OF THE MINISTER OF LANDS AND FORESTS OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO for the fiscal year ending MARCH 31, 1962 ONTARIO SDl4 V THE DETAILED ANNUAL REPORT of the Minister of Lands and Forests of the PROVINCE OF ONTARIO ♦ For the Year ending March 31st, 1962 ONTARIO To His Honour, The Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. May It Please Your Honour: The undersigned begs respectfully to present to your Honour, the Annual Report of the Department of Lands and Forests for the fiscal year beginning April 1st, 1961, and ending March 31, 1962. J. W. Spooner, Minister CONTENTS Page Accounts Branch 2 Conservation Authorities Branch 22 Fish and Wildlife Branch 56 Forest Protection Branch 132 Lands and Surveys Branch 160 Law Branch 196 Operations Branch 208 Parks Branch 222 Personnel Branch 245 Research Branch 256 Timber Branch 282 ACCOUNTS BRANCH Chiej: R. R. MacBean Assistant Chiej: F. M. Baker INTERNAL AUDIT Internal Audit & Field Inspections SYSTEMS & pr(x:edures REVENUE ACCOUNTING Cash Receiving, Accounts Receivable Issue of Fish & Wildlife Licenses, Park Permits, Timber Accounts, Land Sales Land Tax, Rentals EXPENDITURE & GENERAL ACCOUNTING Payrolls, Accounts Payable Accounting Machine Operations BUDGET ACCOUNTING Budget Estimates & Forecasts, Financial Reports LAND TAX ADMINISTRATION Assessments, Appeals, Addressograph GENERAL Secretarial Department Mail Services ACCOUNTS BRANCH During the year ended March 31st, 1962, cash receipts of the Department of Lands and Forests totalled $22,005,403.46. Total cash disbursements amounted to $28,020,094.02, representing an excess of $6,014,690.56 in disbursements over receipts. Total receipts show a nominal increase over the previous year. Sale of park campsite permits and vehicle entrance permits increased over the previous year, other sources of revenue showed slight gains. The sharp increase in disbursements is accounted for by the severe fire season in 1961 and the transfer of the Conservation Authorities Branch to the Department of Lands and Forests in 1962. The financial report shows the fiscal results of operations of the Conservation Authorities Branch for the year. The department again entered into a winter works program for the development of camp-site and picnic areas in co-operation with the Federal Government. Renting blinds to duck hunters at $4.00 per day on the new 1,700-acre Waterfowl Management Unit in the Crown marshes at Long Point Bay on Lake Erie. FINANCIAL REPORT FOR YEAR ENDED MARCH 31ST, 1962 1. Cash Receipts and Disbursements The following summarizes the result of operations for the year: Total — Cash Disbursements $28,020,094.02 Cash Receipts 22,005,403.46 Excess of Disbursements over Receipts $6,014,690.56 2. Comparison of Receipts and Disbursements with those of the Previous Two Years (a) Receipts Years ending March 31st Branch 1960 1961 1962 $ $ $ Accounts 1,221,820. 1,273,216. 1,281,756. Fish and Wildlife 4,622,207. 4,848,111. 5,054,516. Forest Protection 126,872. 84,823. 75,803. Lands and Surveys 1,014,209. 1,004,861. 1,085,012. Parks 524,163. * 995,573. 990,311. Timber 11,926,007. 13,449,813. 13,518,005. 19,435,278. 21,656,397. 22,005,403. Note — Receipts from Water Power Leases are reported by the Treasury Department. ♦Includes $195,128.64 Federal contribution for winter work program. (b) Disbursements $ $ $ Chargeable to Ordinary Account _ 23,029,901. 23,229,038. 26,606,121. Chargeable to Capital Disburse- ments 991,022. 48,010. 1,413,973. 24,020,923. 23,277,048. 28,020,094. STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS FOR YEAR ENDED RECEIPTS ACCOUNTS BRANCH Provincial Land Tax Sale of Maps, Casual Fees, etc. $1,172,529.74 109,226.58 $1,281,756.32 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH Licenses, Royalty and Sundry (See Statement No. 3) 5,054,516.23 FOREST PROTECTION BRANCH Forest Protection Section Recovery of Fire Fighting Costs and Miscellaneous Air Service Section Flying Fees 53,823.12 21,979.62 LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH Lands Section Land Sales (Capital) Land Rentals Leases and Licenses of Occupation Other Lands Miscellaneous Receipts Park Rentals Leases and Licenses of Occupation Algonquin $ 14,551.64 Rondeau 17,256.34 Presqu'ile 3,326.46 Long Point 1,046.95 Sundry Parks 267.60 $ 644,158.52 377,987.56 26,416.61 36,448.99 1,085,011.68 PARKS BRANCH Park Concessions Rentals Permits (All Parks) Vehicle $438,631.50 Campsite 447,534.95 Boat Hunting Guide Miscellaneous Carried forward 9,170.00 5,593.00 4,350.00 $ 58,831.43 905,279.45 26,200.35 990,311.23 $8,487,398.20 statement No. 1 AND DISBURSEMENTS MARCH 31 ST, 1962 DISBURSEMENTS MAIN OFFICE Minister's Salary — Statutory $ 12,000.00 Salaries $1,940,144.97 Travelling Expenses 79,809.68 Maintenance and Operating 26,954.46 2,046,909.11 Damage and Other Claims, Sundry Contingencies, etc. 7,034.27 Compensation for Injured Workmen 114,770.52 Unemployment Insurance Stamps 71,850.35 Annuities and Bonuses to Indians 32,624.00 Advisory Committee to the Minister 3,264.67 $ 2,288,452.92 FIELD SERVICES BASIC ORGANIZATION — District Oflfices Salaries $13,312,277.84 Travelling Expenses 634,195.95 Maintenance and Operating $3,095,131.70 Equipment — other than Forest Fire Suppression 1,139,753.93 $4,234,885.63 Less: Federal Contribution 713,844.88 3,521,040.75 17,467,514.54 EXTRA FIRE FIGHTING Wages, etc., Maintenance and Operating $ 2,066,899.21 Forest Fire Suppression Equipment 273,208.01 2,340,107.22 AIR SERVICE Salaries $ 614,278.00 Travelling Expenses 11,994.22 Maintenance 486,958.71 1,113,230.93 LANDS AND SURVEYS Ground Surveys $ 283,347.54 Lake-of-the- Woods and Lac Seul Storage Dams — Control and Maintenance 1,272.25 284,619.79 PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION Salaries, etc.. Maintenance and Operating 139i,780.65 Carried Forward $23,63a,7(I6..05 RECEIPTS FOR YEAR ENDED MARCH 31 ST. 1962 Brought Forward $ 8,487,398.20 TIMBER BRANCH Timber Section (See Statement No. 2) Crown Dues $12,202,240.29 Ground Rent 83,074.00 Forest Protection Charges __ 1,085,269.26 Interest, Scalers' Wages, Mill Licenses, etc. 10,822.25 $13,381,405.80 Cash Deposits 21,101.57 $13,402,507.37 Government of Canada Payment under Forest Inventory Agreement 1960-61 3,837.43 13,406,344.80 Reforestation Section Sale of Nursery Trees 111,660.46 TOTAL RECEIPTS $22,005,403.46 Excess of Disbursements over Receipts 6,014,690.56 $28,020,094.02 statement No. 1 (Cont'd) DISBURSEMENTS FOR YEAR ENDED MARCH 31ST, 1962 Brought Forward $23,633,706.05 GRANTS Association of Ontario Land Surveyors $ 200.00 Ontario Forestry Association 10,000.00 Jack Miner Migratory Bird Foundation Inc. — 3,000.00 Tnomas N. Jones 300.00 Ontario Fur Breeders' Association Inc. 5,000.00 Ontario Council of Commercial Fisheries 2,500.00 Ontario Trappers' Association 1,000.00 Grants to Municipalities and Conservation Authorities (See Statement No. 6) 90,349.79 112,349.70 WOLF BOUNTY $ 44,510.00 BEAR BOUNTY 3,405.00 47,915.00 PARK IMPROVEMENTS Acquisition of Land $ 154,957.05 Land Improvements, Sundry buildings and structures 1,805,392.66 Construction of Major Buildings 104,113.18 Picnic Tables, Grills, Refuse Containers and other Equipment 64,131.40 $2 128 594.29 Less: Federal Contribution 44li345.'ll 1,687,249.18 MAINTENANCE OF ACCESS ROADS Salaries, etc.. Maintenance and Operating 192,641.79 FOLEYET FLOOD RELIEF FUND Special Warrant - 25,000.00 CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES Salaries $294,926.36 Travelling Expenses 10,773.32 Maintenance and Operating 9,818.61 $ 315,518.29 Publication of Technical Reports 5,867.75 River Valley Conservation Surveys, etc 137,269.18 Grants to Conservation Authorities (See Statement No. 7) 358,769.84 Grants to Municipal Camping Areas (See Statement No. 8) 89,833.64 907,258.70 GRANTS TO CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES (CAPITAL) (See Statement No. 7) 1,413,973.51 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS $28,020,094.02 TIMBER TIMBER ANALYSIS OF CASH FOR YEAR ENDED District Crown Dues Ground Rent Forest Protection Charges Interest Scalers' Wages, Mill Licenses, Etc. Chapleau $ 569,327.03 Cochrane 1,096,963.55 Fort Frances 402,259.16 Geraldton 1,806,309.92 Gogama 366,858.77 Kapuskasing 1,727,686.44 Kenora 863,112.78 Lindsay 96,673.24 North Bay 623,535.29 Parry Sound 254,793.66 Pembroke 460,856.72 Port Arthur 1,240,603.58 Sault Ste. Marie __ 619,307.12 Sioux Lookout 658,674.63 Sudbury 221,026.18 Swastika 543,661.15 Tweed 184,826.51 White River 449,792.93 Other Districts 15,971.63 $12,202,240.29 Percentage of Total Timber Revenue _ ; 1,107.00 $ 14,169.60 $ 678.28 7,220.00 92,416.00 387.50 627.00 8,025.60 114.03 13,584.00 173,850.76 225.71 1,923.00 24,614.40 37.13 7,339.00 93,939.20 796.81 10,432.00 133,529.63 567.10 176.00 2,252.80 276.12 3,758.00 48,061.00 449.42 1,317.00 16,857.60 400.49 4,419.00 57,473.75 548.94 12,816.00 164,043.80 501.11 3,891.00 50,056.74 903.54 1,201.00 14,822.40 42.68 4,472.00 58,817.04 256.82 1,882.00 24,889.80 2,525.62 522.00 6,681.60 562.35 6,388.00 83,301.60 5.00 17,465.94 1,543.60 $83,074.00 $1,085,269.26 $10,822.25 91.16 .62 8.10 .09 10 statement No. 2 BRANCH SECTION RECEIPTS BY DISTRICTS MARCH 31 ST. 1962 Forest Percentage of Inventory Total Cash Deposits Total Timber Total Timber Agreement Timber Received and Revenue and Revenue and 1960-61 Revenue Refunded Cash Deposits Cash Deposits $ 585,281.91 $ 7,500.00(Cr.) $ 577,781.91 4.31 1,196,987.05 17,605.40 1,214,592.45 9.06 411,025.79 5,253.00 416,278.79 3.11 1,993,970.39 1,993,970.39 14.87 393,433.30 393,433.30 2.93 1,829,761.45 1,829,761.45 13.65 1,007,641.51 4,330.00 (Cr.) 1,003,311.51 7.48 99,378.16 300.00 99,678.16 .75 675,803.71 2,250.00(Cr.) 673,553.71 5.03 273,368.75 8,836.79 (Cr.) 264,531.96 1.97 523,298.41 2,000.00 525,298.41 3.91 1,417,964.49 700.00 1,418,664.49 10.58 674,158.40 717.59 (Cr.) 673,440.81 5.02 674,740.71 7,000.00 681,740.71 5.09 284,572.04 6,032.53 290,604.57 2.17 572,958.57 1,500.00 574,458.57 4.28 192,592.46 4,345.02 196,937.48 1.47 539,487.53 539,487.53 4.03 $3,837.43 38,818.60 38,818.60 .29 $3,837.43 $13,385,243.23 $21,101.57 $13,406,344.80 100.00% .03 100.00% 11 statement No. 3 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH ANALYSIS OF CASH RECEIPTS FOR YEAR ENDED MARCH 31 ST, 1962 FISHERIES Licenses Angling $2,527,212.49 Commercial Fishing 90,160.00 Smelt 18,698.40 $2,636,070.89 Royalty Commercial Fishing 2,693.38 $2,638,764.27 GAME Licenses Non-Resident Hunting $ 936,819.05 Bear 21.00 Deer 420,726.99 Moose 358,694.75 Ground Hog 27,096.85 Gun 295,013.70 Dog 22,574.05 Trappers 31,621.00 Fur Dealers 3,521.00 Fur Farmers 5,155.00 Pheasant 6,130.00 Tanners 115.00 Cold Storage 312.00 $2,107,800.39 Royalty Game 212,460.79 2,320,261.18 GENERAL Licenses Guides $ 12,632.00 Wild Rice 23.00 Hunt Camp Permits 1,000.00 Fines 43,720.18 Costs Collected 927.36 Sales — Confiscated Articles 15,159.21 — General 2,390.87 Pheasant Tags 1,649.40 Miscellaneous 4,807.35 82,309,37 Federal-Provincial Fur Management Agreement 1960-61 Government of Canada Repayments 13,181.41 $5,054,516.23 12 statement No. 4 RESEARCH BRANCH STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE FOR YEAR ENDED MARCH 31 ST, 1962 PROGRAMS Forestry $353,974.65 Fisheries 283,038.32 Mechanical 35,897.87 Physical 39,475.00 Wildlife 143,186.59 Branch Administration 69,856.23 Maintenance Costs 58,648.14 Equipment Costs Unallocated 668.05 $984,744.85 13 TOTAL EXPENDITURE ALLOCATED FOR YEAR ENDED Forest Ordinary Expenditure Total Protection Lands Timber $ $ $ $ Main Office 2,288,453. 440,364. 251,876. 549,009. Surveys 284,620. Basic Organization (before deduction of Federal Contribution $713,844.) 18,181,359. 5,126,524. 493,078. 5,318,322. Extra Fire Fighting (Wages and Equipment) 2,340,107. 2,340,107. Public Information 139,781. 19,569. 2,796. 12,580. Air Service 1,113,231. Grants 112,350. 90,350. Wolf and Bear Bounties 47,915. Park Improvements (before deduction of Federal Contribution $441,345.) 2,128,594. Maintenance (Access Roads) 192,642. 33,231. 106,165. 45,983. Conservation Authorities 907,259. Foleyet Flood Relief (Special Warrants) 25,000. 27,761,311. 7,959,795. 853,915. 6,016,244. Distribution of General Expenditure and Administration Costs Over Main Services Air Service (as per analysis) 742,484. 27,046. 100,784. Field Administration (pro rated) 507,340. 63,192. 517,270. — Percentage 28% 4% 29% Research (as per analysis) 54,489, 12,088. 371,844. Surveys (pro rated) 12,845. 462,399. 96,333. — Percentage 2% 72% 15% 27,761,311. 9,276,953. 1,418,640. 7,102,475. Less: Federal Contributions applied as Credits Canada Forestry Act — Forest Resources Inventory (pro rated in keeping with costs) 184,764. 46,191. 27,715. 73,905. — Reforestation 179,582. 179,582. — Forest Fire Protection 289,894. 289,894. Fur Management Agreement 59,605. Campgrounds — Picnic Areas Agree- ment 441,345. TOTAL ORDINARY EXPENDITURE 26,606,121. 8,940,868. 1,390,925. 6,848,988. Capital Disbursements Grants to Conservation Authorities TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS Percentage of Total 1,413,973. 28,020,094. 8,940,868. 1,390,925. 6,848,988. 32% 5% 24% 14 statement No. 5 TO MAIN SERVICES RENDERED 31ST MARCH. 1962 Fish and Conservation Air Wildlife Parks Authorities Service Research Field Ad- Surveys ministration $ $ 379,014. 343,309. 2,682,329. 1,622,350. $ 19,009. 298,837. 7,035. 60,106. 11,800. 47,915. 41,934. 2,128,594. 7,263. 162,515. 984,745. 2,796. 1,113,231. 284,620. 28,052. 1,763,444. 200. 10,000. 907,259. 25,000. 3,181,164. 4,143,450. 907,259. 1,275,746. 1,006,550. 611,709. 1,805,479. 377,876. 27,556. 275,516. 382,581. 15% 21% 589,131. 8,066. 6,422. 64,222. 1% 10% ^1,275,746. 29,068. 1% *1,035,618. 30,512. * 1,805,479. 2% *642,221. 4,430,109. 4,625,875. 907,259. 36,953. 59,605. 441,345. 4,333,551. 4,184,530. 907,259. 1,413,973. 4,333,551. 4,184,530. 2,321,232. 16% 15% 8% 15 ^Deductions statement No. 6 GRANTS TO MUNICIPALITIES AND CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES UNDER THE FORESTRY ACT, R.S.O. 1960 Municipalities and Conservation Authorities Ausable River $ 7,132.13 Big Creek Region 4,794.70 Ganaraska River 1,363.87 Grand Valley 11,742.34 Corporation of the County of Lanark 3,068.91 Corporation of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville 603.56 Metro Toronto and Region 8,881.55 Moira River 10,338.06 Napanee Valley 2,787.20 North Grey 16,085.69 Otter Creek 2,147.25 Corporation of the County of Renfrew 11,242.50 Saugeen Valley 9,100.96 South Nation River 1,061.07 $90,349.79 Statement No. 7 GRANTS TO CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES UNDER THE CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES ACT. R.S.O. 1960 Conservation Authorities Ausable River Big Creek Region Catfish Creek Central Lake Ontario Credit Valley Crowe Valley Ganaraska River Grand Valley Holland Valley Junction Creek Lower Thames Valley Maitland Valley Metropolitan Toronto and Region Moira River Napanee Valley Neebing Valley Niagara Peninsula North Grey Region Nottawasaga Valley Otonabee Region Otter Creek Sauble Valley Saugeen Valley Sixteen-Mile Creek Spencer Creek South Nation River Sydenham Valley Twelve Mile Creek Upper Thames Whitson Valley Less: Federal Contribution Administration Development Total $ 14,399.17 $ 3,603.72 $ 18,002.89 9,352.92 6,812.95 16,165.87 693.34 — 693.34 1,535.75 211.36 1,747.11 25,890.66 47,908.95 73,799.61 725.80 632.58 1,358.38 1,683.09 175.07 1,858.16 31,427.29 68,453.83 99,881.12 1,798.51 1,219.11 3,017.62 1,527.65 6,164.24 7,691.89 1,316.22 — 1,316.22 821.35 536.77 1,358.12 170,405.00 1,084,149.70 1,254,554.70 6,014.91 5,474.15 11,489.06 873.93 500.10 1,374.03 712.36 — 712.36 11,172.13 43,013.15 54,185.28 4,299.95 7,134.36 11,434.31 981.60 — 981.60 2,360.54 — 2,360.54 3,568.41 2,117.28 5,685.69 1,975.56 10,143.20 12,118.76 9,607.85 5,134.64 14,742.49 7,378.01 158,569.46 165,947.47 1,813.05 1,593.75 3,406.80 760.59 168.19 928.78 1,106.09 — 1,106.09 7,347.76 33,781.05 41,128.81 36,844.42 82,486.94 119,331.36 375.93 — 375.93 $358,769.84 $1,569,984.55 $1,928,754.39 156,011.44 156,011.44 $358,769.84 $1,413,973.11 $1,772,742.95 16 statement No. 8 GRANTS TO MUNICIPAL CAMPING AREAS UNDER THE PARKS ASSISTANCE ACT, R.S.O. 1960 Municipal Camping Areas Town of Cochrane $ 1,384.41 City of Fort William 27,025.00 Township of Innisfil 2,645.00 Town of Kenora 9,720.46 Town of Orillia 6,467.48 City of Samia 37,500.00 Town of Thessalon 780.35 Town of Wiarton 1,182.00 Town of Wingham 3,128.94 $89,833.64 17 CO H Z UJ CO q: 3 CD CO O < 3 O o UJ a: CM (D O ^ oc o < 9f < LJ o LJ CO ! 0. -"^ UJ j-r ^ I o q: o a: i 0. -J ts 8 < lO ^ 3 Si ^ o Z UJ o ^ < z o 3 H _J o ^ z lij •^ Ll. 1- 1- O lij o z h- J^ O K UJ UJ P »^ a: li. O ^1 M CM 5 Si s CO (t 5 cv < 2 00 (0 9 ca D ■ ^ H m H M ■ ^ ■ ■ ■ H m ■ ^ m ■ ■ . ■1 L ■ _ ■ ■ ■ H ■i H ■ ■ il H ■1 1 m ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ savnnoa dO SNonniw 19 LJ liJ > UJ a: or U- 0. UJ UJ UJ X o o z 3 h- o nr o a: o £3 s. o 3 O ^ bJ z q: o !£ ! r c \| O CO lU 'T PJ O H^^^^^^^^^^^H IJj^^^^^^^^^^^H mBminiium ^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 N O 00 (O ^ Sdvinoa dO SNonniw 20 This artificial lake in Boyd Conservation Area, Metropolitan Toronto and Region, is always popular in sumnner. The Fanshawe Dann on the Thannes River at London. This was the first major flood control structure built by a Conservation Authority. 21 CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES BRANCH Chief: A. S. L. BARNES ADMINISTRATION Supervisor: F. G. Jackson Forestry P. M. R. Harvie Wildlife & Recreation K. M. Mayall Field Supervision A. D. Latomell Parks Inspection H. J. Christian Historical Research V. B. Blake Land Use ENGINEERING Supervisor: J. W. Murray Project Engineering F. J. Forbes Surveys Flood Warning Hydrometeorology D. N. McMullen (Government of Canada) 22 CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES BRANCH The Conservation Authorities Branch was transferred from the Department of Economics and Development to the Department of Lands and Forests on January 1, 1962. Originally the Conservation Branch was established in the Department of Planning and Development in 1944, and charged with the administration of The Conservation Authorities Act, 1945. The name of the Department was later changed to Economics and Development, and the name of the Branch to Con- servation Authorities Branch. The work of the Conservation Authorities Branch is concerned with or- ganizing Conservation Authorities in Ontario and directing and assisting these Authorities in carrying out conservation projects within the watersheds under their jurisdiction. The Branch is also concerned with the administration of The Grand River Conservation Act, 1938, and The Parks Assistance Act, 1960. Three Conservation Authorities were formed in 1946, immediately follow- ing the passage of The Conservation Authorities Act. In the years since, a total of 31 Conservation Authorities have been formed, of which 27 are in Southern Ontario, and four in Northern Ontario. It should be clearly understood that a Conservation Authority is a body corporate, and can undertake almost any type of conservation work. It is only when it obtains a government grant for a project that the Conservation Authorities Branch takes the necessary pre- cautions to see that money is wisely expended. This is one of the main func- tions of the Field Officer appointed by the Department. Conservation Authorities involve the concept of local responsibility for the development and management of resources. The Act gives an Authority power to undertake programs in all fields of conservation. Initiative to form a Conservation Authority under the Act must come from the municipal level. When once formed, the responsibility to carry out a program essentially re- mains with the Authority. Formation of Conservation Authorities The steps to be taken in the formation of a Conservation Authority are indicated in Sections 2 and 3 of The Conservation Authorities Act. Conservation Authorities are formed on the basis of the watershed or drainage area of a stream or group of streams. The first step in the formation is for two or more municipalities within the watershed, or area being considered for a Conservation Authority, to petition the Minister of Lands and Forests to call a meeting for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not it is desirable that an Authority be established. Following the receipt of such petitions a letter is sent to the clerks of all municipalities either wholly or partly within the watershed, informing them of the date, time and place of the meeting. All muni- cipalities are entitled to appoint representatives to attend this meeting, the num- ber of representatives being determined on the population basis. Two-thirds of the representatives must be present to make the meeting legal. If two-thirds of those present vote in favour of forming a Conservation Authority, a resolution is forwarded to the Minister requesting that an Authority be established. The Authority is then made legal by an order-in-council. Under The Conservation 23 Authorities Act, the Conservation Authority is a body corporate. It has repre- sentatives from all of the municipalities wholly or partly within the watershed, — that is, towns, cities, villages and townships, including those municipalities, if any, which voted against the establishment of an Authority, Thus, from the above, it will be seen that the establishment of a Conserva- tion Authority is a simple legal matter. The meeting at which the vote is taken to establish a Conservation Authority is presided over by a senior civil servant who forwards a report of the meeting, together with the resolution, to the Min- ister. Since the passing of the Act, not one request, passed by the necessary majority, for the establishment of an Authority has been refused. At the end of March, 1962, there were 31 Conservation Authorities cover- ing a total area of 20,653 square miles, and involving 455 municipalities. The Authorities range in size from the largest, — the Grand Valley Conservation Authority, with an area of 2,614 square miles, to the smallest (the Mattagami) of 34 square miles. In the 455 municipalities which belong to Conservation Authorities, are 20 cities, 74 towns, 80 villages, 280 townships, and the muni- cipalitiy of Metropolitan Toronto. These municipalities appoint a total of 623 representatives, who, together with the three government-appointed representa- tives to Authorities, give a total membership of 727. Conservation A uthority Ausable River Big Creek Region Catfish Creek Central Lake Ontario Credit Valley Crowe Valley Ganaraska Region Grand Valley Holland Valley Junction Creek Maitland Valley Mattagami Valley Metropolitan Toronto and Region Moira River Napanee Valley Neebing Valley Niagara Peninsula North Grey Region Nottawasaga Valley Otonabee Region Otter Creek Sauble Valley Saugeen Valley Sixteen Mile Creek South Nation River Spencer Creek Sydenham Valley Lower Thames Valley Upper Thames River Twelve Mile Creek Whitson Valley When Established July 30, 1946 September 9, 1948 February 23, 1950 July 17, 1958 May 13, 1954 November 6, 1958 October 8, 1946 February 26, 1948 September 6, 1951 December 12, 1957 September 6, 1951 November 30, 1961 February 1, 1957 July 31, 1947 November 20, 1947 July 15, 1954 April 30, 1959 June 5, 1957 May 5, 1960 July 9, 1959 August 5, 1954 July 17, 1958 March 16, 1950 December 20, 1956 May 8, 1947 May 8, 1958 January 12, 1961 February 2, 1961 September 18, 1947 June 12, 1958 September 3, 1959 665 610 189 242 391 775 229 2,614 232 125 984 34 968 Area sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles 1,056 sq. 307 sq. 86 sq. 950 sq. 655 sq. 1,210 sq. 603 sq. 323 sq. 521 sq. 1,619 sq. 159 sq. 1,512 sq. 101 sq. 1,052 sq. 869 sq. 1,325 sq. 124 sq. 123 sq. miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles 24 Conservation Surveys and Reports Newly established Conservation Authorities are not equipped to carry out examination of the conservation problems in their watersheds. Consequently, the Conservation Branch undertook to carry out, at no expense to the Authority, preliminarv investigations on the resources of the watersheds concerned. These surveys are usually the first service rendered to a new Authority. Data gathered in the surveys become the basis of the conservation report to the Authority. These reoorts treat the conservation problems of the watershed under six head- ings; history, land use, forestry, water, wildlife and recreation. The conservation reports deal with the use and development of the re- sources of watersheds on an integrated basis. Water problems are related to use of the land for agriculture and forestry. Recommended forest areas are related to the agricultural capability of the land. Recommendations for wildlife and recreation projects are made in the light of suggestions for water control pro- jects and improved forestry. While most of the early Conservation Authorities were brought into being because of flooding, all were aware of the necessity of carrying out such supple- mentary measures as improved land use methods, reforestation and good wood- lot management, prevention of pollution, investigation of water control measures, fish and wildlife studies and recreation projects. Conservation surveys deal with all these subjects. The reports from the surveys become a working plan for the Authority to follow, if it wishes. The scooe of the studies made in each section of the survey varies with the condi- tions in the areas under investigation. History A certain amount of historical matter is used in each report as a starting point for the study. An attempt is made to get as true and localized a picture of past conditions as possible. Experience has shown that this historical ap- proach covering settlement, changes in population and the pattern of develop- ment is of great value and interest to the people in the regions dealt with. This information helps to promote an interest in conservation among people who would otherwise very often, be disinterested. Measures of conservation must inevitably be aimed at setting right the conditions which have caused waste and destruction in the past. To find methods of correction and cure, it is necessary to get a true story of how these evils came about. This involves a careful study of developments in the past. Former conditions of climate; the records of former floods; the spread of settlement and the cutting of forests which these involved; the retreat of wildlife as the clearing spreads; the development of milling on the rivers; the rise and decay of the village settlements; the steady growth of large urban centres; the decline of rural populations; and the phases of agricultural development must all be studied in detail. The various general factors which influenced these developments must also be taken into account. The movement from the farms and the disappearance of small industries, for example, are not always due solely to the cutting of forests and exhaustion of the soil. Changed markets and methods, improvements in transportation, the opening of new areas, the concentration of industry, must all be considered in connection with their effect on the use of natural resources. The history of the development of the resources in the watershed thus forms a starting point for each separate division of the conservation study. 25 Water Water is of vital importance to the people of Ontario. Water control is of major interest to all of the Conservation Authorities in Ontario. The study of the water problems of the watershed begins in the Branch office with the careful examination of all available data. Hydrometric and meteorological records kept over the years are checked and tabulated and all available flood records are in- vestigated and related to the gauge records of the river in question. If there is a flooding problem, the number, size and location of reservoirs required to control flood waters is determined. All small lakes, community ponds and old mill dams are mapped and examined. Analyses of flood problems require careful examination of all pertinent available data and field surveys followed with detailed computations. To provide needed data on flood levels and extent of damages incurred, accounts of floods dating back over the last two hundred years are catalogued by the history section of the Conservation Authorities Branch. From this catalogue it may be noted that for the year 1947 alone, which was one of the worst on record for floods in Ontario, over 80 serious floods occurred on 54 of the Province's rivers. Since the inception of the Branch, its technical personnel have been dis- patched to the scene of most major floods in the Province to observe, photo- graph, measure and report on conditions, peak stages and flows and prepare estimates of damages. Topographic maps of the watershed are examined for possible dam and reservoir sites, and tributary areas are defined. Aerial photographs are examined stereoscopically, and the extent of channel improvements, dikes or diversions needed is estimated. Additional control data are determined by detailed field surveys. After the completion of field surveys, much detailed analysis is required for the preparation of a comprehensive water control plan and report. In order to provide accurate records of runoff and stream flows, the gaug- ing of streams is necessary. This was started in Ontario in 1912 by the Hydro- Electric Power Commission, and later taken over by the Federal Government. Since the Conservation Authorities Branch was established in 1944, the number of gauges has been increased from 9 to over 120. During the past six years, some 28 of the existing manually-read gauges have been replaced with recording stream gauges which will provide reliable, continuous records. This program is continuing, and eventually most of the gauges will be of the recording type. In addition, accurate records of precipitation on the various watersheds are re- quired. The tabulation of precipitation data is administered by the Federal De- partment of Transport, but as in the case of the stream gauges, the network of rain gauges is constantly being increased. Land Use Land use surveys must carefully consider the relation between soils, ag- riculture, forestry and water. All existing data, of which there is a considerable amount, are drawn upon in preparing a report. Basic to all land use surveys are the reports of the soil surveys carried out over the last 24 years by the Soils Department of the Ontario Agricultural College in co-operation with the Canada Department of Agriculture. Since the establishment of the Branch, over 40 land use surveys have been conducted in the watersheds of 24 Conservation Authorities. These surveys have been concerned with the examination of the conditions of the land, and with the factors contributing to its well-being or its misuse. Such conditions as drain- 26 age, erosion, topography and stoniness are observed and mapped. The present use of the land is also recorded. These surveys vary in detail and to some degree in objectives, depending on such factors as the area to be examined, the availability of staff and time. Some watersheds have been surveyed on a reconnaissance scale with a very generalized survey. Others have been surveyed in detail with intensive field examination. Aerial photographs and topographic maps form the basis for recording the field survey data. Such information as drainage conditions, erosion, degree of slope, and the present use of the land, are mapped on aerial photographs. This information forms the basis for maps of land conditions for a watershed, and for compiling data on these conditions. One end result of most of the surveys is the "land use capability classifica- tion" for the area surveyed. This system is based on the one originally developed by the Soil Conservation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture and adapted to Ontario conditions by the Ontario Agricultural College. Because of different areas and problems, land use surveys have varied both in detail and purpose. About one-third of the area of watersheds now within the Conservation Authorities has been examined for land conditions and soil problems. Some eleven per cent of this area has been examined in detail, and the remainder on a reconnaissance basis. In some watersheds, detailed surveys have been carried out on the drainage area of one tributary of the main watershed. Such surveys are called "little valley" surveys. In addition, studies have been made of several areas which have special uses. Thedford Marsh in the Ausable watershed, several of the marshes in the South Nation watershed, and a part of Holland Marsh have been so ex- amined. In 1960, a detailed study was made of the soil and water, forest, wild- life and plant resources of a 2,000-acre Cavan bog area in the County of Durham. In the conservation report concerning land, the Authority gets an assess- ment of the physical problems of the land in its area, together with recommenda- tions for better management of the soil and land resources. These reports are of interest not only to the Authority members, but also to the staffs of other Government departments and organizations as well. Forestry The forestry report provides information regarding the condition and ex- tent of the original forest, the sequence of wood-using industries, forest products and their yields, and conservation measures in progress on the watershed at the time of the survey, together with recommendations for future forest conservation. To date, some 15,000 square miles of watersheds, organized into Conserva- tion Authorities, have been surveyed. This is approximately half the area of Southern Ontario, but includes as well, two Authorities in the Sudbury basin, one at the Lakehead, and one in the Timmins area. During the survey, all the wood- lots are classified as to their species, age, regeneration, forest condition and stocking. Scrublands, or those areas producing no useful tree species, and areas suitable for, and requiring reforestation, are also mapped. When all the survey data are summarized for each watershed, a detailed program for forest improvement is drawn up for each Authority, designed to fit that Authority's individual land problems. Where problem areas are too small for large-scale forestry operation, methods of small woodlot improvement or small-scale reforestation are recommended, so that the Authority can promote 27 all forms of woodlot improvement among individual property owners. Where large scale or block forestry operations are desirable, a Conservation Authority forest program is designed for the watershed. This is a recommenda- tion for the acquisition of areas of existing woodlots and areas requiring reforesta- tion. Authorities may then purchase land for a Conservation Authority forest, and the forest may or may not be placed under agreement with the Department of Lands and Forests for management. Wildlife Wildlife surveys include general inventories of all species of wildlife, both game and non-game. Special emphasis is laid on vanishing or threatened species. Streams are classified as to their condition and suitability for particular species of fish. Wildlife surveys within Conservation Authorities have concentrated on the environment for fish, particularly in rivers and streams. Stream temperature, (frequently a critical factor), permanence of flow, fish cover and pollution of streams are given special emphasis. Surveys have been made of nearly every stream in most of the Conservation Authorities for the purpose of classifying the environment as suitable for one species of fish or another. The chief method is the collection of the bottom fauna of streams, since research has shown that certain insects are extremely sound indicators of the permanence of flow and maximum temperatures which will be encountered in an average summer. Col- lections of fish by gill nets, minnow seines, and electric fish shockers, along with records of continuous recording thermometers, have supplemented and supported the above data. Maps showing the biological data of more than 5,000 miles of stream courses have been made from these surveys. Where the control of lake levels has a double function of improving condi- tions for cottage owners as well as maintaining good spawning conditions for such species as muskellunge, the surveys inc'ude the basic data on water quality, depths, vegetation and bottom conditions. The value of wetlands is assessed, based on the amount of water and the quality of the vegetation. In some watersheds, detailed surveys of the small mam- mal populations have been made, and the habitats where they may be expected, since a few species can radically affect young forest plantations. Areas containing rare or spectacular species are recommended for acquisi- tion, and where there is a possible interest in nature trails, suitable sites for these are also outlined. Recreation Recreation surveys include estimates of the present and future population of the areas, descriptions of the present use of all recreation facilities by local and outside residents, rating of all recreation facilities — publicly or privately owned — and recommendations for new recreation areas for both urban and rural populations of the watershed. In order to fully appreciate the Conservation Authorities' place in the field of recreation, the intent of The Conservation Authorities Act, (R.S.O. 1960, Chapter 62) must be understood. Lands acquired by Conservation Authorities must, in the first instance, be capable of performing a use relative to conserva- tion. For example, flood plain lands, valley slopes, stream source areas, reforesta- tion land, woodland and wetland, may be desirable for Authority purchase. If these lands can, in the second instance, be used for recreation without seriously interfering with their primary function, then they should be so used. 28 The first requirement for a recreation program by a Conservation Authority is the extensive survey in which the needs are examined with the present and future population in mind. These needs are balanced against the available recrea- tion lands on which various conservation practices can be carried out. Spectacular land forms and the locations of rare geological formations or of unusual flora or fauna are noted. Good access from first-class highways is essential. Authorify Administration The conservation reports are presented to the Authorities for their guidance in developing a broad conservation program. The Authority must assume the initiative for carrying out any of the recommendations made in the report. Usually the Authority decides which measures are most urgent, and these are undertaken first. If any Authority expects to receive financial or technical assistance from the Province for a scheme (and most projects receive such assistance) it must re- quest the assistance of the appropriate government department. If, for example, a scheme undertaken by an Authority has to do with land use, it receives ap- proval from the Ontario Department of Agriculture. If the scheme involves for- estry or wildlife problems, then the appropriate branch of the Department of Lands and Forests must be contacted. In the case of flood control, the Authority must engage a consulting engineer to do the engineering and design work up to the point of calling for tenders, and to carry the work through to the construc- tion stage. Similarly, where an Authority acquires large conservation areas which may include parks and recreation, it may be necessary to employ men especially trained in this work to design the areas. Financing Three classes of financing are mentioned in The Conservation Authorities Act. The first is for capital expenses such as dams, reservoirs, reforestation land and conservation areas. The au*' 'y's share of payment for these must be borne by the member municipaliiies which benefit from the scheme. The second is maintenance of capital works, and this is paid entirely by the Authority in the same way. The third is called "administration costs" and includes all those activities to whch an Authority might be expected to engage in except capital and maintenance costs. Such charges as salaries and travelling expenses, ofiice rent and equipment, tree planting machines, exhibits, visual equipment, printed material, farm ponds, the investigation of reforestation lands, and all other small conservation projects, are described as administrative costs. Grants are made by the Provincial Government to all types of conservation schemes except for maintenance. Grants are a matter of policy and may change from year to year. At the present time, grants for flood control schemes are fifty per cent; for large scale reforestation schemes, grants are fifty per cent for land purchases, and one hundred i>er cent for management. For conservation areas in which parks are situated, the acquisition of flood plain lands, and all items included in administrative costs, the grants are also 50 per cent. For large flood control schemes, the Government of Canada, under The Canada Water Conservation Assistance Act, may contribute on the basis of 371/2 per cent. A similar grant from the Province of Ontario leaves 25 per cent of such large flood control schemes to be raised by the Authority. Administration Each city, town, village or township located wholly or partly within a 29 Conservation Authority watershed must appoint a representative to the Authority. These representatives are appointed on the basis of the municipality's population. Where the population is less than ten thousand there is one representative; ten to fifty thousand, two representatives; fifty to one hundred thousand, three repre- sentatives; one hundred thousand to two hundred and fifty thousand, four repre- sentatives; and over two hundred and fifty thousand, five representatives. A special section of the Act deals with the representation from the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. The persons appointed by the member municipalities make up the membership of the Conservation Authority. Most large Authorities have an executive committee which carries out the routine work. All important decisions however, must be made by the whole Authority and this ibody meets several times a year. Under the Act, provision is made for appointing advisory boards. As the membership of these boards is not limited to that of the Authority, it provides an opportunity for assistancce and advice from other persons in the area who are particularly interested in con- servation. While the final decisions must be made by the accredited members appointed by the municipalities to the Authority, nevertheless, through the opera- tion of advisory boards, a wide variety of opinions is brought to the attention of the Conservation Authority in water control, public relations, reforestation, land use, parks, recreation and history. When the Authority has shown sufficient initiative, it has been the policy of the Government of Ontario, at the request of the Authority, to appoint a field officer to direct and co-ordinate the work in that watershed. It is difficult for a large Authority to make progress if its members, who must engage in the day to day business of making a living, must find time to plan and carry out, even to a limited degree, the broad program of conservation which the whole watershed demands. At the present time, fourteen field officers serve some of the needs of the 31 Conservation Authorities in the Province. A number of the larger and more active Authorities, in addition to having the services of a field officer supplied by the Department, have hired their own staff. These may be technical people, engaged in the administration of the Authority's program, or they may be superintendents and outside workmen concerned with the development of conservation areas, the carrying out of flood control projects, or any other Authority work. AUTHORITY PROGRAMS Water Control A number of Conservation Authorities have been established with the major objective of controlHng floods which have long been a problem in many parts of Ontario. Search of records indicates that from 1850 to 1960, floods causing property damage occurred in 103 of the 110 years. Floods in Ontario are caused by one or more of the following situations; rapid melting of a heavy snow pack with or without accompanying rainfall; severe local thunderstorms; hurricane-type storms; an abrupt change in the river section alignment or slope; ice jams and man-made encroachments on the river. The most devastating flood in Ontario in recent years was the "Hazel" storm of October 1954, when 86 lives were lost, and over twenty million dol- lars damage was caused in the Toronto area alone. While good forestry and land use practices will serve in some measure to reduce floods, flood control is really accomplished in most instances through control by engineering structures. 30 The construction of channel improvements and by-pass channels has been undertaken on several rivers. Such channelization may consist of widening, deepening and straightening the existing channel, or it may involve a diversion capable of carrying the entire flood flow of a river through a hazardous area. Examples of channel improvement may be seen in the work of the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority on the Humber River at Weston, on Black Creek near Jane Street, and on the Don River at Hoggs' Hollow. Channel improvement work on the Thames River has been carried out at Mitchell and Ingersoll by the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority. A channel diversion was made at Brampton where the Etobicoke Creek formerly passed under the main street of that town through a covered channel. The original channel with its limited capacity, was unable to handle the heavy spring flows through the business section of the town which was frequently severely damaged. The construction of the diversion in 1949 and 1950, by the former Etobicoke-Mimico Conservation Authority (now part of the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority) cost $976,000. This channel car- ries flood water safely around the low-lying centre of the Town, and it has already saved more than its cost on at least two occasions. The channel is concrete-lined, 3,100 feet in length, with a 30-foot bottom width, and is de- signed to carry 3,500 cubic feet per second, although it safely discharged much more than this at the time of Hurricane "Hazel" in 1954. Dikes and flood walls are additional man-made encroachments on a flood plain which, while giving protection, tend to further increase peak flow stages. Their construction is only recommended when valuable property is concentrated in a flood hazard area. Among the many municipalities which have parts pro- tected by dikes are: London, Brantford, Paris, Walkerton, Bridgeport, Chatham, Ingersoll and St. Mary's. Channel improvements, channel diversions, dikes and flood walls provide a degree of flood control, but such measures do not conserve water. They do not reduce the size of a flood, but merely ensure that water is safely passed through any given locality. The Water Section of the conservation reports prepared for a number of Conservation Authorities recommends the construction of a widespread system of dams and reservoirs. Several of these dams have already been constructed and a further number are now in the planning stages. Recommendations to Authorities with respect to flood control problems usually include some or all of the following measures: ( 1 ) reduction of peak stage by channel improvements (2) diversion of flood water through by-pass channels (3) confinement of the flow within dikes or flood walls (4) reduction of peak flow by reservoir (5) zoning or acquiring flood plains so that only low hazard uses are permitted (6) flood forecasting coupled with a system to warn of impending danger in sufficient time for protection or evacuation of the people and valuable property The Fanshawe Dam and Reservoir is located on the north branch of the Thames River a few miles upstream from the City of London. The reservoir, completed in 1953, was built primarily for flood control and recreation. It re- tains flows in excess of the channel capacity through the City of London, and when the danger of flood is passed, the reservoir is lowered to its "recreation 31 pool level". The Fanshawe Reservoir has also become a valuable source of water supply for London. Fanshawe is the largest of six units required to give adequate flood protection and water conservation storage in the upper portion of the Thames watershed. Construction on two more units will start this year, and the whole system is expected to be completed by 1970. Fanshawe Dam is 77 feet high and 2,050 feet long, with rolled earth em- bankments and a crest-gated concrete overflow spillway. The lake, at its maxi- mum level, has a storage capacity of 38,880 acre-feet, and is over seven miles long. At its "recreational pool level" the lake contains 10,000 acre-feet and has a surface area of 650 acres. The total cost of the project, including the reservoir, property, roads and bridges, was $5,315,000. Of this sum, the Government of Canada paid 37 1/2 per cent, the Government of Ontario the same amount, and the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority the remaining 25 per cent. Three large multi-purpose reservoirs have been established on the Grand River watershed. These are the Shand Dam, four miles upstream from Fergus, and the first large conservation reservoir built in Ontario, the Conestogo Dam and Reservoir near Glen Allen and the Luther Marsh Dam and Reservoir, located on the head waters of the river near Monticello. These three reservoirs were constructed by the Grand River Conservation Commission. Like those on the Thames River, they were financed jointly by the Government of Canada (3714 per cent), the Government of Ontario (37 14 per cent) and the participa- ting municipalities (25 per cent). In addition to the large multi-purpose dams and reservoirs, several Con- servation Authorities have undertaken projects involving the building of smaller dams for such purposes as irrigation water supply, municipal water supply, and the improvement of summer flow. The Ausable River Construction Authority constructed the Morrison Dam and Reservoir near the Town of Exeter to pro- vide water to that Town and adjacent municipalities. The Napanee Valley Con- servation Authority constructed a dam to enlarge the usable storage of Second Depot Lake to 7,000 acre-feet. Water is discharged during low flow periods to augment the flow in the Napanee River on which the Town of Napanee relies for domestic and industrial water suppUes. Similarly, Morrison Dam, which is near the head waters of the Ausable River, conserves water which would other- wise be wasted. The Sixteen Mile Creek Conservation Authority recently completed the construction of the Kelso Dam and Reservoir located on the Sixteen Mile Creek adjacent to Highway 401. The main purpose of this reservoir is to release water during periods of low flow in the lower reaches of the stream. Community Ponds Several Conservation Authorities have established community ponds. These ponds, often created by the construction of a small dam, have value for recrea- tion, fire protection, and as a habitat for various forms of wildlife. In addition, they have considerable aesthetic value which cannot easily be measured in dol- lars and cents. Some gravel pits, quarries and old mill ponds have been con- verted for use as community ponds. The largest unit of this type is the Guelph Dam and Pond on the Speed River in that City. This dam raises the water 11 feet, creating a large pond which forms the nucleus of a riverside park. In order to allow the unrestricted discharge of high spring runoffs, the dam is fitted with three electrically operated large steel gates, each gate being 32 feet wide by 11 feet high. Other community ponds have been created, either by the building of new 32 dams, or the reconstruction of old ones in the Ganaraska Authority at Garden Hill, by the Holland Authority in Newmarket, by the South Nation Authority at Casselman, by the Big Creek Region Authority at Simcoe. A complete list of these community projects is included in a subsequent section of this report. Hydrometeorology Variations in meteorological conditions have a pronounced effect on the flow pattern of the streams and rivers of Southern Ontario. Problems concern- ing the relationship between meteorology and hydrology must be considered in detail before controls can be established on a river. Hydrometeorological anal- yses are therefore an important part of the water studies of this Branch. These analyses, which require data from an extensive network of precipita- tion and stream gauge stations, relate rainfall, snowmelt and soil moisture con- ditions to runoff in the streams. Such studies establish the characteristic of the stream under a variety of meteorological conditions. The results are used to establish the capacity of reservoirs, the size and type of dam structures or chan- nel improvements and the availability of water for urban use, irrigation, pollu- tion control, recreation and power supply. Besides giving attention to hydrometeorological analyses this Branch is also concerned with research in the water balance of different regions of the Province. To this end, the Conservation Authorities Branch, in co-operation with the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, has established at Fullarton, a hydrologic research station. Certain instruments, which are set up at this small station, aid in examining the rainfall runoff relationship on a small agricultural watershed. - « Flood Warning The responsibility for flood warning in Ontario rests with the Hydro- meteorological Section of the Conservation Authorities Branch. The need for such a warning system was made abundantly clear following the devastation and loss of life caused by Hurricane Hazel. A basic feature of the flood warning system is the close co-operation between the Federal Government Department responsible for weather forecasts and the Provincial Government Department responsible for river control. The Meteorological Branch, Canada Department of Transport, is responsible for all weather forecasting in Canada. That Branch, therefore, issues the necessary weather data, weather forecasts and warnings of severe weather conditions, while the Conservation Authorities Branch applies this weather information to conditions existing on the watersheds and issues flood forecasts based on the re- sults of the correlation of these two types of information. In 1955, the Meteorological Branch seconded a meteorologist to the Con- servation Authorities Branch to head up the flood warning system. In this posi- tion, which is designated as Hydrometeorologist, he is responsible for maintain- ing a watch of river conditions, issuing flood forecasts, supervising the operation of flood control reservoirs, and establishing meteorological design criteria for river control structures. Ontario's flood warning system is at the present time unique in Canada. This system is designed to: 1. Alert the general public to the danger of floods by indicating where and when they will occur. 2. Alert flood assistance agencies such as Emergency Measures Organiza- 33 tion, the Red Cross, and others, to the regions to which they may be required. 3. Advise in the operation of flood control dams and reservoirs in order to obtain the most advantageous use of the works and structures. The attention of the Flood Warning System is directed primarily to the more heavily populated section of the Province, or an area of some 30,000 square miles. A variety of weather forecasts is issued by the Meteorological Branch, and is available to the Flood Warning System. A general forecast, covering a two- day period, is issued at six-hourly intervals, and is generally adequate for maintaining a normal river watch. Special warnings are issued whenever heav>' rains of one inch or more are expected. These warnings indicate the amount, location and time of the rain, along with the speed and direction of motion of the storm. These warnings are issued up to 24 hours before the occurrence of the rain. Weather forecasts and advisories are correlated by the hydrometeorologist with current data on soil moisture and river flow conditions with stream flow characteristics. An extensive program has been undertaken with the installation of recording stream gauges on the rivers of Southern Ontario. As information from these gauges becomes available, it is used to prepare graphs and other data necessary to assess stream flow characteristics. All major storms and many minor ones are analyzed in order to obtain as much detailed information as possible on stream flow conditions. Detailed and up-to-date information on the prevailing river stage, flood storage available in reservoirs and soil conditions, is on hand at all times for the river forecaster. For forecasting purposes, soil conditions are translated into runoff rates through calculation of the antecedent precipitation index. The method used is similar to that developed by the United States Weather Bureau. Measurements of the depth of snow and its water content are taken over the region at regular intervals throughout the winter. These are particularly important in assessing the flood potential of the spring runoff or the development of floods as a result of winter rains. From such data and calculations, the river forecaster in the Branch issues weekly advisories to the Field Officers who are responsible for watershed manage- ment in their particular region. These advisories indicate the amount of runoff to be expected with varying amount of rainfall under the prevailing soil moisture conditions. The extended period weather forecasts are also issued along with these advisories. By this means the men in the field are kept advised of the prevailing conditions as they affect their particular river, and are alerted to the possibility of adverse weather conditions. They are expected to keep a watch on short period forecasts as a supplement to the weekly advisories. Flood forecasts and activities during actual flood conditions are issued at the discretion of the Hydrometeorologist whenever he feels they are warranted. Once a river forecast has been issued, advisories are given on the development of flood conditions until such time as a final message is issued indicating the end of a flood alert. In order to obtain direct information of rainfall amounts and intensity which may result in flooding, a network of special rainfall observers has been established to assist the flood forecast system. These observers send a telephone call to the river forecaster whenever they receive an inch or more of rain within 24 hours. 34 They also take extra readings on request. These observers are all on a voluntary basis. Weather radar is also used to assist the flood forecaster in locating the rainfall centres and the extent and movement of the storm. This has proven to be a very valuable tool. At present there is only one installation in Toronto, about the centre of the forecast area. Information on river stage is obtained from the gauge readers at the obser- vation stations. However, in those regions where flooding is a recurrent problem, particularly during spring runoff, a corps of observers is organized. These persons are located at strategic points along the river and supply regular readings of the river stage during floods. Flood forecasts are issued to commercial radio and television stations for broadcast on receipt. The forecasts are also telephoned directly to the Field Officers in the region affected, and to the local police and other organizations directly associated with protection. In several towns and cities flood organiza- tions have been established which include the police departments, fire departments, Red Cross, Emergency Measures Organization, welfare agencies and private citizens. During severe flood conditions, units of the Canadian Army are placed on stand-by on receipt of a flood forecast in order to be of assistance should the local agency be unable to handle the emergency. The effectiveness of the Ontario Flood Warning System is maintained by the Conservation Authorities Branch primarily through co-operation with the Meteor- ological Branch, Canada Department of Transport, which is the agency responsible for issuing weather forecasts. The Conservation Authorities Branch is the agency responsible for watershed management in the Province of Ontario. Water Control Projects in the Late Planning Stage Several Conservation Authorities have water control projects for multiple purposes in the final planning stages and on which initial construction is expected to start during 1962. These include the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority and the Ausable River Conservation Authority. These three Authorities have signed agreements with the Government of Ontario to carry out water control projects in their watersheds, and also receive Federal financial assistance under The Canada Water Conservation Act, These agreements are similar to those under which dams were constructed on the Grand and Thames Rivers. Cost of most of the projects will be borne by the Government of Canada, the Province of Ontario, and the Authorities, on a 37 1/2, 37 1/2, 25 per cent basis. The Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority drew up an over-all plan for water conservation and flood control on the watersheds under its jurisdiction. In 1959 and 1960, the plan was approved first by the 23 member municipalities within the Authority, and then by the Provincial Govern- ment. The plan was submitted to the Federal Government and, in June 1961. an agreement was signed between the Authority and the Province of Ontario, and another agreement between Ontario and the Government of Canada for carry- ing out this Authority's ten-year plan for the control of water. The Federal Gov- ernment will share 37 1/2 per cent of the cost of acquiring reservoir sites, construc- tion of the major dams, and channel improvements. This cost-sharing arrangement is available on an estimated expenditure of $24,000,000, Other aspects of the plan in which the Government of Canada does not participate include flood land acquisition, several smaller reservoirs, and extension of the flood warning system. 35 These aspects will cost approximately $14,000,000 and will be financed by the Authority and the Province of Ontario on a 50-50 basis. The major features of this plan include the construction of 15 multiple- purpose dams and reservoirs, the construction of associated channel improvements in vulnerable areas, the acquisition of 7,458 flood plain lands within seven of the watersheds, and the extension of the existing flood warning system. In addition to these measures, certain other ancillary measures will also be carried out. These ancillary measures involve reforestation, wildlife management, soil conservation projects, and the development of recreation and nature facilities. The agreements call for this $38,000,000 scheme to be carried out over a ten-year period. Prior to the signing of this agreement, certain work was carried out, particularly on a tributary of the Humber River known as "Black Creek" in North York Township. This involved channel improvement measures and the building of a low flood retardation dam. Some channel improvement work has also been carried out on the lower portion of the Humber River. Over 1,300 acres of flood plain lands have been acquired by this Authority prior to the signing of the agreement. The Upper Thames River Conservation Authority signed a similar agreement in 1961 to carry out flood prevention and water control measures in the upper portion of that watershed. These measures were called for in the Upper Thames River Conservation Report of 1952 and the Fanshawe Dam was the first step in the carrying out of a complete flood control plan for that watershed. At an estimated cost of $9,640,000, the scheme for the Thames River Valley involves the building of five dams and channel improvement measures at Mitchell, Woodstock and St. Mary's. In 1962 the Minister of Lands and Forests and the Federal Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources approved the inclusion of the Stratford scheme on the Avon River under the agreement at an estimated cost of $435,000. This agreement is also to be carried out over a ten-year period. The A usable River Conservation Authority is the third Authority to have signed an agreement with the Government of Canada and the Province of Ontario to carry out flood control and water conservation measures. Their agreement signed in 1961 calls for the construction of a dam near Parkhill at a cost of $1,000,000. Construction is expected to get underway in 1963. Soil Conservation and Land Use Authority projects in soil conservation are an important part of the over-all conservation program. By their very nature, however, these projects are often less spectacular than the building of dams for flood control or the development of conservation lands for recreation. In Ontario, the use and management of the soil is primarily the concern of the landowner. His management program is dictated by his interest in farming, experience, and by economics. The major government responsibility for advancing programs in agriculture is vested in the Department of Agriculture. The place of Conservation Authorities in soil conservation programs is largely that of publicizing the need for and the value of proper soil management. In their programs, the Authorities work in close liaison with the Department of Agriculture and with the Ontario Agricultural College. The county agricultural 36 representatives are usually members of the land use advisory boards of the various Authorities. In co-operation with the Department of Agriculture, and with other agri- cultural organizations, Ontario's Conservation Authorities have undertaken a variety of projects in the field of land use and soil conservation. Highlights of some of these projects are: Farm Ponds Some two-thirds of the 31 Conservation Authorities have programs to assist in the building of farm ponds. Both financial and technical assistance is given. Financial assistance is in the form of a grant ranging between $50 and $300 per pond, depending on the size. By the end of 1962 some 2,500 ponds will have been constructed under assistance programs of the various Conservation Authorities. Farm Drainage One Conservation Authority, the Metropolitan Toronto and Region, gives financial assistance towards the drainage of farm land. Upon completion of the drainage work to the satisfaction of the Department of Agriculture, the Authority pays a subsidy of 2 cents per tile. The Ausable River Conservation Authority has adopted an assistance policy through which it gives technical and financial assistance towards the building of proper outlets for farm tile drainage systems. Grassed Waterways Two Conservation Authorities extend financial assistance in the form of a subsidy to landowners to build an approved grassed waterway on their farms. The maximum amount payable is $200 per farm. Stream Bank Erosion Control Projects Five Conservation Authorities have carried out projects to control cutting and erosion of river banks along stream courses. These projects have been of benefit in protecting not only farm land but also urban land, buildings and services such as roads and sewers. In some cases they have been specific control projects; in others they have been demonstrations of what one can do to control stream bank erosion often with quite small expenditures and with fairly simple control measures. Demonstrations One of the most effective ways of arousing interest in conservation farming and improved land use practices is by demonstration. Conservation Authorities carry out land use demonstrations in several ways. One method is to purchase land and establish on it demonstrations of approved land management. The Grand Valley Conservation Authority has one such property on 50 acres on which they have carried out control of gullies, built a farm pond, and done reforestation and pasture improvement work. Twelve Conservation Authorities have established demonstrations of such conservation measures as pasture management, reforestation, gully control, stream bank erosion control and contouring and strip-cropping on Authority-owned properties. These demonstrations of land management are there for all visitors, both rural and urban, to see. These demonstrations have been quite an effective means of informing the public of the value of conservation measures. Authority assistance is extended to private landowners in carrying out 37 specific land use projects on their own land. In return for Authority financial and technical help, the landowner must agree to the use of the project as a demonstration. Often such projects have been used as a feature of a "Conservation Day" in which the Department of Agriculture and local farm organizations co-operate with the Authority in publicizing the event. A dozen Authorities have held a number of such events which have been attended by about ten thousand people. The Saugeen Valley Conservation Authority has established a demonstration pasture farm on land that tends towards the marginal for most farming purposes. This demonstration shows the possibilities of various types of pasture management and seed mixtures for this class of land. The demonstration has attracted wide interest. Land Judging Competitions A project becoming increasingly popular in recent years is the land judging competitions. First sponsored in 1955 by an Authority in the Toronto region, in 1961 about 20 such competitions were held across Ontario. Many of them were sponsored jointly by Conservation Authorities, the Ontario Agricultural College, and the Department of Agriculture. Primarily designed to interest and educate rural young people in soil and its management problems, the competitions have also attracted adult interest. The usual procedure is to have instruction in the morning of the event with the actual competition in the afternoon. Soils are judged according to such factors as erosion, stoniness, drainage, slope and suitability for various crops. Contestants fill out judging cards and score points for their answer, and usually the winners are given prizes. Forest Conservation Programs Good forestry practice is predicated on the assumption that it will produce wood products at a profit. Aside from this fact, however, forests have an important and sometimes intangible part to play in a watershed management program. They are the natural covering for headwater areas such as swamps and gravel moraines which give rise to many small tributary streams, and are the only crop which can be grown on extensive, rocky lands. Forests embrace other factors included in the conservation scheme such as surface or underground water storage, wildlife management and recreation. The Conservation Survey of the watershed carried out by the Conservation Authorities Branch indicates to the Authority concerned the forestry needs of the watershed in question. The conservation report indicates to the Authority which portions of the watershed, on land submarginal for agriculture, should be under forest cover for better land management and for watershed protection and conservation values. Most conservation reports recommend the establishment of an Authority forest. Authority forests may consist of existing woodlands plus areas of land that must be reforested. The primary functions of an Authority forest in a watershed conservation project are: ( 1 ) the protection of source water areas (2) the control and prevention of erosion (3) the improvement of timber production and timber quality in natural woodlots (4) the return of abandoned and open lands suitable only for reforestation, to forest 38 (5) the change of unproductive scrublands to productive forest lands (6) the insurance of proper care and harvesting techniques in the forest area. To date, 973,182 acres have been recommended for acquisition by Authorities for Authority forest programs. Of this land, 494,871 acres are covered with natural woods, 391,710 acres are clear, and 86,285 acres consist ol scrubland both wet and dry. In March 1961, 15 Conservation Authorities had purchased over 55,000 acres of land which now constitute Authority forests. In those Authorities that have established Authority forests, just under 8 per cent of the area recommended for forest has been acquired. The Ganaraska River Conservation Authority, one of the oldest Authorities in Ontario, has, in the past thirteen years, purchased over 40 per cent of the area recommended for an Authority forest. The Ontario Government provides a 50 per cent subsidy for land so purchased. Reforestation Assistance Various types of assistance are given by Conservation Authorities to private landowners in order to promote better land use in areas outside Authority forests. Examples of these are: ( 1 ) direct subsidization of private planting (2) provision of planting machinery and planting crews. (3) provision of delivery service and stock being supplied to property owners from the Department's tree nurseries (4) provision of an inspection service to ensure proper care of planted stock (5) trees for reforestation are obtained from the eleven nurseries operated by the Department. In addition, three organizations, the Grand River Conservation Commission, the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, and the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority have nurseries of their own, growing shrubs and tree stock for erosion control and wildlife purposes. Other Methods In addition to these two direct methods. Conservation Authorities are promoting reforestation and good woodland management in other ways as well. Authorities help promote the passing of county diameter limit bylaws and their enforcement. Authorities have used education and pubUc relations as a tool in interesting the public in good woodland management. Tree planting days for youth groups such as school children, boy scouts and 4H clubs, and conducted tours over well-organized conservation trails help to interest people, particularly the younger people. Authorities have also co-operated with the Department and other organizations interested in woodland management in the promotion of special field days. Wildlife Conservation Authorities are much concerned with the place of wildlife resources in their watershed programs. This concern has two aspects, the first being to retain for the citizen the opportunity to fish and hunt within the law in an attractive environment and, secondly, to retain for every citizen the oppor- 39 tunity to see and enjoy the varied forms of birds, mammals, and other wildlife in many regions in the greatest possible variety. Land well adapted for wildlife should produce or harbour a permanent population of interesting species and an annual crop of game with no adverse eflfeot on farming or forestry practices. The control of harmful species and the maintenance of all other animal populations at a desirable level is a natural branch of good land use. Many of the Conservation Authorities have set up fish and wildlife advisory boards. These are composed of members of the Authority, local district biologists, and invited competent members of the general public. The wide scope of Conservation Authorities programs provide many opportunities for fish and wildlife management projects. A major project in several Conservation Authorities is the acquisition of flood plain lands. Such properties make stretches of streams available for fisher- men. These purchases have contained both warm water fish and trout habitat. In those areas where fishing pressure occurs, arrangements have been made with the Department of Lands and Forests to stock yearling trout annually. Severe flooding, characteristic of this particular type of purchase, prohibits conventional stream improvement measures in many cases. However, as a substitute, several removable dams have been constructed. Purchases of land by several Conservation Authorities for conservation purposes have included properties with lakes or ponds. Many Authorities have developed such properties for fishing as well as swimming and picnicking. The Heart Lake Conservation Area within the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority is one example of such a property. In this lake, the coarse fish were eradicated and a combination of large-mouth bass and Kamloops trout stocked. Many of the 2,500 farm p^onds which the Conservation Authorities have helped to build are now used for fishing or for wildlife production. "Put and take" management may accommodate large numbers of anglers. At the Glen Haffy Conservation Area in the Metropolitan Region Authority, two public fishing ponds were stocked at frequent intervals throughout the fishing season. About 7,000 anglers visit the ponds each year and harvest close to 3,000 speckled trout. Authorities are now being encouraged to draw plans for fish and wildlife programs along with their preliminary engineering for flood control structures. Authorities are beginning to appreciate the value of tail-water fishing (particularly where a bottom discharge can provide trout habitat) and, therefore, to plan below a reservoir as well as above. An example is the rainbow trout fishing now available below Bellwood Lake in the Grand watershed. The excellent waterfowl hunting at the Luther Reservoir is a by-product of the flood control program of the Grand River Conservation Commission. The Authorities are also being encouraged to introduce some variety of "edge" into the forest plantations which are now common to our landscape. With new changes in reforestation procedure and with an added investment in stream improvement, ponds and shrub plantings, these tracts can now lend themselves to low-intensity public use. In fact, two Conservation Authorities produce shrubs for wildlife habitat improvement, and most of these shrubs find their way to reforestation plantings in the conservation areas. Many are used in stream bank and gully plantings. The Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority and the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority have such nurseries. Several lakes, formerly ditched and drained, now have controlled levels 40 through the building of small dams by Conservation Authorities. The North Grey Region Conservation Authority constructed a fish ladder in connection with the improvement of a dam in the City of Owen Sound on the Sydenham River. The river now receives an excellent run of rainbow trout from Georgian Bay. Many Conservation Authorities have discovered that nature trails constructed in the conservation areas are an excellent means of providing public education as well as public enjoyment. Most of the Conservation Authorities have constructed nature trails in their major conservation areas. Research One Authority in particular, the Metropolitan Toronto and Region, has undertaken a quite extensive program in the field of research, particularly into the control of acquatic plants and algae in farm ponds. The Authority is also doing research into the construction features of farm ponds with relation to good fish habitat. They have also undertaken the experimental planting of plots of various species of plants and shrubs which have value as wildlife habitat. This type of research work by this Authority is being watched with great interest by other Conservation Authorities in Ontario. Recreation Since many types of recreation facilities involve use of the land, recom- mendations for the proper use and development of recreation resources are a normal part of any land use plan. The conservation report made to the Authority contains a section dealing with recreational resources of the watershed and includes recommendations for the development of some of these areas. Such recommenda- tions for the development of land for recreation use is made in conjunction with other recommendations for the conservation use of land — such as those dealing with the construction of reservoirs and with reforestation. The type of facility which, from the conservation point of view, has been largely ignored and is greatly needed, is a public area within a drive of one or two miles, at most, from the agricultural or urban worker's home. In the past, the planning of recreation facilities in Ontario has been chiefly directed towards two ends — facilities such as parks and playgrounds, within the tx>undaries of cities and towns, and facilities for long and comparatively expensive vacations in wilderness regions far from the agricultural and industrial areas of the Province. The areas which are of greatest interest to Conservation Authorities are usually those which lie in the zone of 20 to 50 miles from the centre of large urban areas. These areas are beyond the interest of municipal park authorities and yet, in many cases, are too close to urban areas for development as Provincial parks. The Authorities' place in the field of recreation, it must be emphasized, is not a direct one. Recreational use of any site is developed in conjunction with, and ancillary to, its other conservation needs. For example, flood plain lands, valley slopes, source areas, reforestation land, woodland and wetland, are, in many cases, suitable for the development of recreation as well as for other conservation uses. Lands acquired for conservation purposes, parts of which are used for recreation, are known as conservation areas. These areas are developed with such recreation facilities as picnic tables, picnic shelters, fireplaces, swimming areas and beaches. Facilities for camping and boating, fishing and hunting, skating, skiing and nature study are also important. All of these facilities to a greater or lesser degree are provided in the conservation areas. 41 Conservation Authorities feel that their recreation areas should also have educational value. For instance, erosion control demonstrations and other examples of good land practices and good forestry foster general public interest as do also historic sites. Demonstrations of good land use and forestry practices are an integral part of the plan of development of most of the major conservation areas. The creation of conservation areas, with their attendant recreation facilities included, has been one of the most spectacular developments in Ontario in the years since the first Conservation Authority was established. The fact that there has been such spectacular growth in conservation areas indicates, first, the need for such facilities and, second, the fact that these facilities can be developed as an adjunct to other conservation programs as required under The Conservation Authorities Act. Parts of many conservation areas have already been developed for intensive public use. Some other conservation areas have been acquired and are now being held until either the need for their use increases, or the funds become available for more intensive development. Some lands are attractive for recreation without any development at all. The Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, as a part of its ten-year water control plan already referred to in the Water Section of this report, is planning extensive recreational development around some of the reser- voirs. The Authority has already acquired over one thousand acres of flood plain and river valley land. Where these lands lie within the boundary of the Corpora- tion of Metropolitan Toronto, the Authority and that Municipality have entered into an agreement Whereby such lands are developed and managed by the Metropolitan Toronto Parks Department. Approval of all developments on Authority-acquired valley land by the Parks Department must be given by the Authority. All other conservation areas acquired outside Metropolitan Toronto are developed directly by the Authority. The acquisition and development of land for conservation areas usually receives a grant of 50 per cent from the Province. Maintenance costs, however, are borne entirely by the Authority. To meet these costs, most Authorities charge an admission fee to the major areas. Authorities are free to set such admission fees as they see fit — a charge levied by many Authorities is 50 cents per car. Public Relations Public relations are an important and, sometimes, delicate problem in the work of Conservation Authorities. Much good work is being done by many public and private agencies to put before the public the case for conservation in its own particular field. The fact, however, that each group is working separately in the field of forestry or recreation or wildlife conservation tends to result in some confusion and, sometimes, over-emphasis on particular aspects of the problem. The section of the public that had become aware of the need for action was often inclined to regard conservation as involved only with one or two fields of activity and so affecting only those directly concerned with these fields. A major problem of the Conservation Authorities in their public relations program has been to convince the public of the need for a co-ordinated approach to the development of the resources of a watershed. Conservation Authorities face the task of telling people why the Authority was formed, What its objectives are, and how these Objectives can be met. There is also the necessity of overcoming the natural resistance of many people to a course of action which involves the spending of public money at a municipal level. The need of the people to 42 abandon some old customs in favour of new has to be pointed out. The geographical nature of conservation problems and the need for co-operation among a number of different governing bodies has also to be explained and accepted by the people concerned. To do this, it is necessary to take advantage of every means that may become available. Lectures, articles, films, displays and field demonstrations can all be used to keep the idea of conservation before people of the country and explain its meaning to them. A great deal has been accomplished in the field of public relations and education in the field of conservation during the past sixteen years, but a great deal still remains to be done. Each new Conservation Authority constitutes a fresh problem in public relations, and the demand and need for public information will continue. With the actual beginning of conservation work in any area, the importance of public relations increases and the character of the work changes. It is of vital importance to secure the willing support and co-operation of those individuals directly affected by the schemes proposed. Without this, not only may local proposals be delayed, but the future growth of the whole conservation movement in that watershed may be endangered. Although arbitrary powers to enforce co-operation are a necessary part of any Conservation Authority, it is the policy of all Conservation Authorities to leave these powers in abeyance and carry out the work as far as possible with the willing consent of all people concerned. The delicate negotiations and personal diplomacy needed to bring this about are an important part of the public relations program of all Conservation Authorities. This public relations program is carried out by the Authority members themselves, by the field officers assigned to the Authorities by this Branch, and by the staff of the Authority. To achieve the necessary ends, the Authorities do not limit themselves to the standard public relations channels of the press, television and radio. Their representatives frequently lecture to service clubs and other public-spirited bodies. They set up exhibits at major exhibitions and county and district fairs. Authorities inaugurate and help carry out soil-judging competitions. In the spring they hold tree-planting days and competitions for school children and boy scout and girl guide organizations. During the school year they organize conservation scrap- book competitions, birdhouse building competitions, and leaf collections. Conservation Authorities have an extensive library of black and white slides showing conservation problems and conservation projects in their watersheds. Several Conservation Authorities have made movies of their watershed and their conservation projects. Notable among these films are the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority's "A Town and Its River", "Legacy of the Valley" and "Pioneer Village". A number of Authorities have published for public distribution summaries of their activities, either annually or on a longer term. History The first conservation reports on watersheds contained, among their pages, sections dealing with the history of the area. These reports were being issued at a time when there was a revived interest in local history. These history sections proved of interest to many readers because they approached the subject from a somewhat different angle than the majority of the local histories then available. Ten years or so ago, no government agencies were interesting themselves in historical conservation. The efforts of private individuals or groups were 43 achieving only a limited success. It was felt that this form of conservation might be a suitable activity for Conservation Authorities. Authorities sometimes obtain control of historic sites or buildings in connection with their purchases of land for conservation purposes. It was felt that the former might be marked and the latter preserved if possible, or even restored and made accessible to the public. Early buildings worthy of preservation were often found on sites that could not be included in a conservation area. The desire to preserve these has lead some Authorities to undertake or assist in the setting up of outdoor museum areas. These outdoor museums are included in several conservation areas. At first a share of the cost was contributed by the Provincial Government, but later the policy with regard to grants for historical schemes was changed and government contributions were discontinued. The Authorities were permitted to continue historical conservation out of the general revenue collected from the member municipalities. The several Authorities that had embarked on historical conser- vation projects have continued them on this basis. The first example of historical conservation was the acquisition of the O'Hara Conservation Area near Madoc, Hastings County, by the Moira River Conserva- tion Authority. This contained the sawmill built in 1846-47 and operated until 1908. The upright saw of the Muley type, and most of the machinery of the mill were intact and are the only examples of their kind in Ontario still in their original location. The mill and pond have been carefully restored and, with the surrounding area, were officially opened to the public in 1958. Another example of an historic mill was the Backus Grist Mill acquired by the Big Creek Region Conservation Authority. This mill, in Walsingham Township, was built in 1798, and operated by the family until sold to the Authority, with the surrounding estate, in 1955. More ambitious projects are the "Pioneer Villages" established by several Authorities. The Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority,' the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, and the Grand Valley Conserva- tion Authority have undertaken such projects. The first two Authorities have undertaken the actual development of pioneer villages while the latter has con- fined itself to providing a site to a local historical society. The largest of these is the one located in the Black Creek Conservation Area in the north-west comer of Metropolitan Toronto. This Pioneer Village is a development of the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Au- thority. The project started with the acquisition by the former Humber Valley Conservation Authority (now part of the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority) of a large dressed-log barn, with the Pennsylvania- type of overhang, built in 1808. This bam was restored to house collections of pioneer objects made available to the Authority and was opened in 1954 as a summer museum. In 1957 the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority acquired, through Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, a property on Black Creek at Jane Street and Steele's Avenue, which contained the buildings of the Stojig family homestead. These consisted of a dressed-log cabin of 1816, a larger house about 1830, a bam of the same type as the Dalziel bam and some other farm buildings. The Stong buildings were restored, two frame houses, a smithy and a village store were added before the Black Creek Conservation Area was opened and the Pioneer Village dedicated by the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, in 1960. The frame church, a brick school- house, and a small cider mill have since been moved to the village. It is planned to add a number of other buildings before the Confederation Centenary of 1967, 44 when it is hoped to complete the building as a fully representative picture of life in York County prior to 1867. The Upper Thames River Conservation Authority formally opened its Pioneer Village in Fanshawe Park near London, in 1959, and this Pioneer Village represents a village of the 1830's. In respect to the Doon Pioneer Village, the Grand Valley Conservation Authority provided a site of 50 acres, a part of the Doon Conservation Area. The Ontario Pioneer Community Foundation which is financed and directed by individuals in municipalities in Waterloo County, is responsible for the acquisi- tion and the development of the Pioneer Village on this particular site. These Pioneer Villages have gained a large share of attention from the public. In their development, the use and abuse of natural resources is empha- sized. The conservation lessons to be learned from visits to these villages by both children and adults, emphasize the obvious dependence of the pioneer on his natural resources and the less obvious dependence of modern man. Just under 100,000 people visited the Pioneer Village in the Black Creek Conserva- tion Area in 1961. Of this number, over 12,000 were school children. The other villages have also been host to many visitors. The Grand River Conservation Commission The Grand River Conservation Commission was established in 1938, under The Grand River Conservation Act. The Commission is composed of twelve members representing eight urban municipahties. These municipalities are the cities of Brantford, Gait, Kitchener, Waterloo, and the towns of Paris, Preston, Flora and Fergus. Being established eight years before the passing of The Conservation Author- ities Act, the Grand River Conservation Commission was charged under its special Act with the responsibility of dealing with water problems on the Grand River. It is empowered to erect works and create reservoirs by the construction of dams or otherwise. The Commission has carried out three major projects. The first of these was the Shand Dam and Reservoir on the Upper Grand River near Fergus. This dam was completed in 1942 at a cost of $2,056,490. The second project of the Commission was the Luther Marsh Dam and Reservoir at the head- waters of the Grand River which was completed in 1953 at a cost of $233,800. The most recent project has been the Conestogo Dam and Reservoir completed in 1957 at a cost of $4,800,000. This dam is an earth-fill and concrete structure. It is 80 feet high above the bed of the river, is 1,790 feet long, and is crossed by a 24-foot roadway. The reservoir is a V-shaped lake with a maximum depth at the dam of 74 feet, and a surface area of 1,816 acres. All of these projects were built primarily for flood control on the Grand River and the reservoirs have assisted materially in reducing the flood threat in municipalities downstream. The three projects were financed jointly by the Government of Canada (37i/2 per cent) the Government of Ontario (37i/2 per cent) and the benefiting municipalities (25 per cent). The Parks Assistance Act The Parks Assistance Act, which was passed in 1960, provides grants to municipalities on a matching dollar for dollar basis up to a maximum grant of $50,000 for the acquisition, planning and development of parks that are con- sidered to be complementary to Provincial Parks. The principal requirements 45 for these parks are that they provide for overnight camping and trailer camping, picnic facilities, drinking water and sanitary facilities. This Act applies directly to municipalities and does not have any connecton with the development of Conservation Areas by the Conservation Authorities. It makes available much needed assistance to smaller urban and rural municipalities, helping them to ac- quire and develop land for camping and picnic purposes. Up to the end of March 31, 1962, 180 enquiries for information concerning the Act have been received, nine parks were approved, and grants totalling $208,315 have been authorized. A recording rain gauge which provides a continuous rainfall record in the lower Grand watershed. 46 WATER CONTROL PROJECTS COMPLETED AS OF MARCH 31. 1962 Year Authority Project Completed Cost Large Dams and Reservoirs $ Upper Thames Fanshawe 1953 4,912,443* Grand Comm. Shand 1942 2,056,487=* Luther March 1953 233,985* Conestogo 1959 4,900,000* 12,602,915 Channel Improvement Ausable Grand Bend 1958 25,260 Grand Bridgeport 22,531 Speed River — Guelph 1961 778,934 Phase I and II Paris 1961 13,000 Credit Erindale 1962 85,000 Maitland Listowel 1958 11,863 Listowel 1960 5,490 Metro Toronto Long Branch — Etobicoke 1949 226,665 and Region Channel and piers Don — York Mills 160,000 Don — Lower, Dredging 69,436 Lambton 1960 306,680 Black Creek Lawrence Ave. 1961 46,600 Lower Humber-Bloor-Dundas 1959 207,336 Lambton 1959 73,750 Scarlett Road 1960 580,430 Weston 1960 118,000 North Grey Peasmarsh (Indian Road) 1960 1,000 Saugeen Walkerton 13,531 Upper Thames Ingersoll 1950 1,002,992 Mitchell, Phase I 1960 35,000 River Diversions Ausable Port Franks 1950 158,802 Metro Toronto Brampton — Etobicoke Rd. 1952 976,600 and Region Don — West Branch ; 1956 9,701 4,928,601 Small Dams and Community Ponds Ausable Morrison at Exeter^ 1957 199,198 Big Creek Region Sutton at Simcoe^ 1960 15,000 Credit Orangeville — land purchase only to date 30,082 Crowe Marmora- 1960 29,000 Allan's Mills^ 1960 2,000 Ganaraska Garden Hill Dam^ 1960 8,700 Grand Queen St. — Galt^ 1957 3,574 Grand Valley^ 1957 15,468 Wellesley^ 1958 41,808 Breslau^ 1961 24,166 Rockwood^ 1961 18,036 Metro Toronto Black Creek Dam^ 1960 198,000 Holland Fairey Lake^ 1955 36,914 Fairey Lake^ 1962 20,000 Whitchurch^ 1958 3,450 Metro Toronto Albion Hillsi 1959 76,000 Boltoni 1960 12,500 Black Creek — North York^ 392,000 Oakbank — ThornhilP 1956 2,527 Boydi 1958 14,000 ^Federal Government — 37 ^^ per cent, Ontario 37^/^ per cent, Authority 25 per cent. 1. New Structure 2. Repair Existing Structure 47 Small Dams and Community Ponds (continued) Authority- Project Year Completed Cost Moira Napanee North Grey Sauble Sixteen South Nation Upper Thames Grand Maitland Metro Toronto Sauble Saugeen Upper Thames Metro Toronto Big Creek Region Catfish Metro Toronto Deloro^ Lingham Lake^ Second Depot Lake^ Sydenham — Owen Sound^ McNab Lake2 Parkhead Dam^ Rankin River ^ Shallow Lake Dam^ Kelso Dam^ Casselman Dam^ Dorchester Pond^ Harrington Pond^ Shakespeare Pond^ Kirkton Pond^ Centreville Pond^ Streambank Erosion Control Whiteman Creek — Burford Bridgeport — Gabions Listowel Toronto — Don River at Queen St, Zion Saugeen — Several Points Thames River — General Western University Stream Improvements — Ingersoll, Thamesford, St. Mary's Mapping & Acquisition of Flood Plain Lands Flood Plain Mapping Toronto Area York Mills H umber Etobicoke Rouge Duffin 1953 51,621 1960 8,400 1957 193,418 1959 32,000 1959 1,045 1960 497 1961 21,850 1961 1,300 1962 430,000 1958 35,936 1959 10,868 1953 32,758 1954 32,730 1954 3,500 1955 12,000 2,010,646 1959 6,000 1957 18,600 1958 11,863 1956 69,805 1959 800 1959 7,050 1960 9,450 1960 26,160 1960 460 150,188 Lands 56,500 77,900 Miscellaneous Projects Erosion Control Houghton Township Aylmer — Ground Water Recharge Flood Control — Goodwood Flood Warning System 1960 134,400 5,000 1960 30,000 1958 33,000 1960 9,500 1961 14,175 91,675 1. New Structure 2. Repair Existing Structure 48 AUTHORITY FORESTS Fifteen Conservation Authorities have agreements with the Department of Lands and Forests for management of their authority forest areas. Acres Acquired Authority Date of Agreement (March 1962) Ausable 1951 3,867 Big Creek 1954 2,118 Ganaraska 1947, 1950 7,823 Grand 1952 4,645 Metropolitan Toronto and Region 1951 (Humber) 1,467 Maitland 1955 466 Moira 1951 10,488 Napanee 1954 5,063 Neebing 1958 1,665 North Bay 1958 3,394 Otter 1957 1,044 Sauble 1959 1,580 Saugeen 1952 8,668 South Nation 1961 187 Upper Thames 1951 3,225 Fifteen Authorities 55,700 AUTHORITY REFORESTATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS The following Authorities have programs to assist in planting of private lands. The type and amount of assistance varies, but generally includes making available men and machinery for planting, at a nominal rental and some direct subsidy payment. Ausable Big Creek Central Lake Ontario Credit Grand Holland Metro Toronto and Region Moira Niagara Peninsula North Grey Otter Creek Sauble Saug'een Spencer Sydenham Upper Thames AUTHORITY LAND USE PROGRAMS » SUMMARY Program Farm Ponds Assistance Permanent Pasture Demonstrations Authority Big Creek Niagara Grand Upper Thames " Lower Thames Sydenham Maitland Saugeen North Grey Nottawasaga Metropolitan Toronto & Region Credit Holland Twelve Mile Sixteen Mile Ganaraska Moira Bell's Lake (Saugeen) Albion Hills (MTRCA) Elora (Grand) Smeltzer (Grand ) 49 Authority Land Use Programs — Summary (Conl.) Gully Control Streambank Erosion Control Land Judging Competitions (one or more competitions annually given some assistance by the following Authorities) Big Creek Credit Grand Metro Toronto Credit Grand Saugeen Maitland Upper Thames Sauble Sixteen Mile Ausable Big Creek Ganaraska Grand Metro Toronto Moira North Grey Sauble Otonabee Sixteen Mile Upper Thames Twelve Mile CONSERVATION AREAS AND PARK FACILITIES DEVELOPED OR PLANNED BY CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES TOTAL DEVELOPED AUTHORITY CONSERVATION AREA ACREAGE PARK ACREAGE Ausable Exeter 3 Lucan 9 Morrison Dam 77 Port Franks 314 20 Rock Glen 17 12 Thedford 20 (440) (32) Big Creek Abigail Becker 12 Backus 80 20 Black Creek 21 6 Kelvin 12 Quance 8 Sutton 12 Teeterville 50 5 Vanessa 30 Vittoria 35 5 Waterford 213 120 (473) (156) Credit Belfountain 22 Erindale 135 35 Forest Conservation Areas 190 Mono 170 Orangeville 520 Terra Cotta 310 lOO Wilcox 102 (1,449) (135) Ganaraska Cold Springs 30 5 Garden Hill 56 25 Sylvan Glen 5 5 (91) (35) 50 TOTAL DEVELOPED AUTHORITY CONSERVATION AREA ACREAGE PARK ACREAGE Grand Authority Byng 144 60 Doon 58 15 Elora Gorge 307 225 Hamilton 200 Pinehurst 105 90 Rockwood 197 (1,011) (390) Grand Commission Conestogo 5,292 700 Luther Marsh 4,900 Shand 3,200 400 (13,392) (1,100) Holland Holland Landing 20 10 (20) (10) Junction Garson 3 3 (3) (3) Maitland Ethel 28 (28) (— ) Metropolitan Albion Hills 651 150 Toronto & Region Bolton 20 Boyd 883 150 Cedar Mills 2 2 Claremont 400 Cold Creek 353 Dingle 150 Edgeley-Dalziel (Black Creek) 117 10 Glen Haffy 341 50 Glen Major 67 Greenwood 597 50 Heart Lake 247 50 Humber Trails 50 20 Humber Valley 148 Oakbank 6 6 Palgrave Forest 400 Uxbridge 93 Woodbridge 35 15 (4,560) (503) Moira Black River 50 Deloro 95 O'Hara 35 15 Plainfield 30 Prince 13 6 Vanderwater 415 150 (638) (171) Napanee Second Depot Lake 800 (800) (— ) Niagara Ball's Falls 127 Long Beach 142 42 (269) (42) North Grey Bognor 75 Inglis Falls 68 Peasmarsh 38 Pottawatomi 29 (210) (-) Otter Edison 10 Lake Joseph 21 Norwich 14 Port Burwell 21 10 (66) (10) 51 TOTAL DEVELOPED AUTHORl'l'Y CONSERVATION AREA ACREAGE PARK ACREAGE Sauble Colpoy Range Rankin River 4 178 (182) 4 (4) Saugeen Bell's Lake 100 Brucedale 12 8 Durham 35 Mildmay 10 7 Mount Forest 12 4 Southampton 6 Varney 12 (187) 8 (27) Sixteen Mile Chisholm (Sixteen Escarpment Esquesing Kelso Valley) 70 82 70 361 (583) (— ) Spencer Creek Beverly Valens 50 257 (307) 50 (50) Upper Thames Centreville 6 3 Dingman's Creek 18 5 Dorchester 18 9 Embro 14 8 Fullarton 81 10 Harmony 27 Harringrton 13 8 J. Cameron Wilson (Fanshawe) 2,455 450 Kirkton 5 5 Murray Forest 73 10 Shakespeare 32 20 Wilton Grove 20 Woodham 74 (2,836) (528) Twelve Mile Carlisle Mount Nemo Rattlesnake P9int 10 87 90 (187) (-) ATTENDANCE AT CONSERVATION AUTHORITY PARKS AUTHORITY Metropolitan Toronto and Region Upper Thames Grand Credit Big Creek __ Niagara Peninsula All others 1959 1960 1961 TOTAL 736,000 773,000 850,000 119,300 88,000 103,000 187,000 178,000 185,000 100,000 96,300 88,130 17,000 36,000 125,000 — 48,000 58,000 215,700 243,700 262,870 1,375,000 1,463,000 1,672,000 52 CONSERVATION AUTHORITY PROJECTS AFFECTING FISH AND WILDLIFE AUTHORITY Ausable Big Creek Credit Valley Metropolitan Toronto and Region Moira Napanee Sauble Upper Thames Ausable Big Creek Metropolitan Toronto and Region Sixteen Mile Upper Thames Metropolitan Toronto and Region Upper Thames Metropolitan Toronto and Region Grand North Grey Metropolitan Toronto and Region Upper Thames Metropolitan Toronto and Region Upper Thames Saugeen PROJECT New, Reclaimed or Con- trolled Waters for Im- proved Fish and Wildlife LOCATION Morrison Reservoir Backus Pond Terra Cotta Ponds Glen Haffy Ponds Lingham Lake O'Hara Mill Pond Second Depot Lake McNab Lake Shallow Lake Boat Lake Isaac Lake Sky Lake Berford Lake " " " " Fanshawe Lake Shakespeare Pond Harrington Pond Fish Management Projects Morrison Reservoir " " " " Waterford Lakes Heart Lake Esquesing Pond Harrington Pond Shakespeare Pond Fanshawe Lake Rearing Ponds Fish Hatchery Wildfowl Improvement Projects Nuseries Producing Shrubs for Wildlife Nature Trails Upland Game Introduction Glen Haffy Ponds Fanshawe Borrow Pit Glen Haify Ponds Luther Marsh Bognor Conservation Area Boyd Conservation Area Fanshawe Park Albion Hills Conservation Area Boyd Conservation Area Greenwood Conservation Area Fanshawe Park Hungarian Partridges at Paisley, 1959 (a successful introduction as of 1961) 53 Lifting pickerel Into carrying tubs in a tagging operation at Gamebridge, Lake Simcoe District. Measuring sturgeon at junction of Ashweig and Winisk Rivers in Sioux Lookout District. 54 Removing a wing fronn every duck brought In by hunters at Waterfowl Management Unit, Long Point Bay, Lake Erie District. Fur buyer and Conservation Officer examining pelts in the fur warehouse at North Bay. 55 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH Chief: C. H. D. Clarke WILDLIFE SECTION Supervisor: D. N. Omand Game Management Fur Management Field Services FISHERIES SECTION Supervisor: H. H. MacKay Game Fish and Hatcheries Commercial Fisheries SPECIAL STAFF Chief's Qerical Staff Departmental Consultant Accounts and Staff Records Reports, Publications and Laboratory 56 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH The Annual Report of the Fish and Wildlife Branch provides a continuous record of activities that have gone on from year to year, and becomes a valuable reference on that account. It also is a record of change, and changes are not always recognized when they happen. Nevertheless they do show up, and broad patterns are very plain. There was a period when the chief emphasis was on commercial fisheries, and the reports became the earliest and for a while the only reference work on the fishes of the province. Again it became preoccupied with the develop- ment of fish hatcheries and fish stocking. At another stage emphasis was on building up the ranch fur industry and the longest sections were scientific reports from the Kirkfield experimental fur farm. For recent years a future reader will detect a preoccupation with the growth of our human population and the pressure of more and more sportsmen on dwindling open areas and waters. We have seen more than a dozen townships over which hunters once moved freely disappear into the conurbation, to be- come dormitories for hunters who wander still farther afield. This year we made our first moves towards managed public hunting. Limited as they were they were successful, so that we can be sure that there is more to come and public fishing may appear in next year's record. WILDLIFE SECTION OFEN SEASONS Moose Schedule 1 — Residents and Non-residents — September 30 to December 23, 1961. Commencing at the intersection of the boundary between Ontario and Quebec with the southerly shore of James Bay; thence southerly along that boundary to its intersection with the centre line of the right-of-way of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence westerly along that centre line to its intersection with the easterly boundary of the geo- graphic Township of Shackleton in the Territorial District of Cochrane; thence southerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Shackle- ton, Carmichael, Ford, Oke, Aitken, Fortune and Enid, to the southeasterly comer of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Frey, Sewell, and Kenogaming, in the Territorial District of Sudbury, to the southwesterly comer of the geo- graphic Township of Pharand in the Territorial District of Timiskaming; thence easterly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Pharand, Childerhose, Doyle, Musgrove, Bartlett, and Geikie, to the southeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Hincks, Montrose, Midlothian, Ray- mond, Knight, Turrell, Leonard, North Williams, and Dufl'erin, to the south- westerly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along 57 the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Browning, Amyot, Moflfat, Hennessy, and Inverness, in the Territorial District of Sudbury, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence south- erly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Brebeuf, Baynes, Dublin, and Muldrew, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geo- graphic townships of Athlone, LaFleche, Alton, Jasper, Durban, Ethel, and Comox, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Comox, Fulton, and Iris, to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of geo- graphic townships 8Z, 8 A, SB, 8C, 8D, 8E, 8F, 8G, 8H, 22 Range 15, and 23 Range 15, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of geographic Township 24 in Ranges 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21, to the northeasterly corner of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and 31, in Range 21, to the shore of Lake Superior; thence northerly and westerly along the shore of Lake Superior to the boundary between the territorial districts of Algoma and Thunder Bay; thence southerly along that boundary to the boundary between Canada and United States; thence in a general westerly direction along the last- mentioned boundary to its intersection with the boundary between the territorial districts of Rainy River and Thunder Bay; thence northerly along the last- mentioned boundary to the third Base Line; thence westerly along that Boundary and that base line to the 6th Meridian surveyed by Ontario Land Surveyor Niven in 1894; thence northerly along that meridian to the 24th mile post, being the boundary between the territorial districts of Kenora and Rainy River; thence westerly along the boundary between the territorial districts of Kenora and Rainy River to its intersection with the 7th Meridian; thence northerly along that meridian to the south boundary of the geographical Township of MacNicol; thence easterly along the south boundaries of the geographic townships of Mac- Nicol, Tustin and Bridges to the southwest corner of the geographic Township of Docker; thence northerly along the west boundaries of the geographic town- ships of Docker and Smellie and the northerly production of the last-mentioned boundary to the centre line of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence westerly along that centre line to the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence northerly and northeasterly along that boundary to the shore of Hudson Bay; thence easterly, southerly, southeasterly and easterly along the shores of that Bay and James Bay to the point of commencement. Schedule 2 — Residents only — September 30 to December 23, 196 L Commencing at the intersection of the centre line of the right-of-way of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways with the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence easterly along that centre line to the northerly production of the west boundary of the geographic Township of Smellie; thence southerly along that production and the west boundaries of the geographic townships of Smellie and Docker to the southeast corner of the geographic Township of Bridges; thence westerly along the south boundaries of the geographic townships of Bridges, Tustin and MacNicol to the 7th Meridian; then southerly along that meridian to the boundary between the territorial dis- tricts of Kenora and Rainy River; thence west and westerly along that boundary to the boundary between Canada and United States; thence north-westerly along 58 that boundary to the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence northerly along that boundary to the point of commencement. Schedule 3 — Residents only — October 14 to December 23, 1961, — Non-residents — October 14 to November 15, 1961, Commencing at the intersection of the centre line of the right-of-way of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways with the boundary between Ontario and Quebec; thence westerly along that centre line to its intersection with the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Shackleton in the Territorial District of Cochrane; thence southerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Shackleton, Carmichael, Ford, Oke, Aitken, Fortune, and Enid, to the southeasterly comer of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Frey, Sewell, and Kenogaming, in the Territorial District of Sudbury, to the southwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Pharand in the Territorial District of Timiskaming; thence easterly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Pharand, Childerhose, Doyle, Musgrove, Bartlett, and Geikie, to the southeasterly comer of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Hincks, Montrose, Midlothian, Raymond, Knight, Tyrrell, Leonard, North Williams, and Duflferin, to the southwesterly comer of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Browning, Amyot, Moffat, Hennessy, and Inverness, in the Territorial District of Sudbury, to the southwesterly comer of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Brebeuf, Baynes, Dublin, and Mul- drew, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Athlone, LaFleche, Alton, Jasper, Durban, Ethel, and Comox, to the south- westerly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Comox, Fulton, and Iris, to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of geographic townships 8Z, 8A, SB, 8C, 8D, 8E, 8F, 8G, 8H, 22 Range 15, and 23 Range 15, to the south- westerly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of geographic Township 24 in Ranges 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21, to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic town- ships 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and 31, in Range 21 to the shore of Lake Superior; thence northerly and westerly along the shore of Lake Superior to the boundary between the territorial districts of Algoma and Thunder Bay; thence southerly along that boundary to the boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence southeasterly along that boundary through Lake Superior and the St. Mary River to a point in that boundary due south of the intersection of the boundary between the geographic townships of Parke and Awenge, in the Territorial District of Algoma, with the northerly shore of the St, Mary River; thence due north to the northerly shore of the St, Mary River; thence in a general easterly direction following the mainland of the northerly shores of the St, Mary River and expansions thereof and the North Channel of Lake Huron to the southwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Spragge, and the northerly shores of the Serpent River and Serpent Lake to the easterly boundary of the Serpent River Indian Reserve; thence southerly following that boundary I1/2 miles, more or less, to its intersection with the 59 northerly limit of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17; thence in a general easterly direction following that northerly limit to the easterly bound- ary of the geographic Township of Hagar in the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Hagar, Loughrin, Davis, Kelly, and McCarthy, to the northeasterly comer of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of McCarthy to the northwesterly comer thereof; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic town- ships of McConnell and DeMorest to the northeasterly comer of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of DeMorest to the northwesterly comer thereof; thence northerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Turner to the northwesterly comer thereof; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of the Township of Turner to the southwesterly comer of the geo- graphic Township of Dundee; thence northerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dundee and Parker to the northwesterly comer of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Parker to the southeasterly corner of the geographic Township of Gamble in the Territorial District of Timiskaming; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Gamble and Brewster to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geo- graphic township; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geo- graphic townships of Trethewey, Whitson, van Nostrand, Klock, Barr, First- brook, and Bucke, to the shore of Lake Timiskaming; thence northeasterly, southeasterly, northerly, and easterly, along the shore of that lake to the bound- ary between Ontario and Quebec; thence northerly along that boundary to the place of commencement. Schedule 8 — Residents only — November 1 to November 7, 1961. Commencing at the southwest comer of the geographic Township of -Har- row in the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence easterly following the mainland of the northerly shore of the North Channel and Georgian Bay of Lake Huron to the intersection with the boundary between the geographic Township of Humboldt in the Territorial District of Manitoulin, and the geographic Town- ship of Travers in the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence in a general easterly direction along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Travers, Stmthers, Allen, Bigwood, and Mason to the southeasterly comer of the geo- graphic Township of Mason; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Mason, Cosby, Cherriman and Jennings to the northeasterly corner of the geographic Township of Jennings; thence easterly along the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Appleby to the southeasterly comer of that geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of that geographic township and the geographic Township of Hagar to the intersection with the southerly limit of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17; thence in a general westerly direction following that southerly limit to the west boundary of the geographic Township of May in the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence southerly along that boundary and the west boundary of the geographic Township of Harrow to the point of com- mencement. Schedule 9 — Residents only — September 30 to December 23, 1961. Commencing at the northeasterly corner of the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of that territorial district to the water's edge on the easterly shore of Esox Lake; thence in a general 60 southwesterly and southerly direction following the water's edge on the easterly shores of Esox Lake, Manitou River, Sphene Lake, the watercourse connecting Sphene Lake and Manitou Sound of Rainy Lake, and Manitou Sound, and continuing in a general southerly and southwesterly direction along the water's edge on the easterly shore of Rainy Lake to the intersection with the westerly limit of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 120; thence southwesterly and westerly along the westerly and northerly limit of that part of that King's Highway to the intersection with the water's edge on the westerly shore of Rainy Lake; thence in a general southerly, southwesterly and southerly direction follow- ing the water's edge on the westerly shore of Rainy Lake to the confluence with the water's edge on the northerly shore of Rainy River; thence east astronomically to the intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a general southeasterly and northeasterly direction following that boundary to the southeasterly corner of the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of that territorial district to the point of commencement. Schedule 10 — Residents only — October 14 to November 25, 1961. Commencing at the intersection of the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Bucke, in the Territorial District of Timiskaming, with the westerly shore of Lake Timiskaming; thence southerly along the westerly shore of Lake Timiskaming and the Ottawa River to its confluence with the northerly shore of the Mattawa River, being the southeasterly corner of the Township of Matta- wan, in the Territorial District of Nipissing; thence in a general westerly direc- tion following the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Mattawan, Olrig, Phelps and Widdifield, to the easterly shore of Lake Nipissing; thence southerly along that shore to the southerly boundary of the Territorial District of Nipissing; thence westerly along that boundary to the intersection with a line drawn east astronomically from the northeasterly corner of the geo- graphic Township of ScoUard in the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence west astronomically to the north easterly corner of the geographic Township of Scollard; thence in a general westerly direction along the southerly boundary of that geographic township to the southeasterly comer of the geographic Town- ship of Mason; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Mason, Cosby, Cherriman and Jennings, to the northeasterly comer of the geographic Township of Jennings; thence easterly along the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Appleby to the southeasterly comer of that geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Appleby, Hagar, Loughrin, Davis, Kelly and Mc- Carthy, to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of McCarthy, to the northwesterly comer thereof; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of McConnell and DeMorest to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of DeMorest to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence northerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Tumer to the northwesterly comer thereof; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Turner to the southwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Dundee; thence northerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dundee and Parker, to the northwesterly comer of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of 61 Parker to the southeasterly corner of the geographic Township of Gamble in the Territorial District of Timiskaming; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Gamble and Brewster, to the north- easterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Trethewey, Whitson, van Nostrand, Klock, Barr, Firstbrook and Bucke, to the westerly shore of Lake Timiskaming, being the place of commencement. Schedule 12 — Residents only — November 6 to November 18, 1961. 1. The Territorial District of Parry Sound except the Dokis Indian Re- serve number Nine. 2. The Territorial District of Muskoka except those parts of the geographic townships of Medora and Wood lying east of the centre line of the right-of-way of the Canadian National Railways and north of the line between concessions XV and XVI in the geographic Township of Wood. 3. The Territorial District of Nipissing lying south of the northerly bound- ary of the geographic Township of West Ferris, Trout Lake and the Mattawa River. 4. The Provisional County of Haliburton. 5. The County of Lanark. 6. The County of Renfrew. 7. That part of the Township of North Crosby in the County of Leeds, lying north and east of the Mass Road from the west boundary of the County of Leeds through Westport to and along the north shore of Upper Rideau Lake 8. The counties of Hastings, Lennox and Addington and Peterborough lying north of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7. 9. That part of the County of Frontenac, (a) lying north of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7, and (b) lying south of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7, east of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 38 and north of the County Road known as No. 8 and the connecting road from it to Godfrey. 10. The Township of Somerville and those parts of the townships of Lax- ton, Digby and Longford, and Dalton lying north of the Monk Road in the County of Victoria. 11. The Townships of Mara and Rama in the County of Ontario. Schedule 13 — Residents only — November 20 to November 25, 1961. The geographic townships of Hilton, Jocelyn and St. Joseph in the Terri- torial District of Algoma. Deer Schedule 4 — October 21 to November 25, 1961. The Territorial District of Rainy River. Schedule 5 — September 30 to November 25, 1961. That portion of Ontario lying north of a line described as follows: Commencing at the intersection of the Ontario and Quebec Boundary with the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence westerly along that railway to its intersection with the boundary between the 62 territorial districts of Thunder Bay and Kenora; thence south along the boundary between the territorial districts of Thunder Bay and Kenora to its intersection with the boundary between the territorial districts of Kenora and Rainy River; thence westerly along the boundary between the territorial districts of Kenora and Rainy River to the boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence northwesterly along that boundary to the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba. Schedule 6 — October 14 to November 25, 1961. Commencing at the intersection of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways with the west boundary of the Territorial District of Thunder Bay; thence in a general easterly direction along that railway to the boundary between Ontario and Quebec; thence southerly along the last- mentioned boundary to the northerly shore of Lake Timiskaming; thence southerly and westerly along the northerly shore of that lake to the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Dymond in the Territorial Disitrict of Timiskaming; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dymond, Hudson, Lundy, Auld, Speight, Banks and Wallis, to the southwesterly comer of the last-mentioned township; thence southerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Brewster and Gamble to the south- easterly corner of the lastHmentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Gamble, Corley, Leckie and Dufferin, to the southwesterly comer of the last-mentioned geographic town- ship; thence northerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dufferin, North Williams, Leonard and Tyrrell, to the intersection with the centre line of the highway known as the Elk Lake-Westree Road; thence south- westerly along the centre line to Westree Station on the Canadian National Rail- ways; thence southerly along the centre line of the Canadian National Railways to the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Henessy in the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Hennessy and Inverness to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic townships of Paudash, Marquette, Battersby, Athlone and Morse, to the southeasterly comer of the last-mentioned geographic town- ship; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Morse and Dennie, and geographic townships D, H, L, P, T and X, in the Territorial District of Algoma, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the westerly boundaries of the geo- graphic townships of X, Y, Z and 7Z, to the northwesterly corner of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of geographic townships 8 A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, 8F, 8G, 8H, 22 Range 15 and 23 Range 15, in the Territorial District of Sudbury, to the southwesterly comer of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of geographic Township 24, Range 15, in the Territorial District of Algoma, to the southeasterly corner thereof; thence westerly and along the south- erly boundaries of geographic townships 24, 25, and 26, in Range 15, Home, 28 and 29, in Range 15, and the production of the southerly boundary of the last- mentioned geographic township to its intersection with the southerly production of the boundary between the territorial districts of Algoma and Thunder Bay; thence southerly along the southerly production of the boundary between the territorial districts of Algoma and Thunder Bay to the boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a general northerly and westerly direction along that boundary to its intersection with the southerly production 63 of the boundary between the territorial districts of Thunder Bay and Rainy River; thence northerly on the production of the boundary between the territorial dis- tricts of Thunder Bay and Rainy River and along the west boundary of the Territorial District of Thunder Bay to the point of commencement. Schedule 7 — November 1 to November 25, 1961. Commencing at the intersection of the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Dymond, in the Territorial District of Timiskaming, with the westerly shore of Lake Timiskaming; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dymond, Hudson, Lundy, Auld, Speight, Banks and Wallis, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundaries of the geographic townships of Brewster and Gamble to the southeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geo- graphic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geo- graphic townships of Gamble, Corley, Leckie and Dufferin, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dufferin, North Williams, Leonard and Tyrrell, to its intersection with the centre line of the highway known as the Elk Lake-Westree Road; thence southwesterly along that centre line to Westree Station on the Canadian National Railways; thence southerly along the Canadian National Railways to the southerly boundary of the geographic Town- ship of Hennessy in the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence westerly along the southerly boundary of the geographic townships of Hennessy and Inverness to the south-westerly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic townships of Paudash, Marquette, Battersby, Athlone and Morse, to the southeasterly corner of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Morse and Dennie, and geographic township>s D, H, L, P, T and X, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the westerly boundaries of geographic townships X, Y, Z and 7Z, to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of geographic townships 8 A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, 8F, 8G, 8H, 22 Range 15 and 23 Range 15, to the south- westerly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township 24, Range 15, to the southeasterly corner thereof; thence westerly and along the southerly boundary of geographic townships 24, 25, 26, in Range 15, Home, 28 and 29, in Range 15, and the production of the southerly boundary of geographic Township 29, Range 15 to its intersection with the boundary between the territorial districts of Algoma and Thunder Bay; thence southerly along that boundary to the bound- ary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a general southeasterly direction along the last-mentioned boundary through Lake Superior and the St. Mary River to a point in that boundary due south of the intersection of the boundary between the geographic townships of Parke and Awenge, in the Territorial District of Algoma, with the northerly shore of the St. Mary River; thence due north to the northerly shore of the St. Mary River; thence in a general easterly direction following the mainland of the northerly shores of the St. Mary River and expansions thereof and the North Channel and Georgian Bay of Lake Huron to the intersection with the boundary between the geographic Town- ship of Humbolt in the Territorial District of Manitoulin, and the geographic Township of Travers in the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence in a general easterly direction along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of 64 Travers, Struthers, Allen, Bigwood and Mason, and along the southerly and easterly boundaries of the geographic Township of Scollard, in the Territorial District of Sudbury, to the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Latchford in the Territorial District of Nipissing; thence due east to the southerly boundary of the Territorial District of Nipissing; thence easterly along that boundary to the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of West Ferris in the Territorial District of Nipissing; thence easterly along the northerly bound- aries of the geographic Township of West Ferris, Trout Lake and the Mattawa River to its confluence with the Ottawa River; thence northerly along the westerly shores of the Ottawa River and Lake Timiskaming to the place of commencement. The islands named Cockburn and Philip Edward in the Territorial District of Manitoulin. Schedule 11 — October 19 to November 14, 1961 (bows and arrows only). November 15 to November 25, 1961. The islands in the Territorial District of Manitoulin excepting therefrom those islands known as Cockburn and Philip Edward. Schedule 12 — November 6 to November 18, 1961. 1. The Territorial District of Parry Sound except the Dokis Indian Reserve number Nine. 2. The Territorial District of Muskoka except those parts of the geographic townships of Medora and Wood lying east of the centre line of the right-of-way of the Canadian National Railways and north of the line between concessions XV and XVI in the geographic Township of Wood. 3. The Territorial District of Nipissing lying south of the northerly bound- ary of the geographic Township of West Ferris, Trout Lake and the Mattawa River. 4. The Provisional County of Haliburton. 5. The County of Lanark. 6. The County of Renfrew. 7. That part of the Township of North Crosby in the County of Leeds, lying north and east of the Mass Road from the west boundary of the County of Leeds through Westport to and along the north shore of Upper Rideau Lake. 8. The counties of Hastings, Lennox and Addington and Peterborough lying north of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7. 9. That part of the County of Frontenac, (a) lying north of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7; and (b) lying south of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7, east of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 38 and north of the County Road known as No. 8 and the connecting road from it to Godfrey. 10. The Township of Somerville and those parts of the townships of Lax- ton, Digby and Longford, and Dalton lying north of the Monk Road in the County of Victoria. 11. The townships of Mara and Rama in the County of Ontario. Schedule 13 — November 6 to November 11, 1961. The geographic townships of Hilton, Jocelyn and St. Joseph in the Territorial District of Algoma. 65 Schedule 14 — November 6 to November 9, 1961. 1. That part of the County of Carleton lying east of the Rideau River. 2. The counties of Grenville, Prescott and Russell. 3. That part of the County of Leeds lying east of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 32 from the Town of Gananoque to its intersection with that part of the King's Highway known as No. 15, east of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 15 from its intersection with that part of the King's Highway known as No. 32 to its intersection with that part of the King's Highway known as No. 42 at the community known as Crosby and east of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 42 from its intersection with that part of the King's Highway known as No. 15 at the community known as Crosby to the Village of Westport and lying south of the waters of the Upper Rideau Lake. 4. The United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, 5. That part of the Township of Matchedash in the County of Simcoe, composed of, (a) lots 20 to 23, both inclusive, in Concession II; (b) lots 19 to 27, both inclusive, in Concession III; (c) lots 15 to 27, both inclusive, in Concession IV; (d) lots 17 to 27, both inclusive, in Concession V; (e) lots 15 to 26, both inclusive, in Concession VI; (f) lots 9 to 21, both inclusive, in Concession VII; (g) lots 3 to 18, both inclusive, in Concession VIII; (h) lots 1 to 16, both inclusive, in Concession IX; (i) lots 1 to 11, both inclusive, in Concession X; (j) lots 1 to 10, both inclusive, in Concession XI; (k) lots 1 to 8, both inclusive, in Concession XII; and (1) lots 1 to 4, both inclusive, in Concession XIII. 6. Concessions XVI to XX, both inclusive, in the geographic Township of Wood in the Territorial District of Muskoka. Schedule 15 — November 6 to November 11, 1961. 1. The Township of St. Edmunds in the County of Bruce. 2. The townships of Albermarle, Eastnor and Lindsay in the County of Bruce. 3. That part of the County of Carleton lying west of the Rideau River, 4. Those parts of the County of Frontenac lying north of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 2 and described as follows: (i) lying south of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7 and west of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 38, and (ii) lying east of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 38 and south of the County Road known as No. 8 and the connecting road from that county road to the community known as Godfrey. 5. Those parts of the counties of Hastings and Lennox and Addington lying between that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7 and that part of the King's Highway known as No. 2. 6. That part of the County of Leeds lying west of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 32 from the Town of Gananoque to its intersection with that part of the King's Highway known as No. 15, west of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 15 from its intersection with that part of the King's High- way known as No. 32 to its intersection with that part of the King's Highway 66 known as No. 42 at the community known as Crosby, west of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 42 from its intersection with that part of the King's Highway known as No. 15 at the community known as Crosby to the Village of Westport and south of the Mass Road from the Village of Westport to the west boundary of the County of Leeds. 7. That part of the County of Peterborough lying south of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7. Schedule 16 — November 1 to November 25, 1961. That part of the Territorial District of Parry Sound known as the Dokis Indian Reserve Number Nine. Caribou No open season. Bear Throughout Ontario — September 1, 1961 to June 30, 1962. Hungarian Partridge In the Counties of Elgin, Essex, Haldimand, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk and Welland — October 7 to November 18, 1961. In any other part of Ontario — September 23 to November 18, 1961. Bag Limits — 8 per day. Possession Limits — 16. Pheasants 1. Township of Pelee in the County of Essex — October 25 and 26, 1961. Bag Limits — 8 cocks, 2 hens. 2. Counties of Brant, Bruce, Dufferin, Grey, Halton, Huron, Oxford, Peel, Perth, Simcoe, Waterloo, Wellington and Wentworth except the Township of Saltfleet; and in the townships of Georgina and North Gwillimbury in the County of York— October 11 to October 28, 1961. 3. Townships of East Gwillimbury, King, Markham, Vaughan and Whit- church in the County of York; and the Townships of East Whitby, Pickering and Whitby in the County of Ontario — ^October 18 to October 28, 1961. 4. Counties of Elgin, Haldimand, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Welland, and Saltfleet Township in the County of Wentworth — October 28 to November 11, 1961. 5. Essex County, except Pelee Island — October 25 to October 28, 1961. 6. All other parts of Ontario — October 7 to October 28, 1961. Bag Limit for Areas in items 2 to 6 above — 3 per day, not more than one of which shall be a hen. Ruffed Grouse. Sharptailed Grouse, Spruce Partridge 1. Throughout the area north and west of Highway 17 from Mattawa to Sault Ste. Marie — September 15 to November 25, 1961. 2. South of Highway 17, and north and east of a line defined by the northerly boundary of Freeman Township in the District of Muskoka, Highways 69 and 12 in the Townships of Rama, Mara, Thorah, Brock and Reach in Ontario 67 County, and north of the northerly boundaries of Whitby and East Whitby Townships in Ontario County and of Dariington Township in Durham County, and the north and east boundary of Clarke Township in Durham County — September 23 to November 18, 1961. 3. Townships of Clarke and Darlington in Durham County — October 7 to October 28, 1961. 4. The Townships of East Gwillimbury, King, Markham, Vaughan and Whitchurch in the County of York, and the Townships of East Whitby, Pick- ering and Whitby in the County of Ontario — October 18 to October 28, 1961. 5. Throughout the remainder of the Province — October 7 to November 18, 1961. Bag Limits — 5 per day in aggregate. Possession Limit — Aggregate total of 20. Ptarmigan Throughout Ontario — September 1 to April 2, 1961. Bag Limits — 5 per day. Possession Limit — Total of 15. Bob white Quail In the Township of Raleigh, in the County of Kent — ^November 8, 1961. Bag Limit and Possession Limit — 5 quail. Rabbit 1. Townships of Qarke and Darlington in the County of Durham — October 7, 1961 to February 28, 1962. 2. (a) Counties of Brant, Halton, Oxford, Peel and Went worth, with the exception of Saltflleet Township, (b) Townships of Adjala, Tecumseth, and West Gwillimbury in the County of Simcoe, (c) Township of Wihnot in the County of Waterloo, and (d) Township of Puslinch in the County of Wellington — October 11, 1961 to February 28, 1962. 3. (a) Townships of East Gwillimbury, King, Markham, Vaughan and Whitchurch in the County of York, (b) Townships of Whitby, East Whitby and Pickering in the County of Ontario — October 18, 1961 to February 28, 1962. 4. County of Essex, except Township of Pelee — October 25, 1961 to February 28, 1962. 5. Township of Pelee, in the County of Essex — October 27, 1961 to Feb- ruary 28, 1962. 6. The Counties of Elgin, Haldimand, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Welland, and Saltfleet Township in Wentworth County — October 28, 1961 to February 28, 1962. 7. All other parts of Ontario — September 1, 1961 to October 31, 1962. Limit on Cottontail Rabbits only — 6 per day. Squirrel (Black, Grey, Fox) Essex County — October 25 to November 30, 1961. All other parts of Ontario — September 30 to November 30, 1961. Bag Limit — 10 per day. Possession Limit — 10. 68 Raccoon and Fox Throughout Ontario — September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962. Migratory Birds Ducks, Geese, Rails, Coots, Gallinules, Woodcock and Wilson's Snipe In the Northern District — September 15 to December 15, 1961. In the Central District — September 23 to December 15, 1961. In the Southern District — 12 noon (local time) October 7 to December 15, 1961. In Essex County for Geese only — 12 noon (local time) October 7 to December 31, 1961. The Northern District comprises the Territorial Districts of Kenora, Patricia, Rainy River, Thunder Bay, Cochrane and Timiskaming, and those portions of Algoma, Sudbury and Nipissing lying northerly of Highway 17 between Mat- tawa and Sault Ste. Marie and northerly of the International Boundary between Sault Ste. Marie and Lake Superior. The Southern District comprises those parts of Muskoka District and Simcoe County lying west of Highway 69; in Ontario County those parts of the Town- ships of Rama, Mara, Thorah, Brock, and Reach lying west of Highways 69 and 12, and the Townships of Scott, Uxbridge, Pickering, Whitby, and East Whitby; in Durham County, the Townships of Darlington and Clarke; and the counties of Brant, Bruce, Dufferin, Elgin, Essex, Grey, Haldimand, Halton, Huron, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Peel, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wellington, Wentworth, and York; and The Central District comprises all that part of the Province which is not included in the Northern District or the Southern District. Bag Limits — Ducks — (in the aggregate) — 5 per day, 10 in possession, of which not more than one may be a canvasback or a redhead, and not more than two may be wood ducks. Mergansers are not included in the bag or possession limits. Geese — (in the aggregate) — 5 per day, 10 in possession. Rails, Coots and Gallinules — (in the aggregate) — 5 per day, 10 in jx>ssession. Wilson's Snipe — 8 per day, 16 in possession. Woodcock — 8 per day, 16 in possession. Persons resident more than 25 miles from James Bay may not kill more than 15 geese within 25 miles of James Bay during the 1961 season. Beaver 1. Beaver may be trapped, hunted or possessed in the localities described in, (a) Schedule 1, except (i) that area in the unsurveyed part of the Territorial District of Kenora, Patricia Portion, shown outlined in red on a map filed in the office of the Registrar of Regulations at Toronto as No. 314, and (ii) those parts of the territorial districts of Cochrane and Kenora de- scribed in clause b, from the 15th day of October, 1961, to the 15th day of April, 1962, both inclusive; (b) those parts of the territorial districts of Cochrane and Kenora adjoining the southerly shore of Hudson Bay and the southerly and westerly shores of 69 James Bay and shown outlined in red on a map filed in the office of the Registrar of Regulations at Toronto as No. 309, from the 15th day of October, 1961 to the 15th day of May, 1962, both inclusive; (c) Schedule 2 from the 15th day of October, 1961 to the 31st day of March, 1962, both inclusive; and (d) Schedules 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 31st day of March, 1962, both inclusive. Fisher and Marten 2. Fisher and marten may be trapped, hunted or possessed in the localities de- scribed in, (a) Schedule 1 from the 15th day of October, 1961 to the 28th day of February, 1962, both inclusive; (b) Schedule 2 from the 15th day of October, 1961 to the 21st day of January, 1962, both inclusive; and (c) Schedules 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 21st day of January, 1962, both inclusive. Fox 3. Fox may be trapped, hunted or possessed in any part of Ontario from the 1st day of September, 1961 to the 31st day of August, 1962, both inclusive. feynx 4. Lynx may be trapped, hunted or possessed in any part of Ontario from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 28th day of February, 1962, both inclusive. Mink 5. Mink may be trapped, hunted or possessed in the localities described in, (a) Schedule 1 from the 15th day of October, 1961 to the 28th day of February, 1962, both inclusive; (b) Schedule 2 from the 15th day of October, 1961 to the 21st day of January, 1962, both inclusive; (c) Schedules 3, 4, 5 and 6 from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 21st day of January, 1962, both inclusive; and (d) Schedule 7 from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 28th day of February, 1962, both inclusive. Muskrat 6. Muskrat may be trapped, hunted or possessed in the localities described in, (a) Schedule 1 from the 15th day of October, 1961 to the 31st day of May, 1962, both inclusive; (b) Schedule 2 from the 15th day of October, 1961 to the 21st day of May, 1962, both inclusive; (c) Schedule 3 from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 30th day of April, 1962, both inclusive; (d) Schedules 4 and 5 from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 20th day of April, 1962, both inclusive; and (e) Schedules 6 and 7 from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 15th day of April, 1962, both inclusive. 70 otter 7, Otter may be trapped, hunted or possessed in the localities described in, (a) Schedules 1 and 2 from the 15th day of October, 1961 to the 31st day of March, 1962, both inclusive; (b) Schedules 3 and 4 from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 31st day of March, 1962, both inclusive; and (c) in the townships of Albemarle, Amabel, Eastnor, Lindsay and St. Ed- munds in the County of Bruce from the 1st day of November, 1961 to the 31st day of March, 1962, both inclusive. Roccoon 8. Raccoon may be trapped, hunted or possessed in any part of Ontario from the 1st day of September, 1961 to the 31st day of August, 1962, both inclusive. Schedule 1 — that part of Ontario that is north of a line located as follows: Commencing at the intersection of the northerly limit of the right-of-way of the transcontinental line of the Canadian National Railways with the westerly limit of the geographic Township of Rice in the Territorial District of Kenora; thence in an easterly direction following the northerly limit of that right-of-way to its intersection with the easterly limit of the geographic Township of Sargeant in the Territorial District of Cochrane. Schedule 2 — 1. The territorial districts of Algoma, Manitoulin, Rainy River, Sudbury and Timiskaming. 2. Those parts of the territorial districts of Cochrane, Kenora, and Thunder Bay not included in Schedule 1. 3. That part of the Territorial District of Nipissing which is northerly and westerly of a line located as follows: Commencing at the northwesterly angle of the geographic Township of West Ferris; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of that township to the westerly shore of Trout Lake; thence northerly and easterly along the westerly and northerly shore of that lake and along the northerly shore of the Mattawa River to the boundary between Ontario and Quebec. Schedule 3 — 1. The territorial districts of Muskoka and Parry Sound. 2. That part of the Territorial District of Nipissing lying southerly and east- erly of the line located in paragraph 3 of Schedule 2. 3. The Provisional County of Haliburton and the County of Renfrew. 4. Those parts of the counties of Frontenac, Hastings, Lennox and Adding- ton, Peterborough, and Victoria lying northerly of the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7. 5. That part of the County of Lanark lying northerly and westerly of a line located as follows: Commencing at a point in the westerly boundary of the County of Lanark where it is intersected by the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7; thence in a general easterly direction along that centre line to the intersection of the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 15 in the Township of Drummond; thence in a general northeasterly direction along the last-mentioned centre line to the intersection of the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 29 in the Township of 71 Beck with; thence in a general northwesterly direction along the last-mentioned centre line to its intersection with the boundary between the counties of Carleton and Renfrew; thence northerly and easterly along the southerly boundary of the last-mentioned county to the boundary between Ontario and Quebec. Schedule 4 — 1. The counties of Carleton, Dundas, Durham, Glengarry, Grenville, Leeds, Northumberland, Prescott, Prince Edward, Russell and Stormont. 2. Those parts of the Counties of Frontenac, Hastings, Lennox and Adding- ton, Peterborough and Victoria not included in paragraph 4 of Schedule 3. 3. That part of the County of Lanark not included in paragraph 5 of Schedule 3. Schedule 5 — The counties of Dufferin, Ontario, Peel, Simcoe and York. Schedule 6 — The counties of Brant, Bruce, Grey, Halton, Huron, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Wellington and Wentworth. Schedule 7 — The counties of Elgin, Essex, Haldimand, Kent, Lambton, Lin- coin, Middlesex, Norfolk and Welland. GAME AND FUR MANAGEMENT YEAR 1961 The 1961 Deer Hunt In Ontario Deer hunter success varied greatly across Ontario in 1961. In nearly every case the quality of hunting experienced by hunters could be traced directly to the severity of previous winters. Where the winters had been mild, good hunting continued. Where several winters of deep snow had reduced deer numbers, hunter success was lower as a result. In some sections unfavourable weather during the hunting season contributed to the difficulties of hunters. Since it is impossible to generalize about such a variable situation, each district is treated in turn. In northwestern Ontario, winters for the past few years have been very mild. The beneficial effect on deer is clearly shown by the 1961 hunter success figures in Table 1. For the first time this year, hunter questionnaires were used through- out the western deer districts to obtain hunter success figures. Kenora and Fort Frances Districts reported the highest success rates in Ontario. About 60% of the hunters contacted in these districts were successful in shooting deer. The Sioux Lookout District, being on the edge of the deer range, reported a slightly lower success rate at 35.8%, but this was still higher than most districts in southern Ontario. These results recommend Kenora and Fort Frances as the best deer hunting areas in Ontario. In north central Ontario, from Sault Ste. Marie to North Bay, hunter success was the lowest in the province for 1961. It was evident that the deer herds throughout this whole area were still suffering from the losses occasioned by the deep snow of the winters of 1958-59 and 1959-60. Nevertheless, the predicted small improvement in hunter success took place in both the Sault Ste. Marie and North Bay Districts. On the Sudbury mainland, however, hunter success decreased from 14.4% in 1960 to 9.2% in 1961. This was due in large part to the very poor hunting weather which prevailed throughout most of the season in 72 the Sudbury District. Dry leaves and lack of snow made both stalking and tracking impossible. If there had been better hunting weather, they would probably have had a small improvement such as was found in the North Bay District, where hunter success increased from 7.0% in 1960 to 8.3% in 1961. In Sault Ste. Marie District, the hunter success, as indicated by hunter questionnaires, rose from 13.3% in 1960 to 17.1% in 1961. These figures are not comparable with those presented for the other districts of this area because of the different method of collecting data. They are comparable with the hunter questionnaires from western Ontario, and it is obvious that the deer herd in the Sault Ste. Marie District is still much lower than it is in the west. An additional 508 hunters, including both residents and non-residents, reported from hunting camps in the Sault Ste. Marie District. For some reason they did not show the same increase in hunter success as the remainder of the district reports. The success reported for hunt camps in 1960 was 34.2, and in 1961 it was 34.4. On Manitoulin Island, the Little Current checking station showed a decrease in hunter success from the 25.4% reported in 1960 to 21.2% in 1961. This was mainly due to the fact that the use of dogs was prohibited on Manitoulin for the first time this year. The situation was made worse by the poor hunting weather which was nearly as bad as on the mainland. For the first time this year an interview survey of hunters who are residents of Manitoulin Island was carried out. It indicated that hunter success for residents of the island was 48.8% as compared to the 21.2% success for hunters from off the island. It was estimated that about 500 deer were shot by residents of Manitoulin this year. When this is added to the 524 deer checked through the checking station at Little Current we have a total estimate of the deer harvest on Manitoulin at slightly over 1,000 deer. This is the first time that we have been able to make a total estimate of the deer harvested on Manitoulin Island with very much confidence. It should aid considerably in understanding and managing the deer herd. In Lake Huron District, the hunter success was down from 17.7% in 1960 to 14.3% in 1961. This is apparently due to factors other than winter weather, as no unusually deep snow was recorded in the Lake Huron District for many years. Hunter success in the Parry Sound District remained almost the same as in 1960. There was a very slight increase from 23.4 to 23.7%. This low hunter success appears to be due mainly to the lingering effects of the bad winters of 1958-59 and 1959-60. It now seems evident that the winters affected deer not only by reducing the survival of fawns from the previous year, but also by reducing the survival of fawns during the succeeding spring. This means that three fawn crops were affected by the deep snow and the herd has not yet fully recovered. Hunting in the Lindsay District improved slightly over 1960. In fact, the fairly good hunting weather experienced in Lindsay District brought the best hunter success since 1958. On the other hand, Tweed and Pembroke Districts both had lower hunter success than in 1960. In Pembroke District this was, undoubtedly, due to a combination of bad winters and poor weather during the hunting season. It may well have been due to the same causes in northern Tweed District. Kemptville District maintained the highest hunter success in southern Ontario, but it, too, was down from the 1960 hunter success. This was due mostly to poor hunting weather. Table 2 shows the effects of the severe winters on the distribution of deer ages. In order to understand the table, it must be remembered that the greatest proportion of deer in a normal herd are the youngest deer. Natural mortality of 73 lu O O 3 «/) ^nojiooT; xnoig BJ0U8^ SOOlUIg d^TS^l UOjnjJ 83^B7 uiino:^iuBj\[ itanqpng punog iCajB^j 85iojqui8j; P88MX ^Bspun 00 eg O '^ T-i O 05 05 IS ^ U3 ■>* C» 05 2 lO to* ^^ r^ ^ IC iH iH § "^ oi * o^ t- m !S o -! ^ ^ tH t- Oi 05 ijj CO Tj< S -I :£> ^ "^ ^' 00 «o -^ 0) « 3 "^ C W -|j 3 '^ ►S ^ 3 W M 05 Tf ^ S2 w > c o \-tXi < ^ eo o > c o < ta "*. «D C-' TlJ eo iH 1 a; 1 1 "w > 1 C o 1— 1 <3 m U M m tt) P, 4 T3 !h s 0) 3 'S 3 5» bo w (-1 O ^ Q l-HX> v> 03 -4J 13 GO 3 Is 3 \, 3 m w CO O ^ OS Q •^ 00 Oi ^ id ^ ^^ rv^ «j ^ "5 00 I U5 iH 00 CO S ff^* o ^ eg rH O tH «o eg rH eg o 00 CO o tH eg o> 1-H Oi tH 00 00 eg 4 05 00 CO* eg •>* d eg 00 to 1— I 00* d eo o 00 1-1 Oi CD CO 05 T-t CD d eg eg 00 Tj< tD So '^ t-: 2S 0) OS o Eh OS oi c t o a c '+3 (U 03 « 41 3 ftO" s u OS 0) o -1^ 3 c 3 w wa CO o -o ^ OS -M u OS )— 1 Q - JI^lll^pilVj' Z O f- ea punog AajTs^ 1- s III o < 93loaqui8j III 111 o ailTA^^duia^ 4 pasAvx ^ XBspuiq d 2 2 D I- CO I t- bc c 1^ H !H ^ 76 the habitat in which the deer spend their winters. With the very best of food and cover, a higher number of deer should be able to withstand the rigours of our northern winters to produce young during the periods when winters are not so severe. Summary Of 1961 Spring Deer Survey Results Some 1961 spring deer surveys were described and compared with previous years in Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review, Vol. 1, No. 2, Fall, 1961. Not all of the data was used in that rej>ort. For easy reference, Tables 1-4 summarize the results of the 1961 surveys. Table 1 shows less mortality than was found in the previous years. The results of pellet group counts in Table 2 indicate lower deer densities. The per- centage of stems browsed in Table 3 is generally lower than it was previously. All these changes are to be expected when a mild winter follows two severe ones. The mortality obviously should be less. The density of deer will be reduced be- cause of previous mortality and because little snow last winter allowed the deer to wander further. Since densities are lower, browsing pressure will be less intense. There are other indications of the changed winter conditions. The follow- ing list summarizes the causes of death among the few dead deer found: starva- tion 2, predation 26, various causes other than starvation 15, unknown 7. Starvation as a cause of mortality decreased from 31% in 1960 to 4% in 1961. The age of distribution in 1961 was as follows: one year 5, two years 0, three years 1, four years 2, five years 1, adults 13, unknown 23. Although the sample of aged deer is small a comparison of yearlings with all others (except "unknown") shows 22.7% yearlings, compared with 36.5% in 1960, (and 56.7% in the 1960 aged sample). There is a suggestion here that the percentage of fawns in the winter mortality was lower. The value of combining dead deer and pellet group counts as in Table 4 has been clearly shown. Because of the reduction in live deer densities, mortality expressed as dead deer per square mile cannot be compared from one year to the next. The mortality expressed as a percentage of the living deer can be com- pared. This year provided an excellent opportunity to test our methods. If the percent mortality had increased over previous years, the methods would not be giving figures indicating true field conditions. Since the percent mortality was down in most cases, we are encouraged to believe that the methods really indicate what is happening. The occasional sampling error, such as that for Kennisis, does not invalidate the whole method but indicates local problems which must be found and corrected. Although the browse surveys have not yet shown a close relationship with winter mortality, we are still hoping that with more and better data they will. Meanwhile we are learning a lot about deer foods. One of the most striking findings has been the rather minor part of the diet made up of cedar. Apparently the maples, dogwood and even hazel supply much more food than cedar in many areas. From the 1961 results, we conclude that the spring surveys show great promise. We know more about the deer herds and deer yards than ever before. The changing conditions over the past three winters have been faithfully re- flected on a general basis. Only in local areas are there serious discrepancies. Never again should we go through a deep snow year without the knowledge gained from the revealing spring surveys. 77 Table No. 1 DEAD DEER SURVEYS 1961 No. of Dead Est. District and Size of Yard Miles of % of Yard Deer Est. loss Total Deer Yard in sq. mi. Cruise Line Searched Found per sq. mi. Loss Lake Simcoe Wood Twp. __ Lindsay Red Pine Kennisis L. _ Haliburton L. Harburn Tweed Norean Lake Pembroke Aylen Lake _ Bonnechere Fraser Parry Sound Christie Shawanaga _ Stisted McConkey Squaw Lake _ North Bay Bertram Kibble Goward Arsenic Tetapaga Best Sudbury Massey (1) _ Massey (2) _ 1.0 4.0 3.6 4.1 2.0 5.3 7.0 11.8 5.8 7.9 9.6 3.6 66 34 82 54 9 15 2.2 7.4 7.8 12.5 2.3 6.9 4.0 7.9 15.9 42.2 4.2 11.3 1.7 5.5 1.4 3.2 1.2 3.2 1.3 3.5 1.0 3.0 1.5 6.9 0.75 2.5 15.0 0 9.5 6.3 5.1 1.4 1.9 2.5 6.2 12.9 6.0 11.0 7.4 9.9 10.0 12.3 8.6 10.0 10.0 11.0 17.3 12.0 6.7 2 12 3 0 0 10.5 21 2.3 16 0 0 1.6 106 5.9 484 5.4 48 14.3 31 4.3 34 3.9 9 6.7 27 3.8 60 0 0 4.8 8 16.7 23 0 0 7.7 10 0 0 15.4 23 32.0 24 78 Table No. 2 PELLET GROUP COUNTS Calculated Calculated Calculated District and Size of No. Plots Total Winter Deer Days Deer per Total No. Deer Yard Yard Sampled Crotisings per sq. mi. sq. mi. Deer Lake Simcoe Wood Twp. ___ 1.0 64 87 6848 35.1 35 Lindsay Red Pine 3.6 124 23 936 4.8 17 Kennisis L. 2.0 94 23 1233 6.3 13 Haliburton L. _ 7.0 191 159 4193 21.5 151 Harburn 5.8 84 228 13678 70.1 407 Tweed Norean L. 9.6 75 121 8130 45.4 438 Pembroke Bonnechere 47.0 802 1878 11800 68.2 5592 Parry Sound Christie 2.2 102 129 6375 32.7 70 Shawanaga 7.8 180 304 8606 43.6 340 Stisted 2.3 99 190 9671 49.6 116 McConkey 4.0 127 133 6276 25.7 103 Squaw Lake 15.9 256 161 3170 15.8 252 North Bay Bertram 4.2 131 238 9157 52.3 219 Kibble 1.7 73 130 8975 49.9 84 . Goward 1.4 60 41 3442 19.1 23 Arsenic 1.2 57 138 12200 67.8 81 Tetapaga 1.3 67 154 11585 64.4 85 Best 1.0 73 13 897 5.0 5.0 Sudbury Massey (1) 1.5 118 196 8370 164.1 246 Massey (2) 0.75 53 86 8082 158.5 119 Lake Huron Greenock Swamp 9.4 509 295 2923 14.6 137 Johnston Hrbr, Willow Creek 17.0 899 1877 10522 52.6 894 79 Table No. 3 BROWSE SURVEYS 1961 District and Deer Yard Size of Yard No. Plots Sampled Living Stems per acre No. Browsed Stems per acre % Stems Browsed % Stems Mut. % Stems Killed Lake Huron Greenock Swamp — 509 15213 463914* 19.8* 0.8 8.0 Lake Simcoe Johnston Hrbr. — Willow Creek _ — 899 8075 352096* 16.0* 11.9 3.0 Lindsay Red Pine 3.6 124 13631 520 3.8 0.5 .04 Kennisis L. 2.0 94 14619 1334 9.1 0.5 0.57 Tweed Norean L. 9.6 75 4321 758 17.5 2.3 0 Pembroke Bonnechere 154 802 8545 3458 40.5 2.0 0.2 North Bay Bertram 131 4295 2267 52.8 1.5 0.87 Kibble — 73 4317 3616 83.8 1.9 1.5 Goward — 60 6495 1584 24.4 1.7 1.6 Arsenic — 57 8418 2461 29.2 3.0 2.5 Tetapaga — 67 8028 2871 35.8 0.2 0.3 Best — 73 6392 285 4.5 0.0 0.0 * Counts were of twigs browsed. Browse units and % twigs browsed are used. 80 Table No. 4 COMPARISON OF SURViYS 0 3.8 0 10.5 9.1 0 2.3 — 10.7 0 — 0 District and Living Deer Dead Deer % Stems Percent Deer Yard per sq. mi. per sq. mi. Browsed Mortality Lake Simcoe Wood 35.1 6.7 — 19.1 Lindsay Red Pine 4.8 Kennisis L. 6.3 Haliburton L. 21.5 Harburn 70 Tweed Norean 45.4 0 17.5 Pembroke Aylen Lake — Bonnechere 68.2 Fraser — Parry Sound Christie 32.7 Shawanaga 43.6 Stisted 49.6 McConkey 25.7 Squaw L. 15.8 North Bay Bertram 52.3 Kibble 49.9 Goward 19.1 Arsenic 67.8 Tetapaga 64.4 Best 5.0 Sudbury Massey (1) 164.1 Massey (2) 158.5 1.6 — — 5.9 40.5 8.7 5.4 — — 14.3 43.7 4.3 — 9.8 3.9 — 7.9 6.7 — 13.5 3.8 — 24.0 0 52.8 0 4.8 83.8 9.6 16.7 24.4 87.4 0 29.2 0 7.7 35.8 12.0 0 4.5 0 15.4 9.4 32.0 — 20.2 81 The 1961 Moose Hunt In Ontario Nearly 45,000 moose licences were sold in Ontario in 1961. This was an increase of about 24% over the 1960 sales. The moose harvest increased by 11.6% bringing the total estimated kill to 13,773 moose. There was a slight decrease in hunter success from 33.3% in 1960 to 30.1% in 1961. The lower hunter success seems to have been due to poor weather conditions for hunting throughout the eastern two-thirds of northern Ontario. The rutting season ended earlier than usual leaving the hunters only one or two days of moose calling before the moose failed to respond. Unusually high water conditions added to the problems of hunters by allowing moose to reach the water without coming into the open. Despite these difficulties, many more moose could have been taken if hunters had been able to get away from the over-crowded roadways into the almost completely unhunted interior. Table No. 1 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 Residents 8,958 13,440 17,369 22,688 26,349 30,340 38,977 Non-residents 1,141 1,550 1,893 2,362 3,431 4,212 5,775 Moose-deer 0 900 38 1,245 0 1,608 0 10,099 15,890 19,262 26,295 29,780 36,160 44,752 The number of moose licences sold in Ontario has increased each year for the past seven years, as shown in Table No. 1. The increase this year was 23.8%. The number of licences sold to residents in 1961 was 38,977, an increase of 23.2% over 1960. The sale of non-resident licences increased by 37.1% to 5,775. The experimental moose-deer licence in southern Ontario was this year discon- tinued. The increase in the moose herd south of the French and Mattawa rivers warranted the extension of the regular moose licence to cover hunting in the south. The experimental moose-deer licence was originally set up as a camp licence. Each licence would cover the hunting of seven or eight men. The exten- sion of the regular resident licence to southern Ontario meant that each hunter was expected to purchase his own licence if he intended to hunt moose. This change in ruling, plus the reduction in price from $21.00 to $10.00, brought about a 207% increase in the number of licences used in southern Ontario. The information about the numbers and percent success of resident hunters collected by the Fish and Wildlife staffs in each district, is summarized in Table No. 2. Since it was not possible to obtain a complete list of the names and addresses of hunters, a correction factor was determined for the 1,157 licencees which were not available for sampling. On the assumption that the unsampled hunters had the same success as the sampled hunters, an additional 318 moose were added to the 9,458 calculated from the samples of resident hunters. This gave a total estimate of 9,776 for the number of moose killed in northern Ontario by resident hunters. The 7,227 resident hunters from the samples, who returned questionnaires indicating that they had hunted in northern Ontario, reported a success of 27.5%. This was a slight decrease from the 30.5% success reported in 1960. The largest number of resident hunters in one district was reported from Port Arthur District where 3,317 hunters killed 834 moose. The Sioux Lookout District reported the highest resident hunter success, 67.0%. The non-resident hunter success, shown in Table No. 3, remained higher than resident hunter success, but it was down from 1960 by about the same amount as resident hunter success in northern Ontario. In 1960, the non-resident hunter success was 66.1%, but in 1961, it dropped to 57.8%. Kenora District 82 reported the most non-resident hunters with 1,008. Sioux Lookout had the high- est non-resident hunter success at 85.6%. In southern Ontario, the reported high hunter success was not a true indica- tion of the hunting quality. The experimental moose-deer licence which had been previously in force was regarded as a party licence. With several hunters to flU each licence, the reported success was very high. The change this year to indi- vidual licences was not completely understood by all hunters. Some continued to use the moose licence as a camp licence. There was a decrease from a reported success of 47.4% in 1960 to 28.5% in 1961, but even this lower figure was an inflated one since it was higher than the reported success in many parts of northern Ontario. The total harvest of moose in southern Ontario rose by nearly 25%, from 711 in 1960 to 883 in 1961. Despite the increased kill, reports from Department of Lands and Forests staff members who were flying during the past winter, indicated that they were seeing more moose than ever before. In some cases the numbers of moose seen were likened to those found in northern Ontario. There seems to be little cause for concern about over-hunting moose in the south at the present time. Weather exerted a much greater influence on moose hunter success in 1961 than it normally does. While the favourable weather in north-western Ontario led to a high hunter success, the less favourable conditions throughout the remainder of northern Ontario resulted in a lower overall resident hunter success than in 1960. In Sioux Lookout District, the hunter success increased from 53.0% in 1960 to 67.0% in 1961. Kenora District reported nearly identical hunter suc- cess for both years, 60.5% in 1960 and 60.8% in 1961. Hunter success in the Fort Frances District rose from 35.4% in 1960 to 43.5% in 1961. To the east of these districts the story was different. In Port Arthur Dis- trict, hunter success dropped from 32.0% in 1960 to 25.1% in 1961. There was only a slight decrease in Geraldton District, from 36.8% in 1960 to 36.2% in 1961, but all other districts in northern Ontario showed substantial declines in hunter success. For example, Cochrane reported a resident hunter success of 28.8% in 1960, but only 16.5% in 1961. The only exception to this gen- eralization was Sault Ste. Marie District, where hunter success was a very low 18.0% in 1960 and this year increased to 23.2%, which is approximately the same as surrounding districts. The weather affected non-resident hunters in a similar manner. Non-residents reported high success in Sioux Lookout and Kenora Districts, but lower hunter success than in 1960 in all other districts of northern Ontario except Gogama and Sudbury. Adverse hunting conditions during the first week of the hunting season can be particularly effective in reducing the kill of moose. It is in the first week that the most hunters are afield and that most moose are killed. Over 34% of all resident hunting effort was spent in the first week of the 1961 hunting season. These hunters accounted for 38.8% of the total kill of moose by residents in northern Ontario. Non-residents favour the first week of hunting even more than do resident hunters. Over 60% of the non-resident hunting was concentrated in the first week, accounting for 63.1% of the total kill of moose by non- residents. With this amount of hunting in the first week, unfavourable hunting conditions during that period may cause a significant reduction in the total kill. The numbers of moose shot in each district, classified as to sex and age, are summarized in Table No. 4. Most districts in northern Ontario reported that resident hunters killed a greater number of bulls than cows. In the few districts reporting higher numbers of cows than bulls, the differences were not great 83 u (/> O O N Q z S u ass ^^ 3^$ e« O « ^M , rt |3s u -11 ■*j "2 *^ o s H^ w c«-» UJ e O ■•3.2 es t:: gas "3 o ^•a Q, V St «« ?^ w §J ^« no '« « V "atf S «! fi ?i M ^ 3 ■w V ft! V s Is S-^ mU S"? C > 5 ^ «K <» g-c i^ ooqiOTH(Nt-;koc)qooeo(MrH(M «0«0'^(MeONrHrH(N(N(NC00>C003.-l05 ■^(NlCi-lrJ(Mi-IC-a>00a)CO ■<*i>«DeooTH0505cooooOTHm tH iH eO CQ CO (N Oa ;05U3C0Coi?dcoct-00O500O5OsaJO5OSI>O»OiO5 C0e0'<*rl-OliOTJtoOC-«CDOOeO U3lOOt-I>O(MiHTH»i50Q0000O lOliOOOOOt-r-ICO»-llOt>-^'*itO>-i iH ioo«Dt-oo T-t(NO(MC-^t-OOlOOOi-l0005lf5 iH tH r-l -^ rH (M 00 (M iH -"t -"t CO iH t- -^^ 05 O l> 1-5 -^ i-I W CO N CO CO 0> C^ Oi o 00 i-H «0 tH ■^ (M rH eo-o -^ CO o 00O> lO t- t> «£>N CO Oi Ift t> lO 1-1 ■^ ^ 00 05 I> O O O O tH th i-J i-i iH c Tt «£> ,-( •^ tOOOOOC^ »0 O -^ -^ 00 lO toco CO CO OCO 1-1 o o CO 00 CO 00 (M «0 «0 CO CO ■<* Tj< ?0 00 00 tr- io O ■<* -^ 00 lo CO 00 coco O CO tH o o 00 00 CO 00 ^ CO CO CO 00 00 0) cii 42 S o "^ o 'E -i-> a, -u 3 stssg^^gg^>.(^- . 84 o 0) -2 o Eh o O o i rt.S ^ S rt § enough to rule out the possibility of an equal sex ratio. The overall sex ratio for adult moose shot by resident hunters in northern Ontario was 58.2% bulls to 41.8% cows. A chi-square test revealed that this was significantly different from a fifty-fifty sex ratio. It is safe to conclude that resident hunters in northern Ontario shot a higher percentage of bulls than cows. Non-resident hunters, included in Table No. 4, reported an even greater percentage of bulls in the kill. The totals for Ontario indicated that 62.9% of the moose shot by non-residents were bulls, while only 37.1% were cows. The sex ratio of calves shot by non-residents was 58.4% males to 41.6% females. This was nearly identical with the sex ratio of calves shot by residents in north- ern Ontario, which was 59.0% males to 41.0% females. It appears that the higher proportion of adult bulls killed by non-residents was the result of a greater preference for animals with large antlers. The sex ratios of moose shot in southern Ontario differ from the moose shot by residents or non-residents in northern Ontario. The ratio of 52.0% adult bulls to 48.0% adult cows is not significantly different from an even sex ratio. Calves, however, were in nearly the same proportion as in northern On- tario, 60.3% males to 39.7% females. The reason why hunters shot more adult bulls than cows in the north but equal numbers in the south is not clear. It may be that bulls are more vulnerable to hunting than are cows. In northern Ontario where moose are under-harvested, there might be more bulls available to hunters than in southern Ontario, where the heavier hunting in the past would have reduced the number of bulls. On the other hand, it might be that the difference is entirely due to hunter preference. In northern Ontario there would be a better chance for hunters to select the moose they wanted than in southern Ontario, where they would probably be glad to take any moose they could get. Whichever ex- planation is correct, the difference in sex ratios of adult moose shot in northern and southern Ontario seems to reflect the difference in hunting pressure in the two parts of the province. The hunter success figures for resident hunters included in this report are based on questionnaires collected from samples of resident hunters. Non-resident hunter success was calculated from all non-residents who would reply, except in Kenora District, where a sample of the non-resident hunters was used. Data on moose ages were also collected for future analysis. RufFed Grouse Studies, 1961 During the summer of 1961, district staff throughout Ontario again counted the number of ruffed grouse young in each brood sighted during the period May through August. A total of 579 broods were seen in eighteen districts. In 1959, 576 broods were counted, and in 1960, 941 broods were counted. The increase in 1960 was mainly because more districts participated in the program. However, the decrease in 1961 occurred in spite of a further increase in the number of districts participating. This certainly indicated a decrease in the grouse population. Table No. 1 summarizes the brood count by district and by month. The average brood size in June was very similar to that recorded in 1960, as was the case in July. However, in August the average brood size was quite different than in 1960. Pembroke, Parry Sound, and Sudbury, as well as Gogama, Gerald- ton, Port Arthur, Sioux Lookout and Kenora showed substantial increases in brood size during August over those recorded in 1960. Sault Ste. Marie, White River, and Chapleau showed substantial decreases in brood size reported. Brood counts in southwestern Ontario have been difficult to obtain, but in the Erie 85 O o t** o I- CO A W 6 W J3 •4^ j3 be s o CQ e .2 3 ^ s ♦J _C -w X V V bCX "S 'u s ^ 4> o s OS 5;! i-S 5> s d «oeoooqoq«5owt>iqc 50 CD lO 03 (M -"I" eC 00 00 U5 W5C5OiOTj<00O«DOe0000>C~OO CO (M c- ?D eo ■^ c O05(NTJ'^Oi«OtD 050 -^mCNr-l (MTft^oO «Deot£>OoW(Meoec(Noooooo5e00000 T-t tH t- Oi 05 00 o ■^ tH ,-1 iH 00 000>OI>;OC00Oi00I>O50000O500C ososcofooooTHN'iDoocQeocooseo LIO C- CO O O lO (M O CO (M -^ m t> T-t IOI>tHU5COiHi-ItHtHC<1'<*00 * OOOOSTHTl ojco-^i-tt-coTjtooc-oo-^ooojeoiH laoicot~ai■r-^r-^T-i■r-^c lU .2^ Qi a if > i» eS :s o o o a lu IL < lU O OOO O5C-0OOiC~U3eO0000 oooqcooq^ic^-^oqcoT-joq idcoco'^coidi-i-^ CO i-H t-' th -* (M ^- -* ,-1 cc i> Tj< 00 CO Tf 00 t> t- t- ?D 00 t> th eg OS CO o th OCOrHTj'OSCD'^THtOCOOS lOCgCO-^i-Hi-lrHCOr-ICOUS OCOTfOSOOOOCC>Citocomooo tH (M* (M* OJ r-I rH i-I O tH (n' rH CO OS ->t T-J O tH* 0000OS00t~C0TH->*0000r-(TH cO(M i-ii-ios(M 00 CO CO 00 lO tH i-H O tH tH Tj* iH iH O) o cj w W 0) 0) -;»( ^ cs m hJ J -5 » O CS m m >i -« ^ 4-> ^ >-l n! o (Ih ;z; >. « 3 _ 3 ^ -4-i +J a rt M T3 3 t-; a bo CS 3 cS ^ ^ o ^ GO CO O O M ?H aj en "O 2* ^ a o *< fe fS C 3 i» o c o S hJ 3 o X 3 C (D o e8 90 o JJ JS M i 10 tJ o h o n S n V « «S ccg •o 50 _ es "O® o l«o fiS •M 1— 1 >> » -^ CO ee V ■*j ^^ ^i iH o I o o «o i-H ■>*_ i-j w oj eg ■^' eo ' in (N 03 c «o I I iH 00 rH I u> III O O (/) a: lU III (A O •* s CO* .So o "p o o .S © ^ 03 r^ d z M .0 — CO Ha H a ■<*ocgT-j«qoqoqrHiH to t-O500'<*(NC-C»r)5 T}OOO CO t> t- C5 in O (M m T-H CO 1-1 00 00 yj 00 CO (N w CO T)5 00 eo 00 oi im' ■^' ic 00 oi COfMTt(Mi-ICOmtHCU3C<)?D«DT-|-^Oa»H05 i-H .-I t-; O 00 00 «D O tH lO CO 00 CD T-( O «D t> 05 «o «o to o o (M(N00O5«DOS-*U3»OlC rH N CO CO rH rH ■<* 00 eo CO 00 <35 U5 Tf I (M CO 05 rH eg O 00 lO «o t> m «> t- 05 iH Ot~0000U5T)<00 ICgOOrH U3«>COO?Ot-CO lOSTfrH lo u5 eg eg eg eo t- eo U5 00 la 00 E 3 S W W w a> a> 01 J«{ ^ J«! cS ^ c3 hJ iJ hJ > -S c/2 m £ £ ^ Oh O. Z T3 S 3 cS 3 C .u o t- o t: c .C - o lO ?o •^ t> iH U3 TJ< «0 lO (N CO eg -<# 00 lO ■>* W (M (N th Tf CO (M th eg CO i-H in iH rH 00 eg eg T-H CO 1-1 CO T-H eg 00 th in 00 ijO -^ 00 CO iH rH ■»*< CO CO CO CO o t- 05 00 Tft eg •<* in CO eg eg' in TjJ c~ in I i-H O CO 00 05 CO -^ 00 ■^ -^ CO eg iH CO eg o T)< ,-( t> -Tj* -^ eo ■^ 00 00 00 t- o eg O O O 00 05 o o t- in rH eg -^ o o eg - H O S H 96 used for controlled duck shooting and three other areas, Sibbald's Point Park, Presqu'ile Park and 120 acres at Darlington Park were used for controlled pheasant shooting. The use made of these five areas was not considered to be high, because the areas were not advertised; few news releases were issued to explain the ex- periment. As a result, many hunters did not take advantage of the areas. The use of the pheasant hunting at Darlington was highest since hunters had used the area for ducks in the previous year. The following are statistics of the hunting, 1. Darlington Waterfowl Unit. 247 blind-days of use @ $2.00 420 hunters 141 ducks shot 0.33 birds per hunter 2. Long Point Waterfowl Unit. Controlled Zone Free Zone 833 blind-days of use @ $4.00 1,544 hunters 434 hunters 811 ducks bagged 205 ducks bagged 164 ducks crippled 15 ducks crippled 0.58 ducks per hunter 0.54 ducks per hunter 3. Darlington Pheasant Unit. (12 hunters per day) 171 permits issued @ $5.00 408 pheasants released 318 pheasants killed 1.9 birds per hunter 75.5% of pheasants released were bagged. 4. Presqu'ile Pheasant Unit. 74 permits issued @ $5.00 200 pheasants released 162 pheasant killed 2.2 birds per hunter 81% of pheasants released were bagged. 5. Sibbald's Point Pheasant Unit. 134 permits issued @ $5.00 210 pheasants released 132 pheasants killed 0.98 birds per hunter 63% of pheasants released were bagged. In addition to the controlled shooting areas, three areas (parks) were used as public shooting units where hunters paid an annual fee of $4.00 for water- fowl shooting. No limit was placed on the number of hunters per day, nor the number of permits issued. The use is indicated by the permits issued as follows: Rondeau Park marsh unit — 248 permits Holiday Beach — 290 permits Presqu'ile Park — 263 permits. At Presqu'ile hunters bagged 1.5 ducks per day per hunter. No facilities were provided at these latter three areas. The results indicate excellent hunting and excellent returns on stocked pheasants. It is rarely possible in our pheasant stocking program to account 97 for more than 50% of the adult birds stocked or more than 20% of the poults released. The results also Indicate that our consideration of using older birds in re- stricted areas in Ontario is well justified. In addition, the controlled waterfowl areas offer a high quality of duck hunting (not bag of ducks) and we can expect future improvement in the average bag of waterfowl as the units become better established and hunters become acquainted with the proper method of hunting. The added figures of hunters checked, licences sold and percentages shown above indicate that if all licencees hunted pheasants in the townships involved, the harvest produced from this year's planting would be considered fair in the District. Pheasant Hunting Preserves The number of licenced preserves in this Province continues to increase and has doubled from 22 licenced preserves in 1959 to 44 in operation during 1961. The increase in the total number of hunters on these preserves from 1,777 on 31 preserves in 1960 to 4,115 hunters on 44 preserves in 1961 is due to a variety of factors. The public is becoming increasingly aware that this type of hunting is available and as the operators gain experience the type of hunting being offered to the public is improving. A large factor in the increase of hunters was due to the new non-resident hunters licence which is sold solely to allow hunting in private hunting preserves at a fee of $5.00. Whereas previously the non-resident was required to purchase a non-resident hunting licence at $21.00 and proved to be rather restrictive. The following table indicates the activities of the Pheasant Hunting Pre- serves operating in the various administrative districts throughout the province: Number Number of Adminis- Total Acreage Total of of birds hunters trative Number of under Total birds removed by on Districts Preserves Licence Purchases Released Hunters Preserve Aylmer 16 6,071 7,805 7,036 4,486 1,031 Hespeler 9 4,715 7,497 7,902 4,144 724 Maple 5 1,378 5,963 5,154 3,302 1,376 Lindsay 6 1,422 1,204 1,922 1,251 330 Parry Sound 1 100 460 460 338 53 Sudbury 1 400 35 35 10 4 Tweed 2 397 175 4,880 1,305 170 Kemptville 2 700 425 255 203 54 Sault Ste. Marie 2 558 345 1,300 733 373 Totals 44 15,741 23,909 28,944 15,772 4,115 Stock Birds on Hand March 31, 1962. Aylmer 1,915 Hespeler 716 Maple 285 Lindsay 355 Parry Sound Nil Sudbury Nil Tweed 500 Kemptville 5 Sault Ste. Marie 35 Total 3,811 98 Location by Counties of Pheasant Hunting Preserves 1961-1962 Algoma 2 Brant 2 Carleton 1 Durham 2 Elgin 1 Essex 1 Frontenac 1 Grey 1 Haldimand 2 Kent 3 Lambton 1 Lanark 1 Lincoln 1 Manitoulin 1 Middlesex 3 Muskoka 1 Norfolk 2 Northumberland 3 Ontario 2 Oxford 1 Peel 1 Prince Edward 1 Simcoe 1 Victoria 1 Waterloo 3 Welland 2 Wellington 1 Wentworth 1 York 1 Total 44 Commercial Pheasant Farms March 31, 1962 completed the sixth year of operations for Commercial Pheasant Farms in the Province and the number of these farms has been steadily increasing from 30 farms in 1956 to 181 in 1961, In 1956, when the regulations were first promulgated all breeding stock had to be imported mostly from the United States. In 1961 out of a total pur- chase of chicks, poults, and adult birds of 37,545 only 7,660 were imported. The fact that 50% more live birds than dressed birds have been sold indi- cates that the emphasis on production of dressed birds for the market is moving toward a supply of good quality birds for sale to the pheasant hunting preserves. The following are the average prices obtained: $ $ Pheasant hatching eggs during May — 20.00 to 22.00 per hundred during June — 18.00 to 20.00 per hundred Day old chicks from May to June — 35.00 to 40.00 per hundred June to July — 30.00 to 35.00 per hundred Poults (7 weeks) — 1.25 to 1.40 each Mature pheasants September 1 to November 15 — Cocks 3.00 to 3.35 each — Hens 2.60 to 2.95 each November 16 to January 31 — Cocks 3.25 to 3.60 each — Hens 2.85 to 3.20 each February 1 to March 31 — Cocks 3.50 to 3.85 each — Hens 3.10 to 3.45 each These prices were for top quality birds and the prices being governed by the quantity purchased. 99 4S v> -^ E .!£ Si -^ i :§ •■ E 1 "S £ 3 I S e ^ OM IM ^ JS(C U U 9> O »- I-H t-> es CCg > 3 0! 2? 5 00 U) M •M OJ ^ 7 *> ^ *- ^™ u a 0 ^ m o f f hC u t. 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O 124 Table No. 3 FISH DISTRIBUTION FROM 1957 TO 1961 Number Of Fish Planted Species of Fish 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 Black Bass, Largemouth Fry 190,000 46,000 45,000 230,550 — Fingerling 128,830 62,600 46,500 29,500 25,250 Yearling and Adult 2,922 1,035 144 20 178 Black Bass, Smallmouth Fry 467,500 130,000 89,000 156,000 230,000 Fingerling 131,700 132,750 227,200 177,600 270,200 Yearling and Adult _ 665 4,468 499 510 619 Char, French Alpine Yearling — 2,400 — — — Adult — 5,330 — 345 — Grayling, Arctic Yearling — — 26,500 — — Herring Eggs 1,840,000 — 1,067,750 — — Fry _ _ _ 50,000 — Maskinonge Fry 2,430,000 2,940,000 4,070,000 3,390,000 2,832,500 Fingerling 38,575 17,512 50,405 51,405 74,500 Adult 923 501 — — — Ouananiche Eggs 10,800 _ _ _ _ Adult _ _ _ 660 — Salmon, Kokanee Yearling — — — 250 — Splake Fingerling 16,370 — — — — Yearling 16,300 207,710 135,047 13,151 97,068 Adult — — 1,204 — 5,640 Trout Aurora Fingerling — — 2,314 2,000 — Yearling — — — — 1,300 Trout, Brown Eggs 8,000 _ _ _ _ Fingerling 36,000 21,800 — 1,700 640 Yearling 169,650 132,926 192,795 85,380 5,000 Adult — 235 12 79 — Trout, Lake Eggs — 4,800 _ _ _ Fry — — 40,000 — 43,700 Fingerling 230,230 373,500 274,400 389,125 369,500 Yearling 39,100 832,409 633,990 653,065 714,670 Adult — 9,000 — 115 8,278 Trout, Rainbow Eggs 13,000 26,000 20,000 — 3,000 Fry . — 10,000 _ _ _ Fingerling 31,600 15,000 19,517 28,120 101,896 Yearling 123,060 94,944 95,036 79,090 229,375 Adult 380 32,297 1,400 122 — Trout, Brook Eggs 200,000 — 580,000 49,000 30,000 Pry 90,900 — — 15,000 — Fingerling 521,600 788,900 455,160 863,925 763,625 Yearling 2,677,195 2,079,395 1,807,855 1,615,960 2,051,875 Adult 10,117 9,586 84,294 76,481 72,562 Walleye Eggs 90,565,000 56,245,000 30,875,000 53,790,000 27,065,000 Fry — — 3,040,000 3,600,000 — Fingerling ___: 3,300 280 — — 66,923 Adult 93 400 — — — Whitefish Eggs 13,435,000 30,940,000 1,000,000 12,000,000 13,875,000 Fry 67,275,000 47,515,000 44,985,000 62,993,000 53,685,000 Total 180,703,810 142,681,778 89,866,067 140,342,153 102,623,2^9 NOTE: Figures are compiled on a calendar year. 125 The Commercial Fishery Ontario commercial fishermen produced 54,953,634 pounds of fish during the twelve months of 1961. This is 15.9% greater than the amount taken the previous year, and is exceeded only by the record production of nearly sixty million pounds of 1956. The 1961 catch is 13.2% above the average production of the last ten years. Value of the 1961 catch, to the fishermen, was $5,745,882.72. This is an increase of 16.4% above the previous year, but 13.0% below the average value of production for the past decade . The continuing predominance in the overall catch, during the last three years, of yellow perch and smelt, which usually are comparatively low in price, and a coincident small proportion of the more valuable species such as pickerel and whitefish which were prominent in former years, has effected a reduction in average price per pound by about one third. Yellow perch, for the fifth year, ranked first in quantity and comprised a third of the 1961 production; smelt accounted for a quarter of the catch, and pickerel and whitefish combined, one eighth. The number of fishermen employed in the Province dropped 10% to 3,059 men with decreases noted in Lakes Ontario, Erie, Superior and in inland areas. The number of men employed in the fishery in Lake Huron increased again in 1961 due to the continued high production of whitefish and chubs. Equipment statistics, of fishing vessels, nets and shore installations used in the fishery, show little change from the previous year in either numbers or value. Investment in equipment increased slightly to $10,377,304. Excluding bait fish licences, the number of commercial fishing licences issued dropped 214% to 1,784. The 15.0% increase in landings for the Province resulted from higher production in six of the nine fishing areas. In three areas catches decreased: Lake Superior was down by 16.8%; Georgian Bay 7.8%, and Northern Inland waters by 3.3% from the previous year. Significant increases were reported from Lake Erie, where landings were up 22.2% from twenty-nine million pounds in 1960 to thirty-five million pounds in 1961. The value of the catch increased at about the same rate (21.7%). Trawl- ing, under permit in Lake Erie, produced nearly ten million pounds of smelt along with 400,000 pounds of yellow perch and white bass combined, and small quantities of other species making a total of 10,275,000 pounds, worth $307,000. The use of trawls appears to be the most satisfactory and economic method for taking commercial quantities of smelt throughout the year. Seventy-five per cent of the commercial catch of the Province was taken in Lake Erie trawl operations. In Lake St. Clair, production was up one third with a value increase of 42.8%. In Lake Huron, the catch was up by 36.4%, and the value by 32.6%. Other fishing areas showing increases include: Lake Ontario, up by 7.7% in production and 11.8% in value; the North Channel of Lake Huron by 19.3% and 29.2% respectively; and Southern Inland waters by 27.4% in production, and a significant value increase of 49.5%. The composition of the catch continued the pattern established in recent years. As indicated previously, yellow perch and smelt accounted for a major part of the production and showed increases of 46.0% and 12.0% respectively over the previous year, principally due to Lake Erie production. Nine other species contributed significantly, ranging from just under one million pounds of northern pike to nearly four million pounds of whitefish, while fifteen other species classifications were reported in lesser quantities. Some other changes of 126 special interest include: chubs, up more than a million pounds for a 60.5% increase; sturgeon, up nearly 11,000 pounds; and lake trout, down by 105,000 pounds. Carp, white bass, northern pike and saugers all showed increased landings. It is of note that lake trout production from Lake Superior was down from 122,000 pounds to 48,000 pounds, a drop of 60.7%. It would appear that this decrease is related to lamprey predation and continues the downward trend prevailing in this fishery since 1955. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE YIELD OF THE FISHERIES IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO BY SPECIES 1960 lbs. 1961 lbs. Increase lbs. Decrease lbs. Perch (yellow) 12,747,196 Smelt 11,666,133 Whitefish 3,844,949 White bass 3,304,524 Yellow pickerel 3,702,420 Chub & TuUibee 1,864,699 Lake herring 2,226,973 Suckers 1,616,021 Carp 1,124,465 Sheepshead 1,539,332 Northern pike 966,353 Ling 613,992 Bullhead 467,323 Sunfish 286,312 Catfish 321,331 Sturgeon 183,654 Lake trout 286,402 Eels 130,272 Rock bass & Crappies 127,671 Saugers 85,306 Goldeye 32,567 Menominee 62,841 White perch 26,613 Blue pickerel 5,241 Caviar 1,953 Alewife; Dogfish; Gar & Shad __ 162,714 TOTAL 47,397,2"57" NET INCREASE 18,608,783 13,064,590 3,907,294 3,412,916 3,382,032 2,992,185 1,853,238 1,595,056 1,312,499 1,200,668 989,721 637,545 363,115 271,197 244,142 194,638 181,029 127,439 118,712 105,385 23,646 21,833 18,753 2,435 2,135 322,648 5,861,587 1,398,457 62,345 108,392 1,127,486 188,034 23,368 23,553 10,984 20,079 182 159,934 320,388 373,735 20,965 338,664 104,208 15,115 77,189 105,373 2,833 8,959 8,921 41,008 7,860 2,806 54,953,634 7,556,377 127 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER Of COMMERCIAL PISHING LICENCES ISSUED IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO Type of Licence 1960 Gill net 1,089" Pound & Trap net 141 Hoop net - 250 Coarse fish seine 117 Baited hook 197 Dip net 14 Trolling 20 TOTAL 1,828 1961 Increase Decrease 1,063 132 242 107 205 18 17 1,784 26 9 8 10 Bait-fish seine, trap & dip Bait-fish dealer's Bait-fish preserving 1,853 419 76 2,181 510 88 328 91 12 TOTAL 2,348 2,779 TOTAL, ALL LICENCES 4,176 4,563 NET INCREASE _ 387 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE PRODUCTION OF THE FISHERIES IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO YIELD BY FISHING AREA 1960 Fishing Area lbs. Lake Ontario 1,958,180 Lake Erie 29,219,068 Lake St. Claire 659,021 Lake Huron 3,488,637 Georgian Bay 218,503 North Channel 205,806 Lake Superior 2,828,395 Northern Inland 8,234,136 Southern Inland 585,511 TOTAL 47,397,257 NET INCREASE 1961 lbs. Increase lbs. Decrease lbs. 2,108,796 150,616 35,697,640 6,478,572 877,045 218,024 4,758,777 1,270,140 201,432 17,071 245,532 39,726 2,353,036 475,359 7,965,713 268,423 745,663 160,152 54,953,634 7,556,377 VALUE BY FISHING AREA 1960 1961 Fishing Area $ $ $ Lake Ontario 354,704.64 396,520.00 41,815.36 Lake Erie 2,060,121.11 2,506,707.14 446,586.03 Lake St. Clair 129,053.48 184,239.18 55,185.70 Lake Huron 908,409.25 1,204,209.52 295,800.27 Georgian Bay 60,945.37 61,346.28 400.91 North Channel 56,950.07 73,596.65 16,646.58 Lake Superior 269,946.41 214,184.07 Northern Inland 1,034,885.64 1,018,588.54 Increase Decrease 55,762.34 16,297.10 Southern Inland 57,837.91 86,491.34 28,653.43 TOTAL $4,932,853.88 $5,745,882.72 NET INCREASE $813,028.84 128 o s < H Z o IL o ec _ 111 ^ H ON < - S z g " Z tt " < z '^ I 5 IO a z O < z o < 3 o- u < II 31 5^ S 11 S3 ••2 -1 s 1- JS is 1 u 00 OS c » 00 ^ I «oococoooaiiooocoe*lt-ot:-coe^t>«eM©4^HQn*s JCJC^OOVeDCOCr^C^iai-f^HOOUSCai • CO ^ ^ O^ 05 "3 lO (3» ?3 »« OS 00 <31 lO 1-H eO CO « M lO 00 O 00 O t^ «0 "^ M :0 CO 00 * ' TMTj»M00C0lO'-t00«OO5e0COOii-HasC0TjC^050t- «o 00 eo Oi M ^ O C3 00 ' ^ t^ o t-^ CO tD ?D iO 00 •^OStM'^'^-^COtDOOXl— CO,-,3 OCO'MtOOS.-iO'^aiO'^OJAn iO»J^^WO- CO CO OOtDOl-OOiOCO I- ^c^iusoaoosi-* O 1-^ 00 CO M W (D ^ 00 r- -^ c^j 04 oeoiooQia^Oi^'^ oco-^-^ lO '^ C^ t^ -H «-• CM OS '^ «0 00 O «5 l-O 05 -^ H -^ o o 00 as M __^- OS CO U3 (M^ 0500^'>1'OMlOr~MlO ■>Ji S^ N o 00 :o ^ a> o to -"*50 00 5D CO tfi CO to -^ Co t' -^ to ' ca 00 o) 00 ■W 00 O OJ t- -H la to -< O -H 00 CO Ol CO M ^ eo CO 00 - i-cotooooC5 •^u'5'^tooowtor^'i'ia^^ O^OO-^^^OO I^OSO.-iOOCJtO'^tOOC^ ^^00 •'I'aj*-^ toto-^toLoas to CO CO f-t to -^ 35 a> 03 o to CO o c la oj •-< r^ la '-' s T. -e £T3 OS tS^ Pi "5 5 is o> << 129 o s < u. 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Fire hose, soaking in lake and being pulled through hose washer, Sioux Lookout District. When dry, the hose is packed, ready for immediate service. 131 X o 2:5 -u C 0) TS -w C C <1> - OhX ll> o< 3 w 1^ 03 4> Is nes ello ssor -^ »H -<^^r> M 0) 'ot O C u iJ 03 3 WCU ^ 03 3 Air Mai and • •- OV lO 00 CO 00 ^O 00 cc <35 -^ < O s u « .2 o >> > ,ii^ S . ^ ^ CM i-l lO LO OC 00 ^^ CC <3i d (3S to ^H ^ CM -H lO 00 cq «D (£, CO ?D ^ ^ t~ r-l rH 00 rH rH (M lO 00 ^ 05 W ■* 00 CO M W ^ t^ -H t- «0 N o -^ t~ 00 CM C0 U3 kO lO 141 STATEMENT OF FIRE CROWN $ PRIVATE Timber Damage Damage To Timber Damage Districts Cu. Ft. $ Reproduction Cu. Ft. S Sioux Lookout 1,522,369,431 30,447,388.62 5,846.78 145 2.90 Kenora 58,637,457 1,172,749.14 36,086.15 690,514 13,810.28 Fort Frances 4,428,950 88,579.00 1,838.53 10,938 218.76 Port Arthur 9,578,150 191,563.00 9,880.45 5,450 109.00 Geraldton 242,017 4,840.34 409.20 850 17.00 Kapuskasing — — 4.52 — — Cochrane 84,700 1,694.00 34.00 — — Swastika 3,400 68.00 34.00 11,617 232.34 Chapleau 1,500 30.00 50.70 12,100 242.00 Gogama — — 18.75 — — Sault Ste. Marie 1,492 29.84 1.42 8,000 160.00 Sudbury- 1,025 20.50 271.10 416 8.32 White River 5,504 110.08 192.73 — -^ North Bay 1,040 20.80 78.22 800 16.00 Parry Sound 625 12.50 15.79 746 14.92 Pembroke 650 13.00 21.15 — — Tweed 89,762 1,795.24 7,324.87 4,252 85.04 Lindsay 786 15.70 58.99 3,825 76.50 Lake Simcoe 256 5.12 20.00 — — Lake Huron — — — — — Totals 1,595,446,744 31,908,934.88* 62,187.35 749,653 14,993.06* *This timber is inaccessible so that value has only academic interest. 142 DAMAGE TABLE— 1961 $ $ $ TOTAL Total $ Private Damage To Timber Damage Damage To Total Property Reproduction Cu. Ft. $ Reproduction Damage Damage 7.72 1,522,369,576 30,447,391.52 5,854.50 30,453,246.02 81,500.00 308.97 59,327,971 1,186,559.42 36,395.12 1,222,954.54 444.00 2.22 4,439,888 88,797.76 1,840.75 90,638.51 1,302.50 407.30 9,583,600 191,672.00 10,287.75 201,959.75 52,631.40 17.68 242,867 4,857.34 426.88 5,284.22 — 2.83 — — 7.35 7.35 — — 84,700 1,694.00 34.00 1,728.00 9,651.98 229.30 15,017 300.34 263.30 563.64 — — 13,600 272.00 50.70 322.70 — — — — 18.75 18.75 — 709.08 9,492 189.84 710.50 900.34 — 1,329.52 1,441 28.82 1,600.62 1,629.44 — — 5,504 110.08 192.73 302.81 5,490.00 39.80 1,840 36.80 118.02 154.82 200.00 74.50 1,371 27.42 90.29 117.71 91.65 12.53 650 13.00 33.68 46.68 — 514.13 94,014 1,880.28 7,839.00 9,719.28 16.00 31.10 4,610 92.20 90.09 182.29 1,310.50 256 5.12 20.00 25.12 — 3,686.68 1,596,196,397 31,923,927.94* 65,874.03 31,989,801.97* 152,638.03 143 I- i o u. O "g s IN C-Ji-4^i-frH(Nrt'H ~ •' \0 Oi (3> to ----- _, _., t--^«>OMW>«>00Or-(i-( S 09 2 = " a tH r-T oj ^ . 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EE rt n! u 00 » - -I 5 » \ \ M e^ _H N ^ rt -J ^ «C 5C ck s s 5 £ E g E £ E E O WOOOOSWWWWWW WW H dHHJ&^dd 00 o i5 6 6 X X « X "A X Ui y 5m g 0 g z >^ tH >.>, >H X >^ 5h C) r:) o r-) '^ B 0 B 0 U 00 U u u '6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 & &H 0 h h i D % D fe % h b 0 b 0 fe ^'S ^ fe 0 s <; 157 TABLE IX Helicopter Flying Hours HELICOPTER HOURS FLOWN CF-IZH 450:20 CF-ICG 566:30 CF-IFA 373:20 CF-JFR 635:15 CF-FHM 541:20 2,566:45 Hours Flown on Various Phases of Flying Operations SERVICE HOURS FLOWN Fire Ranging 2,124:55 Timber Management 109:15 Fish and Wildlife 94:05 Lands 28:55 Administration 209:35 2,566:45 Break-Down of Administration Research incl. Entomology 1:55 Transportation Ordinary 1 :05 Ferrying 201:55 Forced Landings and Tests 4:40 209:35 158 Restoration of an original township lot corner in Methuen Township, nnade in 1937 from the evidence presented by a very old cedar tree marked for the corner more than 40 years previously. Note the original marking and the extent of the cut required to recover the survey evidence. 159 (O > « •« „ DS VISOR Code •a c S . c F o •1 ae o 0 v • ■5 o • ae • c _o X 3 LAN UPER G. c 0 'E 1 X < 2 > E 3 0 « 1 0 0 -z M v> ac < < ^ js 11. ■" i c .2 ° 0 11 s s c o 3 X s • ae Map Mounting and Book Binding c o ■sl si X < Legal Surveys Cadastral & Topographic Mapping ir Title Surveys Examination Cadastral and Topographic Mapping 160 LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH The Branch is comprised of four sections with responsibilities and functions as follows: Surveys Section Performance of surveys for the disposition of Crown lands, the retracement of obliterated original boundaries, base and meridian lines, provincial parks, lands acquired for departmental purposes, provincial boundaries; Custody and maintenance of survey records; Map compilation and distribution; Sale of maps, record reproductions, departmental publications; Lands Section Administration of the public lands; Disposition of Crown lands by sale, lease, licence; Servicing of Crown leases and Licences of Occupation; Land Use Planning Section Preparation of a land use plan for the public lands of the province; Wilderness areas; Advisory Committees on Recreational Land Use Planning; Engineering Section Inspection and approval of dams, investigations, water resource management, issuance and servicing of Water Power Lease Agreements, Licences of Occupation for dams, flooding, diversions; Preparation of plans for departmental buildings; General engineering services; Designs and plans for hatcheries, trout rearing stations, renovations, plant and equipment; Engineering studies for wildlife management; Access roads, acquisition of land. Detailed reports follow here. SURVEYS SECTION In the past four years, following the department's new policy of selling public land for summer resort use by reference to registered plans of subdivisions, 367 subdivisions totalling some 6,000 lots were surveyed, the plans registered, and the lots made available for sale. In view of the number of available lots for sale on registered plans of sub- division, the subdivision survey programme was reduced during the past fiscal year with 71 subdivision surveys made totalling 966 lots. This number represents a reduction of about 50 per cent over the previous year. In addition to the subdivision surveys, 683 individual surveys were completed in areas where registered plans of subdivision were not available. The long-range programme of retracement surveys to restore obliterated 161 survey lines and corners in the original Crown survey fabric commenced last year was continued. Survey instructions were issued for 250 miles of retracement surveys and, in addition, about 75 miles of original survey lines were retraced in the surveys of Crown subdivisions. Ontario Regulations 266/61 made under The Surveys Act were passed. These regulations standardize and prescribe the kind and form of survey monu- ments and where they are to be placed in surveys of private and public land. New Maps Nos. 22 and 25 of the Territorial Series, on a scale of 8 miles to 1 inch, were published. These maps, comprising the territorial districts of Algoma, Sudbury, Timiskaming and Cochrane, replace Map No. 24B. The new maps include the following new features, improved colour tone, boundaries of Depart- ment of Lands and Forests administrative districts, and standardized grid system for locating geographic townships. Details of the activities of the surveys are as follows: Survey instructions issued during the period April 1st, 1961, to March 31st, 1962: Meridmn Surveys No survey instructions were issued for the survey of Base or Meridian Lines during the fiscal year. Special Retracement Surveys 1. Re-establishment of the west boundary of lot 36 and the west boundaries of lots 37, 38 and 39 in concession II N.R., Township of Watten, District of Rainy River. 2. Retracement and establishment of certain road allowances and township lot corners in the northerly part of the Township of Belmont, County of Peter- borough. 3. Retracement and establishment of certain road allowances and township lot corners in the southerly part of the Township of Belmont, County of Peter- borough. 4. Retracement of part of the south boundary of the Township of Thorneloe, District of Timiskaming. 5. Retracement of the south boundary of the Township of Belmont in the County of Peterborough. 6. Retracement of a portion of the southerly boundary of the Townships of Kennebec and Kaladar, and survey of lots 16, 17 and 18, concessions 6 and 7, Township of Kennebec. 7. Retracement of portions of the boundary between the Townships of Jaffray and Melick and between Jaffray and Haycock, District of Kenora. 8. Retracement of the boundary between the Townships of Dill and Broder and between Dill and Neelon, District of Sudbury. 9. Retracement of portions of the boundary between the Townships of Blezard and McKim; the Townships of Cascaden and Trill, and certain lot corners in the Township of Cascaden, District of Sudbury. 10. Retracement of a portion of the boundary between the Townships of Levack and Morgan, and certain lot corners in the Township of Levack, District of Sudbury. 11. Retracement of portions of the southerly boundaries of the Townships of Van Home and Aubrey, District of Kenora. 12. Retracement of portions of the northerly boundary of the Township of Watten and portions of the northerly and easterly boundaries of the Town- ship of Halkirk, District of Rainy River. 162 13. Retracement of certain original survey points or corners and certain original boundaries or lines in the Township of Watten, District of Rainy River. 14. Retracement of a portion of the northerly boundary of the Township of MacGregor and a portion of the westerly boundary of the Township of McTavish, District of Thunder Bay. 15. Retracement of a portion of the northerly boundary of the Township of McGregor, District of Thunder Bay. 16. Retracement of certain township boundaries in the Townships of Dane, Leo and Medina, District of Timiskaming. 17. Retracement of a portion of the southerly boundary in the Township of Klock and a portion of the westerly boundary of the Township of Dane, District of Timiskaming. 18. Retracement of the boundary between the Townships of Dysart and Dudley, County of Haliburton. 19. Retracement of the boundary between the Townships of Clyde and Sabine, County of Haliburton and District of Nipissing. 20. Retracement of the boundary between the Townships of Bruton and McClure, Counties of Haliburton and Hastings. 21. Retracement of portions of the northerly boundary and the road allowance between concessions 10 and 11, Township of Darling, County of Lanark. 22. Retracement of a portion of the boundary between the Townships of Lindsay and St. Edmunds, County of Bruce. 23. Retracement of portions of the boundary between the Townships of Ferguson and Burpee and Ferguson and Hagerman and certain road allowances in the Township of Ferguson, District of Parry Sound. 24. Retracement of the westerly and southerly boundaries of the Township of Franklin, District of Muskoka. 25. Retracement survey of certain lot corners along the Hastings Road in the Townshios of Dungannon and Faraday, County of Hastings. 26. Retracement survey of a portion of the eastern boundary of the Township of Tarentorus, District of Algoma. Summer Resort Subdivision Surveys 1. Kabenung Lake, Township 31, Range 27, District of Algoma. 2. (a) Zig-Zag Island, Township of Boys (b) Clearwater Bay, Township of Boys (c) Catastrophe Lake, Township of Pelican (d) Kendall's Inlet, south of Pellatt Township (e) Pistol Lake, north of Umbach Township, in the District of Kenora. 3. Long Bay of the Lake of the Woods, Township of Devonshire, District of Kenora. 4. (a) Wabaskang Lake, north of Wauchope Township (b) Perrault Lake, north of Wauchope Township, in the District of Kenora. 5. (a) Norway Lake, north of Redditt Township, (b) Armstrong Lake, Township of Redditt (c) Black Sturgeon Lake, Township of Haycock (d) Black Sturgeon Lake, Township of Melick, in the District of Kenora. 163 6. (a) Regina Bay, Township of Willingdon (b) South Narrow Lake, Township of Phillips, in the District of Kenora. 7. RoUand Lake, Township of Leduc, District of Thunder Bay. 8. Paugh Lake, Township of Burns, County of Renfrew. 9. (a) Lower Shebadowan Lake, Township of Conaoher (b) Middle Shebandowan Lake, Township of Hagey, in the District of Thunder Bay. 10. (a) Gushing Lake, south of Inwood Township (b) Cox Lake, north of Purdom Township, in the District of Thunder Bay. n. (a) Footprint Lake, north of Dance Township (b) Jackfish Lake, east of Senn Township, in the District of Rainy River. 12. (a) Wasaw Lake, east of Dance Township (b) Sabaskong Bay of Lake of the Woods, Claxton Township, in the District of Rainy River. 13. Raven Lake, Sherborne Township, County of Haliburton. 14. (a) Eels Lake, Township of Cardiff (b) West Twin Lake, Township of Methuen (c) Coon Lake, Township of Burleigh, in the Counties of Haliburton and Peterborough. 15. Dawson Island, Township of Johnson, District of Algoma. 16. (a) Bearhead Lake, Township of Scarfe (b) Lake of the Mountains, Township of Cobden, in the District of Algoma. 17. Lake Nipissing, Township of Casimir, District of Nipissing. 18. Herridge Lake, Township of Strathcona, District of Nipissing. 19. (a) Bain Lake (2), Township of Field (b) Talon Lake (2), Township of Olrig, in the District of Nipissing. 20. (a) Tyson Lake (3), Townships of Sale and Attlee (b) Tyson Lake, Township of Humboldt (c) Carlyle Lake (4), Township of Carlyle, in the District of Manitoulin. 21. (a) Mephisto Lake, Township of Cashel (b) Mayo Lake, Township of Mayo (c) Wensley Lake, Township of Miller (d) Raglan Lake, Township of Raglan (e) Diamond Lake, Township of Radcliffe, in the County of Renfrew. 22. Ashigami Lake, Township of Scadding, District of Sudbury. 23. (a) Panache Lake, Township of Caen (b) Panache Lake, Township of Dieppe, in the District of Sudbury. 24. (a) Upper Sturgeon Lake, Township of Delamere (b) Otter Lake, Township of Cascaden, in the District of Sudbury. 25. Restoule Lake, Township of Patterson, District of Parry Sound. 26. (a) Clear Lake, Township of Burton (b) Blackstone Lake, Township of Conger, in the District of Parry Sound and Muskoka. 164 27. Fletcher Lake, Township of McCHntock, County of Haliburton. 28. Harris Lake, Township of Wallbridge, District of Parry Sound. 29. Pickerel River, Township of Wilson, District of Parry Sound. 30. Weslemkoon Lake (3), Townships of Ashby and Effingham, County of Lennox and Addington. 31. (a) Cardwell Lake, Township of Wicklow (b) Kamaniskeg Lake, Township of Bangor (c) Kamaniskeg Lake, Township of Bangor, in the County of Hastings. 32. (a) Gibson Lake, Townships of Sheraton and Thomas (b) Charland Lake, Township of German, in the District of Cochrane. 33. (a) Severn River, Township of Wood, District of Muskoka. (b) Gloucester Pool, Township of Matchedash, County of Simcoe. 34. Twin Lake, Township of Ivanhoe, District of Sudbury. 35. Lower Twin Lake, Township of Nettleton, District of Cochrane. Municipal Surveys 1. Re-establishment and monumentation of certain angles in lots 36 to 45, concessions C and D, Township of Amabel, County of Bruce. 2. Re-establishment and monumentation of certain angles in lots 48 to 59, concessions 3 to 7, Township of St. Edmunds, County of Bruce. 3. Re-establishment and monumentation lots 150 and 151, Township of Thorold, Count of Welland. Miscellaneous Surveys 1. Boundary and internal surveys in certain provincial parks. 2. Establishment of the line between the north and south parts of lots 7 and 8, concession VII, Township of Forbes, District of Thunder Bay. 3. Subdivision of parts of lots 6 and 7, concession V, in the Township of Airy, District of Nipissing, for residential purposes. 4. Commercial site on the west shore of White Lake in unsurveyed territory north of Township 71, District of Thunder Bay. 5. West boundary of Chief Ranger's Headquarters at White River. 6. Inspection of subdivision surveys in the Districts of Kenora and Rainy River. 7. Survey for road right-of-way, in the townships of Harcourt and Bruton, County of Haliburton. 8. Survey for private right-of-wav within boundaries of Holiday Beach Provincial Park, Township of Maiden, Countv of Essex. Details of the number of survey plans of summer resort locations which were examined during the fiscal year and which were surveyed as individual location surveys or into subdivision unit plans are as follows: Provincial Park Surveys Internal surveys within the boundaries of the following provincial parks were carried out: Craigleith, Inverhuron, Killarney, Sibley, Pipestone, Quetico, Sauble Falls, Springwater, Algonquin, Lake Superior, Bottle Lake, Six Mile Lake, Oastler, Eagle, Killbear, Bass Lake and Sandbanks. Boundary surveys or investigation work relative to boundaries were carried out in Inverhuron, Sauble Falls, Bottle Lake and Outlet. 165 Individual Parcels Subdivision Plans Administrative Crown Survey- Private Survey Crown Survey District Fee Paid No Fee Fee Paid No Fee Paid Total Chapleau 32 32 Cochrane 28 57 85 Erie 2 2 Fort Frances 30 100 130 Geraldton 9 9 Gogama 8 38 46 Huron 2 2 Kapuskasing 2 111 113 Kenora 1 109 5 188 303 Lindsay 4 15 66 85 North Bay- 31 57 88 Parry Sound 5 93 2 180 280 Pembroke 8 197 205 Port Arthur 34 107 141 Kemptville 1 1 Sault Ste. Marie 3 27 97 127 Simcoe 2 12 84 98 Sioux Lookout 10 22 32 Sudbury 13 151 181 345 Swastika 30 53 83 Tweed 63 288 351 White River 19 19 Totals : 28 683 7 1,859 2,577 The above include 162 plans of subdivision containing 1,866 lots. Geographic and Map Publications The reproduction of two of the Territorial Series Maps was completed and ready for distribution: (a) Map 22 "Districts of Algoma, Sudbury and Timis- kaming", Scale 8m — 1", 10,000 copies were reproduced in 8 colours; (b) Map 25 "District of Cochrane", Scale 8m — V\ 7,500 copies were reproduced in 7 colours. These maps will supersede the now obsolete Map 24B "Part of Northern Ontario". An added feature on these maps, and all subsequent maps of the series, is that the Departmental Administrative Districts have been shown. It is hoped this will be beneficial not only to department personnel but also to the public. These maps also feature improved colour tones, populated centres shown by status symbols and a standardized grid system for locating the position of geographic townships. The compilation and drawing of Territorial Series Map 24 "Districts of Kenora and Rainy River", 8m — 1", was completed. This map, to be printed in 7 colours, will be in readiness for reproduction by April 1962. The compilation and drawing of Territorial Series Map 23 "District of Thunder Bay", 8m — 1", was started in September 1961, and it is anticipated that this map will be completed in readiness for reproduction before December 1st, 1962. Preliminary designs and specifications were created for future revision of Map 21 "Southern Ontario", Map 33 Electoral Districts of the Province of Ontario, and Map 47 "Algonquin Provincial Park". Editing of Geographical Nomenclature on Maps At the request of the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (succeeding the former Canadian Board on Geographical Names), Ottawa, and other departments, a number of maps were checked regarding established and new nomenclature. 166 The major groups were: (a) Maps of the 1/25000 Series published by Department of National Defence, Ottawa — 34 sheets. (b) Charts published by Canadian Hydrographic Services — 8 charts. (c) Maps of the National Topographic Series, published by Department of Mines and Technical Surveys — 6 sheets. (d) 6 Geological maps were reviewed for the Ontario Department of Mines. During the year, assistance was given to the C.P.C.G.N., Ottawa, in editing nomenclature for the Ontario section of the "Gazetteer of Canada"; this work is now completed and publication is anticipated in 1962. Reference Library Information Expansion of the index of geographical names in Ontario via new and revised card entries continued. 2,000 new entries were made and 3,500 entries were revised. Progressive micro-filming of added or revised entries for the index is being maintained. Planimetric Detail Maps The following detailed planimetric maps were prepared: Area or grid maps 60 Township maps 17 Composite plans _ 5 Miscellaneous plans 50 Lot plans 101 Water lot plans _. 17 Township subdivision plans annulled in whole or in part 7 General Administration, Map Distribution and Survey Records Map Distribution A considerable increase is to be noted in the overall distribution figures of all maps. This was due mainly to the opening of Highway 17 connecting Sault Ste. Marie with Port Arthur, for which map number T2800, showing general information along the highway, and plan number T2210, covering Lake Superior Provincial Park, were prepared, for the anticipated influx of tourists. A total of 32,865 copies of lithographed district and miscellaneous maps produced by this department were distributed, of which 1,750 copies were for the "official use" of this and other departments of the provincial and federal governments (see "Trend of Map Distribution Charts"). The map sheets of the National Topographic Series, produced and distributed by the Federal Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, as well as the sheets produced by the Army Survey Establishment Bureau of the Department of National Defence, Ottawa, for resale purposes, or for the "official use" of this and other departments of the Ontario Provincial Government, were distributed in the total quantity of 45,848 copies (see "Trend of Map Distribution Chart"), an increase of 8,855 copies over that of the previous fiscal year. Of the total distributed, 14,267 copies were supplied for the "official use" of this department, including district offices, by the E>epartment of Mines and Technical Surveys, without charge. The demand for copies of the Lake Simcoe and Trent Canal Nautical (Marine) Charts published by the Canadian Hydrographic Service, Ottawa, 167 continues to increase. 474 copies were distributed, but this figure is not shown in the total overall map distribution figure. The popularity of the provincial topographic lithographed map sheets on the scale of 2 miles to 1 inch continues to increase. These map sheets are produced by the Army Survey Establishment Bureau, Department of National Defence, Ottawa, for aerial photographic information made under the Forest Resources Inventory programme of the Timber Branch for this department. Due to other commitments, the conversion of mapping to the 1:50,000 scale, the Army Survey Estabhshment Bureau will not be able to produce any new sheets in this series for this department. Thirty-three thousand and eighteen (33,018) copies (see "Trend of Map Distribution Chart") of this series were distributed, an increase of 6,907 copies over that of the previous fiscal year. The summary of the total quantity of lithographed map sheets distributed is as follows: National Topographic Series ,— 78,866 Map No. 20 2,523 District Maps 10,755 Map No. 33 A — Electoral 503 Map No. 28 — Geographical Townships 584 Miscellaneous Maps -— - 18,500 Total 111,731 A decrease of 100 "over the counter" individual cash sales was noted against that of the previous fiscal year, for a total of 7,900 transactions for the sale of lithographed map sheets, reproductions of survey records and other maps and plans. One thousand counter invoices for items sent out on credit were issued, being an approximate increase of 200 as compared to last year. Eight thousand seven hundred (8,700) letters of request from the public, covering similar transactions, were processed. Reproductions 47,692 square feet of photographic reproduction paper was consumed for reproductions of maps and survey records for departmental work, the Survey Branches of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission and the Ontario Department of Highways, other provincial government departments and com- missions, Ontario Land Surveyors and the general public. This was 20,182 square feet more than that used in the previous year. The consumption of sensitized paper used in the reproduction of various topographic map tracings, Crown land tracings and township prints, Georgian Bay Island map sheets, subdivision and summer resort plans of surveys, as well as other miscellaneous plans, by the dry process reproduction method, was almost doubled this year. A total of 461,740 square feet of sensitized paper and linen was consumed, which was 192,659 square feet greater than that used in the previous fiscal year. The quantity of transparent reproduction material used shows an increase over the amount used during the past fiscal year. A summary of the dry process material used is as follows: Blue or black line paper 437,054 square feet Transparent linen 5,625] Transparent plastic 2,268 ( 7,893 square feet Opaque linen 16,793 square feet Total 461,740 168 Reproductions required for mapping projects for this branch and various district offices, required to be produced photographically by commercial firms, are not included in the above figures. Map Mounting and Bookbinding The following work was handled by the map mounting and bookbinding staff maintained by this section for departmental requirements, including the preservation of old survey plans. Map Mounting New plans mounted Summer resort subdivision and composite — 334 Miscellaneous lithographed maps and prints — for district offices 159 — for head office 255 Old plans remounted Original township surveys and patents plans 68 Mining locations 363 Archival plans and records 148 Total: 1,327 Bookbinding New bindings Field notes of current surveys 11 Miscellaneous 18 Rebindings Patent reference volumes 36 Field notes 27 Miscellaneous 7 Total : 99 Crown Surveys Records The use of original Crown survey records for reproduction or reference purposes by the Survey Branches of The Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, the Ontario Department of Highways, Ontario Land Surveyors in private practice and the general public, continues to increase. Six hundred and seventy-seven cards were typed covering plans being re- catalogued and filed in the Survey Record Catalogue along with 2,036 cards copied from information contained in the summer resort and mining location index book and filed in the Surveyor's designation number card index, by casual help employed for the summer months only. This completed the retyping and filing of these records. In addition, approximately 1,100 entries were made in the Surveyor's designation number card index of surveyed parcels, and change of file numbers. The returns of surveys of 152 plans of subdivisions made for summer resort purposes and 176 plans of miscellaneous surveys consisting of the surveys of pipe line right-of-ways, composite plans made on Crown lands, other than individual summer resort location surveys, as well as six books of field notes were registered, catalogued and filed. The returns of one Municipal Survey also were entered into the records. The refiling of all plans of surveys, with the exception of the plans of surveyed mining claims presently filed on current correspondence files, into the vertical filing system, was continued this fiscal year. Approximately 18,000 flat, current correspondence files and thousands of old docket files were examined. This completed the examination of, and removal of plans from the old docket files prior to 1916, in the Surveys Section vault. Approximately 24,000 plans of surveys, descriptions, field notes and affidavits were removed and refiled into 169 170 the vertical filing system. This required the typing of approximately 10,000 filing labels, which was done partly by the summer casual help and partly by the full- time staff. All survey record material removed from the files was microfilmed. Certain series of old docket files were transferred to the Provincial Archives for permanent retention. Survey Party Equipment Four field survey parties under staff surveyors, carrying out summer resort location subdivision surveys, retracement surveys, and other miscellaneous surveys, were supplied and equipped for field work. Major equipment purchased for field use included one Theodolite, one vehicle, several chains and tapes and other miscellaneous items. The following quantity of survey monuments were distributed to various districts for the use of Ontario Land Surveyors on the staff or in private practice who were making individual or subdivision surveys for summer resort purposes on Crown land under instructions from the department, for municipal surveys being made under departmental instructions, or for other miscellaneous surveys. Iron Bars 6 inch 110 24 inch 1,322 48 inch 1,300 Total 2,732 Rock Posts Crown lands 17 Municipal 0 Bronze Caps Crown lands 1,654 Municipal 103 Standard Posts Crown lands 20 Municipal 0 Wooden Guide Posts 1,600 Accounts Payable, Supplies and Equipment Aporoximately 1,200 invoices and accounts payable were examined, checked, recorded and classified prior to passing to the Accounts Branch for payment. These were for travel and disbursements of members of the staff, purchases made for equipment, supplies, maintenance and other operating costs, and for surveys made on Crown lands by Ontario Land Surveyors in private practice. Eighty- four property receipts, transfers and write-off forms were prepared for the Equipment Inventory Records. Approximately 1,000 requisitions were prepared covering purchase of supplies and equipment, maintenance and other operations. LANDS SECTION Land Administration Continued study of Crown Land Administration resulted in several changes in legislation, regulations, policy and procedure to improve the efficiency of the Department operation and thus serve the public better. The policy of sale of land for recreational use according to registered plans of subdivision rather than as individual locations was again emphasized. The former method of sale permits immediate sale, whereas the latter requires a survey after an application is approved, resulting in delays up to six months before sale can be consummated. During the fiscal period under review approximately 171 75% of the total number of applications received were for lots shown on registered subdivision plans. The decentralization of summer resort sales to district offices mentioned in last year's report has proven satisfactory and was extended to include individual lots, the transfer and cancellation of sales, and the granting of extensions of time to fulfil building requirements. Head Office continues to prepare and issue patents. Several subdivision control areas were established under section 15(2) of The Public Lands Act. These will be studied carefully to select suitable locations for public use and plan proper subdivisions into lots for future disposition for summer cottage purposes. The Departments of Health and Municipal Affairs have continued to co-operate in providing the benefit of their experience in the establishment of subdivisions and other land use considerations. Following receipt of a report from the Department of Mines to the effect that the Lake of the Woods was a potentially valuable mineral area, the Depart- ment of Lands and Forests agreed to the staking, under The Mining Act, of islands having an area of 500 acres or more, subject to the reservation in all cases of the surface rights on 400 feet back from the shoreline of the lake. Several areas in territory without municipal organization were established as restricted areas under the provisions of section 16 of The Public Lands Act. This authority vests in the Minister the power to prevent the erection of dwellings and other buildings or the use of buildings by squatters on abandoned mining properties where lack of facilities such as roads, hydro, schools, churches, water and proper sewage disposal makes such occupation undesirable. Close liaison with the Department of Highways resulted in more positive control over sites adjacent to the King's highways for which authorities are issued by the Department of Lands and Forests for the purpose of construction camps. This will result in the removal of buildings and restoration of the site to more natural condition on completion of the project. Application for leasing of Crown lands for trailer parks may now be made if the land is within an organized municipality and the application is approved by the municipality and the local medical officer of health. Arrangements were concluded providing for the leasing of Crown land to the timber industry for logging communities, depot camps or other semi- permanent establishments not covered under The Crown Timber Act and regulations. The policy of leasing rather than selling land fronting on highways for commercial purposes was continued. Several leases issued for gasoline stations and motels in areas where these services are most required by the travelling public. In some cases the areas involved were offered for lease by public tender. Suitable locations on highways, such as Highway 17, are selected, marked on the ground and shown on maps for the purpose of easy identification and inspection by intending lessees. At the second Session of the 1960-61 Legislature, those sections of The Public Lands Act dealing with the disposal of Crown land for agricultural pur- poses, being sections 44 to 61, were repealed. Section 43b, enacted at the same Session, provided for the establishment of The Public Agricultural Lands Com- mittee. The chairman and members of the committee were appointed by the Minister and several meetings have been held to formulate policy and procedure. Selection of land suitable for agricultural use was confined largely to the Districts of Cochrane and Temiskaming, where, to date, some 200 lots have been inspected, soil-tested and classified as to agricultural suitability. In the matter of land disposition under the Ontario-Dominion Agreement 172 made under the Dominion Veterans' Land Act, which may be terminated during the next succeeding fiscal year, only 13 transactions were concluded. The graphs and tables forming part of this Section show the total number of all sales, assignments and cancellations made, and leases, licences of occupation and land use permits issued. The following table shows the area patented under The Public Lands Act and the area returned to the Crown. Acres Acres Area patented (including Quit Claim Patents) 22,915.0757 Total 22,915.0757 Area returned by cancellation of sales 11,089.620 Area returned by forfeiture under The Provincial Land Tax Act 16,459.113 Area purchased by the Department of Public Works 1,671.560 Total 29,220.293 LAND USE PLANNING SECTION Introduction Land use planning in the Department of Lands and Forests has as its objective the making of plans for the best possible management of all the renewable natural resources of the Province of Ontario for which the Department is responsible, and seeing that these plans are integrated. Since the Ontario Government is committed to a policy of "Multiple Resource Use", land use planning is of paramount importance to all those who have the responsibility for natural resource management so that no part of the programme will be overlooked. This branch maintains a close liaison both in the field and at head office with other departments of government in its planning programme. Land Use Planning Guide During the year a guide for land use planning in the districts was formulated for the purpose of setting out in general terms the requirements in land use planning. The Guide is intended to provide the districts with a basic framework upon which to build the land use plan regardless of the stage of their planning. This work entailed visits on the part of the Supervisor of the Land Use Planning Section to all twenty-two districts in the Province at least once, and to some of them more than once, to discuss the preparation of the land use plan with the District Forester and his supervisors. Co-operation With Research Branch Wherever the information is available the districts are using a site classifica- tion, evolved by the Site Section of the Research Branch, as the technical foundation for their land use plans. This classification is set out in some detail in the report entitled "The Ecological Basis for Land-Use Planning" by G. A. Hills. This has only been made possible by years of research put into this report by the Site Section of the Research Branch. We are particularly fortunate in thus having available a unique site classification which classifies the sites according to use capabilities for the diff'erent natural resource uses. A very close liaison is maintained between the Land Use Planning Section and the Site Section. 173 Private Lands Liaison Committee This is an inter-departmental committee appointed by order-in-couacil, consisting of three members of the Department of Agriculture and three members of the Department of Lands and Forests, of which the Supervisor of the Land Use Planning Section is the chairman. One of the problems tackled by the Committee, which has a direct bearing upon the work of the Lands Section of this branch, was the sale of public lands for agricultural purposes. The Committee studied this matter and came up with a "Land Disposition Policy for Northern Ontario" which was accepted by the Government and resulted in an amendment to the Public Lands Act, whereby, in each district where an agricultural community exists, it is now possible to sell a parcel of land tailored to suit the requirements of the potential farmer. This has already resulted in a much improved system and should prevent a great many of the abuses that have taken place as a result of the sale of Crown lands for agricultural purposes in the past. Co-ordination of Recreational Zoning Plans During the year, as the result of a co-operative effort between the Lands Section and the Land Use Planning Section, a revision of instructions governing the functioning of the Recreational Land Use Planning Committees, was set up. This will result in reducing the number of zones and in providing a more uniform method of operation by the different districts across the Province. The respon- sibility for head office guidance at the district meetings and preparation of the recreational plans for the Minister's signature was placed in the Land Use Planning Section. Wilderness Areas A start has been made in establishing a representative number of nature reserves across the Province in each climatic region. The purpose is to preserve in their natural state "forest associations" which, of course, includes the habitat for wildlife. A number of recommendations have been received, and it is hoped that they will all be processed and the areas set aside as a representative group before the end of the next fiscal year. One wilderness area was established during this fiscal year under the Wilderness Areas Act of 1959, as follows: Item No. 88 Timber Island Wilderness Area This consists of 101 acres located in Lake Ontario in the Township of South Marysburg in the County of Prince Edward. This island was a gift to the Crown from Mrs. H. J. Cody of Toronto. The island contains 74 acres of timbered area representing an interesting picture of undisturbed forest development on the shallow limestone sites common in Prince Edward County. This brings the total number of wilderness areas established under the Wilderness Areas Act of 1959 to thirty-six. ENGINEERING SECTION Water Resources Approval of Dams The number of dams approved for construction pursuant to The Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act totalled 35 in the year April 1st, 1961, to March 174 31st, 1962. The approval of these dams involved the examination of 167 plans. One plan for alterations to a dam was examined and approved, one for a dike, diversion and settling basin, and two plans for a diversion of the Don River — a total of 171 plans having been examined during the year. Licences of Occupation Five licences of occupation for damsites and flooding rights were issued during the year. Eleven licences of occupation were cancelled; two because the rights therein contained were to be included in water power lease agreements to issue; one because the licensee no longer required the dam, power now being supplied by The Hydro-Electric Power Commission; two because the licence of occupation was conterminous with the expired water power lease agreement and a new licence is to issue; and six because the dams are no longer required due to the adoption of modern methods in the transportation of pulpwood. A further licence of occupation will be cancelled upon receipt of the District Forester's report on whether or not the dam should be retained as benefitting the Department in the areas of conservation, forst protection and fish and wildlife propagation. Five licences of occupation are in various stages of completion. Water Power Lease Agreements Water Power Lease Agreement No. 60 issued to Spruce Falls Power and Paper Company Limited for the Smoky Falls development in the District of Cochrane, being the second and final renewal lease of Water Power Lease No. 59. Water Power Lease Agreement No. 61 issued to The Algoma Steel Corpora- tion Limited for the water power development at Steephill Falls in the District of Algoma, replacing Water Power Lease Agreement No. 12 which expired with no right of renewal. Water Power Lease Agreement No. 62 issued to Great Lakes Power Corporation Limited for the water privilege designated as Location K.G.4, at Cedar Falls, on the Magpie River, District of Algoma. The installed capacity of all plants under Crown lease increased by 120,000 horsepower during the year to a total of 4,500,490 horsepower as of March 31st, 1962. Field Inspections Fifteen field trips were made to inspect the condition of dams, investigate complaints in regard to weter levels, make surveys of watersheds, and to attend meetings to discuss the operation of dams. Dam Reconstruction The reconstruction of ten dams was recommended to the Department of Public Works continuing the programme of rebuilding abandoned logging dams in the interests of forest protection, conservation and fish and wildlife propagation. Assistance was given to the Public Works engineers in determining a satisfactory regulated water level and obtaining stream flow and historical data useful in designing the new dams. Nine dam reconstruction or repair projects were completed and turned over to the Department of Lands and Forests for operation during the year 1961-62. 175 Buildings During this fiscal year there was an increase of approximately one-third in the number of "A" capital work orders over the previous year. Some of the major "ALF" construction projects carried out were as follows: residences at Outlet Beach Park, Darlington Beach Park, Samuel de Champlain Park, Kenora, and Gogama; maintenance buildings at Timmins and Samuel de Champlain Park; an extensive addition to the headquarters building at Port Arthur; office buildings at Elk Lake, Espanola, and White Lake; a boathouse at Port Burwell, and a packing shed at Orono. New and extended electrical services were provided by the Department of Public Works at the Maple Research Station and, following up on the discovery of a new major water supply, a new reservoir and waterworks system has been constructed. Hatcheries The construction of a fish-ladder at the Nicolston Dam on the Nottawasaga River near Alliston was completed and the structure placed in service. A last- minute modification was made by the addition of a trapping arrangement near the upstream end, including a special basket which can be raised by a hoist so that the fish can be removed, checked individually and tagged for future identification before being released upstream. The results were very gratifying; the ladder was used by a large number of migrant Rainbow Trout. At the Chatsworth Hatchery and Trout Rearing Station, active construction was commenced on the second phase of the renovation. A temporary diversion was established to carry the heavy flow from the springs, a large reinforced- concrete intake and screenchamber was formed and poured, a supply-main was installed from the headpond to the screenchamber, and fourteen 25-foot-diameter, reinforced-concrete circular ponds were formed and poured. Part of the new 24-inch main drain was installed along with a part of the supply piping, and earth work was started for the four new natural ponds. At the Hill's Lake Hatchery and Trout Rearing Station, approximately 1,200 feet of old reinforced-concrete supply flume was replaced with a buried, 36-inch- diameter asbestos-cement water main. This flume carries about 5,000 imperial gallons of water per minute to supply the entire station. At the Pembroke Hatchery and Trout Rearing Station, the extensive water collecting trenches which are the sole source of water for operation, were extended by approximately 1,000 feet. As a result, the available water supply was increased by approximately 30 per cent. In addition, a metering flume was installed complete with a recording flow-meter so that a continuous record may be kept of the total flow. At the White Lake bass ponds, a new water supply system was installed in the temporary hatchery building and six small holding tanks were installed near the building. Preliminary planning was continued for the proposed renovation of the Normandale (Walsh) Hatchery and Trout Rearing Station near Simcoe. Preliminary investigations were made for proposals to create sanctuaries for waterfowl on lands held by the Ontario - St. Lawrence Development Commission and also on lands held by the National Capital Commission. Access Roads — Land Acquisition Approval for expenditure of $268,000 was granted for maintenance of access roads. Requests were forwarded to the Department of Public Works for the acquisition of 36 properties required for departmental purposes. 176 > LiJ > <0 liJ a: I- UJ a: CM UJ <0 I • q: 2> S o UJ q: 2 O q: u. o UJ DC £ UJ a. ro X u a: < e> z o z UJ oc < UJ >- < o to S3niVV dO d38l/^nN 177 CO Ul > a: Z LU :s LjJ O < I- Li. 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I ^ I a I § CVJ cvJ § I §■ ^ 'I- ro' d"H - Aiiovdvo aannviSNi ivioi 183 AGRICULTURAL LAND The fiscal year ending March 31st, 1962 Administrative Sales Cancellations Ass igrnments Patents District No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres Cochrane 1 92.00 2 155.75 19 1590.116 Fort Frances 1 203.00 1 63.32 Kapuskasing 1 100.00 18 1491.60 2 174.50 15 1524.49 Kemptville 1 100.00 Kenora 2 244.81 1 75.45 13 1525.388 Lake Erie 1 450.00 Lake Simcoe 1 100.00 North Bay 1 100.00 2 240.00 9 1177.80 Parry Sound 2 201.00 1 98.02 Pembroke 2 192.807 Port Arthur 7 1004.25 9 1257.507 Sault Ste. Marie 6 942.00 1 74.5 Sioux Lookout 1 160.00 Sudbury 5 497.00 2 240.00 4 525.21 Swastika 17 1303.125 15 1187.69 Tweed 1 100.00 2 400.00 Totals 10 1101.81 58 5892.425 4 330.25 94 10266.848 SUMMER RESORT The fiscal year ending March 31st, 1962 Administrative Sales Cancellations Assignments Patents District No. Acres No. Acres No. Acre^ No. Acres Chapleau 2 1.29 5 10.66 Cochrane 22 15.20 25 16.224 Fort Frances 50 63.20 3 4.72 41 56.71 Geraldton 8 5.25 17 20.27 Gogama 9 18.05 9 18.22 Kapuskasing 16 14.116 11 12.995 Kenora 131 140.347 2 2.27 156 205.517 Lake Erie 43 11.08 47 12.38 Lake Simcoe 51 40.081 4 3.291 2 1.41 57 67.381 Lindsay 89 76.712 8 10.06 2 1.31 340 337.4976 North Bay 92 95.27 6 7.78 1 0.95 116 116.547 Parry Sound 337 333.895 15 23.182 10 15.798 647 663.1021 Pembroke 51 54.95 1 2.00 63 86.852 Port Arthur 80 94.085 77 98.406 Sault Ste. Marie 37 40.159 5 5.62 76 104.00 Sioux Lookout 14 19.48 2 6.43 16 23.812 Sudbury 181 173.310 6 6.22 3 2.13 303 336.646 Swastika 25 18.079 1 3.26 37 29.332 Tweed 132 145.237 4 4.00 2 1.86 163 173.957 White River 21 17.15 28 24.92 Totals 1391 1376.941 55 76.563 22 25.728 2234 2415.4287 184 rf> I 1 U) C z >• < _ -I o u u Of CO J- c by EC 09 .2 b 5^ •go ooo ooo iH O eg o 1-5 (m" 1-1 (M O iH t- (N i-H eC 00 (M 00 to 00 (M 05 00 ■<* t- U500 )C0Oli5'^OOe0-^-*00i-(OO(M'^«£>C0i ) lo o T)< 5£> 05 ic CD CO Ti< 00 to o U3 as as w iH i c CO rji to iH Tj<00i-l CO OS 00 Tl< 00 o eoou5T-tiHOcou3ooi;Da3C CD 00 CO oi 1-4 «D i-H th t-; CO lo iH c (M iH (M 1-1 (M CO iH THif3ini(Mcot~omoo iH ,-1 iH iH c o C MS •" <:2a|li^^^ipit;^il|| j30oa;rteisc8.i:OBS(uoes.2 3&? 185 CITIES. TOWNS and TOWNPLOTS The fiscal year ending March 31st, 1962 Administrative Sales Cancellations Patents Qaitdaim Deeds District No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres Cochrane 8 1.073 2 0.186 4 0.844 Fort Frances 1 0.17 Geraldton 27 5.455 8 1.607 22 4.704 Gogama 8 2.524 3 0.796 Kapuskasing 11 2.976 6 3.235 20 4.946 Kenora 6 4.662 7 8.382 Lake Huron 1 0.081 4 20.651 3 1.34 Lindsay 1 0.5 Parry Sound 1 0.50 Pembroke 4 1.313 1 0.148 Saulte Ste. Marie 1 0.11 Sioux Lookout 7 2.20 1 0.16 8 4.71 Sudbury 10 9.312 12 10.214 Swastika 11 8.114 2 0.34 12 3.438 White River 10 1.70 1 0.18 9 1.63 Totals 104 39.910 20 5.708 105 61.243 3 1.34 FREE GRANT LAND RETURNED SOLDIERS AND SAILORS The fiscal year ending March 31st, 1962 Administrative Cancellations District No. Acres Cochrane 2 153.5 Kapuskasing Kenora Port Arthur Sudbury Swastika 6 678.00 Patents No. Acres 3 308.401 2 209.093 2 184.60 2 256.00 1 80.00 1 79.75 Totals 8 831.5 11 1117.844 FREE GRANT LAND The fiscal year ending March 31st, 1962. Administrative Cancellations District No. Acres Cochrane Fort Frances 1 Kenora 1 Lindsay 1 Parry Sound 33 Pembroke 1 Port Arthur Sault Ste. Marie 2 Sudbury Swastika Tweed 4 Patents No. Acres 150.00 155.64 160.00 100.00 1 50.00 3250.67 5 558.00 101.00 1 71.00 2 316.00 178.00 1 81.20 2 240.125 256.00 1 86.00 Totals 43 4201.31 14 1552.325 186 M z o at < < E I M» Ul a 3 . V o e S ^ n ;z: X :? O tOOO ON o o O Tf CX) o w O —t 0» CO oi r^ lO O ^ 00 1-1 Oa O: 00 00 o> r-i N •-H CO tH CO N |^t000MTl'»-iCs0iO0ie©O» lO O U5 Tj" Ci O O I NOONMNOTfirtOOSod "000000O'<1'^^CCC0'^Cfi COMl^i-Hf-tlrtCC 1-iC^J >o o o o o CC rH N .-. ^H ec u5 lis »© cc o o o o o o t» o CO O O O U3^H lO to O lO lO O -rlJ o wcON coeoio CO LA kO ^ ^-1 t- M OOOOOOOOOOOO OiOONOOWOOt-O ^tO(Ot*00"^'»*N»jOt-CO oo 5 ^ o o o o o CJ »-H o o o s ;z: o o o o to o OOIOOCOO 1-1 c^eoi-t w» oo-^ooootooo-^ l^OOOOOOOUS^DOOO tONNrroacoi-HwJt^oeo to _ — lO t^ 00 t~ -^ M tC -H rt O i-ooeocsM»«^^oooo o o »o o o o o O O I^ O O iO -rr ©O o o o oo O lO o o o ^^ ^ 1- « 05 ift i^ wt- eo-t o MOi N 05 rt CJ -^ OJ -< 05 tC 00 r~ i~ C0 1i5 O MM M e<5 —1 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o OS lO O 00 U3 to O "Tjt 00 1-H Tf to TJI lO O^ to O 00 LO CO o ■^ 00 r-t '«1< to -^ U3 •O505«ooeotowo ^ -^ -^ (M ■2 •» SS.2 B u OJ CjMt4 E^ ic-gt JC 0 o •'6~ r-S+jii 2i -i ^, Is oo 187 PATENTS OFFICE Statement of Patents, etc. issued during the year ending March 31st, 1962 Public Land Patents 2328 Free Grant Patents 14 Free Grant Patents Soldiers & Sailors 11 Patents & Transfers (Town Lots) 108 Miscellaneous Documents 198 Release of Pine 14 2673 Crown Leases 37 Algonquin Park Leases 11 Rondeau Park Lease 1 Timagami Lease 1 Water Power Lease Agreements 2 52 Licenses of Occupation 71 71 Licenses of Occupation Cancelled 62 Crown Leases Cancelled 21 83 CO co CO CO 1 1 — o z UJ o UJ 01 (0 : Z : O : !i i 1 [ I^HI \ SALES CANCE PATENl ^^^^H r- ^^ 1 ■^■^^ 1 , \ 1 ^^^■■H 1 ( 1 ^^■^■1 '-■ . .....,..■;.,;,. 1 ^^^■^H f ^ q 1 ■^^^^■■^ 1 . 1 1 CO ro o < o z UJ or < UJ >- < o in o o o o in o o o o ro O O CVJ O O SNoiiovsNVdi JO Himm 189 LU tn or o ^ o CO 05 ^ Q- h: I o en 00 ro Si IT or O UJ CVJ 110 < q S d in ro 3: o cr. <: o z o LU ce o CO SNOIlOVSNVdl JO d3ai/\inN 190 CO o or o CO LiJ or LU CO o < z o LlJ < LxJ >- < O SNOilOVSNVdl dO d3ai/\inN 191 CO Q CO to o o or < < c_> en SNOIlDVSNVdl JO d3ai/\inN 192 CO CO CO UJ CO ^ CD 2 Q Z LU 00 CD tt: < LU >-■ _l IT) < CD o CO o o ooo OOOOOO OOOOOO O OOOO OOOOoOOOOOO 00 incjto ''l*-J.'^''t.~®''l*H*^ toro ^ ^* ^ ro ro ro ro CJ OJ cj — " — ^ — " SNOiiovsNVdi do daai^fiN 193 CO CO CD ct: o Z! CO CO ID _J C-> o cr CD IDI o < < —I O Q. o (A fO <: o UJ en < o en CO in o o o o CO o o o o o o SNOiiovsNvyi do m^nm 194 CO LU Q- CO a: o CO (£> to a> . u> o ro <£) 05 31 O cc <: :^ in CD e? z Q Z LU CO m a> q: <: LlJ >- t^ _i < CO o o o o o in o m CVJ — — SNOIlOVSNVdl dO d3awnN 195 LAW BRANCH Supervisor G. H. Fer^son Solicitor Solicitor D. A. Crosbie Solicitor Vacant Secretary M. D. Mackay Clerk Stenographers 1. M. M. Bell 2. E. E. Williams 3. J. Purvis Patents Office Head Clerk. E. F. Eaton Principal Clerk B. P. Foster Clerks and Typists 1. M. McLaren 2.M. E. Webb 3. I. Ross Senior Clerk Typist A. F. Tant 196 LAW BRANCH TRANSFER Of PATENTS OFFICE TO LAW BRANCH Effective October 1, 1961, the Patents Office, which formerly had been attached to the Lands and Surveys Branch, was transferred to the Law Branch in order that the work of that office, which is primarily a legal service, might be brought under the direct supervision of the Supervisor of the Law Branch. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE LAW BRANCH Counselling: Advising upon the legal position of the Department in all matters affecting the Department. Interpretation of Statutes and regulations. Preparation of: Legislation, regulations, recommendations to Council, agreements, leases, licences, pleadings, office consolidations of statutes and regulations administered by the Department and briefs and memoranda on special subjects. Recording of Crown land transactions and preparation of title documents: Maintenance of records of Crown land, including sales, leases, licences, cancellations, forfeitures, etc., thereof and advising the public and others on such records; preparation and engrossing of title documents disposing of Crown land, including letters patent, leases and licences of occupation; compilation of statistics and incidental correspondence. Other Legal Services: Including settlement of claims and disputes, collection of bad accounts, conducting litigation, title searching and conveyancing. Legislation At the Session of the Legislature which convened on the 22nd day of November, 1961 and prorogued on the 18th day of April, 1962, The Game and Fish Act, 1961-62, The Gananoque Lands Act, 1961-62 and The Provincial Land Tax Act, 1961-62, were enacted and amendments were made to The Conservation Authorities Act, The Crown Timber Act, The Fish Inspection Act, The Forest Fires Prevention Act, The Forestry Act, The Provincial Parks Act, and The Public Lands Act. Notes On Legislation The Game and Fish Act, 1961-62 The Game and Fisheries Act, which had been last revised in 1946, was completely rewritten to simplify the Act and to bring it into line with present administrative practices. 197 The Gananoque Lands Act, 1961-62 This new Act provided for the disposition of a small parcel of land in the Town of Gananoque to the adjacent owners who have encroached thereon and to the Corporation of the Town of Gananoque. The Provincial Land Tax Act, 1961-62 The Provincial Land Tax Act was completely rewritten for the purpose of bringing the Act in line with modern procedures and to adopt, where practicable, principles of The Assessment Act. The Conservation Authorities Amendment Act, 1961-62 Clause d of section 1 of the Act was repealed and clause g of the said section was re-enacted to provide that "Minister" was defined as the member of the Executive Council designated by the Lieutenant Governor in Council to administer the Act. Subsection 7 of section 4 of the Act was repealed. Section 9 of the Act was re-enacted to provide for the situation where municipal status or boundaries are changed by annexation or amalgamation. Subsection 2 of section 10 of the Act was amended to apply to all municipalities. Complementary to an amendment to section 42, subsection 1 of section 12 of the Act was amended to provide that where the Minister makes a grant to a conservation authority the Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint the chairman of the authority. Subsection 1 of section 13 was amended by striking out "chief officer" in the first line. Subsection 2 of section 14 was repealed. Clause c of section 17 was re-enacted to provide that land could only be sold, leased or otherwise disposed of with the approval of the Lieutenant Governor in Council. Clause d of subsection 1 of section 20 was enlarged to permit regulations regulating or prohibiting the construction of buildings or structures or the dump- ing of fill in or on a pond or swamp or below the high-water mark of a lake, river or stream. Clause b and subclause i of clause c of section 21, subsection 1 of section 22, subsections 1 and 4 of section 24, subsection 1 of section 34, subsection 3 of section 37 and subsection 6 of section 38 were amended by striking out the references to "chief officer". In addition, subsection 3 of section 37 was amended by adding a person appointed by the Minister to the committee mentioned in the subsection and subsection 6 of section 38 was amended to provide that by- laws of municipalities mentioned in the subsection required the approval of the Minister. Section 4 1 a was added to the Act to require auditing of accounts of authorities by a person licensed under The Public Accountancy Act. Section 42 of the Act was re-enacted to provide that the Minister might make grants to an authority provided that such grants in any one year for any one purpose shall not exceed $10,000. The Crown Timber Amendment Act, 1961-62 Section 14 of The Crown Timber Act was amended by adding thereto sub- section la which provided that for the purpose of subsection 1 of section 14 of the Act, chips produced as a by-product of the manufacture of lumber shall be deemed to be manufactured into lumber. 198 Clause a of section 25 of the Act was amended to delete the requirement that a licensee shall file with the Minister an annual statement of measures to be taken to promote and maintain the productivity of the licence area. Subsection 4 was replaced by a subsection authorizing the Minister to enter into agreements for such promotion and maintenance. The Fish Inspection Amendment Act, 1961-62 Section 13 of The Fish Inspection Act was amended by adding thereto clause aa which provides for regulations prohibiting or regulating the marketing of fish that are not inspected or that are below any prescribed grade, quality or standard and to provide that any regulation made under the section may be limited to area, species of fish, time or otherwise. The Forest Fires Prevention Amendment Act, 1961-62 Subsection 1 of section 14 of The Forest Fires Prevention Act was amended to provide for agreements with the Crown in right of Canada or any Province of Canada and any agency of any of them. Subsection 2 of the said section 14 was repealed. The Forestry Amendment Act, 1961-62 Qause c of section 1 of The Forestry Act was amended by striking out of the definition of "owner" the words "and includes the holder of a licence under The Crown Timber Act." The Provincial Parks Amendment Act, 1961-62 Section 9 of The Provincial Parks Act was amended to add "conservation officers" to the list of officers who have, in a provincial park, the authority of a member of the Ontario Provincial Police Force. The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1961-62 Section 2a was added to The PubHc Lands Act to confirm the policy that 25 per cent of the remaining public lands that border on bodies of water shall be set aside and preserved for recreational and access purposes. Section 9 of the Act was amended to provide that the Minister would file the annual report with the Lieutenant Governor in Council and lay it before the Assembly. Subsection 1 of section 15 was re-enacted to extend the zoning principle to all public lands. Subsection 1 of section 17 of the Act was re-enacted to provide for supple- mental regulations respecting the terms and conditions of sale or lease of pubhc lands. New subsection la authorizes the Minister to fix terms and conditions in addition to those required by the regulations. By subsection 3a the Minister was authorized to dispose of lands not disposed of by public auction or tender. Subsection 2 was added to section 25 to permit the extension of the time for the performance of conditions of sale or leases in accordance with regulations. Section 26 dealing with the taking of possession of public lands occupied without authority was re-enacted for the purpose of strengthening these procedures. Section 67a was added to the Act to provide that the use of a public beach for travel is not sufficient to make it a highway. Section 73 of the Act which deals with one-quarter of land subdivided within five years of the Crown grant was re-enacted to strengthen the provisions of the section. 199 Effective Dates: The Game and Fish Act, 1961-62 will come into force on proclamation. The Provincial Land Tax Act, 1961-62 comes into force on January 1, 1963. Except subsection 2 of section 1, which came into force on December 15, 1961, The Conservation Authorities Amendment Act, 1961-62 and The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1961-62 came into force on April 18, 1962. The Crown Timber Amendment Act, 1961-62, and The Gananoque Lands Act, 1961-62 came into force on March 30, 1962. The Fish Inspection Amendment Act, 1961- 62, The Forest Fires Prevention Amendment Act, 1961-62, The Forestry Amend- ment Act, 1961-62 and The Provincial Parks Amendment Act, 1961-62, came into force on December 15, 1961. Regulations Forty-three regulations made under the authority of the Statutes administered by the Department of Lands and Forests were approved and filed during the fiscal year from April 1, 1961 to March 31, 1962. The following are the regulations which were approved and filed: The Conservation Authorities Act O.Reg. 69/62 — New The Forest Fire Prevention Act O.Reg. 117/61 — Amending O.Reg. 96/53 O.Reg. 129 A/61 — New O.Reg. 235/61 — New O.Reg. 236/61 — New The Game and Fisheries Act O.Reg. 72/61 — Amending O.Reg. 243/60 O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. 96/61 — Amending O.Reg. 34/56 99/61 — New 234/61 — New 237/61 — New 242/61 — New 243/61 — New 262/61 — New 264/61 — New 267/61 — Amending Reg. 201 of R.R.O. 1960 271/61- Amending O.Reg. 242/61 279/61 280/61 O.Reg. 281/61- O.Reg. 286/61- O.Reg. 300/61- O.Reg. 305/61- ■O.Reg. 306/61- O.Reg. 320/61- 'O.Reg. 321/61 O.Reg. 322/61 O.Reg. 345/61 O.Reg. 347/61 O.Reg. 352/61 New Amending O.Reg. 242/61 Amending O.Reg. 264/61 Amending O.Reg. 237/61 Amending O.Reg. 234/61 Amending O.Reg. 170/61 Amending O.Reg. 264/61 New New — ■ New and revoking Reg. — 114 of R.R.O. 1960 • Amending Reg. 203 of — R.R.O. 1960 Revoking Reg. 192 of R.R.O. 1960 New — Fill — Lower Thames Valley- Conservation Authority — Fire Districts — Closing Sioux Lookout Fire District — Closing Sioux Lookout Fire District — Closing Kenora Fire District — Open Season for Fur Bearers — Cochrane and Kenora Districts — • Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart — Open Season for Black Bear — Open Season for Deer and Moose — Open Season for Fur Bearers — Open Season for Pheasants — Open Season for Upland Game — Open Season for Rabbit and Squirrel — Hunting Licences — Use of Snares in Lennox and Addington — Open Season for Pheasants Open Season for Black Bear Open Season for Pheasants — Pelee Island Firearms Open Season for Beaver Open Season for Deer and Moose Crown Game Preserves Hunting Licences for Residents Open Season for Moose — Lake Superior Provincial Park Migratory Bird Hunting — Long Point Migratory Bird Hunting — Holiday Beach, Presqu'ile, etc. Sunny Lake Fish Sanctuary Hinterland Areas — Hunting on Crown lands in the town- ships of Bruton and Clyde O.Reg. 355/61 — Amending O.Reg. 281/61 — Restriction on Calibre of Firearms 200 O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. 19/62 20/62 25/62 36/62 O.Reg. 43/62 ■ The Provincial O.Reg. 257/61- — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 — Amending O.Reg, Parks Act — Amending Reg, R.R.O. 1960 The Public Lands Act O.Reg. 370/61 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 O.Reg. 66/62 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 O.Reg. 75/62 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 The Surveys Act O.Reg. 266/61 — New The Wilderness Areas Act O.Reg. 268/61 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 O.Reg. 35/62 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 The Wolf and Bear Bounty Act O.Reg. 265/61 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 203 of — Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart 204 of — Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart 188 of — Crown Game Preserves 201 of —Use of Snares 237/61 — Open Season for Rabbits 499 of — Camp Site Permits 524 of — Sale of Public Lands and Summer Resort Locations 524 of — Prices of Subdivisions — Presqu'ile Provincial Park 524 of —Sale of Public Lands — Prescribing Monuments 567 of — Establishing Wilderness Areas 567 of —Establishing Timber Island Wilder- ness Area 569 of — Removing Bear Bounty ORDERS-IN-COUNCIL RECOMMENDED BY THE MINISTER Of LANDS AND FORESTS DURING THE YEAR 1961-62 THE CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 596/62 ; 606/62 ; 683/62 ; 787/62 ; 904/62 ; 911/62; 603/62 ; 666/62 ; 752/62 ; 901/62 ; 905/62 ; 935/62; 605/62 ; 670/62 764/62 THE CRC 903/62 )WN TIMBER . 907/62 A^CT Numbers of Orders-in-Coi mcil 1288/61 3638/61 ; 4461/61 ; 166/62 ; 561/62 ; 1069/62; 1364/61 3868/61 ; 4462/61 ; 167/62 ; 562/62 ; 1070/62; 1365/61 3872/61 4633/61 209/62 563/62 1366/61 3962/61 4634/61 210/62 615/62 1884/61 4064/61 4719/61 211/62 640/62 1885/61 ; 4065/61 4766/61 212/62 655/62 1887/61 4101/61 4790/61 269/62 690/62 1888/61 4102/61 4791/61 274/62 691/62 1890/61 4214/61 4840/61 362/62 692/62, 1941/61 4216/61 4841/61 364/62, 789/62 2365/61 4378/61 4958/61 366/62 883/62 2513/61 4379/61 5111/61 378/62 884/62 2514/61 4380/61; 29/62; 432/62; 915/62; 2515/61 4385/61 121/62; 507/62; 946/62; 3211/61 4386/61 122/62 508/62 947/62 3304/61 4434/61 125/62 559/62 948/62; 3409/61, 4435/61; 128/62; 560/62; 1068/62; 201 THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 1378/61 2516/61; 4058/61; 78/62 1999/61 3097/61; 4548/61; 88/62 2088/61 3586/61; 4957/61; 604/62 2476/61 3588/61; 53/62; 2310/61; THE FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 1391/61 3210/ei 916/62 THE FINES AND FORFEITURES ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 1886/61; THE FOREST FIRES PREVENTION ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council THE GAME AND FISHERIES ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 1678/61 2538/61 3126/61; 3137/61; 3493/61; 3494/61; 3935/61; 4090/61; 4415/61 4515/61 2772/61 3335/61; 3801/61; 4104/61; 4531/61 2789/61 3469/61; 3868/61; 4117/61; 355/62 506/62; 5075/61; THE LAKE OF THE WOODS CONTROL BOARD ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 3129/61; 3154/61; 3437/61; 4547/61; MISCELLANEOUS Numbers of Orders-in-Council 4574/61; 5076/61; 208/62; 289/62; 414/62; 509/62; 4067/61; 645/62; THE MUNICIPAL ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council THE 198/62; ONTARIO NORTHLAND TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council THE PARKS ASSISTANCE ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 894/62; 908/62; S09/62; 202 3104/61; THE PROVINCIAL PARKS ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council THE PUBLIC LANDS ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 1363/61; 3202/61 4238/61 4743/61 1676/61; 3896/61 4377/61 4763/61 1680/61; 3963/61 4446/61 4789/61 1682/61; 4063/61, 4463/61 4794/61 2081/61; 4131/61 4464/61 4923/61 2085/61; 4180/61 4481/61 4956/61 2087/61; 4194/61; 4484/61 5109/61 2186/61; 4206/61 4533/61 5110/61 2374/61; 4217/61 4540/61 42/62 2713/61; 4218/61 4642/61 43/62 3149/61; 4224/61 4658/61 135/62 3155/61; 4237/61 ; 4742/61 ; 164/62 170/62, 620/62 197/62, 641/62 270/62 790/62 279/62 791/61 363/62 821/62 370/62 885/62 407/62 886/62 428/62 910/62 457/62 1015/62 564/62 1067/62 567/62 1071/62 568/62 ; 1094/62 3303/61; 4938/61; 5075/61; 3136/61; 3138/61; 474/62; 3135/61; THE PUBLIC SERVICE ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council THE SURVEYS ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council THE WILDERNESS AREAS ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council THE WOLF AND BEAR BOUNTY ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council Total number of Orders-in-Council — 242 (Orders-in-Council passed under two statutes are shown in both lists). Federal-Provincial Co-operative Agreements 1. Forest Inventory, Reforestation Nurseries By an agreement dated July 20th, 1961, between the Government of Can- ada as represented by the Honourable Hugh John Flemming, Minister of Forestry, and the Government of Ontario as represented by the Honourable J. W. Spooner, Minister of Lands and Forests, the agreement of January 28th, 1952, as amend- ed by the agreement of December 20th, 1956, regarding forest inventory, re- forestation and nurseries, v^^as extended to the 31st day of March, 1962. The amending agreement provides that no payment shall be made by Canada in respect of claims made after the 30th day of September, 1962. 203 2. Management of Forestry Lands owned by the National Capital Commission By an agreement dated the 16th day of August, 1961, between the Minister of Lands and Forests and the National Capital Commission, made pursuant to the provisions of The Forestry Act, the forestry lands of the Commission de- scribed in the agreement and additional forestry lands from time to time are placed under the administration of the Department of Lands and Forests for management for forestry purposes at the expense of the Province until the 31st day of March, 2011, In addition to forestry management parts of the land may be developed for public recreational purposes provided the Commission is agree- able to the use of the part to be developed. Land may be returned to the Commission upon payment by the Commission of the expenses of the Province less any revenue, but not including interest. Upon expiration or termination of the agreement the Commission will pay to Ontario the expenses of the Province less the revenue, without including interest, and if there is an excess of revenue above the expenses the excess will be paid to the Commission without interest. The agreement provides for meetings every two years to review the agreement and the action taken thereunder. 3. Forest Fires Protection on Indian Reserves By an agreement dated the 31st day of July, 1961, between the Govern- ment of the Province of Ontario as represented by the Honourable J. W. Spooner and the Government of Canada as represented by the Honourable Ellen L. Fair- clough, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, it was agreed that Ontario would do all things necessary to extinguish grass, brush or forest fires occurring on Indian reserves and surrendered lands as defined by the Indian Act within the fire districts of Ontario and assume the full cost of the prevention and con- trol of such fires. Prevention and detection services shall be the same as Ontario provides for adjacent public lands. Where a fire originates on a part of an Indian reserve or surrendered land that is held under a timber licence by a person who is not an Indian, Canada shall pay Ontario the full cost incurred by Ontario in controlling and extinguishing the fire. For the services provided Can- ada shall pay to Ontario 2c an acre except the acreage which is held under timber licence by non-Indians. For the year 1961 the acreage was 873,297 acres with a payment of $17,465.94. The agreement provides that the annual payments made by Canada will be adjusted due to changes in the acreage of Indian reserves, surrendered lands and licensed areas. 4. Forest Access Roads and Trails By an agreement made in January, 1962, between the Government of Can- ada as represented by the Honourable Hugh John Flemming, Minister of Forestry and the Government of Ontario as represented by the Honourable J. W. Spooner, the agreement of the 9th of March, 1961, respecting the construction of forest access roads and trails and the sharing of the cost thereof, was extended to the 31st day of March, 1962. 5. Management of Renewable Resources in Northern Ontario By an agreement made the 24th day of January, 1962, between Her Ma- jesty the Queen in right of Ontario as represented by the Honourable J. Wilfrid Spooner, Minister of Lands and Forests and Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada as represented by the Honourable Ellen Loucks Fairclough, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Ontario and Canada agreed to a programme to replace the ten-year joint fur resource programme inaugurated in 1950 which programme is designed to improve the livelihood of persons resident in the re- 204 mote or under-developed areas of the Province, many of whom are Indians. The agreement covers the period from April 1st, 1962 to March 31st, 1972, and may be terminated by one-year's written notice. The agreement is primarily applicable to the Bruce Peninsula and that part of Ontario lying north and west of the southerly boundary of the Parry Sound and Pembroke Forest Districts. The agreement applies to development, management and harvesting of the following resources: (a) Commercial fishing including all aspects of sustained yield production and quality control; Fishing and hunting for domestic use; Sports fishing and hunting, including instruction and assistance to guides and outfitters, and public hunting on Indian Reserves on a fee basis; Wild rice, blue cherries and other wild crops; Forestry, including pulp or lumber production, forest fire protection and training in relation thereto; Processing and marketing of products, including fur, derived from the resources which are the subject of this agreement. The agreement provides for an advisory committee of five members, three (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) A Conservation Officer checks hunting licences, Lindsay District. 205 from Ontario, one of whom shall be the chairman. It is a duty of the advisory committee to advise Ontario and Canada with respect to development, manage- ment and cropping of the renewable natural resources including, where necessary or expedient in the interest of primary producers, the processing and sale of such products and the distribution of the proceeds amongst the persons for whose benefit the development programme has or will be undertaken. The committee will submit an annual programme and a budget and Ontario will, provided monies are appropriated therefor by the Legislature, undertake the administra- tion, supervision and management of the programmes or special projects and will expend $200,000 annually. Provided monies are appropriated by Parliament, Canada will pay Ontario $50,000 annually for administration and supervision expenses plus 50% of all other expenses of the programmes and projects pro- vided the total amount payable by Canada does not exceed $100,000 or 50% of the amount actually expended, whichever is the lesser. The agreement pro- vides that administration and supervision costs may include salaries and expenses, including air transportation, in whole or in part, of overseers, conservation offi- cers, management officers, biologists, and others who by agreement are engaged in the supervision and management of resource programmes other than fur. It also provides that other costs may include field investigations directed to man- agement, including taking of animal censuses; lake examinations to determine the safe level of production; management research and fur marketing projects; transfers of live fur-bearing or game animals; restocking with fish and applica- tion of such other rehabilitation techniques as will bring development projects more quickly into sustained yield production; shore installations such as ice houses, packing sheds and docks for the primary production of round or dressed fish in- cluding where necessary, living accommodation for seasonal staff; purchase or rental of boats, canoes, motors and other patrol or camp equipment used by supervisors, inspectors or research personnel; such other and additional items as are included in the advisory committee budget and approved by the parties to the agreement. The agreement provides for a study of processing and marketing facilities which, if undertaken, will be carried out under supplementary agree- ments. Fish processing plants, establishments for fur marketing, or plants for processing and storage of any product will only be established where private companies have failed or refused to do so after being given a reasonable oppor- tunity to undertake the work at their own cost without subsidy or guarantee. The agreement provides that subject to cancellation and any treaty or statute, the principle of previous use and occupation will be continued to be applied in the allocation of trapping, commercial fishing and wild crop harvesting rights. It was further agreed that licences for the commercial harvesting of resources will be issued only to primary producers and that individuals who do not person- ally participate in producing or harvesting at the primary level shall not be eligible for any licence which governs the production or the harvesting of the resources v/hich are subject to the agreement. The agreement provides that Indians shall be liable to the payment of all licence and other fees. Ontario agrees that where suitably trained Indians are available it will give consideration to employment of such Indians in connection with the programme. Canada may appoint a field officer for liaison purposes. 6. Campgrounds and Picnic Areas The winter works programme respecting the development of campgrounds and picnic areas was continued for the period from October 15, 1961 to May 31, 1962 on the terms and conditions applied in previous years. 206 One of 3,341 groups to whom Department personnel gave lectures or showed films during the past fiscal year. -^jn^Wm^i rX •,""«'' J Lands and Forests won four awards in the AACI competition. See under Publications and Films for details. 207 S20 o 5 o o z Rasp OH > 9^< S< M ■ 2*?=; o„ -2 = |hS 3 ^1 oiii: -i :e;f OS F^ ld™di< > s 2' U. y 5 > S c.! L ,_,» a S 5fcL< -?< . - zoag ;s'"s 1 JjS s 01 FICE MANAGEMENT Sub-Section Supervisor A. F. Madore Ijl Equipment Inventory B. Holway Circular Production & Clerical Mrs. N. J. Johnson Miss A. Henry Personnel Staff Records and Seasonal Staff Requirements PURCHASING Sub-Section Supervisor G. A. Harper General Procurement W. H. Smith Purchase Order Preparation Mrs. M. Davidson Purchasing Clerk '.Mrs. M. Harvey Stock-Card Records Clerk Mrs. M. Buck Invoice Accounting .Miss M. Turner ■K%^ 0 == g f^ffl ^ Im Rec McGly s. J. M ss Mess ass :isS S S: 208 OPERATIONS BRANCH GENERAL ORGANIZATION As of March 31, 1962, Operations Branch was composed of four sections: 1. Office Management Section 2. Central Supply Warehouse Section 3. Conservation Information Section 4. Conservation Education Section 1. Office Management Section directs most of the purchasing for the Depart- ment, generally, including all pertinent aspects such as tenders, quotations, cur- rent catalogue prices and the study of ever-changing products. The Section is responsible for — the inventory and control of office furniture and equipment; the condition of all office machines of the Department; the processing of all requisitions of stationery supplies for the Department; the control of supply and demand for uniforms; and the liaison required in the organization of conferences, meetings, etc. 2. Central Supply Warehouse Section is charged with the receipt and main- tenance of stock, the keeping of stock records, and the supply of equipment. 3. Conservation Information Section issues weekly news and special press releases; operates a photograph, slide and cut service; handles a large volume of correspondence and personal enquiries on the use of renewable, natural re- sources; prepares special articles and background material for outside agencies; prepares and places both display and classified advertisements; maintains a ref- erence library; and publishes more than 100 books, pamphlets and reports for Department use and general distribution. 4. Conservation Education Section is responsible for the production and man- agement of Department displays and exhibits throughout the Province (including the Canadian National Exhibition); for poster contests for school children; for the production of motion picture films dealing with fire control, timber products, fish and wildlife resources and parks; for preparation and delivery of lectures or discussions in schools and camps; and for radio and television broadcasts. OFFICE MANAGEMENT SECTION Purchasing Subsection This subsection, charged with procurement of supplies and services for the department throughout the province, experienced a widespread activity, covering purchasing and its related aspects as well as other diversified duites. In the period under review, there were received some nine-thousand-odd requisitions for supplies and services, which was the basis for the issuance of 3,658 direct purchase orders, 1873 Queen's Printer stationery orders, 493 Queen's Printer printing orders and 324 Public Works requisitions. In an analysis of work performed, the following activities were as prom- inently noted as heretofore: 209 1. Receipt and recording of all requisitions from head office and regional and district offices, requiring decision as to what could be supplied from stock and what was to be ordered; 2. quotation calls, opening of same in committee and recommendations; 3. investigation and procurement procedures for all purchases, including also preparation of direct purchase orders and requisitions to the Queen's Printer and the Department of Public Works, and expediting of same; 4. maintenance of accurate inventory control; 5. liaison between this department and the Department of Public Works for office and other space requirements throughout the province and for which leases and rentals are arranged and other related matters attended to; 6. supervision of telephone and lighting demands, moving and other internal and external office requirements; 7. arrangements for accommodation, travel, conferences, etc; 8. correspondence, preparation of reports; 9. special assignments. Correspondence, telephone and interviewing are media which were employed extensively. This subsection was on the alert for new items and trends in office equip- ment and supplies and developments on existing ones. District and head offices were kept informed of these matters and their suppHers where it was deemed warranted, and descriptive sheets and catalogues were suppHed to the afore- mentioned offices. Office Management Subsection Office Management Subsection was responsible for office services and the preparation of estimates which included equipment and supplies, stationery and office outfitting, travel, maintenance and operating, payrolls, uniforms, pubUca- tions and public appeals. 2. The inventory of all major equipment in the province belonging to the de- partment. This included trucks, cars, boats, canoes, power plants, shop equip- ment, tools, fire hose, outboard motors, office machines, etc. There were some 2,000 power units including mobile, marine and stationary. 3. Invoices covering all purchases for head office and field offices were pro- cessed in this subsection as to fair price, confirmation of proper item, and actual receipt of material. The invoices were then coded to proper vote and item and forwarded to the Accounts Branch for processing and payment. 4. Circulars and Bulletins. All circulars and bulletins required by the depart- ment were processed through this section after they were approved by the Cir- cular Board. This involved the cutting of stencils, the follow-up through the duplicating room, and distribution. All revisions of circulars and bulletins in effect in the branch were carried through by this section, including an annual review to publish a list of the circulars and bulletins to be retained in effect. This involved close study and checking with all other branches as it might affect them. 5. Uniforms. There were approximately 1,500 approved personnel in uniform on the staff of this department including seasonal Parks staff. A continuous record was kept of each individual's uniform account which was checked against 210 requisitions for uniform items, and requisitions were approved according to scale of issue. Included in the estimates for the coming fiscal year must be an accurate estimate of funds required for the uniform programme. An application for each item of uniform was sent to the manufacturer together with measurement chart. Constantly changing problems such as size, fit and type, of individual require- ments had to be resolved. 6. Records. Records pertinent to all Crown Lands of the province were con- trolled through the Records Office. Assembly, indexing and classification of all incoming correspondence, compiling of new files and distribution to the offices in which officials required any particular files, were the main responsibilities of this office. There were approximately 500 files sent out and returned in any given day. Every new letter pertaining to any of 300,000 files was recorded, sent to the pertinent offices for handling, and finally added to the proper file for record. During the current fiscal year, record files up to and including all plans and surveys to the end of 1915 were microfilmed. 7. Boat Licensing. This subsection was responsible through the Federal De- partment of Transport for the processing of applications for licences for all de- partment boats. Some marine units of the department required only a licence number, and others required registration showing home port, tonnage, dimensions, etc., depending on the specifications of the marine unit in question. Specifications of the boats supplied to this section were used to prepare the necessary applica- tions for licences including tonnage, etc. 8. Special Assignments. Because of the nature of the work, there was almost a daily demand for services where immediate action and organization were re- quired. CENTRAL SUPPLY WAREHOUSE SECTION This section is responsible for receipt of stock, housing and distribution of: stationery supplies, all fish and game licences, uniform articles to our Head Office and districts throughout the province. A cross-section of statistics is outlined below as a guide to the volume of work handled by the Central Supply Warehouse. Stockroom Tonnage received from April 1, 1961, to March 31, 1962:- Ton Cwt. Lbs. 290 5 85 Shipments were made by express, freight, transport and mail, also the internal supply to department offices throughout the city. Tonnage shipped from April 1, 1961, to March 31, 1962:- Ton Cwt. Lbs. 253 9 20 Distribution and Collating Distribution and collating of material are essential and integral parts of this section which includes collating, stapling and distribution of: circulars, bulletins, acts, bills, technical reports, weekly newsletters. Fish and Wildlife Review, Re- source Management Report, Land Tax Bills, fishing summaries, hunting sum- maries, game cards, etc. 211 Statistics from April 1, 1961, to March 31, 1962:- Information Bulletins 63,175 Circulars 24,415 News Releases 113,048 Extracts from Fishery Reg. 10,483 Land Tax Act 10,832 Game and Fishery Act & Fishing Reg. 38,056 Summary Hunting Reg. 339,935 Land Tax Bills 38,300 Provincial Parks Book 43,610 Book Covers and Letters 173,181 Miscellaneous Distributions 341,379 Total — 1,196,414 Licence Issuing Room There were over thirty various types of hunting, angling, trapping, trap-line, guide, frog, dip-net, roll net, and bait fish Mcences issued to licence issuers and our own district offices throughout the province. Certain licences were also sent to issuers in the U.S.A. The quantities of licences received from the printers varied from 500 to 550,000 each. The number of licences prepared and checked for mailing and express totalled 1,392,043 and were forwarded from 13,577 invoices to over 2800 issuers. In addition to the foregoing, 197,700 Provincial Park Annual Vehicle En- trance Permits, 362,700 Daily Permits, 265,500 Camp-Site Permits and 293,000 Fur Seals were distributed. Uniform Room The Department's uniform stockroom is also located in this section. A stock of replacement uniform articles are carried and issues are shipped to personnel as authorized by requisition. CONSERVATION INFORMATION SECTION The Section disseminates information concerning Department operations and the conservation of the renewable, natural resources under Lands and Forests administration. It works through many media to bring to as many people as possible a better understanding of Department policies and conservation prin- ciples. News The Lands and Forests news release is mailed every week to all newspapers and all radio and television stations in Ontario. Its circulation of 2,100 includes class magazines, outdoor writers, conservation groups and hunters' and anglers' clubs and associations. It is popular with outside agencies because it delivers news, opinions and governmental regulations in a form easily adapted for im- mediate use; its contents are frequently reprinted with little or no editorial change. The use of news release material by publications and outdoor writers in the United States contributes to Ontario's tourist trade. Relatively short items have been expanded into feature articles in large-circulation magazines. The news release lists coming conventions and other events of interest to 212 sportsmen, naturalists, conservationists and professions and industries concerned with aspects of Lands and Forests administration. News of more than normal urgency is given immediate public notice by spot press releases which go directly to important news outlets. Correspondence The Section answers requests for information on such subjects as hunting and fishing regulations, camping facilities, tourist accommodation, summer cot- tage properties, and the purchase and planting of forest tree seedlings; many of these requests come from the United States. In addition, students and teachers at schools and universities apply for information of a scientific nature. Visitors at the larger fairs and exhibitions apply for printed material at Lands and Forests information centres. During the fiscal year, the Section returned 30,000 answers by mail, an in- crease of 800 over the previous year. This total does not include the numerous requests for information answered in person and over the telephone. Photographs The Section operates a darkroom and a photograph library which contains approximately 18,000 black-and-white 8" x 10" photographs, 3,000 colour (35mm) transparencies, 200 ektachrome (4" x 5") transparencies, and a stock of half-tone and line cuts used in Lands and Forests publications. The library provides sets of transparencies for use in lectures on fish species and tree species and 175-piece sets of black-and-white prints for identification of trees and shrubs. During the fiscal year, the library loaned approximately 9,000 black-and- white prints to newspapers and magazines, 900 transparencies to lecturers and text book publishers, and 100 cuts to publishers. Appeals Special appeals are prepared by the Section for news media to enlist public support of Department programmes, principally in the fields of forest fire pre- vention and hunter safety. During the past year, the Section placed 52 administrative advertisements in 35 newspapers to call for tenders on timber cutting, etc. Articles The concentration of conservation messages is increased by special services performed for outside agencies. Articles are written on request for newspapers and magazines when the subject is related to some aspect of Lands and Forests operations; illustrative photographs are usually supplied to attract reader interest. Background material is supplied on request to outside writers and commentators. Department personnel are often invited to address meetings of sports clubs, conservation groups and service organizations. The material for a number of these addresses is prepared by Section staff. Library The Section's reference library contains copies of all Lands and Forests literature and a variety of books, periodicals and press clippings; it includes early reports and legislative journals dating from 1856. 213 Publicaiions The Department was honoured at the 1962 annual meeting of the American Association for Conservation Information by the award of two First prizes and one Third prize for Lands and Forests publications in a competition including 220 entries from 46 States and six Provinces. First Place awards were won by Meet the Wildlife of Ontario's Outdoors, a booklet with colour drawings for school children, and Highlights, 1961 , the condensed version of the Annual Report of the Minister, clarified with charts and drawings for public distribution. The Third Place award went to Mammals of Ontario, a cover for text books, approved for distribution to schools by the Department of Education. Department booklets, leaflets and folders cover many aspects of Lands and Forests operations, providing information of interest to the general public and to special groups. As new material becomes available, new titles are issued and old ones are revised to meet the ever-growing demand for information. Annual Report of the Minister (Part I) presents a detailed account of Department operations during the preceding fiscal year as prepared by separate branches and sections. A Statistical Reference of Lands and Forests Administration is a pocket-size book which gives a record of the administration across the past few decades. List of Publications (*Indicates publications issued during the 1961-62 fiscal year.) CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES Conservation Authorities Act Conservation Reports Conservation Authorities in Ontario FISH AND WILDLIFE Sport Fishes of Ontario (Chart in Colour) $1.00 Population Studies of Ring-Necked Pheasants on Pelee Island (Wildlife Series, No. 4) $2.00 Game Birds Need Cover Guide's Manual $0.25 Fishing in Lake Simcoe - $2.00 Ten Commandments of Gun Safety Why Hunter Safety Training? Trapper's Manual (revised) * Biological Investigations of Traplines in Northern Ontario, 1951-56 (Wildlife Series No. 8 — Summary for Trappers) *The Lake Sturgeon *The Game and Fisheries Act and The Ontario Fisheries Regulations * Summary of Ontario Trapping Regulations * Summary of Ontario Hunting Regulations * Summary of Ontario Fishing Regulations *Extract from Ontario Fishery Regulations (Poster) FOREST PROTECTION Forest Protection in Ontario Wings Over Ontario Operation: Survival in the Woods *The Forest Fire Prevention Act * Early Days 214 LANDS AND SURVEYS List of Water Powers -. $0.75 List of Geographical Townships $0.50 A Second Look at Aerial Surveys Ontario Resources Atlas $1.00 Price List of Lithographed Maps and Plans Lands for Settlement Summer Resort Lands (revised) *Crown Surveys in Ontario LAW Complete Set of 21 Acts Administered by the Department (without binders) $5.00 OPERATIONS A Teacher's Guide to Forest Conservation Meet the Wildlife of Ontario's Outdoors $0.35 Camping in the Muskoka Region $2.00 How to Survive in the Woods Camping Safety Folder Dictionary of Terms *The Birch Bark Canoe *Brief Messages *Common Trees (spruce, white pine, jack pine, yellow birch, sugar maple) *Common Birds (Bluebird, Black-capped Chickadee and White-throated Nuthatch, Flicker, Evening Grosbeak, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Song Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, and Scarlet Tanager) ♦Common Mammals (Beaver, Black Bear, Coyote, Red Fox, Muskrat, Otter, Cottontail Rabbit, Squirrels, Timber Wolf, and Woodchuck or Ground- hog) *Annual Report of the Minister of Lands and Forests Part I — Detailed Part II — Highlights *A Statistical Reference of Lands and Forests Administration ♦Administrative Branches Chart *List of Publications for Distribution (The following reprints of articles in Sylva, Your Lands and Forests Re- view, discontinued in February, 1961, were still available.) Snakes Alive The Massasauga Rattler The Ontario Tree Seed Plant Forests for the Future The White Bass The Yellow Perch The Lake Trout The Northern Pike The Lake Sturgeon The Carp The Rainbow Trout The Smallmouth Bass The Largemouth Bass The Atlantic Salmon The Aurora Trout PARKS Algonquin Story $2.00 Algonquin Provincial Park *Quetico Provincial Park *Wasaga Beach Provincial Park *Canoe Routes — Algonquin *Canoe Routes — Quetico ♦Provincial Parks of Ontario (revised) Provincial Parks in Ontario (Canadian Geographical Reprint) A Guide to Anglers in Algonquin Park So You Want to Go Camping? Check List of Birds — Algonquin Check List of Birds — Rondeau Check List of Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines — Algonquin 215 Check List of Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines — Rondeau Check List of Ferns, Fern Allies and Herbaceous Flowering Plants — Algonquin Check List of Ferns, Fern Allies and Herbaceous Flowering Plants — Rondeau Check List of Mammals — Algonquin Check List of Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles — Algonquin PERSONNEL *Ontario Forest Ranger School Prospectus *Ontario Forest Ranger School (Information Brochure) ♦Ontario Forest Ranger School Year Book RESEARCH Currents and Water Masses of Lake Huron (Res. Rep. No. 35) An Experiment with Wrapping Materials for Bales of Nursery Stock (Res. Rep. No. 37) Forest Research in Ontario An Experiment on Culling and Grading of White Spruce Nursery Stock. Part A: The Percentage of Cull (Res. Rep. No. 38) Experimental Planting of Tubed Seedlings (Res. Rep. No. 39) An Underplanting and Release Experiment, 1954-58 (Res. Rep. No. 40) A Field Test of Dunemann Stock (Res. Rep. No, 41) Forest Site Evaluation in Ontario (Res. Rep. No. 42) The Shaping of Pine Trees by Pruning and Shearing (Res. Rep. No. 43) ♦Moisture Relations of Nursery Stock (Res. Rep. No. 45) The Classification of Biotic Site Rapid Germination of White Pine Seed (For. Chron. Sept. 59) Identification of Forest Soils on Aerial Photographs (For. Chron. Mar. 59) A Summer Field Grafting Technique for White Pine (For. Chron. 59) The Effect of Photo Period on White Pine Seedling Growth (For. Chron. June 61) Regional Site Research (For. Chron. Dec. 60) Natural Layering of Black Spruce B.S.P. in Northern Ontario (For. Chron. Sept. 61) Forest Tree Breeding and Genetics in Canada (Genetics Soc. Can. 58) II miglioramento del pioppa nel Canada Orientale (Cellulosa e Carta, 9-3-58) The Hybrid Pinus pence Griseb. x Pinus Strobus (Silvae Genetica, 58) Soil-Forest Relationships in the Site Regions of Ontario (N.A. Conf. East Lansing, Mich. 59) Soil-Forest Relationships in the Site Regions of Ontario (For-Soil Conf. Sept. 58) Comparison of Forest Ecosystems (Vegetation and Soil) in Different Climatic Zones (Silva Fennica. 60) The Glackmeyer Report of Multiple Land-Use Planning $4.00 Some Effects of Smelter Pollution North East of Faleonbridge, Ontario (Can. Jour. Bot. 60) The Influence of Smelter Fumes on the Chemical Composition of Lake Waters Near Sudbury and upon the Surrounding Vegetation (Can. Jour. Bot. 60) The Survival of Yearling Lake Trout Planted in South Bay, Lake Huron (Can. Fish. Cult. 23.58) Further Observations on the Survival of Yearling Lake Trout Planted in South Bay (C.F.C.26.60) A Modified Roller Press for Scale Impressions (Can, Fish. Cult. 26.60) Variation in Vertebral Count in F2 Hybrids of Salvelinus Fontinalis x S. Namaycush (Can. Fish. Cult. 26.60) Homing Behaviour in Spawning Lake Trout (Can. Fish Cult. 26.60) Short-term Storage of Brook Trout Milt (Prog. Fish-Cult. 59) Use of Tricaine Methanesulfonate (M.S. 222) in Transport of Live Fish Without Water (Prog. F-C. Oct. 59) The First Filling of Swim Bladder in Salmonoids (Can. J. Zool. 38.60) The Preferred Temperature of Fish and Their Midsummer Distribution in Temperate Lakes and Streams (Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 58) Studies on River-Spawning Populations of Lake Trout in Eastern Lake Superior (Am. Fish Soc. Publ. 87.58) Survival and Growth of Tagged Lake Trout in South Bay, Lake Huron (Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 89.60) 216 Selectivity of Gill Nets for Lake Whitefish (Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 89.60) The Use of Lead Versenate to Place a Time Mark on Fish Scales (Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 89.60) Some Relations Between Air Temperatures and Surface Water Tempera- tures of Lakes (Limn, and Ocean. July 59) Tularemia among Muskrats, Walpole Island (Can. Jour. Comp. Med. May 59) Wildlife Management and Sylvatic Rabies in Ontario (Can. Soc. W & F Biologists. 59) *The Ecological Basis of Land-Use Planning TIMBER Manual of Scaling Instructions Manual of Timber Management, Part 4. Timber Marking for Special Cutting Operations $0.50 Forest Resources Inventory Reports No. 1 North Bay- No. 2 Temiskaming No. 3 Cochrane No. 4 Kapuskasing No. 5 Geraldton No. 6 Port Arthur No. 7 Algonquin No. 8 Parry Sound No. 9 White River No. 10 Sudbury No. 12 Chapleau No. 13 Gogama No. 14 Fort Frances No. 15 Kenora No. 16 Sioux Lookout No. 17 Kemptville No. 18 Tweed No. 19 Lindsay No. 20 Lake Simcoe No. 21 Lake Huron No. 22 Lake Erie No. 23 Potentially Exploitable Area No. 24 Normal Yield Tables No. 25 Cull Studies Reforestation in Ontario The Farm Woodlot Woodlot Improvement Planning for Tree Planting Care and Planting of Forest Trees Forest Tree Planting Manual of Seed Collecting Forest Trees of Ontario $0.50 Hardwood Trees of Ontario $0.50 Fifty Years of Reforestation in Ontario $0.50 The G. Howard Ferguson Forest Station *Orono Forest Station *Midhurst Forest Station *Johnny Acorn Says ♦The Timber Acts *A Manual for Forest Tree Nursery Soil Management $5.25 CONSERVATION EDUCATION SECTION Conservation Education Section conducts an educational programme which consists of the type of appeals calculated to attract public interest and explain in easily understandable terms the need for the wise use of the renewable natural resources. Visual Education Head Office Film Library now contains 250 titles, with two or more prints of many of the titles. All films are available for loan to Field Offices upon request. 217 During the year more than 500 requests were filled, and these consisted of from one to six titles each. Thirteen 16 mm sound projectors with 12" speakers were purchased for replacement in the Field. Each District has its own projector, and it has access to Regional Film Libraries as well as Head Office Film Library. Three new 35 mm slide projectors were purchased during the year. This Section loaned 16 mm motion picture projectors, 35 mm slide projectors, screens and films to the Provincial Parks offering an interpretive programme to the public during the summer months. 16mm Film Several thousand feet of motion picture film is available for use on television and is used by T.V. outlets throughout the Province. The section produced four new colour/sound films entitled "Parks for the People" — 22 minutes; "Shore and Water Birds" — 15 minutes; "Creatures of the Forest — 14 minutes; and "Wings of the Wild" — 14 minutes. The film "Parks for the People" was awarded First Prize by the American Association for Conservation Information in competition with 52 other Provinces and States. During the year, the following films were added to Head Office and Field Film Libraries: "Air Tanker Attack" "Beaver Valley" "Creatures of the Forest" "Field Trip to a Fish Hatchery" "The Forest Grows" "Helicopters in Fire Control" "Life in the Woodlot" "Muzzleshy" "Parks for the People" "The Pond" "Quetico" "Safety on the Water" "Shore and Water Birds" "Smoke and Weather" "Time and Terrain" "Wings of the Wild" Radio and Television Radio and television stations throughout the Province have been most generous in their donations of free time to the Department, and Districts regularly take advantage of these opportunities to reach the public. In addition to radio programmes, several Districts now conduct regular, live television broadcasts of their own. The Section also supplies Districts with films for use on television. Exhibits Visual conservation appeals are featured in the Department's exhibit at some seventy-five of the most popular shows and fairs in Ontario. The major exhibits were as follows: Canadian National Exhibition — Toronto Many new improvements were made to our exhibit area in the Ontario Government Building this year. Some new displays were added, such as the portable Forest Protection, Small Boat Safety and Hunter Safety Panels, and one depicting Dutch Elm Disease. The actual making of canoe paddles and axe 218 handles by an Indian, was featured in the outdoor trappers' wild fur display. Other displays featured were Timber Management, Parks, Forest Protection, game fish, snakes, animals, birds and the Children's Poster Contest. A nature trail was arranged on the mound with cages containing small animals and various species of trees were planted, and these were identified by sign cards for the viewing public. The Conservation Poster Contest for Elementary School children from six to fourteen years of age was held again this year. A Grand Prize of $100.00 was presented for the best poster. First, second and third prizes, in each of three age groups, in amounts of $50.00, $25.00 and $15.00 were awarded. Thirty Honour- able Mentions, ten in each age group, were presented with books. Canadian National Sportsmen's Show — Toronto Our exhibit featured Hunter Safety Theatre, Trapper's Wild fur display, and Smokey Bear. The actual making of canoe paddles and axe handles by an Indian was featured in the wild fur display. The new Hunter Safety Cartoon Panels and the Small Boat Safety Panels were also used. Fish, animals and birds were also on display. Central Canada Exhibition — Ottawa A display depicting woodlot management was featured. Fish and animals were also on display. International Plowing Match — Belleville Woodlot Management was the theme of this exhibit, with a tree-planting demonstration. Animals were also displayed. Timmins' Sportsmen's Show — Timmlns This exhibit featured a Fish and Wildlife display of furs, fish, game and Hunter Safety. Forest Protection was also featured. Royal Agricultural Winter Fair — Toronto The new Timber Management Models depicting "Thinning Plantations Pays", "Wood Provides Employment" and "Good Woodlot Management Pays" and five panels identifying important wood species. Four cages of animals were also displayed. Full co-operation was given the District Office at Port Arthur for the Canadian Lakehead Exhibition held in Port Arthur and the North-Westem Sportsmen's Show in Fort William. Lecture Tours Officers of the Department keep in constant touch with the public through fish and game associations, schools, church groups, service clubs and youth organi- zations. Illustrated lectures are given on all aspects of the Department's work. The following table provides a summary of the public lectures delivered by Head Office and Field Staff during the fiiscal year. A summary of lecture tours which were carried out by the Ontario Forestry Association during the same period is shown below the Department figures. 219 Region District School Meetings No. Attend Public No. Meetings Attend Total No. Attend Western Fort Frances Kenora Sioux Lookout 23 6 965 1157 75 35 10 4165 3601 370 98 35 16 5130 3601 1527 Mid- Western Geraldton Port Arthur 3 7 163 255 28 68 2223 8853 31 75 2386 9108 Northern Cochrane Kapuskasing Swastika 85 26 5 15364 2951 338 29 35 48 1001 2076 3245 114 61 53 16365 5027 3583 Central Chapleau Gogama S.S. Marie Sudbury- White River 3 12 7 10 9 150 647 183 636 1478 12 27 51 40 7 487 541 2779 3503 800 15 39 58 50 16 637 1188 2962 4139 2278 South- Central North Bay- Parry Sound 28 83 2857 3931 53 86 2530 3164 81 169 5387 7095 South- Eastern Kemptville Lindsay Pembroke Tweed 34 60 20 177 2653 2890 2333 8500 160 203 165 222 9797 13485 19569 11775 194 263 185 399 12450 16375 21902 20275 South- western Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Simcoe 69 8 133 5093 748 10665 464 280 435 33266 12658 24231 533 288 568 38359 13406 34896 Ontario Forestry Association 406 58442 406 58442 TOTALS 808 63957 2939 222561 3747 286518 220 A happy scene in Blue Lake Provincial Parle, Kenora District. This view oi Marten River Provincial Park, North Bay District, shows how attractive a camper's life can be. 221 < at m < a. >> 4^ u eS H « ^4 0) u. -t-> s c 02 OJ o g &c 0 =3 fe 3 Q c OS CS Vi c hr 0 0 c m Q > u a, 3 02 pi 222 PARKS BRANCH RESPONSIBrilTIES AND FUNCTIONS Provision, operation and maintenance of provincial parks as public recreational lands with facilities necessary for uses in keeping with the park environments; Examination of potential park areas; Submission of recommendations regarding potential and proposed provincial park areas to the Ontario Parks Integration Board; Production of detailed master plans for provincial parks; Development of provincial parks in accordance with the master plans; Design and construction of provincial park structures and buildings; Establishment, operation and maintenance of interpretive programmes and ex- hibits in provincial parks of natural and /or historical significance; Collection, compilation and assessment of provincial park statistics. In 1961 a total of 77 provincial parks were open for public use. In addition there were five provincial parks under development and 13 areas reserved for future development. Again, an increase in provincial park use was experienced in a 9% visitor increase to 6,215,000 and an increase in the numbers of campers of 23% from 592,103 to 862,559. In addition, wilderness campers using canoe routes increas- ed their numbers by 62% to a total of 57,992. With the assistance of the Federal /Provincial Unemployment Relief Pro- gramme the development of provincial parks was continued with a total expendi- ture of $1,320,523.03 of which 50% was contributed by the Federal Govern- ment. In addition a total of $1,500,000.00 was available for park development and land purchases. This year, provincial park development included the addi- tion of 43 miles of park roads, 1,266 campsites, 83 acres of picnic area, 88 wells, 34 boat docks and launching ramps, more than 400 earth-type toilets, 27 change houses and three flush-type comfort stations. Through the facilities of the Department of Reform Institutions 5,400 picnic tables and 4,310 fireplace grills were constructed for provincial park use. Complete interpretive programmes of museums, conducted trips, illustrated lectures and labelled trails were continued in Algonquin, Rondeau, Sibley, Presqu'ile and Quetico Provincial Parks. The Sibbald Memorial Museum was again in operation in Sibbald Point Provincial Park as was the Nancy Island Museum at Wasaga Beach Provincial Park. The labelled trail at Remi Lake Provincial Park was continued and at Inverhuron Provincial Park an interpretive trail incorporating a new labelling technique was introduced. A programme of conducted trips, outdoor film presentations and a labelled trail was introduced at Pinery Provincial Park by the interpretive staff of Rondeau Provincial Park. The geology exhibit at Craigleith Provincial Park was again displayed. These programmes and interpretive facilities, designed to familiarize visitors with the natural features and /or historical backgrounds of these provincial parks were used, this year, by 399,167 park visitors, an increase over the previous year of 6%. 223 With the termination of the archaeological investigations at Serpent Mounds Provincial Park, active interpretation was discontinued with plans for the presenta- tion of a permanent exhibit centre next year. In keeping with the multiple-use concept of land use and with full regard for park values and interests, hunting was continued in certain provincial parks and extended to include other selected provincial parks. Waterfowl shooting, during the regular open season, was permitted in Ron- deau, Presqu'ile and Holiday Beach Provincial Parks on a seasonal permit basis of $4.00 per hunter in each park. At Darlington Provincial Park, 15 blinds were constructed and rented at a daily rate of $2.00 with restrictions limiting the number of hunters to two per blind and the number of shooting days to three per week. During the season, 787 gunners used seasonal permits while 420 rented blinds to provide a total of 1,207 waterfowl gunners. Pheasant shooting of stocked birds was introduced in Sibbald Point, Dar- lington and Presqu'ile Provincial Parks. The season was open for live weeks with a daily shooting fee of $5.00 per hunter and restrictions limiting the hours of shooting to the period, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., the daily bag limit to three birds and the numbers of hunters at any one time to 25, 12 and 10 in Sibbald Point, Darlington and Presqu'ile Provincial Parks, respectively. During the season, 379 gunners bagged 612 birds of 809 released in the three provincial parks. The hunting of moose and deer in the Townships of Bruton and Qyde, which had been included in Algonquin Provincial Park in 1960, was permitted to continue but was organized and controlled by a system of regulated hunting camp permits. During the open season, 50 permits at $20.00 each represented 364 hunters who took 124 deer and 28 moose. In addition a zone was established for daily hunters at no charge. Based upon a high moose population determined by aerial survey, moose hunting was permitted in Lake Superior Provincial Park during the regular open season with no special permit other than the regular hunting licence. From sample returns, a kill of at least 70 moose was reported. The provision of facilities for winter sports activities was continued in three provincial parks. In Kakabeka Fails Provincial Park, more than 40,000 visitors enjoyed the skating and tobogganing. Although there was some tobogganing in Darlington Provincial Park, skating on the bay was the chief activity. On each of several Sundays, more than 1,000 cars were noted in the Park and of interest is the number of people w'ho came to watch the skating. More than 6,000 visitors took part in skating, tobogganing and skiing in Pinery Provincial Park where, although all five toboggan runs and the ski slopes were busy on Sundays, the skating was the most popular. Of the total of 77 provincial parks which were open to the public in 1961, vehicle entry permit fees were charged in 70 and campsite permit fees were charged in 68. Seven provincial parks were open without fees. Fees in provincial parks were revised to increase the seasonal vehicle entry permit from $2.00 to $3.00. The daily vehicle entry permit at fifty cents was continued as was the daily campsite permit fee of $1.00. The weekly campsite permit fee of $5.00 was abandoned. In order to avoid boat parking congestion in provincial parks and to protect recreational wilderness values in the larger provincial park interiors, regulations were established to prohibit the leaving of unattended boats in provincial parks except in areas provided for the purpose. This regulation is to became effective in Algonquin Provincial Park in 1962. 224 TABLE NO. 1 PROVINCIAL PARKS ESTABLISHED (as of March 31. 1962) Administrative District Name of Park Date Established Lake Erie Clay Creek Sept. 29, 1958 Holiday Beach Oct. 6, 1958 Ipperwash June 24, 1938 John E. Pearce June 25, 1957 Long Point May 3, 1921 Pinery Oct. 11, 1957 Rock Point June 25, 1957 Rondeau May 5, 1894 Turkey Point April 21, 1959 Chapleau Five Mile Lake Sept. 29, 1958 Cochrane Greenwater June 25, 1957 Kettle Lakes June 25, 1957 Fort Frances Caliper Lake July 22, 1960 Quetico April 1, 1909 Geraldton Klotz Lake July 22, 1960 Blacksand July 22, 1960 Gogama Ivanhoe Lake June 25, 1957 Kapuskasing Nagagamisis June 25, 1957 Remi Lake June 25, 1957 Kemptville Silver Lake Sept. 29, 1958 South Nation July 22, 1960 Kenora Aaron Sept. 29, 1958 Blue Lake July 22, 1960 Rushing River Sept. 29, 1958 Sioux Narrows June 25, 1957 Lindsay Darlington Oct. 30, 1959 Emily June 25, 1957 Mark S. Burnham July 26, 1955 Presqu'ile May 18, 1922 Serpent Mounds June 25, 1957 Lake Simcoe Bass Lake June 25, 1957 Sibbald Point Dec. 23, 1957 Six Mile Lake Feb. 24, 1958 Springvirater Sept. 29, 1958 Wasaga Beach Aug. 31, 1959 North Bay Marten River July 22, 1960 Parry Sound Grundy Lake April 21, 1959 Sturgeon Bay July 22, 1960 Pembroke Algonquin May 27,1893 Port Arthur Arrow^ Lake June 25, 1957 Inwood ; Sept. 29, 1958 Middle Falls July 22, 1960 Sibley Jan. 13, 1944 Sault Ste. Marie Lake Superior Jan. 13, 1944 Sudbury Fairbank June 25, 1957 Windy Lake April 4, 1959 Swastika Esker Lakes June 25, 1957 Kap-Kig-Iwan June 25, 1957 Tweed Black Lake Sept. 29, 1958 Lake on the Mountain June 25, 1957 225 TABLE NO. 2 PARKS IN OPERATION AND PENDING ESTABLISHMENT (as of March 31. 1962) Administrative District Name of Park Lake Erie St. Williams Port Bruce Fort Frances Lake of the Woods Geraldton MacLeod Lake Rainbow Falls Lake Huron Craigleith Inverhuron Sauble Falls Kemptville Fitzroy Murphys Point Rideau River Lake Simcoe Devils Glen Earl Rowe North Bay Antoine Finlayson Point Samuel de Champlain Parry Sound Mikisew Killbear Point Oastler Lake Restoule Pembroke Carson Lake Driftwood Port Arthur Kakabeka Falls Sault Ste. Marie Batchawana Bay Pancake Bay Sioux Lookout Pakwash Ojibway Sudbury Chutes Tweed Lake St.. Peter Outlet Beach Sandbanks Bon Echo White River White Lake 226 TABLE NO. 3 SALE OF VEHICLE PERMITS AND CAMPSITE PERMITS Administrative District and Park Name 1958 Vehicle Permits 1959 1960 1961 1958 Campsite Permits 1959 1960 1961 Lake Erie Rondeau 24535 27447 Ipperwash 13794 12210 Long Point 2362 2636 Holiday Beach 6202 8839 Clay Creek 929 1095 St. Williams 1042 666 Pinery 18899 Rock Point Turkey Point Chapleau Five Mile Lake Cochrane Kettle Lakes 2478 3471 Greenwater Fort Frances Quetico 1922 2168 Caliper Lake 764 1231 Lake of the Woods Geraldton Helen Lake 727 MacLeod Lake 357 1198 Rainbovi^ Falls 180 281 Klotz Lake 72 261 Blacksand Gogama Ivanhoe Lake Lake Huron Craigleith 2900 3486 Sauble Falls 4052 4814 Inverhuron 5169 Kapuskasing Remi Lake 705 1235 Nagagamisis Kemptville Silver Lake 3405 3496 South Nation 4342 4240 Rideau River 3207 6251 Fitzroy Kenora Aaron 844 795 Blue Lake 645 1002 Rushing River 2750 3510 Sioux NarroviTS 530 868 Twin Lake 658 Lindsay Presqu'ile 15832 16783 Emily 2767 5417 Serpent Mounds 1891 3792 Darlington 27282 11787 2574 11788 1228 1120 18446 3361 30559 11291 6962 12905 1496 1084 23537 1137 994 137 3087 498 3148 4747 2714 5285 6165 4177 86 5275 5686 6970 5854 5441 4113 5096 198 260 526 9102 2264 2570 1555 1076 842 1174 1279 985 274 2655 199 152 277 942 522 452 737 533 182 121 428 724 826 1154 623 162 907 942 12646 267 1369 236 853 351 1178 1529 1435 1634 78 166 132 3442 4814 4961 1408 4134 4937 9344 1283 1080 4354 1454 235 3832 4844 5805 1718 407 3883 4580 9280 3509 1626 1057 2977 626 15284 16517 5702 6454 4798 6115 4270 8817 2552 2605 219 2161 1105 648 576 500 2222 560 512 4632 659 582 4083 3389 2884 603 2624 1301 2024 657 821 2922 1171 7828 1864 1700 821 311 901 399 123 3852 3053 4437 778 3237 1373 3111 1043 1235 3105 1622 7864 2649 3214 262 1015 7892 660 2161 269 4140 3297 5283 875 516 4017 1335 3257 1853 2014 1757 3615 1492 8504 3323 3904 2006 227 TABLE 1 NO. 3 (Cont'd.l SALE Of VEHICLE PERMITS AND CAMPSITE PERMITS Administrative District and Park Name 1958 Vehicle 1959 Permits 1960 1961 1958 Campsite 1959 Permits 1960 1961 Lake Simcoe Bass Lake Devils Glen Sibbald Point Springwater Earl Rowe Six Mile Lake 5006 2780 14375 13584 7217 2754 24214 13876 6926 2687 24380 13572 2409 2640 7209 2496 28307 13174 2756 3563 2919 674 5442 4188 839 9351 4568 875 9098 908 2334 5013 879 10566 1353 3533 North Bay Finlayson Point Marten River Antoine Samuel de Champlain 621 2120 720 851 2249 856 995 1997 1051 844 1929 497 2172 1098 3214 271 1574 3731 835 2003 2973 1236 2076 3633 640 1234 Parry Sound Sturgeon Bay Oastler Lake Grundy Lake Mikisew Killbear Point 1000 3135 661 1028 4120 1244 793 1321 4007 2264 1037 1180 1489 4016 3554 1297 2004 1346 3162 1259 2007 4556 2793 1036 1726 4208 3544 1858 1891 2305 4634 5458 2089 4738 Pembroke Algonquin Carson Lake Driftwood 42385 185 913 43991 149 1404 48609 205 1470 49430 583 1721 12553 1176 391 15759 1560 1178 17526 1213 1554 21040 1498 1780 Port Arthur Sibley Middle Falls Shuniah Kakabeka Falls Inwood 3112 2811 897 6120 709 3262 2886 1809 10898 304 1919 2895 1864 13288 508 4693 4091 2389 27605 1439 680 693 391 704 846 889 1164 801 1081 550 1090 1122 1026 1666 652 3074 2642 2985 4088 1823 Sault Ste. Marie Pancake Bay Lake Superior 480 1076 1230 803 4944 5816 466 1227 1405 782 6681 8069 Sioux Lookout Frog Rapids Perrault Falls 52 153 149 299 Sudbury Windy Lake Fairbank 2020 502 4219 1196 3930 1700 4089 1902 802 232 1165 1238 921 1987 861 3067 Swastika Esker Lakes Kap-Kig-Iwan 1000 1156 2195 1300 1883 1393 1559 145 534 578 860 861 893 739 Tweed Black Lake Lake St. Peter Mazinaw Outlet Beach Bon Echo 1065 634 391 2183 936 398 13838 2014 883 316 13249 1793 780 15227 2418 890 1082 762 2067 1577 1045 1777 1966 1217 934 2485 2017 1255 3684 2171 Other Offices 428 97 5 TOTALS 207751 292459 320205 392707 74763 124355 148527 216975 228 TABLE 1 NO. 4 RECORD OF PARK USE Administrative District Total Visitors Total < Campers and Park Name 1958 1959 1960 1961 1958 1959 1960 1961 Lake Erie Rondeau 692453 673439 693631 642020 12823 20320 24726 30703 Ipperwash 198002 232450 253346 187945 19686 25794 25398 23002 Long Point 72157 93046 112405 203121 10610 17168 17631 24388 Holiday Beach 76080 94697 154196 158843 919 Pinery 248220 371866 301665 22109 37008 53551 Clay Creek 29719 30393 330 1022 2084 St. Williams 38057 32981 Rock Point 12963 1103 Turkey Point 16457 5610 Lake Huron Sauble Falls 116812 179766 141119 178298 9801 13074 11544 12981 Craigleith 51871 83369 58988 60396 8755 14488 13928 15180 Inverhuron 106720 85550 97986 11424 18247 21742 Lake Simcoe Sibbald Point 153879 316011 379901 325206 19566 35378 35535 42636 Bass Lake 100266 154127 139840 199991 9445 17749 18559 20423 Devils Glen 25262 47722 68805 81367 2395 2971 3149 3116 Springwater 190679 131984 113620 109686 Six Mile Lake 46758 80057 8714 12878 Earl Row^e 44366 60248 3540 5298 Lindsay Presqu'ile 241368 332196 299745 18005 29385 29240 37307 Emily 25113 96300 102452 124360 2505 7252 10385 13986 Serpent Mounds 24191 76250 73963 2097 6101 12125 15483 Darlington 52681 122895 1064 8111 Mark S. Burnham 23900 29009 Tweed Black Lake 10621 46059 32157 42727 3288 8350 8535 8537 Lake St. Peter 25348 32394 22173 29372 3305 6115 4778 4902 Mazinaw Lake 11971 9353 8967 2964 4034 3651 Outlet Beach 272047 160640 209112 7464 14478 15504 Bon Echo 39314 8922 Kemptville Silver Lake 53222 66644 81288 68082 8045 10355 13789 16569 South Nation 52660 61444 49734 42810 4065 4956 5347 5189 Rideau River 54555 80877 174255 144756 2604 7811 12379 14689 Fitzroy 51328 7364 North Bay Antoine 14467 38907 32951 22346 1299 3017 4480 2365 Finlayson Point 4725 35356 27584 40002 3726 5314 7992 7754 Marten River 15681 36780 59059 63225 11961 13746 11339 14024 Samuel de Champlain Parry Sound Sturgeon Bay 22634 Grundy Lake 15914 Oastler Lake 67666 Mikisew Killbear Point Pembroke Algonquin 457984 Carson Lake 3528 Driftv^^ood 6634 18102 4897 33300 27382 23751 4595 7238 6408 8377 92569 71541 93303 4708 9700 13585 21898 106071 145061 120057 11884 17195 16455 14956 11814 20460 42904 3970 7299 8421 43168 105675 7712 18718 451313 513568 466983 47064 59360 68823 77676 5477 4161 3107 3428 5477 4161 3578 11736 10720 14791 1454 4487 6329 7317 229 TABLE NO. 4 r Cont'd.; RECORD OF PARK USE Administrative District Total Visitors Total Campers and Park Name 1958 1959 1960 1961 1958 1959 1960 1961 Sudbury Windy Lake 44896 95995 84414 55696 2990 4805 3747 4222 Fairbank 23307 33826 28384 4983 7873 12290 Saulte Ste. Marie Pancake Bay 2755 32467 31489 69581 1805 5014 5543 26527 Lake Superior 16086 46508 3246 31170 Chapleau Five Mile Lake 3713 926 Gogama Ivanhoe Lake 1337 2683 472 998 Swastika Esker Lakes 7668 12739 23367 21072 509 1772 3225 3312 Kap-Kig-Iw^an 27497 24135 30258 2050 3079 2319 Cochrane Kettle Lakes 53203 63210 69716 50544 1863 2958 3632 3370 Greenw^ater 6222 1266 Kapuskasing Remi Lake 24025 33243 34871 25773 811 2280 3128 3387 Nagagamisis 14026 1962 Geraldton MacLeod Lake 25549 51953 16420 2264 3060 3891 Rainbow Falls 45815 652 1203 28960 Klotz Lake 3227 3391 2362 Blacksand 14139 1447 8211 Port Arthur Kakabeka Falls 70370 120333 162703 279622 2467 4230 6805 16102 Inwood 9670 6274 9333 10208 3065 2061 2772 6847 Shuniah 38831 49500 43589 52461 1414 2978 3860 10978 Sibley 46768 67695 33253 45070 2727 3717 4493 13836 Middle Falls 30048 133680 52958 55529 2651 4818 4563 9888 Fort Frances Quetico 30769 46493 56590 66531 1777 3265 3720 5749 Caliper 8940 14047 27291 21832 2830 4489 5715 6254 Lake of the Woods 16562 14665 300 655 Kenora Twin Lake 13227 1877 Sioux Narrows 6280 18369 31005 24676 1969 4261 6139 6284 Blue Lake 3821 17464 20186 24099 1950 3368 5034 6317 Aaron 12491 12620 23494 26173 2104 2555 4052 7681 Rushing River 42955 47433 74643 59980 7833 11190 12249 14637 Provincial Totals 3232460 5106353 5692578 5809314 270720 479069 592103 862559 230 CM I- «• Z - lU 1^. ^ o O X z g o 111 ■■ 5 |j z < i^ S S ■■ < -J < o z > o B s V go S .2 2 •-, a, J- o S 00 .2 M ao S e s o CO I « be d " e § C^ *"a3 . c 8 k- o r c * S 0) B .i C t* C.2 c to «0 iH O (M M Tf (M 00 - ■< H Z Ul Ul > o 0^ I/) < < O z > O as g « 09 S 5 « «2.2 O be s s OOfl CO 01 be I 2 c « S "^ e « 4, c: bii 2.2 S S-S2 ■<5 <«0Q (N CO oa (M CO (M 00(M iH i-H CO Tf (M (M t>ia th o (N (N rH N -^ Tf< cg(M Ti< Til (M (M (M W OS «2 ■* Tf O CO 1-1 i-H (N «D eg (M (M OJ O •- cu « o C is P -> «S QJ "3 - ^ S ii iJ] i?- C3 &C^ j^ 2 - ^ -2 C3 > Si tS -!=? 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CO 00 CO 242 TABLE NO. 10 YEARLY INCREASES IN PROVINCIAL PARK USE IN PARKSj RECORDING STATISTICS 6215370^ VISITORS 5692578 5106352 3232460. 2llif66l^ 1725876>' VEHICLES 1552671. 1410447/ 927873 62Q666 . 862559 . CAMPERS 21 Parks 195fi — 40 Parks 1251 51 Parks 52 Parks 1252 61 Parks 1260 70 Parka 3.901 243 Junior Rangers assist in building a bridge in Res+oule Provincial Park, Parry Sound District. Lands and Forests personnel hear speaker trom Civil Service Commission explain new classifications. 244 PERSONNEL BRANCH Classification Job Evaluation is rapidly becoming the keystone of classification. Established early in 1961 by the firm of Stevenson and Kellogg, the Job Evaluation programme has now developed to the point of being well integrated with the older position classification system. The first phase of the project covering all clerical and office family jobs is reaching completion within the Department. The position specifica- tions received to date have been rated preparatory to the final stage of salary analysis, which is the most important step of the Job Evaluation programme. It is anticipated that the Government will publish the salary recommendations stemming from the foregoing analysis towards the latter part of 1962. The two classification systems of Job Evaluation and Position Classification are now operating on a complementary basis, but the latter method continues to be the dominant approach in the classification of departmental jobs. The workload of classification procedures is rapidly increasing, partly as a reflection of the new Job Evaluation programme. The need for extra staff is currently being studied with a view to appointing one or two additional job analysts or personnel assistants. The study of specialized classifications relating to this Department continues to play an important role. The salary surveys and the examination of organiza- tional problems within the Department continue to be an important aspect of classification work. The studies of the forester, biologist, research scientist, forest ranger and conservation officer classification series have been completed and the new classes and salaries established by the Civil Service Commission. The introduction of the Job Evaluation programme this year has provided an important stimulus to the better understanding of classification, its purpose and problems, within the Department. Generally, it has been found that the methods used in job analysis have produced a greatly improved understanding of classifica- tion on the part of the individual employee. Recruitment The recruitment programme was continued and appointments were made to fill vacancies at various levels resulting from retirements, superannuations, resig- nations, deaths, dismissals, and the addition of new positions. The professional staff was increased by the appointment of 12 foresters, biologists and research scientists in 1961. As a result of the continuing unemployment problem, during the winter of 1961/62 an unusually large number of enquiries about employment were dealt with by the Personnel Branch. Transfer and Promotions The personnel management programme of transfer and promotion of staff throughout the head office branches and districts was continued. Intra-Department job advertising as a tool in selection was used in nine classifications with some expansion of advertising in the clerical field. The programme notifies employees of the existence of vacancies and thus gives them the opportunity to indicate their desire for promotion and transfer. It is felt that the effectiveness and efl!iciency of the Department is being furthered by the methods being employed. 245 Training and Development A survey of training and development taking place in the field was conductea, and each district summarized its progress during the previous year. On-the-job training was general with temporary training and familiarization assignments under different branch supervisors. Safety and first aid courses continued. Short-term outside courses of the university extension type were sponsored by the Department where it was felt that the subject had direct application to the individual's job. In addition to this, the Department sponsored Public Administration courses at Ryerson (3 years) and at the University of Toronto (2 years) for selected head office employees. Advantage was taken of the seminars and workshops conducted by the American Management Association, and several supervisors attended. Five foresters and one biologist from the field completed the diploma course in resources management at the University of Toronto. This course was sponsored by the Department and will continue. Work was begun on a training plan to encompass all the training and development for the Department following the general agreement of a training policy. The Educational Leave Committee considered eight applications for post- graduate training, and leave of absence was granted in four cases. Ontario Forest Ranger School (1) General Diploma Course — New policy involving 100% increase in students begun. (120 instead of 60); 50% sponsored and 50% paid own way; The latter were recruited from secondary schools and various employment fields. (2) Special Fish and Wildlife Certificate Course — 25 students graduated. (3) Four Scalers Courses completed — 1 64 men graduated with full scaler's licence, 33 graduates with pulp licence only. (4) Fire suppression training manuals completed and training policy approved. New training programme in forest fire control ready for application in the succeeding fiscal year. (5) Work continued on revision of general course curriculum and student assistant programme. Grievances Ten grievances were brought to the attention of the Grievances Board, with a number of grievances being resolved at a lower level. This is a decrease of 50% from the previous fiscal year. Overtime The administration of overtime in the Department has been difficult due to the characteristic nature of the work of many of the field staff, where long hours per work day, and six- and seven-day work weeks, during the summer period, have been accepted and to which the work has become adjusted. A study of the situation has been initiated for the following fiscal year. It is expected that over- time as a normal working procedure will be well established throughout the Department in the fiscal year to come. 246 Safety Training Safety training and practices have been applied to Department staff, with particular concentration on work projects employees where injuries occur more often and are usually expected because of lack of experience. There have been improvements in general, and especially in the injury record of Crown Land tree-planting operations, UNR Projects, fire fighters and Junior Rangers. Supervisors and foremen are being trained in the Lateiner Method of Accident Control and taught how to apply the method to the job. The Injury Frequency Rate decreased 1.2 from the previous fiscal year — Frequency Rate for 1960-61 21.0 Frequency Rate for 1961-62 19.8 Decrease 1.2 The number of injuries requiring absence from work has been reduced, and it is expected that it will be reduced still further through continued emphasis on safety training. The Frequency Rate is computed on 100,000 man-days basis, the method of calculation used by the woods industry of Ontario. No. of Lost Time Injuries x 100,000 No. of Man-days Worked A lost time injury is one that requires more than four calendar days' absence from work. Workmen's Compensation The number of compensable injuries increased by 122 over the previous fiscal year, making a total of 771 compensable claims. Department costs, however, decreased approximately $10,000. Total cost was $120,384 compared with $130,209 for the previous fiscal year. The higher number of injuries was due to the bad fire season in the Western Region but, fortunately, injuries were not serious and attendant costs remained low. Average cost per claim was $91.14 — a decrease of $15.00 per claim. Injuries on UNR Projects increased 1.8%, but costs decreased by one-half of last year's total. Crown Land Tree Planting Projects are showing an improvement in their accident picture. There is a decrease of 3.1% over last year. The fire season in Fort Frances, Kenora and Sioux Lookout Districts was very bad, and 96% of injuries among Extra Fire Fighters occurred in these districts. The number of Junior Rangers employed increased by 116, and injuries increased by almost 1%. Percentage of employees injured was 14.3% — an increase of 1% over last year. The average number of workers employed during the year increased by 1,000. Junior Forest Ranger Programme The Junior Forest Ranger programme grows in popularity each year. There were 619 students appointed to 49 camps in 15 districts of the province. These camps were operated for eight weeks from July 3 to August 26. The cost to operate the programme this year was $310,457.14, which includes wages, travel, maintenance and provisions. 247 STAFF ATTENDANCE SUMMARY The table below indicates the total number of employees on staff for each month of the fiscal year: HEAD OFFICE FIELD : SERVICE Mthly H.O. Mthly F.S. Grand 1961 Perm. Temp. Rated Cas. Total Perm. Temp. Rated Cas. Total 3760 Total Apr. 548 57 51 14 670 1591 142 142 1885 4430 May 549 63 54 17 683 1653 142 83 3957 5835 6518 June 545 65 41 41 692 1670 153 58 5866 7747 8439 July 558 80 32 38 708 1691 146 52 6353 8242 8950 Aug. 545 80 30 43 698 1689 151 35 4321 6196 6894 Sept. 545 87 27 23 682 1691 155 34 3103 4983 5666 Oct. 542 94 23 14 673 1693 162 29 2100 3984 4657 Nov. 538 92 27 9 666 1678 156 32 1163 3038 3704 Dec. 1962 Jan. 556 83 23 11 673 1692 151 33 1327 3203 3876 605 87 20 14 726 1727 118 30 1430 3305 4031 Feb. 607 87 18 15 727 1734 109 30 1257 3130 3857 Mar. 610 84 16 18 728 1738 105 28 1041 2912 3640 Aver. 562 80 30 21 694 1688 141 49 2817 4686 5388 COMPLEMENT TOTAL STAFF AS OF MARCH 31. 1962 Perm. Temp. Monthly Rated Casual Total Head Office Field 610 1738 84 105 16 28 18 1041 728 2812 2348 189 44 1059 3540 Total complement of year-round positions as of March 31, 1962 — 2620 Total permanent, temporary and monthly rated staff as of March 31, 1962 2581 Total vacancies in complement as of March 31, 1962 39 2620 NUMBER OF PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYEES Foresters 231 Biologists Civil Engineers Miscellaneous 68 7 40 Number of licensed scalers on staff Number of graduates of Ranger School on Staff J'otal 346 725 703 STAFF TURNOVER The table shown below lists the number of employees who discontinued their services for various reasons, as indicated during the fiscal year: Resigned Dismissed Died Super- annuated Retired Trans- ferred Total Head Office Field 38 27 1 5 2 12 7 12 2 9 5 3 55 68 Totals 65 6 14 19 11 8 123 The staff turnover for the fiscal year is 4.6 9'f New Employees Head Office Field Male 44 51 Female 24 27 Totals 95 51 This is the ratio of separations to total permanent and temporary staff. Total 68 __78_ 146 Note: 248 COMPARISON OF NUMBER OF COMPENSABLE CLAIMS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1961 - 62 ^'■%/vs <. tp 5P^. 4% CO iv CO -v: CO Sp O L_ ^ O .t*J CO o GO "^k ^^^ %. NUMBER OF COMPENSABLE CLAIMS { EXCLUDING PUBLIC WORKS ) 77 249 COMPARISON OF INJURY COSTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1961-62 COMPENSATION AND MEDICAL AID PAYMENTS { EXCLUDING PUBLIC WORKS ) $ 69,932.51 250 CO < -J o CO a: < LU or < k C/) < < o CO CO Q. U- LjJ LiJ f\i LlJ Q- 1— CO S cc I CO o £ CD C7> < o o CO o :? UJ en < ro CQ _j lO (n UJ o UJ CL o <3 s 5 CJ^ ^ o or h- _J o S »- O ^ O tt: \- LU or cc < Q_ LU q: Q- o o o o o o m o IT) o 00 f^ f^ U> to SI/\IIV10 3iaVSN3cJI/^0D 251 en < -J o LlJ O Q LU CO or < LU >- Z LU I- < o> a: — LU > < o a: Q UJ on < CL LU od Q- :3: »- z o (O >- h- CO UJ ir cr UJ CD CD < UJ \ < 1 1 \ : o O o Q. / / r J / r x- ^ UJ 6 X X ^ < _i ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 ^ I -3 q: N V s ^ OOOOOO oooo ooooo samnpNi jo d3ai/\inN 39va3AV 252 LU ^ U. CO CO O O LU -J UJ GO iD < < ^ Z LU LU Q_ lU g CO (T. < LU I- CM CO I < — C7^ liJ — 31 ^ o lo Q cij O ID a: 22 LU Q- LU > o a3A10ANI ddVlS dO 39VlN30H3cJ 253 .CO _ - -c/> - -c/> -c/>- -co- - - - -- o z t- LlJ < 1- CO 2 h- UJ < Q. O. CJ S LJ to o DC o h- a: CO lj_ *- !!^ ro iTi «^ ^ ^cr ^_ UJ or O UJ ^ a. or < —I o z UJ a: UJ o V) o o ^ -c/v -(/> -co -co- -c/> -co -co -co -c/v -co -co SHV3A N3i dO aom3d V d3A0 ISOD 254 Aspects of tree breeding and research are explained to delegates of United Nations meteorological organization at Southern Research Station, Maple. Plotting water temperatures on a chart of Georgian Bay at Southern Research Station, Maple. 255 X o z < CD «p5 |3 ^ E^ o „ i s S 6 5 :3 3 1 1 — ll si ^1 > c 11 2 c 1 a X o < UJ to QC ss 256 RESEARCH BRANCH As in past years the opening statement of this report is in reference to the responsibilities of the Research Branch as stated in the White Paper of 1954. They are: (1) To assess the research needs of the Department. (2) To secure co-operation with existing research agencies competent to meet departmental requirements. (3) To develop departmental research services in those fields where co- operation cannot be secured. The assessment of the research needs of the Department has been done by a variety of organizations and bodies at different times. The greatest effort was made by a committee chaired by Dr. Dymond which reported in 1960 (The Report of the Committee on Research). The work of the' Branch was also reviewed by management consultants and a committee of the Department was set up to review and judge research needs and research projects. This committee meets once or twice a year as need arises. The co-operation of existing research agencies has been obtained by agree- ments with the Canada Department of Forestry in respect to silvicultural, patho- logical and entomological research; the University of Toronto for forestry and fisheries research; the Ontario Research Foundation for various research needs; the Federal Department of Fisheries and the Fisheries Research Board. Arrange- ments are made with private firms as needed. As a part of the agreement with the predecessors of the Canada Department of Forestry, laboratories have been built at Sault Ste. Marie and Maple for the study of insect pests of the forest and tree diseases. These are staffed by the federal service. A building was proposed at Maple for the silvicultural research group of the Canada Department of Forestry known as the Ontario district and now housed at Richmond Hill. To meet needs that have not been adequately satisfied by co-operating bodies, the Research Branch has set up five sections, fisheries, forestry, wildlife, mensuration and statistics, and mechanical research. The last two are mainly service bodies but, in part, they also do original research. All sections but the mechanical research have a basic similarity in the setup of their work. They are concerned with the characteristics of species, their relationships to other species, their movements or migrations (these are small in the case of trees but important in fish and wildlife), their diseases and enemies. The object of all these is to produce maximum and continuing crops of the desirable species and to increase the use of presently undesirable ones when possible. Reproduction of species and their early growth is almost of paramount importance in the work of all sections. The adequacy of the mature population to provide for the succeeding generation, the kinds of spawning grounds or seed beds that are available or can be made, the conditions surrounding the early growth of the young, illustrate the basic similarity of research in all sections as it is done by the Research Branch. 257 Some important results have come to the fore in the past year. The culmina- tion of years of effort in the study and control of the sea lamprey will be shown by the numbers arriving at the barrier weirs in the spring of 1962. If the number is low it will mean that the poison that has been applied to the streams w'here lamprey have spawned has been effective. The discovery of this chemical and application in a precisely measured amount sufficient to kill the young lampreys but not strong enough to harm the young fish has been an important discovery and a big job of biological and of engineering know-how to which our branch has contributed. Its final success may revive the almost extinct lake trout fishing and give a boost to the tourist industry and commercial fishing. The development of the hybrid trout known as splake, which is a cross between lake and speckled trout, is proceeding, and selection is being made of those which have a capacity for deep swimming in the zones formerly inhabited by lake trout. The fact that this hybrid matures and spawns at an early age, while the lake trout takes seven years and is exposed to lamprey attack for three years before spawning, may mean that the splake can live with the lamprey even if the latter is uncontrolled. There are thus two good approaches to the restocking of the depleted lakes. Lamprey control and restocking with lake trout, with or without splake; no complete lamprey control and stocking with splake. The wildlife research has made censuses and studied the food habits of the big game, deer, moose, caribou, and of their main diseases and predators as well as some fur-bearers. Upland game birds and waterfowl are receiving the same attention. The census methods will provide a more accurate method of deter- mining populations and setting quotas for hunting in years to come. The study on wolf predation has given important information that will make possible the control or management of these animals. The summary of wildlife research would not be complete without a mention of the discovery in Northwest Ontario and Manitoba of a race of "giant" wild geese formerly considered extinct. Forestry research in the past year has seen a great advance in knowledge of the effect and procedures of "prescribed burning", particularly as they affect the derelict hardwood stands where it is hoped, by the use of fire, to destroy worthless stems of hardwoods and introduce more valuable species. The use of prescribed fire will also reduce existing fire hazards and help to control wildfires in dangerous seasons. The last year also saw the conclusion of a successful test of tree estimating as a substitute for log scaling. The objective of this work was to attain compar- able accuracy at a reduction in cost. The tests were successful in these respects, and if estimating is adopted as a means of assessing timber dues, it should result in more flexible and economic logging. FISHERIES RESEARCH The fisheries research program is being developed to obtain the new facts and to develop the new techniques necessary to the complex job of management of both the sport and commercial fisheries of Ontario. Constant attention is given to the task of selecting, from the many problems suggested, those which, when solved, will provide the greatest advantage to management throughout the Province, rather than locally. Continued development of the program along these practical lines demands that the close working relationship between management and research staffs be continued and constantly improved. This working relationship must be close enough that research is fully aware of the problems of management 258 and can set project priorities accordingly, and close enough to achieve the maxi- mum communication of research results both verbally and through reports. However, constant care must be taken to avoid being drawn into problems of local rather than Province-wide priority. In agencies where research has failed to resist this temptation, their programs have become more and more involved in investigations of local and immediate value only, and long range planning and progress has become impossible for management. Our present good working relationship has resulted from the following practices: frequent issue of full reports and progress reports, personal communi- cation between research and management specialists, an annual meeting of Departmental research and management biologists; and meetings of advisory committees annually or semi-annually to discuss the programs of research at each of our Great Lakes stations. These advisory committees are made up of sportsmen, commercial fishermen, and management and research staffs from both field and head office. Consideration is being given to formation of a similar advisory committee to consider the recently expanded sport fish research program. During 1961 no major changes in program, staff or facilities occurred in either the Great Lakes or in the Game Fish studies. Minor improvements in the program included a shift of emphasis from the blue pickerel of Lake Erie to the smelt which has become much more important. The speckled trout and smallmouth bass units which began operations in 1960 made good starts on their programs. Plans have been consolidated for the establishment of an additional game fish research unit to be concerned with the yellow pickerel when staff and funds become available. Lake Superior Under the terms of the Federal-Provincial Agreement for Ontario Fisheries, the major research effort on Lake Superior continues to be a responsibility of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Our staff continued to work closely with Board staff to ensure that results of the program are readily accessible to man- agement staff of our department. Particular attention was given to: assessment of the current status of natural lake trout stocks; to the assessment of survival of lake trout stocks planted in the rehabilitation program; and to continued measurement of the level of sea lamprey predation on lake trout. As was reported last year, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission on which this Department, and this Section, are represented, completed the first application of larvicide to all known lamprey-producing streams flowing into Lake Superior. Since this experimental control involves stream treatment, one year class of lampreys, those in the open lake at the time of treatment, was not affected. This year class returned to the streams to spawn in somewhat less than normal numbers in the spring of 1961. If that first treatment should prove to be as effective as we hope, then there should be no year class in the lake at present and none to return to the streams to spawn in the spring of 1962. The first indications that the 1962 spawning year class was at least very small, came in the latter part of the 1961 fishing season when it was noted that the scarring rate by lampreys on both lake trout and whitefish was down considerably from the level of previous years. It is too much, of course, to anticipate elimination of this predator, but if the spawning runs are in the order of 5,000 adults in the spring of 1962 as compared to the 40,000 to 60,000 of previous years, it will seem that initial success has been achieved, and the experiment should continue. The spring of 1962 is a critical period for lake trout in the Great Lakes. 259 Lake Huron The experimental fishery in South Bay, a semi-isolated part of Lake Huron, on which our Research Station is located, was begun in 1947 and has, each year, consisted of fishing with constant effort (same kind, size and number of nets) in the same locations within the bay. Since the effort has been constant, it is reasonable to assume that catches made and examined each year have reflected, fairly well, the changes which have occurred in the fish populations. This particular project has been highly rewarding. It allowed us to document the final decline of the natural lake trout population to disappearance in the early 1950's. It provided the means of assessing the success of six annual stockings of lake trout yearlings in the bay over the period of years involved, 1953 to 1961, It has already been reported that survival and growth were good, but that sea lamprey predation was such that no females reached maturity at age seven. This project provided the best direct evidence of the disastrous effect of sea lampreys on trout. More recently this project is allowing assessment of the survival and growth of the first plantings of splake hybrids in the presence of sea lampreys. One additional items which may prove significant to long term management is the drastic decline of the ciscoe population. Ciscoes were a staple food item for the lake trout. This decline has been coincidental with the arrival in the early 1950's and rise to great current abundance of the alewife. These coincident changes may or may not be cause and effect — this has yet to be determined — ^but the matter may be of concern in the re-establishment of lake trout when and if sea lampreys are controlled in Lake Huron. Whitefish commercial catch sampling was continued in the North Channel, Georgian Bay, and in southern Lake Huron, This sampling, together with exploratory fishing by our Research vessel should allow us to detect the arrival of a strong year class of whitefish at an early age. This, in turn, will allow us to relate that successful year class to the conditions of weather, water and spawning stock which allowed it to occur. The recent scarcity of whitefish in Lake Huron, and particularly in Georgian Bay, as compared to the huge productions of the late 1940's and early 1950's have caused great hardship in the fishing industry, and in a substantial portion of the economy of the Province. In order to maximize yield of whitefish, stable rather than violently fluctuating populations must be available. In order to work towards stability we must determine the factors which cause failures and allow successful year classes to be produced. Our catch sampling program has this long range objective in mind as well as that more immediate advantage of year to year predictions for the fishing industry. An excellent example of the latter was the recent upsurge of whitefish locally in southern Lake Huron (Goderich^Bayfield area), where bumper crops were pro- duced by two consecutive year classes. Unfortunately, we must also predict that the good fishing will end after the spring of 1962 because no new year class is present to grow into the fishery. The conditions which produced these good year classes apparently prevailed only in this locality. No similar exceptional year classes appeared in Georgian Bay. The catch sampling projects have produced many other items of interest to management. Among these is a suggestion that with the disappearance of the lake trout a greater portion of the fishing effort has been directed to whitefish. There is a possibility that this increased effort may be related to the fact that the fisheries now harvest the whitefish at ages three and four, and even some at age two. Formerly the fishery relied upon older fish and on a broader range of year classes. This change may contribute to the violence of fluctuations in the fishery, and may, with the help of the sea lamprey, tend to reduce escapement to spawning. 260 Lake Erie The continued scarcity of blue pickerel in Lake Erie made efforts to obtain information on this species unecomonical, and having determined, by a survey of spawning grounds, early in 1961, that there would be no immediate improve- ment in the population, the project was terminated. Subsequently our research program has been directed to studies of smelt and of yellow perch, the two species which are currently of major economic importance in this lake. A sound basis for regulating the newly developed smelt trawling industry is of considerable importance to management. It is important to know where in the lake smelt are concentrated at different seasons of the year so that they may be exploited without danger to other species. Studies have therefore been started to assess local concentrations and also to assess those factors such as temperature and oxygen content of the water which may dictate the movements and concentrations of smelt. Such knowledge, together with hydrographic survey data provided by other research agencies, will allow us to reliably predict where smelt will be found in any particular season or year. It will also eliminate the need for the costly and long term exploratory fishing which would otherwise be necessary to provide the same information on a less reliable basis. Other studies of smelt, facilitated by sampling the commercial catches of gill netters, trawlers and pound netters, as well as our own experimental fishing, have revealed a peculiar alternation of strong and weak year classes. It has been found that the 1952, 1954, 1956 and 1958 year classes were all strong, compared to those of the odd numbered years. Since the trawling industry as well as the fishery using other types of gear tend to crop each year class of smelt as it grows into the size suitable for marketing, and since natural mortality in smelt is extremely high after age three, the industry is largely dependent upon a single year class each year. A good year class, followed by a poor one on a continuing basis is conducive neither to a stable fishery nor a stable market situation. Our research therefore has been directed towards confirming that this situation really does exist, and in attempting to find its causes. The obvious postulation is that one generation in some way affects that which follows next year. We have therefore begun a study of the food of smelt to determine whether adults are cannibalistic on young of the year. Studies of yellow perch have strongly suggested a very high rate of natural mortality in older fish (beyond age three) and a high population density. The high population density appeared related to the high mortality and may also have contributed to a depressed growth rate. When the legal gill net mesh size was 274", it appeared that fishing was accounting for about 15 per cent of the total mortality and "old age" and other natural mortality factors accounted for over 60 per cent of the total mortality each year. In addition that mesh size was inefficient in catching perch of the size achieved by this species in Lake Erie at age three. Thus, to avoid waste of perch, it appeared judicious to allow gear to be used which would more efficiently harvest the perch at a smaller size. Yellow pickerel studies demonstrated that no immediate improvement in this population was imminent. Our small effort concerned with this soecies was thoroughly co-ordinated with a more substantial undertaking by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Co-operative studies with the Industrial Development Branch of the Federal Department of Fisheries in the field of gear development continued. The success of efforts to develop a trawl to harvest perch have been somewhat less spectacular than was the smelt work. During late August and September of 1961 another survey by our research 261 vessel M.V. Keenosay, in co-operation with vessels from the States of Ohio and Pennsylvania, the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Great Lakes Institute, was repeated to map the oxygen depletion zone of water in the central basin of Lake Erie. This oxygen depletion is considered of direct significance to fish populations, and is thought by many to be related to pollution or over- enrichment of the lake. Lake Ontario A major phase of the long term study of whitefish in Lake Ontario was completed during 1961. A fully documented report is currently being issued. This part of the study was concerned with an accurate assessment of the contribution to the commercial harvest, of hatchery plantings of eyed eggs or fry of whitefish. The conclusions, in brief, are as follows: L The planted fry were not sufficiently numerous and/or did not survive well enough to have a sustaining effect on subsequent catches of the fishery. 2. The fluctuations of year class strength in whitefish in this area seem to be related to the weather. Cool fall spawning periods, followed by warm hatching periods, tend to produce large year classes, and the reverse conditions are associated with the production of smaller year classes. 3. In those years when weather conditions are unfavourable it appears that the size of the spawning stock and of the fry plantings may influence the size of the fishery for whitefish at five years of age and older. 4. Large plantings of fry were directly related to the years when spawning stock density was high — ^^that is, it was easy to get eggs when there was an abundance of spawners. 5. Fry plantings were apparently of no value to the fishery in years when conditions were favourable for natural reproduction. 6. In years when conditions are unfavourable for natural reproduction, and when spawning stocks are low, the Qgg collection and subsequent fry plantings are low. Even under the best planting and survival conditions the contribution of plantings to the subsequent fishery appear uneconomical. Two other major items of information have arisen from this work on white- fish. The fishing eff'ort has increased through the years, primarily through the introduction of nylon twine, and the age composition of the catch has gone down. Even though the industry is using inefficient gear, by net size selectivity standards, the effort has apparently been adequate to cause, in some years at least, a situation of marginal escapement to spawning. A reduction of fishing effort by some method may be necessary to the continuation of the fishery. The other item of immediate interest is the fact that the 1957 year class of whitefish, which was responsible for a great increase in the 1961 commercial catch, appeared in numbers in the falls of both 1960 and 1961 on the spawning grounds along the south shore of Prince Edward County, rather than in the Bay of Quinte, the more usual spawning location. The reasons for this shift of spawning location are not understood, but it is hoped that progeny from the 1961 spawning, when good numbers of females of this year class were mature for the first time, augurs well for the fishery in 1965. The commercial catch of lake trout in Lake Ontario again was made up almost entirely of stocks planted by the State of New York and the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. The commercial catch of trout, while it was at a level consistent with catches incidental to whitefish fishing, were such that they provided a valuable and, from our point of view, economical method of assessing survival of stocks. During 1960, however, and again in 1961, there 262 appeared to be fishing effort directed specifically towards the lake trout. Such effort may well jeopardize the whole experiment which is directed towards the re-establishment of a self-reproducing lake trout population. It was reported in 1960 the yellow pickerel study in the Bay of Quinte was restricted to the accumulation of data on a routine basis. The procedure was, of necessity, repeated in 1961. This procedure does provide information of immediate value to management locally, and also provides an excellent backlog of material as a basis for thorough research. Broad apphcability of the potential results of this work will be achieved when funds and staff for the proposed yellow pickerel research unit become available. Game Fish Studies Lake Trout The experimental lake trout plantings, using a variety of techniques to achieve greater survival to the angler's creel, have been terminated. It was con- cluded that planting techniques are generally satisfactory and that some other factor is causing high mortality of hatchery lake trout plantings in lakes such as Opeongo. The subsequent study of the influence of hard versus soft water hatching and rearing on survival after planting is well under way. The first plantings of stocks of known hard and soft water hatchery experience will be made in 1962. An additional series of two or three year classes with similar hatchery experience is planned, and assessment of the results will be undertaken through the creel census in those years when these planted fish have grown up to the fishery. Studies of the effect of winter fishing on lake trout populations suggested that in some parts of the Province, at least, it is questionable whether a sustained production can be maintained by a population exploited by both summer and winter anglers. Further work was also done on the plankton feeding as compared to fish feeding lake trout populations. When plankton feeders are introduced to Lake Opeongo, where a fish diet is available to them, their growth rate increases very rapidly. It has become evident from this and other work that the growth rate of lake trout in many lakes could be noticeably improved by the introduction of appropriate forage species. Speckled Trout The Research projects being initiated on this species are all related to the development of a practical and soundly based method of determining the proper rate for stocking speckled trout. It is known that in certain lakes, stocking is necessary to maintain the population because of the lack of spawning faciUties, or because of extremely heavy angling pressure. What is not known with any accuracy is the most economical planting size and planting frequency. It is known also that some lakes with natural trout populations may provide better angling of hatchery plantings, but again the proper planting size and frequency are unknown. In addition to these considerations, it is known that speckled trout occur in lakes throughout the Province of greatly varying productivity. In lakes of low production capacity, there is little point in making plantings as large as in high productivity lakes unless, of course, strictly "put-and-take" management is involved. Even the density of "put-and-take" plantings should be varied in some way related to the lakes potential. With the foregoing in mind, 35 lakes were chosen from some 50 surveyed during 1961. These have been carefully selected as representative of the variety of 263 conditions encountered by routine management. An experimental planting schedule has been designed to assess the succes of different stocking rates under these conditions. The first plantings will be made in the spring of 1962. Other factors to be tested will include spring versus fall planting success and the relative success of speckled trout, rainbow trout and splake plantings in particular lakes. The success of all plantings will be measured by creel census and by experimental netting over the next several years. Smallmouth Bass Our earlier studies of smallmouth bass showed that in Lake Opeongo and in South Bay of Lake Huron, strong year classes of smallmouth bass occurred when summers were particularly warm. This discovery has allowed us to predict the quality of angling for this species some two or three years hence. Confidence in these predictions is gradually growing as it is tested annually. It has been found too that predictions made for South Bay bass hold true for bass in Parry Sound and in Stokes Bay. It is hoped that eventually we may reliably predict angling quality over a substantial portion of the province on the basis of a routine sample analysis in a single location. Such an achievement would provide a substantial economy to management by eliminating the need for annual, local studies. Our confidence in the predictions is growing, but will remain shaky until we understand why the relationship between strong bass year classes and warm summers occurs and how the factors involved operate. Studies are also continuing on this matter. Bass populations in the central part of their range, that is in Southern Ontario, do not appear to be influenced by the same factors which control year class strength in the northern part of their range (South Bay and Lake Opeongo). Comparable studies are being considered therefore for a typical southern Ontario population. Plans are well in hand for research into the value of hatchery plantings of bass fingerlings. Selective Breeding (Splake) This research program has the primary objective of developing a trout which can live in the Great Lakes successfully whether or not sea lampreys are controlled. This objective demands that the hybrid developed be able to swim in the deeper waters where the cold temperatures, suitable to trout, are available, and that it reproduces itself naturally before being killed by sea lamprey attack. The lake trout has been particularly vulnerable to the sea lamprey predation because it matured at age seven after having been available to sea lampreys for at least three years. By crossing speckled trout and lake trout a pool of genetic characters are provided from which, using techniques developed by our staff, we hope to select and fix the desirable characters. These are (1) the deep swimming ability of the lake trout and (2) the early age (two or three) maturity character of the speckled trout. To achieve a strain of hybrids in which these characters are fixed will require selection through several generations. Excellent and promising progress was made in the work up to and including part of 1961. The need for additional experimental space and water supply became clearly acute during 1961 when overcrowding and disease reduced the growth rate and caused serious mortalities in selected stocks. Little further progress can be achieved until these facilities become available. A delay in progress has been particularly unfortunate at this stage when the demand for plantings of fish in Lake Huron is being keenly felt. It had been hoped that the hybrid would be 264 ready for planting in Lake Huron, as per the recommendation of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, and that no other species be planted. Such an arrangement would tend to guarantee a pure culture of splake with little possibility of diluting the fixed desirable characters by cross breeding with lake trout in the lake. Further delays in progress will be very costly. In the course of this research and incidental to it, we expect to learn whether or not the genetics of fishes operate in patterns similar to those already known in livestock and horticulture. If this proves to be the case, then there is no real reason why additional selective breeding research could not be designed to meet many of the problems of fisheries management just as it has in other disciplines. Disease and parasite resistant strains, faster growing strains, earlier or later spawning strains of many species might well contribute to better and more stable populations of fish. Parasitology The influence of parasites and of diseases on fish populations is not at all well known, but it is suspected of being an important factor in determining population size. In individual cases it is a certainty that parasites may kill fish, and, in the case of the bass tapeworm, they seriously impair reproduction. The parasite (triaenophorus) which occurs in whitefish seriously impairs the marketability of this species in Ontario. A survey of the fish parasites of fishes of Ontario is being undertaken in order to better assess which parasites may be most important and deserving of attempts at control. Headquarters The technical staff' at Headquarters was reduced during 1961 but continued to provide services in fish age determination to field offices, and provided training for several field management personnel. In addition to the co-ordination of efforts between research units within the Section, the supervisory staff was active in co-ordination of our research work with that of other agencies within and outside of the Province. Reports Fisheries research reports are listed in appendix on page 279. WILDLIFE RESEARCH Two vacancies on the staff of the Wildlife Section were filled so that research was started on woodland caribou and moose and on several important species of upland game and waterfowl. The Wildlife Research Station in Algonquin Park continued to be the centre for basic research on fur-bearers, big game, predators and some wildlife diseases and parasites. The application and testing of research results in co- operation with field staff of the Department was conducted in most Forest Districts in the province. Co-operative arrangements with the Universities of Toronto and Western Ontario, the Ontario Agricultural and Veterinary Colleges, and the Ontario Research Foundation on several wildlife research projects were continued. Also, under an agreement with the Indian Affairs Branch of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration, research was conducted on fur-bearing animals, 265 woodland caribou, polar bears, and the economics of utilization of fish and wildlife resources in the Patricia Districts. Wildlife Diseases, Parasites and Reproduction Emphasis was placed on studies of specific diseases and parasites which were found during the course of general surveys to be of high incidence in economically important species of wildlife. Maximum effort was applied to investigations of kidney worms in mink and other wildlife. As a result, the examination of a province-wide sample of over 2000 specimens was completed and the distribution and occurrence of the parasite in wildlife in Ontario is now well-known. In the sample, which included lynx, red fox, otter, red squirrel, muskrat, weasel, fisher, raccoon, marten and mink, all occurrences of kidney worm were in mink taken in the Central, South-Central and South-Eastern Regions. In some parts of these regions the incidence of affected animals approached 25%. Studies were continued to assess the effects of this parasite on pelt quality and reproduction of mink. There was a marked increase in the number of confirmed cases of rabies in wildlife in Ontario during the fall of 1961. These reached a peak in November and December. Data supplied by the Ontario Department of Health on rabies occurrences were compiled and analyzed and reported to field staff. Fur-bearing Animals Research on otter populations in a study area in Algonquin Park was con- tinued. Improved trapping and marking methods were developed so that six animals were tagged and released to provide information on movements, population densities and longevity. Analyses of about 2,200 fecal samples were continued to establish the diet of otter at different seasons, and to assess their importance as predators on fish and small birds and mammals. A complete compilation and analysis of fur-harvest records was started which will provide basic research information on the history of fluctuations of fur-bearing animals. This will be used to assess current population changes and to provide catch statistics for the economic survey of fish and wildlife resources in the Patricias, which is now in progress. Compilation of statistics from Patricia Central and West was completed. Survey flights to assess the status of beaver populations were continued and the method was refined further. Beaver populations remained at relatively high levels or increased in nearly all Forest Districts. Surveys of the Severn and Winisk watersheds in the Patricias showed that the management procedures resulting from the research conducted there over the past five years had produced excellent results. Populations had increased to trappable densities over the whole region with the exception of the area immediately north and south of Shibogama Lake. Big Game Research on deer populations is directed toward the solution of several problems of management. One of the most important problems stems from Ontario's northerly position in North America. The northern boundary of the range of white-tailed deer passes through Ontario. Along the northern fringe of the range there may be a number of forces which limit distribution of deer, but the most obvious is winter weather, particularlv snow cover, which hinders free mobility of deer in search of food and 266 thus reduces both survival of the younger animals and vigour in the older. To study the effects of snow cover on survival and distribution of deer, we have maintained a network of snow stations throughout the deer range since 1953. Using a tentative index of severity, we have been able to predict hunting success from the previous winter's snow records on several occasions. This information has been put to good use by the Fish and Wildlife Branch. In future, snow studies will be gradually incorporated into a general investigation of limiting factors along the northern fringe of the range. The second major problem concerns the declining productivity of much of the Ontario range. To thrive, deer need an abundant supply of palatable shrubs and coniferous cover for shelter in winter. The major pine logging activity of 1850- 1910 resulted in residual stands that favoured deer until recently. Now, however, much of the forest cover east of Lake Superior has become too mature to provide good food for deer. Also, through selective removal of conifers (which have always been more marketable), good winter shelter for deer has become too scarce to support needs large enough to satisfy the increasing hunter demand. Since it is evident that the state of the forest is the most important single factor governing the welfare of our deer herds, it follows that manipulation of the forest environ- ment could be our most effective management procedure. In order to learn to manage our forests so as to create better deer habitat without reducing timber production, the Big Game Unit is co-operating with the Forestry Section of the Research Branch, the Timber Branch, and the Tweed Forest District staff in a study of experimental manipulation of lowland conifers in deer yards in South Canonto Township. Research on moose was concerned with a study of the reproductive rate in a heavily hunted population along the Red Lake road. A sufficient number of jaws and reproductive tracts, to determine ages and productivity, were collected for analysis during the coming year. In co-operation with the Silviculture Section of the Timber Branch and the staff of the Sioux Lookout Forest District, an attempt was made to assess a method of aerial photography for censusing moose. A known number of horses working in a pulo cutting operation were photographed at 2,400, 1,800 and 1,200 feet altitude. The results were inconclusive. It was apparent, however, that photographic surveys of moose populations would be much more expensive than the present method of visual maoping. In co-operation with the staffs of northern Forest Districts, assessment of the numbers and distribution of woodland caribou were completed for the most important winter range. Surveys of over 107,000 square miles during January, February and March showed herds of varying sizes in a discontinuous distribution. Density averaged one per 3.5 square miles in some of the best winter range to one per 94.5 square miles in range which had been partially destroyed by fires. Studies of reproductive success and mortality factors were continued. Upland Game and Waterfowl The re-organization of this unit was completed. A biologist has initiated research programs on several species of grouse, which are directed toward improved hunting for Upland Game. A project is now in progress to assess the characteristics of pinnated and sharp-tailed grouse and their hybrids which have occurred naturally on Manitoulin Island. It may be possible to extend the distribution of these grouse into other areas of Ontario which are not supporting grouse or pheasant populations at the present time. Aerial surveys of Canada Goose production in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, 267 started by the Fish and WildUfe Branch, were continued. The method, using low level aerial photographs, is now producing reliable data. Productivity in the summer of 1961 was about 20% below that expected, and the factors responsible for poor reproduction or survival of young are sttli unknown. Predators Research on predators, their ejffects on wildlife populations and domestic animals, and methods for their management were continued. Studies of the populations of timber wolves in an experimental area in Algonquin Park made significant progress. A study of their food habits is provid- ing a broad understanding of what wolves eat during different seasons of the year and under differing conditions of the availability of prey. Techniques to determine population numbers have been developed and can be used to determine and compare population numbers within moderately broad limits. A population study is providing knowledge of the comparative numbers of wolves after a three- year period of complete protection. Studies of the ranges and movements of wolves during both summer and winter have provided much new information on these aspects of wolf ecology and behaviour. The three-year experimental poisoning program in parts of Sioux Lx>okout and Port Arthur Forest Districts was completed and the results are now being analyzed. A study of coyotes on Manitoulin Island was initiated, and this will be conducted on a full-scale basis in the coming year. A preliminary survey of the numbers of polar bears and their distribution along the Hudson Bay coast was carried out during the past summer. Fourteen bears were found between Fort Severn and Cape Henrietta Maria, most of which were near the latter location in late summer. It appears that the number of bears reaching the Ontario coast from the ice of Hudson Bay depends on the extent to which the ice is broken up near shore and the time at which break-up occurs. Years of persistent ice and cool summer weather are characterized by low numibers of bears on land along the coast. There are good indications that the distribution of bears in the Hudson Bay basin depends on many factors, including their movements and the movement of sea ice, so that there is no distinct Ontario population. Miscellaneous A study of the economics of utilization of fish and wildlife resources in the Big Trout Lake region of Patricia Central was started. Collection and analysis of data on fish production and marketing was the first phase of this study, and a report is now in preparation. Similar analysis will be done for fur production and marketing from these areas. The results will be used to guide management programs in northern Ontario and to improve financial returns to the Indians from the harvest of these resources. Reports Wildlife research reports are listed in an appendix on page 280. FORESTRY The forestry research program is reported under the headings of Regional Silvicultural Research Units, Site Research, Reforestation Research, Forest Tree Breeding, and White Pine Blister Rust Reconnaissance Surveys. 268 REGIONAL SILVICULTURAL RESEARCH UNITS Silvicultural Research units have been established in the different regions of the province to study the silvicultural characteristics of the commercial tree species and their reproduction and growth under various conditions, with the object of developing cultural practices which will ensure maximum production within economic limits. In 1961-62 resident research foresters co-ordinated experimental work in the Mid-Western, Northern, Central, South-Central, South-Eastern and South-Western regions. Mid- Western Region The Forest Research program in the Mid-Western region is to study the silvics of commercially important tree species of the region in order to formulate sound cultural treatments leading to their continuous supply. This may be achieved through natural and artificial regeneration studies of these species and through miscellaneous studies related to their environment. During 1961, the program was confined to the continuation and maintenance of studies established earlier. The Northwestern Ontario Research Co-ordination Committee program was continued and their Annual Project Summary was published. Assistance was also given in supplying forestry library services to co-operators. Natural Regeneration, Growth Studies and Silvicultural Treatments The permanent sample plots established to study the effects of commercial clear-cutting on regeneration of spruce and jack pine were examined in detail for data on survival, growth and competition. Some interesting trends are becoming evident. Studies of the effects of mechanical scarification and seed trees on white spruce regeneration were continued on two areas at Dog River. Results indicate that the experiments are successful, but to gain complete understanding of white spruce behaviour, the survival and establishment of these seedlings will be closely followed. Interim examinations were carried out on the growth and survival aspects of regeneration following modified cutting operations and mechanical logging at Caramat. Artificial Regeneration Studies Several plantations of white spruce, black spruce, white pine and red pine were examined. It is hoped that the information obtained will provide the basis for better understanding of the requirements and behaviour of these species growing in pure stands, as well as their response to fertilization and heavy competition. Studies were also continued in the seed and seedling protection trials during spotting. Intermediate results indicate that protection generally results in better survival. Miscellaneous Studies Compilations of 1956 and 1957 herbicide projects were completed and final reix)rts will be published during the coming year. 269 Northern Region Drainage This work is to study the effects of drainage upon the existing water table and tree growth in the Cochrane Qay Belt. Approximately 8,000 feet of ditch was blasted during the summer of 1961 in Leitch Township Research Area. Soil samples were taken and analyzed for their chemical and physical properties, and water table fluctuations were measured. Road Construction This work is to explore the possibility of road construction without the use of granular fill. Three quarters of a mile of road in muskeg terrain was con- structed. In contrast to standard procedures, the fill consisted of peat or organic material dug up from the ditches alongside the road. The road has already proven suitable for light i/2-ton truck traffic. Silviculture An experimental cutting of 200 cords of pulpwood was carried out in the Research Area in Leitch Township. Two permanent sample plots, three acres each, in mixed stands of black spruce, white spruce, balsam, poplar and aspen were established. Mensurational data were compiled before and after selection cutting for the purpose of studying the effects of the treatment. Research Area, Leitch Township — General Inventory work initiated in 1959-60 was continued and is near completion. A management plan is being drawn up. A total of 75,800 black and white spruce, 2,000 Siberian Scotch pine, and 23,000 red pine seedlings were planted for study purposes. A protective fence was erected around a Nellie Lake Scotch pine plantation to protect this stand of plus trees against rabbit damage. A total of 25 miles of Concession, lot and boundary lines were resurveyed, cleared of brush and marked with paint. Central Region The work of this research unit consists both of field and laboratory studies of problems of tree nutrition related particularly to forest disturbance and regener- ation. It includes studies of the ecology of red spruce, and work on smelter fume pollution in relation to forest soils and vegetation. Tree Nutrition, Forest Disturbance and Regeneration It is not yet known whether such disturbances as repeated prescribed burning may or may not have a detrimental effect on Ontario forest soils and ultimately, therefore, on tree growth. These studies are designed to provide answers to this question. In addition it is hoped that explanations will be provided for such questions as why some tree seedlings grow better than others as a result of different types of scarification. Studies are under way on the effects of prescribed burning and scarification on nutrient release in the soil and the uptake of these nutrients and the growth of tree seedlings. Red Spruce Ecology This tree has characteristics which should prove useful in improving the productivity of derelict tolerant hardwood and mixed-wood stands. These studies 270 are designed to measure its productivity on different sites in pure and mixed stands across its range. It is hoped to provide explanations of differences in spruce growth in terms of nutrient uptake from the soil. Work is also proceeding in the examination of different strains for the best ecological characteristics. A large scale experi- mental underplanting has been established which should provide information useful in silvicultural practice and of a fundamental nature on shade tolerance. Smelter Fume Pollution To provide information and explanations on the nature of smelter fume damage and its effects on forest vegetation, forest soils and waters as a prerequisite for suggesting means of pollution control and the best means of forest land management under the circumstances. In the vicinity of Sudbury, Cutler and Wawa, large areas of forest have been removed from forest productivity due to effects of smelter fumes. The research officer and a member of the Botany Department, University of Toronto, have carried out studies at both Sudbury and Wawa on the fallout from the smelter fumes and the effects on forest soil, lake waters, aquatic and forest vegetation. Two papers have been published, and two more will follow. South-Central Region Sugar Maple Growth and Quality Studies The abjective of this work is to obtain information that will provide a sound basis for managing sugar maple stands in the Region. It is believed that the maintenance of a hardwood industry will be dependent upon our ability to produce good quality material, and that the large areas of sugar maple which form the majority of hardwood growing stock will require judicious cultural treatment if they are to serve the prospective need. To this end, studies are being conducted to show how defect is associated with growth or growing conditions, and to define the conditions under which suitable growth and quality of sugar maple can be attained. A multiple regression and correlation program is being finalized for analysis, using an electronic computer on data taken from several hundred samples in the field. A system of grading the standing tree for quality has been developed, and in conjunction with studies of stem analysis, mill recovery and growth by means of permanently installed diameter tapes, a working knowledge has been developed of the growth characteristics of the species. This work is supplying supporting evidence to the developing art of maple management. Tubed Seedlings The objective of this work is to develop an acceptable and inexpensive method of reforestation which could be useful in extending the planting season and in providing stock for planting immediately after wildfires, and on short notice. Studies in the past year were directed towards showing the influence of tubed material and size upon the development of seedling stock. In addition, two soil media were also tested for the same purpose. White and Red Pine — Regeneration and Growth Studies This work is designed to evaluate various techniques for estabhshing and 271 improving growth of pines in order that the important pine lumbering industry can be maintained. These projects were established approximately ten years ago and will yield useful data during the next year. South-Eastern Region Prescribed Burning The objective is the study of the use of prescribed burning in the management of hardwood stands. This was continued in 1961, when a series of burns was completed in the fall according to plan at Swan Lake, Algonquin Park, but weather conditions prohibited the burning in two other areas. In May, 1961, prescribed burning was carried out in a hardwood stand of sprout origin to study the possible use of fire in stand conversion. This particular fire appeared initially to be more destructive than fall fires in hardwood stands. Tallies made at Swan Lake suggest that fall burning kills a high percentage of the sugar maple seed which had fallen prior to the fire. White Spruce The objective is to study the management of an area for timber and wildlife which has been carried out in the Tweed District since 1957. The first regenera- tion tallies of clear-cut blocks, where the slash was completely burned, indicate a high percent stocking of white cedar and balsam fir with fair stocking of white spruce. Pre-cut tallies of regeneration were made on areas cut in the winter of 1961-62. Blueberries The objective of this study was the effect of culture on blueberry production. The results indicate that, although pruning by mechanical means or by fire increased blueberry production, burning produced a greater increase at a lower cost. On the basis of this study, the Tweed District is carrying out a program of supervised operational burns in blueberry areas. Burning in this manner should reduce indiscriminate fires while safely maintaining the blueberry crop which plays an important role in the local economy. Artificial Regeneration (white pine, red pine, white spruce) The planting of pine and spruce was done on shallow till over granitic bed- rock to compare their survival and growth. The survival of the red pine was 80 percent, while the percent for the other two species was 58. Growth measure- ments will be taken in 1964. Nutrient Studies The objective was to assess the value of the application of trace elements to plants to reduce frost damage. Field and laboratory tests on white spruce stock (3-2) suggest that two or three foliar applications of borax spray reduce frost damage considerably under severe conditions (more than 20°F. of frost). South-Western Region The research program of the South- Western Region consists of a number of studies which are grouped into one of several main divisions, namely silvics and forest management, mechanical and soil conservation research. Silvics research objectives are long term studies on commercially important tree species of the Region. These investigations were sponsored by the Regional 272 Research Committee of the South-Western Region. The main silvical character- istics under study are distribution, occurrence, site requirements, tree features and reproduction. The silvicultural practices under consideration are methods of estabhshment, protection, thinning, harvesting and other cultural techniques with the selected species. In 1961, the studies were confined to seasonal diameter growth measure- ments of hard maple, silver maple, bur oak, American basswood, white ash and red pine; also, seasonal height measurements were taken at bi-monthly intervals on silver maple saplings. Methods of a sexual propagation of high quality silver maple phenotypes were tested by air layering and budding. Forest management research studies are designed for determining the most suitable techniques for the management of woodlots and plantations on a variety of forest sites. This entails an evaluation of tree species, tree quality and site. Several studies have been advocated by the Regional Rsearch Committee of the South-Westem Region. In 1961 these studies covered a wide range of activities. They include experimental planting designs, analysis of growth of several coniferous species in permanent sample plots, assessing underplanting of basswood in a heavily thinned hardwood stand, and collecting height and diameter data in a red pine spacing experiment at East Gwillimbury research area. Forest chemical research studies were designed to investigate the use and application of chemicals for growing, protecting and utilization of our forest trees. Many of the experiments were sponsored by the Lake Huron District. These studies were expanded in 1961. In addition to completing the field work on hawthorn and wild apple eradication with 2,4-D ester in oil and water, a test was designed to evaluate two soil sterilants, Dybar and Urab, in eradicating low quality conifers, particularly Scotch pine. The analysis of two years' field data on chemical release of white pine from underbrush competition in the North Bay District was completed. An initial report will be published in 1962. Forest instrument research studies are designed to investigate the mechanical development and adaptation of forest instruments for mensurational and silvicul- tural uses in the South-Western Region. All developmental work on instruments is done in co-operation with the mensuration and mechanical sections of the Research Branch. In 1961, these investigations were devoted to the final testing of a special type of dendrometer tape on trees from one-half inch to four inches in diameter; evaluating a high pressure sprayer as a soil scarifier; procuring a mechanical injector for treating trees with chemicals, and developing height dendrometer instruments for accurately measuring height growth of seedlings and saplings. Soil conservation research studies have been confined to evaluating vegetative control of gully erosion in the John Pierce Park, Lake Erie District. The investigation was initially sponsored by the Parks Branch through the Regional Research Forester of the South-Western Region. These studies were finalized by making a comprehensive appraisal of the willow plantings of 1957, the willow dams established in 1958, and the black locust plantings of 1959. A report will be written in 1962 on the entire project with special reference to pertinent observations and final recommendations. Site Research Site research establishes an ecological basis for renewable natural resource management in Ontario. The basis is ecological in that it gives the relationships between the features of the land and the crops which are grown on it. The 273 understanding of such relationships is required to determine (i) the potential productivity of the land, and (ii) the various degrees to which that potential can be developed under various conditions. Research in the productivity of land (which includes water) is considered under three groupings: (1) Regional Site Research (2) Quantitative Site Research (3) Site Evaluation Research Regional Site Research is the study of the relationships between land features and crops from place to place, and an evaluation of regional differences significant for management. This knowledge is organized within a site classification system useful to various kinds of resource management, whereas mapping of physiography on a broad basis is performed to indicate the distribution of various land patterns. Regional field work has been continued in north-western and north-eastern Ontario. A paper entitled "Glacial History of Part of North-Western Ontario" has been accepted for publication in the Journal of the Geological Association of Canada. A comparative study was also made, using the X-Ray diffraction tech- nique, of the mineralogical composition of three different clay soil materials in north-western Ontario. A numbered research report, "The Sites of the Kirkwood Management Unit", is in press. Quantitative Site Research is designed to determine the role which individual site factors play in biological production of the common site types in Ontario. Soil nutrients and soil moisture are at present under investigation. One member of staff has almost completed postgraduate studies regarding the release of nutrients from certain minerals. This will form the basis for further studies on nutrient release from mineral complexes such as soil materials. Tedh- niques for these are in the developmental stage. Another member obtained his M.Sc.,F., while on educational leave, with a thesis entitled "Studies in Moisture Movement and Retention in Sandy Soils". A Research Information Paper was published entitled "Soil Moisture — an Important Factor in the Establishment and Early Growth of Conifer Plantations". New techniques were explored for the study of soil moisture. Site Evaluation Research. Although both regional and quantitative site research are aimed at refining site evaluation, the site evaluation research places full emphasis on the establishment of categories to evaluate the potential of land for various uses. These categories include (i) land-use capability classes, rating the relative levels of capability of the land to produce under various conditions, (ii) recommended classes, indicating the kind of croD recommended under various conditions, and (iii) classes of recommended intensity of use. As part of an important co-operative project with the Land Branch, a numbered research rejwrt was published, "The Ecological Basis of Land-Use Planning." In all phases of site research, full use is made of the facilities of the draughting room and the soils laboratory. Section members participated in the North-eastern Forest Soils Conference in Quebec. One member is currently on the conference's Site Evaluation Com- mittee and submitted a review regarding work on site index and site evaluation in Ontario. Reforestation Research The program of this unit is closely related to the work of the Reforestation 274 and Silviculture Section of the Timber Branch and has as its objective the procure- ment of information for the scientific advancement of the artificial regeneration program. The work is developed by experiments at the nuseries, on the planting sites, and in the older plantations. The unit consists of three research foresters, one of whom is currently on educational leave-of-absence. Nursery Studies Several long-term studies are presently being conducted in the nurseries. At Orono nursery, an experiment to study the effects of various mthods of acidifying the soil is in the third year. At the Kemptville nursery a study of several tech- niques to reduce the losses of young seedlings due to frost heaving is in advanced stage. Experimental stock from two nurseries, Kemptville and Fort William, is being planted in a series of tests across the province to compare the planting success of trees of different age-classes. Forest Fertilization The series of experiments with the use of fertilizers (based on soil and foliar analyses) on less thrifty plantations, was continued in 1961. The work was done in jack pine (Pinus Banksiana) plantations to supplement earlier work which had been confined to red pine (P. resinosa Ait) plantations. Further work was done also on the study of the use of fertilizers at the time of planting to achieve greater survival and growth of the newly established trees. Frost Damage Laboratory and greenhouse studies were continued of the rates and degrees of dehardening of plant tissue in relation to frost damage and kill. This is a serious problem in some areas each year, and it may be possible to avoid serious damage by changes in nursery or planting techniques. Some laboratory and green- house work is being conducted on the use of hormones in nursery and planting operations. Forest Tree Breeding Breeding work with white pine, aspen poplars, hard pines and white cedar was continued. Work with chestnut was reduced to a maintenance basis. White Pine Resistance to blister rust and weevil, and satisfactory growth form and growth rate were the main objectives in breeding. This project was started by the Research Branch in 1946. Scions of nine clones and two populations of Pinus albicaulis were the main acquisitions, besides a few clones of P. flexilis, P. monticola, P. koraiensis and P. strobus. Selections from seedling populations screened for resistance to blister rust comprised 59 clones. A total of 86 interspecific and intraspecific crosses were made yielding 4,033 full seeds. Three kinds of interspecific crosses were made, namely six crosses of P. monticola x griffithii, two crosses of P. armandi x albicaulis and 30 crosses of P. koraiensis x albicaulis. The range-wide five-station provenance test of white pine initiated in 1957 was outplanted. One outplanting was established at Turkey Point with a total of 6,292 trees. Another outplanting, with the same 13 provenances, was established in Ganaraska Forest and comprised 4,212 trees. 275 The selection for resistance to weeviling, in co-operation with the Forest Insect Laboratory in Sault Ste. Marie, was continued. A plantation of white pine (P. strobus) in the Kirkwood Management Unit was top-grafted for this purpose with 1,050 scions of 21 clones of various native and hybrid white pine materials selected for resistance to blister rust. Some white pine seeds were irradiated with thermal neutrons at the plant of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited in the fall of 1960. Two hours in the pile with a total dose of about 6,000 rem reduced germination to 36% of untreated controls, i.e. the L 50 dose is somewhat lower than this treatment. The surviving seedlings have thus far not shown abnormal growth peculiarities. Their resistance to blister rust in comparison with seedlings raised from untreated seeds of the same origin is being studied. Poplars The production of aspen-like hybrids, suitable for growing in southern Ontario continued to be the chief aim of this project. This project was started by the Research Branch in 1946. Interspecific hybridization resulted in 16 successful crosses between various aspen hybrids. A good method for testing the rooting ability of stem cuttings was developed and applied to numerous new aspen materials. Several promising clones of silver poplar (Populus alba L.) and aspen hybrids raised at the Southern Research Station, Maple, were selected on the basis of this new test. Hybrids of P. trichocarpa with various forms of P. alba are beginning to show promising possibilities of introducing the very high rooting ability of P. trochocarpa into aspen hybrids. Two new test plantations were established, one comprising 15 clones and 12 populations in Wainfleet Township, and another comprising one clone and 1 1 populations in the Fort Frances area. Hard Pines The development of new types, resistant to the European shoot moth and superior in growth form and growth rate, continued to be the aim of this project. This project was started by the Research Branch in 1954. A seed collection from red pine (P. resinosa Ait) plus trees was made in northern Ontario, and 17 seedling populations were obtained. The breeding work was centered on a study of the efforts of inbreeding on red pine, and 150 different pollinations on 2,068 flowers were made for this purpose at Kane, Pa., and in Ontario in the Lake Abitibi area. Swastika and Chalk River. Red pine of 12 origins were selfed, pollinated with mixed local pollen and top-crossed with red pine pollen of one origin. The extensive interspecific hybridization of 1959 yielded 2,051 full seeds in 1960 and 667 seedlings in 1961 from 14 crosses involving Pinus densiflora, P. nigra, P. resinosa and P. silvestris in different combinations. A selfing study of five red pine in Vivian Forest yielded seedlings that indicate that at least these five trees are self-fertile and sihow no inbreeding depression. The results of the grafting experiment of 1960 show that early winter grafting — ^before January 1st — in the greenhouse is significantly superior to late winter grafting. Much new material was set out this year at Turkey Point for provenance tests, progeny tests and observation plots, study resistance to shoot moth under conditions of severe attack. 276 White Cedar The production of improved types of this species and of western red cedar {Thuja plicata) and hybrids, hardy in southern Ontario, is the aim of this project. This project was started by the Research Branch in 1956. A provenance test plantation, consisting of 15 provenances of white cedar was established in the Ganaraska Forest. Two observation areas of western red cedar were also established in the Ganaraska Forest, in addition to one small observation area of white cedar. A number of rooted cuttings and hybrid seedlings were set out on their permanent location at the Southern Research Station, to serve as future breeding materials. Chestnut The aim of this project is the production of hardy dwarf chestnut (Castanea) types, resistant to blight and suitable as dwarfing stock in a breeding program with timber-type chestnuts. This project was started by the Research Branch in 1955. No new work was undertaken on this project. The seedlings of Chinese chestnut were moved from the nursery to various places at the Southern Research Station, for further observation and breeding when they reach flowering age. White Pine Blister Rust Reconnaissance Surveys The purpose of the program is to determine blister rust conditions in the white pine forests of the province. This is accomplished by investigating and reporting on all aspects of white pine blister rust in Ontario and advising on pertinent matters. Reconnaissance and damage surveys are conducted. At the request of the Districts assistance is given in planning and operation of blister rust control. Collaboration with the Federal Laboratory of Forest Pathology is extended as required. Work Performed 1961-62 Instructional and practise session in blister rust reconnaissance for Federal and Provincial personnel was conducted at Green Lake and Dacre. Fifteen at- tendants participated. Rust conditions and protection needs in Dacre Chief Ranger District were surveyed and recommendations made. As part of the regular blister rust reconnaissance program, field examina- tions were made in Parry Sound and Pembroke Districts, and at one station in Swastika. In view of expanding planting programs in northern Ontario, surveys and studies of rust conditions and potential in Gogama and Swastika Districts were advanced. Ribes conditions were investigated on Mississagi and White River planting project areas. Reports Forestry research reports are listed in appendix on page 280. Mensuration and Statistics The primary work of the Mensuration and Statistics section is consultation regarding the proper statistical design of experiments and the mathematical anal- ysis of the data secured. The purpose of the analyses is to determine how con- clusive the results are and to avoid the drawing of unwarranted inferences. 277 At the request of the Timber Branch, an investigation is being made of the feasibility of determining with sufficient accuracy, the volume of standing timber to serve as the basis of payment of dues. Volume tables for use in this work were prepared from data for 20,000 trees previously secured by the Timber Branch. Three sample cruises were undertaken, of which two have been fully completed with encouraging results. The gathering of growth data for white pine which was commenced in 1960 was continued on a moderate scale. The objective is to obtain data for estimating the yield at maturity of white pine growing in mixture and at the same time to test a proposed new method of estimating future yields, termed the Index Dia- meter Method. Mechanical Research The operation of this section was carried on with a staff of five, namely, section supervisor, three engineer's assistants and one maintenance machinist. Ninety per cent of the time was spent on the development of research equipment for other sections and branches; the remainder on work of a more general nature. Only projects having the broadest interest are mentioned, under their re- spective headings. A partial list of the other work carried out is appended. Forest Protection Equipment Testing Program The purpose of this program, which is operated the year round, is to test new equipment for forest fire fighting and other forest protection purposes in order to assess its suitability for Departmental uses. The main test work carried out during the past year was on the Mark I and Mark II Wajax fire pumps. In addition, some testing was done on forest fire hose, hose washing equipment and brush burning torches. The test work on the Mark I pump was aimed at improving the rather un- satisfactory engine endurance. These tests definitely showed that the endurance could be increased very substantially by using naphthenic base two-cycle engine oils which have quite recently been made available. The Mark II pump, a new model, was subjected to the regular performance and endurance tests. Although it has a somewhat lower performance than the Mark I, this unit will, because of its excellent endurance record, undoubtedly give a good account of itself in the field. Fire Line Builder The purpose of this project is to develop a self-propelled fire line builder of a type suitable for use in the northern part of the Province. Many attempts have been made to produce a machine of this nature but none have proved to be very satisfactory. The new features incorporated in the design will, it is hoped, make this an effective piece of fire fighting equipment. The construction has progressed to the point where preliminary tests will be made during the coming summer. Aerial Seeder The object of this project was to develop a tree seeding device for seeding forest areas by helicopter. Both the design and construction of this seeder have been completed. Test patterns of the seed distribution taken during actual flight show that this seeder 278 meets the requirements of the Timber Branch. The mechanical features and mounting arrangement have been passed by the Department of Transport. Seeding on an experimental basis will be carried out early in May. Portable Steam Cooker The purpose of this project was to design and produce a portable steam cooker, the aim being to improve the standard of meals at forest fire and other bush camps. The main advantages of this method of cooking are: 1. Less cooking skill required 2. Food practically burn-proof 3. Meals can be kept hot on a 24-hour basis 4. Sanitary — due to stainless steel construction 5. Plentiful supply of clean hot water constantly vailable for cooking and dishwashing 6. Minimum food wastage For versatility of food preparation, aluminum grills have been provided. They can be used for frying meat and eggs. An oven may be added later. The cooker was tested at the Ranger School and received favourable com- ment. The estimated capacity is 60 - 65 men. The source of heat can be fuel oil, propane gas or wood. A half-size model is presently under construction. This is considered a more practical size. Similar units can be added as the camp grows in numbers. Other Projects Self-propelled Spot Tree Planter Forest mensuration instruments Fish data Card Sorting Machine S^plake Tanks Research Vessels. Modifications and Power Plant installations. REPORTS Research Branch Reports Published During the Year Ending March 31, 1962 Fisheries Report of the Laboratory for Experimental Limnology for the Years 1954 through 1959. Research Report (Fisheries) No. 44. Gill Net Selectivity in the 1960 Catches of Whitefish in the Goderich Bayfield Area. A. M. McCombie. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. Vol. 90, No. 3, July, 1961. Observations on the Life History of the Hybrid between Eastern Brook Trout and Lake Trout in Algonquin Park, Ontario. N. V. Martin and N. S. Baldwin. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 17 (4), 1960. The Effects of Underwater Seismic Explosions on Yellow Perch. R. G. Fer- guson. The Can. Fish Culturist, Issue 29, November 1961. Status of Fisheries Research Projects for the year 1960. Research Section Re- port (Fisheries) No. 38. July 1961 * Use of the South Bay Creel Census in Understanding the Smallmouth Bass Fishery and Predicting its Course. J. C. Budd. Research Section Report (Fish- eries) No. 39. July 1961. * Fishing Effort in the Lake Ontario Whitefish Fishery. W. J. Christie. Research Section Report (Fisheries) No. 40. Sept. 1961. * 279 Wildlife Wolf Control in Ontario — Past, Present and Future. D. H. Pimlott. Trans- actions, Federal-Provincial Wildlife Conference, Ottawa. June 15, 16, 1961. Preliminary Studies of Woodland Caribou Range in Ontario. T. Ahti and R. L. Hepburn. Transactions, Federal-Provincial Wildlife Conference, Ottawa. June 15, 16, 1961. The Ecology and Management of Moose in North America, D. H. Pimlott. La Terre et La Vie, 2:246-265. 1961. Cestodes of Wolves, Coyotes and Coyote-dog Hybrids in Ontario. R. S. Free- man, A. Adorjan and D. H. Pimlott. Can. Jour. Zool., 39:527-532, 1961. Wolves and the Wolf Research Program in Ontario. D. H. Pimlott. Ontario Fish and WildUfe Review, l(l):4-9. 1961. Wolf Control in Canada. D. H. Pimlott. Can. Audubon Magazine. Nov.-Dec. 1961. Forestry The Ecological Basis of Land-Use Planning. G. A. Hills. Research Report (Forestry) No. 46. The Sites of the Kirkwood Management Unit. G. Pierpoint. Research Report (Forestry) No. 47, Soil Moisture — an Important Factor in the Establishment and Early Growth of Conifer Plantations. G. Pierpoint. Research Information Paper No. 16. * Moisture Relations of Nursery Stock. R. H. Leech. Research Report (Forestry) No. 45. Notes on some Aspects of Forestry in Ireland and Great Britain. R. E. Mullin. Research Information Paper No. 17. * Natural Layering of Black Spruce Picea Mariana (Mill) B.S.P. in Northern Ontario. W. Stanek. Forestry Chronicle, Sept. Vol. 37 No. 3. The Effect of Photo Period on White Pine Seedling Growth. D. P. Fowler. The Forestry Chronicle 37(2) : 133-143, June, 1961. Problems in Forest Tree Breeding. Comments. C. C. Heimburger. Recent Ad- vances in Botany, 1699-1703, 1961. * Reports distributed only to Department staff. 280 Scaling white pine logs; a demons+rafion at Ontario Forest Ranger School. Taking inventory of 1-0 red pine seedlings at Orono forest tree nursery. 281 TIMBER BRANCH BRANCH CHIEF J.A.BRODIE ASSISTANT BRANCH CHIEF M.B.MORISON OFFICE MANAGEMENT SPECIAL PROJECTS REFORESTATION SECTION SUPERVISOR R.W.HUMMEL SILVICULTURE SECTION SUPERVISOR A.J. HERRIDGE TIMBER SECTION SUPERVISOR L. RINGHAM NURSERY PRODUCTION FOREST INVENTORY LICENSING AND RECORDS TREE DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT PLANNING STUMPAGE APPRAISAL MARKETING EXTENSION FORESTRY SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS SCALING SUPERVISION 282 TIMBER BRANCH RESPONSIBILITIES OF TIMBER BRANCH 1 Timber sales and Licences, measuring of timber cut, preparation of accounts for collection of stumpage charges, compiling of statistics. 2. Production of planting stock at tree nurseries. This includes acquisition, treat- ment, storage, distributing seed, the establishment of seed production plots, and the distribution of nursery stock for planting. 3. Management on a sustained yield basis of the Forests of the Province, the preparation of the forest inventory and its continuous up-dating. Preparation and analysis of operating and management plans covering Crown and Company management units. Directing cutting methods to promote na- tural regeneration and release cutting for stand improvement. 4. Supervision of reforestation on Crown land by tree planting and direct seed- ing and other means. 5. Extension Forestry w'hich assists organizations and individuals interested in reforestation. Woodlot management and conservation. 6. Management and reforestation of demonstration forests, County and Muni- cipal forests, Conservation Authority forests under agreement for management. 7. Planning and supervision of the construction of forest access roads to open up wood producing areas. 8. Licensing of sawmills, pulp and paper mills. 9. Registration and licensing of scalers. REFORESTATION SECTION During the current fiscal year, a total of 43,194,863 units of nursery stock was furnished from 1 1 nurseries operated through the Reforestation Section. This is 6,638,549 units less than the number furnished during the previous fiscal year. The decrease was expected because much of the stock under production that would have been available this year developed unusually well and was used during the previous fiscal year. Also, our production of Scotch Pine stock was reduced appropriately in anticipation of a reduction in demand from Christmas Tree farmers for stock of this species. Tree seed was collected, processed, and sown and nursery operations con- tinued to develop the output of nursery stock from the nurseries to approximately 60,000,000 units per annum in accordance with established targets. The acreage of forest areas being managed for Counties, Townships, and Conservation Authorities under agreements entered into between the Minister and such corporations increased by 8,866 acres during the year to a total of 156,163.115 acres. 283 SUMMARY OF DISPOSITIONS OF NURSERY STOCK APRIL 1, 1961 TO MARCH 31. 1962 Planted on lands vested in Her Majesty in right of Ontario 26,602,720 Planted on County, Township, Conservation Authority and other lands managed by the Minister 5,063,860 Furnished in respect of Private Lands 11,505,775 Furnished for Educational and Scientific Purposes 12,208 Miscellany: Departmental Exhibits, etc. 7,200 Stored at Planting Sites 3,100 Total 43,194,863 NURSERY STOCK DISPOSITIONS FROM APRIL 1 1961 TO MARCH 31, 1962 Year Units 1952-53 24,241,754 1953-54 23,447,860 1954-55 25,519,383 1955-56 28,351,483 1956-57 31,081,112 1957-58 25,854,262 1958-59 33,414,110 1959-60 41,682,125 1960-61 49,833,412 1961-62 43,194,863 Total 326,620,364 284 TREES FURNISHED IN RESPECT OF PRIVATE LAND APRIL 1. 1961. TO MARCH 31. 1962 County or Territorial District Trees Algoma 221,525 Brant 130,050 Bruce 148,575 Carleton 290,925 Cochrane 59,350 Dufferin 425,725 Dundas 58,875 Durham 257,675 Elgin 96,225 Essex 26,300 Frontenac 146,325 Glengarry 75,525 Grenville 189,800 Grey 365,625 Haldimand 106,726 Haliburton 139,450 Halton 148,625 Hastings 305,900 Huron 201,250 Kenora 34,850 Kent 49,675 Lambton 134,225 Lanark 125,400 Leeds 105,250 Lennox & Addington 96,325 Lincoln 79,150 Manitoulin 68,600 Middlesex 494,425 Muskoka 271,775 Nipissing 90,975 Norfolk 289,150 Northumberland 354,675 Ontario 468,675 Oxford 146,750 Parry Sound 339,300 Peel 602,925 Perth 46,625 Peterborough 128,675 Prescott 221,025 Prince Edward 37,325 Rainy River 146,000 Renfrew 458,150 Russell 78,700 Simcoe 821,350 Stormont 51,375 Sudbury 121,875 Thunder Bay 315,975 Temiskaming 28,075 Victoria 138,450 Waterloo 181,650 Welland 227,275 Wellington 299,850 Wentworth 257,825 York 799,000 Total 11,505,775 285 AGREEMENTS UNDER SECTION 2 OF THE FORESTRY ACT (as of March 31. 1962) Date of Number Agreement of Acres Conservation Authorities: Ausable River Dec. 13, 1951 3,770.00 Big Creek Region Dec. 2, 1954 2,202.40 Ganaraska River Jan. 31, 1947 7,606.60 Grand Valley Mar. 18, 1952 4,644.69 Maitland Valley- Apr. 1, 1955 466.00 Metropolitan Toronto and Region Apr. 11, 1951 1,672.00 Moira River Nov. 28, 1951 9,815.00 Napanee Valley Oct. 28, 1954 5,469.00 Neebing Valley May 15, 1958 1,030.70 North Grey Region June 25, 1958 3,513.00 Otter Creek Apr. 26, 1957 819.00 Sauble Valley Sept. 23, 1959 1,580.00 Saugeen Valley Dec. 15, 1952 9,702.00 South Nation River Mar. 28, 1960 140.00 Upper Thames River Apr. 11, 1951 3,249.56 55,679.950 Counties: Brant Nov. 15, 1952 50.00 Bruce Jan. 20, 1950 14,656.35 Dufferin Nov. 26, 1930 2,042.00 Grey Dec. 21, 1937 7,183.08 Halton Mar. 14, 1950 1,245.63 Huron Nov. 27, 1950 1,339.00 Kent Dec. 23, 1953 76.975 Lanark July 5, 1940 2,656.00 Leeds and Grenville Apr. 24, 1940 5,625.50 Lennox and Addington Apr. 3, 1952 786.00 P.Tiddlesex Mar. 8, 1954 280.00 Northumberland and Durham June 10, 1924 4,877.00 Ontario July 9, 1930 1,900.00 Oxford Sept. 1, 1950 716.56 Prescott and Russell Mar. 15, 1937 23,485.83 Renfrew Dec. 26, 1951 1,713.00 Simcoe June 19, 1925 16,135.69 Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Sept. 29, 1949 1,524.45 Victoria Aug. 10, 1928 7,044.00 Waterloo Apr. 17, 1950 710.48 Wentvi^orth Nov. 27, 1952 889.30 York Mar. 27, 1924 3,772.08 98,708.925 Townships: Bonfield Apr. 1, 1952 60.00 Charlottenburgh Apr. 1, 1955 175.00 Cumberland May 29, 1952 808.44 Galway and Cavendish Nov. 1, 1952 100.00 Marlborough Sept. 21, 1953 200.00 Torbolton Mar. 28, 1953 TOTAL 430.80 1,774,24 156,163.115 286 SILVICULTURE SECTION Inventory Unit Capital Air Surveys Ltd. completed vertical aerial photography of 326 square miles in the Districts of Lindsay and Tweed, which were not photographed in 1960. This contractor was also the successful tenderer for vertical aerial photog- raphy of 27,880 square miles in the Cochrane and Kapuskasing Districts. As a result of poor weather conditions, only 11,281 square miles were satisfactorily completed, the remainder of the area will be photographed in 1962. Field work was completed on 6,086 square miles in the Parry Sound Dis- trict and the Agreement Forests in the Southeastern Region. Five field parties cruised the Loring, Georgian Bay, Parry Sound, Bracebridge, Burks Falls, and Kearney Crown management units, the Conservation Authority Forests of the South Nation, Napanee, Moira and Ganaraska, the County Forests of Leeds and Grenville, Lanark, Lennox and Addington, Northumberland and Durham, Vic- toria and Simcoe, the township forests of Marlborough, Torbolton and Galway. These parties also covered the scattered Crown lands of this area, including the nursery properties at Kemptville, Orono and Midhurst. Photo-interpretation was completed for 13,132 square miles in the Tweed, Lindsay, and Parry Sound Districts and the Agreement Forests in the South- Scarification \o encourage yellow birch regeneration in Lindsay District. 287 eastern Region. Forest stand maps and forest ledgers were completed for 1,941 square miles. These covered the Crown management units of Watabeag, Kirkland Lake, Larder Lake, and also the Ontario Paper Company licence in this area. Work proceeded on revision of the planimetric base maps for those areas covered by the 1960 photography. The multiplex machine was used to interpret contours and form-lines and prepare plans for the Parks Branch. Under this programme, plans were completed for Butt Lake Park, at a scale of 1" = 500' with 10' contour intervals; Sand Banks Provincial Park, at a scale of 1" = 600' with 10' contours; and two park- sites in the Killarney area. The use of planimetric and forestry maps remained at a high level. The photo-processing staff produced 65,369 contact prints; 4,711 photo-mosaics, at a scale of 1" = 1 mile; 948 at a scale of 4" = 1 mile; and 112 at a scale of 2" = 1 mile; 2,194 enlargements; 278 film diapositives; 32 multiplex plates; 263 Kelsh plates; 2,289 copy negatives; 322 cronaflex prints, and developed 3 rolls of aerial film. Silvicultural Operations This encompasses the work of establishing and producing a satisfactory crop on lands dedicated to forestry both in the Crown and under agreement. This work is necessary as a result of logging or fires. It is also done on barren lands capable of producing a good forest crop. In addition, forest is established by planting on submarginal agricultural land, or land subject to erosion, which is usually acquired by Municipalities and Conservation Authorities with the assis- tance of the Province and then put under agreement for management by Lands and Forests. There are two major phases to Silvicultural Operations. (a) Artificial Regeneration — on Crown Lands and Agreement Forests by plant- ing and seeding. (b) Stand Improvement — on Crown Lands and Agreement Forests. This includes procedures to achieve natural regeneration as well as tending or improving the crop by such techniques as aerial application of herbicides. Stand Improvement also operates special demonstration areas where known silvicultural techniques are tested on an operational basis. Silvicultural Operations recently established a special project forester. He is conducting studies on projects such as seeding and herbicide spraying with helicopters. Another project is to determine the future size and location of white pine growing areas. Artificial Regeneration The numbers of trees planted is less than in 1960-1961 due to lack of suffi- cient stock of northern origin and a heavy call on shipping stock in the fall of 1960. 1958-59 — 20,190,338 1959-60 — 27,562,247 1960-61 — 35,630,393 1961-62 — 31,666,580 Predicted requirements for planting stock to cover future programmes indi- cate a needed increase in this work. These predicted needs rise steadily to 43,500,000 trees in 1966-67. 288 TREES PLANTED ON LANDS VESTED IN HER MAJESTY IN RIGHT OF ONTARIO ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT AND PROJECT TREES Aylmer District: Bosanquet Township 60,025 Charlotteville Township 19,183 Maiden Township 1,000 Sherbrooke Township 1,000 South Walsingham Township 23,250 104,458 Chapleau District: De Gaulle Township 54,000 Edith Township 25,000 Lloyd Township 1,261,000 Nimitz Township 458,000 Panet Township 589,000 Racine Township 200,000 IIB Township 100,500 lie Township 4,000 2,691,500 Cochrane District: Adams Township 150,000 Colquhoun Township 195,000 German Township 259,250 Keefer Township 350,000 Leitch Township 49,500 Macklem Township 57,000 Pyne Township 186,500 Sheraton Township 300,000 1,547,250 Fort Frances District: Atikokan Township 36 Burriss Township 1,360 Kingsford Township 70,500 Richardson Township 74,400 Sutherland Township 76,500 Unsurveyed — 2 mi. North of Wausau 45,000 Unsurveyed — near Sapawe 102,550 Unsurveyed — Boffin Operating Unit 18,000 Unsurveyed — 2 mi. South of Stokes Bay 7,000 Unsurveyed — 1 mi. South of Grassy Bay 11,600 Unsurveyed — 1 mi. North of Red Gut Bay 12,000 418,946 Geraldton District: Irwin Township 62,400 Kowkash Township 295,000 Header Township 500,000 O'Meara Township 1,000 Pie Township 27,000 Pifher Township 150,450 85 Township 1,000 Unsurveyed — Caramat 1,500 Unsurveyed — 18 mi. North West of Geraldton A.75 2,400 Unsurveyed — Stevens 1,500 Unsurveyed — 8 mi. West of Stevens 102,400 1,144,650 Gogama District: Burrows Township 1,784,300 Kemp Township 1,911,255 3,695,525 Hespeler District: Bruce Township 10,300 North Dumfries Township 2,675 Waterloo Township 2,050 15,025 289 Kapuskasing District: Devitt Township 27,800 Fauquier Township 35,500 Haig- Township 32,800 Idington Township 700 Owens Township 43,500 Ritchie Township 15,000 Rogers Township 148,000 Sankey Township 10,000 Studholme Township 501,900 Wicksteed Township 137,200 238 Township 262,000 1,214,400 Kemptville District: Marlborough Township 101,090 Oxford Township 7,536 Ontario St. Lawrence Development 5,780 114,406 Kenora District: Boys Township 17,000 Breithaupt Township 18,000 Ewart Township 8,000 Forgie Township 45,000 Glass Township 20,000 Kirkup Township 25 Lemay Township 25 Mclllwraith Township 80,000 Melgund Township 20,000 Pelican Township 15,500 Sanford Township 40,000 Smellie Township 6 Tustin Township 29,250 Zealand Township 4,550 Unsurveyed — Aulneau Peninsula 3,600 Unsurveyed — North of Gordon Lake 20,000 Unsurveyed — Hay Island 3,000 Unsurveyed — North of Jackman Township 18,000 Unsurveyed — Kenora M.U. 30,000 Unsurveyed — Painted Rock Island 16,000 Unsurveyed— Near Tustin Township 29,250 479,206 Lindsay District: Anstruther Township ___"_ 162,500 Belmont Township 63 Brighton Township 20,582 Bruton Township 22,900 Cavendish Township 237,500 Darlington Township 12,190 Galway Township 20,000 Hope Township 8,852 Lutterworth Township 109,850 Otonabee Township 275 Ops Township 275 Snowdon Township 10,000 Stanhope Township 2,000 606,987 Maple District: Baxter Township 252,350 Essa Township 15 Georgina Township 1,905 Matchedash Township 301,000 Orillia Township 3,000 Tosorontio Township 2,015 Vaughan Township 2,533 Vespra Township 17,627 580,445 290 North Bay District: Afton Township 50,000 Bastedo Township 25,000 Calvin Township 5,050 Coleman Township 196,000 Henry Township 250,000 McLaren Township 300,000 Sisk Township 250 West Ferris Township 6 Widdifield Township 2,500 828,806 Parry Sound District: Ballantyne Township 150,000 Bethune Township 50,000 Boulter Township 185,000 Burton Township 110,000 Carling Township 10,000 Chaffey Township 55 Foley Township 4,730 Harrison Township 4,200 Laurier Township 40,000 Macaulay Township 2,400 Machar Township 6,104 McLean Township 160 Medora Township 532 Monteith Township 6,450 Mowat Township 8,500 Muskoka Township 30 Proudfoot Township 2,300 Spence Township 6,450 Stisted Township 2,200 Wallbridge Township 10,000 599,111 Pembroke District: Airy Township 235,000 Barron Township 75,000 Boulter Township 61,000 Cameron Township 310,000 Canisbay Township 1,600 Fraser Township 5,400 Guthrie Township 80,000 Lauder Township 61,000 McKay Township 2,000 Murchison Township 85,200 Peck Township 36 Pentland Township 61,000 Sproule Township 8,000 Stratton Township 200,000 White Township 75,000 1,260,236 Port Arthur District: Dawson Road Township 4,800 Fraleigh Township 120,000 Goldie Township 205,500 Hagey Township 28,000 Lybster Township 50,000 Sibley Township 64,800 Stirling Township 4,800 Unsurveyed — near Cushing Lake Burn 173,000 Unsurveyed— near Gull Bay 1,051,375 1,702,275 291 Sault Ste. Marie District: Aberdeen Township 10,000 Bridgland Township 302,517 Curtis Township 10,000 Dennis Township 8,000 Fenwick Township 3,000 Gaudette Township 57,050 Gould Township 20,000 Haughton Township 50,675 Hilton Township 4,300 Kirkwood Township 93,015 Lefroy Township 49,325 Rose Township 195,257 Thessalon 6 Vankoughnet Township 1,000 Wells Township 90,895 Township 3H 23,600 Township 23, Range 11 6,000 Township 24, Range 11 48,500 Township 25, Range 12 5,400 Township 26, Range 12 24,600 Township 202 15,000 Township 2A 940,950 Township V 814,675 Township W 907,025 3,682,390 Sioux Lookout District: Drayton Township 4,500 Echo Township 2,400 McAree Township 2,400 Unsurveyed — 16 mi. South of Red Lake 2,400 Unsurveyed — 5 mi. South of East of Armstrong 100,000 Unsurveyed — Near Sunstrum 100,000 211,700 Sudbury District: Township 129 140,475 Broder Township 137 Dowling Township 3,200 Dryden Township 180,000 Foster Township 266,175 Hallam Township 61,250 Halifax Township 75,000 Hanmer Township 25,000 Hoskin Township 25,000 McKim Township 27 Merritt Township 30,000 Salter Township 10,350 Scadding Township 48,600 Street Township 308,425 Tennyson Township 60,925 Victoria Township 3,000 Township 115 70,000 Township 118 533,325 1,840,889 292 Swastika District: Arnold Township 48,500 Beauchamp Township 306,300 Benoit Township 4,250 Burt Township 100,175 Cane Township 49,925 Catharine Township 95,875 Clifford Township 20 Davidson Township 31,600 Dunmore Township 187,000 Evantural Township 10,000 Grenfell Township 308 Gross Township 208,500 Lee Township 120,150 McCool Township 255,000 McEvay Township 188,800 Ray Township 518,500 2,124,903 Tweed District: Bangor Township 37,000 Carlow Township 210,000 Effingham Township 6,000 Elzevir Township 26,950 Hallowell Township 146,200 Kennebec Township 18,550 Kingston Township 2,750 Lyndoch Township 121,000 McClure Township 69,000 Olden Township 4,500 Radcliffe Township 141,000 Sydney Township 60 Wicklow Township 155,000 938,010 White River District: Cecil Township 33,150 Mikano Township 493,050 Nickle Township 33,200 Township 28, Ranger XXVII 106,500 Unsurveyed— near CP. 44 33,150 699,050 Unclassified : Etobicoke Township 774 South Orillia Township 100 East Zorra Township 400 Ridout Township 14,900 Sherborne Township 3,000 King's Highways 83,378 102,552 TOTAL: 26,602,720 293 TREES PLANTED ON COUNTY. TOWNSHIP, CONSERVATION AUTHORITY AND OTHER LANDS MANAGED BY THE MINISTER April 1, 1961 to March 31. 1962 County : Trees Bruce 140,700 Dufferin 3,000 Grey 213,300 Halton 38,700 Huron 88,510 Lanark 34,350 Leeds & Grenville 146,700 Lennox & Addington 20,500 Middlesex 20,500 Northumberland & Durham 136,200 Ontario 100,600 Oxford 25,100 Prescott & Russell 239,500 Renfrew 380,000 Simcoe 433,000 Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry 196,500 Victoria 219,250 Waterloo 7,250 Wentworth 12,000 York 126,800 Township: Marlborough 17,000 Torbolton 50,500 Conservation Authority : Ausable River 270,500 Big Creek Region 23,500 Ganaraska River 273,300 Grand Valley 392,400 Metropolitan Toronto & Region 120,300 Maitland Valley 13,000 Moira River 242,500 Neebing Valley 80,000 North Grey Region 214,700 Otter Creek 6,000 Sauble Valley 9,000 Saugeen Valley 423,600 South Nation River 125,000 Upper Thames River 70,100 Canada : National Capital Commission 150,000 TOTAL: 2,582,460 67,500 2,263,900 150,000 5,063,860 294 stand Improvement On Crown Lands During the fiscal year 1961-62, 90 stand improvement projects were carried out on an area of 23,218 acres. These projects were designed either to secure adequate regeneration following cutting operations or to improve growth and quality of the young stands of timber. Also, 10 regeneration surveys and 10 as- sessment surveys were conducted to collect the necessary data for future stand improvement work, and to assess results of the previously completed projects. In addition, 23 stand improvement projects, covering 1,304 acres, were car- ried out by the junior rangers during the course of their summer training. These combined activities include the work done on eight demonstration blocks, where silvicultural operations are practised on a more intensive scale, for the purpose of training management personnel and demonstrating improved techniques to the operators. Within these blocks, stand improvement funds were also spent on the maintenance of 10 miles of roads and three camps. The summary of stand improvement work completed during the year 1961- 62, by Districts and by type of treatments, showing gross acreage treated, follows: SUMMARY BY THE DISTRICTS STAND IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS INCLUDING JUNIOR RANGERS 1961 -62 WORK Crown Lands Area in Projects Acres Regeneration survey — Pruning 15 Assessment Survey — Total 15 Cleaning 30 Modified cutting 91 Cleaning 1,171 Assessment survey — Total 1,262 Scarification — cone scattering 1,241 Assessment survey — Total 1,241 Scarification — seeding 252 Bush Control — aerial spraying 1,660 Cleaning 1,225 Regeneration and assessment surveys — Total 3,137 Fort Frances Kenora Port Arthur Geraldton White River Chapleau 295 Districts Areas in Projects Acres Scarification — seeding 180 Brush control — aerial spraying 1,200 Cleaning 602 Total 1,982 Modified Cutting 10 Scarification — natural regeneration 1,000 Cleaning 371 Thinning 20 Pruning 357 Improvement — cutting 198 Girdling _ 5OO Regeneration and assessment surveys — Road construction (0.5 miles) — Total 2,456 Scarification — seeding 17 Cleaning 77 Road construction (7.7 miles) — Total 94 Modified cutting 30 Brush control — aerial spraying 1,000 Cleaning 213 Girdling 176 Regeneration survey — Total 1,419 Modified cutting 152 Scarification — seeding 466 Girdling " 76 Regeneration survey — Total 694 Modified cutting 100 Scarification — natural regeneration 29 Scarification — seeding 107 Stand improvement — girdling 334 Seed tree marking — Regeneration survey — Total 570 Brush control — ground spraying 46 Cleaning 893 Pruning 637 Improvement — cutting 48 Stand conversion 46 Total 1,670 Cleaning 667 Pruning 41 Improvement — cutting 50 Total 758 Improvement — cutting 12 Total 12 296 Gogama Sault Ste. Marie Sudbury Kapuskasing Cochrane North Bay Parry Sound Pembroke Kemptville Areas in Districts Projects Acres Tweed Modified cutting 100 Scarification — natural regeneration 6 Cleaning 3,395 Thinning 140 Pruning 818 Stand improvement — cutting 468 Stand conversion 4 Tree marking — Regeneration and assessment surveys — Road construction (2.1 miles) — Total 4,931 Lindsay Cleaning 1,491 Pruning 687 Girdling 1,668 Tree marking, roads, plot establishment — Total 3,846 Maple Modified cutting 3 Pruning 398 Stand improvement — cutting 4 Regeneration survey — Total 405 Grand Total 24,522 Of the above total, work on 1,304 acres was carried, out by Junior Rangers. SUMMARY Of STAND IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS, 1961-62 Crown Lands Acres Modified cutting 486 Scarification: Natural Regeneration 1,035 Cone scattering and seeding 2,263 Brush control: Ground spraying 46 Aerial spraying 3,860 Cleaning 10,135 Thinning 160 Pruning 2,953 Stand Improvement: Tree marking — Cutting 780 Frilling, poisoning or girdling 2,754 Stand conversion 50 ~ Total 24,522 Surveys: Regeneration (10 projects) Assessments (10 projects) Plot establishment (1 project) Road construction (10.3 miles) 297 stand Improvement — Agreement Forests Stand improvement work was carried out on 7,759 acres in 37 different forests. The main activities were clearing scrub and slirub growth prior to planting, cleaning desirable young trees from competing vegetation, pruning trees to produce knot free lumber, thinning even aged stands to increase growth on remaining stems, improving stands by removing larger low value, or defective trees, harvesting mature timber and culturing and selling existing scotch pine Christmas tree plantations. This last activity is designated for completion in 1963 as private enterprise can now supply existing market. In most cases only a few of the best Christmas trees in each acre will be sold. As the Dutch elm disease is prevalent in Southern Ontario, considerable merchantable elm was sold in harvest cutting. A marked increase in stumpage sales took place in the thinning, improvement and harvest cuts. This trend allows permanent and casual staff to be diverted to additional projects, such as pruning, where no product is involved. Most of the agreement forests are fairly accessible during the winter months, thus improvement projects can be carried out when unemployment is at the yearly high. Pruning is especially suitable for winter as work may be accomplished on snowshoes. In addition to the above work, three camps of Department of Reform Institutions' inmates did considerable useful stand improvement work on Agree- ment Forests. Their work is of a type for which labour is not normally hired. TABLE District Project Acres Clearing ' 139 Thinning 45 Improvement Cutting 22 Harvest Cutting 179 Total 385 Clearing 38 Cleaning 612 Pruning 212 Thinning 43 Improvement Cutting 1,157 Harvest Cutting 416 Christmas Tree Culture 257 Total 2,735 Aylmer Huron 298 District Project Acres Simcoe Clearing 29 Cleaning 15 Pruning 916 Thinning 217 Improvement Cutting 165 Harvest Cutting 2 Christmas Tree Culture 132 Total 1,476 Lindsay Clearing 25 Cleaning 713 Pruning 591 Thinning 54 Improvement Cutting 809 Harvest Cutting 40 Christmas Tree Culture 120 Total 2,352 Tweed Clearing 4 Cleaning 24 Pruning 50 Total 78 Pembroke Improvement Cutting 20 Total 20 Kemptville Cleaning 319 Pruning 148 Thinning 64 Improvement Cutting 151 Harvest Cutting , 31 Total 713 Total for all Districts 7,759 SUMMARY BY TREATMENT Clearing : 236 Cleaning 1,682 Pruning 1,917 Thinning 423 Improvement Cutting including Girdling 2,324 Harvest Cutting 668 Christmas Tree Culture and Selling 509 Total 7,759 Forest Management Planning — March 31, 1962 A steady advancement in the management of the Province's natural resources continued with a progressive revision of the management plans for the forest land under the jurisdiction of the Department of Lands and Forests. The revised management plans are prepared in conformity with the outlines of the Manual of Management Plan Requirements. The number of management units, each operating under a plan of its own, 299 is subject to change due to abandonment and acquisition of licences, division and consolidation of management units. The present number of management units is: 78 Crown, 79 Company, 42 Agreement Forests and 5 Nursery Forests — 204 in all. KAanagement Plans 1 . Crown Management Units — plans prepared by Department staff. There are 78 management units with a total area of 84,108 square miles, and with 78 management plans in force, as follows: 77 — initial management plans; 1 — revised management plan; 78 — plans in use. Plans for fourteen management units are currently undergoing revision, as scheduled. On the management units for w'hich plans are not yet due for revision, Interim Operating Plans are being prepared. Forty-eight of these plans have been submitted outlining in detail the volumes and kinds of timber that can be cut, its location and the measures necessary for its replacements. These plans are meant to bridge the gap between the present time and the date the revised management plans will become operative. 2. Company Managment Units — plans prepared by licences. There are 79 company units with a total area of 99,987 square miles, made up of 67 company management units operating under approved management plans. 12 management units with plans in preparation or revision. 79 Areas under management plans. 3. Agreement Forests — plans prepared by Department staff. There are 42 Agreement Forests, 150,000 acres in area, for which separate management plans are being prepared. This area is made up of: 22 County Forests; 6 Township Forests; and 14 Conservation Authorities Forests; 42 Total. Preparation of management plans follows the inventory of these forests, now in progress; preliminary planning has been started this year. 4. Nursery Forests — plans prepared by Department staff. There are five forest areas adjacent to the tree nurseries operated by the Department, covering approximately 9,000 acres. Managment plans for these areas will be prepared on completion of inventory programme. Other Work — during the fiscal year was as follows : 1. A 75-hour proficiency course on advanced Forest Management, Part 2, was given to the members of the staff of Management Planning Unit. 2. Three 3-day courses were given to 69 Timber Supervisors and Unit Foresters on Province-wide planning road network and compartmentation. 3. A 12-hour lecture on implementation of management plan was given at the Forest Ranger School, within the general course curriculum. 300 TIMBER SECTION The volume of wood cut from Crown land for all species during the year ending March 31, 1961, remained at approximately the same level as the previous year — 347.1 million cubic feet — as compared with 348.1 million cubic feet in 1959-60. This difference in volume represents a decrease in revenue from Crown stumpage charges of approximately $100,000. Sawtimber production in Ontario showed a substantial gain (14 per cent) in spite of the fact that the North American lumber industry experienced a relatively slow year due primarily to a slackening in house construction. Red, White and Jack Pine lumber all showed small gains while the volume of Spruce lumber nearly doubled. Pulpwood production, on the other hand, decreased by nearly 6 per cent and was due almost entirely to a reduced cut of Spruce for pulpwood. The production of pulp chips from sawmill waste became increasingly more important in 1961. In the year previous, the 31 sawmills with chipping facilities produced the chip equivalent of 163,800 cords of pulpwood. In 1961 the 33 firms with chippers increased this chip production to the equivalent of 206,750 cords. Hand planting by wedge method in North Bay District. 301 Market Studies During the course of the year, at the request of companies, business men and municipahties, the forest industry potential of specific areas in Ontario received special study. In addition, data was collected to prepare a Directory of Primary Wood-Using Industries for Ontario. Access Roads — Capital Fund Account Under the Access Road Construction program an amount of $73,000. was spent during 1961-62 on construction of roads into areas of unalienated Crown land containing mature and over-mature timber. Construction Swastika — Englehart Management Unit — 14 miles. Note — Funds for maintenance of access roads provided by Lands and Surveys Branch. Total miles of road constructed to date under this fund: Kapuskasing — Hearst Management Unit I41/2 miles Swastika — Englehart Management Unit 51 " Pembroke — Petawawa Management Unit 72 " Kenora — Gordon Lake Management Unit 8 " 1451/2 Kenora — Jones Road — Road-Part cost 22 1671/2 " To date $851,478.79 has been spent on this type of road construction, all of which has been paid back to the fund from additional stumpage charges collected from forest operators using these roads. TIMBER SALES, 1961-62 Crown Timber Sales C.T.A. 2 (1) 61 47.2 square miles Crown Timiber Sales C.T.A. 3 (1) 32 377.7 Crown Timber Sales C.T.A. 4 (1) 7 19.0 ABANDONMENTS In the fiscal year 1961-62 licensed areas in the amount of 267.59 square miles were abandoned. SUMMARY OF AREA UNDER CROWN TIMBER LICENCE CLASSIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CROWN TIMBER ACT AS OF MARCH 31, 1962 Licences under Licences under Licences under Total Area Year Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Square Mileage 1957-58 5,354.80 98,149.46 181.33 103,685.59 1958-59 4,520.62 99,612.16 199.90 104,332.68 1959-60 4,206.22 99,818.60 186.98 104,211.80 1960-61 3,647.71 99,103.39 137.79 102,888.89 1961-62 3,563.07 99,347.87 154.26 103,065.20 302 SUMMARY OF VOLUME AND VALUE OF WOOD CUT BY SPECIES DURING 1960-61 Species Cubic Feet Value Softwood Balsam Cedar Hemlock Pine, Jack Pine, Red Pine, White Spruce Tamarack Christmas Trees Fuelwood Hardwood Ash Basswood Beech Birch, White . Birch, Yellow Butternut Cherry Elm Maple Oak Poplar Fuelwood 14,765,587.36 $ 316,921.67 331,210.12 10,957.16 2,780,316.30 71,275.46 76,856,764.93 2,115,897.28 5,036,713.48 269,332.86 19,149,789.11 1,061,648.04 191,046,575.50 7,157,888.17 75,407.21 2,008.18 1,013.00 180.22 1,475,759.80 9,625.76 311,519,136.81 $11,015,734.80 109,228.14 3,012.00 468,974.88 29,463.99 385,274.81 8,587.37 1,783,906.11 33,525.91 6,972,021.66 516,428.48 2,483.18 106.37 25,626.91 901.31 261,363.20 9,009.34 5,786,733.94 229,838.34 239,416.54 10,874.67 18,356,146.54 181,901.38 1,201,863.45 9,022.54 35,593,039.36 $ 1,032,671.70 Total all species 347,112,176.17 12,048,406.50 Note: Value of export levy not included in above figures. The mills licensed during the year under the Crown Timber Act were as follows: Sawmills Daily Capacity in excess of 50,000 fbm 36 Daily Capacity 10,000 fbm to 50,000 fbm 118 Daily Capacity less than 10,000 fbm 797 Specialty mills (lath, pickets, shingles, staves, headings & hoops, ties) 87 Veneer Mills 23 Pulp Mills 24 Scaling Scaling examinations during the past year were held at the following locations and dates: Location Date Forest Ranger School, Dorset, Ontario April 7th, 1961 Forest Ranger School, Dorset, Ontario May 5th, 1961 Huntsville, Ontario May 12th, 1961 Geraldton, Ontario September 29th, 1961 Timber Licences Issued 1,265 Pulpwood Licences 201 303 CO z u < tt a. ^ < H Z 0 tt u. 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