U. S. Department of Transportation United States Coast Guard Report of the International Ice Patrol in the North Atlantic 1 996 Season Bulletin No. 82 CG-1 88-51 U. S. Department of Transportation United States Coast Guard Report of the International Ice Patrol , in the North Atlantic 1 996 Season Bulletin No. 82 CG-1 88-51 Bulletin No. 82 REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC Season of 1996 CG-1 88-51 Forwarded herewith is Bulletin No. 82 of the International Ice Patrol, describing the Patrols's ser- vices, ice observations and conditions during the 1996 season. R.A. ROOTH Commander, U. S. Coast Guard Chief, Icebreaking Division i 1 i-n _•- CO sa— ^ CD - CD 1 International Ice Patrol 1996 Annual Report Contents Introduction 3 Summary of Operations, 1996. 5 Iceberg Reconnaissance and Communications 9 Discussion of Ice and Environmental Conditions 13 Acknowledgements 30 Appendix A: Nations Currently Supporting International Ice Patrol, 31 Appendix B: Ship Reports 32 Appendix C: Limit- Setting Iceberg Report for the 1996 Season 39 Appendix D: Analysis of IIP Reconnaissance Results 43 Introduction ~1 This is the 82nd annual report of the International Ice Patrol (IIP). It contains information on Ice Patrol operations, environmental conditions, and ice conditions for the 1996 IIP season. The U.S. Coast Guard conducts the Ice Patrol in the North Atlantic under the provisions of U.S. Code, Title 46, Sections 738, 738a through 738d, and the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974. The IIP is supported by 17 mem- ber nations (Appendix A). It was initiated shortly after the sinking of the RMS TITANIC on April 15, 1912 and has been conducted seasonally since that time. Commander, Intemational Ice Patrol (CMP) is under the operational control of Commander, Coast Guard Atlantic Area. CMP directs the Ice Patrol from its Operations Center in Groton, Connecticut. IIP receives ice- berg location reports from ships and planes transiting its patrol area and conducts aerial Ice Reconnaissance Detachments (ICERECDETs) to sur- vey the southeastern, southern, and southwestern regions of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland for icebergs. IIP analyzes ice and environmental data and employs an iceberg drift and deterioration model to produce twice- daily iceberg warnings, which are broadcast to mariners as ice bulletins and facsimile charts. IIP also responds to requests for iceberg information. HP's ICERECDETs were based in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada during the 1996 season. Vice Admiral James M. Loy was Commander, Atlantic Area until June, 1996, when he was relieved by Vice Admiral Kent H. Williams. CDR Ross L. Tuxhorn was Commander, International Ice Patrol. Summary of Operations, 1996 The 1 996 IIP year (October 1 , 1 995 - Sep- tember 30, 1996) marked the 82nd anniversary of the International Ice Patrol, which was estab- lished February 7, 1914. HP's operating area is enclosed by lines along 40°N, 52°N, 39°W and 57°W (Figure 1). MP's first preseason aerial ICERECDET of the year departed on January 23. The 1996 IIP season was opened on March 15 and from this date until July 17, 1996 an ICERECDET oper- ated from Newfoundland every other week. The season officially closed on July 22, 1996. MP's Operations Center in Groton, Con- necticut analyzed the iceberg sighting informa- tion from the ICERECDETs, ships, Canadian Ice Services (CIS) sea ice/iceberg reconnaissance flights, and other sources. Air reconnaissance, consisting of Coast Guard (IIP), Other Air Recon, and CIS was the major source of iceberg sighting reports this season, accounting for 61.9% of the icebergs sighted in 1996 (Table 1). Ships pro- vided 21.0% of the iceberg sightings received by IIP in 1996. Their continued active participation Indicates the value that they place on MP's ser- vice. In 1996, 243 ships of 40 different nations provided ice infomnation to IIP. This demonstrates the number of nations using the services of, and contributing to, IIP far exceeds the 17 member nations underwriting IIP under SOLAS 1974. Appendix B lists the ships that provided iceberg sighting reports, including reports of radar targets. In Appendix B, a single report may contain mul- tiple targets. The largest contributor of air reconnais- sance reports was Provincial Airlines Limited (PAL). Their reports accounted for nearly all of the category "Other Air Recon" on Table 1 . PAL is a private company that provides aerial recon- naissance services for the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) year round, and for the Atmospheric Environment Service of En- vironment Canada (AES) June through Decem- ber. DFO flights, which are designated to moni- Table 1 Sources of All Sightings Entered into HP's Drift Model Table 2 Sources of Limit-Setting Icebergs \ ^ / Percent \, Percent Siahtina Source of Total Siahtina Source of Total Coast Guard (IIP) 61 Coast Guard (IIP) 22.2 Other Air Recon 7 Other Air Recon 27.0 Canadian AES 8 Canadian AES 12.7 BAPS 2 BAPS 17.1 Ships 20 Ships 21.0 / V. Other 2 / "^ J V^ 57 55 53 51 49 47 45 '" 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 Figure 1 International Ice Patrol's Operation Area showing bathymetry of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland 39 tor the activities of fishing vessels, frequently carry them to areas with high iceberg concentrations. The next largest contribution to the air reconnais- sance total was from IIP ICERECDETs. IIP flights concentrate on defining the boundaries of the ice- berg distribution. These are typically areas of low iceberg concentration. Table 2 shows the impor- tant contribution of IIP reconnaissance in deter- mining the limits of all known ice (LAKI). The at- tributes of the individual icebergs that set the LAKI are described in Appendix C. BAPS sightings are icebergs detected north of 52°N primarily by AES reconnaissance. These are passed to IIP by AES as the icebergs are predicted to have crossed into the Ice Patrol operating area. AES acquired and relayed to IIP iceberg information obtained dur- ing sea ice reconnaissance flights and a few flights dedicated solely to iceberg reconnaissance. During 1996, the IIP Operations Center received a total of 3902 target sightings within its operations area which were entered into MP's drift model. This is only about half of the 7962 target sightings during 1995. The 3902 targets entered into HP's drift model do not represent all of the targets reported to IIP. Sightings of targets out- side HP's Area of Responsibility (AOR) were not entered into the model. Most of these were far to the north of HP's AOR, in areas not covered by HP's model. Coastal iceberg sightings were also screened, and only those with the potential to drift into the trans-Atlantic shipping lanes were entered into the IIP model. Table 3 includes icebergs detected south of 48°N plus the number of icebergs which were Table 3 Number of Icebergs South of 48°N Number of Icebergs South of 48°N during 1996 Month Number OCT 0 NOV 0 DEC 0 JAN 0 FEB 0 MAR 4 APR 297 MAY 187 JUN 108 JUL 14 AUG 1 SEP 0 Total 611 \ predicted to drift across 48°N for each month of 1996. During the 1996 ice year, an estimated 611 icebergs drifted south of 48°N; whereas, dur- ing 1995, 1432 icebergs had drifted south of 48°N. IIP classifies the severity of the ice sea- sons based on the historic iceberg counts of its entire 82 year history. Ice years with fewer than 300 icebergs crossing 48°N are defined as light ice years; those with 300 to 600 crossing 48°N as moderate; and those with more than 600 cross- ing 48°N as extreme. 1 996 was at the lower end of the "extreme" classification, and in reality was a "moderate" year for iceberg conditions. The 1996 season was the fourth year that IIP used its iceberg Data Management and Pre- diction System (DMPS). This system, which is nearly identical to the iceBerg Analysis and Pre- diction System (BAPS) used at the Canadian Ice Centre, Ottawa, combines an iceberg drift model with a deterioration model. The model uses wind, ocean current, and iceberg size data to predict the movement and deterioration of all ice bergs entered into DMPS. The drift prediction model uses a new historical current data base (Murphy, Viekman and Channel, 1996), which is modified weekly using satellite-tracked ocean drifting buoy data, thus taking into account local, short-term, current fluctuations. Murphy andAnderson (1985) described and evaluated the drift model. The iceberg deterioration model uses daily sea surface temperature and wave height information from the U.S. Navy Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) to predict the melt of icebergs. Anderson (1983) and Hanson (1987) described the IIP deterioration model in detail. Fourteen satellite-tracked ocean drifting buoys were deployed to provide current data for HP's iceberg drift model during the 1996 season. The buoys are similar in design to the Worid Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and were equipped with surface temperature sensors and a drogue centered at 50 meters. Drift data from the buoys are discussed in the IIP 1996 Drifting Buoy Atlas, which is available upon request. During the 1996 season, IIP successfully deployed 127 Air-deployable expendable BathyThermographs (AXBTs), which measure temperature with depth and transmit the data back to the aircraft. Temperature data from the AXBTs were sent to the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Center (METOC) in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Canada, the U.S. Naval Atlantic Meteo- rology and Oceanography Center (NLMOC) m Norfolk, Virginia, and FNMOC for use as inputs into ocean temperature models. IIP directly ben- efits from AXBT deployments by having improved ocean temperature data provided to its iceberg deterioration model. IIP also provided weekly drift- ing buoy sea surface temperature (SST) and drift histories to METOC and NLMOC for use in water mass and SST analyses. Canada's Maritime Command/Meteorological and Oceanographic Centre provided the AXBT probes for IIP use. IIP greatly appreciates the valuable support given by METOC for this program. The data collected sig- nificantly increases regional knowledge of circu- lation patterns and improves the capability to pre- dict iceberg deterioration. On April 15, 1996, IIP paused to remem- ber the 84th anniversary of the sinking of the RMS TITANIC. During an ice reconnaissance patrol, two wreaths were placed near the site of the sink- ing to commemorate the more than 1500 lives lost. Iceberg Reconnaissance and Communications During the 1996 Ice Patrol year, 103 air- craft sorties were flown in support of IIP. Of these, 46 were transit flights to St. John's, Newfoundland, MP's base of operations since 1989, and 48 were ice observation flights made to locate the southwestern, southern, and southeastern limits of icebergs. Seven logistics flights were required to support and maintain the patrol aircraft. Tables 4 and 5 show aircraft use for the 1996 ice year. In- cluded in the total, but not shown in theTables, are 2 sorties totaling 17.1 hours for Search and Rescue. MP's aerial ice reconnaissance was con- ducted with SLAR- and FLAR-equipped U.S. Coast Guard HC-130H aircraft. No HU-25B aircraft were used in 1996. The HC-130H air- craft used on Ice Patrol are based at Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City, North Caro- lina. The HU-25B aircraft available for Ice Pa- trol use are stationed at Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas. This was the fourth operational year for the FLAR. Analysis of the SLAR/FLAR com- bination from 1993 and 1994 allowed IIP to increase search track spacing from 25 nauti- cal miles (NM) to 30NM in 1995, resulting in a 20% increase in area covered without increas- ing trackline miles flown. IIP schedules aerial iceberg surveys ev- ery other week rather than every week. This is due to the ability of the SLAR and FLAR to detect and differentiate icebergs in all weather, combined with use of the iceberg drift and deterioration computer model to track icebergs in-between sightings. The HC-130H 'Hercules' aircraft has been the primary platform for Ice Patrol aerial re- connaissance since 1963, while the HU-25B Table 4 Aircraft Usage During the 1996 Ice Year Sorties Transit Patrol Research Logistics 46 48 0 7 Flight Hours Ik Total 103 Transit Patrol Research Lofllslics Total 128.2 292.9 0 10.9 449.1 Table 5 Iceberg Reconnaissance Sorties \ Month Sorties Fliqht Hours JAN 1 7.4 FEB 1 8.0 MAR 7 39.2 i APR 10 57.7 - MAY 13 74.9 JUN 9 56.1 JUL 7 49.6 TOTAL 48 292.9 -? V. J has been used since 1988. The extent of the iceberg distribution throughout the entire 1 996 season required the use of the HC-130H rather than the HU-25B. The total number of flight hours increased from 439.1 hours in 1995 to 449.1 in 1996. The number of sorties decreased from 106 in 1995 to 103 in 1996. The similarity in flight hours and patrol sorties in 1995 and 1996 reflects the similar geo- graphic limits of the icebergs in both years, even though many more icebergs crossed south of 48°N in 1995. Each day during the ice season IIP pre- pared and distributed ice bulletins at OOOOZ and 1 200Z to wam mariners of the southwest- ern, southern, and southeastem limits of ice- bergs. U. S. Coast Guard Communications Station Boston, Massachusetts, NMF/NIK, and Canadian Coast Guard Radio Station St. John's NewfoundlandA/ON were the primary radio stations responsible for the dissemina- tion of the ice bulletins. In addition, the OOOOZ and 1200Z ice bulletin and safety broadcasts were delivered over the INMARSAT-C SafetyNet via the AOR-W satellite. Other transmitting stations for the bulletins included METOC Halifax, Nova Scotia/CFH, Canadian Coast Guard Radio Station HalifaxA/CS, Ra- dio Station Bracknel, UK/GFE, and U. S. Navy LCMP Broadcast Stations Norfolk, Virginia/ NAM, and Key West, Florida. IIP also prepared a daily facsimile chart, graphically depicting the limits of all known ice, for broadcast at 1600Z and 1810Z daily. In addition, the facsimile chart was placed on Comsat Corp's INMARSAT-A FAXMAIL Server for receipt at sea. U. S. Coast Guard Communications Station Boston/NIK assisted with the transmission of these charts. Cana- dian Coast Guard Radio Station St. John's NewfoundlandA/ON and U. S. Coast Guard Communications Station Boston/NIK also pro- vided special broadcasts as required. As in previous years. International Ice Patrol requested that all ships transiting the area of the Grand Banks report ice sightings, weather, and sea surface temperatures via Canadian Coast Guard Radio Station St. John's/VON, U. S. Coast Guard Communica- tions Station Boston/NIK, or INMARSAT-C or -A using code 42. Response to this request is shown in Table 6. Appendix B lists all con- tributors. IIP received relayed information from the following sources during the 1996 ice year: Canadian Coast Guard Marine Ra- dio Station St. John's/VON; Canadian Coast Guard Vessel Traffic Centre/Ice Operations St. John's; Ice Centre Ottawa; Canadian Coast Guard Marine Radio Station Halifax, Nova Scotia/VCS; ECAREG Halifax, Nova Scotia; U. S. Coast Guard Communications and Mas- ter Station Atlantic, Chesapeake, Virginia; U. S. Coast Guard Atlantic Area Command Cen- ter; and U. S. Coast Guard Automated Mer- chant Vessel Emergency Response/Opera- tions Systems Center, Martinsburg, WV. Com- mander, International Ice Patrol extends a sin- 10 Table 6 Iceberg and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Reports Number of ships furnishing SST reports Number of SST reports received Number of ships fumishing ice reports Number of ice reports received First Ice Bulletin Last Ice Bulletin Length of Season (days) 45 372 243 899 151200ZMAR96 221200ZJUL96 130 cere thank you to all stations and ships which contributed reports. The vessel providing the most reports was the HMCS Toronto, a Ca- nadian Forces vessel. 11 12 Discussion of Ice and Environmental Conditions Background The offshore branch of the Labrador Cur- rent is the main mechanism transporting ice- bergs south to the Grand Banks and the North Atlantic shipping lanes (Figure 2). Its rela- tively cold water keeps the deterioration of ice- bergs to a minimum. Sea ice protects the icebergs from wave action, the major agent in iceberg deteriora- tion. If sea ice extends to the south and over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the ice- bergs will be protected longer as they drift south. When the sea ice edge retreats in the spring, large numbers of icebergs will be left behind in the vicinity of the Grand Banks. If the time of retreat of the sea ice edge is de- layed by below-normal air and sea surface temperatures, the icebergs will be protected from melt longer and be expected to survive to drift farther south. In these cases a longer than normal ice season can be expected. Less southerly sea ice extent or above nor- mal air and sea surface temperatures may result in a shorter season. Sea ice can impede the transport of ice- bergs. The degree depends on the concen- tration of the sea ice and the size of the ice- bergs. The greater the sea ice concentration, the greater the effect on iceberg drift. The larger the iceberg, the less sea ice affects its drift. The 1996 Season Figures 3 to 1 0 compare the sea ice edge during the 1996 ice year to the mean sea ice edge. The mean sea ice edges were taken from Cote (1989) and represent a 25 year average (1962-1987). The ice edge (sea ice concentration > 1/10) is taken from the daily Ice Analysis from the Ice Centre, Ottawa. Figures 11 to 19 show the Ice Patrol Lim- its of All Known Ice (LAKI) and the daily sea ice edge on the 1 5th and the last day of each month during the ice season. The ice edge is taken from the Ice Centre, Ottawa FICN2 daily product. The edge plotted is a coarse numeric representation of the daily Ice Analysis. These figures show the distribution of all icebergs and radar contacts tracked by HP's model at the indicated times. Numerals are given for clarity for those one-degree squares where six or more targets are located. The following is a discussion of the ice conditions, comparing those ice conditions observed and modeled in 1996 with the twenty-year IIP climatological LAKI described by Viekman and Baumer (1995). December through March Through the period, sea ice growth along the Labrador Coast and in East Newfound- land waters appeared to be 2-4 weeks be- hind normal (Figures 3-6). At the end of March, 4 icebergs were south of 48°N and the reported LAKI (Figure 12) fell between the minimum and the 75 percentile climatological LAKI for March 31. The 1996 Ice Patrol Sea- son started on 15 March. April Throughout the month of April, the sea ice rapidly melted and the edge receded to the north and the Newfoundland-Labrador coastlines. MP's LAKI was near the median 13 climatological LAKI for the entire month (Fig- ures 12-13). There were 297 icebergs south of 48°N and the southern extent of the LAKI at the end of April was 42°30'N. May Sea ice destruction appeared to occur at an accelerated rate and by mid-month the sea ice edge was above 52°N and the Strait of Belle Isle was clear (Figure 8). The reported LAKI was located at the 25 percentile on the south and at the median climatological LAKI position on the east throughout the month (Figures 15-16). There were 1 87 icebergs that crossed 48°N and the southern extent of the LAKIwas41°30'NinfVlay. June Remnants of sea ice persisted along the coast of Labrador (Figure 9). The IIP LAKI on 1 5 June (Figure 1 7) approximated the 25 per- centile on the south limit and the median cli- matological LAKI at the east limit. At the end of June the reported LAKI (Figure 1 8) matched the median climatological LAKI. There were 109 icebergs south of 48°N. July The reported LAKI (Figure 19) also matched up well with the median climatologi- cal LAKI for July. There were 12 icebergs south of 48°N by the end of July. On 22 July, the Ice Patrol season concluded. 14 References Anderson, I., Iceberg Deterioration Model, Report of the International Ice Patrol in the North Atlan- tic, 1983 Season, CG- 188-38, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington D.C., 1983. Cote, P.W., Atmospheric Environment Service (AES), Ice Limits Eastern Canadian Seaboard, 1989, Ottawa, Ontario, KIA 0H3. Hanson, W.E., Operational Forecasting Concerns Regarding Iceberg Deterioration, Report of the International Ice Patrol in the North Atlantic, 1987 Season, CG-188-42, U.S. Coast Guard, Wash- ington, D.C., 1987. Murphy, D.L., B.E. Viekman, and C.L. Channel, New Gridded Currents for the International Ice Patrol Operations Area, Proc. Oceans 96 MTS/IEEE, pp. 613-618. Murphy, D.L. and I. Anderson, Evaluation of the International Ice Patrol Drift Model, Report of the International Ice Patrol in the North Atlantic, 1985 Season, CG- 188-40, U.S. Coast Guard, Wash- ington, D.C., 1985. Viekman, B.E., and K.D. Baumer, IIP Iceberg Limits Climatology, Report of the International Ice Patrol in the North Atlantic, 1995 Season, CG- 188-50, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, D.C., 1996. 15 57 5^ 53 51 49 47 45 43 41 39 52 51 50 57 56 RR CA ^^ 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 Figure 2 The Labrador Current, the main mechanism for transporting icebergs South to the Grand Banks 16 55" 50' Sea Ice Conditions JANUARY 16, 1996 1/10 or greater sea ice concentration (Redrawn from Ice Center Ottawa, 1996 1 962 - 87 mean sea ice edge (Redrawn trom Ice Center Ottawa, 1989) 45" 17 18 Sea Ice Conditions MAY 15, 1996 1/10 or greater sea ice concentration (Redrawn from Ice Center Ottawa, 1 996 ) 1962 - 87 mean sea ice edge (Redrawn trom Ice Center Ottawa, 1989) 19 55' SO* 45" 55" 50' 20 Figure 11 International Ice Patrol Plot for 0000 GMT 15 Mar 96 Showing Observed and Modeled Iceberg Positions and Sea Ice Edge 57 ^' 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 39 A X N Iceberg Radar Target Number of Icebergs/Radar Targets Per One Degree Rectangle (for squares with 6 or more total iceberg/radar targets) Limit of All Known Ice Sea Ice Edge 200 Meter Bathymetric Curve 21 Figure 12 International Ice Patrol Plot for 0000 GMT 31 Mar 96 Showing Observed and Modeled Iceberg Positions and Sea Ice Edge 57 52 51 50 55 53 49 48 47 46 45 Newfoundland 44 43 42 39 38 51 49 47 45 41 39 U-ft A 2> 47 1 If 10& : — r - 9 A i wr y f^-' T~r . . ■ ' - 46 45 39 A Iceberg X Radar Target N Number of Icebergs/Radar Targets Per One Degree Rectangle (for squares with 6 or more total iceberg/radar targets) Limit of All Known Ice Sea Ice Edge 200 Meter Bathymetric Curve 22 Figure 13 International Ice Patrol Plot for 0000 GMT 15 Apr 96 Showing Observed and Modeled Iceberg Positions and Sea Ice Edge 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 A Iceberg X Radar Target N Number of Icebergs/Radar Targets Per One Degree Rectangle (for squares with 6 or more total iceberg/radar targets) Limit of All Known Ice Sea Ice Edge 200 Meter Bathymetric Curve 23 Figure 14 International Ice Patrol Plot for 0000 GMT 30 Apr 96 Showing Observed and Modeled Iceberg Positions and Sea Ice Edge 57 55 53 ^^'^A Newfoundland 12 ba 5 1 49 47 \ 45 1 4 \ \ ^ A _\ oj )0 9 . '7— ^ , 7 A A A i 4^2 '^^> ■ ,.A A — * 29 ^ 3 ^A 7 A^ A A ^ A 6 / / k A\ / y A ' . / ^ , X / ' X X 43 41 39 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 A Iceberg X Radar Target 41 40 Limit of All Known Ice Sea Ice Edge 200 Meter Bathymetric Curve N Number of Icebergs/Radar Targets Per One Degree Rectangle (for squares with 6 or more total iceberg/radar targets) 24 Figure 15 International Ice Patrol Plot for 0000 GMT 15 May 96 Showing Observed and Modeled Iceberg Positions and Sea Ice Edge 57 52 51 55 53 51 49 47 45 43 41 39 Newtoundland 8 7 1 1 9 23^ A s. ) 51 22 s \_ iL 1 ^ k 4^ K 361 ~/7. J— ^ i i k 4V^3lJ4 .i ■^1 »k^ A 1 ) 1 23 20 8 X X i k A A 1 ^ T 13 i A 't , A A A A' k k y / / / A A ^ y , . y 1 ■ 39 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 "1 "0 A Iceberg X Radar Target N Number of Icebergs/Radar Targets Per One Degree Rectangle (for squares with 6 or rtwre total iceberg/radar targets) Limit of All Known Ice Sea Ice Edge 200 Meter Bathymetric Curve 25 Figure 16 International Ice Patrol Plot for 0000 GMT 31 May 96 Showing Observed and Modeled Iceberg Positions and Sea Ice Edge 57 ^^ 53 51 49 47 45 41 39 35 46 57 56 _c_c 1^ 13 10 6 > 7 \ V 1 A ▲ 1 — |21 40 % \ V^ i.14 A 6 17 6 (.14 6. 12 - A 10 •/As- ▲ 1 6 . ▲ ^'T ^ ^% ' "I ■ . ^ Jsr U > XA / H. ^1 "^ J 39 38 ^ 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 A Iceberg X Radar Target N Number of Icebergs/Radar Targets Per One Degree Rectangle (for squares with 6 or more total iceberg/radar targets) Limit of All Known Ice Sea Ice Edge 200 Meter Bathymetric Curve 26 Figure 17 International Ice Patrol Plot for 0000 GMT 15 Jun 96 Showing Observed and Modeled Iceberg Positions and Sea Ice Edge 57 5^ 53 51 49 47 45 43 41 39 '' 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 X N Iceberg Radar Target Number of Icebergs/Radar Targets Per One Degree Rectangle (for squares with 6 or more total iceberg/radar targets) Limit of All Known Ice Sea Ice Edge 200 Meter Bathymetric Curve 27 Figure 18 International Ice Patrol Plot for 0000 GMT 30 Jun 96 Showing Observed and Modeled Iceberg Positions and Sea Ice Edge 57 ^^ 53 51 49 47 45 43 41 48 KfiJA' A X \. s \ ^HX^ k' A A \ S \r ^'^^rr ' 'A A A > Newfoundland ^^ —1 V A i " r fel^JI A A A \ f~S2f 'X A aa A 4^- X lTaF^ ■1 A . / LTHKt A A '] / / jjtX 4" / / 1 1 \ i - / — 1 — 1 — jirp TTTj2 H-T-L lIJIII 38 57 56 55 c. ^^ ^^ 54 53 52 51 5Q 49 48 47 46 A Iceberg X Radar Target N Number of Icebergs/Radar Targets Per One Degree Rectangle (lor squares with 6 or more total iceberg/radar targets) 45 44 43 42 41 Limit of All Known Ice Sea Ice Edge 200 Meter Bathymetric Curve 28 Figure 19 International Ice Patrol Plot for 0000 GMT 15 Jul 96 Showing Observed and Modeled Iceberg Positions and Sea Ice Edge 51 49 47 45 41 39 Newfoundland 46 45 39 > A \ \ r i ■K — ▲ A s \ >r 26 A ^ A A '4 .'▲ ''^ X '.y i . ', 4-1 ■X — X k / 1 A 1/ r — > k a; / / ^— '' ^^ 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 A Iceberg X Radar Target N Number of Icebergs/Radar Targets Per One Degree Rectangle (for squares witti 6 or more total iceberg/radar targets) Limit of All Known Ice Sea Ice Edge 200 Meter Bathymetric Curve 29 Acknowledgments Commander, International Ice Patrol acknowledges the assistance and information provided by: Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Navy / NOAA / USCG National Ice Center U.S. Naval Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center U.S. Naval Atlantic Meteorology and Oceanography Center U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center Coast Guard Atlantic Area Staff Coast Guard Atlantic Area Command Center First Coast Guard District Communications Center We extend our sincere appreciation to the staffs of these organizations for their excellent support during the 1996 International Ice Patrol season: Canadian Coast Guard Radio Station St. John's, NewfoundlandA/ON Ice Operations St. John's, Newfoundland Air Traffic Control Gander, Newfoundland Canadian Forces Gander and St. John's, Newfoundland St. John's Flight Services Office U.S. Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City, North Carolina National Meteorological Center, Maryland It is also important to recognize the outstanding efforts of the personnel at the Intemational Ice Patrol: CDR R. L. Tuxhorn MST1 D. L. Alexander CDR B. E. Viekman MST1 R. A. McKnight LCDR M. R. Hicks MST2 E. M. Fusco Dr. D. L. Murphy MST2 L. S. Howell Mr. G. R Wright MST3 B. B. Keating LT R. T. Haines MST3 M. L. McClain MSTC J. A. Fisher MST3 T. T. Krein YN1 C. B. Peters MST3 H. R. Harbuck YN1 S. J. Hoss MST3 K. D. Baumer This report was produced using Adobe Illustrator^'*" V4 and Adobe^*^ Pagemaker™ V5 for Windows® by LT Robert T. Haines. 30 Appendix A Nations Currently Supporting International Ice Patrol BELGIUM NORWAY CANADA PANAMA DENMARK POLAND FINLAND SPAIN FRANCE SWEDEN GREECE UNITED KINGDOM ITALY UNITED STATES JAPAN GERMANY NLIHERLANDS 31 Appendix B Ship Reports Ship Name Ship Flaq Ice Report SST* Report ABITIBl CONCORD '^S^E" " ••' ' "ObeRIA "^^^^ ..,„...^,- ABITIBI MACADO LIBERIA 2 ABITIBl ORINOCO M^^'^'''^ GERMANY _,,_^ . ACADIENNE GALE CANADA 1 1 ADA GORTHON SWEDEN 4 AFFINITY SINGAPORE AGFARQUARSON '*^^"*~"^~^'" CANADA " ^ ^' 2 3 AIVIK CANADA 1 ALEKSANDRSUVOROV _ RUSSIA ALLOUb 1 1 E ARROW NORWAY 5 ALTONA ANTIGUA/BARBUDA 3 AMELIA DESGAGNES CANADA 2 AMKE "^^^H GERMANY 1 AN AX BAHAMAS 15 15 ANJELIERSGRACHT NETHERLANDS 2 ANN HARVEY CANADA 1 APPLEBY BAHAMAS ■■" 2 '^ ARCTIC CANADA 1 ARCTIC SUN CANADA 1 ARCTIC VIKING CANADA 1 ARMIA LUDOWA POLAND 1 ASL SANDERLING CANADA ASTRON CANADA 2 '^^'^''^1 ■■■■ '^-''''^ .«. •.. ., .:,.... ■ ATLANT 1 BAHAMAS ATLANT2 MALTA 37 27 36 J26 ATLANTIC CLIPPER II CANADA 1 ATLANTIC COMPASS SWEDEN 1 ATLANTIC DOROTHY CANADA ATLANTIC QUEST CANADA 2 1 ■'■:.:'!^'''S.-i^iS^.:.\: ''.■:.■ BIAKH NORWAY 3 BIAPK ^ UNKNOWN BONTEGRACHT NETHERLANDS , 1 - 6 , BRISTER CANADA 3 CAMILLA FINLAND 20 CANMAR CONQUEST UNI 1 ED KINGDOM 1 CANMAR COURAGE BERMUDA 6 2 CANMAR ENDEAVOR BERMUDA 3 * Sea Surface Temperature 32 Ship Name CANMAR EUROPE CANMAR EXPLORER II CANMAR GLORY CANMAR SUCCESS CANMAR TRIUMPH CANMAR VICTORY CAPE FAME CAPE MARY CAROLA 1 CAST BEAR CAST ELK CAST LYNX CATHERINE DESGAGNES CCGS HARP CCGS LOUIS ST LAURENT CHANDA CHEBUCTO SEA CHRISTINA C CHRISTINA I --- CICERO COLBY .^.„ ___ CONCORDE CORNER BROOK COSMIC CSS CYGNUS CSS HUDSON CSS PARIZEAU DANIELLA DOCEGULF DUKE OF TOPSAIL EASTERN BRIDGE EDDA EIRINI L EL KEF EMERALD STAR ERIK EUROPA EURUS EXEMPLAR FEDERAL FRANKLIN FEDERAL NORD Ship Flag Ice Report SST* Report BERMUDA 1 CANADA 1 BERMUDA 2 BERMUDA 1 UNITED KINGDOM 7 , UNITED KINGDOM 2 CANADA SHIBI. 1 CANADA 3 CYPRUS ^^^MH^^M MTS 4 SINGAPORE SK 1 MTS 13 CANADA 2 CANADA 1 CANADA ^^V$kS»i: LIBERIA 2 CANADA 1 DENMARK 1 CYPRUS 8 ■^'-" ^' " " ' CANADA 3 FRENCH ANT TERR. 8 10 ST VINCENT 10 10 SWEDEN 17 19 ST VINCENT 2 CANADA wsm^mmm-r 7 CANADA 10 CANADA 3 NETHERLANDS 2 LIBERIA ....... ^ UNITED KINGDOM 2 BAHAMAS iS^SIsB^^ ^ ANTIGUA/BARBUDA 2 GREECE 1 TUNISIA 1 CANADA '""m^.- 4 ICELAND 1 GERMANY 1 LIBERIA 1 HONG KONG "'2'"' LIBERIA 1 NORWAY ■ ^flff^rK^^^r^ n * Sea Surface Temperature 33 Ship Name FETISH FINNFIGHTER FINNSHES FRONT VIEWER GARNES GAUSS GENERAL CABAL GENERAL PRODZYNSKI GENIE GIUSEPPE Dl VITTORIO GODAFOSS GRANT CARRIER GREAT LAKER GREEN ARCTIC GREEN WATERS GREENLAND SAGA GUDBORG HANDY MARINER HANDY TIGER HANS LEONHART HERCEGOVINA HMCS GATINEAU HMCS MONTREAL HMCS NIPIGON HMCS TERRA NOVA HMCS TORONTO HMCS BRAVE HOFSJOKULL HUBERT GAUCHER HVILVTENNI HYPHESTOS IGUANA IMPERIAL ACADIA IMPERIAL BEDFORD INGRID GORTHON IRENAARCTICA IRVING ARCTIC ITHAKI IVAN SUSANIN IVAN TEVOSYAN JIM KILABUK Ship Flaq Ice Report SST* Report DENMARK 1 BAHAMAS 5 CYPRUS ^"..:r.,.: SINGAPORE ST VINCENT 7 4 6 3 GERMANY PHILIPPINES '"" " 16 ~" " 13 POLAND 10 10 BAHAMAS ..^ UKRAINE ANTIGUA/BARBUDA 1 "' 1 18 1 MALTA 2 MALAYSIA 7 8 NORWAY 5 5 CANADA 2 ,^ DENMARK 1 ICELAND 3 LIBERIA PHILLIPINES'"''^H 10 7 1 CYPRUS 4 2 MALTA 1 CANADA .. _ ^ CANADA 4 CANADA 1 CANADA 2 CANADA 50 34 CANADA 1 ICELAND 4 CANADA 2 FAEROE ISLANDS 2 LIBERIA 5 CYPRUS 3 CANADA 2 CANADA SWEDEN " A '■" '■ ■ ...■■■-'■^■■>^. DENMARK CANADA CYPRUS 4 RUSSIA RUSSIA CANADA * Sea Surface lemperature 34 Ship Name Ice Ship Flag Report ssr Report JO ELM NETHERLANO^B^ 3 JOFUR ICELAND 1 JON GORTHONlHMBBBf ^ '^ SWEDEN SIBHBF^i JURIS AVOTS LATVIA 1 KAPITAN KUDLAV*"*'^^^!!^^^^^^ RUSSIA ''^^''^IBBBi^^^ KAPITAN ZAMYATIN RUSSIA 1 KAPITONASA.LUCKA KAPITONAS KAMINSKAS KAPITONAS STULPI N AS * "^H LITHUANIA 7 LITHUANIA 5 LITHUANIA JMIB" 2 4 KENTVOYAGEUR BARBADOS ' 3 5 KOMMANDERAMALLE ISLE OF MAN _^ 2 KONKAR INTREPID GREECE 1 LAKE CHAMPLAIN flBHHK PANAMA IflHB 10 LAKE CHARLES MALAYSIA 1 LAKE MICHIGAN " ' '^"^^^^ MALAYSIA *^-" 2 LAKE ONTARIO ^^^t. MALAYSIA 1 LAKE SUPERIOR ^^B MALAYSIA SHI 5 LANDSORT SWEDEN 9 _ ^^9_ LARINA '^ 'IHHHF'^ "'^"^' NORWAY flBK 15 ^^^ LEQUEBECOIS CANADA 1 LE SAULE NO. 1 CANADAii^HaHBK^,^^. V,.».U: LEONARD J. COWLEY CANADA 2 LISKI MALTA 8 10 LUCIEN PAQUIN CANADA 4 LYUBLINO RUSSIA '^-—^->-'^^' 2 MALINSKA MALTA 4 MAPLE BAHAMAS „ .1. ._. 1 MARGO REEFER BAHAMAS 1 . MARINE RUNNER CANADA 1 MARJOLEIN MARK C. NETHERLANDS 2 CANADA 1 MAI IHEW CANADA 4 MAURICE EWING UNITED STATES 1 MAXIM GORKIY BAHAMAS 3 MERCY VENTURE CANADA 2 MIKHAIL STREKALOVSKIY RUSSIA 2 1 MING ZE HU CHINA 5,.,,,. 6 MOR CANADA CYPRUS 1 MOR EUROPE CYPRUS 2 MOR U.K. CYPRUS 4 MUNKSAND SWEDEN ■^^^^..^Si^.^^^.JL.:. 6 * Sea Surface Temperature 35 Ship Name Ship Flag Ice Report ssr Report MAIN BANKER CANADA 2 NANDU NATHALIE SIF WKKK LIBERIA DENMARK ^O^^' 7 ™ -- •■ NAUTICAS MEXICO MEXICO 1 NEPTUNE LIBERIA '■'^'^1. ■■ -2^ 1 NEWFOUNDLAND ALERT CANADA NEWFOUNDLAND ARROW CANADA 1 NEWFOUNDLAND OTTER CANADA 2 NIKI -^^M" CYPRUS "" " -^—■- NIRJA PANAMA 2 3 NOMADIC POI 1 UX NORWAY 1 .,..- NOMADIC PRINCESS NORWAY 1 NORD JAHRE PROGRESS NORWAY 5 4 NORDIC CHALLENGER NORWAY 2 NORDIC EXPRESS CANADA 1 NORDOEN SWEDEN 3 NORTH STAR LIBERIA _ _ 4 , 3,.„_.. NORTHERN PRINCESS CANADA 11 NORTHERN WHALE CANADA 1 NUEVO LEON MEXICO 1 NUKAARCTICA DENMARK 1 OAK BAHAMAS 2 OOCL ASSURANCE HONG KONG 7 OOCL BRAVERY HONG KONG 7 OOCL CANADA HONGKONG -^^^^^^^^ 2 ORAGREEN BAHAMAS 2 PAL MARINOS CYPRUS 2 PAOLA PANAMA 1 PATRIA CYPRUS 2 PETKA MALTA 1 PETROLAB CANADA ' « 2 PHOENIX DIAMOND PANAMA 1 POMORZE ZACHODNIE POLAND 21 19 PTARMIGAN UNITED STATES 1 REEFER EMPRESS CYPRUS 1 REEFER PENGUIN JAPAN 1 REGINA OLDENDORFF HONG KONG 2 RHODOS GREECE 1 RIXTA OLDENDORFF HONG KONG 2 ROMO MAERSK DENMARK 1 ROYAL MARINER CANADA ^ - - -._.„,.......... * Sea Surface lemperature 36 Ship Name ShJD Flag Ice Report SST* Report SAGA SKY -MM 1 PANAMA 9 9 SAN GIUSTO ITALY 1 SEAKOH WtttttKttKtM 1 PANAMA IHHF 1 SELNES CYPRUS 2 SIBYL W CANADA 1 3 SIDSELKNUTSEN NORWAY SIGURFARI Wtt^^^Kf ICELAND 2 SIRELDON CANADA 1 SIR HENRY LARSON " ^^^^^^^^^ CANADA '^*^^ ""^"" 7 SIR HUMPREY GILBERT CANADA 18 SIR JOHN FRANKLIN IHB^ , CANADA ^^fHlH wmj..^ 1 SIR ROBERT BOND CANADA 3 SREDAYA KOSA ^___||- BUSSIA — p ■Ki " STAKFELL "^^^^^ ICELAND 1 STALIND 1 .-H««p-,-.»«T--««**«-M«^^ NORWAY ' ^Jjlimilill^ 1 STARALTANGER SINGAPORE 3 1 STAR OHIO LIBERIA J ■■34 32 STRANGE ATTRACTOR CYPRUS 11 7 STRONG ISLANDER ~^g 1 UNITED STATES '° ■ ■yj-y.y.. '-:wA^fT.;ir^.-i t^.x-.' . :'(:.-' ^.... -..■ ^ SUNP GREECE 1 1 SUSAN PHILLIPINES 2 SUZANNE MARIE UNITED STATES 1 TAHKURAND ESTONIA 1 TELEOST CANADA 7 TELNES PANAMA 3 TITAN SCAN NETHERLANDS ANT 1 1 TOLEDO CARRIER BAHAMAS 2 2 TORUNN HAUSTEEN UNKNOWN 1 TRIDENT MARINER GREECE 1 TRIESTE TROGIR UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI ITALY MALTA POLAND 1 1 1 VOK GBAY VYUGA WAIMEA WESTON UNKNOWN RUSSIA GREECE SWEDEN 1 3 1 3 WILFRED 1 bMPLEMAN CANADA 1 WINONA HONG KONG PANAMA POLAND POLAND 3 YPAPADI 1 ZIEMIA SUWALSKA SIEMIATARNOWSKA 2 3 Sea Surface Temperature 37 Ship Name ZIEMIAZAMOUSKA TOTAL ICE REPORTS Ship Flag POLAND Ice SST* Report Report 899 TOTAL SSTREPORTS 372 ■ flww''S?wi