35.76 50 14.80 35.75 26.61 75 13.96 35.60 75 13. 96 35. 6(1 26.68 fl2 14.12 35.70 100.... 14.05 35. 70 26.73 138 13.51 35. 72 150.... 13.45 35. 73 26.88 183 13.26 35.73 200... . 13. 10 35. 72 26.95 275 12.51 35.65 300.... 12 45 35 65 27.02 290 12.46 35. 65 400.... 12.10 35. 60 27.05 438 11.91 35. 56 600.... 9. 85 35. 25 27.19 687 10.09 35.27 800.... 6, 60 35. 02 27.51 739. 7.46 35. 06 1,000.. 4.95 34.95 1,128...- 4.40 34. 945 1,500.. 3. 75 34. 93 27.77 1,527.... 3.71 34.93 2,000.. 3. 40 34. 91 27.80 i;969.... 3.42 34.91 2,170.... 3.37 34.92 Station 2527; July 8-9; latitude 46''33' N., longitude 40°09' W.; depth 4,507 meters; dynamic height 1.938.058 meters 0 20.22 35. 60 0 20.22 35. 60 2.5. 18 24 16.06 35.67 25 16.00 35. 67 26.28 48 14.45 35.64 50 14.35 35.64 26.62 76 14.04 35.72 75 14.05 35.72 26.75 95 13.99 35.79 100-.- 13. 95 35. 79 26.82 143 13.34 35.73 150.... 13. 3C 35.73 26.91 190 13.13 35.72 200.... 1.3. IC 35. 71 26.94 285 12.63 35. 68 300..- 12. 6(1 35. (W 27.01 348 12. 57 35.68 400.... 12.5(1 35. 67 27.03 630 12.19 35.62 600.... 11. 6C 35.51 27.08 717 9. 88 35.24 800.... H. 25 35. 10 27.33 609 6.54 34.97 1,000.. 5.6( 34. 95 27.58 1,375.... 3.95 34. 925 1,500.- 3.80 34.92 27. 77 1,850.... 3. 56 34. 905 2,000.. 3. 45 34. 91 27.79 2,097.... 3. 40 34.91 2,500.- 3. 35 34.91 27.80 2,650.... 3.33 34. 915 3,000-- 3.10 34.90 27.82 3,010.... 3.09 34.90 3,500-. 2.80 34.90 27.84 3,484.... 2.79 34.90 4,000.. 2. 45 34. 92 27.89 3,740-... 2.62 34.91 3.958...- 2.49 34. 925 Station 2528; July 9; latitude 47°00' N., longitude 40°19' W.; depth 4,554 meters; dynamic height 1,938.006 meters 0 19.67 35.57 0 19.67 35. 57 25.30 24 16.64 35.66 25 16.55 35.66 26.15 48 14.42 35.54 50 14.30 35. 54 26.56 76. 35.60 75 14. oe 35. 61 26.68 86 13.83 35.64 100.... 13.8(1 35.64 26.74 144 13. 36 35.70 150.... 13. 35 35. 71 26.89 191 13. 52 35.73 200.... 13. 5(1 35. 73 26.87 287 12.53 35.66 300... . 12.55 35.66 27.01 33.5 12.52 35.68 400.... 12.45 35.66 27.03 497 11.95 35.58 600.... 10. 4(1 35. .32 27.15 655 9,43 35.19 800.... 7.00 35. 01 27. 15 809 6.91 35.00 1,000.. .5.30 34.98 27.64 1,209.... 4.41 34.97 1,500.. 3.80 34.93 27.77 1,603.... 3.68 34.92 (2,000). 3. 30 34. 89 27.79 1,809.... 3.49 34.90 Ob.served values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity Depth, meters pera ture °C. ■ Salin- ■ ity 96o Station 2529; July 9; latitude 47°28' N., longitude 40°22' W ; depth 4,559 meters; dynamic height 1,937.902 meters 0 19.06 35.57 0 19.06 35.57 25.46 23 19.05 35. 56 25 19. OC 35. 55 25.46 47 14.27 35.53 50 14.15 35. 53 26.56 75 13. 70 35.58 75 13.70 35.58 26.72 94- _ 13.36 35.59 100.... 13. 35 35. 59 26.79 141 13.24 35.69 150.... 13.10 35. 68 26.90 187 12.57 35.61 200.... 12.55 35.61 26.97 281 12.54 35.66 300.... 12.50 35. 65 27.01 311 12.41 35.64 400.... 11.85 35. 53 27.04 473 10.98 35.40 600.... 8.4C 35. 06 27.28 641 7.47 35.00 800..-. 5.3C 34.94 27.61 812 5. 2(1 34.94 1,000.. 4.4C 34. 93 27.70 1,293.... .3.82 34.92 1,500.- 3.70 34.93 37.78 1,825.... 3.42 34.94 (2,000). 3.30 34.93 27.82 Station 2530; July 10; latitude 47°41' N., longitude 39°55' W.; depth 4,570 meters; dynamic height 1,937.654 meters 0 17.31 35.06 0. 17.31 35.06 25.50 25 17.09 35.09 25 17.09 35.09 25.58 50 11.25 35.14 50 11.25 35.14 26.86 76. 11.07 35.28 75 11.07 35.28 27.00 100 10.69 35.27 100.... 10.09 35.27 27.06 150 10.12 35.24 1.50.... 10.12 35.24 27.14 200 9.56 35.17 200.... 9.56 35.17 27.18 295 8.17 35.08 300.... 8.15 35.07 27.33 394. 7.11 34.96 400.... 7.05 34.96 27.40 592 5.02 34.90 600.... 5.00 34.90 27.62 790 4.28 34.90 800.... 4.25 34.90 27.70 990. 3.94 34.90 1,000.. 3.90 34.90 27.74 1,482.... 3.49 34.89 1,500.. 3.50 34.89 27.77 1,970-... 3.30 34.895 2,000.. 3.30 34.90 27.80 Station 2531; July 10; latitude 48°10' N., longitude 40°07' W.; depth 4,522 meters; dynamic height 1,937.689 meters 0 18.04 35.06 0. 18.04 35. 06 25.32 25.. 17.94 35.08 25 17.94 35.08 25.36 50 11.74 34 88 50 11.74 34.88 26.56 75 9 94 34. 82 75 9.94 34. 82 26.84 100 10.04 35.04 100-.. . 10.04 35. 04 26.99 150 9, 63 35. 09 150-... 9.63 35.09 27.10 200 8.6!) 34.98 200.— 8.69 34. 98 27.17 301- 8.06 35.01 300.... 8.10 35. (11 27.29 402 6.71 34.91 400.... 6.75 34.91 27.40 607 4.8,1 34.90 600--. 4.90 34. 90 27.63 815 4. IS 34.90 800-.. 4.20 34. 90 27.71 1,025--- 3.84 34. 895 1,000.. 3.85 34. 90 27.74 1,522-.. .3.4!- 34.86 1,500.. .3.50 34.86 27.76 2.007.... 3.31 34.885 2,000.. 3.30 34.88J 27.78 Station 2532; July 10; latitude 48°42' N., longitude 40°]8' W.; depth 4,451 meters; dynamic height 1,937.844 meters 0 18,83 35. 57 0 18.83 35.57 25.52 24 17. 54 35. 56 25 17. .50 35.56 25.84 49 13, 99 35.44 50 15.95 35. i4 26.55 73- 13,56 35.43 75 13. .55 35.43 26.63 97 13.11 35.38 100.... 13.15 35. 39 26.68 146 1,3.61 35.66 1.50.-.. 13.60 35. 66 26.80 194. 12.90 35. 60 200-.-. 12.85 35.59 26.90 304 *12.02 35.56 300-.-- 12.10 35.56 27.02 404 35.20 400... . 9.85 35. 22 27.17 606 6.10 34.87 600-.. . 6.20 34. 87 27.45 4 49 34.90 800-.- 4.50 34.90 27.67 1,011.... 3.91 34.895 1,000.. 3. 95 34. 9(1 27.73 1,472.... 3. .54 34,88 1,500.. 3. 55 34.88 27. 75 1,904--.. 3.36 34. 875 (2,000). 3.35 34.88 27.77 125 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1937— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Teni' pera- Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity %o Station ?533; July 10; latitude 49°07' N., longitude 40°26' W.; depth 4,437 meters; dynamic height 1,937.913 meters 0 18.15 35.63 0 18.15 35.63 25. 74 25 18 13 35.63 25 18.13 35.63 25. 74 50 14.47 35.58 50 14.47 35.58 26. 55 75 14.41 35.73 75 14.41 35.73 26.68 100 14.28 35.76 100.... 14.28 35.76 26.73 151 13.75 35.76 150.... 13.75 35.76 26.84 201 13.40 35.75 ?00.... 13.45 35. 75 26. 90 306 •12.40 35.64 300.... 12.45 3.5. 65 27.02 408 35.57 400.... 11.95 35.57 ?7.06 612 8.24 35.07 600... . 8.5(1 35.09 27.28 816 .5.61 34.97 800.... 5. 75 34.97 27.58 1,020-... 4.62 34.99 1,000.. 4.70 34.99 27.70 1,530_.- ,S.69 34. 925 1,500.. 3.70 34.93 27.78 2,039.... 3.33 34.91 2,000.. 3.30 34.91 27.81 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- Salin- ity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 96o Station 2536; July 11; latitude 51°01' N., longitud* 41°08' W.; depth 4,278 meters; dynamic height 1,937.628 meters Station 2534; July 11; latitude 49°45' N., longitude 40°35' W.; depth 4,446 meters; dynamic height 1,937.851 meters 0 - 18.96 35.55 0. 18.96 35.55 25.47 20 19.13 35.55 25 18.85 35. .56 25.50 40 15.36 35.64 50 14. 45 35. 62 26.59 60.. 14.06 35.59 75 13.95 35.62 26.69 81 .- 13.95 35.63 100.... 14.00 3,5. 71 26. 75 121 14.07 35. 79 150.... 13.45 35. 72 26.88 161 13.23 35.69 200 12.70 35.63 26.96 228 12.45 35.61 300.... 12.25 35. 63 27.04 301 12.27 35.63 400.... 11.55 35. .50 27.08 445. 11.03 35.41 600... . 7.25 34.99 27.39 584 7.57 34.99 800... 5. 25 34. 97 27.65 719 5.79 34.97 1,000.. 4.45 34. 96 27.73 1,079.... 4.22 34.96 1,.500.. 3. 6(1 34.93 27.79 1,437.... 3.65 34. 935 (2,000). 3.30 34.91 27.81 Station 2535; July 11; latitude 50°23' N., longitude 40°45' W.; depth 4,418 meters; dynamic height 1,937.764 meters 0 17.39 34. .55 0 17.39 34.55 25.10 23. 18.21 35. 36 25 18. 20 35.42 25. 56 47 16. 03 35.66 50 1,5.75 35. 66 26.33 70 14.73 35. 65 75 14.60 35.64 26.57 93 14.08 35.56 100... . 13.95 35. 55 26.64 140 13.37 35.51 150.... 13.25 35. 50 26.75 186 12.51 35.42 200.... 12.45 35.48 26.89 184 13. on 35. 59 300.... 10.35 35. 30 27.14 244 11.64 35.44 400... . 7.95 34. 97 27.28 365 8.78 35.06 600.... 5.85 35.01 27.60 485 6.27 34.86 800.-. 4.65 34. 96 27.71 604. 5. 83 35. 02 1,000.. 3. 90 34. 92 27.76 935 4.06 34.92 (1.500). 3.50 34.91 27.79 1.286... . 3.59 34.91 (2,000). 3.30 34.90 27.80 127 169 183. 242 358 471 581 916 1,279.... 16.82 34.53 0. 16.82 34.63 15.82 35.56 25 15.65 35.55 14.06 35.40 50 13.85 35.38 13.40 35.36 75 13.00 35.33 12.72 35.31 100.... 12.65 35.36 12.58 35. 44 150_-._ 12.15 35.43 11.63 35.42 200-... 11.10 35.32 11.51 35.40 300.... 6. ,50 34.75 9.04 35.06 400..-. 5. 30 34.70 5.08 34.56 600.... 4. 2(1 34.89 5.67 34.98 800... . 3.85 34.90 4.27 34.89 1,000.. 3. 70 34.91 3.76 34.91 (1,500). 3.45 34.92 3.50 34.92 (2,000). 3.25 34.91 25.22 26. 2« 26.53 26. 6« 26.7* 26.91 27.03 27.31 27.42 27.70 27.74 27.77 27.80 27.81 Station 2537; July 11-12; latitude 51°37' N., longi- tude 41°30' W.; depth 4,142 meters; dynamic height 1,937.508 meters 0. 1.3. .55 34.48 13. ,55 34.48 2,5.89 22 12.13 34.60 25 12.05 34. 61 26.29 44 9.95 34.88 50 9.80 34.92 26.94 65 9.47 34.96 75 9.25 34. 95 27.06 87 8.74 34.94 100.... 8.05 34. 86 27.18 131 6.96 34.71 150.... 7.80 34.87 27.22 174 8.89 35.16 200.... 8.10 3,5. 06 27.33 243 6.71 34.88 300.... 5. 45 34. 79 27.47 323 5. 01 34.78 400.... 4.55 34. 81 27.60 482 4. n 34.86 600...- 3. 95 34. 89 27.72 639 34.90 800.... 3. 80 34. 92 27.77 794 ,3.82 34.92 1,000.. 3.70 34.91 27.77 1.223.... 3 ,50 34. 905 1.500.. 3. 4(1 34. 90 27.79 1,673..-. 3.29 34. 895 (2,000). 3.25 34.89 27.79 Station 2.538; July 12; latitude 52°13' N., longitude 41°42' W.; depth 4,273 meters; dynamic height 1,937.400 meters 0 13. ,31 34.64 0 13.31 34.64 26.07 25 12.44 34.74 25 12.44 34. 74 26.32 50 8.28 34.95 50 8.28 34. 95 27.21 76.^ 7. .32 34.95 75 7.35 34.95 27.35 101 6.71 34.92 100-.. 6. 75 34.92 27.41 151 ,5.84 34.86 150--.. ,5.85 34.86 27.48 202 5 12 34.84 200.... 5.20 34.84 27.54 310. 4 29 34.86 300.... 4.40 34.86 27.65 413 4.01 34.88 400.... 4.10 34.88 27.70 619 .3.79 34.90 600.... 3.80 34.90 27.75 826 3.65 34.91 800.... 3.65 34.91 27.77 1,034.-.. ,3.48 34. 905 1,000.- 3.60 34.91 27.79 1,549---- 3 30 34. 915 1,500.. 3. 30 34. 90 27.80 2,062-... 34.89 2,000.. 3.25 34.89 27.79 126 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1937— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- Salin- ity Depth, Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity Station 2539; July 12; latitude SS^OO' N., longitude 42°21' W.; depth 3,511 meters; dynamic height 1,937.351 meters 0 12.13 34.85 0_ 12.13 34.85 26.46 25 8.15 34.88 25 8.15 34. 88 27.17 51 6.61 34.86 50 6.65 34. 86 27.38 76 6.92 34.86 75 5.95 34.86 27.47 101 ,').43 34.83 100_... ,5. 45 34. 83 27.50 152 4.94 34.82 150.... 4.95 34. 82 27.56 203 4.59 34.83 200.... 4.60 34.83 27.60 307 4.07 34.85 300.... 4.10 34.85 27.68 410 3. 9(1 34.88 400.... 3. 90 34. HH 27.72 616 3.73 34.91 600.... 3.75 34. 91 27.76 823 3. 59 34.91 800... . 3.60 34.91 27.78 1,030.... 3. 42 34.90 1,000.. 3. 45 34. 90 27.78 1,541.... .3.28 34.89 1,500.. 3. 30 34, 89 27.79 2,049.— 3.19 34.89 2,000.. 3.20 34... 27.80 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity Tern- Depth, pera- meters ture "C. Salin- ity Station 2540; July 12; latitude 54°00' N., longitude 42°52' W.; depth 3,544 meters; dynamic height 1,937.390 meters 0 10.21 34.79 0. 10.21 34. 79 26.77 23 34.78 25 9.70 34. 78 26.85 45 6.56 34.90 50 6.30 34.89 27.44 5.85 34.85 75 5.7(; 34. 85 27.49 90 5.46 34.85 100.... .5.4(i 34. 85 27.53 135 5. 27 34.86 150... . 5.2(1 34. 86 27.56 180 .5. 15 34.845 200.... .5. 15 34. 85 27.56 262 5. 07 34.88 300.... 6.00 34.86 27.59 352 4.72 34.84 400.-.. 4.. 50 34. 84 27.62 535 4.08 34.87 600.... 4.00 34. 89 27.72 725 3 83 34.915 800,-.. 3. 75 34. 91 27.76 920 .3.62 34.89 1,000.. 3.55 34. 89 27.76 3.31 34.91 1,500.. 3. 3(1 34.91 27.81 1,923.... 3.25 34.90 2,000.. 3. 25 34.90 27.80 o { U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT - - - COASTGUARD BULLETIN No. 28 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN - RTsV] U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT COAST GUARD Bulletin No. 28 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN FLOYD M. SOULE G. VAN A. GRAVES SEASON OF 1938 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1940 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword V Figure 1, chart, ice-patrol area facing 1 The International Ice Patrol, 1938 1 Ice conditions. North Atlantic Ocean, 1938 17 Followed by figures 5-12, Ice Charts. Communications 27 Weather 28 Figures 13-33, Weather Diagrams 33 Cruise reports 44 Followed by figures 34-44, Cruise Charts. Table of ice and obstruction reports 66 Oceanography, including figures 45 to 56 113 Table of oceanographic data 137 (HI) i FOREWORD Here is presented the twenty-eighth bulletin in the series entitled "International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service in the North Atlantic." The series comprises, mainly, the annual report of the activities of the Ice Patrol Force during each season with occasional treatises on ice, its sources, distribution, and ultimate destruction; and also physical oceanography, the study of the currents, surface and subsurface, which largely govern the ice movement. Naturally no single one of these reports could cover the whole field or solve all the many problems concerning ice patrol, nor has this been at- tempted. If the reader is interested in the history, organization, and development of this service durmg its 25 years of existence he is referred to previous bulletins of this series. The section of this report entitled "Oceanography" was prepared by Senior Physical Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule, United States Coast Guard. The other sections of the report were prepared by Lt. G. Van A. Graves, United States Coast Guard- Ice-observation officer. (V) FiOOTI 1. Chart showing the Ice l'^''°'^^«^''be larger rectangle enclosing the Grand Banks of Newfoundland; the principal region of patrol activity, the smaller area southeast of the Grand Banks within solid black line; the 147469-40 (Face p 1 Prescribed by the North Atlantic track agreement. Canadian routes D. E. F, and G, and Uoited States-European routes A, B, and C. critical " THE INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL, 1938 The ice-patrol season of 1938 was the longest on record. Contin- uous patrol of the ice area extended from March 9 to July 22 and in addition an ice-observation cruise of 15 days was made in February. Other peculiarities were a greater percentage of large, massive bergs, larger amount of true Arctic pack ice and finally, a delay in the move- ment of the bergs south of Tail of Banks until June. This last was, of course, the direct cause of the long season. On the whole, however, the 1938 season must be considered a fairly normal ice year. The field ice was distributed generally over the northern edge of the Banks with no concentration in any particular area and the bergs followed what have come to be considered normal paths. In the last analysis sea ice and bergs are important mainly to the Ice Patrol because they do, or do not, form a menace to trans-Atlantic shipping. Viewed in this manner the general results, or effect, of ice this year are summed up very briefly by the following statements. Field ice obstructed track F (Cape Race route) from February 15 to April 15 and made track E dangerous from March 13 to about April 1. Bergs formed a danger along tracks E and F from March 15 to July 1 and men- aced track D and United States-European tracks A, B, and C from March 21 to July 19. Ice from the Gulf of St. Lawrence blocked routes running north of Sable Island (tracks E and F) from February 20 to April 1. The Gulf of St. Lawrence route opened for traffic April 8 but the heavy floes did not disappear from the Gulf until May 10. The organization of the Ice Patrol and the manner of carrying out its duties were the same as in the last 4 years. The Patrol vessels for the season of 1938 were the United States Coast Guard cutters Tahoe and Pontchartrain. The oceanographic vessel was the United States Coast Guard patrol boat General Greene. The commander of the International Ice Patrol force was Commander C. H. Dench, who was also commanding officer of the Tahoe. The commanding officer of the Pontchartrain was Commander E. G. Rose. On the General Greene were Chief Boatswain Thomas Noland, commanding, and senior physical oceanographer, United States Coast Guard, Floyd M. Soule, and his four assistants. The ice-observation officer, technical advisor to commander, International Ice Patrol Force, was Lt. G. Van A. Graves, who remained at sea with two assistants throughout the ice-patrol season. The two patrol vessels based on Halifax, Nova Scotia, during the ice season, making alternate patrols of approxi- mately 2 weeks duration, exclusive of time spent steaming to and (1) I from port. The General Greene bases normally on St. John's, New- foundland, during the season and on Halifax, Nova Scotia, when ice conditions make St. John's inaccessible. The Tahoe departed from Boston, Mass., on February 12, 1938, on an ice-observation cruise in the Grand Banks region to determine actual ice conditions in this area. On this date the only ice that had been reported since the first of the year was a berg on the northern edge of the Banks on February 10 and two bergs which had drifted down close in along the Newfoundland east coast. These last two were now in vicinity of Cape Race and were reported as breaking up. The Tahoe arrived in the Ice-Patrol area (fig. 1) on February 14 and shipping was advised of our presence in the ice area by a radio broad- cast on 500 kilocycles informing them of our mission and requesting that all ships cooperate, as usual, by reporting all ice sighted and by sending in their regular reports every 4 hours giving the ship's position, course, speed, weather conditions, and sea-water temperature while in the Ice-Patrol area. Also, the valuable assistance of the Canadian radio stations in collecting and disseminating ice information was requested through the district radio commissioner at Halifax, Nova Scotia. During this first observation cruise, although scouting was con- siderably curtailed by the extreme severity of the weather conditions (see figs. 13 to 15), the critical area, south of the Tail of the Banks, and the eastern slope of the Banks north to latitude 46°50' N., was scouted out. No ice was sighted in this important area. Reports from other parts of the region showed field ice extending 200 miles east northeast from St. John's, Newfoundland, and 60 miles south- east from Cape Race. Only one berg was reported and this could not be found after a thorough search. St. Lawrence ice made pas- sage north of Sable Island dangerous. This ice situation made track F (Cape Race route) unsafe, blocked by field ice, but left track E clear, by passing south of Sable Island. The prescribed steamer routes for this time of year, tracks C and D, passed well south and east of all ice. (See figs. 1 and 5.) The reported field ice showed no tendency to move southward. No bergs were in the area except in vicinity of Cape Race. The ice-observation vessel experienced no appreciable southward drift when in the usual course of the cold, ice- bearing current. The surface isotherms, also, indicated no strong i movement of Arctic water down the eastern slope of the Banks. In view of this favorable ice situation and because there were no signs \ of any immediate change in conditions a continuous patrol was not deemed necessary. So, on February 25, the Tahoe set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, to await reports indicating a more urgent situation. During this first cruise the ice-observation vessel, in answer to a request for assistance, proceeded through mountainous seas to stand by the S. S. Azalea City, which was drifting helpless, having lost her propeller, in latitude 42°17' N., longitude 52°25' W. The Tahoe arrived by the stricken vessel the evening of February 18 and re- mained in the near vicinity, in case of emergency, until the arrival of the Coast Guard cutter Chelan on February 21, 1938, when ice observation was resumed. (See fig. 35.) On March 8 open-pack ice and growlers were reported on the northeastern shoulder of the Banks just outside the 100-fathom curve, and a further report early the next day showed this ice extended from latitude 47°25' N., longitude 47°20' W., for 75 miles m a north- east direction. So the Tahoe sailed from Halifax to investigate the changed conditions that these reports indicated. The extent of the change may be seen by comparing the February and March ice charts (figs. 6 and 7). En route to the Grand Banks the observation vessel passed north of Sable Island approximately along latitude 44°35' N., and although only light local pancake ice was encountered, heavier ice could be seen to the north and some heavy pieces were passed, so that shipping was still advised to pass south of Sable Island. Bergs began to be reported on the north and east slopes of the Banks, in any number, for the first time about March 13. The majority of these were brought south in the field ice which was continuously reported. The great masses of field ice just east of the Banks effec- tively blocked tracks E and F and kept them from any general use; most vessels continued to use the prescribed route, for Halifax, track D south of the Tail. On March 21, two bergs were reported in latitude 43°45' N., longitude 49°31' W., and one berg in latitude 43°50' N., longitude 48°45' W. It is difficult to explain how these bergs drifted so far south without being seen by the patrol vessel. The scouting on March 17, 18, and 19 was designed to prevent just such an occurrence, its possi- bility being fully realized. (See fig. 36.) The scouting interval on the 17th was 24 miles, and if the ice were small or low it might have been mistaken for a whitecap on the horizon and so missed. There- fore, on the 18th a line was run approximately half way between the previous day's courses, thus reducing the interval to 12 miles, in order to eliminate this possibility. No ice was sighted although this search extended north from latitude 43°15' N. As a further precaution on the 19th an effort was made to relocate the bergs and growlers sighted by the observation vessel on the 16th which were strung in a northeast- southwest direction just outside the 1,000-fathom curve from latitude 45°30' N. to latitude 44°30' N. Unfortunately, misty rain and gen- erally low visibility, never over 5 miles, made this search comparatively ineffective, and it is believed that it was this day that the bergs were missed, which drifted south to Latitude 43°45' N., to menace track C, the United States-European track in force. The increased How of the Labrador Current as evidenced by the ice movement was borne out by the lower surface temperatures observed and reported all along the eastern edge of the Banks southward around the Tail and then west to longitude 51° W. Although the port of St. John's, New- foundland, was open the entire cruise, heavy ice was east of that port, well off shore all during the period, and one vessel was beset on March 16, in latitude 47°35' N., longitude 51°45' W. She was assisted by the Northern Ranger of St. John's. Before the end of the second observation cruise it was apparent that a continuous patrol would be necessary, so the Pontchartrain was ordered out and relieved the Tahoe of ice observation on March 22, and began the third cruise, March 22 to April 5. Soon after the com- mencement of this cruise ice conditions rendered tracks C and D unsafe at night or during fog, so, upon recommendation of the com- mander, International Ice Patrol Force, ice patrol was inaugurated for the season on March 24 and United States-European traffic was shifted to track B (southern) at 0900, March 26, 1938. This shift to track B was over 2 weeks earlier than usual. With the breaking up of the large areas of field ice on the eastern edge of the Banks, men- tioned above, the bergs and growlers contained in these fields were released to drift southward and menace tlie steamer tracks then in use. There was a singular absence of any large bergs during this cruise. Not one of the majestic and menacing sentinels of the North Atlantic had yet been seen. Two obvious hypotheses are possible. One, that winter conditions in Baffin Bay and along the Labrador coast were such as to favor the destruction of this year's crop of bergs and the other, that the bergs had simply not yet arrived. The latter proved to be the case. The lack of bergs could by no means be attributed to any failure of the Labrador Current to provide a means of transportation. The increased flow of this Arctic Current, men- tioned above, continued and the resulting ice movement and surface temperatures attested its continuing vitality. The current averaged approximately 0.8 knot between latitudes 45° N. and 43° N., and temperatures indicated that it was 40 miles wide in latitudes 43° N. and 43°30' N., 30 miles wide in latitude 44°20' N. and 20 miles wide in latitude 45° N. (See fig. 37.) This is a normal situation and in other years has brought many large bergs south into the steamer lanes. Only one report of ice from the Gulf of St. Lawrence was received during this patrol and that was heavy rafted pan ice in all directions from St. Paul Island, with some open water to the eastward. This route was still closed. Passage north of Sable Island was safe by April 1, but this was of little assistance as vessels had to pass south of the Tail of the Banks because of ice conditions on the eastern edge of the Banks. The ice lying to the east of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, continued to make the approach to St. John's from the east dangerous and caused much delay. Heavy close packed ice was always present and with east or southeast winds would move tight against the coast making St. John's inaccessible. There was no danger from ice along track B during this period but track D, the Canadian route, was menaced constantly by scattered growlers between longitudes 48° W., and 51° W. The fourth cruise, April 5 to 21, brought a real change in ice con- ditions. The scarcity of bergs, noted in the third cruise, no longer existed. If this apparent increase in the number of bergs had not occurred coincidentally with the shift of Canadian traffic from track D to track E (see fig. 1) on April 11 it would be difficult to explam the sudden appearance of large numbers of bergs. The facts show, however, that the masses of field ice stretching along the 100 fathom curve from latitude 48° N., to latitude 45° N., until March 28 acted as a shield and kept ships from crossing the Banks north of 45° N. Consequently ice conditions were largely unknown in that area. The Gulf of St. Lawrence was opened to traffic almost simultaneously with the shift from track D to E and provided an added inducement for vessels to try the shorter route. The resulting reports revealed many bergs strewn along tracks E and D, making track F unsafe and track E passable only in clear weather during daylight hours. In other words, bergs had probably been drifting onto the northern edge of the Banks in small but increasing numbers ever since the middle of March and were only discovered when ships began to pass through that region. However, the above discussion does not explain the small number of bergs moving south in strength of Labrador Current just east of the Banks. The current chart delivered April 12, by the General Greene, shows a southerly current about 15 miles wide running 1.4 knots at latitude 46° N., and from latitude 45°45' N. to the Tail it shows a broad slow moving stream averaging about 0.3 knot. (See fig. 46.) This is slower than usual but no bar to southward drift, and surface temperatures did not indicate any lessening of the current since that date. Seven bergs, sighted by the patrol vessel on April 12 and 13, did actually drift south of latitude 45° N. in this current and their movements were in agreement with the direction and velocity shown on the current chart. It must not be assumed, however, that all of these seven came south via the usual route, the eastern branch of the cold current. It is definitely known that one did not come by this route and it is only sure that one of the remaining did ; the others are doubtful. Reports from other areas indicate no lack of ice, so current conditions to the north must be unfavorable for bergs entering the eastern branch. As a usual corollary to this effect there was increased congestion around and south of Cape Race, due to both field ice and 6 bergs, from April 10 to the end of this cruise. Surface temperatures also show a definite increase in flow of the west branch of the Labrador Current around Cape Race. (See fig. 38.) It will be remembered that this is exactly the situation that existed throughout the 1937 season which caused so much obstruction to traffic on Canadian tracks E and F. Of the seven bergs which drifted south of latitude 45° N., on the east side of the Banks, only one succeeded in drifting south of the TaU. During the fifth cruise, AprU 19 to May 3, the ice situation remained much the same as during the last patrol. Bergs continued to enter the area in good numbers from the north with an increasing tendency to be concentrated along the coast of the Avalon Peninsula, New- foundland, and south of Cape Race. Ice reports during this cruise, however, indicated on the whole less ice than during the last cruise. Too much reliance could not be placed on this indication of ice condi- tions for this particular period, for two reasons: (1) the traffic along track E was routed south of most of the ice, and (2) the very high percentage of low visibility conditions, including rain, fog, and snow, over the ice-infested area. A review of weather conditions north of latitude 44° N. on the Banks showed only 3 days during the cruise when good visibility conditions could be counted on in this area. Obviously this had some effect on the number of ice reports sent in and the resultant information at hand. One thing is certain, how- ever, that current conditions north of latitude 49° N., as mentioned above, were such that bergs did not enter the eastern branch of the Labrador Current. The resultant distribution was therefore a slow spreading over the northern edge of the Banks south to latitude 45° N., with the main body of ice drifting southward in the western branch of the Labrador Current along the eastern coast of New- foundland through the guUey around Cape Race and to the south and westward of that point. In support of these observations only two bergs drifted south of latitude 43° N., that is south of the Tail of the Banks, during this patrol and these were already known to be south of latitude 45° N. when the patrol began. Only two bergs had been reported in the normal cold current along the northeastern slope of the Banks since April 1. The current situation, as indicated by surface temperatures, and the long berg drifts as plotted on the cruise chart (fig. 39), indicate little or no change since the early part of April. Warm water was pressing in close to the shoal on the east side of the Banks in latitude 45° N., but a slow, broad, cold current continued south of this latitude around the Tail and west to longitude 52°30' W., and the two bergs which drifted' south of latitude 44° N. in this current faithfully followed this pattern. Only one known berg remained south of the Tail, the other having melted in the warm water after drifting south to latitude 41°50' N., longitude 51°13'W. (See fig. 39.) The ice situation during the sixth cruise, May 3 to 17, was the normal result of seasonal influences at work during the last cruise. The annual flooding of the Labrador Current, which normally occurs in the latter part of April and the first of May, brought increasing numbers of bergs into the area from the north. Although the current chart delivered May 8 showed a strong cold current of normal volume and velocity (averaging 0.73 knots between latitudes 46° N. and 43° N.) the distribution of bergs showed the major movement to be still in the western branch of the Labrador Current onto the northern edge of the Banks and down along the east coast of the Avalon Penin- sula. The supply of bergs in the north was ample and the known current provided adequate transportation; so it seemed inevitable that at least a few bergs would complete the journey during May southward into the steamer lanes. That this proved not to be the case is shown later. It is estimated that 136 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. during this cruise, the greatest number for any cruise this year. There was an increased number of vessels attempt- ing to use track F, the Cape Race route, durmg this patrol and ice reports along this track showed such a number of bergs from longitude 46° W. to Cape Race and west to longtitude 54° W. that shipping was warned off this route. The track was so strewn with bergs that it was passable only in clear weather during daylight hours, making it necessary for vessels on this route to stop in fog or darkness at considerable loss of time. This delay, and of course danger, could be avoided by a continued use of track E, which was passable in any weather, using due caution, until track F was safe. (See fig. 40.) The seventh cruise. May 17 to 31, brought Httle real change to the ice area from the last patrol. No bergs drifted south of the Tail of the Banks during the whole month of May (which is unusual in itself), and only a few moved as far south as latitude 45° N. Other factors indicating a possible early close of the season were the usual seasonal ones of increasmg air and water surface temperatures. In spite of the lack of bergs in the critical area and the other influences just mentioned, the situation remained threatenmg. The current chart completed May 7, as mentioned above, showed a normal cold current and the surface isotherms for the sixth and seventh cruises (figs. 40 and 41) show an ever deepening intrusion of cold water, into the warm Atlantic Current, to the south southeast of the Tail of the Banks. In other words, if any berg did get south of latitude 44° X., there was an open highway to carry it southward across both tracks B and C, to at least, latitude 41° N., and would keep the patrol occupied for another month. Still, on May 31, no bergs had shown any tendency to move south and the situation remained the same. Almost immediately after the first of Jmie, or just after the beginning of the eighth cruise, May 31 to June 15, the long stagnation of bergs north of latitude 45° N., was brought to an end. The scouting on June 2 revealed a definite movement of bergs southward and they drifted swiftly and surely as it was predicted they would. Was there any explanation of this abrupt change in conditions? On May 31 and June 1 strong winds to moderate gales from the north and north- west blew all along the course of the Labrador Current for 400 miles north of the Tail of the Banks (latitude 43° N.). These conditions existed for about 48 hours and apparently overcame, at least tem- porarily, whatever barrier existed to bergs moving south of latitude 45° N. By the next 10 days, 10 bergs had drifted into the area south of latitude 45° N., into which only 1 berg had come in the last 2 weeks. While such wind conditions along the axis of the Labrador Current will, imdoubtedly, have a powerful influence on the stream and the subsequent drift of bergs, it is not hitended to convey the idea that this was the sole factor perpetuating the season. (A discussion of other factors to this same end will be found on page 121 under Ocean- ography.) It is mamtained that iliis storm introduced wind compo- nents into the Labrador Current which materially assisted in moving bergs south of latitude 45° N., and may, possibly, have been the determining factor in that movement. Certain it is that apparently favorable current conditions existed for a month prior to this storm with no very striking results and immediately following the disturbance bergs moved southward. The truth is probably neither all one thing nor all another, but a combmation of other circumstances coincidental with the occurrence of the storm. At the end of this cruise, the eighth, there were apparently fewer | bergs in the area than last patrol. Track F was still encumbered with bergs and track E, though comparatively free, had a few bergs drifting across it between longitudes 46° W., and 49° W., and occa- sional bergs along it south of Cape Race. At this time, also, there were seven bergs south of latitude 45° N., all potential danger to track B. The most southern was in latitude 42° N., longitude 50°30' W. Track C could not be used until this situation cleared up and traffic should continue on track A (extra southern) until track B was again free of bergs. The remainder of the patrol, from June 15 to the end, July 22, comprising the ninth, tenth, and eleventh cruises, was spent closely) watching those bergs which drifted south of latitude 43° N., across the steamer tracks. During all this time scouting to north waa impossible due to almost perpetual fog over the cold water. By the end of the last cruise, however, reports showed so few bergs remaining that a patrol was no longer necessary and upon recommendation of 9 the commander, International Ice Patrol Force, ice patrol was dis- <'ontinued for the season. The scientific program was limited this year, as in the last 8 years, almost entirely to oceanographical investigations. The work of the oceanographic vessel during the ice-patrol season consisted of periodic dynamic surveys of the region of principal activity. (See fig. 1.) Because of the long season four of these surveys were made this year, instead of the usual three. (See figs. 45 to 48.) These charts are used by the patrol vessel in laying out the scouting plan, determining the areas to be searched, and m locating dangerous bergs after periods of fog. Upon the termination of ice patrol for the season the General Greene made a post-season cruise in the general region of the Labrador Sea and Davis Strait to continue the long-term program of oceano- graphic investigation and research in this area and also to observe ice conditions on the Greenland, Baffin Land, and Labrador coasts. The results of the work during the ice season and of the investigations during the post-season cruise are discussed and analyzed in this bulletin under Oceanography (p. 113) and a narrative account of the post- season cruise may be found under Cruise Reports (p. 64). Medical advice by radio was given the S. S. Endicott, which had a patient suffering from acute infection of the elbow glands. Treatment was prescribed April 11 and on April 13 the patient was reported as improving nicely. Also, on April 15, a member of the crew of the French barkentine Capitaine Guynemer was taken on board for treat- ment and was finally returned to France via commercial steamer. An intelligent conduct of the Patrol and its ultimate success are wholly dependent upon the willing cooperation of the merchant vessels using the North Atlantic lane routes, for whom this service is maintained. It is a pleasure, each year, to express appreciation for the whole-hearted and invaluable assistance of these vessels and to urge upon them the realization that their own safety depends, in a large measure, on their continued help. It is only when every vessel is doing its part that the Ice Patrol is able to give, in return, the best possible information and service. It is considered to be one of the duties of the Ice Patrol service to recommend safe procedures for vessels to follow under the varying ice conditions during the season and to suggest, from time to time, that certain practices and their possible results be more thoroughly thought through and their advantages and disadvantages be more carefully weighed. It is felt that because of failure to count all the risks the ship's master sometimes subjects his vessel to unnecessary hazard. Apparently because of the scarcity of ice reports, in the last half of May, south of latitude 45° N., a number of vessels, beginning about June 1, bound to and from the United States began to experi- ment with track C and modifications thereof which ran through, or 10 close to, areas known to contain ice, both north and south of the Tail of the Banks. Both passenger and cargo vessels did this. Track B was then the prescribed route and track A went into effect June 21. This practice has been observed before and is considered dis- tinctly dangerous. Vessels were cautioned to adhere strictly to track B both in the daily broadcasts and by special bulletins through the facilities of the United States Hydrographic Office. There are several reasons why this procedure, cutting north of track B and/or running across the Tail, is thought to be particularly hazardous. It is not because this region, in vicinity of the Tail of the Banks, contains more bergs, is most constantly covered with fog, or is less known than regions farther north, but vessels deviating from the prescribed route obviously do so with the conviction that one, or all, of the following are true: (a) That his altered course will lead him through an area which, from the broadcasts, contains no ice; (6) will take him safely north or south of known ice; (c) that he will pass through the whole region in clear weather during daylight. There can be no guarantee that any of these are true. At this time of year this region is almost continuously covered with fog. This area may, or may not, contain ice. The currents carry bergs in varied directions and at varied rates, one berg not necessarily fol- lowing either its contemporary or its predecessor. The result of any error in the estimate of the drift of known ice is possible dis- aster. After periods of fog, often 10 days, it is not only possible, but probable, that unknown ice has drifted into this area. As for the last, well it is known that no matter how accurate the data upon which is based a forecast of clear weather in this area, at this time of year, it is subject to many and cogent reservations. It is not a good bet. If these vessels were prepared to follow the practice of ships on the more northern Canadian routes while passing through ice regions, that is, stop and drift at night in fog and proceed only as the visibility permits in the daylight, no great concern would be felt. But, these vessels do not follow this necessary procedure because, as stated above, they believe their chosen course is a safe course (else, it is believed, they would not deviate from the pre- scribed route) and they fully expect to pass through with no loss of time. It is just here that the great danger lies. In cutting north of the prescribed route, in this manner, the ship's master defeats all tlie efforts of the Ice Patrol to protect him and violates the letter and spirit of the North Atlantic Track Agreement. The whole procedure seems so unwise and so unnecessary when it is | considered that by originally laying his course along the prescribed i route, only 60 or 70 miles south, he can pass through the ice area in j clear weather, for the most part, and along a route scouted by the Ice Patrol and where ice conditions are known. On the other hand, 11 vessels bound for United States ports who deviate from the pre- scribed track inevitably incur, over and above the ordinary hazards of ocean travel, the added peril of unlmown drifting ice shrouded by almost continuous fog, and must lose rather than gain time. Figure 2. The observed drift of an iceberg from April 10 to 29 plotted against the stream lines of the current map completed April 11 (fig. 45). Triangle represents the berg, dashed line the berg's drift track, and the arrows the current direction. Figures indicate the date, some omitted for clarity. (See text.) A DISCUSSION OF THE FORCES AFFECTING THE MOVEMENT OF BERGS During the period from about April 1 to the termination of active patrol for the season the oceanographic vessel of the Ice Patrol Force, the General Greene, makes periodic oceanographic surveys of what is considered the critical area (fig. 1). The region covered is varied as seems necessary. From the data collected in these surveys, charts of the surface currents are immediate^ constructed on the General 147469—40 2 12 Greene and delivered to the Patrol vessel within a few hours after the last station is occupied. This phase of Ice Patrol activity has been in operation since 1932, and the resulting current charts, about one a month, have been used with such success by the Ice Patrol that their accuracy and reliabiUty, within the limits that experience has dictated, are somewhat taken for granted by the officers of the Patrol. Therefore, it would seem a healthy thing, now and again, to actually put down what results are obtained and to illustrate the stated relia- bility by plotting some observed berg drifts against the stream lines of contemporary current maps. Such illustrations are shown in fig- ures 2, 3, and 4. The last time a discussion of this subject was taken up was in 1935. (See Bulletin 25, pp. 8 to 10.) It was stated there that any single oceanograpliic station was good for about 15 days; and that as it now requires about 10 days to complete one map, the first portion of the chart completed will be depended on only about 5 days after completion of the whole network. Tliis means that the reliability of the map, assuming that it was begun in the north, will fade progressively from north to south beginning 5 days after the last station was taken and ending approximately 15 days after, at the southern section. Bearing these facts in mind, the reader is referred to figure 2. To begin with, the berg whose drift is shown was, when first reported April 10, outside the limits of current map (fig. 45); as the most northern section crossed the cold current in about latitude 44°40' N. So that although the correspondence, in the matter of direction, at least, seems excellent from the 10th to 12th, it is only coincidence; the current strength and direction outside map limits being a matter of conjecture. The berg's drift from April 12 to 14 was slightly across the isobaths, at first, to the south southeast and over the 2 days it averaged 20 miles per day instead of 14.5 miles per day as the chart shows. Both these effects could be explained as the results of the strong gales which blew from the northwest on April 7, 8, and 9. (See fig. 19.) The wind components accelerating the current are seen to be much more lasting and more pronounced than the devia- tion in direction, as illustrated by the drift from April 14 to 18. Dur- ing these 3 days the berg followed the stream lines fairly well, though the rate of drift was still excessive, the average being a Httle over 1 knot instead of 0.3 knot. From the 18th no fault can be found with the direction of drift, but the velocity is still in excess, though decreasing, until the 20th Remembering, however, the facts in the paragraph above, it is realized that the current map has already ex- hausted its period of reliabiUty. For this reason no stream lines are indicated in figure 2 west of longitude 51° W. A comparison of the berg's drift from April 20 until it melted April 29 with figures 45 and 46 will show that it drifted in a pattern which appears to be an inter- I 13 mediate stage between these two maps. It can be safely said that the berg followed in general the pattern depicted by the current chart, 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° Figure 3. The observed drift of an iceberg from May 29 to June 18 plotted against the stream lines of the current map completed June 6, north of latitude 42° N., and the current map completed July 3, south of latitude 42° N. (See fig;. 46 and 47.) For explanation of symbols see fig. 2. (See text.) at least within the time limit of its expected reliability. It must also be admitted that there were, in this particular instance, serious dis- 14 crepancies in velocity as shown by drift and as computed. If any- thing is to be learned or any conclusions drawn from this discussion of figure 2 it would be briefly this: that 48 hours of northwest gales introduce wind components approximately along the axis of the south- bound current which may greatly accelerate the rate of flow, and this effect must not be neglected. Also, that this effect is not a tempo- rary one hmited to the duration of the storm but the impetus given persists, as in this case, at least 10 days. It is suggested here that such a powerful influence on the flow, as this seems to indicate, may possibly be responsible for the final pattern of the current. (See figs. 45 and 46.) In discussing figures 3 and 4 it need only be pointed out that as the season advances and conditions become less boisterous the corre- spondence of berg drifts with the computed stream lines becomes more and more satisfactory. In figure 3, after June 11, the correspondence in both direction and velocity is good, the berg averaging 16.5 miles per day, while the chart calls for 16.8 miles per day. That the berg follows the stream lines well throughout the long drift of 350 miles can be seen by inspection. Prior to June 11 the velocity shoMoi by the berg is greatly in excess of the movement to be expected from the current map. This is attributed to the gales of May 31 and June 1, exactly 10 days previous. (See above.) This storm is an interesting one and is discussed above on page 8. (See fig. 27.) In figure 4, with quiet summer conditions prevailing, no more could be asked. The berg drifted in almost exact accordance with the computed set and drift on the map and each day's position of the berg could be forecast within reasonable limits. (See figs. 31 to 33 and fig. 47.) Discussing berg drifts in relation to the current maps has led inevitably to a consideration of the effect of wind on the movement of bergs. In the past 6 or 7 years since the development of the tech- nique for the construction of current maps at sea and their adoption by the Ice Patrol as a tool the effect of wind on the drift of bergs has unconsciously been minimized in an effort to prove the worth of the new tool to those who might be skeptical. After all, there are only two major forces contributing to the movement of bergs. Current is one, and it must not be forgotten that wind is the other. The intimate relationship between meteorology and oceanography is well recognized and need not be stressed. The major role of the atmos- pheric circulation over the Atlantic in maintaining the great Gulf Stream system is established. In studying a means to foretell the character of an approaching ice season, for instance the number of bergs, the correlation factor was found highest between ice conditions in the spring and wind in the Baffin Bay area the preceding winter. The simple and more direct relationship of wind to berg drift is no exception to this general rule. The current maps may be considered 15 as depicting a current pattern which the wind has had a major role in setting up. When once estabhshed the current is the stronger in affecting such deeply immersed objects as icebergs but this should not mean a total disregard of the wind effect, which has been shown above to be, at times, large. 47' 52° 50° 49' 48° Figure 4.— The observed drift of an iceberg from July 2 to 19 plotted against the stream ] map completed July 3. For explanation of symbols see figure 2. (See text.) There are several striking examples of the importance of wind in pro- longing an ice season or changing its character. While it is admitted that these effects are probably secondary they are sometimes the added weight which tips the balance. On June 9 in 1935 the Patrol 16 vessel sighted a berg in latitude 45°45' N., longitude 48°47' W., just inside the oO-fathom curve. It drifted slowly westward farther onto the Banks into 43 fathoms of water. It was stated at the time that this berg would probably remain on the Grand Banks and melt during the summer. This remark was based on the assumption that the berg was out of the current and would wander around in the shoal water melting rapidly. It was sighted again by the Patrol ship on June 18 in latitude 45°26' N., longitude 48°50' W., having averaged 0.1 knot since last seen, almost due south. June 17 was a day of gales from the west northwest. It moved on the 18th and 19th almost due south with the current map but at the enormously accelerated rate of 0.9 knot and was relocated June 19 in latitude 45°05' N., longitude 48°43' W., now in the strength of the current. It need not be shown that this berg was actually blown off the Banks into the current (as suggested at the time) but only that the wind introduced sufficient wind components into the existing current to so accelerate its flow that it carried the berg south to menace the United States- European routes before it melted. This was the direct cause of pro- longing that season. There were four other bergs in the same area reported on June 7. None of these succeeded in moving off the Banks before melting. The difference, in lieu of other information, must be the gales of June 17. (See Bulletin No. 25, pp. 12 and 13.) Other instances of the sometimes determining influences of wind are recorded in 1937. Here the very abnormal and dangerous distribution of bergs in January is directly attributed to early season winds ; surface temperatures and later observations showing no early push of current. (See Bulletin No. 27, p. 2.) Later in that same season it was pointed out that wind effect on areas of field ice played a very major role in bringing bergs to the eastern branch of the Labrador Current and thus south to obstruct the steamer lanes. (See Bulletin No. 27, pp. 3 and 4.) And finally in this present season the effect of northwest gales blowing for a long period along the axis of the Labrador Current is thoroughly discussed on page 8 of this bulletin. From these examples it can be seen that wind effect, although secondary, is sometimes a determmmg factor and must not be neglected. The general conclusions to be drawn from the above discussion, without being too conservative, are these: (1) That after periods of gales of even 12 hours, or strong winds for longer periods (say 2 days), when the wmd components introduced would tend to augment the existing current, greatly accelerated rates of flow must be anticipated; (2) that after extended periods of gale force, 48 hours or more, major ice movements may be initiated. The same would be true for repeated consecutive gales from the same,- or nearly the same, direction. Immediately following this section, under Ice Conditions, North Atlantic Ocean, 1938, is a discussion of the ice by months with a 17 summary of general conditions for the year. Detailed account of the operations of the Patrol vessels, each cruise, will be found under Cruise Reports (p. 44) and there are also sections on Communications (p. 27) and Weather (p. 28). ICE CONDITIONS, NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, 1938 AUGUST TO DECEMBER 1937 As far as is known no bergs drifted into the Ice Patrol area (south of latitude 49° N.) during these months. Several bergs were reported drifting in vicinity of Belle Isle all through August and one berg on November 14 in latitude 51°50' N., longitude 54°50' W. Reports of ice conditions farther north along the Labrador coast, Davis Strait, Baffin Bay and its tributaries during the summer, fall, and early winter of 1937 were obtained from the various agencies of government and commerce which operate vessels in these little-frequented waters and a summary of their findings is given here. All were unanimous in believing ice conditions were exceptionally good that summer. Cap- tains with 20 and 30 years' experience in the Arctic stated that con- ditions were the best ever known. Along the Labrador coast about 50 bergs, in July, were sighted in vicinity of Hamilton Inlet but all had disappeared by September. On July 8 and 9 nine bergs were sighted in vicinity of Belle Isle and from there northward to Roundhill Island, 35 bergs, thence to latitude 55°25' N., longitude 56°30' W., 8 bergs thence to latitude 60°00' N., longitude 61°30' W., about 10 bergs and at this position large numbers of bergs and growlers and some strings of field ice. From this last posi- tion to 25 miles oft' the radio station at Resolution Island scattered and loose field ice becoming close packed at times with many bergs and growlers all south of the track were encountered, thence clear water to Acadian Cove. Another source reports that no field ice was encoun- tered along the Labrador coast south of Hebron from July 15 to Sep- tember 15 and only a few bergs, all north of Cape Harrison. In Hudson Strait, itself, conditions were reported as remarkably good throughout the season, the pan ice being light and the bergs smaller than usual. During the last days of July light open ice, with long leads and large lakes of clear water, was observed from Acadian Cove west- ward to Hopes Advance and numbers of bergs and growlers from Hopes Advance westward to longitude 72° W., while west to Digges Island from 72° W., no ice. The navigation season opened on August 4 and ships were able to make passage to Port Churchill unassisted encountering no dangerous ice, except the usual bergs at the eastern end of Hudson Strait, from that date on. Reports from farther north in Davis Strait, Baffin Bay to Ellesmere Island, Lancaster Sound, Admiralty Inlet, Prince Regent Inlet to Boothia Peninsula reveal the following conditions July through September in these regions: Small ice fields in Cumberland Sound, Lancaster Sound, 18 Jones Sound, Admiralty Inlet, and Prince Kegent Inlet. The ice fields in Lancaster Sound and Admiralty and Prince Regent Inlets were new ice. No ice fields were sighted in Davis Strait or Baffin Bay. Only about 100 bergs were sighted in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait in September. This is remarkably few as in other years a hundred bergs would be in sight at the same time. For this last information, north of Hudson Strait, the United States Coast Guard is indebted to Captain Smellie, of the Hudson's Bay Co.'s sliip the Nascopie, and for information along the Labrador coast and in Hudson Bay and Strait to the following: Captain Balcolm, of the Coast Guard ship A''. B. McLean, Department of Transport, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; the motor vessel Winifred Lee, of the Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, Newfoundland; and the steamship Kyle, owned by the Newfoundland Railway, St. John's, Newfoundland. The willing cooperation of these agencies in supply- ing the above information is hereby gratefully acknowledged. The following information was also received from the motor yacht Rosaura, Royal YachtS quadron (Captain, H. M. S. Laidlaw), while cruising from Angmagssalik, Greenland, around Cape Farewell to Julianehaab and thence to St. John's, Newfoundland. The vessel was ice-bound in Angmagssalik the last few days of August by pack ice wliich entered the fjord in large quantities. On September 1 and 2 from Cape Dan to Cape Farewell numerous icebergs and much pack ice were observed drifting southward, but only a few bergs were seen when as far south as Cape Farewell, 30 miles off the coast. From Cape Farewell to Julianehaab the coast was clear of pack ice but a fair number of bergs. On leaving the coast at Nanortalik the last berg sighted was in latitude 59°43' N., longitude 45°30' W. JANUARY 1938 No field ice was reported during this month but local slob ice was encountered off Battle Harbour, Labrador. Only two beigs were reported and by coincidence the drift of these two bergs is well estab- lished by successive reports. The first report was two large bergs off Fogo Island, Newfoundland, on January 4, 1938, next on January 14, off Baccilieu Island and subsequent reports off Cape Spear, Cape Ballard, and Cape Race until the end of the month showed the south- ward movement of these two bergs. These bergs were not, by any means, the forerunner of the season's crop but were, undoubtedly bergs which grounded somewhere along the coast to northward late in the fall and being loosened by the winter gales came south at this unusually early date. (See fig. 5.) FEBRUARY 1938 Only three known bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. during this month, and these were in widely scattered positions showing no general intrusion of bergs except these few carried south by field ice. The 19 bergs were reported as follows: One close in shore at Cape Race on Februar^^ 22; one in latitude 47°43' N., longitude 50°30' W., on February 10; and one on the northeastern edge of the Banks in latitude 47°25' N., longitude 47°53' W., on February 17. The only real hindrance to shipping during February was caused by field ice, the distribution of which during this period was briefly this: heavy rafted flows of ice were reported moving out of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between St. Paul Island and Cape North, past Scatari Island blocking the coast of Cape Breton Island and spreading southward over the Scotian Banks toward Sable Island, making any passage north of Sable Island dangerous; the coast of Nova Scotia w^as clear for the most part, at least to Louisburg Harbour, but the ice lay off shore 15 miles at that place and extended eastward to longitude 59°24' W., and south from Scatari Island to latitude 44°40' N., and was moving southward; the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, was blocked by heavy fields of pan ice from Cape Race at least to St. John's. This last ice was, for the most part, close packed and tight against the shore, making the port of St. Jolm's inaccessible, and ex- tended south and southeast 60 miles from Cape Race, Newfoundland, and probably east to longitude 50° W. It is believed that the area west of longitude 50° W., and north of latitude 46° N., was thicldy strewn with field ice during most of the month. It is estimated that three bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., during February and the distribution of the ice for this period is graphically shown on the February Ice Chart. (See fig. 6.) MARCH 1938 The ice situation during the month of March was materially different from the preceeding month and the major movement of ice had shifted from the Newfoundland east coast to the eastern slopes of the Grand Banks. Beginning in the early days of March a con- tinuous stream of heavy field ice moved southward in the eastern branch of the Labrador Current. It was dissipated by gales and melted by warm w^ater but was continually replaced by more and heavier ice from the north. It was noticed that tliis ice was not merely coastal ice formed on the continental shelves of the Labrador and Newfoundland coasts but was intermixed with a large proportion of true Arctic pack ice and also carried with it numerous small and large growlers which were periodically released to drift southward. This action continued until, by the middle of March, the field ice stretched in a great arc, conforming to and just outside of the 100-fathom curve, from latitude 48° N. to 45° N. Much slob ice and field ice was reported along the Newfoundland east coast and extending in strings and patches southwest, south and southeast of Cape Race. By the end of the month the situation was as follows: Great masses of heavy ice had moved southward over the northern slope of the Grand 20 Banks and on March 25 and 26 extended east by south from Cape Spear for 235 miles to the eastern edge of the Banks; heavy ice was reported extending 120 miles southwest from Cape Race and the ice on the eastern side of the Banks had moved southward in patches and strings to latitude 43°20' N.; the small bergs and growlers contained in this ice drifted south with the current and were found in scattered positions from latitude 46° N., south to 42°50' N., just south of the Tail; a few bergs were reported from time to time along the New- foundland coast but the main danger there, throughout the month, was field and slob ice which lay off the coast continuously and with east or southeast winds moved tight against the shore making the coast inaccessible; conditions north of Sable Island and in Cabot Strait improved during the month but heavy rafted pan ice was still moving out of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and this route was still closed. The only outstanding feature of this month would be the absence of any great number of bergs and the very small size of those that were found. It is estimated that 38 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., during this month. The distribution of the field ice and bergs is graphically shown on the March Ice Chart. (See fig. 7.) APRIL 1938 Soon after the first of April bergs began moving into the area from the north in large numbers and by the middle of the month were being reported generally over the northern and eastern edges of the Banks, north of latitude 45° N. At the same time large areas of field ice began to appear along the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, and everywhere south of Cape Race, to latitude 46° N. This ice extended in broken fields east to longitude 49° W., along the northern slopes of the Banks. Conditions remained substantially the same thoughout the remainder of the month and may be sum- marized as follows: A general spreading of field ice and bergs over the northern edge of the Banks and south to latitude of 46° N., an exten- sion of tliis ice south to latitude 45° N., on the eastern side of the Banks and scattered bergs and growlers south to latitude 43° N. Three bergs and some growlers drifted south of the Tail of the Banks tliis month. The St. Lawrence Ice Patrol began about April 6 and the route through the gulf was open for traffic April 8. Heavy floes of rafted ice, however, continued to move out on the southern side of Cabot Strait throughout the month and extended east of Scatari Island, Cape Breton Island, at least 55 miles. Ships entering the gulf passed close to Cape Ray, Newfoundland, in order to avoid ice which was repeatedly reported south of that point and open pans of ice existed witliin the Gulf of St. Lawrence along the track from Cape Ray to Anticosti Island during most of the month. The field ice and bergs extended east to longtiude 47° W., and bergs south to latitude 41°50' N. One isolated berg was reported in latitude 21 46°49' N., longitude 43° W. It is estimated that 212 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., this month and the distribution of bergs and field ice is shown on the April Ice Chart. (See fig. 8.) MAY 1938 The early days of May brought increasing numbers of bergs into the area from the north and also the disappearance of field ice from the area. These bergs spread everywhere over the northern edge of the Banks from Cape Race east to longitude 46° W., north of latitude 46° N. There was some extension of the bergs south to latitude 45° N., on the eastern slope but only a comparatively few got that far and only one new berg drifted south of latitude 44° N., during this entire month. The last half of May showed little real change. Bergs continued to drift in from the north showing no particular concentration in any one area but spreading generally over the north- ern slopes of the Banks. Their movement was sluggish and mainly showed a slow eastward drift along the northeastern shoulder of the Banks. Even those few that moved south of latitude 45° N. have drifted only slowly to the southeast and east into warmer water. The increasing temperatures of the surface layers throughout the area, due to the advancing season, began to be an important factor in the destruction of bergs on the northern part of the Banks during the last days of this month. Bergs were being melted there almost as fast as they arrived, so that the number remained nearly constant. The St. Lawrence Ice Patrol was discontinued on May 10 with the disappearance of all the heavy floes from the gulf. Reports from the Belle Isle, Newfoundland, area indicated heavy tight ice in the North Channel and at Point Amour, Newfoundland, and Red Bay, Labrador. May, as usual, proved to be the heaviest ice month. It is estimated that 286 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., during the period. The distribution of the bergs is graphically shown on the May Ice Chart. (See fig. 9.) JUNE 1938 The ice situation for the month of June is characterized by decreas- ing numbers of bergs entering the area and by the long southward drifts of bergs across the steamer tracks and deep into the Atlantic Current. (See fig. 10.) By the middle of the month there was a sharp reduction in the number of bergs present and the combina- tion of sluggish current on the northern slopes of the Banks and the rapid warming of the surface layers by the summer sun was so destruc- tive of ice that at the end of the month only 21 known bergs remained in the area south of latitude 49° N. Only two of these were south of latitude 47° N., both along the eastern slope of the Banks, and none south of latitude 43° N. The remaining 19 bergs were strewn in widely scattered positions north of latitude 47° N., from the 22 Newfoundland coast eastward to longitude 43°50' W. The bergs attained their farthest south for the season during this month, reach- ing latitude 40°29' N., directly in west bound track A (extra southern route) on June 19. The situation around Cape Race completely cleared up in the early days of June; only an occasional berg finding its way south of Cape St. Francis, New Foundland, thereafter. This situation should maintain itself for the rest of the year. It is esti- mated that 110 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N., during this month and six bergs south of latitude 43° N. The distribution of this ice is graphically shown on the June Ice Chart. (See fig. 10.) JULY AND AUGUST 1938 The first weeks of July continued the rapid disintegration of the bergs in the area. Only one new berg entered the area (south of lati- tude 49° N.) during the first 2 weeks. The majority of the bergs were north of latitude 48° N., and only one was sighted or reported south of latitude 46° N. This berg was first sighted by the patrol vessel on July 2 in latitude 44°41' N., longitude 48°49' W. Its drift was carefully followed until it melted July 19 in latitude 41°45' N., longtitude 49°46' W., having drifted approximately 220 miles at an average rate of 12.9 miles per day. By the middle of the month only 6 known bergs remained in the ice patrol area and all but two of these were north of latitude 48° N. Reports from the Belle Isle route, track G, showed numerous bergs in the Straits of Belle Isle as far west as Blanc Sablon Bay, Labrador, and east of Belle Isle along the track for 180 miles to longtitude 51°07' W. The Inter- national Ice Patrol Service for the season 1938 was discontinued on July 22, 1938. The distribution of the ice for the month of July, south of latitude 49° N., is graphically shown on the July Ice Chart. (See fig. 11.) Upon completion of the Ice Patrol the Coast Guard patrol boat General Greene made an ice observation and oceanographic cruise in the general region of the Labrador Sea, Davis Strait, and the coasts of West Greenland, Baffin Land, and Labrador, covering the period July 22 to August 10. Ice conditions during this period are described as follows: On July 23 two bergs were sighted in latitude 50°03' N., longitude 52°58' W., and three bergs in latitude 50°47' N., longitude 53°50' W. On the 24th two bergs in latitude 51°20' N., longitude 54° 12' W., and four bergs in vicinity South Wolf Island, Labrador. On July 25 one berg was sighted in latitude 55°03' N., longitude 53°20' W. This was the last ice sighted until in the vicinity of Cape Farewell, Greenland. The east Greenland bergs were not met with until about 30 miles southwest of Cape Farewell and from that point on were passed in good munbers to 10 miles southwest of the Cape and it was estimated that approxi- mately 100 bergs were in that area; 33 being in sight at one time. 23 No great amount of pack ice was encountered until 10 miles oft" the coast where heavy open pack was found in a belt to the northwest as far as could be seen and extending eastward to the horizon (all apparently tight against the shore) and south for 30 miles from Cape Farewell. On leaving this vicinity light open ice was passed through in latitude 59°35' N., longitude 45°10' W. This is beheved to be the southwestern limit of the pack ice. On July 30 a berg was sighted in latitude 61°05' N., longitude 54°43' W. It is unusual to find a berg m this particular locality, it being a region of comparatively warm surface water, slow current movement, and well south of the major westward branch off of the West Greenland Current. Heavy open pack ice was encountered in latitude 65°25' N., longi- tude 57°42' W. Visibility was poor at the time, about one-half a mile but this was considered to be the eastern edge of the west ice which apparently extended 95 miles east-southeast from Cape Walsingham, Baffin Land. Two bergs were observed along the edge of this ice. No other ice was seen from this point in to the Greenland coast but visibility was poor until Hellefiske Bank was reached. On leaving Holsteinsborg on August 3 one small berg was seen off Cape Burnil, Greenland. On August 4 the west ice was again encountered in latitude 65°38' N., longitude 57°40' W. After passing through scattered pieces the heavy arctic pack was met and this ice was skirted in a general southerly direction to latitude 65° 17' N., then west to longitude 58°58' W, From there the ice extended about south by west, becoming more open and lighter until in latitude 64°38' N., longitude 58°57' W., course was set due west through light strings of ice in an effort to find the main pack again. Five bergs were sighted along the ice edge during the day, August 4, but poor visibility made any estimate of the actual number impossible. Wliile on this westerly course along latitude 64°38' N., two bergs were sighted, one very large. This berg was the flat topped, block type of berg and measured 3,000 feet by 1,400 feet. From longitude 58°57' W., occasional strings of open ice were passed through until in longitude 60° W., heavy open ice was encountered. During the night this ice was skirted to the southwest of latitude 64° N., longi- tude 61° W., passmg six bergs along the ice edge. During the day of August 5, with excellent visibility, the General Greene continued following the edge of the heavy pack to the south, southwest, passing, at times, through strings of light open ice which extended southeastward from the main body about 8 to 10 miles. By 8 p. m. this day the ice had been delineated from latitude 64°15' N., longitude 61°00' W., to latitude 62°12' N., longitude 63°05' W., pass- ing 34 large bergs in and along the edge of the ice. At this last posi- tion, 33 miles off North Foreland, Baffin Land, the ice edge extended 24 westward to the shore, and as no other field ice was seen to the south- ward this was the southern limit of the main pack of the west ice on August 5, 1938. From the above position the General Greene cruised across the en- trance to Hudson Strait and down the Labrador coast, following approximately the 100-fathom curve, to St. John's, Newfoundland, sighting the following bergs en route: August 6 and 7 from latitude 61°11' N., to latitude 57°50' N., 22 bergs; August 8 from latitude 55°46' N., longitude 56°54' W., to latitude 54°30' N., longitude 55°07' W., 7 bergs; and August 9 three scattered bergs along track G about 60 miles northeast of Belle Isle. During the period of the cruise re- peated reports were received of numerous bergs inside the Straits of Belle Isle and extending northeast along the track for 200 miles. All other regular routes were free of ice, there being only two known re- ports of ice from south of latitude 50° N.; small berg latitude 44°42' N., longitude 45°21' W.; and small berg latitude 48°20' N.; longitude 48°14' W., both on Ju^y 29. (See fig. 12.) The following reports were received from various sources in the Grand Banks area, the Labrador and West Greenland coasts, and Baffin Bay during July and August after the departure of the General Greene from the ice area: Exploring Schooner Effie M. Morrissey (Capt. Robert Bartlett), July 13, berg latitude 50°02' N., longitude 53°20' W., and large berg latitude 51°04' N., longitude 53°06' W.; July 17, 88 large bergs 20 miles east-northeast from IrOnbound Islands, Labrador, 21 large bergs 52 miles north-northeast of Turn- avick, Labrador, 11 bergs from Ironbound Islands to Turnavick; July 19, 17 large bergs from latitude 56°20' N., longitude 58°47' W., to latitude 57°23' N., longitude 58°36' W., large flat berg latitude 60°52' N., longitude 56°15' W., berg latitude 62°45' N., longitude 56°27' W.; July 29, many bergs Hellefiske Bank to Disko Island, Greenland, numerous bergs, 210 in sight at once, from Disko Island, to Duck Island, Melleville Bay, Greenland; August 29, four bergs latitude 56°15' N., longitude 60°14' W., several large bergs latitude 55°57' N., longitude 59°55' W., large berg latitude 55°48' N., longi- tude 59°47' W.; August 30 and 31, five bergs from latitude 55°14' N., longitude 58°48' W., to latitude 54° 17' N., longitude 56°31' W.; motor vessel Winifred Lee (Newfoundland Department of Natural Resources), operating along the Labrador coast, July 17, berg 7 miles northeast Grady; July 18, five bergs vicinity Cape Harrison, very large berg 7 miles east Ragged Islands; July 25, 15 bergs vicinity Solomons Island; July 27, five bergs 10 miles offshore from Cape Seglek to Cape Mugford; July 28, 42 bergs, 8 miles offshore from Solomons Island to Savage Islands; August 11, 15 bergs 10 miles off Cape Harrigan; August 14, berg 5 miles and berg 10 miles south of Watchman Island and berg 15 miles east Cape Mugford; Steamship 25 Borgfred (Norwegian, Captain Gabrielsen), July 25, heavy drift ice extending 30 miles offshore due west from Arsuk Fjord, Greenland; Steamship Ville D'ys (French naval vessel), July 30, many bergs west coast Greenland; Steamship General W. A. Greely (MacGregor Ex- pedition), August 1, vessel beset in heavy pack ice latitude 71° N., longitude 63° W. The Steamship Ville D'ys furnished the following information con- cerning ice conditions on the west coast of Greenland during the month of July 1938: "Encountered drift ice in latitude 60°10' N., longitude 49°50' W., and icebergs in latitude 60°45' N., longitude 49°10' W. There ap- peared to be icefields and bergs along the coast, toward the south, in large quantities. Numerous bergs were seen as we proceeded northward, the number decreasing as we reached latitude 62°30' N. From latitude 64° northward, only an occasional berg was sighted. "Found bergs in latitude 67° N., on the Hellefiske Bank (up to 70 miles offshore), increasing in frequency when approaching Disko. Numerous bergs were seen south of Disko. Again found a large number of bergs northward of Hare Island as far as the entrance to Umanak Fjord. "Remarks: 1. Except off Holsteinsborg, the area examined did not extend more than 30 miles offshore. South of Nunarsuit and north of the entrance to Umanak Fjord no examination was made. 2. Generally speaking, the number of bergs in July 1938 was greater than in July 1937. 3. Several French sailing vessels were in the ice- fields from 80 to 100 miles westward of Cape Desolation up to June 15. 4. At the end of July a French trawler found icefields about 100 miles southward of Cape Farewell. 5. At the end of July the Gulf of Julianehaab (between Cape Desolation and Cape Farewell) was completely covered with bergs and icefields according to Danish aviators who daily flew over this area for hydrographic survey purposes." SEPTEMBER 1938 By September the steamer lanes were apparently free of bergs, only one ice report being received from the Grand Banks area. This report, on September 6, was a small berg latitude 48°53' N., longitude 48°55' W. The motor vessel Winifred Lee reported the following ice along the Labrador coast: September 2, very large berg off Hebron Harbour; 2 bergs 1 mile off Three Mountains Harbour; and 96 bergs along coast from Cape Harrigan to Cape Seglek. This vessel also reports that on September 15 all icebergs south of Hopedale, Labrador, had disappeared. On September 13 the Steamship Braheholm reported two large bergs and growler in latitude 56°39' N., longitude 41°18' W. Wliile bergs 26 in this vicinity are not unknown, they are very rare, especially at this time of year.^ SUMMARY Reports from the Labrador coast, Hudson Strait, Davis Strait, and Baffin Bay during the fall and early wmter of 1937 showed that the season of navigation in this region was one of the lightest and most open on record. With these conditions just preceding the 1938 ice season certam facts attract attention. One, the field ice encoun- tered in the Grand Banks region in February and March was un- usually heavy, containing an above-normal amount of true Arctic pack. Two, above the average number of bergs obstructed the steamer lanes this year. Three, local authorities at Holsteinsborg, Greenland, state that the middle pack or west ice was unusually prev- alent and ice conditions were very severe in that vicinity in the early spring (April and May 1938); heavy ice completely blocking the har- bour and fjords much later than usual. However, the 1938 season is chiefly notable for the long period during which field ice and bergs constituted a menace along the regular trans-Atlantic steamship routes. Field ice moved into area across Canadian track F m the early days of February and by the middle of March had spread southward completely blocking both tracks E and F. These routes, and also the vessels bound for Newfoundland ports, were endangered by field ice until the very last days of April. Most vessels bound for Canadian ports used track D during this period. The most southern position of field ice for the year was reported March 24 m latitude 43°14' N., longitude 49°10' W. United States-European traffic was shifted to' track B (southern) on March 26, over 2 weeks before the prescribed date, April 11. The breaking up and melting of the dan- gerous areas of field ice bringing the increased use of tracks E and F, during the middle and last days of April, revealed many bergs drift- ing onto the northern edge of the Banks across these routes, and a few down the eastern slope of the Banks and south to the Tail to menace track B. June, surprisingly, brought more bergs south of the Tail of the Banks (latitude 43° N.) than any other month mdicatmg a delay in the annual flooding of the arctic current this year and a consequent lengthening of the ice season. The long southerly drifts of 6 bergs south of Tail during June made track B unsafe and a shift to track A (extra-southern) was recommended. Traffic was moved to eastbound track A on June 15 and westbound June 21. This is • During the month of October 1938, 29 bergs were reported in scattered positions along the steamer route to Belle isle from a point 155 miles south of Cape Farewell, Greenland, to a posit.on 330 -^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Cape Farewell. At this writing no discussion will be attempted, but two probable causes o ^'"svery unusual position and number of bergs are presented: (1) Summer sea temperature on the west Greenland coast indicated above-average activity of the arctic East Greenland Current, which ^''^'•"^f J^^^^^^/;^^.^" ^^f ! Farewell, and (2) the pressure anomalies for the month of October 1938 show a marked predominance of apparently strong northwest winds which would materially favor such a berg distribution. 27 the first time in several years it has been necessary to use this route. Tlie ice patrol was prolonged until July 22 by a berg drifting south of the Tail of the Banks to latitude 41°45' N., and was terminated on that date, for the season, with the disappearance of all bergs south of latitude 48° N. It is estimated that 664 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. during the 1938 season, which compares well with the forecast num- ber of 530 bergs south of that latitude. The average number of bergs is 423; so both the actual count and the forecast for the year showed a heavier than normal ice season. Ten bergs drifted south of Tail of the Banks (latitude 43° N.), three in April, none in May, 6 in June, and one in July. No vessel struck an iceberg during this season, but on March 16, 1938, a vessel was beset in the field ice in latitude 47°35' N., longitude 51°45' W., and she was assisted by the Northern Banger of St. John's, Newfoundland. COMMUNICATIONS The radio procedure of the Ice Patrol has become so standardized that it requires little comment except to repeat that the fullest coop- eration of all vessels in the North Atlantic is necessary in order that the Ice Patrol give a service of the highest order. The vital im- portance of radio to the success of the patrol need not be stressed. Suggestions and criticisms are always welcomed. During the 1938 patrol, because of the vast improvement in radio- telegraphy, the regular ice broadcasts (see schedule below) were transmitted using numeral groups instead of words in designating the latitude and longitude of berg positions. This reduced the number of characters necessary to describe one berg to a little less than one third. Thus as previously sent a sample berg position required 49 characters while in numerals it requires only 14. This change is aimed at the most often voiced criticism of the Ice Patrol; the some- times excessive length of the ice broadcasts. Reports on this new procedure were so favorable that it will be continued. Opportunity is here taken to thank the Canadian radio stations for their willing and helpful assistance during the past season. The whole-hearted cooperation of the entire maritime world is gratefully acknowledged, for without the aid of every ship and every station with whom we can communicate the Ice Patrol would be, indeed, a blind and inefficient source of information. The following daily schedules were maintained throughout the period of patrol, without serious interruption. In addition, contact was made with Coast Guard Radio Washington (NMH), every 2 bours. All times are Greenwich civil time. 28 DAILY ICE BROADCASTS TO SHIPPING Time (Greenwich mil time) Frequency (kilocycles) Emission 0100 175.- 425- 175.- 425- Al. A2. 1300 Al. 2200 A2. DAILY SCHEDULES WITH WASHINGTON (NMH) NIDK NMH 1130 |8,460 and 12,690. . 8,400 and 12,600 (■:!■ WEATHER Meteorological conditions over the Ice Patrol area are important to the Patrol vessel. It is necessary to know the coming weather in advance for several reasons: (1) in order to plan the scouting opera- tions for the next day or two; (2) in predicting berg drifts; and (3) in answering requests for weather conditions and in advising vessels as to safe courses to follow. To supply this information two weather maps are constructed each day from data supplied by the Marine- Angot weather bulletin broadcast from Arlington radio. In order to make the synoptic situation as detailed as possible, within the Ice Patrol area, these data are supplemented by weather reports from vessels in the vicinity, whenever available. In planning scouting it is important to know the approximate time that fog, low visibility such as rain or snow, will arrive and when high winds may be expected. The Patrol vessel must at these times be in the vicinity of the southern- most or most dangerous iceberg and not 50 or 100 miles away and unable to return because of weather conditions. Long periods of strong winds or gales affect the drift of icebergs considerably and the areas of these high winds are sometimes restricted and the wind force and direction may vary greatly from place to place over the area. These differences show up on the weather maps. It is necessary to have a complete synoptic picture in order to give accurate and de- tailed information concerning present conditions in any particular; area or coming weather for any general area. It must be borne in mind in interpreting the average temperatures! given below that the Ice Patrol area is a region of sharp contrasts duel to the juxtaposition of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream and the! cold waters of the Labrador Current. Also the region lies in the average track of all North Atlantic storms and the weather is there-; fore excessively boisterous. The Patrol vessel, itself, constantly' on the move as it is, passes from cold water to warm and vice versa, i with consequent rapid changes in temperature; and from cold fog to warm clear weather, and its average position varies considerably from year to year depending on the distribution of the ice. For these 57° 56° 55° 54" gy ~T2^ 51° 50° 49^ 48° 47° FiGDRE 5.— Ice conditions, January 1938. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° 147469—40 (Face p. 23) No. 1 58° sr 5R° 55» 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° , 49° 48° ^ ^ 47° ^ 46' 45' 59" 58° 57° 56' 55° 54° 53° 52» sT 50= 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° FiGVRE 6.-Ice conditions, February 1938. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 147JU9— 40 (Face p. 28) No ^Q° 58° 57° 56° 55° 53° 52° 51° 50° Figure 7.-Icc conditions. March ia38. Figures indicate day of n 49° 48° 47° • was sighted or reported. 46° 45' 147469—40 iK 44° 43° 47* 46! 45° 44° 43°_ 59° 58° 57° 56' 55° 54° 53° 52 Figure 8.— Ice conditions, AprU 1938. 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 3 indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° 147469—40 (Face p. 28) No. 4 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° » 51° „ '^ ^.'^0^_\,'^Jl^_J^ 45° 44° 43° 3° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 9.— Ice conditions, May 193S. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 147469—40 (Face p. 28) No. 5 qff 58' 57° 56° 55° 54° 53°j? ^2° 51V. 50° f<>_^49° f-^° , , ,V° , ^^' ^ 43° it J/'f ">;j^ "'x. % ICL CHAK JUNE l'?36 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 4: Figure 10.— Ice conditions, June 1938. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° 147400—40 (F;icep. 2S) No. ( 58° 57° 56' 55° 54° 53° 52° 51' 50° 49° 48° 4; FiouRK 11— Ice conditions, July 1938. Figures Indcate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° l-JT-ttiO — 10 (Face p. 29 reasons the data are of little use from a climatological point of view but are interesting as a picture of the type and variations in weather that may be expected in this region. The weather conditions experi- enced by the Patrol vessel are discussed below by months, in general, and figures 13 to 33 give the observed weather data in detail. FEBRUARY The Patrol vessel was in the Grand Banks area only from February 12 to 27. Scouting during this cruise was materially curtailed by extreme winter storm conditions. While in the Ice Patrol area the wind held gale force, force 7 and over, more than half the days and gales were recorded 32.4 percent of the hours. Two storms of great intensity brought these boisterous conditions. The first from Feb- ruary 16 to 18 had its origin on February 13 over the Plains States along the cold front of a very strong high pressure area covering the entire northwestern part of the continent. This disturbance moved eastward, leaving the coast over Boston and then east-northeastward passing just south of the Grand Banks and centered on the morning of the 16th 400 miles east of Newfoundland with a pressure of just below 29.30 inches. The succeeding weather maps showed this storm deepening rapidly and retrograding slowly to the south and west until on the evening of the 18th it was centered over the Tail of the Banks with a pressure below 28.90 inches. Northwest and north gales blew for 44 hours over the Grand Banks area in the wake of this cyclone, which moved off during the next day to the southeast with decreasing intensity. The second disturbance followed soon after and began as wave disturbance over the Ohio Valley, which moved eastward leaving the coast at Atlantic City without going to occlusion or increasing much in intensity. Wlien just north of Bermuda, however, it began to occlude with rapidly decreasing pressure and moved northeast to a position 600 miles east-southeast of Cape Race, where it remained almost stationary during the 22nd and 23rd with pressure as low as 28.90 inches. This storm covered a tremendous area stretching from Sable Island to the coast of Spain with gales lashing the entire North Atlantic basin and brought northerly gales and blizzard conditions over the Ice Patrol area for 46 hours. Whole gales, force 10, were recorded during both these disturbances. The percentage of low visibility, less than 2 miles, was 27.9 percent, which is greater than might be expected under such conditions, but was mostly due to snow. The average temperature for the cruise was 33.9° F. (See figs. 13 and 14.) MARCH Although weather conditions were on the whole milder than during the first cruise extreme wintry conditions persisted until March 17, when evidences of a marked change began to show themselves. The 30 story of the change is best told by reviewmg briefly the weather history of the preceding few days and foflowing the movement of the air masses over the Grand Banks area. The evening map of March 9 showed a trough about 500 miles east of Newfoundland, a high pressure area just south of Bermuda, and a disturbance over the lower Missis- sippi Valley. Grand Banks weather was fuie and clear with moderate northwest winds. The disturbance moved northeastward and left the coast off the Virginia Capes on the evening of March 10, where it deepened rapidly and traveled northeastward with increasing in- tensity and centered over the Tail of the Banks on the evening of March 11 with a lowest pressure of 28.50 inches. This storm had an extremely steep gradient, the pressure difference being 1.09 inches in 150 miles, or 0.007+ inch per mile, and correspondingly high wind velocities were recorded. Whole gales and storms were reported everywhere in the northeast sector. This storm moved slowly off to east-northeastward, but was closely followed by another which crossed the southern part of the area bringing gales but passed quicldy to the eastward and filled up rapidly. By the morning of the 14th a strong high pressure area had built up over Ontario and the upper Lake regions. This mass of cold polar air moved slowly east-south- eastward over the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland. At the same time an apparently deep current of warm tropical maritime air began to flow northward up the Mississippi Valley and along the eastern seaboard, bringing fog along the coast and widespread rain to the north. This warm air began to influence the Grand Banks region on the evening of March 18 and by the 19th fog, rain, and generally low visibility were general over the area. This was the flrst tropical air to reach the ice area this season and for the first time the semi- permanent North Atlantic high maintained itself over the central part of the ocean, bringing mild and generally summer conditions to the Ice Patrol. Fog set in at midnight the 19th over the cold water and con- tinued until the evening of the 21st, materially interfering with the! scouting of the Patrol vessel for the first time. March 23 and 24 i were stormy and the month closed with a long period of high wind on | March 31, when northerly gales blew for 25 hours. This boisterous* weather was not the result of cyclonic circulation, but was caused by ' the movement of a deep mass of polar air directly south over New-- foundland and the Grand Banks and was followed by a period of! unusually fine weather for this season with clear, blue sky, light winds, and full visibility. The percentage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, i for the month, was 23.9 percent and the average temperature for the period was 35.2° F. (See figs. 15 to 18.) APRIL The weather during the first days of April was in general slightly colder than March and somewhat more fog. The outstanding fea- 31 tiire, however, was the extremes of weather exliibited in so short a time. From mild showery weather to winter blizzards and biting cold; from bright clear days to persistent fog. On April 7, two dis- turbances combined directly over the area and developed into a violent cyclone giving northerly gales with blizzard conditions on that day and the 8th and 9th. April 10 brought strong southerly winds with warm temperatures and showers in front of a disturbance of wide extent moving north-northeastward along the eastern seaboard over Newfoundland and finally Greenland. This deep vortex initiated a major movement of polar air southward in its wake bringing a succes- sion of polar continental air masses over the Grand Banks region giving Ice Patrol fine clear weather on the 1 1th, 12th, and 13tli. Stag- nant conditions beginning on April 14th caused dense radiation fog everywhere in the area of cold water on that day and April 15 and 16. These conditions were dissipated on the morning of the 17th by the arrival of a fresh outbreak of polar air which brought strong and cold northerly winds but caused bright clear weather. During the last half of AprU the weather was seasonably warm and mild with much less boisterous conditions. No storms of any marked intensity passed over the area and no winds of gale force were experienced. The quieter conditions and particularly the higher average temperature are due in part, of course, to the advancing season but more directly to the more southerly locale of the Patrol vessel, the entire patrol being spent south of the Tail of the Banks. For tliis reason, also, the percentage of fog experienced is not at all indicative of conditions on the Banks or in the ice area generally, being considerably less. The average temperature for the month was 40.6° F., and the percentage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was 29.6 percent. (See figs. 18 to 22.) MAY The first half of May was colder than might be expected for the time of year but with normal percentage of fog. Only one storm of any marked intensity passed over the area and this on May 6, bringing strong westerly winds that day. Tliis storm dissipated quicldy on May 8 without moving off to the eastward and left behind it a large area of generally low pressure extending from Nova Scotia east to longitude 30° W., with no definite center. The weather in this area was characterized by light variable winds and fog patches and con- tinued until the morning of May 9 when the storm apparently regen- erated with a center about 200 miles south southeast of Cape Race. This center deepened rapidly and moved slowly eastward, bringing the Ice Patrol area strong northwesterly winds on May 9th and 10th. The weather during the next few days was controlled by a disturbance of slight intensity which moved slowly northeastward from the Virginia Capes, passing just south of the Grand Banks and dissipated to the 32 eastward by May 15. This condition brought the area light variable winds predominating first from the east then north and finally south- westerly with more than expected percentage of good visibihty. May 16th found the Ice Patrol area enveloped in characteristic dense fog due to a storm of considerable intensity over Nova Scotia wliich brought a deep flow of warm Atlantic air over cold water resulting in general fog from Nova Scotia to Flemish Cap. From the 16th on the weather was distinctly characteristic of the season and regular summer conditions existed to the end of the month. Although light to moderate southwest winds prevailed, bringing fog and frequent showers, it mattered little what direction the wind was from, fog was always threatening and formed a real handicap to the patrol. No high winds were experienced, none over force 5. Due to the fact that the Patrol vessel spent much of the time well off the Banks in warmer water the percentage of fog is lower than conditions would indicate and is not representative of the Grand Banks. The average temperature for the month was 42.5° F., and the percentage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was 33.3 percent. (See figs. 22 to 27.) JUNE The first part of June, with the exception of the storm discussed on page 8, on May 31 and June 1, was mild and warm in the extreme. During the latter part of the month the Patrol vessel was south of the Tail and the resultant weather was more characteristic of the Gulf Stream than of the Grand Banks. A continuous southwesterly breeze blew with the usual mild showery weather. Every approach to the Banks revealed a blanket of fog and reports showed that the whole area was continuously fog-enveloped. Not a day passed from June 15 to 30, even south of the Banks, without some fog. The average tem- perature for the month was 53.2° F., and the percentage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was 50.2 percent. (See figs. 27 to 31.) JULY Summer conditions continued with light southwesterly breezes giving fair but hazy weather over the warm water and fog patches over the colder water. This persisted until July 9 when an occluded front passed over the area bringing northwest winds of transitional polar continental air behind it, and clear weather. By that same evening, however, the southwest breeze reestablished itself and con- tinued as long as the Patrol vessel remained in the area. The average j temperature for the period was 64.3° F., and the percentage of fog, visibility less than 2 miles, was 44.1 percent. (See figs. 31 to 33.) 33 ^ I „ - „ I -5 "3 '-a D T3 Qj 5 34 ! R 35 36 38 39 40 41 42 43 PUKl 147469—39 4 44 CRUISE REPORTS FIRST CRUISE, "TAHOE," FEBRUARY 12 TO 28. 1938 The Tahoe sailed from Boston, Mass., at 1015, February 12, 1938, on an ice observation cruise in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The voyage to the ice area was uneventful and on February 15 the Tahoe arrived in the vicinity of the Grand Banks and began a search for ice. On February 13, the District Radio Commissioner, Halifax, Nova Scotia, was informed by radio that the Tahoe was making an ice observation cruise in the interests of International Ice Patrol and requested that the Canadian radio stations lend the same valuable assistance in the collection and dissemination of ice information as in former years. On February 14 all vessels were informed of our pres- ence in the ice area by a broadcast on 500 Idlocycles stating our mission and requesting all sliips to report all ice sighted and their seawater temperatures, weather, barometer, visibility, position, course, and speed every 4 hours while in the Ice Patrol area. On February 16 and 17 the Tahoe scouted up the cold current from latitude 43° N., to latitude 46°10' N., along the eastern slope of the Grand Banks. No ice was sighted. Acting on information received by radio the Tahoe, at 1900, February 17 proceeded to the assistance of the steamship Azalea City who had lost her propeller in latitude 42°17' N., longitude 52°25' W. Northwest gales which had sprung up in the morning continued during the night of the 17th reaching force 10, whole gale for 3 hours durmg the night and held gale force until the following evening February 18, At 0715 the following morning the steamship Azalea City was sighted in latitude 41°56' N., longitude 51°32' W., and the Tahoe stood by this vessel until the arrival of the Chelan on February 2 1 at wdiich time the Tahoe resumed i^e observation. Northerly gales which blew continuously February 22 and 23 made further scouting impossible. On the 24th and 25th with good visi- bility an effort was made to locate a berg reported on the 17th in latitude 47°25' N., longitude 47°53' W. The southerly current was searched from latitude 44°50' N. to latitude 46°50' N., and east to longitude 46°35' W., in the area between latitudes 46°00' N. and 47° 00' N. It was not found. As numerous vessels had repeatedly crossed the areas into which this berg might drift and since it remained unreported for 8 days, it was stricken from the Ice Patrol record. At 1200 February 25 fresh to strong easterly winds brought fog, rain, and generally low visibility, making further scouting unprofitable. As these conditions seemed likely to continue for some period and the ice situation showed no indications of immediate change and the prescribed steamer routes tracks C and D were well south of any ice, 45 the Tahoe set course to the westward toward Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 1010, February 28, 1938. The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 3 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 0 Number of ice reports received 50 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 16 Number of water-temperature reports received 730 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 107 Number of vessels furnished special information 14 SECOND CRUISE, "TAHOE," MARCH 9 TO 22, 1938 The Tahoe departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1700, March 9, 1938, on an ice observation cruise. Course was set from the sea buoy to pass about 40 miles north of Sable Island in order to investigate ice conditions there. Light local pancrke ice was encountered during the night and the next day with a few scattered larger pieces but no hindrance or danger to navigation. There was, however, evidence of more and heavier ice to the northward and shipping would do well to continue south of Sable Island for a few more weeks. The next day the Tahoe scouted south of Cape Race along latitude 45°30' N., between east and west bound track E and sighted large patches of broken field ice in latitude 45°30' N., longitude 52°33' W. That afternoon and the morning of the next day, IVIarch 12, gales and high seas prevented all scouting so the Tahoe made the best way she could toward the eastern slope of the Banks so as to be ready to commence a search for ice when the weather moderated. The morning of March 13 was fine and clear with moderate north- west winds and the search was planned so as to scout the cold current northward from latitude 45° N., just outside the 100-fathom curve. Field ice was encountered in latitude 45°38' N., longitude 47°54' W. The remainder of that day and the next was spent skirting this ice to the northward along its eastern edge to latitude 47°50' N., longitude 48°00' W., or approximately 200 miles along the 100-fatliom curve. This ice was heavy and contained numerous dangerous pieces of arctic pack ice and numerous growlers and completely blocked Cana- dian tracks E and F. Two small bergs and two large growlers were located in the field in approximate latitude 46°14' N., longitude 47°35' W. On March 15 and 16 the Tahoe ran back southward along this same ice and found that the westerly gales on the 15th and the morning of the 16th had driven the ice eastward into warmer water and scattered it so that all but the larger pieces had melted. The bergs sighted on the 13th were relocated on the 16th in vicinity lati- tude 45°15' N., longitude 48°00' W. 46 A growler 40 feet long and 10 feet liigli was reported on March 16 in latitude 44°22' N., longitude 48°40' W. This piece of ice was large enough to be dangerous and just small enough to be hard to see at night, so the Tahoe searched thoroughly on March 17 and 18 an area extending south to latitude 43° 15' N., and 42 miles east of the 100-fathom curve in an effort to locate this growler. It was not found. During the afternoon of the 18th the Tahoe returned north- ward just outside the 100-fathom curve following the axis of the Labrador Current. Close-packed field ice containing numerous large growlers and heavy dangerous pieces was found in latitude 45°43' N., longitude 48°12' W., extending northeast as far as could be seen. Five growlers were located just south of this ice and one good-sized berg in the field in latitude 45°45' N., longitude 47°53' W. The 19th was spent trying to relocate bergs and growlers sighted and reported on the 16tli and 17th just outside the 1,000-fathom curve in vicinity latitude 45° N. Only one small growler was found in lati- tude 44°57' N., longitude 48°12' W. The search, however, was inconclusive because of low visibility, never over 5 miles. Dense fog made scouting impossible throughout the day of March 20 but on the morning of the 21st the Tahoe steamed southward mak- ing what speed was possible through dense fog, clearing oidy occa- sionally, in order to locate two bergs reported in latitude 43°45' N., longitude 49°31' W., and one berg in latitude 43°50' N., longitude 48°45' W. No scouting could be done this day so the Tahoe stopped at dark and drifted in vicinity of the reported position of the eastern- most of these bergs for the night. The next day, at daybreak, with excellent visibility the Tahoe ran through the reported position and searched over all possible drift tracks of this berg. No ice was sighted. With this search concluded the Tahoe ran west for the position of the two bergs reported on the edge of the Banks in latitude 43°50' N. Unfortunately southeasterly winds brought rain and fog over the area before these bergs could be relocated. Although it seems defuiitely established that the berg reported in latitude 43°50' N., longitude 48°45' W., was not in that position, a thorough search of the whole area south of latitude 44° N., will be necessary before drawing any conclusions as to the fate of this particular berg or to general condi- tions in this critical region. At 1130, March 22, the Tahoe headed west for the reheving point. The Pontchartrain was met in latitude 43°11' N., longitude 52°40' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Pontchartrain and at 2130, March 22, 1938, the Pontchartrain relieved the Tahoe as ice- observation vessel. The Tahoe set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 1900, March 24, 1938. 47 The following is a summary of ice and water-temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 13 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 0 Number of ice reports received 60 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 25 Number of water-temperature reports received 689 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 90 Number of vessels furnished special information 8 THIRD CRUISE, "PONTCHARTRAIN," MARCH 22 TO APRIL 5, 1938 The Pontchartrain departed New York, N. Y., at 1245, March 19, 1938, for a cruise in the interests of International Ice Patrol and set course for the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to relieve the Tahoe. Light to moderate southwest winds and moderate visibil- ity were experienced en route and the Tahoe was met at 2042, March 22, 1938, in latitude 43°14' N., longitude 52°38' W. A pulling boat from the Tahoe came alongside and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observa- tion officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 2130 the Pontchartrain relieved the Tahoe as ice-observation vessel. Course was set for the Tail of the Banks to commence a search for ice the fol- lowing day. Dense intermittent fog during the next 5 days — March 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 — made scouting impractical so the Pontchartrain maintained position on the Banks ready to commence a search for ice whenever the opportunity offered. Reports during the day of March 24 showed field ice and many growlers drifting south of latitude 44° N., into west- bound tracks C and D, making those routes, the prescribed routes, unsafe at night or in fog. It was recommended, therefore, to the com- mander. International Ice Patrol, that ice patrol be inaugurated and that United States-European traffic be shifted to track B immediately. In accordance with these recommendations ice patrol was commenced at 2042, March 24, and track B became effective at 0900, March 26, 1938. The morning of the 28th dawned bright and clear and search courses were run covering the area south of the Tail and up the eastern edge of the Banks to latitude 43°30' N. As no ice was located in this area the next 2 days were spent scouting out the cold current from the Tail to latitude 44°40' N., and 30 miles east of the 50-fathom curve and the following ice was sighted: Scattered small growlers from latitude 44°20' N., longitude 48°54' W., to latitude 44°29' N., longitude 49°02' W. ; growler latitude 44°24' N., longitude 48°50' W. ; and a berg latitude 44°21' N., longitude 48°30' W. The next day, March 31, strong northerly gales and heavy sea effectively prevented all further scouting so the ice of the 30th could not be relocated nor its movement determined. 48 With the moderating of the weather on the morning of April 1, a rectangular search was planned to find the berg sighted in latitude 44°21' N., longitude 48°30' W., on March 30, allowing a maximum drift of 40 miles per day for the berg. Before this search was com- pleted a berg was reported in latitude 42°58' N., longitude 48°50' W. This berg was located by the patrol vessel in 42°57' N., longitude 48°46' W., and it was identified as the berg of March 30 and had aver- aged for two days 42.5 miles per day. This is an extremely rapid drift and can only be explained as the effect of the northerly gales of March 31. Wlien first sighted this berg was of average size, but the above- surface mass consisted mainly of an almost semicircular shell giving a very large surface or sail area per unit mass for the berg. As has been so often stated in the past, this type of berg is most strongly affected by gales, and this berg's drift is further evidence to the fact. When found again after its 2-day drift the berg had diminished considerably in size and two large growlers were drifting in the vicinity. Other ice sighted on April 1 was two small bergs and 10 growlers strung in scat- tered positions along the 50-fathom curve from latitude 44° 10' N., to latitude 43°31' N. The remainder of the patrol was spent following the drift of the above berg, the southernmost ice, as it moved at 0.8 knots in a west-southwest direction with the current. Whenever vis- ibility made it worth while the Pontchartrain searched to the westward to be sure no ice got south of the Patrol vessel and to keep track of the many small pieces sighted March 30 and April 1 and 2. By the morn- ing of April 4 all that remained of the berg were two growlers which could not long be a menace to navigation. So at 0647 April 5 the Pontchartrain steamed to the westward toward the relieving point. The Tahoe was met in latitude 43°08' N., longitude 52°23' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Tahoe and at 1555, April 5, 1938, the Tahoe relieved the Pontchartrain as Ice Patrol vessel. The Pontchartrain set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 1150, April 7, 1938. The following is a summary of ice and water-temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 25 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 1 Number of ice reports received "^ Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 26 Number of water-temperature reports received 1, 164 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 139 Number of vessels furnished special information 12: FOURTH CRUISE, "TAHOE," APRIL 5 TO 19, 1938 The Tahoe sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 2300, April 3, 1938, for ice patrol. Light variable winds and good visibility were ex- 49 perienced en route. The trip to the relieving point was uneventful. The Pontchartrain was met at 1530, April 5, 1938, in latitude 43°10' N ., longitude 52°27' W. Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 1535 the Tahoe re- lieved the Pontchartrain as Ice Patrol vessel. The Tahoe headed east for the southern part of the Banks so as to be in position to commence scouting for ice at daybreak should weather be favorable. Fog made scouting impossible until 1100 the next day. The re- mainder of that day, however, was fine and clear and the Tahoe was able to search around the Tail and up the eastern edge of the Banks to latitude 43°40' N. No ice was sighted. Increasing northwest winds reaching gale force the next morning, April 7, prevented all scouting for ice that day, the next and the morning of April 9. The northwest wind maintained gale force for 41 hours in all and reached force 9 at its height for 8 hours. With the moderating of the wind and sea on the morning of the 9th, the Tahoe, with good visibility, began again a search for ice. That day and the next the cold current was scouted out from latitude 42°40' N., just south of the Tail to latitude 45°25' N. One berg was sighted in latitude 45°09' N., longitude 48°47' W., and a growler m latitude 43°06' N., longitude 49°35' W. On the 9th and 10th the following French barkentines from St. Malo, France, were identified and reported to the authorities at St. Pierre, Miquelon, all well aboard: Zazpiakhat, Cancalais, and Anne de Bretagne. The day of the llth brought strong south and southwest wmds with fog and rain so no effective scouting could be done, but the Tahoe steamed slowly south during the day in an effort to locate a berg reported April 10 in latitude 45°22' N., longitude 48°52' W., and to relocate the large berg sighted the previous day. Both were found. The former in latitude 44°57' N., longitude 48°55' W., and the latter in latitude 44°26' N., longitude 48°43' W., both moving south in the cold current. The Tahoe drifted with the southernmost of these throughout the remainder of that day and night. This berg was as large one, with fairly typical early season form having precipitous sides rising nearly vertically from the sea about 80 feet to an undulat- ing top surface with peaks and domes the highest of which reached 120 feet, all surrounding a deep central embayment into which the heavy swell poured, dashing spray and mist high in the air. This continued action will cause rapid disintegration when this berg reaches warmer water and the many large pieces in the vicinity are evidence of frequent calving even in 32° F. water. The next day, April 12, the Tahoe stood by this berg to await the General Greene, which had just completed the first current map. The General Greene arrived at 0930 and Chief Boatswain Thomas Noland and Senior Physical Oceanographer F. M. Soule reported aboard for a conference with 50 commander, International Ice Patrol, and delivered the current map. At 1220 the General Greene departed for St. John's, Newfoundland, arriving there at 1705, April 13, 1938. While the General Greene and Tahoe were drifting close to this berg it gave a very impressive per- formance, tons of ice sloughing off its vertical sides, peaks toppling and tumbling into the sea with a mighty rumble to form large growlers, while the whole mass of the berg rocked ponderously as its equi- librium shifted. In the space of a few moments the appearance of the berg changed completely. The day of April 12 was fine and clear, so after the departure of the General Greene the Tahoe scouted an area 40 miles wide east of the 50-fathom curve between latitudes 44°20' N., and 45° 15' N., in order to locate any ice which may have drifted south since this area was last scouted out. Four bergs were located this day, and the next day, April 13, all these bergs, except the southernmost, were located again showing slow southward movement and three more bergs were found. The search of the 13th extended north to latitude 45°40' N. The morning of April 14 the berg, thought to be the southernmost, was found in latitude 44°22' N., longitude 48°28' W., having drifted only 11 miles east-southeast since the evening of April 12 when last seen. This movement corresponded excellently with the current in- dicated on the current chart just delivered which showed only very slow movement south of latitude 45° N. April 14 was the anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic. To commemorate that terrible disaster appropriate memorial services were held at 1030 that day and a wreath laid upon the water in memory of those who were lost. In the afternoon the Tahoe left the berg to scout to the westward across the cold current to be sure no ice drifted south and also to locate, if possible, a berg reported in latitude 44°15' N., longitude 49°27' W. A berg was sighted in latitude 44° 19' N., longitude 48°43' W. The Tahoe entered dense fog immediately after leaving the warm water so further scouting was impossible. Dense fog per- sisted throughout the remainder of that day and all the 15th and 16th, preventing all scouting. During the day of the 15th the French barkentine Capitaine Guynemer was encountered on the Banks in the fog. The captain of the fishing vessel came aboard and mail was received for forwarding and a report by radio to his owner was trans- mitted. A seaman from the Capitaine Guynemer was brought aboard for medical attention and was found to be suffering from mild pneu- monia and was retained on board for treatment. With the dissipation of the fog by northerly winds on the morning of April 17 the Tahoe headed for the southwestern edge of the Banks and scouted around the Tail in the cold water and along the eastern slope to the northward to locate any ice which might have drifted south of 51 latitude 44° N., during the period of fog. A berg was located in latitude 43°19' N., longitude 49°25' W., and two large growlers in latitude 43°00' N., longitude 49°16' W. As the two growlers were the southernmost known ice, the Tahoe stopped to drift with these and observe their movement. The next, April 18, the Tahoe scouted northward with full visibility to latitude 43°50' N., but no new ice was sighted. The berg of the previous day had drifted 30 miles to latitude 42°55' N., longitude 49°49' W. One of the two growlers had disappeared, but the other was located in latitude 42°42' N., longi- tude 49°43' W. At the end of the day's search the Tahoe headed westward for the relieving point. The Pontchartrain was met at 0528, April 19, 1938, in latitude 43°33' N., longitude 53°50' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party were trans- ferred to the Pontchartrain and at 1230 the Pontchartrain relieved the Tahoe as Ice Patrol vessel. The Tahoe set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 1415 on April 21, 1938. Medical advice by radio was given the Steamship Endicott, which had a patient suffering from acute infection of elbow glands. Treat- ment was prescribed on April 11 and on April 13 the patient was reported as improving nicely. Also one Henri Lechevestrier, who was taken aboard from the French barkentine Capitaine Guynemer for treatment for mild pneumonia, is doing nicely and will be returned to his vessel when able to work. The following is a summary of ice and w^ater-temperature reports received during this patrol: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 102 Number of berts reported south of latitude 43° north 1 Number of ice reports received 170 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 45 Number of water-temperature reports received 1, 129 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 1,54 Number of vessels furnished special information 6 FIFTH CRUISE, "PONTCHARTRAIN," APRIL 19 TO MAY 3, 1938 The Pontchartrain sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1800, April 17, 1938. Course was set to the eastward to reheve the Tahoe in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Light southerly and southeasterly winds were experienced en route with excellent visibihty and the Tahoe was met at 0625, April 19, 1938, in latitude 43°36' N., longitude 53°38' W. A boat from the Tahoe came along- side and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the ob- server's party reported aboard and at 1225 the Pontchartrain relieved the Tahoe as Ice-Patrol vessel. Course was set for the Tail of the Banks to commence a search for ice the following day. 52 The next day, April 20, the Pontchartrain scouted south and east around the Tail of the Banks in order to locate a growler reported on the Tail on the 19tli and particularly to relocate the berg last seen by the patrol vessel April 18 in latitude 42°55' N., longitude 49°49' W. The growler was not found, but the berg was located in latitude 42°37' N., longitude 50°51' W., having drifted 55 miles in the preceding 2 days in almost exact accordance with the current chart. April 21 to 25, the Pontchartrain remained with this berg as it moved west- northwest in the cold current averaging 12 miles a day. Almost continuous fog during these days prevented any other scouting so the situation on the eastern edge of the Banks south of latitude 44° N., was largely unknown. Moderate northerly winds on the morning of the 25th brought fine clear weather so the Pontchartrain attempted to scout to the eastward south of the Tail in the cold current in order to determine if any other ice was drifting southward by this route. Fog set in at 1230 so no further scouting could be done this day. The next day and the morning of April 27 was spent maintaining position on the Tail of the Banks awaiting an opportunity to search the eastern and southeastern slopes of the Banks. At 1022 on the morning of the 27th the fog cleared away and the Pontchartrain began a search from latitude 43°35' N., on the eastern edge of the Banks, south and westward around the Tail in order to locate a berg reported on April 25 in latitude 43°16' N., longitude 49°13' W. This berg was found in latitude 42°34' N., longitude 50°45' W., this same day. The search was continued to the westward until dark when the Pontchartrain stopped to drift for the night. The next day, April 28, the Pontchartrain continued the scouting westward so as to relocate the berg left on the 25th. This berg was found that same day in latitude 42°06' N., longitude 52°09' W., and the Pontchartrain stopped to drift with this southernmost berg. The next day, driven eastward by strong southwesterly winds and drifting southeastward in the northern edge of the Gulf Stream, the berg showed an amazing drift of 43 miles in 20 hours, averaging over 2 miles per hour, and when left on that morning it had been reduced to a large growler and was in latitude 41°50' N., longitude 51°13' W. On leaving this growler the Pontchaiirain steamed northward in order to relocate the berg left 2 days before and to determine the drift of this berg which was found that afternoon in latitude 42°38' N., longitude 51°01' W. The Pontchartrain drifted with this berg the remainder of that day and throughout the night. On the morning of April 30, the Pontchartrain scouted southward in an effort to relocate the southernmost ice, the growler which was left the preceding day. This growler was not found, so the Pont- chartrain returned to drift with the berg of that morning and remained 53 with tliis ice, following its movement, until the morning of May 3. At 0600 that day course was set to the westward toward the relieving point. The berg was left in approximately latitude 43°18' N., longi- tude 51°13' W. The Tahoe was met in latitude 43°59' N., longitude 53°27' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Tahoe and at 1405, May 3, 1938, the Tahoe relieved the Pontchartrain as Ice Patrol vessel. The Pontchartrain set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 0750, May 5, 1938. The following is a summary of ice and water-temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 110 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 2 Number of ice reports received 121 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 42 Number of water-temperature reports received 1, 264 Number of vessels furnishing water- temperature reports 167 Number of vessels furnished special information 22 SIXTH CRUISE, "TAHOE," MAY 3 TO 17, 1938 The Tahoe departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 2348, May 1, 1938, and course was set for the vicinity of the Grand Banks to relieve the Pontchartrain as Ice Patrol vessel. Light to moderate winds from the south and southwest, shifting to northerly, and generally good visibility were experienced enroute. The Pontchartrain was met in latitude 43°03' N., longitude 53°25' W. A boat from the Pont- chartrain came alongside and the commanding officer from the Pontchartrain came aboard for a conference with commander. Inter- national Ice Patrol. Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 1450, May 3, 1938, the Tahoe relieved the Pontchartrain as Ice Patrol vessel. With the departure of the Pontchartrain' s boat the Tahoe set course for the last-sighted position of the southernmost berg on the southwestern slope of the Grand Banks. The following morning. May 4, this berg was located- in latitude 43°28' N., longitude 51°28' W., in 55 fathoms of water. As this berg showed no tendency to move southward and the currents in the vicinity would tend to take it northwestward, the Tahoe spent the day searcliing around the Tail of the Banks, in the axis of the cold current, and up the eastern side to latitude 43°40' N. No ice was sighted in tliis critical area. The next day the search was continued up the eastern slope of the Banks just outside the 100-fathom curve to latitude 46° N. Only two growlers were sighted tliis day in the following positions: latitude 44°04' N., longitude 49°08' W., and latitude 45°28' N., longitude 48°30' W. 54 Low visibility prevented any effective scouting on May 6, but one berg was located in latitude 45°59' N., longitude 48°02' W. On May 7 the Tahoe, with excellent visibility, ran search courses through the area in the vicinity of latitude 45° N., longitude 48°50' W., and just south of this area in an effort to locate and determine the number of bergs which had been repeatedly reported there. The search extended south to latitude 44° N., and covered all possible southward drift courses of the reported bergs. Only one berg, latitude 45°13' N., longitude 48°48' W., and one growler, latitude 44°54'' N., longitude 48°39' W., were found in tliis area. The next day. May 8, the Tahoe ran eastward onto the Banks to meet the General Greene. Contact was made at 0739 m latitude 44°03' N., longtitude 49°46' W. The commanding officer of the General Greene and Senior Physical Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule reported aboard for a conference and Mr. Soule delivered a current chart of the critical area just completed. At 1030 the General Greene departed for St. John's, Newfoundland, and the Tahoe set course to the south- west to relocate the berg left on the 4th and to investigate another berg reported in the vicinity. Only one berg was found in this area in latitude 43°26' N., longtitude 51°18' W., and the other report was struck from the Ice Patrol records. On May 9, the Tahoe again scouted around the Tail and up the eastern slope in the cold current, as shown on the current map just delivered, to be sure no ice had drifted south of latitude 44° N., unseen. No ice was sighted. The following day the search was continued northward to latitude 45°30' N., and the only ice seen was the berg sighted on the 7th which was relocated m latitude 43°11' N., longitude 48°42' W. Fog, rain, and generally low visibility conditions which set in during the afternoon of the 10th continued on the 11th as the Tahoe steamed south westward across the Banks toward the only ice south of latitude 44° N., which was last seen May 9. This ice was relocated the next day in latitude 43°12' N., longitude 50°59' W. This berg had been reduced in the 3-day period to two large growlers, and some pieces and had moved very slowly southeast with the prevailing wind. During the rest of the day the Tahoe steamed northeastward toward the eastern edge of the Banks in latitude 44° N., so as to be ready in the morning to commence a search for bergs drifting southward between latitude 44° N., and 45° N. The next day, May 13, two bergs were located in this area in the following positions: latitude 43°55' N., longitude 48°41' W., and latitude 44°14' N., longitude 48°15' W. The remainder of the patrol May 14 and 15, was spent watching the movement of these two bergs. The northern one moved very little, being out of the current, and was last seen May 14, in latitude 44°12' N., longitude 48°28' W., but the southern one moved south in accordance with the current chart 55 and was last seen the evening of May 15 in latitude 43°27' N., longi- tude 48°58' W., at which time the Tahoe headed to the westward to relocate the growlers last seen on May 12 and to meet the Pont- chartrain. The Pontchartrain was met in latitude 43°58' N., longitude 53°51' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Pontchartrain and at 1340, May 17, 1938, the Pontchartrain relieved the Tahoe as Ice Patrol vessel. The Tahoe set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 0025, May 19, 1938. The following is a summary of ice and water-temperature reports received during this patrol: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 136 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 0 Number of ice reports received 256 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports , 104 Number of water temperature reports received 1465 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 244 Number of vessels furnished special information 14 SEVENTH CRUISE, "PONTCHARTRAIN," MAY 17 TO 31, 1938 The Pontchartrain sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1320, May 15, 1938, to relieve the Tahoe. Easterly gales, rain, and high seas were encomitered that night but the weather moderated quicldy and by the next morning light southerly winds with fog prevailed through- out the easterh^ run until just before relief when the wind shifted to northerly and the weather cleared. The Tahoe was met in latitude 43°57' N., longitude 53°54' W. A boat came alongside and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party re- ported aboard and at 1345 the Pontchartrain relieved the Tahoe as Ice Patrol vessel. The remainder of that clay and night the Pontchartrain ran to the eastward, stopping on the southwestern slope of the Banks so as to start scouting in the morning should the weather permit. The next day was spent mamtaining position awaiting more favorable con- ditions. On May 19 the Pontchartrain began a search plan designed first, to run tlirough and south of the last reported position of the growlers last seen by the patrol May 12 in latitude 43°12' N., longitude 50°59' W., and second, to cover all the area south and east of the Tail into which bergs would be likely to drift since the area south of latitude 44° N., was last searched and particularly to relocate the berg last seen by the Patrol in latitude 43°27' N., longitude 48°57' W. That day and the next. May 20, an area 60 miles wide outside the 50 fathom curve was scouted out from south of and around the Tail to latitude 43°50' N., as shown on the track chart. No ice was sighted. At day- light. May 21, a growler was sighted in latitude 43°41' N., longitude 56 47°43' W. This was considered to be the remains of the berg searched for during the last 2 days, having drifted east by north 60 miles in 6 days and was the only ice south of latitude 44° N. During the next few days, May 21, 22, and 23, scouting was only possible for a few hours each day because of intermittent dense fog. However, during these 3 days, by using every clear daylight hour, it was possible to scout out the eastern slope of the Banks from the Tail to latitude 44°30' N., and effectively insure that no ice drifted south of that latitude. On the 24th, with excellent visibility the whole day, the Pont- chartrain searched northward in the cold current to latitude 45°30' N., running a rectangular search through the critical region in latitude 45° N., where no bergs had been reported for some time. Two small growlers were located along the 100 fathom curve in latitude 44°24' N., and the berg for which the search was instituted was located late that evening, 10 miles east of its reported position, in latitude 44°36' N., longitude 48°02' W. The next 4 days, May 25, 26, 27, and 28, the Pontchartrain drifted wdth tliis berg, foggy conditions preventing all scouting, in which time the berg drifted to latitude 44°26' N., longitude 47°48' W., averaging 3.5 miles per day east by south. The next day. May 29, with good visibility, the Pontchartrain again searched up the cold current from latitude 44°10' N., to latitude 46°00' N., and sighted two bergs in the following positions: Latitude 45°51' N., longitude 47°52' W., and latitude 45°45' N., longitude 47043' W. The first of these was a very large berg for the late season and latitude and is presumably in the strength of the current and should drift steadily southw^ard to the Tail. The above-water portion of this berg was divided into two parts with w^ater between, one about 600 feet long and about 70 or 80 feet high and the other, a lone pinnacle nearly round in cross section rising to a conical peak 150 feet above the water. During the evening the Pontchartrain ran northwest so as to be in position to run a southwesterly course, the following day, 20 miles inside this day's search in an effort to locate any dangerous bergs before turning west to the relieving point. During the next day, May 30, two bergs which were reported on the 29th were relocated in latitude 45°28' N., longitude 48°52' W., and latitude 45°28' N., longitude 48°37' W. All the bergs sighted in this area in the last 2 days are in excellent position to drift southward and will occupy the Patrol, if they do so, for next month. Upon the completion of this search the Pontchartrain headed to the westward for the relieving point. The Tahoe was met in latitude 44°22' N., longitude 53°58' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Tahoe and at 1113, May 31, 1938, the Tahoe reheved the Pontchartrain as Ice Patrol vessel. Course was set for Halifax, 57 Nova Scotia, and the Pontchartrain arrived there at 5 p. m., June 1, 1938. The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 150 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 0 Number of ice reports received 351 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 124 Number of water temperature reports received 1,477 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 231 Number of vessels furnished special information 33 EIGHTH CRUISE, "TAHOE," MAY 31 TO JUNE 15, 1938 The Tahoe sailed from HaHfax, Nova Scotia, at 2337, May 29, 1938. Moderate north and northeasterly winds with excellent visi- bility were experienced throughout the uneventful trip to the ice area. The Pontchartrain was met in latitude 44°21' N., longitude 53°56' W. Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice-observation officer, and the observer's party reported aboard and at 1113, May 31, 1938, the Tahoe relieved the Pontchartrain as Ice Patrol vessel. The Tahoe set course across the Banks for the critical area. The next day, June 1, northwest gales and rough seas prevented scouting, so the Tahoe awaited more favorable conditions to commence a search for ice. On June 2, with excellent visibility, an area 45 miles wide outside the 50-fathom curve extending from latitude 43°30' N., to latitude 44°40' N., was searched and the followmg ice sighted: berg, latitude 43°52' N., longitude 49°00' W.; berg, latitude 44°31' N., longitude 48°54' W. ; growler, latitude 44°06' N., longitude 48°39' W. ; three growlers, latitude 43°49' N., longitude 48°37' W. On June 3, after a search hampered by fog, a large growler was located in latitude 43°38' N., longitude 47°47' W. This ice had been reported the day before as a berg but apparently was much reduced m size and had moved 15 miles east since reported and would not long be a danger to navigation. The next day, June 4, dense fog over the cold south- bound water thwarted all attempts to relocate the ice sighted on the 2d, but the following day, by skirting the fog to the south and west, it was possible to relocate the two bergs sighted on the 2d. The more southern of the two drifted rapidly south-southwestward in the cur- rent averaging 25 miles a day and was found in latitude 42°55' N., longitude 49°52' W., and the other drifted south by east at 20 miles a day and was relocated in latitude 43°27' N., longitude 48°50' W. (See fig. 41.) The remainder of the cruise, June 5 to June 15, with the exception of one day, June 11, was spent watching the southward drift of these bergs and one other located on the 11th. Except for that day fog was present, or so imminent that no scouting could be done other 58 than that necessary to keep track of these three bergs. On June 6, while drifting with the southernmost berg in latitude 42°57' N., longi- tude 50°05' W., the General Greene arrived to deliver the new current chart. Senior Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule and the commanding officer of the General Greene came aboard for a conference, and at 1710 the current chart was delivered and the General Greene departed for St. John's, Newfoundland. On June 11, with moderate to good visibihty, all the area south and east of the Tail to latitude 43°30' N. was scouted and no new ice was sighted except the berg mentioned above. The story of this berg, located in latitude 42°49' N., longi- tude 50°07' W., is an interesting one. It is the same as the very large berg sighted by the Pontchartrain on May 29 and described in last cruise report as one of those bergs likely to keep the Patrol busy for at least another month. It had drifted southward in the current from latitude 45°51' N., to its present position, a distance of 225 miles at 18 miles per day (in accordance with the latest current map) and had changed so little in appearance that the identification was unmistakable. Wlien first seen on the 29th it was estimated at 150 feet high and 600 feet long and when sighted on the 11th it was about 120 feet high and only 400 feet long. By the 13th, due to loss of weight above water and the resulting eccentricities of flotation and mass distribution, its height increased again to 150 feet and the portion of its underwater body which slowly emerged, as small pieces dropped off, measured approximately 650 feet in length. Drifting with these three bergs for a week and attempting to relocate each berg every day under conditions where observations were impos- sible, or at best too infrequent due to persistent fog, and each berg with a different direction and rate of drift gives an illustration of the value of current maps. Often, not only was the search for bergs based entirely on their estimated drift from the current chart, but also the position of the Patrol vessel. The successive positions of the bergs are shown on the track chart connected by dashed lines which also forms the track of the Patrol vessel for this period. On the evening of June 13 the largest of these bergs described above was in approximately latitude 42°09' N., longitude 50°20' W., moving southward at about 18 miles per day which would take it across west- bound track B in 2K days. This fact, together with the continued foggy conditions which made it impossible to scout the area south of the Tail, created a real threat to track B and a shift to the extra southern route, track A, was advisable. A message advising head- quarters of conditions and recommending such action was dispatched at 2318 that date, and advice was received on the 15th that the North Atlantic Track Agreement was shifting to the eastbound track A on that date, and to westbound track A on the 21st. 59 An attempt was made in the evening watch of the 13th to maintain contact in thick fog with the last-mentioned berg. There was a moderate breeze blowing which made it impossible to keep the berg in 3ight without a great deal of jockeying, and some hazard. As has been long known, the searchlight was alternatingl}^ useful or worse than useless. However, on a calm night or with very light breezes, contact probably could be maintained. The Tahoe ran to the west-southwest to get into warm water. The afternoon of the 14th there was a slight northwest breeze for a time, and at 1705 with the prospect of clear weather effort was made to pick up the berg again. However, fog again being encountered, this was not successful until 1020, June 15, when the P ontchartrain {vfhich was in the Tahoe's vicinity ready to relieve on the 14th) located the berg in latitude 41°49' N., longitude 50°10' W. The southernmost ice by that time was a small berg (possibly broken off from the large one) in latitude 41°40' N., longitude 50°18' W. The latter was in the strength of the current and was expected to average 40 miles per day; the large berg was likel}^ to move slowly and erratically unless set into the southeast current by the wind. With the shift to track A effective, the patrol was in a position to handle the situation, even though fog might hamper on the ensuing cruise as it had on this one. The Pontchartrain relieved the Tahoe at 1552, June 15, in sight of the last-mentioned bergs; Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party transferred to the Pontchartrain. The Tahoe set course for Halifax arriving there at 0810, June 18. At time of relief, an examination of the weather map indicated fairly ^ood scouting conditions for the next day. The following is a summary of ice and water-temperature reports received during this patrol: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° N 84 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° N 4 Number of ice reports received _ 210 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 89 Niunber of water temperature reports received 1, 278 Nvnnber of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 187 Number of vessels furnished special information 17 NINTH CRUISE, "PONTCHARTRAIN," JUNE 15 TO 30, 1938 The Pontchartrain departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 2055, June 12, 1938, to relieve the Tahoe. Light northeasterly and east winds with fog prevailed throughout the eastward run. On June 15, with improved visibility while running search courses designated by the Tahoe, two bergs were located, one in latitude 41°40' N., longitude 50°18' W., a small berg, and a large berg in latitude 41°49' ] 47469— 39 5 60 N., longitude 50°10' W. As these were the southernmost bergs for which the Tahoe was searching the Pontchartrain remained with this ice awaiting the arrival of that vessel. With the arrival of the Tahoe a boat was lowered to carry mail to the Tahoe and get the ice observa- tion party. The boat returned, Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observer, and the observer's party reported aboard, and at 1528 the Pontchar- train relieved the Tahoe as Ice Patrol vessel. During the next 2 days no scouting could be done because of dense fog everywhere over cold water so the Pontchartrain maintained con- tact with the smaller of these two bergs, the southernmost, as it drifted southward. On the evening of June 17 it had moved south to latitude 40°40' N., longitude 49°32' W. The next day, June 18, with good visibility the Pontchartrain searched up the cold current to find the large berg last seen on the 15th and to see if any other bergs had drifted south of latitude 42° N. The large berg was relocated in latitude 41°10' N., longitude 49°29' W., but no other bergs were found. The southernmost berg was not relocated that day due to darkness but was found the next day, June 19, after an intensive search in latitude 40°29' N., longitude 48°47' W. When found it was a very small growler and when left that night had entirely melted in the warm surface water and was stricken from the Ice Patrol records. The next 3 days, June 20, 21, and 22, were spent running the search courses shown on the track chart in, what turned out to be, a futile effort to relocate the large berg last sighted on June 18th. The fate of this large berg must remain one of the mysteries of this season. Its huge size on the 18th when last seen would preclude the possibility of its melting during the time it was being searched for but the fact that it has remained unreported since the 18th has removed it definitely as a menace to navigation. On the morning of June 23 the Pontchartrain headed to the north- ward up the cold current searching for new ice and particularly to locate a berg reported by the General Greene on the 22nd in latitude 42°51' N., longitude 50° 19' W. No new ice was sighted and dense fog which enveloped the cold water just south of the Tail prevented the finding of the General Greene's berg. The Pontchartrain steamed at slow speed up onto the Banks in order to maintain position there until more favorable conditions obtained. No scouting could be done during the next 3 days, June 24, 25, and 26 because of dense fog. On the morning of the 27th, however, reports indicated better visi- bility to southward so the Pontchartrain steamed in that direction clearing the dense fog in about latitude 42°30' N. That day and the next, although continually hampered by fog, the Pontchartrain was able to scout out the southward moving water south of the Tail between latitudes 40°40' N., and 42°30' N. One growler was found in latitude 42°03' N., longtitude 49°40' W., this, is believed to be 61 the General Greene's berg. On June 29 the search was continued to the northward but was stopped early m the day by the low blanket of fog which enveloped the cold water just south of the Tail and covered completely that important area from the southern tip of the Banks south to about latitude 42°20' N. Because no further scouting could be done, and the growler, upon relocation that night, was found to to be so small as to no longer constitute a danger, the Pontchartrain headed west for the relieving point. The Tahoe was met m latitude 43°05' N., longitude o3°44' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observer, and the observer's party were transferred to the Tahoe and at 1450 June 30 the Tahoe relieved the Pontchartrain as Ice Patrol vessel. Course was set for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 0710, July 2, 1938. The following is a summary of ice and water-temperature reports received during the cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° N 26 Number of bergs re ported south of latitude 43° N 4 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 40 Number of ice reports received 72 Number of water temperature reports received 1, 001 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 133 Number of vessels furnished special information 19 TENTH CRUISE, "TAHOE," JUNE 30 TO JULY 14, 1938 The Tahoe sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 2004, June 28, 1938. Gentle to moderate breezes from the northeast shifting to southwest with fog or rain were experienced during the voyage east- ward until the morning of June 30 when the wind shifted to south and increased to a fresh breeze for 5 hours. The Pontchartrain was met in latitude 43°04' N., longitude 53°26' W. Lt. G. Van. A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party reported on board and at 1430, June 30, 1938, the Tahoe relieved the Pontchartrain as Ice Patrol vessel. The Tahoe cruised to the vicinity of the Tail of the Grand Banks during the evening and night of that day and at daybreak started a search of the cold water south of the Tail to latitude 41°50' N., no ice being sighted. At 1912, July 1, the Tahoe arrived in latitude 42°59' N., longitude 49°40' W., where fog formed over the cold water so that no further scouting could be accomplished that day. Visibility the following day being 4 to 5 miles the Patrol vessel scouted up the cold current to latitude 44°41' N., longitude 48°48' W., where a large berg was found. As no ice was found in the vicinity of track C it was recommended to headquarters that the use of this track be authorized. Fog set in at 2215 and the Tahoe, being unable to locate the berg the next morning, headed northward to contact the General 62 Greene ai)d obtain the new current chart. At 1827, July 3. the General Greene was met m latitude 45°46' N., longitude 48°37' W. Senior Physical Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule and the commanding officer of the General Greene came on board for a conference and delivered the current chart. The General Greene departed for St. John's, Newfoundland at 2035. Dense fog continued throughout July 4 and until the afternoon of July 5 dining which time the Patrol vessel cruised slowly southward along the eastern side of the Grand Banks. The fog lifting for a brief period on the afternoon of July 5 enabling the Tahoe to scout a small section of the cold current in which the berg sighted July 2 would be most likely to drift in accordance with the latest current chart from latitude 43°35' N., to latitude 44°06' N. No ice was found and it was believed that the berg was still northeastward and clear of westbound track C. During the evening of Jidy 5 a member of the crew, John J. Tumulty, developed acute appendicitis so the Tahoe proceeded to St. John's, Newfoundland, to hospitalize this man and returned immediately to the Grand Banks region, arriving in latitude 46°04' N., longitude 47°30' W., at 1525, July 7. The berg sighted July 2 m latitude 44°41' N., longitude 48°48' W., had not been sighted or reported since that date and by the evening of July 4 sufficient time had elapsed for it to drift into the vicinity of track C so safety messages were broadcast during the periods when radio watches were being stood on all merchant vessels, warning them of the most probable position of the berg. The steamship Henri Jaspar reported this berg on July 7 in latitude 43°32' N., longitude 48°48' W., the berg having drifted southward at an average daily rate of 15 miles. Fog set in on the morning of July 7 and the Tahoe continued slowly to the east side of the Grand Banks and then stood down the Labrador Current on July 7 and 8. A growler was sighted during the evening of July 7 in latitude 45°33' N., longitude 47°46' W., which was believed to be the remains of a berg reported by the steamship Induna on July 2 in latitude 46°08' N., longi- tude 47° 15' W. The Tahoe found the berg reported by the steam- ship Henri Jaspar during the evening of July 8 in latitude 43°18' N., longitude 48°56' W. The next day being fine and clear the Patrol vessel scouted up the cold current to latitude 44°55' N., and leturned to the southernmost known ice that evening. No other ice was sighted so the Tahoe remained with this southernmost berg until being relieved. The Pontchartrain arrived in the vicinity of the berg in latitude 42°23' N., longitude 50°02' W. A boat was lowered and Lt. G. Van A. Graves, ice observation officer, and the observer's party were trans- ferred to the Pontchartrain and at 2225, July 14, 1938, the Pontchartrain 63 relieved the Tahoe as Ice Patrol vessel and Headquarters released the Tahoe from Ice Patrol duty. The followmg is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° N 10 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° N 1 Number of ice reports received 59 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 26 Number of water temperature reports received 1, 041 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 130 Number of vessels furnished special information 16 ELEVENTH CRUISE, "PONTCHARTRAIN," JULY 14 TO 22, 1938 The Pontchartrain sailed from Hahfax at 1800, July 12, 1938, to re- lieve the Tahoe. Light southerly winds with haze and some fog pre- vailed throughout the easterly run. The Tahoe had remained with the southernmost known ice and was met in latitude 42°25' N., longi- tude 50°08' W. Lt. G. Van A. Graves, and the observer's part^^ re- ported on board and at 2235, July 14, 1938, the Pontchartrain relieved the Tahoe as Ice Patrol vessel. The Pontchartrain remained with this ice as it drifted southward across east-bound track C, the prescribed route, until the morning of July 19, by which time it had disintegrated to the extent that it was no longer considered a danger to navigation. On July 19, with good visibility, the Labrador Current was scouted out to latitude 44°30' N. During daylight hours on July 20 and 21 the Patrol vessel continued scouting to latitude 46°30' N., but the search proved inconclusive on accoinit of fog. No ice was found and the discontinuance of Ice Patrol was recommended. Upon receipt of authorit}^ from Headquarters to discontinue the Patrol all vessels were advised of the fact by a special broadcast in- forming them that the Patrol vessel was leaving the area and no further broadcasts would be transmitted. This message was sent out at inter- vals as long as the Pontchartrain remained in the Ice Patrol area. On behalf of the commander. International Ice Patrol messages expressing gratitude were dispatched to all vessels and Cape Race Radio for in- formation furnished and valuable assistance rendered the Patrol ves- sels during the Ice Patrol season of 1938. Ice patrol having been discontinued at 1200, July 22, 1938, the Patrol vessel proceeded to St. John's Bay, Newfoundland, arriving there at 1437, July 22, 1938. Lts. W. P. Hawley and G. Van A. Graves were transferred to the General Greene, Lieutenant Hawley to be commander of the post-season observation cruise, and at 1850, July 22, 1938, the Pontchartrain set course for New York, N. Y., arriving there at 1030, July 26, 1938. 64 The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during the cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° N 2 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° N 1 Number of ice reports received 16 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 15 Number of water temperature reports received 355 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 67 Number of vessels furnished special information 10 POST-SEASON CRUISE, "GENERAL GREENE," JULY 22 TO AUGUST 17, 1938 The General Greene departed St. Jolm's, Newfoundland, at 1517, July 22, 1938. The Pontchartrain was met in St. John's Bay, just outside the Narrows, and Lt. W. P. Hawley, commander, post-season observation cruise, and the ice observation officer reported aboard, and the General Greene departed immediately on the post-season cruise. The purpose of this cruise was to continue the oceanographic investigation of the general region of the Labrador Sea and Davis Strait and to observe ice conditions on the Greenland, Baffin Land, and Labrador coasts. Course was set northward from St. John's along the coast to South Wolf Island, Labrador, where, at 1340, July 24, the first of a line of oceanographic stations extending from that place across the Labra- dor Basin to Cape Farewell, Greenland, was occupied. This section consisted of 22 stations, at each of which, as usual, serial observations of temperature and salinity were obtained at various levels from surface to bottom. This run was successfully completed at 1306, July 28, with the occupation of a station 10 miles south of Cape Farewell, heavy field ice preventing closer approach to the coast at that point. While occupying station number 2827 on July 28 in 635 fathoms of water the wire carrying the water bottles and thermom- eters parted, at a point where the wire had been injured earlier in the season, with the loss of the following equipment: 5 Nansen water bottles, 3 unprotected thermometers, 7 protected thermometers, 6 messengers, and 3,589 feet of wu-e rope. The loss of the three unpro- tected thermometers slowed operations somewhat but sufficient equipment remained to continue the program. The next portion of the cruise was a line of 8 stations which, together with one station in the center of the Cape Farewell section, formed a line of 9 stations running up the middle of the Labrador Sea from deep water to the top of Davis Strait Ridge. At these stations, beside the regular observations for density determination, samples were collected from the deeper layers for the determination of dissolved helium and oxy- gen. From the end of this section on the Davis Strait Ridge in latitude 65°38' N., longitude 57°43' W., a line of stations was occu- 65 pied running along this ridge and across Great Hellefiske Bank to tlie Greenland coast. This last oceanographic section was com- pleted at 1350, August 2, 1938. The General Greene now proceeded to Holsteinsborg, Greenland, for fuel and water arriving there at 1535 August 2, 1938. The resident governor of the district of Holsteinsborg very kindly dispatched a motorboat to guide us into port. This was most helpful as no ade- quate profile sketches of that particular coast were on hand and in any event low-hanging clouds obscured most of the prominent peaks making the proper entrance difficult to pick out. However, once the correct opening is identified the harbor is comparatively easy of access as there are relatively few known outlying dangers, and promi- nent beacons on the surrounding islands mark the entrance. The charts of the harbor itself were found to be accurate and adequate, the directions in the pilot book clear and correct, and no difficulty need be experienced. Ample water exists everywhere in the prescribed chan- nel and the harbor itself is deep and safe. Upon our arrival Governor A. C. Rasmussen called and the usual courtesies were exchanged. The fuel oil was delivered alongside by a Diesel schooner the next morning, August 3, at 0600, and the fuel was all aboard by 0900. It was necessary to boat the water, however, and this consumed 10 hours and was completed at 1600. At 1700 the General Greene departed Holsteinsborg and set course southwesterly for the western end of the last line of stations in the middle of Davis Strait Ridge. From this point it was intended to run a section west- ward along the ridge toward Cape Walsingham, Baffin Land. This contemplated section had to be abandoned entirely, however, as heavy pack ice was encountered preventing further approach to the coast of Baffin Land. This concluded the oceanographic program of the cruise. A total of 39 oceanographic stations were occupied in the three sections described above and 107 samples for determination of dissolved oxygen and 83 samples for determination of dissolved helium were collected. In general the oxygen samples were taken from 100 meters down and the helium samples, only in the deeper layers, from 400 meters down. The next part of the cruise consisted of ice observation and in run- ning a continuous line of soundings, approximately along the 100-fathom curve, from Davis Strait to the Straits of Belle Isle. The purpose of this sounding program was to determine whether any sub- marine caverns existed cutting into the continental shelf of Labrador. Continuous soundings were taken all along this route and soundings recorded every 3 minutes up to 125 fathoms (red light method) and every 5 minutes in deeper water (white light method). For this work or for any similar program, and also for the mapping work during the Ice Patrol season, it would be of great advantage to have a more 66 modern sounding machine which used the red Hght method up to 200 fathoms and recorded to that depth. In carrying out this program the General Greene during the next 6 days, August 4 to 10, followed to the southward the limits c':^ the pack ice and the sinuosities of the bot- tom contour describing in general the route shown on the track chart. The program of the post-season cruise 1938 being successfully com- pleted the General Greene set course for St. John's, Newfoundland, arriving there at 1508 August 10, 1938. On August 13, at 1140, the General Greene being in all respects ready for sea departed St. John's, Newfoundland, for Woods Hole, Mass., arriving there without incident at 1432, August 17, 1938. During the post-season cruise the General Greene cruised 4,218.0 miles and was under way 461 hours 26 minutes. TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1937 Nov. 14 19S8 Jan. 20 Jan. 22 Jan. 23 Jan. 24 Jan. 25 Jan. 29 Feb. 1 Feb. 4 Feb. 6 Feb. 8 Feb. 10 ...do..__. Feb. 13 Feb. 14 .do- Cape Eace radio. ..-.do ....do do do — .do ..-do do do do .-.do -...do Belle Isle radio.. Cape Race radio. Feb. 15 -do Feb. 16 -do ..do ..do Kersten Miles ... Cape Race radio. Fort Amherst ..do.... -.do..... .-do.— Feb. 17 Feb. 18 Feb. 19 .-do Bristol City. Steel Mariner... Bristol City Attienia Cape Race radio. .do. 47 32 46 47 46 41 46 40 52 35 52 56 52 53 53 00 Koenigstein. Cape Ballard Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race 47 43 I 50 30 Cape Race 46 43 I 52 58 48 43 49 11 [Between Cape { Race and I Cape Ballard (48 30 I 48 10 \ to 148 05 I 48 30 40 37 52 55 48 00 I 48 39 to 47 30 48 00 Cape Race Cape Race f Black Rock, \Newfoundland [44 50 i 60 10 to 50 I 59 51 42 19 56 50 44 43 60 14 47 25 I 47 53 Cape Race Cape Race [48 21 i 49 38 to '47 38 I 48 36 !47 54 I 49 21 to .47 33 I 50 08 I 4^ I 49 (44 Large berg. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 3). Do. 2 bergs (same as 2 and 3). Berg, 6 miles northeast. Berg 6 miles northeast (same as 7). Do. Do. Berg breaking up 6 miles northeast (same as 7). Large berg. Berg 7 miles east (same as 7). Berg and pieces (same as 7). Scattered ice 10 miles southeasterly direction. Large berg, one-half former size, break- [ ing up (same as 7). ^Field ice. Tree, 16 feet long. [Light field ice. Large area drifting field ice. Strings of field ice, 5 miles east. Strings of field ice, 4 miles east of Cape Race extending northeast as far as can be seen. ■3 growlers aground. Large ice field. Black gas buoy, green top. Small field scattered ice. Berg and strings of field ice. Growler abeam 2 miles drifting rapidly westward. Light field ice all directions. Scattered patches of small ice. Large ice field. 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48" 47' 46° FlQUEE 34.— First cruise, February 12 to 28, 1938, showing surface isotherms, traclc of Patrol vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 147469—40 (Face p. 66) No 45° 44° 43° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 3^^° S 50° 49° 48° 47" 46 • 45° 44° 43° Figure 35.— Second cruise, March 9 to 22, 1938, showing surface isotherms, track o( Pali vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 147469—40 (Face p. 66) No. 2 56- 57- ocr 55° 54° 53° 52' 50° 49° 48° 47° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° FiGi'RE 3G.— Third cruise, March 22 to April 5, 1938, showing surface isotherms, tracli ot Patrol vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indi( ghted or reported. 1474C9 — 40 (Fate p. 66) No. 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51' 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 37.— Fourth cruise, April 5 to 19, 1938, showing surface isotherms, track of Patrol vessel, and ice conditions. Figures Indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° Figure 38— Fifth cruise, April 19 to May 3, 1938, showing surface isotherms, track of Patrol vessel, and ice condil 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° ;. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 147469—40 (Face p. 66) No.? ^^ 1 51° 50° 49° \ "I ' I /!'} \ 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 39— Sixth cruiso, May 3 to 17, 1938, showing surface isotherms, track of Patrol vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 14T:69— 40 (Face! 58* 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 48° 48° 47° 46° Figure 40.— Seventh cruise, May 17 to 31, 1938, showing surface isotherms, track of Patrol vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 147469—40 (Face p. 66) No. 59° 58' 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° "^—-50° Figure 41.— Eighth cruise, May 31 to June 15, 1938, showing surface isotherms, track of Patrol vessel, and i 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 147169—40 (Face p. CO No. 47* 46* 45' 44* 43* 30, 1938, showing surface isotherms, traoli of Patrol vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 1-47469— 40 (Face p. 66) No. 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 43.— Tenth cruise, June 30 to July 14, 1938, showing surface isotherms, track o( Patrol vessel, and ice conditions. Figures indicate date that ice was sighted or reported. 1474G9— 40 (Face p. 66) No. 10 67 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Lati- Longi- tude tude Description Feb. 19 --do Feb. 20 -..do Feb. 21 ---do Feb. 22 --.do. ...do- Fort Amherst. Koenigstein... Dromore. Feb. 24 ..-do-.. --do-... Feb. 26 ---do..... ...do .-- Feb. 27 ---do-.-.. Feb. 28 Mar. 3 Mar. 5 Mar. 6 Mar. 9 --do-.-. Geraldine Mary.. Cape Race radio.. Dromore John W. Mackay. Dromore Cape Race radio.. Cape Race radio- Nova Scotia Cape Race radio- do Belle Isle Cape Race and Louisburg radio. Nova Scotia .---do Canadian stations Nova Scotia Cape Race radio -...do Fort Amherst. Cape Race radio. --..do Stavengerfjord- Grey County.. Stavengerfjord--. Cape Race radio- r St. John's to I Cape Race [47 32 I 50 11 to 47 10 I 51 08 45 05 I 60 15 to 45 00 I 59 50 St. John's to 147 17 I 50 13 Cape Race Cape Race (45 13 I 59 24 < to 145 13 I 60 24 Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race f Cape North to I Scatari Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race I Cape Race to St. John's, Newfoundland r Cape Spear, ^Newfoundland Cape Race 46 45 I 52 52 Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race Cape Race f From Witless Bay, Newfoundland to i53 05 I 46 15 Cape Race (46 15 I 53 05 to l45 54 I 53 17 (45 55 I 54 12 to [46 08 53 43 46 21 I 53 20 Cape Race (47 25 I 47 20 to [47 45 I 47 10 [48 18 I 46 08 to [47 27 I 47 25 Cape Race f44 34 I 61 47 to [44 36 60 18 44 50 I 59 20 to 44 50 45 10 f44 46 [44 39 |"61 Cape Rac ^Strings of field ice. f Field ice and strings of slob ice. ^Large ice field. ^Patches and strings loose slob ice. Slob ice packed against land in all directions as far as can be seen. Slob ice extending 26 miles SSW. Heavy field ice extending as far north and south as can be seen. Berg 1 mile east (same as 7). Heavy slob ice 10 miles ofi shore in all directions. Heavy field ice 8 miles off coast at Louisburg, Cape Breton Island. East coast, Cape Breton blocked ex- tending thence south 65 miles. Slob ice 10 miles off in all directions. Slob and pan ice extending southeast 60 miles. Large berg 7 miles southeast (same as 7). Slob and pan ice close to shore, all directions. Fields pan ice along Newfoundland > coast becoming close packed north of latitude 47°00' N. ,Close packed ice as far as can be seen, all directions. Heavy field, all directions. Loose field ice. Field ice, all directions. Slob ice, all directions. Close packed ice, all directions. Heavy slob ice, all directions. Slob ice, all directions, berg 10 miles southeast. Heavy ice, 7 miles all directions. Strings heavy field ice. Strings slob ice. Slob ice 7 miles west. Open pack ice and growlers. ^Paok ice and growlers. Berg east. ■Large patches slob ice and some pieces. ■Broken field ice north of track. Slob ice and some pieces as far as can be seen. •Patches slob ice and some pieces. Berg 3 miles southeast (same as 64). 68 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Mar. 11 _do.— . Mar. 12 .do .do--.- .do-... .do--.. Mar. 13 .do-.- .do.... .do.-.. .do.. ...do-. ...do--.. Mar. 14 ...do-... ...do. ...do- ...do. —do. Kexholm. Tahoe.... Drottningholm. Cape Race radio — City of Fort "Worth. Yrsa Geraldine and Mary. Lotte Yrsa City of Fort Worth. Cape Race radio Yrsa Lotte Norwegian. ....do. ....do. Norwegian. Scanyork Cape Race radio - do. Mar. 15 ...do..-. ...do.... .do... ...do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... Vaga. Nova Scotia .-..do Geraldine and Mary. Duchess of York. Cape Race radio. Vingaren Cairnglen Tyrifjord. do Lotte Tahoe ...-do —.do ....do Fort Amherst. Lati- tude Longi- tude 46 36 I 46 52 46 52 I 47 05 46 42 46 46 45 30 52 33 46 43 46 40 to 46 28 I 47 03 Cape Race 45 23 53 42 47 53 48 32 47 30 47 01 49 10 49 00 [48 00 48 47 to [47 38 I 47 57 46 40 48 22 Cape Race (47 38 I 47 57 48 00 I 49 49 to 48 12 I 50 12 '45 40 47 25 45 38 I 47 54 to 45 42 I 47 to 46 23 46 20 46 19 45 40 35 47 13 47 30 47 40 47 25 to [45 35 I 48 02 45 40 I 47 35 Cape Race do (46 12 1 47 27 to 45 09 :48 09 I 48 24 I 49 to 48 01 I 50 17 [46 08 1 54 33 to 146 33 I 53 09 46 31 53 08 (46 10 I 51 38 to 147 00 [ 52 40 45 01 I 48 46 to l45 11 I 48 15 Cape Race 44 45 I 48 43 44 35 49 00 (45 14 I 48 02 to (45 05 I 48 26 r47 32 I 52 35 to 46 58 I 52 38 to 46 30 I 52 02 I to 51 46 52 02 51 45 47 50 47 51 48 02 48 05 Race Description l46 25 46 31 47 35 45 11 45 19 45 18 45 13 Cape Field ice and numerous growlers. Large patches small broken ice with some larger pieces. Heavy field ice and numerous growlers. Slob ice, all directions. Patches broken field ice. Heavy field ice extending 25 miles In northeast and southwest direction. Scattered field ice. Heavy field ice. [Heavy broken field ice with large dan- I gerous pieces. Broken field ice with numerous large pieces. Slob ice, all directions. Heavy broken field ice. Heavy pack ice as far as can be seen. Field ice and growlers. Heavy broken field ice with numerous large dangerous pieces. Berg. Small berg and 2 growlers. ■Field ice and growlers. Do. Slob ice, south and east. Berg 12 miles south (same as 64). Strings close-packed field ice with numerous large dangerous pieces and growlers. Heavy broken field ice and numerous large pieces as far as can be seen. •Field ice. Berg (same as 64). ,Slob ice and from that position to Cape ' Spear thick ice tight against the land. I Field ice stretching north-northeast as I far as can be seen. Strings slob ice 1 mile. Small berg and growlers. Several small pieces ice. [2 bergs, numerous growlers, broken field ice (same as 86 and 87) . ISIob ice and numerous heavy pieces as I far as can be seen. Berg. Heavy field ice. Berg (same as 87). Berg (same as 86). Growler. Do. Strings slob ice 12 mi! 69 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description Mar. 16 .._do_... -..do.__. .._do.__. _..do._._ Mar. 17 Mar. 18 --do._.. -..do._._ ...do.._. --do.__. ...do.--_ ...do__. Mar. 21 —do,... Mar. 23 Mar. 24 --.do.__. ...do.... ...do ...do..-. ...do Mar. 25 ...do..-. ...do..-. Mar. 26 Mar. 27 ...do ..do ...do..... ...do ...do Mar. 28 ...do ...do..... Mar. 29 ...do Mar. 30 Nova Scotia do Toledo .....do.... Orion Nova Scotia Newfoundland, number Arm.. Newfoundland. Tahoe .....do .....do. Newfoundland. Fort Amherst. Tahoe Emilie Maersk. ..--do Loke.. Tahoe. Bergensfjord. Koenigsherg. Caledonia... Koenigsberg. Kolsnaren... Geraldine and Mary. ....do St. Paul Island radio. Geraldine and Mary. ....do- ...-do- ...-do- ....do- ...-do. ....do- -do. Langleebrook.. Cairnross Liberty Hada County. Olaf Bergh-... Cape Race radio. Beaverbrae. ....do Cape Race radio. Fort Amherst Cape Race radio. 25 51 to |46 05 46 06 44 47 44 57 44 22 45 •M 45 43 46 07 46 03 50 38 51 00 48 18 48 05 48 40 47 44 48 02 46 18 49 55 50 37 48 04 47 53 48 00 ,46 29 I 52 00 f Cape Race to 46 16 45 38 45 45 45 43 f46 16 46 27 44 57 43 50 43 45 44 30 [44 44 40 59 47 1 to [44 44 I 60 03 45 30 I 48 42 to [45 25 49 15 46 00 47 10 [43 22 49 10 to [43 14 I 49 10 43 26 49 12 [47 00 I 47 30 to [47 30 I 46 30 f Cape Spear to 47 22 I 51 00 47 22 51 28 47 22 I 51 00 to 47 20 I 50 34 St Paul Island 47 20 I 50 34 48 19 is 21 48 19 47 if) 47 57 47 50 47 53 47 00 47 17 50 08 49 12 49 52 49 or. 49 19 Cape Race 46 54 46 58 46 58 46 52 46 54 46 53 46 53 [46 44 46 44 42 .50 43 28 43 {)] 43 44 44 35 44 02 43 53 49 01 49 18 Cape Race : 22 I 60 15 Cape Race ■Occasional strings slob ice. Berg. 2 bergs. 2 growlers. Growler. Berg. Growler. 2 growlers. Field ice and dangerous pieces. 5 growlers. Berg. Large ice field containing numerous growlers extending northeast as far as can be seen. [Heavy field ice with numerous heavy I pieces. Slob ice. Growler. Berg. 2 bergs. Many large and small bergs and growlers. Field ice extending north as far as can be seen. [Field ice containing numerous small I bergs and growlers. Field ice containing bergs and growlers either direction. 'Strings slob ice. Growlers. 'Large ice field and berg. •Fields loose and heavy slob ice. 3 bergs. Fields and strings heavy slob ice, 4 bergs and several heavy growlers. Heavy rafted pan ice in all direction with some open water to eastward. Fields heavy open ice and many growlers. Berg. Do. Field ice and berg. Do. Berg. Do. Heavy slob ice and growlers. Growler. Small growlers. Small growler. Do. Heavy field ice extending southeast 25 miles. Heavy field ice close to shore and all directions. Light open ice with several growlers extending northeast to horizon. Large pieces ice and growlers. Heavy ice on horizon all directions. Widely separated strings of field ice. Heavy field ice south and west. 70 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued _do... .do... .do .do..-. Apr. 1 .do..... .do..... .do..... .do..... .do..... .do.... .do..... .do..... -do. .-do-., .--do.-- ...do... ...do... ..do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Apr. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... -do ...do-. ...do.. Apr. ...do. ...do.. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Apr. ...do. ...do- Name of vessel Pontchartrain . Newfoundland... Cape Race radio. Le Jacques-Coeur. Newfoundland. Cape Race radio. St. John's radio.. Newfoundland. ...-do ....do Pontchartrain ....do... ....do -...do ....do ....do ....do -.-.do.. —.do .-..do Cape Race radio. ....do Carolina Thorden. Bilderdijk Pontchartrain ....do Antonia Bilderdijk.... Antonia Cape Race radio... St. John's radio Elack Heron... Dunaff Head... Pontchartrain.. ..-do. ....do ....do ...-do Newfoundland - do Cape Race radio.. Pontchartrain Cape Race radio. Pontchartrain Newfoundland--. Cape Race radio. St. John's radio— Newfoundland-.. Pontchartrain Fort Amherst Cape Race radio. Europe do... Lati- Longi- tude tude 44 20 48 54 , to 144 29 49 02 44 24 48 50 44 21 44 23 to 44 20 I 60 06 Cape Race 45 40 I 54 30 to 45 10 1 55 05 46 16 I 54 04 to ,46 13 I 54 12 Cape Race St. John's Entrance Cape Race to Ferryland Head. Great Island to Cape Spear along New- foundland Coast. 47 01 I 52 38 Great Island 49 35 49 43 49 08 49 05 49 08 49 06 49 09 49 09 49 05 48 57 Cape Race Cape Race 43 31 43 31 43 32 43 34 43 37 43 45 43 57 44 03 44 OS 44 10 42 42 .58 42 57 42 53 43 00 43 05 42 57 Cape Race St. John's Entrance 05 48 50 48 46 48 42 48 56 49 32 43 12 42 58 42 58 43 23 43 22 43 17 20 49 35 49 38 49 07 50 04 49 56 49 44 49 30 Cape Spear to Bay Bulls. Bay Bulls to Ferryland Head. Cape Race 42 53 I 49 07 Cape Race 42 49 I 49 19 46 04 I 54 02 Cape Race St. John's [46 03 I 54 10 to |46 03 I 54 36 42 44 49 32 46 30 1 54 03 Cape Race 44 40 I 49 20 44 29 I 50 16 Description Scattered small growlers. Growler. Berg, same as 130. Scattered field ice. Heavy ice 1 mile off extending to horizon from northeast to westward Heavy field ice extending as far as can be seen to north. Patches slob ice. Heavy field ice all directions. Heavy loose ice close to shore can be seen all directions. Loose broken ice. •Heavy broken ice extending east. 3 bergs (same as 13.5). Berg 2 miles southeast. Berg (same as 136). Growler. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 growlers. Growler. Do. Berg (same as 139). Heavy field ice 2 miles offshore to southward and 10 miles offshore to northeastward. Berg 6 miles northeast (same as 167). Large berg (same as 130). Do. Berg and 2 growlers (same as 130). Large growler. Berg (same as 130). Large growler. Do. Heavy field ice 3 miles offshore. Field ice 3 miles offshore. Small growler. Large growler. Berg and growlers (same as 130). Berg and growler (same as 136). 2 growlers. Growler. Berg (same as 158). Field ice. Growlers on track. Heavy field ice, all directions. Berg and 4 growlers (same as 130) . Heavy field ice, all directions. Berg and 4 growlers (same as 130) . Field ice. Heavy field ice, all directions. Field ice about 5 miles offshore. Heavy field ice containing numerous growlers. 4 growlers (same as 130). Strings loose field ice. Heavy ice, all directions. Large growler. Do. 71 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description .do. ..do. ..do. .do. ..do. -do. ..do ..do- Capc Race radio. Europe Duchess of Richmond. ...do... Pontchartrain Newfoundland ....do... Corner Brook ...do .do. Apr. ...do- ...do. -do. ....do Pontchartrain. _. Corner Brook Cape Race radio. ...do Nova Scotia .do. ...do. ...do. ..do. ..do. Apr. ..do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ..do. ...-do do do Cape Race radio. Nova Scotia ...do Nuolja Nova Scotia. General Greene. Montcalm ...do Cape Race radio. ...do Beaverhill Cape Race radio. Topeka General Greene. Blankaholm ....do ....do ..do... ..do... ..do..... ...do.-... ..do.... ...do..... ...do..... ..do.... .-.do...-. ...do..-.. Apr. 11 ...do..... ..do....- ..do -.-.do ---.do ...do ....do ...do Beaverhill.. - Tahoe Cyril Tahoe Beaverhill... Nova Scotia. ....do --..do ....do Cape Race 44 15 42 55 42 53 42 51 43 38 43 37 46 32 46 15 [46-30 [46 16 46 10 42 40 46 12 50 32 49 30 50 01 49 14 48 06 o 49 00 49 35 49 52 5] 50 Cape Race Cape Race 46 42 I 47 52 46 38 I 48 51 to 46 42 49 03 46 35 48 21 46 34 48 42 46 39 48 44 Cape Race 53 46 47 03 44 30 147 49 47 50 18 14 to 47 20 51 33 47 09 50 55 47 16 51 24 47 22 51 33 to 47 25 I 52 08 47 21 I 51 45 Plat Point, Cape Breton Island to 46 43 I 59 53 44 03 I 49 26 Bird Rock Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape North to and be- yond Scatar- ri Island. Cape Race -.-.do ■44 49 I 59 33 to-- 43 08 44 51 45 45 40 45 37 45 10 ,44 45 I 59 0 Cape Race 50 00 49 10 49 30 53 11 52 52 50 19 50 42 50 36 50 34 50 57 49 35 48 .'52 48 47 50 19 Cape Spear Cape Race .--do |45 12 45 28 45 24 45 1) 45 10 45 26 43 06 45 22 45 09 45 29 47 13 Heavy ice 10 miles east and close in- shore, southwest. Several growlers, 1 large. Several growlers. Growler. 2 growlers (same as 130). Growler. Small growler. 2 bergs. Do. Numerous small growlers and scat- tered pieces. 3 bergs and some growlers. 2 growlers. Large berg. Heavy loose field ice close to shore in all directions. Scattered field ice, all directions. 2 large bergs. •Bergs and growlers. Growlers. Large berg. Small berg. Field ice, all directions. Berg and growlers. Do. Small berg. 'Loose field ice and several growlers. Several growlers. 2 bergs and several growlers. ■Heavy field ice. ^Broken heavy open ice, thence clear water to Cape Ray. 2 growlers. Soft slob and pan ice, 20 miles east. Open water with scattered heavy rafted pan ice all through as far as Anticosti Island, passable during daylight hours. Heavy pieces rafted ice along east coast Cape Breton. Berg and growler, 6 miles east. Growlers 10 miles southeast. } Strings slob ice extending north as far as can be seen. Several large growlers 6 miles south- east. Large growler. Growler. Large berg. Growler. Do. 1-Several growler.^ and pieces of ice. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Large berg. Growler. Berg. Numerous growlers. Small berg, 2 miles east. Growler, 2 miles southeast. 72 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description Apr. 11 ._do __do._..- ..do __do ..do -.do ...do..-. ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do..... .-do...-. --do.—. Apr. 12 ...do-.-.. ...do --do ..do -.do ..-do..... ...do-.... ..do-... ...do-..-. —do ...do...-. ...do—.. ..do .-.do—. ...do--... ...do.--. ..do—.. ...do.—. .-do— -..do—, --do..... ..do— ..do- — --do- Apr. 13 --do— —do— -.do—, .-do.--- -.do.— ..-do— . ...do...- ..-do— . .--do.-.- — do— . .-do -- -.do...- .-do— --do--, .-do—. .--do-... ..-do—. ...do... ...do.--. .-dO-- .-dO— ...do— ...do— ...do—. ...do-- ...do— . -..do.--, -..do.... --.do-. ..-do-.. Nova Scotia ----do Duchess of York. ----do -.-do ---.do -..-do Cape Race radio. Tahoe .--.do ---do Duchess of York- -..-do -..-do ---.do Cape Race radio. Tahoe Shekatika .-.do- ---.do Lotos ...-do Cape Race radio. Tahoe ---.do --..do..-- General Greene. --.-do Lotos ....do -do. General Greene.-. Delilian do do General Greene... Delilian .....do..- do do Cape Raceradio- Tahoe General Greene- . .--.do Delilian Fort Amherst- Windsorwood- ....do ---.do Tahoe Unknown Batory Hammaren General Greene.. ----do Cape Race radio. Tahoe .---do -..-do ----do do do do do Windsorwood.- do -- General Greene- Briarwood do. Cape Race 4,') 31 45 21 45 3S 45 45 45 50 Cape Race 48 57 49 00 49 03 49 03 48 56 48 07 47 05 Cape Race 44 52 45 23 45 12 46 03 46 05 46 17 46 43 48 43 50 29 50 30 50 35 44 55 44 54 48 57 44 53 44 56 47 40 47 28 47 23 44 26 45 54 45 59 45 56 47 38 47 29 Cape Race 48 43 48 45 48 55 49 14 49 29 49 36 49 57 49 34 50 06 49 31 50 02 49 32 49 28 49 50 48 32 49 05 48 54 48 38 Cape Race 48 22 52 03 52 03 48 09 53 29 48 08 48 37 48 49 49 12 49 18 48 -36 Cape Race 47 16 44 58 45 28 45 48 45 46 45 05 46 45 56 46 05 46 06 44 27 46 10 46 13 46 49 46 27 46 17 46 10 46 05 45 57 45 57 45 30 46 27 44 15 43 49 46 57 46 57 45 23 45 21 45 17 45 09 45 07 45 05 44 59 44 44 45 37 45 42 47 16 46 12 46 09 48 34 48 51 48 53 48 43 48 50 48 46 48 48 48 41 50 05 50 24 52 29 48 41 48 49 2 bergs, 8 miles southwest by south. Berg, 18 miles west-southwest. Bergs. 2 bergs. Growler. Berg. Growler. Several bergs and growlers, all direc- tions. Berg (same as 263) . Berg (same as 262). Growler. 2 small bergs. Growler. Berg. Do. Several bergs and growlers and scat- tered ice in all directions. Berg and growler (same as 263) . Berg. Growler. Do. Do. Berg. Several bergs and growlers, all direc- tions. Berg (same as 227). Do. Berg (same as 262) . Growler. Do. Berg. Do. Ipack and slob ice. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Large growler. Berg. Growler. Do. Small berg. Several bergs and growlers, all direc- tions. Berg and growlers (same as 263) . Scattered pieces field ice iu all direc- tions. 2 growlers. Large berg. Large berg (same as 270) . Berg (same as 282). Berg (same as 308). 2 growlers. Growler. Berg and 3 growlers. Large growler. Berg (same as 314). Berg and several growler.^ (same as 235). Growler. Berg. Do. Several bergs and growlers, all direc- tions. Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg (same as 227). Growler (same as 227) . Ber.e (same as 286). Berg. Berg (same as 308). Berg and growler. 73 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 19S8 Apr. 13 -..do.... ..-do__.. ...do.... -..do.... --_do.... ...do Apr. 14 ._.do-.__. ...do..... ...do._... ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do ..do.,... -_.do .-.do ..-do-... Tahoe do Briarwood ---do Cyrus Field ....do do Ducliess of Bedford. Briarwood Daliotian .. — do .do ---do.- Duchess of Bedford- Windsorvvood Talioe ---do Beaverdale Ducliess of Bedford- .do- .do. .--.do ...-do Aurania .--.do Montcalm .... Montgomery City -.-.do ; Briarwood. -do-.. do... -do-., -do... -do... -do... -do... -do... -do .. do... Aurania Duchess of Bedford- Wendover .-.do ..-.do .\urania ---.do Briarwood - Samaria -.-do --.-do Montcalm. - ....do ---.do Beaverdale. .-.-do -.-do .-.-do Duchess of Bedford. Cape Race radio Cyrus Field Unknown - -do Beaverdale. - .-.-do -- ----do — -do --.-do ---.do- Cyrus Field - .-.-do .....do .....do ....do 44 38 44 21 45 49 45 48 46 33 46 48 46 35 46 30 46 T6 46 16 46 07 45 54 44 22 44 19 46 45 46 10 ■f6 12 46 13 46 14 46 45 46 43 46 37 44 10 44 07 46 00 46 03 46 24 46 18 46 32 46 25 45 SO 46 20 46 17 !45 12 46 26 46 25 46 22 46 16 46 17 46 10 46 16 46 12 46 14 46 n 46 20 48 44 48 24 49 39 49 41 53 08 52 52 53 06 48 46 50 03 49 18 51 13 48 56 49 00 49 52 52 55 48 28 48 43 47 25 51 37 51 46 52 on 52 08 52 10 47 52 47 57 47 29 49 26 49 30 52 40 53 02 48 47 52 51 49 30 49 36 50 40 48 54 53 33 48 33 48 36 48 47 48 51 48 47 49 12 49 10 49 20 49 24 49 35 53 33 to 20 I 54 00 Cape Race [47 44 i 52 38 53 00 52 38 52 37 52 32 52 39 52 48 46 to 48 20 47 44 47 22 47 21 47 12 46 07 46 08 52 35 53 05 51 51 51 54 51 53 52 20 52 18 52 30 52 47 52 43 53 01 53 08 53 37 46 22 46 15 46 07 46 12 46 20 •i6 19 46 17 46 18 46 52 -16 49 46 40 46 33 46 29 Growler. Berg: and erowlers (same as 263). Berg (same as 302). Do. 2 hergs. Berg. Growler. Small growler. Growler. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Scattered field ice. Large berg and growlers (same as 263). Berg (same as 262). Small pieces ice. 2 growlers. I Slob and field ice containing scattered ( growlers. Growler. Berg and growlers (same as 238). Growler. Do. Small pieces ice. Growler. 2 growlers. Large area field ice willi numerous small bergs and growlers. Berg and numerous growlers. Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Growler. Several growlers. •Continuous field ice and growlers. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg and pieces. Growler. Berg. [Broken field ice and numerous large I pieces. Several bergs and growlers in vicinity. Loose field ice and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Close packed ice and scattered bergs and growlers. Field ice. Berg and growler. Berg. Growler. Do. Do. Berg (same as 361). Field ice 2 miles east. Berg (same as 324). Berg (same as 325). Berg. Berg. Growler. 74 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Cont inued Lati- Longi- tude tude Description Apr. 15 .._do .... Apr. 16 ...do..... ...do.... ...do.. .. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do... ...do. .. Aurania ...do Cape Race radio. Montcalm do do Aurania.. Montcalm.. ...do ....do ....do Beaverdale. ....do -...do ...do. ...do. ...do ...do- ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .do.... .do.-., .do.... Aurania .--do ---.do Cameronia Fort Amherst. ----do Dorelian Cape Race radio- .\urania Olga Seimers Oernefjell ----do ...-do -...do ....do — .do ....do ---do Cameronia-. . Andania Fort Amherst- GeraldineMary.. do John W. McKay. ...do.... ...do.... ...do... Apr. 17 --.do—- ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do-.- ...do.... ...do.... .-do-... ...do..-. ...do... ...do.-.. Geraldine Mary. do do Cape Raes radio. Andania --..do ....do — .do do do.. Nordnes Cairnvalona Geraldine Mary. do. do ....do .do. ..do- ..do. ..do. ..do. --do- .-do. ..do. .-do- ..do. ....do ....do ..-do ...-do.... ..-do.-.. ..-do.... ...-do.... ..-do.... ....do.... 46 07 51 23 46 06 51 37 Cape Race 46 06 46 08 46 18 46 19 51 37 51 37 52 21 52 40 53 24 53 27 53 31 53 40 46 08 53 05 46 08 53 11 46 15 53 20 45 46 48 44 Cape Race I Cape Pine 46 12 I 48 18 Cape Race 12 I 53 45 14 48 26 48 24 I 49 00 51 15 51 32 47 48 47 43 43 40 38 42 38 45 58 46 27 51 47 51 52 51 hS 52 08 52 09 52 22 48 20 48 16 to 46 12 I 49 02 Cape Pine 47 41 49 00 58 37 49 30 49 43 49 52 Cape Race 53 00 53 10 51 19 53 25 53 33 53 53 48 25 48 45 50 15 47 45 47 35 45 47 47 29 47 34 47 10 46 09 46 13 46 13 46 16 46 14 46 15 47 49 46 05 47 31 47 16 47 18 47 14 47 20 Nordnes Nordlys Cape Race radio. 47 lii 33 19 19 19 31 21 16 27 46 50 43 01 50 57 50 54 50 54 51 30 51 44 51 52 51 55 52 00 49 14 Cape Race Berg. Growler. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg (same as 407). Growler. Strings field ice. Field ice. Do. Several growlers. Do. Do. Field ice. Do. Do. Do. Berg. Berg (same as 395) . Growler. Numerous bergs, growlers, and strings, field ice, all directions. Berg, 10 miles south (same as 270). Large berg. Field ice, 8 miles south. Berg. Berg and growler (same as 263). Field Ice. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. [7 bergs, 6 growlers, (same as 377, 378). 4 bergs south and loose field ice 5 miles offshore. Loose ice and growlers. Growler. Scattered field ice northwest as far as can be seen. Heavy pieces ice. Berg and growlers. Heavy slob ice. Bergs and growlers, vicinity. Field ice extending 20 miles west and north to horizon. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg (same as 395). Berg. Large berg. 3 growlers. 2 growlers. Small berg and pieces. Several growlers, patches of slob ice. Berg. Large berg. I Strings slob ice with bergs and growlers I (same as 431). Growler (same as 432). Large berg (same as 433) . Berg (same as 434). Berg (same as 435) . Small berg (same as 436) . Large berg (same as 437) . Berg (same as 438). Large growler (same as 436"i . Large berg, and several heavy growlers (same as 438). Large berg. Berg and growlers. Several bergs and growlers vicinity. 75 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Apr. ..-flO- ...do. ._,do .__do. .-do. ...do. ..do. ...do- ...do- ...do- ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Apr. ...do. ...do- ...do. ...do ...do. ...do. ...do. .do. Kenbane Head. ....do do. do. -do ..do- -do ..do -do Tahoe ....do Kenbane Head. ....do Balmoralwood.. ....do Nordnes Balmoralwood... Cape Race radio Tahoe Montrose Beaverburn .---do -.-.do TorrHead ...do do .do. Kenbane Head. ....do ....do Montrose . ..do.... Kirnwood .--.do Balmoralwood. .do. Kenbane Head. Montrose ----do .-.do ....do Cape Race radio. Kirnwood .do. Beaverburn. do do ....do do ..-.do do do do do ....do Balmoralwood. Montrose. do-.. Lati- tude 46 23 46 27 46 28 46 30 46 21 46 11 46 09 46 04 46 21 43 1% 43 00 46 04 45 45 46 22 46 02 (46 36 Longi- tude 48 36 48 47 48 56 48 59 48 53 49 10 49 15 49 14 48 59 49 25 49 16 49 29 50 to [46 08 I 49 36 46 14 I 50 42 Cape Race 42 42 49 33 45 2S 50 41 45 27 50 46 45 32 50 38 45 35 50 28 45 35 48 52 45 42 48 44 45 49 48 30 45 35 48 0 59 45 55 48 17 45 45 53 38 45 57 52 32 45 57 45 54 45 55 45 35 45 38 46 31 46 16 45 48 46 02 52 19 52 20 53 03 50 33 50 25 47 40 48 12 52 28 52 44 53 30 53 21 50 30 Cape Race 45 45 I 48 43 45 55 I 48 00 46 02 45 54 45 35 45 38 45 55 45 53 45 45 46 11 46 10 j46 06 l46 18 45 49 45 56 45 54 45 59 45 53 45 58 46 00 46 02 46 04 46 03 46 03 [46 00 49 46 49 42 49 39 49 36 49 29 49 20 49 14 49 12 49 12 49 16 (46 00 53 37 46 02 49 20 46 05 49 11 46 02 49 09 46 05 48 56 46 10 48 47 46 12 48 05 Description growlers north and Berg (same as 440) . Growler (same as 440) . Berg (same as 440). Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 262) . 2 large growlers and pieces. Berg. Do. Do. Small berg. •Bergs. Growler. Several large bergs vicinity. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg and growler. Berg. Scattered ice south. Berg. Field ice and growlers extending north as far as can be seen. Growler. Do. Bere. Do. Numerous growlers. Large berg. •Scattered field ice. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 372) . Berg (same as 440). Berg and numerous growlers (same as 440). Bergs and growlers vicinity. 2 large bergs and numerous growlers (same as 497 and 498) . ■Numerous growlers. Large berg (same as 508) . 2 growlers. •Numerous growlers. Berg. 2 growlers and pieces. 2 growlers. Berg. Growler. Berg (same as 440). Growler. Berg (same as 440) . Do. Berg and pieces (same as 440) . Do. Numerous bergs, growlers, and field ice (same as 450 to 453) . Berg (same as 440). Berg, growler, and 2 pieces (same as 440). Berg and 1 piece (same as 440) . Growler. Do. 2 large bergs. 76 Tabu of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Date Name of vessel 1938 Apr. 18 do Tahoe Balmoralwood do ...do.— do do Montrose ..do-... ...do.... do do do Beaverburn do do - . Apr. 19 Drottingholm do do .- do- do Apr. 20 do Cape Race radio John W. McKay . ...do.-., do do Duchess of Atholl ...do.-.. ...do.-.. ...do.... ...do--- ...dO--.. ...do.... ...do.... do --do'--]--------- do ^--do!-]---------- do do Fanad Head ...do.... do do : Siredal . ...do.--. . do do Apr. 21 do Pontchartrain do ...do.--. do do do Pontchartrain do do Apr. 22 Pontchartrain do Duchess of Atholl do Lido . do Nova Scotia do Gaston Micard do -do-- do do Scythia — do--- — do--- ...dO- — ...do.... .. do do do . do do do do ."-dO-- ...do.... do do do do do "" Liepzig ...do.... . do Pontchartrain -_ ...do .. Apr. 23 Cape Race radio -. do ...do--- do ...do..... - .do.-- do : Cape Race radio Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 42 55 46 11 45 36 45 34 46 25 [46 46 49 49 54 00 49 10 49 32 48 02 48 02 [46 52 I 47 47 46 34 I 48 00 to [46 53 I 47 15 46 13 48 13 46 13 I 48 13 to 47 26 50 18 49 10 49 40 Cape Race ■47 15 I 59 0' to 46 47 I 58 3: 10 I 58 4 |46 28 42 39 44 36 44 08 42 56 42 55 [47 to '46 55 44 52 44 53 44 44 43 44 58 44 49 44 45 45 00 45 04 45 04 43 24 43 23 43 27 58 42 48 37 49 03 49 09 49 09 49 23 49 23 49 28 49 40 49 18 49 40 50 14 49 04 50 51 Cape Race 42 38 I 51 10 [46 43 I 47 35 to l46 37 I 48 00 46 33 I 47 55 Cape Race 42 47 " ' 46 49 43 16 42 53 47 18 46 48 46 29 42 28 45 07 44 42 44 47 51 39 59 03 52 50 53 37 49 10 49 45 49 30 44 41 44 30 Cape Pine Cape Race Bear Cove Light Ferrvland Head 47 11 52 44 45 04 42 56 44 37 44 42 49 44 51 34 49 09 49 39 Cape Race 43 07 46 51 35 51 54 52 08 52 08 to 7 12 I 51 29 Cape Race Berg (same as 262). Berg (same as 454). Growler. 3 growlers. Growler. ■Field ice. I Numerous growlers 12 miles north and I south of course. Berg (same as 508) . ^Numerous growlers. Berg and growlers (same as 262) . Berg. Do. Growler. Large berg (same as 262) . Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. •Field ice. ^Field ice extending to eastward. Small growler. Growler. Do. Small berg. Large growler. 2 small growlers and pieces. Berg. Do. Small berg and 2 growlers. Growlers. Growler. Berg and growlers (same as 263). Berg (same as 262) . Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg (same as 262). ►Numerous growlers and pieces. Low-lying berg. Bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg (same as 262). Berg. Berg (same as 263) . Berg (same as 262). Open field ice. 5 bergs. 5 bergs (same as 441). Growlers. Small berg. Berg. Growler and pieces. Small berg (same as 563) . Berg. Do. Growler. Bergs 7 miles south. Numerous bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg 2 miles south. Berg 3 miles east. Berg. Small bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg (same as 262). Small growler. Small berg. Several bergs, vicinity. Berg (same as 262). Berg and growler. Berg. 12 bergs and numerous growlers (same as 431 to 438). Several bergs and growbrs vicinity. 77 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Lati- Longi- tude tude Description Apr. 23 ..do-..- -.do..-- ..do..-. ._do.--. -.do-..- Nova Scotia. - Ponchartrain, Beaverford... .-_do..-- Apr. 24 ...do.,_. ...do... ._.do.._. ..do_... .-do ._do..-. ..do...- Apr. 25 .do do..-- .do.--- .do .do .do-.- -do.--. -do.... Nova Scotia Qrelhead Cape Race radio. Andania Montcalm. Andania... Montcalm. ..-.do Nova Scotia Ponchartrain Hadrain Manchester Exporter. Cape Race radio Ponchartrain Cairnglen. ..--do..- Unknown ship. Uddeholm Beaverdale. ..-do .-.do .-do..-- ...do..-- ...do..-. ...do ...do ...do...- —do.--- _-.do Apr. 26 ...do ...do ...do ...do..... --.do ...do .-.do..... ...do ...do...-. ...do..... ...do ...do..... ..-do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..-., —do..... ..-do..... ...do.... ...do--... Apr. 27 ...do.-... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ---do-... Sedgepool Duchess of Bedford- Cairnglen Uddeholm Montcalm -.-.do — .do VllleDy's Bockenheim Cape Race radio- Qeraldine Mary do — .do do do.... .- -—do do Beaverdale August Bolten Geraldine Mary do ..-do do -...do General Greene do .....do do do do do Cape Race radio General Greene do Independence Hall- General Greene Duchess of York 47 12 51 29 to 47 00 I 50 40 43 11 51 38 46 43 I 47 to 35 48 00 52 50 52 50 52 55 49 53 49 05 Cape Race 48 09 60 43 48 01 60 35 48 09 60 43 46 37 46 11 46 16 46 14 47 on 45 05 48 07 48 01 47 42 47 13 47 08 42 58 45 03 45 01 Cape 42 58 45 50 45 58 46 00 46 07 46 00 44 51 [48 08 to (47 42 I 60 00 Cape Ray 44 50 I 49 35 Cape Ray 60 14 60 35 59 56 59 15 49 48 49 30 Race 52 10 48 00 48 21 47 53 48 08 49 12 49 39 60 35 45 43 45 35 44 41 46 02 45 52 45 49 44 24 39 20 Cape 46 00 47 17 47 20 47 24 47 28 47 24 46 57 46 53 45 41 42 34 47 03 47 07 47 09 47 06 47 07 47 25 47 23 47 2(4 47 20 47 21 47 20 47 15 Cape 47 05 47 03 4? 15 46 52 46 56 48 33 48 48 50 02 48 17 48 20 48 14 49 50 49 53 Race 48 25 52 14 52 06 52 06 52 00 51 55 51 04 50 52 51 04 50 40 48 40 47 50 47 48 47 38 47 33 52 08 52 08 51 57 51 55 51 50 51 41 51 40 Race 51 26 51 24 52 31 50 26 48 02 Scattered pieces heavy ice and growlers north and south of track. Berg (same as 262). ■Numerous growlers and pieces. Berg and growler. Berg. String of bergs, growlers, and pieces extending north and south. Small bergs. Berg. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Heavy field ice extending liorth and south. Field ice. Several strings heavy field ice. >Field ice. Field ice extending 10 miles. Large growler. Berg (same as 262) . Berg and growlers (same as 584). Berg (same as 583). Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg (same as 261) . Berg and growler. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Growler. Berg. >Field ice. Field ice 15 miles south extending east and .west 17 miles. Growler. Field ice 10 miles south extending to longitude 59-00 west. Berg. Do. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Growler. Driving beam. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg (same as 639). Berg. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. 3 growlers. Growler. Do. Growler (same as 263). Growler. Large growlers. Growler. Small berg and growler. Growler. Do. 2 growlers. Small berg. Growler. Do. 3 small bergs. Berg. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Large growler. Growler. Berg (same as 262) . Berg rnd growler. Growler. 78 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued No. Date Apr. 27 ..do.— ..do-... ..do.... ..do.— ..do...- _.do.... ._do_... ..do.... ..do...- .do- ...do.... ...do...- ...do..... ...do.... ...do.... Apr. 28 ..do ..do..... ..do-.... ..do— .. .-do.... ..do.... ..do—-. ..do- — . Apr. 29 ..do ..do...-. ..do — -.do-... ..do..... ..do---, -.do--..- __do- --do. ..do. ..do- -.do. ..do. --do- Apr, -do- ..do- ..do.._. --do.... ..do..- --do— May 1 -do- .-do- ..do. -do. .-do- May -.do. -.do-, -do.. ._do_. .-do.. ..do.. May Newfoundland... -..-do .-..do-. ....do General Greene... Pontchartrain Duchess of York. ...-do .—do .—do Newfoundland. .do. do Fort Amherst ---.do Duchess of York. do Cape Race radio. Brant County Newfoundland... --.-do Beaverbrae - - do Antonio -- _-. Gripsholm Pontchartrain Corinthia -- Montreal City... . --do Cape Race radio. Dux Carmellfjell Montreal City. Sularia Carmelfjell- Sularia Pontchartrain - .-do Montreal City... -.--do ---.do Cape Race radio- Pontchartrain Fort Amherst - Newfoundland. Brosund .---do Newfoundland. -do. ---do..- --.-do Brosund Blairspey Cape Race radio. Beaverford - ..do Huntingdon Pontchartrain Cairn valona -.-do- Cape Race radio. Lati- Longi- tude tude 46 46 46 44 48 03 47 46 48 00 48 18 48 28 49 26 50 45 48 21 48 30 48 51 49 00 48 49 47 52 47 40 46 34 46 34 46 16 46 20 45 34 47 44 47 40 45 57 45 52 46 40 42 36 42 06 44 45 45 25 45 30 47 52 I 49 02 47 55 50 05 47 53 I 50 07 50 20 50 40 53 53 54 00 50 16 50 36 Cape Race ■ 51 16 51 25 51 57 49 52 50 02 47 20 50 50 5> 09 50 07 51 10 51 14 Cape Race 44 52 50 19 48 20 50 00 45 31 48 49 46 35 48 17 f48 20 I 50 00 51 35 49 49 51 01 51 13 48 24 48 15 Caps Race 42 37 I 51 22 ■ Cape Spear to ,46 30 I 53 50 Cape Race f Cape Spear to Bull Head 46 15 I 46 49 45 .50 I 47 15 Witless Bay (Ferryland Head to Cape Ballard f Cape Ballard to I Cape Race Cape Race 46 34 I 53 32 44 18 49 28 45 08 I 48 50 Cape Race 47 50 45 58 42 38 41 50 45 44 45 44 45 47 45 51 51 24 45 .39 51 09 45 13 4H 05 43 04 51 37 45 14 49 04 45 24 48 54 Cape Race Description Berg. 2 growlers. Small berg. Growler. Do. Berg (same as 263). Berg. Do. Do. Do. ^Numerous growlers. Berg. Numerous growlers. 3 bergs and 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Large berg. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 263). Berg (same as 262). Berg. Growler. Berg (same as 693). Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg (same as 638) . Numerous bergs and growlers as far as can be seen. Berg (same as 637). Berg (same as 680). ■Numerous bergs, growlers, and field ice. Growler. Berg (same as 263). Large growler. 2 bergs, 3 growlers. Small berg. Berg. Bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg (same as 263). 38 bergs along Newfoundland coast. Numerous growlers southwest. 6 bergs offshore and 4 bergs aground, close in. Large growler. Do. 3 large bergs. y7 bergs. ►6 bergs. Berg 9 miles south-southwest. Berg. Growler. Berg. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg. Berg (same as 693). Berg and 2 growlers. Berg and growler (same as 263). Berg. Berg. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description 19SS May 3 _..do____. —do _..do._ — ...do—.. ...do ...do..... ...do..... May 4 ...do..... ...do...-. ...do... ...do..... ...do..-.. ...do..... ...do..-. ...do..-.. ...do.-... .--do...- — do.-.. ...do.... ...do...- ...do..... .. do... . May 5 ...do ...do.--. .-.do... --do. — . -do..-. ...do.... ...do...- ...do... ...do... ...do.... ...do. .. ...do..-. ...do..... ...do— - -.do.—. ..-do-... .-.dO-.- May 6 ...do... .--do.-., -.-do---. ...do...- ...do-.... -.-do.... ...do...- ...do-.. ...do.... ...do..-. ..-do.... -.do.... .. do.... May 7 -.-do---, .-.do ... ...do ... .-.do.-- -..do. .-. ...do.... ...do.— ...do...- ..-do... ...do...- --.do.-. ...do-... ...do... ...do... ..-do... ..-do- — ...do.... ..do.-. ...do.... Pontchartrain Norwegian ....do --..do ----do ....do Windsorwood.-- -...do Cape Race radio - Tahoe Dakotian DunafE Head ----do Brookwood ...-do DunaflHead Briarwood do. Grey County. Norwegian... .-.-do .—do — -do ...-do Cape Race radio. Beaverhill --..do Inga I Willemsplein. Themisto Willemsplein. ..--do Alchiba Ausonia VilleDy's... Tahoe do Beaverhill... Alchiba Inga I Uranienborg. Beaverhill Cape Race radio. Montclare Blairmore Leipzig Blairnevis --do ...do Juno ...-do- Letitia. do.. Tahoe Juno Tahoe Balmoralwood. .-..do Cape Race radio. Topdalsfjord Cairnesk — --do do McKeesport Nevada do. Liberty ...do Balmoralwood. Blairnevis ----do ---.do 43 31 48 01 47 54 47 57 47 59 47 57 45 30 45 30 48 55 10 55 Cape Race 51 48 47 47 50 48 48 49 02 48 38 49 04 49 06 48 09 48 54 50 39 51 12 52 15 52 39 Cape Race 43 28 45 10 45 12 45 12 45 23 45 15 45 10 45 15 45 Ofi 45 00 47 38 47 11 47 '?.] ■\r, 41 46 37 07 04 51 [49 20 (49 30 45 09 48 17 48 14 46 45 44 58 44 49 44 04 36 47 48 48 51 49 40 49 08 48 30 51 30 48 04 44 I 49 55 I 51 44 58 47 20 45 08 48 10 48 02 47 57 48 31 48 21 48 17 45 06 45 03 45 59 48 10 45 13 45 16 45 26 50 20 48 10 48 August Hazelside. ..-.do 00 19 48 55 49 12 49 19 "■48 40 48 44 48 02 49 34 48 48 48 50 48 37 Cape Race 46 29 48 51 49 20 49 40 51 12 48 38 48 54 48 46 48 55 48 08 52 00 52 16 52 30 50 00 48 48 48 54 46 50 49 01 48 47 48 40 43 05 44 57 45 17 45 16 45 15 45 38 46 33 46 28 46 29 44 45 45 13 45 14 Berg and growler. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Do. Berg. Berg and 2 growlers. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg and growler (same as 263). Berg (same as 744). Berg (same as 745) . Growler (same as 745). Berg. Do. 2 small growlers. Berg (same as 752). 5 growlers. Berg (same as 745). Berg. Large berg. Large berg and growler. Berg. Do. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg. Growler. Berg. ■Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 745) . Small berg (same as 733). Growler. Do. Berg. Small berg. Large growler. ■18 large bergs. Berg (same as 639) . Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Small berg. 2 large bergs and 2 growlers. Berg. 2 bergs (same as 778) . Berg (same as 778). 3 bergs (same as 778). 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 751). Berg. Berg (same as 763). Berg. Do. Berg. Berg. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg. Berg (same as 766) . 2 bergs (same as 760) . Berg (same as 766). Berg (same as 263). Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 790^. Berg (same as 791). Berg (same as 763). Berg (same as 761). Growler. Berg (same as 760). Berg (same as 781). Berg f same as 790). Berg (same as 791). 80 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued 1938 May 7 .--do ...do._... ...do--.. .._do-_._ _..do,-. . _do_ — . -do —do..— ...do—.. ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..-.. ...do..... ...do..-.. May 8 ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do —do.—. ...do ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do -do..... .do .do .do..... .do -do....- .do..... .do..... ...do.... ...do..... ...do..-. ...do.... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... .-do ...do..... ...do..... —do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do... ...do..-. ...do..... ...do.... May 9 ...do..-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... Name of vessel Colytto do Topdalsfjord... do Balmoralwood. do ....do Tahoe. Blairnevis do .....do do Colytto General Greene.. Haugarland do Cape Race radio. Colytto Roekpool Manaqui Hindpool Aequitas Hellen do.... Rookpool Hindpool Colytto Pajaia Cairnglen — ..do ---do — ..do .....do --.-do Kurdistan Christian Bors. ....do Winsterswyk- Duchess of York. do Hindpool Hellen Pikepool do Duchess of York. do do --.-do --..do --.-do — -do do Cairnglen do ...do -—do do. ..-.do Cape Raceradio- Duchess of York. --.do do ....do Tahoe Winterswyk -do. Andania do —do do Duchess of York. — do do —do do Lati- Longi- tude tude 47 42 47 37 45 56 46 00 46 09 44 54 46 30 46 23 46 29 46 26 47 27 43 32 48 32 48 57 48 54 47 40 48 39 52 50 53 09 53 28 53 30 48 48 51 21 48 57 49 15 Cape Race 45 30 48 39 46 45 46 00 45 58 45 15 48 10 47 14 46 07 46 35 46 35 46 34 48 14 48 25 53 30 49 49 47 21 52 45 52 28 48 52 51 17 49 35 45 46 08 46 06 f48 38 (48 09 46 34 46 32 46 28 47 55 45 45 47 00 47 00 46 34 46 18 46 32 46 40 46 45 46 39 46 46 46 53 Cape Race do. do. 46 44 I 52 K 46 47 52 50 46 56 I 52 27 Cape Race 53 43 54 40 54 33 53 28 53 18 53 11 46 22 47 37 47 51 49 02 49 29 53 45 53 38 53 34 52 15 51 03 46 45 47 10 53 32 53 16 53 10 53 01 52 51 52 46 52 49 52 24 47 19 48 20 48 09 48 01 43 26 46 13 148 34 46 06 46 17 46 21 48 06 48 15 48 12 48 17 48 21 51 05 50 54 49 03 49 03 51 18 51 12 52 14 52 13 .52 01 52 01 48 57 48 46 48 32 48 14 48 16 Description Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Do. Berg. Growler. Berg (same as 718). Several growlers (same as 718). Berg (same as 718). 2 bergs (same as 718). 2 bergs (same as 757) . Berg (same as 263). 4 bergs. Berg. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg. Berg and growler. Berg (same as 718). 2 bergs and growlers (same as 766) . Growler. Berg. Do. Do. 3 bergs (same as 768 and 769) . Bers. 2 bergs (same as 816 and 820) . Berg (same as 718) . Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 798). Berg (same as 816). Berg (same as 820). 4 bergs and several growlers ("same as * 828). Berg (same as 718). Do! Growler. Berg (same as 639). Berg (same as 782). Do. Berg (same as 718). Do. Do. Growler. Do. Berg and growler (same as 718). Do. Growler. Small berg and several growlers, close inshore. Small berg, 1 mile south-southwest . Berg 2 miles east. Berg and pieces. Berg. Growler. Several bergs and growlers vicinity. Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Berg. Berg. ■Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg (same as 760). Growler. Berg (same as 837). Berg (same as 761). 2 growlers. Growler. Berg and pieces. 81 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Lati- Longi- tude tude Description May .._do.. ...do... ...do- ...do.. Duchess of York. do .....do .....do ..-.-do Cairnglen do. Kurdistan General Greene. Christian Bors.. .....do Cairnglen do ...do—.. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .... ...do-.... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do..-. ...do..... ...do. ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do-... ...do ...do ...do ...do..... ...do May 10 ..do ...do... ...do ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do.— ...do ...do .-do..... ...do ...do ...do..... ...do..— -do... -do... ..do... -do... ..do... -do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... Cairnglen General Greene. .^ugvald Newfoundland- . -...do do Cairnglen do ....do ..-do -.-do do Newfoundland- . Cairnglen Wint.erswyk Ainderby Pikepool Afghanistan .--.do — -do do do Newfoundland -- Beaverbrae ...do Pikepool Cape Race radio. Manaqui Haugerland Consuelo Spaarndam Tahoe Haugerland . ..do- — Spaarndam do ....do Ovington Court . do Vestland Haugarland. Spaarndam. do --..do ...-do do ...-do do do ...-do- do- May 11 .-do — -. do .--.do Ovington Court- Newfoundland - 48 20 48 23 48 25 48 22 48 33 47 51 48 00 40 13 47 22 47 51 48 00 46 27 48 04 47 58 47 49 51 03 51 03 50 50 53 30 53 19 53 20 53 13 53 08 49 09 to 49 44 52 30 48 51 53 20 53 17 52 50 50 20 50 04 50 00 49 00 49 54 49 38 52 33 49 26 52 33 51 15 50 04 48 12 48 30 48 33 48 55 49 39 Spear 48 02 47 58 50 16 Cape Race " "' 53 30 52 05 45 42 51 20 51 12 52 53 52 34 52 21 49 54 51 00 46 12 51 10 52 10 51 47 51 48 51 46 51 45 47 25 I 52 25 48 07 50 35 48 00 I 50 42 148 15 47 28 45 05 46 29 46 30 46 49 48 17 48 26 48 28 48 29 48 32 48 37 47 22 48 42 46 06 47 25 45 55 48 24 48 19 48 16 48 06 47 42 Cape 46 02 46 (16 45 52 45 30 48 00 47 47 47 46 46 21 45 11 48 (19 48 12 46 13 4(i 10 46 00 48 54 47 46 47 16 :48 12 48 32 46 00 46 09 46 00 45 59 46 06 46 13 46 OS 46 04 46 06 46 06 46 09 47 41 Growler. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Do. Do. Do Berg. Berg (same as 718). Do. Do. Do. Do. U large bergs and .growlers (same as 828). Berg. Berg (same as 791). Berg (same as 718). Do." Berg. Two bergs (same as 766). 7 growlers. Growler. Berg (same as 766). 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 837). Berg and growlers. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. 5 bergs. Berg. 2 ber«s vicinity. Berg (same as 816). Growler (same as 820). Growler. Several bergs and growlers vie nity. Berg. 3 bergs and 6 growlers. Berg. Berg and growler (same as 902). 2 growlers. Berg (same as 791). 3 bergs and 2 growlers (same as 769). Berg and 3 growlers (same as 768). Berg (same as 718). Growler. Berg (same OS 837). 2 bergs. Berg (same as 902). Berg (same as 798). •15 bergs and 10 growlers. Berg (same as 837). Growler. Do. Growler. 3 growlers. Growler. 2 growlers. 4 growlers. Growler. 4 bergs within radius of S miles. •8 bergs. 82 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description May 11 .. do-— ...do ...do...... ...do.—. ...do ...do -do- ...do. ...do. ...do- ..-do. ...do. ...do. ..do.... ..do—. ..do— ..do.-., -.do— - ..do.... ..do..-. ..do.... ..do-... ..do..- ..do.-.. ..do.... ..do... .-do.... ..do.... ..do.— ..do—, -do.— ..do— - ..do...- May 12 —do—.. .--do ...do ...do ...do ...do .-do -.-do-...- -do. — . ...do ..-do..... ...do..... ...do.—, .-do-... ...do..... ...do ...do.—. ...do ...do-... ..-do..... ...do..— ...do..-. ...do ...do..... Newfoundland. Nova Scotia do do do do do .do Newfoundl: do do do do New York City. Nova Scotia do do do do Cape Race radio. Waziristan Kafiristan Consuelo do Corinthia do Duchess of Bedford. do Sonja Consuelo do Spaarndam Sonja.... Belle Isle radio New York City do do do do do do Cape Race radio Duchess of Bedford. Anadania Now York City Beaverburn Boston City do do do .... do Tahoe Caledonia do E. M. Dalgas--.. Cape Race radio. New York City.. do do Uddeholm Boston City Beaverburn Alaunia do Ovington Court. St. John's radio.. Boston City Samaria Montcalm Manchester Port. do... do 48 02 48 57 48 55 48 40 48 39 48 35 48 39 148 54 48 31 48 17 48 20 4H Ifi 48 32 48 35 [46 22 [46 5 48 25 48 12 48 15 48 12 48 11 Cape 45 52 47 17 45 49 45 50 46 24 46 28 46 56 46 54 47 17 45 59 46 OS 46 07 46 24 46 54 46 43 46 53 46 50 46 53 46 56 46 50 50 36 49 05 48 58 49 31 49 41 49 48 50 10 49 09 50 16 50 10 49 55 49 40 49 30 49 10 52 34 53 35 50 47 50 48 50 59 51 10 51 24 Race 50 10 45 57 51 29 51 44 47 12 47 10 47 20 47 21 45 57 52 40 53 12 46 56 47 56 51 14 51 19 51 05 50 55 50 54 50 53 50 22 Cape Race ' 52 21 47 00 48 19 48 08 46 53 47 01 47 21 48 28 48 34 50 59 50 13 50 55 48 18 Cape Race 46 10 47 22 47 40 47 47 48 13 48 22 48 06 47 58 47 54 43 12 45 38 45 28 44 35 47 45 47 58 47 54 47 20 47 53 47 50 46 32 53 14 46 32 47 45 47 10 46 58 46 56 48 29 to 53 56 49 14 50 03 45 44 45 58 51 28 St. John's Entrance 50 00 46 00 46 02 46 48 46 48 47 02 47 20 47 00 46 55 47 33 47 25 47 22 Growler. Berti. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. >Numerous growlers both sides of track. Berg and growler. 2 bergs and 4 growlers. 2 bergs and 3 growlers. Berg. 2 bergs and 10 growlers. ^Scattered bergs north and south. 2 bergs and growlers (same as 949). Berg (same as 949). Growler (same as 949). Berg (same as 949). 3 bcr?s (.same as 949). Several bergs and growlers vicinitv. Berg. Berg and growler (same as 798). 2 growlers. 2 bergs (same as 952 and 953). Berg (^same as 782). Do. Berg. Do. Berg and growler (same as 798). Growler. Berg. Do. Berg and growler. Small string ice northwest close to Labrador coast. Heavy close packed ice 5 to 7 miles southeast. Berg. Growler. Berg. Berg and growlers. 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Several bergs and growlers vicinity. Growler. Berg and growlers. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. 2 large growlers. Growler. Do. Berg (same as 791). Several bergs and growlers vicinity. Berg (same as 1010). Berg (same as 894). Berg (same as 893). >Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 929). Growler. Berg and growlers (same as 993). Berg. Berg. Berg. Berg (same as 1028). Large berg. Berg (same as 937). Growler. Do. 83 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 1938 May 12 .do. ...do..... ...do..... ...do...-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... May 13 ...do ...do..-.. ...do ...do..... ...do ...do..... .--do—.. ...do ...do.—. ...do..-.. ...do.... ...do..-. ...do..... ...do ...do ...do. ... ...do ...do..... ...do-.... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..— ...do— ...do .-.do—.. ...do.— . ...do ...do.— - ...do ...do..... ...do ...do-...- ...do ..do May 14 ..do ...do ...do ...do..— ...do...-. ...do..... ...do..-.. ...do .-.do .-do— . ...do...- ...do ...do Manctiester Port.. Alaunia... Uddeholm. Manchester Port. Samaria -...do Cape Race radio.. Newton Ash Tahoe Boston City. Uddeholm Tahoe Anadania DeliMan do Brynhiid Anadania Flint 2 ..-.do -..-do -.--do do Lista do do Ovington Court. do Brynhild Belle Isle radio- - do Flint 2 do Jean L. D — ..do Montcalm Lurigethan ....do ...do .-..do ----do Uddeholm ...do Jean L. D --..do --..do- --- .-..do Graeia Pencarrow Peterston do -..-do Brynhild Belle Isle radio. .do- Fort Townsend. -..-do ...do Ardanbhan Nova Scotia . ..do Montclare Pengreep Jean L. D. Tahoe Pengreep Canadian cruiser. Nova Scotia .--.do -...do.-.. 15 47 05 13 47 30 to |47 10 46 30 46 44 46 20 47 06 46 13 46 07 Cape Race 45 41 I 53 10 43 55 4S 41 [47 20 I 50 12 I to 51 01 51 08 51 07 53 08 53 25 46 23 52 20 49 00 49 36 49 50 50 03 50 05 53 40 53 12 52 41 50 50 50 41 46 46 Belle Isle Red Bay 47 03 47 15 44 14 46 14 46 17 46 17 46 06 46 14 47 54 47 43 47 35 47 40 47 32 46 10 46 09 46 18 48 38 48 43 45 35 47 32 47 28 47 55 47 52 47 51 46 10 48 20 48 10 48 SO 47 50 47 53 47 45 48 00 47 09 47 08 47 19 46 57 43 31 46 18 47 48 47 41 47 37 44 46 North Chan nel, Belle Isle Red Bay, Labrador 52 59 53 36 54 01 47 34 52 40 52 31 50 29 53 18 Cape Race to 53 50 48 28 50 00 48 35 52 40 52 55 Cape Race 50 27 50 37 47 25 48 25 48 30 52 26 50 15 50 25 48 54 49 23 50 35 51 52 31 02 48 40 ■49 00 49 15 48 22 46 35 46 29 46 22 47 30 47 06 47 04 45 40 45 52 '46 34 44 12 45 53 47 45 46 50 46 44 Berg. ^Berg and 7 growlers. Berg (same as 991). Berg. Berg (same as 972). Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 782) . Do. Several bergs and growlers vicinity. Growler. Berg (same as 791). ^2 bergs and 4 growlers. Berg (same as 902). Berg. Berg. Berg (same as 1024). Berg and growler (same as 1024). Berg (same as 996) . Growler. Do. Do. Berg (same as 963). 3 growlers. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 995). 7 growlers. 10 bergs and numerous growlers. 4 bergs and several growlers. Growler. Strings loose ice 10 miles west. Heavy open ice. Berg (same as 1048). Berg and growler, (same as 1048). Berg and growlers. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1056). 3 bergs and 8 growlers. Berg and several growlers. Berg. Do. 3 bergs. 3 bergs and growlers. Berg and scattered growlers. Berg. 2 bergs. 4 growlers. Berg (same as 961). Can buoy. Berg (same as 991). 2 hergs (same as 1072 and 1073). Berg. Do. Do. Much heavy open ice. Heavy ice all directions. Berg and growler (same as 1040). Berg (same as 1024). Berg and growlers (same as 1024). Growler. Berg (same as 930) . Do. Growler. Do. Numerous bergs. Berg (same as 1050). Growler. Berg (same as 1073). Berg and 2 growlers (same as 962). Berg (same as 962). 3 bergs and 4 growlers (same as 962). 84 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Lati- Longi- tude tude Description May 14 ___do— . ,..do__.. ._.do— - _.do.— May 15 .._do_— __.do- — .._do-— ._.do_... ._.do._.. ...do-— . .__do.-.. ._.do_-- .._do.— . ...do_._- .._do.... _..do._-.. ...do..... ..-do-._- ...do-.- ...do.-.. ...do-— ._do_.... ...do—.. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do... Ragna Gorthon do do Melmore Head ...do Nova Scotia Cape Race radio Coryton Emilie Maersk...i Tahoe Middleton Thirlby . California Saeremento Valley Belle Isle radio Zurichmoor Melmore Head Emilie Maersk --.do Cairnmona do ....do do Melmore Head. __ Manchester Regiment. Thirlby do do. do. do. May 16 ...do.... ...do.— ...do-.... ...do..-. ...do ...do ...do..-. ...do-.... ...do—. ...do...-. —do..... Ragna Gorthon Cape Race radio Pengreep Herma Gorthon Manchester Regiment. Ausonia Duchess of Richmond. ...do Belle Isle radio --.do -.-do -do. ...do-... -.do---. May 17 .--do..-, .--do-.-. ...do.... _..do_... —do.-.. ...do.... ...do.... ...do-... ...do.-.. ...do-.... ...do-... ...do.... ...do--- May 18 .--do-... ...do--- .-.do ...do..... Newton Beach Manchester Regiment- Cape Race radio Wearpool Saeremento Valley Herma Gorthon -.--do Reedpool.. --.-do ....do ....do ....do -.-do ...-do ....do --..do Cape Race radio Roseburn Blairspey Belle Isle radio -do- ....do Jan Letitia Mormacsun Cedrington Court. -...do do —..do .. Sedgepool 46 54 46 49 46 42 46 55 47 II 47 35 49 14 49 IS 53 44 Cape Race ' "^ 48 30 47 13 48 57 50 41 50 30 47 34 47 13 North Channel 48 12 48 20 46 05 45 23 43 27 45 41 48 00 46 23 46 34 47 45 47 48 45 31 45 21 47 29 47 29 47 13 47 08 47 10 46 01 47 55 47 51 47 45 47 47 47 43 45 47 50 31 51 07 52 45 50 38 50 45 50 54 51 00 51 02 53 07 46 25 45 55 47 00 45 37 46 57 47 01 Cape Race 45 48 47 46 47 22 50 55 47 09 46 52 North Channel Red Bay Belle Isle 47 19 46 36 47 04 I 47 10 Cape Race " 53 23 53 24 52 13 52 27 49 22 49 30 4fi 10 46 07 45 47 45 49 48 18 48 16 48 08 48 07 48 04 47 54 47 47 47 19 46 52 49 56 50 16 Cedrington Court. Sedgepool Duchess of Atholl. Cape Race 45 30 I 51 35 45 35 I 53 00 Straits of Belle Isle Red Bay 49 00 46 41 50 04 52 13 46 42 44 10 47 01 41 49 IR 48 54 48 53 48 52 45 50 48 45 45 52 47 33 Berg (same as 1008). Do. Berg (same as 1042). 2 growlers. Berg and growlers. Growler. Several bergs and growler.s, vicinity. 2 bergs. Growler. Berg (same as 791). Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 1042). Berg (same as 1038). Slob and broken ice. Growler. 4 bergs (same as 1078 and 1079). Berg (same as 782). Do. Berg (same as 1048). Do. Growler. Berg (same as 902). Berg and growler (same as 930). Growler. Berg (same as 1079) . Growler. Berg (same as 1079). Berg and growlers (same as 1078). Growler. Do. Several bergs, vicinity. Berg (same as 993). Berg (same as 991). Berg (same as 937). Growler. Do. Berg. Loose heavy ice. Medium heavy ice all direction.s. Numerous bergs extending 50 miles ENE. Scattered heavy ice extending 125 miles east-northeast. Berg (same as 937). Do. Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Growler. Berg and growler (same as 1158). Berg. Do Growler. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg (.same as 961). Several bergs and growlers vicinity. 2 large bergs (same as 952-953). Growler. Scattered broken ice all directions close on Labrador Coast to Point Amour. FUled with heavy ice. Close-packed ice all directions. Growler. Latrge growler., Berg and growler (same as 1050). 2 growlers. Large berg. Berg and growler. Berg. Berg and several growlers (same as 1157). 3 bergs and several growlers. Berg and growler (same as 1150). 2 growlers. 85 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 19S8 May 19 -do---. -do-_-. ..-do.... -do..-. -do---. -do-.-, -do-... -do-.... -do-... -do.--, -do---. -do.--. -do.--, -do-.- -do.... -do..-, -do--., -do--.. Cape Race radio- St. John's radio- Kalo Kirkplein do do Bengore Head- do_- do . — do-. -..do- .-.-do- do .-.do Duchess of Atholl- - — do Beaverdale Belle Isle radio do do Beaverdale. Beaverdale. do Kalo Kenbane Head. do Athenia Scythia do- City of Hankow. Kirkplein do . -.do --.-do --..do ..--do ....do ....do ....do Korsholm .-..do ....do .-..do Wearpool Beaverdale .-.do do do ...-do .—do do Prinz Mauritz... City of Hankow- do Kenbane Head- ...-do Scythia do -.-do ....do Korsholm - -...do ..-do do Scythia Beaverdale - do do do. Maplewood--- Bengor Head. do do 46 48 15 31 37 4« 27 35 48 12 47 58 47 5fi 47 58 47 54 47 37 47 30 47 35 4S 4fi 45 48 47 54 Belle 1 1 Cape Race St. John's Bay ■" '" 51 46 49 30 49 39 50 00 50 00 48 46 49 59 50 03 50 17 50 20 50 22 52 30 52 40 47 24 Point .\mour Red Bay 47 57 I 47 50 47 45 47 55 47 57 I 47 58 Cape Spear to Bull Head. 52 38 52 27 52 06 46 53 47 12 46 36 50 16 50 19 50 25 50 36 50 45 50 56 51 01 50 58 51 03 45 45 39 41 46 04 46 20 46 12 46 20 48 24 48 18 48 29 48 19 48 17 48 20 48 21 48 07 48 19 46 17 46 13 46 12 46 07 46 29 47 45 47 41 47 38 47 48 47 46 47 21 47 26 46 20 46 07 46 08 45 48 45 44 45 58 45 57 45 52 45 51 45 55 46 03 46 00 45 40 45 39 47 33 47 20 47 18 47 00 46 07 47 U 47 1,0 46 45 46 40 45 58 46 00 46 11 46 20 47 10 47 09 47 12 47 27 45 38 48 18 48 28 48 30 48 47 48 50 48 56 47 42 47 42 47 47 47 45 47 53 48 01 48 26 48 17 49 36 49 37 49 39 50 06 46 58 50 50 51 10 51 45 51 §7 47 52 47 48 47 12 46 53 Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Berg aground. 2 large growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg. Berg (same as 1160). Berg (same as 1161). Berg (same as 1162). Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 1163). Berg (same as 1164). Berg (same as 1156). Berg (same as 1157). Growler. North Channel full of broken ice and scattered ice to south and southwest as far as can be seen. Heavy close-packed ice everywhere. Close-packed ice everywhere. Berg. Do. Do. 8 bergs and 10 growlers 10 miles off. Berg (same as 1156). Berg (sams as 1157). 2 bergs and growler. Berg (same as 1146). Berg and 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Berg. Do. 2 growlers. Berg. Growler. Berg. . Do. Growler. Berg (same as 1146). Growler. Do. Berg (same as 1217). Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg (same as 1042). Berg (same as 1146). Berg (same as 1219). Berg. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1241). 2 bergs (same as 1242). Growler (same as 1243). Berg and growler (same as 1244). Berg and growler. Berg. Growler. 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. 2 small bergs and growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 961). Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Do. 86 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 19S8 May 20 .__do ...do..— ...do....- ...do..... ...do ...do Cape Race radio. East Wales Beaverdale -...do ....do ....do ....do Maplewood. ..--do ----do Sedge pooL.. Topdalsfjord. Bengore Head. Manchester Commerce. Aurania ....do . ....do ....do ....do ...-do Beaverdale ....do ....do ....do .-..do ...do Kenbane Head Manchester Commerce. ----do-. Dorelian East Wales ....do .do. .do. -do.... .do-... .do.... .do.... .do.... Dorelia ....do. -...do- ....do. ...-do. -do -do -do -do .do .do .do..... ..do.-... .do -do .do..... .do .do .do .do..... .do..... .do..... .do..-.. .do .do..... -do -do..... .do ...do..... .do .do..... -do..... ...do ...do May 21 ...do ----do Sedgepool ---.do - - do Prinz Mauritz ----do Aurania ...do ---do ...do ...do ...do -..do -..do Dorelian .-.-do ....do ....do -...do Svend Pii Kerkplein ....do..-- ....do-- ....do..-. ....do.... .-..do.-.. do.... ....do.... do.... Zonnewyk Belle Isle radio. Cape Race 46 24 51 44 51 47 51 53 53 00 Ferryland Head to Cape Race 45 57 4fi 44 46 35 46 37 46 37 45 44 45 40 45 50 45 45 45 38 47 33 47 40 47 43 47 45 52 36 Cape Race to Cape Pine. 47 20 48 34 48 59 49 01 49 23 49 25 49 32 53 11 53 19 53 29 53 31 53 36 48 20 46 47 47 40 47 40 48 24 48 53 48 59 49 13 49 26 49 33 46 35 48 02 47 51 47 51 47 56 47 36 47 37 46 33 46 33 46 31 46 30 46 32 46 38 46 25 46 32 46 25 48 03 45 49 45 36 ■45 36. 45 36' 47 45 47 45 47 34 47 34 47 38 47 27 45 55 46 00 46 10 45 41 45 35 47 32 47 49 47 48 47 40 47 39 47 26 47 30 47 14 47 24 47 26 47 18 47 32 47 14 46 11 47 50 47 49 47 47 47 42 47 53 47 59 47 54 48 (15 48 04 45 37 46 55 46 40 46 15 52 34 52 43 49 34 49 45 49 55 50 02 50 11 50 10 50 22 50 20 49 52 50 14 50 17 50 26 50 33 46 23 52 50 52 44 52 32 52 33 52 29 52 17 52 04 52 09 52 04 52 28 Several bergs vicinity. Berg (same as 996) . Berg (same as 1255). Berg. Berg and pieces (same as 961). Berg. Several bergs and growlers close in- shore. Berg. Berg and growler. 2 bergs. 2 bergs and several growlers (same as 1243 and 1244). Large berg and numerous growlers (same as 1200). Large berg and numerous growlers (same as 1190). Several bergs close inshore (same as 1102). Berg and pieces. Berg. Large berg and scattered growlers (same as 1161). Berg (same as 1160). 2 bergs. Berg. Large berg and growler (same as 1 250) Berg (same as 1102). Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and pieces (same as 1292). Large berg and pieces. Berg. Berg and pieces (same as 1191). 2 small growlers. 2 bergs and growlers (same as 1213 and 1244). jo bergs and 4 growlers. Small berg (same as 1161). Small berg (same as 1160). Large berg and growler (same as 1281). Small berg (same as 1250). Large berg and many growlers to southward (same as 1282) . Large berg (same as 1283). Berg. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 1156). Do. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1162). Berg. Berg (same as 1163). Berg and growlers (same as 1164). Berg (same as 1196). Bere. Orowler. Berg (same as 1164). Growler. Berg Csame as 1314). Small berg (same as 1315). Berg (same as 996). 8 bergs. Several growlers. Berg. Do. Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1275). Loose ice all directions close packed to-^ west and southwest. 87 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description May ._do.— ..do.— _.do... ..-do.-- .-do._. ..do__. _.do..- ...do-_. ..do... ._-do.-- ...do... ..do... .__do._- .. do-.- .-do._- _.do_-. .. do... _.do..- ._-do_._ ,..do_.- ...do.-_ .-do--. ..do... ...do.-- ,.-do-.. -..do-.- ..-do.._ -.-do.-- .-.do._- _--do-.. ---do.__ ---do-_- --do-.. ---do.-- -.-do--- --do-.- -.-do..- -.-do.-. ...do... -..do--- ..-do--- ...do... -.-do.-, —do.-. ..-do... -..do..- -do. -do- do. -do- .do. -do. --do- .-do- -do- --do- -do- .--do. ...do. .--do- ..-do- .--do- --do- .-do. .-.do. --do. .--do. ...do. ...do- --.do- .--do. .-.do- .-.do- ...do- -.. do- Belle Isle radio- Cape Race radio, .—do -—do Rosina Topic do Manchester Commerce- ----do Kinprswood ---do Svend Pii ^ Dorelian ---do -—do ..--do . .. --..do — do -.-do Tonsbergfjord Kerkplein do - --..do ----do -..-do . — do -.-do. ---do. ..-do- do -.-.do Fort Amherst- do — do ..--do do — -do ...-do do .--do ----do.--.-. Torr Head . Norwegian. Belle Isle radio. ----do Kingswood - --do Dorelian ---do Widar .do.--, -do--- -do-.- -do..-. -..-do do .---do do Torr Head Kingswood Norwegian ---.do ---.do .....do Carolina Thorden. Pontchartrain Virginia do .....do Ft. Amour to Red Bay Cape Race 41 10 46 30 46 21 50 30 50 04 46 02 46 05 47 27 47 30 45 30 46 31 46 35 46 33 46 33 46 35 46 30 46 29 43 42 47 58 48 15 48 21 50 40 50 48 26 48 26 48 26 48 23 47 25 47 23 46 49 46 3? 46 33 46 36 46 35 46 31 46 29 46 34 47 15 47 12 03 36 53 28 53 35 51 25 51 36 52 22 53 28 47 50 48 10 48 18 52 46 50 13 50 10 50 01 49 39 49 31 49 22 49 28 49 22 52 38 52 38 52 51 53 08 53 15 53 21 53 30 53 33 53 36 52 41 52 36 )ape Race to Mistaken Point Cape Pine 46 38 I 45 17 46 33 I 53 48 to Cape Race Belle Isle Red -Bay 47 11 48 35 47 18 48 28 46 32 53 37 46 35 53 39 47 34 48 30 47 45 47 30 47 38 47 34 Irl 26 47 43 47 33 47 22 46 10 46 46 46 36 46 44 46 52 46 46 45 52 43 41 48 148 .! 48 45 46 48 49 49 16 49 20 49 21 49 34 49 40 49 42 46 30 50 02 53 02 53 00 52 52 52 37 47 47 47 43 49 17 49 10 Heavy close packed ice in all directions. Several bergs and growlers vicinity. Red conical buoy. Berg and growlers. Berg. Several bergs. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1154). Berg (same as 1229). Berg (same as 1230). Berg (same as 1249). Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 1102). Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1404). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 12G0). Do. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Do. Several growlers. Do. Berg (same as 1228). Several bergs. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Growler. Berg and pieces (same as 11G2). Do. 4 bergs and 3 growlers (same as Ii7J v.n\ 1280). Berg and 4 growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 1281). Berg (same as 1282). Berg (same as 1308). Berg (same as 1309). Berg (same as 1310). Berg and pieces. Numerous growlers. Berg (same as 1102). Do. Berg. Growler. Berg and 2 growlers (same a-^ 1042). Growler and pifces. Berg. 3 growlers. Berg. 88 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description K09 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1938 May 21 do .do ..do.- ..do.. ._do_. ..do... ^do.-. .do... .do... _do.-. .do... .do--- .do... -do... .do .. .do... .do._. .do... -do... -do._. .do... -do... .do-_- .do... -do... .do... May 22 ...do.... ...do-... ...do-... ...do.-.. .-do-... ..do.-.. -.do -.do-.-, --do---, --do--., --do---. 1448 -.-do-.. 1449 -.do.-. 1450 -..do... 1451 ...do.... 1452 ...do.... 1453 ...do--.. 1454 ..-do.... 1455 -.-do.... 1456 May 23 1457 —do..... 1458 ...do-...- 1459 -..do..... 1460 —do...-. 1461 —do-.... 1462 -..do..... 1463 --do-..- 1464 --do..... 1465 -do-.... 1466 --do—.. 1467 ---do-.-. 146S ---do .-- 1469 ---do 1470 ---do-... 1471 .--do—. 1472 -.do 1473 —do 1474 ..do 1475 ..do..- 1476 ..do..... 1477 -do..... 1478 .-do.-.. 1479 .-do-...- 1480 -do..... 1481 ..do 1482 .-do-... 1483 .-do-..- 1484 ..do 1485 ..do 1486 ..do..... 1487 -.do Erland Mormactide.-- do Sydic do Susan Maersk do do--- Keret ---do ..---do Virginia do .--do-.- ....do -...do .--do- ...-do .-..do — .do- .--.do TorrHead ---do Kingswood ..--do Susan Maersk.. Barrington Court . Cape Race radio. TorrHead Charles L. D ----do Cairnross ...-do ---do...- Maryland Norwegian Belle Isle radio. .- ----do ---.do Norwegian Cairnross Norweeian Ainderby Virginia ----do Manchester Division - ..--do Alaunia Montcalm do Alaunia do Duchess of Bedford. do Empress of Australia. Montcalm do Charles L. D Duchess of Bedford... --. do do -..-do ..--do .-.-do .-.-do ---.do -.-do._._ ---.do --.-do.. .---do - ---.do--. .-.-do .--.do-— -.-.do -.-.do ..-do-- , ....do Beaverburn 46 33 43 38 43 42 44 57 45 02 49 11 49 11 48 40 46 08 46 03 45 52 48 26 48 22 48 20 48 24 48 30 48 10 48 11 48 15 48 05 48 02 46 08 46 09 46 47 46 45 49 48 40 I 51 to 49 11 i 50 ( Cane Race 47 36 Belle Isle do Point Amour to Red Bay 47 40 Berg. 47 56 Berg and pieces. 47 55 Growler. 48 37 Berg (same as 1249). 48 31 Growler. 50 15 Berg. 50 29 Do. 50 41 2 bergs. 47 05 2 bergs (same as 1291 and 1292) . 47 18 Berg (same as 12.77) 47 38 Berg and 2 growlers (same as 1403). 2 growlers. Bere. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 1291). Berg (same as 1292). Berg (same as 1256). Do. Berg. 12 bergs. Several berg.s, vicinity. Berg (same as 1403). Berg. Berg (same as 1385). Growler. 2 bergs. Growler. Berg (same as 1.381). Berg (same as 1311). Close packed ice west and southwest. Few small bergs south and east. Heavy open ice offshore. 51 I 51 47 35 48 27 48 37 49 49 50 06 50 41 45 20 50 05 48 07 47 30 47 52 46 30 46 55 47 02 45 SO 45 41 46 33 46 34 47 05 47 18 46 3.S 46 36 47 43 47 49 48 15 48 11 47 55 48 27 51 30 49 22 53 07 51 40 51 35 52 31 52 29 53 40 53 27 51 33 50 30 53 09 53 19 49 40 49 35 47 15 50 00 49 54 52 55 49 03 49 15 49 05 48 50 49 00 48 54 48 56 ''8 50 48 41 48 45 48 54 48 43 48 55 48 36 48 42 48 27 48 34 48 10 Berg. Do. Do. 4 bergs. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1156). Do. Berg (same as 1345). Bejg (same as 1102). Small growlers. 2 small bergs (same as Berg (same as 1102). Do. Berg. Berg, (same as 1422). Berg (same as 1229). Growlers. 2 growlers. Berg and pieces. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1446) . Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. 89 Table of ice and obstruction J-epor^s— Continued TorrHead _ Alaunia ---do ----do Andania _ do '" do " do Cape Race radio Beaverburn _ do :." do do :_::: Sinnington Court, do do do "" do "" do Alaunia do ::: Manchester Division- Ainderby. do Alehiba Andania-- do do do " do do- Manchester Division do Beaverburn Genera] Greene Alaunia . . .----do .----do — --do — --do .--.do —-do ---do —do .--.do Stagpool --do ---do --do — -do ---.do ..-.do Beaverburn --do .--.do -...do ....do Andania Andania Blairnevis Pajala do —.do.-. do do ...do Alaunia Grey County... do Belle Isle radio. -do. --ao General Greene- - Pontchartrain--. General Greene. . Cape Race radio- Lati- Longi- tude tude Description 45 50 46 58 52 20 51 32 Berg and growler (same as 1156). Berg. 47 07 50 18 Do. 47 13 50 17 Do. 47 00 51 41 Berg (same as 1450). 47 13 51 36 Berg (same as 1451). 47 32 50 49 Berg and growler. 47 13 50 05 Growler, Cape Race Several bergs, vicinity. 47 07 50 34 Growler. 47 05 50 31 Berg (same as 1196). 47 12 50 31 Berg (same as 1315). 47 12 50 26 Growler. 48 39 49 50 2 bergs. 48 42 49 47 Do. 48 44 49 46 Berg. 48 37 49 36 Do. 48 33 49 45 Growler. 48 20 51 00 2 bergs and growlers. 47 38 49 12 Berg (same as 1281). 47 23 49 52 Berg (same as 1164). 45 45 48 38 Berg. 47 08 50 31 3 bergs and numerous growlers. 47 35 49 31 Bcrs. 44 37 48 17 Berg and 2 growlers, (same as 1249). 47 43 50 12 Berg and growler. 47 44 50 09 Berg. 47 50 50 08 Do. 47 48 50 00 Do. 47 35 49 20 Do. 47 50 49 20 Do. 46 12 47 49 Berg (same as 1408). 46 21 47 51 Bere. 47 36 49 21 Large berg, (same as 1517). 47 20 51 33 Growler. 47 27 48 32 Do. 47 38 48 35 Growlers. 47 44 48 20 Berg. 47 53 48 14 Do. 47 40 48 13 Do. 47 44 48 03 Do 47 44 48 00 Do. 47 50 47 50 Do. 47 48 47 48 Do. 47 35 47 32 Do. 48 43 49 05 Berg and growler. 48 40 49 00 Growler. 48 36 48 57 Berg. 48 38 49 17 Do. 48 38 49 27 Do. 48 33 49 35 Do. 48 30 49 39 Berg and growler. 47 47 48 27 Berg. 47 38 48 26 Do. 47 40 48 20 Do. 47 49 ^48 01 Growler. 47 53 47 57 Berg. 48 09 49 25 Growler. .25 berTO and growlers either side Oi 48 26 48 20 track. 47 14 50 27 2 bergs. 46 34 53 38 Be ? (^wne as 1102'). 46 29 53 32 Do. 46 35 53 23 Do. 46 36 53 18 Do. 46 34 53 08 Do. 46 41 52 58 Do. 47 50 47 13 Beg. 46 00 48 14 Do. 45 58 47 28 Berg south of track. Belle Isle Loose broken ice to west and southwest and large areas close packed ice south and southe.ist. Pofpt Amour Scattered ice as far as can be seen. Red Bay Heavy loose ice and 1 berg. 47 05 49 20 Berg. 44 24 48 58 2 growler.^!. 46 58 48 4! Growler. Cape Race Several bergs and growlers vicinity, 90 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Xo. Date Lati- Longi- tude tude Description May 24 _.do_— ..do.... ._do..._ ..do ..do.... ..do... .do... ..do.__ ..do.._ ..do... ...do. ...do. -.do_ ._.d0- -do. -.do. ...do. ...do. -do. May 25 ..do ..do... -.do.._ ..do... .-do._. ..do... --do.-., -do.-, .-do... .-do... --do.-_. ..do.-, --do... ..do... -do... -.do... -.do.-_. -do-.-. ...-do ....do ....do .--.do General Greene. Halse Delilian -...do .... Nevada __..do General Greene. Consuelo do . — do General Greene. do Cree Belle Isle radio- - Consuelo. Delilian ...do General Greene .. Jevington Court.. ...do Cree Colytto Tavsetos Blair .\tholl Wentworth Pontchartrain -...do Consuelo Nevada ...-do Pikepool --..do Barrington Court. Halse Colvtto. . . ..do- . Consuelo. Nevada __ __-.do._. ... do ... Taygetos. Luossa - Gro. --do ... .do.-., --do.... -.do.... -do--_. Mav 26 Nevada Pontchartrain Cree Pajala ....do ---do-._ ----do -. ..-.do ---.do __..do .--do ---.do .- - Cape Race radio. Dunaff Head -_- Duchess of York. do do - do do .-do .-.do 46 34 4fi 30 46 35 46 37 46 34 47 00 48 07 12 46 ■16 08 46 35 46 41 47 08 Cape 46 33 46 45 47 02 47 07 53 20 53 29 53 23 53 19 53 08 48 00 48 14 52 31 52 31 53 07 52 57 48 15 Pine 53 14 53 00 47 58 48 00 47 93 46 15 46 12 47 04 46 53 46 49 46 49 47 08 46 43 46 31 45 49 44 36 45 28 47 57 47 37 47 48 45 45 45 58 47 52 47 11 47 15 48 30 47 58 48 07 48 11 46 35 - --do Cameronia .--.-do... Cape Race radio. 51 40 46 23 50 25 50 55 Cape St. Fran- cis 50 14 50 39 50 39 49 25 50 18 46 47 46 23 46 55 52 16 48 23 47 31 to 48 50 48 38 48 00 51 10 52 28 52 12 52 08 52 05 52 02 51 40 51 31 51 21 51 25 Race 52 43 48 00 48 47 48 36 48 50 48 53 49 05 48 53 48 55 47 06 47 37 Cape Race '47 58 49 08 44 33 47 21 48 02 48 05 48 14 48 18 48 15 48 34 48 42 48 42 48 45 45 40 48 37 48 37 48 23 48 18 48 15 48 10 48 31 48 25 46 48 46 42 Berfj (same as 1102). Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg. 4 bergs. Berg. Do. Growlers. Berg (same as 1102). Growlers. 4 bergs (same as 1102). Berg. Berg and growler. Berg (same as 1385). Berq (same as 1343). Berg and growlers. Scattered and close-packed ice to south and southwest and 4 bergs to north- ward in North Channel. Berg (same as 1449). Berg (same as 1266). Berg (same as 1267) . Growler. 3 growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 1229). Berg (same as 1451). Berg. Do. Berg and 2 growlers (same as 1455). Berg (srmeas 1249). Growler. 4 bergs in vicinity. Berg (same as 1492) . Growler. Do. Do. 6 bergs and growlers extending east- northeast (same as 1322). 3 bergs (same as 1461, 1462, and 1463). Berg (same as 1196). Berg (same as 1315>. 3 bergs and 2 growlers. Growler. Do. Do. Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg and several growlers (same as 1269). Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Several bergs and growlers vicinity. Berg (same as 1467). Bnrg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 1 229) . Several bergs vicinity. 91 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description May 26 _.do._-. _.do .-do.-.. ..do..- --do ..do -do.--. ..do.... ..do ..do ..do...- ..do ..do.... ..do-... ..do ...do.... ..do.... ..do ..do-... ..do.... ..do-.- ..do.... ..do.... -.do--.. ..do.... ..do.--. ..do.... ..do.... .-do.... ..do ..do ..do.--. ..do.... ..do-... ..do-... -.do ..do.... ..do ..do ... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... -.do.--. ..do ..do.... .-do.... -.do ..do.... ..do ..do.... ..do ..do ...do ..do ..do -do ..do ...do May 27 ...do-... Nova Scotia ....do .-.-do Sydland Duchess of York. ....do ....do ....do ...do ....do Antoma. Aseania Belle Isle radio. ...do.... do .....do Beaverford ...do.... ...do.... do ["-do"-:;--::::::"""" Beaverford ...do..-. ...do.-.. -["doii:::::::::::":::::::: do do ....do ..-.do do ...-do do- do ....do Manchester City. do do ..—do -—do Lisbeth Brookwood ....do .....do Rajahston do Antonia ....do ....do do.- do Aseania Beaverford do do --.-do Manchester City. Carinthia. Antonia. do.. )ssa, do. do- do- do- do. Aseania - General Greene. Beaverford Afghanistan Carinthia do Antonia do 46 35 46 38 46 51 46 38 46 33 46 35 46 34 46 32 [48 44 53 08 53 00 53 18 53 23 53 35 47 39 [48 23 I 49 01 48 18 I 46 45 Belle Isle I Point Amour Red Bay 48 08 47 47 37 48 13 47 49 4S 00 47 54 47 50 47 38 4S 06 48 07 48 13 48 16 47 42 48 00 47 50 47 48 47 52 47 31 47 37 46 35 47 28 47 35 47 15 46 55 46 50 48 25 48 00 48 15 47 55 48 02 48 18 49 10 49 20 50 17 47 05 47 30 49 08 49 03 49 13 47 54 47 34 47 55 47 49 47 28 47 23 48 35 47 47 28 47 53 48 05 47 50 48 03 48 02 48 17 47 43 45 56 47 22 45 50 48 22 48 33 47 15 52 16 52 25 52 06 52 05 48 50 48 10 50 22 52 46 47 41 47 39 51 36 Cape Pine Berg (same as 1102). Do. Berg (same as 1229). 2 growlers. Berg (same as 1229). Berg (same as 1102). Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler (same as 1102). Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Several small bergs and strings broken ice extending eastward from Capo Bauld. Close-packed light ice moving east along shore, scattered heavy ice off- shore. Scattered ice moving east 5 miles off- shore. Berg. Berg (same as 1554). Ber?. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1528). Berg (same as 1529). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 1554) . Berg (same as 1530). Berg (same as 1531). Growler. Berg (same as 1529). 2 bergs and 2 growlers (same as 1634- 1635) . Berg and growler (same as 1470) . Berg (same as 1507). Berg (same as 1196). Berg (same as 1634) . Berg (same as 1635). Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. 2 bergs ^16 bergs both sides of track. Berg (same as 1507). Berg. Berg. Berg (same as 1470). Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1196). Berg. Berg (same as 1615). Berg (same as 1616). Berg (same as 1601). Berg and growler (same as 1617) Berg and growler (same as 1618). Berg (same as 1619). 5 bergs. Berg (same as 1408) . Berg (same as 1315). Berg (same as 1467). Berg. Do. Do. Berg, 6 miles south (same as 1102). 92 Table of ice and obsiruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description May 27 ...do._.- ._.do._.. ...do_.-- ...do._.. ...do_... _.do.... ...do ...do.-.. ...do.--_ ...do.... ...do.... ...do._.. ...do.-.. ...do.._. ...do-... ...do---. ._.do--- ...do---. ...do-... ...do ...do---- ...do---. ...do--_- ...do-..- ...do.-.. ...do--.. ...do---- ...do-... ...do-... ...do.--. ...do.... .-.do-... ...do--.. ..-do-.-. -..do--., -..do..-. _..dO-.-. ...do-.-. ..-do--.. ...do---, -.-do.... -..do---. ..-do-... ...do-... ...do.... ...do-... May 28 _-.dO--.. -.do.... ...do--.. ...do.... -._do_... ...do.... ...do--.. ...do--. ...do-.- ...do.... .--do... ._-do.-- .-.do--. -do-.-, ---do--. ..do... ..do..- -do-.. ..do.--. ..do--- ..do_-- -do--- -do--- ..do.-- -do.-- ..do..- .-do..- ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... -do--- -do... Pontchartrain Fairwater Carinthia --. Bochum -- Ascania .---do Blairbeg Manchester City. ...-do ...-do ...-do ....do ..-.do .-..do -...do ...-do -...do Cape Race radio. Belle Isle radio. . . .-..do Willemsplein --.do ...do .-..do .---do Blairbeg ---.do do- Sinnington Court. Nova Scotia do. Ravnefjell do - do ---do Bochum do --..do do Ascania Blairbeg Nova Scotia. do .....do Jurko Topic Blairbeg Nova Scotia ..-.do --..do do ..-.do Ponchartrain... Nova Scotia .....do do do do do .---.do Edith Howaldt. Nova Scotia Belle Isle radio - do do Cape Race radio. Afghanistan ---.do ..-.do .--do Darcolm. Arcturus. do- Fresno City Arcturus do-. .- Middleton Ardanbhan Brynhild Bristol City..-. Fort Townsend. 44 40 46 40 47 05 46 43 47 58 47 40 47 29 51 45 48 00 52 35 52 57 46 32 52 43 50 22 50 41 49 50 49 36 49 38 49 32 49 29 49 25 49 15 49 04 49 11 49 00 49 17 49 15 49 21 49 32 49 25 49 33 Cape Race Belle Isle Point Amour 49 00 50 28 50 21 50 40 51 04 46 52 47 08 47 16 48 00 52 17 52 00 49 00 49 n 49 32 49 33 48 24 48 37 49 04 49 22 53 34 48 10 51 51 51 04 50 58 50 57 48 25 50 51 50 44 49 29 47 40 49 12 48 57 48 49 49 08 49 06 49 12 48 57 47 32 47 51 48 54 48 24 48 32 48 20 48 20 47 40 47 45 47 37 49 18 47 54 47 59 48 29 48 26 48 28 48 10 49 00 48 50 48 37 48 16 46 31 47 18 48 03 48 19 48 14 49 46 47 07 48 24 48 27 48 19 48 32 48 50 44 38 48 52 49 04 49 04 49 06 49 10 48 38 48 48 45 12 49 16 Belle Isle Point Amour Red Bay Cape Race 45 45 49 21 45 37 48 21 45 45 48 09 45 49 47 51 46 09 52 53 46 41 46 21 46 45 46 18 45 46 48 00 46 26 47 24 46 20 47 13 45 51 52 36 46 11 52 51 45 40 52 38 47 35 46 48 47 35 52 38 Berg. Berg (same as 1635) . Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1229'). Berg (same as 1102). Growler. Berg (same as 1266). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Do. 2 bergs, east and west. 5 bergs, 3 growlers in sight. Light ice along shore moving east. Berg. 2 Vergs and 2 growlers. Berg. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 1554). 2 growlers. Berg and growlers (same as 1.530). Bercr. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Do. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1102). Berg (same as 1688). Berg. Berg (same as 1731). Growler. BerjT. Growler. Berg. Do. 2 bergs (same as 1728). Berg (same as 1729). 5 bergs, vicinity. Berg. Growler. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1503). Berg and growler. Few bergs in sight. Loose ice along shore. 2 bergs. Several bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1408). Berg. Berg (same as 1102). Berg (same as 1591). 5 growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 1635). Growler. Berg (same as 1467). Berg (same as 1266). Berg and growlers (same as 1467). Berg (same as 1554). Berg. 93 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 47 21 52 41 Berg. 47 01 52 46 Do. 46 58 52 51 Do. 46 55 52 52 Do. 46 53 52 52 Growler. 46 50 52 52 Berg and growler. 46 43 52 57 Berg (same as 1102). 46 37 53 02 Do. 46 36 53 21 Do. 46 34 53 2fi Growler. 46 33 53 28 Do. 46 35 53 32 Berg (same as 1102). 46 32 53 31 Do. 45 46 48 25 Berg. 48 18 45 54 Growler. 44 26 47 48 Berg (same as 1249).. 46 06 53 03 Berg (same as 1266). 45 51 52 46 Berg (same as 1467) 48 12 46 30 Berg. 48 19 46 35 Do. 48 11 46 36 Do. 48 01 46 31 Do. 48 18 46 43 Do. 48 00 46 42 Do. 48 15 46 52 Do. 48 04 46 40 Do. 47 57 46 58 Do. 47 50 47 05 Berg (same as 1658). 48 08 47 10 Berg. 48 05 47 15 Do. 47 48 47 06 Berg (same as 1528). 48 11 47 18 Berg. 48 09 47 20 Do. 47 55 47 25 Berg (same as 1661). 47 52 47 26 Berg (same as 1662). 48 54 48 43 Berg. 48 58 4K 56 Do. 48 42 49 15 Berg and numerous growlers. 45 24 47 05 Berg and growler (same as 1503). 45 22 47 53 Berg (same as 1775). Bell ;Isle Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. Point \mour Berg and growler. Red Ba> 3 bergs. Cape Race Several bergs and growlers, vicinity. 47 42 51 Berg (same as 1685). 45 28 4S 4;h Berg (same as 1773). 45 28 48 30 Berg (same as 1408). 48 20 50 11 Berg and growler. 48 17 50 25 Berg. 48 09 50 15 Do. 47 53 52 30 Do. 47 57 52 16 Berg (same as 1736). 48 00 52 10 Berg (same as 1737). 48 03 51 33 Berg. 48 04 51 02 Do. 48 17 50 47 Do. 48 16 50 39 Do. 48 14 50 32 Do. 48 30 49 30 Do. 48 48 49 00 Berg and growlers. 49 11 47 47 Berg. 45 18 47 14 Berg (same as 1503). 45 51 47 52 Berg. 45 45 47 43 Do. 47 47 50 51 Do. 47 42 51 14 Growler. 45 45 53 00 Berg (same as 1467). 46 18 47 41 Berg (same as 1635). 46 28 53 33 Growler. 46 00 52 57 Berg (same as 1266). 45 22 47 10 Berg (same as 1503). 45 10 47 20 Berg and growler. 45 28 48 37 Berg (same as 1408). 45 28 48 52 Berg (same as 1773). Cape Ran B Several bergs and growlers vicinity. 47 47 4H 55 Berg. 48 00 49 04 Berg and numerous scattered growlers 47 59 48 52 Berg and growler. 46 35 52 37 Berg (same as 1269). 46 28 53 33 Berg (same as 1102). 46 27 53 12 Do. May 28 _._do.--. .-.do___. ...do_._ ...do.... ...do..-. .-.do._.. _. do_--. ..do..-. .._do.-_. ...do.--. ...do---. ...do.--. ...do..-. May 29 ..do.__. ...do..-. ...do.--. ...do.--. ..-do.--. ...do.--. ...do.--. ..do.--. ...do.-. ...do... ...do.-- .-do.-- ...do._- ...do.-- ...do.-- ...do... ...do.-- ...do.-- .-.do.-- ...do._- ...do.-- ...do._- ..do..- ._.do._- ...do.._ ..do._- .-do.-- ...do.-- ...do--- ...do... ...d0-_- ...do.-- ...do._- ...do..- . do... May 30 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do. ...do ...do. Fort Townsend. do do .do. do do .-.do do do do do Fresno City Montclare Pontchartrain Manchester Port. Betta Montclare -...do ....do -.-.do.- ....do... -—do.-. -— do— ....do.-- .do..-. .do..- .do.- . do do Cairnvalona do ....do Loch Dee do Belle Isle radio do do...- Cape Race radio -- Montclare Loch Dee do C airnvalona -...do ....do Willemsplein ....do ..-.do ....do -—do -..-do do .---do .-.-do -...do .—do Sacramento Valley - Pontchartrain ----do Cairnvalona --..do Arcturus Brynhild Duchess of AtholL. ..-.do Rheinfels ...do Pontchartrain ...do Cape Race radio Duchess of AtholL. ....do i - do Aurania Beaverdale ....do 94 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Date Name of vessel 1938 May 30 -do __do._._ do Beaverdale.... --- do —do Betta do Tridert ..do.--- ..do.... ..do...- do do — :--do----------- Edam do Duchess of Atholl ..do.-.. ..do.-_. ..do-.-. do ■--do------I---" do- ..do.--. ..do--.- ..do..- ..do...- ..do-... ..do--.. do Newfoundland do ..-- do ---do-- — ----'--- do Belle Isle radio ..do.--, do do do Beaverdale do Rugby do ..do---. ..do-... ..do--.- ..do-..- ..do---. do do do do.... do — -.do Beaverdale -do--., do do Empress of Australia . -.do-... ..do---. ..do-.-. -.do-... do [--do-]--]---------- do-.. do Auranla - - ..do-.-. -.do.-- do —do do Betta do Hcrma Gorthon -.do-..- do do Kirkpool do -..do--.- do do Newton Ash . . ...do -.- do - ...do--.. ...do--- ...do..- do -!-do----------I----- Haugerland .--do.— do do ...do.-.. ..-do do -do--.. May 31 do Empress of Australia do ...do - do Empress of Australia ...do.-.- ...do — do--.. ...do--.. — do - Belle Isle radio -.do.— ...do - do do do Boston City ...do--.. Flint 2 . ...do.-- ...do-... ...do-... ...do--.. ...do . do — ..do- do do.... Empress of Australia ...do-.- ...do.... Kirkpool Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 46 24 46 33 46 32 46 17 60 08 50 01 49 58 50 00 45 39 48 08 48 03 48 10 48 14 47 15 48 57 49 00 49 05 49 02 48 56 48 58 46 26 53 01 52 59 52 34 47 24 50 52 51 11 51 09 51 15 53 06 48 29 48 08 48 14 48 07 50 17 49 10 49 19 49 21 49 22 49 37 49 38 53 42 Belle Isle Point Amour 51 48 31 48 49 02 16 38 50 00 50 15 50 19 50 20 50 24 50 35 50 23 50 21 53 32 53 30 53 13 52 56 52 30 49 18 48 58 48 44 47 12 53 00 52 36 48 03 47 53 48 15 53 00 48 19 51 47 51 48 50 21 50 17 46 46 50 47 47 36 48 10 48 40 48 35 48 30 48 23 48 28 48 20 47 06 47 13 46 28 46 32 46 25 46 30 46 31 47 07 47 34 47 30 46 20 45 46 46 00 48 05 47 55 48 00 45 51 47 40 46 44 46 48 47 05 47 10 48 04 48 (K) 37 32 47 28 47 55 47 52 47 32 36 54 47 52 47 42 46 16 47 46 47 46 48 58 48 56 48 54 48 49 48 45 48 47 53 05 47 53 47 48 Belle Isle Point Amour Red Bay 46 14 46 31 46 36 46 28 46 32 46 36 47 49 47 59 46 48 16 53 53 53 53 46 48 Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1269). Berg, 12 growlers and pieces (same as 1635). Berg. Do. Do. Berg and 2 growlers. Berg (same as 1467). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers (same as 1196). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Growler. Several bergs. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg (same as 1685) . Berg. Berg aground. Berg. Do. 3 bergs. Berg. Do. Berg and growler. Berg and growler (same as 1196). Berg (same as 1102). Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1269) . Berg. Berg (same as 1685). Berg and growler. Berg (same as 1634) . Berg (same as 1467). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1266). Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. 5 bergs. 3 bergs. Berg. Do. Berg. Berg. Do. Large flat-top red buoy. Bergs and pieces (same as 1842-43). Berg. Berg (same as 1102). Berg. Berg (same as 1915). 4 bergs. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg (same as 1871) Berg and 3 growlers. Berg (same as 1102). Do. Do. Do. Berg and pieces (same as 1810). Growler. Small berg (same as 1894). 95 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description ,..do._. .._do_-. ...do.._ --.do-_. --.do... ...do... ...do... ...do... -do... ...do... ...do... ...do... June 1 ...do... ...do... ...do... -.do... -..do... ...do... ...do.... ..-do..- ...do.... ...do... -..do-... --.do.... .-do-... -..do.... ---do... ---do.... ...do... .--do.... ...do-.-. --do.... ...do... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ..do.... ..do---, .--do-... -.do...- ..dc... ..do.... --do-__. -do.... -.do._-- --do... ..do..-- June 2 .-do-..- ...do.... ...do.... ...do.-.. ...do.... ...do--.. ...do.... ...do.-.- ...do.... ...do.... ..do.... .do..... -do.-... .do..... -do..... .do.... -do.... -do-... .do.... .do.... -do..-, -do.... .do.--, .do.... -do..- ..do... ..do... .-do... City do Newton .4sh Vigor do ....do ....do ....do Athenia ....do ...-do Pilsudski Newton Ash Belle Isle radio ....do — ..do-. Athenia ....do ....do ..-.do Lurigethan ....do ....do ...-do ---do.... ..--do Duchess of Richmond ....do— ---.do Bretagne Duchess of Richmond- ...-do ....do ----do Bretagne Leka Rockpool Irland Duchess of Richmond. Iredqria ....do. ....do ....do ....do -...do .-..do Hellen Alida Gorthon Hellen- Bretagne Belle Isle radio ....do ....do Cape Race radio Duchess of Richmond. Bretagne do California... ....do Duchess of Richmond. Newfoundland ....do Black Hawk. Laconia California ....do do ....do .-.-do do Tahoe 47 05 47 22 47 46 48 08 48 40 48 40 48 59 49 11 50 05 50 15 50 18 48 43 47 33 47 30 47 28 47 26 45 07 46 00 Belle Isle Point Amour Red Bay '' 48 55 48 49 48 44 48 28 51 53 49 50 49 37 49 30 48 47 48 15 47 34 48 18 48 24 51 12 48 39 48 53 49 10 49 41 51 16 47 48 52 03 50 56 50 25 48 18 50 31 50 55 50 40 50 39 50 17 50 48 50 48 47 09 49 15 47 45 50 22 Belle Isle Point Amour Red Bay Cape Race 47 48 58 08 48 07 48 11 46 48 47 43 47 48 47 47 4H 03 48 10 48 54 48 32 48 36 47 42 48 12 48 25 48 12 47 55 47 57 47 49 46 24 47 35 47 38 45 27 48 05 48 19 48 19 21 4H 22 48 12 48 14 46 35 49 50 46 30 48 37 46 26 49 OH 49 09 48 20 47 58 46 24 Ferry land Head 52 56 48 06 47 14 49 43 49 58 49 56 50 15 50 32 50 12 49 00 49 18 49 30 49 32 49 50 50 15 50 32 50 43 to ( 46 -'4^2^'^ 43 40 44 24 47 48 47 53 47 33 47 30 47 38 47 42 43 52 48 44 48 24 48 20 48 14 48 no 47 54 48 00 4 growlers. Berg and 2 growlers (same as 1871). Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 1408) . Berg (same as 1773). Berg (same as 1772) . Berg and pieces. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1408) . Growler. 4 bergs. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Berg and pieces. Berg (same as 1891). Berg. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. 2 bergs and growler. Berg and growler. Berg. Berg (same as 1851). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 191.5). Bers. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Do. Berg (same as 1948). Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Several bergs. 2 bergs. 3 bergs. Berg, 7 growlers. 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1102). 8 small bergs close to shore. Small berg (same as 1102). Small berg (same as 1408). Berg (same as 1249). Bers. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and 3 growlers (same as 1881). Berg (same as 1772). Berg. 2 growlers. Berg. 3 bergs and 5 growlers. 3 bergs and growlers. Berg and 2 growlers. Berg and growler (same as 1988) . 96 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued No. Date Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 2027 J 2028 .. 2029 .. 2030 .- 2031 - 2032 .. 2033 - 2034 - 2035 - 1938 une 2 do---, do...- do.--- do.... dc- do.-- do.--. do---, do---- do.-.^ do --- do.--, do.--- do.--. do.--, do.--, do---, do.--, do.-, do---, do.-- do..-- do.--. do.-- do.--. do.--- do.-- do..-. do.--. do.--. do.-- do--.. do.-- do---. do---- do.--. do.--, do.-.- do.--. do.--- do.--. do.-- do.-.. do.--- do.... do--- do...- do...- do..-. do--- dO — do do.... do...- do..-. do..-- do..-- do.--- do ... une 3 do-... do..-, do..-, do.-.- do--- do--- do.--- do---. do..-- do--- dO— - do..-- do.... do..-- do.... do.-- do.... do..-- Bassano o , o , 47 54 51 05 49 44 48 20 47 44 48 48 47 50 48 50 47 50 48 56 47 43 49 00 47 44 49 07 47 33 49 13 47 55 47 34 48 34 49 42 48 30 49 10 to 48 00 1 49 00 44 49 ! 48 36 44 56 i 48 11 Cape Pine 46 30 53 00 46 32 53 40 48 35 47 54 Belle Isle Berg (same as 1901). Berg and growlers. Berg Beaverbrae "!-do------------- do --"do--------------- do..- Irland . ...- - - Do. Berg (same as 1964). Growler. Berg (same as 1862). Berg. Do. Do. 2037 .. 2038 - 2039 .. .-..-do Pcnteli - Several bergs and growlers. Berg (same as 1408). Berg (same as 1773). 2041 .. 2042 „ 2043 - 2044 " Le t itiaVJ .' .' .' ." I ." .' ." ~. .' .' .' .' .'." I '. '. ." Belle Isle Radio Do. Do. Berg. 5 bergs grounded, west and southwest. 2045 - 2046 - 2047 do... do Cape Race Radio Point Amour Red Bay Cape Rapp 2ber^gs. Several bergs vicinity. 47 12 47 20 47 30 47 30 47 37 46 45 46 32 46 40 46 30 46 46 46 45 48 10 48 00 48 26 48 36 48 00 47 55 48 29 48 12 48 11 43 49 44 06 44 31 47 29 48 50 44 36 47 35 48 09 48 07 48 04 48 04 47 37 46 24 46 22 47 52 47 40 47 44 44 44 44 40 Cape 46 42 44 10 46 47 44 22 43 44 44 04 47 40 47 44 46 38 47 28 46 34 47 30 47 52 47 59 48 03 44 20 44 22 47 48 50 34 49 20 49 10 51 30 51 09 52 03 48 30 48 10 48 04 47 32 47 20 49 43 49 44 49 00 48 40 48 09 48 33 48 51 49 17 46 57 48 37 48 39 48 54 50 13 48 12 49 34 48 25 49 31 49 28 49 32 49 43 47 46 53 10 53 26 49 18 49 16 49 22 49 24 49 11 Race 52 03 49 02 51 58 47 30 47 41 48 20 49 10 49 06 52 57 53 22 53 32 50 40 49 49 49 40 49 25 47 31 47 31 50 35 2049 .. 2050 - do do - Berg. Berg (same as 1685). 2052 .. 2053 .. do California Berg (same as 1851). Berg (same as 1891). 2055 - 2056 -. 2057 do --'do - ]" Berg. Berg and growlers. 2058 .. 2059 do. - Do. 2060 .- 2061 .. 2062 .. 2063 i--do;.--'.-i------.- do Ausonia Berg. 3 bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. 2064 .. 2065 . do... Letitia-- Berg and growler. Berg. 2066 .. 2067 - do... - Do. Do. 2068 - Tahoe.- . - 2069 .. 2070 -. do do Growler. Berg (same as 1849). 2071 . 2072 Belmorehead Large berg. 2073 .. Liberty Berg. 2074 Rockpool Berg and 18 growlers. 2075 Letitia Berg. 2076 .- 2077 - 2078 .. 2079 .. --"do------------ do Berg and growler. Do. Berg. Growler. 2080 . California Berg. 2081 .. 2082 -. -...do Do. Do. 2083 .- 2084 .. 2085 .. do do Do. Small berg. 2086 - Liberty Berg and 2 growlers. 2087 J 2088 .. Cape Race radio.- Berg 7 miles east (same as 2010). Berg. 2089 .. Roseburn Berg (same as 1850). 2090 . Mount Lycabettus Berg. 2091 - Wanja Berg. 2092 - 2093 - Roseburn Do. Do. 2094 .. Growler. 2095 .. 2096 - do Ausonia Berg (.same as 1862). Berg (same as 1102). 2097 -. 2098 .. do do Do. Do. 2099 -. Salamis Berir. 2100 - 2101 2102 - 2103 _- do .....do do Scanmail Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg (same as 1249). 2104 - Drottningholm Berg. 2105 .. Marita Berg (same as 2025). Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description 19S8 June 3 -._do._.. ...do..-. ___do.__. ...do.... ...do... .do..-. _do_... .do.... .do..-. .do..-. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do- ...do. June ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. --.do. --do- -. do ...do.. June ...do.. Mount Lycabettus-. do Tahoe do Manchester Citizen . Drottningholm Scanmail Tahoe Marita. Somersby Pencarrow -..-do Oxelosund.- Manchester Citizen. Pencarrow Kaflristan Emihe Maersk Belle Isle radio- ...do .-.do Mount Lycabettus. La Pampa Somersby Oxelosund ....do Cape Race radio do .do. .do-..-, .do..... .do .do.... -do.-., .do.... -do...- .do-... -do.... -do...-. .do._._. .do-... .do..... -do.-., -do-.- ...do..-. ...do.-.- ...do... — do--- ...do...- ...do... ...do.-. .. do-.- .-do.... ...do..- ...do..-. ...do.... ...do.... ...do. ._ ...do... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.-. ...do..-. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do-.. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do... ...do...- ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Grauli ....do. do. Oxelosund. ....do ....do do do Hawnby. ....do.... do.... Vikints ...do Cameronia ....do do Scottish Prince.. Oxelosund do .--do ...-do ....do Cape Race radio. .-.do. Scottish Prince.. ....do -...do.. Granli.. ..-.do Emilie Maersk ....do -...do Tahoe ....do Ben wood Oxelosund ....do ...do ....do do.... -- Tahoe Scottish Prince Manchester Commerce. ....do ....do Qranli do do 47 04 47 11 43 38 43 56 46 41 44 00 43 32 43 53 48 04 47 20 46 27 50 37 50 32 47 47 48 16 52 02 48 24 49 10 48 46 49 49 46 33 46 10 46 28 46 26 46 22 46 10 Belle Isle Point Amour Red Bay 47 23 53 05 53 18 47 13 47 16 53 16 47 49 47 45 46 21 52 39 47 40 47 10 47 48 52 34 47 53 52 31 Cape Race 57 00 48 47 52 26 52 33 52 25 52 53 52 13 48 42 48 35 48 55 47 15 47 25 47 54 47 46 47 40 46 40 52 18 51 53 51 53 51 56 51 41 (^ape Race do. 43 00 48 08 47 57 47 54 48 04 48 06 48 02 48 04 48 01 47 32 47 40 47 26 4fi 55 46 55 47 09 47 04 47 16 47 08 48 09 47 54 48 05 48 26 48 12 47 07 47 20 47 50 47 43 47 41 47 50 48 00 46 35 46 51 46 37 43 35 43 27 45 30 48 40 48 44 48 37 48 47 48 37 42 55 46 44 46 33 46 30 46 43 47 32 47 32 47 17 47 36 47 22 47 28 49 00 .48 54 49 55 49 45 49 35 49 43 48 05 47 11 46 56 48 45 48 50 53 09 51 43 51 40 51 15 51 13 51 00 49 52 48 12 53 32 53 02 52 35 49 32 49 59 50 10 Berg (same as 2048). Berg. Large growler. Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 1850) . Berg. Berg (same as 2049). 2 bergs and 2 growlers (same as 2055- 2056). Berg (same as 2057). Berg (same as 1102). Berg. Berg (same as 2058) . Do. Berg (same as 1102). 7 bergs west and southwest. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg (same as 2063). Berg (same as 1102). Berg. Do. Do. Berg, 5 miles east (same as 1102). Windlass and forecastle of schooner sub- merged, dangerous to navigation. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler (same as 1863). Large berg. Berg and 12 growlers (same as 2049). Large berg. Berg.. Do. Berg (same as 2064). Berg (same as 2074). Large berg (same as 1810). 3 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg 6 miles east (same as 1102). Berg 6 miles south (same as 1102). Berg (same as 2146). Berg (same as 2064) . Berg (same as 2074). Berg. 2 bergs and growlers. Berg (same as 2161). Berg and growler (same as 2160). Berg (same as 2135). Berg. 2 growlers. Growler. Berg. Large growler. Berg (same as 1852). Berg. Berg and growler. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg and growler. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg and growler. Berg (same as 1102). Do. Berg. Berg and growler (same as 2170) . 2 bergs and 6 growlers (same as 2048). Berg (same as 2107) . Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Lona;i- tude tude Description June 5 .do.— . .do.— . .do-...- .do.-... .do-.— -do .... June 6 -do-— . Manchester Commerce- Oxclosund do ...-do do ...-do .—do Belle Isle radio ....do.... ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. June .do.-., -do..... .do.— . -do.... -do..... -do..... .do-..-. -do..-.. ...do—, -do.... -do.... .do-... .do-..- -dc... -do— -do— . .do.... .do.-., -do-..- -do.... .do..-. -do— . .do—. Manchester Commeree. Ascania President Adams Ascania Tahoe Felix Heumann Convallaira.-. do-- Montclare .- Belle Isle radio .....do -—do Montclare. Felix Heun Tahoe Montclare- .-.do ...-do ....do ---do Franconia- Adamas--- do -- ---do-. Dalmore. do--- Adamas.. ..-do— -..do—, —do..-. ..-do—, -..do...- ...do.— — do— ...do.... ...do...- ...do.... ...do.... -.-do-... ..-do.... -.-do..-, ---do—., --do- June 8 —do—, ---do—. — do— -.-do-... -.-do.... -do.... -do-... -do.... -do.... -do-... -do—. -do-.... -do—.. -do Tahoe - —.do-.- Belle Isle radio do- --.. .....do do ..-do — ..do .....do ..-.-do do — ..do-... ....do do .-.-do Empress of Britain. do Belle Isle radio- Franconia.. Pengreep--. do do Sangstad..- ....-do do ...-do Franconia.. Pengreep-.- do 53 51 46 51 00 51 03 50 49 50 50 49 04 48 54 48 52 48 49 Belle Isle do. do. Red Bay to Chateau Bay 49 24 52 58 49 01 51 31 50 05 50 12 46 34 46 47 50 27 48 05 46 29 43 09 46 55 42 57 47 12 46 19 46 17 46 58 52 34 62 39 47 35 47 45 42 55 47 43 47 38 47 49 47 39 47 46 47 30 47 36 47 40 47 44 47 48 46 34 47 17 45 40 45 45 45 47 47 33 47 11 47 22 42 53 49 34 49 36 51 55 51 50 51 52 52 33 52 30 52 11 52 08 52 05 51 50 51 48 52 09 51 .'iO 51 54 47 50 47 49 48 58 51 55 51 49 48 35 48 22 50 06 48 03 48 02 47 58 47 50 48 00 48 08 47 18 47 15 52 58 49 10 48 27 47 58 47 16 47 01 47 44 48 53 50 10 50 08 50 20 55 11 55 15 55 20 54 07 54 15 54 45 54 40 54 48 54 31 51 40 54 48 55 09 54 43 47 45 48 08 50 00 4S 14 48 10 48 14 48 08 48 12 47 57 47 51 47 50 48 40 47 54 47 44 49 02 46 35 46 35 46 55 51 58 52 03 52 14 51 39 47 52 47 59 47 56 Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg, 10 miles southeast. 2 bergs and 3 growlers in North Chan- nel. 2 bergs ofl North Point. 6 bergs and growlers aground. Berg (same as 2165). Berg (same as 1102). Berg (same as 1852). Berg. Berg (same as 1772). Berg (same as 2107). Berg and growler. Berg. Berg (same as 2107). Numerous bergs and growlers' both sides of track extending 150 miles eastward. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 2161). Bergs and growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 2133). Berg (same as 2134). Berg (same as 2135). Berg (same as 2161). Growler. Berg (same as 2133). Berg (same as 2134). Growler. Berg (same as 2138). Growler. Berg (same as 1102). Berg (same as 2170). Berg (same as 2138). 3 bergs. Berg (same as 1810). Berg. Do. Berg and numerous growlers (same as 2160). Berg (same as 1772). Berg and growlers. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs. 2 small bergs and 3 growlers. Berg and 3 growlers. Berg. Growler. Berg. Several bergs between Red Bay and! Belle Isle and in North Channel. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Large berg. 3 bergs. Berg. Large berg. Berg. Large berg. Small berg. 99 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued 1938 June 8 -..do...-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do.-.. ...do.. ...do... ...do... ...do.. ...do.. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do..... ...do..... .-do ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do June 9 ..do..... -do ..do ..do ..do..... ..do ..do..... ..do ..do..... ..do..... -.do ..do..-. ..do...- ..do..... ..do..... ..do..... ..do..... -.do ..do.-... ..do ..do.-.. ..do..... ..do.— . June 10 ..do..... ..do...- ..do..... ..do -.do.-... ..do..... .-do..... ..do ..do ..do-.... ..do..... .-do ..do.-.. ..do..-.. -do..-. ..do..... ..do ..do..-. ..do..... ..do..... ..do..-. ..do..... ..do..... -do—. ..do—. ..do.... ._do-.- ..do..„ Name of vessel Pengreep ----do Empress of Britain. Tahoe-.. Pengreep Christian Bors Caledonia ...do Duchess of Bedford. Belle Isle radio .--do- -...do —do —do - —do -.-do ...do ...do —do .-do ...do ...do ...do ...do .-do --do Grelhead ....do ...-do Duchess of Bedford. Caledonia.. ....do. ....do Grelhead Caledonia ....do C.I. P Christian Bors Samaria Tahoe ..-.do Llandilo .-.do Samaria ...do ....do Belle Isle radio do -...do -—do ....do .—do ....do Laponia Duchess of Bedford. Cyril Stad Vlaardingen... ....do Cape Race radio Tahoe Stad Vlaardingen... ...do ...do ....do ...do Tahoe Laponia ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .... ...do ...do ...do —do ...do ...do.... _. ...do .-do Lati- Longi- tude tude 47 56 48 01 46 58 42 56 47 52 51 34 51 42 51 43 51 45 52 22 51 55 51 45 51 48 51 42 51 43 51 47 51 43 51 46 51 42 47 36 47 34 40 34 48 11 46 57 42 48 42 55 48 07 48 07 46 35 46 43 46 49 52 05 52 29 52 29 52 22 52 14 48 36 46 42 48 46 48 17 48 16- Cape 42 45 48 26 48 22 48 10 47 55 47 56 42 37 49 05 49 09 49 10 49 15 49 18 49 32 49 33 49 44 49 46 49 49 49 50 49 50 49 44 49 48 50 04 50 04 48 05 48 33 51 45 50 21 48 42 52 58 47 45 48 10 49 20 56 08 56 02 55 55 55 57 55 48 52 25 52 54 52 08 52 20 51 32 52 06 52 28 51 56 52 58 53 48 54 06 54 00 47 00 47 05 48 24 49 28 49 05 49 00 49 11 49 14 50 10 50 08 49 35 49 25 47 09 50 07 50 23 47 54 48 07 47 58 48 06 48 09 54 45 54 20 54 17 52 51 52 56 52 07 53 03 52 30 52 56 46 53 51 28 51 50 Race 50 07 51 36 51 50 52 01 52 23 52 32 50 25 52 38 52 35 52 41 52 23 52 38 52 48 52 32 52 54 53 02 52 57 53 00 53 12 53 32 53 35 53 23 53 42 Description Large berg. Small berg. Berg (same as 2199). Berg (same as 1772). 2 bergs. Berg (same as 1102). Berg and growlers. 2 bergs. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Very large berg. Berg. Berg (same as 2252). Berg (same as 2161). Berg. Growler. 3 bergs. Berg. Berg (same as 2170). Berg. Do. Uprieht spar, 6 feet high. Berg (same as 2268) . Berg (same as 2227) . Berg and growler (same as 1850) . Berg (same as 1772). Large berg and growlers. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Small berg. Large berg. Large berg and several growlers. Berg. Berg 6 miles ea-^t. Growler. Berg and growler. Large berg. Berg and growler. Berg. Large berg. Berg (same as 1850). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs, 5 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. 100 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 48 30 51 15 Berg. 48 22 51 16 Do. 48 26 51 30 2 bergs. 48 19 51 40 Berg. 48 21 51 57 Do. 48 02 51 12 Do. 47 57 51 44 Do. 48 07 52 04 Berg and growler. 47 59 52 02 Berg. 49 59 53 56 Do. 49 54 53 55 Do. 49 60 53 50 Do. 49 51 53 40 Do. 50 01 54 00 Do. 49 54 54 05 Do. 50 05 53 56 Do. 50 02 54 06 Do. 50 00 54 04 Do. 50 01 54 08 Do. 49 57 54 10 3 bergs. 49 52 54 21 Growler. 49 59 54 26 Berg. 49 58 54 30 Do. 42 32 50 30 Berg (same as 1850). 42 53 50 26 Berg (same as 1772). 48 00 47 01 Berg. 42 43 50 15 Do. 42 48 50 07 Large berg (same as 1849). 46 36 47 30 Berg. 46 31 47 50 Do. 47 14 51 30 Do. 47 40 51 05 3 bergs (same as 2380). 49 02 49 27 2 bergs. 48 55 50 10 Berg and growler. 48 26 49 54 10 bergs and numerous growler? cinity. 44 15 48 41 Berg. 44 16 48 47 Small berg. 44 20 49 08 Berg. 47 57 51 05 3 bergs. 47 45 51 11 Berg. 42 30 50 15 Small growlers. 42 26 50 22 Growler. 47 47 50 30 Berg. 48 06 50 30 2 bergs. 44 18 49 08 Berg. 47 48 52 38 Berg. 47 46 52 15 Berg. 48 05 52 12 Berg. 48 05 52 10 Berg and growlers. 47 55 52 06 Berg and erowlers. 48 16 51 57 Berg. 47 52 51 22 Berg. 47 57 51 51 Berg. 47 57 51 11 Berg. 48 15 50 54 Berg. 48 18 50 48 Do. 48 13 50 45 Do. 48 05 50 38 Do. 48 24 50 42 Do. 48 22 50 46 Do. 48 38 50 38 Do. 48 30 50 29 Do. 48 22 50 27 Do. 48 25 50 10 Do. 48 20 50 15 2 bergs. 48 25 49 58 Berg. 48 22 49 22 Do. 46 55 48 25 Do. 48 09 50 38 Do. 48 13 50 45 Do. 48 22 50 25 Do. 48 23 50 01 2 bergs. 48 42 49 46 4 growlers. 42 19 50 40 Growlers (same as 1850). 42 33 50 26 Large berg (same as 1849). 42 46 50 27 Berg (same as 1772). 42 17 50 40 Berg. 48 20 49 57 Do. 48 15 49 51 Do. 48 09 49 45 Do. 48 50 49 09 2 bergs. 19S8 June 10 .-do ...do.— . ...do..... ...do..... ...do..-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do....- ...do....- ...do....- ...do..... ...do.—. ...do...-. ...do.—- -..do-.... ...do -..do ..-do-.... -..do..... ...do...- ...do ..-do-.-. Kirkplein do ....do ...do -...do -...do ..-.do ----do -.-.do Laponia — ....do ...-do .-..do -.-.do -..-do -..-do ...do ..-.do ...-do -.-.do ...-do -..-do -.--do June 11 ...do ...do.... ...do.... ...do_-.. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... .-.do_... ...do.._. ...do... ...do.... ...do-.. ..-do__.. ...do___. -..do.... ---do.... ...do... -..do... -.-do_.- ...do... ...do... ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do- ...do. ..-do. ...do- ...do. ...do- ..-do. ...do_ ..-do. ...do. ...do. ..-do. -..do. - -do- June 12 ...do-.- -.do... ...do... ...do... --do... --.do... ...do... -..do... ...do... --do... -..do... --.do... -.do... -..do... ...do... —do... --do... Tahoe .....do Firby Batory Tahoe- Marie Leonhardt- ..-..do Consul Corfitzon . do Ivar do Ovington Court.. Hjelmaren.-- .---do do Navarra -do Tahoe ....do Consul Corfitzon. ..-.do Qerolstein Stad Vlaardingen. do ....do ....do do.. ....do do ....do do do ..-.do .--.do ----do --..do .--do -...do --..do ..--do ..-.do ..-.do .-.-do ..-do Johannes Maersk. Navarra do -..-do --..do -...do Tahoe --.do --..do Drottningholm Consul Corfitzon. ---.do ..--do ....do 101 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description 19S8 June 12 ._„do..._ _.do ...do._._ _..do ...do ...do._.. ..do._.. ..do ..do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do ...do.... ...do_-.. ...do ...do ...do.... ...do ...do ...do ...do..., ...do._.. ...do... ..-do___. ...do.... ...do ...do.-.. .do. .do _. .do... .do... .do._. .do .. .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... ..do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ..do... ...do... ...do... ..do... .. do...- ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do...- -_.do ... ...do.... ...do.... ...do... June 13 ...do..... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.-.- ...do..-. -..do... ...do.... ...do...- ...do.... Drottningholm. . Cape Race radio. Marcella Aun Kirkplein do — -.do .--do do do do. -.-.do ....do -..-do ....do do do ....do — .-do do do ....do -do- Consul Corfitzon. Navarra. do do Belle Isle radio.-. -do- ....do... ...do--. ..-.do... ....do.-. ....do... -...do.-. ....do... ....do... -—do-.. ....do... ..--do... ----do... -...do.-, --.-do... .-.-do... ...-do--- .-..do... ..-.do--- ._..do.-- -...do... ....do-.. ....do-_- .-.-do... ....do... ...-do-.- .-..do--_ ...-do... ..._dO--- .-..do... ....do-. ....do .---do ..-.do .-..do— ....do ...-do Skjoldheim Mim ...do Tahoe Ovington Court. Belle Isle radio.. ....do- do do ....do do do do. 42 16 50 24 Cape Race 44 30 49 10 49 24 48 15 47 48 52 3fi 47 49 52 19 4K 03 5'^ 15 47 flfl 52 10 4H 11 51 09 4S 20 5(1 40 48 15 50 38 4H 12 50 21 48 1« 50 12 48 33 50 32 4S 34 50 30 42 50 25 48 18 50 08 48 20 50 10 4H 30 50 10 48 33 50 02 48 40 49 50 48 45 49 38 48 49 49 39 49 32 48 00 48 52 49 38 49 00 49 23 49 49 15 Cape Bauld to Belle Isle. (51 45 I 55 10 to |51 45 I 55 40 North Channel do 55 55 55 49 55 12 55 21 55 18 54 55 53 55 53 42 53 27 51 16 53 03 52 57 52 01 53 26 53 09 52 58 52 35 54 54 54 52 54 46 54 41 54 35 54 27 54 12 54 08 63 17 52 50 52 40 52 38 51 34 51 40 51 18 51 56 52 15 49 04 46 59 47 20 50 21 Cape St. Francis 51 44 51 46 51 50 51 51 51 54 52 00 52 20 51 53 51 59 52 14 51 46 52 01 52 10 51 59 52 03 51 58 52 42 51 52 51 51 51 55 51 49 52 04 52 ()2^- 51 M 52 08 52 02 52 22 52 10 52 08 52 27 52 26 52 19 52 15 52 21 42 44 47 44 47 57 42 21 51 48 55 44 51 47 55 43 51 47 55 40 51 47 55 49 51 52 55 33 51 51 55 27 51 51 55 19 51 51 55 15 2 growlers. Berg, 6 miles east. Berg. Do. Berg. Berg. Berg. Berg. Berg. Berg and growler. Do. Berg. Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Do. 2 bergs. Do. Several bergs and growlers in channel. Numerous bergs. Do. Several bergs around north shore. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs. 2 bergs and several growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Large berg. Do! Small berg. 2 bergs. Do. 2 small bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Small berg. Berg. Berg (same as 2367) . Berg. Large berg (same as 1850). 2 large bergs, 7 miles east. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 102 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Lonpri- tude Description June 13 ...do...., ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do..... ...do..-.. ...do.... ...do..... ...do.... ...do..... ...do...-. ...do.-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do.-.-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do.... ...do..... June 14 ...do.... ...do..... ...do..... ...do.-.. ...do..... ...do..-.. Belle Isle radio. do .....do ...-do do do .-.-do -.- do do -—do . — -do .--do .-—do —do .-—do .-—do —do ...-do do -.-do -.-.do do .--do — .--do — — -.do Tahoe.. Belos — --do do-- .---do ..-do —do do The Misto do — -.do ...-do do ..-.-do .....do .... —do - — do — - .---do - — do --- .--do --.- — --do Tahoe --.do-—, June 15 --do—, —do—.. ...do— „ —do...., --do—., --do-.... Newfoundland.. ---do Bilderdyk Newfoundland-.. — -do — -do do Uranienborg do Cape Race radio. -do, .do.- -do-. .do., -do- -do- -do- -do- .do.. Pontchartrain. ---do Qunda ..-do .--do ...-do -.-do ---do —do do- do, do- Laponia- do--. -..do-- --do-- 51 50 51 49 51 51 51 59 51 54 62 07 52 58 52 48 53 01 53 14 53 56 53 21 53 20 53 19 53 08 53 02 51 40 51 45 54 36 51 44 51 55 51 53 51 45 51 46 51 43 42 10 48 21 48 27 48 41 48 18 48 08 48 25 48 05 48 09 48 09 48 16 48 19 48 11 48 03 48 30 48 28 58 14 48 36 48 34 48 46 48 31 41 50 47 49 47 42 47 45 45 33 48 04 48 38 48 50 48 53 47 42 47 40 .-do- .--do- — do- — do- — do- 55 15 55 15 55 13 54 59 54 57 53 28 53 14 53 20 53 37 53 50 53 50 53 13 53 15 53 18 53 45 53 00 54 13 54 10 53 55 53 56 51 30 54 00 53 55 53 40 53 10 50 32 49 25 49 32 49 35 49 39 49 32 49 54 49 58 51 05 50 56 50 55 50 55 50 56 50 51 50 41 50 07 50 28 50 04 50 06 49 51 49 41 50 14 50 39 52 30 52 15 48 12 51 24 50 12 49 51 49 40 49 10 49 18 Plate Point Light St. Pi- erre, Mique- lon. 50 10 50 18 53 GO 51 00 51 07 50 25 50 50 50 30 50 00 49 35 49 12 49 00 54 27 54 05 53 50 53 48 53 46 53 44 53 42 53 38 53 38 41 49 41 40 46 43 47 40 47 43 47 45 47 50 48 10 48 25 48 35 48 35 48 51 50 02 50 10 50 18 50 08 50 17 50 20 50 06 50 05 50 22 Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 3 bergs. Berg. 3 bergs. Berg (same as 1850) . Large berg. Berg. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Growler. Do. Berg. Berg and 4 growlers. Berg. Large berg and 7 growlers. Berg. Large berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1850) . Berg. Berg (same as 2313). Do. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Wreck of schooner Mar]/ Salena miles 288°. Large berg (same as 1850). Berg (same as 1772). Growlers. Berg and growler. Growlers. Berg (same as 2548). 2 bergs and growlers. Berg. Large berg. Growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg. 103 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description 2580 2581 1938 June 15 -_do_.._. ..do„-... -do-.__. Laponia. do._- do... do--- June 16 -.do ..do..... -do.-... ..do..... ..do..... ..do..... --.do.... ---do—. ...do.... ...do...- ...do.... ...do.... ...do— ...do.... .--do.... ...do.... -.-do..- ...do.... ...do.... ...do ...do.— ...do-... June 17 ---do—, -..do-... ...do.... ...do.... ...do ..- .-.do.... ...do.... ...do... ..do..... ...do..... ..do..... ...do -.do -.do ... --do-... .-do.—. Kelet- Nova Scotia-. do do.- ... do. _- Scythia do do-. do- Transylvania.. Kexholm Nova Scotia... do.- do - ..—do ...-do ----do Georgia--- ---.do Scythia Pontehartrain. do June 18 ...do.... -.-do—. ...do..- ...do..- ...do.... .--do .--do— .-do..... .-do.-., -do.-., -.do.-.. June 19 ..do.—. ..do..... -.do..... June 20 ..do ... --do.... ..do..-. ..do-..- June 21 --do.-., -.do.— ..do .... June 22 -.do..... ..do ... ..do .... June 23 ..do.-... June 25 -do. ... -.do...- -.do.— . June 26 Askild Scythia Pontehartrain ---do Cape Race radio. Pontehartrain Nordfarer Willemsplein do ...-do ----do Viiri Nordfarer-.. Willemsplein do -.--do -..-do -..-do --..do Toronto City .....do... do....-- .....do Ena de Larrinaga. Aachen Lisbeth- ....do ----do Queen Mary. Pontehartrain Baclite Cape Race radio... He De France Nette Pontehartrain Statendam Coulbeg Cape Race radio. .. Coulbeg General Greene Carolina Thorden. Cape Race radio... Pengreep . ....do General Greene.- Haxby Cape Race radio. Thoray Cape Race radio- Nuolja Cape Race radio. do Ostpreussen do Cape Race radio. 50 17 50 12 50 30 45 56 48 07 47 51 41 34 45 07 48 25 48 10 48 04 48 01 47 57 47 49 41 27 41 37 47 50 41 36 41 22 48 43 41 33 46 42 41 00 48 28 49 00 48 44 48 42 48 32 47 55 48 27 48 30 48 31 48 27 48 40 48 21 48 14 44 34 44 31 44 28 44 30 45 31 40 48 44 29 44 31 44 43 40 34 41 10 40 36 46 42- 40 23 47 58 40 29 41 31 48 25 46 42 48 14 47 33 44 34 46 42 47 58 47 28 42 51 47 35 46 42 43 27 46 42 44 58 46 42 53 12 52 55 51 45 47 13 50 15 50 20 50 23 50 28 49 31 49 34 50 04 50 18 50 48 50 45 48 50 51 51 19 51 18 51 18 51 28 50 04 50 22 50 46 50 18 50 02 46 04 52 56 49 44 50 08 52 56 49 33 48 55 48 01 49 10 49 44 49 42 50 12 49 09 49 55 50 10 50 12 50 37 49 21 49 23 49 26 49 29 47 25 49 26 49 14 49 08 48 50 49 06 49 29 49 08 52 56 48 53 48 52 48 47 49 12 45 43 52 56 46 29 51 54 48 50 52 56 48 09 48 48 50 19 48 35 52 56 48 48 52 56 48 19 52 56 Renewse Rock 49 23 I 50 30 49 28 I 50 46 Renewse Rock Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Large growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 2551). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 2576). Large berg (same as 1850). Berg (same as 1772). Berg. Berg. Berg (same as 1772). Large berg (same as 1850). Berg. Berg (same as 1772) . Berg and growlers. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Small berg. 2 small bergs. Growler. Berg. Berg and 4 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Berg and pieces. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Berg and 3 growlers. Growler. Do. Berg (same as 2562). Growler. Large berg and growlers (same as 1850). Growler and pieces. Berg. Small berg. Large berg. Very small growler (same as^l 772). Large berg. Berg. Berg. Berg and 2 growlers. Large berg. Berg. Berg. Growler. Berg and growlers. Berg. 5 bergs and several growlers. Ber?. Berg. Do. Berg and growler (same as 2629) . Berg. Berg, 2 miles east. Berg and growlers. Berg. Berg, 2 miles east. 104 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description 2fifi4 2665 2666 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2692 2694 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733 2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 June 26 ...do.... ._.do_... June 27 ...do.... ...do ... June 28 ...do..... ...do..... ...do.... ...do ...do ...do..... ...do.-... ...do..... ...do.... -.do June 29 ..do..... —do —do -do—., -do..... ..do -do— .. Cape Race radio. Taborfjell Lido Cape Race radio. do Tuscania Cape Race radio. do Tatra .....do Cape Race radio. Coulbeg. .....do. Gorm Pontehartrain Coulbeg Rydboholm Cape Race radio.. Marstenen ....do Pontehartrain .--.do Uddehoim. ...-do —do ...do..... ...do..... .-do-.... ..do..... —do-... --do-.... ..do -.do .... --do June 30 July 1 --do -do --do -do.-.. ..do..... July 2 ...do..... ..do..... ...do..... ..do....- ...do-... -do..... ..do—.. ..do..... ..do -do ...do..... .--do ...do..... ...do ...do ...do.— . .--do —do—.. ...do....- July 3 ...do ...do.— . ...do.-... ...do..... ..-do ...do..... ...do ...do.-.. ...do ...do.... ...do.... ...do..... ...do.... ...do...., ...do-., —do.... —do.... Belle Isle radio ....do ....do ....do ....do -.-do -. -—do ..-.do -..-do ---.do Cape Race radio-.. Toureoing Cape Race radio... General Greene.... St. Joseph — do Rossington Court. Cape Race radio.. Belle Isle radio .-..do .-.do .-.do... ....do ....do -...do -...do .--.do ---.do ....do .---do —do ..-.do ...-do Rotterdam ---do Tahoe Induna Cape Race radio... do Belle Isle radio ---do —do .....do .....do do do- Baalbek.. Belle Isle radio... do... do 46 42 52 56 51 29 47 45 50 32 46 42 52 56 Renewse Rock 48 10 I 49 36 46 42 I 52 56 Renewse Rock 48 07 I 49 33 48 02 I 49 27 Ferryland Head 46 48 46 37 48 40 49 43 45 47 50 23 Ferryland Head 48 04 48 08 48 23 42 03 48 37 47 50 48 36 48 31 43 00 48 16 48 45 48 25 47 59 fBellelsleto 45 34 45 43 49 38 44 56 43 58 49 19 50 25 55 40 56 16 54 43 54 39 52 03 50 42 54 47 55 15 1 51 44 51 47 55 06 52 04 53 02 53 04 52 07 52 02 Belle Isle do. Ferryland Head 47 51 I 51 08 Ferryland Head 46 03 50 23 51 20 49 48 Ferryland Head 46 58 47 55 47 40 49 07 -do., .do., -do., -do.. 52 02 51 50 61 35 51 48 51 46 52 42 52 47 51 43 51 43 52 25 48 09 48 55 48 53 48 09 51 36 51 37 52 14 52 16 52 24 52 32 52 13 46 04 52 32 51 45 51 28 51 49 55 02 55 45 56 16 55 27 55 34 52 04 51 33 56 00 55 55 56 07 56 11 56 15 55 50 56 09 54 18 50 32 49 43 48 49 47 15 49 43 50 52 56 19 56 12 54 12 30 51 53 53 04 51 57 46 05 56 30 55 39 56 29 55 52 55 33 55 45 55 58 53 25 Berg. 3 bergs. Berg. Berg. Berg, 2 miles east. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg, 2 miles east. Berg. Do. Berg, 1 mile south. 2 bergs and 2 growlers. 2 bergs and growlers. Berg. Growler. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg, 1 mile south. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. >5 large bergs north and south of track Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Large bergs aground east side. ? bergs close to shore, west side. Berg, 1 mile south. Berg. Berg, 1 mile south. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg, 1 mile south. Berg and numerous growlers. Several small bergs. Berg and growlers. Berg and 2 growlers. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Berg. Berg. Berg. 4 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Large berg. Small berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 105 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued No. Date Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description I9S8 0 / o / 2741 July 3 --do Belle Isle radio 52 21 52 57 Berg. ■2742 52 23 52 59 Do. 2743 --do (Jo 52 24 52 55 Do. 2744 ...do do .- - .. 52 04 53 14 2 bergs and pieces. 2745 --do .do.. 52 07 51 08 Berg and growlers. 2746 --do— do 52 35 53 27 Do. i>747 —do- -.-..do 51 46 55 34 Berg. 2748 do do 51 45 55 37 Do. 2749 -.do—- 51 48 55 26 Do.- 12750 — do— - do 51 32 56 26 Do. 2751 .-do 51 37 56 12 Do. 2752 —do (Jo._. 51 53 55 24 Do. 2753 —do—.. do 51 27 56 36 Do. 2754 ...do— - do 51 28 56 24 Do. 2755 --.do—.. .do .. 51 31 56 30 Do. 275fi -.-do do 51 41 56 04 Do. 2757 —do-.... do 51 47 55 38 Do. 2758 ...do..-- do --- 51 48 55 34 Do. 2759 -.-do— . do 51 45 55 39 Do. 2760 — do — . do. 51 45 55 06 Do. 276] --.do..... -do . 51 28 55 33 Do. 2762 ...do..... do 51 49 55 45 Do. 2763 -..do..— do.. 51 44 55 53 Do. 2764 --.do do 51 45 55 47 Do. 2765 ...do do 51 44 55 58 Do. 2766 — do .... do 51 44 55 06 Do. 2767 --do do Rl 56 55 11 Do. 2768 --.do do 51 42 55 24 Do. 2769 -..do 51 26 56 41 Do. 2770 --do ---do 51 45 55 55 Berg and growler. 2771 --.do do 51 27 56 41 Do. 2772 ...do-.... do 52 08 53 25 Berg. 2773 ...do-..- do 52 21 52 57 Do. 2774 ...do do— -.. 52 23 52 59 Do. 2775 -..do — .-do 52 24 52 55 Do. 2776 -.-do— 52 04 53 14 2 bergs. 2777 —do..... (Jo 52 07 51 08 Berg 2778 --do do 52 35 53 27 Do. 2779 -.do—.. do 51 58 55 13 Do. 2780 —do..... do 51 56 55 13 Do. 2781 --do do 52 00 54 34 Do. 2782 ...do do 52 04 54 35 Do. 2783 ---do-..- do 52 24 53 38 Do. 2784 --do..... do 51 58 55 15 Do. 2785 .-do do -..- 51 50 52 25 Do. 2786 --.do do 52 00 54 32 Do. 2787 --do..... do 52 10 53 07 Berg and growler. 2788 .-.do -.-.do 52 11 52 18 Berg. 2789 ...do..... do 52 01 54 40 Do. 2790 do Kungsholm 47 53 51 14 Do. July 4 --do— - Belle Isle radio -- 51 26 51 31 56 42 56 29 Do. 2792 —do Do. 2793 ---do — - 51 38 56 19 Do. 2794 ---do— - do .--- 51 43 56 10 Do. 2795 --.do — - -..do.. 51 50 55 45 Do. 2796 -.-do 51 44 55 38 Do. 2797 -.do do Pistolet Bay ^°- , . . 2798 -.-do ... do Belle Isle Bergs and growlers, south point. 2799 ---do..... North Channel Several bergs. 2800 ..-do..... do 51 30 51 20 Berg. 2801 ...do do 51 05 52 40 Do. 2802 -.-do-.... do 52 21 51 54 Large berg. 2803 .-do do 51 25 56 58 Berg. 2804 --do do 51 17 57 01 Do. 2805 -..do.—. do 51 23 56 57 Do. 2806 ---do-..- do 51 34 56 30 Do. 2807 -do..- 51 32 56 24 Do. 2808 --.do do 51 38 56 24 Do. 2809 -.-do do .- 51 40 56 17 Do. 2810 --do 51 48 55 56 Do. 2811 -.-do do 51 50 55 40 Do. 2812 ---do..... do 51 55 55 39 Do. 2813 -.-do..-. do -.: 51 47 55 28 Do. 2814 --.do. .. do 51 54 55 36 Do. 2815 .- do-...- 51 43 56 08 Berg and growler. 2S16 --do....- do. 51 50 55 37 Do. 2817 - do..... .-.-do 52 05 55 05 Berg. 2818 --do-.... do 52 11 54 00 Do. 2819 ---do— . do 52 11 53 24 Do. 2820 ! --do—-. ----do 51 56 55 14 Do. :2821 1 -do— 1 do 52 02 55 14 Do. 106 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued No. Date Name of vessel Lati- tude ^d?- Description 19S8 o , 0 , 2822 July 4 Belle Isle radio.. 52 04 52 57 Berg do .— do 52 16 53 59 Do. 2824 ...do do 52 17 54 00 Do. 2825 ...do do 52 15 53 12 Do. July 5 do John A. Brown 38 10 39 00 Red can buoy. 2827 do 38 22 38 38 Drifting wreckage. 2828 ::-do__..- Burano 36 00 46 45 Drifting buoy. 2829 do P. N. Damm 48 16 49 10 Growler. 2830 "' do - Belle Isle radio 51 23 56 49 Berg. 2831 :;.do-.— do 50 56 57 38 Do. 2832 .do —.do 51 00 57 44 Do. do ... 51 21 67 08 Do. 2834 ...do do 52 24 56 59 Do. 2835 ..do -i-do::----::------ 52 23 56 55 Do. 2836 ...do..... 51 42 56 28 Do. 2837 July 6 do 51 42 56 67 Do. ...do do 51 43 56 02 Do. 2839 .do (Jo 51 40 66 07 Do. 2840 ...do do 51 36 56 10 Do. 2841 ...do....- --do:-:::::-:::-----: 51 39 56 15 Do. 2842 ...do..... 61 38 66 22 Do. 2843 ...do- do .... 51 16 67 06 Do. 2844 do do 50 49 57 68 Berg and growler. 2845 ...do Tuscania 48 25 47 65 Beri. 2846 do - Belle Isle radio 51 53 66 27 Do. 2847 ...do..... 51 54 55 29 Do. 2848 ...do do 51 43 66 29 Do. 2849 ...do..— do 51 50 55 43 Do. 2850 ...do....- do 51 48 66 06 Do. 2851 ...do do 51 36 55 59 Do. 2852 ...do..... do 51 37 66 06 Do. 2853 ...do :::::do:::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 43 56 10 Do. 2854 ...do do 51 45 56 17 Do. 2855 ...do...- 51 42 56 22 Do. 2856 ...do :::::do:::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 24 57 01 Do. 2857 ...do 51 10 57 37 Do. 2858 ...do do 50 55 67 50 Berg and 2 growlers. 2859 ...do..-.. :::::do::::::::::::::::::::::.: 52 24 51 46 Berg. 2860 ...do...-. do 52 24 51 56 Do. 2861 ...do....- 52 01 56 07 Berg and growler. 2862 ...do-.... do 52 03 55 10 Berg. 2863 ...do..... do 51 57 65 11 Do. 2864 ...do --:::do:--:::-::::: 51 57 65 14 2 bergs. 2865 do Ivan Gorthon - . 49 15 52 25 Large berg. 2866 ...do'.'."- do 49 03 53 10 Do. 2867 ...do....- Belle Isle radio 52 24 55 66 Berg. 2868 —do do 52 24 65 46 Do. 2869 --do_..- do.- 52 22 55 19 Do. 2870 July 7 Caledonia.. 48 35 48 32 Do. 2871 ...do....- do 48 37 48 36 Do. 2872 ...do_.... 48 29 48 36 Berg and growler. 2873 ...do :::::do:::::::::::::::::::::::: 48 16 49 18 Berg. 2874 .-do ...do Themisto - . 48 55 48 50 48 35 48 31 Do. 2875 do Do. 2876 ...do-..- Granli 48 36 46 08 Berg and 6 growlers. 2877 ...do..... BeUe Isle radio.... 52 15 64 19 Berg. 2878 ...do..... — ..do- 51 50 65 45 Do. 2879 —do..... 51 46 66 29 Do. 2880 -.-do....- :::::do:::::::::::::::::::::::: Belle Isle Berg, 10 miles south. 2881 ...do..... do .,-.... 51 53 55 20 Berg. 2882 ...do...- do 51 68 65 13 2 bergs. 2883 ...do....- do 51 46 55 28 Berg. 2884 ...do...- do 51 49 56 44 Berg and growler. 2885 ...do..... do 51 46 56 49 Berg. 2886 ...do....- do 61 40 56 10 Do. 2887 ...do....- do 51 41 56 15 Do. — do —do 51 38 56 11 Do. 2889 .-.do....- ...do....- ...do .-.do.-. Henri Jaspar- 43 32 45 33 52 22 61 26 48 48 47 47 66 19 66 52 Berg (same as 2721). 2890 Tahoe.. Growler. 2891 Belle Isle radio Berg. 2892 do Do. 2893 -.-do_.._. do 61 57 56 11 Do. 2894 ...do..— 61 67 56 14 2 bergs. 2895 .--do_..._ :::::do:::::::::::::::::::::::: Bell elsle Berg, 10 miles 85° from South Point. -do- . July 8 ...do ...do — do --do...-. Trevalgan 48 53 48 06 49 61 52 14 46 58 47 01 46 09 48 44 49 13 55 10 45 59 46 02 Berg. 2897 do Growler. 2898 Oxelosund 2 bergs. 2899 Belle Isle radio Berg. 2900 Trefalgar Do. 2901 do -..- Large berg. 2902 ...do..... WiUemsplein 48 35 49 29 Berg. 107 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- tude Longi- tude Description July --.do. —do. ---do. July 9 —do.... --.do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do..... -.do.... ...do-... ..-do.... ...do-.. ...do-.- ---do-... ---do—. July 10 ...do — do— ..-do.... ...do.... ...do-..- ..-do... ...do... ...do-., -.-do... -.do... ...do-.. ...do... -.-do... ...do... ...do -..do. .-.do- July 11 ...do.... ...do-..- -..do.... — do-... ...do.-.. .._do...- ...do...- ...do...- --do— . ...do-... ...do-..- --.do— . ...do.-. ...do.... — do-..- .do- Willemsplein-. Tahoe ..--do Oxelosund Belle Isle radio do do do do... do do.- ....do '"-do--"--'----^ -.-.do --.-do Prins Frederick Hendrick Normandie Tahoe Belle Isle radio ..-do-- ....do-- ....do-.- ....do... ...-do... ..-do-. ...-do... ....do-. ...-do... ..--do— ...-do... -...do... Tahoe... -..-do Belle Isle radio. ..-.do.- ....do... ...-do... .-..do... ....do-. ....do... ....do... ....do... ..-do .-..do Tahoe Belle Isle radio. -..do ..-.do- .—do ...-do ..-.do .-.do ..--do ....do ...-do .--do .---do -.-do ..-do ...-do- .---do . — do -...do ...-do ..-do ----do .-..do Tahoe Flensburg ...do Laconia --.do Belle Isle radio. -..-do ...-do ...-do .---do 48 41 43 31 51 51 61 59 51 48 51 56 52 14 52 15 51 33 51 46 51 34 51 28 51 28 51 29 49 08 43 12 43 12 51 59 52 28 51 56 51 41 51 44 52 07 52 22 43 00 42 57 51 42 51 45 52 42 51 52 51 42 51 24 51 49 52 25 52 22 52 10 50 43 42 48 51 33 52 23 52 26 52 08 52 24 52 17 52 01 52 07 51 59 51 57 52 28 51 51 51 45 51 55 42 37 49 07 48 56 48 31 4K 40 52 48 51 55 52 29 51 54 51 53 48 27 48 48 48 48 49 51 54 58 55 16 54 59 55 17 53 16 52 56 54 35 54 58 56 19 56 31 56 27 56 33 44 00 49 01 49 03 55 09 53 17 51 15 53 24 50 09 56 32 55 29 55 15 55 29 54 44 51 55 49 17 49 13 56 00 56 02 51 30 55 10 56 08 57 05 55 10 53 30 53 37 53 00 58 21 49 31 56 18 56 13 55 30 55 29 55 56 55 55 56 22 55 30 Island 51 07 51 37 52 58 51 49 53 00 55 00 52 55 55 03 55 02 52 38 55 19 55 08 55 06 49 42 49 35 50 05 47 27 47 14 54 00 53 14 Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and numerous growlers. Berg. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 2721). Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg and several growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Submerged object. Berg and growler (same as 2721). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Several bergs aground north shore to- eastward. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg (same as 2721) 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 147469—40 8 108 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3021 3022 3023 3024 3033 3034 3035 3036 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3016 3047 3052 3053 3054 July 12 July 13 ..do.— ..do ..do..... ...do..-.. ...do....- ...do ...do-.-.. _..do-...- -.-do.— - ...do-... ...do..-.- .-do-.... .-.do- — July 14 --do..... ...do..... -.-do ...do -..do..... ...do ...do...- July 15 ...do ..-do..... .--do-.... July 16 ...do—.. ...do--.. ...do- July 17 ...do..-- ...do..... -..do— - -do- -do- .-do July 18 ..do..... ..do ..do..... -.do ..do..... ..do July 19 ..do-.... .-do...- .-do -do— - .-do..— July 20 -.do .-do---- .-do—.- ..do...- ..do..... ..do..-.. ..do ...do...- --do.--. ..do-...- --do --do ..do..... ..do ...do -.do..... ...do ...do..... ...do.... Name of vessel Belle Isle radio. ....do- .--- ....do ....do ....do ....do ...do Tahoe Belle Isle radio -...do ----do -..-do- ---do Effie M. Morrissey. ...do Belle Isle radio ...-do do ....do do do .---do Tahoe Pontchartrain Flensburg Seythia Pontchartrain ----do H. M. S. Orion Haughton Hall Pontchartrain ---do Caledonia Haugerland Eflie M. Morrissey- .do. .do. July 21 July 23 Winifred Lee.. -. .do Caledonia Pontchartrain. Pilsudski Pontchartrain. John Cabot Havtor EfBe M. Morrissey. ---.do ....do Pontchartrain Llanberis Winifred Lee Belle Isle radio --..do ...-do ...-do - -.--do ....do do.... ....do do ....do ....do do do ..-.do do .....do do Nova Scotia Cameronia Valencia Navarra Stad Vlaardingen... General Greene Lati- tude Belle Isle Belle Isle 51 37 I 56 20 51 32 I 56 10 Woody Island 53 38 54 53 49 57 56 05 56 07 56 10 54 00 56 20 53 20 53 06 55 22 54 58 54 38 55 10 54 42 55 57 55 58 50 08 50 12 44 50 48 54 52 28 1 51 54 42 30 51 41 51 44 52 37 50 37 51 37 50 02 51 04 51 50 51 38 51 54 51 4H 51 48 51 43 51 44 42 27 42 22 49 18 48 45 42 19 42 12 47 05 35 37 42 02 42 00 48 26 48 49 52 25 50 07 50 05 48 15 43 Description Ironbound Is lands, Labrador Ironbound Is- H bergs. lands to Turna- vick, Labrador Turnavick, Labrador Grady Cape Harrison Berg, ]'■> mile south. Berg, 3 miles south. Berg. Do. Several bergs aground north shore eastward. Berg. Berg (same as 2721). Do. 4 large bergs. Berg. Do. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Berg and growler. 3 bergs. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 2721). Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Berg (same as 2721). Do. Berg. Large bell buoy. Berg (same as 2721). Do. Berg. Do. 88 large bergs 20 miles east-northeast. 49 41 55 49 05 41 53 45 40 48 08 56 20 44 54 50 02 48 45 50 00 51 17 47 41 n 58 36) 56 15 56 27 49 46 46 30 to 57 23 60 52 62 45 41 45 39 55 Ragged Islands 54 15 52 00 52 29 53 39 53 45 53 49 54 06 52 07 52 52 56 07 55 35 49 51 45 18 48 23 49 42 45 24 53 00 52 05 51 49 51 08 51 47 52 32 ,50 29 50 26 51 04 ,50 58 50 24 50 43 50 41 K 03 51 06 51 12 51 42 51 47 49 04 49 39 49 00 48 55 49 39 50 02 21 large bergs 52 miles north-northeast. Berg 7 miles northeast. 5 bergs in vicinity. Berg. Berg and growlers (same as 2721). 2 bergs and growlers. Growler (same as 2721). Growler. Berg. 17 large bergs. Large flat berg. Berg. Growler (same as 2721). Drifting can buoy. Very large berg 7 miles east. Berg. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. 3 bergs and growlers. Berg and growler. Berg and growlers. Berg. 109 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Lati- Longi- tude tude Description July 23 __do,_, .__do ._.. _.do..._. ...do... .. do .... ...do ...do ...do..... ...do.-... -.do..... ...do.-... ...do .-.do .-do ...do— . -.do...-- —dO--.- ..do ..do --do -.-do -.do --do. . . July 24 .-.do..... ...do— -- ...do ...do ..do ...do,.... ...do-.... ...do..... July 25 ..do ...do .-do —do..-.. ...do ---do .-.do ...do ...do July 26 -do --do - do — do..-- -do -do July 27 --do -do -do...-- July General Greene. do ...-do do Belle Isle radio-. --.-do ----do .do- .do- .do. -do. .do- .do. -do- do. .do. July .do. .do- -do-. -do-, do. .do.. .do.. do do do do do do do do -.--do ...-do .--do --.-do .-..do .-.-do -.--do do General Greene ----do Belle Isle radio.. General Greene. ---.do ...-do ...do ...do Belle Isle radio.. General Greene. Belle Isle radio.. ...-do ----do Albert Janus Belle Isle radio.. .-.-do ---.do Borgfred Winifred Lee.. Bell Isle radio. ...do . ..do . ..do ....do ...do ...do ---.do . .-do ----do Winifred Lee.. General Greene., --.-do -..-do Belle Isle radio. ----do ..-.do --.-do ..-.do ---.do -_-. ----do .---do -- -do .--.do --..do - -.do ---.do -.--do .--.do 50 04 50 47 50 47 50 48 51 47 52 43 52 32 52 30 52 32 52 48 52 49 52 42 52 00 52 37 52 44 51 51 52 39 53 18 52 48 52 39 52 32 52 46 51 16 51 22 52 46 53 13 53 36 53 41 53 45 53 47 51 48 55 03 52 38 11 52 57 53 46 53 52 53 53 55 03 53 25 53 26 53 28 54 25 53 33 52 19 54 28 54 10 53 33 53 29 55 20 56 05 55 21 52 24 52 31 53 09 53 30 54 09 53 08 54 19 54 06 53 00 55 16 55 51 56 04 55 59 56 01 55 39 53 20 53 10 55 29 55 21 52 20 55 22 52 10 52 26 Fjord, 53 08 53 29 93 15 55 19 55 25 51 10 53 51 48 53 20 53 18 Arsuk Greenland Solomons I land. 52 37 52 40 52 44 51 51 52 25 50 47 50 44 Belle Isle 51 41 I 56 10 51 54 I 55 12 Cape Saglek to Cape., Mug- ford. Solomons Is- land to Sav- age Islands. Caoe Farewell, Greenland. Caoe Farewell, 45 10 51 26 ( 59 }reer 35 52 29 53 08 53 17 52 55 52 50 52 47 52 29 51 ,50 51 49 51 53 51 39 52 25 52 46 52 25 52 27 .52 15 52 10 51 36 51 35 55 53 56 20 52 55 51 30 53 16 51 05 Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 3078). Berg and 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as .3072) . 3 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Heavy drift ice extending 30 miles off shore due west. 15 bergs vicinity. Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 3072) . Berg. Do. Do. Berg, 2 miles south. Berg. Do. 5 bergs, 10 miles offshore. 42 bergs, 8 miles offshore. Approximately 100 bergs within range of visibility, vicinity. Heavy open pack ice extending 30 miles south. Light open pack ice. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 110 Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued Name of vessel Lati- Longi- tude tude Description July 29 _..do-_-. _.dO..-- ..do.._. .-.do._.- .-_do...- ...do ..- ...do,_-- ..do -- -..do_— . ._.do._- July 3i ...do— ...do— ...do-. -..do— Au?. ...do— —do... ...do... Aug. ; Aug. • ...do... .-do... -.do... -_.do... ...do... ...do-. --do-.. Aug. -.do. —do. ..do. — do- -.do- — do- .do. .do.—. .do—. .do-.... .do Aug. 6 -do..... -do-... -do—.. -do—.. -do..— -do—. -do-.... -do— -do— .do..... Aug. 7 .do Belle Isle radio Cape Race radio --.-do Belle Isle radio -.-.do .-..do .- -do ....do ....do .-.do Effie M. Morrissey. Belle Isle radio. -...do ...-do VilleD'ys General Greene — do -..do ....do General W. A. Greely. General Greene ....do -...do ..-do -. ....do ...-do --..do -.-do ...do Red Bay 44 42 48 20 51 32 53 04 53 14 51 34 53 01 51 48 51 55 Hell 51 23 52 00 fiske Bank to Dis- ko Island, Greenland. Disko Island to Duck Is- lands, Mel- ville Bay, Greenland. 51 48 1 55 37 51 49 55 22 52 48 ! 51 57 Greenland west 5t 54 43 57 42 57 40 57 20 63 00 54 10 57 48 58 33 58 34 58 46 58 51 59 33 57 40 to 64 38 I 58 57 64 38 I 58 57 west to longi- tude 60 00 64 30 I 60 10 64 18 60 40 30 I 60 20 to 15 I 61 00 64 15 I 61 00 to 62 12 63 05 61 coa 05 65 25 65 27 65 35 71 (HI 66 40 65 26 65 05 65 04 65 02 64 47 64 34 64 33 65 38 64 07 63 57 63 57 63 53 63 45 63 35 [62 50 62 20 62 22 62 04 61 55 61 44 61 11 60 58 60 .50 59 50 60 07 60 15 60 15 59 43 59 23 58 54 58 37 58 00 57 50 60 53 60 59 61 10 60 44 61 05 60 45 62 25 62 45 63 20 63 10 62 .53 62 54 63 12 63 01 62 43 62 40 62 33 62 10 62 01 61 26 61 35 61 25 60 50 60 30 Berg on north shore. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Many bergs. Numerous bergs, 210 in sight at one time. Berg. Do. Do. Many bergs. Large berg. Encountered heavy open pack ice. Berg. Do. Heavy pack ice, vessel beset. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Large berg. ■Heavy open pack ice. Occasional strings of light open ice with some larger pieces. Berg. f^Heavy open ice. I Skirted heavy open ice extending'in a I general south-southwest direction I passing through occasional strings 1 light open ice. 3 bergs. Berg. 3 bergs. Do. BerL'. Do. 16 large bergs. (Along edge and in ice.) 3 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 5 bergs, vicinity. Berg. 4 bergs, vicinity. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg. ( Ill Table of ice and obstruction reports — Continued 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3210 ■3211 3212 3213 3214 3215 3216 3217 3218 3219 3220 3221 3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 Aug. 7 . do..._ ..do_... -do.... -do.—. ..do—- . -do...-. ..do.—, -do..... ._do._... ..do— _. -do.-... -do N'ame of vessel Aug. .-do- -do- do. -do— -do.... .-do-.-- -do-..- -do— -do..- ..do...- -do— . .-do— -do—, --do— Aue. 9 ..do..... -do.-.. — do..-. ...do-.... ...do— . --do..... ...do— .. ...do-..-, --do— .- ..do.-..- ...do — do— .- .--do-.... Aug. 10 .\ug. 11 Aug. 14 --do .... -do- Belle Isle radio do-- — .-do- .-do do- -do. -.-do- .-do- ...do. -\ug. 24 Aug. 29 ..do.-., --do.-. Aug. 30 -do— --do-...- -\ug. 31 ..do-... Sept. 2 .do. Sept. 6 Sept. 13 do General Greene. --.-do -..do ---do -..-do ----do --- do Belle Isle radio do ---do .-.--do do —-do : ..-..do ..—do - — do . — do Belgrad Raga Gorthon.-. General Greene .—do ; ----do Belle Isle radio-. . — do -—do .--.do Winifred Lee... —do ..-do- ...do- Pennland Effie M. Morrissey ----do --do ---do .-..do- ..--do .--do .-.do Winifred Lee. .do. Lati- tude 51 53 51 49 51 51 52 03 52 43 52 31 52 36 52 40 52 31 52 43 52 30 52 18 52 20 50 20 52 44 52 27 52 24 62 48 55 46 55 08 55 06 54 52 54 55 54 32 64 30 52 47 53 05 53 32 53 16 52 35 53 10 S3 00 52 47 53 22 53 05 52 54 53 25 53 15 53 01 52 30 53 18 53 22 53 04 51 47 Longi- tude 56 06 55 34 53 58 50 57 51 00 51 18 50 55 51 13 51 15 51 15 51 04 50 50 51 00 51 12 51 11 51 04 51 07 56 54 55 50 56 40 55 10 54 58 54 32 55 07 53 00 52 42 51 40 Description 52 10 52 10 52 35 51 32 Batory Braheholm. 54 48 54 60 54 35 51 16 51 41 51 22 55 40 Cape Harrigan Watchman's Island Do. Cape Mugford ■" - 47 .56 60 14 59 55 59 47 58 48 58 41 57 35 57 68 66 30 Hebron Har- bour Three Moun- tains Harbour fCape Harrigan to I Cape Seglek 48 53 I 48 55 56 39 41 IS 48 00 56 15 55 67 55 48 55 14 56 12 55 00 .54 40 54 17 Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. 15 bergs 10 miles off. Berg 10 miles south. Berg 5 miles east. Berg 15 miles east. Berg. 4 bergs. Several large bergs. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Very large berg off. 2 bergs 1 mile oflF. 1 bergs along coast. Small berg. 2 large bergs and growler. OCEANOGRAPHY The Grand Banks Region, Labrador Sea, and Davis Strait in 1938 By Floyd M. Soule i On March 23, 1938, the General Greene departed from Woods Hole, and, after stopping at Halifax with parts for the patrol cutters, pro- ceeded to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to take up her duties as oceanographic vessel of the International Ice Patrol Force. As a part of this work a current survey was begun on March 31, at sta- tion 2541 located at 43°34' N., 53°45' W. During the month of March the reported positions of ice indicated that the major branch of the Labrador Current shifted from the abnormal course along the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland to the normal course along the eastern edge of the Grand Banks. However, as there was a possi- bility that some berg ice had drifted south from Cape Race prior to the shift, and because surface temperature- reports indicated the presence of large quantities of Labrador Current water south and southwest of the Tail of the Grand Banks, it seemed desirable to investigate the current situation in the southwestern sector on this first survey. Accordingly, the work of collection of data progressed from the position of the first station given above southeastward around the Tail and then northward along the eastern edge of the Banks. Excellent conditions of wind, sea, and visibility held from the be- ginning of the station work until April 7, on which date conditions got progressively worse and, after completion of station 2582 in lati- tude 44°24' N., longitude 49°32' W., the vessel was hove to at 2140 in a blinding snow driven by a force 7 wind accompanied by a rough sea. After 40 hours, during which the vessel had been blown about 100 miles south-southeastward, conditions had improved sufficiently to proceed toward the next station where the work of collection of data was resumed at 0600 on April 10 under unfavorable conditions, which again grew worse. Station work was completed at station 2590 located at 44°52' N., 46°46' W., on April 11, a total of 50 stations having been occupied. As the time during which the vessel had been hove to on the 8th and 9th had been applied in working up the data collected prior to that time, the current map was soon completed and ready for delivery on April 11, although the patrol cutter Tahoe could not be reached until 1010 on April 12. Having delivered the current chart aboard the Tahoe, the General Greene then proceeded to St. John's, where she arrived on April 13. ' Contribution No. 215 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (113) 114 For the purpose of making a second current survey the General Greene departed from St. John's on April 26. As anticipated from the previous survey, ice had been reported drifting westward of the Tail of the Grand Banks and therefore it was considered advisable to include this region, about as far west as longitude 52° W., in the second survey. In order to cover this area, the survey could not extend farther north than about latitude 46° N., on the eastern edge of the Banks. Accordingly, the work of collection was begun at station 2591 located at 46°27' N., 48°56' W., and progressed from north towards south. No considerable interruption to the work was experienced, and col- lection of data was completed at station 2649 at 43°36' N., 51°28' W., on May 7, a total of 59 stations having been occupied. The resulting current map was then constructed, and although it was completed 11 hours after the last station, it could not be delivered until after the Tahoe could be contacted on the morning of May 8. After the current map had been delivered aboard the patrol cutter, the General Greene proceeded to St. John's, arriving there on May 9. The General Greene departed from St. John's on May 23 to make a third current survey of the Grand Banks region. The ice distribu- tion indicated the desirability of current information from the region between Flemish Cap and the Grand Banks, and as the previous sur- vey showed the Labrador Current extending westward of the Tail of the Grand Banks, the desirability of information from this area was also indicated. The survey was planned, therefore, to extend from about latitude 47° N., to and somewhat westward of the Tail. Advice had also been received that during the summer concerted investiga- tions of the Atlantic current northwest of the Azores would be under- taken by other vessels. As the circulation in the North Atlantic has much to do with ice movements in the vicinity of the steamer lanes and is believed to have an even greater effect on the quantity of ice to drift into menacing positions it seemed worth w^hile to extend the section running south from the Tail of the Banks sufficiently to cross the Gulf Stream so that this section might ultimately be studied in connection with conditions prevailing the same year farther eastward. With these considerations in mind the work of collection of data was begun at station 2650 located at 47°09' N., 48°38' W., the survey progressing without incident from north towards south. The work of collection of data was completed at station 2731 at 42°00' N., 50°56' W., on June 6, 82 stations having been occupied. The result- ing current map was then constructed and delivered aboard the Tahoe 13 hours after the station work had been completed. The General Greene then returned to St. John's, where she arrived on June 8. On June 20 the General Greene departed from St. John's to make a fourth current survey. In order to satisfy a request for immediate 1 115 information regarding the currents south of the Tail of the Grand Banks the survey was begun at the southern end of the area and pro- ceeded from south toward north. The work of collection of data began at station 2732 located at 43°30' N., 50°13' W., and, continuing without incident, was completed at station 2808 at 47°20' N.,47°15' W., on July 3, a total of 77 stations having been occupied. As soon as possible after completing the stations south of latitude 43° N., the currents in this vicinity were mapped and the situation was described to the patrol cutter by radio. It should be remarked here that in spite of an unusually high percentage of fog experienced during this survey, occasional sights and sounding fixes at fortunate times and intervals served to locate the stations with sufficient accu- racy to produce a map of average reliability. The current map was delivered aboard the patrol cutter Tahoe lb)i hours after completion of the work of collection of data. The General Greene then proceeded to St. John's, arriving there on July 4. Thus a total of 268 oceanographic stations were occupied during the ice patrol season. From July 22 to August 17 an additional 39 stations were occupied during a post-season cruise in the Labrador Sea and Davis Strait. These stations were disposed in the form of three sections, namely, {a) from South Wolf Island, Labrador, to Cape Farewell, Greenland, (6) a longitudinal section from section (a) to Davis Strait Ridge, and (c) on Davis Strait Ridge from the "west ice" to Holsteinsborg, Greenland. In addition to the usual tempera- ture and salinity observations, samples were collected for the deter- mination of dissolved helium and oxygen from the deeper levels at the stations forming section (6) and from three stations in the middle of section {a). The temperature, salinity, and oxygen data collected at the 307 oceanographic stations occupied during the season and on the post-season cruise are presented in the oceanographic table in this bulletin. On the post-season cruise 451 sonic soundings were made with the fathometer along the above-mentioned sections. These soundings have been corrected for sounding velocity by means of the con- currently collected temperature and salinity data in accordance with the temperature-salinity-pressure-velocity relations given in the British Admiralty tables (H. D. 282). The corrected soundings have been tabulated and supplied to the United States Hydrographic Office and to the International Hydrographic Bureau. In addition to these soundings a continuous sonic sounding section was made along the continental shelf from Davis Strait to the Strait of Belle Isle. This section was mcidental to ice observation along the route and was intended to shed light on the question of whether or not any submarine canyons of the type found in other parts of the world exist in the Labrador shelf. The best location for such a section would have been 116 near the edge of the shelf. Because of other considerations, however, this section was located near the middle of the shelf. No canyons were found to intersect this section but because of its location all that can be said is that if canyons do exist on the Labrador shelf they do not extend as far as the line of this section. Other incidental data collected on the General Greene, both during the season and post-season cruises, consisted of barograms and sea-water surface thermograms. The equipment and methods of measurements were the same as in 1937. Routine salinity bridge measurements and calibration titra- tions were performed by the oceanographer's assistants, Bernard S. Loebig, yeoman, first-class, and James F. Flannery, seaman, first-class. Other assistants in the observational work were Thomas C. Crabe, yeoman, third-class, and William George, seaman, first-class. At the 268 stations occupied during the season the extent and nominal depths of the serial observations of temperature and salinity were the same as during the season of 1937 except that at the stations comprising the section across the Gulf Stream occupied during the third survey the observations extended to a deptli of between 2,000 and 2,500 meters. On the post-season cruise the temperature and salinity measurements extended to as near bottom as was practical at most of the stations. In general the oxygen samples were taken at depths from 100 meters down and the helium samples only in the deeper layers, from 400 meters down. As a check on the fimctioning of the reversing thermometers, a pro- gram of intercomparison through periodic shifts in thermometer pairs was carried out as in previous years, A total of 1 ,735 individual com- parisons were investigated. The probable differences between the corrected readings of a pair of thermometers varied among the dif- ferent groups from 0.003° to 0.017° C. and the probable difference for the entire 1,735 comparisons was 0.010° C. An additional 267 com- parisons were made in which one thermometer of the pair was unre- liable. The probable difference for these 267 comparisons was 0.034°C. However, as the readings of these thermometers were known to be unreliable they were not used in determining the observed tempera- tures which are considered to be accurate to 0.01° C. Near the end of the season a progressive error in the standardization of the salinity bridge was suspected. This was later verified by the careful titration of 38 actual sea-water samples from various depths. The tabulated values of salinity have been corrected for this error, the original measurements before correction being too low by the following amounts: Second survey 0.019%o; third survey, 0.029%o; fourth survey and post-season cruise, 0.054%o. As these corrections are equivalent to differences in dynamic height of 14, 21, and 39 milli- meters when referred to the 1,000-decibar surface and are, for practical 117 purposes, constant for any one survey, the current maps are presented as originally dra\vn with the reference surface given in the title differing 54° 53° 52° of 50° 49° 47 46° 45° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° Figure 45.— Dynamic current map, from data collected March 31-April 11, 1938. by the appropriate amounts from the nominal value of 1,000 decibars. The current maps prepared during the season were made following the procedure used in the past several years. The map representing 118 current conditions on the post-season cruise is referred to the 2,000- decibar surface. In figure 45 is shown the current map resuhing from the first sur- vey, March 31 to April 11. Because of the adverse conditions under which they were occupied, the two northeasternmost stations of this map are considered to be less reliable than usual. The rest of the map, however, is considered to be of average reliability and agreed in detail with the sets experienced by the surveying vessel. An unusual feature is the complicated pattern introduced by the clock- wise whorl centered at about 43° N., 51° W. This may possibly have resulted from the March gales. Whatever the cause, the pat- tern did not persist. The high velocity on the southwestern edge of the Banks at about longitude 52° W., is apparently unrelated to the Labrador Current moving south along the eastern edge of the Banks, but perhaps is connected with the western branch of the Labrador Current which, earlier in the year, brought an abnormal proportion of the ice past the Avalon Peninsula. Another unusual feature shown in this map is the westward fanning of the Labrador Current between the forty-fourth and forty-fifth parallels. This gives an indication of the source of the growlers reported in on the Banks in tliis vicinity. It will be noted that this fanning occurred over the shoalest part of the Banks and may have resulted from a more effective stirring from the March gales here than in the deeper water. It is not surprising, in view of the early date of the observa- tions, that the Grand Banks whorl is conspicuous by its absence, since it has been assumed in the past that tliis whorl is energized, at least in part, by differential vernal warming of the waters over the shoal. The margin of the Atlantic Current is seen to be flowing in strength although no considerable tendency toward westward intru- sion was apparent. The pools of mixed water south and southeast of the Banks were larger than usual and indicated the possibility of ice drifting as far west as about longitude 52° W., should any bergs survive long enough to make the journey. Figure 46 shows the current map resulting from the data collected on the second survey, April 27 to May 7. This map shows the Lab- rador Current flowing in a broader than usual path and extending westward of the Tail of the Banks about as far as during the first survey. The Gulf Stream southwest and south of the Tail moved in nearer to the Banks and decreased the size of the mixed water pooL In the eastern part of the map the Atlantic Current is seen to have been flowing with strength and although it is frequently characteristic that as the season progresses the Atlantic Current intrudes westward toward the Banks as a salient in about latitude 45° N., any advance shown in figure 46 as compared with figure 45 was very slight and was more in the shape of a broad front. Attention is called to the east- 119 ward diversion of a part of the Labrador Current in about latitude 45° N., and to the unusual breadth of the Labrador Current southeast- ward of latitude 46° N., longitude 48° W. A review of the 15 surveys 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° Figure 46.— Dynamic current map, from data collected April 27-May 7, 1938. of this region which have been made over the period from 1932 to 1937, inclusive, reveals that one of the most constant features is that the position 46° N., 47° W., lies close to the axis of dead water between 120 52' 51' 50* 49° 48* 47° 46* 45' 44° 52° 51' 50' 49"" 48" 47° 46° 45° 44° Fion?K 4".— Dynamic current map, from data collected May 24-June 6, 193S. 121 tlio soutluM-ly llowinii; Lnbijulor C'unvnt on the ono side aiui i\w northonstorly llowini: rot urn on the oIIum- side. 1( is n foatiiro proh- jihly rosullinL:: from tlio holtoin conliLiinrnlion which in this ro^ion is (loiiiinjitcd hv }> ivhitivoly hif2;h ridijo ox((Mulinu; sou Ihwosf ward from Floniisli Clip. Tlio faot that nbnoi-nudly hid as a whoii fr(.iii {\\c bordcM- of llio Atlantic Cun-ont. Tho results o{ \\\c third cuiront survov, Mav 1' I to ,][\uo (i, twe shown in liii'urj^ 17. This map again shows I ho Labrador Curronl to havo been ilowiuii- in unusual width, os|)0('iall\ uorlh of lali(u(h> 1(1" N., but only a small ])art of it soonis \o bo id(Mitili(>(l with iJio vortical contor usually associated with Flemish Cap. r>olw(>on latitudes 4{\°' N., and 44*^ N., a lari2:e j)roportion of this stream recurved northeast- ward, and south of latitude 45° N., some of it was dellected south- westward into tho shallow water over tlu^ Baidz; oidy a com- paratively narrow deep water band in which l)er<:;s could travel south- ward t»)wai"d the United Statos-Kuropoan stoanuM' tracks. However, (ho cui-ront, situation at tho Tail of the Baidvs was such that any berijs reaching" that far were in favorable ])ositions to acoom])lish unusually extended soutliM'ard drifts. Two weak clockwise whorls near the edge of the Banks in about latitude 4()° N., were associated with the eastward bulge in the Labrador (^irient which contributed to the efl'eetiveness of the Atlantic Current in dellecting the large part of the Labrador Current northeastward. This part of the Atlantic Current intruded, as in the |)revious survey, not as a salient but as a broad front. Tho Graml l^anks whorl, although weak, was definitely present. Figure 48 shows the current map rosidting from tho fourth survey, fhmo 21 to July 8. The map shows the triangular sha])ed pool of mixed water south of the Tail of the Baidss. Tho circulation was counterclockwise around this ])ool except at tho noitheaslern end where there w^as a slight indication of eastwa.rd movenuMit as part of the Labrador Current recurved northoa,stwar(l. Subsequent berg nKnements, however, seemed to show that the 971.0- deeibar isobath of the pool should have been coniu'cted with the sinn'lar isobath farther north. At tho southwestern corner of (ho map the Gulf Streain is seen to have been (lowing south-southeastward arid in the southeastern part of the map the Atlantic Current was intruding deeply tow^ard the Tail of the Banks and then bending sharply east- uortheastAvard. The Labrador Current was apparently wider south of latitude 45° N., than at the time of the third survey, even consider- ing thai a part of the western edge of this band was water con(ril)ute 3.91 34.89 400 3.95 24.89 60'' 3.62 34.88 600 3.65 34.89 27.75 802 3.42 34.89 800 3.45 34.89 27.77 Station 2667; May 26; latitude 46°13' N., longitude 46°39' W., depth 558 meters, dynamic height 970.852 meters Station 2664; May 25; latitude 46°05' N., longitude 44°52' W., depth 3,438 meters, dynamic height 970.958 meters 9 97 34.60 0 9.97 34. 60 8.60 34.60 25 8.60 34.60 8.18 34. 59 50 8.15 34.59 7 93 34. 69 75 7.90 34.69 6.68 34.61 100 6.65 34.61 34.79 150 6.45 34.80 6.72 34.97 200 6.70 34.97 4.93 34.85 300 4.90 34.85 4.64 34.93 400 4.65 34.93 4.08 34.94 600 4.10 34.94 3.75 34.93 800 3.75 34.93 3.64 34.93 1,000 3.65 34.93 3.35 34.91 1 26.66 26.89 26.95 27.06 27.17 27.36 27.45 27.59 27^75 27.77 27.78 n 3.50 33.62 0 3.50 33.62 26.75 2.49 34.45 25 2.55 34.45 27.51 47 2.63 34.49 50 2.65 34.49 27.53 71 2 76 34. 57 75 2.80 34.58 94 2.99 34.62 100 3.00 34. 63 27.61 Ml 3. 11 34.65 150 3.25 34. 67 188 4. ■'9 34.86 200 4.30 34.87 27.67 ''83 4.20 34.89 300 4.20 34.89 27.70 377 4.08 34.91 (400) 4.05 34.91 Station 2668; May 26; latitude 46°14' N., longitude 47°00' W., depth 1,152 meters, dynamic height 970.862 meters Station 2665; May 25; latitude 46°07' N., longitude 45°25' W., depth 2,241 meters, dynamic height 970.895 meters 7.92 6.37 7.27 5.52 4.94 4.64 3.72 3.61 3.73 3.72 3.61 3. 27 34.35 34.35 34.68 34.57 34. .56 34.72 34.73 34.81 34.87 34. .«9 34. 91 34.90 34.90 7.92 6.37 7.27 5.50 4.95 4.65 3.70 3.65 3.75 3.70 3.55 3.40 34.35 34.35 34. 68 34.57 34.56 34.72 34. 73 34.81 .34. 88 34.89 34.91 34.90 26.79 27.01 27.14 27.29 27.35 27.51 27.62 27.68 27.73 27. 75 27.77 27.79 0 3.98 33.88 0 3.98 33.88 94 3.15 33.98 25 3.15 33.99 49 3.04 34.34 50 3.05 34. 39 3.34 34.52 75 3.35 34. 53 97 3.53 34.64 100 3. 55 34.65 146 34.71 1.50 3.40 34 71 194 3.40 34.75 200 3.40 34.75 oqi 3.65 34.83 300 3.70 34.84 ^57 3.76 34.87 400 3.75 34.88 54'' 3.68 34.89 600 3.65 34.89 7?1 3.57 34.90 800 3. 55 34.90 916 3.57 34.89 (1,000) 3.55 34.90 26.91 27.08 27.41 27.49 27.57 27.63 27.67 27.71 27.73 27.75 27.77 27.77 Station 2669; Mav 26: latitude 46°16' N., longitude 47'=23' W., depth 622 meters, dynamic height 970^929 meters 0 1.41 32.91 0 1.41 32.91 26.36 25 -0.77 33.21 25 -0.77 33.21 26.71 51 -1.05 33.54 50 -1.05 33. 53 26.98 76 0 09 33.83 75 0.05 33. 83 27.18 102 0.64 34.05 100 0.60 34.02 27.29 153 3.71 34. 57 150 3.55 .34. 54 27.48 204 3.98 34. 73 200 4.00 34.73 27.59 306 2.90 34.69 300 2.90 34.69 27.67 401 3.65 34.83 400 3.65 34. S3 603 3.70 34.88 600 3.70 34.88 27.74 152 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C. Unity %o Station 2fi7U; May 26; latitude 4fi°19' N.. longitude 47°51' W., depth 165 meters, dynamic height 971.039 meters 0 1.83 32.68 0 183 32.68 26.14 25 0.08 32.94 25 0.08 32. 94 26.46 51 -1.63 33.19 50 -1.60 33. 17 26.70 76 -1.54 33.31 75 -1.55 33.31 26.81 102 -0.97 33.49 100 -1.05 33. 48 26 94 153 -0.30 33.67 150 -0.35 33.66 27. 05 Station 2671; May 26: latitude 46°20' N., longitude 48°11' W., depth 110 meters, dynamic height 971.055 meters 0 .8. 32.71 0 2.81 32.71 26 09 25 1.03 32.77 25 1.03 32.77 26.28 50 -0.41 32. 93 50 -0.41 32.93 26.47 76 -1.25 .33. 23 75 -1.25 33.23 26.74 101 -1.00 33.37 100 -1.00 .33. 36 26.84 Station 2672; May 26; latitude 46°21' N., longitude 48°33' W., depth 88 meters, d>Tiamic height 971.058 meters 3.11 1.32 -0.19 -0.93 32.77 32.79 32.92 33.17 3.11 1.40 -0.05 -0.90 32.77 32.79 32.89 33.15 26.12 26.26 26.42 26.67 Station 2673; May 26; latitude 46°24' N., longitude 48° 54' W. , depth 64 meters, dynamic height 971.057 meters 0 26 53 3.44 1.51 -0.38 32.79 32.77 33.06 0 25 50 3.44 1.60 -0.10 32.79 32.77 33.03 26.10 26.24 26.54 Station 2674; May 26; latitude 46°11' N., longitude 48°34' W., depth 88 meters, dynamic height 971.061 meters 0 3.83 32.78 0 3.83 32.78 26.06 ?5 1.26 32.78 25 1.26 32.78 26. 26 51 -0.03 32.91 50 0.00 32.90 76 -0.92 33.19 75 -0.90 33.18 26.70 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. Sa- linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. Sa- linity 96o Station 2675; May 26; latitude 45°56' N., longitude 48°13' W., depth 110 meters, dynamic height 971.055 meters 0 2.63 32.68 0 2.63 32.68 26.08 0.61 32.76 25 0.70 32.76 26.28 51 — 1.44 33.09 50 -1.40 33.05 26. 60 77 -1.38 33.24 75 -1.40 33.23 26.75 103 -1.08 33.35 100 -1.10 33.34 26.82 Station 2676; Mav 26; latitude 45°51' N., longitude 48°06' W., depth 165 meters, dynamic height 971.050 meters 0 2.34 32. 69 » 2.34 32.69 26.11 25 0.31 32.96 25 0.31 32.96 26.46 51 -1.57 33.10 50 -1.55 33.10 26.65 76 -1.62 33.21 75 -1.60 33.21 26.73 102 -1.46 33.29 100 -1.50 33.28 26.79 153 -1.15 33,45 150 -1.15 33.44 26.92 Station 2677; May 26; latitude 45°46' N., longitude 47°58' W., depth 622 meters, dynamic height 971 .073 meters 0 2.26 32.63 0 2.26 32.63 26.08 25 0.15 32,82 25 0.15 32.82 26.36 51 -1.67 33.17 .50 -1.65 33.17 26.70 76 -1.62 33.24 75 -1.60 33.24 26.76 101 -1.55 33,38 100 -1.55 33.36 26.86 152 -0.34 33. 65 150 -0.40 33.64 27.05 203 -0.16 33.73 200 -0.20 33.72 27.10 304 1.53 34.27 300 1.45 34.24 27.42 403 2.44 34.51 400 2.40 34.50 27.56 602 3.74 34.87 600 3.70 34.87 27.73 Station 2678; May 27; latitude 45°42' N., longitude 47°.52 W., depth 1,097 meters, dynamic height 971.049 meters 0 2.03 32.63 0 2.03 1 32.63 25 -1.56 33.06 25 -1.56 33.06 50 -1.63 33.23 50 -1.63 33.23 76 -1.06 33.44 I 75 -1.10 33.44 101 -0.67 33.59 I 100 -0.70 33.59 1.51 -0.19 33.69 1 150 -0.20 33.69 ?0? 0.18 33.82 200 0.15 33.81 303 1.27 34.23 300 1.20 34.22 404 2.23 34.47 400 2.20 34.46 604 3.81 34.88 600 3.80 34.88 804 3.66 34.89 800 3.65 34.89 008 3.56 34.90 um 3.55 34.90 26.10 26.61 26. 75 26.91 27.02 27.08 27.15 27.42 27.55 27.73 27.75 27.77 Station 2679; Mav 27; latitude 45°37' N., longitude 47°45' W., depth 1,408 meters, dynamic height 971.000 meters 0 2.43 32.73 0 2.43 1 32.73 1 25 -0.62 33.03 25 -0.62 33.03 50 -1.61 33.38 50 -1.61 33.38 76 -1.25 33. .53 75 -1.30 33.53 101 -0.39 33.71 100 -0.45 33.71 151 0.55 34.01 150 0.55 34.01 202 1.26 34. 20 200 1.20 34.19 303 2.64 34. ,54 300 2.60 34.53 387 34.66 400 2.95 34.67 3.74 34.85 600 3.75 34. 85 763 3.72 34.87 800 3.70 34.87 955 3.62 34.89 1,000 3.60 34.89 1,338 3.37 34.90 153 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938-Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Unity 9-00 Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Unity 9oo Station 2680; May 27; latitude 45°20' N., longitude 47°21' W., depth 2,963 meters, dynamic height 970.886 meters 0 2.37 33.09 0 2.37 33.09 26.43 26 2.49 33.82 25 2.49 33.82 27.00 50 1.11 33.94 50 1.11 33.94 27.20 75 1.95 34.27 75 1.95 34.27 27.41 101 2.73 34.44 100 2.70 34.43 27.47 151 2.65 34.53 150 2.65 34.53 27.56 201 2.94 34.63 200 2.90 34.63 27.62 302 3.32 34.75 300 3.30 34.74 27.67 403 4.18 34.92 400 4.20 34.92 27.72 604 3.62 34.91 600 3.65 34.91 27.76 805 3.48 34.91 800 3.50 34.90 27.78 1,004 3.41 34.91 1,000 3.40 34.90 27.79 1,402 3.32 34.90 Station 26S1; May 27; latitude 45°20' N., longitude 46°38' W., depth 3,246 meters, dynamic height 970.888 meters 0 6.62 34.09 0 6.62 34.09 26.77 25 5.45 34.13 25 5.45 34. 13 26.94 50 4.89 34.30 50 34.30 27.15 75 4.45 34.42 75 4.45 34.42 27.29 100 3.96 34.56 100 3.96 34. .56 27. 45 150 3.63 34.66 150 3.63 34.66 27.56 200 3.58 34.74 200 3.58 34.74 27.64 300 3.64 34.81 300 3.64 34.81 27.68 370 3.73 34,87 400 3.75 34.88 27.73 559 3.71 34,91 600 3.70 34,91 27.76 750 3.56 34.91 800 3.50 34.91 27.78 942 3.43 34.91 1,000 3.40 34.91 27.79 1,329 3.31 34.91 Station 2682; May 27; latitude 46°20' N., longitude 45°55' W., depth 3,383 meters, dynamic height 970.899 meters 0 8.43 34.36 0 8.43 34.36 26.72 25 6.41 34.33 25 6.41 34.33 26.99 50 6.75 34.60 50 6.75 34.60 27.16 75 6.01 34.67 75 6.01 34.67 27.31 100 5.24 34.62 100 5.24 34.62 27.36 150 5.12 34.76 150 5.12 34.76 27.49 200 4.58 34.81 200 4.58 34.81 27.58 300 3.76 34.81 300 3.76 34.81 27.67 389 3.79 34.87 400 3.80 34.88 27.73 586 3.73 34.91 600 3.70 34,91 27.76 784 3.55 34.90 800 3.55 34,90 27.77 981 3.43 34.91 1,000 3.40 34.91 27.79 1,378 3.28 34.91 Station 2683; May 27; latitude 44° 52' N., longitude 45°55' W., depth 3,457 meters, dynamic height 970.952 meters 0 8.48 34.39 0 8.48 34.39 26.74 25 7.91 34.39 25 7.91 34. 31 26.76 49 7.88 34.54 50 7.90 34.54 26.95 74 7.61 34.59 75 7.60 34. 59 27. 03 99 6.74 34.54 100 6.70 34.54 27.12 148 5.12 34.49 150 5.00 34.49 27.29 197 3.40 34.54 200 3.40 34. 55 27.51 296 4.55 34.85 300 4.55 34,85 27.63 368 4.36 34.91 400 4.30 34.92 27.70 553 4.09 34.94 600 3.95 34,93 27.75 740 3.64 34.90 800 3.60 34.90 27.77 932 3.51 34.90 1,000 3.50 34.90 27.78 1,323 3.31 34,89 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- linity 900 Depth, Tem- pera- Sa- linity 9oo Station 2684; May 27; latitude 44°21' N., longitude 45°55' W., depth 3.722 meters, dynamic height 971.057 meters 0 9.20 33.98 0 9.20 33.98 26.30 22 11.44 34.81 25 11.45 34.87 26.61 45 35.10 50 11.45 35.08 26. 78 67 34.85 75 9.20 34.83 26.97 90 8.57 34.78 100 8.15 34.73 27.05 135 7.40 34.62 150 7. 30 34. 62 27.09 179 7.14 34.65 200 7.00 34.70 27.20 269 fi, 64 34.85 300 4.55 34.62 27.44 299 4.52 34.62 400 4.75 34.85 27.61 4,56 4.84 34.97 600 4.50 34.93 27.69 618 4.45 34.93 800 3.90 34.93 27.76 788 3.91 34.93 1,000 3.70 34.93 27.78 1,149 3.65 34.93 Station 2685; May 28; latitude 44°28' N., longitude 46°45' W., depth 3,667 meters, dynamic height 970.949 meters 0 7.61 34.09 0 7.61 34.09 26.63 25 3.75 33.73 25 3.75 33.73 26.82 50 6.18 34.32 50 6.18 34.32 27.00 76 4.75 34.20 75 4.80 34,20 27.08 101 4.29 34,27 100 4.30 34.26 27.18 151 5.38 34. 69 150 5.35 34.68 27.40 201 5.40 34.80 200 5.40 34.80 27.49 302 4.74 34.87 300 4.75 34.87 27.62 395 4.72 34.97 400 4.75 34.97 2?. 69 593 4.05 34.93 600 4.05 34.93 27.74 790 3.71 34.92 800 3.70 34.92 27.77 989 3.57 34.92 1,000 3.55 34.92 27.78 1,388 3.40 34.92 Station 2686; May 28: latitude 44°34' N., longitude 47°36' W., depth 3,457 meters, dynamic height 970.942 meters 0 4.82 33.52 0 4,82 33,52 26. 54 25 4.62 33. 83 25 4.62 33 83 26.81 50 5.18 34 21 50 5.18 34.21 27.04 74 4.26 34.18 75 4.20 .34. 18 27. 13 99 3.57 34,21 100 3. .55 ,34. 21 27.22 149 6.04 34,78 150 6,05 34. 78 27.39 199 5.40 34,80 200 5.40 34.80 27,49 298 4.88 34,89 300 4.85 34. 89 27,62 374 4.01 34. 85 400 3.95 34. 85 27,69 565 3.88 34.91 600 3.85 34.92 27.75 758 3.73 34, 93 800 3. 65 34. 93 27.78 952 3.47 34,90 1,000 3,45 34,90 27.78 1,346 3.35 34,91 Station 2687; May 28; latitude 44°39' N., longitude 48°0S' W.. depth 2,999 meters, dynamic height 970.913 meters 0 6.33 33. 85 0 6,33 33. 85 26.62 25 5.65 34.12 25 ,5.65 34.12 26. 92 50 6.01 34.30 50 6.01 34.30 27,02 76 34, 14 75 3. 15 34.14 27.20 101 174 34,59 100 4.75 34. .59 27.40 151 3,26 34. 51 150 3.25 34, 51 27.48 201 4.72 34, 83 200 4.70 34,83 27.59 302 4.80 34.95 300 4,80 34.95 27.68 391 4.27 34, 92 400 4. 25 34.92 27.71 586 3.83 34,91 600 3,85 34.91 27. 74 781 3.85 34, 96 800 3,85 34. 96 27.78 978 3.58 .34. 94 1,000 3, .55 34 93 27,79 1,376 3.34 34,91 154 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity Depth, meters pera- ture °C. Sa- linity 96o Station 2688; May 28; latitude 44°44' N., longitude 48°43' W., depth 1,463 meters, dynamic height 970.953 meters 0 »).63 33.88 0 6 63 33 88 26. 60 25 6.16 34.11 25 6.16 34.11 26.84 50 7.35 34.55 50 7.35 34.55 27.03 7fi 7.66 34. 69 75 7.65 34.69 27.10 101 6.84 34. 65 100 6.90 34.65 27.18 151 5.94 34.71 1.50 6.00 34.71 27.34 201 4.78 34. 71 200 4.80 34.71 27. 48 302 2.76 34.63 300 2.75 34. 63 27. 63 400 3. 57 34.81 400 3.60 34.81 27. 69 599 3.77 34.88 600 3.75 34.89 27.74 797 3.65 34.88 800 .3.65 34.88 27.74 995 3.66 34.92 1,000 3.65 34.92 27.77 1,392 3.38 34.91 Station 2689; May 28; latitude 44°46' N., longitude 49°00' W., depth 631 meters, dynamic height 971.056 meters 0 2.20 32.61 0 2.20 32.61 26. 06 25 -1.43 33.19 25 -1.43 .33. 19 26.71 50 -1.33 33.25 50 -1.33 33. 25 26.76 76 -1.31 33. 30 75 -1.30 33.30 26.80 101 -1.18 33.43 100 -1.20 33. 43 26.91 151 -1.12 33.46 1.50 -1.15 33.47 26.94 202 -0. 35 33.68 200 -0.40 33.66 27.06 303 2.05 34.39 300 2.00 34.37 27.48 399 2.58 34.54 400 2.60 34.54 27.57 601 .3.66 34.87 600 3.65 34.87 27.73 Station 2690; May 28; latitude 44°47' N., longitude 49°0S' W., depth 157 meters, dynamic height 971.060 meters 0 3.14 32.66 0 3.14 32. 66 26.03 26 0.10 32.93 25 0.15 32.93 26.45 51 -1.29 33.21 50 -1.25 33. 20 26. 72 77 -1.28 33. 26 75 -1.25 33.26 26. 76 103 -1.33 33.31 100 -1.35 33.30 26. SO 154 -0.63 33. .59 150 -0.70 33.56 26.99 ?tation 2691; May 28; latitude 44°49' N., longitude 49°21' W., depth 68 meters, dynamic height 971.065 meters 0 3.28 32.84 0 3.28 32. 84 25 1.41 32.89 25 1.41 32.89 50 33.07 50 33.07 26.16 26. 34 26. 59 Station 2692; May 28; latitude 44°51' N., longitude 49°36' W., depth 68 meters, dynamic height 971.063 meters 0 3.61 32.94 0 3.61 32.94 26 1.51 32. 99 25 1.60 32. 99 52 -0.05 33.16 50 0.15 33.13 26.20 26.41 26.60 Observed values Depth, meters pera- ture "C. linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C linity Station 2693; May 29; latitude 44°13' N., longitude 49°30' W., depth 46 meters, dynamic height 971.019 meters 0 4.49 33.00 0 4... 33.00 26.16 21 1.86 33.15 25 1.85 33.16 26.53 43 1.85 33.17 Station 2694; May 29; latitude 44°05' N., longitude 49"05' W., depth 88 meters, dynamic height 971.015 meters 0 2.58 32.56 0 2.58 32.56 25.99 26 -0.38 33.02 25 -0.30 33.01 26. 53 51 -1.52 33. 37 50 -1.50 33.35 26.85 77 -0.83 33.57 75 -0.85 33.56 26.99 Station 2695; May 29; latitude 44°03' N., longitude 48°56' W., depth 320 meters, dynamic height 971.001 meters 0 2.35 32.56 0 2.35 32.56 26.01 23 0.07 33.15 25 0.00 33.17 26.65 46 -1.22 33.31 50 -1.20 33.35 26.84 68 -1.18 33.55 75 -0. 95 33.62 27.05 91 -0.20 33.71 100 -0.05 33.75 27.12 137 0.41 33.91 150 0.85 33.99 27.26 183 1.77 34.23 200 1.85 34.29 27.43 274 2.03 34.42 (300) 2.10 34.45 27.54 Station 2696; May 29; latitude 44°01' N., longitude 48°£0' W., depth 1,463 meters, dynamic height 970.971 meters 0 2.92 32.80 0 2.92 32.80 26.15 20 1.79 33.41 25 1.40 33.44 26.79 41 -0.88 33.52 50 0.60 33.73 27.06 61 2.87 33.97 75 2.35 33.91 27.08 81 2.08 33.90 100 1.30 33.91 27.16 122 0.64 33.95 150 2.35 34.22 27.33 162 2.96 34.37 200 2.75 34.47 27.50 243 2.61 34.55 300 2.60 34.56 27.58 243 2.58 34.49 400 3.00 34.66 27.63 363 2.73 34.61 600 3.85 34.88 27.72 482 3.67 34.78 800 3.75 34.91 27.75 626 3.86 34.89 (1,000) 3.60 34.91 27.77 944 3.61 34.91 Station 2697; May 29; latitude 43°55' N., longitude 48°33' W.. depth 2,880 meters, dynamic height 970.948 meters 0 6.87 33.73 0 6.87 33.73 26.45 22 7 55 34.09 25 7.55 34.13 26.67 45 6.63 34.31 50 6.65 34.34 26.96 67 6.66 34.43 75 6.20 34.44 27.10 89 5.00 34.45 100 5.25 34.47 27.24 134 4.66 34. 53 150 4.75 34.60 27.41 179 4.98 34.73 200 4.95 34.77 27.51 268 4.95 34.87 300 4.95 34.92 27.63 322 4.95 34.. 9'5 400 4.70 34.96 27. 69 494 4.40 34.95 600 4.25 34.97 27.75 674 4.11 34.97 800 3.85 34.94 27.77 857 3.71 34.93 1,000 3.50 34.92 27.79 1,243 3.40 34. 92 155 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, Tem- pera- ture °C. Unity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C linitv %o' Station 26a8; May 29; latitude 43°44' N., longitude 47°55' W., depth 3,603 meters, dynamic height 970.964 meters 0 7.64 33.96 0 7.64 33.96 24 7.86 34.25 25 7.85 34.26 47 6.66 34.35 50 6.45 34.35 71 5.53 34.33 75 5.35 34.32 95 4.34 34.22 100 4.35 34.23 142 5.35 34.57 150 5.55 34.63 189 6.50 34.91 200 6.30 34.89 284 4.54 34.79 300 4.45 34.80 348 4.38 34.85 400 4.30 34.89 529 4.23 34.95 600 4.15 34.95 716 3.96 34.94 800 3.85 34.93 905 3.74 34.93 1,000 3.65 34.93 1,297 3.39 34.92 26.52 26.73 27.00 27.11 27.15 27.33 27.44 27.60 27.68 27.75 27.76 27.78 Station 2699; May 29; latitude 43°36' N., longitude 47°01'W., depth 4,024 meters, dynamic height 971.106 meters 0 14.00 35.53 0 14.00 35.53 24 14.04 35.52 25 14.05 35.52 49 13.22 35.58 50 13.20 35.58 73 12 97 35.58 75 12. 95 35. 58 97 12 22 35.42 100 12 15 35.42 146 11.87 35.43 150 11.80 35.42 194 10.36 35.19 200 10.25 35. 18 291 8.42 35.06 300 8.25 35.05 380 6.80 34.99 400 6.50 34.98 572 4.75 34.96 600 4.60 34.96 766 4.08 34.95 800 4.05 34.95 961 3.95 34.95 1,000 3.90 34.95 1.355 3.50 34.91 26.61 26.59 26.82 26. 80 26.90 26.97 27.06 27.29 27.49 27.70 27.76 27.78 Station 2700; May 30; latitude 43°26' N., loneitude 45°.%' W., depth 4,344 meters, dvnamic height 971.197 meters 0 15.34 35. 67 0 15.34 35.67 26.42 25 15.30 35.67 25 15.30 35.67 26.43 50 14.27 35. 68 50 14.27 35. 68 26.65 74 14.15 35.73 75 14.15 35.73 26. 73 99 13.43 35.64 100 13.40 35. 63 26.81 149 12.73 35.57 150 12.70 35.57 26.91 199 11.21 36.28 200 11.20 35. 28 26.97 298 9.57 35.15 300 9.50 35.15 27.17 382 8.17 35.03 400 7.90 35.01 27.31 576 5.46 34.97 600 5.35 34.97 27.62 772 4.74 35.00 800 4.65 35. 00 27.74 969 4.14 34.96 1.000 4.10 34. 96 27.76 1,368 3.55 31.93 Station 2701; May 30; latitude 42°57' N., longitude 46°08' W., depth 4,253 meters, dynamic height 971.228 meters 0 15. 57 35. 61 0 15. 57 35.61 26.32 25 15. 56 35.61 25 15.56 35.61 26.34 49 15.10 35. 92 50 15.10 35.92 26. 67 74 13.90 35.70 75 13.90 35.70 26.76 99 1.3. 58 35.67 100 13.55 35. 67 26.81 147 12. .53 35. 51 150 12 50 35. 50 26.90 197 12 15 35.48 200 12.10 35.48 26.96 295 10.56 35.25 300 10.40 35.24 27.09 396 8.24 34.99 400 8.15 34.99 27. 26 593 5.65 34.96 600 5.65 34.96 27. 58 790 4. 68 34.98 800 4.65 34. 98 27.72 989 4.13 34. 95 1,000 4.10 34. 96 27. 76 '■"•' 3.75 34.96 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity %o Station 2702; May 30; latitude 42°24' N., longitude 46°09' W., depth 4,463 meters, dynamic height 971.526 meters 0 18.23 36.38 0 18.23 36.38 26.28 25 18.23 36 38 25 18.23 36.38 26.28 49 17.80 36.37 50 17.80 36.37 26. 38 74 17.26 36.36 75 17.25 36.36 20.51 98 17.09 36. 36 100 17.05 36.36 26.56 147 16.93 36.34 150 16.90 36.34 26.58 197 16.65 36.31 200 16.65 36.31 26.62 295 16.50 36.27 300 16.45 36.27 26. 63 396 *15. 10 36.00 400 15.00 35.98 26.74 592 10.04 35.25 600 (800) 9.90 35.23 27.16 27.52 (1, 000) 27 73 Station 2703; May 30; latitude 42°31' N., longitude 46^50' W., depth 3,987 meters, dynamic height 971.230 meters 16.34 35.88 0 16.34 35.88 16.58 35.91 25 16.55 35.94 16.37 36.24 50 16.30 36.23 15.80 36.15 75 15.65 36.12 15.26 36.05 100 15.05 36.01 14.32 35.86 150 14.15 35.85 13.78 35.80 200 13.40 35.68 10.01 35.05 300 9.85 35.09 9. 69 35.12 400 7.80 35.00 5. 98 34.92 600 5.15 34.92 4 88 34.93 800 4.60 34.97 4.44 34.98 1,000 4.00 34.97 3.63 34.95 26.35 26.36 26.64 26.70 26.76 26.83 26.85 27.07 27.32 27,61 27.71 27.78 Station 2704; May 30; latitude 42°44' N., longitude 47°39' W., depth 3,429 meters, dynamic height 971.053 meters 0 9.40 33.66 0 9.40 33.66 28 7.84 33.72 25 7.95 33.72 54 5.01 33.77 50 5.15 33.76 82 7.48 34.40 75 7.10 34.32 109 6.04 34.33 100 6.50 34.34 164 5.01 34.30 1.50 5.10 34.30 218 7.08 34.81 200 6.55 34.68 327 3.32 34.50 300 4.05 34.56 408 5.20 34.96 400 5.15 34.94 617 4.34 34.96 600 4.40 34.96 830 3.99 34.94 800 4.00 34.94 1,044 3.84 34.94 1,000 3.85 34.94 1,480 3.38 34. 89 26.30 26.70 26.89 26.98 27.13 27.24 27.45 27.63 27.73 27.76 27.77 Station 2705; May 31; latitude 42°57' N., longitude 4S°24' W., depth 2,972 meters, dynamic height 970.944 meters 0 8.79 33.98 0 8.79 33.98 28 6.94 34.06 25 7.00 34.05 55 6.77 34.30 50 6.85 34.27 82 5 88 34.39 75 6.20 34.37 109 4.58 34.40 100 4.80 34.40 165 4.65 34.68 150 4.60 34.62 219 4.83 34.81 200 4.80 34.78 328 4.54 34.91 300 4.65 34.90 408 4.27 34.90 400 4.30 34.90 614 3.82 .34. 91 600 3.85 34.91 825 3.59 34.92 800 3.60 34.92 038 3.43 34.92 1,000 3.45 34.92 469 3.31 34.91 27.04 27.24 27.43 27.54 27.66 27.69 27.75 27.78 27.79 156 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity Station 2706; May 31; latitude 43°11' N., longitude 49°12' W., depth 1,554 meters, dynamic height 970.951 meters 0 4.80 33.43 0 4.80 33.43 26.48 25 6.13 34.16 25 6.13 34.16 26.89 50 6.37 34.40 50 6.37 34.42 27.06 76 6.24 34.58 75 6.25 34. 58 27.21 101 3.06 34.27 100 3.10 34.27 27. 31 151 3.95 34.51 150 3.95 34.51 27.42 202 3.09 34. 52 200 3.15 34.52 27.50 303 2.67 34. 60 300 2.65 34.59 27.61 380 2.84 400 2.95 34.70 27.67 567 3.86 34.86 600 3.85 34.87 27.71 752 3.79 34.90 800 3.75 34.90 27.75 942 3.67 34.90 1,000 3.65 34.90 27.76 1,325 3.56 34.91 Station 2707; May 31; latitude 42°38' N., longitude 49°12' W., depth 2,058 meters, dynamic height 970.963 meters 7.74 7.73 6.85 7.04 5.64 5.20 4.33 4.37 4.40 4.06 3.77 3.55 3.38 33.92 33.92 34.08 34.14 34.27 34.43 34.49 34.74 34.86 34.92 34.91 34.91 34.91 7.74 7.65 6.90 6.15 5.45 4.55 4.35 4.40 4.20 3.80 3.55 3.45 33.92 33.93 34.10 34.21 34. 35 34.46 34.60 34.86 34.91 34.92 34.91 34.91 26.47 26.50 26.74 26.93 27.13 27.32 27. 45 27. 65 27.72 27.76 27.78 27.79 Station 2708; May 31; latitude 42°19' N., longitude 48°22' W., depth 3,246 meters, dynamic height 971.000 meters 0 11.15 34.41 0 11.15 34.41 28 9.41 34.13 25 9.50 34.14 56 8.93 34.77 50 9.05 34.75 84 5.32 34.26 75 5.95 34. 41 111 6.04 34.47 100 5.70 34.38 168 4.31 34.36 150 4.65 34.38 224 4.18 34.53 200 4.20 34.45 335 4.99 34.88 300 4.80 34.80 443 4. .54 34.93 400 4.75 34.92 662 4.17 34.95 600 4.25 34.95 880 4.00 34.94 800 4.05 34.95 1,100 3.75 34.95 1,000 3.85 34.95 1,538 3.41 34.92 26.31 26.38 26.9 27.1 27.12 27.24 27.35 27. 56 27.65 27.74 27. 76 27.78 Observed values Tern- Depth,! pera- metersl ture °C. Unity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture Unity Station 2709; June 1; latitude 42°00' N., longitude 47°31' W., depth 3,658 meters, dynamic height 971.173 meters 0 14.47 35.49 0 14.47 35.49 16 14.46 35.50 25 14.50 35.55 31 14.50 35.58 50 13. 20 35.49 46 13.40 35.50 75 12.60 35.41 61 12.82 35.46 100 12.25 35.36 92 12.33 35.37 150 11.50 35.30 123 11.88 35. 34 200 10. 85 35.22 184 11.08 35. 25 300 8.65 35.08 180 11.92 35. 43 400 7.30 34.98 334 8.05 3.5. 03 600 5.35 34.93 530 6.06 34.94 800 4.20 34.93 712 4.45 34.93 1,000 3.90 34.92 1,137 3.75 34.92 Station 2710; June 1; latitude 41°47' N., longitude 46°42' W., depth 4,207 meters, dynamic height 971.181 meters '0 14. 26 35.25 0 14.26 35.25 18 14.28 35.25 25 14.30 35.38 35 14.29 35.53 50 14. 20 35.72 53 14.17 35.73 75 13.80 35. 66 70 13.87 35.67 100 13.55 35.66 106 13.43 35.66 150 11.40 35.27 141 11.48 35. 28 200 11.20 35.26 211 11.08 35.24 300 9.85 3.5. 18 203 11.25 35.28 400 7.60 34.99 328 9.22 35.14 600 4.85 34.98 469 6.22 34.92 800 4.40 34.98 636 4.70 34.99 1,000 4.20 34.97 030 4.15 34.97 26.35 26.43 26.71 26.75 26.80 26. 93 26.95 27.13 27.34 27.69 27.74 27.76 Station 2711; June 2; latitude 41°19' N., longitude 48°31' W., depth 3,146 meters, dynamic height 971.018 meters 0 8.52 33.51 0 8.52 33.51 26. 04 27 8.52 33.53 25 8.50 33. 53 26,06 54 5.16 33.89 50 5.30 33.83 26.73 82 4.80 34.14 75 4.90 34.08 26.98 108 4.59 34.23 100 4.60 34.20 27.11 163 4.07 34.36 150 4.15 34.32 27.24 217 4.14 34.55 200 4.10 34.49 27.39 325 4.86 34. 85 300 4.80 34.82 27.57 445 4.06 34. 85 400 4,30 34.85 27.65 666 4.45 34.99 600 4.35 34.96 27.73 887 4.05 34. 96 800 4.25 34.97 27.75 1,108 3.74 34.95 1,000 3.85 34.95 27.78 1,546 3.45 34.91 Station 2712; June 2; latitude 42°04' N., longitude 49°08' W., depth 3155 meters, dynamic height 971.008 meters 26.47 26.52 26. 75 26. 80 26. 83 26.94 27^25 27.38 27.59 27.73 27.75 0 10.62 34.36 0 10.62 34.36 26.35 25 11.78 34.72 25 11.78 34.72 26.43 50 4.97 33.92 50 4.97 33.92 26.84 75 5.39 34.24 75 5.39 34.24 27.04 100 5.65 34.34 100 .5. 65 34.34 27.09 150 5.63 34.51 150 5.63 34.51 27.23 201 4.41 34. 51 200 4.40 34.51 27.37 301 5.73 34.91 300 5.70 34.91 27.53 372 3.94 34.73 400 4.00 34.76 27.61 560 4.58 34.97 6<)0 4.55 34.98 27.73 750 4.33 34.99 800 4.20 34.98 27.77 943 3.88 34.94 1000 3.80 34.94 27.78 1,334 3.60 34.94 Station 2713; June 3; latitude 39°04' N., longitude 50°31' W., depth 5192 meters, dynamic height 971.672 meters 0 20.60 36.35 0 20.60 36.35 25.64 27 36.34 25 20. 55 36.34 25.65 53 19.93 36.32 50 20.10 36.32 25.76 81 19.04 36. 37 75 19.26 36.35 26.00 107 18.44 36.45 100 18.55 36.44 26.26 161 17.82 36.43 150 17. 95 36.44 26.40 214 17.58 36.43 200 17. 60 36.43 26.48 321 16.44 36.20 300 16.80 36.26 26.54 429 14.17 35.79 400 14. 75 35. 90 26. 73 529 12.27 35.47 600 10. 85 35. 28 27.04 694 8.95 800 6.95 35.00 27.45 852 6.12 34.98 1,000 5.00 34.98 27.68 1.221 4.32 34.98 1, 500 4.05 34.97 27.77 1,660 3.96 34.96 2,000 3.60 34.94 27.80 2.112 3.48 34.93 157 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 193&— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C linity Station 2714; June 3; latitude 39°47' N., longitude 50°30' \V., depth 5121 meters, dvnamic height 971.805 meters 0 21.08 36.28 1 0 21.08 36.28 24 20.88 36.28 25 20. 85 36.28 49 19.90 36.40 50 19.90 36.41 73 19.30 36.48 75 19.30 36.48 98 18.81 36.50 100 18. 75 36.50 147 18.14 36.45 150 18.10 36.45 195 17.75 36.43 200 17.70 36.43 293 17.35 36. 39 300 17.35 36.38 391 16.96 36.34 400 16. 90 36.33 580 *13. 84 35. 81 600 13.55 35.76 760 10.62 35.48 800 9.65 35.37 93! 6.63 35.02 1,000 5.85 35.00 1,352 4.26 34.99 1. 500 4.00 34. 98 1,843 3.72 34.94 2. 000 3.65 34.94 2,356 3.44 34.94 25.46 25.52 25.88 26.09 26.24 26.37 26.46 26.50 27.31 27.59 27.79 27.79 •Station 2715; June 3; latitude 40°10' N., longitude 50°29' W., depth 4390 meters, dynamic height 971.883 meters 0 19.57 36.43 0 19.57 36.43 23 19.17 36.42 25 19.15 36.42 45 19.05 36.41 50 19. 05 36.41 f)8 19.00 36.42 75 19.00 36.42 91 19.00 36.43 100 18.90 36.44 136 18.48 36.47 150 18. 35 36.47 182 18.14 36.47 200 18.05 36.47 272 17.83 36.44 300 17. 80 36.44 363 17.72 36.44 400 17.50 36.42 707 12.25 35. 45 600 14.40 35. 83 947 7.18 35.03 800 10.25 35. 21 1,187 4.95 35.01 1,000 6.45 35.02 1,797 3.56 34.91 1,500 3.90 34.96 2,403 3.46 34.92 2,000 3.50 34.91 3,012 3.16 34.93 2,500 3.40 34.92 3,000 3.15 34.93 25.99 26.08 26.10 26.12 26.16 26.33 26.40 26. 44 26. 50 26.76 27.08 27. 52 27.78 27.78 27.80 27. 83 Station 2716; June 3; latitude 40'32' N., longitude .50°2fi' W., depth 3,621 raetors, dynamic height 971.7.34 meters 0 20.09 36.37 0 20.09 36. 37 25.80 24 19.89 36.38 25 19.90 36. 38 25.87 48 19.79 36.37 50 19. SO 36. 37 25.88 71 19.76 36.37 75 19.75 36.37 25. 89 95 19.03 36.42 100 18.95 36.43 26. 16 143 18.45 36.46 1.50 18.40 36.46 26.31 190 18.08 36.45 200 18.00 36.44 26.40 286 17. 55 36. 39 300 17.50 36. 38 26. 48 3S1 17.11 36.35 400 16.95 36. 33 26.56 592 14.01 35. 78 600 13.90 35.76 26.81 791 9.10 35.15 800 8.90 35. 13 27.26 991 5.56 35.00 1,000 5.50 35. 00 27.64 1.494 3.82 34.93 1. 500 3.80 34. 93 27.78 1.994 3.44 34.90 2.000 3.45 34.90 27.78 2, 495 3.30 34.92 2. 500 3 30 34.92 27.82 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity 96o Depth, meters linity 96o Station 2717; June ,3-4; latitude 40°54° N., longitude .50°23' W., depth 4,115 meters, dynamic height 971.710 meters 0 21. 40 36.34 0 21.40 36.34 25.42 21 21.37 36.35 25 21.35 36.36 25.46 41 36.43 50 20.95 36.39 25.60 62 36.36 75 20.20 36.37 25.77 82 19.97 36.38 100 19.55 36.34 25.92 124 19.08 36.29 150 18.70 36.42 26.21 165 18.50 36.46 200 18.10 36. 45 26.38 248 17.63 36.39 300 16.70 36. 22 26.55 330 16.15 36.11 400 1,5.00 35. 94 26.72 485 13.39 35. 72 600 10.35 35.28 27.13 650 9.11 35.16 800 6. ,50 35. 02 27.53 818 6.32 35.01 1, 000 .5.00 34.98 27.69 1,246 4.09 34.96 1,500 3.75 34.94 27.79 1,690 3. .58 34.92 2,000 3.40 (31.92) 27 78 2, 151 3.37 Station 2718; June 4; latitude 41°19' N., longitude 50°20' W., depth 3,475 meters, dynamic height 971.321 meters 0 20.94 36.29 0 20. 94 36.29 23 19.86 36.26 25 19.80 36.25 46 18. 55 36.22 50 18.25 36.20 69 17.05 35.99 75 17.05 36.01 91 17.11 36.12 100 16. 70 36.06 136 14.54 35. 67 1.50 14.35 35. 68 182 14.04 35.74 200 13.85 35.71 273 12.11 35.40 300 10.40 3.5. 16 364 9.24 .3.5. 11 400 8.70 35. 10 328 9.18 34.97 600 5.45 34.95 427 8.21 35.08 800 4.20 .34.91 521 6.59 34.98 1,000 3.95 34.91 7.34 4.33 34.92 891 4.05 34.90 1,004 3.92 34.91 25.51 25.78 26. 15 26.79 27.03 27.26 27.60 27.72 27.74 Station 2719; June 4; latitude 41°41' N., longitude 50°13' W., depth 3,658 meters, dynamic height 971.003 meters 0 8.47 33. 23 0 8.47 33,23 22 2,39 33. 05 25 2.20 33.05 43 0.87 33.33 50 0.90 33.41 65 0.97 33.63 75 2.10 33.90 86 3.62 34.08 100 3.15 ,34. 10 129 2.68 34.13 150 2.65 34.23 173 2.69 34.34 200 2.75 34.41 259 3.03 34.54 300 4.00 34.71 345 ,5.09 34.92 400 4.90 34.92 644 3.90 34.88 . 600 4.00 34.88 861 3.09 34. 89 800 3.75 34.88 1.079 3.56 34.90 1,000 3.60 34.90 1,631 3.34 34.90 1,500 3.40 34.90 2,203 3.17 34.90 2,000 3.25 34.90 2,787 2.78 2, .500 2.95 (34. 00) 25.84 26.42 26.80 27.10 27.17 27.33 27.46 27.58 27.65 27.72 27.74 27.77 27.79 27.80 27.83 158 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Unity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Sa- linity Station 2720; June 4; latitude 42°06' N. 50°11' W., depth 3,521 meters, dyna 971.011 meters longitude lie height 0 9.57 33.46 0 9.57 33. 46 25.84 25 6.84 33. 73 25 6.84 33 73 26.47 50 7.52 34.50 50 7.52 34.50 26.97 76 8.00 34.70 75 8.00 34.70 27.06 101 6.04 34.48 100 6.25 34.49 27.15 151 4.09 34.31 150 4.10 34.31 27.25 202 6.36 34.82 200 6.35 34.82 27.39 302 5.16 34.85 300 5.20 34.85 27.55 403 4.61 34.87 400 4.65 34.87 27.64 586 4.36 34.95 600 4.35 34.95 27.73 782 4.10 34.95 800 4.05 34.95 27.76 978 3.84 34.94 1,000 3.85 34.94 27.78 1,468 3.55 34.93 1,500 3.55 34.93 27.80 1,964 3.28 34.92 2,000 3.25 34.92 27.82 2,463 3.04 34.91 2,500 3.05 34.91 27.83 Station 2721; June 4; latitude 42'45° N., longitude 50°06' W., depth 1,463 meters, dynamic height 970.976 meters 0 6.69 33.82 0 6 69 33.82 25 5.73 33.76 25 5.73 33.76 ,10 5.31 33.88 50 5.31 33.88 75 5.65 34.10 75 5.65 34.10 100 4.74 34.12 100 4.74 34.12 1,50 3 88 34.54 150 3. 88 34.54 199 2.78 34.50 200 2.80 34.50 299 2.70 ■ 34. 59 300 2.70 34.59 398 2.96 34.68 400 2.95 34.68 594 4.01 34.90 600 4.00 34.90 78H 3.82 34.91 800 3.80 34.91 985 3.60 34.90 1,000 3.60 34.90 380 3.37 34.89 26.56 26.63 26.78 26.91 27.03 27.46 27.52 27.61 27.66 27.73 27.76 27.77 Station 2722; June 4-5; latitude 42°49' N., longitude, 50°05' W., depth 622 meters, dynamic height 970.975 meters 0 7.23 34.06 0 7.23 34.06 26.67 25 6.53 34.00 25 6.53 34.00 26.71 50 5.56 34.06 50 5.56 34.06 26.89 75 4.34 34.16 75 4.34 34.16 27.10 100 3.83 34.22 100 3.83 34.22 27.21 150 4.14 34.47 150 4.14 34,47 27.37 200 3.29 34.53 200 3.29 34.53 27.51 300 2 69 34. 58 300 2.69 34. 58 27.60 395 3.22 34.71 400 3.25 34.71 27.65 595 3.56 34.79 600 3.55 34.79 27.69 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Unity Station 2724; June 5; latitude 43°07' N., longitude 50°07' W., depth 88 meters, dynamic height 671.051 meters 0 2.40 33.26 0 2.40 33.26 26 2.92 33.79 ?5 2.95 33.78 51 2.95 33.80 50 2.95 33.79 77 2.96 33.79 75 2.95 33.79 26.94 26.95 26.95 Station 2723; June 5; latitude 42°59' N., longitude 50°04' W., depth 162 meters, dynamic height 971.033 meters 0 2.74 33.48 0 2.74 33.48 26.72 26 3.68 33.98 25 3.65 33.98 27.03 51 3.86 34.02 50 3.85 34.02 27.05 77 3.18 34.06 75 3.20 34.06 27.14 103 3.01 34.04 100 3.00 34.04 27.15 154 3.10 34.11 150 3.10 34.10 27.18 Station 2725; June 5; latitude 43°28' N., longitude 50°05' W., depth 60 meters, dynamic height 971 .086 meters 0 3 33 32.96 0 3.33 32.96 26.25 26 1.18 32.99 25 1.20 32.99 26.44 53 1.21 33.14 60 1.20 33.10 ^■" Station 2726; June 5; latitude 43°08' N., longitude 50°37' W., depth 88 meters, dynamic height 971.092 meters 0 4.60 33.04 0 4.60 33. 04 1 26. 19 27 2.87 33.09 25 3.05 33.09 26.38 53 0.18 33.26 .50 0.25 33.24 26.70 80 -0.03 33.32 75 0.00 33.31 26.76 Station 2727; June 5; latitude 42°55' N., longitude 50°48' W., depth 640 meters, dynamic height 971.088 meters 0 3.89 32.96 0 3.89 32.96 26.20 25 1.41 33.02 25 1.41 33,02 26.46 61 0.32 33.14 50 0.35 33. 13 26. 60 76 -0.75 33.31 75 -0.76 33.31 26.79 101 -0.66 33.44 100 -0.65 33.43 26,90 152 0.44 33.82 150 0.40 33.79 27.14 203 1.34 34.06 200 1.30 34.05 27.28 304 1.71 34.20 300 1.70 34.19 27.37 402 2.42 34.42 400 2.40 34.41 27.49 601 3.56 34.72 600 3. .56 34.72 27.63 Station 2728; June 5: latitude 42''49' N., longitude 50°56' W., depth 1.463 meters, dynamic height 971.087 meters 0 4.63 32.97 0 4.53 32.97 26,14 25 0.93 33.06 25 0.93 33.06 26.52 51 -0.30 33.22 60 -0.25 33.21 26. 70 76 -0.60 33.38 75 -0. .50 33.37 26.84 101 -0.62 33. 50 100 -0.60 33.49 26.94 152 0.45 33.82 150 0.40 33.80 27.14 203 0.78 33.97 200 0.76 33.96 27. 25 304 1.65 34.17 300 1.60 34.16 27,35 405 2. ,58 34.49 400 2.50 34.47 27,53 598 3.44 34.74 600 3.45 34.74 27.66 786 4.11 34.88 800 4.10 34.88 27.71 982 3.75 34.89 1,000 3.70 34.89 27.76 1,376 3.46 159 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Unity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C linity Station 2729; June 5; latitude 42°26' N., longitude 51°16' ^X., depth 2,570 meters, dynamic height 971.169 meters 0 13.13 34.52 0 13.13 34.52 25 14.65 35.48 25 14.65 35.48 50 12.75 35.30 50 12.75 35.30 75 12.44 35.33 75 12.44 35. 33 100 13.02 35. 55 100 13.02 35. 55 150 10.79 35.08 150 10.79 35.08 199 10.74 35.16 200 10.75 35.16 299 9.11 35.12 300 9.10 35.12 376 6.67 34.85 400 6.40 34.87 560 5.22 34.96 600 4.95 34.95 743 4.01 34.88 800 4.00 34.89 934 4.07 34.94 1,000 4.00 34.94 1,320 3.58 34.91 26.01 26.44 26.70 26.78 26.84 26.90 26.97 27.22 27. 42 27.68 27.73 27.77 Station 2730; June 5; latitude 42°04' N., longitude 51°53' W., depth 3,457 meters, dvnaraic height 971.260 meters 0 16.76 35.51 0 16.76 35.51 35 14.15 35.55 25 14.65 35.53 71 14.46 35. 78 50 14.25 35.61 106 14.08 35. 71 75 14.45 35.78 141 13.30 35. 55 100 14.15 35.73 211 12. 50 35.43 150 13.20 35. 53 282 11.11 35.31 200 12.65 35. 45 423 8.52 35.09 300 10.85 35.28 557 6.25 34.99 400 8.95 35.12 835 4.40 34. 95 600 5.75 34.98 1,113 3.97 34.95 800 4.50 34. 95 1,391 3.74 34.94 1.000 4.10 34.95 1,953 3.42 34.92 25.97 26.47 26.62 26.71 26.73 26. 78 26.83 27.04 27.24 27.58 27.71 27.76 Station 2731; June 6; latitude 42°00' N., longitude 50°56' \V., depth 3,164 meters, dynamic height 971.236 meters 0 19.80 36.21 0 19.80 36.21 35 16.27 35.63 25 17.00 35, 77 71 15.24 35. 87 50 15.80 35.74 106 14.20 35.75 75 15.15 35.86 141 13. 57 35.65 100 14. 35 35.77 212 11.72 35. 34 150 13.40 35. 62 284 10.77 35.34 200 12.00 35.37 425 7.49 35.04 300 10.45 35.32 570 .5.53 34. 98 400 8.10 35.09 851 4.17 34.92 600 5.30 34,97 1.130 3.97 34. 95 800 4,25 34,93 1,410 3.55 34.92 1,000 4.05 34.94 1,969 3.38 34.89 25.75 26.12 26,38 26.62 26.72 27.13 27.35 27.63 27.72 27.75 Station 2732; June 21; latitude 43°30' N., longitude 50°13' W., depth 59 meters, dynamic height 971.100 meters 0 7.07 32.90 0 7.07 32.90 21 1.41 33. 06 25 1.35 33.08 48 1.09 33.17 50 1.05 33.18 25,77 26,50 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity %o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C linity Station 2733; June 22; latitude 43°00' N., longitude 50°09' W., depth 88 meters, dynamic height 971.101 meters 0 5,96 32.81 0 5.96 32.81 25.86 26 1,53 32.98 25 1.70 32,97 26.39 52 -0,26 33.19 50 -0.20 33,17 26.66 78 -0,33 33.29 75 -0.30 33.28 26.75 Station 2734; June 22; latitude 42°55' N,, longitude 50°08' W,, depth 165 meters, dynamic height 971.114 meters 0 5.47 32,67 0 5.47 32.67 25.79 25 4,16 32.77 25 4,16 32.77 26.02 50 -0,67 33.10 50 -0.67 33.10 26.62 75 -0,51 33.24 75 -0.51 33.24 26.73 101 -1.18 33.24 100 -1.15 33.24 26.75 151 -0. 68 33.38 150 -0.70 33.37 26.84 Station 2735; June 22; latitude 42°50' N., longitude 50°08' W., deoth 631 meters, dynamic height 971.064 meters. 0 6.07 32,74 0 6.07 32.74 25.78 25 0.87 32,94 25 0.87 32.94 26.41 50 -0.91 33.29 50 -0,91 33.29 26.79 75 -1.08 33.34 75 -1.08 33.34 26.82 101 — 1 17 33.39 100 -1.15 33.39 26,87 151 -0.48 150 -0.50 33.56 26,99 201 2.03 34.07 200 2.00 34.06 27.24 302 3.11 34.48 300 3.10 34.48 27.48 400 3.38 34.63 400 3.40 34.63 27.57 598 3.59 34.82 600 3.60 34.82 27.70 Station 2736; June 22; latitude 42°43' N., longitude 50°08' W., depth 1,463 meters, dynamic height 971.024 meters. 0 6.40 32.77 0 6.40 32.77 25.76 25 2.73 32.94 25 2.73 32.94 26.28 50 -0.83 33,16 50 -0.83 33.16 26.67 75 -1.59 33.36 75 -1.59 33. 36 26.86 100 -1.40 33,47 100 -1.40 33.47 26.94 150 -0.02 33.81 150 -0.02 33.81 27.17 201 4.89 34,56 200 4,90 34.56 27.36 301 3.24 H- 63 300 3.25 34.63 27.58 393 3.43 34.73 400 •3.45 34.74 27.65 589 3.90 34,89 600 3.90 34.89 27.73 786 3.79 34,92 800 3.80 34.92 27.76 983 3 69 34.93 1,000 3.70 34.93 27.78 1,379 3.58 34.94 Station 2737; June 22; latitude 42°20' N., longitude 50°16' W., depth 2,834 meters, dynamic height 970.070 meters. 0 9.24 33.35 0 9.24 33.35 25.80 25 8.34 33.74 25 8.34 33.74 26.25 50 5.30 33.82 50 5,30 33.82 26.72 75 3.84 33.96 75 3,84 33.96 26.99 100 1.38 34.00 100 1.38 34.00 27.24 150 2.23 34.33 150 2.23 34.33 27.43 201 3.19 34.52 200 3.15 34.52 27.50 301 3.92 34.77 300 3.90 34. 75 27.62 402 4.48 34,92 400 4.45 34.92 27.69 600 4.23 34,98 600 4,25 34.98 27.76 795 4.04 34,99 800 4.05 34,99 27.79 995 3.81 34.97 1,000 3.80 34,97 27.80 1,396 3.49 34,94 160 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Tern- Depth, pera- meters tore "C. Ba- linity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity %o Station 2738; June 22; latitude 42°05' N., longitude S0°20' W., depth 3,466 meters, dynamic height 971.015 meters. 0 7.85 32.88 0 7.85 32.88 25.65 25 1.80 33.05 25 1.80 33.05 26.45 50 1.43 33.47 50 1.43 33.47 26.80 76 5.32 34.13 75 5.32 34.13 26.96 101 3.94 34.13 100 4.00 34.13 27.11 151 2.24 33.96 150 2.25 33.96 27.14 201 1.99 34.23 200 2.00 34.22 27.36 302 3.33 34. 57 300 3.35 34.56 27.52 388 3.66 34.74 400 3.70 34.76 27.65 581 4.21 34.94 600 4.20 34.94 27.74 772 4.03 34.96 800 4.00 34.95 27.77 965 3.66 34.93 1,000 3.60 34.93 27.79 1,353 3.45 34.94 Station 2739; June 22; latitude 41°28' N., longitude SO'H' W., depth 3,521 meters, dynamic height 971.159 meters. 0 16.33 34.72 0 16.33 34.72 25.47 25 14.62 35.10 25 14.62 35.10 26.16 50 12.00 34.92 50 12.00 34.92 26.55 75 12.14 35.20 75 12.14 35.20 26.74 100 12.44 35.37 100 12.44 35.37 26.81 150 12.40 35.48 150 12.40 35.48 26.91 200 10.72 35.26 200 10.72 35.26 27.05 300 7.90 34.98 300 7.90 34.98 27.30 398 4.00 34.51 400 4.00 34.51 27.42 583 3.44 34.77 600 3.45 i 34.78 27.69 760 3.76 34.86 800 3.80 34.88 27.74 963 3.89 34.95 1,000 3.90 34.95 27.78 1,383 3.78 34.98 Station 2740; June 22: latitude 40°53' N., longitude 50°08' W., depth 3,429 meters, dynamic height 971.254 meters. 0 15.49 33.87 0 15.49 33.87 25 16.37 35.57 25 16.37 35.57 50 14.36 35.45 50 14.36 35.45 75 13.99 35.62 75 13.99 35.62 100 13.36 35.53 100 13.36 35. 53 150 13.31 35.62 150 13.31 35.62 199 12.23 35.45 200 13.20 35.45 299 10.62 35.30 300 10.60 35. 30 395 8.65 35.12 400 8.55 35.11 590 3.42 34.62 600 3.45 34.63 783 4.67 34.99 800 4.65 34.99 981 4.14 34.98 1,000 4.10 34.98 1,377 3.59 34.96 25.02 2fi. 11 26.48 26.69 26.92 27.10 27.30 27.57 27.73 27.79 Station 2741; June 23: latitude 41°30' N., longitude 49°24' W., depth 2,661 meters, dynamic height 970.983 meters 0 11.47 33.42 0 11.47 33. 42 25 11.72 35.28 25 11.72 35.28 50 11.43 35.27 50 11.43 35.27 76 10.18 35.08 75 10.20 35.08 101 10.95 35. 38 100 10.95 35. .38 J 51 8.57 35.10 150 8.60 35.10 202 7.86 35.09 200 7.90 35.09 303 5.61 34.94 300 5.75 34.95 402 3.84 34.83 400 3.85 34.83 fiOO 5.19 35.13 600 5.20 35.13 797 4.09 35.00 800 4.10 35.00 996 3.86 34.99 1,000 3.85 34.99 395 3.45 34.95 | 25.49 26. 89 26.93 27.00 27.11 27.28 27.38 27.57 27.69 27.78 27.80 27.81 Observed values Depth, meters ture "C. Sa- linity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Sa- linity 96o Station 2742; June 23; latitude 41°09' N., longitude 48°.34' W., depth 2,780 meters, dynamic height 970.946 meters 592 789 987 1.385 13.64 33.38 0 13.64 33.38 3.61 33.60 25 3.61 33.60 3.80 34.05 50 3.80 34.05 3.04 34.18 75 3.04 34.18 4.32 34.44 100 4.32 34.42 3.98 34.53 150 3.98 34.53 4.07 34.66 200 4.07 34.66 4.39 34.86 300 4.39 .34. 86 .5.05 35.02 400 5.05 35.02 4.30 34.98 600 4.30 34.98 4.05 35. 00 800 4.05 35.00 3 86 34.99 1,000 3.85 34.99 3.48 34.97 25.03 26.74 27.07 27.25 27.32 27.44 27.53 27.65 27.71 27.76 27.80 27.81 Station 2743; June 23; latitude 41°22' N., longitude 47°17' W., depth 4,006 meters, dynamic height 971.292 meters 0 18.94 35.22 0 18.94 35.22 25.22 24 18.01 35. 88 25 18.00 35.88 25. 97 49 15. 38 35.62 50 15.35 35.62 26.39 73 14.39 35. 63 75 14.40 35. 63 26.61 97 14.36 35. 76 100 14.30 35.76 26.73 146 13. 84 35 72 150 13.75 ,35. 71 26.81 195 12.97 35. 58 200 12.90 35.57 26.88 292 11.60 35. 42 300 11.40 35.40 27.04 302 11.28 35. 38 400 S. 85 35. 16 27.29 449 7.99 35.11 600 6.40 35.04 27.55 594 6.41 35, 05 800 4.80 34.99 27.71 757 4.99 34.99 1,000 4.35 35.00 27.77 1.103 4.17 35. 01 Station 2744; June 24; latitude 41°44' N., longitude 47°51' W., depth 3,676 meters, dynamic height 971.197 meters 0 17,72 34.74 0 17.72 34,74 25.16 25 16.09 35.68 25 16.09 35.68 26.27 49 14.88 35.78 50 14.85 35. 78 26,63 74 14.30 35,76 75 14.30 35.76 26.73 13. 80 35.70 100 13.70 35.69 26.80 147 12.74 35.54 150 12.70 35.54 26.89 197 11.78 35.42 200 11.70 35.41 26.99 295 10.08 35,30 300 10.05 35.29 27.19 392 8.34 35.15 400 8.25 35.14 27.37 587 5.12 .34. 96 600 5.10 34.96 27.65 781 4.75 35. 05 800 4.70 35.05 27.77 977 4.25 35.01 1,000 4.20 35.02 27.81 1,370 3.67 34.97 Station 2745; June 24; latitude 42''06' N., longitude 48°26' W., depth 3,329 meters, dynamic height 971.135 meters 0 14.54 33. 59 0 14. ,54 33.59 25. 00 25 13.91 35.24 25 13,91 35.24 26,42 50 13,84 35.65 50 13, 84 35. 65 26,74 75 13. 25 35. ,59 75 13.25 35.59 26,82 100 12.83 35,54 100 12.83 35.54 26.87 1,50 11.40 3,5. 31 150 11.40 35,31 26.97 201 11.11 35.38 200 11.10 35. .38 27.08 301 8.78 .35. 16 300 8.85 35.16 27.29 ,381 5.54 34.76 400 5.45 34.76 27.45 ,571 5.08 35.00 600 5.00 35. 01 27.71 762 4.45 35.02 800 4.35 35.02 27.79 956 3.99 34.99 1,000 3.90 34.98 27.81 350 3.48 34.94 161 Table of.oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity 96o Depth, meters pera- ture Sa- linity Station 2746; June 24; latitude 42°36' N., longitude 49°12' W., depth 2,488 meters, dynamic height 13.06 34.15 0 13.06 34.15 7.38 33.75 25 7.10 33.74 5.17 33 57 50 5.40 33.71 6.66 34.51 75 6.80 34.57 7.18 34.67 100 7.30 34.71 8.04 35.00 150 8.05 35.04 7.88 35.07 200 7.45 35.05 5.08 34.83 300 5.25 34.91 5.37 34.97 400 4.85 34.96 4.20 34.94 600 4.20 34.98 4.21 35.00 800 3.75 34.97 3.67 34.95 1,000 3.55 34.96 3.49 34.95 25. 74 26.44 26.63 27.13 27.17 27.32 27.41 27.60 27.68 27.78 27.81 27.82 Station 2747; June 24; latitude 43°20' N., longitude 49°05' W., depth 1,463 meters, dynamic height 970.954 meters 0 7.69 32.80 0 7.69 32.80 25 2.42 33.09 25 2.42 33.09 M -0.48 33. 32 50 -0 48 33.32 76 -0.82 33.62 75 -0.80 33.62 101 -0.46 33.77 100 -0.50 33.76 151 0.97 34.20 150 0.95 34.19 202 1.98 34.42 200 1.90 34.41 303 2.90 34.68 300 2.85 34.67 402 3.82 34.86 400 34.85 601 4.11 34.98 600 4.10 34.97 800 3.71 34.94 800 3.70 34.94 ,000 3.51 34.94 1,000 3.50 34.94 ,400 3.38 34.93 25.62 26.43 26.79 27.05 27.15 27.41 27.53 27.66 27.71 Station 2748; June 24-25; latitude 43°02' N., longitude 48°15' W., depth 2,972 meters, dynamic height 970.971 meters 0 10.93 33.72 0 10.93 33.72 25. 82 25 6.23 33.73 25 6.23 33.73 26.55 50 8.45 34.65 50 8.45 34.65 26.95 75 7.22 34.53 75 7.22 34.53 27.04 100 8.37 34.83 100 8.37 34.83 27.11 150 4.43 34.36 150 4.43 34.36 27.25 199 3.97 34.52 200 3.95 34.53 27.44 299 4.43 34.82 300 4.45 34.82 27.62 358 4.48 34.90 400 4.45 34.93 27.71 538 4.15 34.96 600 4.00 34.96 27.78 718 3.83 34.95 800 3.75 34.95 27.79 906 3. 66 34.95 1,000 3.60 34.94 27.80 1,289 3.38 34.92 Station 2749; June 25; latitude 42°46' N., longitude 47°29' W., depth 3,603 meters, dynamic height 971.006 meters 0 13.15 33.53 0 13.15 33.53 25.24 24 11.53 34.54 25 11.50 34.56 26.36 48 10.57 35.02 50 10.40 35.01 26.91 72 8.31 34.68 75 8.30 34.68 27.00 96 7.90 34.73 100 7.80 34.73 27.12 144 5.81 34.52 150 5.70 34.52 27.24 193 5.14 34.56 200 5.05 34.57 27.35 289 4.00 34.68 300 4.05 34.70 27.56 351 4.25 34.82 400 4.45 34.90 527 4.63 34.99 600 4.45 34.99 27.75 704 4.11 34.98 800 4.00 34.98 27.80 891 3.92 34.98 1,000 3.75 34.97 27.81 1.277 3.46 34.94 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Sa- linity Station 2750; June 25; latitude 42°30' N., longitude 46°39' W., depth 4,161 meters, dynamic height 971.327 meters 0 18.11 35.04 0 18.11 35.04 25.30 22 19.27 35.96 19.20 35.95 25.71 44 16.54 35.82 50 16.25 35.79 26.32 65 15.68 35.76 75 15.40 35.80 26.52 87 15.09 35.84 100 14.85 30.84 26.67 131 14.44 35.84 150 14.15 35.78 26.78 175 13.67 35.70 200 13.15 35.61 26.85 262 11.87 35.41 300 11.55 35.47 27.06 240 12.30 35.55 400 9.30 35.13 27.20 355 11.03 35.47 600 5.65 34.80 27.46 468 5.87 34.58 800 4.60 34.98 27.73 584 .5.67 34.78 (1,000) 4.10 34.96 27.77 814 4.53 34.98 Station 2751; June 25; latitude 42°18' N., longitude 46°02' W., depth 4,436 meters, dynamic height 971.594 meters 0 20.98 36.22 0 20.98 36.22 25.45 24 18.76 36.20 25 18.70 36.20 26.03 49 17.90 36.35 50 17.90 36.35 26.35 73 17.84 36.37 75 17.85 36.37 26.38 97 17.47 36.35 100 17,40 36.35 26.48 146 17.00 36.34 150 17.00 36.34 26.56 194 16.84 36.34 200 16.80 36.34 26.61 291 15.95 36.17 300 15.80 36.15 26.70 469 12.85 35.60 400 14.10 35.83 26.82 69e 8.63 35.14 600 10.40 35.27 27.11 917 5.52 35.03 800 6.95 35.07 27.51 1,159 4.51 35.01 , 1,000 5.05 35.02 27.71 1,663 3.67 34.97 Station 2752; June 25; latitude 42''51' N., longitude 45°52' W., depth 4,463 meters, dynamic height 971.323 meters 0 18.71 35.31 0 18.71 35.31 24 19.84 36.11 25 19.80 36.11 49 17.27 36.07 50 17.20 36.07 73 15.56 35.83 75 15.55 35.83 97 15.09 35.83 100 15.00 35.83 146 14.11 35.73 150 14.10 35.73 194 13.69 35.71 200 13.60 35.70 291 11.89 35.41 300 11.75 35.39 332 11.14 35.32 400 9.55 35 20 487 7.36 35.05 600 5.55 34.88 635 5.26 34.85 800 4.56 34.97 755 4.77 34.98 (1,000) 3.70 34.95 949 3.84 34.95 25.35 25.68 26.31 26.51 26.63 26.75 26.83 26.96 27.20 27.53 27.73 27.80 Station 2753; June 25; latitude 43°24' N., longitude 45°44' W., depth 4317 meters, dynamic height 971.185 meters. 0 16.61 34.61 0 16.61 34.61 27 15. 37 35.87 25 15. 40 35. 79 54 14.33 35.72 50 14.45 35.74 82 13.58 35.63 75 13.80 35. 65 108 12.97 35.55 100 13.10 35.57 163 12.08 35.42 150 12.25 35.44 217 11.49 35.39 200 11.70 35.40 325 34. 58 300 7.60 34.73 4H6 5.71 34.96 400 6.20 34.77 735 4.65 35.01 600 5.20 35.00 988 3.99 34.98 800 4.45 35.00 1,249 3.77 34.97 1,000 3.95 34.98 1.790 3.39 34.93 25.32 26.50 26.68 26. 75 26.83 26.90 26.98 27.14 27.37 27.67 27.76 27.79 162 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linitv Depth, Tem- pera- ture " C Unity Station 2754; June 26; latitude 43°44' N., longitude 46°42' W., depth 4,216 meters, dynamic height 971.003 meters 0 13.46 33.83 0 13.46 33.83 25.42 23 8.91 34.20 25 8.80 34.23 26.56 46 8.03 34. 63 50 8.10 34.69 27.03 68 8.38 34.81 75 8.10 34.80 27.12 91 7.73 34.78 100 7.70 34.79 27.17 137 7.55 34.89 150 6.65 34.76 27.30 183 4.36 34.53 200 3.65 34.48 27. 42 274 2.25 34.41 300 2.25 34.44 27.52 336 2.37 34.49 400 2.90 34.60 27.61 515 3.72 34.80 600 4.10 34.90 27.72 702 4.24 34.96 800 4.05 34.96 27.77 890 3.87 34.95 1, 000 3.70 34.94 27.79 1,278 3.45 34.93 Station 2755; June 26; latitude 44°05' N., longitude 47° 43' W., depth 3,585 meters, dynamic height 970.972 meters 0 11.27 33.70 0 11.27 33.70 25.73 25 8.23 34.11 25 8.23 34.11 26. 56 49 6.79 34.27 50 6.70 34. 27 26.91 74 4.97 34.23 75 5.00 34.28 99 5.89 34.53 100 5.90 34.55 27.23 148 5.97 34.72 150 5.95 34.72 27.36 197 4.76 34.69 200 4.75 34.69 27.48 296 5.38 34.93 300 5.40 34.93 27.59 364 4.58 34.88 400 4.50 34.90 27.67 547 4.28 34.96 600 4.15 34.96 27.76 732 3.86 34. 96 800 3.80 34.95 27.79 916 3.70 34.94 1,000 3.65 34.94 27.79 1,286 3.39 34.93 Station 2756; June 26; latitude 44°18' N., longitude 48°36' W., depth 2,743 meters, dynamic height 970.908 meters 0 8.37 33. 13 0 8.37 33.13 24 6.23 33.67 25 6.20 33.68 48 3.96 33.81 50 3.80 33.84 73 2.56 34.19 75 2.55 34.22 97 3.78 34.51 100 3.70 34.51 145 2.81 34.54 150 2.75 34.55 193 2.68 34.63 200 2.75 34.64 290 4.11 34.90 300 4.15 34.90 370 4.00 34.91 400 3.95 34.91 558 3.80 34.93 600 3.75 34.93 748 3.61 34.93 800 3.55 34.93 939 3.48 34.93 1,000 3.45 34.93 1,325 3.31 34.88 25.77 26.50 26.90 27.33 27. 45 27.57 27.64 27.71 27.74 27.77 27.79 27.80 Station 2757; June 26; latitude 44°20' N., longitude 48°52' W., depth 1,454 meters, dynamic height 970.955 meters 0 7.41 32. 75 0 7.41 32. 75 25 3.04 33.03 25 3.04 33.03 50 0.45 33. 25 50 0.45 33. 25 75 0.35 33.69 75 0.35 33.69 99 0.26 33.90 100 0.25 33.91 149 1.17 34.21 150 1.20 34.22 199 3.40 34.62 200 3.45 34.63 298 3.81 34.81 300 3.80 .34. 81 389 3.49 34.81 400 3.50 34.81 585 3.58 34.89 600 3.55 34.89 782 3.54 34.91 800 3.55 34.91 980 3.48 34.91 1,000 3.50 34.91 376 3.40 34.91 25.61 26.33 26.70 27.05 27.24 27.43 27.56 27.68 27.71 27.76 27.78 27.79 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity Station 2758; June 26; latitude 44°20' N., longitude 49°02' W.. depth 320 meters, dynamic height 971.025 meters 0 6.69 32.61 0 6 69 32.61 24 3.56 32.87 25 3.50 32.89 48 -1.31 33.25 50 -1.40 33.27 72 -1.60 33.34 75 -1.60 33.35 96 -1.48 33. 45 100 -1.35 33.47 144 -0.07 33.81 150 0.05 33. 85 193 0.66 34.07 200 0.70 34.09 289 ■" 34.31 (300) 1.55 34.33 25.60 26.18 26.78 26.85 26. 95 27.20 27.35 27.48 Station 2759; June 26; latitude 44°21' N., longitude 49°09' W., depth 88 meters, dynamic height 971.064 meters 0 8.17 32.62 0 8.17 32. 62 26 1.76 32.83 25 2.00 32.82 51 -0.73 33.09 .50 -0.65 33.08 77 -1.03 33.13 75 -1.00 33.12 25.40 26.25 26.61 Station 2760; June 27; latitude 44°23' N., longitude 49°31' W.; depth 50 meters, dynamic height 971.061 meters 0 9.36 32.74 0 9.36 32.74 22 0.36 33. 04 25 0.30 33.04 44 0.17 33.03 (50) 0.15 33.04 25.31 26.54 26.54 Station 2761; June 27; latitude 44°58' N., longitude 49°37' W.; depth 73 meters, dynamic height 971.083 meters 0 8.89 32.63 0 8.89 32.63 25.30 26 1.97 32.74 25 2.30 32.73 26.16 52 -0.38 33.03 50 -0.20 32.99 26.52 (75) -0.80 '"' 26.76 Station 2762; June 27; latitude 44°54' N., longitude 49°16' W., depth 183 meters, dynamic height 971,083 meters 0 7.52 32.62 0 7.52 32.62 25 1.14 32.81 25 1.14 32. 8J 49 -0.19 32.95 50 -0.20 32. 95 74 33.05 75 -1.00 33.05 99 -1.26 33,15 100 -1.25 33. 15 148 -1.29 33.31 150 -1.30 33.32 25.49 26.30 26.48 26.59 26.68 26.82 Station 2763; June 27; latitude 44°53' N., longitude 49°10' W., depth 640 meters, dynamic height 971.084 meters 0 7.92 32.61 0 7.92 32.61 25.43 25 0.65 32.83 25 0.65 32.83 26.34 50 -1.25 33.08 50 -1.25 33.08 26.62 75 -1.38 33.16 75 -1.38 33.16 26.69 99 -1.45 33.20 100 -1.45 33.20 26.72 149 -1.27 33.33 150 -1.25 33.33 26,82 199 33.57 200 -0.65 33.58 27.01 298 1.54 34.29 300 1.65 34.30 27.46 388 3.03 34.69 400 3.15 34.71 27.66 584 3.42 34.82 600 3.45 34.83 27.72 163 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Sa- linity 96o Station 2764; June 27: latitude 44°51' N.. longitude 48°58' W., depth 1,481 meters, dynamic height 971.029 meters 0 6 66 32. 64 0 0.66 32.64 25 0.53 33.04 25 0. 53 33. 04 51 -1.62 33.31 50 -1.60 33.30 It) -1.64 33.40 75 -1.65 33.40 101 -0.56 33.66 100 -0.60 33.65 152 -0.12 33.79 150 -0.15 33.78 203 0.32 33.91 200 0.30 33.90 304 1.13 34.23 300 1.10 34.21 386 2.28 34.53 400 2.45 34.57 572 3.63 34.88 fiOO 3.60 34.89 755 3.53 34.90 800 3.55 34.90 945 3.51 34.91 1,000 3.50 34.91 1,327 3.50 34.90 25. 63 26. 52 26.81 26.90 27.06 27.15 27.22 27.43 27.61 27.76 27.77 27.79 Station 2765; June 27; latitude 44°48' N., longitude 48°37' W., depth 2,232 meters, dynamic height 970.900 meters 0 7.20 33.03 0 7.20 33.03 25.86 25 0.47 33. 50 25 0.47 33.50 26.89 50 2.92 34.15 50 2.92 34.15 27.23 75 4.37 34.50 75 4.37 34.50 27.37 100 3.35 34.51 100 3.35 34.51 27.48 150 4.12 34.71 150 4.12 34.71 27.57 199 4.39 34.83 200 4.40 34.83 27.62 299 4.09 34.87 .300 4.10 34.87 27.70 389 4.21 34.94 400 4.20 34.94 27.74 584 3.85 34.93 600 3.85 34.93 27.76 779 3.63 34.93 800 3.60 34.93 27.79 9/; 3.46 34.93 1,000 3.45 34.93 27.80 1,3.. 3.34 34. 925 Station 2766; .7une 27; latitude 44°43' N., longitude 48 02' W., depth 3.182 meters, dynamic height 970.889 meters 0 9.49 33.59 0 9.49 33.59 25.95 25 3.53 33.81 25 3.53 33.81 26.90 1.76 34. 05 50 1.85 34.03 27.22 76 1.35 34.21 75 1.35 34.20 27.40 101 1.71 34.33 100 1.65 34.32 27.48 1.52 2.94 34.58 150 2.85 34.57 27.58 203 4.10 34.79 200 4.05 34.78 27.62 304 3.64 34.81 300 3.65 34.81 403 3.79 34.88 400 3.80 34.88 27.73 604 3.75 34.92 600 .3.75 34.92 27.77 804 3.69 34.95 800 3.70 34.95 27.80 3.50 34.92 1,000 3.50 34.92 27.80 1,397 3.32 34.92 Station 2767; June 28: latitude 44°34' N., longitude 46°56' W., depth 3,658 meters, dynamic height 970.958 meters 0 8.57 33.16 0 8. 57 .33. 16 25. 76 24 6.99 33.90 25 6.95 33.92 26.60 48 6.63 34.40 50 6.70 34.43 27.03 71 7.31 34.65 75 7.30 34. 65 27.12 95 6.61 34.66 100 6.50 34.66 27.24 143 6.03 34.70 150 6.10 34.72 27.34 190 6.50 34,90 200 6.30 34.89 27. 45 285 3.68 34.75 300 3.40 34. 73 27.65 343 2.93 34.68 400 3.35 34. 75 27.67 516 3. 88 34.90 600 3.85 34.92 27.76 690 3.71 34.93 800 3.55 34.92 873 3.46 34.91 1,000 3 40 34.91 27.80 1,254 3.34 34.91 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Unity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C. linity Station 2768; June 28; latitude 44°26' N., longjtude 45°49' W., depth 3,978 meters, dynamic height 971.103 meters 0 13.50 .33. 58 0 13.50 33.58 25.21 22 10.65 34.38 25 10.70 34.47 26.44 45 12.56 50 12.35 35.15 26.66 67 11.50 35.16 75 11.10 35.11 26.87 90 10.74 35. 05 100 10. 70 35.06 26.90 135 10.50 35.09 150 10.20 35.07 26.99 179 9.48 35. 01 200 8.85 34.97 27.14 269 6.76 34.81 300 5.15 34.64 27.39 288 5.43 34.64 400 4.05 34.68 27.55 427 4.00 34.70 600 4.15 34.88 27.69 564 4.18 34.85 800 3.90 34.92 27.76 717 1,038 3.99 3.61 34. 925 34.92 1,000 3.65 34.92 27.78 Station 2769; June 28; latitude 45°01' N., longitude 45°44' W., depth 3,722 meters, dynamic height 971.000 meters 0 9.60 33.37 0 9.60 33.37 25 8.50 33.92 25 8.50 33.92 49 7.01 34.15 50 7.00 34. 16 74 6.16 34.30 75 6.10 34.30 98 4.49 34.22 100 4.45 34.23 147 4.28 34.35 1.50 4.15 34.35 196 2.62 34.35 200 2.65 34.36 294 5.32 34.91 300 5.40 34. 93 362 .5.47 35. 01 400 5.40 35.01 544 4.62 34.99 600 4.50 34.99 726 4.22 34.99 800 4.10 34.98 914 3.84 34. 96 1,000 3.70 34.95 298 3.34 34.915 25.78 26. 37 26.78 27.01 27.14 27.27 27.43 27.59 27.66 27.74 27.78 27.80 Station 2770; June 28; latitude 45°31' N., longitude 45°39' W., depth 3,603 meters, dynamic height 970.995 meters 0 13.47 34.29 0 13.47 34.29 25 7.93 34.01 25 7. 93 34.01 51 10.93 35.17 50 10.90 35.17 76 9.37 34.91 75 9.40 34.91 102 8.68 34.89 100 8.75 34.90 153 6.02 34.58 150 6.20 34.58 203 5.61 34.69 200 5.60 34.68 3()5 5.89 34.97 300 5.90 .34. 97 385 5.05 34.97 400 4.95 34.97 579 4.24 34.96 600 4.20 34.96 774 3.89 34.95 800 5.85 34.95 970 3.58 34.94 1,000 3.55 34.94 ,364 3.35 34.93 25.81 26.53 26.95 27.00 27.10 27.21 27.37 27.57 27! 76 27.78 27.80 Station 2771; June 28: latitude 45°32' N., longitude 4fi°31' W., depth 3,228 meters, dynamic height 970.904 meters 0 10.20 33.72 0 10.20 33.72 24 7.44 34.08 25 7.40 34.09 49 5.18 34.28 50 5.15 34.30 73 4.84 34.45 75 4.85 34.46 9S 4.67 34.55 100 4.65 34.56 147 4.30 34.69 150 4.30 34.70 195 4.22 34.81 200 4.25 34.82 293 4.44 34.92 300 4.45 34.92 387 4.2! 34.95 400 4.20 34.95 580 3.84 34.93 600 3.80 34.93 772 3.55 34.92 800 3.55 34.92 96H 3.52 34.93 1,000 3.55 34.93 1,.363 3.29 34.93 25.95 26.67 27.12 27.29 27.39 27.54 27.64 27.70 27.75 27.77 27.79 27.79 164 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C. Unity Depth, Tem- pera- ture ° C linit\ Station 2772; June 29; latitude 45°33' N., longitude 47°25' W., depth 1,829 meters, dynamic height 970.89" meters 0 7.71 33. 09 0 ,.n 33.09 25.84 25 5.73 ,34. 12 25 5. 73 34.12 26.91 50 6.17 34. 55 50 6.17 34. 55 27.19 75 5.71 34.64 75 5.71 34.64 27.32 100 5.34 34.71 100 ,5.34 34.71 27. 43 150 5.23 34.81 150 ,^.23 34.81 27. 52 200 3.65 34.68 200 3.65 34.68 27.58 300 3.68 34.85 300 3.68 34.85 27.72 402 3.85 34.89 400 .3.85 34.89 27.73 602 3.71 34.92 600 34.92 27.78 801 3.54 34,92 800 3.55 34.92 27. 79 1,000 3.42 34.91 1,000 3.40 34.91 27.80 1,398 3.30 34.91 Station 2773; June 29; latitude 45°37' N., longitude 47°32' W., depth 1,463 meters, dynamic height 970.900 meters 0 7.15 32.83 0 7.15 32.83 25.72 25 4.89 33.30 25 33.30 26.36 50 0.24 33.85 50 0.24 33.85 27.19 75 4.68 34.56 75 4.68 34.56 27.38 101 2.01 34.37 100 2.05 34.37 27.49 151 2.15 34.47 150 2.15 34.47 27.56 201 2.60 34.57 200 2.60 34.57 27.60 302 4.24 34.91 300 4.25 34.91 27.71 394 4.05 34.93 400 4.05 34.93 27.74 592 3.65 34.92 600 3.65 34.92 27.78 790 3. 46 34. 92 800 3.45 34.92 27.80 989 3. 40 34. 92 1,000 3.40 34.92 27.81 1,386 3. 34 34. 92 Station 2774; June 29; latitude 45°45' N., longitude 47°46' W., depth 1,097 meters, dynamic height 970.949 meters 0 6.64 32.81 0 6.64 32.81 25.77 25 4.17 32.98 25 4.17 32.98 26.18 51 -1.32 33.38 50 -1.30 33. 35 26.84 76 -0.20 33.81 75 -0.25 33.80 27.17 101 0.56 34.06 100 0.50 34.05 27.33 152 1.22 34.26 150 1.20 34.25 27.45 203 2.07 34.47 200 2.00 1 34.45 27.55 304 3.01 34.70 300 3. 00 i 34. 69 27.66 391 3.62 34.85 400 3.60 34.85 27.73 582 3.54 34.88 600 3.55 34.88 27.75 770 3.57 34.90 800 3.55 34.90 27.77 980 3.47 34.90 1,000 3.45 34.90 27.78 Station 2775; June 29; latitude 45°47' N., longitude 47°51' W., depth 622 meters, dynamic height 970.994 meters 0 6.56 32.89 0 6.56 32.89 25. 84 25 4.47 32.92 25 4.47 32.92 26.10 50 -1.44 33.27 50 -1.44 33.27 26.78 75 -1.56 33.41 75 -1.56 33.41 26.90 100 -1.26 33.54 100 -1.26 33.54 27.00 150 33.97 150 0.28 33.97 27.28 201 1.23 34.27 200 1.25 34.26 27.40 301 2.57 34.59 300 2.55 34.58 27.61 397 3.47 34.81 400 3.50 34.81 27.71 598 3.56 34.86 600 3.55 34.86 27.74 Observed values Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C linity 96o Station 2776; June 29; latitude 45°52' N., longitude 48°00' W., depth 165 meters, dynamic height 971.042 meters 6.38 32.60 0 6.38 32.60 0.78 32.79 25 0.78 32.79 -1.15 33. 10 50 -1.05 33.09 -1.62 33.25 75 -1.60 33.25 -1.52 33.39 100 -1.55 33.38 -1.19 33.48 150 -1.20 33.47 25.64 26.31 26.63 26.77 26.88 Station 2777; June 29; latitude 45''56' N., longitude 48°07' W., depth 110 meters, dynamic height 971.047 meters 0 6.81 32.56 0 6.81 32.56 25.54 26 1.32 32.86 25 1.50 32.86 26.3-! 52 -0.40 33.07 50 -0.15 33.05 26.57 78 -1.53 33.24 75 -1.55 33.23 26.75 104 -1.52 33.34 100 -1.50 33.32 26. 83- Station 2778; June 29; latitude 46°10' N., longitude 48°32' W., depth 88 meters, dynamic height 971.063 meters 0 7.48 32.61 0 7.48 32.61 25.49 26 2.11 32.64 25 2.25 32.64 26.09 53 -0.26 32.83 50 -0.15 32.80 26.36 79 -0.92 33.14 75 -0.85 33.10 26.62 Station 2779; June 29: latitude 46°09' N., longitude 48°04' W., depth 110 meters, dynamic height 971.063 meters 0 7.31 32. 56 0 7.31 32.56 25.48 26 2.18 32.66 25 2.25 32.66 26.11 52 -0.20 32.83 50 0.00 32.80 26.36 78 -1.37 33.11 75 -1.35 33.09 26.64 104 -1.23 33.29 100 -1.25 33.27 26.78 Station 2780; June 29; latitude 46°08' N., longitude- 47°45' W., depth 165 meters, dynamic height 971.045 meters 0 6.73 32.63 0 6.73 32.63 25.61 26 0.84 32.91 25 1.00 32.90 26.38 52 -1.49 33.15 50 -1.30 33.13 26.66 77 -1.67 33.22 75 -1.65 33.22 26.75 103 -1.66 33.29 100 -1.65 33.28 26.79 155 -1.42 33.41 150 -1.45 33.40 26.88 Station 2781; June 29; latitude 46°08' N., longitude 47°21' W.. depth 622 meters, dynamic height 970.953 meters 0 6.46 32.94 0 6.46 32.94 25.88 25 1.63 33.03 25 1.63 33.03 26.44 51 -1.27 33.39 50 -1.25 33.38 26.87 76 -0.72 33.68 75 -0.75 33.67 27.09 101 0.09 33.85 100 0.00 33.84 27.19 152 0.77 34.14 150 0.70 34.13 27.38 203 1.60 34.36 200 1.55 34.35 27.50 304 2.92 34.65 300 2.90 34.64 27.63 396 *3.38 34.79 400 3.40 34.79 27.70 596 3.48 34.89 600 3.50 34.89 27. 77 I 165 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity 9t)o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- linity Station 2782; June 29-30; latitude 46°07' N., longitude 47°03' W., depth 1,371 meters, dynamic height 970.888 meters 0 7,53 33.17 0 7.53 33.17 25.92 25 3.75 33.59 25 3.75 33.59 26.71 50 2.54 34.07 50 2.54 34.07 27.21 75 2.57 34.31 75 2.57 34.31 27.39 101 2.54 34.44 100 2.55 34.43 27.49 151 2.55 34.58 150 2.55 34.58 27.61 201 3.09 34.72 200 3.05 34.72 27.68 302 3.49 34.80 300 3.50 34.80 27.70 396 3.67 34.88 400 3.65 34.88 27.74 594 3.60 34.89 600 3.60 34.89 27.76 793 3.45 34.91 800 3.45 34.91 27.79 989 3.42 34.91 1,000 3.45 34.91 27.79 Station 2783; June 30: latitude 46°06' N., longitude 46°43' W., depth 978 meters, dynamic height 970.885 meters 0 7.00 33.04 0 7.00 33.04 25 5.84 34.07 25 5.84 34.07 50 0.94 33. 96 ' 50 0.94 33.96 74 1.90 34.23 75 1.90 34.24 99 1.84 34.30 100 1.85 34.30 149 2.69 34.54 150 2.70 34.54 198 2.93 34.66 200 2.95 34.67 297 34.80 300 3.00 34.86 3.90 34.91 400 3.90 34.91 590 3.61 34.91 600 3.60 34.91 787 3.49 34.91 800 3.50 34.91 887 3.38 34.91 25.90 26.86 27.23 27.39 27.44 27.56 27.65 27.71 27.75 27.78 27.79 Station 2784; June 30; latitude 46°05' N., longitude 46°06' W.. depth 778 meters, dynamic height 970.909 meters 0 8.42 33.45 ' 0 8.42 33.45 26.01 25 6.47 34.02 25 6.47 34.02 26.74 50 4.80 34.16 50 4.80 34.16 27.06 75 3.97 34.27 75 3.97 34.27 27.23 99 4.30 34.48 100 4.30 34.49 27.37 149 3.98 34.61 150 . 4.00 34.62 27.51 199 4.56 34.83 200 4.55 34.84 27.62 298 4.44 34.93 300 4.45 34.93 27.70 383 3.95 34.89 400 3.90 34.89 27.73 578 3.65 34.90 600 3.60 34.90 27.77 725 3.50 34.90 Station 2785; June 30; latitude 46°06' N., longitude 45°23' W., depth 2,880 meters, dynamic height 970.888 meters 0 10.09 34.05 0 10.09 34.05 26.21 25 7.29 34.08 25 7.29 34.08 26.67 50 4.83 34.26 50 4.83 34.26 27. 13 75 3.02 34.27 75 3.02 34.27 27.32 100 2.56 34. 33 100 2.56 34.33 27.41 150 3.71 34.67 150 3.71 34.67 27.58 200 3.53 34.75 200 3.53 34. 75 27.66 300 3.71 34.87 300 3.71 34.87 27.74 386 3.60 34.89 400 3.60 34.89 27.76 580 3.52 34.89 600 3.50 34.89 27.77 774 3.47 34.90 800 3.45 34.90 27.78 969 3.43 34.90 1,000 3.40 34.90 27.79 1, 3."i8 3.29 34.91 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C Sa- linity Station 2786; June 30; latitude 46''06' N., longitude 44°42' W., depth 3,200 meters, dynamic height 970.873 meters 0 10.01 34.15 0 10.01 34.15 26.31 25 8.67 34.23 25 8.67 34.23 26.59 50 5.80 34.45 50 5.80 34.45 27.16 75 4.05 34.49 75 4.05 34.49 27.40 100 3.43 34.58 100 3.43 34.58 27.53 150 3.50 34.75 150 3.50 34.75 27.66 199 3.67 34.83 200 3.65 34.83 27.70 299 3.59 34.86 300 3.60 34.86 27.74 380 3.69 34.90 400 3.65 34.90 27.76 570 3.45 34.89 600 3.45 34.89 27.77 760 3.48 34.91 800 3.45 34.91 27. 79 951 3.35 34.91 1,000 3.35 34.91 27.80 1,345 3.21 34.92 aation 2787; June 30; latitude 46°18' N., longitude 44°40' W., depth 1,746 meters, dynamic height 970.869 meters 0 9.94 34.27 0 9.94 34.27 26.42 23 9.72 34.32 25 9.70 34.33 26.50 47 5.91 34.44 50 5.60 34.45 27.19 70 4.34 34.54 75 4.15 34.56 27.44 93 3.69 34.63 100 3.70 34. 65 27.56 140 3.68 34. 76 150 3.70 34.78 27.67 187 3.83 34.84 200 3.85 34.85 27.70 280 3.92 34.90 300 3.90 34.90 27.74 365 3.70 34.90 400 3.60 34.90 27.77 550 3.46 34.89 600 3.45 34.89 27.77 736 3.41 34.90 800 3.40 34.91 27.80 926 3.38 34.92 1,000 3.35 34.92 27.81 1,314 3.22 34.92 Station 2788; June 30; latitude 46°27' N., longitude 44°39' W., depth 622 meters, dynamic height 970.846 meters 0 9.83 34.18 0 9.83 34.18 26.36 25 8.53 34.30 25 8.53 34.30 26.66 ■50 4.47 34.54 50 4.47 34.54 27.39 75 3.58 34.68 75 3.58 34.68 27.60 100 3.52 34.74 100 3.52 34.74 27.65 150 3.67 34.82 150 3.67 34.82 27.70 200 3.86 34.87 200 3.86 34.87 27.72 300 3.65 34.90 300 3.05 34.90 27.76- 391 3.53 34.90 400 3.50 34.90 27.78 587 3.43 34.90 600 3.45 34.90 27.78 Station 2789; June 30: latitude 46°4r N., longitude 44°36' W., depth 220 meters, dynamic height 970.865 meters 0 9.18 34.00 0 9.18 34.00 26.33 25 6.52 34.20 25 6.52 34.20 26.88 50 4.25 34.31 50 4.25 34.31 27.23 75 3.81 34.46 75 3.81 34.46 27.40 100 3.48 34.53 100 3.48 34. 53 27.49 149 3.52 34.70 150 3.50 34.70 27.62 199 3.80 34.83 200 3.80 34.83 27.70 166 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture " C. Sa- linity Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linitv 9oo Station 2790; June 30; latitude 46°48' N., longitude 44°35' W., depth 165 meters, dynamic height 970.878 meters 0 9.25 33.98 0 9.25 33.98 26.30 25 6.91 34,09 25 6.91 34.09 26.74 50 4.98 34. 25 50 4.98 34. 25 27.10 75 4.07 34.36 75 4.07 34.36 27.29 101 3.72 34.49 100 3.75 34.49 27.42 151 3.79 34.75 150 3.80 34.74 27.62 Station 2791; July 1; latitude 46''59' N., longitude 44°33' W., depth 132 meters, dynamic height 970.891 meters 0 9.36 34.04 0 9.36 34.04 26.33 26 7.58 34.13 25 7.60 34.13 26. 67 52 5.19 34.24 50 5.40 34.23 27.04 78 4.33 34.34 75 4.40 34.33 27.24 104 3.82 34.55 100 3.90 34.51 27.43 Station 2792; July 1; latitude 46°59' N., longitude 45°11' W., depth 165 meters, dynamic height 970.901 meters 0 9.86 34.16 0 9.86 34.16 26.34 25 8.65 34.16 25 8.65 34.16 26.53 50 5.81 34.24 50 5.81 34.24 27.00 75 4.82 34.31 4.82 34.31 27.17 100 4.29 34.40 100 4.29 34.40 27.30 150 3.77 34.60 150 3.77 34.60 27.51 Stati(jn 2793; July 1; latitude 46°59' N., longitude 45°22' W., depth 220 meters, dynamic height 970.898 meters 0 9.73 33.97 0 9.73 33.97 25 8.78 34.17 25 8.78 34.17 50 5.68 34.25 50 34.25 74 4.78 34.33 75 4.75 34.33 99 4.14 34.45 100 4.10 34.46 149 3.59 34.59 150 3.60 34.59 198 3.74 34.76 200 3.75 34.77 26.21 26.52 27.02 27.20 27.37 27.52 27.65 Station 2794; July 1; latitude 46°58' N., longitude 45°55' W., depth .302 meters, dynamic height 970.900 meters 0 8.32 33.37 0 8.32 33.37 25.96 25 6.78 33.67 25 6.78 33.67 26.42 51 3.30 33.94 50 3. .50 33.92 27.00 76 4.32 34.36 4.35 34.35 27.25 101 3.84 34. 51 100 3.85 34.50 27.43 152 3.65 34.65 150 3.65 34.64 27.55 203 3.94 34.80 200 3.95 34.79 27.64 (300) 3.75 34.88 27.74 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- Hnitv 9-6o" Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Sa- linity 96o Station 2795; July 1; latitude 46°58' N., longitude 46°31' W., depth 622 meters, dynamic height 970.895 meters 0 6.95 32.94 0 6.95 32.94 25.83 25 0.97 33.16 25 0,97 33.16 26.59 50 -0.39 33. 50 50 -0.39 33. .50 26.94 75 2.21 34.12 75 2.21 34.12 27.28 100 3 68 34.50 100 3.68 34.50 27.44 1.50 3.48 34.65 150 3.48 34.65 27.58 201 3.83 34.80 200 3.85 34.80 27.66 301 3.77 34.88 300 3.75 34.88 27.74 397 3.62 34.90 400 3.65 34.90 27.76 594 3.50 34.91 600 3.50 34.91 27.79 Station 2796; July 1; latitude 46°58' N., longitude 46°45' V,'., depth 1,097 meters, dynamic height 970.892 meters 0 6.84 33.14 0 6.84 33.14 25.99 25 5.22 33.31 25 5.22 33.31 26.34 50 3.65 34.06 50 3.65 34.06 27.10 75 1.83 34.22 75 1.83 34.22 27,38 100 2.51 34.45 100 2.51 34.45 27,51 150 2.60 34.61 150 2.60 34.61 27,63 201 3.15 34.73 200 3.15 34.73 27.68 301 3.67 34.86 300 3,65 34.86 27.73 402 3.60 34.88 400 3,60 34.88 27.76 600 3.58 34.90 600 3.60 34.90 27.77 796 3.54 34.92 800 3.55 34.92 27.79 992 3.41 34.92 1000 3.45 34.92 27.80 Station 2797; July 1; latitude 46°58' N,, longitude 47°09' W., depth 622 meters, dynamic height 970.987 meters 0 7.51 32,75 0 7.51 32.75 25.60 25 3.76 32,96 25 3 76 32.96 26.21 50 -1.53 33,28 50 -1.53 33.28 26.80 75 -1.53 33,48 75 -1.53 33.48 26,97 100 -0.70 33.68 100 -0.70 33.68 27,10 150 0.40 33.96 150 0.40 33.96 27,27 201 0.83 34.20 200 0,85 34.19 27,42 301 2.45 34.59 300 2.45 34.58 27,62 397 2.86 34.70 400 3.90 34.70 27,68 593 3.52 34.88 600 3.55 34.88 27,76 Station 2798; July 1; latitude 46°58' N., longitude 47°48' W., depth 165 meters, dynamic height 971.048 meters 0 7.15 32.46 0 7.15 32.46 25.43 25 32.73 25 4.82 32.73 25.92 51 -0.87 32.88 50 -0.60 32. 87 26.44 76 -1.56 33.12 75 -1.55 33.12 26.67 102 -1.60 33.28 100 -1.60 33.26 26.78 153 -0.64 33.57 150 -0.75 33.55 26.99 167 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. Unity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. linity 96o Station 2799; July 2; latitude 46°58' N., longitude 48°17' "\V., depth 119 meters, dynamic height 971.053 meters 0 fi.93 32.50 0 6.93 32.50 25.49 26 5.08 32.60 25 5.10 32.60 25.79 52 -0.76 32.83 50 -0.20 32.79 26.36 78 -1.44 33.10 75 -1.45 33.09 26.64 104 -1.31 33.33 100 -1.35 33. 30 26.81 Station 2800; July 2; latitude 46°58' N., longitude 48°42' W., depth 91 meters, dynamic height 971 .055 meters 0 7.25 32.50 0 7.25 32.50 26 5.49 32.59 25 5.55 32.59 53 -0.01 32.74 50 0.60 32.72 79 -1.15 33.14 75 -1.05 33.06 25. 44 25.73 26.26 26.61 Station 2801; July 2; latitude 47°16' N., longitude 48°23' W., depth 153 meters, dynamic height 971.034 meters 0 6.72 32.49 0 6.72 32. 49 26 2.93 32.70 25 3.00 32.69 51 -1.11 32.98 50 -0.90 32.97 77 -1.57 33 11 75 -1.55 33.11 02 -1.44 33.24 100 -1.50 33.23 43 -0.85 33.49 (150) -0.75 33.53 25.51 26.07 26. 53 26.66 26.75 Station 2802; July 2; latitude 47°30' N., longitude 48°08' W., depth 220 meters, dynamic height 971 .035 meters 0 7.13 32.62 0 7.13 32. 62 25.56 24 5.94 32.68 25 5.75 32.69 25.79 -1.40 33.08 50 -1.45 33.09 26.64 73 -1.62 33.21 75 -1.60 33.21 26.74 97 -1.60 33.29 100 -1.60 33.30 26.81 146 -1.53 33.43 150 -1.50 33.45 26.94 194 -0.19 33.75 200 0.00 33.79 27.15 Station 2803; July 2; latitude 47°44' N., longitude 47°53' W., depth 320 meters, dynamic height 970.965 meters 0 7.65 32.65 0 7.65 32.65 25.51 25 6.55 32.91 25 6.55 32.91 25.85 50 -1.15 33.34 50 -1.15 33.34 26.83 75 -1.07 33.56 75 -1.07 33.56 27.01 100 -0.56 33.74 100 -0.56 33.74 27.13 150 0.02 34.05 150 0.02 34.05 200 1.33 34.32 200 1.33 34.32 27.50 300 2.52 34.60 300 2.52 34.60 27.63 Station 2804; July 2; latitude 47° 54' N., longitude 47° 42' W., depth 622 meters, dynamic height 970.899 meters. 0 6.59 32.98 0 6.59 32.98 25 4.92 33.15 25 4.92 33.15 50 -0.24 33.71 50 -0.24 33.71 75 -1.06 33.92 75 -1.06 83.92 100 0.49 34.11 100 0.49 34.11 160 1.77 34.44 150 1.77 34.44 2{KI 2.84 34.66 200 2.84 34.66 300 3 38 34.80 300 3.38 34.80 402 3.48 34.88 400 3.50 34.88 600 .3.41 34. 91 POO 3.40 34.91 25.90 26.24 27.10 27.30 27.38 27.56 27.65 27.71 27.77 27.80 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. linity 96 0 Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity 96o Station 2805; July 2; latitude 47° 57' N„ longitude 47° 39' W., depth 1,179 meters, dynamic height 970.896 meters. 0 6.51 32.95 0 6.51 32.95 25. 89 25 2.31 33.25 25 2.31 33.25 26.57 50 2.30 33. 75 50 2.30 33.75 26.97 75 -0.15 33.98 75 -0. 15 33.98 27.32 99 0.66 34.16 100 0.70 34. 17 27.42 149 1.86 34.46 150 1.90 34.47 27.58 199 2.70 34.63 200 2.70 34.64 27.64 298 3.42 34.82 300 3.45 34.82 27.72 394 3.51 34. 88 400 3.50 34.88 27.77 590 3.50 34.90 600 3.50 34.90 27.78 785 3.37 34.90 800 3.35 34.90 27.79 981 3.30 34.90 1,000 3.30 34.90 27.80 Station 2806; July 2; latitude 48° 12' N. longitude 47° 23' W., depth 2,103 meters, dynamic height 970.867 meters. 0 6.67 33. 13 0 6.67 33.13 24 1.07 33.65 25 1.05 49 0.74 34.11 50 0.75 34.12 73 0 88 34.23 75 0.90 34.24 97 1.46 34. 35 100 1.55 34.37 146 2.36 .34. 57 150 2. 45 34.59 195 3.05 34.71 200 3.10 34.72 292 3.60 34.84 300 3.60 34.84 330 3.57 34. 85 400 3.50 34.86 505 3.40 34. 86 GOO 3.35 34,87 688 3.33 34.89 800 3.35 34.90 872 3.34 .34.90 1.000 3.30 34.90 1.255 3.26 34.90 26.01 27.38 27.46 27.52 27.62 27.68 27.72 27.75 27.77 27.79 27.80 Station 2807; .Tuly 2; latitude 47° 48' N.. longitude 47° 20' W., depth 549 meters, dynamic height 970.899 meters. 6.74 33.02 0 6.74 33.02 4.40 33.22 25 4.40 33.22 0.27 33. 66 50 -1.25 33.68 0.16 33.99 75 0.20 34.00 0.6V 34.16 100 0.70 34.18 2.18 34.52 1.50 2.30 34.54 3.07 34.72 200 3.10 34. 73 3. 36 34.80 300 3.35 34.80 8. 38 34.82 400 3.40 34.83 3.48 34.88 26.01 26.35 27.12 27.31 27.43 27.60 27.69 27.71 27.74 Station 2808: July 3; latitude 47° 20' N., longitude 47° 1.5' W,. depth 320 meters dynamic height 970.961 meters. 0 8.02 32.24 0 8.02 32.24 25 1.91 33.03 25 1.91 33.03 49 -1.53 33,31 50 -1.50 33. 32 74 -0.95 33.58 75 -0.95 33. 59 99 -0.26 33.83 100 -0.20 33.84 148 0.80 34.13 150 0.85 34.14 197 1.25 .34. 30 200 1.30 34.31 296 2.53 34.60 300 2.60 34.61 25.12 26.42 26.83 27.03 27.20 27. 38 27.49 27.63 168 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Unity Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C. linity Station 2809; July 24; latitude 53° 42' N., longitude 55° 49' W., depth 109 meters, dynamic height 1937.540 meters, 0 11.30 28. W 0 11.30 28.19 21.28 25 -0.31 32.24 25 -0.31 32.24 25.91 50 -1.37 32.87 50 -1.37 32.87 26.45 75 -1.50 33.02 75 -1.50 33.02 26.58 100 -1.54 33.07 100 -1.54 33.07 26.62 Station 2810; July 24; latitude 53° 49' N., longitude 55° 34' W., depth 208 meters, dynamic height 1937.486 meters. 0 8 01 30.98 0 8.01 30. 98 24.14 25 0.17 32.50 2^ 0.17 ?,2. 56 26.15 50 -1.34 33.03 50 -1.34 33.03 26.59 74 -1.56 33.14 75 -1.55 33.14 26.68 99 -1.46 33.18 100 -1.45 33.18 26.71 149 -1.29 33.36 150 -1.30 .33. 36 26.85 198 -0.98 33.63 200 -0.95 33.64 27.07 Station 2811; July 24; latitude S3°55' N., longitude 55°24' W., depth 166 meters, dynamic height 1,937 463 meters 0 8.54 31.26 0 8.54 31.26 24.28 25 3.08 32.52 25 3.08 32.52 25.72 51 -0.40 33.22 50 -0.25 33.21 26.69 76 -1.08 33.30 75 -1.05 33.30 26.79 102 -1.30 33.45 100 -1.30 33.43 26.91 153 -0.72 33.74 150 -0.75 33.72 27.12 Station 2812; July 24; latitude 54°08' N., longitude 54°57' W., depth 108 meters, dynamic height 1,937.446 meters 0 7.06 31.40 0 7.06 31.40 24.61 26 0.09 32.70 25 0.40 32.69 26.25 51 -1.41 33.14 50 -1.40 33.14 26.67 77 -1.25 33.32 75 -1.25 33.32 26.81 103 -1.26 33.43 100 -1.25 33.42 26. 90 154 -0.64 33.70 150 -0.70 33.73 27.13 Station 2813; July 24; latitude 54°22' N., longitude 54°28' W., depth 207 meters, dynamic height 1,937.451 meters 0 7.44 31.84 0 7.44 31.84 :23 0.10 32.40 25 0.00 32.46 45 -1.32 33.08 50 -1.35 33.12 OS -1.50 33.20 75 -1.50 33.24 90 -1.45 33.33 100 -1.35 33.38 135 -0.98 33.56 150 -0.35 33.73 176 1.36 34.25 (200) 3.50 34.62 24.90 26.08 26.87 27.11 27.55 Station 2814; July 25; latitude 54°.30' N., longitude 53°58' W., depth 238 meters, dynamic height 1,937.427 meters 0 5.99 31.78 0 5.99 31.78 25.03 25 -1.01 33.10 25 -1.01 33.10 20.63 51 -1.24 33.32 50 -1.25 33.32 26.81 76 -1.14 33.48 75 -1.15 33.48 26. 95 101 -1.02 33. 00 100 -1.00 33. 59 27.03 152 -0.45 33.85 150 -0.50 33.84 27.21 203 ..« 34.08 200 0.45 34.07 27.34 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity 96o Station 2815; July 25; latitude 54''47' N., longitude 53°30' W., depth 413 meters, dynamic height 1,937.377 meters 0 4.66 32.04 0 4.66 32.04 25,39 25 0.74 33.27 25 0.74 33.27 26.69 50 1.24 33.68 50 1.24 33.68 26.98 70 0.03 33.90 75 0.05 33.90 27.24 101 0.82 34.02 100 0.80 34.01 27. 28 151 2.06 34.36 150 2.00 34.35 27.47 202 3.57 34.63 200 3.50 34.61 27.55 303 4.14 34.83 300 4.15 34.82 27.64 398 3.86 34.88 400 3.85 34.88 27. 72 Station 2816; July 25; latitude 54°54' N., longitude 53°21' W., depth 1,284 meters, dynamic height 1,937.312 meters 0 5.08 32.71 0 5 08 32.71 25.80 25 5.49 34.00 25 5.49 34.00 20.89 50 4.08 34.43 50 4.08 34.43 27.34 70 3.37 34,57 75 3.35 34.50 27.52 101 3.95 34.82 100 3.95 34.82 27.00 151 3.95 34.82 150 3.95 34.82 27.00 202 3.88 34.80 200 3.90 34.80 27.71 303 3.74 34.84 300 3.75 34.85 27.71 401 3.00 34.86 400 3.65 34.80 27.73 001 3.48 34.86 600 3.50 34.80 27.75 799 3.44 34.89 800 3.45 34.89 27.77 998 3.44 34.89 1,000 3.45 34.89 27.77 Station 2817; July 25; latitude 55°01' N., longitude 53^00' W., depth 2,204 meters, dynamic height 1,937.291 meters 0 0.37 34,10 0 6.37 34.16 26.87 25 4.54 34.24 25 4.54 34.24 27.14 50 3.85 34.61 50 3.85 34.61 27.51 76 3.81 34. 73 75 3.80 34.73 27.61 101 4.23 34.84 100 4.25 34.84 27.65 151 4.00 34.83 150 4.05 34.83 27.66 201 3 88 34.87 200 3.90 34.87 27.71 302 3.73 34.85 300 3.75 34.85 27.71 3.00 34.88 400 3.60 34.88 27.75 596 3.44 34.86 600 3.45 34.86 27.75 794 3.41 34.86 800 3.40 34.86 27.75 990 3.40 34.91 1,000 3.40 34.91 27.80 3.26 34.90 1,500 3.25 34.90 27.80 1,987 2.87 34.92 2,000 2.85 34.92 27.85 Station 2818; July 25; latitude 55°12' N., longitude 52°45' W., depth 2,999 meters, dynamic height 1,937.266 meters 0 7.48 34.10 0 7.48 34.10 26.00 25 6.07 34.29 25 6.07 34.29 27.00 50 3.88 34.64 50 3.88 34.04 27.53 75 3.42 34.72 75 3.42 34.72 27.04 100 3.71 34.86 100 3.71 31.80 27.73 150 3.57 34.84 150 3.57 34.85 27.73 201 3.48 34.84 200 3.50 34.84 27.73 301 3.43 34.87 300 3.45 34,87 27.75 393 3.41 34.87 400 3.40 34.87 27.70 574 3.37 34.90 600 3.40 34.90 27.79 743 3.39 34.90 800 3.40 34.90 27.79 903 3.36 34. 89 1,000 3.30 34.89 27.79 1,383 3.19 34.91 1.500 3.20 34.91 27.82 1,883 3.17 34.91 2,000 3.05 34.91 27.83 2,583 2.48 34.92 2,500 2.55 34.92 27.88 3,033 2.12 34.89 169 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938-Continued Observed values Sealed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity %o Station 2819; July 25; latitude 55°27' N., longitude 52°18' W., depth 3,198 meters, dynamic height 1,937.244 meters 0 9.16 34.56 0 9.16 34.56 26.77 25 6.38 34.70 25 6.38 34. 70 27.28 50 4.17 34.78 50 4.17 34.78 27.62 76 3.52 34.82 75 3.50 34.82 27.72 101 3.45 34.84 100 3.45 34.84 27.73 151 3.36 34.85 150 3.35 34.84 27.74 202 3.42 34.88 200 3.40 34.88 27.78 303 3.31 34.87 300 3.35 34.88 27.78 396 3.22 34.88 400 3.20 34.88 27.80 592 3.21 34.88 600 3.20 34.88 27.80 788 3.20 34.88 800 3.20 34.88 27.80 982 3.21 34.89 1,000 3.20 34.89 27.80 1,476 3.20 34.87 1,500 3.20 34.89 27.80 1,973 3.24 34.93 2,000 3.25 34.93 27.83 2,465 2,90 34.93 2,500 2.85 34.93 27.87 3,117 1.79 34.90 3,000 2.00 34.91 27.92 Station 2820; July 26: latitude 55°48' N., longitude 51°37' W., depth 3,456 meters, dynamic height 1,937.278 meters 0 9.18 34.56 0 9.18 34. 56 26.77 25 8.26 34.56 25 8.26 34.56 26.91 50 5.71 34.69 50 5.71 34.69 27.36 76 4.45 34.54 75 4.45 34.75 27.56 101 3.92 34.76 100 3.95 34.76 27. 62 151 3.50 34.82 150 3.50 34.82 27.72 201 3.32 34.83 200 3.35 34.83 27.74 302 3.13 34.86 300 3.15 34.86 27.78 390 3.20 34.87 400 3.20 34.87 27.79 585 3.19 34.88 600 3.20 34.88 27.80 781 3.22 34.90 800 3.20 34.89 27.80 976 3.22 34. 87 1,000 3.20 34.89 27.80 1,468 3.23 34.90 1,500 3.25 34.90 27.80 1,964 3.24 34.91 2,000 3.25 34.91 27.81 2,449 3.03 34.91 2,500 3.00 34.91 27.84 2,946 2.68 34.89 3,000 2.65 34.89 27.85 3,346 1.90 34.89 Station 2821; July 26; latitude 56°37' N., longitude 50°08' W., depth 3,693 meters, dynamic height 1,937.277 meters 73 98 147 195 293 383 574 765 955 1,442 2^313 2,863 3,422 8.17 4.70 3.81 3.48 3.36 3.40 3.31 3.28 3.27 3.20 3.24 3.22 3.29 3.22 2.86 2.24 34.61 34.66 34.74 34.80 34.82 34.84 34.85 34.88 34.87 34.89 34.88 34.89 34.89 34.89 34.88 34. 91 34.91 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 (3, 500) 8.60 8.10 4.65 3.80 3.45 3.35 3.40 3.30 3.25 3.25 3.20 3.25 3.25 3.30 3.15 2.75 2.10 34.62 34.66 34.74 34. 80 34.82 34.84 34.85 34.88 34.88 34.88 34.88 34.89 34.89 34.89 34.91 34.91 26.91 27.01 27.53 27.67 27.72 27.74 27.75 27.79 27.79 27.79 27.79 27.79 27.79 27.79 27.80 27.86 27.91 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity 960 Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. Sa- linity Station 2822; July 26-27; latitude 57°25' N., longi tude 48°47' W., depth 3,428 meters, dynamic height 1,937.272 meters 95 143 191 286 351 .531 713 1,368 1,853 2,242 2,709 3,072 7.69 34.61 0 7.69 34.61 7.62 34.63 25 7.60 34.63 4.96 34.71 50 4.80 34.72 3.84 34.80 75 3.80 34.80 3.54 34.83 100 3.55 34.84 3.47 34.87 1.50 3.45 34.87 3.37 34.88 200 3.35 34.88 3.28 34.88 300 3.25 34.88 3.26 34.88 400 3.25 34.88 3.22 34. 88 600 3.20 34.88 3.20 34.88 800 3.20 34.88 3.18 34.89 1,000 3.20 34.88 3.16 34.87 1, 500 3.20 34.88 3.26 34.89 2,000 3.25 34.90 3.20 34.92 2,500 3.05 34.91 2.87 34.90 3,000 2.55 34.91 2.46 34.91 27.03 27.06 27.50 27.67 27.72 27.76 27.77 27.78 27.78 27.79 27.79 27.79 27.79 27.80 27.83 27.88 Station 2823; July 27: latitude 58°14' N., longitude 47°29' W., depth 3,123 meters, dynamic height 1,937.283 meters 0 6.82 34.46 0 6.82 34.46 27.04 25 6.69 34.47 25 34.47 27.07 50 5.11 34.59 50 5.11 34.59 27.36 76 4.52 34.-76 75 4.55 34.76 27.56 101 3.99 34.82 100 4.00 34.81 27.66 151 3.98 34.89 150 4.00 34.89 27.72 201 3 88 34.89 200 3.90 34.89 27.73 302 3.81 34.91 300 3.85 34.91 27. 75 390 3.77 34.91 400 3.75 34.91 27.76 584 3.46 34.90 600 3.45 34.90 27.78 777 3.35 34.89 800 3.35 34.89 27.78 969 3.37 34.90 1,000 3.35 34.90 27.79 1,461 3.20 34.88 1,500 3.20 34.90 27.81 1,956 3.19 34.91 2.000 3.20 34.91 27.82 2, 451 2.84 34.93 2,500 2.80 .34. 92 27.86 2,750 2.46 34.90 3.000 1.80 34. 90 27.93 3,050 1.64 34.90 Station 2824; July 27; latitude 58''40' N., longitude 46°18' W., depth 2,511 meters, dynamic height 1,937.265 meters 0 6.98 34.45 0 6.98 34.45 27.01 25 6.59 34. 45 25 6.59 34.45 27.06 51 5.29 34.67 50 5.30 34.66 27.39 76 5.08 34.85 75 5.10 34.85 27.57 101 5.03 34.99 100 5.05 34.98 27.67 152 4.74 35.00 150 4.75 35. 00 27.72 203 4.55 34.99 200 4.55 34.99 27.74 304 4.27 34.96 300 4.30 34.96 27.74 399 4.09 34.96 400 4.10 34.95 27.76 596 3.77 34.93 600 3.75 34.93 27.77 793 3.50 34.89 800 3.50 34.89 27.77 987 3.43 34.93 1,000 3.45 34.93 27.80 1,482 3.17 34.92 1, 500 3.15 34.92 27.83 1,980 2.84 34.91 2,000 2.85 34.91 27.85 2, 454 2.12 34.90 (2, 500) 2.00 34.90 27.91 170 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. Sa- linity %o Station 2825: July 27; latitude 59°02' N., longitude 45°38' W., depth 2,436 meters, dynamic height 1,937.280 meters 0 6.62 34.52 0 6.62 34. 52 27. 12 25 6.48 34.56 25 6.48 34.56 27.16 50 6.52 34.83 50 6.52 34.83 27.37 76 5.43 34.94 75 5.45 34.94 27.59 101 5.43 35. 03 100 5.45 35. 03 27.66 151 5.12 35.02 150 5.15 35. 02 27. 70 201 34.98 200 4.75 34.98 27.70 302 4.27 34.96 300 4.30 34.96 27.74 401 3.83 34.90 400 3.85 34.90 27.74 600 3.69 34.93 600 3.70 34.93 27.78 798 3.41 34.89 800 3.40 34.89 2V. V8 995 3.37 34.90 1,000 3.35 34.90 27.79 1,490 3.27 34.91 1,500 3.25 34.91 27.81 1,982 3.01 34.92 2,000 3.00 34.92 27.85 2,378 34.90 Station 2826; July 28; latitude 59°17' N., longitude 45°10' W., depth 1,940 meters, dynamic height 1937.301 meters 0 6.95 34.77 0 6.95 34.77 27.27 24 6.93 34.77 25 6.95 34.77 27.27 48 6.93 34 77 50 6.90 34.77 27.28 6.88 34.77 75 6.85 34.77 27.28 95 6.83 34.79 100 6.80 34.80 27.31 143 5.98 34.92 150 5.90 34.94 27.54 191 5.42 35. 04 200 5.35 35.03 27.67 286 4.80 35. 00 300 4.75 35.00 27.72 370 4.50 34.99 400 4.40 34.99 27. 75 557 4.04 34.95 600 3.95 34.93 27. 75 744 3.65 34.89 800 3.60 34.89 27.76 933 3.50 34.92 1,000 3.45 34.92 27.80 1,416 3.13 34.93 1,500 3.05 34.92 27.84 1,808 2.64 34.92 Station 2827; July 28; latitude 59°29' N., longitude 44°50' W., depth, 1,177 meters, dynamic height 1937.374 meters 0 5.69 34.55 0 5.69 34.55 27. 26 24 5.62 34.53 25 .5.65 34.53 27.24 48 5.82 34.61 50 5.90 34.52 27.29 72 6.10 34.71 75 6.10 34.72 27. 34 96 6.02 34.74 100 6.00 34.74 27.37 144 5.61 34.87 150 5.60 34.88 27.52 191 5.44 34.93 200 5.40 34.93 27. 59 287 5.12 34.95 300 5.10 34.95 27. 64 384 35.01 400 5.05 35.01 27.70 575 4.75 36.00 600 4.75 35.00 27.72 767 4.62 34.99 800 4.60 34.98 27.72 959 4.35 34.97 (1,000) 4.30 34.97 27.75 Station 2828; July 28; latitude 59°35' N., longitude 44°41' W., depth 176 meters, dynamic height 1937.491 meters 0 0.59 30.65 0 0.59 30.65 24 -1.33 32.81 25 -1.35 32.82 48 -1.45 32.99 50 -1.45 33.00 71 -1.45 33.06 75 -1.45 33.08 95 -1.37 33.21 100 -1.30 33.28 143 3.01 34.43 (150) 3.50 34.49 24.59 26.42 26.56 26.78 27.45 Observed values Depth, meters linity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. linity 96o Station 2829; July 28; latitude 59°38'.5 N., longitude 44°36' W., depth 152 meters, dynamic height 1937.490 meters n -0.38 30.13 0 -0.38 30.13 24 -0.82 32.57 25 -0.80 32.59 49 -0.88 33.23 50 -0.85 33.24 73 33.36 75 -0.65 33.36 98 -0.62 33.38 100 -0.40 33.40 132 1.96 34.13 (150) 3.05 34.40 24.24 26.22 26.74 26.83 26. 86 27. 42 Station 2830; July 28; latitude 69°41' N., longitude 44°31' W., depth 166 meters, dynamic height 1937.477 meters 0 -0.42 29.82 0 -0.42 29.82 22 -1.05 32. 51 25 -1.05 32.55 44 -0.98 32.99 50 -0.70 33.13 65 0.61 33.58 75 1.20 33.82 87 1.66 34.05 100 1.85 34.10 131 2.21 34.18 (150) 2.40 34.22 23.97 26.19 26. 65 27.11 27.28. 27.34 Station 2831; July 30; latitude 59°06' N., longitude 53°38' W., depth 3,200 meters, dynamic height 1937.267 meters 1,482 1,976 2,446 8.19 34.54 0 8.19 34.54 6. .56 34.63 25 6. ,56 34.63 4.36 34.76 50 4.36 34.76 3.66 34.83 75 3.66 34.83 3.69 34.87 100 3.70 34.87 3.61 34.89 150 3.60 34.89 3.53 34.90 200 3.55 34.90 3.40 34.88 300 3.40 34.88 3.30 34.88 400 3.30 34.88 3.22 34.88 600 3.20 34.87 3.20 34.87 800 3.20 34.87 3.17 34.89 1,000 3.20 34.87 3.17 34.86 1,500 3.20 34.87 3.28 34.88 2,000 3.30 34.88 3.06 34.92 (2, 500) 3.05 34.92 27.22 27.58 27.71 27.74 27.7fr 27.77 27.78 27. 79' 27. 79^ 27.79 27.79- 27 79 27.79 27.84 Station 2832; July 30: latitude 60°04' N., longitude- 54°27' W., depth 3,276 meters, dynamic height 1,937.286 meters 1,491 2', 409 6.62 33.92 0 6.62 33.92 6.51 34.26 25 6. 51 34.26 3.47 34. 56 50 3.47 34.56 3.69 34.76 75 3.69 34. 76 3.73 34.81 100 3.73 34.81 4.06 34.90 150 4.06 34.90 4.17 34.94 200 4.15 34.94 4.13 34.95 300 4.15 34.95 34.93 400 3,85 34. 93 3.53 34.92 600 3.50 34.91 3.30 34.89 800 3.30 34.89 3.24 34.89 1,000 3.25 34.89 3.17 34.86 1,,500 3.20 34.88 3.25 34.91 2,000 3.25 34.91 2.93 34.92 (2,500) 2.95 34. 92 26. 65 26. 93 27.51 27.65 27.68 27.72 27.74 27.75 27.77 27. 79 27.79 27. 79 27.80 27.81 27.85 I 171 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity 96o Tem- Depth, pera- meters ture °C. Sa- linity Station 2833; July 30; latitude 60°66' N., longitude 55°12' W., depth 2,888 meters, dynamic height 1,937.252 meters 0 6.52 33.80 0 6.52 33.80 26. 50 25 4.53 34.18 25 4.53 34.18 27.10 50 2.78 34.50 50 2.78 34. 50 27.52 75 3.34 34.68 75 3.34 34.68 27.62 101 4.04 34.83 100 4.05 34.82 27.66 151 4.06 34. 88 150 4.05 34. 88 27.71 201 4.18 31.93 200 4.15 34.93 27.74 302 3.85 34.92 300 3.85 34. 92 27.76 394 3.76 .34. 91 400 3.75 34.92 27.77 592 3.53 34.9? 600 3.50 34.92 27.80 789 3. 46 34.92 800 3.45 34.92 27.80 98fi 3.33 34.92 1,000 3.35 34.92 27.81 1,494 3.17 34. 87 1,500 3.20 34.92 27. 83 1,992 3.18 34.93 2.000 3.20 34.93 27.84 2,481 2.70 34.93 (2, 500) 2.75 34.93 27.88 Station 2834; July 31: latitude 61°49' N., longitude 56°30' W., depth 2,634 meters, dynamic height 1,937.291 meters 0 6.22 33.90 0 6.22 33.90 25 5.96 33.93 25 5.96 33. 93 51 2.29 34.36 50 2.30 34.33 76 2.60 34.51 75 2.60 34.51 101 2.90 34. 64 100 2.90 34. 63 152 4.12 34. 87 150 4.10 34. 86 203 4.19 34.91 200 4.20 34.92 304 3.93 34.89 300 3.95 34.90 393 3.99 34. 93 400 4.00 34. 93 589 3. 65 34.91 600 3.65 34.91 786 3.67 34.92 800 3.65 34.92 982 3.49 34.92 1.000 3.50 34. 92 1. 197 3.28 34 88 1,500 3.30 34. 92 1.996 3.05 34.92 2,000 3.05 34.92 •2. 495 2.46 34.92 2,500 2.45 34.92 26.68 26.75 27.44 27.56 27.63 27. 69 27.73 27.73 27.76 27.77 27.78 27.80 27.82 27. 84 Station 2835; July 31; latitude 62°58' N., longitude 57°02' W., depth 2,246 meters, dynamic height 1,937.323 meters 0 5.43 33.56 0 5.43 33.56 26.51 27 4.12 33.76 25 4.20 33.75 26.80 2.45 34.22 50 2.45 34.15 27.27 80 2.87 34.45 75 2.75 34.42 27.47 106 3.30 34.58 100 3.25 34. .'56 27. 53 161 3.58 34. 72 150 3.50 34.70 27.62 214 3.83 34. 81 200 3.75 34.79 27. 66 320 4.20 34.91 300 4.20 34. 90 27.71 415 4.13 34. 91 400 4. 15 34.91 27.72 622 3.79 34.88 600 .3.85 34.91 27. 75 830 3.76 34.92 800 3.75 34. 92 27.77 1,038 3.52 34.91 1,000 3.60 34.92 27.79 1,647 3.26 34.92 1,500 3. .30 34.92 27.82 2, 131 2.78 34.92 2,000 3.00 34.92 27. 85 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. Sa- linity 96o Sealed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity 96o Station 2836; July 31- Aug. 1; latitude 63°58' N., longitude 57°15' W., depth 1,069 meters, dynamic height 1,937.432 meters 0 4.21 33.23 0 4.21 33.23 26.38 26 2.46 33.36 25 2.50 33. 36 26.64 52 0.39 33.65 50 0.40 33.61 26.99 78 0.60 33.77 75 0.60 33.76 27.09 104 0.87 33.94 100 0.80 83. 91 27.20 157 1.70 34.18 150 1.60 34.16 27.35 208 2 39 34. 39 200 2.30 34.37 27.47 312 3.46 34.17 300 3.35 34.66 27.60 427 4.54 34.92 400 4.35 34.89 27.68 639 4.23 34.89 60O 4.30 34. 89 27.69 8.-53 3.94 34.89 800 4.00 .34. 89 27.72 1,067 3.49 34.91 1,000 3.65 34. 91 27.77 Station 2837; Aug. 1; latitude 64°52' N., longitude 57°27' W., depth 689 to 716 meters, dynamic height 1.937.398 meters 0 4.52 33.29 0 4.52 33.29 26.39 27 0.95 33.67 25 1.00 33.65 26.98 54 0.24 33. 87 50 0. 30 33. 85 27. 18 81 -0.16 33.90 75 -0. 10 33.89 27.23 107 -0. 11 34. 05 100 -0. 15 34.00 27.33 162 0.47 34.19 150 0.25 34. 15 27.43 215 1.92 34.40 200 1.35 34. 3t 27.51 322 4.53 34.85 300 4.25 34.78 27.60 423 4.66 34.91 400 4.65 34.91 27.67 634 3.11 34.77 600 3.35 34.79 27.' 70 Station 2838; Aug: 1; latitude 65°4S' N., longitude 57°30' W., depth 576 meters, dynamic height 1.937 450 meters 0 0.28 31.25 0 0.28 31. 25 25.09 26 0.32 33.40 25 0.35 33. 38 26.80 51 -0.19 33.70 ,50 -0. 15 33. 70 27.09 — 1. 15 33.74 75 -1.15 ,33. 74 27.16 102 -1.43 33.77 100 -1.40 33. 77 27. 18 l.W -0.56 33.92 150 -0.60 33.91 27.27 204 0.11 34.10 200 0.05 34.09 27.39 306 2.94 34.51 300 2.90 34. .50 27.52 396 2.50 34. 60 400 2.45 34.60 27.63 544 1.13 34.52 Station 2S39; Aue. 1: latitude 65°,56' N., longitude 56°58' W., depth 632 meters, dynamic height 1,937.462 meters 0 0.62 31.05 0 0.62 31.05 25 3.43 33.49 25 3.43 33. 48 50 1.85 33.58 50 1.85 33. 58 75 0.74 33.70 75 0.74 33.70 ino 0,18 33.82 100 0.18 33.82 1.50 1 00 34.02 150 1.00 34.02 199 1.87 34.32 200 1.90 34.32 299 3.21 34.63 300 3.25 34. 63 377 3.51 34.69 400 3.35 34. 67 566 0.64 34.47 (60.1) 0,45 34. 46 24.91 26. 65 26.87 27.04 27.16 27.27 27.45 27.58 27.60 27.66 147469 — 4C 172 Table of oceanographic data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1938— Continued Observed values Tem- pera- ture ° C. Sa- linity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sa- linity 96o Station 2840: Aug. I; latitude ee^OS' N., longitude 56°2H' W., depth 569 meters, dynamic height l,937.42fi meters 0 4.01 33.11 0 4.01 33.11 26.30 25 3.89 33.37 25 3.89 33.37 26.52 50 1.36 33. 55 50 1.36 33. 55 26.88 75 0.44 33.78 75 0.44 33.78 27.11 101 0.34 33.87 100 0.35 33.86 27.19 151 1.37 34.19 150 1.30 34. 17 27.37 201 2.22 34. 44 200 2.20 34.44 27. 53 302 2 63 34.57 300 2.60 34.57 27. 59 399 3.23 34.72 400 3.25 34.72 27. 65 549 2.87 34. 75 Station 2841; Aus. 1-2; latitude 66°07' N., longitude 56°10' W., depth 166 meters, dynamic height 1,937.429 meters 0 3.26 33.21 0 3.26 33. 21 26. 45 20 3.21 33. 22 25 2.90 33.25 26.53 46 1.09 33.47 50 0.95 33.52 20.87 71 0.65 33.68 75 0.65 33.71 27. 05 96 1.09 33.90 100 1.15 33.92 27.18 147 1.46 34.11 150 1.50 34.12 27.32 Station 2842; Aug. 2; latitude 66°12' N., longitude 55°50' \\'., depth 175 meters, dynamic height 1,937.409 meters 0 3.04 33. 49 0 3.04 33.49 26.70 26 33. 65 25 2.40 33. 64 26.87 52 0.86 33.78 50 0.90 33. 77 27.08 77 0.52 33.84 75 0.55 33.84 27.16 ,103 0.16 33.87 100 0.20 33.86 27.20 155 0.01 34 00 150 0.05 33.99 27.31 Station 55°31 1,937, 2813; Aug. 2; latitude 66°16' N., longitude ' W., depth 193 meters, dynamic height 408 meters 0 3.29 33.61 0 3.29 33. 61 26 3.29 33. 64 25 3.30 33.64 51 1.95 33.80 50 2.00 33. 80 77 0.62 33.86 75 0.65 33. 85 103 0 05 33.97 100 0. 10 33. 97 154 -0.15 33.99 150 -0 15 33.99 180 -0.18 34.04 26.77 26.79 27.03 27.16 27.28 27.32 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture ° C. Sa- linity %o Depth meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Unity 96o Station 2844; Aug. 2; latitude 66°21' N., longitude 55°ir W., depth 182 meters, dynamic height 1937.396 meter'; 0 3. M 33. 65 0 3.11 33.65 26.82 20 2. 43 33.70 25 2.20 33.73 26.95 46 1.23 33. 85 50 1.10 33.86 27.14 72 0.48 33.88 75 0.45 33.88 27.19 97 0.11 .33. 98 100 0.05 33.99 27.31 148 -0.24 34.06 150 -0.25 34.05 27.37 1/4 -0.27 34.05 Station 2845; Aug. 2; latitude 66°30' N., longitude 55°01' W., depth 173 meters, dynamic height 1937.402 meters 0 2.91 33.56 0 2.91 33. 56 26.77 25 2.50 33. 65 25 2.50 33.65 26.87 50 1.70 33.74 50 1.70 33.74 27.00 75 1.35 33.82 75 1.35 33.82 27.09 99 0.44 33.91 100 0.45 33.92 27.22 149 -0. 25 34.15 150 -0.25 34.16 27.46 Station 2846; Aug. 2; latitude 66°44' N.. longitude 54°21' W., depth 35 m.. dynamic height 1937.408 meters 0 2.98 33. 44 0 2.98 33.44 26.66 13 2.94 33. 45 25 2.80 33.55 26.77 26 2.76 33.56 Station 2847; Aug. 2; latitude 66°45' N., longitude .54°05' W., depth 172 meters, dynamic height 1937.439 meters 0 3.64 32,85 0 3.64 32.85 24 3.43 33.01 25 3.40 33.02 49 3.08 33.29 50 3.10 33. 30 73 2.95 33.43 75 2.95 33.44 98 2.86 33.49 100 2.85 33.49 132 2.77 33.50 (150 J 2.75 33.50 26.14 26.29 26.54 26.66 26. 71 26.73 173 Oxygen data collected on post-season cruise, 1938 Depth, meters Oxygen ml. /liter Percent satura- tion Depth, meters Oxygen ml. /liter Percent satura- tion Station 3821; July 26; latitude 66°37' N., longitude 50°08' W., depth 3,693 meters 98 6.62 90 955 6.51 87.5 195 6.43 87 1,442 6.51 87.5 293 6.35 86 1,933 6.45 87 383 6.25 84 2,313 6.75 91 574 6.25 84 2 863 6.31 84 765 6.53 88 3.422 6.23 82 Station 2822; July 26-27, latitude 57°25' N., longitude 48°47' W., depth 3.428 meters 95 6.64 90 898 6 68 191 6.56 89 1,368 6.73 286 6.63 ■89 1,853 6.58 351 6.55 88 2,242 6.10 531 6.67 90 2,709 6.20 713 6.64 89 3,072 6.30 Station 2823; July 27; latitude 58°14' N., longitude 47° 29' W., depth 3,123 meters 101 6.46 88 969 6.36 86 201 6.64 91 1,461 6.46 87 302 6.60 90 1,956 6.31 85 390 6.63 90 2,451 6.20 83 584 6.53 2,750 6.14 81 777 6.57 89 3,060 6.48 84 31: July 30; latitude 59°06' N., longitude 53°38' W., depth 3,200 meters 101 6.41 87 790 6.46 87 201 6.35 86 988 6.46 87 302 6.38 86 1,482 6.42 86 395 6.50 88 1,976 6.53 SS 593 6.52 2,446 6.08 81 Station 2832; July 30; latitude 60°04' N., longitude 54°27' W., depth 3,276 meters 100 6.44 88 789 6.35 199 6.42 88 986 6.31 299 6.31 87 1,491 6.41 394 6.34 87 6.02 592 6.62 90 2,469 6.20 Depth, meters Oxygen ml./liter Percent satura- tion Depth, meters Oxygen Percent satura- tion Station 2833; July 30; latitude 60°56' N., longitude 55°12' W., depth 2,888 meters 101 6.41 88 789 6.08 82 201 6.31 87 986 6.14 83 302 6.30 86 1,494 6.33 85 394 6.20 84 1,992 6.06 81 592 6.25 85 2,481 5.85 78 Station 2834; July 31; latitude 61°49' N., longitude 56°30' W., depth 2,634 meters 101 6.25 83 786 6.30 86 152 6.25 86 982 6.08 82 203 6.38 88 1,497 5.97 80 304 6.21 85 1,996 6.03 81 393 6.20 6.36 85 86 2,495 6.20 82 Station 2835; July 31; latitude 6 2°58'N.. longitude 57°02'W., depth 2,246 meters 106 6.18 83 622 5.98 81 161 6.06 82 830 6.11 83 214 6.18 84 1,038 6.05 82 320 6.18 85 1,647 6.11 82 415 6.17 85 2,131 6.23 83 Station 2836; July 31-Aug. 1; latitude 63°58'N. longitude 57°15'W., depth 1,069 meters 6.56 83 427 6.10 6. 68 86 639 6.02 6.60 . 87 853 5.97 6.40 86 1,067 5.80 7; Aug. 1; latitude 64°52' N., longitude 57°27' W., depth 716 meters 107 6.73 83 322 5.86 132 6.20 77.5 423 6.26 215 6.15 80 634 5.75 Station 2838; Aug. 1; latitude 65° 48' N., longitude 67°30'W., depth 576 meters 102 6.65 79 306 6.66 l.-JH 6.65 81 396 5.97 204 6.60 84 M4 5.13 o U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT - - - COAST GUARD BULLETIN No. 29 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN- [^TsV'] U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT COAST GUARD Bulletin No. 29 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN WILLIAM P. HAWLEY FLOYD M. SOULE Season of 1939 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1940 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ^^^'^ The International Ice Patrol, 1939 ["_"_ T Figure 1, Isotherm Changes p "."." [ce Conditions, North Atlantic Ocean, 1939^.. /_////. '^^^"^ ^' t Followed by figures 2-8, Ice Charts. S^ummary of Weather Conditions— Ice Patrol Area, 1939 lo Domniunications__' _ -- - i.^ iadio Meteorograph Observations !? 3ird Life on the Grand Banks ' I^ >uise Reports "" Followed by figures 9-19, Cruise Charts. ^ :able of Ice and Obstruction Reports, Ice Patrol Area 35 • ce Reported North of lee Patrol Area. Summer and FaU, 1938 68 ce Reported North of the Ice Patrol Area, Summer, 1939 71 Hacier Discharges ' '^ ■ist of References JJ •ceanography, including figures 20-32 lll[[[l[][l 70 'able of Oceanographic data ' (HI) FOREWORD This report of the operations of the International Ice Patrol during^ the season 1939 was jointly prepared by the ice observation officer, Lt. William P. Hawley, United States Coast Guard, and Senior Physical Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule, United States Coast Guard, who contributed the section dealing with oceanography. The success of the patrol each year is dependent upon the furnishing of complete and accurate reports by vessels crossing the North Atlan- tic Ocean. It is desired to express sincere appreciation to the vessels that cooperated so wholeheartedly. (V) INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL, 1939 The Ice Patrol vessels for the season of 1939 were the United States Coast Guard Cutters Chelan and Champlain, and the patrol boat General Greene again was the oceanograpliic vessel. The Chelan was commanded by Commander Ed. H. Smith, former Ice Observation Officer, who was also Commander International Ice Patrol for this season. The commanding officer of the Champlain was Commander R, T. McElligott. On board the General Greene were Cliief Boat- swain Thomas Noland, commanding, and Senior Physical Oceanog- rapher Floyd M. Soule. The Ice Observation Officer, technical adviser to the Commander International Ice Patrol, was Lt. William P. Hawley, who remained at sea with liis two assistants throughout the Ice Patrol season. The primary aim of the International Ice Patrol is to safeguard life and property at sea. Therefore, the object of the Ice Patrol service is to locate by scouting and by radio information the icebergs and ice fields nearest to and menacing the North Atlantic steamship lanes. ^ The patrol vessels determine the southeastern, southern, and southwestern limits of the ice region in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, keep in touch with the ice as it moves southward, and disseminate this information by radio broadcasts which are transmitted four times daily, giving locations and descrip- tions of the ice, particularly that which may be in the vicinity of North Atlantic routes. Vessels using the North Atlantic steamsliip tracks will not run unwarned into ice-infested waters provided they copy these broadcasts. However, the safe passage of vessels, passengers, and freight across the Ice Patrol region is the responsibility of the indi- vidual sliipmasters. Fog is a serious handicap to the scouting activities of the patrol vessels during the months of May, June, and July. When warm southerly winds of tropical air are experienced, dense fog can be expected to cover the cold water as surface cooling of this air mass begins immediately. A 2°F. cooling of a tropical air mass may produce fog and a corresponding rise dispel it. In one particular instance fog existed continuously for 13 days, June 6 to 17, and it was necessary for the Ice Patrol vessel to confine its search for ice to the southern limits of the fog-covered area. At such times ice •conditions in the cold water become unknown. Steamship tracks > The prescribed tracks during the year 1939 are graphically shown on the August ice chart. (See fig. 8.) (1) A and B are designed to permit passage of vessels south of the cold water and consequently south of the fog. As cold air masses more frequently pass over the northern routes (tracks E and F), clear weather can be expected along these tracks more often than would be experienced farther south. Strict adherence to the prescribed routes, therefore, is strongly recommended. Vessels which adhere to the tracks in force travel through an area that is constantly being crossed by other vessels and conditions therein are known. On the other hand, a vessel that deviates from the prescribed route may pass immediately into an area in which ice conditions are unknown and usually into waters where fog is more prevalent. The ice along the edges of an ice field, particularly on the lee side, is ordinarily light and easily penetrated as it is there that the ice is being scattered by wind and sea, broken up and eventually melted. As a vessel continues on into the ice field, the ice gradually becomes heavier and more close packed, resulting in the speed being diminished accordingly. Some ships wisely return to open water before the situation becomes acute. Others, however, continue on and assume the risk of being caught in the ice or damaged. A greater percentage of fog will be found over water partly covered with ice, adding to the risk already taken in attempting to cross through an ice field. When field ice is encountered by a vessel, the master must decide either to attempt passage through it or to follow the safer procedure of rounding it. It is believed that the proper action to take would be never to enter field ice, especially when the opposite edge is beyond the limit of vision. Even in passing through isolated strings of ice, utmost caution must be exercised inasmuch as what often appears from the edge to be small pieces may be found on contact to be large and heavy with a tremendous destructive power. Oftentimes, in crossing through field ice strings, collision with larger pieces cannot be avoided and, although hull plating may withstand the shock, there is always the danger of damaging the propeller or rudder. Field ice, then, should always be avoided if it is at all possible to do so. For example, close packed field ice containing numerous bergs and growlers entered the area at the northeast shoulder of the Grand Banks in February, 1939, and Canadian tracks E and F were impass- able until May 16. The boundaries of the ice field were described in the regular ice broadcasts and vessels were advised to shape their courses to pass south of the southern limits. The vessels that heeded this suggestion traversed the area safely with little loss of time and distance, while those that attempted a more direct course experienced delay of several days' time and a few sustained damage. The expenses incident to repairs as a result of field ice damages and the cost due to loss of time must represent a considerable sum of money. This outlay could be avoided merely by rounding the southern limits of field ice. The position of the field ice tongue on May 1 is graphically shown on the cruise chart for the fourth cruise. (See fig. 12.) It is desired to point out that no two seasons are alike with regard to the position, amount and compactness of field ice. Apparently the masters of the vessels that stood into the ice along tracks E and to northward had been able to accomplish a safe passage at tliis time of year during previous seasons and did not realize the risks they were taking. The position and amount of this ice varies not only from season to season but from month to month and from day to day. Therefore, steamers should copy the broadcasts as early as possible and plot their courses in accordance with the latest information. Frequently during the latter part of the season cumulus clouds on the horizon are found at twilight to closely resemble large bergs. This is experienced more generally in the southern portion of the area. Even the ice observation party, on occasion, have been in doubt and forced to wait until the clouds either ascended above the horizon, disappeared, or became so large as to definitely indicate that they were not bergs. Most of the steamers using routes that pass through the Ice Patrol area are familiar with the information desired from them by the Ice Patrol; i.e., all ice sighted, and when between latitudes 39° and 49° N., and longitudes 43° and 56° W., sea-water temperature, barometric pressure, weather, visibility, position, course, and speed every 4 hours. When the ice broadcasts became lengthy, the request for this informa- tion was shortened to the following words: "Vessels are requested to make the usual reports every 4 hours." In order that a fuller appre- ciation of the necessity for these reports may be had it is desirable to discuss their use by the patrol vessel. Reports of position, course, speed, and visibility serve two pur- poses. First, they enable the patrol to issue a warning in the event a steamer is unknowingly standing into danger. Second, when a ship passes through an area in clear weather and ice previously reported along its track is not sighted, that ice can be stricken from the broad- casts, the broadcasts thus become more accurate, are kept to a mini- mum length, and the patrol vessel has better knowledge of existing conditions. The latter is especially helpful to the patrol force after long periods of fog during which no scouting could be accomplished. The sea temperature reports are used in plotting the isotherms on the cruise chart thus defining the boundaries of the cold Labrador water, the Atlantic Current, and the transition zone between these two currents. Bergs are more likely to be found in the Labrador Current and transition zone. (It is not desired to give the false impression that icebergs may be found only in cold water.) The Coast Guard patrol boat General Greene is employed in constructing current charts based on the dynamic topography of the sea surface calculated from temperature and salinity observations made at several subsurface levels at a number of stations. This vessel is only able to prepare one current map about every 3 weeks. The current maps are of invaluable service to the Ice Patrol but, as the current is subject to rapid changes, the map can only be relied upon for from 1 to 2 weeks after its comple- tion. Therefore, only through the surface temperatures supplied by the passing steamers can the limits of the cold water be followed and a rough idea gained of the changes in the course and position of the Labrador Current. In addition, the approximate drift and an esti- mate of the length of life of a berg can be predicted from these charts. ^'Vlien tropical air masses cover cold water, fog is generally formed and the limits of fog can also be estimated by the use of the surface iso- therm charts. This information is used in conjunction with daily weather maps for forecasting the coming weather in order that effi- cient scouting may be planned. Many requests for special information are received in the course of a season. The Ice Patrol force is most anxious to render every possi- ble aid to masters of vessels. In order to furnish complete and intel- ligent information in answer to a special request, it is absolutely neces- sary that the vessel's request be accompanied by its position, course, speed, and destination. During the fifth and sixth cruises of the past season rapid changes were taking place in the position of the cold wall, as the Labrador Current water was rapidly receding northward. At the close of the fifth cruise (June 6, 1939), the 50° isotherm extended south to latitude 39°33' N. By June 9, following a southerly gale of 24 hours dura- tion, the southern extremity of the 50° isotherm had receded north- ward to latitude 40°53' N., a distance of 80 miles. However, a small pool of water, with temperatures greater than 70° F., existed within the southern projection of the 50° isotherm on June 6. It is not known to what depth the warm water extended. There was no tendency for the 50° isotherm to return southward and after a brief period it continued its northward recession. (See fig. 1 for a comprehensive picture of the change that took place during this period.) The scientific program of the 1939 season consisted of daily radio meteorograph observations from April 1 to June 30 and periodic topographic surveys of the area of principal ice activity. Four current maps were constructed during the season. In July the General Greene made an oceanographic cruise from South Wolf Island, Labrador, to Cape Farewell, Greenland. Following this section is a discussion of the ice conditions by months with a brief summary. A detailed account of the weather has not been included as it is belie^^ed to be of little significance due to the Sg- 58° Sr 56' 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° movemeiiTs of the patrol vessels, which rarely remain in one position for any length of time. However, daily weather maps are available and m the event information is desired as to the state of the weather at any given time during the Ice Patrol season, such information will be furnished upon request. Other sections incorporated in this bul- letin are Weather Summary (p. 12), Communications (p. 12), Radio Meteorograph Observations (p. 13), Bird Life on the Grand Banks (p. 14), Ice List (p. 35). A report on oceanography is given by Floyd M. Soule, beginning on page 79. ICE CONDITIONS, NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, SEASON OF 1939 JANUARY No ice was reported during this month. FEBRUARY Field ice began to move southward into the Ice Partol area on the 8th of February 1939, the southernmost in the Grand Banks region being reported on the 9th at Latitude 47°00' N., longitude 50°42' W., and on the 11th at latitude 48°43' N., longitude 49°36' W, to latitude 47°00' N., longitude 52°26' W. No bergs were reported in the area during this month. The distribution of the ice for the month is graphically shown on the February Ice Chart. (See fig. 2.) MARCH The Labrador field ice tongue continued to move southward and spread over the northern edge of the Grand Banks. The main body rounded the eastern shoulder, while only a few reports of slob ice on the Newfoundland coast were received. The first bergs for the season were reported on March 6 ; one in latitude 46°25' N., longitude 47°05' W., and one in latitude 46°19' N., longitude 47°03' W. These bergs, however, were reported only once and their ultimate disposition is unknown. With the arrival of the Ice Patrol vessel in the area on the 18th, a considerable amount of light, broken, field ice was observed along the eastern edge of the Grand Banks drifting southward in the Labrador Current to the Tail of the Banks at a daily rate of 24 miles, with an isolated patch of slush ice reaching 26 miles south of the Tail. The observed drift of a growler (100), ^ first sighted on the 19th and relocated on the 21st and 23d, was 17 miles per day. The field ice tended to break up into isolated patches and melt at about latitude 44°30' N., but was continuous in the current north of latitude 45°00' N. The bergs sighted by the Ice Patrol vessel on the 25th were in posi- tion to drift southward to menace track C by April 1 ; therefore, on March 27, 1939, it was recommended by dispatch to Coast Guard Headquarters that United States-European traffic be shifted to track B; eastbound March 29, and westbound April 1. These bergs, although in the strength of the Labrador Current, were surrounded by close-packed field ice and drifted southeast and then eastward instead of continuing on into track C in the vicinity of the Tail of the Banks as was expected. They were, however, a menace to westbound track 2 See table of ice and obstruction reports. Each report is listed by number, followed by date, the reporting unit, position, and description of the ice. Ice charts show drifts when known. (6) C on their journey in the vicinity of longitude 45°00' W., bergs being- reported approximately 25 miles north of the lane on the 30th and 31st of March, and numerous bergs and growlers moved directly across this track early in the month of April. Bergs locked in an ice field, when not of deep draft, are strongly influenced by the drift of the field until released by the break-up of the ice. Westerly winds prevailed at this time, forcing the ice field out of the full strength of the Labrador Cur- rent into the slow moving, warmer, mixed water to the southeastward. At this point the ice field disintegrated and the bergs became subject to the movement of the Atlantic Current. Very little ice was reported along the coast of Newfoundland and no difficulties were encountered by shipping in making the port of St, John's. Heavy pack ice was reported on the 13th off Cape Breton but inasmuch as the St. Lawrence River was not open to shipping no reports were received regarding ice conditions in the Gulf of St. Law- rence. It is estimated that 22 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. during this month. Most of these bergs w^ere of the low flat blocky type similar to those calved from the Nansen Glacier. Ice conditions for the month are graphicall}" shown on the March Ice Chart. (See fig. 3.) APRIL Early in the month of April bergs began to drift southward to the Tail of the Banks, the first of these (207) was a berg sighted on April 6 and relocated on the 8th, 9th, and 10th. At that time the latest current map furnished by the oceanographic vessel indicated a very narrow Labrador Current from latitude 45°10' N., to the Tail of the Banks. The above-mentioned berg followed the current pattern more closely than previous bergs this year. In explanation of the drift of this berg as compared with the drift of its predecessors, it is pointed out that when it arrived at the turning point of the Labrador Current, latitude 45°10' N., it was the only berg that was not surrounded by field ice and was in a more westerly position. It has been proved by Coast Guard experience on Ice Patrol that moderate to strong winds affect drifting field ice far more than isolated bergs. Although the berg in question was being forced slightly to the eastward by the prevailing winds which were weaker during this period, it was able to remain in the current and thus continue its journey southward. At the beginning of the month the southern tip of the field ice tongue receded slowly northward to latitude 46°00' N., where it maintained itself for a short period and then again surged southward to latitude 44°32' N., remaining in approximately this position to the close of the month. The Newfoundland coast remained free of any ice. The Canadian ice breaker A^. B. McLean commenced Ice Patrol in the Gulf of St. Law- rence on April 9, 1939. Strings and patches of field ice were reported 8 extending 150 miles southeast of Scatari Island and heavy solid pack ice extending across the entrance of the bay. Navigation in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and St. Lawrence River was delayed this year, the first vessels passing up the Gulf on April 20th escorted by the A^. B. McLean. It is estimated that 134 bergs drifted south of latitude 48°N., during the month of April. Ice conditions for the month are graphically shown on the April ice chart. (See fig. 4.) MAY The Labrador field ice tongue continued to occupy its position over the northern sector of the area until tracks F became effective on May 16. At that time, vessels which were previously forced to detour to the southward on tracks E to avoid heavy pack ice, began to use the northerly route and reported scattered heavy open pack ice with many bergs and growlers. Within a few days after the opening of tracks F the pack ice completely disappeared from both tracks E and F. Tliis season the Labrador field ice tongue menaced vessels on tracks E until a later date than in any year in the history of Ice Patrol. There were numerous bergs contained in the field ice, however, the actuaj number is not known because the wide expanse of ice was impenetrable. Wlien the field ice melted these bergs were distributed over a wide area to the south, southeast, and east of the Grand Banks. The first contingent of these bergs that remained in the Labrador Current arrived in the vicinity of the Tail on May 20. Their observed drift followed the pattern of the current chart com- pleted May 3, i. e., the contour of the Tail of the Banks west to longitude 51°30' W., from that point completing the shape of a horseshoe to latitude 41°30' N., longitude 49°00' W.. and then followed an easterly course until they melted. At the end of the month conditions between latitudes 43°00' N., and 47°30' N., were unknown because of the shift of Canadian traffic from tracks E to tracks F and only an occasional vessel crossed the Banks between these parallels. As only a few of the bergs, com- pared to the number that were believed to be in the field ice, arrived at the Tail of the Banks; it is believed that many of them moved to the eastward and melted in the mixed warmer water before they could be included in the berg count. In view of this situation the berg count for the month of May is believed to be considerably less than the actual number of bergs that drifted into the Ice Patrol area south of latitude 48°00' N. On May 27 and 28 a total of 23 bergs were sighted by the patrol vessel in the cold water south of the Banks. Three of the bergs and several growlers were drifting in westbound track A, the southernmost being in latitude 40° 17' N., longitude 50°09' W. Several bergs were found close to the line marking the separation of the cold water from the warm. At that time the cold wall was observed to be as follows: From latitude 42°00' N., longitude 51°00' W., to latitude 40°17' N., longitude 50°09' W., and apparently 60° true from the latter position. By the close of the month, however, the cold wall had shifted approximately 45 miles east. A period of low visibility was then experienced and no scouting could be accom- plished. Of the 23 bergs located on the 27tli and 28tli, only 7 were again sighted by the patrol vessel when the fog lifted. It is believed the other bergs drifted out of the Labrador Current into the warm waters of the Atlantic Current and rapidly melted. The first reports of ice conditions in the Straits of Belle Isle were received on May 16. At that time conditions were as follows: Heavy close packed ice in all directions as far as could be seen from Belle Isle; heavy close-packed ice everywhere from Point Amour; and •close-packed ice 2 miles offshore from Red Bay. At the close of the month it was indicated that the ice had begun to loosen and move out of the Straits to the southwest. Only two bergs were reported -and these were 5 miles east of Belle Isle. The first berg of the season along the coast of Newfoundland was reported on May 14 and again on the 15th. However, tliis berg is believed to have been very small inasmuch as it was not reported again. Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence improved and the Canadian Ice Patrol was discontinued ior the season on May 3, 1939. During the month of May 365 bergs were known to have entered the area south of latitude 48°00' N. Ice conditions for the month of May are graphically shown on the May Ice Chart. (See fig. 5.) JUNE A rapid decrease in the amount of ice was experienced throughout the region during tliis month, particularly south of latitude 46°00' N. Only two bergs are known to have drifted south of the Tail, one (1890) sighted by the patrol vessel on June 11 reported on the 23d and on July 1 ; the other (2099) was first sighted on the 18th, reported on the 21st and relocated by the patrol vessel on June 24. The drift of this berg to the end of June is graphically shown on the June Ice Chart. (See fig. 6.) It will be noted that the berg moved in exact accordance with the current map constructed at tliis time. (See fig. 23.) However, it is interesting to note that from June 23 to 29 the berg was drifting in a cyclonic whirl so that on the latter date it was approximately 16 miles northeast of its position on the 23d. Had southerly winds of fresh or greater force been experienced, this berg probably would have drifted northeast and into the northerly current at a much earlier date. At the beginning of the month bergs entered the area from the north generally between longitudes 48°30' W., and 51°30' W., and tended to drift southeastward in the eastern branches of the Labrador Current. As the various eastern bands of the Labrador Current reached their 10 respective turning points and joined the northeast-bound waters of the Atlantic Current, the bergs contained therein were carried away from the Grand Banks before their arrival at the Tail. This manner of distribution was continued for the first 3 weeks of the month with the bergs showing an increasing tendency to follow the contour of the 1,000-fathom curve to longitude 44°00' W. By the 20th bergs began to move across the 100-fathom curve onto the Grand Banks; two small bergs being reported along the Newfoundland coast. This shift gen- erally occurs just prior to the end of the Ice Patrol season. When a shift of tliis kind is taking place a few bergs may be dropped on the eastern edge of the Grand Banks to drift southward to the Tail. Ice conditions in Belle Isle Straits improved rapidly, a steamer pass- ing through on the 15th and reported scattered ice and several bergs with easy navigable waters. This is believed to be an early date inas- much as June 25 is considered a normal date for the opening of navi- gation in these waters. Only 116 bergs were known to have drifted south of latitude 48°00' N., during this month. Ice conditions for the month of June are graphically shown on the June Ice Chart. (See fig. 6.) JULY A number of straggler bergs continued to be dropped on the north- eastern shoulder of the Grand Banks during this month. However these bergs were unable to make the journey to the Tail of the Banks due to an eddy current wliich developed on the eastern edge of the Banks and centered at about latitude 44°30' N. Bergs sighted on the 11th (2392 and 2393) were relocated on the 20th and 25th, respec- tively, in approximately the same positions. This eddy current was broken down following the fresh to strong northeasterly winds on the 25th and 26th and the bergs were released to drift farther south, one berg drifting to 43°30' N. on the 31st. The latter had not been pre- viously sighted by the patrol vessel. All the bergs observed during the month of July were exceptionally large as may be expected of any late-season berg for the reason that they have probably made the journey from the glaciers to the Banks in 7 to 18 months less time than their predecessors of the season. The berg (2392) sighted on the 11th and relocated on the 25th retained the same shape throughout this 2 weeks' period and on the latter date it was approximately one-half as large as it was on the former date. On the 26th, while the patrol vessel was nearby, this berg broke into 3 separate bergs and at least 22 good-sized growlers. This was the first time the Ice Patrol witnessed such a general break-up. The breaking up of the berg in tliis manner was probably caused by the rough sea and warm surface temperature. At the close of the month all of the bergs except one began to disintegrate very rapidly. The exception was globular in shape with a smooth surface. Very little 11 calving takes place on bergs of this type so that the melting process is relatively slow. A few bergs were reported along the coast of Newfoundland, how- ever, no berg drifted to the vicinity of Cape Race. Bergs were also reported in the Straits of Belle Isle and along tracks G as far as 150 miles to eastward. It is estimated that 28 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. during tliis month. (Ice conditions for the month of July are graphically shown on the July Ice Chart; see fig. 7.) AUGUST A total of six bergs was found south of latitude 48°00' N. during the month of August, five of this number melted by the 5th and only one (2438) drifted south of latitude 45°00' N. The latter was the globular berg described in the summary of ice conditions for the month of July. This berg remained in the vicinity of latitude 43°37' N., longitude 49°20' W., from the 3d to the 9th of August but after that date drifted southwest at an average rate of 24 miles per day; thence southeastward at 16 miles per day; thence eastward at 31 miles per day; thence north by east at 50 miles per day; thence east northeast at 56 miles per day. The berg finally disintegrated in latitude 43°56' N., longitude 44°18' W., on August 22. The Newfoundland coast remained free of ice and a few bergs were still being reported along the Belle Isle route during this month. (Ice conditions for the month of August are graphically shown on the August Ice Chart; see fig. 8.) SEPTEMBER TO DECEMBER No ice was reported during this period. ICE SUMMARY The ice season this year was one of the heaviest in the history of International Ice Patrol. The berg count from ice reports was 669. It is beheved this count should be increased to about 850 bergs on account of the conditions that existed during May. (See ice condi- tions for the month of May.) Broken field ice began to appear north of latitude 47°00' N. early in February. During March this ice was distributed all along the eastern edge of the Banks. There was a total of 37 bergs south of the Tail at one time and as far as can be determined this was the largest group of bergs that has drifted south of the forty-third parallel. The most southerly drift of the bergs occurred from May 28 to June 3, making it necessary to shift United States-European traffic from tracks A to 60 miles south of this extra- southern route. The Canadian tracks were blocked by ice until an exceptionally late date, vessels using these routes encountering close- 220899—40 2 12 packed field ice until shortly after tracks F became efTective on May 16. On the other hand, only a few bergs were reported along the Newfoundland coast. The prevaihng westerly winds and their effect on field ice are believed to be partly responsible for the lack of ice in tliis vicinity. Navigation in the St. Lawrence River and Gulf of St. Lawrence was delayed, the first vessels passing up the Gulf on April 20. The Straits of Belle Isle were open to navigation on June 15; however, bergs were reported along tracks G until late August. Ice Patrol was inaugurated on March 24 and discontinued on August 23. SUMMARY OF WEATHER CONDITIONS— ICE PATROL AREA— 1939 An unusually liigh percentage of westerly winds prevailed tlirough- out the winter and late spring of 1939. This condition aided the Labrador Current in the delivery of field ice and bergs along the north- eastern shoulder of the Grand Banks, increased the normal amount of ice, and assisted m prolonging the season. As usual, fog conditions seriously handicapped the scouting activities of the patrol during the summer months. Beginning in late May the cold fronts tend to dis- sipate on arrival in the Grand Banks region, and only those fronts that have a particularly heavy push of polar air behind them survive long enough to cross the area. This frontal dissipation results in an almost continuous flow of moist tropical air and the generation of fog. During the month of August the percentage of fog decreased rapidly and there was less tendency for the cold fronts to dissipate. Tliis change probably developed as a result of the warming of the surface waters by solar insolation. It is believed that conditions tliis season were less boisterous than usual, and the percentage of liigh winds was below normal. COMMUNICATIONS There is no doubt that the most important feature of Ice Patrol is its radio communication system and efforts are constantly being made to improve it. To facihtate copying of the ice broadcasts by vessels using the various routes, information pertaining to ice or other menaces to navi- gation south of latitude 45° N. was transmitted first, followed by information for vessels using lanes north of that parallel. As a rule there is much less ice south of latitude 45° N. and in dividing the broadcast much time is saved for operators on vessels using southern routes. As in the past, broadcasts were transmitted twice, first at the rate of 15 words per minute, and retransmitted at the rate of 25 words per minute. It is believed that rebroadcasting in tliis manner permits the slower operators to correct errors or fill in groups missed on the first broadcast. If the first broadcast was made at the faster rate, less-experienced operators probably would not be able to copy any of 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° Figure 2.— Ice conditions, February 1939. (Numerals indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported.) 46° 45° 44° 43° 220899 — 40 (Face p. 12) No. 57° __ 56° 551 _ -54° 53° 52° ._ 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 59° 58° 57° 56' 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° FiGVRE 3.— Ice conditions, MarcU 1939. (NTumerals indicate day of month i 45° 44' 43° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° Figure 4.— Ice conditions. April 1939. (Xunierals in 50° 49° ; day ot month ice was sighted or reported.) 45° 44° 43° 22(1809—40 (Face p. 12) No. .3 56° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° fjg- i° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44' 43° 55° 54° " 53° 52° 51 50° 49° 48° Figure 5— Ice conditions, Msy 1939. (Numerals idioate day of month ice was sighted or reported.) 46° 45° 44° 43° 220899 — 40 (Face p. 12) JJo. 4 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 58° 57° 5° 54° 53° OZ' 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° Figure 6.— Ice conditions, June 1939. (.Vumerals indicate day of montli ice was sighted or reported.) 46 » 45° 44° 43° 220899—10 (Face p. 12) No. 5 59' 58' 57° ^p^, , , , ,^p° y ^.^° ^,=,.g^V .ff I ^i°i 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 59° 58° 57° 56' 55° 54° 53° 52" 5i» sq- 49° 48° 47° Figure 7.— Ice conditions, July 1939. (Numerals indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported.) 46° 45° 44° 43° 220.S09— 40 (Face p. 12) Xo 50° 49" 48" 47- 46° 45' 44" 43" Figure 8.— Ice conditions, August 1939, showing steamer tracks. (Numerals indicate day of montli ice was sigtited or reported.) 44° 43° 220899—40 (Face p. 12) No. 7 13 this broadcast and would have no opportunity to receive any portions missed due to interference during the 15-word-per-minute trans- mission. It is thought that radio operators on board vessels which have been in communication with the Ice Patrol from time to time may have ideas on changes that may serve to improve present faciUties and practice. Any suggestion or criticism will be greatly appreciated if forwarded to Commandant, United States Coast Guard Headquarters, Washington, D. C. Opportunity is here taken to express sincere thanks to both the Canadian radio stations and the many vessels that cooperated with the Ice Patrol; also for their patience which aided materially in handling an overabundance of traffic. The following table shows the schedules that were maintained during the season of 1939. In addition, contact was made with Wash- ington, D. C, about every 2 hours. DAILY ICE BROADCASTS TO SHIPPING Time (G. M. T.) 0100 1000 1300 2200 Frequency (kilocycles) 175 425 175 425 DAILY SCHEDULES WITH WASHINGTON (NMH) NIDK NMH n3o k 460 and 12, 690 8, 400 and 12,600 2330 Ui RADIO METEOROGRAPH OBSERVATIONS For a number of years the Coast Guard has been cooperating with the United States Weather Bureau Jn submitting weather reports twice daily by radio. These were augmented this year by the addition of a daily radio meteorological observation from both Ice Patrol vessels; one being in the Ice Patrol area and the other in Halifax or enroute thereto. Observations were made from April 1, 1939, to June 30, 1939, inclusive, with a total of 180 ascents, of wliich 170 were successful. Prior to departure on the patrol the folloAving Coast Guard per- sonnel received a course of instruction in the use of the equipment at the Naval Air Station, Anacostia, Md.: Lt. William P. Hawley, Ice Observation Officer; Lt. Ned W. Sprow and chief radioman Ellis g! Holden from the Chelan; and Lt. (j. g.) Loren E. Brunner and chief radioman Carl V. Hartman from the Champlain. The type of meteorograph used was developed by Messrs. Dimond and Hinmon of the United States Bureau of Standards. The trans- 14 mitter is attached to a helium-filled balloon and as the balloon rises through the atmosphere and into the stratosphere, the instrument emits its signals. The signals are interpreted mechanically by the receiving apparatus on board the ship and the temperature, the baro- metric pressure and the humidity can be calculated for any altitude desired and curves constructed. At times, due to winds of gale force and boisterous seas, difficulties occurred in releasing the balloon and transmitter. However, the program of observations was on the whole successfully carried out. BIRD LIFE ON THE GRAND BANKS As usual, bird life on the Grand Banks was plentiful tliis j^ear. There are various types of sea birds to be seen in this region; such as the Sheerwater, Fulmar, Stormy Petrel, Dovekies, Murres, and many others. Each of the species, their distinguishing marks, habits, and times of arrival and departure from the Ice Patrol region, is an interesting study in itself. Two items of particular note occurred as follows: April 28, an exceptionally large flock of Murres, estimated to be about 2,000 in number, were sighted in latitude 43°47' N., longi- tude 50°05' W. ; May 27, several large flocks of Dovekies, continuously flying, were observed south of the Tail of the Banks. The flocks of Dovekies appeared to be uniting together. After each of the fore- gomg dates no birds of the respective species were sighted again by the patrol vessel. It was assumed that in each of these instances the birds were either enroute to, or making preparations for, a large-scale migration to their rookeries. FIRST CRUISE, "CHELAN," MARCH 9 TO MARCH 28, 1939 In accordance with instructions, the Chelan sailed from Boston, Mass., at 1132, March 9, 1939, on an ice observation cruise in the interests of International Ice Patrol in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. En route to the Grand Banks region the Chelan received a message from the Boston Division that the Norwegion freighter Gro was dis- abled and out of control with broken rudder. She was met in latitude 43°37' N., longitude 52°25' W. with the Foundation Maritime limited tug Foundation Franklin standing by, at 1130, March 12, 1939. The tug departed at 1710 March 12, 1939. Upon request of the master, the Chelan assisted the Gro in effecting temporary repairs by cutting off lower portion of rudder stock trunk on March 13, thus permitting repairs to rudder stock to be made. At 1925 that day the Gro pro- ceeded under her own power toward Baltimore, Md. During a storm of gale force that night the rudder stock broke again at the old fracture. The Chelan stood by the disabled vessel until relieved by the Tahoe in latitude 41°54' N., longitude 52°36' W., at 1127 March 17th. It was also learned that the Gro had received a narrow gash on the starboard 15 bow into the forepeak below the water hne as a result of contact with pack ice on March 5, 1939, in latitude 48°10' N., longitude 48°00' W. On March 9, the district radio commissioner at Halifax, Nova Scotia, was informed by radio that the Chelan was making an ice observation cruise in the interests of International Ice Patrol and requested that the Canadian radio stations lend the same assistance in the collection and dissemination of ice information as in former years. On March 1 1 all vessels were informed of our presence in the ice area by a broadcast on 500 kilocycles, stating our mission and requesting ships to report all ice sighted, sea water temperatures, weather, position, course, and speed every 4 hours. The Chelan was unable to do any scouting wliile standing by the S. S. Gro from March 12 to 17, inclusive, however, on the 13th, 15th, and 16th several vessels using tracks C and D, with good visibility, crossed through the critical area from the Tail to latitude 44°18' N. without reporting any ice. At 1127 on March 17, the Tahoe having relieved the Chelan of stand-by duty with the disabled Gro, course was set for latitude 44°00' N., longitude 49°00' W., in order to be in a posi- tion to commence scouting the cold current northward from that point at daybreak the following day. On the 18th and 19th, with limited visibility, the Chelan was able to scout out the cold current from lati- tude 44°00' N., longitude 49°00' W. to latitude 45°40' N., longitude 47047/ Yf Broken field ice was encountered from latitude 44°37' N., longitude 48°37' W. to latitude 45°40' N., longitude 47°49' W., and one small growler on the 19th in latitude 45°13' N., longitude 48°24' W. With excellent visibility on the 20th search courses were run from latitude 44°50' N., longitude 48°34' W., along the eastern edge of the ice field, to latitude 47°24' N., longitude 47°13' W. Field ice was continuous along the courses run from latitude 44°50' N., longitude 48°37' W. to latitude 45°23' N., longitude 48°33' W., thence north- eastward to latitude 46°44' N., longitude 46° 50' W., and from that point to latitude 47°15' N., longitude 47°00' W. Another field was sighted 13 miles northwest of the laiter position extending northward as far as could be seen. A berg and two gi'owlers were observed in latitude 46°51' N., longitude 46°58' W., and a berg in latitude 47°06' N., longitude 47°05' W. That night the Chelan set course to the southward to be in position to relocate the southernmost ice on the following day. On the morning of the 21st, with good visibility, search courses were run in the cold current in vicinity of latitude 45°00' N. and the growler sighted on the 19th was relocated in latitude 44°44' N., longitude 48°39' W. Since tliis was the southernmost known ice and a period of low visibility was expected, the Chelan drifted with the growler. During tlie^ afternoon of that day mining operations were conducted in an effort to destroy the growler with only partial success. Reports 16 received from vessels crossing the area on March 21 indicated that the southern end of the pack ice tongue had drifted south to latitude 44°02' N. and, therefore, orders were issued for Ice Patrol to be in- augurated at 1200 on March 22, 1939, in accordance with Ice Patrol instructions. Fog set in on the evening of the 21st and continued until the morn- ing of the 23d. On the 23d, with moderate visibility, tlie cold current was scouted from latitude 44°40' N., longitude 48°52' W. to latitude 43°20' N., longitude 49°25' W. Scattered patches of slob ice were sighted from latitude 43°52' N., longitude 48°54' W. to latitude 44°36' N., longitude 49°00' W., and the growler sighted on the 21st was relocated in latitude 44°18' N., longitude 48°47' W. This growler had been much reduced in size, but in the interests of safety, it, along with a large piece of pack ice, Was carried on the ice broadcasts as a growler for another day. On the 24th, with good visibility, the Labrador Current was again scouted from latitude 45°00' N., to latitude 43°30' N., and only scattered patches of slob ice were sighted. On the night of the 24th, course was set northward inside the 50- fathom curve of the Grand Banks in order to be in position to scout northward the following day. With excellent visibility on the 25th an area from latitude 44°00' N., longitude 48°48' W. to latitude 46°00' N., longitude 47°42' W. was searched. The southern tongue of the field ice was located in latitude 44°57' N., longitude 48°48' W. and the Ice Patrol vessel cruised to the eastward along the field ice, sighting the following bergs: Berg and three growlers latitude 45°22' N., longitude 48°27' W.; berg latitude 45°38' N., longitude 48°16' W.; berg and growler latitude 45°47' N., longitude 48°08' W., and berg latitude 45°50' N., longitude 47°45' W. Two vessels, the S. S. Liberty and the S. S. Nova Scotia, were sighted working eastward through the- ice in latitude 45°12' N., longitude 48°40' W. and latitude 45°48' N.,. longitude 48°00' W., respectively. Reports received from these vessels indicated that the western edge of the ice tongue extended from latitude 44°57' N., longitude 48°48' W. to latitude 45°43' N.^ longitude 48°22' W. Wliile the Chelan was scouting the Labrador Current north of latitude 45°00' N., on the 25th, a growler was reported in latitude 43°00' N., longitude 49°23' W. As the patrol vessel could not arrive at this position before nightfall plans were made for scouting the- area in the vicinity of the Tail the following day and safety messages were released during the night, advising vessels of the position of tliis growler. That night course was set southwest and the following day, with excellent visibility, the area in the vicinity of the growler was searched but only a small patch of slush ice was located in latitude 42°34' N., longitude 49°58' W. In addition to the search made by the patrol vessel on the 26th, a commercial vessel passed westbound 17 about 12 miles south of the reported position of the growler and failed to report any ice. On the 27th a small growler was reported in latitude 42°52' N., longitude 48°51' W. This was believed to be the same growler reported on the 25th and searched for on the 26th with negative results. Upon completion of the search on the night of the 26th the' Chelan set course westward toward the relieving point. The Champlain was met in latitude 43°00' N., longitude 56°00' W. Lt. W. P. Hawley, Ice Observation Officer, and liis assistants, were transferred to the reheving vessel and at 0830, March 28, 1939, the Champlain reheved the Chelan as Ice Patrol vessel. The Chelan departed for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 1008 on March 29, 1939. (This relief procedure was followed upon the completion of each cruise.) The following is a summary of ice and water-temperature reports received during tliis cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° N 9 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° N 0 Number of ice reports received 55 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 35 Number of water-temperature reports received 792 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 10& Number of vessels furnished special information 11 SECOND CRUISE, "CHAMPLAIN," MARCH 28 TO APRIL 12, 1939 The Champlain sailed from New York, N. Y., at 1156, on March 23, 1939, and course was set for the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to relieve the Chelan. On March 25, 1939, upon receipt of instructions from Commander, International Ice Patrol, the Champlain changed her course to relieve the Sebago in latitude 40°00' N., longitude 60°00' W. on temporary duty in connection with trans-Atlantic flight of the Yankee Clippjer. A radiometeoro- graph observation was transmitted to the weather observer at Wash- ington that day for use in connection with the flight of the Yankee Clipper. The Champlain relieved the Sebago at 1550 on March 25, 1939, and arrived on station at 1732 that afternoon. The Yankee Clipper departed Baltimore, Md., at 1934 OCT March 26, flying over the station occupied by the Champlain approximately 4 hours 45 minutes later, and landed at Horta, Azores Islands, at 1307 GOT March 27, 1939. The Champlain resumed Ice Patrol duty in accord- ance with instructions received from Headquarters, meeting the Chelan in latitude 42°57' N., longitude 55°53' W. Lt. W. P. Hawley, Ice Observation Officer, and his assistants reported aboard and the Cham- lain releived the Chelan as Ice Patrol vessel at 0840, March 28, 1939. In accordance with Headquarter 's dispatch 0228-1547 (March 1939) United States-European traffic was shifted from tracks C to tracks B and this information was carried in the regular ice broadcasts. Course 18 was set for the Tail of the Banks in order to be in position to search for ice when weather conditions would permit, arriving in position at 1018 on March 29 and drifting in fog throughout that day. During a period of good visibility from March 30 to April 2, the Labrador Current was scouted out from latitude 42°35' N., longitude 50°00' W around the Tail and north to latitude 45°30' N. Only one berg was sighted, this in latitude 45°07' N., longitude 48°23' W. on April 2. On April 1, 1939, daily radiometeorograph observations were com- menced 'in accordance with Headquarter's letter February 25, 1939. The only handicap experienced was the carrying away of the radio- meteorograph antenna due to vibration on April 2. This casualty had also occurred while enroute to the Ice Patrol area. The antenna rod was replaced by a quarter-inch cable, 44.5 inches long. The insulator and cable antenna were supported by a wooden staff with a top over-hang constructed of bakelite so that the antenna was suspended vertically and held 6 inches from the wood support. The balloon ascent on the morning of April 3 proved this replacement to be a success. The meteorograph was foUowed for about 17,000 meters at which point the balloon burst and the meteorograph was followed part way down. Foggy conditions existed over the cold water during the 3d and 4th so' the Chamjdain scouted in the mixed warmer water to the eastward of the Labrador Current on these dates. On April 3 a bero- was sighted in latitude 45°16' N., longitude 47°26' W., and a second berg in latitude 44°57' N., longitude 47°18' W. The latter berg was relocated the following morning in latitude 45°07' N., longitude 47°07' W., and that day a third berg was sighted in latitude 45°03' N lono-itude 48°07' W. With excellent visibihty on April 5 the cold current was scouted out from latitude 43°30' N. to latitude 45° 15' N. and the only ice found in this sector was a growler m latitude 45°01' N., longitude 48°39' W. The patrol vessel drifted in dense fog during most of April 6; how- ever, there was sufficient visibihty during the last 3 hours of daylight to permit scouting of the Labrador Current from latitude 44°55' N. to latitude 45°26' N. The following ice was sighted: Berg, latitude 44°55' N., longitude 48°45' W.; berg, latitude 45°13' N., longitude 48°34' W; and field ice from latitude 44°52' N., longitude 48°40' W. to latitude 45°26' N., longitude 48°35' W., extending northeastward from the latter position. At 1732 on April 6 the S. S. Marine Trader was sighted working southward along the western edge of the field ice and that vessel requested position of the soutliernmost field ice The desired information was furnished by means of International Code flag hoists. On April 7 the Champlain searched the cold water from latitude 44°10' N. to latitude 46°00' N., sighting 15 bergs and 5 growlers Field ice was observed from latitude 45°03' N., longitude 19 48°19' W. to latitude 45°09' N., longitude 48°18' W., extending northeast from the latter position. During the few hours of good visibility on the morning of the following day nine bergs, three growlers, and field ice were sighted from latitude 44°08' N., longitude 48°34' W. to latitude 44°40' N., longi- tude 48°18' W. On that afternoon the berg sighted on April 6, in latitude 44°55' N., longitude 48°45' W. was relocated in latitude 43°56' N., longitude 48°52' W., having drifted south at the rate of 30 miles per day. This being the southernmost known ice, the Cham- plain remained in its vicinity during the remainder of the patrol. The General Greene was contacted on April 9 and the current map completed that morning was delivered. On April 10 the Ckamplain set course westward toward the relieving point. The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 60 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 45° north 17 Number of ice reports received 43 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 19 Number of water temperature reports received 1 193 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 130 Number of vessels furnished special information H THIRD CRUISE, "CHELAN," APRIL 12-25, 1939 The Chelan sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1113, on April 9, 1939, to relieve the Ckamplain on Ice Patrol duty. Moderate to strong northwesterly winds with excellent visibility were experienced enroute to the relieving point. The Champlain was met in latitude 43°32' N., longitude 51°49' W. The ice observation party reported aboard and the Chelan relieved the Champlain as Ice Patrol vessel at 0012 on April 12, 1939. Course was set for the Tail of the Banks to be in position to commence scouting when visibility would permit. Arrived there on the morning of the 12th and maintained position until the weather cleared on the 14th. ^ Search courses were run on the southwestern side of the Tail on the 14th, no ice being sighted. At 1450 that day information was re- ceived from Coast Guard Headquarters that the S. S. Bochum, enroute to Montreal, had sustained damages at the water line while working in field ice and was in need of assistance. The patrol vessel set course to intercept her in latitude 48°34' N., longitude 49°47' W. At 1629 the Bochum advised that her condition was dangerous and the Chelan increased speed to full. At 0510 the following morning field ice was sighted in latitude 47°12' N., longitude 50°15' W., and course was changed in order to skirt the ice field to the westward. Eleven bergs were sighted from latitude 47°30' N., longitude 50°40' W., to latitude 47°41/ N., longitude 51°18' W. At 1054 information was received 20 from the Bochum that she was steaming with the assistance of the ice breaker Imogene and would not require additional help. The Titanic memorial services were held on the morning of the 15th with the customary honors. That afternoon the Chelan set course to return to the eastern edge of the Grand Banks. During a period of excellent visibility on the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th the Ice Patrol vessel thoroughly searched the Labrador Current from latitude 43°20' N. to latitude 45°55' N. and no ice was sighted. The Chelan drifted throughout the night of the 19th and at daylight the following morning a berg was sighted in latitude 45°30' N., longitude 47°01' W. Search courses were run to the southeast that day to relocate three bergs reported on the 18th. Two large growlers were sighted in the following positions: One in latitude 45°22' N., longitude 46°27' W.; and the other in latitude 45°05' N., longitude 46°04' W. An invasion of tropical Atlantic air covered the cold water with fog on the 21st so the patrol vessel cruised southeastward to locate three bergs that had been reported on the 18th, 19th, and 20th, the easternmost one in latitude 44°23' N., longitude 44°27' W. A large growler was sighted near this position in water of temperature 56° F. at the surface and the growler was rapidly breaking up and melting. That night course was set to the westward to be in position to scout the Labrador Current when visibility would permit. Fog continued to cover the cold water during the 22d, 23d, and 24th so that no effective scouting could be accomplished during these days, the Chelan maintaining position in the vicinity of latitude 45°00' N. during tliis time. The weather map for the morning of April 24 indicated a continu- ance of the fog over the cold water for at least another day, so the Chelan set course westward toward the relieving point. With the approach of summer conditions over the Ice Patrol area and the long periods of fog that can be expected under such conditions, it is necessaiy for the patrol vessel to accomplish as much scouting as possible during periods of good visibility. With this in mind and taking into consideration the cruising limits of the vessel, the Chelan has found that 140 revolutions per minute (15.3 Imots per hour) is the speed best adapted for use in scouting for ice under favorable weather conditions. Fishermen from the Brittany coast began to arrive in the area at the end of this patrol and when spoken close aboard, the patrol ship offered these vessels medical and other assistance. The schooner Dazzle of St. John's, Newfoundland, 30 days out of Lisbon, Portugal, with a cargo of salt for St. John's, was spoken on April 18 and reported to the Newfoundland authorities as requested. The following is a summary of the ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: 21 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 56 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 0 Number of ice reports received 151 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 54 Number of water temperature reports received 1161 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 148 Number of vessels furnished special information 9 FOURTH CRUISE, "CHAMPLAIN," APRIL 25 TO MAY 9, 1939 The Cham plain sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1111 on April 23, 1939, to relieve the Chelan on Ice Patrol duty. Light to moderate westerly breezes with excellent visibility were experienced en route to the relieving point. The Chelan was met in latitude 44°49' N., longi- tude 51°55' W. The ice observation party reported aboard and at 0630 on 25 April, 1939, the Champlam relieved the Chelan as Ice Patrol vessel. Course was set for the Tail of the Grand Banks and during the last 2 hours of daylight on the 25th the Labrador Current was searched from latitude 43°10' N. to latitude 43°50' N. No ice was sighted . On April 26, during periods of good visibility, search courses were run along the eastern edge of the Grand Banks from latitude 43°03' N. to latitude 44°40' N. Two bergs were sighted, one in latitude 44°13' N., longitude 48°52' W. and one in latitude 44°29' N., longi- tude 48°57' W., the patrol vessel drifting with the southernmost of these bergs that night. The following morning the search for ice in the Labrador Current was continued to latitude 44°54' N., several bergs and growlers being sighted along the track. That afternoon course was directed east to longitude 48°25' W., sighting field ice north of the track, and then south to latitude 43°27' N. in order to ascertain conditions inasmuch as bergs had drifted into this area dur- ing previous patrols. No ice was sighted to the eastward and that night the Champlain relocated the southernmost known berg in lati- tude 43°28' N., longitude 48°56' W. The next day the Labrador Cur- rent was searched from latitude 43°00' N., to latitude 44°05' N. and bergs sighted the previous day were relocated, showing their drift southward to be in exact accordance with the current chart. That night the southernmost berg was relocated in latitude 43°09' N., longi- tude 49°28' W. As fog was expected, the patrol vessel remained with this berg throughout the night and during the next morning except for a few hours spent in relocating another berg in the vicinity. At 1242 on April 29, a request for medical assistance was received by radio from the S. S. John W. Mackay. Advice was given by radio and the Champlain set course to intercept that vessel which was con- tacted in latitude 42°51' N., longitude 50°02' W. at 1550. The med- ical officer boarded the John W. Mackay, rendered assistance to the sick man, and advised the master to send the patient to port for hos- 22 pitalization. The patrol vessel then returned to the southernmost berg m latitude 43°01' N., longitude 49°58' W. Fog set in that night and covered the area until May 1 so the Cham plain remained in the vicinity of this berg. With moderate visibility on May 1, search courses were run south of the Tail of the Banks in an unsuccessful effort to relocate the two southernmost bergs. Dense fog again set in that night and continued until the following evening. The General Greene was met and the latest current map delivered to the patrol vessel at 1600 on May 2. During the period of poor visibility from April 30 to May 2, inclusive, vessels were advised in the regular ice broadcasts that bergs were drifting rapidly south in the Labrador Current and would tend to spread over a wide area upon their arrival at the Tail of the Banks. On May 3 and 4 excellent visibility was afforded and the area south and east of the Tail of the Banks was thoroughly searched. Eight bergs were sighted on the 3d and the four southernmost re- located on the 4th. Six of these bergs were medium sized and two were large, one of which was a drydock type with one pinnacle esti- mated to be 80 feet high and the other 120 feet high. The other large berg was pyramid shaped, approximately 120 feet high; the Ice Patrol vessel remaining with this berg that night and during a period of low visibility on May 5. On May 6 it was noted from position reports received that several vessels would pass through the area between latitudes 41°20' N. and 42°00' N. and longitudes 48°00' W. and 52°00' W. during daylight hours and with good visibility. The vessels passed through as was expected and failed to report any ice. The Champlain, in the meantime, May 6 and 7 scouted the cold current north of the range of visibility of the aforementioned vessels. Four bergs were sighted in the following positions: One in latitude 42°40' N., longitude 49°14'W.; one in latitude 42°44' N., longitude 50°15' W.; and two of the bergs sighted on the 3d in latitude 43°09' N., longitude 49°42'W. and latitude 43°12' N., longitude 49°12' W. were relocated in latitude 42°36' N., longitude 49°39' W. and latitude 42°41' N., longitude 50°07' W., respectively. Two additional bergs were sighted on the 7th; one in latitude 42°25' N., longitude 49°26' W. and one in latitude 42°23' N., longitude 50°22' W. That night, the berg first sighted on the 6th in latitude 42°40' N., longitude 49014/ ^ ^,^5 relocated in latitude 42°31' N., longitude 48°54' W. The easternmost berg was in slow moving, mixed water which should tend to carry it to the northeast, however, the prevailing northerly winds might force it into the southeastern branch of the rapidly moving cold current. In view of this unsettled situation, it was decided to remain with this berg until its drift was ascertained. The drift was finally determined to be southeast. When left on the morning of the 9th, it had drifted to latitude 42°13' N., longitude 23 48°43' W., and was in the strength of the southeastern branch of the Labrador Current. Course was set to the westward to contact the Chelan and while enroute to the relieving point, the following ice was sighted: One berg latitude 42°18' N., longitude 49°07' W.; two bergs in latitude 42°19' N., longitude 49°08' W. ; one berg latitude 42°07' N., longitude 49°29' W.; one berg latitude 42°27' N., longitude 49°43' W. ; and one berg in latitude 42°22' N., longitude 50°06' W. At 0630, while standing to the westward, a berg was reported in latitude 41°50' N., longitude 52°20' W. The Chelan was met in latitude 42°15' N., longitude 50°51' W. Lt. W. P. Hawley, Ice Observation officer, had been ill for several days and remained on board for trans- portation to Halifax and medical treatment. William E. Ehrman Q. M. Ic, and Richard S. von Burske Y. Ic, assistants to the Ice Observation Officer, were transferred to the Chelan and at 1104 on May 9, 1939, the Chelan relieved the Champlain as Ice Patrol vessel. The Champlain set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving there at 1806 on May 11, 1939. Shortly after the beginning of this patrol, bergs released by the field ice began to move southward in increasing numbers and spread over a wide area. The current map delivered on May 2 indicated that these bergs would probably move across latitude 42° N., and into westbound track B by May 6 or 7. Therefore, it was recommended to Coast Guard Headquarters by dispatch that United States-European traffic be shifted from tracks B to tracks A, immediately. In accord- ance with Coast Guard Headquarters dispatch 6006-1633 (May 1939), traffic was shifted to the extra southern route ; eastbound on May 5, and westbound on May 10. In the meantime vessels on westbound track B were permitted to deviate when necessary to avoid ice. Dense fog covered the cold water on May 5 and indications were that it would continue for some time. Accordingly, the evening broadcast of that day advised vessels that the southernmost bergs sighted and reported on the 3d and 4th would probably be moving across latitude 42° N. into westbound track B and it was recommended that ships on that track cross longitude 47°00' W. at latitude 41°15' N. and then set course west to longitude 52°00' W. This route would not only take vessels clear of the bergs but also, as the cold water was limited to a narrow stream at this latitude, they would experience less fog. The following is a summary of the ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 104 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 45° north 73 Number of ice reports received 139 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 79 Number of water temperature reports received 1,105 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 138 Number of vessels furnished special information 24 24 FIFTH CRUISE, "CHELAN," MAY 9-24, 193y The Chelan sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1238, on May 7, 1939, to relieve the Champlain on Ice Patrol duty. Light to moderate northeasterly breezes and smooth seas were experienced to the reliev- ing point. The Champlain was met in latitude 42°15' N., longitude 50°51' W. The assistants to the Ice Observation Officer reported on board and at noon, May 9, 1939, the Chelan relieved the Chamjjlain as Ice Patrol vessel. Lt. N. W. Sprow was temporarily assigned the duties of Ice Observation Officer. Upon being relieved, the Champlain departed for Halifax, Nova Scotia, setting course to scout the area in vicinity of latitude 41°50' N., longitude 52°20' W. where a berg had been reported that morning. That vessel encountered poor visibility before the search was completed and the berg was not sighted. The Chamjilain did, however, relocate three bergs previously reported. The Chelan set a course to the eastward to relocate the bergs sighted by the Champlain during her westward run to the relieving point. All of those bergs were found except two, the southernmost and eastern- most. The remaining hours of daylight on the 9tli were spent in searching for the southernmost berg and, as it was believed to be in the strength of the Labrador Current in position to be carried southward to menace tracks A, search courses were designed on the 10th with a view of finding it and relocating the easternmost berg before dark. Fog set in that afternoon before either of the bergs were found. Two bergs sighted by the Champlain on the morning of May 9 in latitude 42°18' N., longitude 49°07' W. and latitude 42°19' N., longitude 49°09' W. were relocated on May 10 in latitude 41°56' N., longitude 48° 43' W. The latest current chart indicated a velocity of 1.07 miles per hour at this point in the Labrador Current and the above- mentioned bergs drifted 30 miles in 28 hours which was in close agreement. The dense fog that set in on the afternoon of May 10 covered not only the cold water but the warmer mixed water to the eastward as well. The latest weather map indicated this condition could be expected to continue for at least 3 more days. Accordingly, the patrol vessel plotted the position and coarse of each ship that entered the area. Those vessels which were on courses leading through the fog and berg infested area, were especially advised of the eastern, southern, and western limits of the low visibility ; also of the fact that this condition could be expected to continue until May 14. Several of these vessels immediately altered their course and were able to traverse the ice longitudes with loss of time due to detour of less than 1 day in each instance. At the same time, the vessels that preferred to drift while awaiting clear weather, lost 3 days, not to mention the more serious risks of collision with ice. During this period of low visibility no effective scouting could be accomplished, so the patrol vessel drifted 25 until the afternoon of May 12 when course was set eastward in order to obtain clear weather and to be in position to commence scouting when conditions improved. The following day the Chelan cruised along the fog wall coincident with the border between the cold and warm water to determine if bergs had drifted out of the cold current into the Atlantic Current. No ice was sighted. With an improvement in visibility over the cold water on May 14, the patrol vessel made an unsuccessful search of the southeastern branch of the Labrador Current. That night a berg was reported in latitude 41°27' N., longitude 50°41' W., so course was set for the vicinity of this ice in order to be in position to sight it at daylight. The berg was sighted the next morning by the patrol vessel in latitude 41°25' N., longitude 50°40' W., in water the temperature of which was 56° F. It had been reduced to a growler and in 1 more day would no longer be a menace to navigation. A large berg was reported that morning in latitude 41°42' N., longitude 52°19' W. and was found by the Chelan, at 1125, in latitude 41°41' N., longitude 52° 19' W. Search courses were continued to latitude 42°31' N., longitude 51°58' W., but no additional ice was sighted. Fog again set in over the cold water that night, so course was set to the southward to await clear visibiHty. While cruising along the edge of the fog on May 17, the line of demarcation separating the cold and warm water was very clearly defined. The warm waters of the Atlantic Current being blue and clear while those of the Labrador Current appeared to be muddy and covered with a thin layer of surface fog. Dense fog continued over the cold water until the morning of the 19th. During this period the area south of the Labrador Current was thorouglily scouted out, no ice being sighted. On May 19 the southern limits of the cold current were searched with negative results. That night course was set for the Tail of the Banks in order to investigate conditions in that vicinity. The following morning search courses were run in the Labrador Current from the Tail to latitude 43°52' N. and then eastward to latitude 43°50' N., longitude 48°45' W. Twenty- seven bergs were sighted in the cold current and seven additional bergs to the eastward. Dense fog set in at noon and continued until 0930 on the morning of the 21st. That morning, with improved visibility, search courses were run from latitude 44°04' N., longitude 48°22' W. to latitude 44°04' N., longitude 49°16' W., from which point the Lab- rador Current was again searched south to latitude 43°03' N., longi- tude 49°23' W. Twenty-five bergs sighted the previous day were re- located and 1 2 new bergs found. That night the Chelan drifted with the largest of the bergs and the following day tlie region southeast of the Tail was searched with negative results. Upon completion of the search on the 22d, the Chelan set course to the westward to contact the Cham plain. While en route to the re- 26 lieving point nine bergs were reported by the S. S. Dessau in latitude 40°05' N., longitude 47°42' W. Efforts were made to verify tliis re- port, but the patrol vessel was unable to establish radio communication with the Dessau until the following evening. Several vessels had passed in close proximity to the above position for many days previ- ously and had failed to sight any ice. The possibility of such a large number of bergs arriving in a group at the low latitude was doubted. Notwithstanding, in the interests of safety the Chelan immediately proceeded to the locality, arriving there at dusk the following evening. The Chelan drifted throughout the night and at daylight a scouting program was commenced in cooperation with the Champlain. The assistants to the Ice Observation Officer were transferred to the Cham- plain and that vessel relieved the Chelan as Ice Patrol vessel on May 24, 1939. The following is a summary of the ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 204 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 31 Number of ice reports received 218 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 107 Number of water temperature reports received 1,205 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 189 Number of vessels furnished special information 49 SIXTH CRUISE, "CHAMPLAIN," MAY 24 TO JUNE 6, 1939 The Chamjilain sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1106 on May 21, 1939, to relieve the Chelan on Ice Patrol duty. Tlie trip to the relieving point was imeventful and the Chelan was met in latitude 39°25' N., longitude 47°10' W. The assistants to the Ice Observation Officer reported on board ; and at noon on May 24, 1939, the Champlain relieved the Chelan as Ice Patrol vessel. Throughout the 24th the Chelan and Chamjdain continued the scouting program commenced that morning in an effort to locate nine bergs reported on May 22 by the S. S. Dessau in latitude 40°05' N., longitude 47°42' W. The ice was not sighted and the Chelan set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia. On May 25 and 26 the Champlain searched the area southeast of the Tail of the Banks. Moderate visibility prevailed during this search but no ice was sighted. On May 27 and 28, with good visibihty prevailing, the area between latitudes 40°00' N. and 42°45' N., from longitude 50°00' W. to longi- tude 51°15' W. was scouted out. During this search 23 bergs and numerous growlers were sighted in the area mentioned, 3 bergs and 4 growlers being in westbound track A. The cold wall extended from latitude 42°00' N., longitude 51°00' W. to latitude 40°17' N., longitude 50°09' W. and apparently 60° true from the latter position. It appeared that several more bergs would drift into westbound 27 track A and it was, therefore, recommended that an emergency United States-European track be made effective immediately. Eastbound to cross longitude 47°00' W. at latitude 38°45' N., and westbound to cross longitude 47°00' W. at latitude 39°30' N. The southernmost berg was in latitude 40°17' N., longitude 50°09' W. in water of tem- perature 44° F., a little to the east of the cold wall. This berg was small and drifted into warmer water during the night of the 28th. The Champlain remained with this southernmost berg until it melted on the 29th. Low visibility and fog set in over the cold water during the night of the 28th and, after the southernmost berg had melted, course was set to the westward in an attempt to clear the fog by entering warmer water. Darkness set in before warmer water was reached so the patrol vessel drifted during the night of the 29th. The next day, with poor to moderate visibility, an effort was made to locate a berg reported in latitude 40° 41' N., longitude 49°28' W. This berg was not found because it was in cold water and dense fog covered the area in its vicinity. The patrol vessel drifted that night and the following day course was set to the southward in order to enter warm water and await clearing of the fog. On June 1 the area south of the cold water was scouted out with negative results. With improved visibility on June 2 the Chamjdain thoroughly searched all the cold water south of latitude 41°00' N. No bergs were sighted. On June 3 search courses were run from lati- tude 40°20' N., longitude 47°30' W. to latitude 41°50' N., longitude 50°49' W. and seven bergs were sighted along the track. The south- ernmost berg was in latitude 41°20' N., longitude 48°41' W., so the patrol vessel attempted to return to it and two other bergs in its vicinity the following day. Upon completion of the scouting program on June 3, it was believed that conditions had improved sufficiently to warrant return of traffic to tracks A and the Commander, Inter- national Ice Patrol, was advised accordingly by dispatch. The southernmost berg was not relocated until the morning of the 5th when it was found in latitude 40°46' N., longitude 48°38' W. That day the Champlain relocated the two additional bergs in the vicinity, returning to the southernmost of the three that afternoon and remain- ing nearby to observe the direction of drift. On June 6 the Champlain headed toward the relieving point. On June 1, 1939, a life ring was picked up from the water in latitude 39°45' N., longitude 49°42' W. The only markings on the ring gave the home port as San Francisco, the name of the vessel having been obliterated. On June 4, 1939, a life jacket stenciled "S. S. Mormac- sea" was picked up from the water in latitude 41°10' N., longitude 48°18' W. 220899 — 40 3 28 Just before the beginning of this patrol nine bergs were reported to the Chelan in latitude 40°05' N., longitude 47°42' W. A thor- ough search was conducted in the vicinity and beyond the limits of drift from the reported position but no ice was sighted. This fact, coupled wdth the statement by the master of the reporting vessel that the ice was sighted at twilight, indicates that probably cumulus clouds beyond and in line with the horizon w^ere mistaken for bergs. The Ice Patrol vessel experienced a similar situation on the evening of June 2. At that time cumulus clouds on line with the horizon pre- sented the appearance of numerous bergs. It was known, however, that this was an illusion since the Champlain had just completed scoutiug the area in which the bergs appeared to be and it was defi- nitely knoM^n that no ice was there. The following is a summary of ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 140 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 33 Number of ice reports received 182 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 103 Number of water temperature reports received 1 207 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 183 Number of vessels furnished special information 14 Number of trans- Atlantic planes furnished radio bearings 1 SEVENTH CRUISE, "CHELAN," JUNE 6-23, 1939 The C/tf^aw sailed from Boston, Mass., at 1607 on June 3, 1939, to relieve the Champlain on Ice Patrol. The run to the relieving point was uneventful and the Champlain was met in latitude 41°03' N., longitude 50°30' W. The ice observation party reported on board and at 1600 on June 6, 1939, the Chelan relieved the Champlain as Ice Patrol vessel. Fog existed over the cold water during the first 12 days of this patrol, so the Chelan searched along the southern and western edge of the fog-covered area. Only one berg was sighted and that on the 11th in latitude 42°47' N., longitude 51°00' W. The patrol vessel drifted with this berg until noon the next day, when it was left in latitude 43°04' N., longitude 51°04' W. and the search of the south- ern and western limits of the cold water was continued. Following the southerly gales of June 7 and 8, surface temperatures indicated a rapid recession of the cold water northward. The depth of this warm water, however, will not be definitely known until completion of the next current map by the General Greene. On June 16 the southern limits of the cold water Averc defined as follows: Latitude 42°00' N., longitude 51°29' W., thence latitude 41°35' N., longitude 51°40' W., thence latitude 41°50' N., longitude 49°30' W., thence latitude 41°10' N., longitude 48°40' W., thence latitude 41°10' N., longitude 48°00' 29 W., thence latitude 42°00' N., longitude 47°30' W. Only two known bergs were in the area at this time, one small berg sighted June 12 in latitude 43 °04' N., longitude 51°04' W. and another small berg reported June 13 in latitude 42°29' N., longitude 48°42' W. In view of the foregoing it was recommended to Coast Guard Headquarters that traffic on United States-European routes be shifted to tracks B with a modified turning point for westbound vessels at latitude 41°10' N., longitude 47°00' W. On June 18, with good visibihty, the patrol vessel aided by passing steamers searched the cold-water area south of the Grand Banks, locating one berg in latitude 42°34' N., longitude 50°30' W. It was therefore recommended to Coast Guard Headquarters that, effective immediately, vessels on westbound track B use the normal turning point. During the next 2 days the Chelan scouted out the Labrador Current to latitude 46°00' N. Excellent visibihty prevailed during this search and no ice was sighted. On June 21 the patrol vessel attempted to relocate the southernmost berg, but a period of low visibihty set in before it was found. On June 22 the Chelan set couvsq for the relieving point to contact the Champlain. The Portuguese fishing schooner San Jacinto of Figueria Da Foz was met on June 21 in latitude 45°0G' N., longitude 50°03' W. An officer from the schooner came on board. It was learned that 54 Portuguese vessels fished on the Grand Banks this year and that more than 50 French fishing vessels had been seen by the San Jacinto. This man also stated that there were plenty of fish, but high winds had interfered with the fishing so that the fleet would depart the Grand Banks on June 28 in order to fish on the banks oft' Western Greenland. The following is a summary of the ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 33 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 5 Number of ice reports received 171 NumVjer of vessels furnishing ice reports ^- 81 Number of water temperature reports received 1 208 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 163 Number of vessels furnished special information 21 Number of trans-Atlantic planes furnished radio bearings 2 EIGHTH CRUISE, "CHAMPLAIN," JUNE 23 TO JULY 13, 1939 The Champlain sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1156 on June 22, 1939, to reheve the Chelan on Ice Patrol. The run to the rehev- ing point was uneventful and the Chelan was met in latitude 42°47' N., longitude 55°46' W. The ice observation party reported on board and at 4:00 p.m. on Jinie 23, 1939, the Champlain reheved the Chelan as Ice Patrol vessel. Course was set to the eastward to locate a berg reported on the 30 morning of June 23, 1939, in latitude 41°45' N., longitude 48°40' W. The commander, International Ice Patrol directed the General Greene to proceed to the position in wliich this berg was reported and to search from that point to the southeast. The berg was found by the General Greene in latitude 41°35' N., longitude 48°09' W. on the afternoon of the 24th and she remained with the berg until the Chamidain arrived at 2022 that evening. The former vessel was then released to resume oceanograpliic duty. The patrol ship drifted with tliis berg until July 5 when it was no longer a menace to navigation. The drift of the berg from June 24 to July 5 is shown on the track chart for tliis cruise. (See fig. 16.) On the evening of July 5 course was set to northward in order to be in position to commence a search for ice in the Labrador Current south from latitude 46°00' N. Dense fog was experienced on July 6 and 7 so that no scouting could be accomplished. On July 8, with moderate to good visibility, search courses were run in the axis of the cold current from latitude 45°30' N. to latitude 44°13' N. A large berg was sighted in latitude 45°24' N., longitude 48°32' W. and another berg in latitude 45°10' N., longitude 48°26' W. Efforts were made to relocate these bergs before the close of the day, but they were not found. Fog set in during the night and the Champlain drifted in vicinity of latitude 45°00' N., longitude 48°35' W. to await better visibility. On July 10, with a brief improvement in visibility, the Labrador Current was searched from latitude 45°04' N. to latitude 44° 15' N. The berg sighted on the 8th in latitude 45°24' N., longitude 48°32' W. was relocated in latitude 44°34' N., longitude 48°32' W., no other ice being sighted. That evening the Champlain drifted with this south- ernmost known berg and the following day the cold current was searched northward to latitude 45°50' N. One berg was sighted in latitude 44°45' N., longitude 49°07' W. That afternoon dense fog set in and the patrol vessel returned to the vicinity of the southern berg. The weather map for the evening of July 12 indicated a period of continued dense fog, so the Champlain set course for the reheving point. Since only one berg was known to be south of latitude 47° N. just prior to July 1, the scheduled return of traffic to tracks C was approved. On July 9, however, with the sighting of two bergs just north of the 45th parallel on the 8th, and conditions between latitudes 45°30' N. and 47°00' N. being largely unknown, it was recommended to Com- mander, International Ice Patrol, that traffic be immediately shifted to tracks B. The recommendation was approved by the North Atlantic Track Agreement effective July 1 1 . While the Champlain was drifting with the berg from June 24 to July 5 vessels were advised in the regular broadcasts that the patrol 31 vessel would transmit for or take radio compass bearings upon request. As a result a total of 16 vessels were furnished bearings during tliis period. The following is a summary of the ice and water temperature reports received during tliis cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 39 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 2 Number of ice reports received 89 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 60 Number of water temperature reports received 1, 277 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 161 Number of vessels furnished special information 34 Number of trans-Atlantic planes furnished radio bearings 4 NINTH CRUISE, "CHELAN," JULY 13-26, 1939 The Chelan sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1811, on July 10, 1939, to relieve the Champlain on Ice Patrol duty. Southerly breezes with dense fog were experienced on the run to the relieving point. The Champlain was met in latitude 44°20' N., longitude 52°43' W. The ice observation party reported on board and at 1135, July 13, 1939, the CAe/a« relieved the Champlain as Ice Patrol vessel. Dense fog persisted from the 13th to 21st, inclusive, so the patrol vessel, believing the bergs sighted by the Champlain on the 1 1th would remain nearby, maintained position in vicinity of latitude 4o°00' N., longitude 49°00' W. During a brief clearing on July 20, a berg sighted by the Champlain on the 11th in latitude 44°45' N., longitude 49°07' W. was found in latitude 44°50' N., longitude 49°05' W. With excellent visibility from July 22 to 25, the waters of the entire Labrador Current south of latitude 45°00' N., were thorouglily searched. The berg sighted on July 20 was relocated on the 22d in latitude 44°55' N., longitude 48°59' W.; on the 23d in latitude 44°38' N., longitude 48°52' W.; and on the 24th in latitude 44°28' N., longitude 48°50' W. \Vlien left on the latter date it had been reduced to a growler. It Avas reported as late as- July 25 as a small berg, but probably was completely disintegrated in the storm and swell of the 26th. On July 25 a large berg was sighted in latitude 44°38' N., longitude 48°14' W. This berg was the same as one sighted by the Champlain on July 11 in latitude 44°27' N., longitude 48°3S' W. and when first sighted on the 25th it was 31 miles distant from the patrol vessel. On the afternoon of July 25, with good visibility, the patrol vessel scouted north to latitude 46°19' N., longitude 47°36' W. in an effort to relocate bergs reported along tliis track on the 22d and 24th. No ice was found and during the night course was set to the south- ward. The berg sighted on the 25th was relocated on the morning of the 26th in latitude 44°47' N., longitude 48°10' W., having drifted north by east into an easterly wind approximately 11 miles. 32 On the evening: of July 24, the patrol vessel having thoroughly searched the southward moving waters of the Labrador Current south of latitude 45°00' N., and no ice having been found therein that might drift to the vicinity of tracks C, it was recommended to Coast Guard Headquarters that United States-European traffic be sliifted imme- diately from tracks B to tracks C. The Chelan proceeded to the west- ward during the 26th and met the Champlain on the Banks. The following is a summary of the ice and water temperatirre reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 13 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 45° north 4 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 0 Number of ice reports received 20 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 16 Number of water temperature reports received 785 Number of vessels furnishing water temperature reports 137 Number of vessels furnished special information 18 TENTH CRUISE, "CHAMPLAIN," JULY 28 TO AUGUST 10, 1939 The Champlain sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 1005 on July 25, 1939, to relieve the Chelan on Ice Patrol. Light to moderate northerly breezes with good visibility prevailed during the run to the relieving point and the Chelan was met in latitude 44°24' N., longi- tude 52°52' W. The ice observation party reported on board and, at 2314 on July 26, 1939, the Champlain relieved the Chelan as Ice Patrol vessel. Course was set to the eastward to relocate bergs sighted by the Chelan on the morning of the 26tli in latitude 44°47' N., longitude 48° 10' W. The following day, July 27th, two bergs and a growler were sighted in latitude 44°37' N., longitude 48° 16' W. Course was then set to northward to search for ice in the Labrador Current north of the 45th parallel. On Jidy 28th a large berg was observed in latitude 45°58' N., longitude 47°45' W. where tliick fog was en- countered and the patrol vessel returned to southward, relocating ice sighted the previous day in latitude 44°24' N., longitude 48°25' W. That afternoon two new bergs were sighted in latitude 44°07' N., longitude 48°58' W. This being the southernmost known ice, the patrol vessel remained in the vicinity to observe the drift. By August 3 the smaller of the two bergs had completely disintegrated, while the larger had drifted to latitude 43°37' N., longitude 49°24' W. where it was apparently caught in an anticy clonic eddy and remained to the close of the patrol. On August 4, with excellent visibility, the Champlain searched the cold water northward to latitude 45°30' N. Four bergs were sighted in latitude 44°15' N., longitude 48°34' W. while on the northward run. That evening, when the patrol vessel returned to vicinity of tliis ice, the four bergs had disintegrated to two small bergs and two growlers. 33 The following day the Champlain returned to vicinity of the southern- most known berg, but fog was encountered before it was relocated. It was again sighted on August 7 in latitude 43°37' N., longitude 49°27' W. During the few hours of good visibiHty on the 7th and 8th, the patrol vessel cruised northeast in an effort to relocate the two small bergs left on August 5 in latitude 44°15' N., longitude 48°34' W. No ice was sighted and the southernmost known berg was re- located on August 9 in latitude 43°34' N., longitude 49°30' W. At 1206, August 9, the Champlain headed for the relieving point. At 1402 a message was received from the S. S. Pipestone County advising that that vessel had discovered a fire in No. 4 hold and the Champlain set course to intercept the stricken ship. At 2134 on August 9, the Pipestone County advised that assistance was no longer required, so the Champlain proceeded to the relieving point. At the beginning of this patrol, United States-European traffic was shifted from tracks B to tracks C. On July 28, however, because of a berg reported in latitude 45°00' N., longitude 47°00' W. and the southern berg being in position to drift to the Tail of the Banks; routes were gradually shifted southward to the following turning points: west-bound to cross longitude 49°00' W., at latitude 42°00' N. and east-bound to cross longitude 49°00' W., at latitude 41°00' N. At the close of the patrol, conditions had improved to permit shifting of traffic 30 miles north of the above turning points. On the morning of August 7 a message was received from the S. S. Beaverhill stating that that vessel had struck an iceberg in latitude 51°58' N., longitude 54° 12' W. The Champlain was at that time drifting in dense fog in vicinity of the southernmost known berg, so course was set at slow^ speed for the Beaverhill. Shortly after the first message other messages were received advising that the Beaver- hill was fast on the berg; that the S. S. Ausonia was standing by; that the S. S. Montclare was 10 miles away; and that the Beaverhill did not require assistance from the Ice Patrol vessel. Accordingly, the Champlain remained in vicinity of the southern berg. The extent of damages sustained by the Beaverhill are unlmown, but on the afternoon of August 8 that vessel advised that it was proceeding through mist and that all was well. The following is a summary of the ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° north 8 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 45° north 7 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° north 0 Number of ice reports received 17 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 14 Number of water temperature reports received 616 Number of vessels furnishing water-temperature reports 108 Number of vessels furnished special information 24 34 ELEVENTH CRUISE, "CHELAN," AUGUST 10-23, 1939 The Chelan sailed from Boston, Mass., at 1204, on August 7, 1939, to relieve the Champlain on Ice Patrol. Light southerly winds with fog prevailed on the run to the relieving point and the Champlain was met in latitude 4 1°57' N., longitude 54°00' W. The Ice Observa- tion Officer reported on board and at 0852 on August 10, 1939, the Chelan relieved the Champlain as Ice Patrol vessel. Course was set eastward to relocate berg sighted by the Champlain on August 9, 1939, in latitude 43°33' N., longitude 49°20' W. On the afternoon of August 11, with moderate visibility, the east edge of the Grand Banks was searched between latitudes 43°00' N. and 43°42' N., no ice being sighted. The next morning a berg was reported in latitude 42°31' N., longitude 50°17' W., and with excehent visibility the Chelan searched the cold current from latitude 43°52' N. to the berg. No other ice was sighted. The Chelan remained with this berg until August 22 by which date it had disintegrated to such an extent that it was no longer considered a menace to navigation. On August 22 course was set to intercept the Campbell, as that vessel desired to transfer a man for transportation to Boston for hospitalization. The Campbell, enroute to the contact point, searched the Labrador Current from latitude 42°00' N. to latitude 43°35' N. No ice was found. The next day the Chelan searched along the eastern edge of the Grand Banks from latitude 43°09' N. to 45°50' N. No ice was found and recommendation was made to Coast Guard Headquarters to discontinue Ice Patrol for the season. Permis- sion was granted and Ice Patrol was discontinued at 2051 on August 23, 1939. The patrol vessel then proceeded to Boston, Mass. Upon receipt of authority from Coast Guard Headquarters to discontinue the patrol, all vessels, Cape Race radio, and district radio commissioner, Halifax, Nova Scotia, were advised of the fact and gratitude expressed for their cooperation throughout the season. By August 16 the onlyknownbergin the Ice Patrol area had drifted to latitude 41°50' N., longitude 49°38' W. and recommendation was made by dispatch to Coast Guard Headquarters that United States- European traffic be shifted to the normal turning points tracks C im- mediately. Coast Guard Headquarters approved the recommendation by dispatch and shipping was so advised in the regular broadcasts. The following is a summary of the ice and water temperature reports received during this cruise: Number of bergs reported south of latitude 48° N 1 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 45° N 1 Number of bergs reported south of latitude 43° N 1 Number of ice reports received 5 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 5 Number of water temperature reports received 590 Number of vessels furnished special information i 29 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° FifiVRE 9.— Firsl cruise, March 9 to 2?, 1939, showing surface isotherms, track of vessel, and ice conditions. (Numerals indicate day of month ice was sighted c 44° 43° -■10 (Face p. 34) No. 1 47° 46° 45° month ice was sighted or reported.) 220899—40 (Face p. 34) No. 3 57° 56° 55° 54' 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° " 53° 52° 5° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Fioi'RE 12.— Fourth cruise, April 25 to May 9, 1939, showing surface isotherms, tracli of Kssel, and ice conditions. (Numerals indicate day of month ice was si:,'hted or reported.) 220899—40 (Face p. 34) Xo. 4 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° R2° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 13.— Fifth cruise, May 9 to 24, 1939, showing surface isotherms, track of vessel, and ice conditions. (Numerals indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported.) 220S99— 40 (Face p. 34) No. 5 55° 54° 53° 5g° 51° 50° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 40 (Face p. 34) No. G 220899—40 (Face p. 34) No. 58° 57° FmriiE 16.— Eighth cruise, June 23 to July 13, 1930, sliowiDg surface isotherms, track of vessel, and ice cond 220809 — 10 (Face p. 34) No. 48° 47° 46' 45° 44° 43° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47* 59° 58' 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50' 48° 47° 46° 45° Figure 18.— Tenth cruise, July 26 to August 10, 1939, showing surface isotherms, track of vessel, and ice conditions. (Numerals indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported.) :;2089!)— 10 (Face p. 34) No. 10 59' 58" 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45' 44° 43° Figure 19.— Eleventh cruise, August 10 to 23, 1939, showing surface isotherms, track of veiscl, and ice conditions. (Numerals indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported.) 220899 — 40 (Face p. 34) No. 35 TABLE OF ICE AND OBSTRUCTION REPORTS Sept. 13 Oct. 1-. Oct. 3,_ Oct. 4_. Oct. 5__ Oct. 10_ --.do _.. Oct. 12. Oct. 13. ...do.-.. ...do... Oct. 15.. ...do..-, —do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ..-do..-. ...do--- -.-do.-.. Oct. 18-. .-.do.... Nov. 8.. Nov. 9.. Feb. 7.. Feb. 9.. -.-do.._. ---do..-. ...do..-. ...do.--. Feb. 11. ...do.--. Feb. 13. Feb. 14. ...do.... ...do.--. Feb. 18.- Feb. 21.. — do.-.. ...do..-. ...do..-. Feb. 23. Mar. 1.. Mar. 3.. Mar. 4.. ...do.--. ...do..-. Mar. 5.. .-.do.--. ...do.... ...do..-. Mar. 6... ...do.--. ...do..-. ...do.-- Mar. 8.. ...do..-. Mar. 9.. Mar. 10. ...do.... ...do..-. Mar. 11. Mar. 12. Name of vessel Braheholm. Baden. . Glitrefjell Mulheim Ruhr. West Wales... -...do Akre .-..do ....do .-..do Lulead so_ ....do .-.do ....do ....do .—do -.-.do ....do --.do Pajala -.-do Pengreep... ....do Cape Race radio. .do. ....do ....do ....do... ---do Camperdown radio. Cape Race radio Manchester City... Latitude Longitude 00 48 17 I 45 18 I 45 12 i 44 45 *o 45 00 I 45 00 '^° 48 43 56 30 59 20 58 45 49 50 51 52 59 07 58 57 50 42 49 48 59 00 59 00 59 45 59 30 60 00 49 36 47 00 ^° 52 26 48 56 48 56 48 35 49 40 49 13 49 28 48 16 48 54 49 02 48 i?« 48 25 47 ' 49 20 47 12 46 37 47 46 46 38 48 33 49 22 47 s. 49 30 4H > 48 35 47 30 .46 50 48 30 48 53 47 3(1 46 50 47 22 49 15 46 55 46 45 48 10 48 00 St. Johns to to to 51 00 51 00 47 38 f 47 38 1 47 42 46 25 46 19 r 47 20 I, 47 04 47 11 45 30 St. John's to L 46 34 I 51 50 Cape Race 45 03 I 58 00 12 J„ 47 15 47 03 46 40 46 47 46 47 58 00 48 to Description 46 55 7 48 05 44 30 I 60 25 44 25 ^? 59 40 2 large bergs, 1 growler. 2 large bergs. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. 2 large bergs. Berg. 2 bergs. Several bergs. Large bergs. Do. Bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Several bergs. Berg. Berg and growlers. Large berg. jstreaks and patches pancake ice. }siob ice. JField ice. Broken ice 3 miles long extending north and south. Field ice 5 mOes north to south. Slob ice. JBroken ice. jPatches field and slob ice. >Field and slob ice. Field ice as far north as can be seen. Field ice extending north. Loose slob ice. Loose field ice. Field and slob ice. jPancake ice. Close-packed field ice 4 miles wide ex- tending north. Field ice 15 miles all directions. |Heavy field ice. Strings thin ice. Patches field ice. Heavy pack ice. [ Do. Field ice, extending west. Heavy pack ice extending southeast. Field ice extending west. Field ice extending 50 miles west. Field ice. Heavy pack ice extending southwest. |Patches slob ice. [ Do. Small berg. Do. [Heavy ice extending northwest. Large growler. Heavy drift ice. [siob ice. Slob ice all directions close to shore. Heavy drift ice. [Field ice all directions. jOpen pan ice extending north. 36 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Mar. 12_ ...do..-. ...do... ...do...- ...do.... Mar. 13.- ...do ...do.--. ...do.... ...do..-. Mar. 14. Mar. 15- ...do... ...do..-. ...do.... Mar. 16. ...do.-.. ...do.-.. Mar. 17. ...do..... ...do ...do ...do..... Mar. 18. ...do..... ...do..... ...do Mar. 19- ...do..... ...do-..-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do.-... ..do..... -..do-..- Mar. 20 -..do.... ...do ...do..... Mar. 21 -.-do..... ..do..... ...do .-do..... Mar. 22 ..do..... ...do..-.. .-do Mar. 23 ...do -.do .do. Name of vessel New Texas Sejro Manchester City. Drottningholm... Beaverbrae West Cusseta Cape Race radio.. Drottningholm... Cape Race radio.. -...do — .do Vingaren Scanmail ....do Cape Race radio.. Frankenwald Brant County -.-do Fort Amherst .do. Scanmail. Beaverford Tugela Guiseppe Chelan (I. P.). Fort Amherst -.do Manchester E.xporter. Samnanger -...do.... --.-do Chelan (I. P.). ....do ....do Samnanger Tatra Chelan (I. P.). ---.do --.do ---.do.... Samnanger Banaderos Rydbaholm..- Lulca Chelan (I. P.). .-.-do Beaverhill Drottningholr Warrior Duchess of York. Umberarm Chelan (I. P.). --..do Humber Arm. 45 38 45 08 Longitude 00 53 40 57 08 f 44 25 .. 57 08 I 44 30 7 58 05 46 "" f 44 \ 44 52 58 24 57 31 49 46 7 47 15 Scatari Island Cape Breton Cape Race 45 22 ' 58 07 45 07 7 57 49 46 08 47 15 45 38 I 48 25 Cape Race 47 52 I 47 28 47 05 46 05 45 15 7 60 20 45 00 60 50 45 39 I 54 39 45 50 ^? 54 24 Cape Race to 45 50 I 54 24 Cape Race to Ferrvland Head 43 32 58 04 15 44 45 19 40 10 44 45 45 18 47 33 46 58 44 37 44 40 47 32 47 42 45 19 45 40 44 53 45 13 47 22 44 28 46 51 44 37 45 23 4.^ 23 47 15 47 06 50 17 48 00 57 20 48 49 48 32 52 30 52 37 48 37 48 43 48 30 48 23 48 10 48 23 48 19 47 19 48 36 48 24 48 30 49 08 46 58 48 36 48 33 48 33 46 50 46 50 47 00 47 05 ^ 24 I 47 13 Cape Race to 48 43 52 45 16 45 15 I 45 50 I 45 52 ^? 44 18 44 13 43 52 jl 44 36 , 23 48 36 48 34 48 32 48 42 48 39 48 39 48 14 49 00 49 07 48 40 48 41 48 46 47 50 47 .30 48 47 48 45 35 52 46 17 47 25 46 31 Description Field ice all directions. Field ice extending east and west. JHeavy field ice all directions. Field ice. JField ice extending south. Slush ice. Drifting bell buoy. }siob ice. Heavy rafted pack ice south. Heavy rafted pack ice east coast. Slob ice all directions, jsiob ice. Do. Broken ice all directions. Slob ice close to shore all directions. jPack ice extending east and west. JHeavy field ice. Heavy field ice south southwest. jstrings small broken ice. jsmall patches light broken ice. Small patches light broken ice 2 miles offshore. Large obstruction, tree stump or wreck age. 4 large logs secured together. Slob ice extending northeast. Submerged wreckage. jSlob ice extending northeast. Slob ice extending north and south. Slob ice. f Patches slob ice. Large berg. Do. Growler. [Field ice. Growler. Berg. Slob ice extending north. Berg and 2 growlers. JField ice. [ Do. [ Do. Bere. Field ice extending north. ►Slob ice. [Field ice. Drift ice northeast and southwest. Slob ice with some large pieces. Growler. [Field ice with some large pieces. Scattered slob ice extending north. Drift ice, 1 large piece north and south. Field ice extending northwest and southeast. [Field ice. ^Heavy field ice and numerous growlers. Small growler. ►Scattered patches slob ice. ^Scattered light slob ice. 37 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Mar. 24 --do.,... --do..-, -.do.-., -do.—. Mar. 25 -.do.— ..do ..do -do Name of vessel Tamerlane. Liberty Beaverburn. Noordam Chelan (I. P.) Bergensfjord..-. Nova Scotia Manchester Division. Liberty.- Nova Scotia Chelan (I. p.) .do. -do— -do — -.do..- -.do..- ..do..... -do... -do—, -do.... Mar. 26 -do—, .-do..- ...do.-. .-do- Mar. 27 .-do..-. ...do.... Mar. 28 Mar. 29 Mar. 30 Mar. 31 ...do..... ...do..... ...do..-.. .-.do—. ...do .-.do .--do ...do.-... ..do .-.do.-.. .-do. — . .-do— . .do..... ..do... ..do... ..do... -do— -do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... Apr. .do... .do... .do... .do.-. .-do... Nova Scotia. do Chelan (L P.) do General Greene (I. P.) Chelan (I. P.) do Alex von Opstal ._ Chelan (L P.) do Geraldine Mary Cairnross .do. Artigas.. Pilsudski ....do.... P. N. Damm Cape Race Radio Cairnmona General Greene (I. P.) Beaverbrae. ....do Duchess of York Cairnmona .-..do ....do ...do Beaverbrae ....do. do .. — do Dromore... .....do Lagaholm do do-. ....do Dux.... - Lagaholm ....do Dux Duchess of Yoik Beaverbrae Prins Willem 11 Duchess of York General Greene (I. P.) . Duchess of York Noiwegian ....do- Latitude Longitude 45 00 43 50 46 56 43 00 45 11 45 40 49 00 57 46 49 20 49 24 48 48 49 03 49 04 51 35 52 09 49 23 48 37 48 39 45 40 I 48 39 44 00 to 48 50 44 57 44 57 45 43 45 22 45 38 45 37 45 37 48 48 48 48 48 22 45 45 I 48 4d .>;7 I ds 48 39 48 44 44 57 46 00 45 |«47 42 I 48 08 Ferryland Head 45 47 I 48 00 45 50 47 45 43 59 I 48 18 44 54 45 04 42 34 45 36 45 10 45 07 44 57 44 36 42 52 46 14 47 00 47 00 48 12 48 10 49 58 48 08 47 43 47 49 48 05 48 35 48 51 44 24 45 01 45 12 46 09 46 05 44 37 45 44 45 30 46 09 46 21 45 54 45 48 46 00 45 52 48 28 48 28 46 04 45 55 40 04 45 40 44 36 45 46 45 57 44 47 44 46 45 39 45 38 46 37 45 05 f 46 37 1 46 50 47 18 r 47 01 i 47 12 / 47 12 51 48 51 14 56 43 47 02 47 17 60 17 46 20 46 00 45 10 45 01 45 OS 48 15 45 37 45 59 4.7 49 47 41 44 53 44 52 44 56 45 00 47 13 45 14 45 00 52 47 25 48 08 47 25 46 41 46 12 46 59 46 28 Description Slob ice. Patches slob ice. Slob ice extending south. Slob ice. IScattered patches slob ice some largo / pieces. Strings light field ice. Slob ice. Growler. I Field ice and growlers. Berg and field ice (same as 136). jPatches slob ice. JFleld ice and numerous growlers. Berg and three growlers. Berg. ^Field ice. Berg (same as 137). ^ Field ice and numerous growlers. Berg and growler. Slush ice 10 miles offshore. Berg. Growler. Patches slob ice. I Broken field ice. Slush ice. Scattered slob ice. [Field ice. [siob ice. Small growler. ^Patches slob ice. ^Field ice. Scattered ice. Large ice field. Berg (same as 136). Large growler. Berg. Do. Patches slob ice. Berg. Do. Bers (same as 158). Growler. Do. Berg (same as 176). Berg. Small growler. Several bergs. Heavy field ice and growlers extending south. Large berg (same as 159). Berg. Growlers. Small berg. Large berg (same as 137), Small berg. Small berg and growlers. Small berg (same as 141). Slob ice. Berg. Growler. Slob ice some large pieces. Berg (same as 143). Slob, field ice, and growlers extending north and south. Berg. Scattered field ice. IField and broken slob ice extending ( north and south. 38 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Apr. 1 --do ..-do---. .-do -..do .do...- -.-do.-- -do..-- Apr. 5 -do -do -do Apr. 6 .do -do---- -do--.- -do-.-. -do.--, -do.--- Apr. 7 -do.--. -do- .do. ..do---, .-do---, .-do--.. ..do.... .-do..-, .-do..-. ..do.... -do---, .-do---, -.do... -.do... -do... ...do- ...do. ...do. ...do. .-.do. -.-do. --.do. Apr. -..do. -.-do. —do. ...do- ..-do- ...do. ...do- —do- .do-. .do., .do., .do., -do-, .do-, .do., -do., -do., -do-, .do.. Apr. ...do. Name of vessel Duchess of York- Fort Amherst Champlain (I. P.). Prins Willem 11... Champlain (I. P.). ---.do- - — do Norwegian Sacarratta Duchess of Bedford- ----do Champlain (I. P.)-. Geraldine Mary .--do John W. Mack ay. Chr. Knudsen P. N. Damm Champlain (I. P.). .-..do do- Laconia. ..-do.-. -do. Champlain (I. P.)- do - — do .--do -. .-..do-.- -. ..-do .-.-do . — do .--do ..-.do do -...do --do-.- -.-do.--. .-do.... ...do-.- — do-- — do— - -.-do-.- ...do .-- ..-do--.- -.-do.-.- -..do..-. ...do..-. ...do-.- ...do...- ...do-.- ...do.... Beaverbrae... P. N. Damm- - — do do ....-do - — do .....do ...--do do -.. Champlain (I. P.). P. N. Damm Latitude Longitude 47 25 44 53 45 38 57 10 45 07 46 34 45 16 45 48 . 45 36 ^° 44 57 47 45 07 48 23 51 10 47 26 45 03 43 35 40 00 45 30 45 31 45 01 45 40 45 40 45 40 45 43 46 02 48 07 60 45 48 10 48 07 47 47 Port -\u.\ Basques Newfoundland 46 16 46 06 45 52 45 52 45 49 45 49 45 47 45 12 45 19 45 21 45 40 45 36 45 23 45 35 45 14 45 06 45 03 46 06 45 09 45 03 45 00 45 00 45 00 44 58 44 59 44 39 44 26 44 08 44 27 44 14 44 15 44 16 44 17 44 19 44 21 44 15 44 10 44 40 44 41 44 39 43 56 44 55 44 55 44 53 44 49 44 56 44 52 44 53 44 59 45 04 44 49 48 35 48 34 46 29 46 47 47 27 47 27 47 32 47 32 47 38 48 30 48 18 48 17 48 04 47 57 48 00 48 10 48 21 48 13 48 18 48 19 48 '7 48 16 48 M 48 23 48 26 48 31 48 34 48 25 48 21 48 20 48 20 48 23 48 21 48 18 48 15 48 15 48 10 48 20 48 16 48 52 59 00 58 30 48 23 48 20 48 18 48 16 48 14 48 12 48 09 48 09 43 40 49 00 45 09 t„ 47 56 46 09 I 47 55 Description Berg. Heavy broken ice extending north and south. Small berg and numerous growlers. Strings slob ice. Berg (same as 143). Patches slob ice. Berg. Berg and numerous growlers (same as 194). Berg (same as 190). Pieces broken ice. Black bell buoy. Berg. Do. Growler. Loose slob ice. Heavy close packed slob ice extending / north and south. Scattered ice. Broken ice. Field ice extending eastward 2 miles off- shore. Berg. Field ice. Berg. Scattered ice. [ Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Berg (same as 214). Berg (same as 215) . JField ice extending north. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 232) . Berg. Growler. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. JField ice extending north. Berg. Berg (same as 231). Berg (same as 207). >Brash ice extending north. Berg (same as 228). Beig (same as 226). Berg (same as 227). Beig (same as 214). Berg (same as 230). Berg (same as 229). Berg (same as 215). Field ice and growlers extending southeast. Berg (same as 207) . 120 bergs, numerous growlers, and field / ice extending north. 39 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports—Conthmed Name of vessel Apr. 9 --do-.. Apr. 10 — do.._. Apr. n Apr. 12 --do,-., --do-.-., .-do. — . .-do-.-- -.do.-.. ..do -do Apr. 13 --do --do --do-.- .-do—. Gerolstein P. N. Damm- Beaverbrae -. -.do. .-do. .-do. Apr. -do .-do.. Champlain (I. P.) Lord Kelvin Duchess of Richmond" Bergensfjord P. N. Damm Batory do W .—do .-.-do -..-do Bristol City Duchess of York - Beaverhill do do do ." do do do Samaria . do '_'_ Wendovcr Duchess of York- ..-do --..do .---do Boehum --.do.--. -.do---. -do ... -•do... ...do ... ..do.... -.do... ..do... ..do--., -.do ... ..do. ... Apr. 15 -.do... --do... ..do .-- ..do.-.. ..do ... .-do... -do — . i Montcalm { Cameronia ) Alaunia ! do I do..- ... Bristol Citv. N. B. McLean, do--- Bristol City,..- do d0--_ do do Cameronia do Boehum .Manchester Citj do Cameronia Tennessee. Cameronia Ornefjeld Yorkwood . . . ....do ....do N. B. McLean... do. Longitude 41 49 05 09 . 47 55 11 r 47 28 34 I 47 34 30 to 47 jg 49 05 58 33 46 56 45 40 45 58 45 56 46 15 46 10 Description 30 30 20 06 '" 47 15 10 4ti 45 47 17 46 40 47 10 47 00 44 03 44 00 45 58 47 28 47 36 47 17 47 18 47 08 f 47 147 45 42 45 38 46 30 44 50 44 50 46 58 47 17 48 00 48 02 48 02 48 18 49 10 47 02 46 Gulf St. Lawrence and Cabot Straits East Coast Cape Breton and Scatari Island 0 ;„ 46 45 46 18 46 18 46 13 46 II 46 11 47 18 47 13 44 38 47 J9 48 1 3 to 47 04 47 23 47 06 50 03 46 15 47 05 47 20 46 58 45 17 Gulf St. Lawrence and Cabot Straits East Coast Cape Breton and Scatari Island. 47 00 ,1 49 45 47 40 ^" 51 15 Berg (same as 207). } Field ice. pield ice extending north and south. Berg (same as 207). Field ice extending north. Growler. 2 growlers. Large berg. Berg and several growlers Berg. Growler. Berg. 3 growlers. Field ice extending north and south. Field ice. JField, pack ice, and growlers. Field ice extending north and south. Strings field ice extending north and south. Growler. 3 growlers. Growler. 2 growlers. Berg. Do. 2 bergs. Do. Growler. 3 bergs, several growlers. JField ice and numerous growlers. Heavy field ice extending north. Berg and 3 growlers. Berg. Field ice and growlers extending north- west. Growler. I Pack ice and growlers extending north I and .soutli. Growler. Do. Do. Berg. Covered with ice. Ice extending southeast. Heavy field ice, numerous growlers extending northwest. Heavy pack ice and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Heavy field ice and growlers. Several growlers. Heavy pack ice extending northwest. |Heavy field ice and numerous growlers. Berg (same as 302). Heavy field ice and growlers. Berg (same as 264). Heavy field ice and growlers. Loose field ice. Berg and growler (same as 280). Berg and 2 growlers fsame as 279). Field ice extending northwest. CovereField ice. 43 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Apr. 28 ...do .._do.-._. ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do-..-. ...do.... .do.._.- ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do. ...do. Apr. ...do.. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do- ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do..... ...do.-... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do --.. ...do....- ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Apr. 30 ...do.... ...do.... ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do-... May 1 ...do.... Name of vessel Adania... .- -...do... Delilian . General Greene (I. P.). Adania -..-do... ...do Champlain (I. P.). do -.-.do -..do ....do Nuolja — .do ..--do Delilian --do --.do ..--do -..-do do Otter Pool- .-.-do -do- Delilian. --..do-.. .do. ....do... Delilian. ..-.do... do. do. Pennland Champlain (I. P.). .-.--do .....do .....do .- Consul Corfltzon.. Eastern Star Briarwood do do Perseus Batory --..do Briarwood .-..do — .do do .-..do — do.- do . Champlain (I. P.). do. Scanmail ....do Champlain (I. P.). Themisto ....do Sterlingville. do do do do Themisto. Champlain (I. P.). do Latitude Longitude 44 57 44 22 44 35 46 24 43 22 44 23 44 18 44 17 44 10 44 01 43 54 44 02 43 05 43 02 44 58 45 05 44 54 44 53 45 00 44 52 44 50 42 43 43 05 43 00 42 48 43 02 48 41 48 54 47 32 48 25 47 50 44 49 49 03 48 17 48 45 48 37 49 00 49 00 48 56 48 53 49 00 49 28 48 45 48 56 48 59 40 58 47 03 47 07 47 07 46 40 40 57 47 57 48 03 48 22 48 23 48 42 49 12 49 17 49 54 49 07 49 16 49 00 . 48 32 ^° 47 05 47 12 47 40 47 52 48 51 49 50 49 55 48 32 48 42 48 48 -48 54 50 25 49 45 49 57 48 44 47 49 47 00 47 20 48 13 48 23 48 47 Description jSeveral growlers. Heavy field ice. Growler. Berg (same as 471). JNumerous growlers and field ice. Growler. Do. Berg (same as 483) . Berg (same as 480). Berg, field ice, and growlers (same as 492). Berg (same as 471). Berg (same as 409). Growler. 3 growlers. Berg (same as 471). 2 growlers. Growler. . 2 growlers. Growler. Do. 2 growlers. 3 growlers. Berg. jSeveral bergs and growlers. Berg (same as 503) . Do. 1 Numerous bergs, growlers, and field ice / extending northwest. Berg. Berg and growlers (same as 342). Berg (same as 509) . Berg (same as 510) . Berg. Berg and growler (same as 471). Berg (same as 471). Berg (same as 469). Growler. Do. Berg (same as 471). JHeavy field ice. Several bergs and growlers. Do. 3 bergs and 9 growlers (same as 503). Field ice and growlers extending east- northeast. Berg (same as 469). Berg (same as 471). Berg (same as 509). Berg (same as 510). Berg. Do. Berg (same as 553). ^%o. Growler. Do. Berg (same as 471). Growler. Berg (same as 409) . Berg. Heavy field ice and numerous growlers extending west. Berg (same as 544). Field ice extending north. Berg. Berg (same as 549). Field ice. JField ice and numerous growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 483). [Numerous growlers. 44 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Name of vessel I;ongitude Description May 1 .._do.__. ...do...- ...do... ...do.... ...do..- May 2 ...do ...do.... ...do.— ..do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Duchess of AthoU. Lurigethan Anten N. B. McLean.... ...do Snefjell Athenia _...do... .-..do -.-do .-..do -..-do .-.do ....do ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ..-do-. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. May ...do- ...do.. ...do.. ..-do.. Lurigethan --.-do Themisto.. Lurigethan Duchess of Atholl. Lurigethan Duchess of Atholl. Sansu Brott. Duchess of Atholl. -.-do ----do Lurigethan -do- .do. Dux- Boston City. .-..do ...do. ...do. ...do- -.do- .--do- ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .-.do- ...do- ...do- — do- ..-do. Tatra Champlain (I. P.)- do ....do -..-do do ...-do —do .—do do — -do Lurigethan Boston City Duchess of Bedford- George W. Henry--. Champlain (I. P.)-. do Commanche — -do ..-do.... ...do.... .-do—. ...do— .-.do...- ...do.— Lurigethan Boston City Champlain (I. P.).- do Duchess of Bedford, ---do .-do- ...do.. ...do.. -.-do.. -.do.. May ...do.. ...do., .-do- ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do., —do.. Lurigetha Aurania.. Simonburn do Champlain (I. P.)-- do ....do ....do do Duchess of Bedford. .....do 60 10 59 25 44 49 48 13 48 47 60 00 61 35 43 58 48 40 48 29 48 27 48 21 45 30 46 45 47 28 48 40 48 27 48 30 48 00 47 15 47 15 48 47 48 47 48 47 48 36 46 40 47 25 47 25 48 30 47 28 45 31 50 24 49 50 50 04 49 55 49 42 49 33 49 34 49 07 49 12 49 17 49 41 47 56 47 40 47 38 44 06 52 08 50 00 49 52 49 14 49 21 48 00 48 11 48 15 50 07 50 10 45 25 45 29 48 22 48 48 48 46 48 41 48 41 47 45 47 45 50 00 49 47 49 42 49 36 49 23 48 21 48 25 JLoose pack ice. Berg. ISeveral large bergs, growlers and field / ice extending west. Field ice. Field ice extending north. Several growlers. Berg. Do. Field ice north northeast. Berg (same as 503). Do. Strings field ice. Berg. Berg (same as 563). } Field ice. Berg. Field ice. Growler. Numerous small pieces ice. 1 Numerous growlers and field ice extend- / ing north. Bergs, growlers and field ice. Do. Slush ice. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg and growler. Field ice extending north and west. 1 Numerous bergs, growlers, and field ice / extending north and east. } Do. } Heavy field ice. Berg. [Field ice and numerous bergs. Heavy field ice extending northwest. JNumerous growlers. Growler. Berg (same as 587). Berg. Growler. Berg and growlers. Berg. Berg and growler. Berg (same as 471). ^ Berg. field ice. Field ice extending northwest. Berg. Red whistling buoy. Berg and 2 growlers (same as 483) Growler. Berg (same as 631). Berg (same as 471). fe bergs and numerous growler." Field ice and bergs. 3 growlers. Growler. Scattered pieces Ice. Field ice extending west. Berg (same as 613) . Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and 2 growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 483). Growler. Berg (same as 587). Berg (same as 633). Berg (same as 471) Berg (same as 614 Berg (same as 650 45 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued May 4 -..do.-__ ...do-... ...do.... ...do.... ...do... ...do.... ...do.-.. ...do.... ..do.... ...do.... ...do.-.. ...do...- ...do..-. ...do.... ...do.-. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.-. ...do.... ..do.... ...do.... May 5 ...do.... ...do— ...do...- ...do.-.- May 6 .do .do..... .do-.- .do...- .do .do..... .do.-.. .do.-.. ...do ...do.— . May 7 ...do ...do..... ...do..... .-do..... ...do.-.. ...do....- ...do..... ..do —do..... ..do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do-... ...do..... ...do....- ...do..... ...do.... ...do....- ...do..... ...do..... ...do.—. ...do-.... ...do..... ...do..... May ..do. .-do. -do. ..do. -do. Duchess of Bedford.. — .do... -..do.. ....do Kajak ....do ...do Ausonia do Kajak... Letitia. — ..do ....do .-..do .-..do Kajak Themisto .--.-do John W. Mackay Ausonia Minden.. Themisto. Beaverbrae.. ..--.do Blair Atholl. .....do Dix....: E. M. Dalgas Oxelosund Champlain (I. P.)- do — ..do do Olga Steiners .--do E. M. Dalgas do- Champlain (I. P.).-. Mereeditta Bridgepool ---do Dagfred Chamiilain (I. P.)--. Montclare do Champlain (I. P.)-.. .....do Manchester Citizen. ....do Carolina Thorden... do- -.-.do Montclare ' do ...do do Cairnross do ....do do do August Bolten. Leka.. ....do. Champlain (I. P.) Duchess of Richmond. .....do Melmorehead Beaverford .....do 44 23 44 09 44 18 44 14 45 10 45 06 45 10 44 16 44 13 44 14 44 09 44 15 44 39 44 13 43 50 42 37 Longitude 47 07 47 30 48 18 48 19 48 25 48 28 48 30 48 23 48 49 46 57 48 15 to 49 t/ ^u *■« 45 53 46 49 I 46 51 47 36 43 40 43 37 48 21 46 03 t' 45 47 47 20 I 45 53 47 13 f' 46 03 45 50 I 45 45 44 50 46 44 45 I 46 45 44 49 47 49 44 52 J„ 46 30 44 32 ^1° 48 24 Northumberland Straits 44 53 34 35 49 14 49 39 50 07 50 15 50 10 50 03 48 20 48 33 49 00 50 20 48 02 48 18 48 23 50 22 48 45 48 44 44 56 45 50 42 41 42 44 42 28 42 34 44 33 44 32 42 30 42 58 44 17 44 15 35 44 42 23 43 47 43 50 42 25 42 31 44 08 42 26 42 20 44 01 43 45 44 30 44 54 /Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg (.same as 1054). INumerous bergs, growlers, and field ) ice. Berg. Do. Whistle buoy. Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 754). Berg (same as 1072) . Berg and numerous growlers (same as 764). 5 bergs and growlers (same as 899). Berg (same as 761). Berg. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 977). [Numerous growlers. 2 bergs (same as 977). Growler. Berg (same as 1054). Berg and growlers. Growler. 2 bergs and growlers. INumerous bergs, growlers, and field / ice. Berg (same as 950) . Berg. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. 51 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued No. Date Name of vessel Latitude Longitude Description 1106 May 20 Chelan (I. P.) 43 47 48 44 Berg (same as 984). 1107 ...do do 43 53 48 34 Berg (same as 985) . 1108 ...do.._. Kajak 45 12 48 22 Large growler. 1 Numerous growlers and pieces, / and south. 1109 ...do.... Briarwood f 47 46 1 48 20 1 47 58 ^° 47 15 north 1110 ...do .....do 47 45 48 10 Berg. 1111 ...do..-. .....do 47 55 48 10 Do. 1112 ...do.... do 47 50 47 52 Do. 1113 ...do.... do 47 53 47 38 Do. 1114 ...do.-_. .....do 47 35 48 21 Do. 1115 ...do.-.. do 47 45 48 20 Berg and growlers. 1116 ...do.... West Cusseta 44 02 46 18 Berg (same as 729). |2 bergs, numerous growlers. |Berg and numerous growlers. Growler. 1117 ...do.... Francois L. D r 48 11 .„ 47 23 i 47 58 7 48 24 f 48 38 1 49 12 1 48 48 7 48 54 48 33 49 33 1118 ...do Registan 1119 .-do.--. Cairnglen 1120 ...do.--. Belos ( 48 S3 I 48 49 ^Scattered drift ice both sides of tra^t 1121 May 21 Geraldlne Mary 148 41 '' / 46 55 , 1 46 57 t 48 33 48 23 " 49 U7 46 46 Iscattered small pieces. Growler. Berg and numerous growlers. 1122 ...do..-. ...do.--- Calrnglen ° 46 24 49 30 49 42 1123 1124 ...do.... --:do:---------- 48 18 49 55 Several growlers. 1125 ...do.--. do 48 08 50 35 Berg. 1126 ...do.... -..-do 48 30 49 33 Growler. 1127 ...do.-.. August f 44 24 . 1 44 24 t 47 49 0 47 15 \4 bergs and numerous growlers / as 904). (same 1128 ...do..-. Slevig 44 06 46 01 Berg (same as 729). 1129 ...do.... 44 02 46 17 Berg (same as 950). 1130 ...do-... "August^:------."-::: 44 22 47 59 5 bergs. 1131 ...do.--. .....do 44 25 48 22 Berg (same as 934). 1132 ...do.... .....do... 44 20 48 25 Berg. 1133 ...do.... do / 44 20 . 48 25 \ 44 22 ^° 47 59 JNumerous growlers both sides of track 1134 ...do.--- Chelan (I. P.) 44 12 48 31 Berg (same as 1132). 1135 ...do-.-. .....do 44 03 48 38 BerT. 1136 ...do.--. do 43 45 48 48 Do. 1137 .-do-.. -..-do 43 49 48 29 Berg (same as 1106). 1138 ...do.... do.. 44 01 48 20 6 bergs. 1139 ...do.--. ...do..- do 43 52 43 50 48 17 48 21 Berg. Do. 1140 1141 --.do.--. do 43 54 48 29 Do. 1142 ...do.-.. -..^do. ---------: 43 52 48 35 Do. 1143 ...do.--- do 43 57 48 40 Growler. 1144 ...do.--- do 43 20 49 02 3 bergs (same as 1089, 91 and 92). 1145 ...do---. do 43 15 49 03 Berg (same as 1090) . 1146 ...do.-- do 43 31 49 09 Berg (same as 985). 1147 ...do.--. do 43 41 48 38 Do. 1148 ...do.--. do 43 53 48 45 Berg (same as 1102). 1149 ...do---. do 43 14 49 11 Berg (same as 1107). 1150 ...do..... do 43 14 49 15 3 bergs (same as 1103, 4). 1151 ...do..... "-"dO---------- 43 13 49 02 2 bergs (same as 1085, 6). 1152 ...do..... Stadvlaardigen 49 00 48 50 2 bergs, several growlers. 1153 ...do..... do 48 55 48 50 Berg. 1154 ...do..... do f 48 40 . 1 48 50 * , 49 35 ' 49 20 > Loose field ice and growlers. 1155 ...do do 48 35 .49 30 Berg. 1156 ...do..-.. --^do'---------!- 48 44 49 50 Do. 1157 ..-do do 48 40 50 00 Do. 1158 ...do..... do 48 43 50 21 4 bergs. 1159 -..do do 48 46 50 11 2 bergs, several growlers. 1160 .-do-.... do 48 51 50 22 Berg. 1161 ...do..... do 48 34 50 29 Do. 1162 ...do..... do 48 39 50 41 Do. 1163 ...do do 48 28 50 43 Do. 1164 .. do . West Cusseta 42 38 50 20 Do. 1165 .-do..... Balmoralwood 47 37 48 02 Berg (same as 1114). 1166 ...do..... do 47 33 47 30 Berg (same as 1110). 1167 ...do..-. do 47 44 47 34 Berg and growler (same as 1115). 1168 ...do do 47 49 47 20 Berg (same as llll). 1169 ...do do 47 49 47 24 Berg (same as 1112). 1170 .. do .... do 47 51 47 20 Growler. 1171 ...do..... .—do 47 51 47 02 Beig (same as 1113). 1172 ...do...-. do 47 55 46 55 Berg. 1173 ...do..— Chelan (I. P.) 43 12 49 16 Berg (same as 1084). 1174 ...do..... do 43 12 49 11 Do. 1175 ...do..... ...do y. r\o. ...'-.. '..'./. ".\. 43 10 43 07 49 20 49 20 2 bergs (same as 1082). Berg (same as 1083). 1176 do 1177 ...do..-.. do 43 07 49 11 Berg and growler (same as 1083). 1178 ...do..... do 43 01 49 10 Growler. 1179 ...do '.'.'.'/.do-'.-. .'-'-'.-'.-'.'/.,..'. 43 03 49 25 Berg (same as 1081). 52 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports- — Continued No. Date Name of vessel Latitude Longitude Description 1180 1181 1182 1183 May 21 -..do ...do— _ ...do—. ...do..... ...do..... _..do...._ ...do—.. — do-.. — do...- May 22 -.do..... ...do..... ...do..... -..do..... ...do ...do-... ...do....- -..do —do..... ...do..... —do..... ...do-.... ...do..... ...do—. ...do --do --do -..do..... ...do.-.. -.do -..do....- ...do — do— . --do -..do ...do-... —do —do --do --do..... --do-... — do ...do—.. ...do..... ...do..-.. ...do ...do—. — do—.. .-.do-..-. ...do-..- ...do.-.. ...dO-...- ...do-.... ...do..... ...do.-.. ...do.-... ...do—. ...do— - ...do...- ...do— . ...do..... ...do ...do — - ...do Chelan (I. P.) do do Boston City 43 03 43 01 43 03 45 20 45 40 46 05 46 20 46 23 48 09 48 00 48 05 47 59 42 48 42 54 42 45 42 47 42 32 42 42 42 34 42 06 46 13 46 25 46 19 45 21 45 30 45 17 45 32 45 21 45 22 f 49 00 t 1 48 30 ^ 48 06 48 03 48 18 48 15 48 09 48 16 48 08 / 42 45 . 1 42 45 ^ 42 30 46 16 46 07 46 20 46 22 46 25 48 20 48 27 48 15 48 08 48 11 48 08 48 11 48 14 / 48 25 . 1 48 14 * 41 59 f 46 27 ^ \ 46 38 ^ 47 58 41 59 50 40 48 16 48 13 48 14 48 18 48 07 48 12 48 03 48 08 47 55 48 01 48 12 45 57 45 51 46 41 46 43 46 43 46 40 46 40 47 58 49 23 49 19 49 32 48 53 48 40 47 45 47 25 47 18 51 11 50 54 52 13 48 00 49 49 49 29 49 34 49 27 49 30 49 08 50 15 51 51 47 49 47 42 47 13 47 00 46 52 46 44 46 41 46 49 46 34 „ 48 50 ° 49 53 49 29 49 22 49 17 49 10 49 07 48 54 48 38 „ 50 30 0 49 30 50 32 47 15 47 10 46 55 46 47 46 32 48 29 48 35 48 07 48 38 48 22 48 20 48 10 47 58 „ 47 55 ° 48 24 50 30 n 46 25 ° 45 47 49 32 50 30 28 24 48 05 48 18 48 17 48 44 48 45 49 13 49 22 49 39 50 38 50 54 51 26 44 51 45 06 45 48 45 43 45 38 45 26 45 22 49 18 Berg (same as 1079). 2 bergs (same as 1080). Berg (same as 1078). 1184 1185 — do-...^ Copic Sea Do. Berg (same as 1052). 1186 1187 1188 do — -do Stadvlaardigen Do. Do. Berg. 1189 1.90 1191 do -.-.-do Hannah Boege.. Do. Field ice and growlers. 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 Chelan (I. P.) do... do do . do do.-- 5 bergs and growlers (same as 1178, 9, 80, and 81). Berg and growler (same as 1074) . Berg (same as 1075). Berg (same as 1077). Berg (same as 1076). Berg and giowler (same as growler). Berg. 1199 Toledo 1200 Gloucester City Berg (same as 1052). 1201 do Berg. 1202 1203 do Boston City Berg (same as 1052). 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 -....do ^ do do . do. do Cairnross ... ^ Do. Berg (same as 928). Berg (same as 1050). Growler. Do. js bergs and numerous growlers. Berg. 1210 Antonia. 1211 1212 do - do - Do. Do. 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 do... do — ..do do -. Rydbaholm Do. Berg and numerous growlers. Berg and growlers. Berg. 1 12 bergs, north and south of track (same / as Chelan 20th). 2 bergs (same as Chelan 20th). 1218 Clearpool 1219 Gloucester Citv . 2 bergs, 3 growlers. 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 ...-do -•-.. do --do do Antonia Berg. 3 bergs. 4 growlers. 6 growlers. Berg and growlers. 1225 1226 1227 do .. do Duchess of York Several growlers. Berg. Do. 1228 do _ ... Do. 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 —do..- do.-- _. —do - .....do-... Toledo Do. Do. Do. INumerous pieces. /Berg (same as 638). 1234 Gloucester Citv (•Berg and numerous growlers. Berg. 1235 Kenbane Head 1236 1237 Chelan (I. P.)... Berg (same as 638). 1238 do . 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 do ---do---..:-:::.".::" --.do-.- do - .. . . Growler. Do. ^%o. Do. Do. 1245 1246 1247 ...do ...do....- ...do-..-. ...do...- ...do..... ...do-.- ...do— .. — do..... ...do. — - ...do-.... ...do-..- — do...- do do- ---- do Do. Growler. 1248 1249 1250 1251 do George L. M. Russ Gloucester City Berg and 3 growlers. 2 bergs and 2 growlers. 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 do do :::::do::::::::::::::::::::: Kenbane Head Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. 53 Table of Ice and Obslrftction Reports — Continued Mav 22 --do-.._- --do_.._. --do-... ...do-.... --do.-., ---do- — May 23 ---do -.- ---do- — . ---do — ---do_ — ---do_-- ...do-.- ---do- — -.-do— . --do— . —do— --.do— ...do— —do.... -.do— -..do--., -.-do— -..do .-- ---do .-- -.-do— ---do- — ...do.— ---do .- --.do.— -.do— ---do— - May 24 ---do— - ...do— ---do-... -.do-—, —do.... --do..-, -.-do-.... —do—.. ...do— . ---do-—. May 25 --do-.- ---do---. --.do—, ---do— . -do- -do- .do- .do- -do- ...do- -do. -do. .do- -do. -do- — do- .do. -do- .do. .do. .do- -do. ...do- --do. -.-do- ...do. -..do. ..-do. --do- May do. Name of vessel Kenbane Ilead- do .-.-do ...-do — do -do. Dessau Kenbane Head- .--do --.-do Bretagne Skellergate General Greene (I. P.). Montclaro ..-do --.-do -.--do .—do-.- .---do do ---do .--..do General Greene (I. P.). do ---.do Bretagne -—do do -.--do Consul Corfitzen do Toledo-, Skellergate Lulea Hedrun Louisburg radio .---do do Beaverdale do .....do —do .-.-do -—do Sularia Duchess of Richmond - .--do ----do Primo Sularia Duchess of Richmond. do do do .-.do ....-do— do -.-do.-. Arundo do .--..do .-..do . — do ..---do , California —do ---do .-.-do-.. _---do -. -...do... --do... ---do... Ascania . Norefjord Andania General Greene (I. P.)- Longitude 49 48 39 45 37 42 43 47 55 48 01 48 00 47 55 47 54 47 58 47 57 47 56 42 39 42 38 42 36 10 49 02 49 00 48 53 48 47 48 49 48 38 47 42 48 30 48 25 48 23 48 45 49 26 48 48 50 08 47 22 47 18 47 09 46 50 48 47 48 50 47 59 50 14 50 13 50 16 51 01 44 43 46 34 44 35 50 14 Belle Isle Point .\mour Red Bay 47 43 47 50 47 48 47 49 48 00 42 45 48 05 48 28 48 28 48 20 48 21 48 16 48 15 48 23 48 00 48 10 48 04 48 04 48 03 47 55 48 08 48 02 48 10 48 04 48 00 48 27 48 04 48 22 48 10 48 05 47 58 47 16 48 29 41 40 48 21 42 42 34 48 47 50 47 50 47 38 47 37 47 30 50 05 49 45 49 51 50 12 49 58 49 42 48 51 49 00 50 52 50 10 49 56 49 57 49 43 48 55 49 17 49 31 49 52 45 09 48 16 50 55 48 33 49 04 Description Berg. Berg and growlers. Do. Berg. Do. [Numerous growlers. 9 bergs, not relocated. Growler. Berg. Growler. [■2 bergs, numerous growlers. Berg (same as 1184). 3 bergs (same as 1180, 1). Berg (same as 1172). Berg. Do. Do. [Numerous growlers and pieces. Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1216). Berg (same as 1078). Berg (same as 1079). 3 growlers. >6 bergs and growlers. Berg. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg (same as 1136). Berg and growler (same as 1147). Berg and growlers. Growler. Berg (same as 1288). Berg. Loose packed field ice east and south. Close packed ice all directions. Close packed ice, 3 miles offshore. Berg (same as 1276). Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 1277). 2 growlers. Do. Do. Berg. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Growler. ■Numerous growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 3 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Small berg. Growler. Berg (same as 1199). Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 1176). 54 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Date Longitude Description May 26 __.do.._.. ..-do.-.- ..-do-- — --.do—.. ...do..-. ...do...-. .-.do..... .--do.—. ...do-.... ...do..... ...do. ...do. ...do ...do. ..do. .-do .-.do. .-.do ...do. ...do. ...do ..-do. .--do —do. --do ...do. ...do. ...do. ..-do. . do. ...do-... ...do.-.. . .do.... .--do..-. ...do.-.. ...do.... ...do.... ...do-... —do.... .--do.... -.do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.--. May 27 .--do..-, .--do-... .-.do. .-do. ...do- .--do- ...do. —do- General Greene (I. P.)- --.-do--. ....do-- .— do--. .—do... Andania. do- do- do. Kexholm -—do .--.do ...-do --do ..do -do ..do --do Kirsten Maersk- ..--do --.-do -.-do General Greene (I. P.) . Arundo ---do ...-do ..-do -—do Belle Isle radio.. ---do Belle Isle Radio. Manchester City Kexholm .-do ...do .--do ...do .--do- ...do -.-do --do- ---- -..do --do -..-do Gripsholm Kallopis Laconia Kirsten Maersk. Rotterdam .-do ..do -do ..do do- 42 41 42 46 42 48 42 54 43 04 48 05 48 03 47 53 47 58 45 28 45 30 45 20 45 17 45 14 45 07 42 27 42 29 42 18 42 17 43 16 48 07 48 06 48 12 48 18 48 19 49 10 49 06 49 08 48 58 48 56 49 16 49 16 49 25 49 39 45 25 45 50 45 53 46 05 46 24 46 05 46 49 46 52 51 09 51 18 51 10 48 42 49 04 49 00 48 37 48 17 48 16 Belle Isle Point .A.mour Red Bay 48 27 J„ 48 K 47 49 45 07 45 12 45 09 45 05 45 05 45 08 45 15 45 01 45 11 47 35 47 55 42 40 42 32 41 27 41 14 13 14 41 41 41 26 41 02 47 16 47 17 47 19 47 20 47 23 47 35 47 31 47 42 49 05 48 45 50 42 50 44 50 39 50 41 50 41 47 40 45 16 41 11 48 15 47 10 47 04 Belle Isle Belle Isle 42 34 50 15 42 42 50 13 47 45 48 40 41 54 , •f^ 17 41 58 ^ 58 42 09 50 48 42 18 50 26 42 15 50 38 42 12 ,50 4(1 42 04 51 10 42 01 51 12 41 54 51 12 41 19 51 15 41 43 51 13 Growler. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and 4 growlers (same as 1205) . Berg. Berg (same as 1050) . Growler. Berg. Berg and growlers. Berg and growlers (same as 1180). Berg and growlers (same as 1181). Berg and growlers (same as 1078). Berg (same as 1079) . Growler. Growlers. Do. Berg. Do. Growler. Ice southeast and Nfld.side Straits. Heavy close-packed ice. Heavy close-packed ice 6 miles off. Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers (same as 1331). 4 bergs. Berg. 25 bergs and growlers (same as Chelan 20th). Berg and growler (same as Chelan 20th). Berg (same as Chelan 20th). Do. Growler. Do. Berg and growler (same as Chelan 20th). Growler. Berg (same as 1383). Berg (same as 1384). Berg and growlers. Small berg. 2 growlers. Loose ice, Nflnd. side of Straits. 2 bergs, 5 miles east. Berg and growlers (same as Chelan 20tb). Berg (same as Chelan 20th). 9 bergs, numerous growlers. JNumerous growlers. 2 growlers. Growler. Berg (same as Chelan 20th). Do. Berg and growler (same as 1079). Berg and growler (same as 1078). Berg (same as Chelan 20th). Do. Do. 55 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Mav 27 ...do.--. ...do.--, —do--.. _-.do.--. ...do.--. ...do _..do.--. _..do.--. __.do ...do _-.do.--. .-.do..- ___do ...do..- _..do.--- .-.do.... ..-do.-.. ...do ...do.--- .-do.--. _-do..- ...do..-. ...do-.-. ...do.-.. ...do _..do.-._ -- do.--. ...do ...do.--. ...do.--. ...do.-.. ...do ...do.... ...do-... ...do ...do.... May 28 ...do ...do ...do..-. ...do.... ...do ...do.... ...do.... ...do..-. ...do ...do.-- ...do.-- ...do ...do.--. ...do.-.. ...do ...do ...do.... ...do... ..do... ...do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do.-.. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.-.. ..do...- ..do-- ..dc,... ..do.-- ..do-.. ..do. .. ..do-... -.do... ..do... ..do.-, -.do... ..do... ..do-... Name of vessel Champlain (I. P.) do do do .. do do do do do do do do do do do British Workman Snefjeld do do do do do do do do General Greene (I. P.)- do .. . do Transylvania do do do do do do do Normandie Snefjeld do do do Mercator — ..do Melmore Head do do do ..-do .....do do ....do ..-.do do ....do do do .-..do Sarcoxie Aqi Champlain (I. P.) do ..-.do ....do ..--do -.-.do .-..do -...do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do .-..do -...do ....do ....do General Greene (I. P.) ....do Mercator Ruth Consuelo Latitude 41 43 41 34 41 12 40 58 41 06 42 41 35 42 42 42 42 29 42 28 42 19 42 16 40 11 44 54 44 54 44 52 44 53 45 06 45 23 45 07 45 06 44 47 44 55 42 34 42 31 42 26 47 55 47 53 48 07 Longitude 51 10 51 04 50 52 50 45 50 47 50 37 50 12 50 20 50 19 50 18 50 28 50 34 50 30 50 36 50 48 50 19 48 34 48 00 48 07 47 44 47 30 47 10 47 20 47 04 48 54 48 54 48 54 49 35 48 56 49 00 48 11 48 30 48 08 48 23 48 10 48 20 48 13 48 17 40 51 50 34 45 08 46 44 45 14 46 27 45 30 45 32 45 29 45 27 40 54 50 34 40 41 50 24 47 46 49 02 48 08 48 17 48 13 48 21 48 12 48 16 48 06 48 13 48 08 48 13 48 11 48 10 48 08 48 04 48 06 48 03 48 15 48 01 48 17 47 58 48 16 47 55 48 18 47 51 48 12 -47 48 40 42 SO 27 40 33 50 18 42 03 50 34 42 01 50 53 41 56 50 42 41 55 50 39 41 55 50 37 41 52 50 39 41 55 51 02 41 49 50 55 41 40 50 53 41 35 50 51 41 33 50 51 41 24 50 44 41 25 50 40 41 20 50 24 40 48 50 29 40 49 50 22 40 32 50 24 42 20 50 07 42 17 50 20 41 04 50 35 40 26 50 08 47 52 50 48 Description : as Chelan 20th). s Chelan 20-21). Growler. Do. Berg (same as Chelan 20th). Do. Do. Do. Growler. 2 bergs (sam Berg (same i Growler. Do. Berg (same as Chelan 20-21). 2 growlers. Berg (same as Chelan 20-21). Small growler. Several bergs and gro^.lers. 2 bergs. Berg (same as 1376). Berg (same as 1373). Berg (same as 1366). Berg (same as 1371). 2 bergs (same as 1369-70). Berg. Berg and numerous growlers. Berg and 2 growlers (same as 1176). Growler. Do. Berg (same as 1341). Berg. Do. Small berg. Numerous growlers. Berg. Growlers. Berg. Small growlers. Berg (same as 1315). Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1387). Growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Growler. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. Growler. 5 growlers. Growler. Berg. Do. Berg an 21). Small berg (same as Chelan 20-21). Berg (same as Chelan 20-21). Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler (.same Chelan 20-21). Growler. Berg and growler (same as Chelan 20). Growler. Do. Berg (same as Chelan 20-21). 2 bergs, growlers (same Chelan 20). Berg. growler (same as Chelan 56 Table of Ice and Obstruction i?epor 28 4fi 56 48 07 48 24 4S 37 48 48 49 37 4ti 24 4fi 30 46 55 46 52 47 32 47 42 47 58 48 23 4S 20 48 25 49 (10 49 14 49 18 4(i 47 4ti 46 4(i 44 4f) 58 47 00 49 18 45 44 47 42 48 33 48 55 48 23 48 35 47 42 47 36 4tt 21 4H 04 47 50 48 05 48 (K) 48 04 48 00 48 12 49 51 50 18 47 05 47 12 4H 56 50 36 47 10 4fi 27 4H 19 45 20 44 51 49 10 49 28 49 43 49 42 48 08 48 12 48 30 48 30 48 40 49 (H) 49 02 49 13 49 36 48 48 21 48 34 48 46 48 54 49 03 49 01 48 54 Description Growler. Several pieces ice. Berg and 3 growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 1535). Berg. Berg (same as 1535). Berg. 3 bergs (same as Chelan 20-21). Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Berg (same as 1574). Berg. Berg and growler (same Pj Chelan 20). Growler. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1531). Berg (same as 1532). 2 bergs. Berg (same as 1533). Berg. Do. Berg and pieces. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1584). Berg. Berg (same as 1422). Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1526). Berg. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg and growlers. Berg. ■Several bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. 2 bergs. 58 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Name of vessel 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 June 3 ..do_.-- __do.— __do-_.. ._do.— ..do— - ..do-..- ..do.... .-do.... ..do.... ..do... ..do...- ..do.-.. ..do..-. ..do.— -.do.— — do.— — do.— — do.— ..do.— ..do.-.. ...do— .-do.... June < ...do—, .-.do—. ...do..-. —do-... ...do.-- ...do.- ...do.- .-.do... .-.do... ...do ...do— - ...do.— ...do -do-..- -do ..do -.do.— - -do —do— - — do— - ..do ..do -.do .--do ...do..— ...do.— .-.do ...do-..- ...do ...do ...do..... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..-. ...do-.- ...do.-.. -do..- -do— - ..do— ..do...- ..do.-. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do-.- -do— -.do..- -.do— ..do.— -do.— ..do...- ..do.— .-do.— -.do— Stad Maastricht ....do Champlain (I. P.)--- ..-do ....do ....do ....do Stad Maastricht ....do ...-do ....do do. ....do... ...do Sturebolm Champlain (I. P.)-- do Swiftpool ....do Corner Brook ...-do do .....do Belle Isle radio do do Oxelosund George L. M. Russ. August Leonhardt-- Nordcote do Cyril California -...do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do do Oxelosund do do Tonsbergfjord do do Sterling ville do do do do do Clearpool do do Carolina Thorden. do Sterling ville do do do do Champlain (I. P.)- do do do do Trogan -...do Comanchee Oxelosund Champlain (I. P.)- Comanchee Clearpool do ....do do ..-do do Oxelosund California .- Longitude 48 35 48 42 41 24 41 21 41 20 41 29 41 31 48 30 48 42 48 23 48 35 48 37 48 38 48 36 48 09 41 50 41 55 47 41 47 34 48 33 48 26 48 32 48 13 49 05 49 10 48 35 48 39 48 41 48 46 50 10 49 15 49 31 49 28 49 40 49 46 49 51 50 08 50 30 50 21 50 47 47 06 47 04 47 53 48 04 48 14 48 26 Belle Isle Cape Bauld Point Amour 45 50 48 00 48 47 43 55 43 48 45 57 48 00 48 02 48 10 48 15 48 14 48 17 44 55 41 00 41 07 41 16 47 28 47 18 47 12 47 13 47 07 47 09 47 46 47 52 47 40 46 07 46 00 46 57 46 47 46 49 47 09 46 55 41 44 41 58 42 04 41 47 41 37 48 41 48 35 41 07 44 37 41 18 41 18 47 38 47 49 47 52 47 50 48 10 48 11 44 22 48 27 44 05 50 24 44 00 48 15 48 15 44 58 48 53 48 52 48 48 48 45 48 43 48 35 48 29 48 28 48 25 48 11 45 35 46 21 46 15 48 22 48 07 48 00 45 08 45 05 45 11 45 28 45 54 46 10 47 07 46 52 47 26 46 32 46 35 46 42 46 51 50 36 50 28 50 13 50 13 50 00 48 18 48 05 47 56 46 52 48 10 48 10 46 29 46 23 46 20 46 05 45 54 45 35 47 36 48 07 Description Berg. Numerous growlers. Berg (same as 1476). Berg (same as 1477). Berg (same as 1478) . Berg (same as 1468) . Berg (same as 1422). 2 bergs. ^%o. Numerous growlers. Berg and growlers. Numerous growlers. Berg. Do. Berg (same as Chelan 20-21). Berg and growlers (same Chelan 20-21). Berg. Do. Growler. Berg and growlers. 2 bergs. Berg. Field ice 10 miles east. Field ice westward. Field ice west and southwest. Berg. Berg and numerous growlers. Berg. Do. Growler. 2 bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Small berg. Growler. Berg and growler. Small berg. Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Berg (same Chelan 20-21). Growler. Berg (same Chelan 20-21). Berg. Growlers. Berg. Berg and growlers. Berg and growlers (same as 1602). Berg and growlers (same as 1603). Berg (same as 1593). Berg and 8 growlers. Berg (same as 1594). Berg and growlers. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg (same as 1604). Do. Berg. Berg and growlers. Berg and growlers (same as 1617). Berg (same as 1579) . Berg. Berg (same as 1669). Berg (same as 1422). Berg and growler. Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 1468). Berg and growlers (same Chelan 20). Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 59 Table of Ice and Obslruction Reports — Continued Name of vessel Latitude Longitude Description June — do_. — do- ..do- -do- ..do- ...do.. California... -..-do- -—do -—do Ocean Coast- — do —do —do do do —do do — do— - — do— . — do— - —do-— do do -—do do June 5 — do— ..do—.. ..do -do— .-do.— . -.do..— Olaf Maersk .--do Champlain (I. P.)- Cairnglen do --.do -..do .do. .do. .do- --dol--------' ---do Manchester Commerce . —do -.-do .--do .-.do ...-do .--.do .-.-do Lord Kelvin Champlain (I. P.) Vasaholm -. -do Olaf Maersk ---do ----do _---do , Lord Kelvin -...do ..-do —do do .-.do .do. Bassano- -— do... -— do— ...-do.- .do. Champlain (I. P.). Vasaholm Andania — --do do .—do do do .--do ....do -.--do ----do Olaf Maersk. .--do --.do Beaverford... --do Lord Kelvin. -.-do ---do Ascania .do. .do- .do- -do- -do- -do- .do. -do- -do- -do- -do. -do- 220899—40 5 48 07 48 05 47 51 47 42 45 18 48 47 48 40 48 36 48 39 48 59 48 58 49 07 49 09 45 09 45 07 49 34 49 46 49 51 49 42 50 30 49 30 49 03 49 02 49 00 48 48 48 14 48 12 48 03 47 58 47 59 48 01 43 06 44 55 45 U 45 10 45 18 45 53 48 33 48 36 48 47 48 43 48 39 49 06 .48 52 '^'* 49 15 48 54 '49 24 49 13 48 35 45 46 48 21 48 42 48 38 48 57 to '"* °5 '''* 48 50 49 01 49 08 49 17 46 23 46 29 46 40 47 53 47 45 49 26 49 33 49 34 48 15 Berg. Berg and growlers. Do. Berg. 2 growlers. Do. Berg. Berg and growlers. Do. Numerous bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 1704). Berg (same as 1603). Berg (same as 1478). Berg. Small berg. Do. Growler. ■Strings heavy open ice north and south. JNumerous growlers. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 1681) . Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Berg and 2 growlers. Berg and gi-owler (same as 1476). Berg (same as 1468). Berg. Do. Do. Growler. 2 bergs (1 same as 1602). Berg and growlers (same as 1603). Growler. Do. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. jsmall pieces. Small berg. Berg. Berg and numerous growlers. Do. |3 bergs and numerous growlers. Berg (same as 1478). Berg. Do. Small berg. Do. Several growlers. Berg. Small berg. VNumerous growlers. Berg and growler. Berg. Small berg and growlers. Berg (same as 1719). Berg (same as 1715). 2 bergs (same as 1604). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. 60 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued No Date Name of vessel Latitude Longitude 1813 June 5 ...do.... ...do..-. ...do...- ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do..... . --do- June 6 ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do— - ...do..... ...do...- ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do-.... June 7 .--do ...do..... .--do—.. ...do..-. -..do..... ...do..... June 8 .--do -.do..... .--do-.... .--do— .-.do..... June 9 ...do..-.. ...do..... ...do..... June 10 ...do..... ...do..... ...do....- ...do— .. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do...- ...do..... ...do .. 44 56 45 00 44 41 44 35 47 52 47 54 47 50 47 50 48 02 48 10 48 03 48 03 48 13 48 32 48 40 48 30 40 55 40 52 40 49 48 29 40 22 48 29 48 16 48 24 48 11 48 04 48 58 48 48 48 06 48 10 /48 58, 1 48 24 * 47 28 48 34 48 22 48 38 48 05 48 09 48 30 Bell Point J Red 49 50 48 17 48 15 48 16 48 16 48 37 Red 48 36 40 10 48 43 48 32 48 35 48 30 48 34 48 36 48 32 48 43 48 48 49 30 49 04 49 05 49 00 48 57 48 51 48 52 48 04 48 14 39 36 48 30 48 33 48 30 f 49 20 - I 49 05 ^° 49 45 49 11 49 12 49 10 42 47 46 07 46 16 46 19 46 47 48 01 48 00 47 47 47 39 46 58 46 57 46 51 46 42 45 58 44 43 43 37 44 25 47 50 47 41 47 48 42 42 49 16 44 45 44 46 44 54 45 09 48 36 49 06 49 00 48 27 48 14 49 06 ° 50 14 48 35 48 18 46 47 48 01 49 09 49 35 50 00 Isle ^mour Bay 44 50 49 10 49 15 49 19 49 02 Bay ^* 48 08 50 30 47 44 44 18 44 27 44 29 47 00 47 01 46 59 46 37 49 20 51 00 50 03 50 06 50 05 49 59 50 05 50 09 46 41 47 12 49 46 44 41 44 20 44 28 51 10 51 22 50 40 50 57 50 53 51 no 51 00 1814 1815 1816 1817 do do . do Ascania - 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 do do do -—do-.. do do 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 do do : do Empress of Britain .....do 1830 1831 1832 Nieuw Amsterdam do Beaverford 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 Nieuw Amsterdam. Empress of Britain do do do Duchess of Richmond 1840 1841 1842 843 .....do-. :---:::: Duchess of Richmond do Drottningholm 844 Duchess of York 845 846 Cameronia Beaverbrae . . 847 848 849 850 Delilian Cameronia do Stad Maassluis 851 852 853 --"do ------- : 854 Unknown ship 8'i5 Delilian.. 856 857 858 859 do.... .-..do : do 860 Louisburg radio 861 Torr Head 86? Onora Maersk 863 Torr Head 864 865 866 Empress of Austraha do do . 867 June 11 ..do.-.. ...do..-. ...do..-. ...do ...do -.do --do- — . --do-... ...do..... ...do..... ..do-..- ..do.-.. ..do..... ..do..... -do ..do-... ..do.— ..do.-.. ..do .... ..do....- --do Caledonia 868 870 871 -.-.do do. do - Bencas... - - 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 do do do do -do Empress of Australia Herma Gorthon 881 882 883 884 885 <87 Ethan Allen Hada Countv . . ....do -.-.do Fechenheim -.-.do ....do .- do 889 890 ..do-.... -.do— - ..-.do Champlain (I. P.). Description Berg and growler (same as 1698). Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 1697). Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler and pieces. 2 small bergs (same as 1468, 1476). Berg, 2 growlers (same as 1476). Small berg (same as 1468). Berg. Large growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Berg and 5 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. iSeveral growlers. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Growler. Do. Berg. Loose ice all directions. Loose ice, east offshore, west on land. Loose ice all directions moving west. Growler. Do. Small berg. Do. Berg and growler. Numerous growlers. Close packed ice inshore and heavy open ice offshore. Berg. Red conical buoy. Small berg and growlers. Growler. Berg. Do. Small berg. Growler. Large berg. Growler. Berg and growlers. Field ice, bergs, and growlers. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Large berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Red lighted conical whistle buoy. Berg. Do. Do. Field ice and growlers. Numerous growlers. Large berg. Do. Growlers. Berg and growlers. 61 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued -do,... June 12 .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do...- .do.-.. .do.... .do.... .do-... .do.... .do.... .dc... .do...- .do.... .do... .do.... -do.... .do-... -do..... -do-.... -do-.... June 13 --do .do...- .do.... .do..... .do..- -do.--. -do .-. -do--, -do-.-- -do- -- June 14 -do-..- -do-.-. -do -... .do-... .do-.-, .do..... .do..... .do-.... .do -do-..-. -do.- -dO-- .do-- -do- -do-. -do.- .do-- ..-do-. -do-- do.- -do- -do.. Name of vessel Olga Seimers. Dagfred.- -...do--- ....dO--- Graziella. Olga Seimers - --do Champlain (I. P.)-- Duehess of Bedford- — .do .-..do ....do ....do .-..do ....do ..-.do Sea Venture Everolando :.-.do ...do Louisburg radio ....do ....do August -...do ....do ....do — .do ....do ....do Duchess of Bedford. -..-do ....do ._ -do .---do -.-.do .---do Beaverburn Letitia ----do .\ugust Louisburg radio — .do ... .do- Ausonia. -...do Letitia." Andania Marie Stathatou Bienville.- President Franequi. n. M. S. Berwick.. Newfoundland Transylvania Duchess of Atholl... ....do Newfoundland York wood .-..do Duchess of Atholl. .. ....do ....do ...-do ....do---. ..--do ...do -...do ....do ...-do .do-, -do-- -do- .do-- -.-.do Dorelian--- Yorkwood- Longitude 50 12 49 54 49 20 49 27 48 30 49 14 50 12 48 55 49 02 43 04 48 10 48 21 48 26 48 19 48 20 48 27 47 15 48 25 48 31 48 54 53 00 46 02 44 30 44 10 51 10 50 50 53 00 51 30 51 30 51 04 49 27 49 35 49 30 49 28 49 17 49 10 49 09 48 52 46 45 46 14 45 46 44 21 Belle Isle Point Amour 48 30 48 42 48 42 48 45 48 45 48 39 48 35 49 36 48 37 48 51 49 04 48 53 47 40 48 13 48 11 48 50 46 20 46 18 46 10 40 10 46 00 45 39 45 35 45 54 48 38 48 30 48 28 48 22 47 49 47 38 44 23 48 55 48 50 44 00 Belle Isle Point Amour 48 12 48 25 48 25 42 29 25 39 51 48 48 14 48 42 48 16 48 07 Conception- Bay 21 49 28 49 37 49 39 48 19 48 17 49 20 49 20 49 14 49 08 49 02 49 01 49 05 48 50 48 47 48 43 48 25 48 42 48 42 48 37 48 26 48 30 48 57 48 52 49 42 45 25 45 15 45 28 47 45 47 21 46 33 45 54 46 02 46 28 46 40 46 43 46 48 46 56 47 57 48 09 48 20 44 42 44 57 Description Loose pack ice. 3 bergs. Berg. Do. INumerous bergs, growlers, and close / packed field ice. 1 Heavy pack ice. Large bergs. Berg (same as 1890). Derelict of barkentine Ben Hur. Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Strings ice Labrador side. Loo.se ice and heavy strings east and southwest. Close packed ice 5 miles moving W. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. 3 bergs. Berg. Do. 2 growlers. Berg and growler. Small berg. Berg. • 2 growlers. Small berg. Berg. Loose ice Labrador side. Loose ice, heavy strings east and southwest. Heavy close packed ice 5 miles. J5 bergs. Growler. Berg. Berg and growlers. Berg. Whistle buoy. Red conical bell buoy. Berg and growlers oft entrance. Low-lving berg. Berg. Growlers. Berg. Derelict. Small berg. Do. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Berg and growler. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. 2 growlers. Growler. Do. Berg. Berg and growler. Berg. 62 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Longitude Description 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 June 14 ...do ...do ...do..... ...do ...do..-._ ...do..... ...do ...do ...do..... ...do ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do ...do-.... ...do ...do ...do..... ...do..-.- ...do..... ...do ...do ...do ...do-.... ...do ...do ...do.-.- ...do..... ...do ...do ...do-... ...do ...do ...do ...do.—. .-do June 15 ...do..... ...do ...do ..do....- ...do-.... ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do...-. ...do..-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ..do... ...do..... ..do... ...do... ...do... June 16 ...do.... ...do... .do... -do... -do... .do... .do... .do... .do.- .do... .do... .do... -do... -do-.. .do... -do... ...do— ...do... -.do... ...do... ...do... Yorkwood ...do Kafiristan ....do Newfoundland. -...do ....do Transylvania... do Dorelian ....do Beaverdale Arundo Newfoundland. ....do Gitano Traunstein do do-.. .....do Lulea Duchess of Atholl. do do do ....do do do Transylvania. -...do do do ....do -—do ...do Beaverdale... ....do . Scythia do Beaverdale Creemuir ...do Louisburg radio. ....do Athenia Comanchee Arundo ....do ....do ....do - ....do City of Hankou Norwegian ...do ...do Ela number Arm Manchester Citizen. Aurania Louisburg radio... _. Manchester Citizen. ....do .—do ...-do ....do .-..do ....do Unknown ship Humber Arm —do -...do .—do do -...do do Aurania ....do .do. 45 28 45 28 48 14 Red Bay 47 12 47 45 44 58 43 38 46 40 45 05 45 33 47 30 47 30 50 10 51 17 48 23 48 27 48 27 48 35 48 39 48 58 49 13 48 20 48 16 48 22 48 45 48 26 48 42 49 09 49 25 45 23 45 58 45 37 46 11 46 52 46 42 45 03 Bellelsle Straits 47 17 47 17 44 22 44 27 45 41 49 22 49 28 49 25 49 15 49 13 48 13 48 20 46 54 48 48 48 45 48 03 46 32 46 22 46 54 46 13 45 24 45 02 44 23 45 16 46 47 Belle Isle and Point Amour 48 26 46 45 4H 25 47 20 4H 17 47 20 48 16 47 44 48 13 47 50 48 13 47 53 48 04 48 06 39 56 45 53 48 28 46 38 48 07 47 (18 48 10 47 18 48 17 46 28 48 15 47 45 48 09 48 30 48 06 48 40 48 (16 47 17 48 08 48 25 48 07 47 49 48 08 47 53 Berg. Do. Small berg. Berg and growler. 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Small berg. Berg and growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Berg and growler. Small berg. Berg. Do. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. 30 bergs all directions. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. 3 bergs. Berg. Water-logged dory. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg and growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Growler. Heavy loose ice everywhere moving west. Several bergs and scattered ice. Pieces ice. Bell buoy. Growler. Berg. Do. 2 bergs and 2 growlers. Growler_ Red conical whistle buoy. Low berg. Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Scattered bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. 3 growlers. Berg and growler. Berg. Berg and growler. Red conical whistle buoy. ^%o. Low flat berg. Growler. 2 small bergs. Low flat berg and growler. Berg. Do. Low flat berg. Berg. Do. 63 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Xame of vessel Latitude Longitude Description Jul 16 ...do.—. June 17 ...do..... ...do-... ...do ...do...- ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do..... ...do ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do Juno 18 ...do.-.- ...do ...do..... ...do...- ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do.-.- -.do ...do.-.- ...do ...do ...do.-.- ...do ...do ...do..... ...do...- .-.do-..- ...do-... ...do..-.. ...do..... ...do Aurania_ Manchester Citizen. Bochum Pine Arrow -.-.do ..-.-do do .-.--do Wearwood Cameronia ..-.do ..-.do ...-do — .-do.--- Wearwood -.-.do .-.do Cameronia do Glitrefjell Cameronia do- --dO— ---do-..-. -.-do-..-. ...do— . ...do..-.. ...do— . .-do- — ...do-.-, -.do—., .--do.—. June 19 .-do--, --do-..-, —do—.. ---do—. ..-do-... -.-do-... --do..... -.do.—. ...do.-.. — do..— -.-do—., —do—. -.-do ...do.— ...do..... ...do..... ...do-.... -.-do.--. ..-do. — . ...do..--. ..-do.—, —do-.-. ...do..... ...do.— Empress of Britain. do -...do — .do -..-do .--.do -..do — -do .--.do ---do -.-do ....do -—do— -- Geraldine Mary- do ----do -.-do Wearwood ...-do ----do Ashby -..-do -.-do --.do Cairnross Everelza .--do ---do Bockenheim.- Chelan(LP.). Helene Cornerbrook.. ..-.do do. Chelan (L P.) Duchess of York Lord Kelvin .—do ---.do .-.-do General Greene (I. P.). Nova Scotia --.do Duchess of York .-..do ....do Nova Scotia ...-do ..--do ..-.do ....do ....do Antonia .-.do .-..do —do .-..do - --. do Lord Kelvin Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. 2 bergs and growlers. Bergs. Berg. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg. 2 bergs and growlers. Berg and growler. Dory. Small berg. Berg (same as 1984). Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 small bergs. Berg. 2 bergs and growler (same as 20S6). Berg (same as 2085). Berg. Do. Do. Do. 6 bergs. Berg (same as 1984). Berg (same as 1983). Berg (same as 1985) . Berg. Berg (same as 2098). Do. Berg. Berg (same as 2093), Berg and growlers. Berg (same as 2098). Small berg and growlers. ^%o. Berg and growlers. Berg. Berg (same as 2069). Berg. Small berg. Berg. Low berg. Do. Growlers. 2 bergs. Berg. Berg (small). Berg and 3 growlers. Small berg and growler. Bera. Do. Do. Berg and pieces. Berg. Growlers. Berg. 64 Table of Ice and Obstruction Report s — Continued No. Date Name of vessel Latitude Longitude Description 2129 June 19 ..do..— ..do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..— ...do..... do 48 41 48 39 47 49 47 43 47 51 f48 22 J I 48 05 * 48 07 48 25 48 29 48 30 48 32 48 28 48 51 48 51 48 50 50 28 48 14 48 20 48 20 48 28 48 25 48 36 48 30 48 41 48 52 48 47 48 60 46 16 48 07 48 24 48 28 48 25 48 15 48 27 48 21 48 27 48 27 48 26 f48 23 \48 32 f 48 26 48 20 48 30 48 40 48 39 48 40 48 35 48 56 49 04 48 56 48 54 48 55 48 56 48 39 48 42 48 42 48 52 48 43 48 51 48 54 42 15 48 20 48 31 48 17 48 12 48 12 48 04 48 07 48 09 48 04 47 31 48 43 48 38 48 34 48 32 48 46 48 30 48 22 48 17 48 22 48 19 48 36 48 34 48 10 47 13 46 47 47 22 47 18 47 16 , 48 17 ' 49 38 48 35 48 25 48 24 48 23 48 00 48 06 47 09 45 37 45 37 45 21 45 56 45 40 49 27 49 37 49 15 49 19 49 08 49 00 48 57 48 39 48 40 44 12 49 02 48 30 48 28 48 24 48 10 48 16 48 14 48 10 48 03 47 57 40 38 49 26 49 18 49 06 49 06 49 04 48 53 48 36 48 10 48 37 48 50 49 00 49 06 47 37 47 26 47 17 47 02 46 50 4f. 50 46 43 50 10 49 00 49 20 49 06 49 16 49 41 49 34 49 50 50 03 50 20 60 53 48 05 48 23 48 28 48 38 48 38 48 42 48 31 48 57 48 52 48 56 49 00 49 01 49 01 Do. 2130 2131 ....do Beaverbrae 2132 do Do. 2133 2134 2135 ....do Nova Scotia do Do. [Six bergs and 4 growlers. Large low berg. 2130 2137 Antonia do Small ber?. Large growler. 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ..do June 20 ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do ...do ...do..... ..do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do....- ...do..... do ....do ....do ....do ....do Lord Kelvin ....do Topdalsfjord Do. Bers. Small berg and pieces. 2 .small bergs. Berg. 2 bergs and growlers. Bcre. Do. 2146 2147 ....do Berg and growler. Ber". 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 do do do do ".i;do.".i-:i-:."'-"'.-.-- --[do;:^''-:::.^;;';--^- Do. Oo. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. 2157 Samaria Berg. . do Do. 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 ...do..... ...do..... ...do...-. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do-.... ...do.-... ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... do V[\["[\\\\\ Do. Do. Do. 3 growlers. Large berg. Growlers. Berg and growlers. 2166 do Growlers. JNumorous bergs and growlers. Large berg. 2168 2169 2170 2171 217'' do .....do do ^%o. do Do. Do. 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 do do do Themisto Do. Do. Do. Three growlers. ^^^-do";^---.;--;-;;"---- do do Large berg. 2 small bergs. Growler. Do. Large growler. do do Growler. Large berg. do do do do Growler. Berg. 2 growlers. Growler. 2188 2189 June 21 ...do..... ...do ...do-.... ...do-... ...do..... ...do..-.. ...do..... ...do..... ...do....- ...dc... ...do ...do..... ...do.—. ...do..... ...do..... ...do..... ...do...-, —do..... ...do..... ...do-.... ...do..... ...do ...do Berg and 2 growlers (same as 2098). Topdalsfjord Berg. 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 .."..^do..." .-..--I-'."-".-- .....do... do do do do Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. ^%o. Do. 2197 do Do. Wreckage. 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 Duchess of Eichmond do do do do do Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. 2205 2206 2207 2208 do do Do. Do. Do. Do. 2209 2210 2211 :::::do ]i:i^;^^^----------' Do. Do. Do. 65 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued June 21 ._ do .._do ...do -.-do ...do ...do —do ---do ..-do .-.do .--do June -..do -..do .--do --do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. -._do. ...do. ...do. ...do--. ...do.-- ...do.-. --.do... —do.-- --.do--. -.-do._- .-do--. ...do..- ...do... ...do-_- ...do.-- ...do... ...do--- ...do... ...do... ...do.-- ...do--- ...do... ...do.-- --.do... -_.do-_- -.-do... ._.d9___ ...do.-- ...do... ...do... .._do.-- ...do.--- ...do-.. ...do.... ...do--. --.do -.-do.._. — do--- ---do.--. ...do.-.. ...do June 23 .-.do.--. ...do--. ...do.--. ...do ...do-.-. ...do.--. June 24 -.do--. ...do---, --.do.--- ...do.--. -..do.-.- June 25 ...do-.-- ...do.--. Name of vessel Duchess of Richmond .—do : -...do ....do -—do ..-do ....do Beaverhill... Delilian .---do Oluf Macrsk --..do Delilian ...-do ---do -—do ...-do ....do do Stad Vlaardingen. do ---do ....do ---do -—do -—do ---do.. --.-do ...-do— -—do ---do Manchester Progress. Ascania --.-do Kings wood Caledonia .-.-do -—do --.do Andania Ascania ...-do -..-do -..-do ..-do ...-do __..do Lancaster Castle ....do ...do ...do ...do ---do ...do ..-do --do ..-do ...do -.do ...do ...do Kingswood -—do ---.do Delilian ..--do Mathilda Thorden Bergensfjord Voco Lancaster Castle --.-do -—do Voco Kaituna Lord Byron Baron Cochrane General Greene (L P.) Champlain (L P.) Normandie Duchess of Bedford.... Cape Race radio.. Champlain (L P.) Cyrus Field 48 32 48 08 48 06 48 18 48 on 48 11 48 05 48 45 48 02 48 05 48 31 48 44 48 08 48 02 48 05 48 10 48 in 48 42 48 44 48 05 48 08 48 U 48 13 48 11 48 18 48 21 48 22 48 20 48 23 48 59 48 42 48 24 48 40 48 28 48 22 48 50 4H 08 47 56 47 53 4H 06 48 18 48 05 4H 0(1 48 05 48 08 4H II 48 13 48 15 48 18 48 18 48 22 48 20 48 20 48 23 48 24 48 25 48 41 48 45 47 56 41 45 49 20 47 50 47 41 47 47 48 03 43 26 49 52 47 30 41 43 41 35 41 24 47 50 47 31 41 40 47 52 Longitude o , 49 12 49 16 49 15 49 ■M 49 34 49 58 50 11 44 10 49 23 49 18 46 04 41 10 49 00 49 23 49 08 48 45 48 41 47 40 47 20 51 54 51 36 51 39 51 37 51 42 51 31 51 19 51 13 51 20 51 08 51 03 51 04 49 34 45 55 47 14 45 51 48 13 48 31 33 4K 37 48 36 47 34 47 30 47 56 48 08 48 08 48 07 48 10 51 54 51 56 51 39 51 37 51 42 51 31 51 19 51 20 51 13 51 08 . 51 03 51 04 51 04 50 28 47 14 47 30 47 35 47 12 47 09 44 39 48 40 46 30 48 10 47 57 47 28 47 14 51 00 50 01 48 00 48 23 48 09 48 05 50 18 60 53 48 00 52 42 Description Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Berg and growler. Do. Borg. Do. Do. Berg and growler. Large berg and growler. 5 growlers. Small berg and growler. Small berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Scattered pieces. Large berg. Do. Small berg. Berg and growler. Berg. Growler. Large berg. Growler. Large berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Small berg and growler. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. Large berg. Small berg and growler. Small berg. 2 small bergs and growlers. Large berg and growlers. Berg (same as 2098). Dory. Berg and growler. Berg; numerous growlers. Berg and growlers (same as 2254). Small berg. Small berg (same as 1890). Berg and growlers. 2 bergs. Berg (same as 2098). Do. Do. Berg. Wreckage awash. Berg (same as 2098). Berg. 66 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued June 25 -_do-__ _.do-.- _.clo.-_ _.do-- ..do.-- _.do.-- ..do... June 26 -.do... ..do-- ..do-- ..do.-- June 27 ..do--. ..do... ..do--. _.do.-. -do... -.do.--. -do.-.. ..do---. -do--.. .-do.--. -do--. -do- __.do- do- do- do. do. do- do, do- do. June 28 ..do---, -do-., --do-.-, -do.--, -do.--. ..do.... June 29 ..do..- .-do.... ..do.-- June 30 ..do... July 1 -„do--- ..do_-- ..do.-- — do..- — do... ...do.-- ...do... ...do.-- ...do... ..-do.-. ..do... ..do... .._do.-- .-do-- .-.do_-- ...do.-- .-do--. ..-do.-- .-do--. ..do.-- do Name of vessel Champlain (I. P.) St. Louis Willowpool Ida Knudsen Brant County '-^do--------"; Champlain (I. P.) Carolina Thorden Champlain fl. P.) Boulderpool Carolina Thorden Champlain (I. P.) Norbryn Hannah Boege Champlain (I. P.) Empress of Austrailia- --..do Fagersten do Scythia --.do William Blumer Clifton Hall- -... .—do __.-do _.-. ...-do Champlain (I. P.) Empress of Australia. - .—do —do —do -—do ---do Scythia ---do Champlain (I. P.)- Marcella Briarwood ---.do do Montelare -.-.do July 2 .--do.-., —do.... ..do..-. July 3 -.do.... ...do.... ...do.... July 4 ...do.... Champlain (I. P.). Warship Franklin. Champlain (I. P.)- Leto Champlain (I. P.) do ....do do Newfoundland Dalbek Stad Maasluis Stad Maasstricht.. do do do do do do UfDngton Court... Stad Maasluis Leto do do do do do -...do do Champlain (I. P.). Exminster Stad Maasluis Champlain (I. P.). .do. Mauretania Topeka Champlain (I. P.). do do Latitude Longitude 41 27 41 27 41 28 40 23 47 43 47 44 47 45 47 46 41 44 47 08 48 28 41 56 47 53 48 03 47 52 47 53 47 28 47 36 48 29 48 34 42 10 47 20 47 46 48 35 48 30 49 11 48 51 41 55 48 40 42 05 48 20 42 21 42 28 42 25 42 47 53 04 48 37 48 22 48 05 47 30 48 22 4H 14 48 18 4H 21 47 55 48 24 48 35 48 33 48 13 43 02 43 00 49 20 43 05 43 07 00 46 '/id 43 10 43 18 43 22 47 57 48 00 48 04 40 28 47 26 47 20 47 16 47 44 46 40 47 14 48 08 44 20 47 07 47 37 50 20 46 57 47 24 47 36 44 59 44 50 50 41 49 16 51 02 50 38 50 50 50 59 51 15 47 38 47 48 47 41 48 00 48 07 48 18 49 01 46 44 46 33 47 55 48 55 49 06 46 37 46 41 46 31 47 32 48 20 45 51 48 35 50 36 48 55 48 33 48 34 48 18 36 10 52 25 51 20 51 24 51 49 51 48 52 04 52 05 52 15 52 33 49 12 50 50 52 34 52 16 52 06 51 35 51 50 51 20 51 31 51 05 48 06 46 30 45 43 47 40 47 29 47 38 47 10 47 10 46 50 46 33 Description Berg (same as 2098). Do. Do. Drifting buoy. Low berg and growlers. Growlers. Large berg. Berg (same as 2098). Berg. Berg (same as 2098) . Berg and 3 growlers. 2 bergs. Berg (same as 2098) . Berg and growler (same i Growler. 2098). ;2287). Berg (same Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Small berg (same as 2241). Small berg and growlers. Berg. Small berg. Do. Small berg (same as 2317). Large berg. Berg (same as 2098). Berg and pieces. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Large berg. Do. Berg (same as 2098). Berg (same as 2328). Berg (same as 2316). Berg. Do. Dory. Do. Berg (same as 2098). Dory. Berg (same as 2098). Berg. Berg (same as 2098). Do. Do. Do. Red conical buoy. Large berg. Berg and 4 growlers. Berg and numerous growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Small berg (same as 2316). Berg and 2 growlers. Berg. Do. 3 bergs. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 2098). Whistling buoy. Berg. Berg (same as 2098). Do. Do. Berg (same as 2327). Berg (same as 2098). Do. Do. 67 Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued No. Date Name of vessel Latitude Longitude Description 2376 July 5 Champtain (I. P.) 43 25 46 08 Growler. 2377 --do.... Villed'Ys 48 28 45 13 Berg. 2378 ...do.... Champlain (I. P.) 43 28 46 12 Growler. 2379 _..do.... ...do.... Carinthia 46 46 23 32 47 47 32 11 Berg. Small berg. 2380 do.-.. 2381 _-.do.... July 7 Brott 46 55 1 47 St. John's 30 Berg. Berg, 4 miles east. 2382 St. John's radio 2383 ..-do.... Mormacport 46 57 42 33 Small growler. 2384 ---do,... Danmark 42 08 47 40 Conical whistle buoy. 2385 July 8 Champlain (I. P.) 45 24 48 32 Large berg (same as 2379). 2386 ...do do 45 10 48 25 Berg (.same as 2327). 2387 ...do.... Trajan 47 58 47 43 Berg. 2388 ...do.... General Greene (I. P.).... 47 51 52 30 Do. 2389 ...do Cape Race radio 46 57 52 52 Do. 2390 ...do.... .-—do 47 33 52 30 Growler. 2391 July 10 Champlain (I. P.) 44 34 48 38 Berg (same as 2379). Do. 2392 July 11 44 27 48 38 2393 ...do.... ::::do::::::::::::::::::::: 44 45 49 07 Berg (same as 2332). 2394 ...do.__. . do Albuera 47 47 41 08 47 51 55 Berg. Large berg. Berg. 2395 Le Jacques Coeur 2396 ...do.... Alderamin 47 58 51 30 2397 ...do do 48 16 50 09 Do. 2398 ...do.... -.do.... Pajala 48 48 55 50 51 51 19 07 Do. Do. 2399 do 2400 July 14 Stad Maardingen . 48 31 52 13 Do. 2401 ..do.... do 48 28 52 16 Do. 2402 July 15 Cameronia 48 04 48 50 Berg and growlers. 2403 . do .. Stad Vlaardingen .. 4;7 53 52 20 4 bergs and several growlers. Berg. 2404 July 16 Themisto 48 06 51 29 2405 ...do.... Christiansborg 47 52 52 17 Berg and 4 growlers (same as 2403). 2406 ...do.... do 47 53 52 18 2 growlers. 2407 ---do.... :.:::do::::::::::::::::::::: 47 57 52 17 Growler. 2408 ...do.... do 48 37 52 30 Berg. 2409 ...do.... do 48 37 52 33 Do. 2410 ---do.... :::::do::::::::::::::::::::: 49 53 52 28 Do. 2411 July 18 Laponia 49 10 52 05 Do. 2412 --do.... Newfoundland 48 06 51 19 Do. 2413 .--do-... July 19 Unkown ship 42 49 04 04 35 51 33 48 Growler. Do. 2414 General Greene (1. P.) 2415 ..-do.... do 48 57 51 50 Berg. 2416 July 20 Chelan (I. P.) 44 50 49 05 Berg (same as 2332). 2417 ...do.... Gripsholm 47 44 51 18 2 bergs. 2418 July 22 Chelan (I. P.) 44 55 48 59 Berg (same as 2332). 2419 -.-do Gunvor 45 51 47 37 Berg (same as 2395). 2420 July 23 Chelan (I. P.) 44 38 48 52 bo. 2421 July 24 do 44 28 48 50 Berg. 2422 ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ..do... July 25 Arundo 48 46 tl 44 37 17 56 25 35 50 47 47 51 48 16 36 06 14 14 Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 2379). 2423 Waalhaven 2424 Braeholm 2425 Arundo 2426 Chelan (i. P.) 2427 ...do.... Railo 44 46 47 44 Do. 2428 do .. Tropic Sea 47 31 46 29 3 bergs. 2429 ...do.... Tunaholm 47 15 46 43 Berg. 2430 ...do.... Railo 44 15 48 36 Berg (same as 2395). 2431 -..do.... July 26 Sirehei 48 44 35 47 52 48 20 10 Berg. 3 bergs (same as 2379). 2432 Chelan (I. P.) 2433 July 27 Champlain (I. P.) 44 36 ., 48 12 Berg (same as 2379). 2434 . do do 44 37 48 18 Berg and growler (same as 2432). 2435 -..do.... do 44 36 48 19 Growlers. 2436 July 28 :::::do::::::::::: 45 58 47 45 Berg and numerous growlers (same 2424). as 2437 ...do.... do 44 24 48 25 Berg and growlers (same as 2379). 2438 ...do.... 44 07 48 58 Berg. 2439 ...do.... ;::::do::::::::::::::::::::: 44 08 48 59 Do. 2440 ...do.... do Berto 46 45 34 00 1 47 47 02 00 2 bergs and growlers. Bergs and growlers. 2441 Scanyork 2442 -do;::: Sirehei.. :::::.:::::. .::... 48 30 51 16 Berg. 2443 July 29 Champlain (I. P.) 44 05 49 00 Berg (same as 2438). 2444 —do-... .....do 44 05 49 01 Berg (same as 2439). 2445 .--do.... do 43 53 49 01 Berg (same as 2438). 2446 do do 44 02 49 06 Berg (same as 2439). 2447 do . Regina 44 40 46 51 Berg and growler (same as 2441). 2448 "July 30 ...do Champlain (I. P.) 44 00 49 08 Berg (same as 2439). 2449 do 43 50 49 06 Berg (same as 2438). 2450 do do 43 41 49 11 Do. 2451 ...do.... do 43 54 49 13 Berg (same as 2439). 2452 ..do.... do 44 18 48 47 Growler. 2453 . do EmilieMaersk 50 28 51 31 Berg. 2454 July 31 Champlain (I. P.) 43 49 13 Berg (same as 2438). Table of Ice and Obstruction Reports — Continued Name of vessel Longitude Description 2455 2456 2457 2458 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 Aug. 1 Aug. 2 Aug. 3 ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Aug. 4 ...do.... ...do.... ...do,... Aug. 5 Aug. 6 Aug. 7 Aug. 9 ...do Aug. 12 ...do.... ...do.... Aug. 13 ...do... ...do.... Aug. 14 ...do.... ...do.... Aug. 15 ...do..... ...do..... ...do.... Aus. 16 ...do..... ...do.... Aug. 17 ...do..... ...do..... ...do.... Aug. 18 ...do Aug. 19 ...do.... Aug. 20 ...do Aug. 21 ...do Aug. 22 ...do.... Worthington Nordby Champlain (I. P.). Toronto City Haulerwyk Samaria Champlain (I. P.). Champlain (I. P.). do ....do August Bolten Champlain (I. P.). ...-do Strasa Black Osprey Hansa Chelan (I. P.) do. Acquitania Chelan (I. P.)... do ....do Yankee Clipper. Chelan (I. P.)... do --.-do Voco Chelan (I. P.).. -..-do Exhibitor Chelan (I. P.)... .---do- Birgit Tahoe Chelan (I. P.)... .-..do.... ....do. ....do -..-do ...do ....do.... ....do... ....do ....do 43 36 44 37 48 31 44 44 44 15 44 12 44 16 46 58 44 12 42 31 42 37 42 31 42 16 42 03 42 15 42 05 42 04 42 04 42 00 41 54 41 55 39 55 41 50 41 43 39 55 41 51 41 45 41 56 42 28 42 49 43 12 43 53 43 58 43 50 43 56 53 04 49 24 46 11 49 13 46 05 49 24 49 24 48 34 48 36 48 26 37 38 49 27 49 20 60 54 50 17 50 20 50 12 50 05 50 05 49 40 40 20 49 38 49 11 38 52 48 47 47 51 47 38 47 36 47 22 46 58 46 26 45 59 Gas buoy. Berg and growler. Berg (same as 2438) . Berg and pieces (same as 2441). Berg. Berg (same as 2441). Berg (same as 2438) . Berg (same as 2433) . 3 bergs. 1 berg, (same as 2424). 2 bergs (same as 2463) . Submerged object. Berg (same as 2438) . Do. Submerged object. Berg (same as 2438; . Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers (same as 2438) . Growler. Conical whistle buoy, functioning. Berg (same as 2438) . Do. Whistle buoy. Berg (same as 2438) . Do. Submerged wreckage. Berg. Berg (same as 2438). Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Do. ICE REPORTED NORTH OF ICE PATROL AREA, SUMMER AND FALL, 1938 Date Reported by— Latitude Longitude July 12. 1938 July 13, 1938 July 17, 1938 R. M. S. Nascopie--.. do .... do 60 29 54 04 60 52 61 28 64 24 66 44 67 25 71 42 75 32 Jones Soui , Har 73 53 73 10 Bellot 73 54 72 31 70 02 65 34 62 00 58 45 58 28 Belle Isle t Strait. Button Isla Hopes A 57 50 56 03 65 00 67 22 61 35 60 27 60 27 61 43 67 50 id to Craig hour 83 05 90 30 Straits 85 25 74 22 66 25 65 20 62 22 62 22 61 25 3 Hudson... nds to Cape Jvance. Several bergs and growlers. Several bergs. July 19, 1938. Aug. 20, 1938 Aug. 21, 1938 Aug. 22, 1938 Aug. 23, 1938 do do do do do Do. Do. Heavy field ice. Bergs and growl- ers. Heavy close pack field ice. Aug. 24, 1938 Aug. 26, 1938 Aug. 27, 1938 Aug. 30, 1938 Aug. 31, 1938 Sept. 2, 1938 Sept. 4, 1938. Sept. 6, 1938 Sept. 9, 1938 do do do do do do do do do Do. Heavy open field ice; few bergs. Numerous bergs. Heavy close pack field ice. Do. Heavy open field ice. Several bergs. Do. Few bergs. Sept. 13, 1938 .. . do . Do. Sept. 14, 1938 do 2 bergs. July 15, 1938 Therese Field ine to 30 miles southeast But- Julyl3-16, 1938. — . July 17, 1938 do do.... ton Island. 20 bergs. Scattered ice. 69 Ice reported north of Ice Patrol area, sximmer and fall, 1938 — Continued Date Reported by— Latitude Longitude Latter part of Au- gust 1938. Do do Airplane from Therese Frozen Straits to Cape Pearhyn. Fox Basin Open ice with leads. Tremendous body ice. Port Churchill to Res- olution Island. Eastern end of Hudson Strait, f 55 45 1 57 07 I to Hudson Strait Eastern end of Hudson Strait. Mansell Island Cape Farewell. Oreen- 1938. ^' ' Aug. 10, 1938 Sept. 22, 1938 Sept. 23, 1938 do N. B. McLean do Bergs but less than normal in num- ber. }l3 bergs. Late September 1938 Unknown do Three unknown ships. Newfoundland Ranger at Hebron. do do Few broken pieces north, only ice sighted Hudson Bay. Large number of bergs in area. September 1938 .. land. Off Hebror dO..-- do October 1938 No ice. Do -. . do do do do- December 19.38.-.. Dee. 18, 1938 . do do Do. Dec. 29, 1938 January 19,39 Jan. 20, 1939 do do - do do do .... do formed. Ice moved offshore. Slob ice. First northern pack ice passing do. do south, about 7 miles offshore. Dec. 12, 1938 Newfoundland Rang- er at Cartwright. Off Cartwright do Coves and harbors frozen over or flUed with slob ice. Bays filled in last end of month January 19.39 March 1939 January 1939 Feb. 12, 1939 Do Feb. 18, 1939 Latter half, Febru- do do — -do do - — -do . . do do with much slob and local drift ice. Loose local drift ice becoming do Sandwich Bay to Ham- ilton Inlet. Rigolet to Cape Har- rison. Holton to Cape Harri- son. Off Byron Bay Cape Harrison to Hope- packed by end of mouth. Solid packed to horizon; no bergs. Loose ice. Solid ice, no water in sight. Pack ice. 5 bergs. 7 bergs. ary 1939. All winter Mar. 11,1939. _ March 19.39 Apr. 15, 1939 Do April 30,1939 -----do.- do do do do.. do - - dale. Cape Harris dale. Cape Harris dale. Holton to end Cart trict. Off Cartwr Off Sandwi Off Cartwr Sandwich I ontoHope- on to Hope- southern Wright dis- ght ch Bay ght Jay Shore ice 11 miles offshore with heavy drift ice outside, contain- ing scattered bergs. First open water reported. Solid ice to horizon. Shore ice breaking up. Do. Field and pack ice moving steadily south. Bay ice breaking up. Newfoundland Rang- er at Hopedale. do do do — -do do Dec. 5, 1938 Deccember20,1938. January 1939 Fallof 1938. -—-do do bays. Heavy slob ice about 15 miles offshore. Off Ailik 10 miles offshore. Shore ice extending on a line from Cape Harrison to Ailik & Har- rigan and about 15 miles off Hopedale where drift ice oc- curred. Off Seal Co Off Battle I do do Nain 50 bergs drifting south. September and Oc- tober 1938. Late Dee. to Jan. l.i, 1939. Feb. 28, 1939 Dec. 1, 1938 Doc. 1.";, 1938 Newfoundland Ranger at Battle Harbor. do do Newfoundland Ranger at Nain. do larbor 2 bergs drifting south. Considerable slob ice. No heavv northern ice had been sighted during the winter to date. Slob ice becoming solid on Dec. 5. Black Islan d .. ... latter part of January ice intact extending about 8 miles offshore with pack ice outside. 70 Ice reported north of Ice Patrol area, summer and fall, 1938 — Continued Date Reported by— Latitude Longitude Nain o , 3 bergs 12 miles off mainland. at Naiu Summer 1938. Bowdoin.. Diskoto Etah. Largestnumber of bergs eversiqhted in 30 years of .\retic work by Cap- tain MacMillan. do Rink Glacier Ejord chocked with bergs and huge pieces. Do do Rink Glacier Fjord ex- tending to sea. Do do /Egede,sminde to 1,000 berus conservative estimate. July 13, 1938 EffieM.Morrissey.... 50 25 53 20 Pmall berg. Do do 50 42 53 00 Large berg. Do do 50 55 52 25 53 (15 53 50 Do. July 14, 1938 do Do. Do: do-__. 53 15 51 50 Small bei-g. July 15. 1938 — do b'i 55 55 55 5 berirs. Do do - 54 25 56 40 3 bergs. July 17, 1938 do 55 45 59 20 9 bergs. Do do /East Turnaviek to }21 bergs. July 19, 1938 _.. do 60 45 57 00 Large berg. July 21, 1938 do 66 04 56 15 Berg. July 23, 1938 do 69 17 54 00 Many bergs. Do! do... 69 40 55 00 Do.. .... do f 69 18 to 54 57 152 large bergs along coast of Disko / Island. July 24. 1938 do 70 07 55 50 2 bergs. Do do.. 70 20 56 15 5 bergs. Do -- do 70 35 56 40 Many bergs. Do do 70 55 57 20 10 bergs in sight. Do do 71 15 57 40 16 bergs. Do do 71 45 72 35 58 05 58 50 July 2,5, 1938 do 7 bergs in sight. Do do 73 15 59 30 5 bergs. Do do 73 48 60 20 210 bergs counted from deck. Do do 74 00 60 25 Loose ice. July 26, 1938 - do 74 08 60 30 Heavy ice; big pieces. July 27, 1938 .. .do 75 05 66 05 6 bergs. July 28, 1938 do 75 15 66 35 5 bergs. Do, do 75 38 67 35 4 bergs. July 29, 1938 do 75 50 58 15 Do. Aug. 8. 1938 do 77 55 76 20 Loose ice. DO — do 77 40 77 05 Do. Do do 77 35 78 40 Do. Aug. 10, 1938 do 76 35 77 45 Many bergs. Do ._ do 76 22 75 03 78 40 79 00 Do. Aug. 12, 1938 -- do 4 large bergs aground. Aug. 14, 1938 .....do 72 48 75 .30 Few bergs. Aug. 16, 1938 do 70 50 69 00 Loose ice. . .do 70 05 j 68 48 67 15 65 30 Do. Aug. 18, 1938 --.-.do 1 68 25 67 45 64 30 63 05 i Do. Aug. 20, 1938 -.--do { to i Do. 67 35 62 50 Aug. 21,1938 do 67 15 66 10 60 45 60 50 Do. Aug. 23, 1938 do \ to iHeavy loose ice. 65 55 61 21 do . - - 65 30 65 30 65 05 62 15 62 20 62 40 Do. Do do 6 bergs. Aug. 24, 1938 do Loose ice. Do' do 64 42 63 00 Do. Do do 64 20 63 20 Do. Do do 63 45 63 25 7 bergs. Do do.... 63 40 63 25 Loose ice. Do do 63 30 63 20 6 bergs. Do do 63 25 63 20 Scattered drift ice Aug. 25, 1938 do 62 30 63 30 3 bergs. Aus. 29, 1938 do 57 10 60 50 2 small bergs. Do do .56 38 60 30 4 bergs. Do. do .56 10 60 00 2 bergs. Aug. 30, 1938 do.. 55 15 59 05 3 bergs. Aug. 31, 1938 do 54 45 57 20 Bergs. Do do-. 54 10 56 35 Do. For track of Effle M. Morrissey an North Atlantic Ocean, January 1939. visibility conditions see U. S. Hydrographic Office Pilot chart, 71 REPORT UPON THE ICE CONDITIONS AT BELLE ISLE FROM OCTOBER 1, 1938 TO OCTOBER 15, 1938 [Prepared by the officer in charge at the Belle Isle radio station] The following is a list of ice and positions recently reported to this station. In previous years no ice has been reported in this region at this time of vear: Date Reported by— Latitude Longi- tude Description Oct. 1, 1938 S. S. Luossa 57 20 41 40 Oct. 3, 1938- S. S. Baden 57 12 40 20 Oct. 4, 1938 S. S. Glitrefjell _. 58 41 40 50 Berg. Oct. 8, 1938 S. S. Muellheimruhr 56 50 37 45 DO. Oct. 10, 1938 S. S. West Wales 56 33 56 36 35 32 35 30 Do. Do do Do. Oct. 12, 1938 S. S. Aakre 57 24 40 42 Oct. 13, 1938 do 57 24 40 42 2 bergs. Do do 56 .53 41 33 Large berg. Do do 56 39 41 59 Large and small berg. Do do 56 32 42 13 Several large and small bergs. Oct. 15, 1938 S. S. Luela 57 44 43 39 Large berg. Do 57 37 43 24 Do. Do do 57 35 44 36 Berg. Do _ do 57 30 44 27 Do. Do do 57 20 44 30 Do. Do _._..do 57 30 44 56 Do. Do . .. do 57 31 45 01 Do. Do do. 57 28 57 16 45 07 44 50 Do. Do do Do. Do. _ ._ do 57 12 44 49 Do. LIST OF ICE REPORTED NORTH OF THE ICE PATROL AREA DURING THE SUMMER 1939 Date Reported by— Latitude Longi- tude Description May 25, 1939 Do Do Bell Isle do ...do Point Amour Red Bay Belle Lsle Newfoundland side of Straits. Heavy close pack ice everywhere. May 27, 1939 do. . do distant. Loose ice along Newfoundland coast and 2 bergs 5 miles east. Do do Red 50 27 50 03 50 58 51 32 49 40 51 32 51 30 51 29 51 40 51 43 Belk Belle 51 37 51 45 51 42 50 40 51 34 51 34 51 31 Belle Bay 58 55 60 58 56 04 56 30 59 28 56 19 56 35 56 32 56 00 55 45 Isle Isle 56 26 55 41 56 00 58 02 56 34 56 30 56 30 Isle shore. Heavy close pack ice 6 miles distant. Berg. Do July 1, 1939 do. Do. Small berg. Do. Do do Do. Do July 2, 1939. Do do do ...._do ...do Berg and 3 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do Do do do ...do. Do. Berg approximately 2 miles off south point. Do DO July 3, 1939 Do Do Do Do Do do do do. :""do"":::":";:'"!;""-' do do""'I ]'--- 3 bergs. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg approximately 2 miles off Do Do do'iir '-i"-^-"-'-'i Chateau Bay Belle Isle south point. Two small growlers. Laree berg about 9 miles west of north end. 72 List of ice repor ed north of the Ice Patrol area during the summer 1939 — ^Continued Date Reported by- Latitude Longi- tude Description July i, 1939 . Belle Isle radio 53 03 67 45 50 40 58 02 51 00 57 25 51 09 57 21 51 25 56 55 51 50 55 52 51 46 56 05 51 45 56 04 51 42 56 02 51 35 56 27 51 37 56 31 51 28 56 39 51 21 56 48 51 15 56 53 51 15 57 10 51 30 56 42 Star Island Berg and growler. 2 bergs and 2 growlers. Berg. Do do Do do do Julys, 1939 Do do do do.... Do. Do. Do do Do Do do Do do Do do Do Do do - . Do! Do Do do do Do! Do Do do Do. Do - . do Growlers Do do 2 bergs. 6 bergs near track. Berg 2 miles off south point. East of Belle Isle. Do do Cape Whitle Bellp TsIp Do do Do - - do 52 15 51 30 51 30 51 26 51 23 51 13 51 38 51 21 51 21 51 15 51 03 51 51 51 51 51 38 51 37 62 22 52 07 53 10 53 28 51 48 51 32 51 45 SO 07 49 67 50 08 Bell Bell 53 10 56 16 56 20 56 55 56 49 57 13 56 32 56 41 56 43 57 06 57 27 55 55 55 24 56 00 66 13 52 35 55 09 51 55 51 30 55 41 56 24 55 20 60 23 60 11 60 26 Elsie , Islft July 6, 193^- - Do do 2 bergs. 3 bergs. Do. Do do Do do Growler. Do do Do. Do::: Do do..-.- .-- do ^''Eo. Do .... do - - Do. Do' " do - Do. Do Do do do --. Do. Do. Do Do do do Do. Do. Do do Do. July 7. 1939 .— Do Do Do Do ---do .--do -..-do ---do do Berg east of Belle Isle. Growler. 6 bergs and several growlers. Berg west of Belle Isle Do ---do ---.do Do - do Growler. Do do Do. Do Do --.do -.--do -.--do Do. Large berg west-southwest of southern point. Many bergs and growlers in shore both sides of straits. 1 large berg and several growlers. Small berg southwest and west 26 Do Helga Boege 52 00 1 52 20 Greenly Island Greenly Island Greenly Island July 8 1939 Belle Isle radio Do do miles distant. Do do miles distant. Small berg south 94 west 19 miles Do do distant. Do Do Do July 9, 1939 Do Do Do do do — -do ....do .--do ----do Effle M. Morrissey-- Belle Isle radio Greenlj . Twin] 52 27 51 50 51 48 51 47 52 10 51 40 51 24 50 36 50 37 50 37 50 34 50 34 51 52 52 26 53 38 54 20 54 28 54 35 50 09 SO 37 SO 31 Island slands 52 50 55 26 55 42 55 44 50 32 55 48 56 55 58 24 58 40 58 35 58 47 58 41 55 17 51 33 55 25 54 20 54 14 54 OS 60 08 59 26 58 49 distant. Small bergs 2 miles southwest. 2 small bergs 2 miles off. Large berg and growler. Do. Small berg. Do Berg. Do-.- - ---do -- -do..-- Do. Do. Do - Do -.--do do Do. Do. Do ..--do - do Do! Do. Do do Do. July 10, 1939 Do Ausonia General Greene (I. P.) ::::do::::::::::::::::::::: 2 bergs. Berg. Do Do 2 growlers. Do . -do Do Belle Isle radio Berg. Do::::::::::::: do Do. Do ----do Do. 73 List of ice reported north of the Ice Patrol area during the summer i 555— Continued Date Reported by- Latitude Longi- tude Description July 10, 1939 Belle Isle radio 50 26 50 52 51 14 51 24 51 30 50 30 51 30 51 50 51 51 50 49 52 26 50 34 50 40 50 33 51 29 51 24 51 50 52 00 51 50 51 39 51 40 51 50 51 44 51 38 51 31 51 31 51 34 51 28 51 26 51 51 51 49 Cape 52 09 52 19 53 05 52 18 52 26 52 34 52 37 52 45 52 33 52 46 52 43 52 45 52 15 52 07 52 40 52 39 51 55 53 44 50 38 51 20 51 21 51 25 51 34 51 42 51 48 51 43 51 40 51 47 51 45 51 44 51 46 51 40 Cape 52 55 52 45 51 07 51 48 51 50 52 30 52 23 50 03 52 41 52 28 51 42 52 33 52 22 50 03 52 23 51 46 58 25 58 18 57 24 56 55 56 36 58 52 56 30 55 24 55 24 58 14 51 33 58 47 58 18 58 23 56 33 56 55 55 23 55 30 55 37 55 30 55 37 55 45 56 01 55 59 56 22 56 16 56 09 56 40 56 36 55 22 55 38 Bauld 52 34 54 50 52 32 51 27 51 29 51 50 51 54 52 00 51 58 52 04 52 05 52 07 51 19 55 06 55 30 53 39 55 07 52 05 58 10 57 07 57 05 56 31 56 09 55 43 55 43 56 02 55 47 55 46 55 29 55 25 55 33 56 03 Bauld 53 54 51 51 50 30 55 05 55 11 54 04 52 11 53 39 52 19 51 16 55 03 51 33 51 27 53 39 52 11 55 47 ^''Eo Do do Do ... do Do Do Do_.. - — -do do.. . Do. Do ... do Do Do do Do Do do Do . . do Do do Do Do July 11, 1939 Do do do 2 bergs east of Belle Isle. Do Do do do Do. Do Do do Do. Do - - . . do Do Do do Do. Do ... do Do. Do do Do Do do. Do. Do - . do Do! Do do Do Do::::::::::::: do - . Do. Do - do Small berg Do do Do Do do Do. Do do Growler Do do Do Do do .... Do. Do Do .....do do Do. Do .do Do Do - — .do do Do. Do Do do Do. Do do Do Do do Do. Do do Do. Do.. Do do. do Do. Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do Do do Do do July 12, 1939 July 17, 1939 do do do Berg. Large berg. Do do Do. July 18, 1939 Do do do Do. Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. do Do. Do do - . Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do Do .-—do . do Growler. 3 bergs off. do 2 bergs east of Belle Isle. do Do do Do. Do do - do -- "^o. July 19, 1939 Do do -- do .-. Growler. do.- -- Do. do -. Do do Do. Do do 2 growlers. . . do -- do -- Do do Growler. Do do Do. Do do Large berg west of Belle Isle. 74 Lisl of ice reported north of the Ice Patrol area during the summer 1939 — Continued Date Keported by- Latitude Longi- tude Description July 20, 1939 Belle Isle radio 52 30 50 54 51 25 51 46 52 48 51 48 51 41 51 51 51 53 51 46 51 21 51 02 51 46 51 49 52 21 51 49 51 48 52 12 52 20 51 25 51 48 51 51 51 S3 51 46 51 21 51 02 50 37 52 41 51 46 51 49 52 30 50 54 51 11 51 25 51 13 52 24 52 21 51 16 52 05 51 49 51 41 51 47 50 30 51 42 51 45 51 48 51 61 51 58 52 03 50 44 51 28 51 35 51 17 51 10 52 22 49 45 56 32 55 52 56 29 55 46 55 35 56 33 55 37 65 55 67 10 57 06 55 32 55 48 54 33 55 02 54 59 54 04 61 05 56 32 55 29 55 33 56 37 55 56 57 10 67 06 58 12 56 35 65 32 65 48 52 22 59 45 60 18 61 56 49 36 51 12 54 33 49 30 56 37 65 02 66 02 55 47 68 30 56 20 56 15 56 07 55 36 55 30 51 27 58 20 56 29 56 14 67 13 .^7 14 ^%o. .... do ... Do do Do. Do do Do Do .... do Do. Do do Growler. Do do Do Do do Berg. Do do Do. Do Do . dT do Do. Do. Do do Do. Do do Growler. Do . do Do. Do . do. . . . 2 bergs. Large berg east of Belle Isle Do do Do do Do. Do do . . - . Berg and growler. 2 bergs. Do do Do. do Berg west of Belle Isle, Do . . do . Do do Do. Do . do Do. Do .... do .. .. Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do .... do. . Do do Growler. Do do Do Do .... do.-.. Do. Do do Berg east of Belle Isle. Do do Do Do . . .... do ... Do. Do do Do. Do do Do Do do.... Do. Do do 2 bergs. Do do Large berg. July 21, 1939 ._ Do Do do do do Berg. Large bergs. Berg west of Belle Isle. Do . do Do. Do -. do July 23, 1939 "Do do do Berg west of Belle Isle. Do. Do .... do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do .... do Do, Do do Do, Do do Do. Do . do Do. Do . do Do. Do do Do. Do do Cape Bauld 1 Do .. . do 52 45 52 48 51 47 52 42 51 29 51 35 51 42 51 45 51 48 51 51 51 58 52 03 51 47 51 39 51 37 51 29 51 28 51 20 51 21 50 29 51 26 61 28 67 20 52 42 54 58 52 26 56 26 56 16 56 20 56 16 56 07 55 36 55 30 55 37 54 58 55 24 65 27 55 21 55 23 56 22 57 05 58 43 56 38 56 23 Do do Isle. Large berg. Do .— --- do Do. Do .... do Do. Do U. S.S. New York ..—do do Berg. Do Do Do. Do. Do do Do. Do Do Do Do do ""-^^do!";;^":^'";""-";";" do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do do Large berg. Do do Do, Do do Do. Do do Do. Do Do. Do, Do do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do, 75 List of ice reported north of the Ice Patrol area during the summer ^535— Continued Reported by- Longi- tude Description Belle Isle radio. --..do ....do. .--.do-— --do ---.do — .do —do , ---do do. do. do. do. do. do. Gil Belle Isle radio. do. do. .....do.- do do .-—do...- _ —do- do -—do-— — — do... do ....do — -do — do ....do — .do- --.-do .-..do — .do- --.do ....do... — - ....do N. B. McLean (I. P.). Belle Isle radio ....do .—do .-.do Unknown ship. do .--do -...do Belle Isle radio. ....do... ....do 51 56 51 43 51 32 51 24 55 38 55 55 56 15 56 47 Cape Bauld 52 05 51 48 51 45 52 26 52 58 51 42 52 33 51 48 50 27 51 50 52 51 52 55 52 35 52 30 52 32 50 27 52 22 51 36 51 28 51 47 51 47 52 44 52 40 51 41 51 42 52 29 52 41 55 04 54 59 55 02 53 03 52 30 55 17 52 27 55 07 51 29 55 09 54 20 53 44 52 28 52 33 52 45 51 29 52 23 56 17 56 30 55 53 55 50 56 16 55 53 52 46 52 50 55 12 55 08 55 52 55 46 55 36 55 30 Resolution Island 51 47 52 43 51 48 51 53 51 50 51 53 51 52 52 35 52 42 51 52 52 44 52 51 53 06 51 46 52 42 51 45 51 48 51 50 52 05 51 48 51 47 81 50 52 07 Large berg. Do. Do. Do. 5 bergs off. Several growlers east of Jiclk' Isle. Berg and growler. Berg and growlers. Large berg. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Large berg. Berg and small growler. Large berg. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Growler and berg. Growler. Berg west of Belle Isle. Do. Do. Do. Bare bergs and growlers. Large berg and growler. Larg berg. 3 bergs and growlers. Berc. Do. Do. Large berg. 2 bergs. Several growlers. Berg and growler. Do. ■ 10 bergs and 7 growler.s 300 miles southeast. 2 bergs and 3 growlers east of Belle Isle. Berg. Do. Do. Large berg and several growlers. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler and pieces. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 growlers. Growlers. Berg west of Belle Isle. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Do. Large berg. Do. Do. Large berg and several growlers. 2 bergs. Large berg and growler. 76 List of ice reported north of the Ice Patrol area during the summer 1939 — Continued Date Reported by- Latitude Longi- tude Description July 31, 1939 Belle Isle radio 52 45 50 52 52 40 52 43 52 00 51 54 52 02 50 41 51 58 51 47 51 50 51 52 53 02 52 08 52 01 52 21 52 44 52 42 52 46 51 51 50 05 52 44 52 10 54 05 52 00 52 56 52 30 52 05 50 10 52 09 51 58 52 56 52 30 52 05 53 11 52 09 51 58 52 09 52 15 51 50 51 52 51 45 51 45 52 41 52 48 52 08 52 09 52 15 51 52 51 37 53 29 52 02 51 47 52 01 52 03 52 02 52 00 53 25 52 00 52 12 52 16 53 30 53 21 52 10 52 06 52 13 52 47 52 32 52 50 52 01 52 12 .52 31 52 30 52 52 52 48 52 36 52 46 52 25 52 25 52 17 52 09 52 30 52 25 52 56 54 43 54 56 52 12 52 50 55 10 54 36 55 46 .53 32 54 55 55 01 54 27 51 57 52 09 53 38 54 55 53 02 53 37 54 27 54 45 52 52 53 13 54 00 52 58 52 58 54 35 53 13 53 13 54 00 52 58 52 58 54 35 55 13 54 20 55 11 55 07 55 07 55 50 55 52 53 01 52 25 54 12 54 20 55 11 55 07 53 54 52 26 53 03 56 02 54 30 54 15 54 27 54 15 52 05 54 13 55 24 53 01 51 51 51 41 51 30 51 18 53 15 51 19 51 28 52 20 54 23 53 27 51 19 51 16 ,52 in 52 24 51 25 51 27 51 11 51 18 Large berg. do Do — Do do do Do. Do. do Do Do do do - ------ Do. Do. Do. Do Do do do 2 bergs. Growler. do Do. Aug. 2, 1939 Do do do Berg and several growlers. Ber" ea^t of Belle Isle. Do - Do—- - Do do do do Do. Do. Do. do Do. Do._^. --- Aug. 3, 1939 Do do do' '.V.'.'.'.. Large berg. Very large berg. 2 large bergs and numerous growl- Do do ers. Large berg and numerous growlers. Do Do Do do.. do do Large berg. Do. Do -- Do- - Aug. 4, 1839 Do - Do ;]-do-"--ri-rr"'i-i"''- do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do do -.'--. Do. Do. Do Do do do Do. Do. Do. Do Do Do do Berg. Do. Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do do Do. Do Do Do --do-' ""-I---------I- do Do. Berg west of Belle Isle. Growler. Do do Large berg. Do do Do. Do..: Do Do do - do -"".'---- ^%o. Do. Do Do Aug. 5, 1939 Do Aug. 6, 1939 Do Do do.. - do do. ....do do do do Do. Do. Large berg. Small berg and growlers. Growler. Berg. Do. Do ....do Growler. Aug. 7, 1939 Do Do__ Aug. 8, 1939.. Do Do Do do ....do do do do do -do Berg. Do. Growler. Berg and 2 growlers. Berg. Large berg. Do. Do Do Do do do do Do. Do. Do. Do do Large berg and 2 growlers. Do do Berg. Do Do do do — Do. Do. Do do Do. Do do Large berg. Do ....do Do. Do Do Aug 9, 1939 Do do do do Berg and growler. 3 bergs. Large berg and several growlers. Do Do do do Bere. Do. 77 List of ice repoi ted north of the Ice Patrol area during the summer 1939 — Continued Date Reported by- Latitude Longi- tude Description Aug. 9, 1939 Belle Isle radio 51 48 50 49 52 35 51 22 52 34 51 29 52 09 54 44 52 07 54 30 52 20 53 09 51 47 56 02 f59 18 .. 43 . 45 1 \58 08*° / 58 51 44 25 58 42 44 31 58 21 44 50 ^"iio Do do Do Do _ Do Do do... ;:"do";"'""i""":": do Do. Do. Growlers. Berg and 2 growlers. Do do Aug. 26, 1939 Aug. 25, 1939 Do Aug. 26, 1939 Unknown ship. Effie M. Morrissey ""-"do".";"..";"".".." Passed 11 bergs, many growlers, and small pieces. 2 large bergs, several growlers. For track of Effie M. Morrissey and visibility conditions see U. S. Hydrographic Office pilot chart, North Atlantic Ocean, March 1940. GLACIER DISCHARGES Date Glacier Quantity June 25, 1937 June 26, 1937 do Do June 23, 1937 Do. Aug. 26, 1937 do Sept. 4, 1937.- Upernavik Not specified. Do. Sept. 30, 1937.. Oct. 1, 1937 do - . Nov. 18, 1937 . do Do May 1, 1938 do Do. May 15, 1938 .... do Do Between May 31 and June 4, 1938 Between June 11 and June 13, 1938 do do do - Do. Julv]2, 1938 Upernavik Medium .Tuly28, 1938 July 30, 1938 do Do. Aug. 23, 1938 --- do Do Sept. 22, 1938 do Oct. 4, 1938 . . ... do . - - . Do. Oct. 12, 1938 Oct. 25, 1938 do do Do. Do. Oct. 28, 1938 Apr. 27 to Apr. 29, 1939 do- -.- do Do. Do July 10, 1939 Upernavik Do Do Not specified. Large Between July 16 and Julv 18, 1939 do Aug. \5, 1939 do Not specified Aug. 18, 1939. . . do - Do. Aug. 31, 19.39 .. do Laree. Sept. 1, 1939 do Do. Between Nov. 4 and Nov. 6, 1939 do Do. REFERENCES MosBY, Olav: 1939 From the Northwestern North Atlantic. Norsk Geo- grafisk Tideskrift. Band VII, Hefte 5-8. Isvakta Nord-Atlanteren. (J. W. Copplens Forlag, Bergen.) WORDIE, J. M. 1938 vSea-Ice Problems in Northwest Greenland and the Cana- dian Arctic. (Asso. Study Snow and Ice. pp 4-6, minutes meeting, October 28, 1938.) 78 SouLE, F. M., and Graves, G. Van A. 1939 The Ice Drift in the North Atlantic. (U. S. Hvdro- graphic Office Pilot Chart, March 1939.) Edwards, C. P. 1939 Navigation Conditions on the Hudson Bay Route from the Atlantic Seaboard to Port Churchill, season of Navigation 1938. (J. O. Patenaude, I. S. O., Ottawa.) Bartlett, R. a.: 1939 United States Hydrographic Office Pilot Chart, North Atlantic Ocean, January 1939. 1940 United States Hydrographic Office Pilot Chart, North Atlantic Ocean, March 1940. OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN THE GRAND BANKS REGION AND THE LABRADOR SEA IN 1939 By Floyd M. Soule ^ The General Greene departed from Woods Hole on March 21' proceeding to St. John's, Newfoundland, where she arrived on March 25. After fuel and supplies had been taken on departure was taken from St. John's on March 29 for the purpose of making a current survey of the Grand Banks region. Few bergs had been reported but as a considerable quantity of field ice had been reported between the northeastern edge of the Banks and Flemish Cap with patches extending as far south as the Tail of the Banks, it seemed probable that bergs caught in the field ice would soon be freed in positions favorable to their southward travel toward the steamer lanes via the Labrador Current which seemed to be flowing with considerable vigor. It w^as therefore planned to begin the survey at the northern end as near the field ice as possible and work southward. The first section was not expected to be possible of occupation on account. of field ice, but contrary to expectations this region was free of ice and the work of collection of data was begun at station 2848 on March 30. At the first five stations temperature conditions were severe enough to freeze the water in the Nansen water bottles as tliey came on deck and the bottles had to be taken below into the laboratory to thaw them out and get the water samples. The unprotected ther- mometers (whose outer cases are filled with water) had to receive similar treatment. This resulted in much additional labor and some delay. Worse than this there was some uncertainty that the salinities determined from the samples which had been frozen and thawed out truly represented the salinity distribution in situ. Ultimate results indicated, however, that the validity of the current map was unaffected. No major hitcrruptions occured and the work of collection of data was completed at station 2901 on April 8, a total of 54 stations havmg been occupied. The resulting current m.ap was ready for delivery 12 K hours after the occupation of the last station but the patrol cutter Cham/plain could not be reached until about 2 hours later. The map was then delivered aboard the Champlain on the morning of April 9 and the General Greene proceeded to St. John's where she 1 Contribution No. 256 of tlie Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (79) 80. arrived on April 11 having been delayed by several hours of force 8 wind. Departure was taken from St. John's on April 22 to make a second current survey. The bergs and growlers which had been reported between April 15 and April 20 north of latitude 44° N., and east of longitude 46° W., indicated the desirability of extending this second survey northward to the latitude of Flemish Cap. The presence of field ice between the Grand Banks and Flemish Cap and between latitudes 46° and 47° N., however, made this out of the question with a ship as ice-vulnerable as the General Greene. Furthermore the time which would have been required would have meant that these northern sections could have been made only at the expense of eliminating the sections near the Tail of the Banks and in view of the results of the first survey it was considered that the vicinity of the Tail of the Banks would be an area of considerable importance in regard to menacing ice during the month to follow. It was there- fore decided to survey the same general area covered by the first map. Another consideration entering into this decision was that the sig- nificance of the northeastern berg reports was mitigated by the probability that these bergs had been caught in field ice which had been blown southeastward and ultimately had been freed in water returning northeastward . It was further decided to begin the survey at the northern end and work southward. This was a fortunate decision as the -northern part of the area mapped was later invaded by field ice which would have made the occupation of the northern section impossible had the direction of progress of the survey been reversed. The work of collec- tion was begun at station 2902 located at 46°23' N., 48°48' W., on April 23. Aside from a short detour around field ice on the northern section the work progressed without notable interruption and station work was completed at station 2953 at 42°0r N., 51°20' W., on May 2, a total of 52 stations having been occupied. The resulting current map was then constructed and delivered aboard the Champlain 12 hours after the last station had been completed. The General Greene then returned to St. John's, arriving thereonMay 4. On May 20 the General Greene departed from St. John's to make a third current survey. It had been planned that during this survey a smaller area than usual would be mapped once and then resurveyed as soon as possible in an effort to learn something of the manner in which the current pattern changes from one survey to the next. The region best suited for such a double survey would be the region with which we are already the most familiar, which in this case is the area immediately eastward of the Grand Banks. However, because of the menace of the southernmost ice to the United States- European steamer lanes, this more ideally located area was discarded 81 in favor of the region south and southeast of the Tail of the Grand Banks. Accordingly the work of collection of data was begun at station 2954, located at 42°00' N., 51°00' W., on May 21 and progressed from west toward northeast. The first part of the survey was com- pleted without incident at station 2978, located at 42°24' N., 45°51' W., on May 27. The current map resulting from these observations was completed 1 1 }^ hours later and was delivered aboard the Champlain the morning of May 28. The survey could not be repeated because ice and current conditions required that the survey be extended southward instead. Plans were changed accordingly and additional stations were occupied in a strip along the southern and southwestern border of the area originally mapped. Station work was completed at station 2993 located at 4b°25' N., 51°30' W., on June 1, a total of 40 stations having been occupied. From the stations occupied during the second part of the survey a supplemental map was drawn. This was completed 6K hours after the last station had been completed and was delivered to the Cham- plain on June 2. The General Greene then proceeded to St. John's where she arrived on June 4. Departure was taken from St. John's on June 19 for the purpose of making a fourth current survey. This survey extended from about latitude 46° N., to about latitude 41° N. The work of collection was begun at station 2994, located at 46°23' N., 48°53' W., on June 20, the work progressing from north to south. Work was interrupted on June 23 during the occupation of station 3019, when the General Greene was ordered to search for a berg reported in 41°45' N., 48°40' W., until relieved the following day by the Champlain. The berg was located at 1450 on June 24 and the General Greene stood by it until relieved by the Champlain at 2015 when the General Greene proceeded toward the next oceanographic station arriving there and resuming work on June 25. The work of collection of data was completed at station 3048 located at 42°17' N., 50°41' W., on June 30, a total of 55 stations having been occupied. The resulting current map was then constructed, being completed and delivered aboard the ChamjJlain on July 1, 13 hours after the last station was occupied. The General Greene then returned to St. Jolui's where she arrived on July 3. Thus 201 oceanographic stations were occupied during the ice-patrol season. After completing the last map the General Greene was released from further mapping of the Grand Banks region for a short post- season cruise between southern Labrador and southern Greenland, During this cruise 25 additional oceanographic stations, disposed in the form of a single section from South Wolf Island to Cape Farewell, were occupied from July 10 to July 15. The temperature and salinity 82 data collected at the 226 stations occupied during the season and on the post-season cruise are presented in the oceanographic table in tliis bulletin. The equipment and methods of measurement were the same as in 1938. Calibration titrations were performed by James F. Flannery, seaman, first class. Routine salinity bridge measurements were made by Flannery, Albert H. Hauser, seaman, first class, and Leonard T. Quattlebaum, seaman, second class. Other assistants in the obser- vational work were Thomas C. Crabe, yeoman, second class, and Henry A. Minard, surfman. At the 201 stations occupied during the season the extent and nominal depths of the serial observations of temperature and salinity were the same as in 1938. At all stations on the post-season cruise the measurements extended to as near bottom as was practicable. As in years past, a program of intercomparison of the reversing ther- mometers was carried out tlu-ough periodic shifts in thermometer pairs in order to check on the functioning of these instruments. In all, 1,414 individual comparisons were investigated, the probable differences be- tween the corrected readings of a pair of thermometers varying among the different groups from 0.003° to 0.020° C. and being 0.01 1° C. for the entire 1,414 comparisons. The observed temperatures are therefore considered to be accurate to 0.01° C. An error in standardization of the salinity bridge affecting the fourth map and the post-season cruise was introduced by a question- able intermediate- or sub-standard but was detected and verified by the careful titration of 85 actual sea-water samples. These corrections, as well as the final standardization adjustments for the rest of the season, have been made before tabulation of the data and construc- tion of the current maps. Near the end of the post-season cruise, 1 of the cells of the salinity bridge became inoperative tlii'ough short-circuiting of its connections by a brass chip in the oil bath. Following the return of the equipment to the shore laboratory the bridge was disassembled, cleaned, and reassembled and its calibration curve then redetermined by numerous measurements, by both bridge and titration methods, on 7 oil-sealed carboys of actual sea water, approximately equally distributed over the salinity range of 32.6°/oo to 36.6%o. The calibration curve resulting is expressed by the equation: ^=10100.637/(204.475 + i\/) -4.671 where S represents salinity in parts per thousand and M represents the resistance, in ohms, of the X arm of the salinity bridge as given by the dial readings at balance. The bridge measurements, which were made in the same manner as routine measurements are made at sea, had an uncertainty of ±0.003°/oo to ±0.004%o salinity. This is regarded as a measure of the precision of the method, the accuracy of 83 course being no greater than that of the titration method used in calibration. The current maps prepared during the season as well as the map showing current conditions on the post-season cruise were made fol- lowing the procedure used in the past several years, the season's maps being referred to the 1,000-decibar surface and the post-season map being referred to the 2,000-decibar surface. Figure 20 shows the current map resulting from the first survey, made between March 30 and April 8. This map shows several strik- ing abnormalities. Both the strength and breadth of the Labrador Current along the eastern slope of the Banks are unusual and even in the absence of an exact knowledge of the volume of flow involved can be said to be responsible for the considerable southeastward extension of the cold mixed water tongue which, defined on this chart by the 971.1- dynamic meter isobath, reaches to about 41° N., 48° W. This tongue of cold water was a characteristic of the 1939 ice season and its extent as shown in this figure, in spite of the fact that the Atlantic Current is seen to be flowing with unusual strength unusually far north for this time of year, indicates the abnormally large volume of flow of the Labrador Current immediately preceding and during the period of this survey. Other notable features of figure 20 are the early development of the Grand Banks whorl and the comparative freedom of the current pattern from irregular meanderings. The dynamic current map resulting from the second survey, made April 23 to May 2, is shown in figure 21. In this figure the general pattern of the preceding survey is recognizable, but many changes are to be noted. The northward thrust of the mixed water on the left-hand side of the Atlantic Current north of latitude 44° N., had moved westward toward the Banks about 30 miles. This apparently blocked some of the southward flow of low dynamic height, forcing the southeastward bulge of the contour lines in the northeastern part of the map. This southeastward intrusion of colder water was no doubt assisted by westerly and northwesterly winds during the inter- val between surveys. The great strength of the Labrador Current found in the first survey was still in evidence and one of the results of this continued flood of Labrador Current water was the widening and further extension of the tongue of cold mixed water which in the first survey reached to about 41° N., 48° W. Another result was the en- croachment of Labrador Current water on the shallow waters of the southern end of the Grand Banks. At the southwestern corner of the map a complicated current pattern was found and while the available observations are open to more than one interpretation, it seems certain that the corner station was located in a mixed water pool which had become detached from the main body of mixed water to the eastward. Whether from a decrease in the strength of the Gulf Stream or from 84 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° Figure 20.— Dynamic current map, from data collected March 30-April 8, 1939. 85 the great quantity of Labrador Current water entering this area or from both causes, the Gulf Stream south of the Grand Banks retreated 53° 52° 51° 50° Figure 21.— Dynamic current : .47° 46° 45° 44° ), from data collected April 23-May 2, 1939. southward during the interval between the two surveys. At the eastern edge of the map, centered at about 43° N., 46° W., the Atlan- tic Current maintained its position. 86 Figure 22 shows the results of the third survey. As previously noted, this was planned to be a double survey in which the area was to be remapped as quickly as possible. The solid lines shoAV the map resulting- from the early work and the broken lines represent condi- tions found about a week later. To avoid crowding, the lines usually drawn for every 2 dynamic centimeters have been omitted in the region of the swifter currents. Considering the solid lines of figure 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° Figure 22.— Dynamic current map, from data collected May 21-June 1, 1939 22 with reference to the previous survey as illustrated by figure 21 it is seen that south of the Tail of the Banks the area of cold mixed water grew considerably in extent, the isobath of 971.1 dynamic meters moving from a latitude of about 42° N., at longitude 50° W., in figure 21 tolatitude41° N., at the same longitude in figure 22 (solidlines). During the same period the tongue of cold mixed water extending southeastward again increased in width and extent. The Atlantic Current border in the eastern part of the map showed a slight gain to the westward as compared with the previous map, but the extreme easternmost station indicated that northward of the limits of the sur- vey the cold mixed water had increased greatly in volume. The Labrador Current was still flowing with unusual strength. Com- paring the first part of the survey (solid lines) with the second part (broken lines) it will be seen that during the week which elapsed between the two parts of the survey the Gulf Stream had made a 87 considerable gain to tlie northeast in the western part of the area. This was not simply a case of only the northern edge of the Gulf Stream spreading out to the' north for its northward migration was backed up by the major portion of the current as is borne out by the fact that the volume of flow computed between stations 2983 and 2993 with reference to the 1,500-decibar surface was 49.0 million cubic meters per second. This advance of the Gulf Sti^eam was not caused by any decrease in the amount of cold mixed water supplied by the Labrador Current but instead the advance took place in spite of the continued growth of the quantity of cold water. This is evidenced by that part of the map eastward of about longitude 50° W. Here we see the northward hump in the isobaths displaced eastward from about longitude 49°45' W., to about longitude 49°00' W. Eastward of this northward hump in the isobaths the further southeastward extension of the cold mixed water compensates for the reduction in area covered by this type of water in the western part of the map, the isobath of 971.04 dynamic meters having been extended south- eastward some 60 miles. The second part of this survey was probably made at about the time of the extreme southeastward extension of the area of cold mixed water. The current map resulting from the fourth survey is shown in figure 23. Although following its seasonal diminution the Labrador Current was stUl flowing with strength and south of the Banks reached a western limit of about longitude 51°30' W. No comparison with earlier conditions can be made in the area north of latitude 44°N., since this region was not covered in the previous survey. The large quan- tity of cold mixed water whose pronounced southeastward extension had characterized the entire season had begun its northward retreat. The southern extreme of the isobath of 97 LI dynamic meters which had been well south of latitude 41° N., and outside the limits of the surveys since early April had moved northward to about latitude 41°20' N., and the end of the tongue of cold mixed water had inter- twined cyclonically with a tongue of Atlantic Current water between latitudes 42° N., and 43° N. This intertwining pattern is considered to be a transitonal stage in the assimilation of the cold mixed water. The next stage is probably the establishment of a closed whorl. The current pattern of mtertwining tongues shown in figure 23 was veri- fied by the drift of a berg in this vicinity. Attention is called to this feature of the map because, although the existence of such current patterns as transitory phenomena has long been suspected, this is the first time that such a clearly defined and unmistakable pattern of this type has been mapped in the vicinity of the Grand Banks. In continuation of an investigation of the seasonal variations in the volume of flow of the Labrador Current in the Grand Banks sector, an analysis was made of all the occupations of sections T, U, and W 88 53° 52° 51° 50' 48° 47° 46° 45° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° Figure 23.— Dynamic current map, from data collected June 20-30, 1939. 89 occurring during 1939. These sections, which have been repeatedly occupied and have formed the basis of earUer discussions in previous bulletins of this series are defined as follows: Section T, running south- easterly from about 46°20' N., 49°00' W. ; section U, running east and west at about the 45th parallel; and section W, running south off the Grand Banks in about longitude 50° W. During 1939 sections T and U were occupied 3 times each and section W was occupied 4 times. For purposes of comparison the volume of flow, mean temperature, and minimum observed temperature are given in table 1 for all occu- pations of these sections from and including 1934. Table 1. — Sliowing volume of floic i7i judlion cubic meters per seco7id, mean tempera- ture in ° C, and minimum, temperature in ° C, of the Labrador Current in the Grand Banks region Mar. 16 to Apr. 15 Vol- ume Mean tem- pera- ture Mini- mum tem- pera- ture Apr. 16 to May 15 Vol- ume Mean tem- pera- ture Mini- mum tem- jiera- ture May 16 to June 15 Mean tem- pera- ture Mini- mum tem- pera- ture June 16 to July 15 Vol- ume Mean tem- pera- ture tem- pera- Section T; 1934__.. 1935—. 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Average- Scction W: 1934 1935 1936 1937. 5.71 3.78 2.12 1.55 ■1.65 ■1.20 3.7 7.20 3.54 5.62 9.01 5.81 2.0 2.31 1.54 2.16 1.31 -1.66 -0.82 -1.29 -1.20 -1.51 -1.30 2.1 4.1 3.23 3.53 6.70 4.55 3.72 3.48 5.92 6.69 5.80 6.34 7.15 5.90 4,26 0.74 2.10 5. 66 1.60 2.05 -1.71 -1.56 -0.43 -1.49 -1.79 -1.68 -1.47 -1.37 -1.24 -0.94 -1.56 -0.71 -1.55 -1.23 1.5 ■1.72 2.71 3.15 1.96 3.88 2.06 2.90 1.55 1.85 -1.50 -1.47 -1.22 -1.67 2.64 1.56 1.75 3.14 1.72 3.80 -1.52 -1.70 -1.28 -1.23 -1.29 -1.43 4.30 2.62 2.58 0.84 2.19 1.74 1.44 2.17 3.02 4.78 7.74 19 0.54 5.44 7.43 3.62 0.66 3.78 1.76 2.23 -0.29 -0.83 -1.59 3.13 8.78 5.48 5.78 3.81 2.61 2.85 2.33 4.75 1.59 2.55 0.02 0.08 0'39 -1.52 -0.53 1.63 3.87 2.76 3! 55 3.73 1.82 2.02 1.18 -1.62 -0.76 3.40 5.07 2.26 2.90 2.53 2.42 1.82 2.78 ■1.25 ■1.62 -1..53 •1.52 -1.41 -1.64 -1.61 ■1.58 From tliis table it will be seen that the volume of flow was greater than the 6-year average at each occupation of each section with the exception of the second and fourth occupations of section W. It will also be noted that the mean temperature was lower than the average at each occupation of each section except the first occupation of sec- tion T. The minimum observed temperature, while not as significant as the volume of flow or mean temperature, was colder than the av- erage through the year. The seasonal variation in the volume of flow past sections T, U, and W during the 1939 season is shown graphically in figure 24. Similar curves drawn for other years have all shown a pronounced seasonal maximum occurring about the beginning of May. Figure 24 indi- 90 cates that tliis seasonal maximum occmTed at or prior to the first sur- vey, at least a month prior to the usual occurrence of the maximum volume of flow. Although the curves in figure 24 show a steady decrease in volume at section T and a slight secondary maximum late in June at section U, it will be noted that sections T and U were not occupied during the tliird survey and the shaj^e of the curve for sec- MARCH APRIL ■\ 1 ^„. U -c M A \ \ V ^^A? T iW Figure 24.— Variation iu the volume of flow of the Labrador Current in the Grand Banks region during the 1939 season. tion W indicates the possibility that all three sections experienced a pronounced secondary maximum during May. Some support for this may be found in the reported location of the bergs. It is character- istic that for a short period early in the season some of the berg-i put in their appearance southeast of the 1,000-fathom curve, fanning out from an axis extending southeasterly from about 46° N., 46° W. This characteristic invasion occurred early in the 1939 season and was repeated at about midseason. Tliis may be a coincidence but it is reasonably possible that a considerable increase in the volimie of flow of the Labrador Current is accompanied by a temporary flooding or 91 break-through southeastward across the usuahy effective natural bar- rier of the ridge extending southwesterly from Flemish Cap. Salinity anomalies were again investigated with a view toward determining the departures from average conditions along the common boundary between the Labrador and Atlantic Currents. In the years 1934 to 1937, inclusive, the course of the horizontal projection of the surface of zero salinity anomaly in the axis of the intermediate anom- aly maximum gave good results as indicating the boundary between Labrador Current water and Atlantic Current water. In 1938, be- cause of the large volume of Labrador Current water present, the boundary line as indicated by tliis criterion was almost completely Figure 25. — Temperature profile southwest of Grand Banks, May 1-2, 1939. outside the limits of the surveys. For the same reason the same was true in 1939, the line being outside the limits of the surveys at all but a very few stations. In the past, isolated water masses of low temperature and salinity have been found from time to time south of the Grand Baiilcs by the International Ice Patrol as well as by other investigators. In an attempt to learn more of the manner in which such water masses originate, a section running southwest from the Banks and occupied during the second survey was examined. Figure 25 shows a profile of temperature along tliis section. At station 2952 a mass of cold water, with the lowest observed temperature of 0.82° C. occurring at a depth of 75 meters, is typical of the isolated cold, fresh water masses that have repeatedly presented confusing problems to the surv^eyor at- tempting to map the currents in this region of complicated current 220899 — iO 7 92 patterns. This mass of cold water has been partly separated from its source, the Labrador Current, by a thrust of Gulf Stream water from the northern border of the latter current. The separation of the cold water mass from the Labrador Current was not complete in the section under discusssion and the axis of minimum temperature, indi- cated by the broken line in figure 25, readily shows the origin of the cold water at station 2952, and demonstrates the maniier in which similar but completely isolated cold-water masses are formed. A secondary axis of minimum temperature is shown in figure 25 by the broken line roughly paralleling the bottom in the vicinity of the continental slope. This secondary temperature minimum is not as clearly defined in this section as the shallower axis but it serves to show the effect of cabbeling and downward mixing- along the border of the Labrador Current. It is of interest to note here the order of magnitude of the possible increase in depth of a mixture of the contrasting waters at stations 2449 and 2450. At station 2449 at a depth of 150 meters the temper- ature and salinity were respectively 4.60° C. and 34.18°/oo resulting in a value of o-,=27.09. At station 2450 the same density surface lay at a depth of about 200 meters where the temperature and salinity were respectively 10.25° C. and 35.23°/oo with a resulting a« of 27.10. If these two waters are mixed in equal proportions the resulting mix- ture will have a temperature of 7.42° C, a salinity of 34.705°/oo and a resulting cr, of 27.15. At station 2949 this density surface lay at a depth of about 187 meters or 37 meters deeper than the com- ponent from this station, and at station 2950 this density surface lay at about 220 meters or 20 meters deeper than its component. In the discussion of the cold water mass at station 2952 its connec- tion with the Labrador Current was traced entirely by means of temperatures. Figure 26 bears out the conclusion reached on the basis of temperature, that the w^ater mass in question at station 2952 had its origin in the Labrador Current. In this figure lines of equal negative salinity anomaly have been drawn for the same stations shown in figure 25. Labrador Current water is characteristically cold and of low salinity, but further, it is characteristically of high negative salinity anomaly. On figure 26 the axis of negative salinity anomaly has been shown as a broken line. This figure clearly con- firms the Labrador Current origin of the cold water mass at station 2952. A secondary axis of negative salinity anomaly has been indi- cated by a broken line and, like the secondary axis of minimum temperature in figure 25, it parallels the bottom near the continental 2 This opportunity is taken to point out again that in this region the cabbeling and downward mixing which takes place along the current boundaries is characterized by a series of comparatively small depth increments usually accompanied by a relatively large horizontal component of motion so that conditions existing in any vertical section are largely the result of mixing nil along the current boundary for a varying but considerable distance upstream. 93 slope. Incidentally, this admixture of Labrador Current water of negative salinity anomaly, spreatling- horizontally below about 1,200 meters as indicated in figure 26, may be a contributing factor hi the establishment and maintenance of the layer of maximum salinity anomaly usually found off the eastern and southern slopes of the Grand Banks in hitermediate depths of about 1000 meters. The current maps regularly supplied to the patrol cutters during the ice- patrol season are maps of the dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the topography at the 1,000-decibar surface. In the practical application and use of these maps it is assumed that Fjgure 20.— Salinity anomaly profile southwest of Grand Banks, May 1-2, 1939. they are absolute current maps. In other words, the assumption is that the 1,000-decibar surface is geocentric and motionless. Inas- much as there are many practical difficulties in the way of verifying such an assumption by direct current measurements every efiort has been made to examine indirect evidence bearing on the validity of the assumption. In recent years various criteria for a motionless reference surface have been proposed, that of the minimum oxygen layer provoking the most discussion. The selection of the layer of minimum oxygen as the motionless surface breaks down in the vicinity of the so-called polar front because it is in this vicinity that the layer of minimum oxygen reaches the sea surface. As much of the area in which the International Ice Patrol is interested lies to the north of this, the layer of minimum oxygen cannot be used. Probably the best indication that an isobaric surface of inter- mediate depth is approximately motionless is the fact that year after year the bergs, acting as drift bottles, have been observed to follow, 94 in the main, directions and rates of drift agreeing with the dynamic topographic charts. The cases of discrepancy, some with regard to rate and some with regard to direction, point to the possibiUty of improving the current maps if our knowledge of the shape and location of the motionless surface can be increased sufficiently. In 1935 the post-season cruise in the southern part of the Labrador Sea included subsurface measurements from surface to bottom at all stations. On the assumption that the isobaric surface in which the velocity was most nearly uniform was also the surface in which the velocity was most nearly zero, an investigation of the horizontal gradients of anomaly of specific volume indicated that in this region the most nearly motionless isobaric surface lay at a depth of about 2,000 meters.^ With 2,000 decibars as the reference surface, deep- level dynamic topographic charts were constructed and proved to be in agreement with the circulation of the deep and bottom water deduced from charts of the bottom temperature made from this same survey. Further evidence regarding the location and shape of the motion- less surface in an adjacent area to the south, east of the Grand Banks, developed from the 1937 post-season cruise in this vicinity. The horizontal distribution of anomaly of specific volume, deep-level dynamic topographic charts, a volume transport balance above and below the assumed level of the motionless surface, and temperature- salinity correlations combined with the phenomenon of cabbelmg, all agreed in pointing to the existance of a most nearly motionless surface at about 2,000 meters.* Because it was indicated, on the assumption that the 2,000-decibar surface was the most nearly motionless, that in the 1937 survey the most rapid motion of the deep water occurred in the 3,500-decibar surface, the dynamic topography of the latter surface referred to the 2,000-decibar surface has been shown in figure 27 in comparison with a chart showing the distribution of potential temperature in the isentropic surface of at^=27.90. This potential density surface was selected for isentropic analysis because its depth is approximately the same as that of the 3,500-decibar surface. The axis of minimum temperature is the most strikhig feature of figure 27 and has been shown as a heavy broken line. It indicates the flow of the cold deep water from the Labrador Sea southward beneath the Atlantic Cur- rent. This is the same general picture of the circulation of the deep water that is given by the topographic chart at the left. The simi- larity of the two parts of figure 27 is considered to be a strong con- firmation of the approximation to zero velocity at the 2,000-decibar ' Soule, Floyd M. International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service in the North Atlantic Ocean- Season of 1936. Oceanography, pp. 46-50, U. S. Coast Guard Bull. No. 26. Washington, 1938. * Soule, Floyd M. International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service in the North Atlantic Ocean- Season of 1937. Oceanography, pp. 83-92, U. S. Coast Guard Bull. No. 27. Washington, 1938. . 95 96 surface since this is the reference surface used in the construction of the dynamic topographic chart shown. Because of the wide spacing of the stations, details of circulation cannot be derived from either part of figure 27. However, this much is regarded as certain: That the axis of minimum temperature is well defined and the southward flow clearly indicated. There is a choice open as to whether the axis passes east or west of the central station at the north end of the diagram. In the isentropic analysis the axis has been shown as passing east of this central station in order to preserve the simplest diagram. In the dynamic chart the axis seems to pass to the west of this central station. The main point is that the two circulation pictures are in general agreement.^ In considering surfaces of equal density such as in an isentropic analysis one of the steps involved is the plotting of lines of equal (Xi on temperature-salinity coordinates. It has been found useful to work with two open-scale curves. In the first curve temperature is plotted against D for the value of ai being considered, where D is defined by the equation ao=(Tt-\-D. For the construction of such a curve table 2 gives appropriate values for whole degrees of tempera- ture from —2° to 15° C. and for various values of at covering the range usually encountered in the Ice Patrol area, derived by interpo- lation from page 46 of Knudsen's Hydrographical Tables. Table 2.— Values of D ivh ere S3 From this relationship corresponding vahies of ag have been computed for each 0.1 °/oo sahnity over the range from 32.5 to 36.5°/oo and are given in table 3. Table 3 -s Cc S Co S Co s O o / M 00 / ^Si h * f- V \ g it \ * \ v> lO \ IE ^ \ lO lO lO - \ \9 \ z \ A -s O \ lO 00 ° \ Q \ < \ lO < \ -I \ \ \ lO \ 'T \ lO \ rO ft ' t f " M c 3 OJ 100 and because of the resulting critical balance between grounding of the bergs in the cold shallow water and the deterioration from melting in the warm deeper water. Thus it will be seen that a shift of the Lab- rador Current in a direction normal to the Labrador Coast will have an important effect on the quantity of berg ice appearing in the Grand Banks region. Such a shift took place in 1939 and is traceable to the departure from average wind conditions along the Labrador coast during the preceding winter. Monthly charts showing the departure from normal of barometric pressure indicated that during the winter of 1938-1939 there existed an abnormally strong off-shore component of winds along the Labrador coast. On the basis of this the ice fore- cast for the 1939 season was qualified as follows: "As the Smith for- mulae consider only transportation under average conditions of tem- perature, it is anticipated that the number of bergs actually drifting south of latitude 48° N., will exceed the above-mentioned figure of 500 because the prevalence of off-shore winds along the Labrador coast has probably afforded a colder than usual deep-water path for the bergs and thus reduced the percentage mortality during this part of the journey. For similar reasons it is expected that the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland will be freer of bergs than is usual during the months of May and June at which season their number is usually at a maximum." Both parts of this qualitative prediction proved correct. No opportunity for determining the magnitude of the offshore shift of the Labrador Current was available until the post-season cruise, several months after the winds probably had their maximum effect. Figure 29 shows the temperature section found in the vicinity of the slope off South Wolf Island, Labrador, during July 1939 in comparison with the thermal conditions which were found during July 1938. An inspection of figure 29 shows that the eastern (offshore) limits of the — 1°, 0°, 1°, 2°, and 3° isotherms underwent offshore horizontal dis- placements of 6, 8, 8^2, 8, and 6 miles respectively while the warm axis at 200 meters was 10 miles farther offshore in 1939 than in 1938. From this it will be seen that in the vicinity of the slope similar thermal characteristics were found about 8 miles farther offshore m 1939 than in 1938. In this locality a horizontal change of 8 miles means a change in depth from 370 meters to 940 meters. Differently expressed, the effect of this shift on the berg mortality is to reduce the amount of melting suffered by a berg traveling the same course. The upper 20 meters is occupied by a steep temperature gradient with the surface temperature varying greatly from time to time. Considering only depths from 20 meters to 200 meters m a position near the slope, the average temperature of the water column was 0.5° in 1939 compared with 2.0° in 1938 for the same location. Apparently, then, any pro- longed departure from average conditions in the offshore component of 101 \ Z J j o i J 1 QNV JIOM 1S1 riinos 102 the winds along the Labrador Coast will have a decided effect on the crop of berg ice appearing in the Grand Banks region. Quantitative correlations between these two phenomena or betw^een any of the asso- ciated intermediate steps between cause and effect have yet to be determined. On the post-season cruise the section from South Wolf Island, Lab- rador, to Cape Farewell, Greenland, which has been occupied in other years, was repeated. Figure 30 shows the temperature distribution along this section. As pointed out above, the Labrador Current was shifted slightly offshore by abnormal wind conditions. The most Figure 30.— Temperature distribution between South Wolf Island, Labrador, and Cape Farewell, Green- land, July 10-15, 1939. noticeable feature of figure 30 is the large area in the intermediate water having temperatures of less than 3.2°. This is a characteristic of this part of the Labrador Sea and is interpreted by Smith, Soule, and Mosby ^ as being a relic of the previous winter's chilling not com- pletely erased by the mixing processes which follow with the advent of warmer weather. Off the Greenland coast the warm water of the Irminger Current and the colder water nearer shore have a more complicated pattern than usual. This apparently is the result of part of the colder East Green- land Current water having been separated offshore from its main body. It win be noted that stations 3069 and 3070 are plotted as a single station in figure 30. After station 3069 was occupied it was necessary 6 Smitli, Edward H., Soule, Floyd M., and Olav Mosby. The Marion and General Greene Expeditions to Davis Strait and Labrador Sea, Scientific Results, Physical Oceanography. U. S. Coast Guard Bull. No. 19, pt. 2, p. 186. Washington, 1937. 103 to heave to for several hours on account of weather. Oceanographic work was resumed about 36 hours hxter and station 3070 was located about 15 miles east-southeasterly of station 3009 although both sta- tions were about equally distant from the coast aiul had about the same depth of water. Average values of the two stations were used in the construction of figure 30 and in the dynamic computations. The current situation existing during the post-season cruise is shown in figure 31 where the dynamic topography of the surface relative to 57^ ^ 55° 54° 53° 52° 5l" 50° 49° 48" 47° 46" 45° 44° 43 Figure 31.— Dynamic topography of surface relative to 2,000 decibars. Post-season cruise, July 10-15, 19J9. 2,000 decibars has been indicated. Since the stations of the survey were disposed in the form of a single sectioji the current pattern cannot be described with accuracy. However, figin-e 31 is of material help in interpreting a velocity profile along this section and arriving at reliable values for the volumes of flow of the Labrador and West Greenland Currents. Volumes of flow, mean temperatures, and heat transfers have been determined for 8 occupations of the section across the Lab- rador Current off South Wolf Island and for 10 occupations of the West Greenland Current off Cape Farewell. To facilitate comparison with conditions found in other years these results are listed in table 4. Except for the 1928 occupations by the Godthaab in May and the Marion in July-September and except for the March 1935 occupation 104 by the Meteor, all of the results tabulated are from the post-season cruises of the General Greene. Volumes of flow are given in millions of cubic meters per second, mean temperatures in degrees centigrade, and heat transfers in millions of cubic meter degrees centigrade The values given for the occupations prior to 1935 have not been as pre- cisely determined as the later values and may be subject to further revision. Consideration of table 4 shows that in 1939 the Labrador Current off South Wolf Island was flowing with very nearly average volume, had very nearly the average mean temperature and trans- ported heat at the average rate and that these elements were unaf- fected by the offshore shift discussed earlier in connection with figure 29. Table 4 South Wolf Island Cape Farewell Volume Mean tempera- ture Heat transfer Volume Mean tempera- ture Heat transfer May 1928 4.0 4.4 3.7 5.94 2.91 7.5 8.50 6.37 5.43 6.31 4.1 5.5 5.3 4.19 5.1 4.0 4.99 4.05 4.69 4.19 July-September 1928 5.1 1.3 7.60 5.03 3.3 1.7 3.41 2.68 16.5 2.2 25.90 13.50 24 1 1931 -. 19.5 1933 - 1934 14 86 March 1935 30 0 4.22 3.32 4.20 4.56 2.76 1.27 2.92 11.65 4.22 12.25 12.27 1936 25 83 1938 25 04 1939 Average 4.4 2.6 12.3 5.5 4.6 24 5 Table 4 shows the West Greenland Current at Cape Farewell to have been flowing with greater than average strength. As pointed out in Bulletin No. 28 of this series,^ the unquahfied mean temperature of the West Greenland Current at Cape Farewell for any single occupation of the section cannot be compared with the average of other occupations without misleading results. The reason for this is the considerable seasonal variation in temperature. Figure 53 of Bulletin No. 28 showed a smooth curve representing this seasonal variation. In 1939 the mean temperature of 4.19° C. was not only colder than the average, but also was 0.44° colder than the normal mean temperature for the time of year as indicated by this curve. As the curve was based on a small number of points its absolute values of temperature are questionable. Its shape, however, seems to be well defined and if the whole curve is too low or too high the errors involved in departures from normal mean temperatures will be constant. Because of this it is considered to be worth while to present a preliminary study of these variations having fundamental ramifications. ^ Soule, Floyd M. International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service in the North Atlantic Ocean- Season of 1938. Oceanography. U. S. Coast Guard Bull. No. 28. Washington, 1940. 105 In jEigure 32 such departures from normal mean temperature have been plotted against time for each of the 10 occupations of the section. In the same figure the corresponding volumes of flow also have been plotted against time. It is pointed out that even with such infre- quent observations, figure 32 shows a negative correlation in all but 1 of the 9 intervals. In other words, with the exception of the mterval between the 1936 and 1938 occupations every time the volume of flow increased the mean temperature became colder with reference to the season of the year. It is quite possible that the conditions existing in 1937 were those of larger volume and lower temperature than in 1936 or 1938, in which case the correlation would be negative 1933 1934 1938 1939 A K /' \ i \ / V / 9-. ..At't^- ,t>*!u- .-A \ / A ■' / -^ / A ^2t^ :pto^ A A J p-.^^ ^ '^ v ". , /' ~ ~'-o,^ ^ ~1D Figure 32.— Comparison of variations in the volume of flow of the West Greenland Current at Cape Farewell and departures of its mean temperature from normal. thi'oughout. The patent interpretation of this negative correlation is that fluctuations in the volume of flow of the West Greenland Current arise chiefly from fluctuations in the East Greenland Current rather than the Irminger Current. Attention is drawn to the apparent trends toward greater volume of flow and lower temperature shown by the curves in figure 32 for the period from 1928 to 1939, the increase in volume approximating 2)'i million cubic meters per second and the decrease in mean tempera- ture about a half degree. These trends, if genuine, may be asso- ciated with the present phase of the Greenland climatic cycle which Jensen ^ says is now one of decreasing temperature. SUMMARY 1. Four current surveys of the Ice Patrol area in the vicinity of the Grand Banks, made during the 1939 season, have been described. 8 Jensen, Ad. S. Concerning a change of climate during recent decades in the arctic and subarctic regions from Greenland in the west to Eurasia in the east and contemporary biological and geophysical Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Biologiske Meddelelser XIV, 8. Copenhagen, 1939. 106 2. Computations of the volume of flow have been made and the results presented to show the seasonal variation of the Labrador Current during 1939 as compared with other variations found during the previous 5 ice seasons. 3. The boundary between Atlantic Current water and Labrador Current water, as delineated by the horizontal projection of the zero salinity anomaly surface at the intermediate salinity anomaly maxi- mum, was investigated but found to be outside the limits of the 1939 surveys. 4. Profiles of temperature and salinity anomaly near the Tail of the Grand Banks have been used to clarify the genesis of the isolated cold-water masses frequently found in that vicinity, and incidentally to point out a partial cause of the intermediate salinity anomaly maximum. 5. A recapitulation of the various indicators of the shape and depth of the motionless surface in the Grand Banks region has been given and amplified by a further verification in the form of a deep-level isen tropic analysis of data collected on the 1937 post-season cruise. 6. Tables of the dift'erence between ag and at for various values of temperature and density, and of ag corresponding to various values of salinity have been given to facilitate the plotting of lines of equal (Tt on temperature-salinity coordinates. 7. An analysis of the first survey showed the existence of definite temperature-salinity correlations for the mixed water and Labrador Current water in the Grand Banks region, and the correlations have been presented grapliically. 8. A comparison between the thermal characteristics of the Labra- dor Current off South Wolf Island, Labrador, found in 1939 and 1938, has been presented to show the off-shore shift of this current resulting from abnormal winds during the winter of 1938-39, and to point out the effect on the mortality of bergs en route to the Grand Banks. 9. The volumes of flow, mean temperatures, and heat transfers of the Labrador Current at South Wolf Island and of the West Greenland Current at Cape Farewell, have been derived from observations made in 1939 and compared with seven previous occupations of the Labra- dor section and nine previous occupations of the Cape Farewell sec- tion. Results have been tabulated and particular emphasis placed on the seasonal variation of the temperature of the West Greenland Current in the interpretation of these results. Taking account of this seasonal variation a negative correlation has been found to exist between the mean temperature of the West Greenland Current and its volume of flow with the conclusion that fluctuations in its volume of flow arise chiefly from fluctuations in the East Greenland Ciu'rent. In the following table are given the data collected during the 1939 season and post-season cruises. The individual station headings give 107 the station number, date, geographic position, depth of water, and dynamic height of the sea surface above the reference surface used in the construction of the dynamic topograpliic charts shown in figures 20, 21, 22, 23, and 31. For stations 2848 to 3048, inchisive, the sea surface is referred to the 1,000-decibar surface and the depth of water is the uncorrected fathometer sounding based on a sounding velocity of 1,441.4 meters per second. For stations 3049 to 3073, inclusive, the sea surface is referred to the 2,000-decibar surface and the depth of water is the sonic sounding corrected for sounding velocity and draft, but not for slope. Where the depths of the scaled values are enclosed in parentheses the data are based on extrapolated vertical distribution curves of temperature or salinity or both. Asterisks appearing before observed temperatures indicate that these tempera- tures were determined from the depth of reversal and the corrected reading of an unprotected thermometer. The symbol at signifies 1,000 (density— 1) at atmospheric pressure and temperature t. TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Sal in ity %8 Depth, meters Tem- pera- Salin- ity 96o Station 2848; Mar. 30; latitude 46°26' N., longitude 49°08' W.; depth 70 meters; dynamic height 971.067 meters 0 -0.75 32.76 0 -0.75 32. 76 26.35 27 -0.76 33.64 25 -0.75 \\'l. 89 26.45 54 -0.79 50 -0.80 33.03 26.57 Station 2849; Mar. 30; latitude 46°08' N., longitude 48°33' W.; depth 86 meters; dynamic height 971.059 meters 33.01 33.05 33. 11 33.13 -1.03 -1.10 -1.30 -1.35 33.01 33. 06 33.11 33.13 26.56 26.60 26.65 26.67 Station 2850; Mar. 30; latitude 45°53' N., longitude 48°13' W.; depth 112 meters; dynamic height 971.047 meters 0 12 41 71 100.— -1.64 -1. 33 -1..35 -1.38 -1.30 33.03 33.29 33.42 33.28 33.29 33.03 33.28 33.28 33.28 33.29 26.79 26.79 26.79 26.79 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 9do Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 9oo Station 2851; Mar. 30: latitude 45°47' N., longitude 48°05' W.; depth 229 meters; dynamic height 971.038 meters 0... 25. _ 50- 76.. 101 151 202 -1.64 -1.62 -1.65 -1.31 -0.79 33.21 33.11 33. 15 33.41 33.58 -0.20; 33.61 0.46: 33.77 0--. 25.. 50.. 75_. 100 150 200 -1.62 -1.65 -1.35 -0.85 -0.20 0.40 33.21 33.11 33.15 33.40 33.59 33.61 33.76 26.74 26.66 26.69 26.89 27.01 27.02 27.11 Station 2852; Mar. 30; latitude 45°43' N., longitude 47°58' W.; depth 723 meters; dynamic height 970.988 meters 0... 24.. 49. 73. 14(5 194 291 -1.64 33.29 0 -1.64 33.29 -1.63 33.28 25 -1.65 33.28 -1.63 33.33 50 -1.65 33.33 -1.63 33.35 75 -1.65 33.35 -1.64 33.43 100... -1.65 33.46 -1.30 33.89 150---- -1.30 33.90 -1.19 34.02 200---. -1.10 34.04 1.59 34.39 300-.- 1.75 34.41 2.65 34.59 400-.- 2.70 34.60 *3.27 34.79 600-.-. 3.30 34.80 26 80 26.79 26.84 26.86 26.95 27.29 27.40 27. 54 27.61 27.72 108 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939— Continued Observed values Tem- Depth, pera- meters ture °C. Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 96o Station 2853; Mar. 31; latitude 45°40' N., longitude 47°52' W.; depth 1,097 meters; dynamic height 970. 941 meters 25. 50- 75-, 100 150 575. 774- 975. -1.55 -1.02 3.95 4.04 3.70 3.99 4.17 3.58 3.95 *3.61 3.44 33.35 33.35 33. 44 34.25 34.27 34.37 34.78 34.80 34.92 ,34. 92 34.89 0 - 25-. 50-. 75.. 100 150 200. -1.55 -1.02 3.95 4.04 3.70 4.00 4.15 3.60 3.90 3.60 3.40 33.35 33.35 33. 44 34.25 34.27 34.37 34. 52 34.78 34.81 34.92 34.91 34.89 26.85 26.85 26.91 27.22 27.23 27.34 27.43 27.61 27.70 27.76 27.78 27.78 Station 2854; Mar. 31; latitude 45°35' N., longitude 47°44' w., depth 1,573 meters; dynamic height 970.897 meters Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C. Salin- ity 9oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C, Salin- ity 96o Station 2857; Mar. 31; latitude 45°23' N., longitude 45°52' W., depth 3,438 meters; dynamic height 970.905 meters 0 4.89 34.12 0 4.89 34.12 27.01 25 4.9(1 34.10 25 4.90 M 10 27.00 50 4.15 34.24 50 4.15 34,24 27.19 75 3.89 34.25 75 34. 25 27.22 100 3.83 34.26 100-..- 3.83 34. 26 27.24 150 3.61 34.34 150... 3.61 34. 34 27.32 201 4.42 34.64 200-.. 4.40 34.63 27.48 301 4.13 34.83 300--- 4.15 . 34. 83 27. 66 367 - 4.03 34.88 400.... 4.00 34.90 27.73 554 3.84 34.94 600-..- 3.80 34.94 27.78 744 3. ,57 34.93 800-.. . 3.55 34. 93 27.80 936 3. 45 34.93 1,000.. 3.40 M, 93 27.78 1,329.-.. 3.29 34.91 0 — 23-- 47.. 70- 93.. 140. 471—. 645.... 847-.. 1,215. 1.93 33. 93 0 1.93 33.93 2.70 34. 04 25 2.75 34.05 3.08 34.10 50 3.10 34.11 3.50 34.19 75 3. 60 34.22 4.55 34. .34 100---- 4.50 34. 35 4.13 34.41 150 ... 4.15 34.44 4.16 34. 59 200-.-. 4.15 34.63 4.12 34.80 300--.- 4.35 34.90 4.40 34.92 400---- 3.95 34.91 .3.76 34.90 600-.-- 3. 70 34.92 •3.69 34.93 800 -.- 3. .50 34.91 3.47 34.89 1,000... 3. 40 34.90 3.30 34.91 27.13 27.17 27.19 27.23 27.24 27.34 27.49 27.69 27.74 27.79 27.79 27.79 Station 2855; Mar. 31; latitude 45°23' N., longitude 47°25' W.; depth 2,843 meters; dynamic height 970.880 meters 0 24— 47—. 71.— 94-..- 141 — 283— 338— 515— 34.18 .34. 18 34.22 34.21 34.23 34.45 34. 73 34.88 34.92 34.93 34.95 34.91 34.90 0 25--.- 50---- 75---- 100-.- 1.50--- 200--. 300... 400... 600-.- 800--- 1,000.. 3.53 3.55 3.70 3.75 3.80 3.60 4.40 4.25 3.95 3.70 3.50 3.40 34.18 34.18 34.22 34.21 34.25 34. 50 34.76 34.90 34. 34. 27.20 27.20 27.22 27.21 27.23 27.45 27.57 27.70 27.75 27.79 27.80 27.80 Station 2856; Mar. 31; latitude 45°23' N., longitude 46°.38' W.; depth 3,209 meters; dynamic height 970.919 meters 0 25—. 50..-- 74—- 99—- 149-- 198— 297— 369-- 557— 747—. 1, 326'- 2.60 33.98 0 2.60 33.98 2.75 34.01 25 2. 75 34.01 2.90 34.03 50 2.90 34.03 5.65 34.55 75 5. 65 34.55 5.34 34.51 100--- 5, 35 34.51 4.49 34.46 150---- 4.45 34.46 3.59 34.46 200--- 3.60 34.46 4.64 34.85 300---- 4.65 34.86 4.13 34.90 400--- 4. 00 34.90 3.65 34.89 600---- 3.60 34.89 3.54 34. 90 800--. 3. 55 34.91 3.57 34.93 1,000- 3. 55 34.93 "' 34.92 27.13 27.14 27.15 27.26 27.27 27.33 27.42 27.63 27.73 27.76 27.78 27.80 Station 2858; Mar. 31; latitude 44°53' N., longitude 45°54' W.; depth 3,612 meters; dynamic height 970.918 meters 0 23--. 46—. 70—. 93.— 139-. 185-. 278--. 286— 434— 586... 752-- 1, 110. 3.02 33.96 0 .3.02 33.96 2.95 33.96 25 2.95 33.96 3.01 34.00 50 3. 00 34.00 2.91 34.02 75 2 90 34.03 2.97 34.06 100-... 3. 00 34.07 3.15 34.17 150-.-- 3. 25 34.21 3.06 34.45 200--- 3. 85 34. .54 4.45 34.84 300--- 4.30 34.85 4.26 34.81 400---- 4. 20 34.92 4.15 34.93 600-.-- 3. 95 34.97 3.97 34.97 800-- 3.65 34.94 3.70 34.94 1,000-- 3. .50 34.93 3.45 34.93 27.08 27.08 27.11 27.15 27.17 27.25 27.46 27.66 27.73 27.79 27.79 27.81 Station 2859: Apr. 1; latitude 44°27' N., longitude 45°54' W.; depth 3,795 meters; dynamic height 970.974 meters 65 87 130— 173—- 260— 287- — 437- — 590—- 748-.- 1,075-- 4.40 33.98 0 4.40 33. 98 4.42 33.98 25 4.45 33.98 4.67 34.02 50 5.20 34.11 6.72 34.44 75 7.10 34.57 7.40 34.67 100--- 7.75 34.78 8.30 34.94 150---- 7.30 34.83 6.20 34.70 200--- 5. 80 34.71 5.11 34. 74 300---- 4. .50 34.75 4.44 34.73 400---- 4.85 34.94 4.89 34.99 600.--- 4.8C 34.98 4.85 34.98 800--- 3. SO 34.94 34.95 1,000- 3.45 34.93 3.41 34.92 26.96 26. 95 26.97 27.09 27.16 27.27 27.37 27.55 27.66 27.71 27.78 27.81 Station 2860; Apr. 1; latitude 44°40' N., longitude 46°4S' W.; depth 3,475 meters; dynamic height 970.947 meters 1, 050- 1,429- 3.77 33.84 0 .3.77 33.82 3.69 33.84 25 ;i6 34.31 27.30 297 4.40 34.55 .300--.. 4.50 34.58 27.42 337 6.37 35.00 400-.-. 5.75 35.00 27.60 503 4 94 34. 995 600-..- 4.45 34.98 27.74 667 ... 4.22 34. 965 800.--. 4.0(1 34.95 27.77 843 --- 34.95 1, 000- . 3.80 34.95 27.79 1.207—- 3.67 34.94 121 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939-Continued Observed values Depth, Tcm- salin. pera- j^ ture 0/ OQ 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- , ture C. Station 2968; May 24; latitude 41°00' N., longitude 50°03' W.; depth 3,603 meters; dynamic height 971.108 meters 0 5.08 33.14 0 5.08 33.14 26.22 25 7.24 33.65 25 7.24 33. 65 26. 35 50 2.63 33.53 50 2.63 33. 53 26.76 74 4.20 33. 96 75 4.20 33.97 26.97 99 6.97 34.44 100.— 6.95 34. 44 27.00 149 4.60 34.10 150_-_. 4.60 34. 10 27. 03 198 6.24 34.50 200.... 6.25 34. 51 27.16 297 ,5.82 34.59 300...- 5.70 34. 59 27.28 354_ *2.39 34.25 400.-.. 3.15 34.44 27.44 533 ,5.47 3,5. 01 600...- 5.05 M. 99 27 68 718 4.28 34.94 800...- 4.20 34. 96 27.76 906 4.2(1 34.98 1.000.. 4.10 34. 98 27.78 1,294.._. 3.66 34.95 Station 2969; Mav 24; latitude 41°51' N., longitude 49°23' W.; dep'th 2,743 meters; dynamic height 970.984 meters 0 ... 17... 33... 60... 67... 100.. 133.. 200. 241. 364. 488., 667 1.09 4.84 33.50 0 4.84 33.50 4.42 33.44 25 3. 05 33.43 1.87 33. 43 50 5.63 34. 16 5.63 34.16 75 5. 05 34.14 5.02 34.10 100.-. 5. 20 34.29 5.20 34.29 150... 5.25 34.45 5.49 34.41 200-.-- 4.05 34.52 4.05 34.52 300.— 2.7(1 34.48 1.87 34.27 400- — 3. 9(1 34.79 3.60 34.72 600--.. 3.90 34.92 4.20 34.88 800.... 3.80 34.93 3.79 34.92 1,000.. 3. 8(1 34.95 3.82 34. 955 26.53 26.65 26.96 27.01 27.11 27.23 27.42 27.51 27.65 27.76 27.77 27.79 Station 2970; May 25; latitude 41°09' N.. longitude 48°31' W.; depth 2,981 meters; dynamic height 971.035 meters 0 26.... 5L.- 76-- - 102... 152... 305- . 347... 527... 712... 915... 1,352 14.17 34.76 0 14.17 34.76 12.60 34.74 25 12.60 34.74 4.08 33.62 50 4.20 33.63 1.17 33.57 75 1.15 33.57 2 86 33.78 100-.- 2.75 33.77 1.29 33. 81 150..-- 1..30 33.80 3.31 34.56 200.... 2.00 34.04 3.61 34.75 300.... 3.30 34.54 4.07 34.91 400.... 3.85 34.83 4.05 34. 955 600.... 4.10 34.93 3.85 34.94 800..- 4.00 34.95 3.42 34.91 1,000-. 3.75 34.94 26.29 26.70 26.91 26. 95 27.08 27.22 27. 51 27.68 27.74 27.77 27.78 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C Salin- ity Station 2971; May 25; latitude 41=43' N., longitude 47°46' W.; depth 3,813 meters; dynamic height 971.138 meters 0 - 15.22 35. 50 0 15.22 35.50 25 15.14 35.52 25 1.5.14 35. .52 50 11.92 35.00 50 11.92 35.00 75 11.23 35.00 75 11.23 35.00 100 11. 8£ 35.25 100.... 11. H9 35.25 150 11. 4!' 35.24 150.--- 11.48 35. 24 199 11.73 35.47 200.--. 11,70 35.47 299 8.9(1 35.13 300..-- 8.85 35. 13 425 6.16 34.98 400..-. 6. 55 34.99 645 4.82 35.00 600.-. .5.00 35. 00 870 4.18 34.98 800--.- 4.35 34.99 1,087-... 3.66 34.94 l.OOi).. 3. 85 34. 95 1,522...- 3.34 .34. 915 26.32 26.35 26.63 26.76 26.82 26.90 27.03 27.26 27.49 27.70 27.76 27.78 Station 2972; May 25; latitude 42°16' N., longitude 48°26' W.; depth 3,246 meters; dynamic height 970.956 meters 0— ... 6.51 33.17 0 6. .51 .33. 17 26.07 24 4.14 33. 68 25 4.10 33.68 26.75 49 1.89 33.68 50 1.90 33. (18 26.95 73 2.90 34.01 75 2.9.'^ 34. 02 27.13 97 5.39 34.48 100..-- 5. 45 34.50 27.25 146 5.79 34.67 150..-- 5.80 34.69 27.35 194 6.28 34.91 200... 6.20 34. 91 27.48 291 4.79 34.86 300... 4. 65 34. 85 27.62 349 ;H.98 34.81 400.-- 4.00 34.84 27.68 530 4.37 34.96 600 ... 4.20 34.96 27.76 717 3.95 34.96 800 .. . 3. 85 34. 95 27.78 903 3.72 34.94 1,000 - 3. 70 34.94 27.79 1,283..-. 3.52 34.94 Station 2973; May 26; latitude 42°45' N., longitude 49°12' W.; depth 2,140 meters; dynamic height 970.924 meters 0... 25.- 50.. 75.. 100 150. 200 300 397 595 794 990 l,3i 2.62 32.70 0 2,62 .32.70 l.OC 33.30 25 l.OC 33.30 2.15 33.84 50 2.15 33.84 2.85 34.04 75 2.85 34.04 3.1c 34.20 100-... 3.10 34.20 3.65 34.47 150...- 3. 65 .34. 47 3.77 34.62 200.... 3.77 34.62 4.41 34.87 300.... 4.41 34.87 4.09 34,90 400 ... 4.05 34.90 3.71 34. 925 600 --. 3.7(1 34.92 3.52 34.92 800 ..- 3. ,5(1 34.92 3.38 34.91 1,000.. 3.35 34.91 3.23 34.92 26.10 26.70 27.05 27.15 27.26 27.42 27.53 27.66 27.72 27.78 27.80 27.80 Station 2974; May 26; latitude 43°22' N., longitude 49°02' W.; depth 1,463 meters; dynamic height 970.911 meters 0... 25- 49- 74- 98-- 147. 760... 952 .- 1, 340. 1.78 52. 81 0 1.78 32.81 .69 33.06 25 .69 33.06 2,01 33.84 50 2.00 33.85 1.87 33.97 75 1.85 33.98 1.95 34.22 100.-.. 2.00 34.24 4.11 34.67 150.... 4.1(1 34.68 3.76 34.74 200... 3. 7(1 34.74 3.19 34.76 300..-. 3. 2(1 34.76 3.37 34,81 400..-- 3. 4(1 34.83 3.58 34.90 600.-.. 3. 55 34. 90 3.57 34. 905 800... 3. .55 34.90 3.56 34.90 1,000.. 3.55 34.90 3.51 34.90 26.26 26.52 27.07 27.18 27.38 27.54 27.63 27.70 27.73 27.77 27.77 27.77 Station 2975; May 26; latitude 43°04' N., longitude 48°26' W.; depth 2,780 meters; dynamic height 970.941 meters 0 5. 52 33.42 0 5. .52 33.42 21 4 77 33.45 25 4.50 33.46 42 3 12 33.49 50 3.00 33. 55 63 2.93 33.78 75 .... 3.10 33.92 84 3.26 34.01 100... 3. 30 34.12 126 3.41 34.28 150... 3.70 34.43 167 3.84 34.52 200.... 4.05 34.66 251 4.30 34.80 300... 4.20 34.85 252 3.97 34.77 400.... 4.10 34.91 395 4.1(1 34.91 600... 3.85 34.94 548 3. 82 34.92 800... 3.90 34.97 712 3.97 34.98 1,000.. 3.45 34.93 1,071... 3.40 34.92 26.39 26.53 26.75 27.04 27.18 27.38 27.53 27.67 27.73 27.77 27.80 27.80 122 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939— Continued Observed values Depth. meter'' Tem- pera- Depth, meters pera- ture °C Station 2976; May 26; latitude 42°45' N., longitude 47°48' W.; depth 3,539 meters; dynamic height 970.968 meters 0 6.34 33.12 0 6.34 33. 12 26.04 29- 3.16 33.34 25 3.5C 33. 31 26.51 58 1 66 33.57 50 1.9C 33. 55 26.85 1.45 33.72 75 1.45 33. 67 26.97 116 1.62 34.01 100... 1.5C 33. 82 27.09 174 2, ,12 34.36 150-... 2. IC 34. 22 27.36 232 3.99 34.69 200-.- 3.05 34.50 27.50 348 4.69 35.00 300 --- 4.55 34.84 27.62 479 4,78 35.00 400---. 4.75 34.96 27.69 719 4.15 34.98 600... 4.45 35. 00 27. 76 957 3.74 34.94 800 ... 4.0C 34.97 27.79 1,198-..- 3.58 34.94 1,000-- 3.7C 34.94 27.79 1,682-.-. 3.40 34.94 Station 2977; May 26-27; latitude 42°34' N., longitude 46°50' W.; depth 4,161 meters; dynamic height 971.426 meters 0 -.. 25..- 50... 75-.. 100- 150- 299-.. 377.... 563.... 748.... 941.... 1, 335. 16.67 36. 14 0 16.67 36.14 16.76 36.14 25 16.76 36.14 16.78 36 15 50 16.78 36. 15 16.93 36.26 75 .... 16.93 36.26 16.62 36.24 100... 16.62 36. 24 15. 50 36.01 150.... 15.50 36.01 15.82 36. 18 200.-. 16.80 36.18 15.70 36.16 300... 15.70 36. 16 12.97 35.58 400... 12.45 35.51 9.00 35. 16 600... 8. 05 35.11 5.53 34.96 800 -.. 5.00 34. 95 4.29 34.94 1,000-. 4.20 34.94 4.00 34. 985 26.48 26.46 26.46 26. 52 26.57 26.66 26.72 26.72 26.92 27.37 27.66 27.74 Station 2978; May 27; latitude 42°24' N., longitude 45°51' W.; depth, 4,472 meters; dynamic height 971.358 meters 0 14.94 35.92 0 14.94 35.92 26.71 25 14 98 35.92 25 14.98 35. 92 26.71 50 14.97 35. 925 50 14.97 35. 92 26.71 74 ^ 14. ,57 35.90 75 14.55 35. 90 26.78 99 14 40 35.89 100..-- 14.35 35. 89 26. 81 149 13 52 35.69 150...- 13. 5C 35.69 26.84 198 13.53 35.74 200.... U. 5(: 35.74 26.88 297 13. or 35.67 300.... 12.95 35.66 26.93 383 11.96 35. 47 400... . 11.65 35. 42 27.00 582 8.14 35.04 600.-.. 7.85 35.03 27.34 782 5. 73 35.00 800 ... 5.6C 35.00 27.62 980 4.73 34.99 1,000.. 4.65 34.99 27.73 1,379..-. 3.92 34.96 Station 2979; May 28; latitude 41°53' N., longitude 51°17' W.; depth 3,475 meters; dynamic height 971.203 meters n 17.81 35.54 0 17.81 35.54 25.75 25 17.23 35.48 25 17.23 35. 48 25.84 51 17.17 35.85 50 17. 2(: 35.85 26.13 76 12.54 34.90 75 12.6( :<4. 91 26.43 102 11.03 34.84 100... 11. IC 34. 84 26.65 153 14 38 35.88 150.... 14.25 35.86 26.81 203 10.41 35.07 200.... 10.65 35.10 26.93 305 6.73 34.72 300.... 6.95 34. 74 27.24 347 4.39 34.46 400.... 3.85 34.50 27.42 514 3 43 34.70 600.... 3. 75 34. 83 27 69 676 4.07 34.90 800..-. 3. 85 34. 9(1 27.74 855 .3.78 34.91 1,000.. 3.75 34. 92 27.77 1,227...- 34.94 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture "C Salin- ity 96o Station 2980; May 28; latitude 42°02' N., longitude 51°54' W.; depth 3,255 meters; dynamic height 971.160 meters 0 18.54 35.70 0 18.54 35.70 25.69 22 14.65 35.08 25 14.45 35.06 26.16 44 12.43 34.88 50 12.45 34.93 26.47 66 12.57 35.18 75 14.00 35.54 26.62 88 14.85 35.88 100.-- 14. 75 35.88 26.72 132 14.26 35.83 150..- 13.65 35.65 26.78 175 12.07 35.40 200.... 11.35 35.35 27.00 263 9.95 35.24 300..-. 8.80 35.13 27.27 304 8.66 35.11 400.-. 5. 85 34.91 27.52 465 4.50 34.86 600..- 4.70 34.97 27.71 633 4.76 34.98 800,.- 3. 85 34.91 27.75 816 3.81 34.91 1,000.. 3.60 34.91 27.78 1,210-... 3.49 34.92 Station 2981; May 28; latitude 42°39' N., longitude 51°08' W.; depth 1,838 meters; dynamic height 971.102 meters 0 5.44 33.34 0 5.44 33. 34 26.33 17 5.46 33.34 25 4.95 33. 48 26.50 35 4.32 33.65 50 3.45 33. 68 26.81 52 3.31 33.69 75 5. 40 34.12 26.95 5.35 34.09 100..-- 5.55 34.18 26.98 104 5.58 34.19 150--.. 6.75 34. 46 27.05 138 6.40 34.35 200-. . 7. 35 M 71 27.16 207 7.15 34.66 300.... 6. 55 34.78 27.32 190 7.92 34.80 400-..- 4.10 34. 57 27.46 297 6.64 34.78 600.... 4. 05 34.82 27.66 413 3.93 34.56 800-.. . 3.90 34. 90 27.74 558 893 4.08 3.82 34. 805 34. 915 (1,000) 3.75 34.92 27.77 Station 2982; May 29; latitude 41°36' N., longitude 51°30' W.; depth 4,097 meters; dynamic height 971.672 meters 0 22.33 36.28 0 22. 33 36.28 25.12 29 22.33 36.36 25 22.32 36. 35 25.17 57 22.2!) 36.40 50 22. 30 36. 39 25.21 86.. 20.67 36.64 75 21. 20 36. 57 25.65 113 19.51 36.58 100... 20.00 36.61 26.00 170 18. 2H 36.46 150.... 18.60 36. .50 26.28 227 17. 80 36.44 200.— 17. 95 36. 45 26.42 340 16.52 36.23 300---- 17.20 36.35 26.51 323 16.92 36.30 400---- 14.90 36.01 26.80 456. 35.80 600--- 9. 55 35. 23 27.22 570 10.29 35.32 800---. 5.95 35.03 27.60 700 7.48 35.08 (1,000) 4.50 34. 98 27.73 943 4.73 34.99 Station 2983; May 29; latitude 41°16' N., longitude 50°37' W.; depth 4,718 meters; dynamic height 971.142 meters 0 16.04 35.30 0 16.04 35. .30 25.99 15 15.31 35.17 25 14. 5C 35.04 26.13 29 14.26 35.01 50 12. IC 34.69 26.35 44 13. 13 34.82 75 9.6(: M. 22 26.43 58 11.22 34.51 100...- 6.15 ;h;^. 71 26.54 87 8.68 34.05 150... . l.OC 33. ,50 26.86 115 :<.44 33.44 200.... 0.25 33. 68 27.05 125 2.79 33.47 300.... 2.85 34. 44 27.47 183 -0. 43 33.54 400-.. . 4.0(1 34. 62 27.51 238 2.67 34.16 (600) . 3.75 34.79 27.66 296 2.82 34.43 (800) - - 3.6C 34. 86 27.74 408 4.02 34.63 (1,000). 3.60 34.90 27.77 123 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Station 2984; May 30; latitude 40°45' N., longitude 49°46' W.; depth 3,932 meters; dynamic height 971.230 meters 0 17.58 35.51 0 . .. 17. 58 35. 51 25. 78 29 16.85 35.76 25 16.95 35.73 26.11 58 15.78 35.94 50 16.05 35.92 26.46 87 14.26 35.65 75 14.80 35.76 26.62 115 14.49 35.78 100.... 14.30 35.72 26.70 173 13.61 35. 68 150.... 14.00 35.73 26.76 231 12.34 35.56 200.... 13.05 35. 63 26.88 346 35.12 34.96 300..-. 400...- 10.40 7.80 35. 31 35.02 27.14 505 6 09 27.34 759 4.48 34.97 600... 5. 20 34.96 27.64 1,014.. ._ 4.00 34.96 800.... 4.:i5 34.97 27.75 1,275..-. 3.76 34.95 1,000.. 4.00 34.96 27.78 1,808..- 3.43 34.92 Station 2985; May 30; latitude 40°41' N., longitude 49°05' W.; depth 3,301 meters; dynamic height 971. 361 meters 0 17.39 35.52 0 17.39 35.52 25.83 27 18.52 35.99 25 18. 50 35.98 25.92 54 18. .57 36.41 50 18.55 36. 36 26.19 81 17.67 36.36 75 17.80 36.37 26.39 108 17.34 36.35 100.--- 17.40 36.35 26.47 162. 15. 83 36.03 150---- 16. 15 36.11 26.58 216 15.20 36.00 200-- 15. 35 36.01 26.69 324 12.64 35.60 300.-- 13.35 35.72 26.90 450 8.58 35.01 400 --- 10. 15 35.22 27.12 667 5.12 34.94 600..- 5.70 34.94 27.56 880 4.40 34.97 800... . 4.65 34.96 27.71 1,124.— 3.68 34.92 1,000.. 3. 95 34.95 27.77 1,644- — 3.47 34.93 Station 2986; May 30; latitude 40°50' N., longitude 48°11' W.; depth 3,383 meters; dynamic height 971.007 meters 0 11.91 34.40 0 11.91 34.40 26.16 24 6.70 33.89 25 6.60 33. 89 26.62 49 4,95 34.04 50 4.90 :^4.()5 26.96 73 4.50 34.11 75 4. 50 34.12 27.06 6.79 34.55 100...- 6.95 34. ,58 27.11 147 7.93 34.93 150.--- 7.90 34. 92 27.25 195 6.06 34.69 200.--. 5.95 34. 69 27.33 293 5. 09 34.82 300- - 5. 05 34. 82 27.55 417 4.28 34.86 400--.. 4.30 34.85 27.66 635 4,28 .34. 95 600.... 4. -M) 34.94 27.72 857 .3.88 34. 925 800 ... 3.95 34.93 27.75 1,081.— 3.71 34.93 1,000.. 3.75 34.92 27.77 1,540.... 3.43 34.91 Station 2987; May 30-31; latitude 40° 59' N., longitude 47°19' W.; depth 3,484 meters; dynamic height 971.018 meters 1,061. 1,490. 8.94 33.40 0 8.94 33.40 6.88 34.11 25 6.87 34.11 34.24 50 5.98 34.24 6.47 34.38 75 6.44 34.38 6. 53 34.47 100-- 6.52 34.47 7.94 34.87 150... 7.94 34.87 5.83 34.62 200-.. 5.81 34.62 5.10 34.77 300-- 5. 10 34.77 4.59 .34. 86 400-... 4 65 34. 84 4.37 34. 965 600...- 4.40 34.95 4.09 34.97 800..- 4.15 34.97 3.69 34. 935 1,000.. 3. 75 34.95 3.35 34.90 25.90 26.76 26.97 27.02 27.09 27.20 27.30 27.51 27.61 27.72 27.77 27.79 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture C° Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture SaliU' ity Station 2988; May 31; latitude 40°27' N., longitude 47°18' W.; depth 3429 meters; dynamic height 971.044 meters 0 21 43 64 86 129 171 257 231 346 460 590 10.08 11.27 7.34 5.15 8.23 5.92 4.55 4.04 3.72 33.78 34.16 33.69 33.86 34. 55 34. 35 34.51 34.56 34. 54 34.76 34.91 34.92 34.88 75 ICO... 150... 200... 300... 400.... 600... 800.... (1,000). 10.08 11.05 6.40 6.90 5! 95 5.15 4.05 4.10 4.10 3.80 3.55 33.78 34.08 33.72 34. 22 34.49 34.44 34.53 34.64 34.86 34.92 34, 34, 26.00 26.07 26.52 26.84 26.99 27.14 27.30 27.51 27.69 27.74 27,74 27.76 Station 2989; May 31; latitude 40°26' N., longitude 48°50' W.; depth 3,667 meters; dynamic height 971. 422 meters 670... 908... 1, 152. 1, 665. 18.86 18.74 18.18 17.76 17.68 17.39 16.93 14.36 11.39 5.36 4.04 3.95 3.46 36.22 36.23 36.36 36.42 36.42 36.40 36.31 35.85 35.46 34.93 34. 905 34.94 34.92 0 25 50 75 100.... 150.... 200. ... 300.--. 400.-.. 17.65 17.45 17.10 14.85 12.35 6.75 4.30 4.00 Station 2990; June 1; latitude 40°25' N., longitude 49° 44' W.; depth 4,070 meters; dynamic height 971.273 meters 26.02 26.04 26.25 26.42 26.46 26.50 26.53 26.75 26.98 27.51 27.70 27.75 0 28 56 84 111 — 167.... 223..-. 334— 551-... 818-... 1,080-. 1,355.. 1,911.. 16.30 35. 32 0 16.30 35.32 13.74 34. 92 25 13.80 34.93 16.13 35.95 50 15.75 35.84 14.32 S5.60 75 14.85 35.71 13.79 35.55 100-.-- 13.90 35.56 13.32 35.58 150---- 13.45 35.57 12.06 35.40 200-.-- 12.70 35.46 9.97 35.21 300-.-- 10.60 35.27 5.61 34.85 400.... 8.55 35.09 4.58 34.97 600.... 5.35 34.87 4.05 34.97 800-... 4. 60 34.97 3.65 34. 925 1,000.- 4.20 34.97 3.36 34.90 25.94 26.19 26.46 26.57 26.66 26.76 26.83 27.08 27.28 27.55 27.72 27.77 Station 2991; June 1; latitude 40°27' N., longitude 50°35' W.; depth 4,070 meters; dynamic height 971.782 meters 0 21.29 36.35 0 21.29 36. .35 25.46 28 21.19 36.37 25 21.20 36. 37 25.50 56 20.67 36.37 50 20.85 36. 37 25.60 84 18.74 36.43 75 19. 10 36.41 26.09 111 18.46 36.44 100-.-. 18. 55 36. 44 26.25 166 18.13 36.46 150--. 18. 2(1 36. 46 26.36 222 17.92 36.45 200--.. 18.00 36.46 26.41 333 17.50 36.42 300--.. 17.65 36.43 26.47 ,552 13.93 35.79 400-.-. 16.75 36.29 26.58 822 7.61 35.08 600.... 12.80 35. 64 26.95 1,087-.- 4.68 800.... 8.10 .35. 12 27.37 1,348.--- 4.14 34. 945 1,000- . 5. 25 34. 99 27.66 1,861..-- 4.05 34.92 124 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939-Coiitinued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 960 Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Station 2992; June 1; latitude 40°47' N., longitude 51°08' W.; depth 4,280 meters; dynamic height 971.798 meters 0 - 21.53 36.38 0 ... 21.53 36. 38 25.41 25 21.46 36.37 25 ... 21.46 36.37 25 42 50 19.81 36.36 50 ... 19.81 36. 36 25.87 75 18.81 36.40 75. ... 18.81 36. 40 26.17 101 18. .53 36.44 100 .-_ 18.55 36.44 26.25 151 18. 13 36.45 1,50 ... 18.15 36. 45 26.37 201 17.93 36. 44 200 ... 17.90 36. 44 26.42 302 17. ,59 36.42 300 ... 17.60 36.42 26.47 463 15.87 36.10 400 ... 16.80 36. 26 26.54 11.25 35.41 600 ... 1,3.05 35. 68 26.92 907 6.39 35.02 800 ... 8.65 3,5.17 27.33 1,145.. __ 4.21 34.90 1,0( 0.. 5.15 34. 95 27.64 1,641.... 3.60 34.90 Station 2993; June 1; latitude 40°25' N., longitude 51°30' W.; depth 4,399 meters; dynamic height 971.890 meters 0-- 21.14 36.32 0 21.14 36 30 25. 48 21.19 36.35 25 21.15 36. 35 25. 49 55 20.06 36.50 50 20. 20 36.47 25.85 83 19.75 36.58 75 19., SO 36. 57 26.03 110 19.03 36. 53 100.-.. 19.30 36.55 26.14 165 18. ,34 36.48 150.-- 18.45 36. 49 26.31 220 18.03 36.46 200.... 18.10 36. 47 26. 39 330- M.m 36. 43 300.... 17.70 36.44 26.47 454 17.06 36.34 400.... 17.35 36. 39 26.52 679 12.99 35.66 600-.-. 14.75 35. 95 26.78 903 7.H6 35.10 800.... 10.20 35.29 27.16 1,143.... 5.03 34.98 1,000-- 6.30 35.03 27.55 1,640.... 3.86 34.94 Station 2994; June 20; latitude 46°23' N., longitude 48° 53' W.; depth 64 meters; dynamic height 971 .061 meters 0 ,5.27 32.76 0 ... 5.27 32.76 25.89 28 5.11 32.75 25 .5.15 32. 75 25.89 57. 0.02 32.96 50 0.60 32.92 26.42 Station 2995; June 20; latitude 46°09' N., longitude 48°30' W.; depth 88 meters; dynamic height 971.054 0 .5.26 32.76 0 5.26 32.76 25.89 26 4.18 32.78 25 4.25 32. 7,8 26.02 53 -1.43 33. 06 50-.... -1.35 33. 04 26.60 79 -:.« 33.06 75 -1.45 33.06 26.61 Station 2996; June 20; latitude 45°54' N., longitude 48°08' W.; depth 110 meters; dynamic height 971.048 0 5.34 32.79 0 .5.34 32. 79 25.91 25 3.33 32.81 25 3. 33 32. 81 26.14 50 -0.99 32.99 50 -0.99 32.99 26.54 75- -l.,53 33.22 75 -l.,53 33.22 26.75 100 -1.50 33.30 100--.. -1.50 33.30 26.81 Ob.served values Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o ., Station 2997; June 20; latitude 45°50' N., longitude 48°04' W.; depth 180 meters; dynamic height 971.039 meters 0 3.49 32.63 0- 3.49 32.63 25.97 25 2. 8S 32.63 25 2.89 32. 63 26. 03 50 -0.56 33. 15 50 -0.56 ;h.i5 26.65 75 -1.12 33.27 75 -1.12 33.27 26.77 100 -1.27 33.44 100--.. -1.27 33. 44 26.92 150 -0.73 33.60 150-.- -0.73 33.66 27.08 Station 2998; June 20; latitude 45°45' N., longitude 47°58' W.; depth, 640 meters; dynamic height 970. 963 meters 0-- 25-. 50-. 75-. 100 150 201 301 371 566 3.16 32.53 0 3.16 1.12 33.06 25 1. 12 -1.26 33.41 50 -1.26 -0.65 33.65 75 -.-- -0.65 -0.16 33.84 100-.-- -0.16 l.OC 34.10 150---. 1.00 1.9C 34.39 200 - -- 1.90 2.72 34,62 300 - -- 2.70 3.04 34.74 400--- 3.15 3.42 34.82 (600)-. 3.45 32.53 33.06 33.41 33.65 33.84 34.10 34.39 34.62 34.76 34.83 25.93 26.50 26.90 27.07 27.20 27.34 27.51 27.63 27.70 27.72 Station 2999; June 20; latitude 45°43' N., longitude 47°55' W.; depth 1,097 meters; dynamic height 970.942 meters 0-. 25-. 50-. 75-. 100 150 200 300 306 473 6.50 4 17 32.66 0 4.17 32.66 2 02 32.81 25 2.02 32.81 0.25 33.54 50 0. 25 33.54 0.00 33.71 75 0. 00 33.71 0.93 33.96 100--.- 0.93 33.96 1.82 34.32 150...- 1.82 34.32 2.38 34.52 200---- 2. 38 34.52 3.05 34.69 300---- 3.05 34. 7C 3.03 34.73 400---- 3. 30 34.79 3.42 34.83 600-... 3. .5(1 34.87 3.54 34.88 800..-. 3. 50 34. 9C " 34.91 (1,000) 3.45 ,34. 91 25.93 26. 25 26.94 27.09 27.23 27.47 27.58 27.66 27.71 27.76 27.78 27.79 Station 3000; June 20; latitude 45°36' N., longitude 47°48' W.; depth 1,399 meters; dynamic height 970.927 meters. 0... 25.. 50.. 75.. 100, 150. 200. 300. 377. 571. 4.05 32.60 ) 4.05 32. 60 2.8£ 32.90 25 2 89 32.90 1.78 33.83 50 1.78 33.83 1.70 33.98 75 1.70 33.98 1.34 34.11 100..-- 1.34 34.11 1.73 34.36 150.... 1.73 34.36 2.51 34.55 200-.. . 2.51 34.55 3.26 34.75 300-..- 3.26 34.75 3.46 34.84 400---. \i. 45 34.85 3.50 34,88 600--.- 3.45 34.88 3.50 34,90 800 --- 3.50 34.90 3.41 34 89 1,000.. 3.40 34.89 3.34 34.90 25.90 26.24 27.06 27.19 27.33 27.50 27.59 27.68 27.74 27.76 27.78 27.78 125 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939-Contmued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- tm-e °G Station 3001; June 21; latitude 45°17' N., longitude 47° 27' W.; depth 2,752 meters; dynamic height 970.934 meters 0 5.94 33.11 0 5.94 33.11 26.09 25 5.05 33.38 25 5.05 33.38 26.40 50 3.22 33.88 50 3.22 33. 88 26.99 75 34.27 75 34. 27 27.24 100 4.31 34.45 100-... 4.31 34.45 27.34 150 4.10 34.56 150_... 4.10 34. 5fi 27.45 201 4.52 34.78 200__-. 4.50 34. 77 27.57 301 4.29 34.87 300_... 4.30 34.87 27.67 401 4.01 34.88 400_..- 4.05 34. 8S 27.70 598 3.78 34.92 600... . 3.75 34. 92 27.77 793 3.54 34.90 800. --_ 3.55 34.90 27.77 989 3.41 34.90 1,000_ . 3.40 ■M. 90 27.79 1,377...- 3.29 34.90 Station 3002; June 21; latitude 45°17' N., longitude 46°44' W.; depth 3,127 meters; dynamic height 970.925 meters 0 5.61 33.15 0 5.61 33.15 26.16 24 4.77 33.56 25 4.75 33. 57 26.60 49 3.99 33.93 50 3.95 33. 94 26. 97 73 3.71 34.18 75 3.70 34.19 27.19 97 3.90 34.35 100.__. 3.90 34. 36 27.31 146 3.94 34.50 150___- 3.90 34.51 27.43 195 3.51 34. .59 200,. _. 3.50 34.60 27.54 292 3.24 34.71 300_._. 3.25 34. 72 27.66 376 3.84 34.88 400___. 3.85 34.90 27.74 569 3.86 34.93 600. _.. 3.80 34.93 27.77 765 3.64 34.93 800-._. 3.6C 34. 93 27.79 956 3.43 34.91 1,000-. 3.40 34.91 27.80 1,3391 — 3.28 34.90 Station 3003; June 21; latitude 45°05' N., longitude 45°49' W.; depth 3,466 meters; dynamic height 971.064 meters 0 14.34 34.94 0 14.34 34.94 26.09 24 14. .W 34.91 25 14.55 M. 91 26.02 48 11.05 35.03 50 11.05 35.05 26.83 72 11.83 35.28 75 11. 8C 35. 28 26.86 96 10.49 35.10 100___. 10. 4C 3.5. 10 26.98 144 9.94 35.15 150____ 9.9C 35.15 27.11 193 9.36 35.13 200-._- 9.2C 35. 1 1 27.19 289 4.98 34.58 300____ 5.O0 34. 62 27.40 380 5.15 34.85 400.. __ 5.10 34. 89 27.59 571 4.59 34.98 600.-_- 4.45 34.98 27.74 764 3 88 34.94 800.-- 3.8C 34. 94 27.78 959 3.74 34.96 1,000.. 3.70 34. 96 27.81 1,355..-. 3.41 34.92 Station 3004; June 21; latitude 44°46' N., longitude 45°57' W.; depth 3,612 meters; dynamic height 971.075 meters. 0 11.00 33.71 0 11.00 ,33. 71 25.80 25 9.94 33.91 25 9.94 33.91 26.13 50 4.37 33.62 50 4.37 33. 62 26.68 76 6.02 34.24 75 5. 90 ;^4. 22 26.97 101 8.02 34.72 100.... 8.00 34.71 27.07 151 7.34 34.67 150 7. 35 34. 67 27.13 202 8.96 35.09 200.... 8.9(1 3,5. 08 27.21 303 5.7C 34.72 300. _. _ 5.75 34. 73 27.39 395. 5.76 34.96 400-.__ 5.75 34.96 27.57 592 4.73 34.98 600.... 4. 65 34. 98 27.72 789 4.25 34.99 800.... 4. 25 34. 9ii 27.77 985 3.96 34.98 1,000... 3. 95 34. 98 27.79 1,378.-.. 3.49 34.92 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 3005; June 21; latitude 44°24' N., longitude 45°55' W.; depth 3,649 meters; dynamic height 971.106 meters. 12.29 34.00 0 12.29 34.00 12.85 34.92 25 12.85 34.92 13.12 35.45 50 13. 20 34.45 12.75 35.42 75 12.75 35.42 12.31 35.40 100... - 12.30 35.40 11.35 35.30 150..-. 11.25 35.29 7.73 34.72 200... . 7.65 34.72 6.56 34.77 300 6.50 34. 77 5.76 34.85 400.... 5. 35 34.87 4.41 34. 905 600.... 4.30 34.92 4.26 34.97 800.... 4.15 34.96 3.88 34.94 1,000.- 3. 75 34.93 3.50 34.93 26.72 26.79 26.86 26.97 27.13 27.33 27.55 27.71 27.76 27.77 Station 3006; June 21-22; latitude 44°37' N., longitude 46°53' W., depth 3,613 meters; dynamic height 971.029 meters. 0 10. ,58 33.47 0 10.58 33. 47 25.68 25 9.58 34.00 25 9.58 34. 00 26.27 50 6.11 33.76 50 6.11 33.76 26.59 75 2. ,54 33.76 75 2.54 33. 76 26.96 99 34. 76 100---- 7.70 34. 76 27.15 149 5.87 34. 52 150--- 5.85 34.52 27.22 199 7 05 34.84 200---- 7.00 34.84 27.31 5 33 34.78 300-.-- 5.30 34. 79 27.49 395 ,5.17 34.94 400---- 5.15 34.95 27.64 594 4, ,56 35.00 600-.-. 4.55 35.00 27.75 794 4.22 35.01 800---- 4.20 35. 00 27.79 990 ,3.89 34. 965 1,000-- 3.85 34. 96 27.79 1,380-— 3.50 34.94 Station 3007; Jime 22; latitude 44°49' N., longitude 47°51' W.; depth 3,292 meters; dynamic height 970.966 meters. 0 25- — 51- — 76-.- 101-. 152-- 203 — 304 -- 384 - 580-- 778-.. 973-- 1,363- 6.82 4.90 2.53 4.22 4.68 5.03 4.34 3.97 3.67 3.46 3.28 0 25---. 50---. 75.--. 100-- 150--. 200 -- 300--. 400--. 600- - 800.-. 1,000. 6.82 4.90 2.55 4.15 4.65 5.05 4.35 4.90 4.00 3.90 3.60 3.45 32.88 33.32 33.75 34.17 34.37 34. 54 34.59 34.89 34.85 34.92 34.92 34.92 Station 3008; June 22; latitude 44°57' N., longitude 48°27' W., depth 1,820 meters; dynamic height 970.909 meters. 27.14 27.24 27.32 27.44 27.62 27.69 27.76 27.79 27.80 0 6.24 33.08 0 6.24 33.08 26.03 25 3. ,54 33.27 25 3.54 33. 2V 26.47 49 2 49 33.84 50 2.50 33. 88 27.05 74 4.53 34.30 75 4.60 34.32 27.20 99 5.05 34.59 100..-. 5.05 34. 6C 27.37 148 4. 55 34.65 1.50,.-- 4.45 34.65 27.48 197 3 40 34.65 200- - 3.35 34. (i5 27.59 296 3.34 34.78 300.... 3.35 34.79 27.70 382 ..-- 34.88 400.-.. 3.85 34. 8y 27.73 575 3,70 34.92 600...- 3.60 ■M. 92 27.79 769 3.47 34.92 800---- 3.45 34.92 27.80 964 3.41 34.90 1,000-- 3.40 34.92 27.81 1,356-... 3.29 34.92 126 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939— Continued Observed values Depth; meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Station 3009; June 22; latitude 44° 56. 5' N., longitude 48°41' W.; depth 1,454 meters; dynamic height 970.r " 0 4 19 32.66 0 .,, 32.66 25 93 25 1.47 33.32 25 1.47 33.32 26.69 50 -0.07 33.60 50 -0.07 33.60 27. 00 76 0 40 33.78 75 0.40 33. 78 27.12 101 0.73 34. 03 100..- 0. 70 34.02 27.30 151 ..-- 1.98 34.38 150-.. . 1.95 34. 38 27.50 202 ?. 31 34.51 200..-. 2.25 34. 50 27.57 303 3.20 34.72 300.... ;H. 15 34.72 27.67 381 3.49 34.83 400.... 3. 50 34.85 27.74 572 3 71 34.92 600.... 3.65 34. 92 27.78 765 3.60 34.91 800.... 3. 55 34.91 27.78 959 3.41 34.89 1,000.. 3.40 34.89 27.78 1,351—- 3.29 34.915 Station 3010; June 22; latitude 44°55'.5 N.. longitude 48° 58' W.; depth 622 meters; dynamic height 971.045 meters 0 ,>, 32.77 0 4.83 32.77 25.95 25 -0.56 32.91 25 -0. 56 32.91 26.46 50 -1 56 33.18 50 -1.56 33.18 26.71 75 -1 46 33.34 75 -1.46 33.34 26.84 99 . .. -1.29 33.40 100-... -i.;h(i 33.40 26.89 149 -0 68 33.62 150.... -0. 65 33. 63 27.05 199 0 88 34.08 200.... 0.95 34.09 27.33 298 2.06 34.43 300... . 2. 1(1 34.44 27.53 390 2 73 34.59 400... 2.80 34.60 27.60 593 3.28 34.76 600.... 3.25 34.76 27.69 Station 3011; June 22; latitude 44°55' N., longitude 49°07' W.; depth 155 meters; dynamic height 971.104 meters 0 5.19 32.77 0 5.19 32.77 25 0.21 32. 85 25 0.21 32.85 50 -1 61 33.27 50 -1.61 33.27 76. -1.58 33. 25 75 -1.6C 3.3.28 101 -1 56 33.29 100...- -1.55 33.29 146 -1.28 33.38 150.... -1.20 ..: 25.91 26.39 26.79 26.79 26.80 26.88 Station 3012; June 23; latitude 44°58' N., longitude 49°22' W.; depth 71 meters; dynamic height 971.107 meters 5.65 1.17 -1.06 32.79 32.94 33.11 5.65 1.25 -0.90 32.79 32.94 33.09 25.87 26.40 26.62 Station 3013; June 22; latitude 45°02' N., longitude 49°37' W.; depth 59 meters; dynamic height 971.113 meters 6.27 32.83 0 6.27 32.83 32.80 25 3.15 32.84 -0.60 32.99 (50)... -1.20 33.08 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Tem- Depth, pera- meters ture °C Salin- ity 96o Station 3014; June 23; latitude 44°18' N., longitude 49°33' W.; depth 46 meters; dynamic height 971.064 meters in 1.10 32.75 32.77 32.98 0 25.... 6.98 6.10 32.75 32.82 25.67 25.84 Station 3015; June 23; latitude 44°11' N., longitude 49°06' W.; depth 88 meters; dynamic height 971.043 meters 5. 20 32. 76 -1. 28 33. 10 -1.40 33.21 -1.24 33.21 -1.40 -1.24 32.76 33.10 33.21 26.64 26.74 26.78 Station 3016; June 23; latitude 44°10' N., longitude 48° 59' W.; depth 320 meters; dynamic height 971.012 meters 0 4.23 32.70 0 4.23 32. 70 25.96 25 1.14 32.84 25 1.14 32.84 26.33 49 -1 43 33.24 50 -1.45 33. 25 26.77 74 -1..36 33.38 75 -1.35 33. 39 26.88 98 -1,04 33.48 100-.. . -1.00 33.50 26.96 147 0 12 33.82 150.... 0.25 33. 85 27.19 197 l.:V2 34.16 200-.. . 1.40 34. 19 27.39 295 2.62 34.57 300.... 2.65 34.58 27.60 Station 3017; June 23; latitude 44°08' N., longitude 48°52' W.; depth 1,463 meters; dynamic height 970.928 meters 0 4 31 32.64 0 4.31 .32.64 25.91 25 4.16 33.15 25 4.16 33. 15 26.31 49 2 42 33.76 50 2.4C 33. 78 26.98 74 2 47 34.14 75 2. 45 34. 15 27.27 2.57 34.28 100-.. . 2.60 34.31 27.38 147 2 80 34.50 150..-. 2.80 34.51 27.53 197 2 92 34.64 200.... 2.95 34.65 27.63 295 3.22 34.75 300.... ■A. 25 34. 76 27.69 366 3 32 34,81 400-.. . 3,35 34. 83 27.73 546 3 50 34,87 600...- 3, 5(1 34.87 27.76 725 3. 54 34,88 800.... 3, 55 34.88 27.75 906 1, 269..- 3.50 3.38 34.88 34. 895 1,000.. 3.45 34.88 27.76 Station 3018; June 23: latitude 43°59' N., longitude 48°22' W.; depth 3,155 meters; dynamic height 970.935 meters 0 7.71 32.88 0 7.71 32.88 25.67 25 2.29 33.23 25 2.29 33.23 26.56 50 1 59 33.78 50 1. 59 33. 78 27.04 75 3.25 34.20 75 .... 3.25 34.20 27.24 100 3.90 34.44 100.-.. 3.90 34.44 27.37 150 3.94 34,60 150.... 3.94 34. 6(1 27.49 199 4.25 34.75 200.-.. 4.25 34.75 27.58 299 4.31 34.86 300... 4, 35 34.86 27. 66 4.61 34.96 400.... 4.60 34.96 27.71 582 4.12 34.95 600... 4.05 34. 95 27.76 777 3.86 34.93 800.... 3.8C 34.93 27.77 972 3.63 34.94 1,000.. 3.60 34.94 27.80 1,364.... 3.40 127 Table of Oceanographic Data — Coiitimicd STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Station 3019; June 23; latitude 43°47' N., longitude 47°40' W.; depth 3,813 meters; dynamic height 971.003 meters 0-_. 24-. 47-. 71_. 95-. 142- 9.55 33.37 0 7.57 33.36 25 5 36 33.72 50 1.91 33.74 75 1.50 33.84 100-..- 3.49 34. 24 150--. 4.69 34.60 200-..- 4.79 34.78 300---. 4.74 34.80 400---- 4.24 34.89 600--- 4.09 34.93 800---- 4.18 34. 985 1,000-- 3.77 34.96 9.55 7.50 4 1.70 1.50 3 4.75 4.75 4.35 4.05 4.15 3.85 33.37 33.36 33.73 33.75 33.88 34.30 34.65 34.81 34.88 34.94 34.98 34.97 25.77 26.07 26.71 27.01 27 13 27.27 27.45 27.58 27.67 27.75 27.77 27.80 Station 3020; June 25; latitude 43°21' N., longitude 47°05' W.; depth 3,813 meters; dynamic height 970.982 meters 0 -- 25-. 50-. 75-. 100 150 200. 300, 365. 558. 756. 962. 9.91 33.26 0 9.91 33.26 7.44 33.45 25 7.44 33.45 2.27 33.59 50 2.27 33.59 3.69 34.09 75 3.69 34.09 4.65 34.32 100- — 4.65 34.32 5.27 34.61 150-.-- 5.27 34.61 4.73 34.67 200—. 4.73 34.67 4.97 34.91 300-.- 4.97 34.91 4.36 34.87 400-.-- 4.40 34.89 4.60 35.01 600.-- 4.50 35.00 4.08 34.97 800---- 4.00 34.97 3.85 34.96 1,000.. 3.80 34.96 3.47 34.93 25. 63 26.16 26.85 27.12 27.20 27.36 27.47 27.63 27.67 27.75 27.79 27.80 Station 3021; June 25; latitude 43°19' N., longitude 46°00' W.; depth 3,667 meters; dynamic height 971.220 meters 0-- 25- 49- 74.. 98- 147- 196. 294- 290- 418- 533- 665. 927- 14.07 34, 57 0 14.07 34.57 16.70 35.64 25 16.7(1 35.64 15.64 35.91 50 15.65 35.92 15.85 36,10 75 15. 8C 36.11 15.84 36.19 100-- 15.80 36.19 15.09 36. 03 150-.-- 15.00 36.02 14.19 35. 86 200--.- 14.05 35.85 8.20 34.84 300--- 8.20 .34. 82 9.03 35.03 400--.. 4.70 34.54 4.62 34.54 600... . 4. 35 34.84 4.49 34.78 800--- 4.10 34.93 4.25 34.88 (1,000)- 3. 95 34.95 4.02 34.95 26.55 26.66 26.73 26.78 26.85 27.12 27.36 27.64 27 74 27.77 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- tu;e °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- tuie °C Salin- ity Station 3023; June 26; latitude 42°32' N., longitude 46°13' W.; depth 4,445 meters; dynamic height 971.691 meters 0 25—. 49--. 74.--. 97--.. 147-. 196-. 293-. 529- 800- . 1,074 1,343 20.67 36.36 0 20.67 36.36 20.69 36.37 25 20. 69 36.36 20.70 36.36 50 20.70 36.36 18.78 36.46 75 18. 75 36.46 18.34 36.47 100..- 18.30 36.47 17. 88 36.45 150-.-- 17.85 36. 45 17.66 36.44 200-.- 17. 6( 36.44 16.77 36.27 300--- 16.65 36.26 13.13 35.72 400--- 15. 3(; 36.03 7.84 35.15 600-.. 11.90 35. 55 5.08 35.05 800---. 7.85 35.15 4.68 35.07 1.000-- 5. 45 35.06 3.58 34.97 25.64 25.64 25.64 26.22 26.34 26.44 26.49 26.5:8 26.72 27.06 27.43 27.69 Station 3024; June 26; latitude 42°57' N., longitude 46°51' W.; depth 3,777 meters; dynamic height 971.218 meters 617— 827-.. 1,045.- 1,497- 16.81 35.78 0 16. 81 35.78 16.82 35.78 25 16.80 35.78 16.75 35.78 50 16.75 35.78 15. 23 35.87 75 15.20 35.86 1.5. 72 36.11 100---- 15.65 36.10 14.21 35.80 150 — . 14.35 35.82 12.94 35.65 200---- 13.05 35.67 10.14 35.29 300--- 10. 35 35. 32 7.28 34. 95 400--- 7.45 34.97 4.5C 34.90 600---- 4.6C 34.90 4.16 34.95 800---. 4.15 34.95 3.7C 34.91 1,000- 3. 8(1 34.92 3.43 34, 93 26.70 26.76 26.92 27.16 27.35 27.66 27.75 27.77 Station 3025; June 26; latitude 42°58' N., longitude 47°33' W.; depth 3,447 meters; dynamic height 971.093 meters Station 3022; June 25; latitude 42°55' N., longitude 46°07' W.; depth 4,427 meters; dynamic height 971.527 meters 0 25---. 50-.-- 74-..- 99— 149... 198..- 297... 355..- 531--- 19.68 36.16 0 19.68 36.16 19.75 36.17 25 19.75 36.17 17.96 36.19 50 17.96 36.19 17.78 36.23 75 17.78 36.23 17.46 36.18 100--- 17.45 36.18 17.38 36,39 150-.-. 17. 35 36.39 16.95 36.35 200--- 16.85 36.34 »14. 55 35. 865 300--- 14.55 35.87 ♦14.81 35. 96 400- - 13.45 35.75 35.01 600..-. 8. 25 35.04 7 39 35.07 800-- 6.30 35.04 5.34 35.01 1,000- 4.85 35. 01 4.32 35. 025 25.75 25.74 26.22 26.29 26.33 26.52 26.60 26.76 26.90 27.29 27.56 27.72 0 15.56 35.25 0 15. 56 35. 25 26.05 25 16.49 35.64 25 16. 4« 35.64 26.14 51 14 09 35.65 50 14.15 35.65 26.68 76 12.97 35. 47 75 13.0(1 35. 4S 26.78 102 11.98 35.32 100---- 12.0(1 35.33 26.86 152 11,75 35.47 150---- 11.75 35. 47 27.02 202 9 12 35.03 2(J0..-- 9.35 35.06 27.13 304 4 81 34.58 300 -.- 4.8(1 34. 58 27.38 376 4,95 34. 80 400-.-. 4.95 34. 86 27.58 ^6.5 4 69 34.99 600---- 4.60 34. 99 27.73 753 4.2? 34.97 800--- 4.10 34.96 27.77 952 3.80 34. 935 1,000- 3.75 34.93 27.77 1,360.-- 3.50 34, 93 Station 3026; June 26; latitude 43°11' N., longitude 48°10' W.; depth 3,017 meters; dynamic height 970.990 meters 25— 50— 75-- 100- . 150-. 201- 301- 456- 689- 924-- 1,149 1,593, 9.99 33.20 0 9.99 33.20 9.81 33.22 25 9.81 33.22 2.02 33.63 50 2.02 33.63 4.39 34.21 75 4.39 34.21 6.24 34. 61 100.-,- 6.24 34.61 5.36 34.62 150---. 5. 36 34.62 6.21 34.88 200---- 6.2C 34.88 5.23 34.94 300-.-- 5. 25 34.94 4.29 34.94 400-... 4. 55 34.94 3.8S 34.92 600---- 4.0C 34.93 3.57 34.92 800---. 3.7(1 34.92 3.45 34.91 1,000- 3.5t 34.92 3.32 34.90 25.57 25. 61 26.90 27.14 27.23 27.36 27.45 27.62 27.70 27.75 27.78 27.80 128 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939-Contmued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 3027; Jtme 26-27; latitude 43°25' N., longitude 49°03' W.; depth 1,527 meters; dynamic height 970,925 meters 0 5.47 32.77 0 5.47 32. 77 25.88 23 2.00 33.00 25 1.90 33. 02 26.42 45 1,18 33.66 50 1.35 33.76 27. 05 68 2 42 33.99 75 2. 80 34. 09 27.20 90 3.10 34.28 100.. _. 3. 05 34. 32 27.36 135 2 73 34.40 150... 2.95 34.48 27.49 181 3.57 34.67 200...^ 3. 5(1 34. 7(1 27.62 271 3.20 34.74 300. .__ 3. 25 34. 77 27. 70 278 3 29 34.78 400--.- 3. 4(1 34.82 27.73 431 3 44 34.84 600..-. 3. 50 34. 8H 27.76 592 3.52 34.88 800.--- 3.55 34. 89 27.76 754 3. 53 34.88 1,000- 3. 50 34.89 27.77 1,095.— 3.53 34.90 Station 3028; June 27; latitude 42°41' N., longitude 49°13' W.; depth 2,259 meters; dynamic height 970.908 meters 0 25-..- 49.-- 74—- 98—- 147... 196— 294... 390... 585— 781... 976... 1,368- 5.72 32.90 0 .■;.72 32.90 1.98 33.26 25 1 98 33.26 1.16 33.74 50 1.15 33.75 1.41 33.99 75 1.40 3-x.OO 2.41 34.29 100---- 2.55 34.32 3.44 34. 58 150-.-- 3. 45 34.59 3.40 34.68 200---- 3.40 34.69 4.20 34.88 300.--- 4.20 34.89 4.27 34.96 400-.-. 4.25 34.96 4.04 34.95 600---- 4.00 34.95 3 66 34.92 800..-- 3. 6(1 34.92 3.47 34.90 1,000- 3. 45 34.90 3.31 34. 885 25.95 26. 60 27. 05 27.23 27.41 27.53 27. 62 27.70 27. 75 27.77 27.79 27.78 Station 3029; June 27; latitude 42°16' N., longitude 48°24' W.; depth 3,283 meters; dynamic height 971.095 meters 0-... 25... 49— 74--. 98... 147-, 197. 2^5. 325- 491. 660. 835. 1,19: 16.28 35.26 0 16.28 35.26 15.90 35.20 25 15.90 35.20 12.31 35.22 50 12.30 35. 22 12.12 35.30 75 12.05 35. .30 10.77 35.08 100.--- 10.40 35. 04 6.73 34.48 l.'iO.-- 6.75 34.49 7.31 34.68 200.-.. 7. 35 34.69 7. .58 35. 02 300---- 7.50 35. 02 6.86 35.01 400--- ,i. 55 34.95 4.77 34.92 600--.. 4.55 34.95 4.51 34.97 800.--- 3. 85 34.91 3.74 34. 905 1,000... 3.6(1 34.92 3.56 34.94 25.90 25.94 26.72 26.83 26.93 27.07 27.14 27.38 27. 5'j 27.71 27. 75 27.79 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pcra- Salin- ity %o Station 3031; June 27; latitude 41°22' N., longitude 47°04' W.; depth 4,216 meters; dynamic height 971.284 meters 0 19.22 35.69 0 19.22 35. 69 25.50 21 18.15 35.59 25 18.10 35. 60 25.72 42 18.09 35.61 50 16.60 35.32 25.87 63 13.11 34.81 75 11.25 34. 62 26.45 84 10. 56 34.53 100.... 12.00 35. 17 26.75 126 1.5. 34 35.05 150-.-. 14.20 35.79 26.77 168 13.52 35.69 200-... 12.95 35. 64 26.91 252 12.14 3.5. 57 300-.- 9.90 35. 20 27.14 316 9.50 35.11 400..-- 8.30 35.07 27.31 490 7.25 35.04 600-.. . 6. 05 34. 96 27.54 673 5.26 34.91 800.... 4.2fi 34.93 27.73 806 3.90 34.94 1,000.- 3. 8(1 34. 94 27.78 1,284..- 3.78 34.94 Station 3032; June 28; latitude 40°40' N., longitude 47°50' W.; depth 3,310 meters; dynamic height 971.430 meters 0 20. 85 36.25 0 20. 85 36. 25 25.50 27 20.84 36.23 25 20. 85 36. 23 25.48 54 21.05 36.35 50 21.05 36. ;« 25.50 81 20.21 36.63 75 20.45 36. 57 25. 86 107 18.58 36.49 100-..- 18.95 36. 54 26.22 161 16.69 36.24 150-.. 17.00 36. 29 26.52 215 15. 43 36.06 200--.. 15.75 36.11 26.67 322 13.27 35.73 300...- 13.75 35. 79 26.86 334 12.99 35.67 400... . 11.40 35. 48 27.09 470 9.66 35.27 600... . 6.25 35.03 27.56 602- 6.22 35.03 800--.- 4.75 34. 99 27.71 778. 4.8SJ 34.99 1,000-. 4. 05 34. 95 27.76 1,161.... 3.60 34.92 Station 3033; June 28; latitude 41°07' N., longitude 48°29' W.; depth 3,173 meters; dynamic height 971.175 meters 0..... 27.... 53.... 80 .. 105.. 159.- 212.. 317.. 510-. 767- 1,026 1,282 1,791 18.63 16.21 13.94 13.38 12.55 12.22 10.83 8.56 5. 63 3.92 3.74 3.49 3.31 35.52 35.13 35.41 35.51 35.36 35.39 35.23 35.10 35.03 34.92 34.91 34.94 34.90 18.63 16.30 14.10 13.45 12.60 12.30 11.20 8.90 7.10 4.80 3.90 3.70 Station 3030; June 2i7; latitude 41°47' N., longitude Station 3034; June 28; latitude 41°26' N., longitude 47°52' W.; depth 3,722 meters; dynamic height 48°43' W.; depth 3,127 meters; dynamic height 971.035 meters 971.096 meters 25.52 25.80 26.48 26.71 26.79 26.85 26.96 27.24 27.47 27.71 27.76 27.77 0 10.26 32.94 0 10.26 32. 94 25.33 24. 3.31 33.08 25 3.30 33. 0£ 26.35 48 4.75 34.12 50 4.75 34.13 27.03 73 4.88 34.17 75 4.90 ;H4.18 27.05 97 5.85 34.34 100...- 6.05 34. 3S 27.07 145 7.30 34.72 150- - 7.25 34. 72 27.19 193 6.44 34.72 200-..- 6.30 34.71 27.31 290 4.28 34. 60 300-... 4.30 34. 61 27.47 471 4.99 34.96 400---- 4.85 34.83 27.57 710 4.45 35.02 600-... 4.75 35.01 27.73 950 ;i.99 35.00 800.-- 4.25 35.02 27.80 1,193--- 3.72 34.95 1,000.. 3.90 34.99 27.81 1,688-..- 3.44 34.94 0 12.13 33.15 0 12.13 33.15 25.15 25 7.29 33.59 25 7.29 33. 5S 26.29 49. 9.f>4 34.57 50 9.70 34.65 26.75 74 11.48 35.19 75 11.40 :i5. It 26.87 10.00 34.97 100-.-- 9.75 34. 94 26.96 147 6.76 34.56 150—. 6.90 34. 5S 27.12 196 S.S5 35.06 200--- 8.80 35. 06 27.22 294 6.14 34. 75 300--- 6.1(1 34. 75 27.36 6.47 35.03 400-.-- 6.40 35. 02 27.54 582 3. 37 34.78 600.... 3.45 34. 7£ 27. 69 781 4.22 34.98 800--.- 4.20 34. 98 27.77 974 4.00 34.95 1,000-- 3.95 34. 95 27.77 1,359-... 3.43 34.91 129 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture Station 3035; June 28; latitude 41°50' N., longitude 49°20' \V.; depth 2,743 meters; dynamic height 971.010 meters 0._.. 25„.. 49... 74... 98„. 147., 197_ 295. 360. 542. 727.. 913. 13.51 33. 85 0 13. .51 33.85 4.47 32.77 25 4.47 32.75 -0.12 33.33 50 -.15 33.36 0.08 33.59 75 .10 33.65 8.27 34.96 100.... S. 25 34.96 7.98 34.93 150.... 7. 95 34. 93 7.50 35.01 200.... 7.45 35.01 5.79 34.99 300-... 5.70 34.99 5.02 34.97 400.... 4.65 34.94 3.53 34.83 600. ... 3. 55 34.84 3.57 34.89 800---. 3.55 34.90 3.54 34.91 1,000.. 3. 5(1 34.91 3.47 34.92 25.41 25.97 26.81 27,03 27.23 27.24 27.38 27.60 27.69 27.72 27.77 27.79 Station 3036; June 29; latitude 41°28' N., longitude 50°02' W.; depth 3,676 meters: dynamic height 971.274 meters 0 25 50 75 100 150 201 301 387 583 780 973 1,356.... 18.08 35.72 0 18.08 35.72 17.87 35.83 25 17.87 35.83 16.71 36.02 50 16.71 36.02 15.38 35.78 75 15.38 35.78 15.46 35.91 100.... 15.46 35.91 14.21 35.73 150.... 14.21 35.73 12.98 35.54 200.... 13.00 35.55 10.66 35.21 300.... 10.70 35.21 7.91 34.92 400..-. 7.65 34.92 5.55 34. 97 600...- 5. 40 34.97 4.25 34.91 800...- 4. 2(1 34.91 4.16 34.97 1,000- 4.10 34.97 3.74 34.97 25.82 25.96 26.39 26.52 26.59 26.72 26.84 27.01 27.28 27.63 27 72 27.78 Station 3037; June 29; latitude 41°58' N., longitude 50°00' W.; depth 3,429 meters; dynamic height 970.988 meters 0 7.65 32.82 0 7.65 32.82 25.64 25 4.41 32.79 25 4.41 32. 79 26.02 50 -0.36 33.15 50 -.36 ;«.15 26.64 74 0.04 33.48 75 .05 33. 49 26.91 99 0.80 33.77 100.... .8(1 33. 79 27.10 149...... 1.95 34.20 150.... 1.95 34.21 27. 37 198 2.98 34.48 200... . 3. 00 34.49 27.50 297 4.(6 34, 80 300..-. 4.15 34. 82 27.65 351 4.74 34.97 400.... 4.65 34. 98 27.72 532 4.:i7 34.98 600..-. 4.25 34. 98 27.76 716 4.06 34.97 800-... 3. 95 ;^4. 95 27.77 3.H8 34.94 1,000-. 3. HC 34. 94 27.78 1,265.... 3.63 34.94 Station 3038; June 29; latitude 42°23' N., longitude 50°08' W.; depth 2,716 meters; dynamic height 970.939 meters 0 7.12 32.71 0 7.12 32.71 25 2.61 33.09 25 2.61 33.09 50 1.60 33.82 50 1.6( 33.82 74 33.94 75 1.60 33.94 99 2.13 34.22 100-... 2. 20 34.23 149 2. 93 34.47 150--.. 2.95 34.47 198 3.11 34.61 200-.. . 3.15 34.62 297 4.10 34,85 300.-.. 4.10 34.85 365 3.71 34.83 400---. 3.70 34,84 552 3. 73 34.89 600.--. 3.75 34.89 742 *3. 81 34.90 800-.. 3. 8(1 34,91 935 3.60 34.94 1,000.. 3. 55 34.94 1,330.... 3.37 34.91 25.63 26.41 27.08 27.17 27. 36 27.49 27.59 27.68 27.71 27.74 27.76 27.80 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pcra- Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 3039; June 29; latitude 42°42' N., longitude 50°08' W.; depth 1,454 meters; dynamic height 970.950 meters 0 6.76 32.90 0 6.76 32.90 25 3.71 32.85 25 3 71 32.85 50 1.00 33.45 50 1,00 33.45 75 -0.87 33.60 75 -0,87 33.60 99 2.36 34,07 100.... 2. 3o 34.08 149 2.62 34,41 150... . 2,65 34,42 199. 3.07 34.62 200-.. . 3, 05 34.62 298 3 15 34.71 300.... 3,15 34,71 386 3,28 34.78 400.... 3,30 34.79 576 3, 43 34.87 600--- 3, 45 34.87 764 3, 5(1 34.86 800---- 3, 5(1 34.90 954 3, ,54 34.91 1,000- 3. ,55 34.91 1,333.... 3.41 34.81 25.81 26.14 26.82 27.04 27.22 27.48 27.60 27.66 27.71 27.76 27.78 27.78 Station 3040; June 29; latitude 42°48' N., longitude 50°08' W.; depth 677 to 576 meters; dynamic height 970.957 meters 6.67 32,79 0 6.67 32.79 1.07 33,09 25 1.07 33.09 -0.51 33.51 50 -0.51 33.51 -0.43 33.67 75 -0, 45 33.68 0.26 33.92 100.-.. 0,30 33.93 1.34 34.20 150.... 1.35 34.21 2.00 34,40 200..-- 2. 05 34.41 2.87 34,03 300---. 2.90 34.64 3,18 34.75 400.... 3.20 34.77 3.38 34.83 600...- 3.40 34,83 25.75 26.53 26.95 27.08 27.24 27.41 27.52 27.63 •27. 71 27.73 Station 3041; June 29; latitude 42° 55.5' N., longitude 50°08' W,; depth 159 meters; dynamic height 971.002 meters 0— 26-. ,53-. 79-. 105 153 4,83 32.65 0- 4,83 32.65 -1,4E 33. 19 25 -i.,5(; 33.18 -1.31 33.33 50 -1.35 33.31 -1.24 33.42 75 -1.25 33.41 -1.11 33.48 100-- -1.15 33.46 -.« 33, 65 150---. -0. 55 33.64 25.86 26.71 26.81 26.90 26.94 27.05 Station 3042; June 29; latitude 43°01' N., longitude 50°08' W.; depth 84 meters; dynamic height 971.021 meters 5.49 32.69 0 .,« 32.69 3.22 32.86 25 2.70 32.89 -0.7£ 33.18 50 -0.79 33.18 -1.18 33.34 75 -1.15 33.33 25.80 26. 24 26.69 26.83 Station 3043; June 30; latitude 43°22' N., longitude 50°08' W.; depth 66 meters; dynamic height 971.041 meters 8.90 32.81 6.42 32.86 1.21 33.02 32.81 32.86 33.02 25.45 25. 83 26.47 Station 3044; June 30; latitude 43°06' N., longitude 50°34' W.; depth 88 meters; dynamic height 971.031 meters 0 8.89 32.74 0 8.89 32. 74 25.39 26 3. 03 32.97 25 3. 15 32. 96 26.27 51 1.32 33.17 50 1.40 •M.V 26.57 77.. -0.94 33.20 75 -0.80 33.20 26.71 130 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Salin- ity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Station 3045; June 30; latitude 42°57' N., longitude 50°48' W.; depth 631 meters; dynamic height 971. 043 meters 0 8 90 32.85 0 8.90 32.85 25 4.51 33.17 25 4.51 33.17 50 5.18 33.67 50 5.18 33.67 75 0.55 33.49 75 0.55 33.49 99 4.71 34.09 100,_-. 4.75 34.11 149 5, 05 34.29 150..-. 5.05 34.30 405 2.95 34.68 200.-.- 4.70 34.40 3.34 34.82 300... . 3.70 34.56 400...- 2.95 34.67 600-.-. 3.35 34.83 26.63 26.88 27.02 27.14 27.25 27.49 27. 65 27.73 Station 3046; June 30; latitude 42°47' N., longitude 50°59' W.; depth 1,463 meters; dynamic height 971.078 meters 0 9,85 33.03 0 9.85 33.03 25.46 25 8.14 33.11 2.5 8.14 33.11 25.79 50 5, 52 33.75 50 5. 52 33. 75 26.65 75 7 99 34.50 75 7.99 34.50 26.90 99 34.93 35.13 34.68 100---. 150-.-- 200- — 9.40 9.55 6.45 34.94 35.13 34.67 27.02 149 27.14 199 6.51 27.26 298 34.40 300-- 2.90 34.41 27.45 394 4 56 34.78 400—. 4.55 34.78 27.57 589 3.49 34.81 600-..- 3. 50 34.81 27.71 782 3. 57 34.88 800.-.. 3.55 34.88 27.75 977 3.61 34.90 1,000.. 8.60 34.90 27.77 1,367...- 3.49 34.93 Station 3047; June 30; latitude 42°21' N., longitude 51°27' W.; depth 2,780 meters; dynamic height 971.101 meters 47... 70-- 93-. 140.. 186- . 279.. 372.. 756... 949-. 1,341. 13.04 33.80 0 13.04 33.80 6.50 32.93 25 6.40 32.93 .3.08 32. 94 50 2.50 32.97 -0.80 33. 21 75 -1.10 33.23 -1.29 33.31 100..-- -1.30 33.33 -1.18 33.45 150..-. -1.05 33.50 -0.43 33. 66 200.... -0.20 33.73 1.20 34. 11 300.... 1.45 34.21 2.48 34. 54 400.... 2.65 34.61 3.49 .34. 81 600.... 3. 55 34.82 3.61 34. 86 800-- 3.60 34.87 3.55 34.88 1,000- 3.55 34.88 3.51 34.90 25.48 25.89 26.33 26.74 26.83 26.96 27.11 27.40 27.63 27.71 27. 75 27.75 Station 3048; June 30; latitude 42°17' N., longitude 50°41' W.; depth 2,579 meters; dynamic height 970.967 meters 0 6.63 32. 69 0 6.63 32.69 25.67 25 0.34 33.14 25 0.34 33.14 26.61 50 -0.13 33.32 50 -0. 13 33.32 26.78 7.5 -0.12 33.48 75 -0. 12 33. 48 26.91 100 - -0. 06 33. 68 100 — . -0.06 33.68 27. 06 150 34.18 150...- 1 88 34.18 27.34 200 2.66 34.46 200..-. 2.66 34.46 27.51 300 2.94 34.66 300..-. 2.94 34.66 27.64 394 3.22 34.78 400-.. 3.25 34.78 27.70 586 3.82 34.92 600.-.- 3.85 34.92 27. 76 775 3.83 34.94 800...- 3.8C 34. 94 27.78 970 3.60 34. 925 1,000- 3. 55 34.92 27.79 1,361.... 3.43 34.92 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture Salin- ity 96o Depth, meters Tem- pera- Salin- ity 96o Station 3049; July 10; latitude 53°43' N., longitude 55°48' W.; depth 111 meters; dynamic height 1937.569 meters 0 6.21 27.45 0 6.21 27.45 25 -0.13 32. 18 25 -0. 13 32.18 49 -0. 57 32.33 50 -0.60 32.34 74 -0.97 32.47 75 -1.00 32.48 98 -1.51 32.64 100.... -1.60 32.67 21.60 25.85 26.01 26. 13 26.31 Station 3050; July 10; latitude 53°50' N., longitude 55°33' W.; depth 195 meters; dynamic height 1937.482 meters 0 4.21 32.09 0 4.21 32.09 25.47 25 0.06 32.42 25 0.06 32. 42 26.05 50 -1.13 32.74 50 -1.13 32. 74 26.35 75 -1.30 32.98 75 -1.30 32.98 26. .54 101 -1.36 33.07 100.— -1.35 ;«. 07 26.62 151 -0.94 33.56 150...- -0.95 33. 56 27.01 181 -0.54 33.74 (200)... -0.25 33.82 27.19 Station 3051; July 10; latitude 53°56' N., longitude 55°23' W.; depth 168 meters; dynamic height 1937.489 meters 0— 4.55 32.00 0 4. 55 32. 00 25.37 25 0.34 32.35 25 0.34 31'. 35 25.98 49 32.58 50 -0.70 32. 6C 26.23 74 -1.46 32.92 75 -1.45 32. 9:^ 26.51 98 -1.43 33.08 100..-- -1.40 33. IC 26.64 147 -1.06 33.49 150— -1.00 33.53 26.98 Station 3052; July 10; latitude 54°10' N., longitude 54°57' W.; depth 168 meters; dynamic height 1937.452 meters 0 4.91 32.20 0 4.91 32. 20 25.49 25 -0, 25 32.66 25 -0.25 32. 66 26.25 50 -0,83 33.11 50 -0.83 33.11 26.63 75 -1.11 33. 32 75 33. 32 26.81 101 -1,01 33. 41 100.... -1.05 33. 40 26.88 151 -0.22 33. 85 150.... -0. 25 33.84 27.20 Station 3053; Julv 10; latitude 54°24' N., longitude 54°32' W.; depth 188 meters; dynamic height 1937.478 meters 0 3 9? 31.77 0 3.92 31.77 25.25 25 -0,74 32. 52 25 -0.74 32.52 26.16 51 -1.34 32.85 50 -1.35 32.84 26.43 76 -1.43 .33. 13 75 -1.45 33.12 26.66 102 -1 23 33.28 100.... -1.30 33.27 26.78 153 -0.69 33.59 150.... -0.75 33.56 27.00 178 0.20 33.96 Station 3054; July 10; latitude 54°32' N., longitude 54°13' W.; depth 227 meters; dynamic height 1937.454 meters 0 . ... 3.69 31.56 0 3.69 31.56 25.11 25 0,34 32.62 25 0.34 32. 62 26.19 51 -1.25 33.13 50 -1.25 33.11 26.65 76 . .. -0.92 33.34 75 -0.9C 33.34 26. 83 101 -0.78 33. 50 100.... -0.8(1 33.49 26.94 1,52 -0 34 33.77 150.... -0. 4(J 33. 75 27.14 203 1.00 34.16 200.-.. 0.90 34.13 27.37 131 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939-Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Station 3055; July 10; latitude 54°45' N., longitude 53°49' W.; depth 326 meters; dynamic height 1937.457 meters 0... 25. _ 50-. 75_. 100. 150- 199. 299. 3.17 -1.39 -1.35 -1.00 -0.50 0.50 1.49 3.49 32.42 32.92 33.32 33. 57 34.00 34.24 0... 25.. 50.. 75.. 100 150 200 300 3.17 -1.39 -1.35 -1.00 -0.50 0.50 1.50 3.50 30.53 32.42 32.92 33. 32 33.57 34.00 34.24 34.68 24.24 26.10 26.50 26.81 27.00 27.29 27.42 27.60 Station 3056; July 11; latitude 54°51' N., longitude 53°37' W.; depth 638 meters; dynamic height 1937.376 meters 0 24.... 48.... 71..- 95.... 143... 191... 286... 371... 558... 3.12 30.98 0 3.12 30.98 -0.47 33.47 25 -0. 45 33.48 -0.49 33.69 50 -0.45 33.71 0.96 33.95 75 0.95 33.97 0.64 34.03 100.... 0.70 34.05 2.31 34.34 150... . 2. 55 34.39 3.68 34.66 200.... 3. 65 34.69 4.22 34.82 300.... 4.25 34.83 4.39 34.84 400-... 4.40 34.85 4.34 34.93 (600).. 4.30 34.94 24.69 26.92 27.11 27.24 27.32 27.46 27.59 27.64 27.64 27.72 Station 3057; July 11; latitude 54°55' N., longitude 53°28' W.; depth 1,601 meters; dynamic height 1937.335 meters 0 21 42 64 85 127 169 254 367 554 743 930 1,305... 3.15 32.72 0 3.15 32.72 32.96 25 1.75 33.10 1.31 33.84 50 1.35 33.92 1.44 34.05 75 1.75 34.12 1.98 34.18 100.... 2.20 34.28 2.64 34.47 150.... 3. 50 34.65 4.23 34.79 200.... 4. 2(; 34.83 4.16 34.86 300.... 4.25 34.89 4.42 34.93 400.... 4.4(1 34.94 4.22 34.94 600.... 4.15 34.94 34. 93 800.... 3.75 34.93 3.52 34.91 1,000-. 3. 45 ,34. 91 3.27 34.88 (1, 500) 3.20 34.88 26.08 26.49 27.18 27.31 27.40 27.58 27.65 27.69 27.71 27.74 27.77 27.79 27.79 Station 3058; July 11; latitude 55°00' N., longitude 53022' W.; depth 2,088 meters; dynamic height 1937.311 meters 0 23... 47... 70... 140".". 186.. 279.. 328.. 501.. 680.. 857... 1,310 1,787. 4.13 32.80 0 4.13 32.80 5.07 33.51 25 5.10 33.59 5.78 34.23 50 5. 70 34. 32 3.82 34.54 75 3. 65 34.56 3.37 34.63 100.-.. 3. 45 34. 66 4.46 34.90 150.... 4.35 34. 89 4.07 34 88 200..-. 4.05 34.88 3.98 34.92 300.... 4. ()() 34.93 4.10 34.94 400-.. . 4.00 34. 94 3.77 34.92 600... 3. 70 .34.91 3.67 34.92 800...- 3. 55 34.90 3.47 34.90 1,000.. 3. 30 34.90 3.22 .34. 91 1,500-. 3.20 34. 91 3.18 34.92 (2,000) . 3.20 34.92 26.05 26.57 27.08 27.49 27! 68 27.70 27.75 27.76 27.77 27.77 27.80 27.82 27.83 Observed values Depth, meters' Tem- pera- ture C° Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Station 3059; July 11; latitude 55°10' N.. longitude 53°02' W.; depth 3,112 meters; dynamic height 1937.254 meters 0 6.75 34. 34 0 6.75 34.34 26.95 24 4.24 34.45 25 4.25 34. 4f 27. 35 47 3.95 34.57 50-. 3. 95 34. 59 27.48 71 4. 05 34.66 75 4.05 34.68 27.54 94 3.95 34.76 100-..- 3. SO 34. 77 27.64 141 3.76 34.84 150-..- 3. 75 34. 85 27.71 189 3.83 34.88 200-.. 3. 85 34.88 27.72 283 3.69 34.90 .300- _._ 3. 65 34. 90 27.76 352 3.53 34.92 400--.. 3. 50 34. 92 27.80 534 3.44 34. 90 600.... 3 4(1 34.91 27.80 720 3.35 34.92 800...- 3.30 34.91 27.81 907 3. .30 .34. 91 1.000 3. 25 34. 91 27.81 1,384.... 3.16 .34.88 1,500.- 3. 15 34.90 27.81 1,960.... 3.19 34.90 2.000.- 3.20 34. 90 27.81 2,460.... 2.81 34.93 2,500- 2.75 34 93 27.87 2,962...- 1.86 34.93 (3.000) . 1.75 34.93 27.95 Station 3060; July 11; latitude 55°30' N., longitude 52°29' W.; depth 3,286 meters; dynamic height 1937.251 meters 0 8.03 34.60 0 8.03 34. 60 26.97 24 6.16 34.63 25-.-- 6.15 34. 63 27.26 48 A.-M 34.72 50.... 4 3(1 34 73 27.56 73 4.16 34.76 75.... 4. 15 34.76 27.60 97 3.85 34.79 100--. 3. 85 34. 79 •27. 65 145 3. 52 34.78 150... 3, 50 34. 78 27.68 193 3. 51 34.85 200... 3. 50 34.85 27-74 290 3.42 34.86 300 - 3.40 .34.86 27.76 377 3. 23 34.88 400-- 3, 25 34.88 27.78 571 3.24 34.90 fiOO..- 3.25 34.90 27.80 770 3.27 34.90 800... 3. 25 34 90 27.80 969 3.19 34.90 1,000 . 3. 20 34. 90 27.81 1.480... 3.18 34.92 1,500- 3.20 34.92 27.825 1,994--- 3.24 34.93 2,000.. 3. 25 34. 93 27,825 2,507- — 2.90 34.96 2,:m.. 2,90 34. 96 27.88 3,023--.- 2.08 34.92 3,000.. 2.10 34.92 27.92 3,277-- 1.74 34.93 Station 3061; July 11-12; latitude 56°00' N., longitude 51°35' AV.; depth 3,619 meters; dynamic height 1937.281 meters 0 23.... 45.... 68...- 90.... 135--. 180-- 270-.- 325--- 501-- 689... 876... 1,366. 1.831- 2,.325- 2,834- 3,356. 7.90 34.67 0 7.90 34.67 7.87 34.66 25 7.85 34.66 4.71 34.73 .50 4.60 34.74 4.31 34.77 75---- 4.2(1 34.77 3.95 34.76 100.... 3.80 34.77 3.38 34.82 150... 3.35 34.83 3.36 34.84 200.... 3.a5 34.85 3.30 34.86 300--- 3. 25 34.85 3.20 34.85 400.... 3. 20 34.85 3.22 34.86 600--.. 3.25 34.86 3.25 34.87 800 .. 3. 25 34.87 3.25 34.88 1,000-- 3. 20 34.88 3.19 34.89 1,500-- 3.20 34.89 3.21 34.87 2,000-- 3. 20 34. 91 3.20 34.95 2.500.- 3. 15 34.95 2.84 34.96 3,000-. 2.65 34.95 2.13 34.90 3,500.. 1.95 34.90 27.05 27.05 27. 53 27.61 27. 65 27.73 27.75 27. 76 27.77 27.77 27.78 27.79 27.80 27.82 27. 85 27.90 27.92 132 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- Salin- ity 96o Station 3062; July 12; latitude 56°40' N., longitude 50°23' W.; depth 3,619 meters; dynamic height 1937.254 meters 0 7.65 34.66 0 7.65 34.66 24 6.16 34.73 25 6.15 34.73 48 4.42 34.75 50 4.40 34.75 72 4.23 . .34. 76 75 4.20 34.76 96 3.79 34.79 100., _. 3.75 34.79 144 34.83 150 --. 3. 40 34.83 191 3.45 34.84 200-.-. 3.45 34.84 287. 3.24 34. 8,5 300--.. 3.25 34.85 376 3.21 34. S6 400---. 3.20 34.86 573 3.23 34.89 600--.- 3. 20 34.89 776 3.19 34.89 800---- 3.20 34.89 976 3.19 34.88 1,000-- 3.2(1 34.89 1,485„.. 3.17 34.90 1,500.- 3.15 34.90 2,013.... 3.26 34.91 2,000.. 3. 25 34.91 2,496... . 3.13 34.94 2,500- - 3.15 34.94 2,983, ... 2.72 34.91 3,000.. 2.V0 34.91 3,478.... 1.92 34.91 3,500.. 1.90 34.91 27.08 27.34 27.56 27.60 27.66 27.73 27.73 27.76 27.78 27.80 27.80 27.80 27.81 27.81 27.84 27.86 27.93 Station 3063; July 12; latitude 57°13' N., longitude 49°20' W.; depth 3,590 meters; dynamic height 1937.244 meters 0 — 7.01 34.75 0 7.01 34.75 23 4,84 34.77 25 4.80 34.77 47 4.45 34.77 50 4.45 34.77 70 4. .■^5 34.80 75 4.30 34.81 93 4.08 34.81 100-.-. 4.05 34.82 140 3.90 34.92 150--.- 3.90 34.92 186 3 88 34.92 200.-.- 3.85 34.92 279 - 3. 52 34.91 300--.. 3.50 34.90 360 3.47 34.90 400--.- 3.40 34.89 547 3,34 34.87 COO.... 3.30 34.87 741 3 23 34.90 800.... 3.2C 34.89 936 3.21 34.89 1,000.. 3.20 34.89 1,439.... •^.^9 34.90 1,500-. 3.20 34.90 2.016.... 3,28 34.93 2,000.. 3.25 34.93 2,515.... .3.12 34.93 2,500.- 3.15 34.93 3,016.... 2. 73 34.94 3,000.. 2.75 34.94 3,524.... 1.81 34.89 3,500.. 1.90 34.90 27.24 27.54 27.58 27.63 27.66 27.76 27.76 27.78 27.78 27.78 27.80 27.80 27.81 27.82 27.83 27.88 27.92 Station 3064; July 12-13; latitude 57°45' N., longitude 48°06' W.; depth 3,426 meters; dynamic height 1937.245 meters 1,470. 1,947. 2,442. 2,946. 3,301. 5.28 4.46 4.13 3.82 3.64 3.56 3.48 3.34 3.28 3.22 3.19 3.18 3.26 2! 49 1.67 .34. 71 34.75 34.79 34.80 34. 85 34.88 34.88 34.89 34.88 34.89 34.89 34.89 34.90 34.91 •M. 92 34.92 34.91 1,000. 1,500. 2,000. 2,.500. 3,000. 5.25 4.40 4.10 3.80 3.60 3.55 3.45 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.25 2.95 2.40 34.71 34.75 34.79 34.80 34.86 34.88 34.88 34.89 34.88 34.89 34.89 34.89 34.90 34.91 34.92 34.92 27.21 27.47 27.59 27.64 27.72 27.75 27.75 27.77 27.78 27.79 27.80 27.80 27.81 27.81 27.85 27.90 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture Salin- ity Station 3065; July 13; latitude 58°23' N., longitude 47°03' W.; depth 2,872 meters; dynamic height 1937.236 meters 0 6.74 34.76 0 6.74 34.76 25 6. 34 34.78 25 6.34 34.78 49 4.68 34.79 50 4.6C 34.79 74 4.;i8 34.79 75 4.35 34.79 98 4.23 34.80 100-.. 4.25 34.80 147 3.59 34.86 150.. ._ 3.60 34.87 196 3.79 34. 93 200--.. 3.80 34.93 294 3,;w 34.83 300-... 3.40 34.87 406 3.40 34.89 400-.-- 3.40 34.89 613 3. 35 34.89 600--.. 3.35 34. 8S 825 3.3« 34.93 800--.. 3.35 34.92 1,031--.- 3.34 34.92 1,000-. 3.35 34.92 1,545-.-. 3. 24 34.92 1,500-- 3.25 34.92 2,009.... 3.02 34.92 2,000.. 3.05 34.92 2,504-... 2.4S 34.93 2,500.- 2.50 34.93 2,797.... 1.68 34.91 27.29 27.35 27.57 27.60 27.62 27.75 27.77 27.77 27.78 27.78 27.81 27.81 27.82 27.84 27.89 Station 3066; July 13; latitude 58°45' N., longitude 4 5°51' W.; depth 2,605 meters; dynamic height 1937.262 meters 0 7.21 34.88 0 7.21 34.88 27.31 24 6. 56 34.87 25 6. 55 34.87 27.40 48 5.54 34.90 50 5 50 34. 9(1 27.56 72 5.0c 34.90 75 4.95 34. 9(1 27.62 96 4.84 34.90 100- ___ 4.80 34 90 27.64 144 4.66 34.91 150-..- 4.70 34.92 27.67 192 4.82 35.02 200— 4.80 3,5. 02 27.74 288 4.46 34.97 300---- 4.40 34.97 27.74 369 4.12 34.96 400.-.. 4. 05 34.95 27.76 557 3.78 34.92 600.... ;h.75 34.91 27.76 748 3. 57 34.90 800.... 3.55 34.9(1 27.77 940 . . 3.53 34.93 1,000. . 3.50 34.93 27.80 1,428--- 3. 3(1 34.93 1,500.. 3. 25 34. 93 27.82 1,914---- 3 02 34.94 2,000- - 2.95 34.94 27.86 2,408-... 2.23 34.90 (2,.50O)- 2.10 34.90 27.90 Station 3067; July 13; latitude 59°09' N.. longitude 45°25' W.; depth 2,158 meters; dynamic height 1937.241 meters 0 7.86 34.93 0 7.86 34.93 27.26 24 7 15 34.93 25 7.15 34. 93 27.36 48 6.83 34.92 50 6.8f 34. 92 27.41 71 .5.67 34.98 75 5.6C 34.99 27.61 95 ,5,32 35.01 100-.. . 5.3( 35.01 27.67 143 5.11 35.00 150---. 5.1( 35.00 27.68 190 35.02 200---- 4.S5 . 3.5. 02 27.73 285 4 ,56 35.01 300.-.- 4. 5C 35.00 27.75 389 4 35 34.98 400-.-. 4. 3( 34. 97 27.75 581 3.95 34.93 600 3.9(1 34.93 27.76 776 3 63 34.94 800--- .3.60 34. 94 27.80 966 3.48 34.93 1,000-. 3.40 34.93 27.81 1,446-.. 3.27 34.93 1,500-. 3.1(1 34.93 27.84 1,736.... 3.03 34.95 2,000- 2.75 34.92 27.87 2,033--- 2.69 34.92 133 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1939— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C SaHn- ity %o StationSOfiS; July 13-14; latitude 59°20'N., longitude 4,'i°12' W.; depth 1,529 meters; dynamic height 1937.392 meters 0 2.17 33.34 0 2.17 33.34 26.66 19 .85 33.75 25 .95 33. H5 27.14 1.31 33.99 50 1.45 34.04 27.26 57 1.57 34.07 75 2.25 34. 25 27.37 76- 2.38 34.26 100- -_- 3. 30 34. 47 27.46 114 3.78 34.57 150.. __ 4.45 34. 73 27.54 153 4.47 34.74 200-.-- 5. 15 34.91 27.61 229 5.49 34.97 300..-. 5. 45 34. 97 27.62 271 5. 12 34.97 400.... 5.25 34. 99 27.66 479 5.07 3.5. 00 600--.. 4.85 35. OC 27.71 687 4.73 34.99 800--.. 4. 65 34.98 27.72 878 4. 56 34.97 1,000. - 4.35 34.90 27.74 3.54 34.93 Station 3069; July 14; latitude 59°25' N., longitude 45°10' W.: depth 1,170 meters 0 23 45 68 91 136 181 272 362 548 743 941 2.02 33.24 0 2.02 33.24 1.05 33.51 25 l.K! 33.54 2.07 33.94 50 2. 5(: 34.02 3.72 34.28 75 3. 8(; 34.32 3.84 34.38 100-... 3. 8(: 34.41 3.34 34.49 150.... 3.45 34. 53 3.90 34.60 200.... 4. 05 34.64 4.78 34.78 300 ... 5. 05 34.85 5.61 35.04 400.... 5. 5(' 35. 04 5.06 35.02 600.... 5. 00 35.01 4.80 35.00 800...- 4.75 35.00 4.57 35. 00 (1,000). 4.50 35. 00 26.59 26.88 27.17 27.29 27.36 27.48 27.51 27.57 27.66 27.71 27.72 27.75 Station 3070; July 15; latitude 59°19' N., longitude 44°43' W.; depth 1,133 meters 0.... 24... 48... 72... 96-.. 144.. 193.. 419.'. 623.. 827-- 1,035 7.59 34.93 0 7.59 34.93 7.53 34.96 25 7. 55 34.96 7.43 34.96 50 7.40 34.96 7.07 34.97 75 7.05 34.97 6.90 34.97 100.... 6.85 34.96 4.89 34.83 150.... 4.85 34.83 4.59 34.88 200.-.. 5.00 34.89 5.36 35.02 300.... .5.35 35.01 5.00 34.93 400.... 5.05 35.00 4.90 35.01 600.... 4.90 35.00 4.60 35.00 800.... 4.65 35.00 4.15 34. 98 1,000. . 4.25 34.98 27.29 27.33 27.35 27.41 27.43 27.57 27.61 27.66 27.69 27.71 27.74 27.76 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity 96o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture °C Salin- ity %o Station 3071; July 15; latitude 44°32' W.; depth : 1937.395 meters °22' N., longitude dynamic height 0... 26-. 51.. 77.. 102 155. 206 4.35 34.42 0 4. .35 34.42 4.55 34.52 25 4. 55 34. 52 4.62 34.52 50 4.60 34.52 4 68 34.54 7.5 4.o5 34. 54 4.87 34.53 100.... 4.85 34.55 5.21 34.61 150.-.. 5.15 34.60 5.60 34.72 200.... a. m 34.71 4.27 34.71 300.... 4.40 34.71 27.31 27.37 27.36 27.37 27.36 27.36 27.40 27.53 Station 3072; Julv 15; latitude 59 44°22'V/.; depth 186 meters; 1937.423 meters '32' N., longitude dynamic height 0 1.26 33.32 0 1. 26 33. 32 26.70 23 1..59 33.39 25 1.60 33. 40 26.74 47 2.05 33.53 50 2. 05 33.58 26.86 70 1.81 33. 80 75 1.85 33. 86 27.09 93 3. 36 34.09 100.... 3. 60 34. 15 27.17 140 4.36 34.54 (150).. .« 34.60 27.44 Station 3073; July 15; latitude 59°39' N., longitude 44°15' W.; depth 140 meters; dynamic height 1937.517 meters 0 24...- 49.... 73...- 98.-.. 122... 0.38 31.50 0 0.38 31.50 0.10 32.05 25 n.10 32.06 -0.74 32.62 50 -0. 75 33.65 -0.24 32.97 75 -0. 25 32.98 -0.90 33.10 100.... -0.90 33.14 33.47 25.29 25.76 26.51 26.67 o ii I mm ^^iL.L.Uli}iMMihM.. :iiiyaiiili