Author: Pennsylvania Department of Forestry

Title: Report of the Department of Forestry of the State of
Pennsylvania for the years ..., 1912-1913

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1914

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg071 .2

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PART FROM A COPY
BORROWED FROM:

University of Michigan

MIR A LLOYD DOCK,

MombiT of tho State Forestry Reservation Commission from July

25, 1901, to October 10, 1913.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

REPORT

OF THE

X

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

OF THE

STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA

FOR THE

YEARS 1912-1913

HARRISBURG, PA.:

WM. STANLEY RAY. STATE PRINTER

1915

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT,

No. 26.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

N.

Page.

List of Illustrations , 3

Official List , Department of Forestry , 6

Letter of Transmittal to the Governor , 7

Report of the Commissioner of Forestry 9

Pennsylvania State Foresters , H

Pennsylvania Forest Rangers 1*

Forest Fires ^^

Supplement to Fire Warden Act 19

Supplement to Department Act , 20

Private Forest Fire Protective Associations, 21

Forest Taxation , 23

Auxiliary Forest Reserve Acts , 24

Municipal Forests 29

Forest Examinations and Reports 30

Foresters' Living Conditions ^0

Report of Forest Inspector , *1

General Rules for Cutting Timber 63

Table of Roads and Trails ^4

Seeds for Forest and Nursery Planting, 64

State Forest Nurseries , 66

State Forest Planting, ^^

Private Planting,^ • ^^^

Topographic and Stock Survey • 1^6

Nursery Investigation ,

Timber Sales ^^^

132
Surveys,

Land Grant Applications 1^5

Fixed Charges on State Land , 1^7

Rights of Way J*^

Permanent Camp Leases and Temporary Camping Permits 146

Outing and Recreation Resolution , ^^^

George W. Childs Park, J^^

Mira Lloyd Dock, ^^

Legal Affairs

Department Leases

Geological and Topographic Reports on State Forests 166

Dynamite Experiment ,

Chestnut Blight,

Department Educational Efforts , ^^

Report on Pittsburgh Exhibit ^^^

Pymatuning Swamp Survey

Financial Statement

(1)

282948

REPORT OF THP: DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. Off. Doc.

Page.

State Forest Administration , 190

State Forest Academy 468

Tabulated Statement, Loss from Forest Fires, 1912, 476

Tabulated Statement, Timber Cut in Pennsylvania, 1912, 478

Tabulated Statement, Timber Cut in Pennsylvania, 1913, 482

Tabulated Statement, Loss from Forest Fires, 1913, 486

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT,

No. 26

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

II

FRONTISPIECE. Mira Lloyd Dock, Member of the State Forestry
Reservation Commission from July 25, 1901, to October 10,
1913.
PLATE I. Mont Alto Nursery. Conifers. Principally White Pine.

August 14 , 1913

PLATE II. Asaph Nursery. Honey Locust. September 23, 1913,
PLATE III. Mont Alto Nursery. This Bed was not Treated with

Charcoal Braize

PLATE IV. Mont Alto Nursery. This Bed was Treated with Char-
coal Braize ,

PLATE V. No. 1. View of Exhibit at Pittsburgh Exposition,

PLATE VI. No. 2. View of Exhibit at Pittsburgh Exposition,

PLATE VII. No. 4. View Showing Location of Erosion Model ,

No. 3. Erosion Model

PLATE VIII. Plan for Seed Jar Table and Packing Case,

PLATE IX. The Industrial Establishments at Crossfork, Potter
County, upon which the Continued Existence of the Town De-
pended, 1907

PLATE X. Elk Lick Plnntation of White Pine. Planted Spring of
1910. Average height at end of 1913 growing season, about

3 feet. 6 inches. Crossfork Division. Kettle Creek Forest

PLATE XI. First Tunnel South of Coburn, Pa., on the L. & T.
R. R. in the Seven Mountains. The heavy grade increases fire

danger, due to sparks from locomotives

PLATE XII. Natural Regeneration of Pitch Pine, Pump Station,
Lycoming County, September 24, 1913.

White Pine Injured by Frost on June 9 , 1913. Crook
in Stem and Branch is the Result. Potter County. Septem-
ber 24 , 1913

68
69

124

125

170

171

172
172

173

272

273

358

369

(3)

(*)

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT

M). 26.

PENNSYLVANIA
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

OFFICIAL LIST.

THE STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION.

Robert S. Conklin, President, Columbia, Lancaster county.
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Secretary, West Chester, Chester county.
Miss Mira L. Dock,* Harrisburg, Dauphin county.
S. B. Elliott, Reynoldsville, Jefferson county.
J. Linn Harris, Bellefonte, Centre county.
Frank L. Harvey, § Foxburg, Clarion county.

OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY.

Commissioner of Forestry, Robert S. Conklin, Columbia, Lancaster county.

Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, Irvin C. Williams, Esq., Royersford, Mont-
gomery county.

Clerk, A. Elwyn Strode, West Chester, Chester county.

Clerk, George W. Howard, Chester, Delaware county.

•Conimi'ision oxpircd .July 2ii, 1913. and dpolined reappointment.

{Appointed October 10, 1913, to fill the vacancy caused by tlie retirement of Miss Dock.

(5)

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT,

No. 26.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

HON. eTOHN K. TENER, Governor :

Sir: I have the honor to present herewith the report of the
Department of Forestry covering the years 1912 and 1913. I wish
particularly to draw your attention to the financiar report showing
the returns from the State Forests as indicating that these lands
now held by the State are a great investment and will respond
iL the future with revenue of greater or less amount as they are per-
mitted to be developed in the present.

I am, indeed,

Most respectfully yours,

Harrisburg, Pa., December 31, 1913.

ROBERT S. CONKLIN,
Commissioner of Forestry.

16)

(7)

^

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT,

No. 26.

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY FOR THE

YEARS 1912-1913.

(8)

On January 1, 1912, the area of the State forests was 966,229
acres, 57.85 perches. There was a loss of 66 acres, 65.99 perches
incurred by reason of defective tax titles. During the year 1912
an addition of 16,023 acres, 51 perches was made to this holding,
and 11,776 acres, 72 perches were added during the year 1913, thus
bringing the area of the State forests on January 1, 1914, to 994,029
acres, 20.85 perches.

No new State forests were created during the period covered by
this report. All purchases were additions to existing forests. The
State lands are located in the following counties : Adams, Bedford,
Cameron, Centre, Clearfield, Clinton, Cumberland, Dauphin, Elk,
Franklin, Fulton, Huntingdon, Juniata, Lackawanna, Lycoming, Mif-
flin, Monroe, Perry, Pike, Potter, Snyder, Somerset, Tioga, Union,
Westmoreland, and Wyoming.

A detailed statement of the purchases covering the years 1912 and
1913, follows: '

1912.
Grantor.

Coanty.

en

u

Central Penna. Lumber Co

Rlla A. Montgomery

E. R. Young

Exrs. Est. Wm. McMurtry, Deed., & Frances

McMurtry

Thoma« R. Barter

P. B. Watrous

Tide Water Pipe Line Co

Prank L. Oppel

D. W. Smlthgall

Lizzie A. Petterolf & J. M. Mattern. Guardian,

Central Penna. Lumber Co

David SheafTer & Mamie Florence Burltett,

Tioga

Lacltawanna,
Tioga

•Tonnie Carson

Emma B. Chllds

Margaret A. Jordan

Annie Clinton

Luther L, Weaver

.Tames C. Quiggle.

Thomas B. Allen * Edmund B. Tuton

Asher D. Updograff & Chas. Bartlea

(joorgp Lonis Dormoy, i

Ivnn E. Butler

ErnfRt O. St. Julia B. Blackwell I

David Libhy |

C. LaRue k Robt. H. Munson. Mineral Reserve |

on h.lhl acres, 17 perches @ 25c per acre

South Mountain Mining & Iron Co

A. A. Bennett

Wm. J, WIest, Trustee

Lackawanna,

Clinton

Lycoming,

Lycoming

Huntingdon,

Lycoming

Snyder

Lycoming,

Perry

Perry

Lvcoming,

Pike

Clinton-Potter,

Potter

Centre

Clinton

Clinton

Lycoming, . . . .

\f onroe,

Tioga

Tioga

Union

Total,

Clinton

Adams-Cuml)erland,

Potter

Union

1.8S1

92

106

1.325

1.159

1,089

60

169

577

97

330

69

7

75

51

60

6(t

31'

56

800

364

1

27
108
HI

6,993

41

411

16,023

112

65

7

70

"85
123
146

68

13
140

106

"i

144

51

g

o
H

14,579 25
345 00
185 60

2.650 69
2.897 61
2.838 74

423 88
1.156 54
293 74
742 50
193 13
36 00
150 16

6250

125 00

64 U

140 00

1,200 00

855 40

7 69

83 03

180 25

222 06

1,437 78

27,975 60

lOe 50

1,386 75

149.782 36

(9)

10

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

1913.
Grantor.

County.

.

(0

01

u

u

V

Ol

-«1

fi.

a
o

a

o

Kast Penn Lumber Company

J. U. & K. A. Kress

Wni. P. Mitchell. Agent. Lackawanna Lumber

Co

Maude L. Gifford '.'.'.'.',',

Maude L. Gifford, ',[]"

South Mountain Mining & Iron Company, ...*.*!!

Soutli Mountain Mining & Iron Company ,

Soutli Mountain Mining & Iron Company

Wm. Wnitmer & Sons Co

Monroe,
Lycoming,

Total.

Clinton,

Huntingdon,

Huntingdon,

Adams,

Cumberland.

Adams.

Cumberland,
Cuml>erland,
Union

1

159

219

46

973

26

564

148

48

12a

1.486

134

826

98

332

102

7,124

24

106

24

102

157

11.776

72

$328 8S

2.189 62
2,219 70

9.249 80

29.' 827 is
424 60
257 45

144.497 20

From the above tables it will be seen that during the period
covered by this report 27,799 acres and 123 perches were added to
the State's hokliiin^s brinjring the aggregate to date to 994,-
029 acres, 20.85 perches At jjresent there are under contract
for purchase 8,000 acies, an area which is practically certain to be
ac(piii ed, and when conveyed will increase the State's holdings to
more than a million acres of land. The million acre mark, therefore,
has pi actically been reached. A fair question arises respecting future
imrchases. Is theie sufficient land in hand to work out Pennsyl-
vania's forest problems or is the present area insufficient?

When it is consideied that one-third of the surface of the Com-
monwealth is land of such character that it is suitable only for grow-
ing trees and that this means an area of something over eight million
acres, it will be seen that tJie Commonwealth at this time is in
practical possession of about one-eighth of the permanently forested
area of the State, lying in twenty-six counties only. Forest holdings
should be acquired in at least twenty-two additional counties. The
following counties are possessed of large areas of land well adapted
for State fort^st puri)oses : Warren, McKean, Forest, Venango Jef-
ferson, Indiana, Cambria, Blair, Fayette, York, Lebanon, Berks Le-
high, Schuylkill, Northumberland, Columbia, Carbon, Wayne Brad-
foid, Susquehanna, Luzerne, and Sullivan. It will thus be se^n that
a proper distribution of State forests will involve the purchase of
considerable areas in the twenty-two counties named, and these
might well represent the holding of another million acres. Indeed
It IS not too much to say that the best interests of the Commonwealth
would be met and subserved if the forest holdings of the State under
intensive State management could be trebled. Purchases should be
made while the land may be had at a reasonable price

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

U

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE FORESTEKS.

On September 1, 1912, six new foresters were assigned to definite
stations, and on September 1, 1913, eleven additional foresters re-
ceived their appointments. These young men comprised the classes
of 1912 and 1913 from the Forest Academy, having completed their
three years' course. Under the terms of their contract with the De-
partment, three years' additional service is required of them. The
place and date of their assignments by the Commissioner of Forestry,
are as follows :

W. B. Evans, Sinnemahoning Forest, Sizerville Division, headquar-
ters at Sizerville. September 1, 1912.

Joseph R. Hogentogler, McElhattan Forest, headquarters at Rose-
crans. September 1, 1912.

Charles R. Meek, Seven Mountain Forest, Poe Division; head
quarters at Spring Mills. September 1, 1912. Transferred to the
Coburn Division of this Forest, with headquarters at Coburn, March
1, 1913.

Maurice Mustin, South Mountain Forest, Caledonia Division; head-
quarters at Fayetteville. September 1, 1912. Transferred to Di-
vision of Surveys, Harrisburg, January 1, 1913.

J. B. Ryon, Whetham Forest, headquarters at Glen Union. Septem-
ber 1, 1912.

George W. Sheeler, Hopkins Forest, Snow Shoe Division, headquar-
ters at Snow Shoe, September 1, 1912.

N. B. Funk, Hopkins Forest, Keating Division, with headquarters
at Westport. September 1, 1912. Transferred to Crossfork Division
of the Kettle Creek Forest as assistant forester, April 1, 1913. Re-
signed October 1, 1913.

James A. Irvin, Sinnemahoning Forest, Medix Division, with head-
quarters at Medix Run. September 1, 1912. Resigned October 1,
1913.

Milton O. Robinson, Minisink Forest, Promised Land Division, with
headquarters at Canadensis. September 1, 1912. Resigned October
1, 1913.

Horace F. Critchley, Minisink Forest, Hunters Range Division,
headquarters at East Stroudsburg. September 1, 1913.

V. M. Bearer, Stuart Forest, headquarters, at Ligonier, Septem-
ber 1, 1913.

12

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Jesse M. Houtz, Nittany Forest; headquarters at Belief onte R
D. No. 3. September 1, 1913.

W. Erdman Montgomery, Seven Mountain Forest, Poe Division
headquarters at Spring Mills, R. D. No. 3. September 1, 1913.

Max E. Mtiller, Kettle Creek State Forest, Leidy Division, head-
quarters at Hammersleyfork. September 1, 1913.

Robert R. Neefe, Black Forest; headquarters at Slate Run Sep-
tember 1, 1913.

George S. Perry, Sinnemahoning Forest, Hull Division; head-
quarters at Conrad. September 1, 1913.

Charles E. Zerby, Sinnemahoning Forest, Medix Division; head-
quarters at Medix Run. September 1, 1913.

B. Bryson McCool, South Mountain Forest, Caledonia Division*
headquarters at Fayetteville. September 1, 1913. '

John R. Elder, Seven Mountain Forest, Jacks Mountain Division •
headquarters at Troxelville. September 1, 1913.

Thomas H. Golden, Kettle Creek Forest, Crossfork Division • head-
quarters at Crossfork. September 1, 1913. '

Changes in locations of foresters appointed previous to 1912 :

Tom O. Bietsch, transferred from the Mont Alto Nursery to the
Greenwood Nursery, September 1, 1912; headquarters McAlevysfort
Huntingdon county, R. D. No. 1. '

W. Gardiner Conklin, transferred from Seven Mountain Forest,
Jacks Mountain Division, to Harrisburg, January 1, 1913.

Forrest H. Dutlinger, transferred from Whetham Forest to Hop-
kins Forest, Renovo Division, April 1, 1912; headquarters Westport.

A. C. Silvius, transferred from Sinnemahoning Forest, Austin Di-
vision, to White Deer Forest, Buffalo Division, April l,'l912- head-
quarters Laurelton.

W. Elmer Houpt, transferred from South Mountain Forest Cum-
berland Division, to Trough Creek Forest, July 23, 1912- head-
quarters Aitch. '

Harry J. Mueller, transferred from White Deer Forest Buffalo
Division to Nittany Forest, April 1, 1912; headquarters Belief onte,
R. D. Resigned October 1, 1913.

George A. Retan, transferred from tlio (Jroenwood Nursery in Hunt-
ingdon county, to the Mont Alto Nursery in Franklin countv Sep-
tember 1, 1912. " '^v, . ep

John W. Seltzer, Coburn, Centre county, leave of absence for two
years from February 28, 1913.

Harry A. Thomson, transferred from Hopkins Forest, Renovo Di-
vision, to Black Forest, April 1, 1912; headquarters Slate Run Re-
signed October 1, 1913.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF IX)RESTRY.

13

John R. Williams, transferred from Stuart Forest to South Moun-
tain Forest, Pine Grove Division, April 1, 1913; headquarters Pine
Grove Furnace.

Clement C. Miner, Middlebury Centre, Tioga county. Resigned Oc-
tober 1, 1913.

H. Lawrence Vail, Conrad, Potter County. Resigned October 1,
1913.

P. Hartman Fox, transferred from Division of Surveys, Harrisburg,
to Sinnemahoning Forest, Austin Division, April 1, 1912; head-
quarters Austin.

John L. MacAvoy, transferred from the Pennypacker Forest to
the Kettle Creek Forest, Leidy Division, April 1, 1912, with head-
quarters at Hammersleyfork; transferred to the Stuart Forest March
1, 1913, with headquarters at Ligonier. Resigned October 1, 1913.

Walter M. Mumma, transferred from the Kettle Creek Forest, Leidy
Division, to the Whetham Forest, April 1, 1912, with headquarters
at Glen Union ; transferred from the Whetham Forest to the Young
Woman\s Creek Forest, September 14, 1912, with headquarters at
North Bend.

Edgar H. Smith, transferred from the Division of Surveys to the
Bald Eagle Forest, April 1, 1912, with headquarters at Elimsport.

James E. McNeal, reinstated March 1, 1912, and assigned to the
Division of Surveys.

i. T. Worthley, instructor at the State Forest Academy, resigned
August 31, 1912.

14

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

15

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RANGERS WHO WERE APPOINTED PREVIOUS TO 1912 AND 19ia BUT
WHO RESIGNED OR DIED DURING THAT PERIOD.

Forest.

Sinnemahoning,

Bedford •• •••

Black Forest

Bucbanan ••••

White Deer »..

South Mountain ••

South Mountain

South Mountain

Grays Run,

Seven Mountain,

Haldeman.

Sinnemahonins:.

Seven Mountain

McClurCt ......«.•..•••••

^ ixrany . ..«....••••••••••

Soutii Mountain,

Minisink, •••

xlopKins, •....••••...•••••

Rothrock,

Sinnemahoning,

Black Forest

otu&rc« ••••••••••••••••••

TrouRh Creek,

Black Forest,

Whetbam

YouDK Womans Creek,..

Diyision.

Austin, .......•••«••••••

«••••••...••..•.....*•..••••

Blackwells,

.•■••••.......«•••••••••••••

BuiTaio, .•••...••..*•••••

Caledonia,

Caledonia,

Caledonia.

Greenwood,

Jacks Mountain

Pine Qrove

X OCOOOf •••••••••••••••••

Renovo

ol&iG xCQIlf •••••••••••••

• •• •••••••••••••••••••••••••

»•• •• ■••••••••«•••••••••••••

Waterville

Banger.

I ••••••••••••••••••••••'

>•••••••••

Wesley Hackett.

J. H. Sparks, .......•.•

Robert Thompson

Harry A. Reitz

Cbas. L. Braucber

Joseph O. Boggs

C. B. Lerew

James Winters

L. T. Newman

James H. Howard

Conrad Ortb

A. A. Bennett

James Middles warth, ..

Q. Frank Mohler

Howard B. Wells

Francis X. Drachbar...

M. C. Cortright

John Liggett, •

Eli Stayrook

Joseph Kissell

M. B. Westcott,

Oran Snyder

John M. Stever

G. C. Spiegel

A. M. Wilson

F. P. Miller,

Resigned.

October, 1912.
Died October 13. 1912.
September 30. 1913. '
April 30. 1913.
March 29, 1912.
September 30, 1913.
March 31, li>13.
September 30. 1913.
September 30. 1913.
September 30. 1913.
April 30, 1913.
November 30. 1912.
September 30. 1913.
September 30, 1918.
March 31. 1912.
August 31. 1913.
September 30. 1913.
May 31, 1912.
July 31. 1912.
Died May. 1912.
September 30, 1913.
September 30, 1918.
September 30, 1918.
April 31. 1913.
January 31, 1912.
May 15, 1913.

FOREST FIRES.

Under an early act of Assembly the Department annually col-
lects statistics relating to the area covered and destruction caused
by forest fires. These statistics will be found presented at the end
of this volume for the years 1912 and 1913. In presenting this re-
port, it seems necessary to make a few observations concerning the
operation of the forest fire laws in this State.

The general fire warden's act of May 13, 1909, is a step in advance
over previous legislation, but it does not completely accomplish the
desired result by reason of the inability of the Department to apply
all of its provisions in full force. The Department is convinced and
has been for a number of years that the forest fire patrol system
is the best kind of effort made to date to prevent the occurrence
of fire. The practice of attempting to extinguish fires after they
are once begun, giving no heed whatever in advance to prevention
so that they may never start, does not and cannot produce the
best results. Section 18 of the act referred to provides for daily
patrol during the fire seasons in the discretion of the Forestry Com-
missioner, who is chief fire warden. There has always been an insuf-
ficient amount of money appropriated to enforce this section, and

2

16

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

for this reason it has not been possible to establish an adequate
patrol. Could this be done, it is believed that proper men appointed
and well stationed to observe danger points, would, in most in-
stances, be able to attack fire in its incipiency and extinguish it
before it has reached the proportions necessary for summoning a
fire figliting force. Such patrol service accompanied by the building
of suitable lookout towers would place the fire problem completely
under control of the patrolmen of the region. Until the possibility
is at hand of making such an enforcement of the Act of Assembly,
it is useless to look for a control of forest fires in this State.

Under the law the fire wardens make reports showing the area
burned and the approximate losses sustained. In some instances
they must rely upon the reports of the owners damaged. The ten-
dency on the part of the owner is to make the area and the loss
of maximum rather than mininmm size. However, the true losses
are of a size altogether too great, and the problem is to confine
fires to smaller areas or to prevent them altogether, and thus, in
corresponding manner, decrease the aggregate of the losses.

An analysis of the fires reported for 1913 shows that 927 fires
occurred, 728 being between January 1st and June aoth, the first
.SIX months of the year. A significant fact is that the real fire
season generally opens on the day trout fishing begins. The con-
nection here seems to be so obvious of carelessness on the part
of fishermen that the force of the inference cannot be avoided. There
IS also a certain amount of carelessness on the part of hunters in
the fall of the year, but since the figures show that only 199 fires oc-
curred between July 1st and December 31st, and that the hunters
probably outrank the fishermen in number, it is seen at once that
few fires must be laid to the carelessness of the hunters

iToS^^"'"'"^ ^^'^^ *'^^- ^^''^ y^^'^^ according to reports received is
470 7o8 acres, or a tract nearly half the size of that now owned
by the Commonwealth for forestry purposes. Of course these figures
do not relate wholly to State land, but include the fires on State

and along with all those reported from all the counties in the
Commonwealth. Mifiiin county shows the largest burned area, 58 359
acres, a tract in size which is more than half of the reported wooded
area of the whole county. The average number of acres pe fir

s o08, showing that the attack on fires is not so prompt as it ought
to be and as it wouldbe if a proper patrol system could be institld

sl^S^^'.^r- /'r;^ """^^ ^" ^^^^^^^ ^-^ ^-"-1 per me

M ^» ; ./ '''''"*-' *^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^'"« ^« l^"d f«r forestry purposes

Much of the tnnber area has been previously burned and't s^ms

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

17

The direct loss reported from all fires is 1761,590. The average
loss per acre burned is $1.61. Although this is a figure conceded
by many states to be a minimum rather than a maximum loss,
the figure is too high and should in the near future be decreased
by at least one dollar. There is no way of computing the indirect
losses which result to bird life, game animals, the effect upon spring
and stream flow, and the general retardation of unkilled growth

within the burned area.

The greatest loss reported by any county is Mifflin, where more
than half the wooded area was reported burned over, and amounts
to $74,512. All this is direct economic waste, and yet the people
and their representatives in the Legislature do not seem to have
come to the conclusion that the extinction of forest fires is an im-
mediately pressing governmental problem and should be met as such.
The cost for extinguishing fires in 1913 paid out of the special
appropriation of $50,000 for two years, was $26,451.93. In addition
to this amount, foresters, rangers, and laborers in the employ of
the Department contributed their time to extinguish fires on State
land and adjacent private land. Private individuals and corporations
paid large sums to protect and extinguish fires on their lands. Could
the aggregate of this expense be determined, it probably would not
be much less than the whole appropriation made by the Legislature.

The loss per acre as reported, varies from 42 cents in Warren
county to $25.00 in Bucks county. In Potter county the largest
sum was paid for extinction, $2,097.80. The average cost of extin-
guishing fire per acre burned over is 5.6 cents. But it must be
recognized that as the average area per fire decreases, the cost of
extinction per acre will increase.

Among the causes producing forest fires, those which are unknown
stand at the head of the list with 320 cases. Most of these un-
doubtedly are from carelessness and incendiarism, and it is surpris-
ing to what a large extent incendiarism prevails. Cases are known
where the facts point to the starting of fire because of a desire to
open up thick woods that hunting may be better in the fall, or
that huckleberry bushes may grow, or that timber may be killed, so
that those residing nearby may buy dead timber for fire wood at a
cheap rate. In the face of all the effort to spread knowledge re-
specting the enormous waste and the uselessness of tolerating fire in
the woods, men in utter disregard of what must be better knowledge,
still permit their personal feelings and prejudices to ^^^t^^^ ^^^^^
Next to the causes which are unknown are the railroads, with 217
fires to their credit. The known incendiary fires are 121 in number.
Every one of these started under circumstances pointing directly to
this cause, but the criminal of course, in each instance, was far

2—26—1915

18

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

away by the time the fire was discovered. Smokers are believed to
have caused 28 fires. The wretched practice of throwing down
lighted matches or stubs or half consumed cigars or cigarettes still
seems to be thought the proper thing on the part of those thus
offending.

The experience of some other states is interesting in comparison
with that of our own. In Massachusetts and New York an appro-
priation of 1 cent per acre is annually made for the protection of
forest land. If this were to be observed by Pennsylvania, taking
7J million acres or one-third of the State's area as the forested area
which should receive such protection, it would indicate an appropria-
tion by each Legislature of |1 50.000 for each 2-year period. As a
result of adequate protection which these states may give, the
average acreage per fire in Massachusetts in 1912 was 11 acres, and
in New York 18 acres. Set this over against Pennsylvania's average
of 508 acres per fire, and we instantly see that the acreage rises
as the possible protective effort falls.

la some of the newer western states, by no means commensurate
with the developed resources or wealth of Pennsylvania, an appro
priation amounting to 1^ cents per acre is devoted to forest fire
protection, and a large part of this is contributed by private in-
terests. The interests of Pennsylvania are by no means of less im-
portance than those of other states. These facts are exhibited for
the purpose solely of calling attention to our situation and in the
face of the facts this Department is helpless to accomplish better
results. If it is the State's duty to buy and manage forest land,
it should surely be regarded the State's duty to prevent the destruc-
tion of her forests, an effort just as valuable for the economic wel-
fare of the State. The Commonwealth rigorously prosecutes viola-
tions of the food laws or the health laws and furnishes an abundance
of money for the enforcement of these laws. It is sincerely hoped
that at no distant date the State may through its agency, the Legis-
lature, see the forest fire problem in much the same light.

Against Pennsylvania's $25,000 appropriation for 1913, it is in-
teresting to set out the annual appropriations in some other states:

Maine appropriated $67,900 to protect 9,500,000 acres.
Massachusetts appropriated |25,000 to protect 2,500,000 acres.
New York appropriated |75,000 to protect 7,200,000 acres.
Minnesota appropriated |75,000 to protect 20,000,000 acres.
New Jersey appropriated |15,000 to protect 2,500,000 acres.

All of which points to the fact that this State needs an appropria-
tion of from $75,000 to $100,000 a year to protect her forest interests
adequately.

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 19

By act of Assembly approved July 27, 1913, P. L. 906, the Depart-
ment of Forestry is authorized to enter into co-operative relation
with local forest fire associations for the prevention and suppression
of forest fire. The Department is authorized to expend for patrol
purposes a sum equal to that expended by the association, but not
in excess of $30.00 per month for each patrolman. The full text
of the act is as follows:

A SUPPLEMENT

fire-wardens and those who ^^^ist in exungui » ' thousand nine hun-

priation therefor/' approved the thirteenth daj ^^^ ^^'jJJ^^^ ^^ Forestry to enter

compensation thereof.

Whereas The question of forest fires and their suppression has
be^me a serious problem within this Commonwealth, the osses
Srom amountin'g to large sums of money -^J year whxch 1^^^^
ought to be prevented by adequate legislative authority and assist

^"wL'l-^s Local associations for the prevention and suppression
of forest fires have been established in different parts of the Com-
monwSth composed of owners of land with timber growing thereon,
whoseTnds are^very year subjected to the menace of forest fires;

• ^"whereas, It is desirable that the Department of Forestry co-operate
with such associations, and render assistance to them >« accomplish-
Tng to the best advantage the work which they are established to do,

^''sStTonT Be it enacted, &c.. That the Department of Forestry is

hereby authorized to enter into co-operative agreements with local

forest fire associations, within this Commonwealth, for the preven-

ioTand supprLion of forest fires; and is h^-by autliorized t« e.^

nend from its general forest fire appropriation Jo' *1^J\P'^'P<«^' ^

sum of m^ney e^ual in amount to the amount which shall be expended

bv each local association for the employment of proper persons to

patrol such ands during those danger seasons of the year known

as the forest fire seasoni, and for such period o time each season

as in the judgment of the local association and the Department it

*s necessa,^ or expedient to maintain such regular patrol ; and under

such term" and conditions made with such lo^^l associations as, m

the judgment of said department, will produce the b«,t and most

satisfactOTv results in the prevention and suppression of forest fires:

Provided Thft such expenditure by the department shall not ex-

cpod thirty dollars per month for each patrolman.

Section 2. Every such local forest fire protection asssociation shall
render to the Department of Forestry, at the end of each calendar
iear a report showing the number of acres of land comprised within

20

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

the activities of the association, and an itemized statement of all
receipts and expenditures during the year for which the report is
rendered. And in case no appropriation shall be made by the Legis-
lature for forest fire and protective work at any future time, all such
co-operative agreements, subsisting at that time, shall be construed
as being suspended during such interval for which no appropriation
is made. Said local association shall also report any general results
of the work that the Commissioner of Forestry may desire.

Section 3. The fire seasons hereinabove mentioned shall not be
construed, by reason of the act to which this act is a supplement
as being limited to the periods of time stated in the eighteenth sec-
tion thereof.

Section 4. When any group of land owners desire to organize
themselves into a mutual forest fire protective association they shall
promptly notify the Commissioner of Forestry of their intent if it
be the desire of such land owners to avail themselves of the 'bene-
fits of this act.

APPROVED— The 22d day of July A. D. 1913.

JOHN K. TENER.

By Act of Assembly approved July 21, 1913, P. L. 864, the Depart-
ment is authorized to designate in districts which shall be coterminus
with one or more of the counties of the Commonwealth, certain
of the foresters in the State service, who shall then be known as
district foresters. Among the duties which they are to perform is
the instruction of the fire wardens, to report upon their work to
the Department, and to have general supervisory control of the -
fire wardens within that district. The full text of the district for-
esters' act is as follows :

A SUPPLEMENT

general forest work other tLn wUhin the StaL '* Performance of

Whereas, In accordance with section three of an act entitled
"An act to establish a Department of Forestry, to provide for it«
proper administration, to regulate the acquisition of land for the
Commonwealth, and to provide for the control, protection and main
tenance of forest reserves by the Department of Porekry'Mt?s
provided that 1 shall be the duty of the Commissioner of P^^trt "
among other things, "to encourage and promote the develonZ^t of
forestry, to obtain and publish information respecting the extent a."d
condition of forest lands in the State, and to execu^ aU ruS and
eS—t'orln ""/ ^"e Forestry Reservation Commi'i^ion f^r the
f?orre^°L"Ure<i:tT:n?l'nT^^' ^"^ ^'"^ P''''*^*^*-" «' '--*.

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FOBESTBT. «

Whereas, It is desirable and expedient that that phase of forestry
known as farmers' woodlot and private forestry be given greater con-
sideration and assistance than it has heretofore received; tterefore,- -

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c. That the Department of Forestry be
authorized to designate, wherever the demands of forestry warrant,
certain oT the foresters in the State Forest Service to be known as
Districts Foresters, uml that the districts to which they may be
Sued shall be coterminus with one or more of the counties through-

"'^LalonTTSl be the duty of the District Forester, under the
direction of the department, to promote within his district the develop-
ment of forestry by conducting such educational efforts as may be
necessary to bring to the attention of the people the uses and pur
poses of practical forestry, to render assistance to forest and woodlot
owners to conduct experiments in forestry, to collect data concerning
Trests and woodlots within his district, to inspect and report to
thrdepartment upon tlie work of the fire-wardens, to advise with land
ownersupon the'planting and protection of shade-trees, to assist in
Arbor Dav work, and to promote and advance any other activity in
^carforestrTwhich may' be designated by the Department of For-
e^rv The District Forester shall be supplied by the Department
with suitable office facilities and supplies to enable him to carry on
his work.

APPROVED— The 21st day of July, A. D. 1913.

JOHN K. TENER.

In the general appropriation law of 1913, approved July IG. P. L.
779 among the appropriations for the Department of Forestry is
the' item of |50,000 for paying all costs incurred in the prevention
and extinction of forest fires. This sum is aval able from June 1,
1913 to June 1, 1915. For the period June 1 911 to J"°e 1 ms
V. prior appropriation was made bythe Legislature of 1911 and the
same amount was similarly available.

PRIVATE FOREST FIRE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS.

The owners of timberland are realizing more and "><"•« th^t**^^;
in Pennsylvania is a valuable commodity, and to be permitted to gro v
to itsgreatest value and highest usefulness the first great caU is
Us proper protection. To this end private forest fire protective

ssoc atTons'are being organized. The most notable instance of the

1

22

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

23

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

kind in this State is that of the Pocono Protective Fire Association,
which was incorporated in November, 1902. It is, therefore, eleven
years old, and has accomplished during that time a great amount
of good in the way of timber protection in Monroe and southern
Pike counties. From a report of the association rendered July 15,
1913, the receipts of the association from all sources since the date
of organization have amounted to $3,481.41. Against this fund the
association has drawn and paid out |1,975.35 for fire fighting, |421.41
for legal expenses and the costs of organization and incorporation.
CJhemical fire extinguishers cost $382.01. With the passage of the
act transferring forest fire protection and supervision from the local
authorities to the Department of Forestry, the membership declined
and considerable areas were withdrawn from the association. At
this time it is concerned with the protection of about 10,000 acres.
The co-operative act of 1913 has resulted in an increased membership
and a very much more lively interest. During 1913 its membership
has doubled. It offers a standing reward of $100.00 for information
leading to the conviction of one who directly or indirectly sets fire
to woodland. The first District Forester under the act of 1913 was
designated for Monroe county. The forester of the Department in that
region, John L. Strobeck, is the District Forester, who co-operates
with the association. Under the law he assumes direct supervision
of the fire wardens and their assistants. The eflScient secretary of
the association is Dr. W. R. Fisher of Swiftwater, Monroe county
who gives much of his time and effort for the success of the cause!
A second local forest fire protective association was organized in
January and February, 1913, in Centre county, largely through the
effort of Hon. J. Linn Harris of the State Forestry Reservation Com-
mission, and Mr. J. M. Hoffman. Mr. Harris afterward became
President of the association and Mr. Hoffman the secretary and for-
ester. A report of the association rendered July 1, 1913, shows that
there are about 300,000 acres of land represented in the association's
membership. To meet the necessary costs, an assessment of one-half
cent an acre was levied. During the current year the association will
by this and other means, raise upwards of $1,000. The Department
of Forestry has co-operated with this association as it has with the
Pocono association, and both are working in entire harmony During
the year in which the Central Association has been at work it has
accomplished much good in the neighborhood. Fifteen miles of fire
lanes have been opened to the date of the report, and others are in
progress. Thirty-five temporary lookout stations have been estab-
hshed. Permanent stations will be located later as the experience
of the association determines where they may best be placed Tele-

phone lines are to be installed as soon as it is possible to do so.
Rural telephone lines are used wherever they may be procured to
serve the purposes of the association. Twenty-four different patrol-
men have been in the service of the association, and at one time
as many as twenty were in service.

Members of this association are greatly interested in the success
of the work, contribute liberally, and nothing but good results is
expected from this effort

FOREST TAXATION.

After a series of efforts extending through four Legislatures, be-
ginning in the early part of 1907, although the subject was considered
of vital importance and discussed many years before that date, the
Pennsylvania effort known as the Auxiliary Forest Reserve bills
finally became law by the signature of the Governor June 5, 1913.
The draft of the first bills looking toward the consummation of this
result, was made by Hon. S. B. Elliott of the Pennsylvania State
Forestry Reservation Commission. Thoroughly discussed and con-
sidered by the members of the Department, it was finally introduced
into the House by a member friendly to the cause of forestry who
believed as those who are familiar with the subject always have be-
lieved, that the then taxation system of the State made an unfair
discrimination against non-productive timberlands. The bills failed
to become laws at this session, but in revised and amended form were
reintroduced into the sessions of 1909 and 1911, likewise failing of
passage. In a further amended form they were introduced into the
session of 1913, and through the efforts of the friends of forestry,
and particularly of Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of Lehigh Uni-
versity, a member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and
President of the American Forestry Association, the bills were finally
passed and were approved by the Governor. These laws are three in
number The first provides for the creation of a new division of lands
in Pennsylvania, to be known as ^'Auxiliary Forest Reserves." The
second relates to the modification of taxes on lands placed within this
division, the thing which has been sought for in Pennsylvania for at
least forty years. The third provides for the payment of certain fixed
charges on lands to be entered in this new class, to be distributed

I

24

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doe

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

25

as therein directed, in order that certain municipal units may not be
hampered by loss of tax by reason of the placing of lands within the
new class.

The name ^'Auxiliary Forest Reserve" was originated and applied
by Mr. George F. Craig of Philadelphia, a lumber dealer of wide ex-
perience and a friend of proper forestal effort. The name seemed to
be appropriate and has now been used as the permanent designation
of the new class of lands so created.

Thus has been accomplished after years of patient effort and edu-
cation the desire of the friends of forestry in Pennsylvania for some
modification of the taxation laws relating to forest lands. The idea
has been thought so good that it has been followed in the states of
New York and Louisiana ; and at this time this form of law or some-
thing similar seems to offer the only solution to the real difficulty
regarding forest taxation.

Since the taxing act is limited to take effect only with the tax year
one thousand nine hundred and fourteen (1914) nothing ' further in
the way of entry of tracts into this class may be reported at this
time.

The full text of the acts referred to above is as follows :

AN ACT

To classify certain surface lands as auxiliary forest reserves; to prescribe the terms
and conditions for their continuance in said classification, or their withdrawal
therefrom; and to provide for the expenses attendant thereon.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That in order to encourage the grow-
ing of such trees, now existing or hereafter produced, as will at the
proper age be suitable for merchantable forest products, whether such
be of natural reproduction or from seed sown, or trees planted out,
or all combined, all surface land which may be set apart according to
the provisions of this act, and exclusively used for growing such trees
is hereby constituted a separate and distinct class of land, to be
known as auxiliary forest reserves.

Section 2. When any owner of surface land desires to have such
land placed in the class established bv section one of this act, such
owner shall notify the State Forestry Reservation Commission of his
desire in manner and form to be prescribed bv said commission. Said
notice shall contain a description of the land, its location, boundary,
area, and character, and shall state as far as practicable the species'
character, and condition of the trees growing thereon, and whether
they are of natural reproduction or are from seed sown for the pur-
pose, or have been set out on said land, or all combined, and such
other information as the commission mav require If upon receipt
and consideration of this notice, the com^mission shall' in its discre-
tion, deem the conditions such as to warrant action on its part to
determine whether such land should rightfully be placed in the class
established by section one of this act, it shall cause the same to be
examined by some person learned in the practice and principles of

forestry, and a report made thereon, and if, upon receipt and con-
sideration of such report, it decides that such land should be placed
in the class established by section one of this act, it shall so declare
and certify to the commissioners of the county in which said land is
I ocated

Section 3. Upon receipt bv the county commissioners of such cer-
tificate of the commission it shall be their duty at once to place said
surface land in the class established by section one of this act, and
keep the same therein until the trees growing thereon shall, in the
judgment of the commission, become sufficiently large and suitable
for merchantable forest products, or the land be devoted to other
purposes: Provided, however. That the certificate of the commission
shall not become operative to place said surface land in the class es-
tablished by section one of this act until the owner of said surface
land has agreed, in writing, with the commission to care for the trees
growing thereon, according to the instructions and directions of the
commission, up to such time as such trees become suitable for mer-
chantable forest products; and if any such owner at any time fails
to care for the trees growing on said land as agreed with the commis-
sion, and due proof thereof is made, the commission may remove said
surface land from the class established by section one of this act. In
case of such removal, either through failure of the owner to care for
the trees or on his expressed desire for removal before the trees shall
have been cut at maturity and tax paid thereon, the county commis-
sioners shall, on notice from the commission, proceed to recover from
said owner, for the use of the county and township, by an appropriate
action at law if necessarv, the difference in the amount of tax which
would have been paid by the said owner at the rates established for
the years for which recovery is sought and the rate provided for
auxiliary forest reserves, with costs of suit, to be recoverable from
the time when such land was placed in the class of auxiliary forest
reserves. And the commission shall remove said surface land from
the class established by section one of this act at any time that the
then owner shall, in writing, notify the commission that he desires
such removal. The commission may, in its discretion, at the time
said surface land is placed in the class established by section one of
this act, require the owner to file with the commission his or its bond,
of such kind and amount as the commission shall deem reasonable
and sufficient to secure the obligations of such owner under this act.
Section 4. Whenever trees growing on said surface land have be-
come suitable for merchantable forest products, the commission shall,
at the request of the owner or on its own motion, make an examination
of said land, and designate for the owner the kind and number of
trees most suitable to be cut, if, in the judgment of the commission,
there be any, and the cutting and removal of said trees so designated
shall be in accordance with the instructions of the commission.

Section 5. If the owner of said surface land faithfully carries out
the instructions of the commission with regard to the removal and
marketing of such mature or other trees, as may be designated in the
instructions of the said commission, and shall immediately replant
other trees of valuable species, or so protect the young growth that
the said land may immediately become covered with young forest
growth, and does so with the approval of the commission, then such

26

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

surface land shall remain in the said class, established by section
one of this act; otherwise, the commission shall notify the county
commissioners that the said land is not being maintained in accord-
ance with the written agreement of the owner and the instructions of
the commission, in which event the county commissioners shall im-
mediately remove said land from the class established by section one
of this act. All expenses attendant upon the examination of the said
surface land by the commission shall be paid for out of the moneys
appropriated for the maintenance of the Department of Forestry, in
like manner as other expenses for maintenance of said department are
now paid.

Section 6. The owner of the said auxiliary forest reserves shall,
at all times, have the right to remove therefrom trees, or portions of
trees, which may be killed by fire, thrown or broken by the wind, or
injured by other natural causes; and shall, under the direction of the
commission, be privileged to make necessary thinnings or removal of
undesirable species of trees, in order to improve the condition of the
remaining trees ; and, under the same direction, may be privileged to
remove therefrom such timber, from time to time, as may be necessary
and essential for use upon the neighboring cleared lands of the said
owner, for general farm purposes.

Section 7. Any tract of land while remaining in the class of
auxiliary forest reserves as above provided, may, nevertheless, be
sold or incumbered by or through the owner thereof, but no sale or
incumbrance, whether voluntary by the owner or involuntary under
any statutory or judicial proceeding whatsoever, whether of any
State or of the United States, shall effect a discharge of any obliga-
tion imposed under this act, and said land shall be removed from
said class only in accordance with the provisions hereof.

Section 8. That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith be
and the same are hereby repealed.

Approved— The 5th day of June, A. D. 1913.

JOHN K. TENER.

AN ACT

To provide for the assossment and taxation of auxiliary forest reserves, and the
collection, distribution and use of the taxes collected therefrom.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That all surface land which may
hereafter be classified and set apart as auxiliary forest reserves, in
the manner provided by law, shall be rated in value, for the purpose
of taxation, not in excess of one dollar (fl.OO) per acre and shall
continue to be so rated so long as the said land remains within the
class designated as auxiliary forest reserves: Provided, however,
That if the said surface land be underlaid with coal, iron ore, oil'
gas, or other valuable minerals, said minerals may be separately
assessed. The assessors in the several districts in which such lands
are situate shall assess such lands in the manner now or hereafter
provided for the assessment of real estate for purposes of taxation,
as if they had not been set apart as auxiliary forest reserves, and
shall make their returns to the county commissioners in like manner

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

27

as is now or hereafter may be provided by law, subject to exception,
appeal and final adjustment.

Section 2 Upon receipt of assessment returns from the various
assessors the county commissioners shall reduce, in their records,
to a sum'not in excess of one dollar ($1.00) per acre, the assessment
on all those lands which shall have been placed ^^^ the class kno>vn
as auxiliary forest reserves, in accordance with certificates filed with
them by the State Forestry Reservation Commission, and the orig-
inal assessment returns made by said assessors shall be P^eserjed^

Section 3. Whenever timber, on land which is included in the
class of land known as auxiliary forest reserves, is about to be har-
vested, the then owner of the timber on said land shall give a bond
to the county treasurer in twenty per centum of the amount of the
estimated value of the timber to be harvested, and to be approved
by tibe court of the county, conditioned to pay to the county tre^s^
urer within ninety days after harvesting, ten per centum of the
S of the trees immediately at and before the time of harvesting;
which amount shall be ascertained by statement and return under
oath or affirmation, furnished in triplicate, one to the county com-
missioners, one to the county treasurer, and one to the commission
immediately after harvesting, by the then owner of the and setting
forth s^^ value; which sum thus paid shall be divided and distri-
buted by the county treasurer of each county-to the county and
to the poor district, the road district, and the school district of the
township in which the auxiliary reserve is situate, pro rata, based
upon the last assessed millage of taxation for county, poor, road,
and school purposes within said taxing district. . ^v,^

Such sum of money when ascertained to be due as a tax by the
filine of the foregoing statement and return, under oath, and, as
hereinbefore provided, directed to be paid to the county treasurer
by the owner of an auxiliary forest reserve, shall from the time of
such filing, be and remain a lien upion the land of such owner until
payment shall have been made: And be it further Provided That
all moneys received by the boards of supervisors shall be appro-
priated exclusively to the opening, maintenance, and repair of the
Sic roads now or hereafter passing through or into said auxiliary
forest reserves, or upon which said reserves now or hereafter may
abut; and, in the event that no public highways pass through or into
said reserves, or none of said reserves abut on such highways, then,
said moneys shall be used for general township road purposes.

Section 4. Should the county commissioners be dissatisfied with
the return made, as hereinbefore provided in section three hereof
the court of common pleas of the piroper county, on petition of the
commissioners, shall appoint a board of three appraisers, who fall
Z upon the land in question, estimate the quantity and value of the
trees immediately at and before the time of harvesting and make a
re^rrtherJ^f to the court, which said return shall then be made
the basis upon which each owner shall make payment to the respec-
tive county treasurers, unless changed upon appeal. The said ap-
praisers shall be duly sworn or affirmed before entering upon their
work and 'either party, if dissatisfied with the report of the ap^
^raisers shall have right to appeal to the court of common pleas of
the count^S wi^^^ ten days, after such report shall be filed and notice

28

REPORT OF THE

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-7 t

thereof given the owner. The said appraisers shall be allowed their
expenses and a compensation to be fixed by the court, both to be
paid by the county commissioners.

Section 5. In case of the removal of said lands from the class
known as auxiliary forest reserves, prior to the maturity of the
timber, and without payment of the tax of ten per centum of the
value thereof, as provided in section three of this act, the county
commissioners shall, on notice from the commission, ascertain the
amount of the taxes which would have been paid by the said owner
on the original assessment before the reduction provided for in sec-
tion two of this act, adding legal interest from the date when each
tax piayment would have become deliquent. The said commissioners
shall likewise ascertain the amount of taxes which have actually
been paid upon the land in question, adding legal interest upon all
such payments from the date when paid, and certify the result thereof
to the county treasurer, who shall then proceed, in the manner pro-
vided for the collection of county taxes under general laws, to re-
cover from such owner the difference between the two amounts, witli
costs. Such difference, so ascertained to be due as tax as aforesaid,
shall be and remain a lien upon the land of such owner until pay-
ment shall have been made.

If such land shall be so renioved from said class after the due
cutting of a matured crop and the payment of tax thereon, the owner
shall, in that case, not be liable for such past assessment; but the
land shall thereafter be liable to assessment and tax as all other
land not classed as auxiliarv forest reserves.

ft/

Section 6. This act shall take effect only beginning with assess
ments made for the purpose of levying taxes for the fiscal year one
thousand nine hundred and fourteen.

Approved — The 5th day of June, A. D. 1013.

JOHN K. TENER.

AN ACT

Providing a fixed charge on land classified as auxiliary forest reserves; and the
distribution of the fund thus set aside for school and road purposes.

Whereas, By existing law the State forest reserves are subject to
an annual charge of two cents per acre for tlie benefit of schools, and
two cents per acre for the benefit of roads, in the respective districts
in which said reserves are located ; and

Whereas, It would be a hardship to withhold from school and
road districts the taxes which would otherwise be collected from
land classified as auxiliary forest reserves; therefore, —

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c.. That all lands which shall hereafter
be classified as auxiliary forest reserves shall be subject to an annual
charge of two cents per acre for the benefit of the schools, and two
cents per acre for the benefit of the roads, in the respective districts
in which said reserves are located. Said charge is hereby made pay-
able by the State.

Section 2. The State Forestry Reservation Commission shall cer-
tify to the respective school districts and road districts, throughout
the Commonwealth, in which auxiliary forest reserves are located,

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 29

the number of acres thus set apart and classified in each district,
and the charge against the same; and shall, furthermore, certify to
the State Treasurer the number of acres as aforesaid, and the charge
ac^ainst the same, in favor of the respective school and road districts.
The State Treasurer shall, upon the approval of the proper warrants
of the commission, pay to the several school districts and road dis-
tricts the amount due the same from the Commonwealth, as derived
under this act.

Approved— The 5th day of June, A. D. 1918.

JOHN K. TENER.

MUNICIPAL FORESTS

In the report of this Department for the years 1910-11 will be
found a short discussion of the municipal forest act passed in 1909
and a mention of the effort then being made by the city of San Oiego,
California, respecting the use of a 7,000 acre tract of land for muni-
cipal forestry purposes. .

Further information at hand is to the elTect that during the winter
of 1911 this city maintained a camp in this forest for out-of-work
men Each man received at least ten days' work with board and
lodging and 50 cents pay per day. To be sure this was small, but it
helped to that extent. This labor was used in cleaning up the land
and the planting of trees. Many of those who were arrested for
trivial offences, as drunkenness or vagrancy, were put into the
colony and thus helped to a fresh start. The plan is reported as
successful and a good investment commercially and socially.
Through this method of handling a problem which is giving all our
cities a greater or less amount of concern, San Diego hopes to put
herself forward as one of the most progressive cities of the country.

There has been more or less discussion respecting the availability
of suitable tracts for municipal forestry purposes in this State. The
mountains to the east of Reading have been referred to as possibly
the best location at hand for a start of this kind. It wo"ld be a
most interesting experiment were Reading to avail herself of the
privilege conferred by the act of Assembly, and by the nearness of
the mountains, a part of which lie within the bounds of the mnnici.
pality itself.

REPORT OF THE

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No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

31

^

30

Scores of cities in Europe, large and small, are enjoying the bene-
fits conferred by municipal forests. Some of them are enabl^ to
realize the entire cost of running the affairs of the municipality
from the returns of their forests. In these \mm regions there are
no such things as taxes, and in others the telephones and street cars
are used by the people without cost, for be-g owned municipally
they are maintained by the forest revenue. Probably the most
notable European municipal forest is that of the Sihlwald or city
forest of Zurkh in Switzerland, located at a considerable distance
from the city itself. The Sihlwald was organized and forest working
plans made as early as 1680. It is at present under intensive
management and is the pride of the nation. The gross yield of th s
forest is at times the .lighest of any known in Europe, occasionally
reaching |12.00 per acre, although in the high Alps the yield sinks
to a considerably smaller amount. The experience of these muni-
cipal forests has been that the higher the expenditure for mainten-
ance and development the greater is the return. Numerous in-
stances are known where the average yearly acre return runs from
$4 00 to $6.00. Wood prices are higher in Europie than they are in
America, but land is cheaper in America than in Europe. The ex-
ample of the European forests points to one conclusion and that is
that the cities of Pennsylvania might reasonably avail themselves
of our municipal forest act and reap therefrom a substantial re-
venue, besides gaining other things which would be of advantage to
a municipality.

FOREST EXAMINATIONS AND REPORTS.

Members of the Commission and of the office force have been
engaged throughout this period in making outside examinations and
reports as well as doing much work of this character within the
State forests. Dr. Rothrock, Mr. Elliott, and Mr. Harris of the
Commission have devoted many days to such work, and Mr. Williams
and Mr. Wirt of the Department and a number of the foresters have
responded to calls wherever it was possible for them to do so.

In January, 1912, Messrs. Elliott and Harris made an inspection
visit to the State lands in Tioga, Potter, and Cameron counties.
They visited the Asaph nursery first and then studied the nearby
State lands, observed the condition of the tree growth and noted

the possibility for future work. A considerable quantity of dead
and dying white pine stock was found, and in their repiort they re-
commend its removal. Road conditions within this region necessary
for opening up the forest properly, were likewise considered. They
especially gave their attention to a new public road to pass up along
Straight run. From Ansonia the inspection tour was continued to
Galeton and Austin, visiting the lands of Forester Silvius, thence to
Keating Summit and Emporium, where they continued their ob-
servations through the Sinnemahoning forest with Forester Elliott.
They were impressed with one fact i)articularly, and that is
wherever there are good stands of timber reasonable protection by
wide fire lanes should be given, followed by a patrol service during
the danger seasons where the fire danger is greatest. Because of the
large areas of denuded land, they urge, as formerly, the increased
growing of seedling trees and their planting into permanent position.
In October, 1912, Messrs. Elliott and Harris were requested by
me to make an examination of the premises at Caledonia, particu-
larly the Graeffenburg Inn and the forester's headquarters, with a
view to recommending such repairs as to them might seem necessary.
Such inspection was made, and as a result of their examination
certain repairs were undertaken and carried out. They found the
walls of the building in need of immediate repairs. The wood work
needed painting and some of the floors were out of line. The founda-
tion was seen to require reinforcing and that proper anchorage
should be made between the walls and floor timbers. The roof like-
wise was found to be in need of immediate repair. They found the
back kitchen in an unsanitary condition and recommended that
either a new one be built or very substantial changes made. In
fact, their inspection of the whole building showed the need for
lather large repairs, all of which have since been done and the pro-
perty is now in good condition. Since their inspection and recom-
mendation it was found necessary either to repair the stable on the
premises or build a new one. The condition of the old building was
found to be such that it would not be an economic expenditure of
money to attempt to repair it, so plans were prepared for the building
of a new stable, and after calling for competitive bids, which call was
advertised largely in the neighborhood it was found that the Depart-
ment could do the work much more cheaply itself, and this was accord-
ingly done. The result is a new and enlarged stable which will be
suitable for all purposes of the forest headquarters for many years
to come, as well as accomodate those who call at the Graeffenburg
Inn.

Miss Dock of the Commission has collected much information re-
spiecting this locality, and has embodied the same into a short re-
port together with certain recommendations. Because of the his-

3

REPORT OF THE

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No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

I

i

32

torical value and need for the preservation of such facts in the
public record, this report is included in full.

"Graeffenburg Inn.

•HS ssst-^i^ '^^^ Hi?SB3

rQshtnwn althouirh the stage piassed by daily, running tnree uajs
of theVe'ek from Chambersburg to Gettysburg, and returning the

^Vhe^ri" office was established in 1851, and Mr. McPherson was
crivJn the nrivilege of naming it, and as Mr. Goodyear had developed
f J nfthe water cure establishments then becoming popular Mr.
McPh™ namid theVuilding after the great Austrian Water-
Sre <Graeffenb"urg Springs Hotel,' and Mr. Goodyear was appoin^^
T^n«tmfl«ter the receipts for the first year being f 19.00. 1 he mail
was^elt Jred in what is now the private dining-room, and while it
was aeliverea in wnit watered at the trough of running

:^teS standfJg SZtSe the stone steps leading down from

"""ASuTlSgrorTsOC the trough was removed to a fence about 100
feet from the house, running along the green from the pike to the

*'^''So late as 1889 and 1890 when members of my family first visited
this region the bath-house on the green east of the house was still
sJandfug but the old ten-pin alley northeast of the barn bad been

rpmoved. or had fallen down. i i „/i ^i/i

^The Springs Hotel had quite a vogne for a time as also had old
CalSonfa^ Springs Hotel, seven miles to the southeast, which was
owned by Col. A. K. McClure for some years.

"Merging of Caledonia and Graeffenburg.

<'Mr Stevens' first pturchase of land at the present Caledonia was
made in S; the furnace was built in 1887, and the Caledonia
Furnace lands and Goodyear tracts were separately owned until
acnu^red in 1888 to 1890 by the Dillers of Lancaster, who Purchased
?hrCaledonia tract from Mr. Stevens' Executor, and later purchased
fhP Snrinffs Hotel which was then closed for several years to the
publk Tuf uSd al Tn office and residence, first by the Dillers, and
suSuently by the officials and some of the employes of the ill-
fated ^Caledonia Mining and Manufacturing Company.

^'This company, organized about 1891, built the railroad from
Fayetteville to Wolf Hill, and their consulting Engineer was no less
a person than Wm. Barclay Parsons of New York.

"During the operations of the Dillers and their successors, a great
deal of lumber was cut, a shingle mill stood where the path now
runs to the pavilion above the furnace stack, a flint quarry was
opened above the peach orchard, on Huckleberry Ridge, a null to
grind the rock was operated near Mt. Union, and the product was
shipped to the Trenton piotteries.

''In the hotel building, the room at the western end was used as
the company's office ; the present office was a store-room, later closed
when the company ceased work, about 1895.

''One of the company's staff, Jos. Ranney, was left in charge of the
entire property, and the hotel building was managed by one of the
former employes, John Aldridge, who with his wife occupied the
building and was allowed to take boarders until shortly before the
nroperty was transferred to the Commonwealth, in December, 190 J.
"The house has had a patronage of rather unusual character, as
at different times educators and scientific persons of renown have
visited Graeffenburg professionally.

"The South Mountain is noted for the purity of its water supply,
the delightful and invigorating quality of its air, the vaned char-
acter of its forest growth, and the extraordinary beauty of its woods

^^.^T^e^P^ofessor of Botany at Wilson College has identified 800
species of plants in this locality, and the entire district from Mt
Union on the west to Cashtown on the east, is knowm to hundreds who
visit it yearly for pleasure, sport, health, rest, and for old association.
"The Caledonia-Graeffenburg district is a natural resort and the
Greaffenburg Inn is the natural centre of the district ; and while it
is true that some of the piatrons of the Inn are persons of large
means, the vast majority of patrons are persons of moderate or even
small means. In my judgment the State is fully Justified in main-
taining places of recreation such as the Graeffenburg Inn, which
enables persons of moderate means to enjoy scenery and opportuni-
ties for nuiet inexpensive recreation such as should be possible in
many places of similar character all over the S^tate. A^ ^ r"^^ «^^^
opportunities are frequently, if existent, only adapted to the wealthy
by reason of expense or other prohibitive reasons.

"Propositions to consider if Graeffenburg Inn is improved or

enlarged.

"If measures are taken to continue Graeffenburg Inn as a public
resort, it is urged by the resident forester tliat one large assembly
room be provided, as the demand in winter for a room of this char-
acter is very frequent for dances, and meetings of all sorts, smokers,

reunions, etc. . , _ •# •+ ^o t./^^

"If such an assembly room could be pirovided, or even if it is not,
I would recommend that because of the unique features of the
vicinity and also because of the large number of visitors connected
with schools and colleges, that the Department ^^ forestry take
measures to develop the educational possibilities of the locality.

3—26—1915

34

REPORT OF THE

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DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

35

II

"1st By means of maps, and every form of information concern^
ine the topography, geology, natural features, flora, and fauna of
Z distrct 111 such information to be put into attractive form.

"2nd Maps of all hinds, a« of Federal forest, other State forests,
NatuVal and'^State Parks, Bird Protective Islands, and especially,
well done maps of the South Mountain Forest, showing roads, fire
lines, forestal divisions, ecological groups, etc

"•^rd A case of good forest and 'out-door' books up-to-date. A
revolving stand would be a good way in which to exhibit specimens
of trees shubbery, photographs of forest work, and other scenes.

"BHefly to place^attractively and as fully as possible a collection
of obiects intended and likely to help people to understand the po8i_
tion that Pennsylvania holds in the great protective movements of

«"•• *'"^'- (Signed) Mira L. Dock."

After the inspection at Caledonia had been concluded, Messrs.
lOlliott and Harris went to Clearfield for the purpose of making
further study of the State forests in that region. They found the
young forest plantations in vigorous condition and so report. The
large area of burned-over land, however, is most impressive, and
further emphasizes the need of additional planting. Considerable
cleaning up of the forest area is needed in this region so as to remove
the debris left by lumbering and the trees which have since been
killed by repeated fires. The local forest nursery was found to be
in good condition and showed a remarkable growth of young trees.
A system for supiplying water when needed by the young plants, is
badly needed at this station, and recommendation for the installa-
tion of such is made. Repairs at the ranger's house and certain new
construction were found to be necessary. The roads and fire lanes
were found to be planned after a satisfactory system.

Forester Kirk's lands in the neighborhood of Penfield were found
to exhibit much of the same conditions as in the Clearfield division.
The work there was found to be progressing as satisfactorily as con-
ditions and the funds at hand would permit. From Penfleld they
went to Sinnemahoning, where they met Forester Elliott and made
a study of the area under his care, noting particularly the plantings
of white pine, larch, and other species which have lately been set
out in this region. A growth of 20 inches for some of the white pines
was no unusual sight. All these lands are yet in an unsatisfactory
condition and their development proceeds slowly because of the dif-
ficulty attending their administration. Afterward, Messrs. Elliott
and Harris were met by myself at Renovo and in company with Mr.
Royce, representing the Lackawanna Lumber Company, we went to
Crossf'ork for the purpose of inspecting and studying the character
of lands offered by the Lackawanna Lumber Company for sale to

No. 26.

the Commonwealth. Here we met Forester Emerick and one of his

rangers. u j. i •

All the foresters and forest employes were found to be taking a
deep interest in their work, studying with great care all the pro-
blems which confront them. The hopeful spirit among them all makes
them ready at all times to undertake any project which will aid in
the better prosecution of their work and produce an early attain-
ment of the desired results.

Mr Elliott remained a time at Crossfork after the departure of
the other members of the party, and concluded a further inspection
of the lands in southern Potter county in company Avith Forester
Emerick. They visited the ranger stations and studied particularly
the opportunities which both foresters and rangers have for doing
further forest planting. Much of this region consists of steep slopes
and its proper reforesting is no easy problem. Here is an area of
87 000 acres under the charge of one forester with adjacent land
managed by other foresters. The soil, the possibilities and the
present characteristics are substantially alike in all. UiKin this
foundation the foresters must build their structure, and the whole
effort is based upon forest planting.

It is the belief of those making this inspection that 87,000 acres
for one forester is too large an area. A division in the near future
ought to be made so that more intensive management may be pur-
sued. Land in this part of the State is utterly worthless for any
other than forest growth. Since the timber has been removed,
private owners care little or nothing about it. Thousands of acres
. have been literally abandoned. The State will need it at some time
for forestry purposes, aud in State ownership it can be accorded
better protection than if lying wild and uncared for.

Occasionally application is made for the development of valuable
minerals supposed to exist on State land. Such an application was
made by Benjamin Vaughn, who desired to exploit for coal on war-
rant No. 4346 in Morris township, Tioga county. This supposed
coal field was, therefore, inspected and reported upon by Mr. Elliott.
From his knowledge of the locality and experience m coal mining,
he was the proper person to make such study. The territory in ques-
tion was found to be at a distance from any present railroad and
if good coal were to he found the quantity .vould probably not
justify the construction of a railrod. So far as this ;n«Pect>on jas
able to disclose facts, the possibility of coal being found there ,n
paving quantity is believed to be remote.

?n June, 1912, Mr. E. H. Mack of WesleyviUe, Erie county, re-
quested the examination of his woodland and a report themm in
order that he may know its possibilities for forest culture and what

36

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc,

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

37

W

r

should be done to make it produce a better stand of trees. Forester
James E. McNeal was directed to make such examination and report,
and did so on the above date. Forester McNeal found a 28-acre tract
of woodland, of which he made careful study, and recommendations
respecting its proper handling to the owner. The natural regenera-
tion of the tract was found to be good except where it was thought
desirable to change the stock species, and with the removal of the
dead, dying, and suppressed trees it is believed the tract will shortly
show the results of better care. Stock grazing was found to be one
of the principal objections.

In September, 1912, Messrs. Elliott and Harris visited the lands
of Foresters Mulford, Keller, Jerald, Thomson, and Byers. On Mul-
ford's tract near Ansonia they studied again the white pine trees
which are dead and dying, and which it will be necessary to convert
shortly if their value is not to be lost. The trouble with these trees
seems to be that they have been so badly scorched by forest fire that
great wounds appear on most of them near the base, and these
wounds interfere with their thrifty growth and are responsible for
their decline. It is not likely that because of their age they will
ever recover full vigor, and for this reason ought to be removed and
the place given to young trees. All of Mul ford's plantations were
found to be in good order and showing well, particularly the Scotch
pine, which here seems to be somewhat outgrowing the white pine
for trees of this age.

Leaving Wellsboro, they met Forester Keller and Mr. Vaughn,
the coal prospector, whose project has just been referred to. They
then studied Forester Keller's plantations and found them in the
same favorable condition. Roads and fire lanes in this region are
of good character and the system has been planned with care.

From Blackwells they went to Slate Run, where they were met
by Forester Jerald, and with him went to the Pump Station. In
this portion of the journey they passed over much of the State land,
some of which at present seems to be of a pretty worthless character,
and will require a large amount of intensive management to make
it good for satisfactory tree growth. Forester Thomson was met at
the Pump Station, and his plantations were studied. Natural re-
generation seems to be good in this region.

Coming to Williamsport, train was taken for Bedford, where the
forester there, William L. Byers, was visited. Because of a series of
rainy days, it was somewhat inconvenient to make the necessary in-
spections. The visit to Mr. Byers was entirely satisfactory, although
the study of his work and the land under his care could not be made
so carefully as in the other instances.

In April, 1912, Dr. Rothrock, by request, made a visit of inspec-
tion to the State forest in Monroe and Pike counties, going first
upon the forest under the care of John L. Strobeck near Cresco.
He first visited the sprag mill where Mr. Strobeck has been able to
work up a lot of defective and otherwise worthless chestnut material
into what are called sprags. He also found that there^was a certain
market for mine ties, and that his lands were capable of producing
a fair quantity of this product, which when removed will be for the
good of the land. The sprag mill venture was found to be a playing
one. There was also found to be a market for hoop poles. Other
timber was found, as pin oak, which has suffered severely from insect
depredation, and which probably must be taken down in order to
save it from total loss. The great trouble is transportation. It is
not financially productive to pay more for removing a product than
can be derived from its sale.

The forest plantations in this region were found in a satisfactory
condition, having shown an average height growth of 14 inches.
Mr. Strobeck's small nursery contains upwards of 30,000 trees.

A great need of this forest was found to be a proper dwelling for
the forester. His present house is inadequate and unsatisfactory.
That the forester and his wife were content to live here under such
trying conditions was because of their devotion to the work. Several
localities were examined with a view to the erection of suitable
buildings. (A dwelling has since been built and is reported on at

page 39.)

The roads in this region were found to be in a condition better
than the ordinary mountain road. Whenever fire lanes may be con-
verted into driving roads this is being done, for it keeps them open
and saves the' cost of brushing. Fire lanes here are necessary be-
cause the fire fighting force in these counties is small.

A visit to the Whitaker place recently purchased by the Depart-
ment, occupied by Ranger Cortright, was then made. The small
local nursery contained probably 100,000 seedlings. The serious
drawbcak is inability to procure water for the seedlings at the time
most needed. Certain repairs were found needful to both house and

barn at this property.

From Strobeck's forest Dr. Rothrock called upon Forester Avery
at Notch, meeting him at Hunters Range on the way in On this
division it was found that the scrub oak was rapidly disappearing
because of the shutting out of light by more valuable species rising
above it. The pitch pine which was formerly unpromising is now
shown to be an attractive feature of the woods. Many of the trees
have become suitable for forest products. A feature of Avery's di-
vision is the fire lane from near Edgemere to the Whitaker place, a

38

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

neat and effective piece of work built by Ranger Frank. It is direct
and free from unnecessary litter and well located. During its course
it is crossed by three other lines. Forest Ranger Frank has con-
structed a fire tower on the line. Its commanding site gives it a
wide range and it is well built. The plan of the fire protective sys-
tem was found to be satisfactory, but its progress toward com-
pletion is slow due to scarcity of labor when needed. The greatest
need for the next fire lane seems to be the one from Bald Hill to
Riley's, a distance of three miles. Tn other regions they are likewise
demanded. The whole project of forest protection in this region
depends upon a well located system of towers and fire lanes. A
serious fire will destroy in a day many times the cost of the construc-
tion of these protective means and appliances. Many of the public
roads require improvement and brushing out to make them effective
fire lanes. A new road should be built through the Balsam Swamp
running east through the Phillips and Stocker tracts, as it will af-
ford the only means of reaching the region north and east of the
Promised Land dam. The Promised Land region is a great problem
and believed by Dr. Rothrock to be hardly less for us than the earlier
one was to the Children of Israel. Much of the young growth com-
ing on here is chestnut, which does not augur well for the future of
the forest unless the chestnut bark disease can in some way be
headed off.

The problems confronting these two foresters are radically differ-
ent. Strobeck's is to thin out and dispose of undesirable timber and
protect against forest fires, while Avery's is more the problem of
planting, having practically no market for any of his product.

The increase of the commercial timber in Avery's division during
twelve years has been really very great, consisting of patch pine,
white pine, spruce, chestnut, and oak, which with proper transporta-
tion facilities might be sold at a profit, and there are believed to be
not less than 20,000,000 feet.

The buildings occupied by Ranger Frank and his family were
found needing repairs, and certain recommendations are made by
Dr. Rothrock respecting the repairs to be made. The ranger is taking
good care of this property, and it presents an attractive appearance.
These repairs have since been made.

Dr. Rothrock makes specific directions respiecting the care of the
most important roads for forest work, as they now exist. The State
cannot do all the road work in Pike county, and the local super-
visors should be made feel that they really were elected for a pur-
pose.

An agreement was entered into in July, 1912, with S. B. Mikels of
Canadensis, a carpenter and builder, for the erection of a house for

j^^ 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. »

Forester Strobeck. This new building is located five miles north-
east of Cresco in Monroe county. The sum paid for the carpenter
work was $450.00, and the other branches of the work were done by
laborers in the employ of the Department, excepting certain portions
which were completed with the aid of other local mechanics. The
mill work for the building was furnished by the East Stroudsburg
Lumber Company, Inc., for |608.52. In order to furnish a proper
water supply it was necessary to drill a well to a depith of 125 feet,
which was done by Jesse Ransberry at a cost of $375.00.

In August, 1912, the Deputy Commissioner of Forestry made a
visit to Philipsburg, Centre county, where the citizens had recently
become greatly interested in the problem of their street trees. Mr.
Williams met about 40 citizens at this place in the public square,
and a general discussion of the street trees was had. A formal re-
port of the result of his inspection was rendered to the chairman of
the street tree committee, Mr. Womelsdorf.

Two days later he visited the forest exhibit at Pittsburgh and
then went to Sewickley and Glen Osborne to make an inspection of
the property of Dr. Rinehart, who desired certain recommendations
respecting the planting of his grounds so as to give them more of a

forestal aspect.

The next day a visit was made to Beaver at the request of Mr.
Stone, one of the county commissioners, and a member of the Beaver
Shade Tree Commission, who wished to consult respecting matters
of the shade tree law and the handling of their tree problems within
that borough. On the same day he went directly from Pittsburgh to
Washington, D. C. to attend a conference called by the Agricultural
Department authorities, looking to State co-opieration in handling
the problems which have arisen by reason of the prevalence of the
chestnut bark disease. At this meeting other representatives were
present from North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland,
New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.

On September 25, 1912, Mr. Williams attended a meeting of the
Montgomery County Horticultural Association at Norristown, be-
fore which Society he read a paper on -The Effect of Woods and
Forests on Horticulture."

October 1-4, 1912, the Deputy Commissioner was present in
the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, attending a meeting of the Fourth
National Conservation Congress, and while there made a visit of
inspection to the Indiana State Forest located near Henryville in
the southern part of the State. Valuable information was gained by
this visit respecting the growth and desirability of the western
catalpa as a tree to be planted generally for forest purposes. The
experience of the Indiana plantations has, like those of Pennsyl-

i

--'fffjvapT',— ,"'";' :

40

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DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

41

W ■(

■i

vania, not been all that was claimed for the tree, and in Indiana it
is no longer recommended for general planting purposes except
there be a disposition on the part of woodlot owners who wish to
plant, to give up their very best corn and wheat soil to the growing
of this tree. Few farmers are willing to do this, and catalpa plant-
ing is lagging considerably.

On January 15, 1913, at the request of the trustees of the Eastern
Institution for the Feeble Minded and Epileptic located at Spring
City, Mr. Williams made an examination of the wooded areas of
land on the estate now managed by this commission and rendered a
report thereon to the trustees. He found that a large part of the
woodland on this tract was chestnut badly infected by the bark dis-
ease, and many hickory trees attacked by the hickory borer. The
hickory and the chestnuts are likely to be destroyed entirely, and to
this end he in his report recommended the substitution of different
trees to take their places. He also considered the strengthening of
the present woodlot stands and made a number of recommendations
regarding other tree work which would greatly impirove the at-
tractiveness of tie grounds.

LIVING CONDITIONS.

It is becoming increasingly necessary to furnish both foresters
and rangers with better living facilities. A number of good build-
ings have thus far been erected, and in addition to those already
reported on during the year the following structures were built:

The house at Leetonia for the accommodation of the ranger at
that place. Contract for the erection of this building was let to
Messrs. J. C. and S. A. Spencer of Wellsboro, and the building was
put upi for the contract price of |2,564.00.

The barn at Caledonia and the improvements at Graeffenburg Inn
are reported hereinbefore.

It became necessary to introduce a modern heating system into
the houses occupied by Foresters Staley and Retan at Mont Alto,
and a contract for a system of hot water heating was let to Hiram
Wilson Hardware Co. of Columbia.

The repairs at the new forest headquarters at the Pump Station
have put this set of buildings into good condition for the occupation

of the forester and one of his rangers, besides furnishing living ac-
commodations for the families of two regularly employed laborers.
A proper water supply for this station required drilling of three
wells. A barn entirely new was also built.

ji.

REPORT OF THE FOREST INSPECTOR.

The report of George H. Wirt, Forest Inspector, as rendered to the
Commissioner of Forestry, is too voluminous for publication in full.
It will, therefore, be necessary to extract from it and condense suf-
ficient data so as to give fair information of the work he has ac-
complished. Mr. Wirt's work during these two years has been of
peculiar value in making examinations of difficult forest piroblems
which have-arisen throughout the State; in the preparation of a new
series of blank forms now in use; his investigation of and recom-
mendations for a uniform system of bookkeeping ; his outside forest
inspection and assistance to foresters; and his checking up of the
foresters' and rangers' reports.

In January, 1012, he inspected and made a study of the pitch
pine situation in the Hopkins State Forest. A large quantity of
wood was discovered which ought to be removed from the land for
the benefit of young woods. This timber is dead and decreasing in
value. The regeneration was found to be good, but room must be
made for it by removing the stock which now encumbers the ground.
On February 1st, a visit was made to the plant of the Newport
Extract Co. to study the problem of utilizing blighted chestnut
wood in the making of tanning extract, and also to determine
whether or not the presence of the bark disease in the wood so used
in any way decreases the value of the product. As a result of his
study it was learned that the bark disease makes no difference
whatever in the value of the result obtained.

From February 26th to 20th, he was present at State College dur-
ing a week of instruction to the scouts of the Chestnut Tree Blight
Commission, and gave lectures to the forestry students at the Col-
lege, as well as to the men in the employ of the Blight Commission.
At this time he procured from Prof. Buckhout, now deceased, a mem-
ber of the first Forestry Commission, a valuable lot of papers re-
lating to the early work of forestry in Pennsylvania. These are now
the property of the Department and form a valuable chapter in our
forest history.

HI

43

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

43

lii

In March Mr. Wirt investigated the problem of storing our forest
tree seeds in the Department store room to determine whether keep-
ing them there interferes in any way with their germinating quali-
ties. It was learned that there was a decrease in weight of the seeds
so received, and he recommended as a result of his investigation that
all seeds be shipped to foresters as soon as received at the Department
because of the too high temperature in th^ basement store room.

On March 18, 1912, Mr. Wirt made an inspection of woods for
Morris Wood of Overbrook, Pa. The trees were found to be largely
chestnut infected with the chestnut bark disease, and such advice
and assistance were rendered as it was believed would enable Mr.
Wood best to dispose of his trees.

On March 19th, an inspection was made of the woodlot of Albert
Gray at Colmar, Montgomery county, to determine whether the wood
present was financially mature and what proportion of it should
be cut, if any. The same day an inspection was made of the property
of Mrs. E. S. Meade located near Bycott in Bucks Co. A lumberman
had contracted to remove some of the timber, and it was Mrs.
Meade's desire to have a study made so that she might come to a
more advantageous agreement with the contractor.

A great number of alleged remedies recommended to the Chestnut
Blight Commission as capiable of effecting a cure for the bark dis-
ease, led to the formation of a Board of Review to inspect and study
the application of all such remedies and report thereon. This board
consisted of Dr. Melville T. Cooke of the New Jersey Experiment
Station, Brunswick ; Prof. W. Howard Rankin of Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.; and Mr. Wirt. The board met on March 20th and con-
sidered the Burrows remedy which had been applied in the Lovett
chestnut grove near Emilie, Bucks county. A further report was
made on all the cures offered and will be noticed later.

On March 20th, Mr. Wirt left Philadelphia for Pittsburgh and on
the following day inspected the woodlot of Mr. Robert T. Peebles
ten miles from New Castle, Lawrence county. The trouble was
found to be the hickory borer, and all species of Carya were being
rapidly killed by it in that neighborhood, as well as in the western
half of the State. The diflftculty here as elsewhere was found to be
in applying the proper management to the woods. Mr. Peebles ex-
pected to plant at least 4 acres of trees in the sparing of 1913.

On April 2d, at the request of the New Century Club of Kennett
Square, Chester county, he delivered an address on "What Forestry
Means." An interested audience listened to the address and asked
many questions concerning the work in forestry and the meaning of
the invasion of the chestnut bark disease.

From Kennett Square, Mr. Wirt went to Peach Bottom in Lan-
caster county, and on the third of April examined a red oak planta-

No. 26.

tion on the farm of Mr. L. K. Stubbs of West Chester. This planta-
tion was made in the spring of 1910. A large number of the trees,
about 75%, had failed. To study the cause of this loss was his mis-
sion It was found to be that in mowing grass the trees were cut
and injured, thus interfering with their growth.

On Arbor Day, April 12, 1912, an address was delivered to the
school children of Camp Hill, and in the evening an illustrated lec-
ture in the United Brethren Church at Mont Alto was given on

"Trees and Patriotism." . ^. x

The Scranton Gas and Water Company desired an inspection to
be made of their watersheds for the purpose of outlining future ac-
tivities to care for this area in better manner than theretofore and
to reforest the bare fields and hills. Accompanied by the corpora-
tion officials, an inspection was made and a written report rendered
under date of April 24th. The report is too lengthy to be given at

this place. ,

On May 20th, Mr. Wirt again returned to Scranton and super-
intended the planting of 80,000 2-year old white pines which the
Scranton Gas and Water Company had purchased from forestry
nurserymen for reforesting their lands, in accordance with the r^
port previously rendered. The seedlings suffered in transit and
were not in the best condition on arrival. However, they were
planted and results ^^^ll be determined later. It is the purpose of
this company to plant from 80,000 to 100,000 seedlings every year,
and the starting of a small nursery on their own account was re-
commended. ,, ,, . 1^ 1 :„„

Prior to the above visit, on April 20th, a small woodlot belong.ng
to Dr. E. M. Santee of Albany, ?s\ Y., and Mrs. Isaac Shaffer of
Hughesville, Pa., and located near Hughesville was examined to
determine whether the present stand required thinning. The situ-
ation with the trees, which were largely chestnut sprouts, was ex-
plained and the relation to them of the bark disease pointed out.
The matter was left for them to determine.

On Apiril 26th, Mr. Wirt was present at the beginning of a plant-
ing undertaken by the Shamokin Water Company on the South
branch of Roaring Creek, Northumberland county The plant ng
was made about their reservoir, and was for Protective purposes.
They used in this work 10,000 Scotch pine. 7,000 Norway spruce,
and 6,000 Austrian pine. The labor was supplied by foreign resi-
dents, who soon got the spirit of the planting and learned to do the
work well. To show the efficiency of the crew after a little training,
the average cost of the planting was f2.55 per thousand trees

On May 8th, Mr. Wirt made an inspection of woodland belonging
to H. L. Curtin of Curtin, m «rea was about 5,000 acres covered

44

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

with sprout grouth up to sapling size, and the pnirpose was to deter-
mine whether or not the operation to cleanse the woods should be
undertaken. A negative report was rendered in this case.

Mr. H. K. Mattern of Julian, Centre county, desired advice respec-
ting an improvement cutting in his timberland of approximately
300 acres. Mr. Wirt visited these woods on the 10th of May and ex-
plained to the owner what should be done and how to do it.

The Spring City Institution for the Feeble Minded and Epileptic
had determined to do some forest planting in exposed areas, and
for this purpose Mr. Wirt was present on May 24th and instructed
in the pilanting of the trees.

On the 25th of May, he was present at the State Institution for the
Chronic Insane at Wernersville on the same kind of mission. At
these two institutions considerable land was found which is not
valuable for other purposes than tree growth, and it is well that
they be planted up to a good species of tree.

On June 3d a visit was made to the Crossfork division of the
Kettle Creek State forest for consultation with Forester Emerick
respecting his problems in forest management, and rendered the de-
sired assistance. _- •;•

An oak-infesting insect was reported to be doing damage to trees
in the neighborhood of Trvineton, Warren county. Upon examina-
tion other insect troubles were found to be present. The trouble
was found to be on the increase and no practical method seemed to
be at hand to control the outbreak in large forest areas. It was ex-
plained that valuable shade trees might be saved by using a spray
containing arsenate of lead.

On June 10th, a visit was made to Mr. C. W. Smith, President of
the Warren Business College at Warren. Mr. Smith is an ardent
student of the forest problem, and desires his students to be able to
earn a part of their tuition by working in the surrounding timl)€r-
lands. They had already begun a system of roads and trails, and
expect to continue further forest work.

On June 12th several woodlands belonging to Mr. H. W. Smitten of
Avalon, Allegheny county, but which were located near Savan in
Indiana county, were inspected. These woods were found to be in
need of general impirovement and a report so rendered.

On June 14th, 1912, an inspection of about 700 acres of land be-
longing to the Fayette Coal Company of Pittsburgh, was made at ,.
Noblestown, Allegheny county. Most of this land was found to be ,
suitable for forest growth only. The necessary information was
given and a report in greater detail rendered thereon.

The Ringing Rocks Park Association near Pottstown, Montgomery
county, desired advice with respect to the handling of t^^eir woodlan^ ^

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

46

No. 26.

tract, and for this purpose an examination and report was made on

June 19th. , . . i

On June 20th an examination was made of the pme trees along
Broadhead creek in Monroe county, made at the request of Mr.
George Ransberry of East Stroudsburg. The trees were attacked
by spittle bugs, and there was present some evidence of the
white pine leaf blight. No great danger seemed to be threaten-

^^The Pennsylvania Forestry Association held its spring out-meet-
ing at Bushkill, Monroe county, and on June 20th, Mr. Writ read
a paper before the association on -Pennsylvania Forest Reserves.
The paper was afterwards published in Forest Leaves and an illus-
trated address later on embodying the same thoughts was delivered
to the students of Lehigh University.

On June 21st and 22d, Mr. Wirt examined the forest surrounding
Silver Lake in Susquehanna county. The owner. Rev. J. Townsend
Russell, desired first hand information respecting its value and the
Ptroper method of handling. A report was made thereon, as re-
quested. . . -

Dissatisfaction had arisen between the Oliver heirs and a con-
tractor with respect to the manner in which he had been removing
certain timber from their property. They also desired further infor-
mation relating to a more systematic development of future growth.
A careful handling for this property was shown to be needed and the
method of procedure was pointed out. The forest Are risk here was
found to be great, and an extensive system of protection was sug-
gested and reported on. Tn making the inspection in this region,
the carelessness of the railroads with respect to forest fires was
noted, and the further fact learned that while there are many es-
tates of small area in the locality, none of which could scarcely af-
ford regular employment of a forester, yet many of them might com-
bine in the employment of such an official, and from him receive ef-
ficient care and protection. Tt was suggested that some 8uch_ plan
be worked out either through a combination of the owners or in co-
operation with the State Department of Forestry. It was further
suggested that the Department has n duty in the premises and the
problem of woodlot forestry should be given more serious attention

than it has received in the past.

The York Water Companv desired an examination of 212 acres
surrounding their new impounding basin. Their wish was to cover
the area with forest trees. On the first visit a preliminary report
was rendered. Later, on October 10th, a detailed examination was

made and report rendered.

On June 11th, a visit was made to the city of Altoona at the re-
quest of the Bureau of Parks, vWh had been pot in charge of a

M

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

small woodland area for city park purposes. Recommendations
which were thought to be useful for this work were made. It was
further recommended that the hills and mountains surrounding the
Altoona city reservoirs be planted and kept forest covered.

The Eastern Foresters' Association of the United States held its
midsummer meeting at Petersham Forest, Massachusetts, the Har-
vard forest where the students of that university receive their prac-
tical training. This meeting was attended by Mr. Wirt during the
third week of July, and a number of interesting and instructive
operations were witnessed. One of the new things brought out was
the use of wireless telegraphy in forest management, particularly in
relation to forest fire problems. After this meeting most of the
foresters in attendance went to the New Hampshire Forestry Con-
ference in the White Mountains, where the forestry work of the New
Hampshire pieople was reviewed and studied. An address was ren-
dered to the meeting on July 18th on ^'The Management of the Penn-
sylvania State Forests.'' The people of New Hampshire are thor-
oughly appreciating their wooded hills and mountains. Because of
the undeveloped woods of the second growth forests, little revenue
may be derived from them at this time, but it is said that tourists
leave annually twelve million dollars within the State. This should
certainly be an incentive to our Pennsylvania people to endeavor to
attract tourists to mountains which are just as beautiful as those

of the Granite State.

The Pennsylvania foresters held their midsummer meeting on
July 22d and 2M at Williamsport. At these meetings Mr. Wirt was
present, and with the foresters inspected the Central Penna. Lumber
Company's various mills. A study of such industries is highly valu-
able to our forest employes.

On July 26th, 1912, Mr. Wirt went to Chambersburg to examine
some trees attacked by the locust borer and carpenter worm, and
from there to Mont Alto, where he inspected the nursery and a por-
tion of the State Forest under the charge of Mr. Staley.

The proposition to remove the defective beech, birch, and maple
from Grays Run Forest had been brought up by Mr. Wells, the for-
ester, and on the 5th of August an inspection was made of the con-
ditions there existing.

The New Jersey Zinc Company is the owner of 1,000 acres of forest
land near Palmerton, Carbon county, and desired a report on their
tracts respecting proper forest management. Here was shown to be
another opportunity for the employment of a forester in conjunc-
tion with other holdings in the same locality.

A grove of hardwoods near New Bethlehem in Clarion county
upon examination was found to be infested with a number of des^

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

47

No. 26.

. nnfivP insects A report was rendered on the treatment of the
rvfand reS -ade respecting its future manage-

ment Here was well illustrated the relation between bird and m-
T.f Ufe Thrscarcity of birds was probably in a large part res-
;:1X: foT^:i^^^^^^ of msects found. Other less import-

nnt insnections were made during the same trip. , , „„

oriiust 30th, an inspection was made and report rendered on

nH^«nd area o about 325 acres at Cooperstown, Venango county.

It I sal tTr he ^^^ 1-P-t- -^'^^-^ *'" Coop-stown Har^

1 HomTm^ting and addressed the audience on the subject of
vest Home meeting - Franklin to Titusville on the sec-

'"ToTsltembe to vtw ."eralThousand acres of young timberland
ond of SePte"'^'^ 'J" y;^7 The owner was unable to go with the in-
I^rov^rtiX- J a discussion was ^ad thereon with him

Commendations made ^<>^^X::^Z' :TT^^: ^^^^^^^
^^^r::^, r? .fasltsS^l^to go out to visit this

X.^"rw%.oem..er, one ^X^^^^]!^;:^ :^
vania forestry -"'^'^/J^^fresL wtf ca^^^^^^^^ the Depart-

^frZHS::^rrSd-a-ri

during a week in September .1912. For this pp , ^^^^^^^

stalled the Department exhibit and ^vas assisrea y

Mueller, Meek, and Seltzer. Endeavor, Forest

On September 22d and 23d. Mr- W 't we .^ ^^^

county, where the ^""l^^^^^r'^'fMr Wirt again met Mr. Shoe-
wonder of all the neighborhood Here Mr. Wm ag
maker and a very interesting study of the Wheeler
A nu.ujer of important Photo...p1;-ere^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^

Mr. Francis R. fj^„.f;jj,^rwliland near that place. A care-
^Z^TT^^^^ -^e and report thereon rendered to

^rXember X 1012 the iUustr.ed l.ture --;ef^- ^^^

was delivered to the^ f ^ l^^^'.a^n'lained by the Moravian
was made of the transplant , "^^ , , .„„ +^ fhU rnnffreffa-

growth.

48 REPORT OE^ THE Off. Doc.

An address on "The Relation of Forests to Water Supply and
Agriculture" was delivered by Mr. Wirt to the students of the Mes-
siah Bible School at Grantham, Cumberland county, on November
8th.

Dr. J. N. Rhodes of Philadelphia desired advice respecting the
handling of his tract of virgin forest in Delaware county. Such in-
formation as was at hand and believed to be applicable to the pre-
sent conditions was given to the owner by the inspector.

On the same visit an examination of the Farnham Estate of 60
acres near Media was also made and report rendered thereon. The
chief trouble here was found to be the chestnut bark disease.

At the request of Miss Hall, an English walnut tree in the bor-
ough of West Chester was examined on the same trip, and Mr. Wirt
made certain recommendations respecting its treatment.

The Childrens' Country Week Association of Philadelphia owns
some farmland near Downingtown and requested certain assistance
respecting the handling of their woods. A study of the woodland
was made on the 11th of December and report rendered thereon.

On January 13, 1913, Mr. Wirt went to Aiisonia, Tioga county, to
examine the amount and condition of the standing timber on war-
rant 4447, along Pine Creek. This examination was made in com-
pany with two of the foresters and a forest ranger. The report ren-
dered thereon is one of much detail, and showed a stand of the fol-
lowing character:

Good white pine, 2,022,500 feet

Defective white pine, 752,500 feet

Good hemlock 409,500 feet

Defective hemlock, 145,500 feet

In addition to the above, there are probably 750,000 feet of scat-
tered hardwoods upon the area. The report recommended that all
hardwood trees over 8 inches be cut because of the damage they had
suffered from a f re occurring forty years ago.

The Association of Eastern Foresters held their winter meeting
at Lakewood, New Jersey, and on the 6th of January Mr. Wirt at-
tended as the representative of this Department. The foresters were
the guests of the President of the National Conservation Congress,
Mr. Charles L. Pack.

An address was given by him to the students of the Forest Aca-
demy at Mont Alto on the "Early Days and Development of the
State Forest Academy."

On February 4th, a visit was made to Forester Strobeck at Cresco,
and an examination made of tracts 59 and 61, Monroe county, where
it was proposed to undertake improvement operations; also upon

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

49

No. 26.

a tract to the south in Pike county. A clean cutting operation was
recommended. A further account of these operations was rendered

by Forester Strobeck.

On February 6th a meeting was had with Dr. Wm. R. Fisher and
Mr J A Seguine at Cresco, representatives of the Pocono Fire Pro-
tective Association. A general discussion was had with them re-
specting the aims and pnirposes of the association and the co-opera-
tive work which can and ought to be entered into between the De-
partment and their association. As a result of this conference there
was prepared a bill which was introduced into the Legislature,
passed, and approved, providing for just such co-operation as was
deemed advisable between the Department and such associations.

A Chautauqua Circle at Buckingham, Bucks county, requested in-
formation respecting Pennsylvania forestry, and on February 15th
Mr Wirt delivered an address to them on this subject.

On March 3d an examination of a large tract of timberland m
Lancaster county was made for Mr. J. H. Steinman by Inspector
Wirt, Forester W. G. Conklin, and Banger Wirth. The land is lo-
cated near Martic Forge. The chestnut was found to be badly in-
fected and other improvements were shown to be needed

On March 5th a tract of woodland was examined for Dr. Robert
Meade Smith of Gwynedd, Montgomery county. Trees that were
found to be of no further use were marked for removal.

Requests began accumulating about this time for rules relating
to the cutting of timber, and a few general rules were therefore pre-
pared and are given at the end of this report.

At the request of Mr. R. A. Zentmyer of Tyrone, a visit was made
on March 18th to the Pennsylvania Furnace Club property at Penn-
sylvania Furnace. The proposition here was the thinning and man^
agement of a Norway spruce and European larch plantation, 50
years of age. Recommendations were made respecting the treatment

of their trees

ThrouRh the efforts of Forester A. E. Rnpp, a meeting was held at
Lemaster«, Franklin county, where a lecture was delivered by Mr
Wirt on March 26th, using the subject "Forestry in Pennsylyama.

Mr A B. Holmes of McKeesport. being greatly interested in a
newly planted park, desired some assistance and advice respecting
the trees. For this purpose a visit was made to the plantation on

April 7, 1913. ^, ^ ^ x • wo<.t

On April 8th, at the request of the Women's Club of I'-^/n- West-
moreland county, an illustrated talk was given to the school childj^n
on the subject of "Tree Buds, Leaves, and Flowers." About 600 eh l-
dren were present at the meeting. In the evening an illustrated talk

4—26—1915

50

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

51

on the subject of "Forest and City Tree Planting" was given to about
200 of the older citizens of the town. A number of suggestions for
improvement in tree planting were made to interested persons.

Mr. A. P. Cameron, General Supt. of the Westmoreland Coal Com-
pany, wished an inspection of his fslantation of locust and catalpa
made by the company in 1907, near Export. This inspection was made
on April 9th. It was found that the company had planted 156 acres.
The trees were seedlings one year old and set 6x8 feet. This distance
is believed to be too great. The trees averaged about 8 feet in height
and from one to two inches in diameter. About 95% of the trees
planted were found growing. The locust borer was found but was not
abundant. The catalpa was behind the locust in size.

In this visit an examination was made of the lands belonging to
Mr. James H. Duff near Newlinsburg, Westmoreland county. In-
structions were given and written report rendered.

On April 10th, at the request of Mr. S. E. Wilson of the Pittsburgh
Coal Company, the Farm Manager of the company, Mr. Bigger, con-
ducted Mr. Wirt over the company's farms near Monongahela City.
An effort is to be made to plant the surface lands belonging to the
coal company.

Mr. Charles C. Cooper, the resident director of the Kingsley House
Association of Pittsburgh, requested an inspection of the woodland
on the Lillian Home farm near Valencia, Butler county. This inspec-
tion was made April 11th. The tract was found to be valuable both
as a source of wood and a protection to buildings. The necessary re-
commendations were made looking to the beautifying of the region,
as well as an increase in its utility.

At the request of Mr. Fred Krebbs of the Cambria Iron and Steel
Company of Johnstown, a visit was made to a woodlot near lObens-
burg, April 12th. The necessary instructions were given to enable the
owner to carry out his desires. At the same time a visit was made to
the woodland belonging to the town of Ebensburg, in which are lo-
cated the springs and through which the stream flows furnishing tlie
town's water supply. The opportunity here for establishing a muni-
cipal forest was found to be of the finest. Few towns in this State
are so situate.

On April 14, 1913, an examination was made of the 2,300 acres be-
longing to the Bedford Springs Company at Bedford. The famous
Bedford Springs hotel is located on this tract. General improve-
ment of the woodland was desired as well as protection to the
springs. The necessary improvement was suggested and the ways of
doing it pointed out.

On April 16, 1913, a meeting of the Review Board of the Chestnut
Blight Commission made final examinatioji of the experiments at the

No. 26.

Lovett orchard. It was found that in no case had the alleged remedies
effected a cure nor did they seem to have lessened the virulence of the
attack of the bark disease. Many trees so treated had died. It was
found that a slight increase in growth was the only result of the

treatment. -

On April 17th, an examination was made of a fir on the farm of
Col Cyrus Radford of the United States Marine Corps near Berwyn.
The trouble, so far as could be learned, was due to weather conditions,
and suggestions for improvement were made.

At the request of the Civic Club of Apollo, two addresses were de-
livered on the subject of forestry and tree planting to their members
on April 25th. The ladies composing this club are greatly interested
in beautifying the town with proper tree planting, and took this oc-
casion to arouse interest. On this occasion it was realized that the
moving picture film could be made a valuable adjunct to teaching

lessions in practical forestry. ,., ., ^ , u- a

The Forestry Exhibit held at Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, dur-
ing the week beginning May 19th, was attended by Inspector Wirt
and Foresters McNeal, W. G. Conklin, and Mustin. After the ex-
hibit the material was carefully packed and returned to Harrisburg.
On Mav 27th, in company with S. B. Detwiler of the Chestnut
Blight Commission, Mr. Wirt visited the farm of Mr. Musser near
Somerset, whose woodland had been damaged by fire resulting from
the destruction of blighted chestnut trees. A report to the Chestnut
Blight Commission was rendered thereon.

In the interval of inspection, Mr. Wirt was engaged in studying
the dying of the Norway spruce at Elizabethtown on the Masonic
Home grounds, and comparing information respecting the prevention
of forest fires and the planting of various kinds of seeds and seed-
lings. ,. _,

On July 31st, at the request of the New Jersey Zinc Company, a
visit was made to their New York City office. The purpose of the
visit was to consult with ihe officers of the company respecting the
employment of a forester for their lands, at Palmerton, Carbon
county to which a visit of inspection had been made last year. It
resulted in the recommendation of John W. Seltzer, a Pennsylvania
forester, who was then in the employ of the Davy Institute of Tree
Surgery. Mr. Seltzer afterward was appointed to the position and

is still serving in that capacity. ^ . , x ,,

The Lincoln International Chautauqua Association desired a talk
on forestrv at their meeting in Smethport, McKean county, and on
August 5th Mr. Wirt was present for this purpose, delivering an ad-
dress on the subject of ijeneral conservation and an illustrated talk
on Pennsvlvanin* Forestrv. From this ])lace he went to Franklin-
ville N Y where a similar talk on Forest Preservation was given.

52

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

53

On August 8th an inspection of the woodland belonging to Messrs.
F. M. Cresson and Caleb Cresson, eTr., was made, in company with the
Deputy Commissioner, at Oaks. The advantages and disadvantages
of the situation were exjjilained to the owners and a written report
rendered to them later.

The summer meeting of the Pennsylvania foresters was held this
year at Mont Alto, and on August 12th the Forest Inspector met the
foresters and delivered to them an address on the early forest work
at Mont Alto. At the same time Dr. Rothrock reviewed his early work
in forestry and Prof. Roth of Michigan University spoke on ^The De-
velopment of Forestry in the United States.'' Various plantations
and other operations were visited and studied. Valuable data are
now available as a result of this work and it should be collected and
made available as soon as possible.

On August 2 , 1913, Mr. Wirt, in company with Foresters McNeal
and Mustin, went to Pittsburgh to install the Department exhibit in
the buildings of the Western Pennsylvania Exposition Society. Mr.
McNeal and Mr. Mustin remained in Pittsburgh to the close of the
exhibit, October 18th.

On the 9th of October a small tract of land near Tamaqua was in-
spected and assistance rendered. This land had been donated to the
local civic club for park purposes. At the same time a visit was made
to the State Hospital at Coaldale, and plans were discussed relating
to the planting of the hospital grounds with forest tree seedlings.

On the invitation of Mr. Herbert R. Green and Mr. Henry Green of
Reading, an inspiection was made on October 10th of lands lying on
Mt. Penn and Mt. Neversink near Reading. The owners have in mind
the development of the mountains as a part of the suburbs of Reading.
Suggestions were made to the owners, but all matters of this char-
acter are now in the hands of the City Planning Commission.

On the same day a visit was made to the property of the Galen
Mountain Company near Wernersville, where a study was made of
their tract of red cedar and juniper. Suggestions were made respec-
ting the treatment of the woods and the handling of the tract and a
written report rendered.

On October 15th an examination was made of a 20-acre tract of land
belonging to Hon. Richmond L. Jones of Reading. Mr. Jones is a
member of the Valley Forge Park Commission. It is the desire of the
o>\Tier to maintain the tract in forest growth and to this end intro-
duce some new trees, principally oaks.

On October 16th an examination was made of a 200-acre tract at
Summerville for Mr. T. A. Eshleman. The woodland was found to
be in need of improvement and the uecessary recommendations were

made to the owner. Thence to Redbank and Pittsburgh, where the
Forest Inspector was in attendance at the exhibit of the Department
maintained at the exposition, and helped to repack material and ship
it back to Harrisburg.

On November 11th, in company with the Commissioner of Forestry,
the Depiuty Commissioner, and a representative of the United States
Forest Service, an inspection was made at Mt. Gretna to determine
the condition of railroad ties, posts, and rails affected with chest-
nut blight. The ties were laid under the tracks of the Cornwall and
Lebanon Railroad, and the posts and rails were planted in a field be-
longing to Mr. E. A. Weimer. This experiment is to determine the
effect of the fungous disease upon such materials in ordinary use, and
to learn whether or not the disease is detrimental to material cap-
able of such use. To date the experiment showed that the wood is in
no worse condition than the checks which were free of the disease.

At the request of members of the P. O. S. of A. at Mont Alto, an
address was delivered to this order on the evening of December 10th,
the subject being "General Conservation and the Prevention of

Waste."

In addition to the work of inspection and writing reports on the
result of his studies, the Forest Inspector has examined numerous
tracts of land which have been offered for sale to the Commonwealth,
has assisted the foresters in their work, has helped to make estimates
of standing timber on State land, has revised the forms in use in the
Department, originated several designs for posters, stickers, and ad-
vertising material, and assisted with such technical work as came to
hand. He has given considerable time to the study of classification
of the work of the Department and submits an outline relating to the
creation of bureaus to care for specific divisions of the work of the
Department. As a result of the recommendations made, a number
of them have been put into practice and are found to be working satis-
factorily. The suggestions and recommendations are as follows:

In the Matter of the Creation of Bureaus to Care for Specific Di-
visions of Work in the Department of Forestry.

1. Utilization: To include a wood survey of the State and all

data respecting the demand for the use of wood by wood-
using industries.

2. Education and Cooperation: To include everything re-

lating to the library, the forestry exhibit, photographs,
items for the newspapers, and the collection of statistics re-
lating not only to Pennsylvania, but to other states and to
the United States.

DEPARTMENT OF E^ORESTRY.

55

54

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

3. Inspection and Reserve Management: To include and super-
vise some system of bookkeeping, as a card system, and to
be introduced systematically on the reserves, and to furnish
tbe necessary material for doing bookkeeping; and assis-
tance to the foresters in doing the work.

The following items of general forest management ought to be
acted upon without delay, and are necessarily precedent to any of the
activities mentioned above:

(a) The naming of the reserves and establishing temporarj

boundaries until surveys can be completed, and then
the definite marking of the exterior boundary.

(b) The making of a forest map of the State, to be done

upon a plan somewhat similar to that which was em-
ployed by the Pittsburgh Flood Commission in the
western counties.

(c) A division of the State into districts with a district

forester located at some prominent point in each dis-
trict, who shall concern himself with all material of
education, the collection of data, the keeping of the
forest map to date, cooperate in fire protection, the in-
spection of the work of fire wardens, to be at the head
of the Department's fire patrol service in his district,
and to have general charge and oversight of the aux-
iliary forest reserves.

(d) To devise a new system of filing letters, to be filed by

individuals and cross referenced according to sub-
ject, using carbon copies instead of our present letter
copying books.

(e) Reports and correspondence relating to reserves to be

filed in connection with the records of each reserve.

4. Protection: To include everything relating to fire and fire

wardens, grazing, insects, fungi, birds, and parasites.

5. Silviculture and Mensuration: To have charge and oversight

of the experimental plots, growth data, nursery inspection,
classification, and plant life of the State as related to its
forests ; also the prosecution of a systematic forest survey of
the reserves, and making of stock maps, and the collection
of necessary data in relation thereto.

I. C. W. from notes of G. H. W.

June, 1912.

For a considerable time Mr. Wirt has been engaged in making a
study of systems in vogue in the office, and on July 30th, 1912, ren-

No. 26.

dered a report looking to a more orderly conduct of the Department

routine. The report as submitted on this branch of his work is as

follows:

"This Department has been in the lead in forestry work for a
rnnsiderablTlength of time, but it is now at a stage when much more
Xfwork ^ the same time broader work must be done. The

Department has continually stood for the idea that forestry is a busi-
ip?/ That is true both in the forest and in the administrative duties
of the Kr ment: There is every reason, then, why the Depar ment
Lnf^Wn abreast of the times in business methods both in the of-
StdtVe'r Igl'^^^^^ of the reserves. At ^he same time^^^^
nrpmre to meet the broader field opening before it. No better tune
cin be foundThan the present, for every month lost now means that
much mo?e difficulty in adjusting back records to such forms that
they may be of most value in the future.

"New System of Office Letter Filinu.

"The methods of filing letters and papers in this office are not con-
cwto"t with the best devised methods. They are cumbersome and
v2y°Lonvenent for rapid u«e. Letters should be filed alphabetically
Weld of Iccording to date. Carbon copies of letters should be made
ns ead of using a fopy press book, so that a letter apd its reply may
be fiTed toeether and at any time the complete correspondence with
Sny ndiv^dual o; on any subject may be instantly found and consecu-
lively folC^ without referring to several letter books and an inde-
finite search for original letters.

"Naming of Reserves and Filing Material Relating Thereto.

"For a better handling of reserve correspondence, reports, etc., it
is iTt L';ortant'"hat t'he reservation lands be conside-d caieMly
and reserves determined and named. It is recognized that the Doun

dariranTJrobably the name may be ^^-^Z'T ^TZZZaTZ
thine definite for the present should be adoprted. Tn the future it win
he a simple matter of bookkeeping to shrift accounts and records.
UnLprCen^ conditions deflniteness is lacking in """-^ loca ions.
DunHcate charges, duplicate records, and omissions are likely to re-
sult A separate file should be had for reserve material together with
its own index.

"Explanation to Accompany Forms.

"A business cannot be most successful 'Y"»>«»t ly^^?,"*,,^"^^
counts and records, and even though a P^'/.^^^^* .^^^^'^'^uVV s XntS
the men who are expected to use it m"^* "n^f^/«"J i^s foresters are
The Department now has a great many forms ™ ,\*^.^^°[_^^, ,7' o
expecte'd to use. .l;aok of adequate exp^^^^^^^^^

"prinS at tr 7accwnTtSolms. and then a system of in-
Cctton and checks to see thkt the instructions are carried out.

50

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

"Keeping of Records on Reserves.

"In this connection it becomes necessary to insist upon records of
all transactions occurring on a reserve being kept in the olBfice of the
forester on the reserve? Forms and explanations may be furnished,
but this is not enough. A cabinet should be furnished in which papers
may be kept and this file should correspond to the system used in the
Department offices.

"A system of accounting has been formulated and will be presented
in detail. This system should be considered immediately and put into
force, the necessary supplies obtained and put into the hands of the
foresters.

"Bureaus in Department.

"For a broader development of the Department efforts, it is re-
commended that there be certain bureaus established to develop and
piush work of particular kinds.

I. Inspection of Private Tracts and Reserve Management.

"The difficulty with the majority of the foresters in the field has
been that they have been at a loss, as beginners, to know just what
and how to do on their respective reserves. There has been plenty of
sympathy and leniency with them, but that does not help them with
their work. It only makes it harder for them to make good. The
work is new to most Americans and at best is disheartening. Instead
of turning a forester loose on a reserve, conditions should have been
studied by one of wider experience, and work assigned definitely until
the young man can find himself. When work has been planned or
sanctioned, the Department should make every effort to supply neces-
sary instruments and then it should hold the forester strictly to ac-
count for the proper care of the instruments and the successful issue
of the operations.

"The present forest inspector should be assigned to this work,
being given necessary authority in the matter, and required, of course,
to make detailed reports of exact conditions and needs as he finds
them. In this bureau would be developed as rapidly as sufficient data
were collected, short period working plans of reserves or at least it
would pass upon working plans submitted by the foresters so that
a consistent forest policy may be adhered to.

"II. Education and Cooperation.

"Already a scheme for an educational bureau has been presented.
This phase of our work is fundamentally important and must not be
delayed longer. We cannot expect the people to get forestry know-
ledge of their own accord. The facts must be presented to them,
and it is far better that they be educated along proper lines than to
be misinformed as is so frequently the case.

"This bureau could coopierate with the Forestry Association, Con-
servation Association, Women's Clubs, and other organizations along
forestry lines, and systematize the efforts now being put forth at
random. Further, through this bureau could be developed the idea

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

57

of cooperative management of woodlots among farmers and other
small owners, or even among the larger owners, bringing to their at-
tention that the Department is willing to assist them free of charge.

"III. Silviculture and Mensuration.

"For a proper consideration and formulation of plans of forest
management it is necessary to know what is on the reserves. At
the present time the Department does not fully know what property
it has under its direction. Generalities should stop. It is important
that we get down to facts and then there is a foundation for work.
A forester, under present conditions, cannot make a satisfactory sur-
vey and collect the necessary data. One man can't do the work, and
the rangers are not capable of rendering all the assistance necessary.
It would be an unnecessary expense to buy enough instruments so
that each forester would have a set, but by obtaining the best instru-
ments possible for this bureau the forester in charge could begin at
once and with the foresters in the field work over the reserves obtain
the required data, and make the required forest mapis in the draught-
ing room, here at headquarters. Further, this would insure uni-
formity, which is important. xx ^ j.

"Silvicultural data of all kinds are lacking or so scattered as to
be of little value without a great loss of time to every one wanting the
information. Sample plots are being established on our reserves, and
data collected there should be systematized and classihed. This
bureau could take charge of such data and put them into usable shape.
Further, it could obtain satisfactory information along many de-
sirable silcultural lines by keeping in touch with naturalists, bota-
nists, and students generally all over the State.

"IV. Utilization and Forest Map of State.

"For the last twenty-five years there has been an active forestry
propaganda in this State and there has been and is still great talk
about the destruction of forests, how much there was to^tf^\^iJh
and how much there is now, and how long what is left will last. All
this matter has been largely guess work. Our Department rep^re-
sents an important part of the government We Relieve we have
grounds for existence, but what are they? We suppose that the^e is
an economic reason for the Department. The old idea that a forest
map of the State could not be completed before it would be out of
date no longer holds. With the force at the disposal of the Depart-
ment such a map could be made in a short time, and each year with

little difficulty and expense, kept to date. . . xv, n^r.«Arv«

"Further, if our Department is to be of real service in the conserva-
tion of forests, a very practical line of work for it ^^ /« f * J?^J
utilizers and wood growers together to the advantage of both and to
the public at large. It is well known that what is waste at one p ant
might be used very profitably at another, and that >viuat is wasted at
Tertan forests and mills might profitably be used if a market were
known for it. Also, that if certain individuals knew where raw ma-
terial could be found they would put up establishments in t^ose «^^^
borhoods. This indicates not only a forest survey of the State but a
wood utilizing survey as well. If this line of action were explained

58

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

to business men, it is believed that their earnest cooperation could be
obtained and the movement could not help but bring satisfactory re-
sults to the Department.

"V Forest Protection.

"Protection of forests always has been and always will be one of
the most important features of a State's forest policy. Forest fires
are the curse which brings disease, insects, adverse conditions with
reference to stream flow, and destruction of forests either directly or
indirectly. It has been a subject of forest legislation for a longer
period than any other pihase of the work, and yet today we are still
groping for a solution to the problem. To begin with, protection
should mean protection, not simply attack and extinction with con-
sequent damage to be suffered. Fires cannot be prevented entirely,
but they can be prevented from becoming large and from doing much
damage. The first stage in this work is education as to how fires are
started and the damage they do. This work can be handled by the
Educational Bureau when data are presented to it as collected by the
Protection Bureau. The second stage is a comprehensive system for
prevention of fires and rapid attack when they occur, all over the
State. Of course, legislation must be provided, but this must come
through education. The present fire warden arrangement can be made
effective only by using it to the best advantage during fire seasons.
This bureau would work out the situations of the wardens with re-
ference to forests to be protected, and see that wardens and assis-
tants were properly located. Here the forest map of the State would
be valuable. High points would be chosen upon which watchmen
might be stationed, and it is reasonable to suppose that a few dollars
spent in this way will save many dollars on fire bills and thousands
of dollars in loss. Local organizations could be formed and a better
understanding could be had of what is needed and what is to be done
in case of fire. Many fire wardens know nothing of fighting fire and
little can be expected when neither warden nor employe know what to
do except to put in time. This bureau would get in touch with war-
dens and instruct them in every phase of their work. This bureau
would help individual foresters to work out systems of fire protection
on the reserves and collect valuable data in this connection for use
on lands not belonging to the State.

"Cooperation with railroads, lumbermen, and timber owners gener-
ally would be worked up and all phases of this subject studied and an
effort made to solve the problems in a piractical and cheap way.

"Insects and fungi are constantly on the increase and it is time our
Department is getting in shape to handle this work. We cannot
leave it to the Zoological Division of the Agricultural Department.
It is distinctly a Forest Department work and we must face the public
squarely on the matter. Birds are on the decrease because of the
fires we let run. Means must be found to propagate insect eating
birds within the State and protection must be afforded them so that
they will always be present in numbers.

"Parasitic insects must also be bred and distributed. This may
appear to be an unneeded step into the future, but the demands are
upon us now. The hickoiies, oaks, maples, pines are being attacked

a_

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

»

No. 26.

vifforouslv and are dying rapidly. People are asking for help and if

wfarer^Uy anxious to savi trees and forests we must soon be ready

To m^t the attack and if possible prevent future ones. Planting

tree^ will do us no good if we can't protect what we have or expect to

have It will be so much money thrown away. ^ . a ^p

"tt present the Department collects statistics of wood cut and of

forest fire losses. The law calls for them, but for other things as well.

iS we know what material we have on hand it makes ittle differ^

ence arto how much or how little is used. The fire reports are made

by owners who at times underestimate and at times over-estimate the

foss occasioned. Not all fires are reported and each loss reported is

counted as one fire and then the data are recorded as seems best to

''^•We^'SeSaTccurately collected they would be of value taken
with other data, as for example, the forest map of |he State the wood
utilizing industries, their needs, etc. For the collection of all such
data fTr the inspection of fire wardens and their work, for carrying
on general forestry educational work, for rendering assistance to
privateTndividuals: and to take charge of auxiliary forests as rapid^
as they are established under the law, or of ^'•"'ately established
forests under forestry management by one responsible to this Depart,
ment which accomplishes the same thing, except assistance in taxes
wMchTs offset by assistance in care and pi^tection, the State should
be divided into districts according to counties or larger divisions and
a repr^entative (forester) of this Department placed in charge. This,
too is going to take an appropriation, but suppose the auxiliary re-
serve bills pass, how does the Department expect to take care of the
work' The condition of affairs now is that forests which are in-
spected by the present forest inspector are not being cared for accord-
Eohis instructions because they are too small to stand the expense
of an exnert, the owners do not have time to superintend the work
?hemselvS or are at a loss to know how to do even with written in-
structions before them. Likewise, plantations are made but impro-
periy Failures result and then the trees and the forestry work in
general receive a setback in the community. This proposition should
be carefully considered and steps made as soon as possible to put it

*"'^AnvC all of these changes mean additional help in the offices of
the Department and that means more room. This Department can
Sow materM gains for everything it has done and if its work is made
known and its demands set forth, there is every reason to suppose that
satisfactory arrangements can be provided and funds as well.

July 30, 1912.

Following studies thus made for greater efficiency both within the
office of the Department, the offices of the foresters, and within the
State forests, a schedule of supplies and other necessary material
was prepared. From a careful survey of the nocds of tliis service it
is believed that this schedule forms a tiocessiuy basis of material
which should be in the possession of ciuh forester in order that he
may be able to do his work with the greatest economy of time and
highest efficiency in records and results.

ii&

jilj:

60

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

STATEMENT OF SUPPLIES NEEDED BY EACH FOKESTER

FOR RECORDS AND RECORD FILE.

1!

In order that the business affairs in connection with the manage-
ment of a forest reserve may be properly and systematically re-
corded and filed for future reference, it is necessary that the proper
material be supplied to each of the foresters by the Department of
Forestry. It is not reasonable to expect the forester to have his de-
partment affairs in anything like systematic shape nor for
all of the foresters to have similar arrangements when each man
is allowed to do as he thinks best and is required to furnish material
at his own expense. It is, therefore, requested that the following
list of supplies be purchased at once for each forester and sent to
him with proper instructions concerning the methods which are
to be used in his work.

1 Library Bureau— "Demi" horizontal unit comprising:
1 Cornice Top unit.
1 Three-drawer 3x5 card index unit.
1 Two-drawer 5x8 card index unit.
1 Six-drawer Legal Blank unit.
1 One-drawer Correspondence Vertical File unit.
1 One-drawer Legal size Vertical File unit.
1 Low Base unit with castors.

1 Set Manila Guides— 120 A-Z— Celluloid Tabs cut 5th, 3" x 5",

No. 1 grade.
Blank 1-3 Ruling— White, Medium weight, 3" x 5" cards.
Blank Manila Guides cut 3rds, 5" x 8", No. 1 grade.
Ledger Cards, Medium weight. Two colunms for figures on debit

and credit sides of centre, rule on both sides— white— 5" x 8".
Ledger Cards, Medium weight, 4 columns for figures at right

side of card— ruled on both sides. Blue, 5" x 8".
Ledger Cards, as next above, Salmon, 5" x 8".
Set Manila Guides, letter size, 25 A-Z cut 3rd.
Right Tab Folders, letter size, medium weight.
Blank Manila Guides, cut 3rds, cap size.
Right Tab Folders, cap size, medium weight.
Box Carter's Gossamer Carbon Paper, 8^' x 14''.
Box Carter's Gossamer Carbon Paper, 8i" x 11".
doz. Indelible Pencils,
sheets Letter Copy Paper, yellow.
Special Ruled Day Book.

1000
100
200

500

500

1

100

50

100

1
1
1

1000

1

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

61

1 box W. S. & B. Paragon paper, ruled. No. 3i
1 box Clips.

G. H. W.
October 28, 1912.

As a result of all his observations and study, the Forest Inspector
makes the following recommendations as being among the first needs
i or the further development of the work of this service :

1. Fully equipped bureaus to handle branches of the Department

work.

2. A more careful development and improvement of roads. Pub-

lic roads within the State forests should be under the care
of the Department and the two cents per acre per year
paid to road districts should be eliminated.

3. Stock maps should be completed at an early date and data

as to the stock collected and put into usable form. Utiliza-
tion and protection to be proceeded with and developed.
Telephones and outlook stations with easy access thereto
form the first element in protection.

4. Complete utilization data for the purpose of handling future

forest activity and the encouragement of utilization plants
either upon the State forests or nearby for the absorption
of forest material which cannot bear a high transportation
charge.

5. The building of foresters' and rangers' homes in the most

advantageous places as rapidly as funds will permit.
G. The placing of some officer directly in charge of the forest
fire fighting system and the developing of this system to
a higher plane of efficiency.

7. A study of the damage wrought by attacks of insects and

fungi and the development of a bureau in the Department
having to do with investigations of this kind of work, and a
studying out of the means of applying remedies.

8. The advisory care and supervision by the Department of

Forestry of large tracts of land in connection with State
institutions, particularly wooded areas, so that such land
may be brought to its highest productive capacity to yield
revenue for State purposes.

9. A free application of the District Forester act, whicli wait!^

principally upon the necessary moans to develop this branch
of the service.
10. Improvement and enlargement of the Department's Forestry
Exhibit.

62

REPORT OF THE

OflE. Doc

11. The publication of a monthly bulletin devoted to educational
work in forestry and the use of such other materials as
will bring the cause of forestry more prominently before
the people. The publication of all the papers of the first
Forestry Commission in pamphlet form is recommended.
12. A better system of accounting to be made uniform through-
out all State forests.

115. A system of inspection which amounts to the ordinary busi-
ness follow-up system for the purposes of keeping in more
intimate touch with the foresters, rangers, and forest em-
ployes.

All the forms in use in the Department following Mr. Wirf s study
and recommendations have been revised and many new ones added.
An outline for annual reports was prepared and has been sent to
all foresters, enabling them to prepare their reports in a manner
which shall be uniform for all. From time to time this material
will need revision. At present it is included in what is known as
Forester's Manual Part I, December 1912.

The checking up of the monthly reports of foresters and rangers
and the proper division of time so reported for proper charge and
credit in foresters' records, has been undertaken and is now working
satisfactorily.

On January 1, 1913, the new system of filing Department cor-
respondence and records was installed. All correspondence relating
to a forest is now found under that division. The fire warden cor-
respondence is likewise filed separately and is of ready access.

In the latter part of 1912 a co-operative project with the U. S.
Forest Service was developed whereby a study of the wood-using
industries of the State was undertaken and will be published by the
Department. This will contain valuable data of use to all persons
who are employed in the marketing, handling, or manufacture of
wood. It will be bulletin or publication No. 9 of the Department.

In January, 1913, Forester II. Lynn Emerick was detailed from
his headquarters at Crossfork to the Department to develop certain
educational work then being undertaken. W. G. Conklin, forester
on the Jacks Mountain Division of the Seven Mountain Forest, was
detailed to the office for silvicultural and mensuration work. N. R.
McNaughton, Forester at Karthaus, Clearfield county, has collected
a large number of measurements of white pine in Cameron county
and came to the Department to work up his material in December,
1912. Messrs. Emerick and McNaughton arranged and indexed the
photographic negatives and prints in possession of the office, using
for this purpose upwards of 3,000 index cards. Copies of all prints

^Q 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

have now been mounted in permanent form upon boards 22 x 28 inches
in size, making all photographs by subjects readily accessible.

A distinctly healthy feeling with the various railroad companies
of the State has been developed, and many of them have entered
heartily into a co-operative eflort to prevent forest fires along their
right of way and consequent foiest destruction. They have very
Ireely put up the warning notices supplied by the Department and
posted them freely on railroad property. The D. L. & W. railroad,
the B. R. & P., and the B. & O. have each printed facts in their
folders and publications respecting the prevention of fire and the
losses occasioned by the careless use of fire. Posters and circulars
relating to forest fires and forest uses may be had upon application
to the Department.

In order that a uniform method of cutting timber might be
followed by the foresters in doing improvement work and by con-
tractors removing timber under the diiection of foresters, the fol-
lowing rules have been prepared for governing this work:

GENERAL RULES FOR CUTTING TIMBER.

1. All dead and down timber shall be utilized to the fullest exten t.

2. All trees which are decaying either at the base or in the top

shall be removed.

3. All trees which are badly injured and are likely to decay

in the near future shall be removed.

4. Wolf trees or those with large spreading crowns occupying

too much ground to the exclusion of others shall be re-
moved.

5. No tree under 12 inches in diameter inside bark at one foot

above ground shall be cut unless coming within the classes

above.

6. Stumps shall be cut as close to the ground as possible and un-

der no circumstances shall any stump be more than one foot
above ground.

7. Felling shall be done by axe and saw, the axe being used

for only so much notching as may be necessary.

8. Cutting into lengths shall be done by saw.

9. All trees cut shall be utilized as closely as possible.

10. Tops and branches shall be lopped in such manner that they
may come in close contact with the ground. They must
not be left in piles or wind rows.

•-n-ry-.^;ifyH;»!|..;pyy;.->-^HaiB)fl^<{a

64

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

(I

11. Care must be taken not to injure sound young seedlings, sap-
lings, or trees in felling or in any other operation.
12. When a tree is felled it shall be worked up immediately so
as to release quickly any young growth upon which it may
have fallen.

13. No trees of value shall be used by operators in making roads,

bridges, or skidways except by special consent or by rea-
son of payment of full value thereof.

14. Any merchantable material cut and left in the forest shall

be paid for in the same manner and at the same rate as
that which is removed.

A Statement of the Roads, Trails, and Fire Lanes constructed,
opened, or improved by Penns3-lvania State Foresters within the
State forests from the establishment of the Department to date.

Date.

MUw.

1

a

1

0

•s

■M

s

a

2

-^

t^

■«->

a

o

o

H

1901,
1902,
1908.
'«04.
605.
•vOO(
1907,
1908,
1909.
:510.
2911,
1912,
1913.

25
50

100

76

76

80

125

156

633

864

1,159.4

887.01

1,392.72

S
76

175

250

325

406

530

686
1.318
2.182
3.341.4
4.228.41
5.621.18

SEEDS FOR FOREST AND NURSERY PLANTING.

In the spring of 1912 the following seeds were sent to the foresters
named for planting either in the nurseries they maintain or for
broadcast and spot planting within the State forests. What of this
seed was not collected by the foresters themselves was purchased
by the Department.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

68

Forester.

Zelgler,

Mulford.

Uetan,

Ooaklin,

Avery,

Babtian,

Byers,

Dague,

Elliott,

Emerick,

Evans.

Jerald.

Kirk,

Ludwig,

McNaughton,

Miner,

Morton,

Rupp,

Seltzer.

Fox,

Strobeck.

Vail.

Winter,

Mumtna,

Silvius,

iSmitb...

cost.

$50 00

100 00

50 00

2 50

9^

u

u

K

K

to

8

•

t*-

i

V

.P4

a .

» a

^-1

.11 »rt

wo

•o

^o

« a

"P «

r-»

p

ii 3

•sa

.s.

sa

a

Q

OQ

lbs

5

5

8

i

8

• • •

2

cost.

$13 75

13 75

8 26

188

825

560

188
2 76
188

••••••••

»••••••■

1 88

188
1 88

1 88
1 38
138
1 38
1 88

lbs.
81
8k
S
1

26

2
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

41

cost.

$14 87

14 87

8 75

175

is

""iio

88
860

88

850

176

88

1 76

88

175
176
175
176
175
176
176

Total seeds by weight. l,265i pounds.

Seeds were distributed during the year 1913 in like manner to the

foresters for the same purpose, as follows :

Forester.

Bletsch, .:

Zieglsr

Mulford

Conklln. R. G., ..

Elliott,

Emerick,

Uonpt

Irvin,

Miner, ■

Meek,

Fox

Sheeler

Dague

Hogentogler,

Kirk

Ryon,

Sllvlus

Mueller

vv in lPf^ •••••••••••••••••■

Conklin, R. S

Total seeds by weight. 1.1261 pounds.

5— 2&— 1915

iJfiHi

.!i; H

ilU; 1;

i

66

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

STATE FOllEST NURSERIES.

The Mont Alto Nursery, 1912.

On September 1, 1912, Mr. George A. Retan, a graduate of the
State Forest Academy, was detached from the Greenwood nursery
and placed in charge at Mont Alto nursery. He was also assigned
work in the Academy.

Two problems of the Mont Alto nursery are soil and weeds. The
heavy clay of a part of the nursery is not yet sufficiently modified
and coniferous seedlings do not do well in it, although hardwoods
succeed. The breaking down of this heavy soil is begun and will
be continued until a better condition is obtained. Green manure
and barn-yard manure have been employed in this effort and forest
humus is to be added.

The little Brazilian weed, Galinsoga parviflora, has taken posses-
sion and is difficult to eradicate. The difficulty of the problem is
increased because the plant is so common in the neighborhood.

In the autumn 125 bushels of walnuts were planted in the nursery
and one-half acre set to white oak acorns. The need at present is
hardwood seed. There remains a small area fitted only for growing
hardwood seedlings.

The broadcast seed sowing in 1912 has been successful. Little
trouble was had with the damping-off fungus, due in part to the re-
moval of the cause. The germination percentage was high and
the present stand promises well for 1913. An inventory of the stock
based on minimum rather than maximum figures, is as follows, taken
in the fall of 1912:

Growing Stock.

Black cherry, 1 year, 2,000

White Oak, 1 year, 2,000

Ash, 1 year, 5,000

Black walnut, 1 year, 6,000

Willow cuttings, 5,000

White pine, 2 year, 220,000

Privet cuttings, 6,000

Scotch pine, 2 year, .• 7,000

Transplants White pine, 1-2 years, 7,000

Norway spruce, 2 year, 72,000

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.
No. ^«

Honey locust, 1 year, ^'^^

Sycamore 1 year, '

Red pine, 1 year • ^

Norway spruce, 2-1,

White pine, 1-1, ^5000

Douglas fir, 1 year, ■•• '

White pine, 1 year, ' ' ^^

European larch, 1 year, • • • • • '

The money value of the above stock is 13,000.00.

THE MONT ALTO NURSERY, 1913.

tJ

Mr Eetan, the forester in charge has been making detailed
studies of the raising of a number of particular species. As a result
of hL studies he submits a report, of which the following contains
the essential features:

"A study of the inventory and cost accounts appended will show
that the nursery work has not been so successful as last year. This
has been due to Three very evident causes which are discussed in

"^^"The first of these is poor white pine seed. White pine is the
snedes on which the Department is basing its hopes of successful
reforestiTg and the species which the nurseryman is asked to pro-
duce at a low cost Ser thousand. He cannot do this with poor
S It costi a certain amount for the twenty ounces of seed use.l
on a bS It costs one dollar to get this seed to the germination
nnint It costs $1 50 to care for that bed during the year. It
^^sSl OoTotl.5oSr that ^'c^'- supernsioi. water^^^^^^^
capital invested. In other words, that bed costs »*0J J^''!,;^^^^^
produces one thousand or ten thousand plants^ IL^Zlt have a
k onft nlants if the bed is to pav for itself. The seed must nave a
termination percentage of 50-70% to produce these trees and allow

for the normKss. ^But this is not the -l^J\^^\ZLZTtl
careful experiments of investigators have shown that not only the
germination percentage is of value, but that the weight and «ze ^t
the seed influence the growth of the seedling and of the yo"°g t""^
In other words, the quality of the seed may determine the success

''^S bSing l^t:^ce, age, storage, and number of grains P-
pound should be considered. The experiments of C.esler and others
carried on through a period of twenty-five y^^rs have proved th^^^
seed from other than local sources produces ^^Ji^^^^^^^^'^k^.^l'^
trees. So important is this regarded that e^e" ^"^"P^^fi^fi ™j;
acknowledge it and guarantee source as ^«" f „^^^,'°|*;^? /^;,
centage Age is selfevidently important. The For^t bervice as
'vdlaf European investigators have found certain definite germination
ratios corr^ponding with age and storage conditions. Haak and

m tmt^ 1 iwmm >m ' i^mi^^^

m

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

m i

!|t

Bates are quoted. In case of germination immediately upon removal
from cones, seed drier than air germinates more vigorously. On tlie
other hand, after several months air tight storage, the dry seed will
have deteriorated and the moist improved. Seed with a moisture
content equal to the normal air content, stored in air tight recepta-
cles is so much better than seed stored under any other conditions,
that this should be the only method followed. Of seed which ger-
minates better, a larger percentage of the germinated plants survive
permanent out-planting. Poorer seed P^duces poorer s^dlings

"Past experience would seem to show that these facts had been
disregarded in seed buying. The seed received 'ast jear was ve^
dry, the kernel was shrunken and usually yellowish. As a result,
germination was slow,, uneven, and poor. A large proportion of the
s^ still appears to be in living condition and may germinate m
thf spring If ^, this would require holding the beds over another
year! Ind be expensive. The seed received so far this, year appears
to b^ similar or even worse, as far as can be ascertained from the

"""l^feSd cause for failure is found in the soil conditions. This
season thrpoorer portions of the coniferous sections were used.
Although gr^e^n and stable manure had been plowed under on the
arS the IjU was still far too heavy and stiff. The 9!iarcoal was
aeSn tried on twenty-two beds in the worst portion with markedly
blneflcia^ results. Germination was no better, but the loss has been
£ and the^^lings are much stockier and have better color. Char-
coal will beTavily applied to over one hundred beds the coming
season It is undoubtedly the only known cure for the soil conditions
of thTs nursery There is a auestion as to whether the charcoal acts
purely Tn a physical manner'or whether a possible ash content aids^
The charcoal used this year is pure charcoal from the old furnace
Se with no possTble ash content and the results will indicate which
to usiin the future. Pure charcoal can be obtained much more easily

^°>VS Xrfor failure is found in the fertili^er^experimei^s

A' 4...A Kxr tvia Hpnartment These covered fifty beds, or wnicn

?wen f bS were so'badTy damaged that they will fall from two to

h Aof^nd^^edlings p'er bed below the check- TJ- - « ^^el

f .i^'^iorVhei^SpSmrt :o^ dTavr birUtr SdM

dollar l«f •. ^''If ,p^^P™application of sodium nitrate as a top

have visuS the Greenwood Nursery, comparing results, and find

*Xt tirlay'sprucfbeds are very fair. Germination was excel-
lent The litest beds to germinate suffered severely from damping

tfvl a goorstand 3 tt^fverS is fair. The Larch is also

^"""in experiment in transplanting Black Walnut was tried. It is
f A th?W the end of the second year a large percentage of the
Ir^oJs injur^ in transplanting are decaying. This would indi-

ill . I

11

ill

(I

CO
I— t
Oi
r-H

?5

Z/1

CA

3
O

o

o

3

n
»

-<

jjo. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. «

cate that the raising of Black Walnut in the nursery is unwise. The
nuts should be planted directly into the permanent site.

"This nursery, as has been pointed out before, is well adapted to
raise ash olkf and other hardwoods. More seed of these species
should be sent here from the State forests. This year none has been

'^SfVifiht against the weed Galinsona parviflora\^n% been vig-
orouslY waged Results cannot be had before another year. The
attempt To hold this weed in check was respons ble for ar increase
of 1150 to f 200 over the cost of holding the ordinary weeds in sub-

^^*i'A°comparison with last year's report will show about twice as
raudi student labor used. An attempt has been made to have as
much work as practicable done by the students, consistent with their
Xer Tctivities They have done all the different kinds of work.

"A better system of cost keeping has been developed. This is
shown in the more complete report appended. To this end a new
?orm has been found advantageous. This can be filed by charges
and take the place of a ledger, at the same time giving a history of
every section of the nursery throughout the year We believe thib
?orm merits attention. It requires no more labor each day and
saves time at the end of the month.

1913 Balance.

Labor, teams and students, fi54 22

Fixed charges and supervision, 97 01

Incidental expenses, * ' * ^3^ yg

Seed, • 15 30

1912 charges to 1913 account, ^"^ *^ $43 10

Charge to capital, 37 4^

Carried to 1914 account gg ^

Shipping, spring of 1913, ^g 90

Potatoes, • ; 151

Silvicultural experiments, ^=*

Foreign seed experiments, W'? 47

1912 white pine, 1913 account, 39 05

Black walnut, 75 951

White oak , • 454

White pine transplants 1-1 , 18 56i

Willows, "' 20 32I

Privet , • • i * ' V'J o o 2 38

White pine and Norway spruce transplants 2-2, 53 324

Norway spruce transplants 1-1, 4 4^'

White spruco and Bnlsam fir, 12 93

Black walnut transplants 1-1 , , mfl *39i

White pine, 1913 beds '245 46|

Norway spruce , 1913 beds, ^

Larch," 1913 beds,

P. rigida, failure,

Detailed Expenses and Charges

Fixed Charges and Supervision, •

Forester,

Roads and drains,

Land

Water system,

Tools,

Shades and stakes,

Buildings and grounds,

47 98i
5 29

$2,373 14

$2,373 14

$654 22

$400 00

9 75

44 85

15 00

33 07

144 25

7 32

t

70

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Total Overhead Charges, 815 25J

Fixed charges as above,

Current Expenses:

Roads and drains,

Charcoal,

Water system,

Tools,

Compost,

Shades and stakes,

Buildings and grounds,

Bookkeeping supplies,

Labor, Teams and Students.
(Student labor counted at 14c. per hour.)

March,

April,

May,

June,

July,

August,

September,

October,

November,

December,

Unaccounted-for,

Team.

Students.

$21 56

$5 54

54 97

3 80

91 49

5 40

34 80

2 61

17 08

2 16

31 32

308

36 39

5 76

9 59

2 43

11 55

1 58

13 79

•
• • • •

52

$32 36 $323 06

Total for year,

Inventory and Costs. Ready to Plant.

Expense
1912.

2-yr. Douglas fir. Est. 10,000, ^JJ ^4

2-yr. Scotch pine, Est. 2,000, ^0 ^

1-yr. White onk Est. 25,000: „ .-

Seed and planting, ^ ^"

Cultivation

Overhead charges,

Total

1 yr. Black walnut, Est, 15,000:

Seed and planting,

Cultivation

Overhead charges,

40 71

• • • •

• ••••••••••••

• • • •

Total cost.

654 22

28 82

44

3 76

10 42

20 35

10 13

82 86i

4 25

Payroll.

$48 46
236 40
189 75
134 56
128 40
45 56
33 28

$816 41

$1,171 83

Expense
1913.

2 yr. White pine, Est. 1,000,000; 1,800 used:

First year expense,

Protection ,

Weed \ng ,

Paths,

Overhead charges,

1,350 00

Total cost.

2 yr. White pine i Trans. Est. 2,000. .... . . .}

Norway spruce i Trans. Est. 2,000,. . .jMixed,

19 69

Cost to date, --kkk i\k'i)i\

2 yr. Black walnut 1-1 Trans. Est. 3,000, . $15 00

Transplanting and cultivation ,

Cost to date,

"$55'95i
20 00

$99 m

■$1905'
20 00

$79 76

"$7'82'
105 28
54 74^
407 62J

$1,925 47

$2 38

$22 07
$12 93'

$27 93

^^ 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 71

Expense Expense

1912. 1913.

1 Vr. I'u'roran'Kfrch, 'eT^S.-SOO now Yn-bed^-V,8(i)- shipped and ^ ^
used; total, 5,300, ______

To Remain in Nursery.

1 yr. Norway spruce, 52 beds 100 sq. ft.. Est. 250,000:

Making beds and mulching, 7 ^

Protection, ., ;; ;;;;:;;; gl 67

Weeding, 4373

Seed , 5 g3

Winter covering, 67 77

Overhead charges, .

Total to date, ^^^^ ^^

1 yr. European Larch, 10 beds 100 sq. ft.. Est. 30,000:

Making beds and mulching, 344

Protection, 6 85

Weeding, ^9 qq

Seed, ; 81

Winter covering, jq qq

Overhead charges, .

Total to date, ^"^ ^^

1 yr. White pine 228 beds. Est. 400,000:

Making, sowing, and mulching, 10 111

Protection, ;;;;;;*.*. msoi

Weeding, ^g 33

Paths, v.'..'.'.'.'. 372 00

Seed , 21 45

Covering for winter, 248 96

Overhead charges,

Total to date, ^1^^

2 yr. Norway spruce 1-1 Trans. Est. 4,000; 20,000 transplanted.

Heavy loss because of dwarfed root systems, • ^>m o^

2 yr. White pine 1-1 Trans. Est. 1,000; 2 yr. seedlings-cuUs
from 1912 area Est. 100,00(>-to be transplanted spring

1914, ^^

Willows: J21 69

Previous charges, is ^iei

1913 charges, *^

Credit by 44,800 cuttings at 60c, 26 88 ^ ^

Credit by 44,800 cuttings at 60c, 26 88 $4U ^

Carried to 1914, m,m

Privet:

Est. 5,000 roots, kVm'ki ^20 32^

Total previous charges, ^^"' ^'

Total, $127 89i

Credit by: ^ „^ a oq

R. S. Conklin, 875 plants at $0. 00, * 5°

E. A. Ziegler, 250 plants at $5.00, ...;. } ;»

N. R. McNaughton, 200 plants at $5.00, l w

Nursery 5,000 at $5.00 to Capital under Grounds, ^i> w ^^ ^

Total cost carried forward, ^^ ^

ir^

\m

72

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The nursery inventory as of December, 1913, shows the following
stock to be on hand:

Hardwoods suitable for 1914 planting :

. Walnut, 1 year, • IJJJJ

White oak, 1 year, ^^^^"^

Walnut, 1-1 year, JJJJ

Sycamore, 2 years, ^'"""

Conifers suitable for 1914 planting:

European larch, 2 years, ^^^^^

Scotch pine, 2 years, J JJJ

:Norway spruce, 1-2 year, A^^"

White pine, 1-2 year, 2,000

Douglas fir, 2 years, i noo 000

White pine, 2 years, 1,000,000

Also the following seedlings suitable for forest planting after 1914:

Norway spruce, 1 year, 250,000

Norway spruce, 1-1 year, ^'"""

White pine, 1 year, WOJ

White pine, 2 years, TvZ

White pine, 1-1 year, ^^""^

European larch, 1 year, ^"^"""

In addition to the above there is on hand a large stock of privet
and willow suitable for cuttings or root plants.

Shipments from this nursery are shown elsewhere in the report on
<^State Forest Planting."

THE GREENWOOD NURSERY, 1912.

The nursery in this division was established in 1906, at which
time it was not more than one-fourth of an acre in extent It has
since been enlarged to 2* acres. An inventory of the seedhngs^^^^
the nurserv at the end of the growing season for 1912, is as follows .

j^^ 26. DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

White pine, 3 years, 60,000

White pine, 2 years, 460,000

White pine, 1 year, 600,000

Red pine, 2 years, 14,000

Red pine, 1 year, 50,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, 50,000

Scotch pine, 1 year, 15,000

Norway spruce, 1 year, 40,000

European larch, 1 year, 10,000

73

1,299,000

Shipments from this nursery are shown elsewhere in the report
on "State Forest Planting."

THE GREENWOOD NURSERY, 1913.

This year the nursery was enlarged to 3 acres. It is divided intc
G sections, and with the water system each section may be treated
separately. Fertilizer experiments outlined by Prof. Netoffsky are
being carried on. The seedlings available for planting from this
nursery in the spring of 1914, are as follows :

White pine, 2 years, 400,000

Red pine, 2 years, 40,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, 10,000

Norway spruce, 2 years, 20,000

European larch, 2 years, 6,000

White pine, 2-1 years, 11,000

Red pine, 2-1 years, 9,500

Scotch pine, 2-1 years, 3,000

Black walnut, 1 year, 8,300

California privet, 5,430

Black cherry, 170 513,400

The least cost for growing any of the above per thousand is f 1.58
for the two year old red pines. The greatest cost is $5.09 per thou-
sand for the black walnut.

74

REPOirr OF THE

Off. Doc.

>ii

THE ASAPH NURSERY, 1912.

The Asaph Forest Nursery is located within the Stone State
forest, Asaph division, forester Mulford being in charge. On April
1st, 1907, it was begun with an area of 5 acres, 2J being under culti-
vation that year. It has since been enlarged to 20 acres, with
13 now under cultivation.

The seed planted in this nursery during the year, was as follows

European larch, 10 pounds.

White spruce, 50 pounds.

Red pine, 20 pounds.

White pine, 356| pounds.

Scotch pine, 8 pounds.

Douglas fir, 5 pounds.

Sugar maple, 208 pounds.

Chestnut, 45 pounds.

White ash, , 834 pounds.

Honey locust, 4| pounds,

Black walnut, 2 bushels.

Red elm, 3^ pounds.

Black cherry, 315^ pounds.

At the end of the 1912 growing season an inventory of seedlings
in the nursery shows the following stock on hand. The count wa<i
made by beds, or square foot rule, and an estimate made from the
averages:

White pine, 1 year, 1,256,215

Norway spruce, 1 year, 95,000

Red pine, 1 year, 54,000

Douglas fir, 1 year, 32,000

Scotch pine, 1 year, 60,000

European larch, 1 year, 12,000

Honey locust, 1 year, 3,500

Black walnut, 1 year, 700

White ash, 1 year, 24,000

White pine, 2 years, 912,000

Norway spruce, 1-1, 2,107

j^^ 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 7fi

Norway spruce, 2 years, 119,000

Pitch pine, 2 years, 9,500

Red pine> 2 years, 36,300

European larch, 2 years, 9,200

Scotch pine, 2 years, 35,000

White oak, 2 years, 234

Sugar maple, 2 years, '^,000

White pine, 1-1, 24,157

Silver pine, 3 years, 35,500

White pine, 3 years, 927,420

Norway spruce, 3 years, 58,000

White pine, 2-1 years, 708,270

Norway spruce, 2-1 years, 38,234

White pine, 5 years, 500

Balsam fir, 5 years, 75 4,459,912

The seedlings shipped out of the nursery during the current year
for planting upon other State forests and to private individuals,
purchased at cost according to law, represent a value of |3,521.96,
including f67.41 for packing and cartage charges. The seedlings
so supplied were as follows:

Honey locust. 1-yr., at $1 1» 3,400 $4 04

Honey locust, 1-yr. at 2 50 2,000 5W

Red oak, 1-yr., at 2 82 20,650 58^

?r2tr"V-^"''' :::::::::::::::::::::::: II 2US 4^1

Sugar i^apC^^^^^^^ 2 00 200 40

Sugar maple, 2-yr., at 2 50 1,^ 3 30

Norway spruce, at 3 00 25,000 75 00

European larch, 2-yr., at 3 00 200 W

European larch, 2-yr., at 5 00 11,125 55 63

Scotch pine, 2-yr., at 2 00 13,500 36 90

White ash, 2-yr., at 2 00 2,347 4 69

White ash, 2-yr., at 2 50 200 50

White pine, 2-yr., at 189 101,7M 192 21

White oak, 2-yr., at 4 50 250 1 13

Whitp nine 3-vr . at 2 75 1,U00 I /o

WhitI p'ine^Vr /at' 2 89 506,400 1.463^

Scotch pine, 3-yr., at 3 00 dOO HO

Norwayspruce, 3-yr.. at ' 4 00 30,500 122 W

Europeon larch, 3-yr., at 7 00 1,909 13 30

White flsh 3-vr a 2 00 161 m

White Ce 2-lYr at .. 3 10 15,000 46 50

WhitepiSe 2-1 yr': at. :::::... 6 31 192,900 1,218 20

Norwayspruce, 2-iyr., at 3 00 7,000 2100

Norwayspruce, 2-1 yr., at § 00 14,350 71 75

Scotch pine, 2-1 yr., at 2 50 200 50

Scotch pine, 2-1 yr., at 3 00 l,o00 3W

Norway spruce, 4-yr., at » -^ ^ ^ ^

T^tj^l ^ 975 900 $3,454 55

Packing and cartage charges, ^7 41

$3,521 96

■ f

(

;l

1.

70 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

The number of seedlings available from this nursery for spring
planting in 1913 is as follows:

Honey locust, 1 year, 3,000

Black walnut, 1 year, 700

Scotch pine, 2 year, 35,000

Sugar maple, 2 year, 6,500

European larch, 2 year, 9,200

Silver pine, 3 year, 35,500

White pine, 3 year, 927,420

Norway spruce, 3 year, 58,000

White pine, 2-1 year, 566,616

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, 30,587

White pine, 5 year, 500

Balsam fir, 5 year, 75 1,673,098

r

THE ASAPH NURSERY, 1913.

This nursery was enlarged in 1913 to 33 acres, 20 acres of which
were set with seedlings, 8 acres planted with seeds, and 5 acres under
cultivation. An inventory of the seedlings by species and age shows
the following stock on hand:

White pine, 1 year, 936,609

Norway spruce, 1 year, 946,533

Red pine, 1 year, 57,760

European larch, 1 year, 33,789

Pitch pine, 1 year, 43,136

Honey locust, 1 year, 16,025

5ugar maple, 1 year, 2,715

Black cherry, 1 year, 10,380

White ash, 1 year, 15,000

Black walnut, 1 year, 569

Chinese chestnut, 1 year, 164

Elm, 1 year, 809

White pine, 2 year, 1,004,972

Scotch pine, 2 year, 42,000

Norway spruce, 2 year, 38,000

Red pine, 2 year, ^ 42,000

European larch, 2 year, 10,476

Douglas fir, 2 year, 25,600

Black walnut, 2 year, d4

j^o 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Sugar maple, 2 year, 310

White pine, 2-1, 102,128

White pine, 1-2, '• • • • ^fi^^

Norway spruce, 1-2, 1,689

Scotch pine, 4 year, transplanted, 70

White pine, 6 year, transplanted, 450

Balsam fir, 6 year, transplanted, 35

77

3,336,406

The seedlings available for spring planting in 1914 from this
nursery are distributed among the following species:

Honey locust, 1 year, 16,025

Black cherry, 1 year, 10,380

Black walnut, 1 year, 569

Elm, 1 year, ; ^09

Chinese chestnut, 1 year, 164

Sugar maple, 1 year, 2,715

Scotch pine, 2 years, 42,000

Norway spruce, 2 years, 38,000

Red pine, 2 years, 42,000

European larch, 2 years, 10,476

Douglas fir, 2 years, 25,600

White pine, 2 years, 600,000

Black walnut, 2 years, ^^

Sugar maple, 2 years, 310

White pine, 2-1 year, 102,128

White pine, 1-2 year, 5,093

Norway spruce, 1-2 year, 1,689

White pine, 6 year trees, ^^

Balsam fir, 6 year trees 35

Scotch pine, 5 year trees, 70 898,607

Because of the unusual season of repeated frosts, and short growing
period, these seedlings are the smallest, at same age, ever produced

in this nursery.

Shipments from this nursery are shown elsewhere in the report on

"State Forest Planting."

The total value of all seedlings shipped from the nursery during
the year calculated at nursery cost amounts to |6,965.92.

The seedlings in the nursery were badly damaged by frosts May
8, 11, and 20; eTune 9 and 10. The first year conifers showed no new
growth until September 3rd.

78

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

SMALL EXPERIMENTAL NURSERIES ESTABLISHED BY

THE FORESTERS.

These small nurseries heretofore established mainly for object les-
sons in the neighborhod of State forests are productive of a con-
siderable number of good seedling trees. As to area they are more
fully described in the Department report for the years 1910-11, page
115. An inventory of the seedlings contained in these small nurseries
stated by forester and locality is as follows:

1912.

Robert G. Conklin, South Mountain Forest, Caledonia Division.

White pine, 1 year, 27,335

White pine, 1-1 year, 14,578

White pine, 1-2 year, 18,709

White pine, 1-3 year, 2,417

Norway spruce, 1 year, 11,357

Norway spruce, 1-1 year, 10,498

Norway spruce, 1-2 year, 10,138

Douglas fir, 1 year, 5,540

European larch, 1 year, 872

European larch, 1-1 year, 275

Red pine, 1 year, 7,G10

Red pine, 1-1 year, 872

Scotch pine, 1 year, 12,225

Scotch pine, 1-1 year, 7,942

White ash, 1 year, 2,080

White ash, 1 year, 2,080 132,448

William F. Dague, Clearfield Forest, Clearfield
Division.

White pine, 1 year, 175,000

Norway spruce, 1 year, 20,000

Norway spruce, 2 year, 12,000

Douglas fir, 1 year, 10,000

European larch, 2 year, 1,000

Red pine, 1 year, 30,000

Scotch pine, 1 year, 5,000 253,000

jj,, 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

R. Lynn Emerick, Kettle Creek Forest, Cross-
fork Division.

White pine, 2 year, 27,000

Blue spruce, 1 year, ^ ^^

Norway spruce, 2 year, 15,000

Chinese arbor vitae 1 year, 10

Douglas fir, 1 year, ^0,000

Dwarf mountain pine, 1 year, 50

Scotch pine, 2 year, ^ 0,^00

Catalpa, 1 year, ^^

Black locust, 1 year, ^^

Russian olive, 1 year, ^

Persimmon, 1 year, 20

I' Hartman Fox, Sinnemahoning Forest,
Austin Division.

White pine, 1 year, 8,000

White pine, 2 year, ^^0,000

White pine, 1-2 year, V^^^

Norway spruce, 1 year, ^f^^^

Norway spruce, 2 year, %^^^

Douglas fir, 1 year, *^>000

Red pine, 1 year, 2,500

Red pine, 2 year, 2,500

Scotch pine, 1 year, 8,000

Scotch pine, 1-1 year, '^^^OO

Carl L. Kirk, Clearfield Forest, Penfleld Di-

White pine, 1 year, -»^<>»""

' Norway spruce, 1 year, 54,000

Douglas fir, 1 year, 12,000

Red pine, 1 year, 37,600

Scotch pine, 1 year, ^>^"^

Harry J. Mueller, Nittany Forest.

White pine, 2 year, 15,000

White pine, 3 year, ^^^

Norway spruce, 2 year, 1^^

Alfred E. Rupp, Buchanan Forest.

Norway spruce, 2-2 year, IM^O

Black walnut, 1 year. '^^^

79

92,18C

108,300

129,100

15,500

12,100

6

I ;• ^

I

'Ml

80 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

J. B. Ryon, Whetham Forest.

White pine, 1 year, 18,000

Norway spruce, 1 year, 30,000

Douglas fir, 1 year, 4,200 52,200

Johu L. Strobeck, Minisink Forest, Pocono Di-
vision.

White pine, 1 year, 75,000

White pine, 2 year, 4,000 ^

Norway spruce, 2 year, 15,000

Douglas fir, 1 year, 4,000

Scotch pine, 2 year, 10,000

Black walnut, 1 year, 60 108,060

H. Lawrence Vail, Sinnemahoning Forest, Hull
Division.

White pine, 1 year, 9,000

White pine, 2 year, 1,000

Norway spruce, 2 year, 200

• Douglas fir, 1 year, 2,200

Scotch pine, 1 year, 4,250

. Scotch pine, 2 year, 800 17,450

D. Kerr Warfield, Seven Mountain Forest, Kish-
acoquillas Division.,

White pine, 2 year, 980

K. B. Winter, White Deer Forest, McCall Di-
vision.

White pine, 2 year, 500

Norway spruce, 1 year, 500

Norway spruce, 2 year, 500

Douglas fir, 1 year, 10,000

Pitch pine, 2 year, 500

Scotch pine, 2 year, 100

Basswood, 1 year, 25 12,125

During the year 1912 the following foresters established new
nurseries for experimental purposes, and an inventory of their grow-
ing stock shows the following:

Harry E. Elliott, Sinnemahoning Forest.

White pine, 1 year, 5,000 5,000

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Charles E. Meek, Seven Mountain Forest, Poe
Division.

White pine, 1 year, 2,000

Norway spruce, 1 year, 12,800

Douglas fir, 1 year, 2,500

Red pine, 1 year, 2,500

Scotch pine, 1 year, 4,500

C. C. Miner, Stone Forest, Chatham Division.

White pine, 1 year, 9,000

White pine, 2 year, 4,000

Scotch pine, 1 year, 5,000

John W. Seltzer, Seven Mountain Forest, Co-
burn Division.

Norway spruce, 1 year, 1>500

Douglas fir, 1 year, ^00

Red pine, 1 year, ^^^

Edgar H. Smith, Bald Eagle Forest.

White pine, 1 year, 8,000

Norway spruce, 1 year, 8,000

Douglas fir, 1 year, 10,000

Red pine, 1 year, ^y^^^

Scotch pine, 1 year, 15,000

John A. Bastian, Loyalsock Forest.

Douglas fir, 1 year, 1*200

H. E. Bryner, Pennypacker Forest.

White ash, 2 year, ^^^^O

A. W. Bodine, Roth rock Forest.

Black walnut, 1 year, 2,200

Total,

6—26—1915

81

24,30(J

18,000

3,000

47,000

1,200

6,000

2,200

1,040,149

g2 REPORT OF THE Off. Dos

A summary of the stock found in these nurseries, is as follows :

1912.

Species. Number.

White pine, 503,719

I^orway spruce, 228,993

Douglas flr, 105340

European larch, ^'

Eedpine, ^^^^^l

Scotch pine, ^^^^^^

Pitch pine, ^^Jl

Dwarf mountain pine, ^^

Blue spruce,

Chinese arbor vitae, ^^

White ash, ^^^^^

Black walnut, 2,960

Black locust, 5?

Basswood,

OR

Catalpa, ^

Russian olive, ^

20
Persimmon,

Total, 1^040,149

1913.

An inventory of stock on hand at the end of the growing season in
the experimental nurseries, is as follows :

John A. Bastian, Loyalsock Forest.

Douglas fir, 2 year, ^^^OO 1,200

A. W. Bodine, Rothrock Forest.

Black walnut, 1 year, 250 250

H. E. Bryner, Pennypacker Forest.

White ash, 1 year, 5,600 5,600

Robert G. Conklin, South Mountain Forest,
Caledonia Division.

White pine, 2 year, 8,000

Scotch pine, 2 year, 17,000 25,000

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 88

Wm. F. Dague, Clearfield Forest, Clearfield Di-
vision.

White pine, 2 year, 205,000

White pine, 1 year, 135,000

Red pine, 2 year, 80,000

Norway spruce, 2 year, 35,000

Norway spruce, 1 year, 437,000

Douglas fir, 2 year, 8,000

European larch, 1 year, 100,000 1,000,000

R. Lynn Emerick, Kettle Creek Forest, Cross-
fork Division.

White pine, 3 year, 2,340

Norway spruce, 2 year, 5,300

Douglas fir, 2 year, 640 8,280

P. Hartman Fox, Sinnemahoning Forest, Aus-
tin Division.

White pine, 3-1 year, 22,000

White pine, 2-1 year, 1,500

Scotch pine, 3-1 year, 2,000

Scotch pine, 2-1 year, 750

Red pine, 3-1 year, 2,000

Norway spruce, 3-1 year, 10,000

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, 1,100

Douglas fir, 2-1 year, 200 39,550.

C^arl L. Kirk, Clearfield Forest, Penfield Di-
vision.

White pine, 2 year, 14,300

White pine, 1 year, 18,590

Scotch pine, 2 year, • • 8,000

Red pine, 2 year, 25,800

Norway spruce, 2 year, 46,300

Norway spruce, 1 year, 78,400

Douglas fir, 2 year, 12,000

European larch, 1 year, 34,600 237,990

(Carles R. Meek, Seven Mountain Forest, Co-
burn Division.

Red pine, 1-1 year, 200

Norway spruce, 1-1 year, 400

Douglas fir, 1-1 year, 200 800

M

I

84 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

W. E. Montgomery, Seven Mountain Forest,
Poe Division.

White pine, 2 year, 1,500

Scotch pine, 2 year, 4:,800

Red pine, 2 year, 3,300

Norway spruce, 2 year, 12,000

Douglas fir, 2 year, 3,400

European larch, 1 year, 6,000 31,000

George S. Perry, Sinnemahoning Forest, Hull
Division.

White pine, 2 year, 6,500

White pine, 1 year, 9,418

Scotch pine, 2 year, 2,100

Scotch pine, 1 year, 1,304 ,

Norway spruce, 1 year, 11,952

Douglrs fir, 2 year, 1,050

European larch, 1 year, 9,787 42,111

J B. By on, Whetham Forest.

White pine, 2 year, 9,200

Scotch pine, 2 year, , 8,700

Norway spruce, 2 year, 30,000

Douglas fir, 2 year, 4,200 52,100

Geo. W. Sheeler, Hopkins Forest, Snow Shoe
Division.

White pine, 1 year, 250

Norway spruce, 1 year, 7,000

European larch, 1 year, 6,500 13,750

' E. H. Smith, Bald Eagle Forest.

White pine, 1-1 year, 1,000

White pine, 2 year, 7,500

Scotch pine, 2 year, 6,000

Norway spruce, 1-1 year, 1,000

Douglas fir, 2 year, 3,500

Black walnut, 2 year, 10 19,010

8o

j^o. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

John L. Strobeck, Minisink Forest, Pocono Di-
vision.

White pine, 2-1 year, 3,000

White pine, 1-1 year, 8^654

White pine, 2 year, 1^^300

Scotch pine, 3 year, 13,500

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, 4,675

Norway spruce, 3 year, 11,000

Norway spruce, 1-1 year, 4:,260

Douglas fir, 2 year, • • . 2,400

Black walnut, 2 year, 33 '

Black walnut, 1 year, ^0 bl,»b^

R. B. Winter, White Deer Forest, McCall Di-
vision.

Norway spruce, 1 year, 8,000

Douglas fir, 2 year, JOO

European larch, 1 year, 400 8,»uu

Charles E. Zerby, Sinnemahoning Forest, Medix

Division.

Norway spruce, 1 year, 30,200

European larch 1 year, ^^f^^^ ^^200

Total,

1,591,503

A summary of the stock found in these nurseries, is as follows;

1913.

Species. N^°^^«^-

Whitepine, J«^f/^

Norway spruce, ^g^^^^

Douglas fir, 171 907

European larch, J > ^^

?^,r^.^- ... 64,154

Scotch pine, ^

White ash, 5,600

Black walnut, ^"^^

Total,. 1^591^5^3

I

86

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

STATE FOKEST PLANTING, 1912.

A detailed statement showing the location, the species, and the num-
ber of trees planted within the State forests during the above year,
is as follows. The trees were forwarded from the three principal
State forest nurseries to the foresters, who planted them in open
places within their forests.

Seedling Trees from the Mont Alto Nursery.
A. W. Bodine, Eothrock Forest.

Species. Age. Number.

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 6,000

Willow cuttings, 5,000

H. E. Bryner, Pennypacker Forest.

Ked oak, 1 year, . . . 10,000

W. L. Byers, Bedford Forest.

White pine, 2 years, . . 20,000

Ked oak, 1 year, . . . 3,700

Wm. F. Dague, Clearfield Forest, Clearfield Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 10,000

II. Lynn Emerick, Kettle Cieek Forest, Crossfork Division.

Norway spruce, 2 years, .. 12,000

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 40,000

P. Hai-tman Fox, Sinnemahoniiig Forest, Austin Division.

White pine, 2 year, . . . 9,200

White pine, 1-2 year, . . . 3,350

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 900

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 10,000

John W. Keller, Black Forest, Blackwells Division.

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 2,000

Red oak, 1 year, ... 6,000

Carl L. Kirk, Clearfield Forest, Pen field Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 16,000

Walter D. Ludwig, Seven Mountain Forest, Bear Meadows Division.
Red oak, 1 year, . . . 20,000

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. W

C. C. Miner, Stone Forest, Chatham Division.

Species. Age. Number.

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 20,000

Willow cuttings, ^jOOO

Walter M. Mumma, Young Woman's Creek Forest.

White pine, ...2 years, .. 15,000

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 10,000

A. E. Rupp, Buchanan Forest.

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 3,000

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 2,500

John W. Seltzer, Seven Mountain Forest, Coburn Division.

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 10,000

Lewis E. Staley, South Mountain Forest, Mont Alto Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 20,225

White pine, 1-2 year, . . . 20,450

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 2,000

H. Lawrence Vail, Sinnemahouing Forest, Hull Division.

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 3,000

D. Kerr Warfield, Seven Mountain Forest, Kishacoquillas Divisior.
White pine, 2 year, . . . 8,000

Arthur B. Wells, Grays Run Forest.

Norway spruce, 2 year, . . . 12,000

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 18,900

Willow cuttings, 12,000

John R. Williams, Stuart Forest.

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 8,000

Raymond B. Winter, AVhite Deer Forest, McCall Division.

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 4,500

John L. Witherow, McClure Forest.

White pine, 2 years, . . 25,000

Seedling Trees From the Asaph Nursery.

John A. Bastian, Loyalsock Forest.

White pine, 3 years, . . 7,800

Black cherry, 1 year, . . . 1,300

American elm, 2 years, . . 3,000

i

im

88 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
William F. Dague, Clearfield Forest, Clearfield Division.

Species. Age. Number.

White pine, .3 years, . . 40,000

Harry E. Elliott, Sinnemahoning Forest.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 15,000

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, . . . 12,900

R. Lynn Emerick, Kettle Creek Forest, Crossfork Division.

White pine, 3 years, .. 168,400

White pine, 2-l.year, .... 10,300

Norway spruce, — 2 years, . . 8,000

H. C. Evans, Black Forest, Waterville Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, ... 19,000

Norway spruce, 3 years, . . 15,000

American elm, 2 years, . . 3,800

Honey locust, 1 year, . . . 1,650

P. Hartman Fox, Sinnemahoning Forest, Austin Division.

White pine, 3 years, . . 60,000

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 40,000

F. D. Jerald, Black Forest, Slate Run Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 15,000

Norway spruce, 2 year, . . . 5,000

Honey locust, 1 year, . . . 1,000

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 20,000

John W. Keller, Black Forest, Blackwells Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 60,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 2,000

European larch, 2 years, . . 4,350

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, . . . 1,350

Norway spruce, 3 years, . . 9,300

Carl L. Kirk, Clearfield Forest, Penfield Division.

White pine, 3 years, .. 100,000

Walter D. Ludwig, Seven Mountain Forest, Bear Meadows Division.

White pine, 3 years, .. 30,000

Scotch pine, ' 2 years, . . 9,900

Scotch pine, 3 years, . . 300

Scotch pine, 2-1 year, . . . 1,200

John L. MacAvoy, Kettle Creek Forest, Leidy Division.

White pine, 3 years, . . 8,000

Norway spruce, 2 years, ... 2,000

No. 28. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Homer S. Metzger, White Deer Forest, Tea Spring Division.

80

Species. Age.

American elm, .2 years,

C. C. Miner, Stone Forest, Chatham Division.

White pine, 2 years,

Scotch pine, 2 years,

Norway spruce, 2 years,

Paul H. Mulford, Stone Forest, Asaph Division.

White pine, : 3 years,

White pine, 2-1 years.

European larch, 2

Norway spruce, 3

Norway spruce, 4

White ash, 2

White ash, 3

Black cherry, 1

American elm, 2

Honey locust, 1

Sugar maple, 2

Red oak, 1

White oak, 2

years,

years,

years,

years,

years,

year,

years,

year,

years,

year,

years.

Number.
5,000

101,700

1,600

10,000

32,200

18,500

5,875

6,200

270

2,347

127

107

7,150

750

470

650

250

John W. Seltzer, Seven Mountain Forest, Coburn Division.

White pine, 3 years, . . 60,000

H. Lawrence Vail, Sinnemahoning Forest, Hull Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 12,000

European larch, 2 years,

European larch, 3 years,

American elm, 2 years.

Sugar maple, 2 years.

900
1,900
2,400

850

Seedling trees from the Greenwood Nursery.

A. W. Bodine, Rothrock Forest
Scotch pine,

2 years, . .

W. L. Byers, Bedford Forest.
Pinus ponderosa,

2 years, ..

6,500

2,000

iill'l'^

li

90 REPORT OF THE Ofif. Doc.

F. H. Dutlinger, Hopkins Forest, Eenovo Division.

Species. Age. Number.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 2,000

Harry E. Elliott, Sinnemahoning Forest.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 2,000

K. Lynn Emerick, Kettle Creek Forest, Crossfork Division.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 2,000

H. C. Evans, Black Forest, Waterville Division.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years; . . 2,000

John W. Keller, Black Forest, Blackwells Division.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 2,000

Carl L. Kirk, Clearfield Forest, Penfield Division.

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 25,000

Walter D. Ludwig, Seven Mountain Forest, Bear Meadows Division.
White pine, 2 years, . . 124,000

T. Roy Morton, Seven Mountain Forest, Barree Division.

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 6,200

George A. Retan, Seven Mountain Forest, Greenwood Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 23,300

Scotch pine, 2 years, .. 200

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 1,600

White ash, 2 years, .. 736

Western catalpa, 1 year, . . . 824

Red oak, 1 year, ... 786

D. Kerr Warfield, Seven Mountain Forest, Kishacoquillas Division.
White pine, 2 years, . . 35,000

John R. Williams, Stuart Forest.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 2,000

Seedling trees from the Caledonia Experimental Nursery.

H. E. Bryner, Pennypacker Forest.

White pine, 1-3 years, . . 200

Robert G. Conklin, South Mountain Forest, Caledonia Division.
White pine, 1-^ years, . . 6,625

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

dl

In addition to the above seedlings, plantings were made by the
foresters fix>m their own experimental nurseries, and the detailed
records of the trees derived from such sources will be found in the
reports of the foresters.

The following seedlings were planted in 1912 but were dipped
to the foresters from State nurseries in the fall of 1911. Owing
to late shipments and early freezing of the ground they could not
be planted so were heeled in over winter:

H. E. Bryner, Pennypacker Forest.

Species.

White ash,

Red oak,

1
1

Age.

year,
year,

A. E. Rupp, Buchanan Forest.

Red oak, 1 year, .

Catalpa, 2 years,

White ash, 2 years,

Elm, 2 years,

Willow cuttings,

C. C. Miner, Stone Forest, Chatham Division.

White a^h, 1 year.

Honey locust, . . . i 1 year,

John E. Avery, Minisink Forest, Notch Division.

Elm, 1 year.

Red oak, 1 year.

Total seedlings,

*' cuttings,

Number.

5,600
19,000

1,000
105

1,300
100

2,000

9,000
500

200
900

37,705
2,000

In 1912, 100,000 2 year-old Scotch pine were purchased from the
North Eastern Forestry Co., Cheshire, Conn., and 200,000 3 year-old
vvhite pine from the Mt. Carmel Forestry & Nursery Co., Hartford,
Conn. These seedlings were planted by the following foresters :

R. Lynn Emerick, Kettle Creek Forest, Crossfork Division.

Scotch pine, 20,000

P. H. Dutlinger, Hopkins Foi-est, Renovo Division.

Scotch pine, 20,000

Walter M. Mumma, Young Woman's Creek Forest.

Scotch pine, 10,000

"^^

m

n HBPORT OF TBB Off. Doc.

Carl L. Kirk, Clearfield Fomt, Penfield Dlvlnlon.

Scotch pine, 32,000

C. C. Miner, Stone Foi^eat, (nmthain DIvIhIou.

Scotch pine, i^>000

John W. Seltzer, Seven Mountain F(>reit| Ooburn Division.

Scotch pine, 10,000

John E. Avery, Minislnk Foroat, Notch Dlvlnlon.

White pine, 15,^00

A. W. Bodine, Rothrock Forest.

White pine, 50,000

F. H. Dutlinger, HopkluH ForoHt, Ut'iiovo Division.

White pine, 50,000

Walter D. Ludwig, Seven Mounlnlii I'NueMt, Bear Meadows Division
White pine, 50,000

A. C. SilviuB, White Doer Forewi, liull'alo Division.

White pine, 30,000

John L. Strobeck, Minislnk Forcmt, I'ocono Division.

White pine, 5,000

Total planting for 1012 Irom ihe Monl Alto Mursery,

all species. Seedlings, 351,726

Cuttings, 21,000

Total plantings for 1012 froui iUa Asaph Nui-wery, all

speciee, Seedlings, 940,796

Total plantings for 1912 from thu Ureenwood Nui-sery,

all species. Seedlings, 238,146

Total plantings for 1912 from Hid Oaladonia Experi-

mental nursei'y, Seedlings, 6,825

Total plantings for 1912 fwm the itxpi^ri mental nurseries

of the foresters. Seedling^ 6,232

Cuttings, 5,000

Mt. Carmel Forestry & Nursery Co., »«isllifig«, 200,000

North Eastern Forestry Co., H<te<l lings, 100,000

Nursery shipments for 1911 (Ih«1«'J in over the winter

by foresters) , Seedlings, * 37,705

Cuttingfc, 2,000

Total of all State for<;st planting, 1912, 1,915,429

No. 26. DKPAUTMKNT OF FOttlOSTttY.

Total plantings for 1912 by species:

White pine, ^ 1,337,697

Scotch pine, 153,020

l*inus ponderosa, 15,600

European larch, 13,025

Norway spruce, 125,090

White ash, 19,110

Black cherry, 1,407

Catalpa, 1,929

Elm, 21,650

Honey locust, 3,900

Sugar maple, 1,320

Red oak, 193,136

White oak, 250

Black walnut, 1,195

Willow cuttings, 28,000

Total State forest planting (hiring 1912, 1,915,429

STATE FOUIOHT PLANTING, 1913.

SecHllings from the Mont Alio Nursery.

A. W. Bodine, Itothrock Forest.

Age.

Si>eciei.

White pine, 2 years,

Norway spruce, 2 years,

White ash, 1 year,

Black cherry, 1 year,

Honey locust, 1 year.

Black walnut, 1 y<*Ji»',

11. E. Bryner, Pennypackcr Forest.

Willow cuttings,

Number.
81,500
15,000
1,000
2,000
1,150
1,000

4,500

X. B. McNaughton, (Jlmrlleld Fonwt, Karllians Division.

Privet, 1 year, ... 200

m

II

90 REPORT OF THE Oft. Doc.

F. H. Dutlinger, Hopkins Forest, Renovo Division.

Species. Age. Number.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 2,000

Harry E. Elliott, Sinnemahoning Forest.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, .. 2,000

K. Lynn Em'erick, Kettle Creek Forest, Crossfork Division.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 2,000

H. C. Evans, Black Forest, Waterville Division.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years; . . 2,000

John W. Keller, Black Forest, Blackwells Division.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 2,000

Carl L. Kirk, Clearfield Forest, Penfield Division.

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 25,000

Walter D. Ludwig, Seven Mountain Forest, Bear Meadows Division.
White pine, 2 years, . . 124,000

T. Boy Morton, Seven Mountain Forest, Barree Division.

Scotch pine, 2 years, .. 6,200

George A. Retan, Seven Mountain Forest, Greenwood Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 23,300

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 200

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, .. 1,600

White ash, 2 years, .. 736

Western catalpa, 1 year, . . . 824

Red oak, 1 year, . . . 786

D. Kerr Warfield, Seven Mountain Forest, Kishacoquillas Division.
White pine, 2 years, . . 35,000

.Folin R. Williams, Stuart Forest.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, .. 2,000

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

dl

Seedling trees from the Caledonia Experimental Nursery.

200

TI. E. Bryner, Pennypacker Forest.

White pine, 1-3 years, . .

Robert (J. Conklin, South Mountain Forest, Caledonia Division.
White pine, 1 « years, . . 6,625

In addition to the above seedlings, plantings were made by the
foresters from their own experimental nurseries, and the detailed
records of the trees derived from such sources will be found in the
reports of the foresters.

The following seedlings were planted in 1912 but were shipped
to the foresters from State nurseries in the fall of 1911. Owing
to late shipments and early freezing of the ground they could not
be planted so were heeled in over winter :

H. E. Bryner, Pennypacker Forest.

Species.

White ash,

Red oak,

1
1

A. E. Rupp, Buchanan Forest.

Red oak, 1

Catalpa, 2

White ash, 2

Elm, 2

Willow cuttings,

Age.

year,
year,

year,
years,
years,
years.

C. C. Miner, Stone Forest, Chatham Division.

White ash, 1 year.

Honey locust, . . . i 1 year,

John E. Avery, Minisink Forest, Notch Division.

Elm, 1 year,

Red oak, 1 year.

Total seedlings,

" cuttings,

Number.

5,600
19,000

1,000
105

1,300
100

2,000

9,000
500

200
900

37,705
2,000

In 1912, 100,000 2 year-old Scotch pine were purchased from the
North Eastern Forestry Co., Cheshire, Conn., and 200,000 3 year-old
v^hite pine from the Mt. Carmel Forestry & Nursery Co., Hartford,
Conn. These seedlings were planted by the following foresters :

R. Lynn Emerick, Kettle Creek Forest, Crossfork Division.

Scotch pine, 20,000

F. H. Dutlinger, Hopkins Forest, Renovo Division.

Scotch pine, 20,000

Walter M. Mumma, Young AVoman's Creek Forest.

Scotch pine, 10,000

92 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

Carl L. Kirk, Clearfield Forest, Penfield Division.

Scotch pine, 32,000

C. C. Miner, Stone Forest, Chatham Division.

Scotch pine, 8,000

John W. Seltzer, Seven Mountain Forest, Coburn Division.

Scotch pine, 10,000

John E. Avery, Minisiuk Forest, Notch Division.

White pine, 15,000

A. W. Bodine, Rothrock Forest.

White pine, 50,000

F. H. Dutlinger, Hopkins Forest, llenovo Division.

White pine, 50,000

Walter D. Ludwig, Seven Mountain Forest, Bear Meadows Division
White pine, 50,000

A. C. Silvius, White Deer Forest, Buffalo Division.

White pine, 30,000

John L. Strobeck, Minisink Forest, Pocono Division.

White pine, 5,000

Total planting for 1912 from the Mont Alto Nursery,

all species, Seedlings, 351,725

Cuttings, 21,000

Total plantings for 1912 fi-om the Asaph Nurseiy, all
species. Seedlings, 946,796

Total plantings for 1912 from the Greenwood Nursery,
all species. Seedlings, 238,146

Total plantings for 1912 from the Caledonia Experi-
mental nursery. Seedlings, 6,825

Total plantings for 1912 fix)m the experimental nurseries

of the foresters. Seedlings, 6,232

Cuttings, 5,000

Mt. Carmel Forestry & Nursery Co., Seedlings, 200,000

North Eastern Forestry Co., Seedlings, 100,000

Nursery shipments for 1911 (heeled in over the winter

by foresters). Seedlings, 37,705

Cuttings, 2,000

Total of all State forest planting, 1912, 1,915,429

No. ^. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Total plantings for 1912 by species :

White pine, 1,337,697

Scotch pine, 153,020

Pinus ponderosa, 15,600

European larch, 13,025

Norway spruce, 125,090

White ash, 19,110

Black cherry, 1,407

Catalpa, 1,029

Elm, 21,650

Honey locust, 3,900

Sugar maple, 1,320

lied oak, 193,136

White oak, 250

Black walnut, 1,195

Willow cuttings, 28,000

Total State forest planting during 1912, 1,915,429

9.

STATE FOREST PLANTING, 1913.

Seedlings from the Mont Alto Nursery.

A. W. Bodine, Rothrock Forest.

Species. Age. Number.

White pine, 2 years, . . 81,500

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 15,000

White ash, 1 year, . . . 1,000

Black cherry, .1 year, . . . 2,000

Honey locust, 1 year, . . . 1,150

Black walnut, 1 year, ... 1,000

II. E. Bryner, Penny packer Forest.

Willow cuttings, 4,500

N. R. McNaughton, Clearfield Forest, Karthaus Division.

Privet, 1 year, ... 200

94 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Walter M. Mumma, Young Woman's Creek Forest.

Species. Age. Number.

Wliite pine, 12 year, . . . 13,400

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 8,G00

^l, O. Robinson, Minisink Forest, Promised Land Division.

Willow cuttings ^^^

A R. Rupp, Buchanan Forest.

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 15,000

White ash, 1 year, ... . 4,000

John W. Keller, Black Forest, Blackwell Division.

(Fall planting.)

White pine, 2 years, . . 1,000

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 1,000

European larch, .2 years, . . 1,000

J. B. By on, Whetham Forest.

Pinus ponderosa, 2 years, . . 1,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 2,100

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 7,100

Black cherry, 1 year, ... 900

Lewis E. Staley, South Mountain Forest, Mont Alto Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 50,900

White ash, 1 year, . . . 3,000

Black cherry, 1 year, . . . 3,500

Red oak, 1 year, ... 490

White oak, 1 year, . . . 1,440

Black walnut, 1 year, . . . 5,800

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

d5

Seedlings from the Asaph Nursery.

John E. Avery, Minisink Forest, Notch Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, .

Balsam fir, 5 years,

H. E. Bryner, Pennypacker Forest.

White pine, 3 years,

5,000
10

50,000

Age.

Number.

years, . .

25

years, . .

25

W. G. Conklin, Seven Mountain Forest, Jacks Mountain Division.

Species.

White pine, 5

Red pine, 2

William F. Dague, Clearfield Forest, Clearfield Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 115,000

F. H. Dutlinger, Hopkins Forest, Renovo Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 62,000

Silver pine, .• 3 years, . . 5,000

Norway spruce, 3 years, .. 11,500

Harry E. Elliott, Sinnemahoning Forest.

White pine, 3 years, . . 25,000

Norway spruce, 3 years, . . 25,000

R, Lynn Emerick, Kettle Creek Forest, Crossfork Division.

White pine, 3

Silver pine, 3

Norway spruce, 2

years,
years,
years.

H. C. Evans, Black Forest, Waterville Division.

White pine, 3 years.

White pine, 5 years,

Scotch pine, 2-1 year.

Black cherry, 3 years.

Honey locust, 1 year.

Black walnut, 1 yef^r,

American elm, 2 years.

254,800

2,000

82,500

45,000

50

20

5

5

10
10

P. Hartman Fox, Sinnemahoning Forest, Austin Division.

White pine, 3 years,

Scotch pine, 2 years.

Silver pine, 3 years,

Norway spruce, 2 years,

tt. R. Hogentogler, McElhattan Forest.

White pine, 3 years,

100,000

22,800

5,000

28,500

85,000

,/ames A. Irvin, Sinnemahoning Forest, Medix Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . .

John W. Keller, Black Forest^ Blackwells Division.

White pine, 2

White pine, 3

Silver pine, 3

Norway spruce, 2

Norway spruce, 3

Red pine, 2

47,200

years, . .

139,700

years, . .

8,790

years, . .

5,000

years, . .

36,800

years, . .

13,491

years, . .

21,780

V

\

II

96 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

Carl L. Kirk, Clearlield Forest, Penfield Division.

Species. Age. Number.

White pine, 2 years, . . 27,000

White pine, 3 years, . . 22,000

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 39,500

Silver pine, 3 years, . . 2,500

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 16,000

Norway spruce, 3 years, . . 10,800

Red pine, 2 years, . . 10,000

John L. MacAvoy, Stuart Forest.

White pine, 3 years, . . 50,000

William S. McCoy, Leidy, Forest Kanger, Kettle Creek Forest.

White pine, 3 years, . . 100,000

N. R. McNaiighton, Cleartield Forest, Karthaus Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 310,100

Silver pine, 3 years, . . 1,000

European larch, 2 years, . . 5,000

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 5,000

Homer S. Metzger, White Deer Forest, Tea Spring Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 5,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 2,000

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, . . . 2,000

C. C. Miner, Stone Forest, Chatham Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 126,500

Silver pine, 3 years, . . 5,000

European larch, 2 years, . . 3,939

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 7,300

T. Roy Morton, Seven Mountain Forest, Barree Division.

White pine, 1-2 year, . . 300

l»aul H. Mulford, Stone Forest, Asaph Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 22,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 4,100

Silver pine, 3 years, . . 3,188

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 21,800

Walter M. Mumma, Young Woman's Creek Forest.

Red pine, 2 years, . . 10,000

M. O. Robinson, Minisink Forest, Promised Land Division.

White pine, 24 year, . . . 10,000

White ash, 1 year, . . . 9,175

L-

No. 20 DEPARTMENT Oi^ FORESTRY.

A. E. Rupp, Buchanan Forest.

Species. Age. Number.

White pine, 3 years, . . ,10,000

J. B. Ryon, Whetham Forest.

Sugar maple, 2 years, . . 4,622

A. C. Silvius, White Deer Forest, Buffalo Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . 34,400

E. H. Smith, Bald Eagle Forest.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . 10,000

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, . . 10,000

Black walnut, 1 year, . . 210

John L. Strobeck Minisink Forest, Pocono Division.

Balsam fir, 5 years, . . 12

n. A. Thomson, Black Forest.

White pine, 3 years, . . 20,100

Pitch pine, 2 years, . . 8,716

Red pine, .2 years, . . 1,000

H. Lawrence Vail, Sinnemahoning Forest, Hull Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 11,500

White pine, 3 years, . . 60,000

Silver pine, 3 years, . . 5,000

A. B. Wells, Grays Run Forest.

White pine, 3 years, . . 10,000

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 8,000

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 1,500

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, . . . 10,000

John R. Williams, South Mountain Forest, Pine Grove Division.

White pine, 3 years, . . 50,000

R. B. Winter, White Deer Forest, McCall Division.

White pine, 2-1 year, . . . 1,000

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, . . . 1,000

m

Seedlings from the Greenwood Nursery.

Tom O. Bietsch, Seven Mountain Forest, Greenwood Division.

White pine, 2 years, .. 47,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, .. 11,800

Red pine, 2 years, . . 17,000

7—26—1915

I ' .

I }

08 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A. W. Bodine, Rothrack Forest.

Species. Age. Number.

White pine, 2 years, . . 36,400

W. L. Byers, Bedford Forest.

White pine, 3 years, . . 20,000

W. B. Evans, Sinnemahoning Forest, Sizerville Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 80,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 20,000

Red pine, 2 years, . . 2,000

W. Elmer Houpt, Trough Creek Forest.

White pine, 3 years, . . 15,000

Walter D. Ludwig, Seven Mountain Forest, Bear Meadows Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 80,000

White pine, 3 years, . . 23,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 1,000

(Charles R. Meek, Seven Mountain Forest, Coburn Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 100,000

Charles R. Meek, Seven Mountain Forest, Poe Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 25,000

J. B. Ryon, Whetham Forest.

White pine, 2 years, . . 20,400

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 4,000

George W. Sheeler, Hopkins Forest, Snow Shoe Division.

White pine, 3 years, . . 5,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, .. 5,000

E. H. Smith, Bald Eagle Forest.

White pine, 3 years, . . 20,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 9,000

D. Kerr Warfield, Seven Mountain Forest, Kishacoquillas Division.

White pine, 2 years, . . 29,500

Red pine, 2 years, . . 2,000

Seedlings from the Caledonia Nursery.

N. R. McNaughton, Clearfield Forest, Karthaus Division.

White pine, 1-2 year, . . . 17,000

Norway spruce, 1-2 year, . . . 8,000

1

i

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Robert G. Conklin, South Mountain Forest, Caledonia Division.

Species. Age.

White pine, 1-1 yr..

White pine, 1-3 yr.,

Norway spruce, 1-1 yr.,

Norway spruce, 1-2 yr.,

Scotch pine, 1-1 yr.,

Scotch pine, 1-2 yr..

• • • •

Number.

6,800
1,380
9,050
700
800
5,750

Total seedling trees from the Mont Alto Nursery,
planted during 1913,

Total seedling trees from the Asaph Nursery
planted during 1913,

Total seedling trees from the Greenwood Nursery
planted during 1913,

Total seedling trees from the Caledonia Nursery
planted during 1913,

Total cuttings from the Mont Alto Nursery,

Total seedling trees from the experimental nurseries
of foresters planted during 1913,

Total cuttings from experimental nurseries of fores-
ters planted during 1913,

221,880

2,285,283

573,100

49,480
5,000

37,200

3,500

Total State Forest planting, 1913,

3,175,503

Plantings during 1913 by species :

White pine, 2,540,245

91,070

9,116

63,805

33,688

1,000

10,939

Norway spruce, 375,841

Scotch pine,

Pitch pine,

Red pine,

Silver pine,

Pinus ponderosa,
European larch, .

Balsam fir, . . .
White ash, . . .
Black cherry, .
American elm,
Honey locust,
Sugar maple.
Red onk

22

17,175

6,405

10

1,155

4,622

490

.». • "

jyQ REPORT OF THE ^ Off. Doc

White oak, ^'^^^

Black walnut, ^'^^^

Willow cuttings, 8,300

Privet, 200

Total, 3,175,503

A statement of the State Forest planting by years to date:

Year. Current Number Total to Date.

1902, 5,000 5,000

1903' 1,600 6,600

1904' 5,500 12,100

1905,' 40,000 52,100

1906' . ! 112,550 164,650

1907 W 36,930 201,580

1908' 88,098 289,678

1909^, 750,318 1,039,996

191o' 1,110,018 2,150,014

1911^ 1,771,454 3,921,468

1912' 1,915,429 5,836,897

3913^ 3,175,503 9,012,400

PKIVATE PLANTING OF SEEDLING TREES SUPPLIED BY

THE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Under authority conferred by act of 22d April, 1909, P. L. 115,
the Department supplies to individuals for forestry and woodlot
planting such seedling trees as it is able to spare after its own neces-
sities are provided for. These are sold at cost of production and
the amount of money thus realized is paid into the State Treasury.
During the year 1912, individual applications were received and
seedlings forwarded as follows :

From the Mont Alto Nursery.

Ralph E. Brock, West Chester.

Species. Age. Number.

Red oak, 1 yr., .... 10,000

H. A. Coryell, Sunbury.

White pine, 1-2 yr., 5,000

Norway spruce, 2 yr., 5,000

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

L. K. Stubbs, West Chester.

Species. Age.
Red oak, 1 jr.,

H. B. Rowland, Sanatoga.

Red oak, 1 yr.,

J. A. Singmaster, Gettysburg,

Red oak, 1 yr.,

Charles S. Vail, New Milford.

White pine, 12 yr., . . . .

Red oak, 1 yr.,

Total seedlings from the Mont Alto Nursery,

Number.
2,000

4,000

7,000

1,000
1,000

101

35,000

From the Asaph Nursery.

W. T. Creasy, Catawissa.

White pine, 2-1 yr., .... 100

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr., 100

Scotch pine, 2-1 yr., .... 100

D. W. Dietrich, Reading.

Honey locust, 1 yr., 2,000

Dr. H. S. Drinker, South Bethlehem.

White pine, 2-1 yr., .... 10,000

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr., 5,000

Elmer E. Ehrgood, Pottstown.

Scotch pine, 2-1 yr., 200

European larch, 2 yr., 200

White ash, 2 yr., 200

Sugar maple, 2 yr., 200

Frank McFarlane, Oak Hall.

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr., 2,000

Kenneth Reid, Connellsville.

White pine, 2-1 yr., .... 5,000

Leonard Rhone, Centre Hall.

White pine, 3 yr., .. .;.,.. ' .1,000

r

102

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doe.

H. B. Eowland, Sauatoga.

Species. Age.

White pine, 2-1 yr.,

A. E. Strode, Camp Hill.

White ash, 4 yr.,

Number.
3,000

Total seedlings irom the Asaph Nursery,

Seedlings from the Greenwood Nursery.

America'n Bridge Co., Pencoyd.

White ash, 2 yr.,

Bed oak, 1 yr.,

Total seedlings from the Greenwood Nursery,

Seedlings from the Caledonia Nursery.

Dr. H. M. Carey, Spring City.

White pine, 1-3 yr.,

A. E. Thomas, Supt., Mt. Gretna.

White pine, 1-3 yr.,

Total seedlings from the Caledonia Nursery,

29,104

1,000
1,000

2,000

500
250

750

Total seedlings for private forest planting during 1912.

Mont Alto Nursery,

Asaph Nursery,

Greenwood Nursery,
Caledonia Nursery,

35,000

29,104

2,000

750

Total,

66,854

SEEDLINGS FURNISHED FOR PRIVATE PLANTING, 1913.

From the Mont Alto Nursery.

Hon. Robert S. Conklin, Columbia.

Privet cuttings,

C. J. Middleswarth, Troxelville.

Pr^viJt cuttings,

700

175

• *

No. 26.

DEPARTINIKNT OF FORESTRY

103

Philadelphia Forestry Exhibit.

Species.
Black cherry,

Age.
1 yr

Pittsburgh Forestry Exhibit.

White pine, 1

White pine, 2

European larch, 1

Norway spruce, 1

Norway spruce, 2

White oak, 1

Red oak, 2

Black walnut, 1

Sycamore, 2

•9

yr.,
yr-,
yr-,
yr.,
yr.,
yr.,
yr.,
yr.,

• • • •

Total seedlings from the Mont Alto Nursery,
Cuttings,

Number.
100

250
50
50

250
50
50
50
50
50

950

875

From the Asaph Nursery.

M. L. Benn, Coudersport.

Scotch pine, 2 yr.,

European larch, 2 yr.,

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr.,

White ash, 1 yr.,

Charles E. Brey, Red Hill.

White pine, 2-1 yr.,

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr..

• • • •

White ash, 1

Honey locust, 1

Sugar maple, 2

yr.,
yr.,
yr..

Harry S. Calvert, Sharpsburg,

White pine, 5 yr.,

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr..

Pitch pine, 2

Balsam fir, 5

White ash, 1

Red oak, 2

yr.,
yr.,
yr.,
yr..

Elmer E. Ehrgood, Pottstown.

White pine, 2-1 yr.,

Scotch pine, 2 yr.,

European larch, 2 yr..

White ash, 1 yr.,

• • • •

• • • •

12

5

250

12

1,500

1,000

1,000

750

500

25
25
25
10
25
25

200
200
200
400

jQ^ REPORT OF THE

Species. -^S®*

Honey locust, ^ J^-y •

Sugar maple, 2 yr., .

Black walnut, 1 y^-> •

Mrs. C. M. Fisher, Irwin.

Sugar maple, 2 yr., .

R. H. Ferguson, Oxford.

White pine, 2-1 yr., .

Honey locust, 1 J^-y •

Black walnut, 1 J^y

Albert Karhan, Sabinsville.

White pine, 2-1 yr.,

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr.,

Lehigh University, South Bethlehem.

White pine, 2-1 yr.,

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr.,

Red pine, 2 yr.,

Pittsburgh Forestry Exhibit.

Sugar maple, 2 yr.,

American elm, 2 yr.,

Philadelphia Forestry Exhibit.

White pine, 2 yr.,

White pine, 3 yr.,

European larch, 2 yr.,

Norway spruce, 2 yr.,

Norway spruce, 3 yr.,

Pitch pine, 2 yr.,

Red pine, 2 yr.,

White ash, 1 yr.,

Honey locust, 1 yr.,

Black walnut, 1 yr.,

J. L. Rockey, Mt. Gretna.

White pine, 2-1 yr.,

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr.,

J. A. Seguine, Cresco.

White pine, 2-1 yr.,

Norway spruce, 2-1 yr..

Honey locust, 1 yr..

Black walnut, 1 yr.,

Off. Doc.

• • • •

Number.
200
200
200

1,000

• • • •

• • • •

1,000
750
100

2,000
2,000

5,000
5,000
5,000

50
50

300
200
300
300
200
300
300
100
100
90

500
500

500
1,000
1,000

100

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

G. A. Stebbins, Sabinsville.

Species. Age.
White pine, 1-2 yr.,

A. E. Strode, Camp Hill.

White ash, 3 yr.,

W. W. Thompson, Coudersport.

White ash, 1 yr.,

;i'otal seedlings from the Asaph Nursery,

105

Number.
100

From the Caledonia Nursery.

Dr. H. M. Carey, Spring City.

White pine, 1-2 yr.,

Scotch pine, ..11 yr.,

European larch, 1-1 yr., ....

Norway spruce, 1-2 yr.,

White ash, 1 yr.,

H. K. Deisher, Kutztown.

White pine, 1-3 yr.,

Scotch pine, 1-1 yr.,

Norway spruce, 1-2 yr.,

White ash, 1 yr.,

Cyrus G. Derr, Reading.

White pine, 1-2 yr., ....

W. H. Ennis, Harrisburg.

White pine, 2-3 yr.,

C. R. Pendleton, Bryn Athyn.

Norway spruce, 1-2 yr.,

Philadelphia Forestry Exhibit.

White pine, 1-2 yr.,

Hon. Leonard Rhone, Centre Hall.

White pine, 1-3 yr.,

Norway spruce, 1-2 yr.,

1. C. Williams, Royersford.

White pine, 2-3 yr.,

500

35,108

3,000
100
375
500
500

200
100
100
200

3,000

500

60

1,000
1.000

50

ii

106 REPORT OF THE

Samuel S. Wylie, Shippensburg.

White pine, 1-3 yr.,

Scotch pine, 1-1 yr.,

Norway spruce, 1-2 yr.,

White ash, 1 yr.,

Off. Doc

25
25
25
25

Total seedlings from the Caledonia Nursery,

10,790

From the Metal Nursery.

Philadelphia Forestry Exhibit.

Norway spruce, 2-2 yr., 50

Total seedlings furnished duing 1913 for individual
use, 46,898

Cuttings, 875

For certain of the above seedlings, being for public purposes,
the Department made no charge; likewise also certain others which
were sent out for experimental purposes. These include the ship-
ment to Dr. Carey at Spring City for planting upon the grounds of
the State Institution for Feeble-Minded, those to Mr. Williams
for experimental planting in dry shale, and those to the Pittsburgli
and Philadelphia Forestry Exhibits.

PENNSYLVANIA FOREST TOPOGRAPHIC AND STOCK SUR-
VEY AND NURSERY INVESTIGATION.

In July, 1913, at the request of the Commissioner of Forestry,
Forester W. Gardiner Conklin submitted a plan for a proposed topo-
graphic and stock survey of the State Forests, to be coupled with
a general investigation of the subject of local seed collection, seed
germination, and the growing of seedling trees in State Forest
nurseries. Prior to this time, in the early part of the year. Forester
Conklin was directed to report to the Department for such general
service preparatory to taking up tflis work as might be necessary
and useful. He submits his report on these preliminary activities,
which will be found in its proper place under report of the forester
in charge of Jacks Mountain Division, Seven Mountain Forest, page
365.

The progress of the topographic work and the stock survey is shown
by his report which follows:

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

107

TOPOGRAPHIC AND STOCK SURVEY, 1913.

W. Gardiner Conklin, Forester.

Early in the year of 1913 the proposition was advanced to have
Topographic Surveys made of the State Forests, and at the same
time take notes on growth and soil conditions from which the many
types of forest and other productive and unproductive lands be-
longing to the Commonwealth might be made available. In other
words, this effort is intended to be an inventory by acreage of the
various types of land under the control of the Department of Forestry.

On July 28th, I submitted a "Proposal for Topographic and Stock
Surveys of Pennsylvania State Forests," the introduction to which
was the following statement:

"The State of Pennsylvania, through the Department of Forestry,
has been acquiring land for State Forests since 1898, and to-day
owns a total of 983,529 acres, 29.24 perches, for which $2,219,774.20
has been paid. But does the State of Pennsylvania or the Department
of Forestry itself know just what it does own? What do we know
about the growth in the aggregate found on this land? What is the
area of stands of merchantable timber, or its approximate volume; the
area of stands not in need of improvement, or the area needing im-
provement; the area upon which there is little or nothing of value,
or the area which will never produce anything of value except by
artificial means? $2,219,774.26 has been paid for land and we cannot
give even approximate estimates of its value for there are no figures
available from which computations or estimates of its value can be
made. There is no doubt but that the Department has received
full value for the money spent in the acquisition of land, but this
does not alter the fact that it should know more definitely what it
is worth to-day."

I was then instructed to prepare plans for making these surveyn
and did so, completing them about the first of September. These
plans were approved.

Following is a copy of the plans as approved. A copy is sup-
plied to each forester before taking up the survey of his division:

It being the intention of the Department of Forestry to have Topo-
graphic and Stock Surveys made of all State Forests, each forester
will be directed to assume charge of the work on his division. In
order that the surveys may be made in a uniform manner, the fol-
lowing plans have been worked out and must be strictly adhered
to. The work will at all times be under the direction of the De-
partment.

H

108

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Thus far comparatively little forestry, aside from protec "lion, has
been practiced on State Forests. This is as it should have been,
for protection in pioneer forestry is the all-important factor to begin
with. But the time is at hand when we must look to a more advanced
practice of forestry.

Forest Management plans depend upon the character of the growth
to be dealt with, nature of the soil, topography, the location of roads,
trails, fire lanes, streams, springs, swamps, and all other features
of the forest. To know thoroughly all of these features a survey
must necessarily be made and maps thereof plotted.

Forest Protection depends largely upon topographic features and
character of growth. More thorough protective plans can be laid
out after surveys are made and the results shown in map form.

Silvicultural principles can better be put into operation after
a survey of stock is made; for the various areas upon which the
growth requires different methods of treatment, can better be
planned for. This is important both from the management point
of view and in order to show the Commission and the people what
work is necessary to bring about the best forestal conditions.

Of great importance it is to determine the area and approximate
amount of merchantable timber and of virgin stands. The area can
be determined from the proposed survey, and the approximate amount
of timber estimated by the forester at any future time by the sample
plot method.

The following is little more than a synopsis of the method to be
followed in making the survey. Owing to the varied conditions
which will be encountered with this work on the different forests,
more explicit directions are not practicable, for details will vary
with different conditions.

As a majority of the foresters have Tracy's ''Plane Surveying,"
this book will be used for reference. Whenever reference is made,
as 'Tage 117, Par. 170," it refers to a page and paragraph in
Tracy.

FIELD WOKK.
Traverses. (Page 117, Par. 170.)

KINDS.— Traverse lines will be of two kinds and may be styled,
for convenience, primary or base lines, and secondary lines. The
primary or base lines will be run with the transit and should follow
the principal roads, trails, or fire lanes, and connections made where
ever convenient to do so; in other words, close the traverses. De-
flection angles will be taken. (Page 117, Par. 168. Page 155.)

The secondary lines will be run with an open sight compass (pp.
21)3-297) and should consist of traverses within the transit traverses,

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

100

forming a network. These lines may follow streams, roads, trails,
or fire lanes not run with the transit; the summits of mountains;
or the boundaries of different kinds of growths. In cases where
growth conditions within a primary traverse are similar and there
are few changes in contour, secondary traverses therein may be

omitted.

All traverse lines will be measured with feet as the unit of measure
Consequently before plotting in the forest boundary lines which have
been measured in rods, their length will necessarily be converted
from rods to feet, a table for which has been supplied each forester.
Notes of growth will be taken along all lines, whether primary
or secondary, and care must be observed to take such notes in clear,
concise form, remembering that areas of different growths must be
carefully located later on the maps, and that others who know
nothing about your region may have to plot your notes.

The number and location of transit lines will depend upon the
size of the division of the forest, the topography, the location of
open roads, etc., but they will usually follow the main roads or run
through the main valleys. Connecting lines will be made every five
or six miles, or wherever convenient. This, however, must be deter-
mined on the ground. The closing of traverses is very important
as they serve as checks on both field and office work.

STAKTING POINTS.— The starting point of traverses should be
points of known location, as corners of the State Forest, and corners
should be tied up to wherever practicable. This pertains to county
and township corners as well as corners of the forest boundary.

In localities where conditions will allow, one or more conaplete
circuits or traverses should be completed each day. That is, by
evening, work back to the point of beginning in the morning. This
may be possible only in running the secondary or open sight compass
lines, but in some regions it may be practicable with the primary

lines.

MAGNETIC DECLINATION.— (Pp. 541-542). The magnetic
declination of the needle shall be set off on the transit and compass
so that readings will correspond to true north and south. The
declination, which may be difficult to obtain in some localities, may
be calculated and be of sufficient accuracy for this work. The mag
netic declination in this State is west. If a true meridian has been
established anywhere in your locality, the transit and compass
should be set up over this meridian line before starting the survey
and the declination on the instrument corrected.

STATIONS— STAKES.— Each line of the traverses should be
known by a letter of the alphabet and the stations numbered consec-
utively, as A^ A*, A*, etc.

fr

•^t

ao

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Ill

It will uot be necessary to mark each station by a stake, but at
intervals of i to J mile a set of three stakes, marked with the numbers
of the stations should be set at the three succeeding stations. At
points from which connecting lines are to be made, whether primary
or secondary, a set of three stations should be marked by stakes.
Hets of three stations should also be marked by stakes carefully
numbered, at points where foresters on adjoining divisions will be
able to tie to. This includes both primary and secondary traverses,
but more particularly the primary.

In order to save carrying stakes when making the traverses, they
may be distributed at intervals along the proposed lines beforehand.

All stakes should be made of oak or some other tough wood, pre-
ferably seasoned, for keel marks will not be washed off so easily as
on green wood. They should be sawed in two sizes, 2"x2"xl2" long,
and l"xlj"xl8" long. The 2"x2''xl2" stakes will mark tlie station
proper, and be driven nearly flush with the ground. The l"^li"xl8"
stakes will be guard stakes and be marked with the name of the line
and number of the station. Blue keel will be used for primary
or transit lines, and red keel for secondary lines.

CHECK. — Prominent points, as a gap or peak of a mountain, should
be picked out occasionally, and the bearing to this point taken from
different stations. From the intersection of these lines, pratically
a triangular method, when plotting the survey, the location of
these points can be determined. They will also serve as a check
on the survey. Tliis is particularly true and advisable when run-
ning the secondary lines, for mistakes in reading bearings from
open sight compasses are apt to occur and checks in this method
of traversing are lacking.

CREW. — The crew when running the primary lines should consist
of 1 transitman (the forester) who shall also keep the notes; 2
rodmen, 2 chainmen.

An axeman may be needed part of the time but usually little
cutting Avill be necessary as tne traverses will generally follow roads,
f;nd other open lines. What little cutting is needed may be done by
the rodmen or chainmen.

When running secondary lines, a crew should usually consist of
three men, the forester and two others, one or both of whom may
be rangers. The forester will be instrument man and note keeper.
The other two men will be chainmen. One will also perform the
duties of rodman and the other will carry a small axe. It may fre-
quently be necessary to provide one or two axemen when running
where there nre no roads or trails to follow.

ELEVATIONS.

BENCH MARKS (Differential Leveling, Page 242 and pp. 248
to 253.) — One or more accurate bench marks should be established
on the division before any other work is started, a Wye level being
used. The nearest bench mark in the neighborhood of the forest will
usually be found along railroads, and their location and elevation may
be obtained from the company.

The crew will consist of two men, a levelman (the forester) and
a rodman.

PROFILE LEVELING (pp. 242 and 251).— Using the bench marks
as starting points, thereafter all elevations will be obtained by the
vertical angle method (page 98). When running primary lines,
the vertical angle will be taken to each station from the vertical
arc on the transit. Where the contour of the land is variable,
elevations of points around the stations should be taken. (Inter-
mediate stations.)

With secondary lines, elevations will be taken by the use of a
Military Clinometer or Abney Level. An aneroid barometer may
be substituted for the clinometer or Abney level to obtain elevations
along the secondary lines. The vertical angle to prominent points,
as mountain tops, to which bearings are taken from different tra-
verse stations, should also be read and noted. The distance to
these points can be measured on the map after the point is located
by intersecting lines.

STOCK.

In order to locate the boundaries of different types of growth,
measurements may be made from a station or stations, both from
primary and secondary lines, to the edge, and the bearing and meas-
ured distance noted. Streams, springs, buildings, and camp sites,
may be located in the same manner. Width of streams and size
of springs and buildings should be taken and noted (Page 133, Par.
194).

OUTLINE OF AREAS TO BE DETERMINED FOR STOCK IN-
VENTORY AND NOTES TAKEN ACCORDINGLY.

A. Areas of virgin forest and virgin timber (noting the distinction),
mature or hypermature forest, and approximately the volume of
material it would produce. Note species, undergrowth, soil, and
humus.

1

8

I

i

»i

112

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

B. Areas covered with stands having a density of 50 per cent, or

over, giving species, character of undergrowth, soil, and humus.
This area to be divided into two classes:

1. Area not in need of improvement.

2. Area in need of improvement. This area to be subdivided

into two classes.

a. Area upon which thinnings or improvement cuttings

should be made.

b. Area upon which the growth should be reinforced by

planting or seed sowing.

C. Areas with scattered trees, from a density of 10 per cent, to 50

per cent., giving species, character of undergrowth, soil, and
humus. This area to be divided into two classes:

1. Area which will be reforested naturally.

2. Area which must be artifically reforested.

D. Areas not included in the above but covered with scrub oak,

bracken, sweet fern, briars, huckleberry bushes, and weeds. This
area to be divided into two classes:

1. Area which will be reforested naturally.

2. Area which must be artificially reforested.

E. Areas of open ground where seed or seedlings may be planted

now with little or no difficuty, as old fields and mill sites.

F. Areas recently burned and date of fire. Take notes on the damage

done, character of growth now, and general conditions found.

G. Areas covered with water; lakes, dams, ponds, streams, and

springs.
H. Areas used for roads, trails, and fire lanes.
I. Areas under cultivation; farms^.

Each forester should be well enough acquainted with growth con-
ditions to know approximately at least the boundary of different
classes of growth. For instance, he should know the extent of a
certain area upon whcih the growth would be classed as 50 per
cent, density or over, and upon which there is a scattering of mer-
chantable timber which should be removed to give the young growth
better chance.

It may frequently be possible to obtain data as to the boundaries
of difi'erent kinds of growth by measuring from the forest's sur-
veyed corners and lines, and thereby save the running of certain
lines.

Particular care should be used in locating virgin tracts of timber,
merchantable stands, plantations, and areas lately burned. In some
instances it may be advisable to run around these areas, especially
virgin timber and plantations.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

m

INSTKUMENTS AND MATERIALS.

A Wye Level and a Philadelphia Level Eod for establishing bench
marks. One bench mark on each division will usually suffice.

Randolph Mountain Transit for running primary traverses and for
taking vertical angles. A level rod and range pole will be used witli
the transit.

A K. and E. Open Sight Compass will be used for the secondary
traverses, and either a Military Clinometer or an Ahney Level for
taking vertical angles. One range pole will be necessary.

A, K, and E. 50 foot chain and 14 inch steel arrows (marking pins)
will be used in measuring the horizontal distances.

A single lens magnifying glass will be used in reading angles.

Note books, blue and red keel, pencils, ink, erasers, and detail paper
will be furnished as required.

Each forester is expected to have his own set of drafting instru-
ments which should include:

1 protractor,
1 straight edge,
1 45° triangle,
1.30° x60° triangle,
1 triangular scale,
1 ruling pen.

Each forester will be charged with the instruments and material
sent him which are the property of the Department and no inter-
changing of instruments must take place without authority to do so.
This rule is imperative.

Care of instruments (pp. 607 to 619). Read carefully and act ac-
cordingly.

■^■M

NOTES.

\

All notes should be full and complete, the forejster not trusting
to memory for any detail that will be valuable when plotting. These
notes should be taken while in the field and not left to be worked
up in the office. He should bear in mind that others will have to use
his notes. Notes on growth may require so many lines that few
transit or compass station notes can be placed on one page. This
simply means leaving vacant lines on the left hand page. Or, if it
can be done without crowding or interfering with the transit notes,
(occasionally details of growth, or other items mjiy be noted on the
left hand page.

i

8—26—1915

li

114

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Primary Trai;erses.— Topographic note books will be used, the eight
columns on the left hand page being arranged as follows :

Angle.

Value.

Bearing.

Corrected
Bearing.

A A^A*.

A^A'A",

A». .

A2A»A*,
A8A<A»,

2° 7'L,
16°20'L,

15°20'L,

N 49°20'W.
N 65°40'W.

N 60°E, .
S 20°W. ..
N 81°0'W.

N 49°17'W,
N (w°37'W,

N 80°57'W.

Line. Length.

A'A*
A«A»

A»A*

S60
400

260
820

400

Vertical

Elevation.

Angle.

2° 3'+

B.

M. 968.

3°10'—

980.8
958.7

4° +

996.8

3°30'—

961.2

4020'—

958.7
928.4

Secondary Traverses. — Regular field note books should be used for
this, the six columns on the left hand page being arranged as follows :

station.

A 16.
n 1,
n 2,
n 3.

n 3,

Line.

A 16 n 1,
n 1 n 2,
n 1 n 3,

n 3 n 4,

Length.

326
250
275

300

280

Bearing.

Vertical.

S.42°E. ..

S.50°30'E.

S.60°15'E,

N.20^W, .
N.30°E, .

Elevation.

5°30' +

1046.

4° —

1077.4

2°30'+

1068.9

1071.9

3=30' +

1078.3

2° -

1060.1

1071.9

The elevations of the regular stations given in the first column and
indicated by the middle letter and a number in that column are on
the same line in the last column. The data to obtain the elevation
(vertical angle and length of the line), however, are on the first line
above. In other words, the vertical angle and length of the line taken
from one station are used to obtain the elevation of the following
station. For example: The angle given in the first column is A A^ A^
and the station over which the instrument is set is A^. The length of
the line to station A^ is 360 feet and the vertical angle to station A^ is
2° 3'+. The elevation of station A^ (968 feet) is on the same line and
to get the elevation of station A^ the length of the line A^ A^ (360
feet) and the vertical angle to station A^ (2°3'+) is used to get the
elevation of station A^, and is set dovvu on the line of the angle A' A^
A* which is the line for station A^.

With intermediate stations the vertical angle to and the elevation
of the station are on the same line. The elevation of each intermediate
station is calculated from the elevation of the station from which
the vertical angles are taken.

When side shots to intermediate stations are taken, allow at least
one line vacant, except for the calculated elevation for the next regu-
lar station. Upon returning to the regular line, bring down the ele-
vation figure to the line of the proper station, as in Sta. x 3 of sample

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

iXi

page. This does not mean that the elevations will be worked out ii*
the field, but is mentioned so that notes in the field may be properly
taken.

Consult Tracy for Field Notes, pages 164-161).

Sketches of contours, roads, streams, and other features, should
usually be made on the left side of the right hand page of the note
book, keeping the right side for notes on growth.

Level in (J for Bench Alarks. — A level note book should be used for
this, the columns on" the left hand page being arranged as follows:

station.

B. S.

n. I.

F. S.

Elevation.

(Page 240, Form B.).

liules for checking level notes (page 242).

The right hand page will be used to give the location of the turning
points and bench marks.

OFFICE WOKK.

Calculatio7is. — Calculations for correcting the bearings of transit
traverses will be made each day and never allowed to accumulate.
(Pages 378 to 383).

Calculations of elevations will also be done on the same day as
the running and kept to date.

Plotting the Survey. — A rough sketch or map must be made by the
forester running the survey, and each week's notes must be plotter!
by the end of the week. If it be found necessary to do this on Satur
day no field work need be done on that day.

The final plotting of surveys will be done in the office at Harris-
burg. At the end of each month or any date set by this Department,
the note books used that month or period of time set by the Depart-
ment and the rough sketches must be in shape to be sent to this oflQce
where they can be used in the final plotting.

All traverses will be plotted on a scale of 800 feet to the inch
and contours will be made at 20-foot intervals.

Correspondence. — No correspondence relating to this work is to be
incorporated into letters containing other official correspondence. Ad-
dress all communications to Kobert 8. Conklin, Commissioner of
Forestry, indicating on letter ^'File T. and S. S." Indicate also on
lower left hand corner of the envelope containing correspondence re-
lating to this work, the letters *'T. and S. S." Neglect to do this
may result in unnecessary delay in answering communications.

*i

110

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

ACCOUNT CHARGES.

Separate account charges are to be kept with :
1. Leveling for Bench Marks.— (^ote distance run and name of line
or lines by letter).

a. Time, rate, and cost :

b. Extra charges:

2.

Foresters,
Rangers,
Labor.
Hauling,
Camping,
Other charges,
Pro-rata charges.
Primary Traverses and Elevations. ( Note distance run and name
of line or lines by letter) .
a. Time, rate, and cost :

b. Extra charges:

4.

'Iliii

!•

5.

Foresters,
Rangers,
Labor.
Hauling,
Camping,
Other charges,
Pro-rata charges.
Secondary Traverses and Elevations. (Note distance run and
name of line or lines by letter).

a. Time, rate, and cost : Foresters,

Rangers,
Labor.

b. Extra charges: Hauling,

Camping,
Other charges.
Pro-rata charges.
Htock Inventory. (Note name of line or lines by letter). When-
ever extra time is used in taking stock inventories, making
sample plots, etc., this should be charged to Stock Inventories.

a. Time, rate, and cost : Foresters,

Rangers,
Labor.

b. Extra charges: Hauling,

Camping,
Other charges.
Pro-rata charges.

Pro-rata Account. In the Pro-rata account are charged expense
items against the Topographic and Stock Survey work which
cannot rightfully be charged directly to any one particular
operation, but which are an expense to the work as a whole.
This would include cost of stakes, traveling expenses, except
when incurred by going to and from work by train, express-
ag€ on instruments, etc., etc. It is a depository for such items
of expense which belong to this work but which do not belong
to a specific operation in connection with the work.

When the survey of your division is completed, the amount
of the Pro-rata account will be apportioned to the various other
accounts, giving the Pro-rata account credit, thus balancing
that account.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

117

Each forester should be prepared at any time to submit to the De-
partment his accounts as above outlined. They should be kept up to
date and in such form as to be intelligible to others as well as to him-
self. The matter of itemized costs is important and should never
be neglected. Always give the name of the line- or lines known by a
letter of the alphabet, and the length of each upon which the expendi-
tures were made.

DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION TABLES.

In connection with the Topographic and Stock Survey work it
was found necessary to make up tables from which the difference
in elevations could be quickly obtained, given the horizontal distance
and the vertical angle. These tables will be used in determining the
elevation of all points to which the vertical angle has been taken
in both primary and secondary traverses.

Two tables have been prepared and published in separate pamphlet
form. For this reason they are not reproduced herein.

PROGRESS OF THE SURVEYS MADE IN 1913.

It was decided to make a survey of the Seven Mountain Forest
first. This forest includes portions of Huntingdon, Mifflin, Centre,
Union, and Snyder counties, comprises an area of approximately
145,152 acres, and is divided into the following seven divisions. The
approximate area of and the forester in charge of each division are
also given.

SEVEN MOUNTAIN STATE FOREST.

Kishacoquillas Division, 33,800 acres, Forester D. Kerr Warfield.

Coburn Division, 15,000 acres. Forester Chas. R. Meek.

Bear Meadows Division, 21,000 acres. Forester Walter D. Ludwig.

Greenwood Division, 23,000 acres, Forester Tom O. Bietsch.

Barree Division, 18,923 acres. Forester T. Roy Morton.

Jacks Mountain Division, 19,429 acres, Forester John R. Elder.

Poe Division, 14,000 acres. Forester W. E. Montgomery.

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REPORT OF THE

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The plan was to have Messrs. Morton, Bietsch, Warfield, Ludwig,
and Meek start their surveys in the fall. They were requested to
report at this office on October 2nd to discuss the method of pro-
cedure and ways and means for carrying on the work.

Morton began the field work of the survey of the Barree Division
on October Gth by starting to run a line of levels through the division
along the Diamond Valley road to the Bear Meadows Division line.
Temporary bench marks were established about every half mile
along this line of levels and the line was completed October 20th.
His starting point was a Pennsylvania Railroad bench mark at
Petersburg station, the elevation of which was obtained from H. H.
Kussell, P. R. R. Division Engineer at Altoona, Pa. Mr. Russel also
very kindly established a bench mark over the railroad tunnel between
Spruce Creek and Barree.

Morton started his primary traverses after completing the line of
levels and continued with them until December 13th when weather
conditions made sucli work too difficult. He has nearly completed
his primary traverses, having run about 45J miles of lines. The cost
of this amounted to |247.10 or at the rate of $5.40 per mile. His line
of levels extended for a distance of 12 miles and cost $53.80 at the
rate of $4.48 per mile. His pro-rata account amounts to $26.43 mak-
ing a total charge of $327.33 to date against the T. & S. S. work of the
Barree Division.

Meek began the survey of the Coburn Division with primary tra-
verses on October 14th and continued until November 7th, after which
he plotted the lines run. His start was made at Paddy Mountain
tunnel on the Lewisburg and Tyrone Division of the Pennsylvania
Railroad and a railroad bench mark on a bridge just west of the
tunnel served as a starting point from which to obtain elevations.

In all Meek ran about 17 miles of traverses which cost $124.80 or
at the rate of $7.34 per mile. His pro-rata account amounts to $29.57
making a total charge of $154.37 against the T & S. S. work of his di-
vision.

Morton and Meek each have the surveys of their respective divisions
well under way, having made good progress for the short time they
were able to work this fall. During the open hunting season for deer,
November 10th to 25th inclusive, no surveying was done. They are
prepared to take up the work again in the spring, as soon as weather
conditions are favorable, and will push their surveys to speedy com-
pletion.

Ludwig was unable to employ men to make up a crew for transit
surveying so made no start on his traverses. His work this fall was
limited to the establishing of bench marks on his division and one each
for Bietsch on the Greenwood division, and Montgomery on the Poe

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

119

division. Ludwig established bench marks for these foresters be-
cause he had a bench mark to start from, and neither Bietsch nor
Montgomery had convenient starting points. Then, too, it required
little extra work for Ludwig since the points of the other two di-
visions were comparatively close to the point at which he established
the bench mark for his own use. His starting point was a bench
mark on bridge No. 34 of the Lewisburg and Tyrone Division of the
Pennsylvania Railroad. A United States Geological Survey bench
mark at the intersection of the Linden Hall, Bear Meadows, and
Tusseyville roads was used later to check against.

The leveling done by Ludwig extended over a distance of 12J miles
and cost $85.48, or at the rate of $G.84 per mile. Of this amount
Ludwig has charged $22.23 against each Bietsch and Montgomery
for the work performed by him for them. Lud wig's pro-rata account
amounts to $33.80 giving a total charge against the T. & S. S. work
of $119.28.

Warfield was unable to begin his transit survey (primary tra-
verses) this fall but ran a line of levels from Paddy Mountain tunnel
through Ha vice vallej^ a distance of 8 miles to establish a bench mark
as a starting point in the spiring of 1914. This is the same bench
mark used by Meek near Paddy Mountain tunnel. The leveling work
cost $55.05 or at the rate of $0.88 per mile. His pro-rata account
amounts to $12.57, making a total of $67.62 charges against the T. &
S. S. work on the Kishacoquillas division.

Bietsch was unable to begin his survey this fall owing to pressure
of nursery and other work. He expects to take it up in the spring of
1914 as soon as weather conditions and spring nursery work will per-
mit.

As starting points to obtain elevations for the topographic work,
bench marks in the vicinty of the several divisions were used. For
the Barree division a list of bench marks and their locations was sup-
plied by H. H. Russel, Pennsylvania Railroad Division Engineer,
Altoona, Pa. J. M. Ewing, Assistant Division Engineer at Sunbury,
supplied a list for use on the Jacks Mountain and Kishacoquillas di-
visions, and J. B. Hutchinson, Jr., Division Engineer at Williams-
port, furnished a list for use with the Kishacoquillas, Poe, Coburn,
and Bear Meadows divisions.

Lists of bench marks and their locations were also furnished us
by the Pennsylvania Highway Department through Samuel D. Foster,
Chief Engineer, Harrisburg; C. S. Lemon, Assistant Engineer, Holli-
daysburg; and A. B. Gray, Assistant Engineer, Harrisburg, Pa.
These bench marks were established })y the highway engineers along
State highways crossing the several divisions in Huntingdon, Mif-
flin, and Centre counties. T take this opiportunity of thanking them

120

REPORT OF THE

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No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

121

for their courtesies and willing assistance rendered us by the informa-
tion which they supplied.

The investigation of the nursery practice, seed collection, seed
germination, nursery soil characteristics, and results in nursery prac-
tice, are embraced in the following report by Forester Conklin:

NURSERIES.
1913.

The Department of Forestry now has in the service three large
permanent nurseries and 18 small foresters' nurseries which produced
in the aggregate 3,038,000 seedlings, transplants, and cuttings avail-
able for 1914 spring planting. This is a fairly good showing, con-
sidering the fact that 1913 was a disastrous year for seedlings. The
late spring and early fall frosts caused large losses in the nursery
beds. This result indicates that the foresters are making every effort
toward intensive nursery management. The three large nurseries are
now well established and indicate increased production with each
succeeding year. The small nurseries are more or less of an experi-
mental nature and are maintained for their value to the public as
educators. Although failures are frequently reported, some of them
have given very good results. The nursery inventories for December,
1913, show close to 8,000,000 seedlings, transplants, and cuttings of
all ages in the 21 nurseries.

However, our seedlings still apipear to cost too much when com-
pared to costs given out by other state nurseries and to prices quoted
by commercial houses. For this reason, it has long been a question
with the Department whether our nurseries are a success as a finan-
cial proposition. If seedlings can be purchased from commercial
nurseries for less than our cost of raising them, then on the surface,
abandoning them would appear to be best. It is true that commercial
nurserymen frequently offer to the Department seedlings at a cost
below that at which ours are rated. For instance, in 1913, white
pines, 2 years old, were offered for 5^2.10 per thousand, and those from
the Asaph nursery were rated at f2.2.5 per thousand. This and other
such instances would indicate that there is something to be corrected
in our nurseries. It may be a low ratio of seedling production to seed
sown, or high labor cost and excessive overhead charges, or it may
be due to our method of charging nursery stock.

I will not attempt to suggest a solution to this question but will
cite a number of facts which influence cost of production, and which
may throw some light on the subject.

SEED. Next to labor, the gi'eatest cost factor is that of seed and
consequently this question should be given more than ordinary con-
sideration. Practically all our seed is purchased from commercial
firms outside of the State and these firms must make their profit.
Then shipiping charges add something to the cost. In 1912 the De-
partment purchased 1,025 pounds of white pine seed at a total cost
of f 1,262.35 or about |1.25 per pound, and in 1913, 800 pounds at a
cost of $1,040.00 or $1.30 per pound. In the fall of 1911, Paul H.
Mulford gathered in the vicinity of Asaph 30 pounds of white pine
seed at a cost, uncleaned, of 42 cents per pound, which, compared to
$1.25 for the seed purchased for 1912 sowing, means considerable of
a cost item. In the fall of 1912 Tom O. Bietsch gathered in the vicinity
of Greenwood 35 pounds of white pine seed at a cost of less
than 50 cents pier pound, which, compared to $1.30 per pound for that
purchased in 1913, also shows considerable difference.

In other words, white pine seed was purchased for 1912 sowing at
a cost of about $1.25 per pound and that for 1913 sowing at a cost of
about $1.30 per pound which might hav3 been gathered in this State
by men now in the employ of the Department or by paying inhabi-
tants of the region where a seed year was in progress a certain sum
per bushel for the full cones.

Probably we could not expect to gather all of the seed required,
nor to gather large quantities at. the low cost of those gathered by
Mulford or Bietsch, but it is reasonable to suppose that with suit-
able equipment, a large part of the seed needed, especially white piine
and the broad leaved species, could be gathered at a cost below that
charged by commercial firms. Allowing 75 cents per pound as the
cost of gathering and cleaning white pine seed, more than 25 cents
above the actual cost of that gathered by Bietsch and Mulford, the
saving in 1912 would have been $512.50 and in 1913 it would have
been $440.00. In other words it would have meant a reduction of
about 20 cents per thousand on the cost of our seedlings. A saving
as large as this is worthy of thoughtful consideration, since it is one
of the large factors affecting the cost of seedlings.

To facilitate seed gathering, particularly conifers and other small
seed, certain equipment is necessary. Upon request, E. N. Jenckes of
the Asaph nursery, submitted the following list of articles to make
up a cone collecting outfit, suitable for a crew of five men and two
boys:

200 ft. J" hemp rope
300 ft. J" cotton rope

3 sets of body belts (supports)

6 hand pruners

3 pr. 12 ft. pruners

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122

REPORT OF THE

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No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

123

1

I

a pr. 8 ft. primers

8 pr. 6 ft. prnners

3 pr. climbers

1 gal. oil can

1 pt. squirt can

To this might be added blankets for spreading out under the tree
when removing the cones and also bags for shipping cones to the seed

house.

A fully equipped seed house for curing, drying, cleaning, and stor-
ing the seed would have to be provided at a centrally located pioint.
Mr. Bietsch in his article following offers the suggestion that empty
cones could be sold for kindling. As a matter of fact, a large part,
if not all, of the empty cones could be used to supply heat for drying
out the green cones and thereby save purchasing other fuel. Mr.
Bietsch submitted the following article relating to seed gathering.

"Owing to the excessive cost of coniferous seed, T would like to sub-
mit a few figures relative to the collecting of tree seeds in this State.

"During the earlv fall of 1012. there being a partial seed year for
white pine in this vicinity, we collected as ninny cones as possible.
Thirty cents per bushel' were paid to the inhabitants for them.
In ali, 42 bushels were gathered, whicli were dried on racks.

"The cones were shaken at least every week until no more seeds
could be loosened in this manner. Tliey were then thrown on the floor
and trampled upon, after which thev were hauled away on a wagon
and used for kindling. The floor of the seed room was swept as was
the bed of the wagon. This last operation netted about one-fourth of

the seed

"The cost per pound of the 35 piounds of seed obtained, including
ranger's time and labor for cleaning, was less than 50 cents. Tf the
seed house were located near a town the empty cones which double
in bulk when drying, could be sold for kindling, thereby slightly re-
ducing the cost of the seed.

"The same saving in the cost of the seeds by carrying on the opera-
tion yourself is true not only of white pine but hardwood species as

well. , XI ii -x i!

"Take for instance the black cherry. Many people use the fruit for

making wine. If cold water is used for soaking the meat from the

stones, the seed are not injured as regards their germinating vitality

and can be had for the asking."

The question here presents itself as to whether better germination
can be expected from locally gathered seed than from seed gathered
where climatic conditions are different. Opinions respecting this
differ and I do not know that experiments have proved anything de-
finite. There is a possibility that a part of the seed's vitality, in the
case of shipped-in seed, is exynonded in overcoming somewhat adverse
conditions due to a change in climate.

Mr. Bietsch further states that this home gathered white pine seed
produced healthier seedlings than that received from a commercial
house and that his results in 1013 far exceeded past efforts along this
line.

Mr. Mulford states that black cherry gathered in 1012 produced the
best germination that the nursery has had with the species and con-
tinuing says: -^'Personal o])inion is that local seed would give better
results, if facilities for handling and storing were the same." Of
course, there would be no use in collecting seed unless a suitable
house for drying, cleaning, and storing were provided.

In this connection a statement by Hon. C. R. Pettis of Albany, N.
Y., is of interest: "The first thing is to secure a good seed bed. At
first we were not successful, because our seeds were not uniformly
good. Then we began to collect our own seeds. This solved the prob-
lem, but one season had been spent in getting this much information."

This does not necessarily mean that locally gathered seed will pro-
duce best results, for results obtained are dependent upon the quality
of the seed, and if the seed is not heavy, ])oor germination is to be
expected. Heavy white pine seed, weighing 35 to 40 pounds to the
bushel, is obtained in years of abundant seed cropi or seed years,
and in years when the crop is short the seed is usually light, weigh-
ing probably but 25 pounds to the bushel. Collections should be made
only in regions where a seed year is in progress, for seed in an off
year is apt to be lacking in vitality and frequently infertile.

SOIL, The character of the nursery soil may have everything to
do with the success or failure of a nursery and invariably is a large
factor in cost of production. It is an undisputed fact that a strong,
healthy plant produced by proper plant foods will in permanent plan-
tations withstand slightly adverse conditions and that its ability to
overcome them is directly proportional to its strength ; which, in turn,
may be said to be directly proportional to the pilant food in the soil,
keeping in mind that the effects of soil are chiefly due to adjustment
to water. Commercial nurserymen usually establish their nurseries
on the best soil for such purposes and consequently expect to obtain
strong, healthy [)lants because the soil contains the proper plant food.
The State nurseries were established on the best soil available, but
which, in most cases, is lacking in the requisite amount of fertility.
This means that in order to raise strong, healthy, stocky seedlings,
plant food must be put into the soil in the form of fertilizers, and
this will add to their cost. Since experiments are necessary to deter-
mine just which plant foods each type of soil is deficient in, and many
of the experiments will prove unsuccessful and cause the loss of seed
and seedlings in certain beds, the total cost of production will be some-
what larger for several years, the number of seedlings produced
somewhat smaller, and the average cost per thousand will be higher.

124

REPORT OF THE

Off. Do2

Fertilizer experiments in the Asaph, Greenwood, and Mont Alto
nurseries are now being made under the direction of Prof. Netoffsky
These experiments were started with the 1913 spring seeding and
will require another year before results can be determined.

NURSEKY OPERATIONS.

Each nursery operation for seedling production has its proportional
bearing on cost of seedlings, and the method of performing each
operation may be an important factor in cost.

A few instances may be cited in connection with these operations
which affect the number of seedlings produced and consequently are

factors in cost.

MAKING BEDS.— In connection with making up nursery beds,
the condition of the soil is important, for if too wet, puddling and
later sun baking usually result, forming a crust through which the
stem axis and cotyledons cannot force their way. Bietsch at Mont
Alto and at Greenwood found that by working charcoal braize into
the soil and thereby loosening it up, puddling and the resulting sun
bake were reduced to a minimum. One cartload of braize was used to
100 square feet of bed surface. This braize also tends to make the
Mont Alto soil more adaptable for conifers than it now is.

SOWING SEED.— In the matter of the best method of sowing
coniferous seeds, there appears to be a difference of opinion, es-
pecially among members of this Department. For several years, Mul-
ford at Asaph was under orders to sow only in drills, which orders
were due to the fact that there is danger of large losses resulting from
weeding in broadcast beds. However, in the spring of 1913, ihU
order was revoked and they are now sowing a large part of the coni-
ferous seed broadcast. It is true that drill sowing has certain advan-
tages over broadcasting, but taking both methods into consideration,
broadcasting seems to be the more advisable, under our usual con-
ditions. Weeding in broadcast beds is practically eliminated after
it has been done once or twice, and by exercising a little more than
common care, the loss in seedlings pulled out need not be excessive.
Suppose it does require twice as long to weed, it is still the better
playing proposition since a broadcast bed may require only three or
four weedings the first year, and probably none the second, if the seed-
lings stand as thickly as they should.

Then, again, from two to five times as many seedlings can be raised
per unit of area, and if properly handled the quality should be as
good. At Asaph several broadcast beds produced seedlings, white

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124

REPORT OP THE

Off. Do;

Fertilizer experiments in the Asaph, Greenwood, and Mont Alto
nnrseries are now being made under tlie direction of Prof. Netoffsky
These experiments were started with the 191.'^ spring seeding and
will require another year before^ results can be determined.

NUKSEKY OPEUATIONS.

Each nursery operation for seedling production has its proportional
bearing on cost of seedlings, and the method of performing each
operation may be an important factor in cost.

A few instances may be cited in connection with these operations
which atlect the number of seedlings produced and consequently are

factors in cost.

MAKING BED^S.— In connection with making upi nursery beds,
the condition of the soil is important, for if too wet, puddling and
later sun baking usually result, forming a crust through which the
stem axis and cotyledons cannot force their way. Bietsch at Mont
Alto and at Greenwood found that by working charcoal braize into
the soil and thereby loosening it up, puddling and the resulting sun
bake were reduced to a minimum. One cartload of braize was used to
too square feet of bed surface. This braize also tends to make the
Mont Alto soil more adaptable for conifers than it now is.

LOWING ^EED.— In the matter of the best method of sowing
coniferous seeds, there appears to be a dilVerence of opinion, es-
pecially among members of this Department. For several years, Mul-
ford at Asaph was under orders to sow only in drills, which orders
were due to the fact that there is danger of large losses resulting from
weeding in broadcast beds. However, in the spring of 1913, this
order was revoked and they are now sowing a large part of the coni-
ferous seed broadcast. It is true that drill sowing has certain advan-
tages over broadcasting, but taking botli methods into consideration,
broadcasting seems to be the more advisable, under our usual con-
ditions. Weeding in broadcast beds is practically eliminated after
it has been done once or twice, and by exercising a little more than
common care, the loss in seedlings ])ulled out need not be excessive.
Suppose it does require twice as long to weed, it is still the better
IJiaying proposition since a broadcast bed may require only three or
four weedings the first year, and probably none the second, if the seed-
lings stand as thickly as they should.

Then, again, from two to five times as many seedlings can be raised
per unit of area, and if properly handled tlie quality should be as
good. At Asaph several broadcast beds produced seedlings, white

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

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No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

125

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pine and Norway spruce, which were equal in quality to their drill
sowed. Scarcely any difference could be seen in the root systems nor
in the size of stem or top.

However, each nurseryman must be impressed with the fact that the
greatest care must be taken in weeding or too" many seedlings will
be pulled out, leaving a too open stand and resulting in additional
weeding and less stock}^ root systems. Experiments in the case of
white pine have shown that approximately one pound of seed to 100
square feet piroduces the best results.

EAl^DLmQ OF SHADED,— Careiul attention must be given the
management of shades, particularly over the first year beds, for upon
them largely depend two great factors in seedling production. Ou
the one hand is the danger of sun baking of the soil, and, on the other,
damping oil resulting from an over-wet soil usually combined with
humid atmospheric conditions. If seed beds are allowed to dry off
quickly unprotected by shades, a crust is more than likely to be
formed through which the germinating seed cannot force its way. Con-
sequently the nurseryman must exercise good judgment for if shades
are removed when the sun^s rays are very intense, sun baking and
crusting of the soil may follow. Probably the safest plan is to allow
the shades on the beds only during the middle of the day, say from
10 or 11 A. M. to 2 or 3 P. M.

The most critical time in the life of a seedling is a period of 4 to
6 weeks after germination, for it is then that the damping off fungus
works and may cut the yield in beds of good germination 50 per cent,
and in cases may result in a total loss of the bed. Control of this
disease has proved difficult, even in German nurseries. Careful mani-
pulation of the shades, allowing for proper aeration of the beds, and
sprinkliug sand on the beds are most commonly adhered to. Spray-
ing with Bordeaux mixture is claimed to be a preventive and, I believe,
is used by the Germans as such; but it will not destroy the fungus
after it has attacked the seedling.

WATERING. — There is almost no danger of nursery beds becom-
ing too dry in the spring, but watering is frequently necessary dur-
ing the hot summer months. This results in two more factors of im-
portance which have to do with tlie cost of production. If watering
of seedling beds is done during the day when the sun^s rays are in-
tense, scalding of the seedlings can scarcely be avoided. To eliminate
this danger, watering should be done in the evening, but labor is not
always available at that time of day. Consequently the forester in
charge frequently performs this operation himself, and must make a
charge against the seedlings at the rate of 40 or 50 cents per hour for
work which should not cost more than 15 to 18 cents per hour. This
results in an inflated cost of production.

I,

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

125

pine and Norway spruce, wliich were equal in quality to their drill
sowed. Scarcely any dillerence could be seen in the root systems nor
in the size of stem or top.

However, each nurserj^man must be impressed with the tact that the
greatest care must be taken in weeding or too many seedlings will
be pulled out, leaving a too oi)en stand and resulting in additional
weeding and less stocky root systems. Experiments in the case of
white pine have shown that approximately one pound of seed to lUO
square feet produces the best results.

HANDLING OF >S7/AiJA\S.— Careful attention must be given the
management of shades, particularly over the iirst year beds, for upon
them largely depend two great factors in seedling production. On
the one hand is the danger of sun baking of the soil, and, on the other,
damping oil resulting from an over-wet soil usually combined with
humid atmospheric conditions, if seed beds are allowed to dry oil'
quickly unprotected by shades, a crust is more than likely to be
formed through which the germinating seed cannot force its way. Con-
sequently the nurseryman must exercise good judgment for if shades
are removed when the sun's rays are very intense, sun baking and
crusting of the soil may follow. Probably the safest plan is to allow
the shades on the beds only during tlie middle of the day, say from
10 or 11 A. M. to 2 or 3 P. M.

The most critical time in the life of a seedling is a period of 4 to
() weeks after germination, for it is then that the damping off fungus
works and may cut the yield in beds of good germination 50 per cent,
and in cases may result in a total loss of the bed. Control of this
disease has proved dihicult, even in German nurseries. Careful mani-
pulation of the shades, allowing for proper aeration of the beds, and
sprinkling sand on the beds are most commonly adhered to. Spray-
ing with Bordeaux mixture is claimed to be a preventive and, 1 believe,
is used by the Germans as such ; but it will not destroy the fungus
after it has attacked the seedling.

WATERING. — There is almost no danger of nursery beds becom-
ing too dry in (lie spiing, but wateiing is I'requenlly necessary dur-
ing the hot summer months. This results in two more factors of im-
portance which have to do with the cost of production, if watering
of seedling beds is done during the day when the sun^s rays are in-
tense, scalding of the seedlings can scarcely be avoided. To eliminate
this danger, watering shouhl be done in the evening, but labor is not
always available at that time of day. Consecpiently the forester in
charge freciuently performs this operation himself, and must make a
charge against the seedlings at the rate of 40 or 50 cents per hour for
work which should not cost more tlian 15 to 18 cents per hour. This
results in an inflated cost of production.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

126

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

MULCHING.— The method of and the material used in mulching,
whether it be on seed beds or for winter protection, may prove a factor
of considerable importance in the cost of seedling production. Where
a mulch is put on seed beds, whether it be pine needles, straw, bur-
lap, or any other material, sun baking of the soil is prevented ; but if
too heavy, excessive heating or moulding of the soil and seeds may
occur. Opinions differ as to the material best adapted for mulching.
Burlap has proved to be good. Straw works well but is apt to contain
weed seeds which result in added cost for weeding. Pine needles
may be safely advised and are especially satisfactory where a lighc
layer of mulch is left on the beds after germination has taken place.
This is advised and practiced by Bietsch in the Greenwood nursery.
Crusting of the soil is prevented, weeds are kept down, and a small
amount of organic matter is added to the soil. However, there is
added danger in a wet season of damping off occurring and close at-
tention must be paid to the amount of soil moisture.

In raking off straw or pine needles from seed beds during the germi-
nating period there is danger of losing many seedlings if done when
the seed husks are still attached to the cotyledons. In seed germina-
tion the first part of a plant to shoot out is the radicle or root tip
vs'hich at once turns downward and enters the soil. When the caulicle
or stem portion of the seed is extricated, it shows response to light
and turns upward, usually carrying with it the cotyledons or seed
leaves, from which the plantlet gets its food supply until it has
established a root system. In raking off the mulch, the cotyledons
are often injured before the root system is established, resulting in
the death of the little plant.

With winter mulch on seedling or transplant beds the thickness
required depends directly on the severity of the winter. If too
heavy, heating and moulding may occur. If too light, winter heaving
trom frost may result. The latter is especially true with transplant
beds. ^ ■■:

Other Factors Influencing Cost of Seedlings.

Influences outside of nursery operations frequently have an import-
ant bearing on seedling production. One of these, forest fires, has
often entered as a factor ; for the spring fire season occurs about the
time of rush nursery work and a fire may take all labor away from
the nursery in the midst of lifting seedlings for shipment or when
the soil is just right for seed sowing. It is important to sow seed
w^hen the soil is in proper condition, not too wet, for then the seed
may rot; nor too dry, for then germination is impaired; nor should
seeding be done too late in the season, for then the seedlings are
more than likely to be stunted, requiring them to remain in the beds

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

127

an additional year. Late sowing may also rosnlt in uniipcMied tis
sue in the little plant which will then not be ;ihle io witlistaud frosts
and the cold of winter.

Fires have caused dehiys in seedino will, H,,. resultant loss of a
large percentage of seedlin-s whiel, slionld have I)een obtained from
the amount of seed sowed.

This conflict of nurseiy woik and lire pi otcH-tion is a big argument
in favor of a centralized nni-siMv, lor in that case a nurseiyman's
entire time could be devoled i<> the nnisery. Then, too, if it were
situate in an agricultural region away from the State Forests, it
would not be necessary to neglect nnisery work to tight tires.

Since conditions vary in State and coniniercial nurseries, a compari-
son of costs is not allogether ivliahle and it is unfair to draw definite
conclusions" from it. In the first jdace, virgin nursery
charges are usually e.xcessive, and as onr large nurseries
were all established al differenl limes, it has not been practical
in the past to coin{)ai(^ costs of prodncfion. However, the tliree
{ire now firmly establishcMl and if records are kept in a uniform man-
ner, comparison of costs can be made among them and conclusions
arrived at with some degree of fairness. This is not true of com-
parisons between the State and commeicial nurseries, due largely
to different methods of charging nursery stock. Then, too, the busi-
ness of raising seedlings by the State is observed from a different
point of view. In commercial nursery work snrjdus stock is put on
the market for what it will bring, cash for the lot, and seedlings
offered us at very low prices are this surplus stock. The better
class of seedlings is sold in small (inantities at fancy prico;. Manv
of these small quantity sales allow dis]>osal of inferior stock at rates
below actual cost of ijrodnclion. JOveii though ihe surplus is not
inferior, it must be disposed of and consequently a low price is quoted.
The loss is more than made up by the small-cpianlity at-fancy-j»rice
sales. Tlie man who gets the advantage of low (piotations is fortunate
and fre(iuently we might take advantage of them; but would it be wise
to trust to obtaining our annual snj)ply in this way? I think not
for commercial nurserymen would not be aj)t to (piote us the low
prices if they knew we were dependent upon them for our Ripply.

0

128

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc,

NURSERY RECORDS.

Too much emphasis canuot be placed upon the importance of
keeping nursery records and keeping them in such form that figures
on cost of production may be easily obtained at any time. Many
difficulties i)resent themselves when it comes to making up these costs,
but if the co-operation of the nurserymen can be had there is no
reason why we cannot have reliable figures, providing a uniform
system of nursery records is adopted. Methods of charging nursery
stock may vary with each nurseryman. The tabulation of data is
made difficult, unreliable, and frecluently entirely out of the ques-
tion.

A set of forms for keeping nursery records was worked up which
it was thought would cover the needs of the nurserymen and from
which data on costs and production could be easily and quickly
obtained at any time. The first form, that for Bed Records, was to
cover the cost of production and seedlings produced from a set of
beds sowed with any one species and treated in like manner. This
form was to be filled out at the time of performing any particular
(operation or of taking special notes as to germination, damage to
beds, rate of growth, etc. With the small nurseries this form could
be used for original entry, but with the large ones the Daily
ilecord forms should be used and the material later transferred
to the Bed Record sheets wlieie all data pertaining to a set of beds
would be collected together in compact form.

The second form was for a Summary of Operations to be submitted
to this office with the foresters annual report. The third was the
Crowing Stock Inventory upon which would be given the inventory
of seedlings, transplants, and cuttings by species and by age.

The first two forms did not meet with the approval of the nurs-
erymen, largely because extra work would have been necessary in
filling them out. Consequently they have since been materially
clianged. I believe one at least, that for Bed Records, is practical
and will, if properly filled out, make reliable nursery data available
from each nursery.

In order that something definite be done toward adopting a definite
<Mnd uniform system of keeping nursery records, Mr. Wirt suggested
til at several of the nurserymen be called into the office to discuss
the system we have worked out and to decide on some one system
to follow. I therefore suggest that the following men be directed
10 report at this office for a discussion of this matter : E. A. Ziegler
or Geo. A. Retan; Paul H. Mulford, Tom O. Bietsch, Robert G. Conk-
lin, Wm. F. Dague.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

129

Each should be supplied in advance with a set of the forms for
study so that he would be able to discuss them intelligently while
here. All parts of the forms should be given thorough study and I
believe an agreement on a definite system could be arrived at.

If other nurseries, state, national, and commercial, can keep de-
tailed records, there is no substantial reason why our nurseries can-
not do so.

A large part of the information contained in the foregoing report
was derived from the records, experiments, and experience of Tom O.
Bietsch of Greenwood and Paul H. Mulford of Asaph. Credit is also
due to Prof. Netofl'sky, of the State Forest Academy, Mont Alto.

TIMBER SALES.

A contract under date ol January 13, 1912, was entered into
with C. D. Raker of North Bend, Clinton county, for the sale of
mine props, sawed lumber, paper wood, and railroad ties, to be made
from undesirable timber standing on a tract of about 200 acres
at the head of Boggs Run in the Hopkins State Forest. Contract
is subject to the usual precautions against damage from forest fire
and other unskillful handling. Lopping of tops is to proceed with
the cutting. Contract is accompanied by a bond in the sum of $1,000
with security. To the end of the period covered by this report, Mr.
Raker has removed and paid for material to the value of ?3,498.81.

An agreement dated January 25, 1912, was entered into with
G. W. Huntley and O. L. Bailey of Sinnemahoning for the removal
of undesirable timber at the head of Wykoff and Upper Jerry Runs
in the Sinnemahoning State Forest, over an area approximating 400
acres. Material is to be paid for at the rate of |3.05 per thousand
feet mill cut, and the contractors have eighteen (18) months in
which to finish their work. Lopping of tops is to proceed with the
cutting. A bond in the sum of |2,000 with corporate security, ac-
companies the contract. To the end of the period covered by this
report, the contractors have paid to the Department $4,505.33 for
material so removed.

On February 19, 1912, a contract was entered into with L. L.
Weaver of Woodward, Centre county, for the removal of the unde-
sirable hemlock, white pine, and yellow pine within the State Forest
south of Woodward, and $2.00 per thousand feet mill cut was the
price to be paid. Contract runs to the first day of March, 1914

9—26—1915

130

UKPOKT OF THE

Off. Doc

nnd is acconnmincMl by bond in the sum of .fl50.00 The usual pre-
cautious a^^aiust foi (>st lires are veiiuired to be taken and the lopping
of all brauclu's unist be done as tlu^ work proceeds. Amount paid
ou this contract to Dcccu.ber :{!, 11)i:5, is SS421.06.

On l)eceud»er It), 101:^. Jn. a^reeuuMit was entered into with Henry
Steline for the dead and down chestnut wood on two tracts within
the Bald Eagle Forest at :*>0 cents pei' cord stumpage. All wood
is to l)e paid for as reuioved and no bond was required. To Decem-
ber 31, 19i:i, this contract luls yielded $00.8G.

Ou January 28, V.)\:\, au agreement was entered into with Alfred
Krise of Odessa, for the removal of the dead and down hemlock
and jack pine, from a poHiou of the State Forest in Goshen township,
Clearfield couutv, the jnicc^ to b(^ paid beiug *1.50 per thousand feet
board measure.* Contract rcipiires the usual precautions against
damage and is to be compb'ted by the first day of April, 1914. Re-
ceipts''to December :\\. 191:;, from this contract are J|28.59.

Ou March 13, 1913, a contract was entered into with S. 1). Longe-
recker of Petersburg, Hun tingdou county, for the removal of dead
chestnut from the Barree Division of the Seven Mountain State For-
est. The nuiterial so taken is to be cut into fence posts and the price
to be paid by the contractor is 1 cent for each post. All work to
be done under thci supervision of the forester. The returns to De

(•end)er 31, 1913, are $30.38.

On May 27, 1913, an agreement was enetered into with L. D.
Gillord of Shirley township, Huntingdon county, by means of which
he was permitted to take 2tK),(M)9 board feet of hyper-mature timber
from the Kothrock State l^^)rest, in return for leaving upon lands
recently purchased fnun him a large (piantity of young and thrifty
hardwoods, c(msisting of oak, hickory, and walnut. The size limit
U It; inches at one foot fr(un the grcmnd, and all brush and tops
are to be carefully lopped and disposed of so as to prevent danger
from fire. The grantee was permitted to have erected a saw mill
upon the premises for the ]>urpose of working up the material, the
same to be run under the usual precautions.

Ou the 29th of May, 191:5, an agreement was entered into with
C\alvin Bush ami Bush Miller of Kjist Stroudsburg, R. D. No. 2, Mon-
roe county, for the purchase and removal of certain timber suitable
for making railroad ties, ui)on warrants Nos. 59 and 01, Middle
Smithfield township, Monroe county. The usual precaution against
damage is required to be taken, and the contract is to be completed
within 1? years from date. This contract has been cancelled, and has

yielded no return.

On September 2, 1913, an agreement w^as entered into with S.
Ilostrander of Okome, for the sale and removal of fire damaged timber
on warrants 1052, 1053, 1524, and 1525 on the Waterville division

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

131

of the Black Forest. The price to be paid therefor is |4.00 per thou-
sand mill cut for sawed lumber, .|1.30 for mine props, and 15 cents
f(«r ties. The usual precaution against damage is required. Con-
tract is accompanied by a bond of |250.00 and the operation is to be
finished on or before the 28th day of February, 1915. No returns
to date under this contract have been received.

On September 23, 1913, a contract was entered into with F. A.
Vickery of Bodines, and Carson Clendeniiing and J. F. Fleming of
Trout Run, for the sale and removal of certain cull and over-mature
hardwoods from within the Grays Run State Forest. Cord wood is
to be paid for at the rate of 50 cents ])er cord of 100 feet, and all
limber at the rate of ?2.05 per thousand feet mill cut. Bond in
the sum of |500.00 accompanies the contract, and the usual precau-
tions against damage are required. No returns to date under this
contract have been received.

On October 15, 1913, an agreement was entered into with Damon
Watson of Costello, Potter count}', for the removal of certain over-
mature, dead, and declining trees within the State Forest around
the headwaters of Stony Lick Creek in Summit township, Potter
county, at the price of $3.50 per thousand feet mill cut. A bond in
the sum of $100.00 accompanies the contract, and the usual pre-
cautions against damage are required to he taken. No returns to
date under this contract have been received.

On the first day of November, 11)13, an agreement was entered into
with H. B. Walker of Conrad, for the removal of dead, dying, and
down timber from within the Stati^ Forest in Murdock TTollow,
Summit townshij). Potter county, at the rate of .$3.50 jjer thousand
feet mill cut, the usual j)recautions against damage being re<piired.
A bond in the sum of $100.00 accompanies tlie contract. No re-
turns to date undej- this contract have been received.

On the 22d of November, 1913, a contract was entered into with
George Welschans of Lloyd, for the removal of certain prop timber
within the State Forest in Brown township, Lycoming county. Price
to be paid therefor is $1.00 per ton, railroad weight, and the usual
[•recautions are to be taken against damage. In place of the ordinary
bond, an arrangement was made whereby the Department should re
ceive the first payment out of sales made to consignees. No re
turns to date undei* this conti-act have been received.

On December 27, 1913, a contract was entered into with William
n. Libby of Millmont, R. D., Union county, for tlie removal of cer-
tain undesirable hardwoods, hemlock, and pine within what is known
as Henstep Gap in the State Forest, Hartley township, Union county;
land in the warrantee names of John nassinger and James Dills-
warth. The usual precautions are required to be taken. The ma-
terial to be removed will include saw timber, railroad ties, prop

I

132

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

timber, pulp wood, and extract wood. Payments to be made quart-
erly. Contract is accompanied by a bond in the sum of |500.00. No
returns to date made under this contract.

On December 29, 1913, an agreement was entered into with Geo.
B. Hilborn of Cedar Run, Lycoming county, for the removal of the
dying, dead, and down timber on four warrants in Elk township,
Tioga county, at the rate of |2.85 per thousand feet. The lopping
of branches and other usual precautions are required. The contract
is accompanied by a bond in the sum of |150.00. The contract
ivs to be completed by June 1, 1915. To date there are no returns
from this contract.

SUKVEYS.

The Chief Surveyor and Draftsman of the Department is S. T.
Moore, who reports the activities of his office for the years 1912
and 1913. Many surveys during the current period were directed
to locations for improvements. These consisted of the erection
of new buildings, the repair of old buildings, installation of water
systems, and such other forest development as needed the services
of a surveyor.

1012.

February 26th, the survey of t):o disputed location of the Ann Ross
warrant in Lycoming county v:as begun with Foresters Bietsch,
Fox, and Smith.

May nth, the correction survey of Grays Run with Foresters Wells

and McNeal.
June 5th, survey for improvemenl at Ranger Frank's, Pike county.
July 8th, survey for improvement a t Pump Station, Lycoming county,

with Forester Thomson.
August 12th, began installation of water supply for Ranger Frank.
August 21st, disputed ownership of the ^^Crissman" lands by T. W.

Lauver, investigated. Survey made with Foresters Warfield and

McNeal, and Ranger Wirth.
S>eptember 12th, survey for purchase from East Penn Lumber Co.,

Monroe county, with Forester Strobeck.
October 7th, survey for purchase of laud from Maude L. Gifford,

Huntingdon county, with Forester Bodine.
November 18th, survey for disputed line in Clinton county, with

Surveyor Wetzel and Forester J. B. Ryon.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

133

1913.

April and May, C. L. Wetzel with Forester Bryner, and Rangers
Koontz and Hart, made connection surveys adding new purchases
to our older survey, in Perry county.

April 28th, began general repairs and new buildings at Ranger Gib-
boney's, Huntingdon county.

June 28th, survey for gravity water supply for Graeffenburg Nursery
and Inn, Franklin county, from a spring of pure water on the
mountains, to replace the pumping system from the creek. For-
ester Robert G. Conklin assisted in the work.

July 21st, survey for new house, barn, water supply, and grading
at Leetonia, Tioga county, for use of Ranger Robert Schwab, with
Forester Keller and Ranger Schwab.

August, surveyor C. L. Wetzel sent to Whetham, Clinton county,
with Forester J. B. Ryon, to begin the survey of the Whetham
Forest. Continued until November, when the work was stopped
on account of inclement weather.

November 7th, survey for water supply from Gifford Spring, Hunt-
ingdon county, for the future residence of Forester A. W. Bodine,
and beginning of actual work at the spring.

November 24th, survey for water supply and general remodeling at
Pine Gove Furnace, Cumberland county, with Forester John R.
Williams.

MAPS.

The following maps were connected from official drafts, copies
of which were obtained from the Department of Internal Affairs.
The maps are enlarged connections, joined together to make stand-
ard maps, three feet by eight feet. Only those who have done this
class of drafting can appreciate the time and labor necessary to
join single drafts together properly, in order to make a large
map. So many of the original returns of local surveyors vary both
in courses and distances, and many surveys interfere with others,
that actual work on the ground is often necessary to determine which
is the correct return. The maps now made are of the new series
adopted two years ago, and are of uniform scale and size.

134

KEPOUT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

Mai) ^l-'i', ^^"i^^^^ county, (oiui>l(^ted by Forester Tom O. Bietsch.
Mnp l)-3, Cameron and VAk nmnties, completed by Forester J. E.

McNeal.
Ma]) K4, Clinton and (^uneron counties, completed by Forester

P. H. Fox.

Map F-7, Clinton, (Vntrc, and Vnicm counties, completed by for-
ester Jolin K. Williams.

:^rai» Ft;, dlntoii, Lycomin.u, and Union counties, completed by
Forester J. E. McNeal.

A nunibei' of smaller dialts, maps, and plans were made for use
of the Department and Ww foresters, as well as plans for buildings
lo be erected or remodeled.

Dnrinj^r the two years the (Mii(M' Draftsman was assigned to super-
intend tlie erection of a new barn, repairs to houses, and boring of
lhr(H^ wells at the Pump Station property in Lycoming county; also
to make changes in buildings occuided by foresters or rangers within
the State Forest, inclmling tlie erection of new buildings, the instal-
lati.ni of water systems, and otlier necessary work. During his ab-
sence Forester J. E. AFcNeal was in charge of the drafting.

u
6
7
■il
li"'
2S
8
U
IC
2S
29
13
19
24
3J
34
35
36
39
48
.'.0
32

DEPARTMENT OF FOllESTRY,

FORESTER'S MAPS.

ISn

Forest.

Division.

Fores tei*.

Draftsman.

Snyder

X lU|^cl I •••••■•••••••

X lO^a ( •■•••••••••••

Cameron

Lycominjf

I^y coiling

Union

Cameron,

Mittlin

TioKa

Union,

Huntingdon,

Centre

Lycoming,

Clearfield

Clinton

•I- 1a"| •• ■•■•••••••••

Xlntjf •■••••••••••••

Lackawanna

Lycoming & Tioga,
Clearfield

Seven Mountain,..

Stone

Stone,

Siunemahoning, ,,

Black I''orest

Black Forest, ....

Wliite Deer,

Siunemahoning, ..
Siunemahoning, ..
Seven Mouutaiu, ..
Black Forest, . . . .

White Deer

Seven Mountain, ..

Hopkins

Black Forest

Clearfield

Kettle Creek

Kettle Creek

Minisink,

Minisink

Lackawanna. ....

Black Forest

Clearfield

Jacks Mountain, ,

Asaph

Chatham ,

Medix

Slate Bun ,

Buffalo

Hull

Cameron

Ivi>haco(iuil]as,

Black wells

McCall

Creenwood

Snow Shin'

Waterville ,

Penfield

Crossiork

Leidy

Notch

Shobola

Bear Lake

Blackwells

Clearfield ,

^^'. G.

V. H.

C. C.

J. A.

H. A.

F. D.

A. C.

II. L.

H. E.

I).

J.

li.

K.

W,

B.

T. O.
*i. W,
H. C.
C. L.

li.
.T.
J.

L.
L.
E.

Conklin,
Mulford,
Miner, ..
Irvin, ...
Thomson,
Jerald, ..
Silvius, .

Vail

Elliott, .
War held,
Keller, ..
Winter. .
Bietsch. .
Sheeler.
Evans, . .

Kirk

Emerick,
MacAvoy,
Avery, . .

W. F. Dague,

W. G. Conklin.
M. Mustiii.
M. Mustiu.
.T. A. Irvin.
W. M. Mumma.
J. A. Irvin.
J. E. McXeal.
W. M. Munuiui,
W. M. Mumma.
J. A. Irvin.
J. A. Irvin.
J. E. McNeal.
W. E. HouKt.
W. M. Mumma.
M. Mustin.
J A. Irvin.
W. M. Mumma.
J. L. McAvoy.
W. E. Houpt.
J. A. Irvin.
M. Mustin.
J. W. Keller.
M. Mustin.

NEW SERIES MAPS.

FORESTERS' MAPS.

As the forestei-s ndvnnced in ex])erienee, it was found necessary
to produce single niai»s for eacli, including cnily the immediate forest,
inid on as large a scale as nmvenient. These maps contain the war-
rant names or numbers, county and township lines, roads,
streams, mountains, planting, and improvements, as an aid
to forest work. A list of these follows, showing the number, county,
forest, division, fcnester. draftsman, ainl dale of tinishing the map.
Ml have been traced, negatived, ami i»rinted on wliite cloth with blue
lines so that the forester can add additional data as they are derived.
When sntlicicnt has accumulated, it will be added to tlie tracing, new
negatives made, and new prints snbstituted for the (dd.

These maps are very nnich songht after by bind adjoiners, histor-
ians, siKU'tsmen, and others.

Map.

F4

H.

G4

W

E3

J.

D5

S.

G7

T.

D3

.T.

E4

P.

F7

.T.

F6

J.

F7

J.

E5

.T.

D6

M.

Traced l»y

Connected by

County.

J. Mueller W.

, E. Houpt W.

E. McNeal , .7.

T. Moore, T.

O. Bietsch T.

E. McNeal .T.

H. Fox 1*.

U. Williams .T.

E. McNeal T.

E. McNeal .7.

E. McNeal .7.

Mustin M.

E. Iloupt. Lycoming.

E. Houj)t, Lycoming and Sullivan.

E. McNeal Potter and Clinton.

O. Bietsch Elk and Clearfield.

O. Bietsch I'niou (River end).

E. McNeal Cameron and Elk,

H. Fox, Clinton and Cameron.

U. Willinms ClliitMii. ( cntre. and Union.

E. McNeal Clinton, Lycomltip. and Union.

E. McNeal Clinton and liycoming.

E. McNeal Cam»'n»n. (!llnton. and Centre.

Mustin Clearfield.

LAND (;raxt APPLHWTIOXs.

Oining the years c<»v(ned by this i'e])ort, the Secretai'V of Internal
Affairs, in accordance with the provisions of tin* act of May *^ 11)00,
P. L. 4K), has submitted to tlie Department the a]>]dicati()ns made
by individuals for warrants to survey vacant lands. The f<dlowing
are the applicaHons refei-red dniing the jjeiiod named, showing the
action of the I)e,Mirtment in each <*ase:

136

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

137

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saasa

•1-4 "t-^ '^^ •'^ "^

a 8 a a d

73 73

a a

S3 OS

a a a

03 03 ^

o o t>
S3 03 A
> >>

t» « m

B 93 A

a 03 33
P>>

y: a ::::..: a a a

■ S 1,'0'0'0'073'e'O (» >■ t»

maaaaaaa

03 OB 03 S3 q3 R S3

^^ ^5l.2-t->4'^'«'«'w<«!«co4S4i4J
f « w !»•>■>

^.M.M Q Q Q

ll b. *1

asa

a a a

cd O

^g'Baaaaaa

''SmsSOSsSsSsSSS
oac3alfl3OEi0O383

> >■ >•

O O O

(4 kl (4

caa

aaa

a^M s^H av^

add
PPP

•0 73

a a

03 S3

a a :

03 03 '
OS 03 , .

>■ >'e'o
a d

73 73 OS OS
O ©

^^^'^^c d
EE«3
— .— o o
a a « ss
PP>>

jaqmn^

^SSlgtg K2SSSSt2SSS§5SS

t- t-t-t-t-t-

FIXED CHARGES ON STATE LAND.

ft

A statement of the amount paid for road and school purposes in
1912 and 1913 under the act of April 5, 1905, P. L. Ill, and the act
of May 18, 1909, P. L. 744. The appropriation out of which the funds
for 1912 were paid was made by specific acts of assembly approved
the 14th day of June 1911. (See Appropriation acts 1911, pp. 299
and 300) ; and the sums paid for the year 1913 were derived by
specific appropriations contained in tlie general appropriation act
of 1911, P. L. 779.

1912.

County.

Adams, .
Adams, .
Adams. .

Bedford,
Bedford.
Bedford,

Cameron,
Cameron,
Cameron,
Cameron,
Cameron,
Cameron,

Centre.
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
' ♦^ntre.
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,

Clearfield.
Clearfield,
Clearfield,
Clearfield,
Clearfield.
Clenrfiold.
Clearfield.

Clearfield.
Clearfield,

Township.

a

u

D

a

"O
03

o

00

41

•a

i

Q

m

^

«4
5

a
o.

"O

%

a

OS

Ci

a •

»

u

o

ss

IH

® a

s

So.

<

<

Franklin, ...
Hamiltonban,
Menallen, . . .

Oleraln

Cumberland Valley,
Sniitljampton

viibson

Orove,

Independent district.

Lumber

Portage

Sliippeu

Bumslde,
Benner,
College,
Curtin, .
Fc^rguson,
Ciregjf, .
Haines,
Harris,
Miles.
Penn,
Potter.
Kash,
vrlnic.
Walker.

Covington.

Girard

Goshen

Huston,

Karthaus,

Pike

Pine (part of Lawrence for school
purix)se8),

Sandy

Union,

11.128
4.746
2.262

2,167
749

7,102

26.049
30.097

"is.'iii

2.463
6,997

20.980
96
S41
2,453
925
2.907
14,382
11,229
7,999
4,244
7.598
3.088 ,
1,957 I
1.523 I

483 '
11,349
1.964
8,491
7,138
1.930
15,216

610 i

230 I

1222 56
94 92
45 24

43 34

14 98
142 04

520 98
601 94

"364 '82

49 U6

139 94

419 60

1 92

16 S2

49 06

18 50

58 14

287 64

224 58

159 98

84 88

151 96

60 76

39 14

80 46

9 66
226 98

39 28
169 82
142 76

38 60
304 32

12 20 I
4 6OI

11.128
4,746

2.262

2,167

749

7,102

20,487
23,489
12. 170
15.241
2.463
6,997

20,980

96

841

2,453

925

2,907

14.382 ,

11,229

7,999

4.244

7,598

3.038

1,957

1,523

483
11.349
1,964
8,491
7.138
1,930
15,216

610
280

8

.d

OQ

U
O

4>

4_f 00

il

<

1222 56
94 92
45 24

43.34

14 98
142 04

409 74
469 7S
243 40
304 82
49 26
139 94

419 60

1 92

16 82

49 06

18 50

58 14

287 64

224 58

159 98

84 88

151 96

60 76

39 14

30 46

9 66

226 98
39 28

169 82

142 76
38 60

304 32

12 20
460

138

I

REPORT OF THE
1912— Continued.

Off. Doe.

No. 26.

CJounty.

Township.

riinton.
riintoti.
riinton.
Clinton,
riinton.
riinton,
riinton,
Clinton,
Clinton,
(^'linton.
Clinton.
Clinton.
Clinton.
Clinton.
Clinton.
Clinton,

r.cocli Crcok.

(^'iistanca

CliiMinian

Cdlclirciok, —

Crawford

r,:i.-;1 Kcatilij?.

Callai-'lu'r

Crccnc

Crn;ran

T.aniar,

l.oidy

No.vcs

Pino Crook, ..

Wa.vno

Wost KoatinK,
Woodward, ...

Cumtiorland ; Dl'-kinson,

Ciimboiland | Franklord

Cnniborland TTopowoll,

Cninborland,
Cumberland,

Sontlianiiiton.
Upper Mitllin.

Dauphin i .Tftfkson,

Elk

Elk

Franklin,
Franklin.
Franklin.
Franklin.
Franklin,
Franklin.
Franklin.
Franklin.
Franklin.
Franklin.

Fulton.
Fulton.

Benezette,
Horton,

Fannett

(inene

Cuilfnrd. ...

Hamilton.

LeUerkenny.

Metal

Peters

QuiiKv

Sfnitliampton.
Wasliinston.

Dublin

Tod

Huntingdon.
Huntinirdon.
ITuntinfrdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.

.Tunlata

•Tuniata.

.Tuniata,

Lackawanna Lehigh.

Rarreo

Brady

Cass

Franklin, —

.Tai'kson

Lincoln

JiOgan

Miller

Morris

Penn

Porter

Shirley

Spruce Creek.

Todd

Union,

West

Lack

Milford

'I'uscarora, ..

Lycoming,
Lycoming.
Lycoming.
Lycoming.
Lycoming.
Lycoming,
Tiycoming.
Lyc()ming.
Lycoming,
Lycoming.
Lycoming.

Armstrong. . .

Brady

I'.rown

Clinton

(\)gan House,
Cununings,

• lanible

Lewis

Limestone,

McHenry.

Mclntyre,

CO

Hi

03
O
u

u

o

V:

0/

15,324

GO

24, MS

721

l,.'i86

3,137

f), 013

2.3&4

9.514

4.071

1S,5.'m

20,395

795

5,107

3,643

1,360

1,236
199
444

1,080
269

3,354

16,r>36
283

3.668

5.849

3.757

994

3,197

524

538

10.193

3.-^73

2,239

1.255
5,045

2,940

295

2,609

4,189

26.100

855 I
4,123
2. .562

168

613
1.150
2,973

221
1.002
1,068
5,745

1,951

109

1,118

4.956

2.
18.

O

***

n,

4.
4.

16.

2.

352

610

869
233
375
424 I
;^
175 1
819
043 I
311 I

306 48

1 20

492 96

14 42
31 72
62 74

120 26
47 88

190 28
81 4,2

371 14

527 90

15 90
102 14

72 86
27 20

24 72
3 98
8 88

21 60
5 38

67 06

330 72
5 66

73 36
116 98

75 14
19 88
63 94
10 48
10 76
203 86
71 46
44 78

25 10
100 90

.58 80
5 90
52 18
83 78
522 00
17 10
82 46
51 24

3 36
12 26
23 00
59 46

4 42

20 04

21 36
114 90

39 02
2 18

22 36

99 12

47 04
12 20

377 38
44
7

348 48
90 60
83 50
16 38

320 86
46 22

66

50

•§

CO

0)

1

o

en

a

u

2

o

M

u

u

3

Z

O.

o

^H

<M

8

-a

9i

t/

eS .

"s

M

c«

(4

0)

c|

a

cSi

V.

X ^
i 3

SH-

(.

%.

E -

"!',

<

<

15.324

60

24.648

721

1,586

1,2.56
5.W6

2,940

295

2,609

4,189

26,100

855

4 123

2,562

168

613

1,150

2,973

221

1.002

1,068

6,745

1,951

1«)

1,118

4,956

2,352

610

18,869

2,233

375

17,424

4,530

4,175

819

16.043

2,311

306 48
1 20

492 %
14 42
31 72

120 26
47 88

190 28
81 42

371 14

527 90
15 90

102 14
72 86
27 20

25 10
100 90

58 80
5 90

52 18

83 78

522 00

17 10

82 46
51 24

3 36
12 26
23 00

59 46

4 42

20 04

21 36
114 90

39 02
2 18

22 36

99 12

47 04

12 20
377 38

44 66

7 50

348 48

90 60

83 50
16 38

320 86
46 22

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

1912— Contimied.

139

County.

Lycoming,
Lycoming.
Lycoming.
Lycoming.

Mifflin, . .

Mifflin, ..

Mifflin, ..
Mifflin,

Mifflin, ..

Mifflin, . .

Mifflin. ..

Mifflin. ..

Monroe. . .
Monroe. . .
Monroe. . .

Ferry, . . .

Perry. . . .
Perry.

Perry, . . .

X^lKt? y • • • • •
x^lKf?f • • • • «

Pike

Pike

X^XnVJf • • • • •

A^lKW"( • • • • <

E'^lKCf • • • • «

L 1 nCf • • • ■ <

x'^lKCf • • • • •

x^lK6f • • • ■ •

Pike

Potter. . .
Potter. . . ,
Potter. . .

Potter. . .

Potter, . .

Potter. . .

Potter, . .

Potter. . .

Potter. . .

Potter. . .

Potter. ..

Snyder, .

Snyder, .

Snyder. .

Sn.yder, .

Snyder, .

Snyder, .

Snyder, .

Somerset,
Somerset,
Somerset,

Tioga, ..

Tioga, . .

Tioga, . .

Tioga, ..

Tioga. . .

Tioga. . .

Tioga. . .

Tioga. . .

Union. ..

Union, . .

T^nion, ..

Union, . .

■••••••

> ■••••••

Township

•
OO

e3

m

a>

a»

ui

o

w

a

u

§

u

<-i

a

3

a

a

r-H

\r\

•o

8

O

..-*

Si

1^

03

t;

^ ^

CO

u

o

Vi

odjnd
unoui

ores f

<

<

<

Nippenose

Plnnketts Creek,
Washington,
Watson

Armagh,

Bratton,

Thrown. ..

Decatur.

^Jranville,

Menno,

Union,

Wayne,

Barrett,

Middle Smithtield,
Price

•Tackson

Madison

Toboyne,

Tyrone,

Blooming Grove

Delaware

Dingman,

fJreene '

Lackawaxen

Lehman

Milford .....'

Palmyra

Porter.

.•^hohola

Westfall ■.■■

Abbott

Austin Borough

I'^ast Fork (attached to
for scliool i»uriK>ses),

Homer

Keating

Portage

St"wardson

Summit

Sylvania

West Branch

Wharton

Adams

Centre,

Franklin

Perry,

Spring

West Beaver,

West Perry

Eulalia

Westmoreland,
Westmoreland,

Wyoming

Total. ...

Jefferson

•Tenner

Lincoln

Chatham

Clymer

Delmar

Duncan,

Elk

Middlebury.

Morris

Shippen

Hartley

Lewis

West BufTalo,
White Deer.

Cooke,
Ligonler.

l''aton.

110'
7,837
3,969 I
1,215 j

27.926

8,028

.5,871

942

80

.314

202 i

6.103

8.56 !
1..545
3.990

7.4Sft
1.733 i
10,. 394
330

11,826 ;
1.272 I
5,185 '

2,357 I
3.627

782

3.310

20,031

479
3.101

19,404

.564

5,364

10.7,52

4,243

14.499

40,098

11.2,3.",

4., 390

870

7,225

3,642
374

948
1,000
0.084
4,013
3,025 1

1.043

1.499

925

1.188
744

5.529

1,0t".2

14.18!»

1.9.10

17,904

14, .548

25,977

20.357

4,033

2.356

4,321
744

1.177

2 20 1

1.56 74 1
79 .38 I

24 30

I

558 52

160 56

117 42

18 84

1 60

6 28

4 04

123 20

17 12

30 90

79 92

149 78

34 00

327 88

6 60

236 .52

25 41
103 70

60 86
47 14
72 54
15 64
Ot; 20
412 62
9 58
63 22

389 28

11 28

107 28

215 04
84 80

289 9S
813 98
284 70

87 92

17 .52
144 50

72 84

7 48

18 90
20 00

121 08

80 26
60 50

20 86

29 98
18 .50

23 70

14 88

110 58

21 01
283 7S

.39 10
.rkO 2s'

290 96

519 54

40fr 14

80 66

47 10

86 42
14 88

23 54

8

Si

o

u
o

o
o

110

7.837
3,969
1,215

856
1,.545
3,996

7.489

1.7.33

16,3.94

330

11.826
1,272
5.185
3.043
2.aS7
3,627
782
3.310

20.6.31

479

2,909

19,464

664

5,364

10.752

4.243

14,499

40,699

14.235

4, .396

876

7,225

3,642
374
948
1,000
6.084
4.013
3,025

1,043

1,499

926

1,188
744

5.529

1.052
14,189

1.955
17,964
14.548

25.977

20.3.57

4.033

2,356

4,321
744

1,177

2 20

150 74
79 38
24 30

27.926

5.58 .52

8,028

100 50

5,871

117 42

942

18 84

80

1 60

314

6 28

202

4(M

6,163

123 26

17 12

30 90
79 92

149 78

31 00
327 88

6 60

236 52
25 44

103 70
OO 80
47 14
72 54
15 64
06 20

412 02

9 .58

58 18

.389 28

11 28

107 28

215

84
2S9 98
813 98
284

87

17 52
144 50

01

80

70
92

970.306 I $19,406 12 970,004

72 84
7 48
18 96
20 00
121 68
80 26
60 50

20 86
29 98
18 60

23 76

14 88

110 68

21 04
283 78

.39 10
359 28
290 96

519 54

407 14

80 06

47 10

86 42
14 88

23 64

$19,401 CM

140

REPORT OF THE

1913.

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY,

1913— Continued.

Ul

Connty.

Adams, .
Adams.
Adams, .

Bedford,
Bedford,
Bedford.

Cameron,
Cameron,
Cameron,
Cameron,
Cameron,
Cameron,

Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,
Centre,

Clearfield
Clearfield
Clearfield
Clearfield
Clearfield
Clearfield
Clearfield

Clearfield
Clearfield

Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton.
Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton.
Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton,
Clinton,

Cumberland,
Cumberland,
Cumberland,
Cumberland,
Cumberland,
Cumberland,
Cumlwrland,
Cumberland,

Dauphin, . .

jiiiKf ••••••••

xUlKf ••••••••

Franklin. . .

Franklin. ..

Franklin, ..

Franklin, ..

Franklin, . .

Franklin. . .

Township.

*0d

g
a

o
u

u
o

09

u
o

cn

Franklin

Hamiltonban

Menallen,

Colorain

Cumberland Valley,
Southampton,

Gibson

Grove

Independent District,

Lumber

Portage

Shippen,

Burnside,

Curtln,

FerRuson

Haines

Harris

Miles

Penn

XV Unllf ••••••••••••■■••

Spring

W al^GLf •■••■•■•••■•••

Covington,

Girard

Goshen,

Huston

Knrthaus

Pine (part of Lawrence for school
j)nri»ose8),

Randy

Union,

Beech Creek,

Castanea

Chapman

Colebrook, ...

Crawford

Ea.-t Keating,
(Jallayher, ...

Greeue

(Jrugan

Lamar

Leidy

Noyes

Pine Cieek,

Wayne

West Keating,
Woodward,

Cooke,

Dickinson, ...
Fiankford, ..

Hopewell,

Newton,

Penn,

Southampton,
Upper Mifilin,

Jackson

Benezette, . . .
Horton

Fannett

(ireene,

Guilford

Hamilton,
Lettetkenny,
Metal

•■••••
••••••

••••■•

■•••••
••••••

••••••

••••••

■ • s^ • •

• •••••

• •••••

11,128
4,746
3,194

2,167
749

7,102

26.049
30,097

is,' 241
2,463
6,997

20,980

2,453

925

2,907

14,414

11,229

7,999

4,244

7,698

3.038

1,957

1,523

483
11,349
1,964
8,491
7,188
1,930
15.216

610
230

15.324
60

24,648
721
1,586
3.137
6,063
8.558

10,314
4,071

18,567

26,395

79&

8,163

3,648

1,360

5,S32

1.236

199

444

98

367

1,156

26»

3.354

14,556
283

3.668
6,848
3,704

994
3,197

624

222 56
94 92
63 88

43 34

14 98
142 04

620 98
601 94

'364 82

49 26

139 94

419 60
49 06

18 50
58 14

288 28

224 68

159 98

84 8S

151 96

60 76

39 14

30 46

9 66
226 98

39 28
169 82
142 76

38 60
304 32

12 20
460

906 48

1 20

492 96

14 42

31 72

62 74
121 26

71 06
206 28

81 42
871 14
527 90

15 90
103 26

72 86
27 20

110 64
24 72
8 98
888
1 96
7 14
23 12
5 88

67 06

291 12
5 66

73 36
116 98

74 08

19 88

63 94
10 48

»

U

0

a

8

on
1^
o

u
o

<

11,128
4,746
3.194

2,167

749

7.102

20,487
23.489
12,170
15.241
2.463
6,997

20.980

2,453

925

2,907

14,414

11,229

7,999

4.244

7.698

8,088

1.957

1.623

483
11.349
1.964
8,491
7.138
1.930
16,216

610
280

15,324
60

24,648
721
1.686
8.187
6.063
8.663

10,314
4,071

18,667

26,396

796

6.164

3,648

1.360

6,682

199
444

867

"'*269

8,3B4

14,666
288

8.668

••••••<

994

3,197

624

oa

o

II

go

1222 66
94 92
63 88

43 34

14 98

142 04

409 74
469 78
243 40
304 82
49 26
139 94

419 60

49 06

18 50

68 14

288 28

224 68

169 98

84 88

151 96

60 76

89 14

80 46

9 66
226 98

39 28
169 82
142 76

88 60
804 32

12 20
4 60

306 48
1 20

492 %
14 42
31 72
62 74

121 26

71 06
206 28

81 42
371 14
627 90

16 90
103 28

72 86
27 20

110 64

'"*8*98
888

7 14

e'ss

67 06

291 12
6 66

73 36

19 88
63 94
10 48

Franklin.

Franklin.

Franklin

Franklin

Fulton

Fulton

Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon.
Huntingdon,
Huntingdon,

!•••••

.Tuniata,
Juniata,
Juniata.

Lackawanna.

Lycoming.
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,
Lycoming,

>•••••«

Mifflin.
Mifflin.
Mifflin.
Mifflin.
Mifflin.
Mifflin,
Mifflin.
Mifflin,

Monroe,
Monroe,
Monroe,

Perry.
Pftrry,
Perry.
Perry,

Pike,
Pike.
Pike,
Pike.
Pike,
Pike,
Pike,
Pike.
Pike.
Pike.
Pike,

•••••••••

Peters,

Qnincy '.'.'.*. ■.'.'.■.*■.'.'.

Southampton

Washington ....'.'.

Dublin

Tod

Barree.

n \ '

Brady,

Cass

Franklin

Jackson,

J^^nf'oln

JJJ^an

Morri;. ■;;;!!!!;!!"::::;;::::::::;;

Penn

T,

Porter

r... , *

Shirley

Spruce Creek

Tod

TT

Union

Wpsf

" ^'"'

Lack

Mtiford ;;;;;;

ru&curora

Lehigh

Armstrong

"'•ady

S-'l^Y"

Clinton,

Cogan House,

Cummings,

Gamble ;*..;;; '

Lewis *" ,

Limestone ;'.;;;;

McHenry

Molntire

Nippenose, j

Plunketts Creek

Washington

Watson I

Armfl^Df •••••••••••• ,,, ,

Bratton ;

Brown

Decatur, ;

Granville,

Menno,

Union '.

Wayne

Barrett ,...,

Middle Smlthfield

Price ;

.Tackflon, '

Madison, ,

Toboyne

Tyrone

Blooming Grove,

Delaware

Dingnian

Greene j

Lackawaxen ;

Lehman

Milford Independent District, ..

Porter,

Shobola,

Westfall ,

2,852

610
18,869
2,233
375
17,754
5,107
4,17n
819
16,288
2,311
110
8.201
3,969
1,215

27,926

8.028

.'>.871

942

80

314

202

6,163

i,r»45

3,998

7,851

1.733

16,460

830

11.826
1,324
6,185
3.043
2.357
3.627
782
3.310

20,631

479

3.161

377 SS

44 66

7 50

3.'55 08

102 14

83 50

16 38
325 76

46 22

2 20

164 02:

79 38 I
24 30 I

.558 52

160 56

117 42 I

18 84

1 60

6 28

404

123 26

17 16

80 90
79 96

157 02

34 66

329 20

6 60

288 52
26 48

103 70
60 86
47 14
72 54
15 64
66 20

412 62
9 58
63 22 .

2,352
610
18,869
2.283
375
17.754
5.107
4,175
819
16,288
2,811
110
8.201
3,969
1,216

27,926

8,028

6,871

942

80

314

202

6.168

858
1.545
8.998

7,861

1,733

16,460

11,826
1,324
5,186
3,043
2,367
3,627

782

3,810

20,631

479
3.161

68 80

5 90
52 18
83 78
622 00
17 10
82 46
51

3 36
12 26
23 00
59 46

4

20 04

21 36
114 90

39 02
2 18

22 36

47 04

12 20
377 38

44 66

7 50

855 08

102 14

83 no

16 38
325 76

46 22

2 20

164 02

79 38

24 30

658 .52

160 56

117 42

18 84

1 60

6 28

4 Ot

123 26

17 16
30 90
79 96

1.^7 02

34 66

329 20

236 52
28 48

103 70
60 86
47 14
72 54
15 64
66 20

412 62

9 68

83 22

142

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

143

19.13~Continued.

County.

Towusliii).

Pottor.
Potter,
Pottor,

Potter.

PottfT,

T'ottpr,
Potter.
T'ottor.
Potter,
Pott.r,
Potti'r,

Snyder,
Snyder,
Snyder.
Snyder,
Snyder,
Snyder,
Snyder,

Somerset,
Somerset,
Somerset,

'l"io>ra.
n ioca,
Tiojra.
Tiojra,
T5oKa.
Tioga.
TioKa,
TioKa,

>••••••

Abhott

Austin bor(»uj:li,

K.-i^t Forli (atta(lie<!
1'or scliool imrjioses)

Homer

Keatinvr

PortiiKe

St.'Wiirdson

Summit.

Sylvimia

West Hrancli

Wliarton

to Eulalia

Adams

Centre

Friinldin, ...

Perry

Spring

West Heaver,
West Perry.

Jefferson,

.Tenner,

Lincoln,

r'liatliam,
Clymer, . .
Delmar. . .
iMmcan,

Ellc

MiddleiMiry

Morris.

Sliii)pen.

Union I Hartley,

Union I Lewis

Union i West Pufllalo,

Union ! Wliite Deer.

Westmoreland ' ''oel<e.

Westmoreland Ligonier.

Wyorainff.
Total.

Eaton.

%

a

o

m
o

a

u

(-1

3

u

o

3

u

<t-l

o

r- 1

<M

o

3

s

-o

u

at

o

d

u

<M

5

= 1

a:

5P

= u,

b

Ol

c s

u

S-

<

<

<

-«;

19.464

.564

.5,364

10,S02

4,243

]4,4!)9

40', 749

14,276

4,396

876

7,225

3.642
374
94S
1.000
6,0«4
4,013
3,025

1.043

1.499

925

1,188
744

.",529

1,052
14.295

1,965
IS, 067
14.576

26,088

20. 7fiS

4,033

2,355

4.321
744

1,177

978,759

389 28

11 28

1(K7 28

216 04
84 86
2S9 98
814 98
285 52
87 92

17 .52
144 50

72 84
7 48
IS 9fi
20 00
1?1 68
80 26
60 50

20 86
29 98

18 50

23 76

14 88

110 58

21 04
285 90

39 10
361 34
291 52

521- 76

415 36

80 66

47 10

86 42
14 88

23 54

19,464

564

5.364

10 SO'2

4,243

14,499

40,749

14,276

4,396

876

7,225

3,642
374
948
1,000
6.084
4,013
3,025

1.043

1,499

925

4,321
744

1.177

389 28

11 28

107 28

!>1« 01
84 86
289 98
814 98
285 52
87 92

17 52
144 50

72 84
7 48

18 96
20 00

121 68
80 26
60 50

20 86
29 98
18 50

1.188

23 76

744

14 88

5,529

110 58

1,052

21 (M

14,295

285 90

1,955

39 10

18,067

361 34

14,576

291 52

26.088

521 76

20.768

415 36

4.033

80 66

2.355

47 10

86 42
14 88

23 54

$19,. 575 18 i 978,758 i $19,675 16

RECAPITLT^.ATION.

Total amount paid in 1912, $3S, 807.20.

970,306 aeres at 2 eents per acre for road i)ur|M»ses. .
970,054 acres at 2 eents per acre for school purftosos.

Total amount paid in l!tK!. f3f>.150.?,l.

f»78.759 aeres at 2 cents per acre for road purposes.
978,758 acres at 2 eents per acre for sclio«d iiur|K.ses.

$19,406 12
19.401 08

$38,807 20

$19,575 18
19.. 575 16

$39,150 34

KKJHTS OF WAY.

By permit issued September 12, 1012, the State Highway Depart-
ment has granted authority to the Department of Forestry to erect
and maintain a telephone line between Waterville and Blackwells
in the Black Forest along the public highway under control of the
Highway Deparlmeiit, being State Higliway routes Xos. 2(;(> and lOO.

On the 14th of Sei)tember, 11)12, the supervisors of Blown township,
Lycoming county, for a ncnninal consideration, granted to the Depart-
ment the priviU'ge of building and maintaining a line of telephone
along a public highway in said township connecting with the Pine
Creek road, and making necesary crossings for tlie economical bnibl
ing of the line.

On October HI, 1JM2, an agreement was enteied into with the
Central Pennsylvania Lumb(M- Co., granting unto that comi>any a
right of way 00 feet wide foi- a distance of 1,204 feet over a portion
of the State Forest in wanant 442.*>, FJk townslii]), Tioga county.
This concession is to continue for a ])eriod of four yeai-s, during
which time an annual sum <*f 115.00 is to be paid for the ])rivilege.
The lessee is required to employ all the usual ]>recautions against
forest fire and other danger.

By agreement dated DecendK*r 20, 1012, the Commonwealth was
granted the right to attach a wire to 108 ]K)les of the Southern Pipe
Line Company along theii* right of way tln-oiigh the ^font Alto
division of the South Mountain State l^^)rest. This grant was in
pursuance of a leservation contained in the deed by w^hich the Pipe
Line Company received tlu^ grant of a i*ight of way tln-ough what is
now^ State land from the then owner, the Mont Alto Iron Company,
September 25, 1800. See Franklin county Deed Book 87,
page 379. The sai<l attachment was mad(^ for the ]Mirj)ose of carrying
a line of telephone from forest headquartei's at Mont Alto to the
Muddy Sw"am|) region in the neighborhood of Creen Bidge.

On January 22, 1013, an agreement was entered into with the
Bishel Lumber Co. of Loyalsock, granting to said company the
])rivilege to use a cenain rollway and certain forest roads within
the State Forest, in ordei- to enable the company to remove certain
timber from an interior tract of land. The consideration for this
grant was fl.OO with a covenant containing the usual precautions
against fire and other damage.

^y agreement dated Febnmry 11, 10K*>, belween the Cnmberland
Valley Tele])hone Co. and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a

10

w

144

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

145

right is granted to the Commonwealth, in consideration of an annual
charge of |5.40, to attach two wires to be used for a telephone line
to 54 poles belonging to the said company on the Caledonia division
of the Houth Mountain State Forest. This lease is terminable after
sixty days' notice, and is for the convenience of the forest employes
within the above division.

On the 17th day of March, 1913, an agreement was entered into
with T. U. ilarter and John F. McCormick of Lock Haven, trading
as T. It. Harter & Co., for a right of way for tramroad over two
portions of warrant 1588, Morris township, Tioga county, for the
consideration of $5.00. The agreement is to subsist for a period of
one year or longer, if lumbering operations are not completed by
that time. All precautions relating to forest fire or other damage
are required to be taken.

On the 15th day of September, 1911, an agreement was entered
into with William Caprio, Anthony Grieco, Charles P. Grieco, and
V^ito Grieco of Lock Plaven, trading as Caprio & Grieco, by which
a right of way GO feet wide is granted tlirough a portion of the State
Forest along Big Trough Creek for a period of twenty years, in
return for an annual rental of $20.00, which said lease was subse-
quently assigned by the lessees to the Juniata and Southern Railway
Co., said assignment being made with the assent of the State Forestry
Reservation Commission upon resolution duly adopted on the 4th day
of April, 1913. The annual rentals on this lease have been regularly
paid.

By four several agreements dated April 21, 1913 and May 7, 1913,
M'cntz Neidigh, A. N. Stambaugh, L. A. Clouse, and A. B. Couch,
all of Andersonburg, Perry county, granted to the Commonwealth
the right to build a telephone line over lands owned by the respective
parties, for the purpose of connecting by telephone the forest ranger's
house in Henry Valley with the main line through Sherman's Valley,
thus giving telephone connection with the forester's headquarters
at New Germantown. The consideration in each instance was
nominal.

On the 27th day of May, 1913, an agreement was entered into
with Maude L. Gittord of Shirley township, Huntingdon county, con-
veying the privilege of having and using certain water from State
land for domestic and other purposes, and as much water as will
flow through a pipe IJ inches in diameter. This grant is in part
consideration foi- tlie conveyance of lands made prior thereto by
Maude L. Gifford to the Commonwealth.

By agreement dated June 17, 1913, between the New York Central
and Hudson River Railroad Co. and the Commonwealth, the latter
is granted the piivilege of making certain telephone wire crossings
over the rights of way and tracks of the railroad company at eight

different points along said right of way between Waterville and
Blackwells in the Black Forest. The agreement is revocable on thirty
days' notice. The telephone line so constructed is for the convenience
of the State fore^.ers and their employes in the above named forest.
By authority dated September 6, 1913, the Board of Supervisors
of Price township, Monroe county, granted to the Commonwealth the
right to erect poles and string wires along the Millerstown road in
said township and use the same as a telephone line for the conveni-
ence of the forest employes of the Pocono Division of the Minisink
Forest.

By agreement dated September 17, 1913, entered into with the
Waynesboro Water Company, there was granted to said company
the right to lay additional pipe through a portion of the Mont Alto
Division of the South Mountain State Forest, for the conveyance of
water from the reservoir of the company to the borough of Waynes-
boro. For this privilege the grantee paid a consideration of flOO.OO
and agreed to observe the usual precautions in doing the work.

By agreement dated September 22, 1913, the Cumberland Valley
Railroad Co., lessee, granted unto the Commonwealth for a nominal
consideration, the right to place and maintain two telephone wires
over and across the right of way and tracks of the railroad company
at Fort Loudon, and to make wire attachments to 45 poles belonging
to said company. This lease is terminable upon thirty days' notice.
It is for the convenience of the forester located on the Buchanan
State Forest.

By agreement dated October 24, 1913, between the Elk Tanning
Co. and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the right to construct a
telephone line over lands belonging to the company for a distance
of 120 rods, near Leetonia, within the Blackwells division of the
Black Forest, was granted. The consideration therefor was nominal,
with the right to the company to connect its instruments with the
wires at Cedar Run and Leetonia, free of charge.

On November 11, 1913, the grant of a right of way 60 feet wide
was made to the Central Penna. Lumber Co., to extend over a
portion of warrant 4442, in Tioga county, a distance of about 610
rods. The right of way is to subsist for a period of 7 years at an
annual rental of $50.00. All the usual precautions against fire and
other damage are to be taken.

By agieement dated November 28, 1913, between the Cresco and
Greentown Telei)hone Company and the Commonwealth, certain tele-
phone connections and privileges in relation thereto are granted to
the (commonwealth by the said telephone company for the use and
convenience of the forester located on the Pocono Division of the
Minisink State Forest. The consideration therefor was the usual

10—26- -1915

146

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

\<i

m

nominal consideration of fl.OO, and the rentals accruing from the
use of the line and telephones.

By action of the State Forestry Reservation Commission had on
December 5, 1913, the borough of Mont Alto was granted the right
to take and receive water for borough use from the Mont Alto
Division of the Soutli Mountain State Forest, with a right of way
over the State land for a jiipe line and the privilege to construct
a reservoir.

On tlie 22d day of December, 1018, a lease was executed to the
Beecli Creek lOxtension Kailroad Co. for a right of way within the
Hopkins State Forest in Noyes and Grugan townships, Clinton
county, for the purpose of building a railroad. This right of way
extends along the southern bank of the west branch of the Susque-
hanna river for a distance of about 1,020 rods. The consideration
for making the grant was the sum of |1,000 in cash and the convey-
ance of a tract of land containing 415 acres in the warrantee name of
Kobort Irwin in Beech Creek township, Clinton county, reserving to
the railroad company the use of water from a certain spring thereon
located and a right of wa}' for a pi{)e line from the spring over and
through State land to the railroad.

By six several agreements bearing dates at different times through-
out the year 1013, Messrs. G. Louis Dormoy, Stewart Albert, W. J.
Price, C. A. Reese, George D. Pine, and Dr. J. B. Heller, all of
Monroe county, granted to the Commonwealth the right of passage
for short distances over their private property for a nominal con-
sideration, the purpose being to construct a forest telephone line for
the use of the Pocono Division of the Minisink State Forest.

PERMAXFXT CAMP LEASES AND TEMPORARY CAMPING

PERMITS.

I*y act of tiic Legislature a])proved March 27, 1013, the Depart-
nuMit of Forestry is authorized to lease small areas of land to church
organizntions, associations, societies, and individuals for the purpose
of a ]»en]ianent cam[»ing and outing ground. The term of such leases
is limited to ten years. By action of the State Forestry Reservation
Commission duly adopted on the second day of May, 1913, the follow-
ing regulations were adopted for the government of such leaseholds:

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

147

The amount of annual rental which the lessee is to pay for the use

of the above tract is f , the rental for the first year to

be paid at the time of the execution of this agreement, and for each
subsequent year on the anniversary date of this agreement and in
advance for the then next succeeding year.

The tract herein leased shall not be used by the lessee to conduct
a business of any character, nor for the sale of commodities, except
where the Department shall deem such business necessary for the
convenience and accommodation of the community and then only
after the making of a proper application to the Department for special
permission to conduct the same, provided the Department approve
the application and direct that tlie lessee may conduct such business.

The lessee shall devote the tract herein leased to the |1rimary |)ur-
pose described in the Act of Assembly above recited, ami shall not
use the same nor permit any other person to use tlie same or to
devote such tract to a use which ma}^ bring discredit and unfavorable
public criticism upon the Department. Of the proi)riety of use the
Department is hereby made the sole judge.

The lessee must prevent the pollution of springs and streams which
may be upon the leased tract or nearby within the State Forest, or
on private land, and must keej) and maintain the leased area in a
sanitary and sightly condition and comply with all the health in-
spection laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

The lessee and all other persons who may be entitled to i)articipate
in the use of said tract or may be invited as guests to participate
with the lessee in the use of the j)remises, must respect and obey all
laws now made or which hereafter may be made relating to forests,
tish and game. The careless use (>f fire ui)on said tract or in any build-
ings which may be thereon erected, and the wanton discharge of fire
arms therein or thereon, are prohibited. Fire must not be permitted to
run from the leased area out into the forest, and all cliimuevs on anv
buildings which may be erected thereon shall be so constructed as to
minimize the danger of forest fires from sparks issuing tlierefrom.
The building of bonfires is forbidden. The use of fire works and the
sending up of rockets and fire or toy balloons is prohibited. T^irning
matches or hot ashes from i)i[)es must not be thrown about in a care-
less manner or among inflammable material.

The right of ingress to and egress from the leased area and the
privilege to enter thereon at all times and as often as ma^- be desirable
on the part of the lessee or by those authorized by him, for all proper
purposes, is hereby assured to the lessee.

The gathering of flowers from tlie wild herbaceous plants of the
woods to be used for ordinary decorative [)urp()ses is not objection-
able, but should be exercised by the lessee ami those occupying the
premises with him in such moderation that wild plants may not

r.

148

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

148

m

become extinct in the neighborhood. The destruction of growing
trees or ornamental shrubbery or any injury thereto is prohibited,
except the same be done with the permission of the Department.

The Department reserves the right to fix the location of any
building which the lessee may desire to erect upon the leased area,
and to determine the minimum value of such building. All plans
and specifications for the erection of buildings shall, at the call of
the Department, be submitted for criticism and inspection and be
accompanied by a certificate of the architect or builder, as to the
minimum cost of such building.

Should the lessee desire simply to erect tents and tent floors instead
of building a more permanent kind of structure, the same shall be
deemed to come within the purview of the act and within the authority
granted by this lease.

Every lessee shall have the privilege of using, at an agreed price,
dead and down wood from the nearby State Forest, which wood is
to be used by him only for tire and fuel purposes, and to be procured
by him only after permission has been given by an officer of the
Department.

Whenever violations of the laws of the Commonwealth or of the
rules of the Department relating to the use of the State Forests shall
come to the notice of the lessee, lie hereby agrees to give information
of the same to the Department. The lessee likewise agrees to abide
by all the rules now made for the government of the State Forests
or which may be adopted in the future.

The lessee may make application for a renewal of this lease by
filing with the Department an application in writing three (3)
months prior to the expiration of the term for which it is granted;
but the Department will exercise its discretion whether or not the
lease shall be renewed ; and if renewed, whether on the same or upon
different terms; and if in the judgment of the Department it be
deemed necessary or expedient that a renewal of the lease be refused,
nothing herein contained shall be construed to limit the right of
the Department so to do. No assignment of this lease, nor subletting
of premises, shall be made by the lessee to any third person, except
the same shall first be approved by the Department.

Should the lessee violate any of the conditions contained in this
lease or any of the general laws of the Commonwealth or the rules
of the Department for the government of the State Forest, the Depart-
ment may upon proper proof thereof rescind and vacate this lease
and require the lessee to remove at once from the leased land ; and all
buildings or other structures thereon erected by the lessee shall
become the property of the Commonwealth if the lessee shall not
within a reasonable time, to be fixed by the Department, remove the

same therefrom; but in every such case the Department will receive
the application of the lessee or of third persons for the approval of
an assignment of the lease to a third person for the remainder of
the term and of the sale of any buildings on the leased area by the
lessee to the intended assignee of the lease.

For the sake of the protection of the State Forest as well as for
the protection of any buildings which may be erected upon the leased
land the lessee is required to assist in the extinguishing of all forest
fires which may originate within a reasonable distance of the leased
land, and to use all reasonable means to discover where and how
fire originated and report such discoveries to the Department, pro-
vided, however, that at the time of the fire the lessee be present
occupying the leased premises.

The Department reserves the right to inspect the leased premises
at all times, in order to determine whether this lease is being fully
complied with.

The forester representing the Department on the reserve wherein
the leased premises are situate, shall be supplied with a duplicate
key to every cottage or other building erected on the leased land, as
aforesaid, in order that in the absence of the lessee or his family and
guests the premises may be inspected from time to time to see that
they remain in good order and condition; and should the forester
or any of his employes at any time be overtaken by storm or other
cause making it necessary that they be afforded shelter while on that
part of the reserve wherein the leased premises are situate, the privi-
lege to use said cottage or other building erected thereon for such
emergency purposes is reserved to the Department; it being under-
stood and agreed that such use will be temporary and will be exercised
only in case of emergency, and of which the forester shall be the sole
judge.

Under the direction of the Department the lessee may at his own
expense repair old roads or construct new ones to the site of the
leased premises so as to make the locality more accessible. He may
likewise at his own expense and under the same direction erect tele-
phone lines to connect his cottage or other buildings with other lines
in the neighborhood, and for this purpose the Department will fur-
nish the necessary poles provided they may be conveniently had in the
locality where the line is to be built; but the cutting, removal, and
planting of the same and the stringing of the wires thereon must be
done by the lessee and at his own expense. The Department shall
have the use of all such telephones on the leased premises and without
charge, except in case of a toll or a long distance call.

The hitching of horses to trees on the leased area is prohibited.
For hitching purposes the lessee is requested to plant proper posts
or otherwise provide for this need.

i'

irAi

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

No. 26.

Under the direction of tlie Dei)artment it will be the duty of the
lessee to clear the leased premises of decayed wood, briars, weeds, or
other growth of worthless stuff, and of such trees as are not recpiired
for "nurse" trees, and to keep the premises in a condition to prevent,
so far as possible, any spread of or invasion by fire.

The Department being desirous of promoting the use of the State
Forests for general recreation and outing purposes, it will at all times
bo open to receive suggestions from the lessee witli respect to such
use of the binds, and will from time to time tender to the lessee and
liis family and guests such other assistance not herein specifically
enumerated as will be i)roper for the Department to render, in order
to i)romote the imrposes for which Ihe above recited Act of Assembly
was enacted, as well as the comfort and convenience of the lessee.

Numerous ap}>licati(>ns have been received and acted U])on by the
(Nunmission, and to December :Mst, ll)i:{, the following grants have
been made:

Numc and Address.

I>oeati(»n.

1. Jos('i»li H. Williams, Wellslwro, Pa., ..

2. George M. McDonald, Reynoldsville, Pa.,

3. C. A. Shunkwiler, Lowistown, Pa

4. J. K. Sheerer, Mattawana, Pa

5. E. E. Dlppory, Reedsville, Pa

C. C. Schriver, Harrlsburg, Pa

Johnson Muthersbatigh, Lewistown, Pa.,

H. Eyor Spyker, Lowlsburg, Pa

.T. W. Zind«l, Oaleton. Pa

H. T. Alboe, Galeton, Pa

F. L. Gilbert. Knoxville. Pa.,
John B. Boyer. Steelton, Pa.,

Annual
Rontal.

0,

I

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

H.

in.

16.
17.
IS.
19.
20.
21

1 ••••■•• 4

Huston Township School District, Pen-
Hold, Pa

T. II. Qui<k. Galeton, Pa

II. E. Jjeathors, Snow Shoe, Pa

F. C. Rice, Reedsville. Pa

L. G. Mayl)en. Mllroy, Pa

J. W. Taylor,* Reedsville, Pa

R. N. Witt, Asaph, Pa

R. N. Smith, Williamsport, Pa ,

J. B. Swint, Reedsville, Pa

, H. T. Reed. Reedsville, Pa

North Side of Rear Run, west side of
Pine Creek, Shippen tovvnslilp, Tio^a
County

Dark Hollow, near the head of Buck
Hollow, Benezette township, Elk
county

Camp Conklin. Brown township, Mifflin
County

Old Hunters Caltin Site. Bratton town-
ship, Mifflin county

Bear Si)rinfr, Brown township, Mifflin
county

The Explorer's Cabin, Cooke township,
Cumberland county

Kulp's Shanty, tho Bij? Kettle. Jackson
township, Huntinjrdon county

Crnbapple Camp, Miles township, Centre
county

The BIk Sprinjr. Stcwardson township.
Potter county

Brook's Sprinp, Stewafdson township.
Potter county

Frazler's Crossing, Abbott township.
Potter county

Bottom Field Log Cabin. Jackson town-
ship. Perry county

Laurel Run. Huston township, Clear-
field county,

The Three Springs, Ablwtt township,
Potter county

Eddy Lick Run, Burnside township,
('entre county

r.ev^ngood Spring, Brown townsliip. Mif-
flin county

Hassinger Mill Site, Jackson township,
Huntingdon county

Milliken Mill Site, Jackson township,
Huntingdon county

Chimney Hollow, Shippen township,
Tioga county,

Parker Camp, McHenry township, Ly-
coming county

Cliestnut Spring, Jackson township,
Huntingdon county

Tlie Bear Spring, Brown township,
Mifflin county,

$4 00

5 00
600
5 00
5 00
15 00
8 00
800
500
5 00
300
5 00

t

500
500
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
8 00
500
500

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Grants — Continued.

151

Name and Address.

Ijocatlon.

23. B, H. Hershey. Pastor. The First Pres-

byterian Church, Wellslx)ro. Pa.

24. H. W. Bailey. Wellslwro. Pa

25. L. S. Newton, Coudersp<^rt, Pa

26. William Peters,? Mllroy, Pa

27. B. E. Zerl»ey, Allensville, Pa

28. Otto J. Nestle, Reading, Pa

29. G. A. Woods, New Bethlehem, Pa

30. C. D. Shafl"or, MIfllinburg, Pa

31. R. C. Hou.ser, Mllroy, Pa

32. II. B. Shaver, Newton Hamilton, Pa., ..

33. Samuel S. Eveland, 2324 Market St.,

Pliiladelphia, Pa.
38. F. A. Miller, Laurelton, Pa.,

40. D. J. Eckman, Lancaster, Pa.,

41. H. J. S. Weicksel,§ Lock Haven, Pa.. ..

42. H. A. Stevenson. Lock Haven, Pa ,

I
44. Ray P. Fleming. Reedsville, Pa

46. W. H. Toner, Lewlstown, Pa.,

53. Warren Fisher. 5 Renovo, Pa

71. J. J. Barner, Loganton, Pa.,

72. Thos. H. Clapham, Miffllnburg. Pa

102. A. Ward Wilson, § Altoona, Pa

103. W. C. Krader, Coburn, Pa.,

The Mouth of Darling Run. Shippen
township. Tioga county

Tlie Edwards Clearing, Cummlngs town-
ship. Lycoming county

Head of 12-Mlle Run, Stewnrdson town-
sliip, Potter county,

Tlie Tult Shanty, Brown township,
Mifflin county.

Martin's Gap, Miller township, Hunting-
don count.v

The Boiling Spring, Noyes township,
Clinton county.

Munn's Mill, Benezette township. Elk
county

The Halfway Place, Hartley township.
Union county

Kulo's First Camp. Brown township,
Mifllin county,

Tlie Old riimen Place, Wayne township,
Mifflin county,

Mud Pond, Porter township. Pike
county

Tlie Sawdust Pile, Hartley townsiilp,
I'liion county,

Left Sugar Camp Road, Gni:;un lowu-
sliiji, Clinton coi!->ty ...

Head of Ferney Run. Grugan township,
Clinton county

Rattlesnake Run, Grugan township,
Clinton county, ..

Coulter's Cabin, Union township, Mifflin
county . .. .. ..

Stone Creek Bridge, Jackson townsiilj),
Huntingdon county,

Second Fork of Yost Run, Bee:rh Creek
townshiji, Clinton county

MeCalls Datn, Miles township. Centre
county

Black Gail, Miles township. Centre
eounty

Lyman C.ap Sjiring. White Deer town-
ship, Union county,

Prices Spring, Haines township. Centre
CI unity

Annual
Rental.

1 00

6 OO

500

600

5 00

5 00

500

600

500

6 00

e 00

5 ?0

eoo

6 00

. 6 00

'■> OO

7 CO

5 00

5 CO

5 00

,-> 00

3 00

•Withdrawn January 2(1. 1!'M.

tNo charge.

SLeases granted and drawn but not yet e.xec

uted.

Leases awarded before December :M, lt)J.*>, bnl not diMwn for
ex(»cntion on that <l;ite:

L. H. Ashcraft, Coudersport. Pa Site three-fourths of a mile above Abbott Station,

I Potter county.
*«eo. •!<'. Bailey. Jersey Shore. Pa.

Dr. C. J. Hunt, Harrlsl)urg, Pa..

vSite at Laurel, Cooke township, Cumberland
county.

Ninnerons applications are still on file to be acted upon by the
Forestry Commission as examinations and reports upon the tracts
desired mav be made.

The teniporai'v campini; feature is a use of the State Forests which
is continuing to be as pojmlar as formerly. Dnrinj]^ the year 1012
]>ei-mits were issued to 4,072 individuals, and dnrinji; 101'? to 4,521
individuals.

152

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

153

The following table sbows the growth of the temporary camping
idea since the issuance of permits was first begun in 1904 :

Year.

52

II

u

o o.

gtsJS

1904.

vjor,,

1906,
1907,
1908,
1909.
1910.
1911,
1912,
1913,

1,614
1,977
2,303
2.497
3,409
3.597
3,556
4,528
4,672
4,521

OUTING AND RECREATION.

The Department of Forestry has always taken a lively interest
in the use of the State Forests for purposes of pleasure and recrea-
tion. It has consistently invited the people to avail themselves of
these privileges and for this use has thrown the least possible restric-
tion about these lands. The few simple rules which have been adopted
for the use of the State Forests by third persons are only such as
would be observed at any time by any individual possessing a due
sense of propriety.

I In order, therefore, to emphasize the duties of the Commission and
to spread broadcast among the people of the State the knowledge
that an invitation is tendered them at any time to enjoy the State
Forests, the following resolution was adopted by the Commission at
its regular meeting held October 3, 1913:

WHEREAS, This Commission has consistently advocated the use
of the Pennsylvania State Forests as outing and recreation grounds
for the people, to be freely used, subject only to the few reasonable
rules necessary for the protection of the land itself; and

WHEREAS, The joy of child life, the conservation of youthful
health, and education for future good citizenship will be augmented
by intelligent use and enjoyment of the State's great outing grounds;
therefore

BE IT RESOLVED that the State Forestry Reservation Commis-
sion grant to the children of Pennsylvania free use of the State For-
ests as recreation ground, subject to the few reasonable and necessary
rules for the protection of the land itself, and urges upon them the

use of this land for all proper purposes, particularly for mineral
and plant study, the collection of wild flowers, the study of bird and
animal life, the gathering of chestnuts and other wild nuts and
fruits, and the enjoyment of such pleasures as are incident to the life
of a child in nature's great out-of-doors.

RESOLVED, further, that all forest officers afford every reasonable
facility in their power to the children in their respective neighbor-
hoods, for the enjoyment of the privileges herein conferred, and of
which the children are freely invited to avail themselves.

GEORGE W. CHILDS PARK.

During his lifetime Mr. George W. Childs, the well known editor
and proprietor of the Philadelphia ^'Public Ledger," acquired and
set aside for park purposes in Delaware township. Pike county, a
tract of land containing 52 acres, 88 perches. This little tract of
land is famous throughout all the neighborhood for its natural beauty.
It possesses an extremely good character of woods, a stream of water
passing entirely through it, broken at several places by waterfalls
and cascades. The sides of the stream and the tract generally are
stocked with rhododendron and mountain laurel. It contains a
number of attractive cleared areas, where picnic parties find much
pleasure in taking outings. The whole is indeed a little gem set in the
side of the hill, and in which Mr. Childs during his lifetime took
much pleasure.

By his will, Mr. Childs devised his estate to his wife, Emma B.
Childs, stating he has "full confidence that she, knowing his plans
and purposes, would by gift during her life make such disposition
thereof for charitable or other uses as would be in accordance with
his wishes." In fulfillment thereof, Mrs. Childs, well knowing the
desires and wishes of her husband, proposed to give Childs Park to
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania through the Forestry Depart-
ment, to be added to the holdings of the Department and to be
devoted "for the use of the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania as a park or public recreation ground, under and subject to
the condition that the said grantee shall maintain the premises hereby
granted as a park or public recreation ground, and shall at no time
permit any person to shoot fire arms or hunt upon same premises,
and that the said premises shall hereafter be named ^George W. Childs
Park'."

k

154

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

N

The deed of conveyance makes a reservation of 108 perches, the
area of a small burial ground within the park, so that the total area
conveyed to the Commonwealth amounts to 51 acres, 140 perches,
which was received in accordance with the provisions of the will and
of the deed of conveyance, and will be held by the Department to and
for the use of tlie people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a
park or public recreation ground.

Fully appreciating the courtesy of Mrs. Childs and believing that
her act in placing within the possession of the Commonwealth such
a beautiful and attractive bit of natural scenery as there is in this
park should receive })ublic and official recognition, the State Forestry
Reservation Commission at its meeting held June G, 1912, adopted the
following resolution, i)roposed by Miss Mira L. Dock and seconded
by Dr. J. T. Rothrock :

^'TM:S()LVED, by the State Forestry Reservation Commission that
the thanks of tlie Commission and of the Pennsylvania Department
of Forestry be tendered to Mrs. Emma B. Childs for her public
si>irited action in conveying to the Commonwealth without considera-
tion an area of land containing 51 acres, 140 perches, located in
Pike county, Pennsylvania, and known as the George W. Childs
Park, to be held and maintained by the Department of Forestry as
a park to which the i>ublic is invited and over which the State will
exercise due and careful supervision.

"RIOSOLVED further that the patriotic action of Mrs. Childs may
well be emulaled by other Pennsylvanians who may be in possession
of favored areas containing picturesque, notable physical, or other
features, which ought to be i)reserved inviolate and which might
well be committed to the care and oversight of the State, to be main-
tained for the benefit of the people as recreation centres and places
for outdoor enjoyment."

The sentiment in the above resolution with respect to committing
to the custody of the Commonwealth to be preserved in the manner
indicated, such similar small areas for parks and recreation grounds,
is thus brought prominently to the attention of our people; and no
Pennsvlvanian can build for himself a better monument than by thus
setting aside for the future enjoyment of the i)eople similar areas
having attractive natural features which are likely to be despoiled
if they remain in juivate hands and are not committed to the care
and oversight of the State; for here they will be maintained in
accordance with the terms of the grant for all time to come.

The date of the deed from Mrs. (^lilds to the Commonwealth is
May 22, 1012. It conveys the above tract for the consideration of one
dollar, and is recorded in Pike county in Deed Book GO, page 158.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

155

MISS MIRA LLOYD DOCK.

At the close of the year 1913 but one of the first members of the
State Forestry Reservation Commission remained. Dr. J. T. Rothrock.
Two such members were of the Commission until the expiration, on
July 25, 1913, of the term of Miss Mira L. Dock, who declined a re-
appointment which was tendered her, because of other duties, although
urged to do so by the friends of forestry throughout the State.
The retirement of Miss Dock, therefore, removed from the Commission
one of its most useful and interested members, who was regular in
attendance at the meetings, took a deep concern in all the work
of the Department, and always was ready to sacrifice her private
interests for the public good. Miss Dock retires with the best wishes
of all her associates, and very much to the regret of the members
of the Federation of Women's Clubs, whom she served for many
years as Chairman of their Committee on Forestry. It was through
her influence and kindly interest that the members of the Women's
Clubs of Pennsylvania have taken such a deep and lasting hold of
our forestry problem, and from whom this Department has received
most efficient aid and encouragement.

On the resignation of Mr. Albert Lewis, an original member of the
Commission, on July 11, 1901, Miss Dock was duly appointed to serve
in his place, her commission bearing date July 25, 1901. She served
in this capacity for three successive terms, having been reappointed
by Governor Pennypacker in 1905 and by Governor Stuart in 1909.

As a fitting mark of regard and in order that there might be placed
among the records of the Forestry Reservation Commission a minute
respecting her severance of relations with Pennsylvania forestry work,
the Commission did accordingly, at its regular meeting held on the
third day of October, 1913, adopt the following resolution:

*^ WHERE AS, Miss Mira Lloyd Dock, our honored associate in the
Forestry work of the State, after 12 years of faithful, productive
effort, has felt obliged to decline longer service; therefore be it

"RESOLVED, That Miss Dock's withdrawal from the State For
estry Reservation Commission is a cause of great regret to the mem-
bers of the Commission who have been so long and so closely associ-
ated with her.

"RESOLVED, That we seriously feel her absence. Her voice was
always for earnest, wise work. With a woman's instinct she saw the
need of measures which escaped notice of other members of the
Commission, and with a woman's tact she led to their adoption.

f

I

156

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

"RESOLVED, That we recognize that the present advanced posi-
tion of Pennsylvania in Forestry matters is largely due to the interest
and assistance of the wonieti of the State, and that we have always
regaided Miss Dock as Iheii- representative, believing that her jdace
in our meetings cannot well he taken b}^ any other person. She
constituted a chiss of whi(h slie was the sole member.

"lvES(VL\'IOI), That we liope nmny years of health, happiness, and
useful effort nuiy yet be accorded her. We will each and every one
alwavs be i;roud to remember tliat she was our associate.

"RESOLVED, That an engrossed copy of these resolutions be
transmitted to Miss Dock.''

In accordance with tlie last paragraph of the resolution, a suitably
engrossed copy thereof has been prepared and forwarded to Miss
Dock, as expressive of the regard in which all her former associates
held her during an nninterrupted service of twelve years freely given
at a large personal sacrifice for the good of the Commonwealth.

LEGAL AFFAIRS.

The Department is again able to report that during this period
there was little occasion to invoke the aid of the criminal law. It
is the purpose of the Department to prosecute all cases of setting lire
on State land where sullicient evidence may be had, but among all
the instances of sucli fires it is the opinion of the Commissioner that
no sucli evidence was in hand, and accordingly no prosecutions were
undertaken. We accept the theory that prosecution does not promote
any real good unless it is reasonably possible to secure a conviction.

Two cases of trespass on State lands were brought to the attention
of the Department, and settlements were made without prosecution,
the defendants agreeing to pay the damage they wrought and the
Department to receive such settlement in lieu of legal action.

The first case of this kind was reported by Forest Ranger E. T.
Riviere, who detected the illegal taking of timber from the Westfall
division of the Minisink State Forest. The defendants, Harry Pitney,
Louis de Berlhe, and Everett Lieight, paid $18.00 in settlement, and
this amount was paid into the Treasury March 12, 1913.

The second was a case reported by Forester N. R. McNaughton of
the Karthaus Division of the Clearfield State Forest, where Q. E.
Beauseigneur made settlement for timber taken from State land.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

157

The defendant in this case undoubtedly acted mistakenly and not
intentionally, and the Department accepted a settlement for the
value of the timber taken, to wit, $57.17, which amount was paid
into the Treasury October 31, 1913.

A case of violation of the rules of the Department was reported by
Forester H. C. Evans against one Veris Burkholder for erecting a
camp on State lands and building a fire without permit, as required.
This case was handled by W. H. Spencer, Esq., of Williamsport.
The defendant was arrested, brought before court, where he admitted
the offence and a fine of $25.00 and costs was imposed by Judge
Whitehead, the amount of the fine being subsequently paid and
deposited in the Treasury by this office August 1, 1913. Burkholder's
companion in this escapade was one C. E. Creighbaum, who left the
neighborhood immediately and could not be apprehended.

Henry Karschner of near Lock Haven, Clinton county, paid $3.00
for timber cut on State lands. Fry & Persun, through forest ranger
Mull, $3.10 for railroad ties cut on State land. Both of these cuttings
were in the nature of unintentional trespass. Amounts indicated have
been deposited with the State Treasurer.

During the season of 1913 spring fires. Fire Warden James Tenley
of Defiance, Bedford county, summoned one James Williams to help
extinguish fire. Under the act of Assembly creating a system of fire
wardens, a person may not refuse to respond to such summons unless
he has a legal excuse. The defendant offered no such excuse and
questioned the power of the fire warden to compel him to attend. He
was accordingly placed under arrest by the fire warden for failure
to comply with his summons and after a trial in the Quarter Sessions
court at Bedford, was convicted for violation of the law and sentenced
to pay the costs, amounting in the aggregate to about $60.00. The
effect of this conviction has been good. There has been much indiffer-
ence in Bedford county respecting the extinguishment of forest fires,
and it is hoped that the lesson thus impressed will not be lost upon
others who are too indifferent to the damage wrought by such fires
to lend assistance when summoned.

A controversy arose with William Bilger respecting the ownership
of a small tract of land located in Lack township, Juniata county,
Mr. Bilger claiming to own a small area which was surveyed into
the purchase from Hedwig A. Oppel. The area in dispute was but a
few acres and the determination of it one way or the other involved
the permanent location of the State's boundary line. Mr. Bilger's
claim was based upon a survey made for him at a time prior to the
State's purchase. To have tried out this title in court and won
would have meant an expense of many times the value of the land
in controversy. A proposition of amicable adjustment was therefore
made involving the division of the disputed tract, which after a con-

C :■

w

P"

ir)8

llEPOUT OF THE

Off. Doc

fereiice with Mr. Uiljivi- and ]iis counsel at MiflHiiitown oil November
2(;, lOrj, was dually aj^reed to. A new survey line was accurately
i-un upon llie ground and the boundary line relocated in accordance
Willi the new sni-vey, each i)ai ly taking about live acres of the dis[)uted

tract.

A claim was made on the Adams Express Comj)any tor the breakage
of a jKiinted sign, a part of the exhibition nniterial which was used
at rhiladelphia. The claim was settled by the company paying the
sum of 15.00, which amount was deposited with the State Treasurer.

There are at ])resent pending two suits in tres[>ass, (me against II.
V. Wilhelm in the Clinton county court, and another against J. W.
Lauver in the Mittliii county court. Since neither of these has been
tei-minated, no further re])ort may be made at this tinie.

1)i:paktmi:nt leasi:s.

I

The Federal IJefractories Company.

During the years covered by this report, the Department was in
receipt of steady returns from the tirst lease executed to the Federal
Kefractories Company. A statement of the revenues for the two years
res[»ectively is as follows:

Revenues for 1012.

January 1:335-75/112 tons at 5|c per ton, |73 4G

February 1221 101)/22I: " " " (\7 18

March, 582 15/5(i " " « 32 05

April, 1 130 201/224 " « « 79 03

May 1480 100/221 '' " " 8144

June 1 574-1/lG " " « 86 57

July 1807-3/4 " " " 00 43

August 2105-25/225 " " *<' 115 78

Septend>er 1635 " " « 80 03

October 2260-55/224 " " " 124 31

November 2175-5/56 " " " 110 63

December, 2022-31/112 " « « 11123

Total 11,080 04

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

159

Revenues for 1013.

January, 1741-43/112

February, 1450-170/448

March, 1307-3/224

April, 1541-71/112

May, 1429-10/224

June, 1517-217/224

July, 1327-751/1120

August, 1437-61/112

September, 1468-60/112

October, 1218-143/224

November, 082-161/224

December, 028-31/112

Total

ns

at 5|c

per ton.

105 78

70 77

76 84

84 79

78 60

<t

83 49

73 02

79 06

80 77

67 02

, 54 05

51 06

f!

1904 25

Total for two years, |1,984 29

The value to the Commonwealth of this lease is shown as of Decem-
ber 31st, 1913, by the following statement of account:

To purchase price of land, 1,087 acres, 69
perches at |2.75 per acre,

Interest on the purchase price to date above,. .

Fixed charges for road and school purposes to
above date,

Total,

,990 44
713 37

435 25

$4,139 06

•,t

Royalties received, previously reported, $6,398 39

Royalties received during the years 1912-13,. . . . 1,984 29

Total,

,382 68

Total receipts to above date, $8,382 68

Total expenditures and charges to above date, 4,139 06

Excess of receipts over expenditures, $4,243 62

The above statement shows that the Commonwealth has received
from the above lease an excess of $4,243.62 over all its expenditures,
which is equivalent to a return of 202.52 per cent, on the investment
as of December 31, 1913.

11

160

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

THE FEDERAL REFRACTORIES COMPANY LEASE NO. 2.

A lease to the above company dated December 22, 1909, for 3,542
acres located in the townships of Logan and West, Huntingdon
county, for the sale of rock on the above tract, is similar in all respects
to that contained in the foregoing lease. The lessee has not yet been
able to begin the removal of rock. By action of the State Forestry
Reservation Commission the time for beginning such removal has been
extended to the 15th da}^ of June, 1915.

THE SOUTH RENOVO WATER LEASE.

This lease bears date August 28, 1906, and is to run for a period of
twenty years. For the year 1912 the borough reports the use of water
as follows:

208 houses at 25 cents per house, $52 00

10 dwellings outside of the borough using 539,027 gallons

at 1 cent per thousand, 5 40

Total, $57 40

The charge for the use of water within the borough was remitted
by the Department, leaving a balance due the Commonwealth under
the lease of $5.40, which amount was received and paid into the
State Treasury.

Report for the year 1913.

244 houses at 25 cents per house, $61 00

Water used outside of the borough amounting to 403,217
gallons at 1 cent per thousand, 4 03

$65 03

By action of the Forestry Commission, chaiges to the extent of
$49.89, for water used within the borough, were remitted, leaving a
balance due of $15.14, which amount has been received and paid into
the State Treasury.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

lei

THE CHAMBERSBURG WATER LEASE.

This lease, which is dated November 7, 1910, began to yield returns
when the water was turned on on July 3, 1911. At the time of the
preparation of the last report, covering the years 1910-11, no report
had been received from the borough respecting the use for the
fraction of the year. A statement, therefore, of the revenue derived
from this lease from July 1, 1911 to December 31, 1913, is as fol-
lows :

Revenue derived from flat water rents, 1911, $11,774 40

Revenue derived from metered water rents,

1911, 6,291 07

Electric light plant, free water, value esti-
mated at, 200 00

Total revenue for the year 1911 upon which
the charge under the lease is to be cal-
culated, $18,265 47

Rated on a six months' basis, 9,132 73

Charge at the rate of one-half of 1%, 45 66

Statement for 1912.

Revenue derived from flat water rents, $11,444 78

Revenue derived from metered water rents, . . 10,526 56

Revenue derived from delinquent water rents,
calculated on a six months' basis as per
charge for that year, 678 80

Revenue derived for water for building pur-
poses, 34 91

Total revenue for 1912 upon which charge is

to be calculated, $22,685 05

Charge at the rate of one-half of 1%, 113 43

Statement for 1913.

Revenue derived from flat water rents, .... $12,189 78

Revenue derived from metered water rents, . . 13,493 16
Revenue derived from delinquent water rents,

1911 and 1912, 1,624 16

Water for building purposes, 108 67

Special permits, 1911, 57 95

!'

11—26—1915

162

i^:

i

REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

Total revenue for 1913 upon which charge

is to be calculated $27,473 72

Charge at the rate ot one half of 1%, 137 37

Total receipts to December 31, 1913, from

above lease, *296 4G

THE THOMAS CKONIN COMPANY.

A lease bearing date March 25, 1912, after due compliance with
the legal formalities as required by act of February 25, 1901, P. L.
page 11, was awarded to the Thomas Cronin Company of Pittsburgh,
a Pennsylvania corporation, for the sale and removal of blue stone
from a quarry within the Stuart State Forest near Ligonier, West-
moreland county, on the line of the Pittsburgh, Westmoreland, and
Somerset Kailway Co. The lessee is required to exercise due care
in operating the quarry, destroy no standing timber except that which
is unavoidable in the process of quarrying, and pay for that which
is destroyed. The royalty paid by the lessee is IG cents per ton of
2240 pounds. Bond in the sum of $2,000 is filed by the lessee and he
is required to remove a minimum gross weight of 0,000 tons per year
or pay for that amount if not removed. The leased tract is limited
by the agreement to 300 feet in depth by 500 feet in length, measured
on a level with the tracks of the railroad. This amounts to an area
of 3.44 acres, for which the Commonwealth paid $17.20.

By affidavit dated June 17, 1912, it is shown that the first removal
of blue stone from said quarry was made on June 11, 1912. The
revenue, therefore, accrues from that date with the first material

removed.

A statement of revenue derived from the above lease is as follows:

Revenue for 1912.

June, 460.67 tons at 16c per ton, $73 71

July, 383.08 " " " 61 29

August, 439.5 " « « 70 32

September, 194 " " " 3104

October, 445.05 " " " 71 21

November, 684.77 " '* " 109 56

December, 505.27 " " " 80 84

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY. 183

Revenue for 1913.

January, 326.07 tons at 16c per ton,

February, 277.6 " " "

March, 374.1 " " "

April, 739.42 " " «

May, 455.44 " " «

June, 528.61 " " «

July, 484.82 " '' "

August, 590.35 " " "

September, 228.88 " " «

October, 405.18 '' " "

November, 112.81 " " «

December, 255.49 " " "

Total for 19 months, $1,262 56

It will be seen from the above statement that this lease is one of
advantage to the Commonwealth and in a reasonable time will pay
a very substantial rate of interest on the investment. The Stuart
State Forest, located in Westmoreland and Somerset counties, con-
tains an aggregate of 8,532 acres, for which the Commonwealth paid

.00 per acre, or a total of $42,662 81

Interest on this amount at 2% from date of

purchase to December 31, 1913, 4,266 28

Fixed charges thereon from the date of pur-
chase to December 31, 1913, 1,535 76

Salaries of foresters and rangers to above
date, including amount expended for labor,
incidental expenses and surveys, 11,406 42

$52 17

44 41

59

85

118 31

72

87

84

58

77

57

94 45

36

62

64

83

18

05

40

88

Total cost of the Stuart State Forest, $59,871 27

Revenue derived from the above lease for

a period of 19 months,

Showing to date a net return on the total in-
vestment of 2.18 per cent.

The above lease has 13 vears and 5 months to run.

$1,262 56

m

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

THE SANDUSKY PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY.

i

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'II

With the final purchase of the lands in Cumberland county at
Pine Grove Furnace from the South Mountain Mining and Iron
Company, which was consummated by deed bearing date the 12th day
of September, 1913, there were conveyed to the Commonwealth two
existing leases appurtenant thereto which had formerly been entered
into with the lessees by the grantor, and which upon final transfer
of the title to the Commonwealth were assigned to the State of Penn-
sylvania. In one of these the lessee is the Sandusky Portland Cement
Co. with offices located in York, Pa., and in Sandusky, Ohio. This
lease is dated August 1, 1912. The assignment was made to the
Commonwealth under date of December 3, 1913. It grants the
lessee the right to search for, remove, and use all clay found in a
radius of one-fourth of a mile of the then present mouth of a certain
clay shaft in the mountainside back of Gardner's farm. The term
of the lease is ten years from June 1, 1912, or so long as a suitable
supply of clay may be obtained, but not to exceed the ten-year limit.

The royalty to be paid for the clay is 25 cents per ton of 2,000
pounds, railroad weight, payable monthly. A minimum royalty of
$600.00 per year is reserved by the lease.

During the month of December, 1913, this company removed from
the State land 521.906 tons of clay, which at the royalty of 25 cents
per ton, has yielded to the end of the period covered by this report
$130.48.

THE UNITED ICE AND COAL COMPANY.

The second of the leases acquired by the Commonwealth with the
purchase of the lands of the South Mountain Mining and Iron Com-
pany, is one dated December 30, 1898, originally made to John S.
Low, et al., trading as The John S. Low Ice Co. Prior to the acquisi-
tion of the lease by the Commonwealth, the rights of the lessee were
acquired by the United Ice and Coal Co., a Pennsylvania corpora-
tion, and the original lease with all rights thereunder duly assigned,
as aforesaid, was by assignment of lease, under date December 3,
1913, conveyed to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

165

At a point called Laurel within the State Forest, in the main
valley stream, Mountain Creek, a dam has been constructed
making a lake of considerable extent for the purpose of harvesting
ice. Here the United Ice and Coal Co. has erected storage houses
and a siding from the Hunters Run and Slate Belt railroad for the
purpose of removing and marketing ice. The above lease carries the
privilege to enter upon the premises and remove such ice as may
be of commercial value during the proper season. Upon the acquisi-
tion of the lease by the Commonwealth as owner, a modification and
extension of the same was accomplished by agreement tentatively
adopted during the latter part of 1913, but not executed until
January, 1914. For this reason no royalty accrued to the Common-
wealth during the year 1913, but will appear in later reports.

The present subsisting agreement between the parties provides
that the lessee shall keep the whole dam in repair and to place
within the storage house on the premises at least 5,000 tons of ice
each year. Should there be an excess of ice above this quantity, the
lessee may permit other persons to remove ice and may, during the
freezing period, remove in cars such excess for storage elsewhere.
The lessee agrees to pay to the Commonwealth a royalty of 5 cents
per ton of 2,000 pounds for all ice originating upon and shipped away
from the leased area, railroad weight to be taken, and the same
to be reported by affidavit each month ; also to pay a similar royalty
on all ice which it may sell to third persons for the purpose of re-sale.
Royalty shall be paid upon a minimum annual amount of 5,000 tons,
whether ice to that quantity be shipped or not. The ice year is
therein defined as extending from the first day of May in each year
to and including April 30th of the succeeding year.

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166

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

GEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORTS ON STATE

FORESTS.

From time to time foresters in charge have made geological studies
and topographical reports of their areas. These have been published
in greater or less detail and are found scattered through the reports
of the Department. It is probably desirable to index them for
future reference. The following reports have thus far been submitted.
The book and page of the Department report is appended for ready
reference :

Forest.

Division.

Forester Reporting.

a

4)

3

....•I

Bcdf ordi •

Trough Creek

Stone Asaph.

Stone Asapn.

Seven Mountain Klshacoqulllas,

Seven Mountain ! Kishacoquillas,

Notch,
Cumberland,

Caledonia ,

Jacks Mountain

Clearfield

Crossfork,
Waterville.
Austin, ...

Blackwells, ...

Penfleld

Bear Meadows,

Minisink,

South Mountain

Pennypacker

South Mountain

Seven Mountain

Clearfield

Sinnemahoning

Kettle Creek

Black Forest

Sinnemahoning

McElhattan

Black Forest,

Clearfield

Seven Mountain,

Stuart

Seven Mountain i Barree, ...

Buchanan

Whetham : ••

Minisink Pocono. ..

TiOVfll^Ock ,«••••••••••••••! ••••■••••••••

Se^en Mountain I Greenwood,

Rothrock, • '

Hopkins Renoto

Clearflel'l, Karthaus, *

White De'er Tea Spring

Grays Run j •;•••••

White Deer McCall,

McClnre, , ••• ••••

Sinnemahoning , SizervlUe,

McElhattan |

Trough Creek •• •

Seven Mountain Coburn

Stone I Chatham,

Kettle Creek ; T^eidy

Young Womans Creek

Whetham •• •••

Hopkins Snow Shoe

Bald Eagle

Grays Run,

McClure, . ,, ^,

Sinnemahoning Medix,

»••••••••<

>■•••••••••••«

• • • •

• ••••••••••

• ••••••••••

• ••••••••••

• •••■••••««

Heintzleman,

Mnlford •

Mulford,

McNeal,

McNeal

A very ,

rlOUpTf ,•••••••••• ««»••••

Bryner,

(•(.nklin, R. G

Conklin, W. G

Dague

Elliott •.

Emerlck

Evans, H. C

Fox,

Dutlinger

Retan,

Kirk

liUd wig

Williams

Morton -.

Witlierow

Dutlinger,

Strnbeck

Itastian

Kraft

Bodine, • ••'

Thomson, • •<

McNaughton,

Metzger

Wells

Winter,

Witherow

Evnns, W. B

I logontogler,

Iloupt

Moek,

Miner

Muller

Mumma,

Ryon .

Sheeler,

Smith

W Oils, •••••••• • »«•••.»•••.

Withdrew,

^orr)y « ••••• ••♦••••••••••

19017
1907
1907
190S
1907
1906
1906
1906
1906
1906
1908
1908
1906
1906
1906
1906
1906
1908
1906
1906
1906
1908
1906
1906
1906
1910
1910
1910
1910
I 1910
1910
i 1910
I 1910
i 1910
I 1918
i 1918
1913
1913
1913
1913
1913
j 1918
1918
1913
1912
1918
1913

If

80^
102
312
84
U9
157
279
201
162
210
138
266
307
195
300
147
332
275
2&3
343
188
179
147
298
68
54
66
56
67
67
68
65

»•••••
»•••••

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

167

THE DYNAMITE EXPERIMENT.

In 1911 the Department of Forestry entered into an agreement
with the Dupont Powder Company to experiment with subsoil blast-
ing to determine what acceleration of tree growth might be produced
by loosening the hardpan within State forest plantings. To this
end six 1-acre tracts were selected located respectively at Mont Alto,
Franklin county; Fields Station, Lycoming county; Ansonia, Tioga
county; Glen Union, Clinton county; Laurel Summit, Westmoreland
county; and Notch, Pike county. Each experimental plot consists
of one dynamited acre planted to seedling trees, and immediately
beside it another check acre is laid off planted with the same kind
of trees. The growth of trees has been small at the outset, as is
usually the growth with young forest trees shortly after planting.
Nothing in the way of set measurements can yet be made, but it is
hoped that after the growth of the year 1914 is had, when the trees
will have had three years' growth from planting, there will be suffi-
cient data to make a report and a reasonable comparison. Nothing,
therefore, is to be said about the results of the experiment until such
studies may be made at the end of the growing season in 1914.

CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

The fungus disease commonly called the Chestnut Blight which
made its appearance within the State a number of years ago and
which was the cause of the creation of the Chestnut J^light Commis-
sion to study the problem and attempt to eradicate the disease, is
still common within the State, and so far as can be learned, is
ravaging the chestnut stock about the same as formerly. In the
eastern and southern portions of the State thousands of chestnut
trees have died and the disease seems to be progressing gradually
westward.

Because of the failure of the Legislature to appropriate a sum of
money which in the judgment of the Commission was deemed adequate
to carry on its work, the Commission declined to accept the appro-

I?

163

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

priation of |100,000 and requested the Governor to veto the appro-
priation, which was accordingly done. The life of the Commission
and its former appropriation extended beyond the end of the fiscal
year June 1, 1913, and the Commission consequently carried on its
work until some time in the autumn of that year.

The Department was in active collaboration with the Commission
in all its work during the period of activity. This, of course, ceased
with the closing of the work of the Commission.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

160

Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Member of the Commission. Subject: "Desolate
Pennsylvania."

Hon. S. B. Elliott, Member of the Commission. Subject: ''Forestry
and the Lumber Industry."

I. C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry. Subject: "Dis-
eases of our Forest Trees with Special Reference to the Chestnut
Blight."

This effort of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was notable
in many ways. It was visited by hundreds of persons, was most
favorably noticed in all the newspapers, and aroused much interest
and comment.

DEPARTMENT EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS.

The Department was requested to prepare and install an exhibit
for a second time with the Western Pennsylvania Exposition Society
in Pittsburgh. In compliance therewith, the exhibit was put into
place in September, 1913, and maintained there for a period of nearly
two months, for study and inspection by the public. Many hundreds
of persons visited the exhibit during its continuance, and much
interest was manifested, particularly by the school children and young

people.

The exhibit was in charge of Forester James E. McNeal,
and Forester Maurice Mustin. The display undoubtedly was
of value and the installation of similar displays in other parts of the
State would be of benefit.

The same exhibit had previously been installed in the fall of 1912
at the annual exhibition and farmers' encampment which is held at
Grange Park, Centre Hall, in Centre county. Here it was received
with favor. All visitors were interested and many questions were
asked respecting its purpose and meaning. This exhibit at this
place was in charge of Forest Inspector George H. Wirt and foresters
John W. Seltzer, Charles R. Meek, and Harry J. Mueller, and was
maintained for a period of one week.

In May, 1913, the Pennsylvania Forestry Association held a series
of meetings and installed a variety of exhibits in Horticultural Hall,
Philadelphia. The exhibit of this Department was placed there in
charge of Forest Inspector George II. Wirt, Foresters James E.
McNeal, W. Gard. Conklin, and Maurice Mustin. At the auditorium
meetings which were held in the afternoon and evening, addresses
were made by members of the Department as follows:

All the foresters connected with the Department are under in-
struction to take as large a part as possible in the educational efforts
of their communities. They are advised to visit schools and make
addresses to the children on arbor days, and at such other convenient
times as may be desirable, to take parties for an outing into the
woods, teach them about the work that is being done within the
State Forest, show how to plant trees, explain the danger of forest
fire, and generally fill the minds of the young with a greater desire
to know more about the usefulness of the woods.

The forest community idea which was discussed in the previous
report of this Department, is being worked out in two notable
instances within the State Forest, to-wit, by Forester R. Lynn
Emerick at Crossfork, Potter county, and by Forester John R.
Williams at Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland county. These two
regions are so isolated and cut away from the outside world that
the finest opportunity exists in both cases for the working out of
the idea mentioned in the former article.

In addition to all the above, the Forest Inspector George H. Wirt,
made numerous addresses to associations and clubs, more fully re-
ported upon in his individual report contained herein. The Deputy
Commissioner of Forestry also had numerous calls throughout the
State for lectures and addresses and responded wherever it was
possible to do so. Miss Dock, Mr. Elliott, and Dr. Rothrock of the
Commission were likewise in demand, and wherever it was possible
for them to be present and discuss the forestry problems, they will-
ingly gave their time to the work.

A report in detail on the last Pittsburgh exhibit made by the
foresters in charge, Messrs. McNeal and Mustin, follows:

170

REPORT OF THE

Off. l>OiJ

"EXHIBIT OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

AT THE
PITTSBURGH EXPOSITION.

August 27tli to October 18th, 1913.

"The exhibit arrived in Pittsburgh and the work of setting it up
was begun on August 22nd. This required the work of three men,
who were familiar with the material to be displayed, until the day ot

opening, August 27th.

"The Exhibit was located on the north side of Machinery Hall on a
60 ft X 28 ft. floor space, between the exhibit of the Pittsburgh
Department of Public AVorks and Heckler^s Stove Exhibit.

^^ur location was disadvantageous, first, because the Pittsburgh
Department of Public Works exhibit was almost entirely enclosed
by a wall 10 ft. high, and, being nearer to the Hall entrance, hid
our exhibit from the view of those entering. Secondly, most of the
people entering walked only in the center aisle. Third, many people
came to the Exposition principally to hear the music and never
entered the hall in whicli our exhibit was located. Fourth, the roof
was in bad condition and on rainy days the water came through. On
several occasions is was necessary to close the exhibit until damage

could be repaired. . .. ^ ^ i. «

"It is suggested that thorough protection from damage by lire
and water and absolute safety of all articles displayed, be guaranteed
by those desiring tlie exhibit in the future. It is further suggested
tiiat in the event of a future request by the Exposition Society of
Western Pennsylvania for a Department exhibit, it be sent only on
condition that floor space in the main hall be granted.

"The Exposition was open to the public from 10 A. M. to 10.30 P. M.

every day except Sunday. . ^ ,u i u -4- a

"The exhibit was attractive to most of the people who saw it, and
there is no doubt that its installation was well worth while. It
was frequently visited bv those interested in educational work, who
asked questions concerning the work of the Department, and means
of securing material such as lantern slides, specimens of wood, leaves,
seeds, etc., for educational purposes. Thousands of grade, high, and
normal school pupils from the city and county were amply supplied
with literature, and were very much interested in the exhibit. Besides
these, there were farmers aiid other people interested in shade trees
who asked specific questions concerning tree diseases, planting, desir-
ability of various species of trees for shade and other purposes.
The Boy Scouts were interested in conservation in general, and in
nature studies, and asked for literature for their quarters.

"The Assistant City Forester of Pittsburgh, the Borough Forester
of Sewickley, and seVeral other foresters doing private work, fre-
quently visited the exhibit and were keenly interested in the work
and complimentary in their comments.

¥U

I

170

UKPOllT OF THE

Off. Doe

''EXllIIUT OF IMOXXSVLVAMA DKrAUTMKXT OF FOKESTKY

AT THJO
l^lTTSUrROU FXI'OSITION.

Auiiust 27lli to OclolK'i- 18th, 11)13.

^'The exliibit iirrived in IMtlsbiir^h and the work of setting it up
was begiiii on August '2'2uil This required the Avoik ol' three meu
who were laniiliar with ll»e niaterial to be displayed, until the day ot

opening. August 27th. ^ ,r i • tt n

''The Fxhibit was located on the north sule of Machinery Ilall ou a
(iO ft. X 28 ft. lh)or space, between the exhibit of the IMttsburgh
De])artnient of IMiblic Works and Heckler's Stove Fxhibit.

^'Our location was disadvantageous, lirst, because tlie Pittsburgh
Department of Public Works exhibit was almost entirely enclosed
by a wall 10 ft. high, and, being nearer to the Hall entrance, hid
our exhibit from the view of those entering. Secondly, most of the
people entering walked only in the center aisle. Third, many people
came to the Exposition priiK ipally to hear the music and never
entered the hall in which our exhibit was located. Fourth, the roof
was in bad condition and on rainy days the water came through. On
several occasions is was necessary to close tln^ exhibit until damage

could be rei)aired. ... , . n

'4t is suggested thai thorough ])rot(Mtion from damage by tire
and water and absolute safety of all articles displayed, be guaranteed
l)y those desiring the exhibii in the future. It is further suggested
tiiat in the event of a future reipiest by the Exposition Society of
Western Pennsylvania lor a Department exhibit, it be sent only on
condition that iloor space in the main hall be granted.

"The JCxposition was open to the public fi-om 10 A. M. to lO.iU) P. M.

every day except Sunday. ., ,

"The exhibit was attractive to most of the peo]»le wlio saw it, and
there is no doubt that its installation was well worth while. It
was frecpiently visited by those interested in educational work, who
asked (juestions concerning the work of the Department, and means
of securing material such as lantern slides, siu'cimens of wood, leaves,
seeds, etc.? for educati(Uial ])uri)oses. Thousands of grade, high, and
normal scliool pujuls irom the city and county were amply su])plied
with literature, and were very much interested in the exhibit. I^esides
these, there were farmers aild other ])eople int(Mested in shade trees
who asked specilic (piestions concerning tree diseases, planting, desir-
ability of various s])ecies of trees for shade and other purposes.
The P»ov Sc(Uits were interested in coiiservalion in general, and in
nature studies, and asked for literature for their cpiarlers.

"The Assistant Fity I'orester of Pittsburgh, the P»orough Forester
of Sewicklev, and several other foicsters doing private woik, fre-
quently visited the exhibit ami were keeidy interested in the work
and c(')mi»limentary in their comments.

X

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Wl

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No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

171

''Many people visited the exhibit who seemed simply curious or
did not ask questions because they did not feel that they could ask
intelligent ones. The exhibit did not appear to make the desired
impression upon these people, either because of lack of interest on
their part or insufficiency of the exhibit, or both.

"Following is a discussion in detail and suggestions for the im-
provement of the exhibit. Each object or group of objects will be
discussed as to its attractiveness, and suggestions made for better-
ment. This will be followed by several general suggestions which
past experience seems to advise or indicate, the object being to
increase the efficiency and decrease the cost of transportation and
handling of material.

'Tnsectfi. Four cases of injurious and beneficial insects were
loaned by the Zoological Division of tlie Pennsylvania Department of
Agriculture. They attracted as much, if not more, attention than
anything else here. They were, however, looked upon not as a number
of different types of beneficial or injurious insects, as was their pur-
pose, but as a collection of 'bugs' of varied color and size. The
remark 'funny bugs with pins stuck in them' was frequently heard.
It was evident that the collection had failed, to a great extent, in
its object. Lack of proper arrangement and insufficient labels and
description cards are probably the cause of the failure. It is
suggested that a number of the most important insects, injurious
and^'beneficial to shade and forest trees, be placed in Riker mounts.
They should be placed in such a way that the life history of each
insect will be shown, together with the work of the insect. Labels
should be carefullv placed giving, briefly, the economic importance,
and if injurious, the best remedy, the time to apply the remedy, or
any other data of importance.

''Fungi. The exhibit of fungus specimens was insufficient in that
only the fruiting bodies and not the diseases caused by the fungi
were shown. If the fruiting body together with the diseased part
of the tree, properly and conspicuously labeled, giving importance
and extent of disease, preventives, remedies, etc., were shown, the
object of the display would be self-explanatory, and the desired
results would be attained. Then too, specimens of treated timber
might be added explaining methods and preservatives used. Two
posts, one treated and one untreated, which have been in the ground
for the same length of time, and similarly two sections of railroad
ties, should prove an addition of worth.

''Logs. The twentv-eight logs were very attractive, but on account
of their size and weight it is suggested that a number of comparatively
small pieces showing cuts and bark be prepared as shown m Plan 1.
This would answer the purpose and cut down the expense of trans-
portation and handling. Permanent labels should be placed with
each species. The specimens may be grouped into 'Commercial Woods
of Pennsylvania' giving principal uses, 'Weed Trees of Pennsylvania,

etc.

"Leaf Mounts. The leaf mounts made by Mrs. Boyd Rothrock
are a verv valuable part of the exhibit. They attracted considerable
attention' and many inquiries as to the means of obtaining similar
exhibits for educational purposes, were made. Tlie frailness of the
Riker mounts in which the leaves were exhibited is a disadvantage.

Ml

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No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

171

it

•/.

y;

^^Many i)Ooi)le visitod the exliibil wlio sooinod simply curious or
did uot'nsk (luostions boiause llioy did uot I'eel lluit they could ask
intelligent ones. The exliihit did not a]»pear to make the desired
impression upon lliese ])eo])le, eitlier because of lack ol* interest on
their ])art or insulTiciency of tlie exhibit, or both.

"Following- is a discussion in detail and sujjfgestions for the im-
pro\ement of (lie exliibit. Each object or oronp of objects will be
discussed as to its attractiveness, and su<'«;estions made for better-
ment. Tliis will be followed by several o-eneral suj^jjjestions which
]>ast experience seems to advise or indicate, the object beinjz; 1o
increase the etliciency and decrease the cost of transportatujn and
handling- of material.

*'/•;/.s*^r^s•. Foui* cases of injurious and beneticial insects were
loaned bv the Zooloj»ical Division of the l»enusylvania Department of
A^iriculture. Thev attracted as much, if not more, attention than
airvthin^- else here.' They were, however, looked upon not as a number
or'ditVeHMit tv]K's of beu'elicial or injurious insects, as was their ]mr-
pose, but as a collection of 'bup^s' of varied color and size. The
I'emark 'funnv bujis with pins stuck in them' was frequently heard.
Tt was evident that the collection had failed, to a ^n-eat extent, in
its object. T.ack of ])roper arran.irement and iiisuiricient labels and
description cards are ])robably the cause of the failure. It is
su<»i^esled that a number of the most important insects, injurious
auTrbeneticial to shade and forest trees, be i>laced in Kiker mounts.
They should be ]»laced in such a way that the life history of each
insect will be shown, toii'ether with the work of the insect. Labels
s;h(uild be carel'ullv pbuvd i^dvin-', brietly, the economic importance,
and if injnrious, the best remedy, the lime to a])ply the remedy, or
any other data of impoi'tance.

'TiUH/i. The exhibit of tnniius sjKM-imens was insunicient in that
only the fruitinu bodies and not the diseases caused by the funj?i
were shown. If the fruit in"; body tojj^ether with the diseased part
of the tree ]no]>erlv and consjncuously labeled, ^\\\n<r imi>ortance
and ext(Mit\)f disea'se, ])reventives, remedies, etc., were shown, the
object of the display would be self-ex])lanatory, and the desired
results would be attained. Then too, specimens of treated timber
nii-ht be added explainin^^ methods and jU'eservatives used. Two
posts one treated and one untreated, which have been m the fjround
for the same len-th of time, and similarly two sections of railroad
ties, should prove an addition of worth.

''LfK/fi The twentv ciuht lojjjs were very attractive, but on account
of their size and weij^lit it is suuiiested tliat a number of com])aratively
small pieces showin-- cuts and bark be ]n'epared as shown in Plan 1.
This would answer the ]mr|K)se and cut down the expense of trans-
i.ortation and handlinj,^ IVrmanent labels should be l»ln<^J^^l ;vitj>
Vach si)ecies. The specimens may be ^I'ouped into 'Commercial Woods
of Pennsylvania' giving principal uses, 'Weed Trees of Pennsylvania,

etc

-7vfY/f M(muU. The leaf mounts made by Mrs. P»oyd Kothrock
nre a verv valuable ])art of the exhibit. They at tracted considerable
atten1ion\nnd manv incpiiries as to the means of obtaining similar
exhibits for educational imrposes, were made. The fraihu^ss of the
inker mounts in which the leaves were exhibited is a disadvantage.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

H

172

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Either the present ones would be reinforced or more substantial
ones be obtained.

^^Photograph Cases. The photographs, which proved very attrac
tive and interesting, should be so labeled as to make them self-ex-
planatory, and if arranged in series showing nurseries, seedlings,
planting operations, young and mature forests, means of protection,
lumbering operations, etc., they would tell complete stories and
would be much more efficient as an exhibit.

^^Lantern Glides. As in the case of the photographs, the lantern
slides should be arranged in series and properly labeled. On account
of their unusual attractiveness, this part of the exhibit should be
enlarged, adding a number of large transparencies.

^^Erosion Model. (See Plates 3 and 4).

The erosion model made by Prof. G. N. C. Henschen, attracted a
great deal of attention while it was in working order, but on account
of its leaky condition, it is suggested that a copper lined model
(4 ft. X 4 ft.) be made showing only the two hills and a dam where
the clear water from the 'forest covered' hill will accumulate. A
fine spray should also be obtained.

^'Instruments. The display of instruments should be enlarged
adding tools and instruments used in nursery work, planting, felling,
surveying, mensuration, and protection. These should be placed in
permanent cases which should be locked. The words Tennsylvania
Department of Forestry' should be stamped or engraved on the
instruments. This last suggestion is prompted by the unfortunate
loss by theft of an aneroid barometer, an Abney's level, and a
Klausner's hypsometer.

^'Diagrams. Curves and charts showing rate of growth, etc., should
be of a permanent nature. This could be accomplished by placing
them in frames covered with glass. They should be adequately labeled
and arranged so that they will be most easily understood.

^'Nursery Beds. Two nursery beds containing live seedlings, one
12 X 4 feet, the other 24 x 4 feet, were exhibited. Each was 8 inches
deep, and the seedlings were planted in rows running parallel to
the ends of each bed and spaced 4 to 8 inches apart, appearance
being the chief consideration in the matter of spacing the rows.

"This exhibit was a failure in that the seedlings shed their leaves
shortly after the beds were installed, and the bare seedlings made a
poor appearance. Autumn is thus a poor time to exhibit live seed-
lings. Instead of the nursery beds, it is suggested that there be a
number of series or sets of lantern slides or photographs of seedlings,
each series showing the size and appearance of a certain species at
various ages. This will cut down expenses, save time, and prove
as effective or more so than nursery beds, especially in fall exhibits.
Live seedlings should be used for exhibits in the spring only.

^'Birds. The collection of birds loaned by the State Museum was
not exhibited because of danger of being damaged or stolen. The
birds are, however, an important part of the exhibit on account of
their economic value. Besides a name card for each bird, there should
be added diagrams showing the kinds and amounts of different foods
eaten by birds, and signs telling why and how birds are of economic
importance.

Xo 3. — Erosion Model

r

mjt

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ffl

111

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No. 4.— View Showing Location of Erosion Model.

172

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Either the present ones would be reinforced or more substantial
ones ])e obtained.

''Photoijraph Cases. The photoi;iai)hs, Avhich i)roved very attrac-
tive and interesting, should be so labeled as to make them self.ex-
idanatoi-y, and if airan^ijed in series sliowin^tij nurseries, seedlings,
l)lantin.u' operations, 3'oun^ and mature foiesls, means of i)rotection,
lumbering o[)erations, etc., they Avoubl tell complete stories and
would be much more eflicient as an exhibit.

^^Lantern Slides. As in the case of the ]»hotograj>hs, the lantern
slides should be arranged in series and i>roi)eily labeled. On account
of their unusual attractiveness, this ])ai't of the exhiljit should be
enlarged, adding a number of laige ti'ans]»aiencies.

''Erosion Model. (See Plates 3 and 4).

The erosion model made by l*rof. (;. X. C. Hensclien, attracted a
great deal of attention while it was in working order, but on account
of its leaky condition, it is suggested thai a copper lined model
(4 ft. X 4 ft.) be made showing oidy the two hills and a dam Avhere
the clear watei- from the 'forest covered' hill will accumulate. A
line sjiray should also be obtained.

''Instruments. The disjilay of instruments should be enlarged
adding tools and instrumenls use<l in nuisery work, ]>lanling, felling,
surveying, mensuration, and protect icni. These should be placcMl in
permanent cases which should be locked. The words 'Pennsylvania
Department of Forestry' should be stamped or engraved on the
instruments. This last suggestion is pi'omjMed by the unforhmate
loss by iheft of an anei-oid barometer, an Abney's level, and a
Klausner's h^psoineter.

''Diagrams. Curves and charts showing lale of growth, etc., should
be of a permanent nalui-e. This could be accoiujdisluMl by ]dacing
them in fi'ames covered with glass. They should be adeipiately labeled
and arranged so that they v/ill be most easily undei-stood.

"Nnrserij Heds. Two nuisery beds containing live seedlings, one
12 X 4 feet, the other 24 x 4 feet, were exhibiied. Knch was 8 inches
deep, and the seedlings were planied in lows running paiallel to
the ends of each bed and si)aced 4 to 8 inches apart, appearance
being the chief consideiation in the mailer of spacing the rows.

''This exhibit was a failur*' in that the seedlings shed theii- leaves
shortly after the beds were insjjdhMl, and the bare seedlings mnde a
]>oor a})])earance. Autumn is thus a ]K)or time to exhibit live seed-
lings. Instead of the nursery beds, it is suggested that there be a
number of series or sets of lantern slides or photograj»hs of seedlings,
each series showing the size and appearance of a certain sjjecies at
various ages. This will cut down ex]>enses, .save time, and ]U'ove
as efl'ective or more so than nursery beds, esjiecially in fnll exhibits.
Live seedlings should be used for exhibits in the sjiring only.

"Birds. The collection of birds loaned by ihe State Museum was
not exhibited because of danger of being damaged or stolen. The
birds are, however, an impoiiant ])art of the exhibit on account of
their economic value. Besides a name c;ird for each bird, there should
be added diagrams showing the kinds .iiid ajnounts of dillerent foods
eaten by birds, and signs telling why atid how birds are of economic
imj)ortance.

No .*>. — lOntsiini Miidfi.

I

No. 4.— View Showing; I.or.itioii i»|' Erosion Model.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

/ a"

JfcrtoM

TOP k'/S^'^ o^£/^

mr^t

y j-

J/^^ y/S)^ - o/=*£:/^

11

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m

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r/i'o/yr y/spv - c/.ojsi>

PL/fry or t^ooD JFsoMiry c/fsr

CroJJ J teuton

Pc/^r^ £

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/eos tn ^/aca

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PL/f/V H

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

173

"Birds are displayed to best advantage when arranged on and
around a few trees, pine trees preferably, as at the exhibition in
Philadelphia at Horticultural Hall, May, 1913. It is, of course,
evident that a display of those birds ^\hich feed especially on insects
injurious to shade and forest trees, is most desirable.

^^Seeds. The 103 jars of seeds from as many species of Pennsyl-
vania trees, attracted much attention and drew forth such questions
as 'How are tree seeds obtained?' 'How are they planted?' 'Where
obtainable?' etc.

"For convenience and economy in shipping and setting up, it is
suggested that the jars of seeds be packed in a nest of boxes (See
Plan II) which boxes might be used as a stand on which to display
the seeds. A permanent cloth or canvas cover which can be removed,
should be made for the table when set up.

''Signs. This part of the exhibit is of great value, but some of
the present signs should be revised and new ones should be made to
fit the sides of tables used for seed jars, photograph cases, etc.

''Literature. The distribution of literature is one of the most
important phases of educational work. The following literature was
distributed :

Department Reports, 1907, 1908 09, 1910-11.

Map of State Forests and statistics (Dept. circular).

Auxiliary Forest Reserve Rill (Dept. circular).

Penna. Forest Fire Facts and reproduction of Forest Fire Sign
(Dept. circular).

Information concerning the State Forest Academy (Dept. cir-
cular).

Game Protection. (Bulletin No. 1 Penna. Game Commission).

Wild Bird Protection. (Bulletin No. 2 Penna. Game Commis-
sion).

Report on Penna. Chestnut Blight Conference, Feb. 20, 1912.

The Chestnut Blight. (Bulletin No. 1 Chestnut Blight Com-
mission).

Treatment of Ornamental Chestnut Trees Affected with Blight
Disease. (Bulletin No. 2 Chestnut Blight Commission).

The Symptoms of Chestnut Tree Blight and a Brief Description
of the Blight Disease, by F. D. Heald, Pathologist. (Chest-
nut Blight Commission).

Report of Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, July 1 to Decem-
ber 30, 1912.

State Forest Academy, 10th Anniversary, 1903-13 (Dept.
Report).

"An attempt should be made to supply such literature as will
appeal to the tvpe of people who visit the exhibit.

"The exhibit closed Saturday night, October 18, 1913. The work
of packing up and preparing the exhibit for return shipping occupied
one full day, and on Monday evening, October 20th, the material was
on its way back to Harrisburg.

"General Remarks. From the fact that the educational phase of
the forestry movement is of primary importance, it is altogether
fitting that work along this line be as efficient and extensive as
possible. The suggestions in this report, prompted by past experience,

n

\-^^.

174

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

are made with the hope of developinj? efficiency and cutting down the
expense of transportation and handling material. Had the exhibit
been more efficient, a saving of about 50 per cent, on the cost could
have been made in this instance alone.

^^Before installing the exhibit, a plan of the floor space showing
lights, windows, entrances, etc., should be obtained. A plan should
be made before the work of setting up is begun, placing each article
or group of articles in places most advantageous for their exhibition.
This should be done in the office before the exhibit is shipped.

''It it is possible to obtain a general idea of the type of people who
will visit a proposed exhibit, it seems advisable to arrange such an
exhibit as will appeal to that type. It does not seem practical, if
best results are to be obtained, to send the same exhibit to an in-
dustrial or mining community as is sent to a farming district.

"It is suggested that an appropriate exhibit be arranged and sent
to county fairs, farmers' meetings, etc. It is not necessary to send
articles which would be damaged by exposure in a tent, and if the
exhibit were arranged so as to encourage the development of Auxili-
ary Forest Reserves or a kindred i)hase of the work, it seems that such
an exhibit would be well worth while. In exhibiting in an industrial
community, the work of wood preservation, economic utilization, and
general conservation should be brought out.

"A guide book containing descriptions of all articles together
with general information, and receptacles for distribution of litera-
ture marked 'Take One' and 'For Specific Information write to
Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pa.' would eliminate the neces-
sity of having some one constantly in charge.

"It is suggested that a model reserve be built in relief showing

Forest types common in I*ennsylvania

Boundaries of forests, compartments, etc.

Nursery

Plantations

Fire towers

Telephone lines

Roads, trails, railroads, and fire breaks

Burned over areas

Cut over areas

Saw mills

Villages, etc.

"The relief map of the State which attracted so much attention
in Philadelphia in May, was not sent to Pittsburgh. Because of its
value it should be included in future exhibits if possible.'*

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

175

PYMATUNING SWAMP SURVEY.

In the early part of 1912 a request was made by the Water Supply
Commission for more detailed information respecting the woody
growth to be found in the region embraced within the Pymatuning
Swamp project. Since the swamp is not accessible in ordinary
weather, it was necessary to make this survey during the frozen
period when persons might walk over the surface of the sloughs
and bogs. Accordingly, the Department, wishing to accede to the
above request, detailed two of its foresters, Messrs. H. E. Bryner and
John L. MacAvoy, to make this study. They spent upwards of
eleven days in the region doing this work, and their report thereon
is as follows :

"New Germantown, Pa., March 18th, 1912.
"Mr. R. S. Conklin,
Harrisburg, Pa.

"Dear Sir: Attached hereto are sheets containing reports on
Valuation Survey of the Pymatuning Swamp lying along the
Shenango Creek in Crawford county, Pennsylvania.

"Any inaccuracies found in this report may be ascribed to the
circumstances attending the survey, which will be found summar-
ized herein.

"In calculating stumpage, figures were based on proximity of areas
to Linesville, Pennsylvania, or to Padanaram, Ohio, as the persons
who are now logging the swampy areas are hauling the legs to one
or the other of the above places.

"This survey, as nearly as was practicable, was made in accordance
with the instructions of Mr. Haslam, field engineer in charge of the
survey for the proposed dam.

"Hoping this meets with your entire ai)proval, we beg to remain,

! ' i Yours most respectfully,

(Signed) H. E. Bryner,
! (Signed) J. L. MacAvoy,

Foresters."

Circumstances Attending Valuation Survey of Pymatuning Swamp
Which Will Tend to Promote Inaccuracy.

The only valuable timber on the swampy areas is in process of being
logged out.

12

i Lu :/. U'l: \^

176

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No previous survey having been made, no exact area lines could be

mapped out.

In nearly all cases, the timberland graded so easily into brush,
that no well-marked line separates the different classes.

The immense quantity of dead and down timber and the short
time during which the swamp remained passable, prevented a rigid

strip survey.

Two feet of snow being on the ground, the down timber could be
estimated only in part, and the cost of timber clearing is obtained
with difficulty, because logging is almost impossible except for a
very short time. It is only during an exceedingly cold and pro-
tracted winter, such as the present one, that horses may enter the
lower sel'tions of the swampy area.

This survey was made barely in time, as on the last two days of
work, it was no uncommon occurrence for one to sink through the
slushy snow and at least a foot into the mud.

In figuring costs in the following report, all non-merchantable
material was classed as waste to be burned. On account of abund-
ance of soft coal, cord wood finds little or no market.

Plot No. 1.

Plot is located on the southeastern end of the swamp just north
of Hartstown and lies between the curved and the straight line of
the Bessemer Railroad.

The forest floor is covered with a large amount of dead and down
timber of no value, which will cause heavy expense for removal.

The undergrowth is thick and is composed of alder and sumac,
while a belt of mixed brush and trees encircles the plot.

The area contains per average acre the following volumes by species
with their respective stumpage values:

Species.

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
PerM.

Value.

Kim

860

290

120

90

4,000

5,360

$10 00

12 00

10 00

4 00

700

$8 60

Whitp nine

3 4S

TTomlnrk •

1 20

Tlpd mnnlp

36

Black ash

28 OO

$41 64

The cost of clearing an average acre after the merchantable timber
has been logged off will approximate |16.00.

Subtracting the latter from the former in the above indicates a
balance of $25.64 profit per acre remaining.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

177

Plot No. 2.

Plot is located on the east side of the Shenango Creek between the
road from Conneaut Lake to Espyville and the road from Shermans-
ville southwest across the Shenango swamp.

The ground is covered with a dense mass of down timber of no
value.

The undergrowth is- thin and is composed of alder, sumac, birch,
and maple. A heavy growth of brush fades into forest with no good
line of demarcation.

The area contains per average acre the following:

Species.

White pine,
Black ash.
Hemlock,

Maple,

Bircli

Elm ,

Board

Stumpage
PerM.

Feet.

400

$12 00

1.100

700

200

10 00

280

400

170

400

40

10 OO

2,190

Value.

$4 80

7 70

2 00

1 12

68

40

$16 70

The cost of clearing an average acre after the merchantable timber
has been logged off will approximate |14.50.

The above figures show that the area will have a balance of f2.20
profit per acre.

Plot No. 3.

Plot is located on the western side of the Shenango Creek between
the straight line of the Bessemer Railroad and the road from Sher-
mansville running southwest across the Shenango Swamp.

The forest floor has a small amount of down timber of no value and
the undergrowth is thin and is composed of alder and sumac.

Brush covers about one- third of this area.

The plot contains per average acre the following:

Species.

Tamarack, ...
White pine, .
Black nsh, ..

Hemlock

Beech

Yellow poplar,

Board

Stumpage
PerM.

Feet.

1,280

$7 00

920

12 00

130

7 00

90

10 00

260

4 00

30

10 00

2,710

Value.

$8 %

11 04

91

90

1 04

30

$23 15

] 2—26—1915

178

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

The cost of clearing an average acre after the merchantable timber
has been logged off will approximate |14.00.

The above figures indicate a balance of |9.15 profit per acre.

Plot No. 4.

Plot is located on northeast side of Shenango Creek and lies
between the road from Shermansville running southwest across the
swamp and the ]^:rie and Pittsburgh Railroad.

The stand is mainly tamarack (larch), although black ash is
strong in certain sections.

The undergrowth is thick and is made up of hazel, sumac, and
alder. The edges of the area are very brushy and grade into the
woods so slowly that no line could very well be drawn between the
two kinds of land.

The average acre on this area contains:

Species.

Tamarack,
Hlack ash.
White pine.

Board
Feet.

2,150
620
180

Stumpage
Per M.

$8 50

8 50

13 50

2,950

Value.

$18 28
5 27
2 43

$25 98

The cost of clearing an average acre after the merchantable timber
has been logged off will api)roximate $12.00.

Figures above show a balance of 1 13.98 profit per acre.

Plot No. 5.

The plot is located on the southwest side of the Slienango Creek
and lies between the Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad and the road from
Shermansville running southwest across the swamp.

The stand is very open and the tops are bushy, with but a small
amount of undergrowtli.

The trees in many cases stand bunched like a coppice formation.
A large part of the merchantable timber lias already been cut.

The area contains ]>er average acre the following:

Species.

Mai)le, . . ,
Black ash

Kim

Beech, ..

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
PerM.

2.000

1.000

480

980

$5 00
8 00

11 00
5 00

4.480

Value.

$10 00
8 00
6 28
4 90

$28 18

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

m

The cost of clearing an average acre of this area after the merchant-
able timber has been logged off' will approximate |G.OO.

The above figures indicate for this area a balance of |22.18 profit
per acre.

Plot No. 6.

Plot is located on the northeastern side of the Shenango Creek and
lies between the Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad and the road to
Whaley Island.

Stand is thin and occurs only in small spots, about eighty-five
per centum of the area being dense brush only.

This area per average acre contains:

Species.

Beech

Hemlock,

Birch

White pine,

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
PerM.

Value.

690

310

20

100

$5 50

11 50

550

13 50

$3 79

356

11

1 35

1,120

$8 81

The cost of clearing an average acre of this area after the merchant-
able timber has been logged off will approximate $8.00.

The figures in above calculation indicate for this plot a balance
of |0.81 profit per acre.

Plot No. Ca.

Plot is located on the northeastern side of the Shenango Creek
and lies between the road to Whaley Island and the Padden Creek.

The stand is very close in some parts and open in others and one
part of the area is standing with dead, fire-killed tamarack which
is in fair condition and might be used for mine timbers.

The undergrowth is alder, sumac, and huckleberry and is rather
dense in the burnt portions.

An average acre on this area contains:

Species.

Tamarack,
Maple. . . .
Hemlock,
Pine

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
PerM.

1.900
680
100
200

$7 50

450

10 50

12 50

2,880

Value.

$14 25
3 06

1 05

2 50

$20 86

180

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The cost of clearing an average acre on this area after the merchant-
able timber has been logged off will approximate $14.00.

From the above figures it will be seen that this area will show a
profit of $6.86 per acre.

Plot No. 7.

Plot is located to the southwestern side of the Shenango Creek
and lies between the Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad and the treeless
flat about a quarter of a mile wide which is in line with the dotted
road extending on the field map northward from a road paralleling
the Shenango about one mile south of the creek and about a mile
and one-half northeast of Espyville (town).

The undergrowth in this area is scant and is mostly alder.

The stand has been rather well lumbered over and can be worked
almost any time except during the spring and autumn seasons.

An average acre on this area contains:

Species.

Maple

Elm

Black ash,

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
Per M.

300

1,280

80

$4 00

10 00

7 00

1,660

Value.

$1 20

12 80

56

$14 56

The cost of clearing an average acre on this area after the merchant
able timber has been logged off will approximate |9.00.
The above figures show a profit of 15.50 per acre.

Plot No. 8.

Plot is located on the southwestern side of the Slienango Creek
and lies between the treeless flat which forms plot No. 7's western end
and road on which Pollock's bridge is situate.

Forest floor has slight amount of useless down timber and has thin
undergrowth of ash and alder.

This area contains per average acre:

Species.

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
PerAI.

Value.

Ash

2.360

1.570

1,000

140

$7 OO
4 00

10 00
490

$16 52

6 28

10 00

66

Maple

Elm .!!!!

Beech

6.070

$33 36

_ — .

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

181

The cost of clearing an average acre after merchantable timber
has been logged off will approximate $9.00. Profit |24.36 per acre.

Plot No. 8a.

This plot and plots 8b and 8c are located north of the Linesville
to Padanaram road between the third and second roads west of
Linesville which run north and south. Plot 8a is farthest west,
plot 8b is farthest north, and plot 8c is farthest east of the plots.

Plot 8a per average acre contains:

Species.

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
PerM.

Value.

Maple

1,060

2.250

770

$5 00

800

11 00

$5 30

18 00

8 47

Black ash ,

Elm

4,080

$31 77

Plot 8b per average acre contains:

Species.

Plot 8c per average acre contains:

Pine, ..
Hemlock,
Elm, ...
Maple, .

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
Per M.

100
64
80

140

$13 00

1100

11 00

500

884

Value.

$1 30
70
88
70

$8 08

Species.

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
PerM.

Value.

White pine

80

264

ISf)

20

$13 00

8 00

500

11 00

$0 39

2 11

92

28

Black ash,

Maple

Elm

499

$3 64

Clearing of the above sub-plots after logging will approximate an
expense, as follows: Plot 8a, |8.00; plots 8b and 8c, $7.00 per acre.
Plot 8a shows a profit of |23.77 an acre; 8b, |3.97 loss an acre; 8c,

36 loss an acre.

P

182

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

Plot No. 9.

Plot comprises all swamp land (woods) lying north and west
of Clark's on Linesville to Padanaram road. Bounded on the west by
north and south road parallel to and about one-quarter mile east of
the Ohio line. The northern limits are about two miles north of
Clark's. The plot is badly cut up and the woods are scattered with
manv areas of brush extending through the main body.

This area contains per average acre the following:

Species.

White pine,
Hemlock, .
Black ash,

Elm

Maple, ...

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
PerM.

86

GO

1.100

290

500

112 OO
10 00

700
10 00

400

1,986

Velne.

10 43

60

7 70

2 90

200

118 63

This area will approximate |12.00 for clearing after logging. Above
figures indicate a profit of |1.63 i)er acre.

Plot No. 9a.

This sub plot is contained in the small rectangle beginning at
Clark's and running north and east, comprising about seventy acres.
It is not swamp land but lies on high ground.

The area contains per average acre:

Species.

Beech, .,
Homlock,
Maple, .
Elm. ...

Board
Feet.

Stampage
PerM.

8.100

240

1,400

1,000

$4 00

10 00

4 00

10 00

6,740

Value.

HZ 40

2 40

5 60

10 00

$30 40

Cost of clearing this plot per acre after logging will approximate
f5.00.

The above figures indicate a profit per acre of $25.40.

Plot No. 10.

Plot is located between road upon which Manning bridge is situate
and road upon which Pollock bridge is situate, and extends north from
Manning bridge to a line drawn directly east from house occupied

No. 26,

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

183

by Mr. Phelps on Manning bridge road. Plot 10a is burned area
directly north of Plot No. 10, and abuts on the Linesville road.

Plot No. 10 has medium heavy timber lying down but which is
of no value. The undergrowth is dense in spots and the timber is
only fair. The plot contains per average acre:

Species.

Maple

Birch

White pine,

Board
Feet.

Stumpage
PerM.

8,800
350

800

$4 00

400

12 00

4,450

Value.

$13 20
1 40
9 60

124 20

The cost of clearing an average acre on this plot after the merchant-
able timber has been logged off will approximate $10.00. The above
shows profit of 114.20 per acre.

Plot No. 10a has been severely burned over and only a few acres
of poor timber are left standing. This material will not bring in
any return. The plot as a whole will have an approximate cost for
clearing per acre of $10.00.

Plot No. 11.

This plot is located on both sides of the Ohio line and is bounded
on the south by Sherry's lane and a line from end of said lane to
Manning bridge. It is bounded on the east by Manning bridge road,
on the west by Padanaram to Andover road, and on the north by the
Padanaram to Linesville road.

The undergrowth in this plot is rather dense and consists of alder
and aspen. The stand is mainly ash which is generally poor in
quality.

The stand per average acre will contain :

Species.

Tamarack,
Maple, —
i^ack ash,
Kim

Board
Feet.

Stumpage

22

500

2.500

360

$8 00
600
SOOi

1100

Value.

10 18
2 60

20 00
8 96

8.882

126 64

The cost of clearing the average acre on this tract after the mer-
chantable timber has been logged off will approximate $12.50. The
above figures indicate for this area a profit of $14.14 per acre.

184

REl»ORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Plot No. 12.

This area extends from one-half to three-quarters of a mile on each
side of the Ohio line for a distance of about two miles directly south
from Sperry's lane. The southern limit of the plot lies in a growth
of aspen and is formed by the ending of the barb wire fence which
runs north along the state line at that point. This point is about
one-half mile north of mile stone No. 27 on the state line. Engineer
Ferris knows exact point.

The area is overflow land for the creek bed, and is either burned over
and containing nothing but stumps or else the trees are so bushy
as to be of no use except for fuel, and, as such, will be a drug on
the market in that neighborhood, for soft coal is commonly used and
cord wood finds little or no market.

South of plot 12 and between it and Plot 13 is a large area of
dense brush and aspen which will be a large expense for clearing.

The cost per average acre of clearing plot No. 12 will approximate
$7.50.

Plot No. 13.

Plot is located along state line and begins at a wire fence running
across state line about one-half mile below lower limit of plot 12.
Its southern limit is about one-eighth of a mile north of state line
milestone No. 28, and may be recognized easily by the distinct break
in the wood, which is about a quarter mile wide.

This area has been lumbered over in large part and lumbering
is still under process. The floor is clear of fallen timber and, except
in isolated areas, there is little or no undergrowth, although a nar-
row belt of brush fringes the area.

This plot per average acre contains:

Species.

Swamp white oak,

Elm

Black ash

Maple

Beech

Board
Feet.

StnmpaRe
PerM.

260
780
1,510
530
140

$13 00

12 00

900

6 00

6 00

8,220

Value.

$3 38
9 36

13 59
3 18

84

$30 35

The cost per acre of clearing this plot after the merchantable
timber has been logged oft' will approximate ?(>.00.

The above figures show for this area a ])rofit of $24.35 per acre.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

185

The land in No. 13 which lies on the Ohio side of the line is
covered with timber worth twice per acre that in Pennsylvania.

Plot No. 14.

This plot is located along the state line and extends north as
far as the branch of the creek which crosses state line about one
mile above the road passing west through Westford, Pa. It also
crosses the state line about two miles southwest of Westford. The
southern limit of the plot is the road mentioned above. This area
is in two sections, the southern one being circular in outline and
containing very few acres. The one north of it and larger, is a long
strip which lies directly along the state line. .

The forest floor is clear of down timber. The undergrowth is
scant as is the regeneration of the standing timber.

Per average acre, this tract contains:

Species.

Beech

Black ash, •

Elm

Maple,

Swamp white oak,
Basswood

Board
Feet.

Stiimpasre
PerM.

Value.

2,480
690

1,270
950
260
450

16 OO
900

12 00
6 OO

13 00
12 00

$14 88
6 21
15 24
6 70
S88
5 40

6,100

$50 81

Cost of clearing an average acre of this tract after the merchant,
able timber has been logged off will a])proximate |6.00. The above
figures indicate a profit of f 44.81 per acre.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

The period of this report, January 1, 1912 to December 31, 1913,
is not coincident with the appropriation fiscal years, consequently
there will be an overlapping of funds. The period from January 1,

1912 to June 1, 1913 was covered by the appropriation made at the
session of 1911, while the period from June 1, 1913 to December 31,

1913 is covered by appropriations made at the session of 1913.

18Q REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The appropriations made for this Department at the session of
1911 are as follows:

Salaries of officers and clerks specifically provided for

bystatnte, $17,000 00

For special examinations to encourage and develop for-
estry and for contingent expenses, 6,000 00

Traveling expenses, Members of the Commission, 3,500 00

Foresters' salaries and expenses, 110,000 00

Forest Rangers' salaries and expenses, 125,000 00

Surveys, lO'OOO 00

Draftsmen, Bookkeepers, Stenosraphers, and Messen-
gers, 12,00000

Labor, 100,000 00

Maintenance, protection, care, planting, and develop-
ment of State Forests, 55,000 00

Title Examination, ^y^^^ ^^

Fixed Charges for Roads, 40,000 00

Fixed Charges for Schools, 40,000 00

Prevention and Extinction of Forest Fires, and Ex-
penses, 50,00000

Purchase of Lands, 50,000 00

Forest Academy, 20,000 00

Rebuilding of the dam at Promised Land pond in Pike

county, 1.00000

Deficiency for the prevention and extinction of forest

fires, and expenses, 29,000 00

Total, $673,500 00

The a])pro])riations made for the Department at the session of
1913, are as follows:

Salaries of officers and clerks specifically provided for

by law, ?17,000 00

Contingent Expenses, 5,000 00

Traveling Expenses Members of the Commission, 5,000 00

Foresters' salaries and expenses, 110,000 00

Forest l^^ngers' salaries and expenses, 125,000 00

Draftsmen, Bookkeepers, Stenographers, and Messen-
gers, 15,000 00

Surveys* /. 10,000 00

Labor, 100,000 00

Title examination, 4,000 00

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 187

Maintenance, protection, care, planting, and improve-
ment of State Forests, and for the encouragement,

promotion, and development of forestry, G5,000 00

Fixed Charges for Roads, 40,000 00

Fixed Charges for Schools, 40,000,00

Purchase of Lands, 50,000 00

Prevention and Extinction of Forest Fires, and Expenses, 50,000 00

State Forest Academy, 20,000 00

Deficiency for Title Examination, 5,514 21

Deficiency for the prevention and extinction of forest

fires, and expenses, 2,798 43

Deficiency, . traveling and necessary expenses of Mem-
bers of the Commission, 126 30

Total, |GG4,438 94

From the above appropriations there were expended during the

two calendar years covered by this report, the following amounts:
Salaries of officers and clerks, specifically provided for

by law, $17,000 00

Foresters' salaries and expenses, 115,670 60

Forest Rangers' salaries and expenses, 119,155 18

Expenses Members of the Commission, 3,780 37

Title Examination, 8,742 36

Surveys, 2,448 73

Maintenance, protection, care, planting, and improve-
ment of State Forests, and for the encouragement,

promotion, and development of forestry, 62,101 58

Labor, 103,077 55

Forest Academy, 19,886 51

Special examinations and Contingent Expenses, 5,841 74

Draftsmen, Bookkeepers, Stenographers, and Mes-
sengers,, 12,220 00

Purchase of Lands, 94,279 56

Forest Fires, 30,506 02

Fixed Charges for Schools, 38,243 30

Fixed Charges for Roads, 38,690 18

Total, $671,643 68

It must be borne in mind that the period from January 1, 1914 to
June 1, 1915, a year and five months, is likewise provided for by the
above appropriations made at the session of 1913, but the expenditures
for said period may be included only in the next report after the
termination of the period ending June 1, 1915.

188

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

189

Receipts from the State Forests January 1, 1912 to December 81, 1913.

The State Forests during the period of this report yielded better
returns than formerly, because of the better development and addi-
tional tree growth thereon, averaging more than |1,000 per month.
A statement of the returns by forests during the above period is as
follows:

Forest.

Stone

Bald Eagle

Bedford

Seven Mountain,
Seven Mountain,
Black Forest, . .

Bucbanau

White Deer

South Mountain,

Stone,

Clearfield

Seven Mountain,
Kettle Creel£, ..,
Seven Mountain,

Grays Kun

Sinnemahouing, ,
Seven Mountain.

Clearfield

Seven Mountain,
Kettle Creek, ..

Loyalsock

South Mountain,
SinnemahoninK,
White Deer. . . .

McClure

McBlhattan

Minisink

Penny packer, ...
South Mountain,

Minisink,

Seven Mountain,

Hopkins,

Rothrock

Amount.

Asaph,

Bear Meadows,

Barree

Blackwells, —

Buffalo, . . .
Caledonia,
Chatham, .
Clearfield, .
Coburn, ...
Crossfork, .
Greenwood,

Hull

Jacks Mountain,

Karthaus,

Kishaeoquillas, .
Leidy,

Sinnemahoning,
Black Forest,

Hopkins

Stuart

Trough Creek,
Black Forest,
Minisink

Mont Alto,
Medix, ....
McCall. ...

Notch,

Tine Grove,

Pocono

Poe

Renovo, —

Slate Run, .
Snow Shoe,

Waterville,
Westfall, .

Rush township. Centre county lands funattacliod),
Oflice (damage refund by Adams Express Co.), ...
O. C. Gilbert (refund on bond),

Total

Total receipts from all sources from organization to December 31, 1913,

\mount.

$1,387 34

95 76

24 96

3 75

2,086 44

74 82

6 60

432 66

3,357 09

406 62

1,500 00

117 81

114 00

34 00
101 30
166 32

23 71

114 36

16 00

51 48

35 78
2,792 29

587 00
16 00

137 00
43 47
58 43

137 98
16 00

907 65

19 32
3.525 52

37 OO

4.861 28

773 18

500

1,279 80

20 00
39 00
18 00

243 12

6 00

500 00

$26,161 74

$76,158 67

In accordance with Section 2701 of the State School Code, P. L.
1911 p. 431, 80 per cent, of the net receipts and proceeds from the State
Forests shall be paid into a fund known as "The State School Fund
of Pennsylvania." With the development of the State Forests and
the great increase of revenue to be derived therefrom, it is fair to
assume that the State School Fund in the near future will be greatly
enlarged through the State Forest revenues. Why the Legislature
designated but 80 per cent, of the net revenues to be devoted as afore-
said is not known. It would be entirely satisfactory to this Depart-
ment, and we believe entirely proper, should the whole revenue of
State Forests be devoted to the purpose of the School Fund.

In accordance with the financial statement published in the report
of this Department for the years 1910-11, page 95, it is shown that all
expenditures to December 31, 1911, made for and on behalf of this De-
partment from Legislative appropriations, amount to $3,295,897 40
During the years 1912-13 covered by this report, all
expenditures for all purposes, as shown above,
amount to, ; . . 671,643 68

Total expenditure for all purposes from the beginning
of the work of the first Commission, June 1, 1893,
to December 31, 1913, a period of 20 years and 7
"months, 13,967,541 08

Average expenditure per year by the Department of
Forestry and its predecessors for all purposes, |192,786 25

[ncluded in the above appropriations is the cost of the land, the
title examination, and the fixed charges which have been paid out
of the Department appropriations for the lands set aside for the
use of the Western Penitentiary in Centre county, and the Sanatorium
at Mont Alto in Franklin county, now in charge of the State Health
Department. Since these lands have been devoted to other uses than
forestry, it is fitting that the Department should be credited with
the expenditures for the above purposes made on account of these
particular tracts. A statement of the area, cost, fixed charges for
roads and schools, and an estimate of the cost of the title examination,
is as follows:

Lands in Centre county set aside for the use of the Western Peni-
tentiary:

Area, 943 acres, 82.9 perches

Cost, $2,576 69

Fixed charges for road purposes 1905 to 1912

inclusive, 337 32

Title examination, 126 50

Land in Franklin county set aside for the use of the Sanatorium:

Area, 569 acres

Cost, 11^963 05

Fixed charges, 204 84

Title examination, 76 82

Total for both tracts, $5,285 22

Deducting the amount so found from the total expenditures to
December 31, 1913, above shown, leaves a balance of $3,962,255.86,
wliich is the full amount that should be charged against the Depart-
numt for all its operations to date.

IPO

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

101

STATE FOREST ADMINISTRATION

For the Years 1912 and 1913.

1. THE BALD EAGLE FOREST.

Forester, Edgar H. Smith, Elimsport.
Forest Rangers:

Susquehanna Division, Joseph Manley, Montgomery No. 2.

Nippenose Division, Stephen L. Mull, Elimsport.

The Bald Eagle Forest is situate in southern Lycoming county,
extending from the Susquehanna River five miles south of Williams-
port, westward along the Bald Eagle mountain upon the north side
of White Deer Valley a distance of 18 miles. It has a southern
exposure and 90 per cent, of the area lies along this mountain. About
80 acres of abandoned fields and 1,000 acres of woodland lie in the

bottom of the valley.

For convenience in administration, two divisions have been erected,
the eastern or Susquehanna, and the western or Nippenose. The
forester and the two rangers constitute the present regular service
employes. Forester Smith was assigned to this station April 1, 1912.

The boundary survey is complete, having been finished in 1911.
Because of the general unsettled condition of boundary lines, a num-
ber of complaints were made by individuals that the survey had taken
in small portions of areas claimed by them. These were investigated
and disposed of satisfactorily by the forester with the exception of
two cases, wherein it was finally determined by the surveyor of the
Department that the areas actually belonged to the claimants, and
the exterior boundary lines accordingly reformed. The lines are
now posted and painted and 30 per cent, brushed out. Boundary
lines are cleared for fire lines. All line corners are prominently
built except two, one of which is below high water mark in the
Susquehanna River, and the other at a place to which stone must be
hauled for the building of the corner.

As a result of the survey the area of this reserve is computed at
about 17,000 acres. It contains no virgin forest. In places difficult
of access, a sparse growth of mature pitch and white pine remains.
This area not having been seriously burned, is regenerating itself
naturally in a satisfactory manner. Artificial planting must be
resorted to in many places to fill in gaps. Two thousand acres have

a density of 90 per cent. A stand of hardwoods with a density of
50 per cent., about 3,000 acres, is in need of improvement cutting.
The eastern division, near market, is being so improved. This problem
is more serious in the western division, which is distant from market.
Much of the natural regeneration is of desirable species. The im-
provement cutting is to stimulate this kind of growth and remove
inferior stock. About 12,000 acres of the forest contain a stand of
from only 10 per cent, ot 50 per cent., principally hardwoods with a
few pines,, and needs much artificial strengthening. The balance of
the area, about 500 acres, is brush and must be assisted with planting.
On this small area a severe burn occurred in 1910.

W^ater covers about 8 acres of this forest. Thirty- five acres are
devoted to roads and trails, and 35 acres to fire lines thus far com-
pleted. Open ground covers 48 acres.

Springs and Streams.

Eight good springs are found in this forest, all cleaned and ac-
cessible. Six flow continuously. They have as yet received no
definite names, the best known being commonly called the Watering
Trough, on the road leading from White Deer V^alley to Williamsport,
and is used by all teams traveling that road.

The White Deer Hole Creek is the only stream of any size in the
forest. It takes its rise just outside of the western boundary and
flows through the State Forest for a distance of three miles. Its flow
is regular, made possible by the well forested condition of the land
near its head, the woods here being almost normal in density. Nothing
in the drainage basin is likely to contaminate the stream. One
case of wilful contamination came to the notice of the forester,
and after due notice the person responsible for it very promptly
removed the objection.

Buildings and Repairs.

There are but two buiUlings in the forest, a cottage and a small
barn. Both are in need of repairs. Being in a remote ])ortion of
the forest, they are useful and desirable as a base of operations
when work is being conducted in that region. There are no fences on
this land. The lines of the White Deer Valley Telephone Company
run through a portion of the forest, and to which the forester and
his rangers have access. It is desirable to build a few short spurs,
which will give better protection in case of fire. These may be con-
nected to the main line in several places.

13

192

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

lioads and Trails.

Tliis State Forest is crossed north and south by 4 good roads. A
new file road is to be constructed along the summit of the mountain
as nearly as possible, 12 miles of wliicli have already been built. This
basic road is intersected by (he 4 public loads mentioned and form
dividing lines up and down the mountain. Intermediate fire lines
following the old warrant lines are being built and divide the forest
into working compartments. When this road system is completed
it should afford ample protection from fire and give easy means
of access to all parts of the forested area. Thirty-three miles of
roads and trails were repaired during 1913.

Easements and Leases.

The Pennsylvania Kailroad owns a right of way through the ex-
ti'eme eastern end of the forest, and it is from this that the principal
danger of fiie arises. The telephone company above mentioned car-
ries its lines thiough a portion of the forest.

A lease or contract is now outstanding with Henry S. Steline for
the removal of dead, down, and diseased chestnut cord wood. This
yields a small revenue and cleans up the reserve in much better con-
dition than it otherwise would be.

Seed Collection.

Fifteen bushels of black walnuts were collected by the forester and
rangers during the two years. They aie to be planted in the small
forest nursery recently established. The quality of the seed was
good, having a germinating per cent, of about 90.

Forest Nursery.

On April 22d, 1912, a small nursery was begun. The area cleared
amounts to about 300 square feet, and 2J pounds of seed were
planted. At the end of the growing season the following one year old
seedlings were in hand:

Scotch pine, 15^000

White pine, 8,000

Red pine, 6^000

Norway spruce, g 000

Douglas fir, 10^000

47,000

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 193

The cost of the seed and the work in the establishment of the
nursery was |54.56, or |1.16 per thousand for the seedlings obtained.
This small nursery has good drainage, with nearby water from a
permanent stream, and the soil is rich, sandy loam. The only objec-
tion is its distance from forest headquarteis, five miles; but this
will be overcome in the near future by better traveling facilities.
All nursery labor has been su];plied thus far by the forester and his
rangers. At the end of the 1913 season it contained the following
2-year old plants:

Scotch pine, G,000

Norway spruce, 1,000

White pine, 8,500

Black walnut, 10

Douglas fir, 3,500

19,010

13,510 of the above will be available for planting in 1914.

Plantation.

A small plantation of black walnuts was made in May, 1912, the
seeds being planted three feet a[)art. The results were not satis-
factory, many of the nuts being removed by squirrels, while the germ-
ination of the remainder has laid over to the succeeding year.

Fires.

During 1912 there were no forest fires in the Bald Eagle Forest.
The forester and one of the rangers were called out to two small
fires on private land, and a third call proved to be a false alarm.
Two small fires occurred in 1913, doing little damage and covering
not more than half an acre each.

No observatory stations have yet been established in this forest,
although one may be used with good etl'ect on the point of Nippenose
mountain, from which a view over a large territory may be had.
At other points where observatories ordinarily would be useful,
fog and smoke during the fire season usually collect in such masses
that vision is interfered with. For this reason fire protection must
rely more upon telephone lines than observation towers.

Labor.

The rate for labor in this region was 16 cents per hour for a 10-
hour day in 1912. In 1913 it cost \1\ cents per hour. Teams may

13—26—1915

IM

t

REPORT OP THE

Off. Doc.

be had at |4.50 per day with driver, or |2.50 per day without driver.
Labor, while good, is scarce, as most laboring men are hired by
the year and aie employed among the farmers of the neighborhood.

Improvement Cutting.

An improvement cutting was begun in December, 1912. Two others
were undertaken during 1913. The removal of the dead and down
chestnut is the principal object. Each of the forest rangers has
his own improvement work laid out, to be worked at in odd moments.

Market.

Tliere is a market for the products of this forest when in the form
of railroad ties, telephone poles, heading, staves, lagging, hickory,
and chestnut cord wood. Ties are quoted at the following prices:

Red oak and black oak,
Beech, birch, maple, ...
White oak and rock oak.
White chestnut

1st Clasa.

2d Clasn.

CtB.

eta.

fi6

38

48

82

72

67

SO

m

Culls.

eta.

28
14

Telephones poles from J5.00 to $20.00.

Heading and staves, delivered, per thousand, fl.OO

Hickory, first class, stumpage, f 10.00

Chestnut cordwood, eastern division, per cord 30c

All transportation is by wagon to Montgomery or Allenwood, a
distance of from 3 to 12 miles. Hauling to Williamport is a distance
of from 6 to 20 miles.

A considerable area of chestnut wood infected by the chestnut
bark disease is being cleaned up and it is hoped to sell this material
to a nearby stave mill. The price for chestnut wood is rising and
this diseased material may be disposed of at a profit. A caterpillar
has attacked the Scotch pine in large numbers.

Outing and Recreation.

During 1912, the Department issued 5 permits for 39 campers
within this forest. In 1913, 14 permits were issued to 57 persons.
The campers were law-abiding and orderly and appreciated the
courtesy tendered them.

No. 2fl.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

105

During the 1912 hunting season 9 deer were shot either on or in
the neighborhood of the reserve. Wild game bird hunting was also
good. The streams afford good trout fishing and numerous persons
availed themselves of this form of recreation during the proper
season. In 1913, quantities of small game were taken. Three deer
and 4 bears were killed.

The camping sites in this forest are not numerous, the good ones
being only four in number, and are located at the Fourth Gap, the
Third Gap, the Hoffa place, and the Cove, all in tlie eastern division.
All camp sites will be numbered consecutively from 701 to 799 in-
clusive.

Lightning Report.

During the year 1913 the number of trees struck and shattered
is as follows:

Total.

Chestnut, . .
Pitch pine.

Julj.

Aug.

1

1

1

1

t

1

So far as could be ascertained, none of the trees struck was ignited
by the current.

2. THE BEDFORD COUNTY FOREST.

Forester, William L. Byers, Rainsburg.

Forest Rangers:

J. H. Sparks,^ Chaneysville. ^

John Ott,2 Rainsburg.

Coyle H. Tewell,^ Chaneysville.

E. H. Smith,* Rainsburg.

The Bedford County Forest not having received any other definite
name, is known by the name of the county in which it is located.

1. Died October 13. 1912.

2. Re«iimed Decenaber 81, 1912.

3. Began Pebrnary 1. 1918; resigned September 80, 1918.

4. Began March 1, 1M8.

•^^■siifi!

196

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

h

It is situate in Southampton, Colerain, and Cumberland Valley town-
ships, and contains an area of 10,055 acres, a revision of the area
having lately been made by reason of the survey of the exterior
boundary, Avhich is now comi)lete except two lines of the Jane Ketter-
man tract and the recent small Hartsock purchase. That portion
of the area on Tussey mountain soutli of Martin hill is known as
the southern ranjj;e or division, and the remainder as the northern
range or division. No men are regularly employed except the forester
and his rangers. The boundary lines have been carefully posted and
painted, but the blushing out of the lines still remains to be done.
There are four small interior tracts and two small exterior tracts
which should be added in order to straighten the boundary lines and
eliminate all interior holdings.

No virgin woods are found in this forest, the whole area having
been lumbered over in the past. 1,177 acres are now set with young
trees, which with protection will grow into valuable merchantable
timber. A tract of 7,87:5 acres is not sufficiently stocked to form a
profitable stand, and spot planting or seed sowing must be resorted
to to bring the stand up to full stock. At least 1,000 acres contain
no valuable s])ecies and are covered with brush or other growth. A
small area of abandoned fields or old farms is sufficiently clear in
which systematic i)lanting of seedling trees may be made. The brush
on the non-])roductive area is valuable in that it shades the ground,
prevents erosion, and is constantly adding humus to the soil. If
systematic planting cannot be jirofitably resorted to he e, small
spots must be cleared wherein quick growing trees should be placed,
and these, when of seed-bearing age, will begin to crowd out the
scrub and re-seed the ground to valuable species.

Springs and Streams.

A large number of springs is found in this forest. A few of them
during seasons of extreme drought dry u]) completely, but the larger
flow the year round. All sorts of ina])propriate, coarse, or absurd
names are sometimes applied to s])rings and streams. The endeavor
will be to rename them with moie ai)propriate names and give them
greater prominence as development proceeds. The water from 10
different springs flows into Cove Creek and then into the Raystown
Branch of the Juniata. Two of these are known to become dry
during seasons of drought, while the otheis are perennial. T?y reason
of lack of roads or good trails, four of them are at present inaccessible.
The named springs, nuirked with boards, are 12 in number.

The water from 3 of the springs in this forest flows into lOmmett's
Creek, and two of them are ])erennial s])rings. One is inaccessible
for the reason above stated.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

m

, Fifteen springs send their waters into Town Creek, and four of the
number become dry during seasons of drought. All are accessible
except two. Eight springs flow into Flintstone Creek and two of
them are kn9wn to become dry during seasons of drought. Three
of them are inaccessible by reason of lack of roads.

The above 36 springs existing in this forest abundantly prove that
the land is well watered, and the fact that a number of them go dry
during seasons of drought is further proof that heavy planting should
take place around them as speedily as possible and be continued
outward for considerable areas.

By reason of the uninhabited character of the region and the fact
that the springs and streams above mentioned lie largely within the
State Forest, there is little danger of contamination. It is the
constant endeavor of the forest officers to prevent any local nuisance
which would result in contamination of these waters.

Buildings and Repairs.

A number of small buildings are located within this forest. A
ranger's lodge and stable are on tlie Her.ing tract, and two small
lumbermen's shanties remain on the Bennett tract. It is recom-
mended that the last named two be torn down and the lumber used to
build a tool house and ] anger's shelter in the southern division.
Slight repairs were made to the best of them during 1913.

The lines of the Bedfoid and Fulton Telejihone Co. cross this
forest along the public road ficm Chrneysville to Beans Cove. With
this line as a basis, a valuable and highly useful system could be
built up within this region.

Canister rock is found at several places within the forest, but the
great length of haul to a railroad renders it unprofitable at the
present time.

Roads.

The road system as heretofore planned remains unchanged, and
has been reported u]^on previously. The total length of roads opened
and repaired during 1012 is 24 miles. Total work during 1913
included 9.99 miles of road ; 4.25 miles of trail ; 14.84 miles of fire
lines; and 2 miles of boundary line.

Seeds and Plantations.

A small quantity of seed of various kinds has been collected and
planted in open areas within the forest. Three pounds of white pine
seed were furnished by the Department in 1912 and sown at proper

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

IM

198

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

places. An experimental plantinj2^ of black walnut has been made
along the creek on the Herring tract, the seedlings having been fur-
nished by a citizen of the neigliborhood, and an experimental planta-
tion is intended to be made on the Barren Oak lands in 1913, the
clearing for the purpose being now in progress; the object being to
learn what valuable species will grow most rapidly on the barren
lands, and also to learn the cost of barren land planting. An experi-
mental planting of white pine, Norway si)ruce, and Scotch pine was
also made under the shade of large trees for the purpose of com-
parison with similar planting made in the open.

The following seedling trees were planted during the j^ear 1912:

Norway spruce, 2-year, 1,170

Pinus ponderosa, 2-year, 2,000

Wliite pine, 2-year, 20,317

Scotch pine, 2-year, 120

Black walnut, 1-year, 15

Bed oak, l.year, 3,700

Hardy catalpa, 2-year, 40

M

27,362

The following planting was done during 1913:

White pine, 20,000

The following seedling trees have been planted to date at suitable
places on this area:

White pine, 108,282

Norway spruce 1,322

Scotch ])ine 795

Yellow pine, 3,035

l^ed oak, 5,700

Catalpa, 540

Balsam fir, 200

Larch 700

Sugar maple, 1,500

White ash, 5,830

Walnut, 26

Balsam cuttings, 120

Carolina jioplar cuttitigs, 80

The open areas in the forest have been planted. Two acres of
barren oak lands have b^n planted as an experiment, using white
pine trees three years old. The trees show a growth of 95 per cent.
Five acres have been planted with seed. The total planted area is
57.78 acres.

Nursery.

A number of years ago Ranger J. H. Sparks started a small nursery
and succeeded- in growing a considerable number of seedling trees.
When the forester took charge the nursery was continued, but being
of small size it was never capable of producing seedlings in large
quantities. Owing to pressure of development work, the nursery
has been abandoned temporaril}^, but the intention is to resume
seed planting at a convenient time in the future. It is believed that
this nursery was the first that was undertaken by any of the forester
rangers, and Mr. Sparks enjoys the reputation of being the first to
begin what has now become a useful adjunct to nearly all ranging
work.

Labor.

Labor in this region is scarce and costs 15 cents per hour. Team
hire was 30 cents per hour in 1912. It is now 35 cents per hour. The
inaccessible location of a large part of the forest and the long haul
to market requires the employment of a minimum amount of labor.

Improvement Cutting.

Ijittle or no improvement cutting has been attem])ted in this forest
owing to^the distance from market. The product is unsalable. Im-
provement cutting is needed on a large part of the aiea, but for the
present must be disregarded, and the effort of the forest officers
directed to other administrative and development work.

Markets.

There is no market within a reasonable distance except for lumber
and ties. Locust wood for pins is also being used, yielding |4.00-
per cord on the stump or |8.00 per cord at the mill. Material is
used down to five inches in diameter and is cut to 50-inch lengths.

;%*

128,130

200 REPORT OF THE Oflf. Doc.

(Jrowth of Seedlings.

White pine seedlings growing naturally *tvitli in an old field have
been measnied. To show the growth made by plantations, an average
seedling was taken to determine its growth for eight years. It
shows the following:

1st year growth, 2 inches

2nd year growth, 3 inches

:{rd year growth, 4 inches

4th year g: owth, 12 inches

r)th year growth, 10 inches

0th year growth, 10 inches

7th year g, owth, 31 inches

8th year growth, 24 inches

Total growth, 96 inches

Average growth, 12 inclies per year.

Tt will be seen, therefore, that the average soil in this forest is
pi'oductive and tliat seedling trees will grow at a rapid rate.

Fungous Disease.

The chestnut bark disease has been found sparingly near this
reserve, only two cases having been discoveied on private lands
adjacent to the Slate Forest up to the spiing of 1912. Both infections
were destroyed. In December, 1912, a small badly infected area
was found on pri.ate land at the edge of the State Forest, containing
over 400 infected stems. The infection has been destroyed, the bark
removed from the stumjKs, and most of the infected material burned
over the stumps. WliCiC logs were obtained from the trees, there
being no infeclion in 11. e log lengdi, the bark was removed and
destroyed, the log being saved for future use. Continued oiftlook is
kept for any api)earance of this disease. In 1913, three infected areas
were found. All infected tiees have been cut and burned.

Fires.

During the year 1912 but one forest fire occurred, starting on
piivate land and burning into the State Forest. Owing to the high
wind the fire traveled rai)idly and did little damage. The area of
i^tate land run over was about 900 acres. In 1913, four small fires
occurred on State land.

Two obseivatory trees lune been fitted up, one on top of Martin hill
and the other on a high ridge to the south of Rainsburg. Most of
the forest area may l)e surveyed from these lookout posts.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

201

Trespass.

One case of trespass was detected and satisfactory settlement
made.

Outing and Recreation.

A number of good camping sites are to be found, and at least 6
are now recognized as available for camping purposes. Few camping
parties visit this forest because of distance from the railroad and
difficulty of entrance. Streams within the forest are small and conse-
quently do not furnish much sport in the way of fishing. So far
as known, three deer, four turkeys, and a considerable quantity
of small game were taken within the forest during 1912. Much
small game was taken during 1913. All camp sites will be numbered
consecutively from 801 to 899 inclusive.

Lightning Report.

A record of the thunder storms during 1912 shows a total of 35,
occurring as follows:

April, 5

May, • 3

June, ^

July, ...::.. n

August, • • • • 6

September, ^>

Trees struck and shattered were as follows:

Chestnut, .
White oak.
Pitch pine.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

1

2

1

1

»

1

1

1

3

2

S

Total.

1

t

In 1913, the trees struck and shattered during the year were 8,
as follows:

June, 3

July, 2

August, 1

September, 2

8

ii

1)1

202 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Species were as follows:

Pitch pine, 4

Chestnut, 2

White oak, 2

8

J^5 electric storms occurred during this year.

So far as known, no trees were ignited by the current.

3. THE BLACK FOREST.

Forester, Harry A. Thomson,* Slate Run.
Forester, Robert R. Neefe,^ Slate Run.

Forest Rangers:

P. W. Raemore,'' Slate Run.
C. D. Will,* Slate Run.

The division of the Black Forest over which Forester Thomson
had charge, (now Forester Neefe), is located in and around the old
jmmping station in Brown townsliip, Lycoming county, and comprises
portions of the State Forest lying in Clinton, Lycoming, and Potter
counties. The forest officers reside in buildings owned by the Depart-
ment and within easy reach of each other.

A portion of the boundary of this division has not yet been sur-
veyed, and until such survey may be made, has been located as
accurately as may be done under present conditions. Surveyed
lines are well brushed and marked.

This division contains two interior tracts, one of 105 acres owned by
the Black Forest Hunting Club, and the other the Dyer farm. Both
these tracts are advantageously located so as to afford additional
protection to State lands, and are occupied by persons who have
an interest in the work of the Department and in the protection
of the woods.

The area of the division is approximately 30,000 acres and contains
no virgin forest, the whole area having been lumbered in years gone
by. It divides naturally into two blocks. Pine Creek and Young

1. ReslRTiefl September 30, 191S.

i. AppolntM September 1, 19ia.

n. Bejcan March 15. 1&12; resigned September 10, l»ll.

4. Beffan September 1, 1912. , ^

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

203

Womans Creek. The lumbering was so closely done that there remain
no mature trees, and the present young stand at no place exceeds a
density of 50 per cent., showing that the best area is but one-half
stocked, while 4,000 acres have a density of but 30 per cent. The
young trees now coming on consist of yellow pine, chestnut, beech,
sugar maple, rock oak, and white oak, with a mixture of much brush.
As the trees reach a seed-bearing age they will rapidly reset the area
to a full stand, especially if slight assistance be rendered them in
the removal of the denser stands of bush. Regeneration is good and
a large area will, with proper protection, reforest itself.

In the past fires have rapidly burned over the division and con-
sumed the older trees so completely that there remains no marketable
fire killed timber.

About L500 acres are in a condition to be replanted at this time,
requiring little or no labor for preparation. Norway pine and white
pine are recommended for such replanting.

This division is at places very densely covered with rocks, estimated
to cover more than 500 acres. Any replanting here would be done
under much difficulty and large expense.

The w^aters on the reserve cover an area of about 50 acres, roads and
trails 100 acres, and fire lines about 25 acres.

Springs and Streams.

There are a number of springs on the division, nearly all of which
have been made accessible and posted so as to indicate their position.
The springs almost without exception lower their flow in dry season,
a fact which is attributed directly to lack of humus and forest
floor cover. Replanting about the springs wherever practicable is
one of the immediate problems to be met. The streams on the divi-
sion are irregular in flow because of the irregularity of their source
waters. Their flow is easily influenced by rainfall, showing that the
catchment basin is badly in need of forest floor humus and a denser
canopy. The character of this division is such that no contamination
is likely to enter the waters.

Buildings and Repairs.

The headquarters of the forester and the buildings occupied by
the rangers have been put into habitable condition and at present
are entirely suitable for the purpose.

An old telephone line formerly used by the Tide Water Pipe Line
Company runs from forester's headquarters to Slate Run, and passes
over State land for a distance of 3^ miles. The line was formerly

204

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

attached to trees, for which reason service was unsatisfactory. The
trees are now gradually being replaced by poles and the service has
correspondingly improved. The line of the Black Forest Rod and
Gun Club connects with this line.

Roads.

The total length of public road on this division is 12 miles, in
addition to which there are 9 miles of fire lanes. No road work
was necessary during 1912 but three miles of repair work were
completed in 1913.

Easements.

A 16-ft. wide right of way of the Tide Water Pipe Line Co.
crosses this forest for a distance of 12 miles, following: the Couders-
port and Jersey Shore turnpike. The Gaines Pipe Line Co. has a
12-ft. right of way for a distance of 4J miles. These strips are kept
free of brush and serve as good fire lines.

Plantations.

The following planting was done during 1913:

Red pine, 2-year, 1 ,000

Pitch pine, 2-year, 8,716

White pine, 20,100

29,816

This planting was accomplished in the reinforcement of a 12 acre
tract near the Pump Station.

Labor.

As is usual in remote regions, labor is difficult to obtain bocanse
of lack of permanent employment and commands a hiirh price.
Twenty cents per hour is the ruling price for day labor, and 50 cents
per hour for team work, or f5.00 per day of ten hours. The loading
industry in this region, lumbering, has practically ceased. There
are a few farms in the neighborhood and these are small and easily
managed by one man. The labor situation will continue to be un
satisfactory until the development of the forest ])roceeds to such a
degree that labor may be employed the year round.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

205

Market Conditions.

The principal market for material derived from the region is
Williamsport, and is capable of consuming good timber of any kind,
in any size. Hardwoods are preferred because demanded by the fur-
niture industries in Williamsport, Montgomery, and Muncy. Prices,
of course, are governed by market conditions and fluctuate here as
elsewhere. Transportation is good and railroad rates are not ex-
cessive. The distance to Slate Run is so great, with a hard haul,
that nothing but first class material may be taken out at a profit.

Fires.

One fire, covering one-half an acre, set by lightning, occurred

during the year 1913, but none occurred in 1912. There is one

observatory station in a pine tree. No trespass of any character came
to the notice of the forester.

Outing and Recreation.

During the year 1912 there were 10 hunting camps and 12 fishing
camps erected under permits upon this division. In 1913 there were
17 camps with 150 persons occupying them. Without exception, the
campers conducted themselves well, and all took much interest in
the development of the forest. During 1912 a number of pheasants
were taken, but other small game was scarce. Twelve deer were
reported as having been shot upon this division. In 1913 the number
was 15. Ten bears and much small game were taken. The streams in
this forest aie well stocked with trout, and fishing is good. A number
of fishermen took advantage of these conditions, making fine catches,
several taking the limit in one day. The trout run to large size
rather than small.

Permanent camp sites are numbered from 901 to 999 inclusive. 23
such sites have thus far been cleared and made usable.

206

REPORT OF THE

Oft. Doc.

4. THE BLACK FOREST, BLACKWELLS DIVISION.

Forester, John W. Keller, Lloyd.

Forest Rangers: Robert Thompson,* Morris.

Robert Schwab, Leetonia.

M. L. Fish,t Lloyd.

The Blackwells Division is located in Tioga and Lycoming counties.

The original boundary survey was nearly completed when addi-
tional purchases were made, leaving about 9,000 rods of surveyed
line still to be run. All lines run have been painted and posted.
Nearly 10 miles were brushed out in 1912 and 35 miles in 1913.

This State Forest contains 3 interior holdings, 2 of which it is
expiected will be offered to the Commonwealth for purchase. Four
warrants forming a portion of this division are separated from the
main body and should be joined up by the intervening purchases.

The present estimated area of the Blackwells Division is about
29,000 acres.

This forest has been completely lumbered and subsequently at dif-
ferent times burned. There remain no old woods and nearly the whole
area is capable of improvement. A rather dense undergrowth of
chestnut and oak is now appearing. Several tracts carry large grow-
ing timber. 200 acres will average a diameter of 16 inches in pitch
pine, ten trees to the acre. 300 acres will average a diameter of 18
inches, carrying 12 trees to the acre of pitch pine and white pine.
G acres of old hemlock will average IS inches in diameter with 16 trees
to the acre. 50 acres will average 16 inches in diameter, carrying 12
trees to the acre of beech, red, and white pine. 100 acres will average
14 inches in diameter, carrying 20 trees to the acre, with hardwoods,
principally mapile, beech, chestnut, and oak. A tract of 40 acres will
average 14 inches in diameter, carrying IS trees to the acre of mixed
white pine, red pine, and hemlock. 100 acres will average 15 inches
in diameter, carrying 12 trees to the acre of oak, white pine, and hem-
lock. 200 acres will average 18 inches in diameter, carrying 20 trees
to the acre of hard maple and beech. This tract has been damaged by
fire.

1,200 acres have a density of 50% or over, with an average diameter
of not less than 3 inches. 12,000 acres are covered with coppice
growth of chestnut and oak, which has sprung up since the fires of

•RoBlgrned September 80, 1918.
tBegan April 1, 1913.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

207

1909 and 1911. 1,000 acres carry a density of from 10% to 50%, with
an average diameter of about 5 inches. 11,000 acres of the same
density is of less than 5 inches in diameter. 1,800 acres are covered
with brush, where planting must be done. Rocks cover 450 acres,
streams 100 acres, roads and trails 74 acres, fire lanes 32 acres.

Springs and Streams.

All the principal springs are marked on the map of the division.
Original names are preserved as far as possible. 28 spirings were re-
paired during 1913 and 6 made accessible by trails. All will be posted
during the winter months. The springs located on heights are ir-
regular; those in the valleys are regular. It is maintained in the
neighborhood that the high springs never went dry until the fires
burned the timber and the humus. Stream flow generally is irregular,
with periods of great volume, alternating with almost no water during
dry seasons. The tannery at Leetonia contaminates Cedar Run. The
water is dark in color and offensive in odor. Drainage from the coal
mines contaminates Wilson and Babb creeks. No fish can live in the
latter streams, although trout have been caught in Cedar Run.

Buildings and Repiairs.

The Brooks cabin was extensively repaired during April, 1913, and
is now in a satisfactory condition. It is of great usefulness when
working at a distance from headquarters. It is 16x22 feet in size with
a kitchen 8x10 feet attached. It is fitted up with bunks and the neces-
sary rough furniture and utensils. Spring house and stable are
erected nearby. A fire lane surrounds the buildings. The whole cost
for buildings and outfit is |f270.12.

A ranger's house and necessary out buildings were erected at
Leetonia. Contract price for the buildings was $2,564.00. The fit-
ting up of the buildings with water and drainage systems, and charg-
ing in all the time of the forester and rangers, increased the cost
$446.04. The extra charge included the cost of the building fixtures,
material and work for the barn, other out buildings, tearing down of
old buildings, grading roads and walks.

A telephone line has been extended from Waterville to Blackwells.
All work was done bv the forest force at Slate Run. This line was
then extended to the tannery at Leetonia. Necessary rights of way
were secured and the line erected principally by the forester and his
rangers. The total cost of the line was $431.77, and its value will be
many times the money spent upon it in the prevention of forest fire.

14

!

208

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The Delmar and Hoytville Telephone Company's line supplies ser-
vice to Blackwells, Morris, Stony Fork, and that portion of the State
land east of Pine Creek. The service is good and the charge is reason-
able. The Bell Telepihone Company's lines reach Blackwells, Morris,
Stony Fork, and Leetonia, but have no connection near to or within
the State Forest.

Eoads.

In 1912, the open road system within this area contained 28.5 miles
of public roads easily traveled, 11.3 miles of fire lanes, 9.3 miles of
boundary lines, and 3 miles of trails. In 1913, a new road from the
State highway at the White farm to the Brooks cabin, somewhat over
a mile in length, was the most important road work of the year. It
opens up a portion of the division where considerable work will need
to be done in the future. The difficulty in procuring labor prevented
a greater road extension. The work consisted of making the survey,
cutting brush, burning and removing the brush, dynamiting stumps,
pulling out loose stumps, and grading with drag plow and road
scraper. Additional road work consisted of brushing and rebrushing
certain roads, covering a distance of 104.7 miles.

Easements.

A right of way 60 feet wide and 1,204 feet long was granted the
Leetonia Railroad in 1912 over a portion of warrant 4,423 for a con-
sideration of $15.00 per year, and in November, 1913, a similar agree-
ment for right of way was entered into with the Central Penna.
Lumber Co. over tract 4,442, for a consideration of |50.00 per year.

Mineral Prospects.

In 1912, permission was granted to Benjamin Vaughn to prospect
for coal on Tannery Hill. The digging has reached a depth of 25 leet,
but no coal has been discovered. No other minerals are being removed
from State land and no other prospects are in progress.

Plantations.

To the end of the year 1912, 67 acres had been planted with seed-
lings, and one-fourth of an acre set with willow cuttings.
During the year 1912, planting was as follows:

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

2-year Old Seedlings.

Europiean larch, 4,350

Norway spruce, 2,000

Pinus ponderosa, 2,000

Scotch pine, 2,000

Bed oak, 6,000

209

16,350

3-year Old Seedlings.
Norway spruce,

3-year Old Transplants.

Norway spruce,

White pine,

9,300

1,350
60,000

61,350

Cuttings.

Willow,

5,000

Total,

92,000

In 1913, 88 acres were planted with seedlings. To date forest plant-
ing on this division amounts to 155 acres. One-fourth of an acre was
set with cuttings. The 1913 planting employed the following species:

European larch, 2-yr., 1,000

Norway spruce, 2-yT., 49,500

Norway spruce, 3-yr., 14,491

Red pine, 3-yr., 21,780

White pane, 2 yr., 129,000

White pine, 3-yr., 8,790

Pinus monticola, 3-yr., 5,000 229,561

The total number of seedlings planted to date is shown by the fol-
lowing table:

White pine, 248,890

Norway spruce, 76,641

European larch, -^ 5,350

Scotch pine, 2,000

Pinus ponderosa, ; 2,000

14—26—1915

I

210 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Red oak, 21,000

Honey locust, ^y^^^

White ash, 500

Red pine, 21,780

Pinus monticola, 5,000

Willow cuttings, 10,000

Total, 398,161

Sample Plots.

Three experimental plots were set out in 1912, using Pinus pon-
derosa, Scotch pine, and European larch. A pHantation of silver pine
was made in the spring of 191eS. An experiment by alternating species
has been tried out, using white pine alternating with red pine and
silver pine. A small plantation of white pine, alternating with red
oak was started in 1912. An experiment to determine the value of
fall planting in this region was also made and will be reported upon
later.

Labor.

Labor costs IT^c. per hour to September 1st. After that date 14c.
per hour and board is the price piaid. Teams with driver are worth
40c.; for one horse and driver 27|c. Labor is good in quality but
is constantly on the lookout for higher wages. A strike for more
money occurred at the end of May, 1913, but all came back volun-
tarily without advance.

Market Conditions.

There is not much salable material derivable from this forest at the
present time. Sales have been limited to fence posts and a few thou-
sand feet of logs and fire wood. Transportation facilities are good
and the railroad rates satisfactory. There are no nearby wood-using
industries and the scattered material which might be worked up by
them under present conditions cannot be removed at a profit. With
no nearby market, a minimum of returns from this forest must be ex-
pected for the near future.

Erosion.

The surface of this particular forest is such that erosion readily
begins. After the removal of the virgin timber and the repeated burn-
ing of the surface, little protective vegetation remained on the hill-
sides. Erosion naturally followed and is contittuiug, exposing the

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

211

rocks. Much of the soil from the steepest hills has been washed to
lower levels. Nothing but good forest cover and the prevention of Are
will operate to check this waste. Stream banks are undermined and
carried away. The shrubby growth is not sufficient to hold the bank.

Insects and Fungi.

The work of the white pine weevil has been noticed spiaringly, but
to date the weevil has not entered the white pine plantations. ' Oc-
casionally white pine trees are found affected with the white pine
blight. One chestnut tree was discovered attacked by the chestnut
blight. This tree was promptly cut and burned and no recurrence of
the disease has been found. The trembling aspen is attacked by the
streaked cottonwood leaf beetle.

Forest Fires.

One fire occurred in May, 1912, covering an area of 100 acres on
State land. 60% of the growth was killed and the forest floor cover de-
stroyed. In June a small fire covering 2 acres occurred on private
land killing 75% of the growth. Both fires are believed to have
started from the New York Central Railroad. During 1913, fires on
State land numbered 6, burning an area of 235 acres, and on nearby
private land they were 5 in number. The forest force assisted in ex-
tinguishing fires on private land. Half the fires are attributable to
railroads. The remainder are distributed among various causes.
One observatory station was built on West Hill, using a large red oak.
A view from this tree may be had over the larger part of the division.
The expense was |4.95.

Outing and Recreation.

Eleven permits to camp were issued to 65 persons during 1912.
Eight deer and five bears were reported killed on or near the reserve.
Twelve permits were granted to 72 piersons for camping within the
forest in 1913. Nearly all permits go to hunting parties. Three deer
and three bears were reported killed on or near State land. Many
pheasants were taken. Fishing is not good in the region. The trout
streams are not well stocked and cannot be kept stocked until the
forest growth along the banks of the streams covers the water and
keeps the pools dark and cool. For this reason few fishermen en-
camped within this forest. All camp sites on this division will be
numbered from 1,001 to 1,099 inclusive. Thirteen camp sites are in
good order, cleaned, and posted. Nine others are not yet posted and

212

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

numbered, but are suitable for camping purposes. These sites are at
present known only by the old incongruous names which are to be
replaced by piroper designations in the near future.

Lightning Report.

But two lightning strokes are reported during 1913, one in July
and one in September, respectively in pitch pine and white pine.

5. THE BLACK FOREST, SLATE RUK DIVISION.

I

1

!

Forester, Frank D. Jerald, Slate Run.
Forest Rangers: M. E. Westcott,* Slate Run.

O. M. Campbell, Cammal.

Work on this division was confined principally to tree planting and

road building. New roads were constructed and old roads brushed out

and repaired to an extent in excess of 20 miles, while over 19 miles of

trails received the same treatment. The road work was confined to a

grade on the Trout Run road, the Narrow Gauge road, the Big Trail,

the Slate Run grade, and what is known as the mountain road. The

trail work was carried through Stradley hollow, Campbell hollow,

Second, Third, and Fourth hollows, the Quarry trail, the Miller trail,

Slide hollow. Trestle fill, Gas Line, and trails known as Nos. 1, 2, 3,

and 4. Roads were opened to a width of from 16 to 20 feet, trails

about 10 feet. The mountain road, because of its character, was

opened only to a width of 12 feet. The total number of miles of road

at present opened and repaired within this forest is 26, and there are

20 miles of trails and 4 miles of fire lines. The boundary survey of

this forest is now complete with the exception of one small tract.

The boundary lines have not yet been opened.

Springs and Streams.

All springs along fire lines and roads are cleaned and many posted.
The flow is regular and free from contamination.

•Resigned September 30, 191J.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

213

Buildings and Repairs.

There are no buildings on this division excepit the small cabins left
by the lumbermen. They are insufficient for State purposes and not
properly located. The telephone line recently constructed is giving
good service.

Plantations.

Eight pounds of coniferous tree seeds were sown in plantations
during 1912, and of the following species:

Norway spruce, 3 pounds.

Red pine, 2 pounds.

White pane, 2 pounds.

Scotch pine, ^ pound.

Douglas fir, ^ pound.

Total, 8 pounds.

Young trees, both seedlings and transplants, to the number of
41,000 were used in reinforcing 1^3 acres, as follows:

Seedlings.

Norway spruce,

Honey locust,

Red oak,

Transplants.
White pine, 3-yr.,

5,000

1,000

20,000

26,000

15,000 41,000

The above reinforced planting was made on the James Wilson war-
rant No. 4240 and the William Peny No. 10.

Minerals.

All the table lands at the headwaters of Slate Run contain beds of
clay. Some of it is believed to be good fire clay.

Labor.

As elsewhere throughout the State Forests, labor conditions are un-
satisfactory. Goed men are scarce. Labor costs from 18c. to 22c.
per hour. Team hire from 40c. to 45c. per hour.

P

214

REPORT OF THE

Erosion.

Off. Doc.

Erosion is at a minimum. It is very rare to see Slate Run dis-
colored.

Fires.

From July 8th to July 15th, 1912, a severe fire occurred in McHenry
township covering about 800 acres of State land. All small material
on the burned area was destroyed and the humus on the forest floor
burned out. The origin of the fire is not know but it is believed to
have originated from a stroke of lightning. The cost to extinguish it
amounted to 1210.65. Only two small fires occurred on the division
during 1913, burning not more than one-fourth of an acre.

Markets.

A considerable amount of dead, down, and otherwise worthless
material so far as its presence in the forest was concerned, was dis-
posed of during the year as follows:

Compartment.

jS

^

i

1

%*

c

i

■H

"S

«

05

•*■>

u

O

o

<

n

P

I

m
a

William Perry, No. 10,
William Perry, No. 8,

Warrant No. 2666

James D. Wilson

Acres.

400

15«.177

J479 82

400

79,137

267 49

1,000

21.070

27 10

440

8,610

8 61

$1 80
66
02

oe

H

Attention is called to the above financial return from the 400 acre
tract of William Perry No. 10. The price paid for this area was |2.00
per acre and the receipits therefrom in one year from material of poor
quality, and which is better out of the woods than in it, amount, as
above shown, to ?1.80 per acre. Almost innumerable tracts, both in
this forest and elsewhere, contain similar material, which, if it could be
made accessible by a system of road building and thus more easily
removed to the market, would produce financial returns of equal or
greater value. A return of 90% on the investment as here shown,
derived from material better out of the forest than in it, is a mild
indication of the possibilities of practical forestry, when, after a suf-
ficient lapse of time, there is ample good material with which to work.

I

215

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. '

«

Outing and Hecreatloi}.

All camp sites on this division will be designated by numbers 1,101
to 1,199 inclusive. Camping parties behave themselves generally well,
but there was more drinking and carousing on the part of the campers
than i« good for their personal reputations. Eight deer and six bears
were reported taken and a large amount of small game. Fishing is
good in Slate Run and large numbers of trout were taken. The prize
trout weighed 5J pounds and was 23^ inches long.

Lightning Report.
The following trees were struck and shattered in 1912:

■«->

n

•

S

a

bo

3

»-j

<

e

Chestnut,

Chestnut oak.
Pitch pine, . .
Hemlock,

Total, ..

14

9

22

o

2

2

12

o

16

11

34

4

65

During the month of August a dead hemlock was struck and ignited.
The tree was completely burned up, but no fire was communicated to
the forest because of the damp condition of the floor.

21 trees were struck and shattered and 4 were ignited in 1913. The
occurrence was as follows:

August, 24

September, i

The species struck were:

Rock oak, g

Jack pine, g

Chestnut, 4

Hemlock, 4

216

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

6. THE BLACK FOREST WATERVTLLE DIVISION.

Forester, Horace C. Evans, Waterville.
Forest Rangers: S. H. Lebo, Lucullus.

G. C. Spiegel,* Waterville.

L. W. Rogers,! Waterville.

The Waterville Division of the Black Forest comprises three ranges,
Waterville, Cammal, and Little Pine Creek, the last being divided into
two sub-divisions, the Okome and the East Hill. Ranger Spiegel had
charge of the Waterville range, Rangers Campbell and Lebo of the
Cammal range, and Ranger Rogers of the north end of Little Pine
Creek.

The greater portion of this State Forest lies within Lycoming
county. A part extends into Clinton county near HaneyvlUe.

The added tracts are not included in the boundary survey. All pre-
sent surveyed lines are marked and piainted. The timber in the Little
Pine Creek region is hypermature over an extent of 400 acres, and
will yield more than a half million feet. The balance of the division
contains scattered mature growth which would yield many hundred
cords of mine props. For the present it is needed as a cover. A cop-
pice regeneration of good quality is being produced. Where protec
tion is afforded natural regeneration is proceeding.

Springs and Streams.

The springs and streams in this forest are in good condition, al-
though some are still subject to periods of high and low water. All
springs near roads and fire lines have been cleaned and deepened.
The water is pure and cold wherever the ground is well shaded.
Some of the smaller streams in the gorges have sunken beneath the
surface. Deforestation and fire have noticeably affected the flow of
Pine Creek. Acid plants discharge refuse into the head of this stream.

Buildings and Repairs.

The buildings owned by the State are in good condition. The barn
on the property occupied by Ranger Lebo was repaired during 1913.
The house was repaired during 1012 by a general overhauling, and is
now in a habitable state.

•Resigned April 30. 1913.
♦BpRan S«»Dtember 1, 1912.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

217

The forester began the construction of a telephone system to con-
nect his headquarters with his rangers and the immediate neighbor-
hood. A line of metallic circuit has been built from Waterville to
Blackwells. The line from Cammal to Ranger Lebo's has been con-
verted into metallic circuit. Tt was constructed under the super-
vision of the foresters by untrained men. An additional branch has
been run to the Pump Station. The forest telephone system in this
region now is 46 miles in length, and communicates over an area of
182 square miles, reaching four foresters, three rangers, and five
other persons. Switch connections are made at Waterville with the
Brookside and White Pine Co.

Roads.

Work on the forest roads, fire lanes, and trails was pushed vigor-
ously during 1912. On the Waterville division 2.7 miles of fire road
were completed. The fire roads are the ordinary fire lane, so built
that they may be used by teams. On the Cammal division 4.5 miles
of lane and trail were completed and on the Little Pine Creek division
6 miles of fire road and 1^ miles of fire lane. The road begun in 1911
up Trout Run in the Cammal and Little Pine Creek divisions, was
completed over a total distance of about 9 miles. Three miles of ad-
ditional road lying in both of these divisions, known as the School
House and Hollow roads, have also been built.

The total road building during 1912 amounts to 83 miles. In 1913
the same roads were improved and additional new work completed.
Road work in 1918 covered 67.8 miles.

Minerals.

The mineral resources of this forest are not yet well developed.
Soft coal has been mined in the basin of Little Pine Creek for the
use of the English Center tannery, and the promise there for further
mining seems to be good. On East Hill range east of Little Pine
Creek, a 25-foot bed of fire clay is found 16 feet below the surface.
The bed of fire clay also exists west of Big Pine Creek along the
(^oudersport pike. Limestone has been found near Haneyville.

A vein of iron ore in the State Forest near Haneyville is known to
have been mined as early as 1825, and iron therefrom manufactured
in the locality. The walls of an old furnace are still seen. The vein
seems to be upwards of 8 miles wide and lies close to the surface, fol-
lowing the mountain ridge along Coudersport pike. A forge was
formerly in operation at Jersey Shore.

«

218 REPORT OF THE Oflf. Doc.

A good grade of flagstone is found on the slopes of Pine Creek and
its tributaries. This is rather extensively quarried and is the only
present local industry. This stone is hard and of good quality for
building and road purposes.

Plantations.

The total area to date planted on this forest is 64.6 acres. 21 acres
have been planted by using seed in spot planting.

The seedling trees by species thus far planted, are as follows:

White pine, 115,500

Norway spruce, 15,000

Pinus ponderosa, 2,000

European larch, 2,250

Scotch pine, 4,500

White ash, 11,000

Red oak, 50

Chestnut, 50

Honey locust, 6,325

Red elm, 19,000

Willow cuttings, 500

Total, 176,175

During 1912 planting was as follows:

Broad leaf trees.

Elm, 2-yr.,

Honey locust,

Conifers.

Pinus ponderosa, 2-yr.,

White pine, 3-yr.,

Norway spruce, 3-yr.,

Total, , . .

Sample Plots.

3,800
1,650

2,000
19,000
15,000

41,450

No. 26.

Two experimental plantations were formed in the spring of 1912
with Pinus ponderosa. 1,000 plants in each were set out in a mixture
of elm and others, planted solidly. The first is on a sandy shale moun-
tain plateau, and the second on sandy clay. Seedlings in both plan-
tations appear to be thriving.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Labor.

219

The price of labor in this region is high and men are scare. The
best labor demands from 20c. to 25c. per hour in the quarries, and it
is difficult to get good men for less than 18c. A team with' driver
costs 40c. per hour. This scarcity of labor is due to the exhaustion of
the lumber supply, and for the high cost of work within this forest.
A small supply was had at 18c. per hour but this rate cannot be main-
tained in the future.

Improvement Cutting and Markets.

Improvement cutting consists of the removal of fire damaged timber
from the Waterville division. Silas Hostrander is working over 1 000
acres near Okome. For such material a price on the stump of from
?1.00 to 14.00 per thousand feet is received, and ten cents each for
ties. The distance from market, the poor quality of material, and the
scarcity of labor make improvement cutting by the Department too
expensive. There is little local demand for fuel. Extract wood is
worth $4.00 per cord delivered. Mine plank 6 feet long, with a mini-
mum thickness of 1^ inches are worth $18.00 per thousand. Mine
props according to size and quality are worth $2.50 to $3.50 per ton.
Hemlock and pine lumber are worth delivered from $16.00 to $22.00
per thousand feet. Chestnut telephone poles from $1.50 to $6.00 each
delivered. A 30-foot pole 33 inches in circumference 6 feet from the
base and 21 inches in circumference at the top is worth $1.50. Pitch
pine mine props are in demand. There is much of this material on
the mountain ridges but it costs too much to remove it. The rail-
road rate from Waterville to neighboring market is $1.30 per ton.
705 telephone poles were cut and delivered within the forest for the
building of the administration telephone lines.

Growth.

The forest growth in this region is coppice, ranging in age from 1 to
12 years. It consists of broad leaf species with a scattering of pitch
pine and a few white pine and hemlock. There is at present on the
ridges at least 1,000 cars of prop timber and considerable lumber and
dimension stuff, but with present market prices and distance from the
market, it would not be advisable to remove this uneven-aged forest
cover, although such removal would be a benefit to the even-aged
undergrowth. Natural reforesting will proceed satisfactorily with
protection. There have been some severe fires on the three divisions
during the last four years.

m

ft ! ■:

220

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

|!|

The 7,300 acre East Hill range of the Okome sub-division contain
3,000 acres of a fine natural regeneration of chestnut and oak coppice.
Protection from fire will go a long way in the quick reforesting of a
large part of the area, although planting must be resorted to at places.
Natural regeneration is uneven and therefore unsatisfactory. Plant-
ing with species of rapid growth produces by far the most satisfac-
tory results. Pine, larch, and elm are recommended for planting in
this forest.

Erosion.

In past years erosion was severe, but with the growth of coppice
underbrush it is gradually decreasing and is now not the problem
it was formerly. With the restoration of a good forest cover it is
hoped that erosion will be entirely prevented.

Insect Attacks and Fungous Diseases.

The white pine weevil is the most destructive insect in this locality.
A scarcity of white pine, however, has produced a minimum of loss.
The chestnut bark disease is now attacking vigorously. Many in-
fected trees have been found and destroyed. This invasion began in
1913.

Fires.

During 1912, about 250 acres of State Forest were burned. The fire
wardens are generally prompt, although fires are difficult to ex-
tinguish in the mountain thickets. Continual watchfulness is neces-
sary and continuous daily patrol during the fire season is the only
thing that will produce satisfactory results. The forest rangers are
cooperating with the local fire wardens and with the best possible re-
sults.

An observatory has been erected on private land 2 miles from
Waterville from which the whole of the Waterville and Little Pine
Creek divisions may be seen, and considerable private land besides.
The town of Cammal, 10 miles away, is within view, and the Nip-
penose mountains at Jersey Shore. This observatory commands a
radius of about 10 miles. One other observatory is needed in Ranger
Rogers' locality, and practically the whole forest could then be

guarded.

During 1913 four fires covering 1,300 acres of State land occurred.
A second observation tower was built.

Trespass.

Violations of the forest laws are uncommon and usually of a trifling
character. Some trouble is experienced from the over-grazing of

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 221

cattle. A few unauthorized camp fires were discovered during the
hunting season, and those building them were requested to observe
the rule in the future. The fish and game laws are more frequently
violated. When violations are discovered the forest officers report
the cases to the respective Department, having control of fish and
game. In 1913, seven dead does were found in the woods following
the hunting season. The trespass case of Burkholder is reported
upon elsewhere.

Outing and Recreation.

This forest is a favorite region for hunters, and 10 camps were
erected during 1912. All were visited by the forest officers and found
to be in good order. 40 deer were reported killed either on or in the
neighborhood of the State Forest. Eight camps were erected during
1913 and 50 deer taken. Ruffed grouse were numerous. Trout are
not abundant, although many fishermen visit the streams. Due to a
lack of forest cover, the streams are not sufficiently well protected.
A number of excellent camping sites exist. All camp sites on this
division will be named and numbered from 1,201 to 1,299 inclusive.
They are now being developed. Many persons from the nearby cities
and towns take advantage of a short stay in the State Forest. With
the development and opening of the woods, outing and recreation
parties will increase in number.

The schools of the neighborhood are availing themselves of the
privilege of going into the State woods. Arbor Day work is being
encouraged. The forester and his rangers interest the school children
in this work as far as possible. Whenever forest work is explained to
the children, they are interested. Nature study has recently received
an impetus through the interest of those in authority.

Lightning Report.

During 1912, the following indicates the frequency of the electrical
storms, during which the following trees were struck and shattered :

«

i

July.

a
«

p.

to

•
a

O

h

Hemlock

Chestnut "

Pitch pine

Rock oak '

Red oak ......■.■.'.*!.'.*.'.*.■.*.*.'.'.'!.'.■!!;;.■.*.*;;;;.*

1

1

1
1
1

3

6
2

1
1
1

1

1

Total,

10

'

222 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

In July, one tree, a chestnut, was struck and ignited.

One of the hemlocks struck in September was hit about 30 feet from
the ground and the top split. Several of the neighboring trees felt
the influence.

During 1913, 58 lightning strokes are reported, as follows:

June, 1^

July 20

August, 1^

September, ^

October 1

58

One tree, a hemlock, was struck and ignited and burned for several
days before it was discovered. With respect to the degree of fre-
quency, the species struck were as follows:

Pine, 28

Chestnut, H

Hemlock, 8

Rock oak, 6

White oak, 5

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

223

58

7. THE BUCHANAN FOREST.

Forester, Alfred E. Rupp, Fort Loudon.
Forest Rangers: J. V. Carlin, Metal

Harry A. Reitz,* Chambersburg No. 6.

The Buchanan State Forest is made up of the Aughwick and Bear
Valley divisions, each of which is patroled.by one of the rangers.
The former division contains 6,760 acres, the latter 4,310. The bound-
ary line of this forest has been completely surveyed and the lines are
marked, posted, and painted. At places they are used for fire lanes
and trails. All corners are well built and witnessed.

The region has been lumbered over at different times and now con-
tains but 25 acres of virgin forest. A number of mature and hyper-

*Left service April 30. 1913.

mature trees are scatteered throughout the area, but these may be
removed only with profit along with other dead or fallen trees. There
is a market for this material as cord wood and pulp wood. About
one-half of the forest at this time would yield two cords to the acre.
Natural regeneration is sufficiently good to replace all removals. Of
the whole forest, about 3,000 acres have a density of 50% or over.
About half of this needs strengthening, while the remainder is being
strengthened by natural regeneration. About 5,300 acres are
covered with a stand having a density of from 10% to 50%. The
species are rock oak, chestnut, pitch pine, red oak, hickory, and
maple. The removal of the inferior part of the present stand would
improve the regeneration. The product would be cord wood, pulp
wood, and chemical wood, which may be handled at a profit by using
men in regular employ. There are small areas in the above portion
which may be strengthened by under-planting after the removal of
the dead and down timber. At least 2,000 acres of this forest are
covered with scrub oak and worthless brush. About one-half of this
will produce some natural regeneration, but no valuable species are
found on the remainder.

An area of about 50 acres of open space may be planted rather
easily with seedling trees. 500 acres are covered with rocks with
many steep slopes. Little can be done here except to prevent fire
which will permit a more or less dense brush cover to be used in the
formation of forest humus. 26 acres are included in the beds of
streams, 33.5 acres are used for roads and trails, and 38.5 acres for
fire lanes. On at least half this reserve artificial regeneration is best
postponed for the present because of the too great expense in prepara-
tion and planting. Pitch pine is reclaiming some of the weed area.
Some white pine trees are now restocking the areas in their
neighborhood.

Springs and Streams.

All well located springs have been cleaned and made accessible.
The most important ones are walled. Where possible, fire lanes are
laid out near them. Where the forest floor humus is in good condi-
tion, the springs flow regularly throughout the year. Where the
humus is not intact, the flow is irregular. Stream flow in the Augh-
wick creek is regular, but is less regular in the Bear Valley stream,
where it is subject to floods and droughts.

A source of spring and stream contamination still exists in the
neighborhood of the old saw mill sites, where refuse, saw dust, and
other debris are still abundant. Tt would conduce to a better condi-
tion of things were all this refuse burned.

15

I

224

I!

REPORT OF THE

Buildings and Repairs.

Off. Doc.

The buildings in the forest form a home for a ranger, and are in

good condition.

A good trunk line telephone service is at hand and a private line 7^
miles long has been erected by the Department between the forester's
headquarters at Fort Loudon and the ranger's home at Cowan's Gap.
The rates charged by local companies are a dollar per month with
good service. Each subscriber owns his own telephone.

Roads.

All old roads have been repaired and improvements made in both
valleys. They need further improvement by reason of the grades.
These two roads are located each between two mountains and are the
leading roads to all part of the forest. A new road is needed from
Path Valley to the top of Tuscarora mountain through CJowan's Gap.
The old road in this region is in bad condition with grades too steep.
During 1912 about 8 miles of roads were repaired and improved. In
1913, road work, including trails and tire lines, covered a length of
56 miles.

The Buchanan Mopument.

The site was cleaned of brush and briars and the land drained for
tree planting. A walk was made between the road and the monument
and the fence around the monument painted. The spring is cleaned
and walled. Improvement cuttings were made in the nearby woods.
Within the inclosure 3,100 Norway spruce, 2-2 yr., were planted.

Plantations.

Spot plantings were made in 1912 in a 5-acre plot using two pounds
of white pine, and in a 3-acre plot using one-half pound of Scotch
pine and one pound of Norway spruce.

The following seedling trees were planted:

Norway spruce, 3,000

White pine, 2,030

White ash, 1,300

Red oak, 3,500

American elm, 100

Willow cuttings, 2,000

Total, 11,930

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY. 225

All plantations were made 4x4 feet and the growth has been uni-
formly satisfactory.

Plantings during the year 1913 were as follows:

Red oak acorns, 1 bushel

Norway spruce, 2-yr., 15,000

Norway spruce, 2-2-yr., 11,200

White pine, 2-1-yr., 10,000

White ash, 1-yr., 4,000

Black walnut, 1-yr., 635

* Total, 40,835

Seeds and seedlings planted to date are as follows:

Seeds.

White pine, 2 pounds.

Scotch pine, i pound.

Norway spruce, 1 pound.

Red oak, 1 bushel.

Seedlings.

White pine, 27,930

Scotch pine, 5,800

Walnut, 2,197

Red oak, 3,500

Norway spruce, 57,010

Catalpa, 363

Balsam fir, 200

American elm, 100

White ash, 9,300

Total, 106,400

Nurseries.

A small nursery was established at Metal for this forest in May,
1908. It contained only one-fifth of an acre. Many of the seedlings
planted, as above, came from this nursery. The stock in the nursery
at the end of 1912 was 11,400 4-year old Norway spruce transplants
and 635 1-year old black walnut. Because of the too great expense of
raising seedlings in this nursery, it was abandoned in 1913.

Sample Plots.

Three sample plots have been located. The area of each plot is one
acre and the object is to determine the volume and rate of growth for
15—26—1915

|i|i;

.(

li

m

III

226

REPORT OF THE

OflE. Doc.

trees in this forest. No data or measurements can be submitted at
this time.

Labor.

The wage scale for labor is 15c. to 16c. per hour. For a team includ-
ing the driver, it varied from ST^c. to 40c. per hour in 1912. Laborers
are abundant in the spring, but nearly all are employed during the
months of June and July. Competition is rather keen with the
farmers and the State Highway work. All forest operations must be
started early in order to hold good men, or pay a higher price for in-
ferior men.

Improvement Cuttings.

No improvement cuttings have been attempted in this forest ex-
cept those necessary in laying out the sample plots which were made
by the probationary forest students.

Markets.

There is no demand for unfinished lumber. Cord wood is used lo-
cally and bark by the Mercersburg tannery. Railroad ties are called
for by the local line. Sawed lumber is produced for car stuff, building
material, furniture, and bridge timber. Oak and white pine are the
principal saw timbers. Transportation facilities are poor on the
mountain but good in the valley. The distance is too great to the
railroad for a profitable operation. When delivered, the railroad
facilities are excellent. The rates are reasonable and service is good.
There is little home market at this time for State grown wood. All
lumber and dimension stuff go to outside markets. For this reason
the Department must control the means of hauling. Otherwise, sales
cannot be made at a profit.

The price for cord wood varies from |2.50 to $2.75 delivered. The
following prices have been ruling for other material:

Building lumber, mixed oak and chestnut, $20.00 per thousand.

Car timber, mixed oak and chestnut, $18.00 to $20.00 per thousand.

Wagon wood, mixed oak and chestnut, $25.00 per thousand.

Ties, rock oak and white oak, 68 c.

Ties, chestnut, 45c.

Locust wood and insulator pins, $8.50 per cord.

Bark, rock oak, $8.00 per ton.

All the above prices are for material delivered. The railroad rate
for cord wood is 45c. a ton for a 12-mile haul. Other rates are reason-
able.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

Erosion.

227

Considerable erosion is found on the roads, trails, and fire lanes,
caused by the steep grades. The prevention of erosion is one of the
objects aimed for in road work.

Insects and Fungi. •

The white pine weevil is present and is doing some damage to the
natural regeneration of that species. The chestnut bark disease is
found scattered over the entire forest. The effort to locate and de-
stroy it has met with marked success. Constant vigilance is required
to keep it in check. All infections, when located, are destroyed.

Forest Fires.

During 1912 no fires occurred within the State Forest. Local fires
aggregating 91 acres were all confined to private land. The forest
force attacked them immediately when seen and prevented their
reaching State land.

There were no fires in the Buchanan forest during 1913. Local em-
ployes are using more care with respect to fire in the woods. Local
population is cooperating in fire prevention. One observatory station
was built with telephone line running to it. Fires on private lands
nearby covered over 1,200 acres.

Outing and Recreation.

The only persons who camped within the State Forest during 1912
were hunters, 5 camps containing 35 members. The conduct of 31 of
the number was all that could be desired, but of the remaining 4 the
same statement cannot be made. These 4 persons, who held permit
396, refused to report to the forester, and a question has arisen
whether or not they did not violate both the game laws and the forest
laws.

The products of the hunt so far as reported were 13 deer, 30 turkeys,
and a considerable quantity of small game, all taken on or near the
State Forest.

All campers during 1913 were hunters. 7 permits were issued but
only two used. 20 hunters entered the camps. . Their conduct was ex-
cellent throughout. 4 deer were killed within the State Forest and
3 on adjacent land. One doe was killed and sent to the Chambersburg
hospital. Much small game was taken.

The fishing is poor. The streams need restocking and the protection
of better growth to darken the pools.

'iW^*?'-

228

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

All camp sites within this forest will be numbered from 1301 to
1399 inclusive. 9 thus far have been permanently located and marked.
Many persons use the State land for outing and recreation from day
to day. The boy scouts have made use of the State Purest when camp-
ing in the vicinity.

' Lightning Report.
Trees struck and shattered in 1912:

u

a.

u

^

•

,

3

c

£i

m

s

a

Aug

Sept

5

C

Chestnut onk,
White pine, ..
Pitch pine, ..

Red oalc

White ojik, ..
Hemlock

Total, ..

i

2

1

3

""2,

1

1

i

2

i

i

1

1

2 I 6

• I ^

2

.. ' 8

.. I 4

IS

Only one tree during this year was ignited by the current, a chest-
nut oak during the month of March.

It was observed that trees located both on top of the mountain and
in the lower altitudes were struck. Some of those struck were the
smallest in the group. In one instance one bolt hit 4 trees.

Trees struck and shattered during 1913 were,
Trees struck and ignited,

29
1

30

Periods of frequency are as follows:

June,

July,

August,

The tree species struck were:

Chestnut oak,

Red oak,

White oak,

Chestnut,

Yellow pine,

White pine,

Hemlock,

3
13
14

3
3
1
5
9
5
2

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

229

Hickory,
Locust, .

1
1

30

One yellow pine was ignited and caused a forest fire on Cove moun-
tain. The kind and height of tree in these woods seem to have little
to do with the lightning strokes. Bolts have hit the ground near
large trees. Small trees are struck in the neighborhood of tall trees.
A chestnut tree completely shaded by other trees was struck near the
ranger's headquarters.

8. THE CLEARFIELD FOREST, CLEARFIELD DIVISION.

Forester, William F. Dague, Clearfield.
Forest Ranger, John Nelson, Clearfield.

The Clearfield Division of this State Forest is nearly a compact
body of land, broken only by two interior tracts, one belonging to the
Chase Estate and the other to the Crystal Spring Rod and Gun Club.
A portion of the area contains a fair growth of chestnut, oak, and
maple, which at present needs little attention. A large portion of
this forest land contains no valuable tree cover, but only brush,
bracken, briars, sumach, bird cherry, and quaking aspen. The soil
here is good but needs to be cleared and planted. Natural regenera-
tion would probably restore about half the area. The balance must
be planted artificially. The burned-over areas could be prepared for
planting at small cost. A scattered growth of jack pine amounting
to about 500,000 board feet on two of the compartments is declining
and is gradually being removed at a profit of from f3.50 to fS.OO per
thousand. The boundary survey is now completed.

Springs and Streams.

Two of the springs within this area were given special attention
during 1912. The Rager spring along the Penfield road, one-fourth
of a mile south of the Smith place, was walled up, cemented, and
drain placed to carry water for the use of horses to a watering trough
below the spring. The mill spring at the ranger's dwelling was thor-
oughly cleaned and a concrete wall 3 feet high was built around it. A

230

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

HH>

cistern 8x6x6 was constructed as a reservoir at 11.4 feet below the
spring. Water from the cistern is conveyed to the ranger's house.

The springs had a strong and satisfactory flow and none of the
main springs failed during the dry months. During 1908 the Smith
spring failed. The Weilder spring failed in 1908, 1909, 1910, and
1911. The Horn Shanty spring failed in 1908, and 1911, and the
Bloody spring failed in 1908, 1910, and 1911, but all had a strong
flow during the year 1912.

All main springs were dug out and made accessible during 1913.
Sign boards have been placed, naming and locating the principal
springs. A watering trough was placed upon the Penfield road at
Bloody Spring. It serves as a water supply also in case of fire. Clear-
field and DuBois receive their water supply from State lands. There
is no contamination.

Buildings and Repairs.

The ranger's residence is located near the Bloody Spring. Several
necessary outbuildings were built during 1912.

A water system was built for conveying water from the Mill spring
to the ranger's house. Necessary fencing was erected and 4 acres of
land around the buildings cleared for the purpose of cultivation.

The telephone line from Penfield was extended so as to connect
Ranger Johnston on that division with Ranger Nelson on this. The
distance was somewhat in excess of two miles. It is intended to ex-
tend the line to Clearfield by way of the Smith place and the Horn
Shanty. A suitable house for shelter and general reserve purposes
is needed at the Horn Shanty. The next large area of planting ought
to be made in this region. In 1913, a blacksmith shop was built at
the Bloody Spring. The Gordon camp was repaired for Ranger Ben-
nett. Some repairs were begun but not finished at the spring house
at Bloody Spring. The stumps on DuBois field around the ranger's
residence were blasted, piled, and burned. The telephone system is
about being extended from the ranger's house at Bloody Spring to the
Horn Shanty. The poles are cut and skidded.

Roads.

During the year 1912 road work was continued, which consisted
mostly of removing stones, cutting and mowing brush, building
bridges and fording places. A large part of this work was done by
the forester and his ranger. In compartment 1, work was done on the
Nelson and Hoover roads. In compartment 2, on the Sand Spring,
Sinnemahoning, Shingle Mill, Crystal Spring, and Lick Run roads.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

231

In compartment 3, on the Penfield, Dubec, Weilder, Weilder Trail,
Smith Ridge, and Gordon Camp roads. In compartment 4, on Fire
Break, Schoefield, and Kelley's roads, and Jury Trail. The total dis-
tance thus covered was 48 miles. The same distance was again
traversed in 1913.

Easements.

.The Clearfield and DuBois Water Companies receive water flowing
from the State Forest for municipal purposes.

Minerals.

Good building stone abounds. Soft coal and fire clay also are pres-
ent. The distance from markets lends little value to it at this time.

Plantations.

A plantation of 21 acres in compartment 3 was made in the spring
of 1912, using 10,000 2-year seedlings and 40,000 3-year seedlings.
The soil was cleared of logs and brush and refuse burned. The plant-
ing was spaced 4 ft. x 4 ft.

50 acres additional land were planted during 1913. A partial
clearing preceded the planting, which was in the neighborhood of the
Bloody Spring. 115,000 two-year old seedlings were received from the
Asaph nursery; 15,000 two-year old Norway spruce, and 1,000
European larch were taken from the reserve nursery and planted on
the above tract.

Planting to date is, therefore, as follows:

White pine, 165,000

Norway spruce, 15,000

European larch, 1,000

181,000

Nurseries.

In the smaller nursery connected with this forest, the following
seeds were planted in 1912:

Norway spruce 5 pounds.

Red pine 5 pounds.

White pine 25 pounds.

Scotch pine, 2 pounds.

Douglas fir, 3 pounds

Black cherry, 8 quarts.

232

REPORT OF THE

In 1913, it was enlarged to two-fifths of an acre,
beds, 54 ft. X 4 ft. The following seeds were sown:

White pine, . . .
Norway spruce,
European larch.

Off. Doc.
containing 124

20 pounds.
20 pounds.
10 pounds.

Inventory of stock on hand in the fall showed the following :
Red pine, 2 year«,

White pine, 2 years,,

Douglas spruce, 2 years,

Norway spruce, 2 years.

White pine, 1 year,.

European larch, 1 year, .

Norway spruce, 1 year, .

80,000
205,000
8,000

35,000
135,000
100,000
437,000

The nursery possesses about everything it requires except a water
system.

Labor.

Labor is scarce and expensive. Wages for a good laboring man
are $1.75 per day of 10 hours. As high as |2.25 per day is occasion-
ally paid. At the price the State is permitted to pay for fighting
fire, it is impossible to procure men voluntarily to do this work.
Teams cost 40 cents per hour.

Improvement Cuttings.

A small improvement cutting was made in 1912 at the DuBois
field in the white pine growth of about 30 years, the trees ranging
from 30 to 40 feet in height. Fire had injured them and they were
dying. All dead trees were removed along with the dead branches
of the others. Other trees of no commercial value were removed and
burned. The color and leafage of the remaining trees have improved.

In 1913, this was continued with the removal of the dead and
dying jack pine. 215,000 board feet of jack pine, 30,905 feet of
cliestnut were sawed into building material. It cost $11.50 per
thousand. The chestnut yielded $17.00 per thousand and the jack
pine $20.00. A considerable quantity remains on hand.

Insects and Fungi.

No attacks of any importance have been made either by insects
or fungi. The chestnut bark disease was discovered at one point
in the forest and promptly destroyed, and has not since reappeared.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Markets.

233

The local market is good for building lumber, paying anywhere
from 115.00 to $30.00 per thousand feet. The demand is diminishing,
i^rices for lumber for mine purposes are so low that no profit could
be yielded. ^

*

Forest Fires.

During 1912 no fires occurred within this State Forest. Four fires
occurred on State land or in its immediate neighborhood during 1913.
1150 acres of State land were run over. The origin of the fire is
unknown in every instance. A lookout tower 50 feet high was
built on the range between Bloody Spring and the Smith place. It
commands a wide view, is substantial, and was built by the forester
and the rangers. The cost was only $15.00.

Outing and Recreation.

For the purpose of berry picking, fishing, and hunting, 160 persons
camped within the forest during 1912. All conducted themselves
properly and no violation of the rules is known. The frosts in May
injured the berry crop and for this reason it was meagre compared
with other seasons. The year showed a decrease in the number of
deer hunters, while those for small game increased. Eight deer
were shot on the reserve during the season. Fishing is poor owing
tc the droughts of 1908 and 1910. Streams were below their average
flow. All springs and streams seriously need planting along their
Liinks and for a distance around their headwaters, in order to fur-
nish proper forest flow conditions. If the streamis could be supplied
with a forest canopy, this would furnish substantial help in
keeping the pools dark and cool. The planting of young fish could
then be successfully carried on.

In 1913, at least 150 persons camped within the forest and more
tlian 200 hunters were present for a day at a time. Deer were
nbundant and 15 were taken within the State Forest. Small game
is scarce, due no doubt to fire. Small game hunters increased in
r\imber. Streams are being restocked and fishing should improve
within a few years.

This forest abounds in good camp sites, at least 20 in number, and
are located on or near the waters of Montgomery Creek, Horn Spring,
Stony Creek, and other smaller streams. All camps within this di-
vision will be numbered from 1401 to 1499 inclusive.

'^.v

234

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

Lightning Report.
Trees struck and shattered during the year were as follows

/

f

«D

1

3

•

1

o

»=»

*t

-<

t^

Cbostnut,

Oak

Piue

Total,

1 2

1 1

1

8
2
1

Trees struck and ignited:

•

t>t

0)

04

s

S

5
^

Chestnut stub,
Pine stub, ...

Total, ..

1
2

These stubs were ignited during a very heavy shower, and burne<l
at least fifteen minutes before they were extinguished by the rain.

A notable piece of work by Forester Dague was the result of his
disposal of the undesirable timber upon a 250-acre tract in his di-
vision. As a result of his work he was able to pay all his expense
and produce a net yield of |4.63 per acre from land which originally
cost the State $2.50 per acre for 7,592 acres. The further result of
his operation is that he has a forest in an improved condition, which
will rapidly grow into great value.

From an area of 100 acres in compartment 3, a cutting of over-
mature, dead, and dying timber was made during the year 1911 and
sold during 1912. The total output amounted to 183,000 board feet
and the net income amounted to |G.OO per thousand feet.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

235

9. THE CLEARFIELD FOREST, KARTHAUS DIVISION.

Forester, Nelson R. McNaughton, Karthaus.

Forest Rangers :

William Buck,^ Odessa.
William E. Schultz,^ Karthaus.
M. A. Barr,^ Karthaus.

The forester was assigned to this division in September, 1911. Pre-
vious to that date it had neither forester nor ranger. Ranger Schultz
was appointed July 1, 1912, but resigned in September because he was
unable to support himself and family on the salary which the De-
partment could afford to pay.

The topography and geology of this region have been reported upon
in the 1911 report of the Department.

No official survey of the boundary of this division has been made,
although tentative surveys have been made by the forester and his
rangers. These have been brushed out roughly 3 feet wide, blazed,
and painted, and all will be posted. All corners were repaired but no
old marks were removed. The total distance in miles thus far
brushed out and marked amounts to 27 miles.

No sub-division into compartments can be made until the bound-
ary survey is completed. The winter of 1912-13 was open with little
snow fall. In 1913 the last frost occurred on June 10th, the first,
September 10th. On July 12th a small tornado passed over part of
the State land on the south side of Gifford Run. It covered a small
area but mowed down everything in its path. The heavy late frosts
caused the growth to be below normal.

The posting of the lands is proceeding as rapidly as it can under
the circumstances. Where boundary lines cross roads, trails, fire
lanes, or streams, signs are being placed indicating the line and the
direction of the State land.

There are a number of interior tracts, all of which would be de-
sirable for State purposes. It may not be possible to acquire them
for some years to come.

From the deeds of conveyance and the rough surveys thus far made.
-it is estimated that the total area of this division is approximately
32,000 acres.

^Bejran service July 1, 1912.

•Began service July 1, 1912; resigned, September 16, 1912.

•Began service June 1, 1913.

236

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

There are few large trees on this land and no mature or over-mature
trees. Only about 6,000 acres are covered with a density of stand
of 50 per cent, or over. This growth is still too young to need im-
provement. The area covered with a stand having a density of from
10 per cent, to 50 per cent, amounts likewise to about 6,000 acres.

The brush lands divide into two parts, those which may be re-
forested naturally and those which must be reforested artificially.
The former represents about 5,000 acres and the latter about 11,000

acres.

Approximately 2,000 acres may be said to be open ground. 500
acres are densely covered with rocks and about 500 acres comprised
in the area of springs and streams. At least 1,000 acres are occupied
by roads and trails, and 50 acres by fire lanes. The brush area, the
poor stand, and the rocky areas which need not be reforested at this
time, reach a total of 17,500 acres. Later on, of course, attention must
be given to them, but at the present time all efforts are to be put
upon the remaining better land.

Springs and Streams.

Springs and streams are not yet definitely located on the finished
forester's map. Of the springs thus far improved, 7 are permanent,
while the others fluctuate with weather conditions.

The stream fiow is irregular. Snows melt suddenly and rains
rapidly disappear. Two of the streams are subject to heavy freshets,
Mosquito Creek and Deer Greek.

No pollution of streams occurs at the headwaters in the State
Forest. Mosquito creek is polluted by the dumping of refuse at its
mouth, while mine drainage enters the West Branch.

Buildings and Kepairs.

There are no buildings on the division except those occupied by
Monn, the squatter, and a board shack on Chestnut Ridge. There are
i.o telephone lines at present, although they are needed. The nearness
of the Huntingdon and Clearfield Telephone Company would make a
.system of lines within State land of great value.

Eoads.

In 1912, 4 of the roads in this region were repaired, aggregating a
*listance of about 16 miles. Brush and stones were removed, holes
filled, grades and bridges repaired. Tn addition to the road work
done, about 4 miles of fire lanes have been brushed, raked ^nd, burned,
for the first time, and about 30 miles of trails brushed.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

237

During the year 1913, 23.5 miles of roads, fire lanes, and boundary
lines were repaired. This work consisted of brushing, removing
stones, surfacing, bridging, plowing of ditches, removing old logs,
and other obstructions.

Minerals.

. Bituminous coal occurs in the western part of the division. The
vein has been opened on the north side of Red Ridge. It is believed
to be 4^ feet thick and of good quality.

Plantations.

One small experimental plantation of one acre was made in 1912,
using 1 pound of white pine seed in spot planting 6x6 feet. The
seeds were destroyed by rodents and the plantation, therefore, was a
failure.

The Lost Run plantation was made during 1913 in a scattered
growth of scrub oak, chestnut, and a heavy growth of bracken and
sweet fern. Plantings were made 4x4 and the following species
and quantities were used:

European larch, 2 years,

Norway spruce, 2 years.

Silver pine, 2 years,

Norway spruce, 1-2 years.

White pine, 1-2 years.

White pine, 2-1 years.

5,000
5,000
1,000
8,000
17,000
310,100

Total, 346,100

Two acres of the area were treated by seed spot planting which
was a failure. The seeds used were two pounds of white pine and
one pound of Scotch pine.

Labor.

The current rate of wages in this region in 1912 was $2.00 per day
of 10 hours. The forester was able to procure labor at 17c. per hour
for a ten-hour day without board, although but 9 hours a day are
actually employed in labor, as an hour is necessary to go to and from
the laborers' homes. The rate is too low for the region and the best
labor cannot be procured. A working team with a driver costs |4.00
per day of 10 hours.

The coal mines in the neighborhood draw the best labor and in-
fluence the rate of wages. Miners earn from f3.00 to $5.00 per day.

m

238

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

It is not much of a farming community and agricultural labor is
scarcely to be had. If the wages of the State could be made equal
(o those paid in the mines, a desirable class of laborers might be pro-
cured. It is found better in this region to use small crews of men
for longer time than larger crews for a shorter time.

Markets.

Markets have not yet been carefully studied because of the fact that
there is not sufficient material on hand to justify the investigation.

Growth.

A portion of the forester^s time during the year was occupied in
collecting data on the growth and volume of white pine cut in the
Huntley and Bailey operation near the Hoover farm. A tabulation
of this data has been made and will be printed as a separate bulletin
of the Department. A number of supplementary forms for field use
have been prepared by the forester.

Erosion.

No serious erosion is occurring in this forest at present. The steep
hillsides have been cut to bare rock for many years. The plateau-
like upper surface is not subject to erosion in the same degree. Re-
foresting is needed everywhere, however, to prevent further washing.

Insects and Fungi.

No insect attacks are noticeable. The chestnut bark disease ap-
peared sparingly in 1912 near the State Forest. The trees so dis-
covered are to be destroyed. In 1913 the infection invaded Stato
land.

Forest Fires.

There were no fires on the State land during 1912. 800 acres of
adjoining private land were burned. The forest officers contributed
their efforts toward the extinguishment of these fires. The season
was unfavorable for fire because of frequent rains.

Two fires burned on State land during 1913, covering an area of
2,050 acres. 4,745 acres of adjoining private land were burned. One
of the fires is believed to have originated from the burning of brush by
Harry Coulter. This defendant was arrested but the indictment was
ignored by the Grand Jury. The circumstances of the ignoring of

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

230

the bill are of peculiar interest. If the citizens of the county are not
sufficiently interested in protecting their own woodlands from in-
cendiarism, it makes it exceedingly difficult, and sometimes, as in this
case, impossible, for the Department to bring punishment to those be-
lieved to be guilty of crimes of this character. The destruction on
State land by these fires may be said to be complete. There was little
or no standing growth, so that the loss is at a minimum, but even
then this will reach a total of at least |5,000.

Three observatory stations have thus far been built, one on the
eastern division on Twelve Mile Run, and two on the western di-
vision. The fire wardens of the region are competent and do their
duty well. Special mention is to be made of C. C. Billotte, of Coud-
ley, and Moses Liegey, of Odessa. If fire wardens throughout the
State were as vigorous in attending to their duty and accomplishing
good results as these two gentlemen, there would be a different story
to tell.

Trespass.

One case of trespass is reported for the year, arising from lack of
surveys and poorly marked lines. Mr. Q. E. Beauseigneur cut a quan-
tity of wood on State land unintentionally, on the basis of wrong in-
formation given him with respect to the location of a line. In settle-
ment of the value of timber thus destroyed, Mr. Beauseigneur paid
?57.17.

The intended prosecution of Harry Coulter for negligence in allow
ing fire to escape while burning brush, is commented upon above.
The respectable and law-abiding people of the neighborhood in which
this fire occurred did all in their power to assist the Department to
bring the prosecution to a successful termination. Although this
failed, these neighbors are entitled to the highest commendation for
what they have done, especially since it was done at some danger to
themselves and their own interests.

During the open deer season two does and one fawn were illegally
shot on or near the State land, and the animals were forwarded to
the Clearfield hospital. No information is at hand as to who did the
shooting.

The forester reports that a large amount of intoxicating liquor
was brought into the State Forest by hunters during the season, to the
detriment of the morals among the men.

Outing and Recreation.

During 1912, 39 different permits embracing 215 campers were
issued. There were at least 100 persons camping without permits
because of not being familiar with the rule. Having camped there

16

240

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

the previous year when there were no forest officers on the land, they
were not aware that permits were needed. All were warned to pro-
cure permits for the next season.

So far as known, 38 deer were killed on or near the reserve, I

does, 1 fawn, and 4 bears.

During the year 1913, permits were issued for 52 camp sites to a
total of 305 persons. All were orderly and law-abiding except the
group that was camped at Lincoln spring in Covington township.
This camp, composed of eight men, was disorderly from the start.
The men were in an intoxicated condition, which prevailed through-
out their stay. Fights were started, guns and knives drawn, and
murder narrowly averted. Happily they left the State land before
they could be removed by the forester. These men were a menace to
their own safety and to the safety of every other hunter in their
region. It is the policy of the Department to discourage the taking
of intoxicants into camp and their use on State land.

So far as statistics can be had, the following large game was taken
or illegally killed on or near the division in Covington, Girard, and
Goshen townships: Male deer, legal size, 52; fawns, 4; female deer,
3; bears, 6.

All camp sites are or will be numbered consecutively from 1601
to 1699 inclusive, and posted in a conspicuous manner.

Lightning Report.
Trees struck and shattered during 1912, were as follows :

V.

•

a
o

July.

6t

S

<

OS

■»->

Pitch pine,
Red oak, ...
White pine.
Chestnut, ..

Gum,

White oak.

ToUl,

1 1 2

1 1 2

111
1 2

. 1

. : 1

4
4
.3
3
1
1

16

No trees were ignited. The heaviest electrical storms occurred be-
tween July 25th and August 15th, The stroke followed in every in-
stance, the grain of the wood. In the white pine trees it ran straight
from tip to ground. In the twisted or cross-grained trees it ran
spirally. The experience in this forest is that trees which are most
abundant in a stand seem to be struck oftenest, regardless of species,
Ope notable instance of the effect of the lightning stroke was where,

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 241

after leaving the tree, the bolt dug a ditch 18 inches wide, 20 inches
deep, and 30 feet long.

During the year 1913, 20 trees were struck and shattered. The
periods of frequency were as follows:

June, 1

July, 13

August, 6

Total, 20

The species struck were :

White pine, 6

Pitch pine, 6

Chestnut, 6

R^d oak, 2

Total, 2ft

10. THE CLEARFIELD FOREST, PENFIELD IJJVISION.

Forester, Carl L. Kirk, Penfield.

Forest Rangers:

Frank Johnston, Penfield.
C. O. Timblin/ Penfield.

The Penfield Division of the Clearfield State Forest lies in the
northwestern corner of the county and extends over a few acres lying
in Elk county. Two divisions of the forest are recognized, a northern
and a southern.

Boundary survey is completed and was made by Wm. M. Grove, of
Centre county. The 46 miles of lines are marked, witnessed, and
painted. Corners are built up and prominently marked. Since finish-
ing the survey the lines have been brushed, repainted, and reposted.

The area of the division is now 9,631 acres, 68 perches. 4,000 a<!res
have a density of 50 per cent, or over, 2,000 acres need improvement
by removing dead and dying trees. This would yield probably 100,000
feet of chestnut and maple. A large part of the area needs nothing
but protection at this time. 4,000 acres are covered with a density

» Began May 1, 1912; resigned August 31, 1918.

16—26—1915

/

242

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

of from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent, and include both conifers and
hardwoods. Occasional small patches need strengthening by plant-
ing. 2,000 acres are covered with brush and require clearing for
planting. The division is not rocky and will grow timber anywhere
The water area is not large, probably not exceeding 10 acres. Roads
and trails occupy about 50 acres. These include the fire lanes. Bound-
ary lines cut out to the present width occupy approximately 20 acres.
The planting of the barren land will require some preparation, not
exceeding an average cost of |3.00 per acre. Occasional careful
burning will accomplish all clearing necessary.

Springs and Streams.

All good springs have been located and cleaned. Those near roads,
lanes, and trails have branch roads cut to them and are marked with
boards carrying the name of the spring. All the waters become low
in dry weather, and a number of the springs fail. The main streams
flow continuously and there is no contamination.

Building and Repairs.

The building of a telephone line was undertaken in 1912 to con-
nect each M the rangers' homes with the forester's headquarters at
Penfield. A local line associated with the Bell lines was found to be
IJ miles from Ranger Timblin's house, but in order to reach Ranger
Johnston's house, south of Penfield, it was necessary to build a new
line about 5 miles in length. Poles 18 feet long set 200 feet apart
and procured from the forest, were used. Occasionally poles of 22
and 23 feet in length were employed. Braces were supplied to all
poles having a side pull. A number of the farmers nearby who de-
sired to connect with the line, contributed labor and the use of their
teams, while the rangers used their own horses for skidding and haul
ing poles. The hanging of the wire and the installation of the tele-
phones were done by the forester and his rangers. The farmers who
helped in the preliminary work for the privilege of connecting to the
line are H. A. Bonnett, Walter Reiter, Lewis Wirts, J. Bundridge,
Wm. King, John Reamer, and A. C. Long. Two of the telephones
were in working order by November, but before the instrument could
be used in Ranger Johnston's house, it was necessary to procure
a crossing of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Penfield. This was
finally accomplished by using the poles of the Penfield Goal Company.
The line from Ranger Johnston's house to the house recently built at
Bloody Spring, w^as completed during September, a distance of 2J
miles. The building of 7 miles of telephone line cost in actual money

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

2i3

Ji:;40.25 for hired labor. The rest of the work was contributed by far-
mers ai'd forest officers. By inducing as many of the local residents
as possible to attach to the line, it is found that much greater pro-
tection may be given to the State land in the case of forest fires. The
expense to individuals is but |5.00 a year, plus the cost of purchasing
their own telephone instruments. Already a number of branch lines
are projected to reach outlying settlements, and these will carry ad-
ditional lines through the State Forest, affording additional pro-
tection. Two township school houses are located within the State
Forest.

Roads.

During 1912, 7J miles of old roads were brushed out for the first
time, while 21^ miles of old roads were rebrushed and improved. To
date within this forest there are 40 miles of good open road, 3,600
feet of trails or fire lanes, and 3 miles of boundary lines cut out and
marked.

During 1913, 25 miles of road were worked upon and improved.
Road improvement cost at the rate of 46c. per hundred feet.

Minerals.

The minerals under this division of the forest are not owned by
the State. Title was acquired to the surface only. A three feet
vein of coal is being mined by the Penfield Coal and Coke Company.

Plantations.

Preparatory to planting trees in 1912 on the northern sub-division,
about 30 acres of land were cleared along the upper side of what is
known as the Toby road. Planting was also undertaken on the oppo-
site side of the road, but little clearing was needed. On the southern
division 20 acres were cleared near the home of the ranger. The fol-
lowing seedling trees were planted:

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 57,000

White pine, 2 and 3 years, . . 116,000

Total, 173,000

At the time of planting, the ground was in a moist condition and
all seedlings made satisfactory growth.

Whenever time permits, clearings of land are made for the follow-
ing spring planting. When the weather is too wet or too windy to

244 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

permit the burning of brush, it is piled for burning in the spring. On
the northern sub-division 15 acres were cleared in this way and a
somewhat smaller area on the southern.

In 1913, such clearing as was necessary preparatory to planting
was made in January. Clearing cost |4.00 per acre and planting
$2.20 per thousand. The plantings were made 5x5 feet and covered
112 acres. Plantings during 1913 were as follows:

White pine, 2-1 years, . . 39,500

White pine, 3 years, . . 22,000

White pine, 2 years, .. 27,000

Silver pine, 3 years, . . 2,500

lied pine, 2 years, . . 10,000

Norway spruce, 3 years, . . 10,800

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 16,000

Total, 127,800

Total plantings to date on this division are as follows:

Rock oak, 1,775

Red oak, 2,000

White ash, 4,000

Red ash, 14,000

Black cherry, 5,700

American elm, 5,000

Norway spruce, 140,000

Scotch pine, 208,500

Silver pine, 2,500

Total, 383,475

Nurseries.

Two small nurseries were established during 1912, one on the farm
occupied by Ranger Johnston, and the other on the property occu-
[•ied by Ranger Timblin. The following seeds were planted in the
Timblin nursery :

White pine, 4 pounds

Norway spruce, 5J pounds

Red pine, 1 pound

Scotch pine, 2 pounds

Douglas fir, 1 pound

Total, 13i pounds

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 24S

In the southern division in Ranger Johnston's nursery, the follow-
ing seeds were planted:

White pine, 4 pounds

Norway spruce, 6J pounds

Red pine, 1 pound

Total, Hi pounds

Total for the two nurseries, 25 pounds.

The money outlay for establishing the two nurseries amounted to
123.31. The necessary work was done by the forester and his ranger.
The cultivation was carried on by the rangers.

An inventory at the close of the growing season shows the follow-
ing stock on hand:

Northern Nursery.

White pine, 8,000

Red pine, 16,000

Scotch pine, 8,000

Norway spruce, 10,000

Douglas fir, 12,000

Total, 54,000

Southern Nursery.

White pine, 9,500

Red pine, 21,000

Norway spruce, 44,000

Total, : 74,500

Total for the two nurseries, 128,500.

The necessary nursery screens are being made out of material col-
lected on the State land. Both will probably be enlarged. Stumps
where necessary were removed by dynamite.

An inventory of nurser}' stock at the end of the 1913 season shows
the following seedlings:

Johnson's : One year old.

White pine, 18,590

Norway spruce, 78,400

European larch, 34,600

Total, 131,590

in

246

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Two years old.

Ked pine, 10,800

Norway spruce, 37,300

White pine, '5^^800

Total, 55,900

At the Timbliu place the inventory shows the following, all of
which are available for next spring's planting:

Timblin's : Two years old.

Douglas fir, 12,000

White pine, 6,500

Red pine, 15,000

Norway spruce, 9,000

Scotch pine, 8,000

Total, 50,500

The available product from the two nurseries for 1914 planting is
10G,400 trees of all species.

Sample Plots.

Experimental plantations have been made, using red ash, white
ash, black cherry, American elm, and white pine. The pine and
cherry are a complete success and the elm is doing well. The ash are
apparently frozen out.

Labor.

Labor costs f 1.75 per day. The nearness of the mines makes labor
scarce. Team with driver costs |4.00 per day.

Markets.

The nearby mines require a limited number of props and caps.
These are bought from farmers who have woodlots. Some of the mine
companies own their own woodlots. Mine caps are worth l!f3.50 per
thousand and mine props |28.00 per thousand. Props for the Pen-
field mine are required to be 3 feet long and 4 inches in diameter
at the small end. Any kind of wood is taken. At the Tyler mine they
must be 4 feet long. Pit ties are worth 10c each. The roads whicli
serve as an outlet to the markets are good and the rates are reason-
able.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

24';

Erosion.

/«

Because of the small water courses and the lack of steep grades,
there is little erosion. The soil has almost a complete covering of
some kind of growth, small trees, sod, or bracken. Occasionally there
are thickets or brambles, all of which serve to maintain erosion at
a minimum.

Insects and Fungi.

At two different times during 1912, the employes of the Chestnut
Blight Commission searched this division thoroughly for the chestnut
bark disease and found two infections. These were destroyed and
the disease has not reappeared. A nearby stand of locust has been
completely ruined by the locust borer.

Forest Fires. ^

The forestry force assisted in extinguishing three fires during 1912.
Owing to the moist season there were no fires in the fall. The first
fire occurred in April on private land north of Penfield. About 25
acres of brush were burned, doing little damage other than destroy
ing the brush. The second fire occurred in May on private property
west of Penfield, and started, it is believed, from a railroad locomo-
tive. The section crew assisted in extinguishing the fire, which
covered about 200 acres of rocky brush land. The last and most
serious fire occurred on State land and on adjoining private land
in the slashing left by the Central Pennsylvania Lumber Company.
It ran from June 10th to 14th, and the line of back fires extended
for 8 miles. 850 acres of State land were burned over and probably
more than 5,000 acres of private land.

In 1913, 15 different forest fires occurred on State land and on
neighboring private land. Two burned on State land and 9 on pri-
vate land only, while 4 burned on both State and private land. The
area of State land burned is 135 acres and of private land 6,856
acres. In many instances the destruction was complete but the woody
growth was of little value, so the loss was small. The topography
of the region is such that forest fires are easily discovered. The
difficulty chiefly found is the getting of men quickly enough to ex-
tinguish them. The fires on State land originated from the outside.

Outing and Recreation.

Small game hunters are numerous. Few persons camp upon the
State land. Game is abundant. All streams contain trout. All camp
sites within this forest will be numbered consecutively from 1501 to
1599 inclusive.

248

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Lightning Report.

During 1913, 71 lightning strokes are reported. In 8 instances the
trees struck were ignited. The months of frequency are as follows:

March,

April, ^^

May, ^^

June, g

J^ly> 14

August,

September,

October,

Total, '^^

The species struck were as follows :

Chestnut, ^^

Oak, ^

Maple, ^

Basswood,

Ash, *

Cucumber, ^

Birch, J

Beech, ^

Pine, • • ^

Hemlock, ®

No. 2C.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

249

11. THE GRAYS RUN FOREST.

Forester, Arthur B. Wells, Fields Station.
Forest Ranger, L. T. Newman,^ Fields Station.

The Grays Run Forest lies in the townships of Lewis, Mclntyre,
and Cogan House, Lycoming county. Its geological, topographical,
and climatic conditions are as follows :

Geology.

There are four geological rock formations in the Grays Run forest,
all belonging to the carboniferous age of the paleozoic era. They are
the Pottsville conglomerate, the Mauch Chunk red shale, the Pocono
sandstones, and the Catskill red shale and sandstones.

The Pottsville conglomerate is a coarse white quartzose sand-rock
in some places filled with pebbles of quartz. It occurs in isolated
blocks on the top of Fording and Narrow mountains and in mass on
top of Schriver mountain north of Bartoff hollow, growing in thick-
ness toward the north.

The Mauch Chunk rocks underlie the Pottsville conglomerate.

The Pocono rocks are largely made up of coarse, gray, flaggy sand-
stones. They are nearly all current bedded, frequently micaceous, and
often greenish or greenish-gray. These rocks overlie the Catskill and
make up the great mass of the mountains in this region. They ex-
tend down to the springs at the foot of the steep heads of the main
hollows.

The Catskill rocks are composed principally of red shale and sand-
stone, but with some beds of gray shale and sandstone. This forma-
tion composes the floor of the valleys and extends up to the steep heads
of the main hollows.

The soil on the reserve is mainly a sandy red clay covered with a
shallow humus. The humus is deepest on the gentle slopes and on the
north slopes. In many places overlying loose rocks make it diffi-
cult for plant growth to get started.

Topography.

The topography is mountainous. There are four large mountains
irs the reserve, three running north from Lycoming creek and one
running west from Grays Run village.

I

^Resigned September 3U, 1913.

250

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Schriver mountain occupies the east edge of the reserve. At its
base on the west flows Grays Run.

Fording mountain lies west of Grays Run and extends north to
Dry Run and the saddle at Newman's.

Kinney ridge, a minor mountain, runs west from Grays Run north
of Dry Run to Round Top. At its base on the north flows Long Run.

Long Run mountain extends west from Grays Run north of Long
Run to the northwest corner of the reserve. Elk Knob ridge is a
spur extending south from Long Run mountain between warrants

Nos. 5656 and 5657.

Four Mile run rises between Elk Knob and Round Top and flows
southwest between Elk Knob ridge and Narrow Mountain to Laurel

Hill run.

Six Mile run rises northwest of Elk Knob and flows west to the west
boundary of the reserve where it turns south flowing flnally into

Laurel Hill run.

Skunk Hollow run lies in the basin between the part of Elk Knob
ridge south of Elk Knob and the spur running west, then south

from Elk Knob.

Narrow mountain lies west of Fording mountain and between the

two flows Hagerman Run.

The reserve is mainly side hill with about 500 acres bottomland
and 1,000 acres comparatively flat mountain top.

Climate.

The following table compiled by the official weather observer at
Williamsport, will give a good idea of the climate of the Grays
Run Forest, which is 18 miles north of Williamsport.

1912.

Temperature.

o

•a

a

«

a

•

i

a

d

...

M

o

«

a at

9S

a<

os*-

V>

S

S

«

January, .
February,
March, ...

April

May

June,

July

Auguftt, ..
September,
October, .
November,
December,

43

—17

31

56

— 7

31

<»

10

37.5

SO

1»

49.5

87

t3

61

8S

41

67

9t

48

70..'-.

86

47

(!6.r.

89

86

62.5

tt

30

.^6

M

19

44

66

10

38

1.21
3.07
3.95
4.13
2.58
0.79
3.22

5.28
2.45
2.98
2.49

There were three heavy frosts in this region in June.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

251

The boundary survey of this forest was completed last year and
the lines have been brushed, painted, and posted. Much of the bound-
ary lines has been brushed out so as to serve as fire lanes.

There are no private lands entirely surrounded by this forest.
A number of adjacent tracts would fill out the area properly and
ought to be purchased.

The area of this forest is 6,915 acres and it contains no virgin
growth.

At least 1,000 acres carry a stand of hypermature trees cam-
posed of crooked and unsound beech, birch, and maple left by the
lumbermen, while in other localities small groups of cull trees are to
be found. It is estimated that this material would produce 1,000
cords of pulp wood and 200,000 feet of rather indifferent lumber.
Natural regeneration is progressing and where protected will soon
cover the ground with a satisfactory stand.

A dense and vigorous young coppice growth covers about 4,000
acres and which will need thinning later, but is too young at this
time. It runs about 18 years in age and is composed of oak and
chestnut 25 feet high. Basswood, birch, beech, and maple in the
ravines and slopes also prevail.

A growth having a density of from 10% to 50% is found upon 500
acres of the remaining area. Normal density is being restored by
natural growth, ^ere and there artificial strengthening would be
of assistance.

A brushy growth of scrub oak, bracken, briars, and huckleberry
bushes is found on. another 500 acres. Here natural regeneration
is slow and normal density may have to be secured by artificial
planting.

An area of about 800 acres is steep and rocky and artificial r^en-
eration is impracticable at this time.

A number of old fields and mill sites and severely burned areas
may aggregate 40 acres. Here seedling trees may be planted with
little difficulty.

The water within the forest covers an area of about 13 acres,
the roads and trails 49 acres, the fire lanes 13 acres.

The condition of this forest is such that 5,500 acres, if properly
protected, will sufficiently stock itself by natural regeneration, 500
acres where planting ought not to be undertaken at the present time,
40 acres now in condition to plant, and 875 acres of rocks, water,
roads, trails, and fire lanes where planting may not be made.

Springs and Streams.

There are many springs within tliis forest, most of which are
cleaned and accessible. They have not yet been named according

^^M'

252

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

to any system. A number of the springs disappear during drought.
They are located in gravel beds where the water passes off under-
ground except in wet seasons. Some of the streams likewise dis-
appear in the same manner. ^ ^

The flow of springs and streams varies with the precipitation.
Much of the humus has been destroyed by fire and sufficient time
I as not elapsed for its restoration. Where steep slopes are adja-
cent to streams, the run-off is rapid.

There is at present no danger of contamination from any source.

4

Buildings and Repairs.

There are no buildings located within this forest.

A telephone line passes through the area, following the tracks
of the Susquehanna and New York railroad. It is probable that
this line may be purchased in the near future.

Roads.

. The road work during 1912 consisted of cutting out the boundary
lines, mowing the brush, removing old trees, repairing and building
bridges, widening, ditching, and supplying culverts where needed.
The total length of roads, trails, fire lanes, and boundary lines
thus worked over will aggregate about 36 miles, about 20 miles of
which are roads, 5 miles trails, and 11 miles fire lanes and boundary
lines. Thirty miles of the same roads, trails, and fire lanes were im-
proved during 1913.

Easements.

The Susquehanna and New York Railroad Company had a right
of way through the forest, but has abandoned it and removed the
rails and ties.

Seed Collection.

During the month of October, 1912, 470 cubic inches of the seed
of basswood were collected at a cost of $3.23. The whole quantity
has been planted in a temporary nursery. Seeds of the yellow birch
were collected during the same month amounting to 150 cubic inches.
The whole quantity was likewise planted in a temporary nursery.
A quantity of seed was collected during 1913 for the seed exhibit of
the Department at Harrisburg, about 50 species of trees, shrubs, and
smaller plants being represented in the collection.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

253

Plantations.

The area of State land planted during 1912 was 13J acres,
planting by species during the year was as follows:

Norway spruce, 12,000

Red oak, 18,900

Welsh willow cuttings, 6,000

Almond willow cuttings, 6,000

The

42,900

Planting during the year 1913 was as follows:

White pine, 3 years, . .

White pine, 1-1 years, . .

Norway spruce, 1-1 years, . .

Willow cuttings,

10,000

8,000

11,500

700

30,200

The seedlings and cuttings planted in this forest to date are as
follows :

White pine, 18,000

Norway spruce, 23,500

White ash, 2,000

Sugar maple, 400

Honey locust, 400

Red oak, 22,400

Welsh willow cuttings, 6,700

Almond willow cuttings, 6,000

79,400

Black walnut, 4 bushels.

The planting of spruce at the head of Hagerman Run is thrifty.
In other places the young trees were injured by drought and frost.
Prom these causes severe injury has been noticed respecting the
trees on the dynamited plot and the check area. Their condition
can be told better at a later date.

The total area in this forest planted to date with seeds and seed-
lings trees is 28.4 acres.

Labor.

The labor in this region is of good cliaracter. It is sometimes
abundant and at other times scarce. The men naturally seek the

4

m

Rl}PORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

liighest wages. Contractors in the woods pay up to |2.00 per day.
The rate for the Department has been |1.75 per day of 10 hours.
The farmers in the region pay but $1.50 per day. Team with driver
costs 14.00 per day.

Improvement Cuttings.

Some improvement work was begun in 1912 in the cutting out
of dead chestnut and other cull trees. About 100 trees which had
been injured and were decaying at the base, were made into rail-
road ties. Eleven and a half cords of beech, birch, and maple for
pulp wood and a cord of fire wood were disposed of. All the trees
were either dead or defective. The need of improvement cutting is
shown by the condition of the forest described above.

Improvement work was continued in 1913 by George Newman,
who removed 70 cords of dead chestnut. A small area was cleared
of dead and dying willows in preparation for planting. Culling and
taking out of over-mature and defective hardwoods is under way
at present by Messrs. Vickery, Fleming, and Clendenning. These
trees being rapidly on the decline, are removed for the purpose
of benefiting the lower story of the forest.

Market.

Fire wood, ties, pulp wood, and extract wood sell rapidly in this
market. Fire wood is worth ?7.00 per cord of 160 cubic feet delivered
at Trout Run. Fire wood of dead and defective trees is sold to local
consumers who gather and remove it themselves, at 10 cents per
quarter cord of 128 cubic feet.

The nearby railroads will purchase ties at the following prices:

No. 1 White oak and rock oak, 70c.

Chestnut and rek oak, 55c.

No. 2 White oak and rock oak, 50c.

Chestnut and red oak, 35c.

A market for chestnut wood, dead or green, is found in the ex-
tract plant at Newberry, where a price of $4.00 per cord of 128 cubic
feet delivered is paid. The local stumpage price is 50 cents per cord.
The specifications call for sound wood 5 feet long and not over 12
inches in diameter.

Cull trees may be sold at 50 cents per cord of 160 cubic feet
stumpage, or mill cut price of $3.75 per thousand feet is offered.
Transportation is good and rates reasonable.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

259

Erosion.

This forest is subject to a minimum of erosion except in some of
the Grays Kun lowland, where the stream changes its course from
time to time. The forest cover is generally sufficient to prevent any
serious wash, although the dirt roads are subject to it.

Insects and Fungi.

A number of hemlocks have been killed by the bark beetles, and
the attack still seems to be in progress. Porcupines have killed a
number of trees and injured a number of others. The most serious
invasion has been made by the chestnut blight and the willow leaf
beetles. The chestnut bark disease has invaded this area to a con-
siderable extent and continues to spread. The scouts of the Chest-
nut Blight Commission first assisted in locating the diseased trees
and the work was conducted by the forester and his rangers. The
most useful method of locating trees was found to be the fating of
observations from the tops of commanding trees with the use of
pocket telescopes. All trees attacked were cut and burned and the
Vt'ork of eradication is being continued.

A spotted willow leaf beetle defoliated many of the native wil-
lows and killed a number of them. The plantations are compara-
tively free of them at the present time. Hand picking and paris
green poisoning are used to protect the basket willows. The heavy
frost on June 14th, 1912, seemed to check their ravages.

h

Forest Fires.

There were no forest fires on this State land during 1912, and but
one during 1913, covering a half acre. A number of natural ob-
servatory stations are found within the forest. The residence of
the ranger is so located that it commands an open and extended view

Trespass.

Cattle from the neighborhood will stray on to the State land, but
the owners are warned and usually remove them in a little time.
They have done little damage. Wherever suitable grass is found
the staking out of milch cows for local residents is permitted.

'i

Outing and Recreation.

During the 1912 hunting season 2 camps were located in this forest
and occupied by 9 men. These gentlemen were careful about their
conduct and were scrupulous to observe the law and the rules.

17

256

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

During the season 5 deer were killed on the State land, and so far
as could be learned, 300 grouse, 150 rabbits, 100 squirrels, and 1

raccoon were taken.

Two camps were erected within this forest during 1913. Four
deer are known to have been taken and the usual amount of small

game killed.

Fishing is scarcely more than fair. The mountain brook trout is
the only game fish found in State waters. The streams are suitable
for trout, which would thrive well if planted and protected. Hedg
ing in of the streams with brush and crown growth is necessary to
darken the pools. Fishing has been restricted because of the attitude
of the Grays Run Hunting and Fishing Club. All camp sites in
this region will be numbered from 1701 to 1799 inclusive.

Lightning Report.

So far as could be learned, during the months of June, July, and
August the number of trees struck and shattered by lightning is as
follows :

White pine, 2

Pitch pine, 1

Rock oak, 3

Chestnut, 8

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

257

14

No trees were observed to be ignited after being struck.

12. THE HOPKINS FOREST, RENOVO AND KEATING DIVl

SIONS.

Forester, Forrest H. Dutlinger, Westport.

Forest Rangers : *

George W. Armstrong, Westport.
William C. Huff, Westport.
John Liggett,* Beech Creek.
Howard P. Seese, Renovo.
A. L. Shoemaker, Beech Creek.
John Winkebleck, Beech Creek.

The Hopkins State Forest is located in Clinton county, and em
braces the State lands lying south of the West Branch of the Sus-
quehanna River. It contains the Renovo, Keating, and Snow Shoe
Divisions.

The present forester was assigned here April 1, 1912, on the trans-
fer of former Forester H. A. Thomson to the Black Forest in Ly-
coming county.

The character and size of this forest have been reported upon in
previous reports of the Department. The assignment of Messrs.
Funk and Sheeler to the Keating and Snow Shoe divisions, gave
them the remainder of the Hopkins State Forest. Since the resig-
nation of Mr. Funk, the Keating Division has been managed with
Renovo.

The forest was enlarged during the year by the conveyance of the
Robert Irwin tract from the New York Central and Hudson River
R. R. Co., as reported upon more fully elsewhere.

Springs and Streams.

All have been definitely located and will be indicated on the map.
Many of the streams are accessible by means of wagon roads. Not
all springs are continuous in flow. The majority are affected by the
amount of rainfall. Several disappear during drought. Lack
of humus seems to be responsible for the fluctuating conditions. The
streams average a length of about 6 miles, are somewhat irregular
in flow, and free from contamination.

♦Resigned May 31, 1912.

17_26— 1915

258

L't

m

REPORT OF THE

Buildings and Repairs.

Off. Doc.

Tlie ranger's house at State Camp needs attention. A new house
h a necessity at that place. Repairs are needed at the Armstrong
farm. Huff's camp at the head of Burns Run is in good condition.

Roads.

During the i)ortion of the year 1912 the present forester was in
( liaige, 14| miles of old roads were rebrushed and 7 miles of the Beech
Cieek road running from Beech Creek to Renovo were rebuilt. One
nnd a half miles of new fire lanes were opened. In 1913, the entire
system of roads, trails, and fire lines was mowed during the year.
One mile of new fire line was opened and mowed.

The following is the road mileage open to date:

Roads, 20 miles.

Fire lanes, 50 miles.

Trails, 7 miles.

77

Easements.

The Borough of South Renovo, by reason of lease, procures water
from Halls Run for borough purposes. Same is reported upon else-
where. A right of way has been granted to the N. Y. C. & H. R. R.
through the Hopkins Forest on fhe south bank of the river. Better
transportation facilities will be offered, but fire danger increased.
A timber lease Avhich is being exercised at the head of Boggs Run
has thus far covered an area of about 200 acres. Impi-ovement
of the forest is very noticeable. Because of the condition of the
trees they produce an inferior grade of lumber.

Plantations.

Seedlings as follows were planted within this forest during 1912 :

White pine, 3 years, 50,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, 20,000 i

Finns ponderosa, 2 years, 2,000

. Total, ;. . . 72,000

Finns ponderosa was planted at the Armstrong farm, Scotch pine
in the Swamp Branch of Big Run, and white pine in the same locality,
continuing a former plantation. The total acreage covered by this
planting is 28.

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 259

In 1913, two plantings were made, one using 62,000 3-year old
wliite pine, and the other 11,500 3-year old Norway spruce. The June
i'rost injured the growth of the young trees, freezing the terminal
buds and retarding their height growth considerably.

Flantations to date cover 108 acres, using the following species:

Black walnut, 2,353

White ash, 8,500

Honey locust, 2,000

White pine, 162,000

Scotch pine, 25,000

Finns ponderosa, 2,000

Norway spruce, 11,500

Silver pine, 5,000

y 218,353

A 3-acre walnut plantation made in 1904 is located adjacent to
State Camp, the headquarters of Ranger Seese.

Sample Plots.

Two sample experimental plots have been made, one with 2,000
2-year old Finns ponderosa, the other using 5,000 3-year old Silver
pine. They will be the subject of further investigation and report.

Improvement Cutting.

A large quantity of over-mature and defective trees was standing
in Boggs Run. This material was deteriorating and needed to be
used at once should there be any intention of saving it. A contract
was accordingly entered into with C. D. Raker of North Bend to
emove the oak, the oak bark, and the jack pine prop timber. The
result of this operation was that from February to December, 1912,
material was taken out as follows:

Frop timber, 2,484.99 tons at fl.OO per ton, |2,484.99
Bark 142.865 tons at |2.00 per ton, 285.73

Total, 12,770.72

The lemoval of this material leaves this forest area in a better con-
<1ition and natural regneration will proceed rapidly provided foresi
fires are kept out. The stumps sprouted during 1913 and many good
shoots were sent up.

260

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Off. Doc.

Labor may be had at varying prices, depending upon the location
of the work. It ranges from 17^ cents to 18^ cents per hour. Teams
cost from 40 cents to 50 cents an hour, with or without driver.

Markets.

There are no wood-using industries and little local demand for
timber. The car shops at Eenovo take a small amount. Prices range
somewhat below the average. The coming of the N. Y. C. R. R. will
better the market conditions. Forest products may then be loaded
directly from the forest on to the cars.

Insects and Fungi.

The chestnut bark disease was discovered in 1912 at the head of
Pete's Run by an agent of the Chestnut Blight Commission, in three
infected trees. The trees were cut and destroyed, but the significance
of its presence there is that it has invaded this division and a
constant lookout must be maintained in the future in order that it
May not obtain a foothold, from which it will be difficult to dis-
lodge it.

Forest Fires.

A single forest fire is reported for this division during 1912.
Two hundred and fifty acres of State land were burned over. The
fire was first noticed November Oth, and was extinguished by a rain
the same night. The damage was slight, only a portion of the
humus being burned. The cause of the fire is unknown. No fires
occurrred during 1913. A number of fires on private land were ex-
tinguished by the forest force.

Outing and Recreation.

Duiing the year 1912, 20 permits were issued to as many camp-
ing parties for location within this division. No violations of the
laws or rules came to the notice of the forester. So far as could
be learned from report received, 10 deer were killed on State land
during the season.

In 1913, 30 camping permits were issued into this forest. About
250 persons availed themselves of the privilege. So far as known,
about 20 deer and 10 bears were taken. Small game seems to be
abundant. Wild cats are increasing. Trout streams are numerous
but poorly stocked.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

261

All camping sites within the divisions have been numbered and
posted, those on the Renovo division beginning with 1901 and those
on the Keating division with 2001.

Lightning Report.
Trees struck and shattered during 1912 are as follows:

July. August. Total.

Chestnut, 1 1 2

Jack pine, 3 4 7

Black oak, 1 1

10

No trees are known to have been ignited by lightning bolts,
are no data for 1913.

There

">'

13. THE HOPKINS STATE FOREST, SNOW SHOE DIVISION.

Forester, George W. Sheeler, Snow Shoe.

Forest Rangers:

John Winkebleck*§, Beech Creek.
A. L. Shoemaker*, Beech Creek.

The Snow Shoe Division of this forest is located in the, northern
part of Centre county and the southwestern part of Clinton county.
This division resembles very greatly an interior holding. It is the
southern extremity of a solid block of nearly 100,000 acres of State
lands. It is bounded on the north and west by the Renovo and
Keating divisions of Hopkins forest, and the Midland Mining Com-
pany lands. On the east by the Pennsylvania Paper Mill Company,
Midland Mining Company, and Cato Coal Company lands. On the
south by the Midland Mining Company, Cato Coal Company, and Le-
high Valley Coal Company lands. The Snow Shoe Division consti-
tutes only about 8% of a large unsettled scope of country.

Topography.

The topography of this reserve is simple in its features. It is lo-
cated on the southeastern slope of the Pine Glen-Hyner axis of the
Allegheny plateau. Bordering on the crest of this axis, one finds a
broad, plain-like plateau gently sloping to the southeast. Considering
it as such, the forest forms the headwaters for numerous mountain
streams. These streams flow in accordance with the slope, eventu-

•Trnnsferrod from Renovo Division.
SAppointed June 1, 1912.

262

REPORT OF THE

Ofif. Doc.

ally reaching Beech Creek, and on their way they are continually cut-
ting rather deep and narrow valleys. These valleys become more
distinct and the uplands more rugged as one goes through the forest
in a northeasterly direction, starting from Snow Shoe Summit.

Beech Creek rises in Snow Shoe Summit through the medium of its
two forks, the North fork and the South fork. As it flows in an east-
erly direction it cuts the Allegheny plateau into a narrow valley with
steep and rugged sides. It becomes the recii)ient of all the streams
originating on this division of State lands.

The northwestern slope of this axis while not included in this di-
vision has similar topographical features. The streams flow into the
West Bjanch of the Susquehanna River. On this dome-shaped axis
between the two slopes a road known as the Ridge Road, from Snow
Shoe to Renovo, is found. This road marks the northern and western
limits of the Snow Shoe division.

Geology and Soil.

As already mentioned, this forest lies on the southeastern slope
of the Pine (ilen-Hyner anticlinal axis. The rocks of this ridge
dip away normally to the southeast. However through the rising and
the sinking of the axis along its line of trend, from northeast to
southwest, it produces diff'erences of dip and sequences of measures
so as to bury alternately beneath the surface and elevate the various
strata. This is true with the Mauch Chunk red shale and the Lower
Productive coal measures. Following the crest of the axis and on
the flats dividing the headwaters of the streams, conglomerates pre-
dominate. Considerable distance from the crest in a southeasterlv
direction and on the southwestern portion of the reserve, coal meas-
ures, red shale, and Pocono sandstones occur, but only the former
appear in any marked degree on the hills. In the northeastern por-
tion, conglomerates, shales, and sandstones prevail, while the coal
measures are rarely seen. The shales and sandstones occur on the
Slopes and in stream beds. (See Map.)

The soils produced by these few members of the palaeozoic for-
mation are residual in character and fall into the Dekalb series,
('enerally speaking, they are the lighter soils of this series and de-
rived from the Pocono sandstones, Pottsville conglomerates, Mauch
Chunk red shale, and the Lower Productive coal measures.

The types of soil found in this forest are Dekalb silt loam, De-
kalb stony sand, and rough stony land.

The Dekalb Silt Loam.

The surface soil of the Dekalb silt loam, to an average depth of
(I inches, is a light, friable silt loam, gray to light brown in color
on the immediate surface, changing to pale yellowish beneath and

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

263

I

passing into the subsoil without any distinct line of demarcation.
The subsoil consists of a pale yellowish silt loam oc-
casionally becoming heavier with the depth and generally somewhat
close and compact. It contains a large proportion of finer grades
of sand which tend to make it friable. This sand content often gives
a gritty feel to it when in suflQcient quantities in the surface soil.
Fragments of sandy shale sandstones are found on the surface and in
the soil mass varying from a few scattered pieces to a relatively high
percentage.

The DeKalb silt loam occurs in a number of areas, somewhat scat-
tered. These areas are developed on the top of the plateau, — stream
divides largely, yet not confined entirely to this position, — and on the
benches of slopes. The drainage as a rule is excellent.

The Dekalb silt loam is residual in origin, being derived through
weathering from the shales and fine-grained sandstones of the Car-
boniferous age. The texture of the shale rock varies from clayey to
gritty or sandy. The sandstone beds are thin and the rock fine-
grained.

In geologic time this formation. Lower Productive coal measures,
was covered by another formation known as the Unproductive or
I*arren measures. Removal of these upper beds in part has exposed
the productive measures and given rise to the type of soil here de-
scribed. Areas of this type are known locally as red shale areas.

The Dekalb Stony Sand.

The fineearth material of the Dekalb stony sand consists for
the larger part of the medium- textured sand or loamy sand, though
there is a range in texture from rather course to fine. The im-
mediate surface is dark colorcnl, owing to a shallow covering of or-
ganic material. Beneath this the color becomes light gray to pale
yellow, the latter usually continuing through the subsoil, though
in places the subsoil is a reddish yellow. The average depth of
the soil is about 5 inche^s. There are practically no lines of de-
marcation between the soil and the subsoil. There is usually enough
clay and silt in the soil to make it slightly sticky, and in places the
proportion is sufficient to produce a heavy loam. On the other hand
the soil in places is merely a partially disintegrated conglomerate
rock, and it then has the texture of a coarse sand. These departures
trom the typical soil occur only in small areas. In both soil and
subsoil are found more or less weathered and disintegrating sand-
stone and sandstone conglomerate. Here and there small outcropping
ledges of these rocks also appear. The quantity of rock fragments
increases with depth and there is very little fine sandy material below
2 feet from the surface. The stones and bowlders and the outcrops

264

REPORT OF THE

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are always sufficient to interfere with the forestal management, but

not seriously.

The Dekalb stony sand is the most extensive soil in the forest. It
occupies the broad tops and the gentle slopes of the ridges or stream
divides. In some places it extends down the slopes to the stream
banks, but here it is often displaced by rough stony land. The
Dekalb stony sand has been derived through weathering from the
I»ottsville and Pocono formations, the former largely a sandstone
conglomerate and the latter a coarse-grained sandstone. These for-
mations are of Carboniferous age. As with most soils derived from
sandstone the structure is open and porous and the natural drainage
free, much of the rainfall passing into the soil.

Rough Stony Land.

The rough stony land occurs on the steep slopes of the streams.
The agencies of eH)sion have been so active in these areas as to re-
move all of the surface soil with the exception of few small amounts
held by tree growth. The Pocono sandstones usually give rise to
this form of land. They are sand rocks of hard texture with a cement
not easily soluble with water and humic acid. Interspersed with
these sand rocks one will also find conglomerates of the Pottsville
formation. These formations are of Carboniferous age.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

205

THE RANGES.

The Snow Shoe Division, Hopkins Forest, is divided into three
distinct areas called ranges. These ranges assume their names from
the locations of their rangers' headquarters. The following are the
ranges:

Wolfe Run Range (headquarters at Snow Shoe).
West Branch Range.
Little Bear Range.

The Wolfe Run Range.

The territory covered by this range includes the southwest portion
of the forest. It lies in Burnside and Snow Shoe townships and
contains about 7,900 acres.

The topography is regular in outline. The northeast portion
borders on the Vine Glen-Hyner Anticlinal. The streams originate
rear this axis and flow to the southeast. They divide the range into

I

n rolling plateau with narrow but not deep channels. This is due
to the gentle slope of the country. These streams, Big Sandy,
Beauty, a tributary of Sandy, and Wolfe Run have a large portion of
their course included here. Panther Run merely has its origin
on this range owing to the State line taking a northwesterly direction
and approaching the ridge.

The larger percentage of the soil is sandy and known as the Dekalb
stony sand. At the headwaters of the forks of Beauty, an area
of approximately 300 acres of red shale soil appears. This falls
in the Dekalb series and can be spoken of as the Dekalb silt loam.
Numerous small areas of this soil prevail throughout the range but
not worthy of mention. Along the slopes of the streams rough stony
land predominates.

The tree growth is rather limited. Mostly on the shallow soils
of the stony sand type, scattered growths of fire-scarred chestnut cop-
pice, rock oak, and a few jack pine (Pinus rigida) which the lumber-
man left, remain. The deep soils of the silt loam type support a
more abundant tree growth and of better trees financially. These
consist mostly of the oaks, — white, red, black — and of chestnut. Few
tracts of merchantable timber remain. This may be considered a
two-storied forest. The jack pine predominates and is the high
forest. Chestnut coppice, rock oak, and a few jack pine form the
low forest and are of a composite type. They are located on scat-
tered areas starting from Big Sandy across the headwaters of
Beauty and Wolfe runs. They border on the red shale areas. Be-
tween the right fork of Beauty and Wolfe Run, there exists the
largest and best tract found on this division — a solid block of jack
pine.

The larger part of this range is out of the coal measures. How-
ever, in the southeastern corner on the west tract there are strong
indications of coal. This coal is part of the lower productive coal
measures of the Cato coal basin. It is called high coal locally.
Indications of fire clay prevail above the fork of the left and middle
branch of Beauty, and above the coal measures near the west tract.
A few places have been found also between Wolfe and Panther
Runs, but as to extent very little is known.

The West Branch Range.

This range is located in the central part of the Division. It con-
tains about 7,260 acres and is situate in Curtin, Burnside, and Beech
Creek townships.

The general topography is hilly. Bordering on the Pine Glen-
Hyner axis, the plateau is dissected by two streams, Eddy Lick and
West Branch of Big Run with their tributaries, which have their

266

REPORT OF THE

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origin in this range. These streams have narrow and deep channels.
The hills between are broad and even, gently sloping to the south-
east.

The soil foi- the most part is of conglomerate origin. It falls into
the Dekalb seiies and is a type of the Dekalb stony sand, many areas
resembling the Dekalb sand. These soils are found on the hills and
the plateau. Interspersed with them are small scattered areas of silt
loams. On the slopes ofthe streams many rocks of sandstone origin
are exj)osed. These together with the conglomerates give way to the
i\\)e Rough Stony land.

The tree growth on this range is scant. Very little mer(?hantable
limber can be found anywhere. However, near the headwaters of
IMdy Lick there is some jack pine which extends on the southern side
of the Kidge road. This can be included on this range. It is the
only timber worthy of mention. On the flats, scattered growths
of chestnut and chestnut oak coppice are found. On the larger part
of the range, the growth is fire scarred and from present indications
will not produce a desirable quality of timber.

Minerals are scarce. Clay appears near the Cottage camp site.
I'xtent and cpiality are yet to be determined.

Little Bear Range.

Little Bear range is located in the northeastern part of the Di-
vision. It contains about 7,820 acres and is situate in Beech Creek
and Curtin townships.

The topography of this range is hilly. It borders on the Pine
(Hen-Hvner axis and contains broad gently sloping stream basins
bordeied by rocky divides of conglomerates and sandstones. The
streams that originate in these basins are Big and Little Bear,
tributaries of West Branch of Big Run; Swamp Branch, a tributary
of the Middle Branch; and Middle Branch itself, all flowing to the
southeast and emptying into Big Run.

The soil of these basins is sandy and deep. It contains types
of the Dekalb stony sand and Dekalb sand. The Dekalb sand is
similar to the former but does not contain so many rocks. It is deep
and often silty. The soils are hard to distinguish due to their slight
variations in texture and «=»tructure. The divides in most places are
narrow and of a stony batter of sandstone and conglomerates.
Where the divides are broad, the soil is sandy and shallow. A few
small areas of silt loam occur and when found they contain a large
jKM'centage of sand which changes their character and texture to a
very marked degree.

The tree growth is poor. Scattered in these basins are deformed
and defective trees. A growth of chestnut coppice, rock oak, jack

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

267

pine, and a few white pine are found. Very little merchantable
timber stands. This is scattered and in difficult places. It was
left by the lumberman owing to the hard conditions. In Thorn
Apple hollow, a local name, jack pine, white oak, and white pine
stand. In Hendrix hollow a few yellow pines and white oak remain.
Along the line of the Pennsylvania Lumber Company, which borders
this range, scattered trees of jack pine still remain.

Minerals are scarce. Indications of clay and coal in Graham hol-
low and near the State Line are fair. The quality and extent of
these have never been investigated.

SUMMARY.

The Snow Shoe Division lies in the Allegheny plateau. It main-
tains an elevation anywhere from 1,900 to 2,000 feet above sea level.
It slopes gently to the southeast. The streams all empty into Beech
Creek. On account of its elevation the climatic conditions change
considerably. The growing season is short and frosts occur late
in the spring and early in the fall. A heavy frost as late as June
0-10, 1913, killed and injured a large part of the young vegetation.
On September 17th, 1913, the region was again visited by frost.
The winters are cold with considerable snow, while the summers
are cool.

The soils are of the Dekalb type an^ as a class are poor for
farming. A few areas, however, could be used for farm purposes,
but their position would not allow profitable farming on account of
the poor roads and great distance from marketing centers. At
present the lands are best adapted for forestry.

Tliis forest has been lumbered over three times. The white pine
was taken first, then the hemlock and chestnut, and lastly, in the
convenient places, the lumberman came for jack pine. Few areas
of scattered jack pine remain. The trees on these areas are declining.
They would make mine props and sawed timber.

A severe fire swept the forest about 5 years ago leaving it in an
unsightly condition. It is recovering, by sprout growth principally.
Areas of red and of white oak, white pine, and jack pine may be
found. Large areas could be established artificially. Fire protec-
tion is the greatest problem for consideration.

Labor conditions present another problem. Settlements are not
convenient to the forest, the nearest being five miles to the eastern
line. Furthermore, plenty of work can be had right at home.

The revenue producing i)ower of this forest could be developed.
There is some timber that might be lumbered profitably now. Coal
and clay lands, if investigated, would yield some returns. These
are the most profitable lines at present indicated for development.

! [ -

II

268

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Off. Doc.

The boundary survey is not yet completed. A portion was sur-
veyed recently, which part has been painted and posted. The re-
mainder of the line has been posted where it was possible to de-
termine its position.

The former area has been reduced by re-arranging the divisions.
The area of this division is now approximately 23,000 acres, 8,287
a<!res in Centre county and 14,713 in Clinton county. It contains
no virgin forest. Neither is there any mature or hypermature forest.
At least 15,000 acres are in need of immediate improvement. Ninety-
five per cent, is coppice regeneration less than ten years of age.
The balance is in the polewood stage. The area having a density of
from 10% to 50% may reach 5,000 acres; that over 50%, 15,000
acres. Brush and weeds cover 2,000 acres or more. Fifty per cent,
of the whole forest may be reforested naturally with proper protec-
tion. Five hundred acres are covered with rocks, 26 with water, 96
with roads and trails, and 4 with fire lanes. All this land has been
severely burned. Protection from fire is its chief need.

Springs and Streams.

All the waters are tributaries of Beech Creek. The principal
springs are kept clean and accessible thi*oughout the year. All are
named and posted. The deep-seated springs flow continuously. A
few fail during extreme drought. The restoration of the forest cover
will help many of them. The streams are variable for the same
reason that the springs are. Springs and streams are not subject
to contamination.

Buildings and Repairs.

There are two sets of buildings in this forest, those at the West
Branch camp and those at Little Bear camp, and are in good con-
dition. A camp is needed at the head of Wolfe Run. Additional per-
uianent camps are needed for the use of the forest force. To conduct
work properly on this division it is necessary to camp. Camping
can much more satisfactorily be done in small buildings than in
tents. All distances in this region are very great.

Telephone lines are within 5 miles of State land and within 10
miles of the nearest camp.

Roads.

Ten miles of old roads have been brushed out for the first time and
34 miles have been rebrushed and improved during 1912; Fire lanes
were opened for a distance of 10 miles. The building of a new road

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

urn

was begun and completed for three-fourths of a mile. During 1913,
49.5 miles were worked over. All road work is planned for future use
in lumbering. The total number of usable roads, trails, and fire lanes
in this division at present is 53 miles.

Minerals.

Coal and fire clay are found in certain parts of the forest. The
extent and quality are unknown because unexplored. The distance
from market at present would prevent operation.

Plantations.

Two forest plantings were made during the year, one known as
the Beauty plantation on the Wolfe Run Range, and the other on the
Mosquito Hollow plantation on the West Branch range. The seed-
lings used were the following:

Scotch pine, 1 year,

White pine, 2 years,

5,000
5,000

10,000

The area planted, 2.15 acres, contained a scattered growth of chest-
nut coppice and scrub oak with thick bracken.

Nurseries.

Fourteen pounds of seed were used in establishing two small nur-
series at the rangers' headquarters. The purpose is to try out the
cost of production.

Labor.

Labor is scarce, wages are high, and the quality of the labor is
not up to the average. Rates are governed by the wages paid in
the coal mines, brick works, and other industries. The mines pay
$2.64 for an 8-hour day. A coal miner at piece labor earns from
1^3.00 to 15.00 a day in 8 hours. A brick maker |4.00 to |5.00 in a
day of 10 hours. Ordinary labor is paid $1.75 per day of 8 hours.
To get work done in the forest it is necessary to ofl'er |2.00 for a
10 hour day or $1.50 with board. Teams cost $4.00 per day. On the
West Branch range 60 cents per hour is paid.

• The cost of living in Snow Shoe is abnormally high, and while
working in the mountains men are unable to be at their homes every

270

REPORT OF THE

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I

II

fpi

night. Most of them would rather work in the settlement thnn
in the woods. Grood men are in constant denmnd.

Markets.

The market in this region absorbs mine timbers freely, AlmoHl
any kind of wood is taken. Jack pine is preferred. The deumml
is about 240,000 props per year. These are from Mi to 5 feet loJlK,
4 inches in diameter at the top, and sell for 4 cents a piece at the
mine. In addition to props, cap pieces and mine stra[)H are called
for. The quantity of the former used per year is estinmted ut 70,000,
worth 1 cent each, and of the latter approximately ^0,000, worth
10 cents each.

A haul of at least 10 miles is necessary to place material produced
within the State Forest at the mines or railroad stations. It 1m
probable that mine props might be shipped with jnolit to the hard
coal region, using either the New York Central or the Pennsylvania
railroads. The railroad rate on mine timber to the hard coal rejj^lon
fi'om Snow Shoe is from |1.75 to $2.00 per ton.

At present 300 acres of the State land could be cut over for the
p] oduction of mine timlier. Wherever this timber is over-mature or
declining, such cutting ought to be done.

Insects and Fungi.

Insects and fungous diseases are attacking and killing the jack
pine timber. Possibly other causes are at work.

Forest Fires.

Great interest in fire protection is being taken throughout all thin
region. The forester is the secretary of the Central Forest Fil'O
Protective Association and is in active CN)-operation with the North'
west Fire Protective Association. The local fire warden, James P.
Uzzell, is the very best man for the place. He is energetic, capable,
and understands his business. He also understands how very nfwm'
sary it is to suppress forest fires. Two outlook towers have hmn
equipped during the year. They are simply trees with ladder aud
platform. But one fire burned on State land during 1913, and COV'
ered an area of 210 acres. It is believed to have been set maliciously.
Eight other fires occurred on private land and in all private hold-
ings to the extent of nearly 3,000 acres were burned. Nlae hun4r<^
cut mine props were thus consumed and in all but two instances t\m
burns w^ere extremely severe.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

271

Outing and Recreation.

Heventeen camp sites within the forest accomodated 120 campers in
1012. Obedience to the laws and the rules of the Department was
willingly rendered and the conduct of the men is not subject to
criticism.

During the hunting season 16 deer were killed eltlier within the
State Forest or nearby. Bears, i)heasants, wild cats, and foxes
abcMind, and a number were taken.

In 1913, 22 permits for hunting camps were issued into this dl-
vision. Many hundreds of people hunted on State lands for a day
only but did not camp. About 30 deer were taken, 12 bears, and
a great nuiny pheasants, rabbits, and small game. Pishing is good.
All camps on this division will be numbered from 2101 to 2199 In-
cluMive. Twenty-four regular camping sites have thua far been estab-
lished and posted.

Lightning Report.

Ten (lill'erent lightning strokes were counted dUHng 1913, 6 in
.Inly and 4 in xVugust. The species struck and sKittered were

White pine living, !•

White pine dead, 1

Chestnut, 1! •

Jack pine, 5

Kock oak, 2

Hi

10

m! (
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I iH'id

-IT A'

IH

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t

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268

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The boundary Hurvey is not yet coni,.lete<l. A ,.ort.o„ was sur-
veye<l recently, whi.l. part has been painted and poste<l The re-
mainder of the line has been ,.oste<l where it was possible to de-

terniine its position. , •.. . •

The former area has been reduced by rearranging the divisions^
The area of this division is u«w approximately 2:{,000 acres, 8,287
acres in Centre county and 14,71:5 in Clinton county. It contains
no virgin forest. Neither is there any mature or hypermaturejorest.
At least 15,000 acres are in need of immediate improvement. Ninety-
five per cent, is coppice regeneration less than ten years of age^
The balance is in the polewood stage. The area having a density of
from 10% to 50% may reach 5,000 acres; that over 50%, 15,000
acres Brush and weeds cover 2,000 acres or more. Fifty per cent,
of the whole forest may be reforested naturally with proper protec-
tion Five hundred acres are covered with rocks, 26 with water 96
with roads and trails, and i with fire lanes. All this land has been
severely burned. Protection from fire is its chief need.

Springs and Streams.

All the waters are tributaries of Beech Creek. The principal
springs are kept clean and accessible thi-oughont the year. All arc
named and posted. The deep-seated springs flow continuously. A
few fail during extreme drought. The restoration of the forest cover
will help many of them. The streams are variable for the same
reason that the springs are. Springs and streams are not subject
to contamination.

Buildings and Repairs.

There are two sets of buildings in this forest, those at the West
Branch camp and those at Little Bear camp, and are in good con-
dition A camp is needed at the head of Wolfe Run. Additional per-
luanent camps are needed for the use of the forest force. To conduct
work properly on this division it is necessary to camp. Camping
can much more satisfactorily be done in small buildings than m
tents. All distances in this region are very great.

Telephone lines are within 5 miles of State land and within 10
miles of the nearest camp.

Roads.

Ten miles of old loads have been brushed out for the first time and
34 miles have been rebrushed and improved during 1912; Fire lanes
were opened for a distance of 10 miles. The building of a new road

DEPARTMENT OF FOBESTRT.

No. 26.

waf^ begun and completed for three-fourths of a mile. During 1913,
4.9 5 miles were worked over. All road work is planned for future use
in lumbering. The total number of usable roads, trails, and fire lanes
in this division at present is 53 miles.

Minerals.

Coal and fire clay are found in certain parts of the forest. The
extent and quality are unknown because unexplored. The distance
from market at present would prevent operation.

'i.A,

Plantations.

Two forest plantings were made during the year, one known as
the Beauty plantation on the Wolfe Kun Range, and the other on the
Mosquito Hollow plantation on the West Branch range. The seed-
lings used were the following:

Scotch pine, 1 year,

White pine, 2 years.

5,000
5,000

10,000

The area planted, 2.15 acres, contained a scattered growth of chest-
nut coppice and scrub oak with thick bracken.

\ I; I

Nurseries.

Fourteen pounds of seed were used in establishing two small nur-
series at the rangers' headquarters. The purpose is to try out the
cost of production.

Labor.

Labor is scarce, wages are high, and the quality of the labor is
not up to the average. Rates are governed by the wages paid in
the coal mines, brick works, and other industries. The mines pay
%2M for an 8-hour day. A coal miner at piece labor earns from
%?> 00 to 15.00 a day in 8 hours. A brick maker |4.00 to *5.00 in a
flay of 10 hours. Ordinary labor is paid $1.75 per day of 8 hours.
To get work done in the forest it is necessary to offer |2.00 for a
10 hour day or f 1.50 with board. Teams cost |4.00 per day. On the
West Branch range 60 cents per hour is paid.

The cost of living in Snow Shoe is abnormally high, and while
working in the mountains men are unable to be at their homes every

270

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

night. Most of them would rather work in the settlement than
in the woods. Good men are in constant demand.

,!

1 1

Markets.
The market in this region absorbs mine tinibers fredy. Almost

r S:^ rZ^l^l^Z, '^^InL . J. . piece at the
mine In addition to props, cap pieces and -]'-^ f^^^^J^^^ '^'^^^
Z The quantity of the former used per year is - -ated at 76 00 K
worth 1 cent each, and of the latter approximately 30,000, worth

'"AC':?at least 10 miles is necessary to place material produced

■V; tJ state Forest at the mines or railroad stations. It is

:Sl hat m ne rops might be shipped with profit to the hard

probable t^^^ J" 1 ' ^ork Central or the Pennsylvania

;::;Dr'ThTr' it:; ll on mme timber to the hard coal region
f i-om Snow Shoe is from f 1 .75 to ?2.00 per ton. „ f„r th a

A present 300 acres of the State land could be cut over for the
pvodrrctTon of mine timber. M^.erever this timber is over-mature or
declining, such cutting ought to be done.

Insects and Fungi.
Insects and fungous diseases are attacking and killing the jack
pine timber. Possibly other causes are at work.

Forest Fires.

r.reat interest in fire protection is being taken throughout all this
Great '^t^^-^t ^ ^ ^^^^ „( the Central Forest Fire

pSectivris^ at nld is in activ'e co-operation with the North-
wes F^re Protective Association. The local Are warden James F
uSellTs the very best man for the place. He is energetic, capab^,
Id understLds his business. He also understands how v;^ery neces-
slTtTto suppress forest flres. Two outlook towers have been
^u pped during"the year. They are Bimply trees with ladder ^nd
^atform But one Are burned on State land during 1913, and cov
eS an area of 210 acres. It is believed to have been set malicious y.
EigMother fires occurred on private land and ^-J'^^;^^'^
iJ< to the extent of nearly 3,000 acres were burned. Kme hundrea
cut r^U ^oTwere thus con'sumed and in all but two instances the
burns were extremely severe.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

271

Outing and Recreation.

Seventeen camp sites within the forest accomodated 120 campers in
1912 Obedience to the laws and the rules of the Department was
willingly rendered and the conduct of the men is not subject to

criticism. ; .., . xi.

During the hunting season 16 deer were killed either withm the
State Forest or nearby. Bears, pheasants, wild cats, and foxes
abound, and a number were taken.

In 1913, 22 permits for hunting camps were issued into this di-
vision Many hundreds of people hunted on State lands for a day
only but did not camp. About 30 deer were taketi, 12 bears, and
a great many pheasants, rabbits, and small game. Fishing is good.
All camps on this division will be numbered from 2101 to 2199 in-
elusive. Twenty-four regular camping sites have thus far been estab-
lished and posted. ,

Lightning Report.

Ten different lightning strokes were counted dllring 1913, 6 in
July and 4 in August. The species struck and shattered were

White pine living, ^1'' '

White pine dead, 1

Chestnut, 1

Jack pine, ^

Rock oak, i' ">^r*

10

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18

•27Z

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

14. THE KETTLE CREEK STATE FOREST, CKOSSFORK DF

VISION.

Forester, R. Lynn Emerick, Crossfork.

Forest Rangers:

el. H.I Green, Crossfork.
Milt6h L. Keeney, Crossfork.
H^rii^y M. Olson,^ Crossfork.
Har^jVanCleve, Crossfork.
Harry Li Jarrett,^ Crossfork.

The Crossfork' ©Ivigion of the Kettle Creek State Forest is located
in Stewardsonif^illq' A^bbott townships. Potter county. The survey
is complete excppt that of about 200 acres near Crossfork. The
boundary lines telrd (blazed and painted white, the corners well marked,
and the State WA\i,k placed wherever convenient to put it. Notices
are also placed at frequent intervals along the boundary line and
throughout the area.

This forest is divided into five ranges, which comprise two general
blocks or working! lateas. The Crossfork area is protected by Rang-
ers Green and Vhti'ClMre; the Kettle Creek area by Rangers Jarrett
Keeney, and Olson. On September 1st, 1913, Thomas H. Golden
wai^ assigned to tljis division to assist Mr. Emerick as forestc^'. He
is ohe of the 1913 graduates of Mont Alto. From April 1st, 1913, to
October 1st, Forester Funk was present, assisting the Chief Forester.
He resigned on the latter date. The rangers in this forest are par-
ticularly efficient men, and the teamster, Mr. Mattison, who is also
u regular employeois a careful man of regular habits, and takes great
interest in his work.

The boundary survey has been completed with the exception of
the small tract around the town of Crossfork. There are a number
of important interior tracts in the region aggregating something
over 400 acres. The present area of the division is 59,593 acres.
The forest contains no virgin, mature, or hypermature standis.
About 10,000 acres have a density of 50% or over. This tract is young.
Birch reproduces best naturally. All growth is too young for Im-
provement cutting. That portion having a density of from 10% to
50% is 24,112 acres. Most of the trees are fire scarred and de-
formed, and are making little growth. A portion of this area could
at this time be subjected to improvement cutting. It would yield

»BPKaD April 1, 1912.
«BeKan April 1. IMS.

If

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No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

273

from 100,000 to 120,000 cords of pulp wood. The hindrance to mar
keting this product is transportation facilities. Of the remainder.
25,000 acres are brush land. Fifty per cent, of this division will re-
forest itself if protected from fire and grazing, but the method is
slow. No other feasible method presents itself except planting. Two
hundred acres are open ground. Twenty-five acres are covered with
rock. Eighty-five acres with streams; two acres by a pond; 200
acres with roads and trails; 75 acres with fire lanes. Profitable
reforesting could be conducted at this time by planting operations.

, Springs and Streams.

Twenty-five springs have been cleaned and repaired. All have been
named and more than half posted with proper signs. All have been
located upon the map of the division. The springs and streams show
some diminution of flow in dry weather. There is no contamination.

Buildings and Repairs.

Various dwelling houses belonging to the Department are in a
fair state of repair, and generally in good condition, except the
ranger's headquarters at Abbott. Here a new house is needed. Such
fences as are needed are in good repair.

A 2-wire line of telephone extends from Crossfork to New Bergen,
a distance of 14 miles, and another 2-wire line from Crossfork to
Crossfork Junction, a distance of 13 miles, is owned by the Western
Union Company, and which allows the Department the use of its
wires and line throughout its length. The Crossfork-New Bergen
line was built by the Department. The system may readily be ex-
tended to Hulls and the Pump Station.

The Stone house was remodeled and is now in a good state of re-
[»air. The office building at Crossfork is in good condition. Two
other Crossfork buildings need repair, and a new barn is required.
The division now has 28 miles of 2-wire telephone system in good
condition. The inhabitants are permitted to attach free of charge,
making their own connections and installing their own instruments.
The system requires extension so as to reach the adjoining foresters.
A water service is required at the Stone house. A good spring 300
feet distant with sufficient fall will supply all needs.

Crossfork, the forester's headquarters, is extremely isolated. All
manufacturing and lumbering operations have ceased and by far
the larger part of the population has departed. The situation in
which the forest staff finds- itself is peculiar and different from
every other State Forest managed by the Department. Here is an
instance where the State, by extending its forest operations, may
furnish needed help to a stranded community,

18—26—1915

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I

REPORT OF THE ^^- ^^^

274

ronsiderable effort has been made to beautify and improve the
o,a rr? So^forU, wbicb i. tbe ^o^e.^^^^^ J^ ^^
.red hard maple. ^a^Jj-" P - ^d ^^^J^:^f;Xl,^^on. re-
,,e to be planted. ^-^^^J^ buSding lots were thus cleaned,
'"",1 '"i leveled The' engine house mill, store room, foundry
Ct torn down^^^^^ the lumber piled, ^he mill pond was
shop Y' „ , thP inlet repaired, the dam breast reinforced and flood
Srrlprtl'oTdt -float' on the pond were --^^ -/jj-
found as sound as when first cut. The cribbing along Kettle Cree.
rbetn^^rlforced to prevent washing. The wat- J^f^™ -
cleaned and reinforced, involving the repair of a fire K^lrdut anu
shuttin" ott- of old connections. This water line now owned by the
St^tei'; 11447 feet in length, with an 8-inch intake pipe re-
duced o a efch main. WaL is in constant flow with good pre.
sure Twenty sections of 3-inch cotton flre hose with nozzles and
linsp cart comprise the fire department.

t smi 1 pubL library has been startal in a separate bmlding with
books and magazines, which are loaned free to the people To this
irraJy Dr B^throck contributed 43 volumes. A -er^t^o^/^'"
for cMuSen and one for grown people is to be established. The for-
es er has given a number of addresses among the clubs and public
school" of' the county. Forester Golden addressed the CrossforK
schools on Arbor Day.

Boads.
Durine 1912, U miles of old roads were brushed out for the first
time a.^ 10 mUes re-brushed and improved. Five miles of new fir
Ines were opened and an additional mile of boundary line brushed
out Tnew road has been brushed out and partly completed for u

''STottl number of open miles of roads within this forest at pres-
ent s 30 ra s H, fire lanes 20. and boundary lines opened 1 m.le^
Al leVZ will ultimately become roads. Twentj-seven miles of
telephone lines have been built or repaired during the year.

To show the part whi.h the Forestry Department plays in main-
tahi; the Stewardson township roads, the following statement may

be of interest:

*177 95

Cash road tax, 60 00

License fees, • V* /

Received from the State Highway Depart- ^^^ ^^

ment, * ' "

Received from the Forestry Department as

fixed charge on State lands, ^14 yo ^

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

275

Plantations.
During 1912, the following planting of seedlings was made:

White pine, 178,700

Scotch pine, 20,000

Red oak, 40,000

Norway spruce, 22,000

P. ponderosa, 2,000

Total, .! 262,700

The area devoted to the above planting is 150 acres. Seed plant-
ing has been employed in a few instances, and 1,540 square feet of
such planting has been made to date.

Planting during 1913 was as follows:

Norway spruce, 2 years, 82,500

White pine, 3 years, 237,800

Pinus monticola, 3 years, 2,000

The total area planted to date on this division is 347 acres, and
the total seedlings thus far planted are 693,100, as follows:

White pine, 491,500

Norway spruce, 107,500

Scotch pine, 25,000

Silver pine, 2,000

Pinus ponderosa, 2,000

Red oak, 40,000

White ash, 20,000

American elm, 3,000

Honey locust, 1,500

European larch, 600

693,100

All plantations are doing well with the exv^eption of the white
ash and larch. The larch froze out and the ash was frozen back.
Fall planting does not produce satisfactory results in this region.

Nurseries.

A small nursery was established in the spring of 1910 with an
initial area of 420 square feet. The nursery was enlarged during

276

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

1912 by adding 1,120 B'l--^-Vmaking its area at pr-ent 1 540
square feet. A stock inventory at the close of the 1912 growing
season shows the following:

if

2-year olds.

White pine,

Norway spruce,

Scotch pine, (

24,000
15,000
10,000

49,000

1-year olds.

_ ■ . 40,000

Douglas fir, '

Dwarf mountain pine,

15
Blue spruce,

Chinese arbor vitae,

Persimmon,

Russian mulberry, ••

25
Catalpa speciosa,

Black locust, • • • ^ •

40,180

•' • 89,186

The number of seedlings available from this nursery for planting
in 19"s the 24,000 white pines, which have cost $2.75 per thou-

''tI pounds of seed were used in the smaU 1^<^«1/^^^^' ^ jj
Norway spruce and 5 of white pine. The Pinus Ponderosa planted
orthls division shows a slow growth. The average for 1913 wa
one inch. However, they have a thrifty appearance. The other
seedlings appear to be doing well. Could fall planting be used
succSully'u would solve the labor problem and ^f^^^^^^^^^^
growing season. In 1913 the growing season extended over abo i1
Sree months. The white pine plantations are doing Particularly we ,
showing a growth of over 90 per cent, and an annual maximum growth
asTreat as 26 inches the second year. Two small ranger nurseries
lirin established in addition to the one at Elk ^^^l^^^J^
contains 200 square feet, one for Ranger Olson, and the other for
RanSrVan Cleve. The former succeeded well but the latter was
destroyed by rodents. Seedlings in the Olson nursery to date are as
follows :

• Whitepine, 3 years, .. 2,340

• Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 5,300

Douglasflr, 2 years, .. 640

It

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

•IM

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477

jiM-*^

The small local nursery at Crossfork begun by Forester Funk
in 1913 contains 480 square feet. Frost killed the Norway spruce and
the sparrows destroyed the white pine. The supposed useful effect
of red lead to prevent birds interfering with the young trees, which
was used here in great abundance, was proved to be fallacious. Nur-
sery attempts are to be renewed the coming season with prospect
of better results. An experimental plantation was started but no
data are yet available. A few seeds of the following sjibcies were re-
ceived and are being tried out :

Citrus trifoliata,
Pinus taeda.
Black locust,
Catalpa speciosa,
Russian olive,
Russian mulberry,
Scotch pine,
American arbor vitae.
Persimmon,
Dwarf mountain pine.

Hemlock,
Blue spruce,
Pinus ponderosa,
Chinese arbor vitae,
American white spruce,
Pinus fiexilis.
Jack pine, '
Austrian pine,
Taxus cuspidata,
Abies concolor.

An experiment was also made in planting white pine, both with and
without the puddling of the seedlings. At present iio, difference, jn
results is shown. Honey locust is shown to be a slow grower i^ this
region. The Elk Lick planting of 1,500 shows but two inches. Pcf?-
sibly the freezing of the terminal bud is responsible, jj.

k

Labor.

The matter of labor on this division is a most serious matter. If
men are to be retained within the region they must have regular em-
ployment. There is no other industry present than the activities of
the Department of Forestry, and during the winter season the de-
mand for labor decreases largely. *1.60 is the average price paid per
day. The cost of a team is |4.00 per day.

Markets.

Market conditions at present are extremely poor. There is no local
industry to consume any forest product. A large quantity of scat-
tered material now on the ground should be removed for the better-
ment of the woods, but unless it can be removed at a profit, it be-
comes at once a losing operation. r : •

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278

REPORT OF THE

Insects and Fungi.

OS. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

279

The pine weevil has been noticed for the first time in the Elk Lick
plantation. In an area containing 25,000 plants 217 infections were
discovered. All infected trees were removed and burned.

Forest Fires.

There were no forest fires on this division during the year 1912;
and no fires were started within the State Forest during 1913, but a
number from without burned in. In this way the following areas
were burned over:

Abbott Bange, 1,500 acres

Leidy liange, now in charge of Forester

Mtiller, 100 acres

Oleona Kange, 5 acres

Crossfork Kange, 750 acres

Noi-th Hend Kange, Young Woman's Creek
Forest, now in charge of Forester
Mumraa, , 1,500 acres

Three observatory stations have been established and fires are
being located by means of the triaiigulation method. Our telephone
system helps greatly in this matter. Fires can be located with ap-
proximate i)recision. The local fire wardens are efficient and respond
promptly.

Outing and Recreation.

No use was made of State Forest land except for hunting and fish-
ing. 14 camps were erected during 1912 and the conduct of the
campers was above criticism. During the oi)en hunting season 7 deer
and 3 bears were killed. Pheasants were plentiful.

Twenty-five camping parties visited the locality in 1913. Three
camps with 18 persons were present in the early spring. 22 camps
with 25 persons were present during the fall hunting season. All
have become warm friends of forestry work. Hunting for large game
was j)oor. 7 deer were taken and 3 bears, and between 5,000 and
0,000 pheasants.

Trout and black bass fishing are excellent. Probably 100 or more
fisherman visit Crossfork every year. 20 cans of trout were planted
in Lyman Run, Crossfork, and Little Kettle Creeks.

Camp sites in this division are numbered from 2,201 to 2,299 in-
clusive, and 12 have been definitely fitted up for camping purposes.
5 permanent camp leases have been granted within the division to
date.

Lightning Report.

Twenty-one lightning strokes are reported during the year, all oc-
curring in the month of September. 14 were in dead chestnut and
7 in hemlock. In addition, one bolt ignited some soft maples and
burned into the suiTounding brush land.

15. THE HOPKINS STATE FOREST, KEATING DIVISION.

P^orester, Nathaniel B. Funk,^ Westport.
Forest Ranger, William C. Huff,^ Westport.

1912.

The Keating Division of the Hopkins State Forest h located in
Centre and Clinton counties, and has not yet been sub-divided. The
survey of the boundary is complete. Painting and i)osting have been
(lone.

Springs and Streams.

All accessible springs have been cleaned and the rules for the gov-
ojiiment of the forests prominently imsted. All streams had a regu-
h\v flow during the year. At present there seems to be no possibility
of contamination.

Buildings and R^airs.

The cabin at the head of Burns Run is in good repair, but the
Ifouse at the mouth is worthless. If it be decided that a building is
needed here, it must be built anew. There are no telephones within
the division and none nearer than Westport.

Sign Iwards painted black and lettered in white, are placed at the
intersection of roads and trails showing distances and directions.

Roads.

The forester was assigned to this division September 1, 1912, and
since he has been in charge, 30 miles of old roads have been rebrushed
and improved. This include*; the whole number of open improved

;^HeslKned October 1, 1913.

-Transferred from the Renovo Division.

!N

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

280

roads within the division. A trail 3 miles long extends along the
river from Yosts Bun to Jews Run. Practically the whole time of
the forester was given to road improvement.

Labor.

Labor in this region costs 17ic. an hour, and a team ?5.00 per day.
The population is sparse and labor scarce. The quality, however, is
good.

Markets.

There are no local markets for forest products. When improve-
ment work begins it must be done by the invitation of outside capital.

Forest Fires.

A fire occurred on State land on November 9th, burning over an
area of 250 acres at the head of Burns Run. The damage
was about a 50 per cent, destruction of the humus on the forest floor.
The origin of the fire is unknown.

Outing and Recreation.

During the season the forester was in charge, 14 different camps
uere erected on State land, and the conduct of the campers was proper
in all respects. 7 deer and 6 bears were killed.

There are at least 10 good camping sites, and others could be
readily adapted for camping from time to time.

No. 28.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

^1.

16. THE LOYALSOCK FOREST.

Forester, John A. Bastian, Loyalsock.

Forest Rangers:

George H. Pidcoe, Barbours.

George M. Lipp, Montoursville, No. 1.

The Loyalsock Forest is divided by the Loyalsock Creek into two
natui-al ranges, the eastern and the western. Ranger Pidcoe has
charge of the western range, and Ranger Lipp of the eastern. The
boundary survey is complete with the exception of 1,000 acres which
have recently been added. The line is well blazed and posted. A por-
tion of the boundary line was brushed during the spring of 1913.
All surveyed lines need painting. The total area of this forest is
14,063 acres, 125 acres virgin forest, 250 acres mature forest capable
of producing 750,000 feet of lumber. The species are hemlock, pitch
pine, white pine, chestnut, and oak. Regeneration on the rock area
may best be accomplished from seed trees. About 7,000 acres have
a density of 50 per cent., of which 2,000 need improvement. This land
carries today approximately 4,000 chestnut posts, 1,000 tons of mine
I>rops, 1,500 railroad ties, 4,000 cords of wood. Because of the distance
from market it is not possible to sell anything except at stumpage
rates. About 6,000 acres have a density of from 10 per cent, to 50
per cent. 500 acres are brush land, 500 acres are rocky land, 25 acres
water, roads and trails occupy 59 acres, fire lanes, 20 acres.

Springs and Streams.

The springs which are usable in case of fire have been cleaned
and trails cut to them. The springs have not yet been named. A
few of the springs are not continuous in their flow during extreme
drought. Because of the wet season during 1912, all springs were
continuous, with a large flow.

The streams are afl'ected by droughts and usually become low dur-
ing the summer months. At present there seems to be no contami-
nation.

h

Buildings and Repairs.

There are no buildings on the area belonging to the State, except
a camp at the headwaters of Little Bear Creek. Other buildings are
needed, especially a home for the forester.

4

28, REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The forester and each of the rangers has a telephone at his home

V 7 r,,un^ The Ix»valsoek Telephone Company has built a

iL :; S: or. c'el r/a^as Bear Creek, which ought to be

extended The rental is $12.00 per year, and the service includes

Williamsport and Muncy.

Roads.

During 1912, the length of old roads rebrushed and repaired
nmountil to 13 miles. 0 miles of fire lanes were opened and 1 mi e
oHew road partly completed. Road work in 1913 was confined to
1 ,vin.' out and brushing new roads and repairing an old one.

tL: tTtal number of open roads traversable at present is 21 miles,
with 7 miles of fire lanes.

Easements.

C. W. Rishell has been granted the use of an old log road for his
timber operation.

Minerals.
Coal exists on this forest, but the vein is too small to operate profit-
ably at present.

Plantations.

During the spring of 1912, 8 pounds of white pine were employed
i„ spot planting ui>ou small unstocked areas. The germinating per-
centage of the seed was low and the results were not satisfactory.
The area covered amounts to 0 acres.

The total i>lantings to date amount to 8 acres. In 1912 the follow-
ing plantings were made :

™p^"^^ •••••::::: S

Black cherry, ^'^""

12,100

The number of seedlings planted to date within this forest is
22,100.

Nurseries.

A small nursei-y bed measuring 4 x 40 feet was started with Doug-
las fir. After the various troubles of the 1912 season, 1,500 seedlings
came through and remained in the nursery. In 1913 these were re-

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

283

(luced to 1,200. A small bed of Scotch pine was planted in the garden
but the seedlings were dstroyed by the damping-off fungus. Another
bed of Scotch pine was started in 'a sandy place, but the seeds were
destroyed by mice and squirrels.

Labor.

Labor in this region costs IT^c. per hour, or 12^q. with board fur-
nished, while team with driver cost 35c. per hour in 1912, but now 40c.
Tlie nearby lumbering operations draw the best men and keep up
the price of labor. What labor may be had is of fair quality. Much
Oi it is furnished by small holders in the neighborhood who have little
clearings of their own and may devote occasional days to outside
work.

Markets.

Market conditions are not of the best. Fire wood and fence posts
lead in the saleij. Lumber from dead trees is worth about $1.50
l)er thousand stumpage. The low price is due to the inferior char-
acter of the lumber. Fire wood is worth 25 cents per load green and
15 cents per load dead. Transportation facilities are poor. The
nearest point is 7 miles. There are no large towns near and the
roads are rough. With increase in lumber prices the material in
this forei^t will come into the market. Improvement of the public
loads will improve market conditions. The wood within the neigh-
borhood is being rapidly marketed by private owners who are satisfied
to make small profits, and when it is gone, the State land will be able
to supply a portion of the demand.

In 1913, 9,000 feet of hemlock were sold at a stumpage price of
J?(;.00.

Erosion.

Owing to the fact that the forest cover is nearly intact, little
ejosion is going on at present. The root systems of whatever living
material is present hold the soil well, and especially on steep slopes.

Growth.

The growth over this region is fair. Some of it is fire scarred,
many of the trees are scattered, some are hypermature. The under-
growth is thrifty but with protection will soon be in condition for
thinning.

Insects and Fungi.

No insect attacks of any moment have been noticed. The chest-
nut bark disease was discovered in the eastern range in the spring
of 1912. All trees attacked by the blight have been cut and de-
stroyed.

Ill

Mi

.4

I'

284

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Forest Fires.

On November 21st, 1912, a small fire covering H acres occurred
on State land in Gamble township. The unsettled top leafage only
was destroyed and a few sprouts less than an inch in diameter. The
oriidn of the fire is not known.

In 1913 3 of the 5 local fires were on State land, covering an
area of 325 acres. Three fire observatory stations have been erected
and sites for five more located.

Outing and Recreation.

During the hunting season of 1912, three camps were occupied by
28 persons Their conduct was all that could be desired.

With the increase of timber growth, hunting is becoming better
year by year The absence of fires in the woods makes permanent
homes for many birds and small game. Eleven deer were reported
killed either on State land or nearby. Pheasants are increasing in
number but few were killed. A number of bears were reported taken.

In 1913 3 camping parties were present during the open season,
numbering 25 persons in all. Fourteen deer were reported taken on
or near State land. Pheasants were not abundant. There bears and a
number of squirrels and rabbits also are reported.

The camp sites on this division will be numbered from 2401 to

2499 inclusive.

The only trout stream of importance is Little Bear creek. The
fishing is good and the fishermen numerous. The stream is stocked
occasionally with yellow trout. Bass fishing and trout fishing may
be had in Loyalsock creek. Some trout are found in Wallis run.

Lightning Report.

The number of trees struck and shattered during 1912, is as fol-
lows :

I

m

0)

a
a

t».

S

u

Wbite pine

Chestnut

Pitch pine,

White onk,

Rock oak

Hemlock,

Total,

'! f \ i

1 1 1

1 1

; i __^ ;2Ii I-'iE:

.......... ..■■■••••• •■•• •■••

4
t
t

2
1
1

13

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

During 1913, ten trees were struck and shattered, as follows:

Chestnut, 4

Rock oak, 2

White oak, 1

Pitch pine, 2

White pine, 1

285

10

Ail occurred in the mouth of July except one, a rock oak, which
was struck during the month of June.

17. THE MINISINK FOREST, NOTCH DIVISION.

Forester, John E. Avery, Notch.

Forest Rangers :

Ferdinand Frank, Edgemere.
William Hatton,* Lords Valley.
Edgar Wilson, Canadensis.

The Minisink Forest includes all the lands in Pike and Monroe
counties, the larger portion of the area in Pike county being in-
cluded in the Notch DiTigioiL

The boundary survey, 20 miles, is cut clear to a width of 15 feet.
The approximate area of the division is 30,000 acres, 5,000 mature
timber, 20,000 with a density of 50%, 3,000 of a density from 10%
to 50%, the remainder of varying character, 759 acres are covered
with water.

Springs and Streams.

Nearly all springs in this region depend upon climatic condi-
tions. For this reason streams are irregular.

Buildings and Repairs.

Repairs have been made at the house occupied by Ranger Frank,
consisting of new fence, repairs to the stream bank, and a concrete
walk; water line installed from spring to the house; house repaireci

*OegaQ service March 1, 1912. ^

V

I i I

li

28g REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

throughout; baiu and out buildings painted. A local telephone lino
was purchased connecting the ranger's home with Porter's Lake
Club. This is intended to be extended 6 miles to the forest head-
(piarters at Notch.

Roads.

During 1912, 8 miles of old roads were brushed out for the first
time and 29 miles were re-brushed and repaired. Seven miles of new
fire lanes were opened and 24 miles of the boundary line cleaned
out. Eight miles of new roads were brushed out and partly com-
pleted. , X 4.1 f +

In 1913, roads and fire lines were brushed and opened to the extent
of 77.7 miles. Teams may pass on all fire lanes, which are so laid
that they may be converted into roads.

Plantations.
Seedling trees planted in the State Forest during 1912, are as

^<^^^^W^ • i Ct AAA

White pine, 3 years, .... 15,000

Red oak, 3 years, .... 900

American elm, 3 years,

Total, 16,100

In addition to the above, 1,000 Carolina poplar cuttings were
jdanted and 3 pounds of white pine seed were sown in the nursery bed.
In May, 1913, 5,000 white pine were planted. To date the total num-
ber of seedlings planted within this forest is as follows:

White pine, 35,000

Red oak, ^^^

American elm, 200

Carolina poplar, ••• l^^OO

■ T

Total, 37,100

The red oak and American elm above mentioned were a remnant of
a previous shipment held over the winter. They did not do well
upon transplanting and the probabilities are they may fail altogether.

Sample Plots.

One small experimental plantation has been made on a burned
area.

/

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Labor.

287

A nine-hour day costs at the rate of 20 cents per hour,
with driver from |3.50 to $4.00 per day.

Team

The sale

Markets.

The nearest market is 16 miles, over indifferent roads,
of products is not advisable.

Forest Fires.

During 1912, 7 different forest fires burned in this region. Three
of them were upon State and private lands, and 4 of them exclusively
upon private lands. The fire of May 4th covered 500 acres of State
land ; that of May 21st, 200 acres ; that of November 21st, 900 acres.
In the first and second fires young saplings were killed and the
forest floor destroyed. The third fire killed some of the young
<n-owth but burned only the upper layer of the humus. The origin of
all the fires is unknown.

In 1913, forest fire was confined to an area of 225 acres. One new-
observatory station 38 feet high was built. It cost $50.62.

Insects and Fungi.

The white pine weevil and a leaf eating worm on the pin oak are
prevalent. Chestnut blight exists throughout the area.

Outing and Recreation.

Permanent camp sites within this forest will be numbered from
2701 to 2799 inclusive. Twelvfe camps were erected during the open
season of 1913. Ten deer were taken on or near State land. Birds
and other game are not plentiful. Fishing is good and large catches
have been made.

Lightning Report.

The trees struck and shattered by lightning during 1912 are as
follows :

4-'

«0

•

9

>.

U

9

a
<

o
H

Pitch pine,
Chestnut,
White oak.

Total,

1

6

10
t

1

I

10

t

21

HI

I

\m

19

288 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

Ho far as known, no trees were ignited by the current.
During 1913, 18 trees were struck by lightning during the month
of August, as follows:

ritch pine, ■*-"

White pine, ^

White oak, 1

18

18. THE Ml^ISlNK FOKEST, POCONO DIVISION.

No. 26,

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

289

into private ownership and consequently into private use. An area,
including the lake, has been fenced in as a deer preserve. This
cuts off an old road which was formerly used as a fire lane and
an entrance into the back country. However, a tire lane is main-
tained a-ound the entire inclosure, which will be a help in preventing
the spread of fires in that region. The new owner is not only careful
in the use of his own property, but is interested in protecting ad-
joining areas from tires. The many hunting clubs owning private
preserves in this region may become of great use in the
State's work, since co-operation between them and the forest officers
will result in a working plan and a mutual understanding of what
is desired to be done. They are, of course, most interested in their
own holdings; but to a hunting and recreation club the woods are
of as great use as to the one who employs them only for the produc-
tion of timber. The idea of forest protection is, therefore, being ex-
tended for the benefit of all who are interested.

;

Forester, John L. Strobeck, Cresco.

Forest Rangers:

Stewart Albert, Cresco.

Martin Cortright,* Hunters Kange.

The Pocono division comprises 1G,056 acres in Pike county and
(;,108 in Monroe. On September 1, 1913, H. F. Critchley was as-
signed as forester to the Hunters Range region for temporary service.
Later on he was removed to his present station.

The boundary survey is not complete. Possibly one-half of it re-
mains to be determined detinitely. Seven miles of the boundary have
been brushed out. The material removed was one-year and two-year
growth. The experience is that it pays to brush the lines every year.
The surveyed portion of the line is well marked and painted.

There is no portion of the forest with a density of 50% or over.
Two thousand acres have a scattered stand of mature and hyper-
mature pitch pine, ranging in density from 10% to 50%, in Pike
county. This pine is old and lire scarred, and may well be removed.
Further delay in marketing is a loss. Eight hundred acres of the
division are covered with brush and very little of it will be re-
forested naturally. About 10 acres of the forest are open and plant-
ing can be done with little difficulty. With proper improvement
cutting practically this whole forest will regenerate itself naturally.
Water covers 50 acres, roads and trails 117 miles, lire lanes 32

miles.

The Cortright property in Porter township, containing what is
known as Twelve-Mile Pond, a tine body of water, has been sold

•UeHltfncd St^pttinbcr 30, 1913.

Springs and Streams.

The principal springs in the forest have been cleaned, marked,
and made accessible; one for the purpose of affording a watering
place along the Porter township road; another, the Laurel spring,
for fire fighting purposes.

Springs in this region are not numerous. The area is underlaid
with hard pan clay, and most of the springs, it seems, find their
(»rigin above the clay. The country abounds in swamps and the flow
of many springs may be traced thereto. There is little danger of
contamination owing to the lack of industries within the region. The
only possible source is from camps.

During the extreme drought of summer, the stream flow varies.
Many become almost dry which at other seasons of the year are full
and rather regular. Saw Creek, a trout stream in Porter township,
was dry for a greater part of its course. The pools were the only
refuge of the trout.

Buildings and Repairs.

A new residence and headciuarters for the fore.ster were built
during 1912. Some fencing took in the yard, fields, and garden.

What is known as the Whitaker place, a ranger's home within
the State Forest, is in need of repair. The house is small and in-
convenient and it is questionable whether it would not be cheaper
in the end to reconstruct the buildings.

Two cabins were built during 1913, for the accommodation of
the forest staff.

19—26—1915

I

290

REPORT OF THE

Ofif. Doc.

The beginning of a proposed telephone line was made in 1912, the
poles being taken out for that purpose. In 1913, the Department
assisted in the building of a telephone line connected with the Bell
system, running from Porters Lake to Stroudsburg. The line was
built from forester's headquarters to Kock Ledge, a distance of 2 J
miles, and there connected with the Cresco and Greentown line, a
UAutual company. The total cost of the new buildings at the forest-
er's headquarters, including the time of the forester and his rangers,
which amounted to 2,836^ hours, was $5,400.11.

Roads.

A good road through this region for the use of the rural delivery
post route is highly essential. The character of the roads at pres-
ent is such as to prevent the establishment of such route. A petition
has been prepared to the postal authorities for such service.

One mile of road was rebuilt in the southern division in 1912.
The work included the removal of stones, widening of the drive,
opening of the drainage gutters, and rounding up the surface.
Boundary lines and interior lines serve as bases for fire fighting, '
and were likewise improved and extended over a distance of about

13 miles.

A total road mileage of 27.3 miles was improved during 1913.
The local road supervisors did not do their duty with respect to
public roads in the State Forest.

Easements.

During 1913, a new public road was laid out through a portion
of the forest, and the Department waived all damages. It welcomed
the road in the position it was put as it gives a new outlet to
market.

Minerals.

A good quality of flag stone is found within the State Forest,
and prior to the time when the Commonwealth acquired title, stone
quarrying was a regular industrty. The price of the stone gradually
declined, and this together with the long haul to market, has for
the present made it an unprofitable undertaking.

Seed Collection.

A small quantity of seeds was gathered during the season for
special purposes, from 4 to 8 ounces of each kind being taken. The

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 291

species collected were sumac, black oak, yellow poplar, rhododendron,
mountain laurel, azalea, witch hazel, wild indigo. The collection
was sent to the Department at Harrisburg for addition to seed ex-
hibit.

Plantations.

A small plantation of 5,000 3-year old white pines was made in
1912 for the purpose of an experiment. In each clump of sprouts,
all but one or two were removed. The idea was to have the strength
of the stump enter the remaining sprouts, driving them up rapidly
and thus get an area partly shaded within which the young white
pines might be able to thrive, this method of preparing the area
for planting being much cheaper than an entire removal of sprouts
and stumps. The result was that the stumps produced other sprouts
than those which were intended to remain, and if the plantation
is to be a success, a sprout thinning must be made.

An existing plantation was strengthened by using 1,100 white pine
transplants. These were the remnant left in the nursery from a
larger stand of the previous year. A few catalpas, at least 60 in
number, were grown from seed and are not doing well.

Planting in 1913 used 1,500 Norway spruce, 2-year old seedlings.

The total area of forest land planted to date with seeds and
.seedlings is 7 acres. The plantings have been as follows :

White pine seed, 1 pound

Scotch pine seed, 1 pound

White pine seedlings, 16,100

Norway spruce, 2,500

Catalpa, ^0

Total, 18,660

Nurseries.

Two small nurseries within this State Forest have been estab-
lished, the Whitaker nursery in the spring of 1911, and the Albert
liursery in the spring of 1910. At first of small size, the area was
increased during 1912 to 1,125 lineal feet of 4-ft. wide beds. An
inventory of seedlings then present showed the following stock on
hand :

White pine, 2 years, 4,000

White pine, 1 year, 74,000

Norway spruce, 2 years, 3,000

Douglas fir, 1 year, 4,000

85,000

'i

,

J ;

292 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Twenty pounds of white pine and one pound of Douglas fir wert»
used for the year's planting.

The soil, in this nursery is found to be too poor, and the nursery
was abandoned in 101 :i The reason for so doing is the poor soil,
lack of water supply, and uncertain labor. At the end of the 1913
growing season, however, it contained the following seedlings, 3,400
of which will be used for the 1914 planting:

White pine, 2 years, . . 14,300

White pine, 1-1 years, . . 6,990

White pine, 2-1 years, . . 3,000

Norway spruce, 1-1 years, . . 3,760

Norway spruce, 2-1 years, .. 1,400

Douglas fir, 2 years, . . 2,400

Total, 31,850

The Albert nursery consists of about 150 lineal feet of 4-ft. wide
beds. An inventory of its products in 1912 shows the following:

Black walnut, 1 year, ... 60

White pine, 1 year, . . . 1,000

Norway spruce, 2 years, . . 1 1,000

Norway s[)ruce, 2 years, tr. 1,000

Scotch pine, 2 years, . . 1,000

Total, 24,000

This nursery, being located on private property, will be abandoned
when the ])resent stock reaches planting size. The inventory at t'u
end of 1913 shows the following seedlings:

White pine, 1-1 years, . . 1,664

Norway spruce, 1-1 years, . . 500

Norway spruce, 2-1 years, . . 3,275

Norway spruce, 3 years, .. 11,000

Scotch pine, 3 years, .. 13,500

Black walnut, 2 years, . . 33

Black walnut, 1 year, ... 40

Total, 30,012

Sample Plots.

A 2-acre jdantation was established in 1912 to determine the
tolerance of white june. The time is too recent to report on the
success or failure of the experiment.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Labor.

2d3

As in many other forests, labor in this region is scarce. For-
tunately no large force of men is required at present. The important
improvement was the enlargement of forest headquarters, and this
required skilled rather than unskilled labor.

The prevaling price is 17^ cents per hour, and teams receive from
P.50 to 14.00 per day. During the summer or boarding-house sea-
son, there is a tendency to raise wages. A permanent labor force
is a future necessity.

Improvement Cuttings.

Improvement cutting was carried on during 1913 on warrant 64.
Such material was removed as encumbered the ground. Another
improvement was undertaken on warrant 169 to remove 50% blight
killed chestnut. Blight killed timber was also removed from warrant
188 and elsewhere where found.

Market Conditions.

The bulk of the timber going out of this region Is for mines. It
consists of what is known as mine timber, mine piops, mine ties,
and a small amount of saw timber, sprags, and lagging. A number
of telephone poles are likewise produced. Oak and chestnut are
the species yielding the greatest quantity. T'tilization is close when
the tract is near the railroad. Cord wood may be cut and hauled
at a profit when selling at |2.25 per cord. Mine props are taken
down to 6 inches at the small end, and ties and cord wood are
made from what remains. There is a continued demand for the
above material and the whole region may be said to be pre-eminently
a mine supply timber store house. To show something of the needs
of the nearest coal mines, one near Wilkes-Barre requires 24 car
loads of props of all sizes per month and in all the mines owned
by this company, 158 car loads of props from 7 inches to 18 inches
in diameter are used every month along with the necessary quantity
of mine ties, lagging, rails, and sprags. When one considers the
numbers of operating collieries, the demand for mine timber is of
huge proportion.

As a result of the demand, the price of mine timber has risen.
The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad is the largest pur-
chaser in the region, and the following prices prevail, the figures
in the first column showing the prices paid by dealers who sell to

ii

r

294

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

the railroad, while those in the second column are the prices paid
by the railroad directly to the prcMliiK-/:

M- p-f. « t f^- ^ ^'■■:::::: *S ^ III f.: iS il:;: *i S III f.

Mine props, 8 in. dia. small end,

60 00 per M.

Collar- timber 10 in. dja. small end, 50 00 per M lineal ft

Collar timber 12 in . da . small end , 80 00 per iM . lineal f t . , . lUU u^ per ivi

Railroad ties, 8^' x 1" x 7"

70 each,
50 each,
60 each.

62 each,
45 each,
55 each,

50 each ,
30 each,
30 each,
30 each.

80 each
55 each
65 each

70 each
50 each
60 each

55 each
35 each
35 each

White oak or rock oak ,

Chestnut,

Oak ties for treatment.

Railroad ties, 8i' x 7" x &'

White oak or rock oak,

Chestnut,

Oak ties for treatment,

Railroad ties 8i' x 6" x 6"

White oak or rock oak,

Chestnut

Oak ties for treatment,

7-ft. trolley ties. ................

Hickory timber for boat fenders 6 m. dia. ■„, ^^ i t*.

small end 18 00 per M. lineal ft.

Hoop poles,' maple 6', ,? 2S P^"* JI' ^''^^L

Sprag timber in the pole, 11 00 per M . sprags .

Mine ties 5' x 5" x 5^, 08 each

During 1912, other operations being pending, little utilization wa^J
carried on. No point of the State Forest is nearer than 6 miles to
the railroad, and most of the timberland is at greater distances. One
trip a day may be made with teams, and timber down to 5 incheri
is capable of being utilized. Operations thus far have shown a pro-
fit. If labor conditions continue as at present and the roads are
improved, a considerable quantity of material now on the State land
should be removed for the good of the woods.

The same outrageous rates still prevail over the Delaware Valley
Kailroad from Bushkill to Stroudsburg, a distance of 12 miles. To
move a car of mine ties it charges $9.50, sawed lumber |10.50, 0
inch props $6.00, 7 inch props $7.00, 9 inch props $9.00, railroad
ties 3 cents each. A much wider market range would be afforded
us if the rates on this little road were fairer. In contrast with the
Delaware Valley, the D. L. & W. buys and pays for everything f.
o. b. cars per unit of measurement, and removes the whole problem
of freight charges. Owing to the presence of the chestnut bark dis-
ease, there is an over supply of mine timbers. Everyone is dis
posing of his chestnut in the most rapid manner.

Erosion.

But little erosion is found within this State Forest. Sprout
growth is vigorous and is a continual impediment to the action
of the rains at nearly all times. On a few hills there are different
conditions, and where growth has been cleared off down to what is
called a sprag size, some evidence of erosion is seen during the fir.<«t
year, but a year's growth of sprouts speedily corrects the trouble.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Insects and Fungi.

295

The pin oaks throughout this region have nearly all been killed
by the attacks of the leaf blister. This tree is in mixture through-
cut the entire region, occasionally up to 50%, and the stand is
nearly annihilated.

The pine weevil is present and a number of infected shoots have
l»een cut out and destroyed. The chestnut bark disease is present
juid is the most serious problem. At least 50% of the chestnut
stand on State laud is infected, and since chestnut forms 50% of the
total stand, the damage is evident.

Forest Fires.

This division suffered severely from fire during 1912. There are
no nearby railroads. From the location, the conclusion is reached
that fires are started by persons frequenting the region, and many
uj' them are believed to be incendiary. There are still present some
persons in this neighborhood who claim that great advantages accrue
from burning the woods. The difficulty in these woods, as else-
where, is too few persons for protective purposes. The rangers are
but two in number and at distances from each other. By the time
they can reach fires, usually they are well started. The disposition,
likewise, on the part of the few remaining people to burn out the
thickest and best of the woods in order to improve the deer shooting,
is one of the problems facing the Department.

There are 4 observatory stations and they serve their purpose well.
The forester has completed what he calls a fire warden's outfit,
consisting of a coat with water bag attachments, rakes, and buckets,
all incorporated in the makeup. It is believed this apparatus will
assist in extinguishing many incipient fires.

Mr. John Mack, the owner of Hunters Range, including the Twelve-
Mile pond, has placed at the disposal of the forester an automobile,
to be used in case of fire, and the transportation thus furnished is
not to be confined to fires on State land. His men are also at the
service of the Department free of charge. His interestedness in
preventing fire is of great advantage and his co-operation highly

appreciated.

During 1912, 5 fires are reported, all in Porter township. Pike
county, and covering an aggregate area of 360 acres of State land
and 560 acres of private land.

In 1913, fires were numerous. Seven distinct fires occurred
throughout the season, 6 of which burned on State land over an area
(»f 193 acres. The organization of a compact fire fighting force ha.s

j1 \l

296

REPOliT OF THE

Off. Doc,

been made and will produce good future effect. Lookouts are main-
tained during the danger seasons from the tire towers. The ar-
rangement which the State has with th'e Pocono Protective Fire
Association is likely to give good results and the appointment of
the forester on this division as IMstrict Forester for Monroe county,
is assisting very greatly in enabling us to comprehend and meet
the entire fire situation.

Outing and Recreation.

The Department granted 9 camping permits for this region during
1912, and the conduct of the campers while on State land was en-
tirely satisfactory. The reports of the season show that 15 deer
were killed in the State forest and vicinity. This is a small num-
ber compared with former years and when the number of hunters
in the woods is considered. There were no tracking snows during the
open season and this no doubt contributed to the small number

taken.

Seven camping permits were issued in 1013 to a total of 47 per-
sons. Deer are increasing in number, although fewer were taken in
1913 than in 1912. Small game is abundant.

Trout fishing is still a familiar recreation and Mud Pond is a
good open fishing ground. The number of fishermen is very great.

All cami) sites in this forest will be numbered from 2901 to 2999
inclusive. Thus far 11 sites have been prepared, numbered, and
posted.

No. 26.

DEPARTiMKNT OF FORESTRY.

297

19. THE MINISINK FOREST, PROMISED LAND DIVISION.

Forester, Milton O. Robinson,* Canadensis.
Forest Ranger, Edgar Wilson, ('anadensis.

The Promised Land division of this forest was erected only in
the latter part of 1912, and Forester Robinson assigned to it Sep-
tember 1st. His report of activities is necessarily meagre. A part
of the work on the division, to-wit, the plantation work, will be
found in the report of John E. Avery, forester on the Notch Division.

For convenience of administration, the Promised Land Division
is sub-divided into Promised Land and Blooming Grove, the former
comprising lands in Palmyra and Greene townships, and the latter
lands in Palmyra and Blooming Grove townships.

The boundary survey is complete and all lines are brushed and
painted. The total length of boundary is 31 miles. The area of
the forest at present is 10,520 acres, with but 100 acres of open
ground. That having a density of 50% and over is about 6,000 acres,
of which 3,000 are in need of improvement. Eight hundred acres
are approximately mature timber. The large scattered trees, chiefly
the pines, are interfering with the growth of the younger material.
The area having a density of from 10% to 50% is 1,900 acres, con-
sisting chiefly of hardwoods, chestnut, oak, and maple. Less than
100 acres is brush land, and all of it will be naturally reforested
vrith protection. The water area is 1,500 acres. It includes 2 ponds,
C swamps, 8 streams, and 5 springs. Roads and trails occupy 75
acres, boundary lines and fire lines 115 acres.

Springs and Streams.

The continuous springs have been opened, walled, and made ac-
cessible. Streams vary in volume according to season. There is
no danger of contamination. ^i s.. -.

Buildings and Repairs.

All buildings are in good condition, but in need of paint. The
construction of a forester's office was begun in 1913. There are no
fences except around the premises occupied by the ranger at Promise(J
Land Pond. Three and a half miles of telephone lines have been
built. The Department also has the use of two miles of local line
in return for furnishing some j)oles to help build it.

'-Irti

t«

•UrsiKnod October I, 1913.

208

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

299

Koads.

In 1912 the only road work accomplished was the brushing out
oi 5 miles of old road. The road system in the division is reasonably
good. The two forest roads within the division are 23 miles long,
in addition to the township roads. Eight and a half miles were
opened and repaired during 1913. All were old lumber roads which
were brushed and cleaned out for the first time since they were
abandoned.

Plantations.

The division has 12 acres of planted area, principally white pine.
Two additional plantations were made in 1913, using white pine and
white ash. This planting covers 7f acres, making a total approxi-
mating 20 acres. The following seedlings were planted :

White pine, 2-1 years, . . . 10,000

American ash, 1 year, 9,150

Willow cuttings, 296

19,446

Sample Plots.

Two small experimental plantations are being studied. One is
the dynamited area, mentioned elsewhere in this report. The other
if, a plantation of willow cuttings in two plots containing a total
of 296 cuttings.

Labor.

A charge of 20 cents per hour is made for labor in this region.
Double team with driver costs $3.50 per day. There is at all times
a scarcity of labor in this part of Pike county. When the summer
colony appears, labor is eagerly sought for and higher wages are of-
fered for the limited time the service is needed than the Department
has been accustomed to pay. To meet the situation the Department
must be prepared to meet all conditions if it is to have a regular
supply of labor when there is need for it.

Market Conditions.

At present the market in this region is poor, the matter of trans-
portation being solely by team over the public roads. The distance
to the nearest railroad is 14 miles. There is sale for nothing but
sawed lumber.

Insects and Fungi.

The division has suffered greatly from the attack of the chestnut
bark disease. The white pine weevil is prevalent and the pin oaks
are being destroyed by the attack of another insect.

Foresft Fires.

There were no forest fires on this division during 1912. But two
fires burned upon State land during 1913, covering 200 acres. Two
hundred and fifty acres of private land burned. The loss was severe
and the origin unknown. Two fire towers have been erected and
one tree-lookout. Telephone lines connect the towers.

Outing and Recreation.

Six camps were erected within the forest during 1912, affording
accommodations for 35 campers. So far as known, but 3 deer were

taken on State land.

Twenty-five camping parties were within the division during 1913.
Fishing generally is good in the ponds and streams. A great many
hundreds of people, chiefly fishermen, come for a day only. By
actual count nearly 1,200 persons availed themselves of the use of
this part of the State Forest for outing, hunting, fishing, and gen-
eral recreation during the year.

I

m

Improvement Cuttings.

' One cutting is in progress but not sufficiently advanced. Some
hypermature hemlocks and spruce, with scattered pine, are being
removed from a swamp. No other improvement work has been done
except the removal of dead material.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

301

300

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

20. THE McCLURE FOREST.

Forester, John L. Witherow, East Waterford.
Forest Ranger, G. Frank Mohler,* Honey Grove.

The McClure State Forest is named in honor of Hon. Alexander
K. McClure, and is situate in the extreme southwestern corner of
l*erry county, in the townships of Jackson and Toboyne. The region
is one of deep, narrow valleys having the same general direction.
These are nearly surrounded by great mountains and valley ridges
giving the country a rough contour, and making access to the inclosed
.settlements and the interior of the region very difficult. On accouni
o^ this condition and other greater agricultural disadvantages, the
area covered by the several interior settlements has been decreasing
ininually for a number of years, and it is generally conceded that
the greater portion of the land once occupied will again be given
over to forest growth.

The land touching the outer boundary of the forest is generally
(overe<l with forest growth for some distance, but beyond this on
all sides is an agricultural region having populous settlements, and
industries more or less prosperous according to the distribution of
resources, and the available means of transportation.

Lumbering of the present area of (),0D.*> acres comprising the forest,
was first begun about 1870, by annual winter cutting of only the
finest specimens of valuable species. Water-i)ower saw mills were
set ui) in the interior along the forest streams to cut out construc-
tion timbers from white oak and white pine, and the hemlock was
<ut chiefly to produce bark for the small tanneries nearby. At the
time of these operations railroads were twenty miles distant, dear
cutting was little practiced, and no great inroads were made upon
the forest until 1880, when steam mills and circular saws were
brought into practice, clear cutting all growth then merchantable
on certain tracts. These methods were continued from 1880 to 1891,
in which time a large area was cut clear and much of the remainder
was thinned of its best growth. Following these operations, little
cutting was done until a railroad was built into the interior in
1905 to facilitate a speedy, general lumbering of the entire area.
This was carried forward until UMM), when on account of conditions
unsatisfactory to the lumbermen, the work was stopi>ed before being
fully completed, leaving a considerable area upon which no cutting
has been done for about 30 years.

•ITf^signeU September 30, 1918.

The comparatively good condition of the forest at present is due
chiefly to the infrequency of forest fires, and to the difficult and
costly transportation in early lumbering.

In 1910, the State came into possession of this region and fires
liave been completely suppressed since that time.

The forest staff has never consisted of more than one ranger and
the forester. One ranger was employed for the first nine months
of 1913, but during tlie last three months the work was carried on
without assistance A labor force of four to six men has also been
employed more regularly this year with fairly good results.

Under present conditions unfavorable for work, all operations are
carried forward only with maximum effort and it is difficult
1o maintain a high standard of efficiency among laborers, or to carry
out any systematic program of operations. The length and topog-
raphy of the tract, poor roads, and a scarcity of laborers, all con-
tribute to this undesirable situation. Conditions would be improved
by a good road system, but at present without telephones or any
other means of communication, it is difficult for one or two men to
carry on steady operations, in addition to the purely administrative
and protective work connected with the forest. The value of the
growth and land under management is sufficient to permit the regular
employment of two rangers.

The boundary survey is unfinished, although 35 miles of lines
have been established and marked by blazing and stone corners. All
have been reblazed and painted. The total boundary line is 43J miles.
The area comprising the McClure forest contains G,093 acres, pur-
chased in 1910. There is no virgin growth except a few over-mature
chestnut and rock oak. Eight hundred acres are covered with a
stand near maturity. One-half of this is thin. It includes chestnut,
rock oak, red oak, black oak, and white oak, some yellow poplar,
white pine, and locust. Much of it is short, crooked, and branchy.
Two thousand three hundred acres are covered with a growth having
a density of about 50%; 1,300 acres are not in need of improve-
ment. The remaining thousand acres require improvement cutting.
A density of from 10% to 50% is found on 2,200 acres, carrying
about the same species above mentioned. Nearly every portion of
this area is being reforested naturally. A worthless growth of
damaged trees and shrubs covers 338 acres. Natural regeneration
is good on 200 acres of this area. Cleared land throughout th^
forest amounts to about 200 acres. Tt must be cleaned before plant-
ing. The remaining 255 acres of the forest area is taken up with
200 acres of rocky surface, 15 acres of water, 39 acres of roads
aud trails, and one acre of fir^ laue.

; L LV.

..I.

902

REPORT OF THE

Springs and Streams.

OflE. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

303

The surface rock in this region being sandstone, a number of fine
springs at the base of the steep mountain slopes and some on more
elevated land are found. The flow is regular and they receive little
or no surface water and are the best springs in all this region
of the State. Since lumbering has ceased the small springs in
the bottom of the valley are not in good condition. The flow varies
since the removal of forest cover, and some have been filled with wash
«nd slashings. Twenty of the springs have thus far been cleaned
luid improved. A number of mineral springs are found rising from
the deep strata, and contain principally sulphur and magnesia.
The taste and odor of the water are not agreeable until one becomes
accustomed to it. The water from the mineral springs is pure and
cold and not subject to contamination. "Lost" springs are recovered
occasionally.

There are 4 main water courses within this forest, Laurel Run,
Blain Run, Kansas Creek, and Horse Valley Creek. The streams are
tree from sand and the flow is reasonably constant except in ex-
treme drought or a season of rapidly melting snow. At present

,._^__. umbering sites and the valley

settlements is present. Laurel Run anil Blain Run are more con-
stant in flow and are not subject to the contamination which at
present afifects the other two.

•

Buildings and Repairs.

This State Forest contains 2 small farms, the buildings on which
were dilapidated and poor. Repairs were made during 1913 so as
to make the buildings usable for State purposes. Fences were re-
l>aired, obnoxious weeds and brush cut and removed from around the
buildings, and a cleared area established around them. Both farms
a1 present are occupied by tenants.

Two long distance telephone lines cross the State land from east
to west, and the Ohio Oil Company's line crosses the central portion
near East Waterford. Another pipe line passes over the northern
extremity of Liberty Valley. Both pipe lines are such that they
nre useful in forest management, and if extra wires could be strung
along them, would be of much use in administration.

Roads.

The roads in this forest area are in poor condition throughout the
year. Grades are bad and proper drainage is lacking. It is a
fact that a 2-horse team can earn for its owner but tl.25 per day

in hauling loads over these roads in ^vinter. The marketing of all
products and the cost of reserve operation, it will be seen, are directly
dependent upon the road condition.

The above applies more particularly to the township roads. There
has never been sufficient money available from any source to keep
them in good repair. Those within the State Forest are in better
condition, but not yet entirely satisfactory. Some must be re-lo-
cated and are simply being kept in repair because needed. A new
road system already planned will reduce the number of minor roads
and of public roads. When once in good repair transportation by
team will not be difficult or expensive.

The total number of miles of old roads which have been im-
proved is 13 miles. In addition to this, 1 mile of special fire lane
has been constructed.

Easements.

The Ohio Oil Co. owns a right of way 20 feet wide through the
central portion of the forest east and west. The company main
tains a narrow path 3 feet wide in good condition for travel, but
this affords little use in fire protection.

Minerals.

So far as known, valuable minerals or other products have never
been mined in commercial quantities from any land now included
ir. the forest or anywhere in the immediate territory. However, it
appears that old settlers believed there were valuable deposits aiid
did much prospecting, while present inhabitants still hold to this
idea. It is not known just exactly what gave rise to this belief,
and one might easily conclude that it was poor agricultural pos-
sibilities.

Without regard to any mining history one thing is true of the
region: That the geological structure is a peculiar one, and which,
it seems, has not been explained to the satisfaction of all geologists.
Some authorities have come into the region at different times to
study it for themselves.

About the year 1900, a stock organization was formed known as
the Union Oil and Gas Co. This company was supported in part
by local capital, and extensive operations were carried on for some-
time in an endeavor to locate oil and gas in the Tuscarora valley,
^t points not far distant from the forest boundary. During the
progress of the work three wells were drilled to depths ranging from
'i;000 to 2,r>00 feet, and natural gas seems to have :been- tapped i>y two
^f th^ge wells. This was an event causing much :^Xcitetnent,-Cdpl-

'I

i

20

304

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc,

talists from a distance were favorably impressed, and land for miles
around was leased for the oil and gas rights, but the work was
continued for some time with poor results, and after some mis-
management of the company's atfairs the project was abandoned with-
out anything resulting from it.

During the past two years a corporation has been trying to locate
beds of iron ore on an adjoining tract, at great expense. So far
no large quantities have been found, but the outcome of the work is
being watched with interest, since it is believed that this will de-
termine the extent and practicability of mining operations for a
long time to come.

Seed Collection.

There are not many good seed trees in this forest, and good see^l
crops, therefore, are not to be expected. The scattered situation of
the trees makes seed collection too costly except when it may be
gathered during the progress of improvement work. To test the
cost of seed gathering, one pound of white pine seed was collected
during the fall of 1912, but the cost of getting it amounted to
$4.57, a price at least three times too great. Six bushels of rock
oak and 3^ bushels of white oak acorns were likewise collected. The
former were of good quality but the latter worthless. All were
used in plantations.

Plantations.

The number of seedling trees planted during 1912 was 25,000
white pine, and the total number of seedlings planted to date within
this forest area is 60,000 white pine, covering 18 acres.

The growth is thirfty, ranging in height from 5 to 18 inches.
Since reinforcing, less than 1% of the total planting has failed.
In addition to the above, 9i acres have been planted with 6 bushels
of rock oak and ^ bushels of white oak acorns. The long drought
prevented rapid gro^vth of the oaks, but at the end of the season
they had an average height of 4 inches with 65% stand.

Labor.

Labor costs from 13 cents to 16 cents per hour, most of it 15
cents. Occasionally 16 cents per hour must be paid. Extensive
operations demand the bringing of men from a distance, as the
local supply is not sufiBcient. Two-horse teams with driver cost from
30 cents to 32 cents per hour. The i>rice usually demanded is 40
cents, During the height of the farming season it is scarcely pos-

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

305

sible to find a team available anywhere. Since the lumber industry
has disappeared, those formerly engaged in the business of teaming,
have abandoned it.

The quality of the labor which offers is below the average usually
found in our forested regions, and increase of wages does not seem
to bring increase in efficiency. The reserve distances are such that
it is inconvenient at times for men to live at their homes and reach
Iheir daily work where operations are carried on. For this reason
ir is necessary to have permanent reserve camps where men may
be accommodated.

Market Conditions.

Local markets are poor. The lumbering industries nearby supidy
the local demand and the balance goes into distant markets. Rail-
road ties, pulp wood, locust pin wood, hickory handle wood, chestnut
staves, and chestnut and yellow pine mine props are called for but
are not used locally. The best standard railroad ties sell for 65
cents. The market for extract wood has been destroyed by increased
freight rates by the local railroad. Delivered at the road it sells
for from |4.00 to |8.00 per cord. Locust for pin wood is worth
fj'om 15.50 to 16.50 per cord. Select hickory for handle making is
in demand at |12.00 per cord but is not profitable because of the
v.ant of close utilization.

For paper wood the market will accept beech, birch, poplar, black
willow, pitch pine, -yellow pine, and maple. It is worth from |4.50
to fiT.OO per cord, but must be peeled and counted 160 feet to the
cord. The demand for paper wood is increasing and the price will
likely rise.

Of the hickories, not all species are accepted, and the material use:|
consists of the butt cuts, which must be free of knots or other defects
and from 50 to 52 inches long. For this material there is a good
demand at |12.00 per cord. Since a close utilization of the tree is not
made, the price would not average much greater than some of the
otlier woods.

The demand for chestnut and pine stock for slack cooperage staves
is good. An operator must have an equipment of his own to produce
this material, but the mills in the region are not often in want of raw
material.

Transportation facilities are not good, but with better roads, lum-
bering could be carried on with more profit. The main outlets from
this forest are north and west. The whole product must pass over
one railroad and three public roads. When the forest is sufficiently
opened and roads improved, a large quantity of products from this
area can be moved at a profit.

f

t

20—26—1915

No. 26.

306

REPORT OF THE

Erosion.

Off. Doc.

No serious erosion is occurring in most parts of this forest. The
brush cover supplies a fairly good forest mulch, and the looseness
of the soil and underlying rocks permits rapid absorption and perco-
lation of the water. There are numerous small drainage basins and
1 sudden large flow of water does not occur. Where the forest stancJ
is thin and the humus nearly wanting, the high absorptive capacity
of the coarse soil takes up the larger part of the rains. Under the
old agricultural methods in the region, erosion on cultivated laud
was common, even though it had a low gradient. With the abandon-
ing of these poor lands and the growing up to a brush cover, erosion
is disappearing even from them.

Insects and Fungi.

The chestnut blight is present and probably 35 per cent, of the
chestnut stand is infected. The cutting out of diseased trees has been
carried on systematically. The resulting material where marketable
is sold. A total of 2,437 infected trees has thus far been destroyed.

Private owners did not pursue the disease with the same vigor
that was used within the State Forest. Many are not in financial
condition to undertake the work at all, so that delay has ensued and
infections have spread. It is useless for'a few to destroy the disease
if others will maintain propagating beds without any effort to eradi-
cate. ^

The white pine weevil has appeared and has done considerable
damage to some of the young pines. It attacks also the pitch pine.
In some stands nearly all the terminal shoots have been killed and
some of the trees have assumed a low and irregular form of crown
growth. If their attacks continue it will be necessary to undertake
the destruction of the broods.

Forest Fires.

Only one fire occurred in the State Forest during 1912, although
there were three in privately owned tracts nearby, and all were caused
by hunters. The area of State laud burned was trifling and the dam-
age may be placed at almost nothing. The area of private land
burned in the other fires does not extend in the aggregate to more
than one-eighth of an acre.

But one fire occurred during 1913 within this forest, covering not
more than 1-12 of an acre, and was started by tramps, There is a
growing sentiment in the region against forest fires, ' '

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Trespass.

307

There are not many violations of the forest laws in this region,
but the game and fish laws are frequently not observed. Several such
latter offences were committed during the year. As they usually
take place at night and at a distance off in the forest, the guilty per-
sons are never known.

One case of trespass was settled in 1913, where a lumberman mis-
takenly cut over State boundary and took a few trees.

The grazing of stock has caused some trouble in the State Forest,
but the damage was very slight. The cattle occasionally break away
find enter the State land before the owners can round them up. For-
merly many persons used the area now embraced in the State Forest as
{' public grazing ground, but nearly all who have cattle have receded
from their position on this question and observe the rule respecting
grazing.

Outing and Recreation.

This forest area is chiefly used for hunting purposes. Most of the
hunters prefer to live in the farmers' houses and do their hunting in
the nearby region. Those who come from the cities and from a dis-
tance are known to violate the rules with the least hesitancy. Their
habit is to leave their dogs with farmers over the closed season, and
because of the half-starved condition to which these dogs are reduced,
they roam in the woods in search of game at all times.

This region is used by almost no one except hunters. Nearly all
these stay with farmers and hunt during the day on State land.No
permits are, therefore, required. Game has been abundant but the
woods are over-crowded with hunters. 20 camp sites have been lo-
cated near good sp;*ings. All are marked and numbered. All camp
sites within this forest will be numbered from 2,501 to 2,599 inclu-
sive. The mineral springs at the Hockenberry farm attract a number
of visitors. With better means of ingress, there is promise of greater
usefulness of these lands for recreation in the future. There are
many places of great natural beauty and the landscape is highly di-
versified. The Alcorn buildings are believed to be the site of the
first settlement by white men in the region. The first mail route
from Perry county to the west and northwest was through this forest,
and a portion or this route is now developed as a main forest road.

Good trout fishing is found in the forest streams, but the fish stock
lias run down rapidly and the streams need stocking.

The Hockenberry farm is used as an outing ground, and at least
200 persons during 1013 visited it for the sake of a day in the woods
and the use of water from the mineral springs. Snow and ice under

I ,

ii

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308

REPORT OF THR

Off. Doc.

the dense hemlock groups in the gorges do not disappear until May.
The views to be had from the high points in the mountain are un-
usually good. The diversity of landscape may be said to be unsur-
passed.

Lightning Keport.
Trees struck and shattered during the year are as follows :

0/

e
s

V.

t^. u £

= ==,"=

h; -«: H

ClH'slnut '

Uofk oak I

lUtK-k (lak

Sour Kuni |

lied iiia|ilc, I

Y»'11()W piiio I

White pine I

Total

11

7
1

4

1

15

8

1

2

2

2

2

2

1

2

S

1

1

2

i ' 34

No trees were ignited after being struck.

Twenty-three of the above trees struck in June were killed and
all stood ui)on one-tenth of an acre. The killing of these trees re-
sulted from two strokes. It is not unusual to see groups of 5 or 10
trees killed by a single stroke. It is found that more trees are struck
on elevated land than those which stand in the valleys.

During 19K5, 17 trees were struck and shattered, the periods of
frequency being

June, 2

July, *.. 13

August, 2

Total, 17

The species struck were:

v^XX\!^!9 Lit U. La ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I

Yellow pine, 3

White pine, 1

Sour gum, 1

Red oak, 2

Total, 17

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

309

21. THE HOPKINS FOREST, McELHATTAN DIVISION.

Forester, Joseph R. Hogentogler, Rosecrans.

Forest Rangers:

Adam Kamp, Lock Haven.
Henry M. Jameson, Loganton.

The McElhattan Division of this forest is situate in the south-
eastern corner of Clinton county, and portions of its area lie in the
townships of Castanea, Wayne, Crawford, Green, Lamar, and Logan.
The total area is about 12,000 acres, lying in 4 larger tracts and
several smaller ones. Access to the division is had at the towns of
McElhattan and Pine, both of which are stations on the Philadelphia
and Erie Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

For the purpose of administration, this division has been sub-
divided, Ranger Kamp having the lower portion, and Ranger Jame-
son the upper.

The boundary survey is nearly completed, with lines brushed and
painted. The remaining lines must be definitely located before any
fixed i)lan of management may be adopted.

In addition to the topographical description of this forest contained
in the report of this Department for the years 1908-09, page 147, ad-
ditional data respecting climate have been i>rocured during 1913.

The climate in this region cjin best be shown in the following table.
Early and late frosts are comnioi). The following table consists of the
average monthly readings:

Month.

I)«'jfret«K.

September,

Octohor,

November,

December,

Jniiuary, .

Febniary,

Mareh, ...

April

May

June

July,

August, ..
September,

68.7
b6.3
43.8
3o.l
31.9
35.2
40.0
51.4
64.7
72.6
79.4
76.1
67.3

The mean temperature for the year w^as 55.6 degrees. Not having
wwy means of catching the rainfall, no data were obtained covering the
precipitation for the year.

310

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The growth on this area which has been recently cut over is such
as is ordinarily on recent cut over lands. Every available piece of
wood was removed by the lumberman. Many of the hillsides were
left bare of growth. Following the lumbermen came the inevitable
fire and this has left but scrub oak, bracken, and huckleberry bushes
on 'a considerable portion of the tract. However, several stands of
good yellow pine are found, one on the Cherry Run tract at the point
of Matter ridge. Another is at the mouth of Spring Run along Mc-
Elhattan Run, where the stand is hemlock, and anotlier on the steep
side of the mountain above a great mass of boulders. Its value is
protective rather than commercial.

Some of the best stands average 5 inches in diameter and 40 feet in
height. The growth has been so luxuriant that it needs thinning.
The timber here grows rapidly and the forest will rank high as a

producer of good trees.

This is a hardwood region, mixed with some conifers. Chestnut
oak and chestnut cojjpice are the prevailing species. The area of
the mature or hypermature forest is small, not more than a hundred
acres, and contains chestnut, yellow pine, and hemlock. The area hav-
ing a density greater than 50 ](er cent, is likewise small, comprising
but a few hundred acres. This area needs improvement thinning,
and would be benefitted by having it immediately. The area having
a density of less than 50 per cent, comprises the greater part of the
forest. Scrub oak is abundant and other forest weeds. The growth
is rapid and with protection the weeds will rapidly be crowded out.

Springs and Streams.

This forest is well watered and the mountains are broken up into
numerous deep water courses. The city of Lock Haven receives its
water supply from the runs within the State Forest, a supply not ex-
celled by any other city in the State. About 10,000 acres of the area
is covered with a forest growth of various ages, and the result is a
steady stream flow throughout the year. Three-fourths of the whole
watershed of the region is owned and controlled by the Department
and the city of Lock Haven. The flow of the stieams on the southern
part of the reserve is likewise fairly regular, the foiest cover being
good. There are but few si)rings of value within the State land, but
these have been cleaned and made accessible.

Roads.

Roads are numerous and run in all directions. They are divided
into major and minor. 1} miles of the old Nittany road were brushed
out for the first time, during 1012, and J mile was improved as a

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

311

plantation boundary line. IJ miles of fire lane also was opened to
give protection to the plantation. Many of the old roads which were
opened by the former forester, Mr. Dutlinger, have since gi own slnit
and will require rebrushing. At least 15 miles of old fire lines are in

this condition.

During 1013, 25 miles of old roads and fire lanes were opened. The
fire lanes are to be extended the coming season. All fire lanes are so
constructed that they may ultimately become roads.

The present forester began his service on this division September
1^ 1912, and because of the short time he has been present, road work
has not been extended to the degree that might be expected. Much
of his time was occupied with other work.

Minerals.

There are a few outcrops of ganister rock. No other minerals of
value are known to exist.

Seed Collection.

*

Seeds of l-l different species growing in the neighborhood were col-
lected and forwarded to the Department for the seed exhibit. Not
over one half pound of each kind was collected for the purpose.

Plantations.

No trees were planted on the division during 1912. The previous
plantings amount to 215,032, distributed over an area of approxi-
mately 200 acres.

During 1913, planting was made in the scrub oak in the east end
of Nittany mountain, using 85,000 3-year old white pines. 5 pounds
of white pine seed and 5 pounds of European larch were used in
making spot jdantations along streams, in old mill sites, and open
l^laces. Seeds were placed in alternate rows so as to make a mixed
I>lantation of the pine and larch. 8 acres of land were so treated.
The total area planted to date within this forest is 218 acres, includ-
ing both seedling and spot planting. Seedlings planted to date are
as follows:

White pine, 2-years, 200,000

White pine, 3-years, 86,250

White ash, 3,875

Red ash, V-^^^^^

Sugar maple, 1-year, 4,000

^W-"-

\

312 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Sugar maple, 2-years, 1,075

Red maple, '^^'^

Honey locust, ^-^

Total, 300,032

Seed planted is as above set forth.

In some cases the white pine seedlings made a growth the first year
of 12 inches.

Labor.

Labor costs 17ic. per hour. Local farm labor costs the same. Team
hire with or without driver costs from p.OO to |4.50 per day. The
distance to and from work is a great drawback in this forest. The
need of having the men near at hand was shown during the season
by the forester procuring at Ins own expense a camping outfit. The
additional work they were able to do justified this expense.

Market Conditions.

The forest is centrally located and has wood industries nearby, the
paper mill at Lock Haven and the chemical works at Newberry. Pulp
wood sells from ^6.50 to $7.00 a cord delivered. Chemical wood is
worth 14.50 per cord. Freig'ht rates are from 75c. to fl.OO per cord.
The distance from the railroad of a portion of the forest is some draw-
back to the easy handling of the product. Township roads are ill
kept. Dead and down yellow pine timber is worth JjfS.OO ])QV thousand.
Dead chestnut coppice 50c. per cord. The removal of both would bene-
fit the forest.

Insects and Fungi.

The chestnut bark disease is within the forest. (>0() trees have been
cut and destroyed Every tree thus far found has been cut and
burned.

Forest Fires.

But one fire occurred on State land during 1912. The ground was
moist due to recent snows, and little damage was done. The area
burned was about 100 acres, and only the top layer of leaves was
destroyed.

A fire covering 5 acres on private land occurred in November. The
only serious resulting damage was the burning of fences.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

313

Seven fires occurred during 1913 on or near the forest, 5 of them
on State land. The damage in each instance was 50 per cent, or over.
The completion of the fire protective service is the most necessary
thing in this region at this time. The area of State land burned
amounts to 1,900 acres.

Outing and Kecreation.

Hunting is done only by local people, few campers coming into the
forest. This is because of the absence of good springs as a water sup-
ply. So far as learned, during the 1912 season, 10 deer, 4 bears, and
large numbers of pheasants and rabbits were taken in this vicinity.

Seven deer and 4 bears were taken during 1913 season. Kabbits and
[ heasants were abundant. Trout fishing is good in McElhattan and
Cherry Kuns.

22. THE NITTANY FOREST.

Forester, Harry J. Mueller,^ Bellefonte, 11. D.
Forester, Jesse M. Houtz,^ Bellefonte, K. D.
F'orest Banger, Howard E. Wells/^ l*leasant Gap.

This forest, formerly known as the Green's Valley tract of the Cen-
tral reserve, lies in Spring, Botter, Walker, and Gregg townships.
Centre county, and contains 4,145 acres. Tlie boundary line has been
completely surveyed and was repainted during 1912.

The hypernmture area does not exceed 500 acres. Many of the trees
are fire scarred. The hardwoods prevail. Because of tiie open grown
<haracter of the region, the trees are branchy and little good lumber
could be obtained. There is sufficient wood, however, to warrant the
setting up of a saw mill. With the completion of a road under con-
struction, transportation will be easy and the market is waiting for
the product. An area of 1,500 acres is covered with a density of more
llian 50 per cent. Some thinning in this area is required. 1,000 acres
have a density of from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent, and is comjiosed
l)rincipally of the usual brush. Some of the material may be disposed
of as tire wood. Probably 20() acres of land could be ])lante<l at this

' Left iiervicf October 1, 1913.

- I^ogan sorvioo Septi'mher 1, 1913.

- KVslgr.od March 31, 1912.

314

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

time 10 acres should be reinforced. Nearly 1,000 acres are covered
with rocks, where little regeneration can be expected. Swamps occiii^y
400 acres, but at places it is sufficiently dry to carry a good growtl.
of white pine and hemlock. 20 acres are used for roads and trails,
5 acres for fire lanes.

Springs and Streams.

From time to time springs have been cleaned out and walled up.
Fully a dozen have been so treated. They apparently have a steady
flow and hold up well throughout the year. Stream flow is continuous.
Contamination is at a minimum.

buildings and Kepairs.

The forester's home was in need of a number of repairs, and these
were made from time to time during 1912. Fences were built and a
general cleaning up of the whole place was made. The house was
painted and a drain laid to carry ofl" surface water. A small building
was put up in the rear of the old buildings to serve as a general work-
shop, wood house, and wash room. Certain repairs are still needed
to roof and chimney and to the roof of the barn, and the remainder
of the buildings should be painted.

A main line of telephone ciosses the mountain between Centre Hall
and Pleasant Gap at a point 2 miles from the forester's house. A
connecting line is being built to reach the Bell system. A nearby com
mercial company affords better rates.

Roads.

Four miles of roads and fire lines were brushed out in 1912, for
the first time, not having been 4)pened since they were abandoned 20
years ago. The total number of drivable roads open at present is 9i
miles. Trails, fire lanes, and boundary lines aggregate 3J miles. A
new road is now in course of construction. 500 yards have thus far
been covered. Still other work must be done in order to make this
portion of good traversable character. The brush was cut out of the
Nittany road for a distance of 2\ miles. Tlie road when extende<l
will pass over the land of three individuals, who will be benefited
thereby.

Plantations.

The plantations formerly established by Forester McNeal and
Eanger Wells are making satisfactory growth. 65 per cent, of th(^
trees are in excellent condition. Some of the young Scotch pines made

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

315

a growth of 20 inches a year. A reinforcement of the plantation is
required where there have been failures of considerable size. No
planting was done in 1913.

Nursery.

A small nursery heretofore established contained in the spring of
1912 about 50,000 one-year old seedlings. Because of their crowded
condition it was necessary to transplant them. A number were lost
by being eaten otf just below the surface of the ground by some at-
tacking insect.

Two pounds of white pine seed and two pounds of Norway spruce
^vere sown when the beds were prepared. Germination was poor and
the planting not a success. Kains are unusually frequent in this re-
gion and moisture conditions must be reckoned with in doing any
work of this character. The site will be changed when a more suitable
place is found for it.

Labor.

Various large operations in the county attract all the available men,
as they pay better wages than the State formerly paid. Farmers are
required to pay $2.00 per day and board the men in order to get their
services during harvest. Men who worked during 1911 for 15c. per
hour now require 17 Jc. Teams hired then for |3.50 per day with
driver, now cost 40c. per hour. Even then they require time in going
one way, either to or from work.

Markets.

A good market exists for chemical wood, ties, and posts. The ab-
sence of a good road makes it difficult to reach.

Erosion.

A striking example of erosion in this region is at the lower end of
(^Jreen's Valley near the i)ike. A mnss of gravel and rock 20 feet higli
is piled in the bed of the stream, having been brought down out of
I he water gap since the removal of the timber. Rocks elsewhere are
laid bare.

Insects and Fungi.

The chestnut bark disease lias been found within the forest. About
1)00 trees are known to hv included in the affected area, covering
about 10 acres, and a small gioup of infection has been found near
ilie forester's headcjuarteis. New inleclions are occurring. The saw
<ly is attacking some of the pines.

,ij

ISI

^B '

I

■'

?

H";

'!^'

1'

A

m.

1

ii'

316

REPORT OF THE

Forest Fires.

Off. Doc.

On June 1, 11)12, a lire started a mile east of the forester's head-
quarters, and before it conld be extin^niislied, burned over 500 aeres.
Telephone connection wonbl have enabled ns to stop it before it had
covered 100 acres. The yonn^" sprout <;iowth was killed and the
humus destroyed.

There were no forest tires within this forest during lOKi.

Outing and liecreation.

*

This forest is much freipieiited by lishermen who s])end the day
along Fishing ('reek. No camps were erected on State land during
11)12. 1,1)00 large trout from the Pleasant (iap hatchery were i>ut
into the streams during the season. It seems that most of these have
worked themselves down into the stream toward Lock Haven.
Nearly all the trout caught during this season weie small in size.
The restoration of a small dam east of the forester's headquarters
will atVord a breeding ])lace which the tish do not now have. The
running of game by dogs is altogether too prevalent and the owners
have been notified to keep their dogs tie<l ui» at home. Small game
is abundant.

Lightning Heimrt.

During .lune and .Inly, 1012, 5 trees were struck by lightning.
None were ignited by the current. The species struck were as fol
lows :

Chestnut, ^

White oak, 1

Hemlock, 1

5

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

3i:

2:\. TIIF IMONNYPACnvFK FOREST.

Forester, Harold K. liryner, New Germantown.

Forest Rangers:

Herman N. Hart, New Germantown.
Frank P. Sundy, McCrea.
Leroy Koontz, New Germantown.
I). K. Meredith, Doylesburg.

The Pennypacker Forest comprises an area to date of 24,700 acres,
and is situate partly in Perry, Franklin, and Cumberland counties.
The forest at present is divided into 4 ranges, each in charge of a
ranger, who gives his entire time to the work.

The survey of the whole area is not yet complete. Work had to
be suspended in 1012 after 12,851 rods of line had been completed and
well marked. Many of the boundaries are nearly oblitei»ated and
there is difficulty in locating them. This is also true of the boundary
line between Perrv and Cumt)erland counties.

During 1913, 11,306.3 rods of boundary line were run and marked.

Springs and Streams.

Along the lower slopes of the mountains and the mountain benches,
springs are numerous. There are a greater number on the southern
slopes than on the northeju, although the water in the springs on
the northern exposure is colder and apparently better. Some of
the springs are intermittent and disappear during the summer season.
Many of them have been cleaned and walled up. Wherever constant
springs are located, they are cleaned and walled up by the rangers
as time permits. To date 81 springs liave received this treatment.
There are few springs on or near the summits of the mountain. The
springs have not yet been posted in the way which will be done,
hut w^hen near a road or trail a tree is marked in such a way as to
guide towards it. Where there is no trail to a spring, one is opeiKMl.
Streams are free from contamination but show the effect of drou^^lit.
A better humus cover which is coming on it is believed will regulate
the stream flow.

Buildings and Kejairs.

The buildings occupied bv the unmer in Henry Valley are in poor
condition and should be iei)laced by new ones. There is sufficient

I'

'5

I

318 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Old material in the iiei^^hboihood to rebuild. Oilier buildings are
located on the Three Square Hollow range, the Westover lands, the
Frv tract, and the Quay tract. Some are in satisfactory condition,
others are poor and should be removed. A telephone line was built
to the ranger's house in Henry Valley and such repairs made theie
as were absolutely necessary. The line mentioned connects with
Perry county line at Couch's store, south side of Shei man's Valley.
The route is somewhat irregular because of disirability of keeping on
State land. The line is metallic circuit :H miles long. Perry county
companies charge ^VIM annual rental. This gives service throughout
the county The Depaitinent keeps its own line in repair. The right
of wav was carefully cleared to a width of 20 feel. The building of
this line was difficult because of the rocky surface and steei)ness
of the nnmntain.

Koads.

During PJ12, H miles of old roads were brushed out for the iiist
time and 4 J miles of old roads were brushed or repaired.
' In lOlo, old roads were improved to admit of travel. Several old
trails were opened and new lire trails built. For general protective
measures, the system is nearly linished. The miles of usable roads
and trails total 77.07.

Seed Collection.

11 bushels of black walnuts were collected in 1012 on Ranger
Koontz's area. The seed was of medium (piality only, but was planted
on tlie reserve in localities where walnut will do well if satisfactory
stock can be started.
.Ju 1913, 16 bushels of black walnuts were collected near Ranger
Sundy's house. These will be planted in Henry Valley during the
coming season.

, Plantations.

During 1012, 35,080 seedling trees were planted in this forest,
of the following species:

Wiiite pine, 200

Black walnut, 1,180

White ash, 5,600

'Red oak, 29,000

Total, 35,980

The total number of acres planted during the year is 14} and 4']
acr^s were planted with seeds, on which 30 bushels were used.

j^o. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. S19

Some plantings suffered during the drought of the 1913 summer,
a small portion to the extent of 30 per cent. Willow cuttings are
doing well and show 1)8 per cent, growth. The white pine shows 95
per cent, growth. 12 bushels of black walnuts were sown on an area
by the ranger in Henry Valley. The seed was poor and only half of
it germinated, but more is expected to appear the following year.
The area planted with seedlings to date is 85 acres. Planted during
1913, 18 acres; reinforced during the year 3i £^cres. Seedlings planted
t(. date number 226,430. Seedlings planted during 1913, 50,000 white
pine. Cuttings planted during the year 4,500 black locust; to date
7^500. Area planted with seed to date is 20.3 acres.

The total plantings within this forest to date are as follows:

White pine, 154,200

Scotch pine, 1,550

Balsam lir, 500

Honey locust, 2,575

Norway spruce, 3,000

White ash, 24,900

White oak, 1,^)25

Red oak, 35,100

Black walnut, 2,680

Carolina poplar cuttings, 1,000

American green willow cuttings, 2,000

Black locust cuttings, 4,500

Total, : 233,930

The plantations made in the following manner have been a failure
from a variety of causes: Among these may be included unfavorable
weather, poor stock, poor soil, and peculiar local conditions.

4 plantings with seed were made as follows:

20 pounds white pine were used in March and April, 1909, to plant
11 acres of old fields.

2^ pounds of catalpa were planted in April, 1910, on i of an acre
in the spent bark of an old tan yard.

2 bushels of red oak acorns were planted in April, 1911, on i an
acre of old fields.

i bushel of red oak acorns were planted in May, 1911, on I of an
acre, part of an old field.

The following seedlings which were used in plantation work like
wise failed because of the conditions named:

500 balsam fir, 2-year old, planted in April, 1909, on an area of
J of an acre in an old field.

21

|!l^

320

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

2050 l.year old white oaks, including a few red oaks mixed with
them, were planted in November, 1010, on 3 of an acre on an old,

well -drained field.

The following cuttings, being the whole number enumerated in
the above ])lantation work, were likewise failures:

1000 Carolina i)Oi)lar cuttings planted in Ai)ril, 1909, on half an
acre of meadow land. This land proved to be too wet for the pur-
pose.

2000 American green willows ]»lanled in Aju-il, 1911, on an area
of i acre, being prepared ground of o[)en field. A few are still living
but the results are so poor that the elTort is regarded a failure.

Nurseries.

In order to take care of a quantity of 2-year old white ash seedlings
received from the Asai)h nursery, a small bed was prepared into
which the seedling trees were transplanted in the spring of 1912.
G,400 seedling trees were thus cared for. 5,G00 survived. Many
were heave<l up by the frost during the winter and terminal shoots
frozen in June. They were planted permanently in the spring of
1913.

Labor.

The lalxn- problein is dillicult. With insufficient work to give
regular employment, laboring men go elsewhere. Wages have risen
during the last two years to 15 cents per hour. Teams are worth
from 13.00 to |4.00 per day.

Improvement Cuttings.

The whobi forest is in need of it. Little has been done because
of lack of market. A great number of fire scarred and hypermature
trees are scattered over the forest and should be removed because
declining. A jxirtable saw mill would take care of this situation.
Over one million feet of hemlock, oak, yellow pine, and chestnut are
thus available.

Markets.

The market is not good because of its distance. There is none for
fire wood. Chestnut and rock oak f. o. b. cars yield $2.50 to $3.50
per cord. With the price maintained at |3.50 per cord, a small profit
could be made. Otherwise little or none. The transfer of material
at Newjmrt from narrow to standard gauge makes operations almost
prohibitive because of cost.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

321

Insects and Fungi. -

The most serious trouble atfecting the trees in this forest is the
chestnut bark disease, which has attacked our chestnut stand with
great vigor. The disease has spread rapidly throughout the forest.
Crews were kept going throughout 1912 locating the infected areas,
marking the trees, cutting down, and destroying them. Thus far
the crews have been able to cover an area of 2,555 acres, in which
they discovered and destroyed 3,744 cases of infection. The expense
of this work is great because the trees are widely scattered and
considerable time is occupied in locating them. It is proposed to
keep up the work and strike down this disease wherever it shows
itself; but whether it will be possible to save the chestnuts is a
problem. If the market conditions were better a considerable quan-
tity of material could be sold; but as it is, only the very best stuti*,
railroad ties, teleplione and teU'giaph poles can be disposed of.

On the areas upon which it was exterminated during 1912, 300
stumps have been re-examined and the blight has not reappeared.
They are sprouting vigorously. On a few of the treated stumps the
blight was found in a saprophytic condition. The increase during
the year has been slow and not to compare with that in 1912.

A fungus disease, S])haeropsis, is present atfecting the white pine.
It foinis cankers on tlie roots near the ground surface. The only
treatment applied thus far is removal and burning. Only 30 trees
thus infected have been discovered, ranging in height from 9 to 37^
inches.

Forest Fires.

During 1912 there were 2 fires within the State Forest, both
occurring in the month of December. The first covered 100 acres
of State land and the second 11 acres. The upper surface of the
forest floor was destroyed, but occasionally there were deeper burns
in the humus. The damage is not great excejit to the youngest
growth, where it was found the sju-outs were killed in the larger fiie.

Two fires occurred during July and August, 1912, both of which
were located and extinguished by Fire Warden llassinger of Upper
Jilifllin to^^nshiI^, Cumberland county, and for which he deserves
much credit for ])roinptness. An observatory station 33 feet high
was built on the Flder range. Work was done by the forester and
the rangers. Two trees were used for the purpose.

Outing and Recreation.

There are numerous places within this forest where good cami>ing
places are to be found. The number of camps usually is small because

21_26— 1915

ii

322

REPORT OF THE

OflE. Doc.

the hunters and fishermen prefer to board with farmers near the land
and erect no camps. But 8 permits were issued during 1912 for
sites within the State land. The game which is prevalent, consists
of wild turkeys, pheasant, squirrel, rabbit, and raccoon.

A game preserve was established in 1912 and stocked with 30 deer,
6 males and 24 females. In appreciation of this work and at the
request of those in interest, no hunting of deer was done in this
region during the fall of 1912. The increase in this game has been
noticeable, as marks of deer are seen in almost all parts of the forest,
and occasionally the animals themselves are noticed quietly grazing
in different localities.

The deer are now oversi)reading the forest from the nearby game
preserve. Thus far four have been killed during the open season.
All roads and trails are to be marked with signs and distances.

The three principal streams within the State land are Laurel run,
Houston run, and Sherman run, and these were stocked with trout
in 1911 and 1912.

The land in Cumberland county atfords no good sites, all the
camping places being located in I*erry county.

All camp sites in this forest will be numbered from 3401 to 3499
inclusive, one of which has been leased under the act of 1913.

Lightning Report.

The number of trees struck and shattered during 1912 is as fol-
lows :

■«->

*

09

*

^H

0

^M

t

>,

4>

>,

bo

m

O,

«

i

a

s

o

<

S

t-»

•-»

<

H

ChoBtnnt,

7

3

1

4

i

5
3

i

i

19
4

1
1

1

LOfllHt

Rock onk,

Hemlock

Black oak

Total

••••••

26

Trees Struck and Ignited.

An American elm was struck and ignited by the current in April.
The tree was partly dead and fire started apparently in the decayed
portion.

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 323

During 1913, 70 strokes of lightning are reported, occurring as
follows :

April, 1

May, 3

June, 10

July, 35

August, 19

September, 2

70

The trees struck and shattered were as follows:

Chestnut, 38

Black oak, 6

Red oak, 4

Scarlet oak, 2

Locust, 3

Hemlock, 3

White oak, 2

Rock oak, 9

Black birch, 1

Yellow pine, 2

70

i !

24. THE ROTHROCK FOREST.

Forester, Alfred W. Bodine, Newton Hamilton.

Forest Rangers:

Thomas J. Temple, Newton Hamilton.
Herman A. Oppel, Wistie.
Eli Stayrook,* Mattawana.
Sam T. Wood side, t Black Log.
William H. Moist,t Ryde.

The Rothrock State Forest is located in Huntingdon, Juniata, and
Miflflin counties, and is divided naturally into three jmrts, the Black
Log, lOast Licking Creek, and West Licking Creek valleys. These
divisions are such that they are used in forming the working plans
of the forest and will later on be divided into compartments.

•r.oft servlr-e July 31, 1912.
tAppolnted April 13, 1912.
JUiod June 20, 1913.

324

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The boundary survey is not yet complete, but the completed portion
has been i)osted and more than two thirds of it painted. ;H miles ol'
boundary line were brushed and cleaned out during 1012 to a width
of H) feet. It is planned to brusli out the remainder to a width

of only 4 feet.

The present area of this forest is 19,527 acres, 57 perches. A
valuable jnirchase of the Oiirord lands was made in 1912.

Scattered virgin tiinber is found over the entire forest, nearly all
hypermature and ready for market. There are lirobably 3 million feet,
including chestnut, oak, poplar, gum, birch, maple, hickory, yellow
pine, pitch pine, white pine, and hemlock. Markets are good. Almost
anything can be sold. With careful lumbering the forest will regener-
ate itself, but would produce uneven aged stands. The stand through-
out the forest, except in a few places, will average over 50 per cent.
The non productive area includes farm land 100 acres, rocks 500
acres, streams 22 acres, roads and trails 72 acres, boundary line 7.88

acres.

With the selection system of cutting, this forest will almost
fully regenerate itself. The present stand will average almost 50 per
cent, and with protection is gradually tilling up. A pressing need
is improvement cutting to take out undesiiable species and give addi-
tional growing space for the remaining good trees. From this we
may expect a yield of from 2 to 4 cords per acre over nearly the whole
area. Only a small i)(>rtion of the growth has a density of 10 per cent,
or less. These are in rocky places where planting is not feasible and
the present growth is sparse.

I

S]>rings and Streams.

All springs near roads, trails, or open bonndary lines have been
cleaned and made accessible. They are now nsable in case of fire.
There are no data at hand respecting the flow, but most of them are
regular. This is attributed to a good giound cover of hunuis which
is found over the entire area. For the same reason stream flow is
regular and is little affected by heavy rains. Others in the adjoining
open territory rise rapidly after a rain and become very low during
dry weather. No contamination.

Buildings and Repairs.

Two houses in West Licking Oreek need repairs. The dwelling
house on the Ojqjel farm lu'eds extensive repairs. All buildings need
I>aint. Fences about the farm need rebuilding. A new stable was
built at the Kothrock camp 12 x lO feet. The trunk line of the

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRlf

325

American Telegraph and Telephone line crosses this forest, but serves
no local subscribers. The local Bell, Ferguson Valley, Orbisonia, and
Patterson companies are nearby. Service is good, charge being fl.OO
per month except the Hell, which is |2G.OO per year. 200 telephone
poles were cut and skidded during the season for such use as may be
needed. A storage reservoir was built at the Aughwich spring to
furnish water to the forester's house when built.

Roads.

Owing to the need for economy in road work in 1912, not so much
was accomydished as during the previous year. The nund)er of miles
of roads brushed out for the first time was 9.98 and those rebrushed or
improved have a total length of 7J miles.

In 191?., work continued from March to October, and nearly all the
leading roads in the forest were repaired and brushed out. A portion
of the West Licking Creek road was rebuilt.

The total number of miles of open road at present within this
forest capable of being traveled is 45 miles, with 3.11 miles of trails
and ?)A^* miles of boundarv lines.

».;

}l

Easements.

The easements existing upon the State land com])rised within this
forest are the lines of the American Telephone and Telegraph com-
pany and the right of Avay of the railroad of the Vincent Lumber
Company. The right of way of the American Telephone and Tele-
graph Company Avould make a gf)od fire lane if the company kept
the area clean, but at present it is permitted to be grown up with
dense underbrush, making it almost impossible to follow. The
Vincent Lumber Company is troublesome because of the frequent
fires they set.

Seed Collection.

The collection of a ])int of seed from as many of the different species
of trees and shrubs within this region as could ])e made, was taken
during the summer and fall at such times when other work was
not pressing. This seed was sent to the De])artment to assist in
making up its specimen collection. For the use in the nursery, 1.*?
bushels of walnuts were bought and 3 bushels gathered at the Oppel
farm, in 1912.

Plantations.

During 1912, 35.37 acres were planted with seedling trees and 1^
acres to willow cuttings. The following seedlings were planted:

I'.l.

326

REPORT OF THE OflE. Doc.

White pine, 50,000

Norway spruce, 6,000

Scotch pine, '- ^'^^^

Basket willow cuttings, 5,000

67,500

In 1913, 65.05 acres were planted with seedlings. Total plantings
during the year were as follows :

Norway spruce, 15,000

AVhite pine, 117,000

Black walnut, ^^^25

Honey locust, • 1,150

Black cherry, 2,000

White ash, ^fi^^

140,475

To date 112.53 acres have thus been planted. 1.5 acres set with

willow cuttings. To date the total plantings are as follows:

White pine, 184,000

Norway spruce, 21,000

Scotch pine, ^?500

Black walnut, 4>325

Honey locust, 1,150

Black cherry, 2,000

White ash, '^fi^^

Basket willow cuttings, 5,000

Total, 224,975

i

Nursery.

A small nursery was established the latter part of 1911 at the
Oppel farm to furnish walnut seedlings for planting throughout this
forest. Its area is about one-fourth of an acre and 17 bushels of
black walnuts were planted in 1911. The growth from this planting
was 2,325 seedling trees, which wore removed, heeled in, and held
in readiness for the 1913 planting. The percentage of germination
of the seeds was low, consequently the cost of producing the seedlings
was high. This nursery will be abandoned and a new one established
near the forest headquarters.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Labor.

327

I

Good labor in this region now costs 17 cents per hour, which is about
the average rate paid by the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Brick
Works. Good teams are hard to get. The farm stock is not of the
best (piality and the rate is |4.00 per day for team and driver, or
$3.00 for a team.

Improvement Cuttings.

Tlie white pine grove on the Oppel farm in Black Log valley was
subjected to an improvement cutting in 1912, the object being to
improve the condition of the remaining trees. The tract is used by
the people of this neighborhood as a picnic ground and the aesthetic
value of this improvement is probably its greatest value. In 1913,
the iorestiy students made a small cutting to get practice in the
work .

Markets.

As stated above, market conditions in this region are good and
there is a steady demand for material. The call is for lumber, rock
oak bark, hemlock bark, and chestnut for tanning extract. Locust
is used for pin wood and hickory for spokes and handles. For paper
wood, pitch pine, majde, linden, and pojdar are used. The forest
is located near to the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and
freight shipments may be had at reasonable rates. There is a
promise that the markets will not only continue good but improve
with the improvement of the forest stand.

The greatest need of this region is an acid factory to handle all
species of wood. All improvement cuttings could thus be utilized and
the timbei' that is now going to waste, retarding the growth of more
valuable trees, could thus be saved by being converted into a valuable
product at a very considerable return to the Department.

Erosion.

There is no eroding of the soil in this forest. The woods are well
developed with a good forest floor and a thick covering of humus.
Streams do not become muddy after heavy rains.

V *

Insects and Fungi.

The chestnut bark disease was discovered along the Ilarshberger
road in this tract in the fall of 1911. Continued scouting for the
infected trees was carried on and the infections discovered were

328

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

destroyed. Willi tlie assistance of tlie agents of the Chestnut Blight
Commission during 11)12, continued search for diseased trees was
made and infections discovered were destroyed to the number of 1,825.
1,021 of these were sprouts from 1 to G inches in diameter at a point
1 foot above Ihe ground. 804 were marketable trees of a diameter
of (> inches and upward. The quantity of material derived from these
trees was 88,710 board feet and the infection was found scattered
over on area of 7,000 acres. The disease has made little spread during
19i:j. The area woiked over by the Blight Commission in 1012 has
remained extremely free and few cases have reappeared. All the
stumps have sj)routed vigorously.

Forest Fires.

•

For a i>eriod of over 8 years theie has been no fire in this region
which wronght any serious injury to the limber. During the spring
and fall of 1012, 3 small lires occurred on State land along the line
of the Vincent Lundier Company's right of way. A total area of about
10 acres was burned over. The fires were attacked by the employes
of the lumber company and extinguished.

In 1013, one lire covered 100 acres in Xoveiuber. The woods were
dam]) and the loss small. One lire tower was built during the year
on the summit of Blue Ilidge mountain, and commands a view of
the entire forest. It is made of chestnut timbers bolted together, 52
feet high, built square like an oil derrick. Numerous fires have oc-
curred on nearby private woodlands.

Tresjuiss.

But one violation occurred during 1012, the cutting of 2^ cords
of chestnut wood. This was adjusicd in a satisfactory way by the
person who did the cutting paying fl.OO pei* cord stumpage.

Outing and Kecreation.

Hunting and fishing are favorite sports within this forest. 25
cam])ing permits were issued in 1012 to hunters and fishermen, and in
every case these gentlemen behaved themselves well wliile on State
land. 107 ]M'rsons thus enjoyed outing privileges at little or no cost
to themselves. So far as reported, 1 deer and 25 wild turkeys were
taken on the State land during the season.

Eighteen permits were issued into the forest during 1013. Over 100
])eople availed themselves of the camping privilege. Game appears
to be plentiful, but little was taken. Several bushels of corn were
spread for feeding the turkeys during the severe winter and some
salt for the deer. East and West Licking creeks are good trout

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

329

streams and have been heavily stocked both by the State and the
United States government. This planting should make fishing better
in the future than it has been in the past. Black Log Creek, 24 miles
long, is a rather sluggish stream, too open for the successful planting
of trout except for the first few miles of its course. Suckers and eels
abound in all the streams and these are destructive to trout spawn
and small trout. If our streams are to be kept well stocked with
trout, it will be necessary to get rid of the eels and suckers. 35 cans
of fingerlings were planted in West Licking Creek. 1912 stocking
with fingerlings proves the value of this method as against the plant-
ing of fry. All camp sites within this forest will be numbered from
3501 to 3500 inclusive.

Educational Work.

During the winter the forester visited the schools in Wayne, Brat-
ton, and Granville townships and gave talks on forestry. The boards
of directors liave become interested and have introduced a modified
form of the study into the schools.

Four of the 1913 students were tried out in practical work and were
given something to do in all the ditferent kinds of operations carried
on. Three of these students were subsequently admitted to the
Academy.

Lightning Keport.
During 1912, the following trees were struck and shattered:

■M

CO

•

a

Augu

a

3

•-9

o
H

Ch»'slnut, ..

Oaks,

Yellow pin«.',
White pine,
Hickory, ...
Locust,

Total,

6

4

12

11

8
5

1

;;; ;

; 1

1

26
20
6
1
1
4

67

During the month of July a yellow pine was struck and ignited
by the current. Two oak logs lying on the ground were struck and
shattered. A lock was struck and broken into small pieces.

Trees struck and sliatter^d in 1913 were 9. One was struck and
ignited. The species were

Chestnut, 5

Red oak, 2

Black oak, 2

White pine, 1

10

330

REPORT OF TUB

Off. Doc

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

331

By month R as follows:

May, '^

June, ^

July, 1

August, 1

September, 2

10

2^'

o.

THE SEVEN MOUNTAIN FOREST, BARREE DIVISION.

Forester, T. Roy Morton, Petersburg.

Forest Rangers:

O. C. Deter, Graysville.
S. H. Lightner, Cottage.

The Barree Division of the Seven Mountain- Forest is in the north-
western portion of Huntingdon county. It has been divided into two
ranges for convenience of administration, to each of which a ranger
is assigned, Mr. Lightner in tlie Diamond Valley and Mr. Deter in
Spruce Creek.

The survey of the boundary line of this forest is complete and is
well posted, blazed, and painted.

There is no virgin forest on this land. Mature trees are scatieied
here and there over a portion of it, white pine, yellow pine, red oak,
chestnut, and rock oak sufficient to cut about 800,000 feet. The
area of this forest at present is 18,923 acres, of which 17,G00 acres
are available for wood production, 100 acres for roads and trails, 15
acres covered by water, 1,200 acres by rocks, and 8 acres by fire lanes.
An area of 12,200 acres has a density of from 50 per cent, to 100 per
cent., 4,400 acres range in density from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent.,
and 1,000 acres are covered with brush, huckleberry bushes, and
growth other than good young trees. Ati area of 4,000 acres having
a density of 50 i)er cent, or over is in need of improvement cutting
and would yield about 5 cords per acre, producing mine props, rail-
road ties, and extract wood, the species predominating being chestnut,
rock oak, and scarlet oak. The area with a density of from 10 per
cent, to 50 per cent, contains chestnut, the common species of oak,
pine, birch, and maple. Much of it is of inferior quality, fire scarred,

and short-bodied. Much of this land will reforest itself naturally
if fires can be kept away from it. The remaining open area must .
be planted.

Springs and Streams.

The important springs on the State land have been cleaned, named,
posted, and made accessible. Their flow is continuous with the pos-
sible exception of one of them. During the summer of 1911 its water
disappeared, although in former years it had a continuous flow.
During the summer of 1911 the humus on the forest floor around this
spring was burned off'. There seemo to be a direct connection between
the loss of humiis and the loss of water.

The streams are small with a flow that varies slightly although
during continuous dry periods the water becomes low. The possibil-
ity of contamination is remote.

Buildings and Repairs.

The only buildings on this State land are 3 hunting cabins which
were upon the ground before the State purchased it, and there is no
present need of additional buildings. There is no telephone line at
present although a line of the Juniata and Shavers Creek Company
runs nearby. It connects with the Bell line at Huntingdon. The
service is good and the rate is $2.00 per month.

*

Roads.

During 1912, 3 miles of old roads were brushed out for the first
time and 15 miles were recut and improved. 1| miles of fire lane
have been constructed. To date the mileage open and capable of being
traveled is 45 miles with 12 miles of fire lanes. Forty miles of roads
are traversable with a vehicle.

Leases.

The only leases at present exercised within these lands are those
of the Federal Refractories Company, which were given for the
purpose of removing ganister rock from Short mountain and Tussey
mountain, which rock is used in the manufacture of silica brick.
The first lease was awarded in 1903 and the second in 1909, and
further reports thereof will be found elsewhere herein. It has been
found that the existence of these leases is beneficijil to the State
Forest and not detrimental. A result of the rock removal by this
company is that the small soil accumulation forms a good seed bed.
Natural regeneration occurs where before there was no tree growth.
The black locust is coming in in great abundance.

332

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

Minerals.

In addition to the ganister rock removed under the leases above
referied to, hematite iron ore and hard and soft fossil ore are all
found within this forest. The ganister rock is present in very large
(juantities.

Plantations.

During 1912, 2J acres were planted with seedling trees, G,40() Scotch
pine being used for this purpose. In 1913, only 300 2-year trans-
plants were planted.

The total planting to date within this forest is as follows:

White pine, 54,850

Scotch pine, 9,150

White oak, 2,000

White ash, 3,000

Black walnut, 3,000

Balsam fir, 700

Norway spruce, 2,000

Total, 74,700

The total area thus far occupied by the ])laniing of seedling trees
is 25 acres, and an additional acre lias been planted with seed.

Labor.

Labor in this region cost 15 cents ]>er hour in 1912. Now the
price is 17i cents. A team is Avortli 40 cents per hour, including
driver. The price of labor fhictuates by reason of local conditions.
Good laboi* available for work on State land is scarce because of the
impossibility of regubir omj)loyment.

Markets.

The principal market near the State Forests calls for fire wood.
Oak and chestnut are used at the extract ])lant at Mt. T^nion, 20
miles distant. The demand for mine tind)ers is fair. Fire killed
chestnut is being used for the jnirpose.

Erosion.

Because of tlie well covered conditions of tliis Innd and the general
good state of the forest floor humus, littb* or no erosion occurs any-
where on State land.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Insects and Funjri.

333

The white pine weevil is present sparingly in the plantation in
Diamond Valley. Wherever its work is seen the attacked stem is
cut out in the hope of destroying the weevil in any of its forms.
Another insect, not known, is cutting the needles of the Scotch pine.
Leaf rollers were abundant on oaks and chestnuts during spring
and early summer. They seemed to prefer the chestnut. Some scarlet
oaks are dying, probably from fungous attack.

Forest Fires.

There were no fires in this forest during 1912. But one small
fire occurred in 1913, burning 75 acres upon State land and 5 acres
on private land. It is sup])osed to have been started by children
gathering flowers in the woods. An observatory station was erected
on Tussey mountain along the Pennsylvania Furnnce road. The
whole of the Diamond Valley range may be seen from this point.
It includes all lands south of the summit of Tussey mountain.

Outing and Recreation.

During 1912, 19 permits contnining the names of 147 persons,
were issued for camp sites in this forest. All were present during
the open hunting season in the fall except one, which was encamped
for the purpose of trout fishing. The conduct of the campers was
good and no violations of the law or rules occurred.

^ The game taken includes 31 deer on the Stnte land and 4 in the
vicinity, 7 more than the previous season. All the hunters report
deer abundant. 2 does were reported killed duiing the season, one on
State land and one on private Innd. No evidence is at liand as
to who did the killing. The runniug of deer by dogs is too prevalent
in this region and a number of dogs have been killed while in the
act of running deer.

Wild turkeys were abundant but not many were taken in 1912.
Smaller game was found sparingly.

In 1913, 24 camps with ISO members enjoyed camping privileges
within the forest, principally during the oi)en deer season. Too
much licpior is reported being present in four of the camps. 37
deer were killed within the State Forest during the season. Some
does were reported shot. Oame of all kinds was abundant.

Fishing within the streams upon the State bind is not good. All
camps within this forest will be numbered consecutively from 101
to 199 inclusive.

';

334

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

335

Lightning Report.

It was not possible to determine just when all the trees shattered
by lig-htning were struck, but an examination of the woods dis-
closes a total of 24 trees so injured during 1012, and distributed
among the following species:

Chestnut, '^

White pine, ^

Jack pine, ^

Rock oak, 3

Scarlet oak, 2

White oak, 1

Hickory, 1

Locust, 1

24

In 1913, 8*7 cases of trees being struck and shattered by lightning
were noticed No accurate data as to actual occurrence were taken.
The species struck were as follows:

White pine, 1 1

Chestnut, 9

Red oak, 3

Yellow pine, 2

Rock oak, 7

Hemlock, 2

Locust, 1

Scarlet oak, 2

37

So far as known, no trees were ignited by any of the bolts.

•i^

26. THE SEVEN MOUNTAIN FOREST, BEAR Ml^ADOWS

DIVISION.

Forester, Walter D. Ludwig, Boalsburg.

Forest Rangers:

W. H. Harpster, Charter Oak.
, Robert Reitz, Boalsburg.

The Bear Meadows Division of the Seven Mountain Forest consists
of about 21,000 acres, of wbich 14,000 are in Huntingdon and 7,000
in Centre county. No fixed subdivisions have yet been arranged
because the divisions of this forest are not yet definitely established.

The boundary survey is complete. All corners are rebuilt, marked,
and lines brushed, painted, and ])osted, with the exception of a single
warrant.

The forester is conducting a topographic and stock survey, begin-
ning with the establishment of bench marks.

Virgin forest on the division comprises about 1,600 acres, 1,000
acres in the Pine Swamp, 200 on Tussey mountain, and 400 on
Greenlee mountain. The Pine Swamp area will run 5,000 feet to
the acre. Some trees will cut as much as 1,000 feet. A number of
trees are in good condition and there is no present market for them.
The two smaller areas contain much dead and dying pine, but the
market conditions make it inadvisable to attemi)t to remove it. 300
acres of the Kepler tract would be available for the market if there
were any. Should the chestnut bark disease make its api)earance a
general cutting of this whole tract would be advisable. All the
above tracts have a density in excess of 50 per cent. The greater
part of the division ranges in density from 10 per cent, to 50 per
cent. Most of the area is regenerating from coppice not of normal
density, but sufficient to insure a soil cover. Some strengthening by
planting must take phice in the future. General reforesting by plant-
ing is not justified because of cost, except in old fields and open
grounds.

The forester was engaged at diff'erent times during the year in
educational and cooperative work. Magazine and newspaper articles
were prepared, approved, and publishefl. Advice on practical prob-
lems was given to those who desired it. He assisted in the instruc-
tion of the agents of the Chestnut Blight (Commission during a portion
of the time they spent at State College. He also assisted in nearby
woodlot work.

I ft

22

336

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

From July to the middle of October, the forester was engaged in
the collection of statistics in cooperation with the United States
Forest Service to be nsed for the preparation of a bulletin on Penn-
sylvania's Wood-Using Industries. He collected statistics for Elk,
Cameron, McKean, Warren, Jefferson, Forest, Venango, Clarion,
Lawrence, Butler, Armstrong, Beaver, Washington, Greene, Franklin,
Fulton, and assisted in the collection of data for Allegheny county
and the city of I*ittsburgli. During a portion of the month of Decem-
ber he was present at the office of the l^ureau of Products in the
Forest Service at Washington assisting in the compilation of the
data.

Springs and Streams.

Nearly all of the springs have been cleaned, made accessible, posted,
and named. The ffow is regular with no possibility of contamination.
Good humus conditions and the absence of ffre for some years are
responsible for this condition of the springs.

Buildings and Repairs.

Repairs at the house occupied by Ranger Harpster are complete
and the property is in good condition. They included the addition of a
porch on two sides of tlie house, wood liouse, new entrance to the
cellar, roofing, spouting, ])ainting, and other small items. The for-
ester has been able to fit up for himself an office in Boalsburg through
the courtesy of Mr. Theodore D. Boal. There are no telephone lines
on the division.

Roads.

During 1912, 33.8 miles of old roads were rebrushed and improved,
10.2 miles of trails and fire lanes, and 6 miles of boundary line were
rebrushed.

In 1013, 42.4 miles of old roads, trails, and fire lines were brushed
and im[)roved. 2} miles of the Shingletown road were repaired and
an additional mile ahmg Pine Swamp road. Other roads received
such repairs as opening ditches and culverts, removing dead trees,
bowlders, loose stones, and improvement of the grades.

Minerals.

There seems to be no surface indication of valuable minerals, with
the excepti(m of ganister rock, which is present in large quantities on
the ridges. The distance from marketing and manufacturing points
has not yet brought this into use.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

337

Seed Collection.

Two pounds of white pine seed were collected and sowed broadcast
in the woods. Vew seed-bearing tiees are present and seed collection
is not likely to become large.

Plantations.

During 1012, 5 ])ounds of white pine, 1 pound of Scotch pine, and
I pound of Douglas lir were used in making experimental plantations.
Some of the seed Avas sown on the snow and the other on the bare
ground. To date the result has shown little or no difference between
the two methods. The plantation work during the year included
the folloAving species:

Red oak, 20,000

Scotch i)ine, 11,4^0

White pine, 204,000

Total, 236,000

Of the above planting, 21,000 were used in reinforcing old planta-
tions. All plantings are 4x4 and all are doing well except the
red oak planted in 1911. Many of these trees were cut off by rabbits.
The fall i)l;niting of broad leaf trees seems to be objectionable in
^this region on that account. Some pines planted among briars were
smotliei-ed out. Generally they are doing well. The under.planting
of scrub oak areas with red oak is giving favorable results to date. .

During 1013, 104,000, seedlings were planted, as follows:

AVliite pine, 2-year, 80,000

White pine, ;5-year 23,000

Scotch ])ine, 2 year, 1,000

104,000

All seedlings are spaced 4x4 feet.

Ex|)eriments in i)lanting among scrub oak made in 1912 appear to
be successful. In an experimental plantation of alternate rows of
Scotch pine and white pine made in 1909, it is found that the Scotch
])ine is growing twice as rapidly as the white pine, and is more
thrifty.

300 acies of this division have thus far been planted to trees and
all available oj)en areas are thus used. Reinforcing of old plantations
will be required from time to time.

22—26—1915

338 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The total plantation work to date is as follows:

Scotch pine, 2-year, 9,840

Scotch pine, 3 year, ^,560

Wliite pine, 2-year, 736,060

White pine, 3-year, 104,840

Honey locust, 1-year, ^^^

Red oak, 1-year, 30,000

While asli, 1-year, ^00

American elm, 1-year, 500

Willow cuttings, 2,000

Total, 888,800

The honey locust was a failure and some of the early plantings of
Scotch and white pine show about 60 per cent, growth owing to
unusual drought which followed the planting. The willow planting
of 2,000 cuttings wliich was entirely experimental, shows a growth
of 30 per cent., and 10,000 of the early red oaks, which were likewise
experimental, show a growth of about 40 per cent. The remainder
of the trees are doing well.

Labor.

Labor conditions are satisfactory. The average price paid was
15 cents per hour in 1912 and from 10 cents to 15 cents an hour for^
teams. In 1913, labor advanced to 17 cents per hour and two-horse
teams to 35 cents per hour. Huntingdon county conditions are
better than those in Centre. The farm land of the region is poor and
the people occupying it are looking for employment in forestry work.

Markets.

Thei-e is at present no good market for forest material. There are
no nearby wood-using industries and railroad rates are high. Fire
wood is in small demand in the neighborhood. Every farmer has
his own woodlot. When imv)rovement cuttings are ripe, it is hoped
that market conditions will havf changed. A large amount of material
must necessarily be remover' in the course of improvement cuttings
within a few years. There is nothing in the region to use forest
products and local ne( fls an; supplied by local private effort.

Ins(»cts and Fungi.

The chestnut bark disease is present in this forest. Eradication was
immedinlcly undertaken as soon as it was discovered. All State laud

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

339

has been scouted and the infected trees located so far as possible.
The destruction of the infection is now proceeding. In all 762
infections were discovered in 1912. The attack is confined to Jackson
township, Huntingdon county. In 1913, 85 infections were found and
destroyed.

Forest Fires.

There were no forest fires in this forest during the year 1912.
Two fires occurred during 1913, one of which covered about two
acres in Huntingdon county, with little damage resulting. The other,
during the latter part of April, at the time of high winds, covered
1,500 acres. The damage was more severe, killing about 35 i)er cent,
of the growth and destroying 50 per cent, of the humus. The loss
will reach at least if 3,000. The cause is supposed to be the camp fire
of a crowd of small boys who left the fire burning. No proof of this
fact, however, exists.

One fire observatory station has been erected on Bald Knob.
Another is to be built on Greenlee mountnin. The fire waidens are
efficient and their work is satisfactory.

Outing and Recreation.

Xo reported violations of the forest, fish, and game laws have been
made. 14 ])ermits were issued in 1912 to 90 persons for camping
sites in this region. The conduct of the cami)ers was all that could be
desired. So far as repoited, 20 deer were killed during the open
season, man}" pheasants, rabbits, and smaller game.

15 permits were issued for 82 persons to camp within the division
in 1913. 6 over-night permits were gianted by the forester to 12
persons. 20 deer, many pheasants, rabbits, and small game were
taken.

The fishing seasons were good and hundreds of brook trout were
taken. It was noticed that some of the campers were careless in
the disj)osition of their garbage. This will be prohibited in the future
and all refuse must be carefully removed and buried out of sight.
All campers were warned about contamination of streams and are
careful in this respect.

Camp sites in this division will be numbered from 1 to 99 inclusive.

The forester has been engaged, when it was possible to give atten-
tion to this branch of the work, in assisting with Arbor Day exercises
in the public schools, making addresses to the school children, and
giving them instruction in the planting and care of trees. Also at
other times in assisting where aid might be rendered, teaching chil-
dren respect for the work of the State.

m

3^

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

341

Lightning Report.

■ =?,

1

During 1012, the following trees were struck and shattered:

O

H

Chestnut, ..
White pine.
Pitch pine.
White asli,

Total,

1

j

1
1

1

1

1

1
1

2
1

So far as observed, no trees were ignited by the lightning strokes.

But a single stroke of lightning is reported during 1913, and that
in a pitch pine during the month of May. The tree was shattered
but not ignited.

27. THE SEVEN MOUNTAIN FOREST, TOE DIVISION.

Forester, Charles R. Meek,^ Spring Mills.
Forester, W. E. Montgomery,- Spring Mills.

Forest Ranger, W. F. McKinney, Spring Mills, R. D. No. 3.

The Poe Division of the Seven Mountain Forest was formerly a part
of the Ooburn Division and lies in the region near Potters Mills,
Centre county. It extends from the Millheim pike westward to the
J5ear Meadows Division, in Ilariis, Potter, and Oregg townships.
It includes Slate land in Centre county as far north as Penns Valley,
and is of about 14,000 acres in extent. The management thus far has
been as a unit and no subdivisions have been made. The boundary
lines have been surveyed but some of the marks have disappeared. The
boundary has been generally painted and posted. There is present no
virgin forest. Many old pines are scattered about over the area.
Some are dead, others dying. All are deteriorating. A quantity of
rock oak is present which will not improve. The cutting of these old
trees wdll yield several hundred thousand feet and should be under-
taken as early as possible. Fiom 2,500 to 3,000 acres are covered
with brush. Some of this will be reforested naturally by better
species. It must be assisted, however, with artificial planting. Sev-
eral experimental plots are about to be undertaken to determine the
best methods of handling the brush area. The open ground on the
division will not amount to more than 40 acres, exclusive of camp
sites. A good growth of young hardwoods, ]>rincipally oak and
chestnut, is found over the balance of the division.

That i>ortion of the land which was not burned in May, 1911, is
covered with young fully stocked material. Where the fires ran that
year recovery has not yet been complete. Scrub oak and huckleberry
prevail over the burned area. Fire killed wood at various places
is being disposed of to an advantage. The people of the neighborhood
use it for fuel.

Planting at present is too expensive to be undertaken over the
whole of the burned area. It will be wiser to wait until natural
regeneration restocks it.

» Transferred to ('ot)iirn l>i vision September 1, 101?.
« Began service September 1, 1913.

342 REPORT OF THE Oflf. Doc.

Springs and Streams.

Springs are numerous and paths have been opened to them from
nearby roads. At least 25 of them never fail. Some have been
cleaned and walled. All the best springs are posted. No contamina-
tion is present. They will be improved from time to time and made
more accessible.

Buildings and Repairs.

The ranger's property on the Bellefonte Pike is not in good condi-
tion and is scarcely worth rei)airing. The barn is in good condition
but needs paint. A new house is a necessity at this place. Water
may be supplied for the buildings by gravity. A small building is
located at Stone Creek gnp, used by tlie workmen when engaged

in that region.

The Commercial Telephone Company's line passes the ranger's

house.

Roads.

Forester Meek was assigned to this division only in September,
1912, since which time he has brushed out and iini)roved 12 miles of
road. During tlie early part of the year while in charge of Forester
Seltzer, lOJ miles of road were brushed and rei)aired.

The roads and fire lanes of this division equal at least 45 miles.
Most of (hem can be used for transportation. Not all of this mileage
is in the best condition, but is being improved gradually.

Plantations.

No planting was done during 11)12. In ll)i:$ 25,(MM) 2-year white
j)ine were ])lanted in two plantations.

To date 29 acres have been planted in which the following seedlings
were used:

White pine, .
Sugar maple,

71,700
2,500

74,200

Nursery.

In the spring of 1912, Forester Seltzer started a nursery at the
place where the ranger lives, covering one-eighth of an acre. The
1912 inventory is as follows:

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 343

White pine, 2,000

Scotch pine, 4,500

Douglas fir, 2,500

Red pine, 2,500 '

Norway spruce, 12,800

24,300

The amount of seed from which the above stock was grown, was
7 J pounds, as follows:

White pine, 2J pounds '

Scotch pine, 1 pound

Douglas fir, i POund

Red pine, S Pound

Norway spruce, 2| pounds

7f pounds

The damping-off fungus killed a number of the seedlings, and this,
in connection with the i^oor germination of tlie seed, accounts for
the rather small size of the stock, which, however, is in good condi-
tion.

The nursery was enlarged in 1913, to contain about 6,400 square
feet. The seedlings contained at the end of the growing season
1913,. are as follows:

Scotch pine, ^^S^O ^

Red pine, 3,300

White pine, l^^OO

Douglas fir, 3,400

Norway spruce, 12,000

European larch, 6,000

31,000
Labor.

Labor in this region in 1912 cost 15 cents per hour; in 1913, 16
cents per hour. Occasionally it rises to 16 J cents. There is a reason-
able amount of competition but usually sulficient labor may be had.
Teams cost 40 cents per hour with driver. Carts with driver ?2.50
per day. The labor which is to be had here is of good quality.

Markets.

The local market is well supplied with sawed material, there
being a number of small mills in the neighborhood. A large part of

344

REPORT OF THE

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the product of these mills is sold beyond the local market. White
pine limber is worth |20.()0 per thousand feet at the mill. Dead
wood is in fair demand for fuel purposes. A 2-horse wagon load when
removed by the purchaser, sells for 25 cents. All cutting is done
under the supervision of the ranger, and no green wood is permitted
to be taken. All nearby transportation is by team. The railroad
is 0 miles distant. Tliose living near State land take quantities of
this material. By these means nearly all the objectionable material
has been removed.

Insects and Fungi.

The chestnut bark disease has appeared in this forest. In 1912, 24
infections were discovered and burned. The woods will be carefully
watched for any reappearance, and whenever found the disease will
be destroyed.

Forest Fires.

There were no fires in this forest during the year 1912. A single
observatory station has been erected in a tree on private land.

In tlie fall of 1913 there was but one forest fire along Stone Creek
road. The damage resulting was small. Another observatory station
was built on the division. A third is needed on Bald mountain. From
a point on this mountain nearly the whole State Forest may be
viewed.

/

Trespass.

During the hunting season 3 does were killed on State land. Re-
ports of these violations were made to tlie Game Commission. No
evidence could be discovered as to who did the killinjr.

Outing and Recreation.

Five camping permits were issued for this forest in 1912, although
but 4 of the parties containing a total of 37 men actually located
their camps within the State land. So far as known, none of the
cami)ers violated any of the laws or rules. In addition to the 3 does
above reported, 23 lawful deer were killed, 100 pheasants, 300 rabbits,
and 10 woodcock during the season.

10 camping parties had ])ermits for this region and 8 were used
by the applicants in 1913. A number of other parties were encamped
on private land near the State Forest but hunted principally on
State land. There were probably 150 doer hunters in the neighbor-

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

345

hood during every day of the open season. 18 deer and 1 bear were
taken by these i)arties. One doe was killed. Pheasants, rabbits, and
grey s(iuirrels were abundant.

G cans of trout were planted in I*otters stream.

Camping sites on this division will be numbered from 001 to 099
inclusive. Thus far 21 have been prepared, marked, and numbered.

28. THE SEVEN MOUNTAIN STATE FOREST, COBURN

DIVISION.

Forester, John W. Seltzer, Coburn.
Forester, Charles R. Meek, Coburn.

Forest Ranger, David Libby, Weikert.

When Forester John W. Seltzer left the service, the Coburn and
I*oe divisions were joined under Forester Meek. On September 1st,
1913, Forester W. I^rdmann Montgomery was assigned to the Poe
division, while ^Ir. Meek remained in charge of the Coburn division.

This division is long and narrow, including the White mountain
east of the county line at ('berry Run, and all the land owned by the
State east of the road from Decker Valley to Poe Valley, thence to
Millheim, to Zieglerville, to the Centre-Mifflin county line. County
line and Penns Creek foiin the southern boundary, the toj) of Thick
Mountain is the northern boundary, and the eastern boundary is a
road one mile east of Weiker, crossing Paddy mountain to the head of
Cherry Mountain. Penns Valley at the westerly side borders it on
the north, and the Ruffalo valley in the easterly side borders on the

south.

The Coburn Division of the Seven Mountain Forest lies just back
of the small town of Coburn, whence it gets its name. The
western portion of the division lies in Centre county entirely, while
the eastern jjortion lies in Centre and Union counties. Two things
of importance should be mentioned here as they are of great value
in determining the geology of the region. They are Penns Creek
and the fact that the Pennsylvania Railroad traverses the area
from Coburn to Weikert, the ])anks of the creek and the cuts of the
railroad showing many formations that would otherwise be hidden
by the covering of earth. The county line between Centre and Mifflin

346

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

I

counties forms the division boundary on the south in Centre county
as far east as l»addy Mountain tunnel. From here Penns Creek forms
the southern boundary as far east as the Union county line at Cherry
Kun. The Union-Centre county line at this place is inside and the
division is in both Union and Centre counties.

In Centre county the division lies in Gregg, Penn, and Haines
townships. In Union county it lies in Hartley township. It wdll thus
be seen that the division is very long and narrow, comprised of a few
valleys and mountains. The division is drained by tributaries of
I'enns Creek, which flows southeast into the Susquehanna River.
Penns Creek at Coburu receives Vine Creek from the north and taking
a southeasterly course it gaps the mountain, crosses the head of the
little slate valley south of leaver Dam tunnel, called by the Germans
"Lechathal" or Lick Valley, and enters Haines township on the east.

Leaving the slate valley at Fowler's, on the L. & T. K. R., it again
gaps the mountain of Oneida No. IV before crossing the eastern edge
of the Poe Valley, linally leaving Centre county through a beautiful
gorge in the Medina white sandstone of Paddy Mountain. The im-
portant streams entering it from the Coburn division are Licking
Valley stream, l*oe Creek, Cherry liun and Weiker Run. The railroad
running along the creek furnishes a few levels as follows:

Lewisbuig and Tyrone Railroad

Dist. from

Tunnel at Paddy Mt., .

Fowler's,

Beaver Dam Tunnel, . .

Coburn,

Buclianan,

P. & E. R. R.

June.

32i miles

34 miles

35 miles

36 miles
41 miles

Above

Ocean

LeveL

959 feet

991 feet

1014 feet

1026 feet

1059 feet

Topography.

The sand rocks of No. IV form all the double synclinal mountains
in the southern portion of ('entre county, such as Nittany mountain,
Brush mountain, Tussey mountain, and the various local ridges in-
cluded in the Seven Mountains. Tlie ridges of the Se\en Mountains
are a series of synclinal canoe shajjed liills, separated by anticlinal
valleys of limestone and slate, but all presenting the same rocks in
the same order. The short and minor anticlinals of Poe, Confer, and
other small valleys within the Seven Mountains are but repetitions
of these folds in the earth's crust, which have been only strong
enough to bring to the surface the next higher or Hudson River slate
formation No. III.

No. 20. DEPARTMENT OB^ FOllESTKY. 347

General (leological Structure.
The Confer or Decker Valley Anticlinal.

This short axis while showing the same general northern inclination
or curvature at its center, is of meagre relative importance, only
having been of sufficient force to bring up the Hudson River slate of
No. Ill, in the Confer or Decker Valley in Gregg and Potter town-
ships, and the same in the small oval "Lechathal" or Lick Valley
watered by Penns Creek and Swift Run in the lower part of Haines.

Entering the county in southern Haines, south of the Little Clinton
red shale valley of No. V, it ranges successively through the upi>er,
middle and lower members of IV in the first 2J miles of its course,
finally lifting up the slate in the small "LechathaP' Valley. I*assing
north of Fowler's station on the L. cS: T. R. R. this sharp arch throws
off 69° dips south of Beaver Dam tunnel and dives thence under a vast
sand flat of Oneida sandstone between the western extremity of this
valley and the eastern end of Confer's valley 4 miles apart. Here the
anticlinal again brings uj) the slate of No. Ill with dips of 60°-70° at
the M. E. Church, keeping the north side of that valley for 7^ miles,
when it again carries down the slate under the Oneida sandstones of
the resulting kettle, finally passing out of the county in southern
Harris between the white Medina ridges of Thick Head and Bald
mountains.

The Poe Valley Anticlinal Axis.

This, the last of the anticlinal axes of the county, has a length of
only about 15 miles before passing into the extremities of Union and
Mifflin counties. Like its predecessor to the north, it brings up only
the slates of No. Ill in Poe Valley, a drawn out oval shaped depression
in the heart of the Seven Mountains 8 miles long from east to west.
It is much straighter tlmn the Confer Valley axis, and while it is a
mile and a quarter south of it in (iregg township, its two extremities
nearly lap with those of the northern axis. It is insignificant in its
lesults, lying everywhere along the base of Paddy mountain, which
it divides on the west from Bald mountain spur seen rising west of
the Ijcwistown pike where the Mifflin county line is offset.

Centre County Township Geology.
Gregg Township.

In the Seven Mountains the southern portion of this township is
beautifully diversified by the intrusions of small portions of the

34S

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Confer and Poe slate valley anticlhials into the wide sand flat of

Oneida No. IV.

From its east liead a wide sand plateau of No. IV Oneida extends
to the Penn line, holdiuj,^ this anticlinal and the synclinal of Faust
valley and sju'eading south into the Poe valley anticline. This slate
valley heads westward from Penn township and is similarly encircled
with'^No. IV Oneida ridges to Confer Valley. The synclinal of Faust
Valley, hetween Voe and Confer, shoals eastward before reaching the
l»enn line, while to the south the Mifflin county line is marked by the
high straight ridge of white Medina, k^iown as Long or Paddy Moun-
tain. This portion of Gregg is wild and very rocky.

Penn Township.

The Seven Mountains with their included slate valleys tfike u])
about one-half of the township. East of the Slide Mountain tunnel
there is a fine exposure of No. IV gray Oneida, forming the north
barrier to tlie little slate valley of the south. The rock rises in
ledges 80' high and dips about N. 28° W. 48°. Oneida sandstone
shows about 225' thick in the tunnel, mixed with some slate of yellow
color and wavy structure. The little valley called "Lechathal" or
Lick Valley by the German residents, is only about a half mile wide,
and heads up west in this township into an elevated sand flat of No.
IV Oneida, before mentioned in Gregg township.

On the road leading south from the saw mill on the Penns Creek
road in George's Valley, near the Gregg line a section of the same
rocks is exposed, showing lirst II, south of the track, overlaid with
Hudson River slate of III, dipping S. E. 35°.

This is followed by Oneida south of the first dwelling, with the
same dip, continuing to the bend of the road at the small stream
crossing, which nmrks the beginning of the red member, with a south-
east dip in the north leg of the synclinal of 20°. Half a mile south of
G. Confer's, north dipping Oneida marks the south side of this red
shale and sandstone valley, as well as the north barrier to the wide
sand plateau, with an anticlinal and a synclinal, and forming the
mountain ridge encircling the Poe Valley to the south. This is
another slate anticlinal of 111, and stretches across the townshi].
from east to west from S. Lengle's saw mill to Mussert and Gepheart's

old mill.

Two rough roads enter it from the north at either end, and u
wood road traverses the creek. The valley is about a half mile wide,
and is a regular tight anticlinal of slate, supporting on its south le'X
the successive members of IV with the straight white Medina cres!
of Paddy mountain marking the Mifflin county line.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

a49

Haines Township.

This township is bounded on the south side by Paddy Mountain.
Union county forms its eastern border line, with Penn township on
the west. The only good sections of the Seven Mountains are by the
road to Fowler's station and along the railroad.

The public road carries limestone on a south dii) of 55° to a pond
50 yards south of the bend up into the mountain, meeting the slate
of III at that point, and Oneida IV about half way up the flank.
The latter extends to the crest at 550' above the creek, with dips of
S. E. 54°, carrying some conglomerate of rounded gray ((uartz pebbles
with a reddish tinge. The road descends south into a red shale
valley of lower Medina. The synclinal of this valley is north of S.
Stover's, for there the dips are to the northwest 50°-58°. No. IV
Oneida succeeds south at the stream crossing with the same character-
istics'and breached by a branch of Swift Kun, though the supporting
slates of III are seen dipjiing N. W. but soon arching over the anti-
clinal of this valley to dip S. E. along Swift Run. This is the "Lech-
athal" or Lick Valley, 4 miles long through which the L. & T. R. R.
runs, carrying slate as far as Fowler's station, and succeeded by
IV Oneida.

The south barrier is a tightly compressed synclinal, between this
valley and the eastern end of l*oe valley anticlinal to the south, which
barely crosses Penns Creek. Oneida sandstone encircles it and forms
the southeast dipping terrace to Paddy Mountain, which latter makes
the county line. The L. & T. R. R. makes a tunnel in this white
Medina crest. Like the Beaver Dam hill to the north, this ridge is
also pierced where it is only about 80' above the stream, which has
made a wide detour westward before cutting through the hill where
reinforced by Poe Creek. The synclinal is evidently just south of
the tunnel, for 50' from the south face white 3Iedina dii)s N. 8°, W.
54°, and S. 12°, E. 88°, in the tightly folded basin. It shows 25' of
sandstone and 2' of slate in the north leg to the tunnel mouth. In
the tunnel there is about 170' additional, and a hundred feet more of
mixed red shale and sandstone brings us to the north end of the
tunnel, where there is a dip of S. ^50°, E. 75°. Red rock shows for
120' more to the end of the tunnel approach. About 200 yards north
of the bridge over Penns Creek, red Medina presents an excellent
exposure of red shale and sandstone probably 250' thick, dipping
S. 28°, E. 00°, forming the south leg of the Voa Valley anticlinal.

Oneida sandstone comes in north at the new steam saw mill dii)ping
on the east side of the creek S. 30^, E. 62°, conglomeritic. Near
the 33rd mile post, slate shows a rather distorted anticlinal arch
about 200 yards north, with dips of North 28°, W. 60°, and S. 30°,

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

351

350

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

E. 60°, though curved and cross-bedded by cleavage planes, rendering
dips indistinct, in black slate. The gap is an exceedingly beautiful
one, and is still very wide and unbroken by cultivation.

Union County.

The foregoing refers chiefly to the part of the division that lies
in Centre county. That portion of the division that lies in Hartley
township in Union county, which includes the part that lies on the
eastern part of Paddy Mountain and White Mountain, is now to be

considered.

The White Mountain anticlinal is of only slight importance in
Union county, extending for about 4 miles east of the Mifflin county
line, but subsiding so rapidly eastward that the red and white Medina
No. IV, the lower Clinton and Ore sandstone are all carried under
water level on the railroad east of Weiker station.

Taddy Mountain anticlinal, a double flat roll of Bloomsburg red
shale, where flrst seen south of Cowan, elevates the Medina sandstone
in the Paddy Mountain spur in Hartley. Union county contains
only a very small amount of Marcellus formation, caught in the
Buttalo Valley synclinal north of Lewisburg, where perhaps the whole
of the Marcellus formation exists, but little if any of tlie overlying
Hamilton. The Marcellus black slate has been a very fruitful source
of disaster to several coal mining companies in the district, which
have labored long to find coal in them. Every effort has proved a
failure, as well as in the Hudson River and Utica slate formations
of III. The rocks of formation VI outcrop through Gregg town-
ship, where the beds are thin, and are nowhere opened over 50' in

thickness.

Entering Hartley township the outcrop of Ore Sandstone is some-
what obscure in places; but seems to be displayed in a long gently
curving ridge extending for about 9 miles west in the main Buffalo
Valley synclinal to within about three miles of the Mifflin county line.
Here it basins and returns to within about 2 miles, apparently cross-
ing the railroad at Weiker east of the station, and after lapping
over the White mountain anticlinal makes a synclinal loop between
that axis and Jacks Mountain and then returns on a north dip along
the flank of the latter for 10 miles to Penns Creek on the Limestone

township line.

James Pursley has o])ened several ore-pits south of the Heranimus
Church in the field east of his house and just north of Penns Creek.
Conditions indicate the presence of two distinct beds of ore, probably
250' geologically apart and separated by brownish yellow shales hold-
ing a bed of sandstone several feet thick, and possibly representative

in this field of the Iron sandstone. Mr. Pursley said the ore was
fair. A short distance east where the ridge is cut off" in a bluff' facing
Penns Creek at Weiker station, the first or most northern outcrop is
opened 12" thick on a dip of 50° N. W. The sandstone bed before
mentioned lies to the south of this opening, thin, but making a distinct
ridge north of White mountain. About 10 yards south and back of
this sandstone bed the lower ore bed is opened about 20' above water
level. The railroad cut, just south of this opening, shows an excellent
exposure of sandstone and shale GO" thick on a dip of N. 20°, red on
the bottom and gray on top.

Zimmerman's old mine (now owned by D. C. Johnson) is situated
about IJ miles below Cherry Run, and is opened on the south side
of the railroad on a steep N. W. pitch and a short distance from
Kavlor station. The Zimmerman ore is about at the western end of
this central valley Clinton ridge. Westward this ridge is entirely
eroded, and any profitable ore in this vicinity must be sought for
along the flank of Paddy mountain, where the debris of the Medina
sandstone makes its out-crop hard to locate.

The lower ore bed series is also said to show an out-crop for some
distance up Weiker Run, south of White mountain but not opened
there. The Clinton ore measures extend west a short distance into
Mifflin county making a low ridge as far west as Aumiller's place, but
only containing the lower ore bed. Just west of Cherry Run station
the railroad cuts through red and brown shale, dipping 70° N. W.,
and at the west end of this cut, test pits, which had only partial
success had been put down for ore. Just below the bridge on Cherry
Run the Clinton shales are well exposed. Going up Cherry Run,
the dip is steeply N. W. at first, but soon reversed in a tight
synclinal, marking the extension of the Hartleton basin. The first
ore drift is about- 100 yards north of the railroad, driven N. 50' to
the ore and then E. and W. on the bed. Nearly a thousand tons are
said to have been mined at this point and shipped to the Berlin Iron
Works, Bloomsburg, and Danville. The bed when first struck, as
reported by Mr. Johnson, was 2' thick; but pinched eastward to from
10"-12", and is said to have furnished a 45% ore.

The Birds Eye Fossil ore was once opened well up on the flank of
Paddy Mountain on the west side of Cherry Run, where it was found
only 10"-12" thick . The old Johnson bank, situated about i mile
east along the flank of the mountain, is no doubt on the same ore
bed although as far as mining was carried on here the entire yield
of the bed was an altered brown hematite. Mr. Johnson reports
liaving opened the same hematite ore farther east and immediately
north of Kay lor station.

The old Berlin Iron Works, which was the principal consumer of
all the ores mined in this section of the country, have long been dis-

23

352

REPORT OF THE

Oil. Doc

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

353

mantled. The furnace stood on the south bank of Penns Creek,
about li miles south of Lauielton, and was a Charcoal idant erected
in 1818, since which time it has been operated by ditt'erent parties.
The failure was due to their lack of sutWcient power, and their failure
to recognize the fact that their ores were cold-short, and were conse-
quently unfitted for for«»e irons. Consequently for the past 35 years
one of the best e(juij)ped small furnaces has renmined idle, larj>ely
from a lack of suitable local ores, which alone could have justified
its location.

There is no gold, silver, coi)per, lead ,zlnc, bismuth, antimony, or
tin in the whole county in workable veins, less than many thousands
of feet beneath the surface. The UHmntains of the district are barren
of all i)recious metals; the people should not throw away their
money in mining foi* them. Small deceptive exhibitions of knid and
zinc ores may be expected to present themselves at i)erhaps more than
one point, but every dollar spent in trying to open a lead or zinc
mine will be money thrown away. The abundance of Iron Pyrites
or "Fools Cold" in the Marcellus shales has deceived many persons,
and will deceive many more in the belief that it is gold; whereas
it is only a crystallized compound of iron and sul})hur, and of no
\alue excei)t in the manufacture of vitriol, and then only when it can
be mined in large masses cheaply.

No boring for either an oil or gas well will ever be productive
in any i>art of this district. The Venango and Pradford oil forma-
tions crop out in belts across the district, but the}' hold neither oil
nor gas. The Trentcui rocks of Ohio and Indiana underlie the district
but there is no shadow of probability that they hold either oil or
gas. Whatever oil or gas nmy have existed in these formations origin-
ally, has long ago been eva])orated from them; so folded was this
]>art of the earth's crust and so cracked at the rise of the continent
at the end of the coal age.

The search for coal will be ecjujilly vain. Plxi)ectant people have
dug into certain black slates in hope of finding a coal bed; in hope
that the black slate found at the surface will turn to coal. Such
h()]»es are foolish. There are also black slate beds in the Marcellus
and in the Cenesee formation; ami sometimes these black slates
have a good bit of old animal fat in them, which time has changed
and hardened into asphalt, so that sj>ecimens put into a blacksmith's
fire will fry and flame for a few minutes. Put no one has ever
seen or heard of a coal bed in these formations. There is not a ton
of real coal in the whole county. All the formations in the district are
much older than the coal measures and were deposited before the
first coal bed was made. The oldest coal bed is that in Perry county
and that is good for nothing.

(Jeneral.

All of the Coburn division of the Seven Mountain State Forest '
Reserve is rough country; the mountains high and rocky, the valleys
deep and narrow. Originally the country afforded a dense growth of
the best tindjer the market could denunid. This is now all gone except
a few i»atches almost inaccessible, standing like tombstones of their
fallen companions. They are gnarled, these old veterans, fire scarred
and limby, but one can now and then get a glimpse of what they
must have looked like before subdued by the hand of civilization.
The reserve lies in the heart of the picturesque Seven Mountains.
Penns Creek winds its way along through the mountains in a most
beautiful gorge. It makes two magnificent loops around the points
of the mountain, doubling back within a short distance of itself.
It lies in the lowest part of the county, dropping 15' to the mile.
The small mountain valleys lie high above its rippled surface and
alVord a few fair mountain farms. The woods are wild and furnish
excellent fishing and hunting, which is fully appreciated by the
people from the surrounding country.

Here is a variety of conditions of country presented to the eye.
We have the well watered and well drained valleys as Poe, Uigh, and
Kupp Valleys; swamj) land as is seen in Pine swamp; sand flats
as along the Millheim and Zieglerville Pike; plateaus as Old Mingle
and Little Flat; the beautiful sheltered Lick Hollow or "I^cliathal"
as commonly called; the high, rough, and rocky Paddy and the
steep Wliite Mountain and quite in contrast the sandy contours of
Big I*oe Mountain; there are numerous kettles, some small and
some large; among the most famous are Auman Kettle, Grai)e or
^'Traube KesseP' as called by the Gernum farmers, and the pleasant
Cherry Run Kettle. The streams abound in fish, the woods in deer
and bear and over all, especially east of tlie railroad is coming on
a grand cover of fine young timber. West of the railroad the country
is not so well covered, having been severely and repeatedly burned
over. Here the Department of Forestry is i>lanting hundreds of acres
in an effort to reforest the denuded ground.

The P. R. II. winds its way through these mountains along the
fortunate gorge of Penns Creek, piercing the mountains in two places.
The valleys were not so steep or the mountains so rough that the
lnnd)er companies that operated in them could not build their tram
roads to take out the timber. However, since they have been removed
the region in many places is inaccessible except on foot, as there
are no open roads passable to a vehicle.

(Reference: Penna. Second Geological Survey.)
The division lies in the three townships of Gregg, Haines and
Penn, (^^entre county; Haitley township, Iinion county; and Armagh
townshij), MifTlin county.
23—26—1915

354 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

All the boundary lines have been surveyed and have since been
repainted and [;osted, the eastern in 1912 and the western in 1913.
A few interior tracts remain surrounded by the forest area of 15,000
acres. Portions of this division during 1912 were assigned to for-
esters Silvias and Meek. There is no virgin forest but two small
tracts of mature and hypermature timber still remain, one in Bear
Hollow and tlie other at the east end of White Mountain. The first
may cut 100,000 feet of white pine, yellow pine, and hemlock, but
is ^ miles from a railroad at Cherry station. Probably 300,000 feet
of the same material could be cut from the east end of Wliite
Mountain, but would require to be taken doAvn the mountain on a
slide, floated in I*enns Creek, and loaded in cars at Johnson's siding,
two miles dislant; otherwise it must be hauled to Cherry station.
The average price for lumber of this quality on board cars is

White pine, 128.00 per M.

Yellow pine 17.00 per M.

Hemlock, 1^00 per M.

The two tracts cover an area of about 1,200 acres. After improve-
ment, a sufficient number of seed trees would remain for natural
regeneration.

Of the remaining area, 0,700 acres possess a density greater than
50 ])er cent. It is set with white oak, black oak, red oak, chestnut
of about 13 years old, with scattered mature white pine, yellow pine,
y)in oak, and chestnut. The old trees are needed for seed purposes.
Normal and uniform density will be maintained by protection and
improvement cutting. The area liaving a density of from 10 per cent,
to 50 per cent, will amount to about 3,500 acres, containing scattered
chestnut, hickory, white ])ine, yellow pine, and oak. With protection
from fire and grazing, y)lanting, where it may advantageously be
done, will bring it to normal density. The scrub oak and brush
covered area amounts to about 3,000 acres. A few mature trees are
scattered about on the area. Much of this area must be planted.
On 10 acres probably no natural regeneration can be expected.
Streams cover an area of about 30 acres; roads and trails 56 acres;
fire lanes 10 acres. Only the open ground and the areas with a
density of less than 10 y)er cent, are available for planting at this
time. Protection in this region is the leading proposition. It
exceeds planting in importance and is likely to for some time.

Springs and Streams.

All the large springs have been cleaned and improved. New
springs are opened where water outlets are discovered. All are ac-

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

355

cessible and in good condition and few of them go dry at any time
of the year. Streams are numerous and large, Penns Creek being
the largest and receives the flow of all others. Their flow is regular,
but all are influenced by unusual heavy rains or fast melting snow.
All are free from contamination except Penns Creek.

Buildings and Repairs.

The division contains but one building belonging to the State,
a log cabin at the junction of Poe Valley. It will relieve from the
expense and burden of moving a tent and maintaining a camping
party when work is to be done in that region. While in charge of
the Poe division, the forester built a cabin at Stone Creek and two
lookout towers, one on Joe's Knob and one on Sand Mountain.
Minor repairs were made to the ranger's home on this division. The
Commercial telephone has been installed in the ranger's residence
at Potters Mills, and during the short time it has been there it has
paid for itself many times over. At Coburn the forester has both the
Commercial and the Bell telephones.

Roads.

During 1912 24J miles of old roads were brushed and improved,
6 miles of new road partly cleaned. On the Poe division 3J miles
of new roads were built in 1913, 2^ miles of old roads graded and
repaired, and 6 miles of new fire lanes cut out. During the year the
following road work was completed on the Coburn division: 4 J miles
of new road cut out; li miles of new road graded ; 1 mile of old road
graded; 27J miles of old road brushed out; 2} miles of new fire lanes
cut out, 12| miles of old fire lanes brushed out.

Plantations.

During 1912 45 acres were planted and reinforced, using 80,000
seedlings of the following species:

White pine, 3-year 60,000

Scotch pine, 2-year, 10,000

Red oak, 1-year, 10,000

80,000

In 1913 on the Coburn division 40 acres were planted with two
year old white pine, using 100,000 seedlings. They were placed prin-
cipally in the East Pine Swamp region which was burned over in
1909. ^

3r,c REPORT (W THE Off. Doc.

To (late the Cobiini division contains the following? plantings,
covering 165 acres.

White pine, Planted 1910, 128,000

White pine, Planted 1912, G0,000

Scotch pine, Y^lanted 1910, 02,000

Scotch pine, Planted 1912, 10,000

Sugar maple, Planted 1910, 7,000

American ash, Planted 1910, 20,500

Black walnut, Planted 1910, 12,000

Ked oak Planted 1912, 10,000

White pine, Planted 1913, 100,000

409,500

Nurseries.

The nursery at Weiker was established in May 1912 on property
belonging to 1 danger Lil)by. ITe sowed therein -J pound each of white
pine, Norway spruce, and red i>ine, and a small quantity of Douglas
fir. At the end of the season he had 800 red pine, 700 Douglas fir,
and 1,50() Norway spruce. Sparrows scratched out and destroyed all
the white pine seedlings.

In 1913, one ])ound each of red and wliite pine seed was sown and
all the one year scH'dlings were trans])lanted. Frost had heaved out
a number of the seedlings and those left to be transplanted numbered
only:

Norway spruce, 400

Ked pine, 200

Douglas fir, 200

Much of the seed sown in 1913 was eaten by bii-ds so that an in-
ventoiv in the fall of 1913 shows the following onlv:

Norway spi-uce, 1.1 year, 400

Red pine, 1-1 year, 200

Douglas fir, 1-1 year 200

White ])ine, 1 year, 500

licd pine, 1 year, 500

This nursery is for mere demonstration and educational purposes
and is not exj)ected to furnish large (piantities of seedlings.

Labor.

Labor may be had for 15 cents an hour and is abundant. Teams
with driver cost from 30 cents to 40 cents per hour, without driver

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

357

from 20 cents to 30 cents per hour. The region is a farming com-
munity and there are no industries nearby to raise wages. A few
small lumber operations pay wages at the same rate. Labor is good
in quality and the men are reliable.

Markets.

There is small local demand for lumber or timber of any kind.
Much fuel is used but nearly all have their own woodlots or buy
waste from the mills. Railroad rates are satisfactory. Most of the
shipping is done from Coburn. The following table will give an
idea of'' the prevailing prices and the quantity shipped from this
station:

wuj.o r^ino 450,000 board feot,.

^tt^Pr' :: 200,000 board feet,,

KiUl':. ::::::::::::::::.:: ^''?g? ?o'Ss' '^^''

Mine props, yellow pine, ^ ^^°s.

Bark , hemlock cinnnin

Oak laggings, W,WU

600 tons,

Paper wood.
Extract wood ,

230 cords.

$28 00 per M.
23 00 per M.
19 00 per M.

3 10 per ton.

8 00 per ton.
12 00 per M.

6 00 per cord

dnk and chestnut railroad ties, 6,000

280 cords, 2 60 per cord

55 each,

There are in this division many sniall patches of living and dead trees
better out of the forest than in it.

Improvement cuttings. ^

Tm]>rovement work consisted of the removal of dead and down tim-
ber for fuel, extract wood, paper wood, and lumber. Tn this effort 2,500
acres were cleaned up.

Topographic and Stock Survey.

The Topographic and Stock survey of this division was started
the latter part of 1013. The preliminary work is ])roceeding satis-
factorily.

Insects and Fungi.

There are no serious insect attacks. The chestnut blight has been
found distributed generaly over the forest. Over 400 diseased trees
w^re discovered, cut, and destroyed.

Forest Fires.

There were no fires on State land during 1012, but four occurred
on private land nearby, and all were fought by the forest officers.
Two of them are of unknown origin while two others are believed to
have been set by the railroad. The damage in each case was severe.

358

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Four fires are reported for this division for 1913. One of them
burned on both State and private land while the remaining three
were upon private land only. State land was burned to the extent
of 200 acres. The origin of this fire was lightning. The railroad
is believed to have set two others on private land and one is unknown.
The railroad section hands helped to extinguish all the fires believed
to have their origin from the railroad. The attitude of the people
of the neighborhood is correct with respect to fires. They respond
readily and do their very best to help extinguish them. The railroad
in this region has many steep grades and an accompanying photo-
graph shows how easy it is for an engine on an up grade to set fire
to the woodlands. Fire towers thus far built on the Poe division
have been of great assistance in locating fires.

Outing and Recreation.

Hunting and fishing are good in this locality. 14 camping parties
were located on State land during 1912. 24 deer and 15 bears were
reported taken on State land and in the neighborhood. Grouse,
turkeys, and smaller game were found to be abundant. A camp of
boy scouts enjoyed a week's recreation within this forest.

Ten different permits were issued, 6 for campers and 6 for hunters,
during 1913. 9 deer were taken, one elk was killed in Zieglerville,
3 bears, rabbits, pheasants, and other small game were killed. Most
of the streams are well stocked with trout and the fishermen are
abundant. The camp sites on the division will be numbered from 201
to 299 inclusive. Thus far ten have been located, numbered, and
posted.

First Tunnel South of Coburn, Pa., on the L. & T. R. R. in the Seven Moun-
tains. The heavy grade increases fire danger, due to sparks from locomotives.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

M

29. THE SEVEN MOUNTAIN FOREST, GREENWOOD

DIVISION.

Forester, Tom O. Bietsch, McAlveysfort, R. D. No. 1.
Forest Rangers:

G. Edward Ross, McAlevysfort, R. D. No. 1.

James H. Howard,^ McAlevysfort, R. D. No. 1.

John Monsell, Reedville, R. D. No. 1.

Frank A. Gibboney, McAlevysfort, R. D. No. 1.

Howard J. Boop,^ McAlevysfort, R. D. No. 1.

Roy Ross, McAlevysfort, R D. No. 1.

The headquarters of the forester on this division are at the site
of the old Greenwood Furnace, formerly operated by the Logan Iron
and Steel Company.

This division is located 2,000 to 2,400 feet above sea level, having
valleys from 700 to 000 feet elevation. Fossil iron ore abounds.
Veins of it were opened prior to 1835. A furnace was erected in
1834 at Greenwood and the ore hauled across the mountains. In
1864 a second stack was built. For over 70 years the forest was
worked on a charcoal rotation of 25 years. Around Greenwood
there grew up a village composed of charcoal burners, teamsters, and
furnace tenders. The State acquired the region in 1904.

This area is subject to early and late frosts. Spring is usually
from one to two weeks behind the adjoining territory.

The area of the division was about 35,000 acres. By attachments
to other divisions it has ])eeu reduced to 23,000 acres. The boundary
line has been completely surveyed with the exception of about half a
mile. The character of the tree growth is thrifty and natural seed
regeneration will replace the trees removed by lumbering provided
proper protection be afforded. There is virgin forest of about 200
acres. A few mature and overmature trees are found along the
summit of th^ mountains where improvement cutting could not be
carried on profitably. About 500 acres of this area are covered with
a scrub growth and another area of about the same size consists of
rocky batters. Some fire killed timber still remains on the land and
would produce probably 400 cords. But a small area remains for
artificial planting, not in excess of 26 acres. The water surface
equals 30 acres, roads and trails occupy 82 acres, and 42 acres are
employed for fire lanes.

'Reslfcned September 30. 1915».
•Appointed April 1, 1912.

360

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc,

Forester (5eoif?e A. Ketan was in charge of this division from the
15111 (lav of .Inne, 11)1 1 to the 1st (lay of September, 1012, when he was
tiansferred to the State Forest Academy. The report of a portion
of Mr. Uetan's planliu- and othcir activities is contained herein.

Springs and Streams.

This division is favored with a dependable supply of water from
mountain springs, all of wliich have been cleaned and made accessible.
The supply of water in this forest is exceptionally good. During
the severest droughts a nundier cannot be used. Empty oil barrels
are suggested as reservoirs in these regions. Streams are regular
and free from c(m lamination.

Buildings and Kepairs.

During IDK'i improvements were made at the Barrville property
and tlie Saeger fariii. The former is occupied by Hanger Monsell
and the hxiWv ])y I^niger (lil)boney. Dotli are now in good and
habitable condition. Repairs were also made at the forester's house,
at tlie (Irillith hom(\ at the Stone liouse, and at the barn. Much of
tlie work was done by the forester and his rangers. Telephone con-
nection exists with Lewistown. The trunk line of the American
T(^legraph and Telephone ('ompauy ]>asses Ihrcmgh the division.

■Roads.

During 1912, 8] miles of old roads were brushed out for the first
time and IT] mik^s were re brushed or improved. A new road was
built for a distance of .'{J miles and new tire lanes opened for 12J
miles. The total nuuil)er of jmblic roads open and suitable for travel
at this time within the division is 31 J miles; trails i of a mile; fire
lanes 24:J miles.

To protect further from lire, an exposed thread of soil 2| feet wide
was made in the centre of all trails and fire lanes where deemed
uiosl imiK)itanl. This makes it easier to run a ba(^^ fire and to
reach tire lines more (piickly. It makes a safe lire lane when the
fire is under control. Much patroling then becomes unnecessary. It
reduces the cost of maintenance and eases travel.

Easements.

One pasture lease is outstanding and the lumbering operation of
H. C. l^rungard is in progress.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

361

Minerals.

The presence of fossil iron ore is before referred to. There is a
cropping of limestone on the property at Barrville. A stack of lime
was burned and will be used in the farm operations at the head-
quarters. The lime was produced at the cost of the labor only, and
much cheaper than it can be purchased in the locality.

Seed Collection.

During 1912 the forester collected the following seeds from trees
growing on the division:

42 bushels of white pine cones yielding 3G pounds aver-
age quality seed.
4 bushels of yellow poplar cones.
57 bushels of black walnuts.
12 (juarts of wild black cherries.

The above seeds were used for planting in the spring of 1913.

In 1913, 50 bushels of red oak acorns were collected in Mifflin
county, costing 50 cents per bushel. All were sown in the local
nursery.

Plantations.
The following seedling trees were planted during 1912:

White pine, 23,300

White ash, 736

Bed oak, 786

Catalpa, 824

Binus ponderosa, 1,600

Scotch pine, 200

Total, 27,446

The plantations during 191. 'J were as follows:

White pine, 2-year, 47,000

Scotch pine, 2-year, 11,800

Red pine, 2-year 17,000

Total, 75,800

362

KEPOUT OF THE OE. Doc.

The plantings on this division to date have been as follows:

,,ri •. • ^ ... 497,383

^V^^tepme, >

Scotch pine, ^]^^^

European larch, J-^^^^ .

Pitch pine, '

rinus ponderosa, ^>^^^

T^ 1 • . 17,000

While ash, ^'^^^

Ked oak, ^^^

Black walnut, ^^"

Catalpa, ^^^

lfi7

llickoiy, ^^'

Carolina poplar, ^^^^^

Calilornia privet cuttings, 5>000

Total, 592,476

Jilack walnuts, 12 bushels

Nurseries.
(See report under "State Forest Nurseries.")

Sample Plots.

An experimenlal planting of 4^ acres of black walnut was made in
190G on this division. In Pao7 the records show that it was refilled.
Subsccpient growtli was unsatisi'actory and the plantation proved to
be unsuccessful. Kecently white ash 1ms been substituted for it and
planted on the area. The Carolina poplar cuttings likewise proved
a failure. Some of Hie European larch planted on a hill proved a
failure.

Labor.

For ordinary labor in the nursery 12J cents per hour is paid.
Work in the niountains is i)aid for at the rate of 15 cents per hour.
A team with driver is worth '>0 cents per hour and without 15 cents.

The labor pioblem is beconling a serious one on tliis division. The
employment within the State Forest is not regular and it is difficult
to hold men unless they have regular employment.

Improvement Cutting.

An improvement cutting has been started in Greenwood hollow,
where there is thril'ty growth, inferior species, and considerable sup-
pression of growth. The work is done by residents in the neighbor-
hood, who receive wood in pay for their labor.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Market Conditions.

:ini

This region is remote from a ready market and about tke only
sales consist of dead wood used in the neighborhood for fuel. This
material is cut and hauled by the purchaser. All cutting is done
under the direction of the forester. No utilization of small material
is made. Coal is cheap and hinders the economic development of the
forest. The nearest railroad is 5 miles distant, with a freigiit rate of
8 cents per hundred.

Insects and Fungi.

Little loss was occasioned from either of these causes. The damping
off fungus w^as controlled by w^ood ashes. The work of the June bug
larvae was controlled by fall plowing and collecting adult beetles.
The white pine weevil is the most troublesome. The plantation at
the Saeger farm was attacked and many of the trees had to be topped.
This plantation is thrifty, showing a diameter growth of from 2i
to 3 inches, and a height growth of from 4 to 9 feet. An annual
height growth of 30 inches is found.

The chestnut bark disease has appeared at several places on Stone
mountain. All infections as discovered are destroyed.

Forest Fires.

During the year 1912 no forest fires occurred within this State
Forest. Two small fires on private lands were extinguished by the
employes of the Department. Three fires on State land are reported
for 1913, covering an area of about 40 acres. The most severe fire
destroyed about 75 per cent, but was limited to 10 acres. The adjoin-
ing foresters and rangers helper^ protect this area. An observatory
station is about to be established on Brush ridge at Greenwood.

Outing and Recreation.

GO permits were issued during 1912 to hunters and fishermen, giving
authority to nc.'rly 500 persons to camp on State land. So far as
known there was but a single violation of tlie law, the killing of a
doe. What evidence existed relating to this offense was furnished
to the Game Commission. During the season 24 deer, 2 bears, and
a larg(; quantity of small game were taken.

Camps on this area have been numbered from 301 to 399 inclusive.

24 camps were established during the season of 1913. These, with
hunters and fishermen, will possibly bring the iolal inmher up to
M)0. 20 deer, 3 bears, 58 pheasants, 182 scjuirrels, ana many rabbits
were reported taken in this neighborhood.

364

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

365

Fishing is good in the streams of the region and large numbers
of persons visit it each year for that purpose.

Lightning Report.
JJurin*- 1912 the following trees were struck and shattered:

ti

a>

^

Oi

>.

a;

a

1-^

s

a<

9

1-5

<

Oi

o

Pitch pine

Chestnut,

Cherry

White pine

Pin oak

Ked onlc

Heralocli

Telephone iiole,

Total,

In July one yellow june was struck and ignited.

31 cases of lightning stroke are reported during the year 1013.
In 30 cases tlie trees were struck and shattered, and one yellow pine
was ignited. The juevalence was as follows:

May, ]^

June, 2

Jnly, ^^

August, ^

Sef)tember, ^

31

Tlie species struck were as follows:

Ked oak, 1

Pin oak, ^

Chestnut, ^

Po]>lar 1

Kock oak 1

White oak, ^

Gum, 2

Hemlock, H

Yellow pine, 2

Apple, 1

31

30. THE SEVEN MOUNTAIN FOREST, JACKS MOUNTAIN

DIVISION.

Forester, W. Gardiner Conklin, Troxelville.
Forester, John R. Elder, Tioxelville.

Forest Rangers:

James Middleswarth,* Troxelville.

Charles J. Middleswarth, Troxelville.

William 11. Ettinger, Troxelville.

William C. Maurer,t Troxelville. '

The Jacks Mountain Division is at the eastern termination of the
Seven Mountains in Snyder and Union counties, and comprises 19,429
acres, 11,965 of which are in Snyder county, and 7,464 acres in Union

county.

James Middleswarth was appointed a ranger October 15, 1904. He

was tlie first officer on this division and one of the oldest in the

service both from the point of age and years of service. He is one

of the rank known as the ''Old School," real pioneers in Pennsylvania

forest operations. A competent surveyor, Mr. Middleswarth served

the Department well, making numerous surveys in that region. His

increasing age and conseipient inlirmity are responsible alone for the

change. Knowing the residents of his neighborhood he was able to

treat with them in a most satisfactory manner and first solved the

jrrazing problem. Timber stealing and other forms of trespass are

at a niinimum owing largely to his influence and vigilance. He was

in demand throughout the region for the correction of lines and

locations. His work was accurate and always to be relied upon.

With the coming of the forester, he was of great assistance in enabling

the latter to make his way satisfactorily.

Forester W. G. Conklin was transferred temporarily for topo-
graphic and survey work in the Department offices. John R. Elder,
forester, was idaced in charge September 1, 1913.

The exterior boundary has been surveyed and the lines marked
and painted. The brush has grown and it will be necessary to open
them within a short time. This will involve about 65 miles of line.

There are about 300 acres of original forest growth on this division,
200 acres of it being in Swift Run valley and composed almost
wholly of virgin hemlock with some white pine and a few broad leaf

•Resigned September 30, 1913.
tUegan since March 1, 1913.

lit

388 REPORT OF THE Oft. Doc.

species. It is estimated that this tract alone contains two and a
half million feet of lumber. A good load is nearby, making it ac-
cessible to market. From a financial point of view this timber is
ripe and will bring the highest return in the market at the present
time Owing to the scarcity of virgin stands of timber in the Com-
monwealth, there is no desire on the part of the Department to have
it cut. A quantity of virgin pitch pine is scattered over the west
end of the valley covering seveial hun.lred acres, here and there a
small tract of original growth. These remain because of the diffl-
cultv of lumbering them when the region was passed over for that

purpose. , .

During a portion of 1912 the forester in charge was engaged in
the collection of statistics for the publication on the wood-using
industries of the State, beginning late in July and closing the work
about the middle of October. The territory covered included Lebanon,
Blair, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Juniata, Centre, Clearfield, Somerset,
Cambria, and Bedford counties. Some time was spent in Pittsburgh
and also in Washington assisting there in the editing and tabulation

of the reports.

A lot of dead and defective pine and hardwoods in Hartley town-
ship should be removed, and a contract for its removal exists with
William H. Libby of Millmont, who pays the following prices:.

Saw timber, ?5.00 per M. mill cut

K. R. ties, according to grade, 30c, 20c, 10c

Prop timber, I^OO per ton

Pulp wood, 11.00 per cord

Extract wood, 50 per cord

The limit of the contract is three years.

Springs and Streams.

All springs which may be made useful are now accessible from
roads and trails. Important ones were posted and named. Most of
them are in good condition. A few dry up during the summer but
resume flow in the fall. There is almost no contamination.

15uildings and Repairs.

A small unoccupied house in this forest is useless under present
conditions. If replaced by a proper house it would make a good site

for a ranger's home.

A small house occupied by Ranger Ettinger is inadequate for the
purpose and can no longer be used as a residence. Another cabin
is falling into decay, but a few repairs will retain it for a short
time.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Roads.

367

I* \

During 1912 1.6 miles of old roads were brushed out for the first
time and 14.55 miles of old roads were repaired and made drivable.
An additional length of 12.3-1: miles was partly improved, but owing
to steep grades and roughness, are not in good condition for driving.
New fire lanes were opened for a distance of 1.56 miles, and old lanes
were rebrushed for a distance of 1.4 miles.

In 1913, 32.02 miles of roads were repaired, sprouted, and mowed;
30.21 miles of trails were sprouted and mowed; and 4.06 miles of
fire lanes, a total distance of 67.04 miles.

Labor.

This division has no permanent labor force, all labor being pro-
cured by the day. In 1912, the men boarded themselves at their
homes and received |1.50. In 1913 they demanded the same wages
and board. Labor is abundant in the spring and becomes scarce
about the middle of the summer. By this time arrangements usually
are made with nearby farmers or lumbermen for a few days' or
weeks' steady work.

Markets.

Nothing but building lumber is called for in the neighborhood.
Nearly every farmer has his own woodlot and cuts his own material.
Another product is car stuff. Ties, mine props, telephone and tele-
graph poles, acid and pulp wood are shipped. Little hemlock bark
goes by rail. Most of it is hauled to the tannery at Middleburg. The
haul is from 6 to 12 miles in the southern portion, and 1 to 8 miles
in the northern portion. Rates are variable and to principal shipping
points are as follows:

Harrisburg, per ton, |1.60

Williamsport, per ton, 1.65

Wilkes-Barre, per ton, 1.75

Shamokin, per ton, 1.34

Mt. Carniel, per ton, 1.45

Northumberland, per ton, 1.25

Nanticoke, per ton, 1.70

Millersburg, per ton, 1.35

The rate for hemlock bark is as follows:

Harrisburg, $1.25

Sunbury, -75

Middleburg, .65

24

HanvMnvnn"

368

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Insects and Fungi.

The usual insects are present in this forest but are doing no appre-
ciable damage. The bark disease of the chestnut is present with a 1
per cent, degree of infection, and although nothing was done to check
it in 1913, little spread of the disease was noticed. In 1912 the
eradication of the chestnut blight was pursued vigorously. Over
4,000 acres of the forest were searched and all diseased trees de-
stroyed.

Forest Fires.

One forest tire occurred on State land during the year 1912, and
sprang out from a tire which was kindled for the purpose of burning
blighted chestnut wood. The area burned over was about 175 acres,
but little damage resulted. A few trees were scarred at the base
and the upper surface of the leaves only was burned.

Two tires occurred during 1913, both in A])ril, and covered an area
of 2,400 acres. Both are believed to have had incendiary origin.

Trespass.

One case of tresi)ass occurred during the year, that by William
Douty, who cut 5,111 feet of i)itch ]nne on the Mary Albright war-
rant, ('laim was made to Mr. Douty for three times the value of
the material taken under authority of the law governing such cases.
He has paid the claim in full.

Topographic and Stock Survey.

A topograi)hic and stock survey in this division is being carried
forward. A map has been jjrepared covering this division and a ])or-
tion of the Coburn and Kishacoquillas divisions. It shows the locfi-
tion of all the mountain streams, springs, roads, trails, and tire lines;
county and township lines are indicated; cabins and camp sites are
marked.

Outing and Kecreation.

During 1912, 10 permits for camps were issued into this forest, 8
of which actually located. (Jrey squirrels and rabbits are on the
increase. One deer was killed during the season and two bears.
Pheasants and wild turkeys were only moderately plentiful.

All camj) sites will be numbered from 401 to 499 inclusive. 13
permits were issued during 1913 for 8 different cam]) sites. The
forester assisted in locating 7. 16 persons camped for fishing and
41 for hunting. Two deer, 1 bear, and 2 cubs were reported killed.

No. 26

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

369

N.tun.l Kef,M'.H'n.ti..n of rit<h Pirns Pump Station, Lycming Co., September 24, mii.

White Pine Injured by Frost on .Inne <>. IDl.l Crook ''' ^Vm'!. '""' '•''""'' '"^ '

Result. P(»tter (\>unty. Sei»teniber 24, lUlo.

I

Small game was abundant and seems to be increasing. Swift Run
was stocked with trout. Numerous water snakes are believed to
be responsible for trout destruction. Fishing cannot be said to be

good.

Forester Conklin reported to the office of the Department January
8th and first completed his 1912 report for Jacks Mountain Division.
Began planning the work for Mensuration and Silviculture and col-
lecting nursery and plantation data. Being still in charge of the
division, he returned to headquarters at Troxelville at stated times.

On January 23rd, with Forester Emerick, he was present at an
inspection of locomotives of the Buft'alo and Susquehanna Railroad
Co. at Galeton. The Conservation Commission of New York was
lepresented by W. F. Purcell and the railroad by the Chief Fire
Inspector, C. H. Heath.

Prepared additional blanks for the keeping and study of nursery
records. Fertilization experiments in the nursery having been under-
taken as a result of a discussion growipg out of the Foresters' Con-
vention, the nurseries at Asaph, Mont Alto, and at Greenwood were
visited in company with Prof. Netoffsky, and the experiments as
outlined by him are now being tried. Some interesting material was
collected concerning reforesting experiments being made by various

foresters.

Assisted in gathering hemlock seedlings at Ansonia and in lifting
and bunching seedlings at the Asaph nursery. Was in attendance
during the forestry exhibit at Philadelphia throughout the week,
and helped ship the material back to Harrisburg.

Plans for topographic and stock surveys about to be undertaken
were ])repared in June, July, and August. Report thereon is con-
tained elsewhere.

Visited the foresters in charge of lands in Mifflin, Huntingdon,
Perry, and Franklin counties and discussed with them the plans
for making topographic and stock surveys.

Assisted Forester Elder in becoming acquainted with the Jacks
Mountain division from time to time, remaining with him as much
as seemed to be necessary.

Assisted Forester Bodine in a survey of the proposed site of the
forester^s house in the Rothrock Forest.

Some studies in natural regeneration were made. The illustration
herewith shows pitch pine in Lycoming county. Frost injury to
young trees was noticed throughout the northern part of the State.
The injury to white pine in Potter county is also illustrated. The
drooping of the main shoot and its subsequent straightening leaves
a very decided crook in the stem.

24—26—1015

370

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The practice of forestry in the Crossfork region by the farmers
of the neighborhood is an interesting historical fact which might
well be made the subject of further study.

During October, November, and December of 1913, was engaged
almost constantly with the topographic and stock survey work then
started on several divisions of the Seven Mountain Forest.

31.

THE SEVEN MOUNTAIN FOREST, KISHACOQUILLAS

DIVISION.

Forester, D. Kerr Warfield, Milroy.

Forest Kangers:

H. J. Dean, Milroy.

T. L. Swartzell, Milroy, R. D.

William Wirth, Milroy.

This division of the Seven Mountain Forest is situate in Mifflin
and Snyder counties and is divided into four ranges, the Wirth,
Havice, Ti easier, and New Lancaster.

The ranges have been divided into 10 blocks for convenience in
administration, and are as follows:

Wirth Range, blocks 1, 2,

Havice Range, blocks 4, 6,

Treaster Range, ..blocks 7, 8,
New Lancaster

P:,nge, blocks 9,10,

3; area 7,000 acres
5; area 8,000 acres
5; area 8,000 acres

5; area 10,800 acres

The exterior boundary survey has not yet been completed b
tiio lines are comparatively well known, painted, and posted. Tin
lack of survey causes difficulty in management and its early com
nlotion is a matter of som^ moment to work within the division

X .m.ll area of virgin hemlock still persists in Block 8, amountm
to\about 150 acres. Two acres of virgin pitch pine are container
Z Block 2, and 80 acres of the same species in Block 9 ^u^ ^^
the hemlock is hy]>er-mature and would produce at least 1,000,0(M
board feet. For the present, however, it is inadvisable to place t
on the nunrket. because it surrounds the headwaters of a vahia^^^^^^^^
stream the soil is loose, and natural regeneration would be difficult

j^^ 26. " DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 371

The material is 13 miles from a railroad. Its removal would require
the building of at least 2 miles of good earth road, and the expense
would be greater than the sale would warrant.

The pitch pine mentioned above should cut 525,000 board feet.
Both these stands are mature but show few signs of decay. It is,
therefore, inadvisable to market the material until the local private
supply has been more nearly exhausted.

That portion of this forest which has a density of 50 per cent, or
^rreater and in which improvement cuttings ought to be made at an
early date, would produce the following (|uantities of material:

Hemlock, 1,100,000 board feet

Pitch pine, 600,000 board feet

Mixed hardwoods, 300,000 board feet

The remainder of the area having a density of less than 50 per
cent, will be brought to a normal density by planting seedlings,
although it is recommended that broadcast seed sowing be tried,
because of the character of the soil.

Springs and Streams.

This division of the State Forest contains 12 large springs and
several smaller ones. All have been cleaned and repaired, and if
located otf the main roads have well kept trails leading to them.
During 1912 these springs had continuous but variable flow.

The principal streams on the division are Laurel run, Cooper's
Gap run. New Lancaster Valley creek, Treaster Valley creek, Havice
Valley creek, Weikert run, and I*anther run.

The towns of Milroy, Reedsville, Yeagertown, Burnham, and Lewis-
town receive their water supply through the Lewistown, Refedsville,
and Milroy Water Company from Laurel Run, Cooi)er's Gap Run,
and Treaster Valley Creek on State lands. The only possible source
of contamination is in Treaster Valley, where the stream flows
through a farming region and cattle occasionally have access to the
water above the reservoir. In 1913, because of drought, the water
company had to enforce a restricted use of water.

Buildings and Repairs.

There are two abandoned farms and two sets of buildings within
this division, one in Treaster Valley and one in New Lancaster
Valley, the former being occupied by Ranger Swartzell and the latter
by Ranger Dean. The house in New Lancaster Valley was tempor-
arily repaired during 1912. A combined stable and shelter were built
in Treaster Valley.

PI

t'

!i

372

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

In 1913 extensive repairs were made in New Lancaster Valley. It
is now one of the best and most comfortable places in the neighbor-
hood The buildings in Treaster Valley are now in fair condition,
having been painted during the year and a new roof placed upon
the house. It is not the custom in this region to paint farm buildings.
The State buildings, therefore, are in great contrast to those of private
owners. The repairs at the New Lancaster Valley farm, counting the
time of the forester and the rangers, amounted to $225.71, and are
very cheap at the price. The building of a telephone line to connect
forest headquarters with the rangers has been begun.

The lines of the Bell Telephone Company and the Commercial
Telephone Company cross the west end of the division for short
distances. Because of their location they are of little service at
present.

Koads.

Work during tlie summer of 1912 was carried on by the two
rangers on the Treaster Valley road east of Bear Gap. 0 miles of
old roads were brushed out for the tirst time and 17 miles rebrushed
and repaired. 1 mile of new lire lane was opened and a mile of
new road brushed and partly completed. The total number of miles
of opened highway on the division at that time included

51 miles of road
9 miles of trail
3 miles of tire lane
3 miles of boundary line

The improvements on the Treaster Valley road, which is rough and
one of the worst in tlie division, consisted of repairing culverts,
building of fordings, and covering about 40 rods of surface. 4 bridges
were repaired across Laurel Kun and in the western end of the divi-
sion all silt was removed from drains and culverts. In a number
of places the surface of the road was smoothed by breaking the larger

stones.

In 1913, 57 miles of roads, trails, and tire lines were repaired. The
work consisted principally of grading, brushing, and the opening of
drains. When once these roads are properly drained, expense for
repairs will be reduced. A new road 1^ miles long was constructed
and has already proved its great worth. There exists a necessit>^
for more trails to be used in tire tighting.

Plantations.

During 1912, 46,000 2-year old seedlings of white pine were planted,
filling in vacant places and small areas.

2^0 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. * 373

In 1913, 9.7 acres were planted with white pine and .7 of an acre
with red pine. Plantations previously made, some of them under
adverse conditions, show a growth of 94.5 per cent, in Treaster
Valley, 93.7 in Lingle Valley, 97.4 in Lancaster Valley. The Havice
Valley' plantation of 1911 shows 82 per cent, of seedlings alive and
the Treaster Valley planting of 1912 42 per cent, only of living
seedlings. To date there has been planted on this division trees as
follows:

White pine, 278,000

Kedpine, 2,000

Lemley willow, ^^^

280,500
covering an area of 141.4 acres.

The plantations are in general good condition, although there
have been some losses owing to drought and the trespassing of cattle.
Some of the trees were received in bad condition owing to delay
on the part of the railroad, and much of the loss must be attributed to
this cause.

Nurseries.

A small experimental nursery was established in New Lancaster
Valley and was tirst planted with white pine seed. Owing to drought,
the damping otf fungus, and the trespass of barnyard fowls, it con-
tained only 980 seedlings. Of these only 500 survived the winter.
2,800 willow cuttings were taken from the plantation made in 1911
and a new plantation established.

Sample Plots.

A small plantation for experimental purposes was made in New
Lancaster Valley using 500 Lemley willow in the spring of 1911, cover-
ing an area of 800 square feet. During 1912, the growth was such
that nearly 3,000 cuttings may be made for planting here or else-
where.

Labor.

Owing to the demand for labor throughout 1912, the rate of wages
rose from 15 cents per hour to 17^ cents. There is sutiicient work
upon the State Forest to have a regularly employed labor force.
Light thinnings need to be made here and there, and road, trail, and
tire lane work should be extended more rapidly than it is at present
going on. Because of the nearby industries offering continuous em-

tl

374

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

ployment and the local saw mills which will be in stock for a reason-
able len^h of time, it is more than difficult to procure labor for

temporary work only.

In 1013 the price of labor went to 20 cents per hour.

Improvement Cuttings.

Some fire killed timber and other useless material on the west end
of the reserve would yield approximately 500 cords. There is little
demand for this wood, and what market exists is supplied by nearby
farmers, all of whom have mountain woodlots. The distance to mar-
ket is prohibitive in the matter of working out this material at a
profit for the present. Tn the east end of the division there is ap-
proximately the same quantity of timber which ought to be removed.
A small amount of cutting has been done.

Market Conditions.

There is a market for timber, but because of the distance it must
be moved to tlie railroad, practically whatever profit is yielded would
be eaten up by the expense. The nearby local mills find a ready
market with the Pennsylvania Kailroad Co. The Kulp Lumber
Company at Shamokin, the Whitmer Company at Sunbury, the Oak
Extract Co. at Newpoit, and the paper mills at York Haven and
Lock Haven would absorb all such material which ought to be
removed from State land could the operation be carried on without
loss.

Erosion.
The soil of this region is light ami thin on Medina and Oneida
sandstone. The removal of the original timber cover permitted the
eroding of the hillsides and much of the former thin layer of soil has
now disappeared. When the original timber stand was intact, it is
known that a heavy layer of humus supporting a good natural re-
generation of trees was present and covered all loose rocky areas.
Today this has disappeared. There are acres of rocks without any
soil cover whatever. Tree regeneration of any kind, natural or arti-
ficial, is therefore at a decided disadvantage.

Insects and Fungi.

The usual forest fungi are at work here as elsewhere, attacking
and destroying the injured or fire killed timber, although to date
no great damage has resulted. The chestnut bark disease is present
but is not general in its attack.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

Forest Fires.

375

There were no forest fires on this division during the year 1912.
Three forest fires occurred on State land during 1013, two of them
of considerable magnitude and covering a total area of 4,300 acres.
The drought prevailing at the time and the absence of a suitable
fire line as a base, explains the large area covered. The origin of
the fires is not known.

Outing and Recreation.

During the hunting and fishing season 35 permits to camp were
issued into this division in 1012. The streams are well stocked with
brook trout but are equally well fished. Deer and bear are abundant
on the State Forest. Two-thirds of the permits issued were for
hunting parties. It is known that 25 deer and 1 bear were killed
on the division during the season.

30 permits were issued during 1913. 20 deer and an elk were
reported shot. All camp sites will be numbered from 501 to 599
inclusive. 19 such sites have been prepared to date.

Lightning Report.

Report on the damage by lightning during the year 1912 is as
follows :

u

o

.o

•

a

•-9

P

p

<

a

w

5

o
H

Rod oak, ...
Yellow pine,
Hemlock, ...
Chestnut, ...
Wild cherry,
Black oak,
Rock oak, ..
White pine,
White oak.

Total,

2
2
2

25

So far as known, no trees were ignited by the current.

42 strokes of lightning were counted during 1913. The periods
of frequency were as follows:

376

REPORT OF THE ^^- ^^^

14

May, • ;^5

June, ^

July, 3

August, ^

September, ^

October, • _

42

The species struck were as follows:

.... 10
Chestnut, ^

Hemlock, ^

Black oak, "

Pin oak,

Red oak,

Rock oak,

White oak, '• • ^

Pitch pine, ^

Yellow pine,

White pine,

42

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

377

32. THE SINNEMAHONING FOREST, AUSTIN DIVISION.

Forester, P. Hart man Fox, Austin.

Forest Rangers:

M. A. Fourness, Coudersport R. I). No. 6.
Wesley Hackett,* Austin.
C. M. Head,t Austin.

The Austin Division of the Sinnemahoning State Forest is located
in the western part of Potter county and the northwestern portion
of Cameron county. Roughly it may be divided into three sub-divi-
sions, Odin, Sizerville, and Moores Run. The former Sizerville divi-
sion has since been separated from this area and erected into a forest
ill charge of a forester.

The division of the work for protective purposes permits Ranger
Fourness to patrol the Odin range and ranger Hackett the Moores
Run. The forester himself looked after the then Sizerville sub-
division. IJanger Hackett tendered his resignation in October and
C. M. Head was appointed as an emergency ranger.

The boundaries are completely surveyed with the exception of a
small portion at the head of Bailey Run. Where the survey is
completed the lines have been posted and painted. The area of this
division is at present about 25,000 acres.

The State Forest in this region abounds in interior tracts. These
are small areas of cultivated land along the streams. Some of them
iire only partly cleared. Danger from fire is augmented by reason of
these interior holdings.

There is no virgin forest on this division of the State land and
but 50 acres were added during the year. A mature forest with
a stumpago content of about 4,000 board feet and 20 cords of wood
l>er acre may be found over approximately 1,500 acres of the area.
The si)ecies represented are beech, maple, and hemlock, but mainly
hardwoods. No market for stumpage exists at present. The nearby
wood-consuming i)lants are idle or going out of business. The pre-
vailing price per thousand feet for logs was fl2.00. The price at
Gaines is |17.00 per thousand feet. 200,000 feet of logs are at
jnesent available for delivery. The freight rate is unsatisfactory
and unsettled. The mature tind)er on the forest is of good quality.
Portable mills on or near Ihe State Forest would be the most economic
way of working up the material. The delivery of the manufactured

•RpRijrnod October 7. 1912.
titcgan service October 9, 1912.

.(

37g REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

nrodu.t would l.e less expensive than that of the I'aw stuffy A maple
proaud «ouiu .!<- 1 „ „., „.;ti. finp ffrowth. The removal

and beech regeneration is com.ns on ^^.th *«"« /J"^'/,". accelerated
of much of the material that ought to go out could be accelerated.
A onservat ve estimate of seven million feet stumpage is probably
fair for the nLntitv of material which might be removed from this

o est at*his t"me. 500 acres of the above lie in a solid block and form
Tnlral ;:mpartment. The balance is found in -t^-d ^^^f -
M.n.v of the trees are fire scarred and every year that cutting and
!^ SeSng is delayed means the loss of merchantable material. The
de've o n>^i t of the forest to the best silvicuUural condition mak s
?het~ of much of this growth imperative. The financial results

make Tt Ix-pedient. Such a clean-up will reduce the subsequent five

risk and natural regeneration will have a chance.

H..„sl. nnd weed growth covers an area ol at least 10,000 acres, iiie

rema^derls o'f scattered valuable species and occasional y goo.

tracts At least 5,000 acres will require planting. Over 100 ac.es

are occupied by sireams, 25 acres by roads, and 50 acres by fire

lanes.

Springs and Streams.

When the original timber cover was present, t'''^'-;; "^ f ;,^!;1:
was well watered. Local opinion confirms the fact that the spunks
r slowing decreased flow. During 1012 there ^^^;^^;^::]:l
rainfall and stream flow was greater than usual. A ram Rau^e J"'
noshed by the United States Weather Bureau showed that from
OcSer 7th to December 31st, 7.3 inches of rain fell during 22 days.
In main springs are cleaned and accessible; inte.mit te^^ in fio-
«nmP of them ceased entirely in 1913 or were greatly reduced. Sti eam
flow con ZeSy i« i-e Jar. The Austin pulp mill shut down for
lack o? water. Contamination of the streams is the rule rather than
the exception, except on State land.

Buildings and Repairs.

At present there are no bnildings in this forest ^^^-^^^^J^,
State The tract is nearly encirdod with telephone l^^es. Ran.n
FouLss has a pay station in his honse. ^^^ ^^^'\^^^^^^^
enioys an easement on State Innd between Anstin and Odin To
of the lines have been built by farmers. A farmers' line connects wit
tL B 11 Company near Coudersport, and skirts the northeni ed.
If the orest. Another reaches fron. Costello to Savoy, with Bell
exchange facilities. Bell service is available to the forester at Austin,
costing>1.50 per month. Service is satisfactory.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Roads.

379

All road work during the year 1912 consisted largely of the exten-
sion of fire lines, which were opened for llj miles. Much of the
time and labor required was expended in the removal of rocks and
trees lying within the lines.

The system of main township roads is sufficient for present pur-
poses, but they need to be kept in better repair and should not be
abandoned. There seems to be a disposition to do this on the part
of road authorities.

A better system of roads may be laid out upon the old township
and lumber roads. No road work was done during 1913. Fire lanes
to a distance of about G miles were improved. ^

Easements.

The Buffalo and Susquelianna Railroad Company crosses State
land for a distance of about 2 miles.

Plantations.
The following seedlings weie planted during 1912:

Red oak, 10,000 1-yr. 5 acres

White pine, 103,300 3-yr. 86^ acres

White pine' 9,200 2-yr. Tj acres

Norway spruce, 900 2-yr. J acre

123,400 100 acres

All the above plantings were made at distances of 6 feet.

No special preparation of soil was made. It is of good depth and
rather free from stones. Repeated burnings had brought up a growth
of li^3 cherry, sumac, and briars. The effect of this weed growth
upon the seedlings will be a subject for future study.

Plantings during the year 1913 were as follows:

Norway spruce, 2-year, 28,500

White pine, 3-year, 99,500

White pine, 1-2-year, 1,000

Scotch pine, 2.year, 22,800

Scotch pine, 1-1 year, 2,500

Silver pine, 3-year, 5,000

j

159,300

3go REPORT OF THE ^ff. Doc.

The area planted to date with seed and seedlings within this forest

is 288.5 acres. Seedling trees planted to date are as follows:

389,000
Wliitepme, ^

Scotch pine, ^ ^^^

Silver pine, ^^^^^

Norway spruce, ^'300

European larch, lo'oOO

Red oak, p,'^^^

Wl^it^ash, ^^^^^

Red ash, ^ ^^^

American elm, ^^^^

Honey locust, ^

489,980
2i pounds of white pine seed were used for spot plantations.

Nurseries.

A small demonstration nursery has been located at Odin, established
in 1909. In the beginning it had an area of only one-tenth ot an acre,
but it has since been slightly enlarged. This small nursery has
attracted some notice in the neigliborhood and many mquiries are
made regarding it. It has been a success in this direction alone. In
1912, it contained the following seedlings :

White pine, 3-2 year, ^ ' JJ|

White pine, 2 year, ^

White pine, 1 year, «'"""

Norway spruce, 2 year, •^"" ^

Norway spruce, 1 year, ';^

Scotch pine, 2-1 year, ^1

Scotch pine, 1 year, »'""||

Red pine, 2 year, -J

Red pine, 1 year, f'^^

Douglas fir, 1 year, • .^^jV^

107,400

The seed planted in the nursery in the spring was as follows:

White pine, ^ P«^°^«

Scotch pine, ^ pounds

Norway spruce, *^ pounds

Douglas fir, ^ P«^"^l

llj pounds

j^Q 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 381

This nursery is to be used principally for experimental and demon-
stration purposes. No further increase in size is therefore demanded.
Experimental plantations are to be made with the seedlings produced.
' The educational value of this nursery is marked. Individuals aie
growing seedlings or making plantings. This part of its i eal value is
to be encouraged and extended.

The small experimental nursery has been increased to an area of
.16 of an acre. At the end of the 1913 growing season it contained
the following stock:

White pine, 2-1 year, 22,000

White pine, 1-1 year, l'-''^^^^^

Norway spruce, 2-1 year, 10,000

Norway spruce, 1-1 year, ^^^^^

Red pine, 2-1 year, -'^^^><^

Red pine, 1-1 year, -'^"

Scotch pine, 2-1 year, 2,000

Scotch pine, 1-1 year, '^<^<^

Douglas fir, 1-1 year, 200

39,550

Sample Plots.

All the plantings to 1913 are treated as expeiimenlal. The ell'ect
of the planting on the scrub growth is to be the subject of future
study. The principal fact to be learned is whether planliug may be
made successfully without previous clearing of the aiea and i)repara-

tion of the soil.

One experimental sample plot was made in April, V.n:\, at the mouth

of Jacob's Run, using 5,000 3.year old Silver pine.

Labor.

There is abundant work aw^aitiug labor in this region. The num-
ber of jobs exceeds the workers, and wages are high, running about
|2 00 per day per man and |5.00 a day for a team. I n a neigh boi ing
hemlock woods labor is paid from |2.25 to |L\r»() per day with board.
The quality of labor is good but hard to get.

Markets.

There is no local market for material excei^t a limited amount of
fuel wood. Markets are available at Hull, .lohnsonburg, and Austin.
The town of Austin consumes about 1,0('0 cords of wood a year for
fuel purposes at a price ranging from ?1 .ir, to |2.00 per cord. Timber

^ REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

V ^1.1 f n h aaines for $17.00 per thousand. Paper
in the log may be sold t. o. b. (:.aiiies lor ^i . i

J • v+v, ^nn(\ l^ov Ion"" cord on board at Austin, ine lai^e

Suver d A pulp mill at Austin is (clay using x;efuse hemlock,
i station facilities are good with railroad statmns at Austin
CosteUo and Keating Suuuuit. The longest haul to the railroad
fsf miles, and all are down grade. 50 cents per short ton is th
ai road rate from Austin (o Hull, with a minunum load o 00,000
IT To market the i-ves.M.t reserve stock which should be re-
;;re5 it toumhat to he done Uy portable saw mills. Much of the
"ZfcilZa at present as weeds is without market anywhere For-
rJanger Head has suggested that the fire cherry be used tor the
making of berry baskets and similar containers.

Improvement Cuttings.

An improven.ent cutting made prior to ]!)12 !« showing good
,es.,lts in a n.ove unilorn. stand in the growing stock. The species
iloractically pure yellow bird.. Other cuttings ought to be made
Tut a lack of market for the product renders such work inexpedient.

Erosion.

Erosion here is not marked because the area has quickly been cov-
ered with weeds, brush, bracken, and other vegetable growth. Upon
cultivated private land, however, it is very noticeable.

Insects and Fungi.

Owing to the moist and favorable season, an unusual quantity of
sap and heartwood rot fungus has nppeared during 1912. The black
cherry was defoliated by the forest tent caterpillar. A leaf miner
attacked the aspens in the late summer. A few white pines were lost
from an unknown cause. The chestnut bark disease probably made
its appearance in 1913.

Forest Fires.

There were no forest fires on State land during 1912. The largest
fire within the region on private land covered 100 acres and originated
from si)arks caused by burning the flood refuse between Austin and

Costello. . . -, ex X

In 1913, 13 fires occurred within this region. 12 originated on State
land, 5 burning within the forest, covering an area of 725 acres. In
some cases the loss was small and in others total.

^^ 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 383

Trespass.

Two small violations, one of timber trespass and one of fire, occur-
red during 1913. Settlement of one is in progress and the other hangs
upon the procuring of evidence.

Outing and Recreation.

This region has not yet become sufficiently well stocked with a
new forest to invite the game, conseciuently it does not invite the
hunter. There is a lack of all large game. Small game, rabbits,
grouse, and squirrels, seems to be abundant. Excellent trout fishing
may be found within the streams on State land. The people of the
neighborhood gather ginseng, raspberries, and black berries. There
were no camp permits issued during 1912 or 1913 for any portion of
this division.

Lightning Report.

Without being able to specifiy the month, it was discovered that
during the year 13 trees had been struck by lightning, as follows:

Hemlock, "

Hard maple, ^

Red oak,

Black cherry, ^

13

14 trees were struck during 1913, one of which, a hemlock, was
limited. 5 hendocks and 8 chestiuit stubs were struck during July ami
a hemlock in August.

25

384

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

33. THK srNNEMAHON.NG FOKEST, HULL DIVISION.

Forester, H. Lawrence Vail/ Conrad.
Forester, (ieorge S. l'eny,t Oonra.l.

I'^oH'st Itnii^ers:

A. A. Heniiett.t Hull.
A. AV. Ayres,§ Costello.

The Hull divisio,. of this State Forest is not yet well '"arkf • In
this re-ion interior tracts, of whi.h there are a nun,ber, a e of value
!"«,": thoi^ holders have learned to know the value of timber and
or,'"' . vin« il, and a,e nsin, all proper precautions to prevent and

<*\1iiHniisli foi'f^st (ires. „ ,

T ; l,oun<larv survey is ituouM-leto and the e.xact s atus of the
,i,.e is n dispute in n.any places. Until survey can be n.ade the
"est officers re not at all sure of their rights and u.utahous Ihe
;;:ie division includes 23.290 acres. There - "« ->'f " J^ "^ ^
t1,e land has been severely cilled. Over an a,ea of 4,000 aces av 11
itf , ml son.e n.ature and hypern.ature trees, including beech .nap le
b r^ basswood. white ash, cherry, and hemlock. Nearly all has sf^
cred injury from Are, (he attacks of insects, and fungi A density
of S per cent, and over is found probaidy on 20.000 aces. Only the
atle in.ber stands and a few of the dense stands of .voung grow
,oed improvcuot at this time. 15.000 acres need nothing but
o tedion, and the stand upon 22.000 aces will reach nornnil density
1 rough P otec.i,m ah.ne. An area of 2.500 aces has a density of
f 1 10 per cent. 1o 50 per cct.; weeds and briars cover 800 acres^
Natur-il reforesting is occurring but could be greatly assisted by
^1 int ;!' tI.-o nfe no ro.ky areas upon whi.h planting would be
inadvisable. Streams cover 10 aces; roads and trails 31* acres, fire
lanes 32 acres.

Springs and streams.

The division is well supplied with many springs. All are made
accessible and a number posted. Where the forest cover is dense
the spring flow is steady. On the thin, cut over lands it va. u>s with
precipitation. The removal of the heavy timber cover has caused
Inany of the streams to become <lry during the summer season. Some

♦UosJpnod S«'ptPtnbor 30. ISl?..
tAprolntert SeptomLer 1. VJU.
tU««sign»>d Novpinbor 30. l»i-'.
{Kegan service May 1, 15*13.

^^ 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. ^

flow underground for long distances and emerge as great springs at
lower levels. There is no contamination of the waters except from the
town of Hull, but south of Wharton the Sinnemahoning Creek is
black with the waste from the paper mill at Austin and the Costello
tanneries.

Buildings and Repairs.

The only building owned by the State in the region is a tool house
or. lands of the Cooperage Company at Hull. Two lines of telej.hone
9* miles in length, have been constructed.

'The Oaleton and Hull Telephone Company operates a line through
Hull to Wharton, but the service is unsatisfactory.

Koads.

During the vear 1912 three miles of new road were brushed out
and partly coinpleted. At present there are open for use 5 miles of
public road, 10 .^ miles of trails, and TJ miles of tire line.

The road work in 1913 consisted of brushing, and covering a dis-
tance of something over 9 miles.

lOasements.

The tracks of the Buffalo and Susciuehanna K. U. Co. extend
through or along the edge of the forest for a distance of 22 miles
The railroad officials and the employes are friendly to the work of
the Department. The severe fires in the past have started from the
railroad The Tide Water Pipe Line Co. has an easement for a
right of way through a portion of the forest. An easement for a
fourth part of the minerals, oil, and gas over a portion of the lands
is reserved to the estate of William Bingham.

Minerals.

A few small coal pockets are found here and there located in the
iipper measures. Oil and gas have been found near the State land.

Plantations.
During 1912 seeds were planted in a small experimental nursery,

as follows:

„., .^ . ^ 5 pounds

White pine, ^

^^,.^ 1 pound

Scotch pine, *

Douglas fir, ^ ^

6^ pounds

25—26—1915

iU

REPOKT OF THK ^'^- ^'^-

Seedlings planted were as follows: ^^^^

European larch, 2-year ^ ^^^

Enro])ean larch, 3year, 25100

Wliite pine, 3-year, tr ^^^^

lied oak, 1-year, ^^^^

American elm, 2-year, '

33,300

During 1013, trees were planted as follows: ^^ ^^^

White pine, 2-year, ^^^^^^

White pine, 3-year, ^^^^

Silver pine, 3.year, '

76,500

The total planted area is 48 acres, 37^ of which were made during
ic)13 The seedlings planted to date are as follows:

' ..r.'. • ... 96,500

White pine, ^ ^^^

European larch, ^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^^^^

^^^77^' ;. 3,000

Red oak, '^^^

Sugar maple, ^ ^^^

American elm, '

110,550

At places a large area of this forest is covered with millions of
seedlings of the hard maple.

Nurseiies.

Fonner ranger Uennett slarled a small nursery in the spring of
Vm using a tract 50 feet s(plar(^ The conduct of the nursery was
\Z^ until the spring of 1011, when 10 pounds of white pine
seed, 1 pound of Scotch pine, 2 pounds of Norway spruce, 2 pounds
of European larcl^ an<l 1 pound of red pine were planted. The
..,,,,inn ion was poor and the climatic conditions of the summer and
;iuter were against its success. At the end of that year it showed
onlv a content of 5,000 seedlings, as follows:

•■,,,,. 2,500

«<-otch pme ^^^

^^.r^' :::::: 1,200

White pine, '^^

Euro])ean larch,

Norway spruce,

6,000

j^^ 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 387

In the spring of 1912, 5 pounds of white pine, I pound of Douglas
fir, 1 poniid o^' Scotch pine were planted and the following is the
inventory for that year:

Seedlings 1 year old.

,, , . 2,200

Douglas hr, ^ ^^q

^^^*^-^^ P^°"' oVoo

White pine, • '

Seedlings 2 years old.

, . . 800

Scotch pine, ^ ^^^

- AVhite pine, '^^^

Norway spruce, "^

17,450

The cultivated area of the nursery at present is 1,700 square feet.
This nursery is not located on State land, hut is an old garden on
private land owned by the Cooperage Company. Tl.e present location
is not the best but probably the best that can be had.

White pine, 1-year,

Wliite pine, 2-year

Scotch pine, 1 year

Scotch pine, 2-year

Euro])ean larch, 1-year,

Norway s])i uce, l-yeai*,

Douglas fir, 2-yeai'

0,418
6,500
1,304
2,100
0,787
1 1 ,052
1 ,050

42,111

At present these nurseries are maintained chietly for their educa-

presen
tional value.

Labor.

AVi«»cv< in the legicm of this forest have been good. Jobbers ])aid
tlKMi- men in the woods f2.00 per day and board. The mill at Hull
i^nid from $1.75 to f2.00 per day for unskilled labor. The State
has had to pav 20 cents per hour on survey work. Labor within the

Ii

388

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

State Forest recently lias been ?l.n5 per day. Team hire ranges from
40 cents to 50 cents per hour and teams are difficult to procure. Ox
teams may be had for from .'^,0 cents to 45 cents per hour. The cooper-
age company will finish its work shortly and move elsewhere. This
will make labor scarcer than ever. Tlie labor of tlie community is of
the woods type and used to heavy work.

Tmi)rovement Cuttings.

Contracts have been entered into with H. R. Walker and Damon
Watson to do certain imjirovement work under the direction of the
forester and a few other contracts are in progress. They are taking
out the fnngus infested, wind shaken, frost cracked, leaning, and dead
trees, and making space for a great number of seedlings to grow, into
good stock. The material being removed would be worthless and un-
marketable within five years.

Markets.

The Ko])a Cooperage Co. consumes all sound salable wood of a
diameter of S inches and upwards. It is probable that a powder
manufacturing plant may take the place of the cooperage company
after it finishes its work. An acid factory is also probable. This
will take the dead and down stuff. The coo])eiage com])any bas con-
sumed from five million to six million feet per year of all species,
specifying beech, birch, maple, basswood, chestnut, an<l gum prin-
cipally of S inches in diameter and of any length. The prices at the
mill are |1.*^.00 per thousand delivered. Stumpage ranged from |2.00
to f^^).50 according to location. All kinds are called fo^ by the wood
industries at Oaleton, Hull, Austin, Costello. The best and most
accessible stands have already been taken, (^ord wood is bought by
the chemical and pai)er companies. Logs are taken by the Galeton
mills and the cooperage ]Oant. Hemlock bark is called for by the
tanning comj)anies. ITendock, beech, birch, and maple are the ])rinci-
j>al woods taken in all the markets. Lack of material is causing
niany of the sho]>s to run on half time. Fnel market is poor because
waste wood is abundant. Timber ])rices are good and steadily in-
creasing. Competitive bidding brings better net results. Transpor-
tation rates are high. There is a small nearby lumber mill belonging
to a few farmers. This may be bionght into more active operation
later on.

Erosion.

Erosion is slight on State land because of the good humus cover
and the unbroken crown in many places.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Forest Fires.

389

Two small fires occurred during 1012, one in May covering 50
acres, the other in July covering 4 acres. The loss in each instance
amounted to a total so far as the woody cover was concerned.

755 acres of State land were burned during 1013 in four different
fires. Three of these likewise burned upon private land. The private
land burned greatly exceeded the area of State land. Brush burning
and railroad fires are responsible for most of the cases. Three observ-
atory towers weie built during the year.

Trespass.

Bee hunting on State land is about the only violation of the State
rules detected. The hunters are extremely hard to find. I^ee keej)ers
in the neighborhood are anxious for the extermination of the wild
colonies to prevent the spread of foul brood. It is suggested that
all wild colonies on State land and elsewhere be destroyed to ex-
terminate the disease and then start over again.

Outing and Recreation.

No ])ermits for cam}»ing were issued for this forest in 1012. There
was some hunting but no deer were leported killed. Other game con-
sists of pheasants, squirrels black and grey, and rabbits The chief
enemies to the small game are wild cats and foxes.

One deer and 3 bears were taken during 1013. Numerous wild cats,
foxes, skunks, minks, weasels, and raccoons were killed. Grouse and
small game are abundant.

Trout fishing is good and many were caught during the two seasons.
The j)eople of the neighboihood make free use of the State land. The
school children gather nuts and the older residents hunt ginseng.

All camp sites in this forest will be numbered from 3801 to 3800
inclusive. Four such sites have thus far been established, named,
and posted.

Lightning Report.

So far as known, 1 hemlock tree was struck in the month of June
and 1 hard maple in the month of Augu.st. Another hendock was
struck and ignited in the month of July.

390 , REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Durinjy 1013, three trees were struck and shattered, two in June and
one in July. The species were:

Hemlock stub, 1

Butternut, livinp:, 1

Hard maple, living, 1

One noticeable fact regardinjjj lifi^htnin^ is that it more frequently
strikes the old dead stubs than it does the living green timber.

U. THE SINNEMAHON7N(J FOREST, MEDIX DIVISION.

Forester, James A. Irvin,* Medix Run.
Forester, Charles E. Zerby,t Medix Run.
Forest Ranger, M. N. U. L. Brooks, Driftwood.

Geology.

The division and the adjacent lands, accoiding to their geological
characteristics, may be divided inio two general groups, separated by
a line running from Cole's house on the Driftwood road east to Medix
Bun headquarters, and thence southwest to the Clearfield county line,
along the tops of the hills above Medix Run.

This general division must be made because of the influence of the
"Driftwood Anticlinal," the most important anticlinal to be found
in the region. The axis of this anticlinal runs from Driftwood to
Clearfield in a southwesterly direction. It raised the strata so high in
relation to their elevation at the Bennett's Branch of the Sinnemahon-
ing Creek that they were easily the first eroded away, and this ero-
sion has taken away the many characteristic and valuable parts of the
lower productive coal measures, as the upper strata are called. How-
ever, in three difl*eient peaks of the mountains between the anticlinal
and Bennett's Branch, these coal measures are capped with Pottsville
conglomerate and they remain intact. These three peaks have all
been mined, and contain several veins, probably the Alton coal be<ls.

•IFoslpnod Soptrinl'or 30. 1013.
tAppointod Sept^mhor 1, 1913.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

391

One of the peaks belongs to the Commonwealth, and has a four feet
vein, situate on Warrant 5383. Its area cannot be over 200 acres. It
has a very good roof and if it were not so far from the market, it
could be worked profitably. The rest of the forest lies within the re-
gion south of the line mentioned, and is covered with sandstone rep-
resenting the Pocono sandstone group. The Lincoln Farm, belonging
to ranger Brooks, having an elevation of about 150 feet above the sur-
rounding plateau of sandstone, has a small cap of shales and clays,
with a smut of coal, remains probably of the representatives of Mauch
Chunk red shale and the lower productive coal measures. This peak
is 310 feet above the surrounding plateau. No other peaks are to be
found within this forest. The surface of the reserve has a nearly
l(»vel, but broadly undulating, topography, with outcrops of conglomer-
ate associating with the Pocono sandstones. The Mauch Chunk shale
of this region lies close to the lower Alton coal, and at certain points
has a heavy deposition of good lire clay. Openings for fire clay have
been made at the towns of Medix Run and Benezette, and one was
made in June, 1913, on the land of Clark, Brown, and Hough, lying
directly north of State land, at a point in Mud Lick hollow, warrant
5343, one-quarter mile south from the State line. It showed 9 feet
of good tire clay. There is some indication that fire clay may be
found on warrant 5333, below the Alton coal. This peak liere is known
as Old lioundtop, and is the highest point in Benezette township, as
well as on the Medix division, being 2,330 feet above sea level. The
plateau is generally at an elevation of about 2,000 feet and the indica-
tions are that nothing but sandstone is to be found for a depth of at
least 1,000 feet.

To the north and northwest of the line mentioned as being the di-
viding line between the two types of localities, the edge of the plateau
i>' cut up into very steep ravines by erosion, the heads of the ravines
having outcrojis of sandstone and conglomerate, down to an elevation
ranging from 1,330 to 1,010, generally where the strata of Mauch
Chunk red shale are found. These latter are but 50 feet in depth, and
again are associated with fire clay and a streak of coal varying in
thickness from 4 inches to IG inches. The soil is greenish at such
places, due to the eroding away of the red shales, which are more sus-
ceptible to decoloration than the green shales. Below the Mauch
Chunk shale is found the Catskill sandstone, and this continues to
appear until the lowest point of the township is reached. No glacial
drift occurs anywhere in this region. The valleys have a heavy de-
position of shales and clays on the surface, caused by the erosion of
the lower productive coal measures, Pocono sandstones, and Mauch
Chunk shales. This deposition does not form a gradually sloping
talus on the sides of the steep hilly ravines, but thins out rapidly as

392

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

393

U'

cue -oes up tlie inountain, inaking the main valleys very narrow, so
lar L agriculture is concerned. The region is remarkably well
adapted to the growing of timber, as the annual rainfall is reported
t(. be 45 inches. The erosion going on at present is confined to the
roads ascending tlie steep ravines, as the hills and the plateau are
covered with an adecpiate protection of brushy growth.

The Medix Division of tliis forest lies in both Cameron and Elk
counties, 0,500 acies in the former and 18,000 in the latter, a total of
l>4,500, not yet sub-divided into compartments. The boundary survey
lias n(')t yet^)een started. There is no mature or hypermature forest,
j.nd only a few large sized trees. Only one area of 200 acres has a
density in excess of 50 per cent. 8,000 acres have a density of from
10 per cent, to 50 per cent, coveied with hardwood brush. The balance
ot the forest, 1(),500 acres, is covered with brush and fire killed timber.
There is no cleared land. Natural regeneration, with protection, is
])i()ceeding favorably. More than half the area requires reforesting

by planting.

There is but one interior tract, the Lincoln Farm of 173 acres, de-
sirable for observation jturposes and the home of a forest ranger.

Sl)rings and Streams.

Springs are made accessible, cleaned, and posted, and usually have
camping sites located near them. Springs and camp sites bear the
same name. The character of the region is such that the contamina-
tion of springs and streams is remote.

BuiUlings and Repairs. .^

The buildings consist of an 8-room forester's house near the sta-
tion at Medix Kun and the necessary out-buildings. Six permanent
camps are located within the division, three of which are in good
condition, while the others aie mere sheds. Thirteen miles of tele-
l>hone line have been built from the forester's office to the Lincoln
farm. A 3-mile extension is in progress. At Medix Run he has tele-
l.hone ccmnection with local lines and to the Bell line at DuBois. Ad-
ditional i>oles are needed to take the place of trees and stumps.

Roads.

All the mountain roads are in bad condition, needing ditching and
surfacing. Swampy spots are found in those on the plateau. Their
use as fire lanes is difficult because of heavy growth of grass. Nine
miles of fire lanes and eight miles of road were improved in 1912.
Total length of oi)en roads is 18 miles and of trails 14 miles.

In 1913, about 4 miles of roads, trails, and fire lanes were improved.
The main road from Medix Run to Driftwood is the basis of all road
operations, and passes midway through State land. All other roads
lead from it right and left down the hollows.

Minerals.

Coal is reported in the neighborhood but its character is unknown.
Its actual existence has not yet been brought to the notice of the for-
ester.

Plantations.

During 1913, 47,200 white pine 1-1 seedlings were planted, covering
an area of about 31 acres. This plantation is the beginning of a plant-
ing to cover a strip one-fourth of a mile wide and two miles in length
along the old railroad grade. . •■

•)-«:

Nurseries.

A small experimental nursery was started in the spring of 1913,
using Norway spruce, European larch, and white pine. The white
pine failed. There are approximately 30,200 spruce and 14,000 larch
in the nursery. There is an abundance of good land for the estab-
lishment of a large State nursery and almost any known exposure may
be had.

Labor.

Wages range from 16 cents to 25 cents per hour. Boys receive 15
cents per honi-. By the day, men ask $1 .75 or |1.25 with board. Labor
IS scarce in the whole region. Nearly all available men work at the
tannery, where wages prevail from IC cents to 25 cents per hour. It
is not })ossible to get together more than a dozen men in any emerg-
ency. Teams cost J5.00 per day.

Markets.

No large timber using industries are near at hand. Small market
is found locally for mine props, caps, ties, and hemlock bark. Du-
Bois, 28 miles, and Pittsburgh, 150 miles distant, are the ultimate out-
lets for all products in quantity.

Insects and Fungi.

The chestnut blight has not yet appeared in this forest. The fire
killed timber is being destroyed by various species of saprophytic
fungi. The presence of the white pine weevil has been noted.

394

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

Forest Fires.

No fires occurred on the division during 1912. Two fire observa-
tories are needed. A clear vision of ten miles may be liad from them.
One would be convenient to the present telephone line. But one
I'orest fire occuned on State land during 1913, although that covered
an area of 2,000 acies. Two other nearby fires on private lands oc-
t urred in April. No definite knowledge of their origin is at hand.
s

Outing and Ilecreation.

Tlie location of canij) sites is marked on the division map. Deer are
abundant and \H are reported taken during 1912; also five bears. At
least 150 hunters camped during the season.

In 19i;*>, two camping parties located within the forest during the
year for the fishing privilege. One party brought with it too much
liquor and became disorderly. No hunting permits were issued. All
Imnters came on the State land for a day only. 25 deer were taken,
2 bears were killed, and numerous pheasants and other small game.

Trout fishing was fair; bass and eels are found in the larger
streams.

Permanent cauip sites within this division will be numbered from
;>,101 to 3,199 inclusive. Thus far 37 permanent sites have been lo-
cated.

Lightning Report.

Four trees weie struck and shattered so far as could be noted, dur-
ing 19J.'>, 1 in September and 3 in October. The species struck were

Chestnut, ,

White pine, (dead).

2

2

No. 20.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

30.5

35. THE SINNEMAHONING FOREST, SiNNEMAHONl.N< J

DIVISION.

Forester, Harry E. Elliott, Sinnemahoning.

Forest Rangers:

R. M. Crum, Sinnemahoning.
L. C. Wykoff, Firstfork.
Joseph Kissell,* Sterling RuA.
C. A. Swartz,t Sterling Run.
C. M. Bailey,t Sinnemahoning.

The Sinnemahoning division contains about 60,000 acres. The
boundary lines of this division are not yet surveyed. Corners and
I'.nes are diflScult to find. Posting has been done as well as possible
under the circumstances. There are a few hypermature trees. Many
defective hardwoods exist, which will be removed through improve-
ment cutting. Market conditions are such that all product thus de-
rived may be sold. 10,000 acres have a density of 50 per cent, or
more, 3,000 acres are in need of improvement. 7,000 acres will suf-
ficiently stock the land if protected. 30,000 acres have a density of
from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent, principally hardwoods. Planting
here must be resorted to. 15,000 acres are brush lands. On 5,000
acres there is no regeneration.

Springs and Streams.

Springs are abundant. The principal ones are being made acces-
sible and are kept clean. The flow is regular in most of them. Many
become dry during drought. No streams are contaminated except in
the main valley, where they receive the refuse from pulp mills, tan-
neries, coal mines, and dynamite works.

Buildings and Repairs.

A lumber camp and two barns are at the head of Wykoff Run, occu-
pied by Ranger Bailey. New paper roofs were supplied. The lumber
i« at hand for building new buildings, which are badly needed. A
Ulephone line is in course of construction. When finished it will
cover about 9^ miles from the ranger^s home to the forester's head-
quarters at Sinnemahoning.

•Died May 19, 1912.
tBegan iervlce July 9, 1912.
tBegan service April 1, 1918.

396

REPORT OF THE

OiT. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

397

Boads.

The total length of opeu road in 1912 was 25 miles; trails 2 miles;
fire lanes 41 miles. During the year the forester expended labor on
14 different roads. Improvement consisted principally of ditching
and surfacing; also grading, bridging, and mowing of the brush, where
needed.

In 1913, about 70 miles of roads, trails, and fire lanes were worked
over and improved during the year. Two miles of new trail were con-
structed.

Plantations.

During 1912, 29,000 seedlings, covering an area of about 11 acres,
were planted. They included

15,000 White pine.
12,000 Norway spruce.
2,000 Pinus ponderosa.

In 1913, the following plantations were made:

White spinice, 3-year tr..
White pine, 3-year tr., . .

2,500
2.500

To date 28 acres have been planted on the division, using 70,000
seedlings, of which 42,500 are white pine, 12,000 are Norway spruce,
2,500 are white spruce, 2,000 are Pinus ponderosa, 3,000 are black
cherry, 2,000 are red oak, 6,000 are red ash.

Nurseries.

A small nursery was started in 1911 and in 1912 contained 5,500
1-year old white pine seedlings. Another was begun in 1912. They
together ^ow the following inventory:

White pine, 2-year,
White pine, 1-year,

5,386
1,884

One of the nurseries is in charge of Kanger Crum and the other of
Ranger Wykoff. The damping-off fungus is prevalent and causes the
loss of many seedlings. The results are not yet satisfactory.

Sample Plot.

A small experimental planting was made in a bracken thicket. Until
the plot burned over the young pines were making good growth and

would have shaded out the bracken. 2,000 additional Pinus ponderosa
were later planted for the same purpose. A great many of these were
also burned. Spot planting has since been tried but the success of this
method is not assured.

Labor.

The cost of labor is from |1.75 to |2.00 per day. Teams cost $4.00
per day. Other industries have come in to take the place of former
lumbering. There is an abundance of work to be done, wages are
good, but men are scarce.

Improvement Cuttings.

White pine injured by recent fire is being lumbered off by the regu-
lar forest force. It will yield probably 50,000 feet.

Markets.

Almost all of the material within the forest is so situate that it
is difficult to market. Marketing operations would probably be con-
ducted at a loss. There is much scattered dead timber but it cannot
be removed at a profit. Many fire scarred and hollow trees ought to
be removed, as they will never make good lumber. All could be spared
without increasing danger from erosion. Such material near the rail-
road can be disposed of at a profit. By competitive bidding, a tract of
such damaged timber w^as sold to Huntley and Bailey at $3.05 per
thousand mill cut. All fire-killed trees, which included white pine,
yellow pine, hemlock, and hardwoods, were marked and taken. Nearly
a million and a half feet were thus disposed of. On the area whence
this was taken, more than a half million feet were left standing.

Erosion.

On the steep hills where fires have burned severely, erosion is be-
coming apparent.

Forest Fires.

Three fires occurred during 1912, covering an area of 800 acres. In
all these fires only the to]) layer of leaves was burned and no serious
damage resulted, not over 10 per cent, of the inferior growth being
killed.

Fu 1913, 3,700 acres of State land were burned over. The fires were
[articularly severe, probably the most destructive for years. The

398

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

drought and great heat made it difficult to extinguish them. Con-
stant patrolling had to be kept up. The railroads make an effort to
prevent fires. The Pennsylvania is the more successful of the two.

Outing and Kecreation.

Twenty-five temporary camps were located on the division during
the hunting season of 1912. Thirty-five deer and ten bears were re-
ported taken and a large quantity of smaller game.

In 191:5, forty camps were located within the State Forest during
tlie hunting season, with 373 campers. Probably 500 men hunted
upon the State land. All conducted themselves well. Thirty deer
and ten bears were taken. Fishing has been good. Twelve fishing
camps and sixty-five persons occupying them were out in the spring.

Lightning Eeport.

The unusual prevalence of severe thunder storms in this region is
to be noted.

The forester and his rangers counted 57 trees struck and shattered
by lightning during 1912. The period of greatest frequency was dur-
ing the months of July and August, and the trees struck by species
in the order of frequency, are as follows:

Chestnut, 12

White pine, 10

Red oak, 10

Hemlock, 8

Rock oak, 7

Yellow pine, 6

White oak, 4

57

Of the above trees, two hemlcoks, three pines, one chestnut, and
tour red oaks were dead. Two dead pines were ignited by the current.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

399

36. THE SINNBMAHONING FOREST, SIZERVILLE DIVISION.

Forester, W. B. Evans, Sizerville.

The forester on this division took charge September 1, 1912, prior
to which time this area was attached to the division under Forester
rniiott. It divides naturally into western, eastern, and southern sub-
divisions, lying both in Cameron and Potter counties, and contains
about 20,000 acres. The tract was recently lumbered and conse-
quently has no virgin or mature forest. Repeated fires following the
lumbering have burned the slash and retarded young growth.

In general the rock formation of the district dips to the northeast
with a slight local dip to the region immediately surrounding Sizer-
ville. Grey and light brown soils from shales and sandstones of the
Chemung and Catskill groups are exposed in the valleys and on the
lower slopes; grey and red soils from shales and sandstones of the
■pocono and Mauch Chunk groups, on the higher slopes; and a con-
glomerate, evidently the Olean, on some of the hill tops. On a few of
the higher summits of the southern portion particularly, the Lower
Productive coal measures are present, but probably not in merchant-
able quantities. Although the division lies very close to the southern
limit of the area of glacial deposit it is thought that none of the soil
here is of that origin. This belief is based on the general character of
the soils, the lack of large rounded boulders usually present in a
moraine district, and on a soil map issued by the U. S. Bureau of

Soils.

The region may be spoken of as a great plateau, sloping tj^^he south
and varying in height from 1,600 to 2,300 feet above tide. The action
of water has carved out many deep narrow valleys in this highland un-
til now about 75 per cent, of the whole can be classified as hilly and
broken. The remainder retains the plateau appearance. Tributaries
of portage and North Creeks drain the eastern and western portions
and Hunt's Run the southern portion. All drainage reaches Sinne-
mahoning Creek and finally the Susquehanna.

Local climate does not difl'er materially from that of other parts
of the State having the same latitude. Long, cold winters with fre-
quent breaks are the rule, with plenty of rain throughout the year
except for occasional short periods. Old residents say that these dry
spells most frequently come in late spring or early summer and it
seems to hold true. In nearly a year and a half May has been the
only month in which there was serious danger to forest property
from fire. The growing season being scarcely started at this time,

26

400

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc,

the lack of foliage aud herbaceous growth leaves nothing to hinder
the progress of fire when once started.

The boundary survey has been partially made and some brushing
out has been done. Corners are well marked. About 1,000 acres have
a density in desirable species of more than 50 per cent. From 3,000
to 5,000 are above 20 per cent. The remainder will run about 5 per
cent. The hardwoods are coming in well, but conifers are scarce. To
maintain a proper balance planting with the evergreens must be
largely the work of the future. An abundance of dead material suit-
able for fuel is scattered over the land. Prices are such that it cannot
be profitably harvested. In one locality 200,000 board feet of fire-
killed saw timber might be procured and should be removed to prevent
w aste.

Springs and Streams.

All the year round springs are numerous, at least 20 have been
cleaned and made accessible. They are subject to variation, but none
ceases to flow. All springs and streams are free from danger of con-
tamination.

Buildings and Kepairs.

The lumbermen left a number of old shacks on the tract and they
have little value. What is known as the Mackay cabin in East Cow-
ley Kun, is the best of them, but none of them is worth repairing.
The lines of the Bell Telephone Company aff-ord good telephone con-
nection. The free wire between Sizerville and Emporium is of local
value.

Hoads.

During the short time in 1912 that the forester was in charge, he
opened and improved a fire lane of nearly 4,000 feet to a width of 15
feet. The other roads of the region are in need of the usual repairs

The principal road work during 1913 was that devoted to trails and
fire lines, a total of 28.5 miles. About 8 miles only of this distance
were regular driving roads.

Minerals.

A deposit of coal is located in a small portion of State lands but
It IS not opened or explored. Its extent is not fully known. '

Labor.

Labor is scarce and wages high. From ITJ to 20 cents an hour is
paid for men, and from $4.00 to ?5.00 per day for team m([ driver. A

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 401

number of families have moved from the region and the labor problem
in the future will probably be more troublesome than at present. The
class of labor is good and may be relied upon.

Plantations.

The planted area in 1912 totaled 28 acres, using 68,600 seedlings,
63,600 white pine, 3,000 American elm, and 2,000 honey locust. This
small plantation is located on the Bennett tract on the head of East
Cowley Eun.

During the year 1913 the following species have been planted:

Red pine, 2,000

White pine, 80,000

Scotch pine, 20,000

102,000

To date about 128 acres have been planted with seedling trees. All
species thus far used are as follows:

White pine, 143,600

Scotch pine, 20,000

American elm, 3,000

Bed pine, 2,000

Honey locust, 2,000

170,600
Markets.

Since the residents burn wood exclusively, the principal market is
for fuel. Maple and other hardwoods cut clean and seasoned are in
greatest demand. Standing dead material is worth only from 10 cents
to 15 cents per cord stumpage. The transportation facilities are good
but rates are high and fuel can scarcely be shipped with profit.

Erosion.

The soil and sub-soil are of porous nature so that the frequent
fires have not caused much erosion, because vegetation makes a quick
return.

Insects and Fungi.

The white pine weevil is present and its work is noticed in scattered
trees. Oyster shell scale infests the young poplars. So far as known,
the chestnut bark disease has not appeared.

26—26—1915

402

REPORT or THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

408

'!

Forest Fires.

The division has had since the lumbering days, a number of very
severe fires. A sentiment against forest fires is developing. The resi-
dents respond willingly to the call for extinguishing fire. During
1912 no fires occurred upon it. In 1913, three fires burned on the
State lands covering an area of 775 acres.

Outing and Recreation.

There are few regularly established camp sites on the division, al-
though some of the old lumber camps are usable for this purpose.
Small game is abundant. Four deer and six bears were reported
killed on or near State land during 1912.

Grouse and other small game were abundant in 1913. Three deer
and five bears were taken on or near State land. Trout are abundant.
Brown trout are frequently caught. Streams are stocked from time
If time. Visitors and school children are frequently upon State land.
The children of the local school take their outings within the State
Forest.

All cami>ing sites within this forest will be numbered from 4,001
to 4,099 inclusive.

Lightning Report.

A few of the dry stubs, mainly chestnut, standing here and there
ever the forest, were struck during tlie year. \o harm was done to
live trees.

37. THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN FOREST, CALEDONIA

DIVISION.

Forester, Robert G. Conklin, Fayetteville, R. D. No. 1.

Forest Rangers :

Joseph O. Boggs,* Fayetteville.

James E. Carbaugh, Fayetteville.

B. F. Hassler, Fayetteville.

0. B. Larue,t Orrtanna, R. I). No. 1.

Harry B. Perry, Fayetteville.

Henry L. Stull, Fayetteville.

Wm. G. Taylor, Fayetteville.

F. X. Drachbar, Orrtanna, R. D. No. 2.

James Winters,^ Shippensburg.

Six regularly employed laborers. §

The Caledonia Division of this forest comprises approximately 26,-
780 acres, in Franklin, Cumberland, .and Adams counties. It is ac-
cessible over the Cumberland Valley Railroad to Chambersburg and
by means of Chambersburg and Gettysburg turnpike. This road di-
vides the forest into two main sub-divisions, the northern and south-
ern, and these again have been divided into the Cumberland, Cono-
cocheague. Big Flat, Piney Mountain, and Rocky Mountain compart-
ments on the northern sub-division, and the Green Ridge compartment
on the southern portion. Two small areas, that of about 50 acres
surrounding the Graeffenburg Inn and the forester's headquarters,
and another of 433 acres comprising Caledonia Park, are not attached
to any of the foregoing compartments.

The exterior boundary of this division has been surveyed, painted,
and posted. It needs re-i^nning and the better marking of permanent
corners. The interior tracts are few in number and unimportant.
The Shippensburg Water Company has a SFiall^'tract in the Cumber-
land compartment and the Orrstown Hunting Club another in the
same neighborhood. This latter tract contains many of the springs
which feed Stillhouse Run, and for this reason it is desirable that
the Commonwealth possess it at some future time. The other interior
tracts are the Kiner and Kean, the Gardner, which are surrounded
by State land, and the Irvin tract on the eastern boundary. Timber

•Uesipned S^^pttniltor 30, 1913.

tRosigned March 31, 1313.

tUosiened September 30, 1913. ^^ „ ^ , ^^ -«. ^

Icharles Leonard, Albert H. Reed. James W. McKlwee, Chns. H. Perry. James E. Yeager. and

John U. Shoemaker.

401

KEPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

i.> being taken from the latter tract and there is a possibility of future
purchase; also the purchase of small indentations along the line
would straighten the boundary and simplify systems of road build-
ing, fire protection, and forest management.

The mature forest within the division comprises about 500 acres
and is almost entirely included in Caledonia Park. That portion hav-
ing a density of 50 per cent, covers about 12,000 acres, of which 8,000
are at present not in need of improvement, and 4,000 acres are at
present in need of thinning and better regulation. The area of scat-
tered tree growth is about 8,500 acres, and the brush land 4,720 acres.
Much of the latter shows no natural reproduction. The area of un-
used open ground does not exceed 50 acres. About 50 acres of cleared
land is used for farming purposes. On the rocky land comprising
about 800 acres, there is a small scattered growth and no regeneration.
The area covered by water is about 60 acres; roads and trails 80
acres. There are 40.0 miles of 14-foot roads on this division. The
area in fire lanes and boundary lines is 70.8 acres. There are 41.5
miles of 10-foot boundary line, and 14.1 miles of 12-foot fire lines.
About one-third of the whole division area could be planted at present
to seedling trees and the remaining third may be planted just as
soon as a better road system will make it more accessible.

Springs and Streams.

Springs are steady in flow, lessened during the dry months. Nearly
all are used by residents of the neighborhood or by hunting camps.
The people using them have cleaned them out and kept them walled
up. Streams become low during the hot months; scarcely any go
entirely dry. Almost no contamination exists on the northern sub-
division. The streams draining the southern portion. Rocky Run
nnd Carbaugh Run, have their heads in the vicinity of the South Moun-
tain settlement for tuberculous patients. The water from these
streams is not recommended for personal use.

Buildings and Repairs.

The buildings on the division are the house occupied by the forester
at Caledonia, the Graett'euburg Inn and its necessarv out-buildings,
the Thaddeus Stevens office building, and the ranger's house on the
Big Flat. All are good except the Stevens office building, in Cale-
donia Park, which is now the residence of one of the rangers.

Graeffenburg Inn was remodeled and repaired, as reported else-
where. The Big Flat house was also repaired. Fences are in good
condition except those about the Inn. During the year 15 miles of
metallic telephone line were built. There are fi complete house sta-

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

405

tions, one lookout station, 3 test stations. This system connects with
the Mont Alto system and later will be connected with the Pine Grove
system. Other loops are needed, and then the whole connected with
the Bell or Independent lines. The system has proved its great worth
thus far in reporting fires.

Roads.

Thirty-one and eight- tenths miles of roads were repaired in 1913,
covering all important roads on the division. Road work was con-
tinued throughout the season*.

Easements.

There are four subsisting easements on the Caledonia division. The
pine line and the accompanying telegraph line of the Southern Pipe
Line Company cross the southeastern corner. This right of way is an
advantage to the forest, for it makes a suitable fire line. The trunk
line of the American Telegraph and Telephone Company crosses the
northwestern end, and likewise acts as a good fire line. The line of
the Cumberland Valley Telephone Company crosses the forest on the
right of way of the Chambersburg and Gettysburg pike. It is of
much convenience for outside communication. The right of way of
the Chambersburg and Gettysburg Electric Railway Company extends
from the western boundary to Caledonia Park, a distance of about a
mile. The bed of the old steam railroad is used for a portion of the
v»-ay and the pike for the remainder.

Leases.

There are at present two outstanding leases, the first that of the
right to use Caledonia Park to the Chambersburg & Gettysburg Elec-
tric Railway Company, a tract of 443 acres, for which the company
pays an annual rental of $100.00. This area is a natural park and
should never be used for anything else. It is in no wise detrimental
to the conduct of forest operations. The second lease is that to the
Borough of Chambersburg for the purpose of taking water for mu-
i.icipal purposes out of Conococheague Creek one mile above Cale-
donia Park, and carries the necessary right of way for the pipe line
and intake dam to the western boundary of the forest. From this
lease the State derives annually one-fourth of one per cent, of gross
receipts of all water rentals paid in the borough.

Minerals.

There are found throughout the forest, beds of what is called "coal
short'' ore, but at present it has little value.

4oa

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 28.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

407

'i

*

. Plantations.

Plantings on the division in 1912 were limited to three experimental
plots and filling in some blanks on the 1906 and 1907 plantations.
Each experimental planting covered one acre, and the remaining work
was reinforcement of 8 acres of prior plantings, requiring 250 trans-
planted white pines worth |1.00 per thousand. The plantation area
this year totaled about 46 acres, 3 J acres of which have been set with
9,000 Carolina poplars, which failed, and then with 4,000 willow cut-
tings.

The planting in 1913 consisted of reinforcement, extension, and ex-
periments in under-planting scrub oak. Plantings for the year were
as follows:

Norway spruce seed, 2 pontids; transplants, 2-year,. . 9,050

Norway spruce, transplants, 3-year, 700

White pine seed, 6 pounds; transplants, 2-year, 6,800

Scotch pine, transplants, 2-year, 800

Scotch pine, transplants, 4-year, 1,380

European larch seed, 1 pound; 3 year, 5,750

Total transplants, 24 480

Total seed, 9 pounds.

To date there have been planted with seedlings 63.54 acres of open
ground. In this work the following seedlings were used:

White pine, white ash, and black walnut

iiiixed, 75^000

White pine, pure, 42 793

Norway spruce, 9 759

Scotch pine, 7^900

White ash, pure, 12,620

Poplar cuttings, .^ 9^000

Willow cuttings, 4 qqq

Total, 161,063

In reinforcement work, strengthening of 24 acres of older planta-
tions, the following were used :

White pine, 2,700

Scotch pine, ^^q

White ash, -^j^

Total of all planting, . . T 165,588

Nursery.

The Caledonia nursery, established in the spring of 1908, contained
then 4,200 square feet of bed surface. In 1912 it was enlarged to
17,504 feet of bed surface. The inventory taken in November, this
year, shows a growing stock of :

White pine, 63,039

Scotch pine, 20,167

Norway spruce, 31,993

Red pine, ^j^^^

European larch, 1,147

Douglas fir, 5,540

White ash, 2,080

Total, 132,448

Of the above seedlings, 52,059 were available for planting in the
spring of 1913. During 1912, seedlings to the number of 1,050 were
furnished to private individuals, 200 were furnished to Forest Ranger
Sundy for planting in the Henry Valley, and 6,625 planted on this di-
vision. 7i pounds of seed were planted in the nursery beds, the
species being Scotch pine, red pine, Norway spruce, white pine, Doug-
las fir, and European larch. This small nursery is not classed with
the larger nurseries conducted by the Department, nor is it intended
to be. It is used principally as a demonstration nursery and is visited
by hundreds of people every year. The soil is not the best, but the
best that can be had.

The inventory at the end of 1913 shows the following stock:

White pine, 1-1 year, 17,423

White pine, 1-year, 4:,622

Norway spruce, 1-1 year, 676

Norway spruce 1-year, 2,707

Scotch pine, 1-1 year, 17,954

Red pine, 1-1 year, 1>225

Douglas fir, 1-1 year, ^^24

European larch, 1-year, 550

45,881

A heavy loss of seedlings occurred during the spring. The whole
force was called away to a fire and the seedlings were neglected dur-

408

REPORT OF THE

Oflf. Doc.

ing transplanting. The following shipments were made in the spring
of 1913 ;

• • •

• •

White pine, 3-year, . . .
White pine, 4-year, . .
White pine, 3-year, . . .
Norway spruce, 3-year,
White pine, 2-year, .
Scotch pine, 2-year, .
Norway spruce, 3-year, . .
European larch, 2-year,. .

White ash, 1-year,

White pine, 4-year,

Scotch pine, 2-year,

Norway spruce, 3-year, . .

White ash, 1-year,

White pine, 4-year,

Scotch pine, 2-year,

Norway spruce, 3-year, . .

White ash, 1-year,

White pine, 4-year,

Norway spruce, 3-year, . .

White pine, 3-year,

Norway spruce, 3-year, . .

White pine, 5-year,

White pine, 5-year,

60

50

17,000

8,000

3,000

100

500

500

500

25

25

25

25

200

100

100

200

1,000

1,000

3,000

500

2

3

Forestry Exhibit.

I. C. Williams.

N. R. McNaughton.

N. R. McNaughton.

Dr. Carey.

Dr. Carey.

Dr. Carey.

Dr. Carey.

Dr. Carey.

S. S. Wylie.

S. S. Wylie.

S. S. Wylie.

S. S. Wylie.

H. K. Deisher.

H. K. Deisher.

H. K. Deisher.

H. K. Deisher.

Leonard Rhone.

Leonard Rhone.

C. G. Derr.

C. R. Pendleton, Jr.

Mrs. Ida L. Gibbs.

W. H. Ennis.

Labor.

Labor in this region is worth 16 cents per hour. Three men were
on the regular pay roll in 1912 at a fixed wage per month. Two-
horse teams cost 35 cents per hour, four-horse teams 50 cents per hour,
carts 25 cents per hour. With teamss the driver is supplied. Work-
men are scarce. The shops at Chambersburg and elsewhere in the
Cumberland Valley give more steady employment.

Tn 1913, the regularly employed laborers were six in number and
each received $35.00 per month. For time lost beyond the allowance
they must make refunds. The w^age rate is too small but as large as
finances will permit. Labor is scarce and of low efficiency.

Improvement Cutting.

The 1912 improvement cuttings on this division were a continuation
of that undertaken in 1911. The Conococheague improvement was
continued. Young hemlock, with increased light and air, have been
especially benefitted.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

409

Markets.

The local markets are supplied principally by farmers and small
owners with portable mills. They are cutting their own timber rapidly
and selling it at prices often below the ruling market price. At present
this division has no products for sale. Transportation facilities are
good with railroad station five miles away.

Erosion.

Because of the good forest cover, erosion on this division is a matter
of no consequence.

Insects and Fungi.

The pine weevil is causing some damage to young pine plantations
by attacking the leaders. As they are detected the shoots are cut off
and burned. The chestnut blight fungus is active and its ravages are
very evident.

Forest Fires.

The force of forest fire fighters is efficient but communication is
difficult and loss of time results in reaching a fire. Sometimes the
uncertainty of location is responsible for this loss. When the pro-
tective system, including telephones, towers, good roads, and complete
maps, is finished, the fire problem will be less difficult.

The year 1913 was one of the worst years for forest fires. Many
are believed to have been of incendiary origin. 12 different fires were
reported during the year either on or near State land. The area of
State land burned is 1,877 acres. During this year protection cost
the high rate of f 0.0778 per acre.

Outing and Recreation.

Ten temporary camps were erected in the division during 1912.
These included 86 campers. All were hunters. Nearly all took good
care of their camp sites but a few left quantities of rubbish. One
party, after warning, returned and cleaned up the camp site. Hunt-
ing is good in this region. During this season 75 bucks were reported
killed. There were also a few does. Pheasants were scarce; other
small game abundant. Trout fishing is hardly fair. Too many men
for the number of fish. Annual stocking does not seem to keep up
the sport.

All camp sites will be numbered from 4,101 to 4,199 inclusive.

410

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

411

In 1913, 14 camps were located in this forest, occupied by 110
people. 13 were hunting camps. One set of campers offended by
by reason of the unsanitary condition in which they kept their camp
and the surroundings. Game was abundant. 75 bucks and 8 does
were killed during the open season. Fishing is not the best. The
streams are stocked, but over-fished.

38. THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN FOREST, MONT ALTO

DIVISION.

Forester, Lewis E. Staley, Mont Alto.
Forest Rangers:

David Knepper, Mont Alto.

John Bricker, Mont Alto.

John Shaffer, Mont Alto.

Harry L. Thomas, Mont Alto.

Harry W. Staley, Mont Alto.

D. C. Bittinger, Mont Alto.

John L. Carbaugh, Mont Alto.

James Martin, Mont Alto.

Edward Carbaugh, Mont Alto.

Maurice Baker, Mont Alto.

G. W. Patterson, Mont Alto.

Harry McCrea, Mont Alto.

The Mont Alto Division has been duly reported upon topographic-
ally in former reports. Roughly it is divided into four ranges. It has
the nature of a wide rolling plateau, cut by streams, leaving knobs and
liills. The climate is mild. The winters are not severe. The approxi-
mate area of the division is 20,000 acres, divided among four of the
regular rangers, 5,000 acres to a man for general patrol purposes.
The other rangers are engaged in general work anywhere within the
forest. The boundary lines of this forest have all been surveyed. For
half the distance they are brushed 10 feet wide. All lines, corners, and
stakes are painted every two years, when corners are rebuilt. Several
small added tracts are not yet included. The lines were all repainted
during 1912. There are a number of small interior tracts, some of
which may possibly be acquired in the future. At present they are
held at prohibitive prices.

There are no mature forests on the division. 250 acres contain
mature and hypermature trees, making about 60 per cent, of the total
stand. The improved area is 525 acres, 25 having been added during
1913. 9,000 acres are in need of improvement within the coming
yeark Improvement work yields from 3 to 10 cords per acre, valuable
principally for fuel, acid wood, or charcoal. Normal density of cer-
tain of our tracts is best promoted by clear cutting because of the for-
mer frequent fires. The appearance of the chestnut bark disease has
caused private owners to market their chestnut. About 5,000 acres
have a density of from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent. About 4,000 acres
of this forest are covered with scrub oak and brush. The humus and
soil have been burned. One-fourth of the area must be reforested and
at a high cost, because of difficulty in planting. 30 acres of old fields
remain unplanted; 50 acres are covered with rocks where no cutting
should be done and where planting is greatly restricted; roads oc-
cupy 114 acres, fire lanes 8 acres, and boundary lines 12 acres.

Springs and Streams.

All of the 9 good springs within this forest, with the exception of
two, flow continuously. There are 4 main streams in the tract. They
are the West Branch and the East Branch of the Little Antietam, the
Carbaugh, and the Rocky Mountain runs. Little contamination is
possible. The Mont Alto Sanatorium is located at the head of Rocky
Mountain Run. Because of this fact, the water of Rocky Mountain
Run is not recommended for personal use.

Buildings and Repairs.

There are G buildings at present occupied and used for forest pur-
poses, all but one being located at the old furnace site. Some of these
are in need of repair and others would better be torn down and re-
built. The public telephone lines cross this forest and both are con-
nected with forester's headquarters. 13i miles of private telephone
line were built during 1912. 6 miles of it is attached to the poles of
the Southern Pipe Line Company and the remainder was buUt by the
forester at a cost of f 46.85 per mile. The cost varies according to
local conditions. The value of the telephone and fire tower system
has already been made apparent. Of the 6 fires, none but one burned
over more than 10 acres, and all were reported so quickly that they
were immediately attacked and extinguished before much damage
was done. Two of the rangers carry portable telephones with tapping-
in stations at suitable points. With the tower system completed, the
ranger with his portable phone will be on or near his tower constantly

I

I

'I-

I,

412 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

during fire season and it is hoped to control fires almost completely.
The labor of building the 13^ miles of line above reported was prac-
tically all supplied by the forester and his rangers. There are now
one main fire tower and 6 temporary lookout stations. The main tower
is 40 feet high built of squared lumber.

Boads.

At the close of the year 1912, the total number of miles of road open
within this forest was 59; trails J of a mile; fire lanes 8 miles; bound-
ary lines 7i miles, lioads, trails and fire lanes for a distance of 58.3
miles were repaired in 1913. The work consisted of grading, ditching,
surfacing and bridging.

Easements.

A private tramway runs from the English Siding to the private
sand banks of Gregg, Forney, Smith & Middlekautf. From sand
shipments the State is in receipt of toll charges of 75 cents per car.
The Waynesboro Water Company has a right of way over State land
at the Old Forge. The lease of the Cumberland Valley Railroad Com-
pany for Mont Alto park has expired and will not be renewed. The
park buildings are to be taken down. Others are the rights of way
of the Southern Pipe Line (Company and the Pure Oil Pipe Line Com-
pany, with their accompanying lines of telegraph.

Sample Plots.

A 3-acre plantation was made on Stony Mountain in 1910. The ob-
ject was to study the reforesting of scrub oak lands.

Plantations.

Approximately 250 acres have been planted to seedlings to date, one
acre with tree seeds, and one acre with cuttings. The total plantings
are 585,124 seedling trees and 3,000 cuttings. Of the above, 461,400
were white pine and the balance Norway spruce, Scotch pine, black
walnut, honey locust, European larch, eastern catalpa, balsam fir,
Pinus ponderosa, persiinnion, western catalpa, hickory, ash, oak, and
locust.

During the year 1913 the following plantings were made:

White pine, 47^800

White ash, 3 qqq

Black walnut, 5^800

Bed oak, 2 440

White oak, 49q

58,530

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

413

Thirty thousand of the above white pine were planted under scrub
oak. The oak were planted into open places.

Labor.

Laborers are in demand and hard to get. 16^ cents per hour is the
price in the neighborhood of the sanatorium. Steady men have con-
tinuous employment at Waynesboro. The long walks to the work
on the reserve are not inviting. For forest work the State pays 15 cents
per hour, or |35.00 a month for regular employment. Elsewhere in
the region labor costs 16 cents per hour with pay for walking to and
from work.

Improvement Cuttings.

During 1912, 25 acres were improved, the cover being mainly chest-
nut. Some oak and maple were also taken out. The dead wood is
being rapidly removed from all parts of the forest. Improvement cut-
tings of previous years are showing excellent results. The crown is
closing and conditions are favorable to the production of the ideal
stand.

Markets.

The market for the forest product is limited. An effort is made not
to interfere with private holders of woodland. The forest supplies
the fuel market in the immediate neighborhood. There is a good de-
mand for building lumber, chestnut shingles, railroad ties, and chest-
nut plastering lath. No call for rails and posts. Prices at the mill
are as follows:

Building material, $18 to |22 per thousand feet.
Chestnut shingles, |4.50 to $5.00 per thousand.
Chestnut plastering lath, $4.00 per thousand.
Locust posts sawed, 20 cents to 25 cents each.
Cord wood, $1.50 to $2.10 per cord.

The haulage is from 1 to 9 miles by team. Then transportation
facilities are good. The Western Maryland is near the southern
boundary. Bailroad rates to Chambersburg, 15 miles, are as follows:

Sawed material, 40c.

Charcoal in carload lots, $1.20.

Cord wood, including pulp wood, 35c.

To other points the rates vary in proportion to the distance.
About 650 cords of miscellaneous wood were removed in 1912 dur-
ing the process of improvement and cleaning up the dead wood.

414

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

During 1913, 757 cords of dead fire wood and 68 cords of green fire
wood were sold.

Insects and Fungi.

The chestnut blight has appeared generally within this forest, and
threatens all the chestnut on the division. The infected areas vary in
size from one tree to 7 acres. As soon as detected, all defective trees
are cut, stumps peeled, and the material burned. Occasionally the
disease is found on sprouts. A number of areas belonging to private
owners are likewise infected.

The white pine weevil has attacked nearly all the plantations but
thus far has done no serious damage. Its attack is followed up closely
and all infected shoots cut and burned.

Forest Fires.

During 1912, forest fires were confined mainly to the hunting sea-
son. It is believed that at least 50 per cent, of them were caused by
carelessness rather than intentional firing. A 40-foot fire tower of good
character was built on the Knob. It was constructed of white pine,
locust, and oak. The actual cost of the material was f 15.38. The labor
supplied by the forester and his rangers at the usual rates amounted
to $35.84, making the total cost of the tower $81.22. It is substantial,
serviceable, and of great value in case of fire.

The total area burned within this forest by fires during the year
amounts to 250 acres. In two of the fires the loss was complete or
nearly so, while in the others it was slight.

During 1913, there seemed to be a systematic plot to burn out this
forest. Fires of an incendiary origin were constantly occurring. 16
fires were had during the year. It is stated that passage of the hun-
ters' license law is responsible for most of them. The burned area of
State land was about 1,300 acres and in many cases the losses were
RCivere.

Trespass.

Compared to former years, trespassing has very greatly decreased.
An occasional removal of wood without permission is detected!
Usually these cases are settled by paying the cost of the material
taken rather than by criminal prosecution. We find it promotes bet-
ter relations among those who are tempted to do acts of this kind, and
fairness and leniency seem to prevent repetitions just as readily!

Outing and Recreation.

•A number of hunting camps surround the State Forest, but durin^
1912 only one was located within it. Eight bucks were reported killed
and two does. Birds are scarce; other small game rather common.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

415

In 1913 only one hunter's camp was located within the State Forest.
The others were on interior tracts. 28 deer were killed and small
game in abundance. Trout were plentiful but since the streams are
small, all were easily caught.

Lightning Report.

All damage from lightning occurred during the month of August.
Seven bolts in all are konwn.

Oak, 4

Chestnut, 2

A lot of chestnut coppice, ^ i

hi'

39. THE STUART FOREST.

Forester, John R. Williams,* Ligonier.
Forester, John L. MacAvoy,t Ligonier.
Forester, V. M. Bearer,t Ligonier. '

Forest Rangers:

Wilson R. Barndt, Somerset, R. D. No. 3.
Oran Snyder, § Rector.

The boundary survey is completed, lines painted, and trails brushed.

The Stuart Forest has only recently been subjected to development.
It comprises about 8,500 acres, lying on the Laurel Ridge in both
Westmoreland and Somerset counties. It is a region of great promise
and a suitable enlargement of the present area would make it one of
the most valued and best appreciated State Forests, being in a region
where there is no other State holding for similar purposes.

On September 1, 1913, V. M. Bearer succeeded John L. MacAvoy as
forester, and his report for the remaining four months is supplemental
to Mr. MacAvoy's.

Of the Stuart State Forest, only about 190 acres is of a mature and
hypermature timber, much of which is depreciating and should be re-

•Transf«'rr«'(l to South Mountain -Forest, April 1, 1913.
tlN'siKiH'd September 30, 1913.
JAppointed September 1, 1913.
f Kesigned September. 30, 1913.

27

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REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

417

moved at once. Estimates are being taken on quantities varying from
500,000 to 750,000 board feet.

Springs and Streams.

Twelve springs have been cleaned and made accessible. During the
season of drought Lynn Itun has no water. The water sinks and flows
underneath the bed of the stream for a distance of two miles.

Buildings and Repairs.

There are no builidngs on this tract except a small cabin at Laurel
Summit on the top of the mountain, forming a convenient station for
the forester. This cabin was repaired during the summer by being
supplied with a new shingle roof. It is now in good condition and
contains full equipment.

The telephone attached to the railroad line is near to this camp.

Eoads.

The development of the road system is not well advanced. The new
roads to be built will largely follow the old wood roads where the
grades are suitable. In other places they will be relocated. The total
road mileage within the present forest is 18 miles; trails ^ mile; fire
Ir.nes, 13 miles; boundary lines, 8 miles.

Easements.

The only easement in this forest is the right of way of the Pitts-
burgh, Westmoreland, and Somerset Railroad Company.

Leases.

There is one outstanding lease in this forest held by Thomas H.
Cronin Company, of Pittsburgh, for the removal of blue stone from
a quariy along Laurel Ridge. It yields a royalty of 16 cents i)er ton.
The quarry is of small size but produces stone of good quality and in
large quantity. This lease is reported on elsewhere.

Minerals.

A small vein of coal underlies practically the whole area. It prob-
ably does not exceed four feet anywhere, and no doubt is thinner in

m

'

*.

places. The vein is undeveloped because the coal cannot be removed
at a profit. As a store against future demands, this coal may at some
distant date be a valuable asset.

Plantations.

A small amount of planting was made during the 1912 season, using
10,000 2-year old seedlings, 8,000 of which were Norway spruce and 2,-
000 Pinus ponderosa. 5,000 of them were placed on a 2-acre plot
known as the dynamite experiment plot, 3,000 on an acre and a half
at Laurel Summit, and the 2.000 Pinus ponderosa on a similar area at
the Marker Mill plantation.

In the Laurel Summit 1913 plantation of 28 acres, 50,000 trans-
planted 3-year-old white pine seedlings were used.

The total plantings to date within this forest are 75,500, G5,500 of
which are white pine. The total area planted with seedlings to date
is 39^ acres.

Labor.

Wages are at a minimum of |2.00 per day. Team with driver costs
from $4.50 to $6.00 per day.

Forest Fires.

During 1912 about 75 acres of State land were burned over. Two
additional fires occurred on nearby private land, the extinguishment
of which was aided by the forest force. One fire was believed to be of
incendiary origin, while the others apparently originated from the
railroad.

In 1913 5 forest fires burned upon State land, covering an area of
1,020 acres. In most instances the fires were light and the damage
slight. One 50-foot fire tower has been located.

Outing and Recreation.

Little camping occurred during 1913 because of the rule prohibiting
camps within one-half mile of a game preserve. The Stuart Forest
is now within the excluded region for deer hunting. Pheasants were
abundant. Squirrels and rabbits also abound. Little other game is
found. Other wild animals such as raccoons, skunks, weasels, minks,
and foxes, are trapped.

\^

27—26—1915

418

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

Lightning Report.

Fourteen trees were struck and shattered during 1912, the first in
April and the last in November. Fires were started in two of the
chestnuts struck. The species are;

Chestnut, 7

White oak, 2

Red oak, 2

Carolina poplar, 2

Tulip poplar, 1

14

During 1913, 4 lightning bolts are known to have struck within
this forest, one in July and three in August. Two were in red oak
and two in c'hestnut.

40. THE STONE FOREST, ASAPH DIVISION.

Forester, Paul H. Mulford, Asaph.
Forest Rangers:

Henry C. Cox, Wellsboro.

E. N. Jenckes, Asaph.

The Stone Forest lies within Tioga county, and includes within its
boundary the Asaj)h forest nursery. The boundary survey is com-
plete with the exception of two of the recently purchased lots.

In 1913, 29 miles of the boundary line were brushed and posted
during the year, 20 miles remarked and 100 corners were rebuilt. On
October 1, 1913, the Chatham division was re-attached to Asaph.

The Stone Forest is practically solid, there being almost no interior
tracts. A few exterior tracts would be valuable to straighten the
boundary lines. The forest at this time comprises over 50,000 acres,
a portion of which is under the charge of the forestei-s located at
Blackwells and at Middlebury Centre. The whole area has been com-
pletely lumbered, and succeeding foiest fires have burned severely.
At least 1,200 acres of open ground thus cleared by the fires is avail-
able for planting.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

419

There is no virgin forest on this division. Probably 1,000 acres will
contain mature or hypermature trees, and 3,000,000 feet could be re-
moved at present. The prevailing species are white, red, yellow, and
pitch pine ; hemlock, maple, chestnut, beech, and oak. A 50 per cent,
density or greater may be found on about 500 acres. It needs no
present improvement. 480 acres carry a density of from 10 per cent,
to 50 per cent. Brush and weed growth cover 4,500 acres. 2,200
acres are classified as burned-over area. 54 acres are used for roads
and 91 for trails; fire lanes occupy 21 acres. The balance of the
division is covered with a scattered brush and weed growth.

Springs and Streams.

There are no lakes, dams, or ponds within the tract. The streams
and the general water supply of the region were fully described in
the last report. Springs generally are clean and accessible and their
location posted. Their position is indicated on the working maps. At
kast 90 per cent, of them flow steadily. The remainder are dry dur-
ing the hot months. The severe fires with loss of humus are un-
doubtedly responsible for the failure of some of them. The streams
have great volume of water during the spring and autumn, but dur-
ing mid-season become low. Some of them run underground for a part
ot the summer. The restoration of the forest cover will assist the
stream flow. There is little or no contamination of the waters within
this forest.

\

Buildings and Repairs.

The buildings consist of a number of lumber camps and old shan-
ties, most of them in poor condition and in need of repairs. At present
tliey serve as rough shelters during inclement weather. Five small
storm shelters have been built at various places. A line of the Bell
Telephone system is near the forest and party lines are numerous,
costing 118.00 for residence and .1f24.00 for business telephones per
year. The toll line radius is Wellsboro and Leetonia. The building
of the State Forest line has been begun.

Roads.

The total road mileage within this forest at present is 38; trails 5 J
miles; fire lanes, 11 miles; boundary lines, 30 miles. During the year
these were brushed out and improved. In 1913, 27.3 miles of roads,
trails, and fire lines have been improved. The map of the road sys-
tem has not yet been completed.

430 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

f

Easements.

A number of individuals enjoy the privilege of passing over por-
tions of the State land. This is not objectionable and assists in pro-
tective work.

Seed Collection.

The seeds collected in 1912 were used in the Asaph nursery, and
were as follows:

Slippery elm, 31 J pounds, costing 16 cents per lb. to gather; black
cherry, 315J pounds, a i>ortion of it costing 2J cents per pound and
the remainder 6 1-5 cents per pound.

All seed was of good quality, but few trees with fertile seed were
found.

. Seeds for use in the local Asaph nursery are regularly collected,
in 1913, 1,260 pounds of red oak of fair quality were gathered. The
collection was at the rate of about 3^ cents per pound. By reason of
the short season and late frosts, development of seeds was poor.

Plantations.

Plantations to the extent of 40.88 acres were made during 1912,
using the following seedlings:

White pine, 50,700

Norway spruce, 6,470

European larch, 5,875

White ash, 2,474

Ped oak, 650

White oak, 250

Honey locust, 750

Black cherry, 107

Sugar maple, 470

Elm, 7^150

Total, 74^896

Planting during the year 1913 amounted to 51,088 and comprised
the following species:

£

Norway spruce, 2-year, 21 800

White pine, 2-year, 22,000

Scotch pine, 2-year, 4 loO

Silver pine, 3-year, 3^85

Total, 51,088

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 421

All seed was planted in the Asaph nursery, using 1,620 pounds of
various kinds.

To date 153.88 acres have been planted with seeds and seedlings,
12.25 acres being set to seed, using white pine, chestnut, and black
walnut. Planting to date on this division is as follows :

European larch, 8,577

White pine, 147,800

Bull pine, 1,000

Norway spruce, 30,770

Scotch pine, 38,430

Balsam fir, 600

Silver pine, 3,188

Red oak, 9,841

Honey locust, 6,250

Chestnut, 900

Black cherry, 11,807

Black walnut, 90

Sugar maple, 1,770

• White oak, 250

White ash, 26,026

Elm, 13,574

Hickory, 605

Persimmon, 492

Total, 301,970

Nurseries.

I

(See report under "State Forest Nurseries").

Labor.

Labor in t^is region costs IS cents per hour and 35 cents per hour
for a man and team. There is much work but few men to do it. The
quality of the labor is good. Any lo<*al and New York state demand
decreases the number of available workmen for forest work.

Markets.

Pine, hemlock, and hardwoods, all sizes and lengths, are worth from
$3.00 to f 10.00 per thousand feet. Fence posts of chestnut and oak
6J to 7 feet long, 4 to 6 inches in diameter, sell for $1.80 to $2.00 per
hundred. Shingle bolts of ])ine 18 inches long are worth 85 cents per
cord. Fire wood of mixed species 50 cents per cord. The demand of
the district is large. Long hauls and scattered growth make inten-
sive operation where it ought to be carried on, prohibitive within the
State Forest.

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422

ll

REPORT OF THE

Erosion.

Off. Doc.

Erosion is taking place on the bare hillsides. The lack of tree cover
is responsible. On the steeper portions a number of slides of earth
have taken place.

Insects and Fungi. ^

The hemlocks in this region are being attacked generally by two
species of borer. Whether the disappearance of the surrounding forest
induced the coming of the insect or the presence of the insect is first
responsible for the injury to the trees, we have not been able to de-
termine. Much of the present staud of beech is dying from a dry rot
which affects the trunk and the crown. It is also attacked by white
yphis. There are lesser forms of insect and fungus attack but none
so serious as those on the hemlocks and beech. The tent caterpillar
and the pine aphis were especially present.

Forest Fires.

During the year 1912 there were no fires within this forest. In i913,
four fires burned within the forest, covering an area of over 2,040
acres. The most extensive fire covered 2,000 acres of State land and
burned for 5 days in May. In every instance but one the origin of
the fire was unknown. This one case resulted from the burning of a
fallow and covered only one acre of State land. Accessible high points
are used as observatory stations. The fire wardens responded
promptly. The value of the telephone in fire-fighting service was
demonstrated in these fires.

Outing and Recreation.

Hunting and fishing are the chief recreations, 18 camps being es-
tablished during 1912 with 95 campers. A few located without per-
mits but this was remedied by a visit from the forester. Deer were
not abundant, only two being reported killed during the season.
KSmaller game was more abundant except squirrels, quail, and wood-
cock, which are scarce. Bear are plentiful but none were killed.
Weasels, wild cats, skunks, raccoons, and foxes abound and are prob-
ably responsible for the decrease of better game.

In 1913, 10 camping permits with 81 campers were issued into this
forest. Three deer were killed on State land. Smaller game was
abundant, except quail and squirrels. (Jreat numbers of weasels,
foxes, wild cats, skunks, and raccoons were trapped and shot.

Twelve cans of trout were planted during the year. The bass and
trout fishing were fair.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

423

All camps in this division will be numbered from 4,401 to 4,499 in-
clusive. 8 regular camping sites have been prepared and posted.

The State Forest is also used for picnics and for the gathering of
fruits and berries.

Lightning Report.

All trees struck by lightning in 1912 were dead except one red pine
and one white pine. The number of bolts was 29, with the following
species struck:

Shortleaf yellow pine, 1

Pitch pine, 2

White pine, 11

Hemlock, 8

Chestnut, 6

Gum, 1

29

The periods of greatest frequency were the months of July and
August, with 12 bolts each. Two of the pines thus struck were ignited
and burned. In every instance the lightning was accompanied by rain,
thus no doubt preventing other fires.

Forty-five lightning bolts struck during the year 1913. The periods
of frequency were as follows :

May, 2

June, 6

July, 12

August, 11

September, 3

October, 1

November, 9

December, 1

45

The species struck and shattered were :

White pine, living, 6

White pine, dead, 5

White oak, living, 3

Chestnut, dead, 9

Hemlock, dead, 15

Hemlock, living, 2

Mai)le, 1

Norway pine, 1

n

42

'424

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Struck and ignited :

Wliite pine, dead, 1

White pine, living, 2

45

^T

41. THE STONE FOKEST, CHATHAM DIVISION.

Forester, C. C. Miner,* Middlebury Centre.
Forest Hanger, George A. Stebbins,t Sabinsville.

Topography.

''This forest lies in the Wisconsin Terminal Moraine and the action
of the glacial period is still to be observed. Two groups of rocks are
to be found on the surface, and these have been classilied as

(a) The Catskill Pocono group, Oswayo formation, green sand-
stone and shale.

"The entire forest shows this group and veiy little else forms the
basis of the soil.

(b) Sharon Conglomerate, Pottsville formation, white quartz.
''The white quartz easily crumbles when exposed to the weather and

the sand bed of Little Asaph country is caused by an outcrop of the
quartz and the action of the elements.

''The soil on this forest is either shaly in nature or else a sandy
loam. On most mountain sides the green sandstone is to be found
as flat rocks of small size mixed with the humus.

"The general topography of this forest is mountainous, or, strictly
speaking, a dissected plateau. Steep slopes and plateau are found in
nearly equal areas.

"The prevailing climatic conditions are peculiar, and throughout the
Vine Creek watershed these conditions seem to be general, very warm
days and rapid cooling during the night. It is observed that the
growing period is seldom longer than 13 weeks. The period for 1913
v.-as 12 weeks from a killing frost to another killing frost. The mean
summer temperature is placed at 68 degrees F. and the mean winter
temperature at 23 degrees F. Maximum summer temperature was

♦Ufsljjned September 30. 1913.

tBegan service July 1, 1912; resigned September 30. 1913.

r»^

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

425

103 degrees F. for the past summer. The warm winter with mud and
rains caused an unusual amount of heaving in the forests and farm-
ing lands."

This division of the Stone Forest is in the northern xjart of Tioga
county, and was defined in 1910. In it are included parts of Chat-
ham, Delniar, Shippen, and Middlebury townshjps. There is consider-
able flat land on the top of the ridges. The slopes to the streams are
steep. They are cut at intervals by spring drains. Swamps are found
on the upper flat areas with elevations of 2,000 feet. The boundary
lines of the division are all surveyed with the exception of the 1912
additions.

All surveyed lines have been brushed, blazed, posted, and corners
rebuilt.

All springs and plantations have been marked with proper notices.
There are a number of interior tracts aggregating several hundred
acres. Some are purchaseable at this date while others are not.

The stand throughout is much the same. It has been lumbered three
times. No virgin forest is found.

The present area of the division is 11,329 acres. No purchases were
made during 1913. An area of 1,500 acres contains a quantity of ma-
ture and hypermature forest. From this 150,000 board feet of lumber
may be taken. The trees are scattered and cost of transportation is
such that it could not be removed at a profit. No area has a density
of stand over 50 per cent. From 7,000 to 8,000 acres have a density
of from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent. All material is small and there
is no market for it. Continued protection is its chief requirement.
2,000 acres are covered with brush. This is coming slowly under re-
generation. About 1,000 acres may be planted at this time. This has
been laid bare by forest fires. There are no rocky areas such that
regeneration will be impossible. Springs and streams occupy 100
acres ; roads and trails 150 acres ; fire lanes, 50 acres.

Springs and Streams.

There are no large streams on the division. It is well equipped with
a number of unfailing springs which are the sources of small streams.
All main springs are located on t\\,e map. Where not easily accessible,
trails have been cut to them. Guide boards carry the names of the
springs. All springs are more or less affected by drought. Stream
flow is continuous and the possibility of contamination is remote.
One .slight case was detected and promptly corrected. All springs
have been located and many of them improved. They are marked with
signs at the fire trails. Most of the streams are steady throughout
the year. .

I I

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426 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

Buildings and Repairs.

The buildings in this forest consist of a tool house and the house
at the Reese camp. The former was recently built and the latter re-
paired. There are no telephone lines on the Chatham division. There
is one fire tower but it is without telephone connection.

Roads.

A system of roads has been worked out to connect with those built
by the forester at Asaph. Market conditions and fire danger were
taken into consideration in laying the plan. The area is now well
accessible by means of the road system. At present the total length
of open roads is about 30 miles; trails, 25 miles; boundary lines, 7
miles.

Leases.

There is one outstanding lease with C. W. Reese for the removal of
dead and down timber.

Seed Collection.

Little good seed could be gathered in 1912 because of the spring
frosts. 15 pounds of maple seed were procured and sent to the Asapii
nursery.

Plantations.

Three pounds of pine seed and 15 pounds of sugar maple were sown
within the forest in 1912. Plantings for the year 1912 are as follows:

White pine, 101,700

Scotch pine, 9 ^qq

Norway spruce, 10,'()00

l^^d «ak, 20,000

W^it^ ash, 9 Q()g

Honey locust, 5qq

Willow cuttings, 4 000

T^tal, ^ ; 15489^

During 1913 the following plantations were made:

Seed.

European larch, ^ ^^^^^

"^^'^^Vine, 2 pounds

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

427

Seedlings. •

European larch, 2-year, 3,900

Norway spruce, 2-year, 7,300

White pine, 2-year, 126,500

Silver pine, 3-year, 5,000

Total, 142,700

Plantings to date on this division have been as follows:

Seeds.

White pine, 6 pounds

Scotch pine, 1 pound

European larch, 1 pound

Red oak, 2 quarts

Black cherry, 50 pounds

White ash, 5i} pounds

White walnut, 1^ bushels

Black walnut, 1 bushel

Rock oak, 8 bushels

Hard maple, 15 pounds

Total seedlings planted to da^*^ cover an area of 260^ acres, and
the species are as follows :

White pine, 2-year, 248,200

Scotch pine, 2-year, 9,600

Silver pine, 3-year, 5,000

European larch, 2-year, 3,900

Norway spruce, 2-year, 17,300

Red oak, 1-year, 35,000

White ash, 1-year, 10,000

Black cherry, 1-year, 6,800

Honey locust, 1-year, 500

Basket willow, (cuttings), 6,000

Total, 342,300

Sample Plots.

Three sample plots have been started for the purpose of testing
the difference between the soils in the valley and those on the moun-
tain.

m

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428.

REPORT OF THE

• Labor.

Off. Doc.

Work is abundant but laboring men are scarce. High prices arc
the result. Labor costs 18 cents per hour. A team with man costs $4.00
per day. A man and one horse 25 cents per hour. The lowest wage paid
is 17^ cents per hour. In many instances 25 cents is demanded and re-
ceived. The local celery farms and railroads pay high prices and it is
difficult to procure men for forest work. The quality is good, above
the average.

Improvement Work.

A block of 2,500 acres was laid out for improvement, and after
being reduced to sections the work of removing all dead and defective
trees was begun. All dead and defective material down to a diametei
limit of 3 inches was taken. All old dead stubs and dead pine trees
were cut down. The material produced did not quite pay the cost of
the work, but the gain to the forest is great, much more than the
cost. A small number of logs were cut into planks and lumber, ma-
terial which was needed for use within the forest.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Forest Fires.

429

But two fires were started on this division in 1912. Both were
extinguished by forest officers. The area burned was less than an
acre. During 1913, fires were limited to an area of 10^ acres. The
damage was small.

Outing and Kecreation.

Applications were honored for 5 different camps and a larger num-
ber of permits was issued than formerly. Fishing was good through-
out the season, and some fair catches were made. Trout were planted
in Canada Kun. One doe was reported killed during the 1912 hunting
season. A few over-night permits were issued in 1913. The conduct
of those Who used the forest is improving. They are beginning to
understand the force of the presence of the State in the neighborhood
for protection and restoration of forests. Many persons from the
nearby towns and villages come out into this forest. Our improved
roads make it accessible to visitors.

.^

I

Markets.

The wood-using industries of the locality furnished certain data to
the forester and he finds that they will take the following material :

Crate bolts, any species.

Koller bolts, hard maple, large diameters.

Fire wood, any quantity and nearly all species.

Logs for lumber, any quantity and almost any quality.

Shingle bolts, dead pine and live hemlock.

Poles and posts of suitable species.

Tb'* markets are close at hand and the demand exceeds the imme-
diate supply.

Erosion.

Only two serious instances of erosion are noted,
would in a short time stop its progress.

Forest r anting

Insects and Fungi.

The usual forest insects are present, the white pine weevil and aphis
being most destructive. The chestnut bark disease has not yet ap^
peared in this division. ;

Lightning Report.

Thirteen trees were struck and shattered during 1913. Three were
not on State land. The period of greatest frequency was dining th*.'
months of July and August. The species are as follows:

White birch, 1

Chestnut, dead, 4

Hemlock, 5

Elm, 2

Black locust, 1

13

• ,.'■•■ • '

No trees were ignited.

Fourteen trees were struck and shattered during 1913. The period
of frequency was as follows:

May, 1

• • July, 6

August, 5

September, 2

%

J

430 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The species struck were:

Chestnut, 3

Hemlock, g

Birch, 1

White oak, , 1

Rock oak, 1

Live chestnut, 2

14

42. THE KETTLE CREEK FOREST, LEIDY DIVISION.

Forester, John L. MacAvoj,* Hammersleyfork.
Forester, Walter M. Mumma,t Hammersleyfork.
Forester, Max E. Mttller,^ Hammersleyfork.
Forest Ranger, William S. McCoy, Leidy.

The Leidy division of the Kettle Creek Forest is situate in Leidy
township in the northwestern portion of Clinton county. Kettle
Creek drains the larger part of it. The area is very irregular in out-
line, consisting of two main blocks, one on each side of Kettle creek
and a number of smaller areas broken up by private land.

The region in which it is situated is mountainous throughout and
very sparsely settled. The soil is comparatively poor and few of the
farms pay. Timber has always been the chief source of wealth in the
neighborhood.

The geological conformation consists of white Pocono sandstone and
red Pocono shale. The former is sometimes used for stone and ma-
sonry work and some of the latter makes good flag pavements. Nar-
row benches near the top of the mountains and irregular draws or hol-
lows on the sides of the ridges are characteristic. Great blocks of
coarse sandstone or conglomerate are found on the tops of some of
the mountains. Traces of coal and iron exist and three recentlv
driven gas wells near Hammersley have an apparently good flow. *

Lumbering on a large scale was carried on in the neighborhood till
within seven years ago. When the virgin forests were exhausted the
lumbermen moved elsewhere and a large part of the population fol-

XtZf6 To '^&^ji:;- A^^iV 1. m.; to Stuart ForesrM;.;c;Trm3: -'-^--^

tAppolnted September 1, 1918.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

t

431

lowed. What had been one of the grandest pine and hemlock produc
ing areas of the State was soon reduced to a condition bordering upon
desolation by repeated fires. As the slash and debris disappeared,
however, these did less damage so that now a mixed growth of hard-
woods, consisting chiefly of sprouts, has replaced to a great extent the
former evergreen stands.

The boundary is unsurveyed. In many cases no one knows where
the State and private lands join. The irregular shape of many of the
tracts adds to the difficulty. Many of the old corners have been de-
stroyed in lumbering and there is doubt about the identity of others.
All the corners and lines that are definitely known have been posted.
With such conditions existing, prevention of trespass has been hard
and the necessity of an early sui'vey is keenly felt.

The area is mountainous throughout. Kettle Creek flows in a
southerly direction in a tortuous manner and its tributaries coming in
irom either side cut out ridges running east and west. This is the
only hint of iriegularity in the configuration. At the head of the
creeks the mountains seem heaped up at random. The side hills are
very steep, often foj-ming angles of 50 and 00 degrees. Some of th(^
larger mountains are slightly flat on the top but as a general rule
they are sharp and ragged. Benches, due to geological formation are
a characteristic. These, however, are never very broad.

On the whole the climate is regular. Spring is the most dangerous
season for fires. The year 1913 was marked by damaging efune frosts.

The total area of this division is about 18,600 acres and of this
about 125 acres supports mature timber consisting mostly of hemlock
approximately 100,000 feet. In most cases this is deteriorating ami
prone to windfall. Mixed in with this is a little chestnut and oak
suitable for telephone material. Besides this there is considerable
small stuft" which has been killed or injured by fire and should be re-
moved. Most of the younger stands, nevertheless, are very promisinc^
We can distinguish two distinct main types. In the first, chestnut
rock oak, and white oak pred.ininate. This type prevails on the east-
ern half of the area. The second, is the familiar beech, birch and
maple mixture interspersed with basswood, red oak, and other species
These stands range from mere shoots up to four and five inches in
diameter. In some cases, weed species like fire cherrv, aspen or scrub
oak are found mixed in with the more valuable permanent growth
but pure areas of weed growth of large size are not found. There are
about 1,000 acres on which i)lanting is necessary. Fires have thinned
out some of the stands and where fire can be kept out much of the area
will in time reforest itself with valuable species. This is well ilhis.
tiated by a few slopes where good white pine regeneration is creeping
in under an advanced growth of aspen and other hardwoods

28

432

REPORT OP THE

Off. Doc

Not more than one-third of the total area of the division has a den-
sity of 50 per cent, or greater. About 0,000 acres are covered with a
growth ranging in density from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent. 25 acres
comprise the water, stream, and swamp land areas. Roads, trails
ar'i fire lanes occupy 35 acres.

Springs and Streams.

The best springs are cleaned and made accessible. The naming and
posting of the springs is progressing and will be finished next season,
springs are numerous. The larger ones flow steadily throughout the
year. Streams are variable in flow. Since the disappearance of the
wood cover the residents report higher and lower water than formerly.
There is almost no contamination.

Buildings and Repairs.

A small building has been purchased at Crossfork and will be re-
moved at once to Hammersleyfork to be used as an office building.
There are no other buildings on this forest.

Roads.

The total number of miles of road opened in 1912 is lOJ; fire lanes,
0 miles. The roads need an almost complete rebuilding. Many old
roads may be converted into good highways with the expenditure of a
little effort.

During 1913, 17^ miles of old roads, trails, and fire lanes were re-
paired and 5 miles of new lines opened. 7 miles of pipe line right of
way are kept open by the National Transit Company. This affords
a favorable base for protection. This pipe line right of way of the
National Transit Company is the only easement existing within the
division.

Plantations.

During 1912, the following seedlings were planted on 9 acres.
Three-year-old transplants from one-year seedlings were used :

White pine, 8,000

Norway spruce, 2 000

10,000

The planting during 1913 comprised 100,000 white pines, using
three-year-old seedlings.

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 433

Ninety-five acres of the forest area have been planted to date. 25
acres of this area are in open fields and meadows. Seedlings planted
to date are as follows:

White pine, 126,500

Norw^ay spruce, 3,000

Scotch pine, 500

130,000

Labor.

The better class of laboring men in this region receives |2.15 per
day. Team hire costs |4.50 per day. Formerly the wage for laborers
was 16 cents an hour, but this is so low that the quality was below the
average. The only industry in the region at present is farming. Much
of the best labor has left the region, although much of that which
remains is of good quality. The residents willingly assist in the ex-
tinguishment of forest fire.

Markets.

Local markets can scarcely be said to exist. Sawed lumber is called
for in Renovo. Local saw mills at Tamarack find a market for mine
ties in the clay mines. Fuel wood is worth |3.00 per cord chopped,
split, and delivered. On the stumi) and dead it is almost impossible
to sell. The nearest railroad is 14 miles away.

Insects and Fungi.

The white pine weevil is destructive in this locality. Probably 50
per cent, of the young white pines have been attacked. The locust
borer is present.

Forest Fires.

Two fires occurred during 1912, only one of which was on State
land, burning 200 acres. The damage was slight. In past years this
region has been seveiely burned, which accounts for the sparse growth
on some portions of the State Forest. Protection is at present the
chief aim of the forest administration. An outlook tower is in pro-
cess of building and new fire lines are being added. All fires are be-
lieved to be started from hunters, fishermen, and berry pickers. Dur-
ing 1913, 6 different fires burned upon State land, covering a total
area of about 3,200 acres. Because of the weed growth the immediate;;
actual damage was small.

28—26—1915

5^;^

434 REPORT OF THE OiT. Doc.

Outing and Recreation.

Hunting in the region is good. 6 bucks and 7 bears were taken dur-
ing 1913 on State land and in tlie neighborhood. Trout fishing is fair.
Bass, eels, and suckers abound in Kettle Creek.

All camp sites within this division will be numbered from 2,301 to
2,399 inclusive. 6 camj) sites have thus far been located and improved.

Lightning Report.

The period of greatest frequency was during the months of July and
August. 9 bolts were counted, two of which ignited the trees, a white
pine and a hemlock. The species struck were as follows:

Chestnut, 4

Hemlock, 3

White pine, 2

During 1913 only one stroke of lightning is known to have occurred
within this division, a chestnut having been struck in the month of
July.

No 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

43. THE TROUGH CR^ EK FOREST.

435

Foirester, W. Elmer Houpt, Aitch.

Forest Ranger, John M. Stever,* Cassville.

The Trough Creek State Forest lies in Huntingdon county and in-
cludes what are known as the Brumbaugh and Kendig tracts. There
are no interior tracts.

The area of this forest is approximately 0,100 acres. The boundary
is surveyed and the lines painted and posted. The corners are well
marked and plainly witnessed.

The reserve is bounded on the northwest by the Raystown branch of
the Juniata. The river flows along the foot of Terrace Mountain, in
a very meandering manner. This is due to the soft narrow belt of
Catskill formation through which it flows. It crosses incessantly
from side to side, rebounding from the ridges of upper Chemung sand
rocks on the left, to the solid Pocono sandstone mass of Terrace moun-
tain on the right.

Just below Paradise Furnace, Trough Creek begins its gorge-like
passage through the Pocono sandstones of Terrace Mountain, follow-
ing the axis of the trough northward, and frequently descending in
rapir^s until it reaches the Raystown branch. The gray sandstone
cliffs through which it flows liave in some places a perpendicular
height of two or three hundred feet.

The surface features are entirely unaffected by glacial action, al-
though bowlder deposits occur along the Raystown branch, but never
more than about 50 feet above the level of the water. These bowlders
consist largely of Pocono sandstone, large ledges of which overhang
the stream at many places.

Surface rocks are sandstone and shale. Along the slopes of the
mountain the sandstone covers the surface completely, while on the
benches and top the sandstone is hidden, and a good soil is found.
Along the Raystown branch small ridges of red shale are found. The
ridges are steep, and the sliale is hard to the surface, causing the soil
to be very thin and poor. Throughout what is locally known as the
Barrens, the standstone is hidden, except in ravines and hollows. Here
the soil is of a sandy nature and of a poor quality, due to the frequent
fires which have robbed the soil of its humus.

The reserve is exceedingly rough, with altitudes varying from 750
to 1,400 feet. The grade of the slopes varies from 25 to 60 degrees
The slope of Terrace Mountain facing the river is exceedingly steep.

♦Resigned Soptcnihor 30, l;il3. ~~~

i u't:u

n

436

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

This is also true of the gap through AV'hich Trough Creek flows. The
southeast slope of Terrace Mountain is gradual, being formed by roll-
ing hills and shallow valleys, all of which have a general trend to the
south, forming what is known as the Barrens.

The climate is not of the best. During the fall and winter heavy
winds sweep the whole area, while in the summer the air is hazy and
sultry. Frequent thunderstorms of great violence occur. They travel
mostly in a northeasterly direction.

About 1,000 acres have a density of 50 ])er cent, or over, and are in
need of improvement. Proper thinning would produce a large quan-
tity of material, probably a million feet of saw timber, 20,000 railroad
ties, 600 cords of pulp wood, bark, pit posts, and extract wood. The
sjiecies are principally hardwoods mixed with pitch pine. Markets
are good and eveiything can be handled with profit. 2,930 acres have
a density of from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent, of the same species.
From this portion one million feet of pitch pine could be removed as
pulp wood or mine props. Freight rates will average about $10.00
per car. 1,400 acres are brusli land and may be reinforced by spot
j)lanting. Seedlings may be planted on 000 acres. 95 acres are covered
with rocks, 24 with water, :>0 occupied by roads, 28 by fire lanes.

Springs and Streams.

All springs have been located on the forest map and have been
cleaned and made accessible. A number are being walled. All map
springs have continuous How. The larger streams, Raystown brancli
of the Juniata and Trough Creek, are irregular in flow because of the
heavy runofl'. The surface of the land contains little humus. Sulphur
water from the mines enters Trough Creek.

Buildings and Repairs.

The old stone house at the Forge is the only structure worth men-
tioning. If repaired and the grounds improved xl will make a good
house for a forester or a ranger. The Bell Telephone lines pass within
a half mile of this forest. The service is good, at a rental of $1.00 per
month. Nearly all local homes are supplied with the telephone. A
rural line connects with the Bell at Huntingdon.

Roads.

The total mileage of open road at present is 14 J miles; fire lanes,
G miles. All the roads aie in poor condition. A model road could
be made out of tlu^ township road running along Trough Creek.

Vk

i

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

437

Roads, trails, and fire lanes were repaired during 1913 for a dii*
tance of about 9 miles. 5 miles were fire lanes, the remaining 4 miles
regular wagon roads.

Leases.

The Juniata and Southern Railroad has a right of way 60 feet wide
with a 20-year lease, through a portion of this forest. While it fur-
nishes easy access to market, it increases the fire danger.

Minerals.

In the face of the rocks along Trough Creek there appears a 6-foot
vein of coal. Its extent and quality are not known.

Seed Collection.

A small quantity of seed of dogwood, papaw, and red oak were
gathered during September and October, 1913. The red oak was kept
for use within the forest, while the others were forwarded to the De-
partment.

Plantations.

Fifteen thousand 3-year-old transplants were set out during 1913.
Two bushels of black walnuts and two pounds of white pine seed were
put into plantations.

The area planted with seedlings to date is 16 acres. The total num-
ber planted is 45,000, principally white pine.

Sample Plots.

Two sample plots, using white pine and walnut, were made near the
Duncan and Wills camp during 1913. White pine covers 4 acres and
walnuts 1^ acres.

Labor.

Unskilled labor costs 16 cents per hour, two-horse team with driver,
40 cents per hour. The building of the railroad has raised the cost of
labor, but the quality is poor.

Markets.

Prices are fair but will improve shortly. The available private sup-
ply of timber is limited and is being rapidly marketed. Freight rates
are too high. Transportation will be much better when the new rail-
road is constructed. Theie is use for ties, posts, rough saw timber,
car timber, mine props, leit; Vone poles, and pulp wood.

ii

438 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Erosion.

When the forest cover is removed from any of these lands, erosion
begins quickly. On the Brumbaugh tract where the ridges are steep,
erosion rapidly follows a fire. The Kendig tract is rolling in nature
and little washing takes place.

Insects and Fungi.

kSIx hundred chestnut trees were found attacked by the chestnut
bai'k disease. The trees were destroyed and the stumps burned. The
white j)ine weevil has appeared in some of the plantations. Where
detected, the attacked trees were removed and burned.

I

Forest Fires.

During 1912 but one fire occurred within this forest and burned
over an area of 10 acres. The loss was small. There were no forest
fires during 10i:>. A 30-foot fire tower has been erected on a high
l)()int.

Outing and Recreation.

No camping parties with i^ermits located within the forest during
the year. Picnic parties near the old Forge are common. A camping
club near Calvin located on private ground but hunted over State land
with a crowd of 25. A report of the game and other animals taken,
includes 11 bucks, 2 does, 2 wild cats, 70 i)]ieasants, 300 squirrels, and
50 rabbits. Fishing is poor. Laurel Run is the only stream contain-
ing trout and not more than 100 were taken. The Raystown branch
was stocked with black bass and occasionally good catches are made.
All camp sites within this forest will be numbered from 4,701 to 4,799
inclusive.

Lightning Report.

During 1912, 41 trees were struck and shattered. The period of
greatest frequency was during the months of July and August. The
species are as follows :

Chestnut, 17

Pitch pine, 1q

Black oak, 3

White oak, 3

White pine, 2

Hickory, 2

Hemlock,

Pin oak, 2

41

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Twenty-six strokes of lightning are reported during 1913:

Chestnut, 7

Pitch pine, 8

Black oak, 4

White oak, 3

White pine, 2

Hickory, 1

Hemlock, l

The periods of frequency were as follows:

May, 5

July, 12

June, 7

August, 1

September, 1

439

44. thp: whetham state forest.

Forester, J. B. Ryon, Glen Union.

Forest Rangers:

A. M. Wilson,* Glen Union.
R. K. Merrill,t Glen Union.

The Whetham Forest, situate in Colebrook, Gallagher, Grugan,
Chapman, and Noye.s townships, is divided into two unequal sections
by the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, along which, running
east and west, is the Philadelphia and Eiie Division of the Pennsyl-
vania RailTx>ad. It is located near the central ])art of (^Uinton county
between Lock Haven, the county seat, and Renovo.

Geological Features.

The summits of the mountains are capped by conglomerate sand-
stone which in places juts out in shelflike cliffs. The exposures of
sandstone display a varied geological formation, often thinning down,
becoming less coarse, and having an appearance not unlike the Pocono

•Loft Rervi(«« .Tanuary 31, 1912.
tBcgnn service March 15. 1912.

I

440

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

sandstone, which lies in next to the conglomerate, the former being of
a grayish color and fine grained. In particular localities the outcrop-
pings approach the true Pottsville conglomerate having rounded
pebbles measuring J to f of an inch in thickness. In places where ex-
posures are good the Pocono sandstone can be seen, but such cases
are of rare occurrence.

The soil is a sandy loam, formed by the disintegration of the under
lying sandrock. It is shallow and has a rich clay sub-soil of con-
siderable depth in places, and which, has never been mined to any
extent, though it has been attempted. The soil is well drained except
on the benches where an excessive amount of water issuing at their
heads, and caused by a singular formation, gives rise to a swampy con-
dition and produces a growth of grass and other vegetation. The
liigher lands or flats being cold and stiff, contain very little ground
tiiat can be profitably used for agricultural purposes. Some of the
side hills are covered with detritus of the conglomerate sandrock.
Here soil is usually wanting. This is the case because the sandrock
contains an insoluble cement and resists erosion. Consequently most
of the rainfall quickly finds its way to the small mountain streams,
often causing in a few hours a rise of several feet. The soil in the
bottom lands along the Susquehanna River is better adapted for
farming. It is of a more sandy nature than the mountain soil.

The surface here described is not of glacial deposit as is evident
from the numerous side hills below the benches which contain frag-
ments of the conglomerate sandrock. The presence of this rock indi-
cates that glacial action has not taken place.

Topography.

The escarpment of the Allegheny mountains presents a rather ir-
regular face, running approximately east and west. The presence
of the Eagleton or Ferney Run anticlinal near the eastern extremity
of the forest produces the high lands in this locality. It presents a
slight dip toward the north. The Whetham basin north of it is shal-
low and hardly more than a roll or slight fold' compared with the
Hyner anticlinal which is next in order, and which is also the most
important axis in Clinton county. It extends southwestwardly form-
ing the high lands in the country south of the Susquehanna River.
Barometric readings show a rise of more than 2,100 feet and a rela-
tive rise of 1,460 feet, compared with a rise of 1,600 feet and a relative
rise of 1,000 feet in other portions of the forest.

At the head of Johnson Run near Whetham one or two of the lower
coals are brought down into the hilltops by the Whetham Basin, but
the area is believed to be small and the coal too soft to be marketed.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

441

This trough may probably be the equivalent of the Towanda mountain
synclinal, though not necessarily continuous with that flexure.

The country is wholly or partially drained by the following streams :
Lick Run, Ferney Run, Johnson Run, Rattlesnake Run, Mill Run,
Grugan Run, Little and Big McCloskey Runs, and Quell's Run. All
have their sources at the heads of the hollows which have a general
trend of northeast and southw^est and end at the great valley of the
West Branch of the Susquehanna River. They divide the region into
three distinct topographical aspects, namely, plateau, hilly, and moun-
tainous. The last represents approximately one-half of the entire
area, while the others occupy each one-half of the remaining area.

The presence of the conglomerate sandrock forms distinct terracv.'s
or benches near the summits. They are of two classes, those in which
the top of the sandrock forms the flat or bench, resulting only when
the sandrock or conglomerate is compact with a cementing material
not readily soluble; and those in which the shales or slates underlying
the sandrock or conglomerate form the bench, always occurring when
the rock is friable, an" with but little or an easily soluble cement
which gives way to the action of water and climatic influence. In ter
races of this latter class the sandrock is eroded more rapidly than the
underlying rocks, its face recedes and leaves a bench in front of it.
Springs issuing at the foot of the sandrock escarpment or nearly on a
level with the bench trickle across it and produce the swami)y con-
dition before mentioned.

Local Climatic Conditions.

This region is subject to a large range in temperature. The sum-
mer and winter seasons may be said to be almost equally divided a.^
to length, the former bringing numerous and often excessive hot spells,
while the winter season is cold and at times severe. Frost occurr,
about six months during the year, beginning some time in October.
Late in the spring of 1913 a frost occurred which slightly damaged
the young trees and other forms of vegetation. This, of course, is
very unusual and no doubt was general throughout this part of the
State. During the night a heavy mist invariably settles in the valleys
and vanishes the following morning on appearance of the sun. This
is most noticeable during the warm season and preceding and during
a wet spell. The movement of the mist up the mountains accompanied
by an east wind, which in this locality blows up the river, is certain
sign of an approaching storm. The mist is occasioned by the presence
of the Susquehanna River and other smaller bodies of water.

The prevailing winds apparently come out of the northwest. Ob-
servation has shown that toward evening the winds come out of the
west provided the weather is fair and no storm centers are within

442

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

ten or twelve hours of this point. Otherwise they arise from i\
southerly source.

During the summer months this region is visited by numerous and
frequently destructive electrical storms, which, together with the oc-
currence of the more general piecipitation at frequent intervals, keep
the mountain streams and springs abundantly supplied with water.

The year 18G0 marked the beginning of active lumbering in thit^
locality. Previous to this, the work was carried on in a desultory man-
ner.

In 1860 William E. Hill began to lumber in the territory included
between Johnson Eun and Rattlesnake Run, Grugan township. This
lasted for a period of about ten years. From 18G5 to 1873 Harry
Cline and Dudley Blanchard operated in the vicinity of Rattlesnake
Run, Gnigan township. In 1800 Ritchie Brothers commenced to
operate in the Ferney Run country, Grugan and Colebrook townships,
finishing about the year 1870. The cutting at this time consisted
mainly of virgin white pine and oak.

In 1862 Perry Dean put up a small mill at the mouth of Ferney
Run and sawed nothing but white oak, which was utilized as car
lumber. He also engaged in peeling hemlock bark, allowing the logs
to remain in the woods to be destroyed by fire. The two years follow-
ing Mr. Dean saw William L. Torbett operating in the country in the
vicinity of Ferney Run. The latter cut principally ]>rop timber, com-
pleting his work about 1888. In this same year came William Boyer,
who cut everything that remained on the ground, including paper
wood. He withdrew from the locality in 1896. Rattlesnake Run and
surrounding country was again invaded in 1884 by Christ and Field-
man, this time for the removal of prop timber. At the conclusion of
the latter operation, paper wood was cut until the year 1888.

About 1885 a clay prospect was made in the vicinity of Left Sugar
Oainp, Grugan township, by George Gould and Robert Lewis under
the direction of Christ and Fieldman. Clay was found to exist but
the operation was not developed any further.

A coal pit was opened by William E. Hill at the head of Johnson
Run, Grugan township, in the year 1861. Coal was dug for a period
of four years, and used as fuel in his blacksmith shop while lumbering.

Lumbering operations carried on in McCloskey Run territory. Chap-
man township, were as follows: From 1860 to 1870, N. E. McCloskey
cut the virgin white pine and oak. He was succeeded by James E.
Robbins. In recent years Samuel Wallace put up a smallmill at the
mouth of McCloskey Run and sawed up what scattered trees remained,
making boards, two by fours, railroad ties, and other lumber.

In the early 60's, Abner McCloskey lumbered in the vicinity of Dry
Run, Grugan township, across the river from Ritchie. He was suc-
ceeded by William Sykes, who operated from 1878 to 1879. About

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

443

eight or nine years following the latter, Sykes and McCloskey together
removed all the hemlock from the country facing the river in Grugan
and Chapman townships.

The boundary survey is complete and the line brushed out. The
lines above the river have been painted. The area of this forest is
19,000 acres. The portion below the river has an area of 4,080 acres,
and that above the river nearly 15,000. 2,500 acres have a density of
50 per cent, or more, and 7,000 acres have from 10 per cent, to 50
per cent. All of this tract is in need of improvement. Protection is
the chief need in the immediate present. The principal species are
chestnut oak and pitch pine. The 9,500 acres mentioned are known to
contain millions of feet which ought to be removed and would make
ties, props, and pulp wood. A ready market for pulp wood is at Lock
Haven. Mining districts would take the props and ties, and the rail-
roads the railroad ties. 9,500 acres contain little but scrub oak.
:3,000 acres will rec^uire artificial reforesting. 6,500 acres will re-
forest themselves if well protected. There are no rock areas such as
will prevent artificial planting. Roads and fire lanes occupy an area
of 53 acres; the water surface is 15 acres.

Springs and Streams.

These are numerous. The larger streams rise in the upper flats and
flow in a southerly drection, reaching the Susquehanna. Stream flow
continues throughout the dry season, although slightly diminished.
The volume of flow is large. A number of small streams abound. Nearly
all the springs are along sides of ravines. These have been cleaned
and made accessible and in some instances walled up. The water is
pure and free from contamination. During excessive droughts a few
of the springs lose water. All important springs are named and
posted.

Buildings and Repairs.

The State owns three buildings within this forest, the principal one
at Whetham occupied by the forester and the ranger and his family.
It is in poor condition. The other buildings are of little value and
are remnants of the lumbering period. The lines of the Bell Telephone
system pass the forester's headquarters but there is no telephone con-
nection. The expense would be too great. There is a railroad tele-
I'hone line connecting the towers and a Standard Oil Pipe Line tele-
I»hoiie along their right of way.

Roads.

Road improvement at a distance from headquarters can only be done
by camping in the region. As soon as proper camping facilities are

i

444

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

at hand, distant roads will be worked upon. During the year 1913,
42.7 niiloH of roads, trails, and fire lines were im^jroved.

Minerals.

An outcropping of bituminous coal is found on the hill between
Rattlesnake Run and Johnson Run in Grugan township. The vein is
32 inches in thickness. Its extent is not known. Rich clay deposits
occur but little mining has been done.

Plantations.

During 1912, !(> acies were planted to seedling trees and 35,000 of
the following species were planted :

Wliite pine, 15,000

Norway spruce, 10,000

Scotch pine, 10,000

35,000

IMantings during 1913 were as follows:

Norway spruce, 2-year, 7,100

Pinus ])onderosa, 2-year 1,000

White pine, 2-year, 20,400

Scotch pine, 2-year, 6,100

Sugar maple, 2-year, 4^600

Black cherry, 1-year, 900

40,100

All planting to date has been converged at one point so as to make
protection as sure and easy as possible.

To date 52 acres have been planted with seedlings, using the follow-
ing species :

White pine, 55,400

Norway spruce, 17 loO

Scotch pine, • ig'ioo

Pinus ponderosa, 1 000

White ash, g^OOO

Sugar maple, • 7^000

Black cherry, 9O0

105,500

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. * 44.5

Nurseries.

A small nursery of about one-sixth of an acre was begun in the
spring of 1912. It has since been reduced to about 1-16 of an acre.
The first year it prod !'*d the following stock:

Norway spruce, 30,000

White pine, 15,000

Douglas fir, 4^200

Scotch pine, 3^000

52,200

Eight pounds of seed were used in the nursery during 1913:

Norway spruce, 2 pounds

White pine, 4 pounds

European larch, 2 pounds

8 pounds

The following seedlings formed the stock at the end of the growing
season:

Norway spruce, 2-year, 29,500

White pine, 2-year, 9^200

Scotch pine, 2-year, 8,800

Douglas fir, 2-year, 4^200

51,700

The mole cricket is found to be doing some damage by eating seeds
before germination. The cost of bringing these seedlings to the age
of two years was highest in the case of white pine, |1.47 per thousand,
and lowest in the case of Norway spruce, fl.Ol per thousand. It is
maintained principally as an educalional object but is capable of such
enlargment that it may in the near future supply practically all the
seedlings needed for planting from year to year in this forest.

Sample Plots.

The only sample plot now under study is the dynamite experiment
referred to elsewhere, and to be reported on later.

Labor.

Labor costs |1.75 for a ten-hour day, or |1.40 per day with board.
Teams cost |5.00 per day. Labor is extremely scarce and not a per-
son in the whole region can be depended upon wh6n needed. An
earnest desire for work is not specially prominent.

li

1

446

REPORT OF THE

Markets.

Oflf. Doc.

Tlie chief market is lor railroad ties. The Philadelphia & Erie Di-
visiou ol' the l*eiiiisylvaiiia road borders the forest for 8 miles and
uses 8,000 ties per year. The prices according to grade and species
run from 25 cents to 72 ceuts each. Transportation is good. Numerous
sidings exist foi- tlie loading of cars. Mine i)i'Ops go to the hard coal
region with cost for freiglit from $1.35 to |1.50 per ton. Pulp wood
is taken by the pai)ei' mill at Lock Haven. A special rate of 50 cents
per ton for freight i>revails. JMivate operators in the neighborhood are
sui)pJying great quantities of ties, poles, and pulp wood, as well as
sawed lumber. The following is the recent production in this region:

Standard railroad ties, 7,700.

Mine ties, 2,800.

Mine props, 1,125 tons.

Pulp wood, 50 tons.

Sawed lumber, 05,000 board feet.

These l:;^ures indicate the possibiJity for the State Forest when pri-
vate lumbering ceases.

Erosion.

The hillsides are generally well covered and erosion is at a mini-
mum.

Insects and Fungi.

The insects and fungi common to forest legions are found to be
prevalent. No very destructive ones exist. The chestnut bark disease
has not yet been reported.

Forest Fires.

Two lires occurred within this forest during 1912 and burned over
an area of 58 acres. The injury was principally to the ground cover
and was not great. Fires come mainly from the throwing of sparks
by locomotives. The exposure to this liie danger is gre.it because at
least 9 miles of niilroad i)ass through the State Forest. Small fires
start frequently along the railroad right of way, but are extinguished
quickly by railroad employes. The forest has one fire lookout which
is well situated.

During 1913, {\ different tires burned over about 300 acres of State
land and nearly 1,000 acres of private land. The damage in each
instance was confined almost entirely to the dry leafy cover. The

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

447

New York Central Eailroad, which runs some of its trains over the
]*ennsylvania, is the chief offender and a constant watch must be
kept during danger seasons.

Outing and Eecreation.

Fifteen camping parties located within the forest during the open
deer season in 1912. About 112 men composed the camps. 30 deer
were killed in the locality and a large quantity of smaller game, t)
bears were reported killed.

In 1913, 17 camping permits for 110 persons were issued. 30 deer
and 7 bears were taken. Small game was abundant and large quan-
tities were had. Fishing was good.

All camp sites in this forest will be numbered from 4,801 to 4,899
inclusive.

Lightning Report.

Nine strokes of lightning were reported for the year 1913 :

June, 1

July, 1

August, 4

September, 3

9

Trees struck and shattered were:

Chestnut, 4

Chestnut oak, 2

Pitch pine, 1

White oak, 2

9

No trees were ignited so far as known.

448

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

449

45. THE WHITK DEER FOREST, BUFFALO DIVISION.

f^i?^-

Forester, A. C. Silvius, Laurelton.

Forest Rangers:

Charles L. Braucher,* Hartleton.

Carl Motz, Woodward.

John Rutherford,! Laurelton.

This division of the White Deer Forest is included wholly within
Hartley townshi}), Union county, and Haines township, Centre county.
After it is carefully marked the brushing out will take place. There
are few small interior tracts of Jittle value and their acquisition would
confer some benefit. Certain exterior tracts are needed to stiaighten
boundaries. The total area of tliis division is about 20,200 acres. The
forest is rugged and mountainous with elevations varvins: from 600
to 1,400 feet above sea level. It is not suited for any other purpose
than tree culture. The boundary survey is completed but the marks
need brightening at a nund>er of places.

There renmin no virgin forests, although tliere is a portion of the
original stand consisting largely of hypermature hemlock on the nortii
side of Paddy mountain, and also near Woodward. On the Paddy
mountain area there is at least 750,000 feet of merchantable saw tim-
ber. One-fourth is pitch pine and white pine and the remainder hem-
lock. About 8,000 acies have a density in excess of 50 per cent. At
least half of it is in need of improvement. The timber cover consists
mainly of chestnut and rock oak. This improvement can probably be
continued with a prolit and the material will produce posts, ties, and
lire wood. About 9,000 acres have a density ranging from 10 per cent,
to 50 per cent. The wood cover is chestnut and oak with some stand-
ing fire-killed timber of various species. Sjxit and broadcast sowing
would assist in increasing the density. At least 3,000 acres are
covered with scrub oak, huckleberry bushes, briars, and bare rocks.
Probably 80 per cent, of this area will be reforested naturally if pro-
tected. On the remaining 20 per cent, the soil is thin, bare rocks are
exposed, and reforesting is ditTicult. IMobably 10,000 cords of fire-
killed tind)er is at present fonnd within the tract, but is largely inac-
cessible and unsuited for anything but fire wood. Due to successive
burns, an open area of at least 500 acres is now available for planting
with seeds and seedlings. 1,500 additional acres are so rocky that
little regeneration can be expected after cutting. Streams cover about

•Left service March 2.9, 1912.

tHetjan service SepteiiilMr 1, 1!»1::; n'slffned yepteiiilur 30. I!t13.

64 acres; roads and trails, (50 acres; fire lanes, 30 acres. With ade-
quate fire protection at least 18,500 acres ought to be reforested within
the next twenty years.

Springs and Streams.

All important springs have been located and marked on the forest
map. Trails have been cut to them and they are named and posted
These are the continuous s])rings. There are a number of additional
wet weather springs which cease their flow during the summer months.
The effect of forest and its absence on stream flow was strikingly il-
lustrated after a fire on May 10th. The litter and the debris on the
ground were burned. A very heavy rain followed causing all the
streams so affected to leave their banks. For ^/ears prior, with a goo<l
forest cover, no such occurrence happened. Following the fire new
vegetation sprung up. Toward the end of the growing season anothei-
rain of about equal volume occurred. The water was carried off with-
out damage and there was no unusual rise in the waters of the
streams. There is no contamination at present.

Buildings and Repairs.

There is but one building on the division, a cal)in on Buffalo Creek.
It is not in bad condition but needs some slight repairs. A telephone
line traverses the turnpike through the division. It is little used
and the service is not good. Two fire towers have been built whicii
need to be connected with headquarters by telephone. Other towers
are needed.

Roads.

Roads to the extent of 23 miles were repaired during 1013. The
work consisted of grading, ditching, surfacing, and bridging: also
brushing and mowing where needed. There are 11 miles of trails and
10 miles of fire lanes.

Leases.

There is one outstanding contract with L. L. Weaver to remove from
the south slope of the mountain near Woodward only Ihe mature
and hypermature hemlocks and unsound trees not needed for seod
purposes. The contract is about half executed and much of the ma
terial moved to the mill. Sawing will begin early in 1913.

Plantations.

During 1912, 11 acres were planted with seedlings, us.ng 30 000
white pine. '

29—26—1915

450 *• REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

In' 1913, 34,400 white pine transplants 2-1 year were planted within
the forest.

The division contains 24J acres planted with seedlings and 15 acres
with seed. To date 20,000 white ash and 64,400 white pine trees have
been planted. A number of the pines were lost by fire in the spring
of the year. Approximately 00,000 growing young pine trees remain.
Seeds as follows were planted:

White pine, 3 pounds

Scotch pine, 2} pounds

European larch, 2 pounds

Douglas spruce, ^ pounds

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

451

8

Experimental Plots.

Experimental planting was made at the head of Stony Run in tlio
spring of 1913, and contains 15 acres. This is for the purpose of de-
termining whether direct seeding will be a success.

Iron. The price for charcoal there at this time is lO^c a bushel
(beech, birch, and maple). Probably 500,000 feet of lumber may be
procured from unproductive defective and dying trees of hemlock,
I'itch pine, and white pine, all of which is hypermature and should
lie removed. The rough lumber demand in the neighborhood would
lake all this material.

Erosion.

Where the sui'face of the land has been severely burned, erosion is
taking place, especially on the upi)er waters of Buffalo Creek. With
protection, the return of young growth will probably prevent further
washing.

Insects and Fungi.

No insect enemies are at present reported and the chestnut blight
fungus is present only with scattered infections.

Nurseries.

A small nursery was started in the spring of 1912 in the forester's
garden. It was destroyed by sparrows due to inability to give it
needed attention at the proper time.

Labor.

The usual rate paid for labor is 15 cents per hour. Team and driver
are worth from |3.00 to $3.50 per day. Laborers are abundant and
the quality is good. Inferior workmen may be had for a less price.

Markets.

There is small local market for fire wood resulting from improve-
ment cutting. According to quality and species, it sells for from 10
cents to 25 cents per load. There are no local manufacturing indus-
tries creating a demand for lumber. All that produced is of low
grade and sells from $15.00 to $30.00 per thousand feet. The species
called for are hemlock, chestnut, white pine, oak, and maple. Trans-
portation facilities are rather poor.

Improvement Cutting.

At present the subject of improvement cutting has not been reached.
There is material which ought to be removed from the forest, and a
j)ossible market for it in the form of charcoal mav be had at Glen

Forest Fires.

Fires are the great scourge of this region, but during the year 1912
there were no forest fires on State land. In 1913, the area burned
amounted to at least 8,600 acres. We may expect fires to continue
until a more adequate system of protection is put into operation.
There are two fire observatory stations on the division.

Trespass.

There have been violations of the forest laws but it is not possible
to detect the guilty persons. A violation of the deer law occurred
and this was reported to the Game Commission.

Outing and Recreation.

Hunting and fishing constitute the principal reasons for persons
going into the woods. 01 hunters occupied 8 camps in 1912. 8 deer
were killed within the division. Smaller game was abundant.

During 1913, 6 camps with 49 persons were on State land. 12 deer
were killed, 6 bears, and large numbers of small game.

Five hundred trout were planted in the waters during the autumn.

All camps in this forest will be numbered from 4,901 to 4,999 in-
clusive. 17 such camp sites have been prepared and named.

452

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

*» LiglitDing Report.

But six cases of liglitning were reported throughout the year. Three
in June, two in July, and one in August. The species struck were:

White oak, 2

White pine, 1

Hemlock, 3

No fires resulted from any of the; bolts.

In 191'], 11 trees were struck and shattered. The months of fre-
quency were as follows :

June, Q

July, 5

11
The species struck were:

Red oak, 2

Sugar maple, ^

Pitch pine, 3

Cherry, ^

Chestnut, 2

White pine, 2

So far as known, no trees were ignited by the bolts.

11

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

453

46. THE WHITE 1>EER FOREST, McCALL DIVISION.

Forester, Raymond B. Winter, Mifflinburg.
Forest Rangers:

S. M. Roadarmel, Mittlinburg, R. D. No. 2.

L. M. Stover, Livonia.

This division is located in Miles township, Centre county, and in
Hartley, Lewis, West BufTalo, and White Deer townships, Union
county.

The boundary survey of this division is not yet completed, owing to
the purchase of additional tracts. Some interior private holdings are
not yet run out. Corners where known are well marked. The present
area of the division is 22,500 acres.

A few small areas contain hyper mature trees, but these are limited
to the rough, steep surfaces and cannot be lumbered at a profit. The
area having a stand of 50 per cent, or over is 15,400 acres. 15,000
acres of this area are not in need of improvement. The area having
a density of less than 50 per cent, is 2,000 acres. Scrub oak covers
5,000 acres. Probably not more than 100 acres may be planted at this
time with profit.

There are a number of interior tracts, some of which are likely to
be added to the State's holding. In order to protect State land, it is
necessary to protect the interior tracts as well. The division lies be-
tween two other forest divisions, Buffalo and Tea Spring, consequently
there is little difficulty arising from exterior tracts in private holding.
The acquisition of a number of these tracts will simplify the mattei'
of management and make the division less expensive to protect and
control.

Springs and Streams.

A few of the permanent springs have been cleaned and made ac-
cessible, named and posteil. CRmp sites are located near them. No
measurement of spring fiow has been made. A number of them fail
during drought. The removal of timber and the burning of humus is
responsible for the failure. The streams vary with the precipitation.
There is almost no contamination. Tlie borough of Mifflinburg pro-
cures its water supply from the branch.

Buildings and Repairs.

This forest contains buildings at two camps, but are of little value.
A new camp was establislied during lOi;] for the convenience of the
forest force, and includes a shelter for horses.

454

KEPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

The Bell Telephone line is extended to the Forest House. Kanger
Stover is equipped with the United telephone. Service is good at
.50 per month. l*ermanent forest headquarters are a necessity.

Koads.

Total mileage of road at piesent opened and usuable is 33 miles;
trails, 7 miles; fire lanes, 8 miles.

During 1913, roads, trails, and fire lines were improved for a dis-
tance of 46.4 miles.

Easements.

The lines of the Bell Telephone Company have been extended to
Forest Ilouse. The charge lor a telephone at present is $18.00 p(r
year. Some pii\ate telephone lines are in prospect. A pipe line
crosses the eastern end of the division. Its presence is a benefit from
the point of view of fire protection.

Seed Collection.

During the year 11)12, about two bushels of hemlock cones were
collected and retained for use on the division.

Plantations.

During 1912, 4,700 red oak seedlings were planted, covering 2 acres
One acre was planted with seed and 1 J with cuttings.

In 1913 the following seeds and trees were planted into the forest

Norway spruce, 11 year, i 500

Pitch pine, 1-lyear, 400

White pine, 1-1 year, 1^590

Scotch pine, 1-1 year, 2OO

3,600
Seed in plantation as follows:

Norway spruce, 1 po^n^j

Pitch pine, 2 pounds

Hemlock, 3 p^^jj^g

Seed in nursery:

European larch, ^ p^^^^^

Norway spruce, ^ p^^^^^

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 4S5

To date 5 acres have been planted w4th seedlings in experimental
work and the same area with seeds used experimentally. The quantity
of seed planted to date is as follows :

Hemlock, 3 pounds

Pitch pine, 3 pounds

Norway spruce, 1 J pounds

Scotch pine, 1 pound

Douglas fir, J pound

Red oak, 1 peck

Sugar maple, 3 pounds

The planting of seedlings to date is as follows:

White pine, 11,500

Norway spruce, 1,500

Pitch pine, 400

Scotch pine, 200

Red oak, 4,700

18,300
Sample Plots.

A number of plantations have been made, the last during 1912,
when one-half acre was sown with Scotch pine seed, the land having
been burned over. What rubbish and other material remained on it
were cleared off and the soil scratched. This has proved a success.
Seed sow^n in the sample plots during the year included:

Norway spruce, ^ pound

White pine, 1 pound

Scotch pine, 1 pound

Douglas fir, ^ pound

Nurseries.

The small nursery area for experimental purposes covers 700 square
feet. At the end of the 1913 season it contained the following seed-
lings:

Norway spruce, 1-year, 8,000

European larch, 1-year 40O

8,400

Seedlings to the number of 1,600 were taken from the nursery in the
sj ring of the current year jnid planted within this forest. The nurserv
is simply for experimental purposes and is not capable of enlarge-
ment

=1

456

REPORT OF THE

Labor.

Off. Doc.

Labor in this regjion costs 15 cents i)er hour or $1 .50 per day. Team
with driver may be had for from p.OO to p.50 per day. Laboring
men are hard to get because of farm work and berry picking. The
quality of the labor in this region is fair, but it must be supervised
constantly.

Improvement Cutting.

A small improvement was started at tlie Halfway bridge, a narrow
strip between Brush Valley road and Kapid Kun. This was in a fire
killed area. After cleaning up it was planted with conifers, which are
growing satisfactorily. Little improvement cutting has thus far been
accomplished except at a dangerous i)lace in the Brush Valley Nar-
rows.

r

Markets.

The local markets call for building material. Mifflinburg is a center
for manufacturing caiTiages. The forest products are from G to 18
miles from the Pennsylvania railroad. The cost for delivery is too
great. The local market will probably be small for many years to
come. There is at present little sale for cord wood.

Erosion.

Little erosion is in evidence on this division except in the old trail
roads. The rapid restoration of the growth cover after a fire prevents
washing.

Insects and Fungi.

The chestnut blight fungus has appeared and is doing some dam-
age at two places, one near the McOall property and the other on the
southeastern side of Buffalo mountain. Oyster shell scale is present
on soft woods, and the bark beetle is working in the large hemlocks.

Forest Fires.

The greatest danger on this division from fires arises from in-
cendiarism and carelessness. The people still seem to think they must
burn the mountains to produce a crop of huckleberries. During the
year there were but two fires on this forest and the area burned ove-
was about 200 acres. The damage was slight. Cause of both is believed
to be carelessness of travelers and hunters. In some places the burn-

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

457

ing was to the mineral soil ; in others only the top layer was scorcked.
The bare tops of Buffalo and Sand mountains are high enough to
be used for lookout stations at present. A small tower on each would
be of great benefit. Fire roads lead to both places.

Two fires on State land during 1913 covered 1,500 acres and were
intentionally started, from best evidence at hand.

Outing and Recreation.

This region is much sought after for hunting, fishing, and general
recreation. The people of Buffalo Valley enjoy it to the full. A num-
ber of permanent private camps exist. During fishing, berrying,
chestnut, and mountain tea seasons the forest is frequented by large
numbers of persons. Their conduct is generally good, but there are
some exceptions. It will take time to bring them to see that they
must use the forest in a changed manner. During the 1912 deer sea-
son there were 10 camps on State land and 10 on private land. At
least 250 men and boys engaged in hunting. 24 deer were reported
killed, and 2 bears. One of these was brown. Small game was abund-
ant and good bags were secured.

Twenty-seven permits were issued to 145 persons in 1913. 20 deer
were taken and 300 men hunted on the division during the open sea-
son. A large number of pheasants, rabbits, squirrels, and raccoons
were likewise killed.

All camp sites in this division will be numbered from 5,001 to 5,099
inclusive.

Fishing is good in all the streams. The best streams are stocked
every year. The likelihood is they will be overfished and the stock
depleted. There are at least 25 good camp sites within the division.

1

Lightning Report.

The period of greatest freciuency of lightning was during the
month of August. The trees strnck and shattered were:

Scarlet oak, 2

Chestnut, 5

White oak, 2

Pitch pine, 7

16

Five of the pitch pines struck were dead. None of the trees was
ignited so far as known.

458 REPORT OF THE Oflf. Doc.

The following trees were struck and shattered in 1913:

Pitch pine, 5

White pine, 1

Hemlock, 2

Chestnut, 5

Rock oak, 4

Red oak, 1

Scarlet oak, 1

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT 0¥ FORESTRY.

459

19

One Nviiite pine was struck and ignited. This tree was entirely con-
sumed.

duct would be inferior material with no market calling for it. The
product would amount to about IJ cords per acre. High freight rates
would cause a loss in handling. With protection natural regeneration
will strengthen the area very considerably. That portion having a
density of from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent, will reach approximately
6,000 acres. A few scattered old rock oaks and hemlocks are found
here and should be removed. Natural regeneration of good young
material is in evidence and satisfactory growth will result with proper
protection. The brushy growth will cover 1,000 acres. Natural re-
generation will ultimately reclaim it, but slowly. Some fire-killed ma-
terial on it might produce 1,500 cords. The area which can be planted
at this time with little difficulty and without preparation of the
ground does not exceed 5 acres. There are many rocky points and
ledges where only a sparse tree growth is found. The old stumps show
that trees once grew there. Upon 200 acres of such area may be ex-
pected only partial natural regeneration. Streams cover 40 acres;
roads and trails 80 acres; fire lanes, 30 acres.

17. THE WHITE DEER FOREST, TEA SPRING DIVISION.

Forester, Homer S. Metzger, Loganton.

Forest Rangers :

D. R. Harbeson, White Deer.

Harry H. Kiel, Loganton, R. D. No. 1.

This division lies in the eastern portion of Centre county, south-
eastern portion of Clinton county, and the western end of Union
(ounty. The forest headquarters are located at Eastville.

The division contains approximately 26,000 acres, lying between
Sugar Valley narrows and Brush Valley narrows. The boundary sur-
vey is complete excei^t on the north line of a warrant and the west
line of another, these being late purchases. All surveyed lines are
blazed and posted. Two miles have been brushed out to serve as a
fire lane. Large stone monuments are built at each corner. No ad-
ditions were made to the division during 1913.

Mature and hypermature trees were found scattered about but there
is no area which may be said to be covered with this class of forest.
These old trees are scattered over an area of 1,000 acres or more in rough
places, are distant from the railroad, and will not make good lumber.
Possibly 100,000 feet of this second grade material might be found.
A density of 50 per cent, or over is found on approximately 18,000
acres. 15,000 acres of this area will need no improvement cutting at
this time. 3,000 acres would be helped by some cutting, but the pro-

Springs and Streams.

All located springs have been cleaned and cleared and trails opened
to them. Nearly all are posted. The larger springs flow throughout
the year. Few are dry in summer. Humus conditions are not good
and the springs were not known to go dry while the surrounding
mountains were well timbered. Stream flow is regular throughout the
year except Crabapple Run, which dwindles to a thread. The waters
are without danger of contamination.

Buildings and Repairs.

New buildings have been erected, one set at Eastville for the for-
ester's headquarters, and one at Tea Spring for the ranger. The neces-
sary additional out-buildings and fences have been added and all are
now in good repair.

Roads.

The development of a system of roads, trails, and fire lanes was the
main feature of the work during 1912. Two miles of new road were
built. This serves also as a good fire lane and gives ready access to
the interior of the forest. The remaining work consisted of improving
the old roads by correcting grades, removing stones, and in the de-
velopment of fire lanes and trails. The principal part of the work
was done by the forester and his rangers. The total mileage of roads
within this division is 40 miles; trails, 10 miles; fire lanes, 6 miles.

.1

p'

I

460

llEPORT OF THE

0£P. Doc.

During 1913, 51 miles of road were repaired and 1| miles of new
road were built. The McCall dam road was improved for a distance
of 4 miles. Tlie grades were lowered and large stones removed. Gravel
was used for surfacing. One new bridge was built. Fire lanes were
opened for lf> miles and all logs and brush taken out. A narrow path
of bare soil was exposed in the interior. 0 miles of trails were
brushed and improved.

Easement?.

The White Deer and Loganton Railroad Company has a right of
way through this division. This existed jnior to the purchase by the
State. The presence of the railroad increases the fire danger but it
will be a useful adjunct to take material to the market in the future.

Seed Collection.

A small quantity of seed was collected in 1913 amounting to a
bushel each of red . ik, white oak, and rock oak. The seeds were low
in (luality. The year was known as a poor seed year.

Plantations.

During 1912, 5,000 seedlings of the American elm were planted, at
least 95 per cent, of which are in healthy condition. The area planted
covered about 3 acres. Seed sown in sample plots covered about half
an acre.

During the year 1913 the following seedlings were planted:

Norway spruce, 2-year, 2,000

Scotch pine, 2-year, 2,000

White pine, 1-1 year, ^'q^q

9,000

The following trees have been planted to date:

Scotch pine, 2 000

Whitepine, ^^'^^^^

Norway spruce, 2,000

American elm, 15 000

^^ttings, .'!!;!;.*;;.'.* i^ooo

^^*^^' 35,000

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 461

Sample Plot.

Au experimental plot of Norway spruce and white pine in mixture
was planted at the Black Gap jdautation on 3 acres. The ground
was covered with heavy growth of ferns and weed trees. The experi-
ment is to see which of the species will make the better growth under
the above conditions.

Labor.

Labor in the region costs 15 cents per hour. For a team the price is
30 cents per hour with or without driver. The labor is scarce. Nearly
ixll have small holdings of their own and they give them the first at-
tention. The people prefer steady employment and this is not to be
had within the State Forest.

Markets.

The only local demand is for a small amount of fire wood. Build-
ing material ranges in price from .1?18.00 to |24.00 per thousand ac-
cording to size and quality. Cord wood sales are made at a price
ranging from 15 cents to 25 cents per cord, according to kind and dif-
ficulty or ease in procuring it. The nearest market for the above ma-
terial is 17 miles. The rates are too high to allow shipment of in-
ferior material.

Erosion.

The division is so well stocked with growth of some kind that no
erosion is taking place.

Insects and Fungi.

^ The chestnut bark disease has been noticed in a few trees. Wher-
ever found it has been cut out and destroyed.

Forest Fires.

During 1912 there were no forest fires on State land. Two fires oc-
curred nearby on private land, both of which weie fought by the forest

force.

No fires occurred in 1913 during the fall of the year. The three
occurring on State land were in tlie si)ring and all indications point
to the fact that they were intentionally set. Four other fires burned
on nearby private land. State land was burned to an aggregate area
of 3,050 acres. One observatory tower was built on what is known
as First Mountain. A fire lane was brushed over Tea Knob. Thxa

f

A

402

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

being the highest point on the division, likewise serves as an obser-
\ atory station. Fire wardens in the neighborhood were prompt in
attending to their duties.

Outing and Kecreation.

The region is much sought for by hunters and fishermen. During
the 1912 hunting season 28 camping permits were issued for this
division and about 100 additional men hunted without camping.
These board in the valley with the farmers. Hunting and fishing be-
come more popular each year and more people are brought directly
into contact with forest work. The rules governing the use of the
forest are very carefully obsened. 17 deer were reported taken dur-
ing the season. Small game is abundant and appears to be increas-
ing.

Twenty-four permits were granted into the division during the 1913
hunting season. About 100 other persons hunted on State land. The
conduct of all hunters was entirely satisfactory. Fourteen deer and
2 bears were killed on the division during the season. Large numbers
of pheasants, rabbits, grey squirrels, were taken. Two catamounts
were killed. Brook trout are abundant in White Deer Creek and
fishing is good. 22 camp sites have been located and marked. All
camps within this division will be numbered consecutively from 5 101
to 5,199 inclusive. '

Lightning Report.

In the locality, not confined alone to State land, 8 trees were struck
by lightning during the season. The period of greatest frequency wa^
the month of May. The species struck were:

Chestnut, .

Hemlock, ^

Hickory, 2

No trees were ignited so far as known.

During 1913, 11 trees were struck and shattered bv lightning. The
period of frequency was as follows : \ &• ^ne

June,

July, ^^iiii*!!!!!!!!!!!;; ' I

August, ^

September ,.,,..*. ?

11

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

The species struck were as follows:

Chestnut, 5

Hemlock, 3

Kock oak, 2

Eed maple, 1

463

11

So far as known, none of these trees struck were ignited.

48. THE YOUNG WOMAN'S CREEK FOREST.

Forester, Walter M. Mumma, North Bend.
Forest Ranger, F. P. Miller,* North Bend.

The Young Woman's Cieek Forest is situate in Chapman township,
Clinton county, almost entirely on the waters of the creek bearing the
same name. A small portion of the forest extends eastward into the
divide of Hyner Run, and a part westward into Paddy Run. The
latter lands adjoin the State Forest in Leidy township. The forest is
bordered on the north by the Black Forest and Kettle Creek Forest
in Lycoming and Potter counties respectively.

The forester was assigned to this region September 1, 1912, and
in the short time he has been in charge it has not been possible to
accomplish much in the way of permanent improvement. Because
of the unsurveyed boundaries and the disappearance of line trees and
other marks, it is somewhat difficult to locate the exact lines. They
have been determined approximately and proper notices posted.
This land is a solid block with the exception of a single interior tract.
The lumbering of the whole area was complete, followed by the usual
lorest fires. The best growth was in the southern portion. The
second growth hardwood has to date produced some merchantable ma-
terial. There is a scattered regeneration of hemlocks and some hyper-
mature hardwoods over the steep slopes. A fine second growth of
v/hite pine, of small area, is at the head of Stout Hollow. With fires
kept out the brush soon reaches large size and the promise for re-
generation naturally is good. The hills are steep and washed rather
bare of soil. Regeneration of any kind will be difficult in these places.

"' ' ' ■ ' "■ ■ ■-■J-^^, w aw— I ■ ■ — — ■- ■ ■ «

•Left service May 15, 1913.

80

46^

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

465

Geological Formation.

Nearly all the land in the township is included in the Karthaus-
Kenovo coal basin, but the workable coal beds are few in number.
These exist mostly along the river hills and hence the probability of
coal under the State land is remote. At Renovo several beds are
caught in the deepest portion of the basin, but these have not proved
valuable. Northeast of this locality the axis rises so that in the coun-
try between Paddy's Run and the Coudersport pike, the available coal
laud is in isolated portions.

The rocks of the region are all of the sub-carboniferous period.
The conglomerate predominates, with occasional outcroppings of the
red shale. Beneath these come the Pocono sandstone, found mostly
in the ravines.

Valuable deposits of fire clay have been discovered on adjoining
lands but so far no signs of mineral wealth have been discovered on
the State property.

The highlands near the Potter county line show slight evidences of
glacial action, such as groovings, terraces, and moraines. North of
the line the action of the Potter county glaciers is more visible.

Topography.

The forest is cut into three large divisions by the two main
branches of Young Woman's Creek. To tlie west is the large area be-
tween the West Branch and the divide of Paddy's Run. This is fur-
ther divided by four streams running in a general northwesterly di-
rection. Mud Lick, Stout Hollow, Shingle Branch, and Greenlick.
Between the East and West branches of the creek is a large territory
known as the Fork Hill. The top of this hill is a large rolling
plateau extending from the forks of the creek to the divide between
the West Branch of the Susquehanna and Pine creek. The only ra-
vines in the Fork Hill of any size are found on the eastern side.
These are Summerson Run, McCraney, Bull Run, and the Lebo. On
the western side there are several small hollows which rise rather
abruptly.

To the east of the P^ast Branch there is another large plateau ex-
tending in that direction to the Hyner divide. This is also cut into
smaller portions by several streams, Lorillily Fork, Shaney Brook
John Quiggle Run, Stone Chimney Hollow, Six Mile Hollow and
Seven Mile runs. ^

The side hills are very steep and rocky, especially for ten or twelve
miles up the creek. Then the country gradually broadens out to the
head of the stream. The large plateaus on top usually have a good,

sandy soil, which, previous to the destructive fires, was of a loamy
nature.

While this land is fair for farming, the untimely frosts would
make agriculture hazardous. The region near the head of the creek
lias frost nearly every month in the year, while down in the valley
there are usually three months without frost. The precipitation is
normal. During: the past summer (1913) there occurred a severe
drought during the month of August. All the smaller streams were
dried up. •

Springs and Streams.

There is an abundance of water, with springs at the head of every
little hollow. The plateau region is dry and springs are few in num-
ber. All have been improved and paths opened to them. Protracted
drought causes many to fail. Stream flow is variable. Absence of
humus is largely responsible.

Buildings and Repairs.

The only building of any consequence is the old Howard and Perley
cottage at the mouth of Greenlick Run. It has been slowly falling
into a dilapidated condition, but a few repairs would make it an
ideal station for a ranger.

Roads.

The main roads are the old mountain trails along the branches of
Younk Woman's Creek. Some of them are in good condition although
they have not had work done upon them for years. These roads
have been brushed and the stones removed. 100 feet of cribbing was
built where there was danger of the creek cutting out the road.
The slopes are too steep, and the grades require lessening. The total
mileage of open road capable of being traveled is G miles. A local
movement is on hand to open the main Young Woman's Creek road
through to the Coudersport pike. The road along the right hand
branch of the creek is in bad condition. It is located on low areas
and is too wet. Brushing a little more than the ordinary width would
assist in drying it. The local gun clubs are always ready to lend a
hand in putting roads into better condition. These two roads form
the basis of the fire protection system and the series of roads and
trails to be worked out will be based upon them. An old railroad
grade running for a distance of 10 miles along the Shingle Branch
may be made into a good road and will connect this forest with the
Kettle Creek forest. The other old mountain roads will make suitable
fire lines.

30— 2G— 1915

^*'

H

460

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

In 1913, road work was carried on where most needed. All the
loads need improvement. Upwards of 20 miles were covered on 7 of
the more important roads, the repairs being brushing, scraping, and
draining.

Minerals.

It is believed that large portions of this forest are underlaid with
fire clay deposits, although none has actually been disclosed. There
is fire clay on adjoining lands and the formations are much alike.
Valuable revenue for the State is a possible promise from this source.

Leases.

A small amount of timber cutting has been made by A. J. Gotshall
\ti Mud Lick Kun and Dark Hollow. All such material that ought
to be taken out now for the betterment of the forest is being removed.

Plantations.

Planting during 1913 was done at the Keiker farm. The following
seedlings were used:

Red pine, 2-year, 10,000

White pine, l-lyear, 13,400

Norway spruce, 2-year, g^goO

32,000

Labor.

Labor costs from $1.75 to f2.00 per day and men are difficult to
get. Only those may be had who are not desirous of steady employ-
ment. Team hire costs ?4.50 per day with driver. The local brick
yards, the tannery, and the nearby railroad shops at Renovo offer
steady work with high wages, and at present the forest is not able to
compete with them.

Markets.

The jack pine is called for from the hard coal fields. The mines
will take almost any kind of good hardwood. Locust of 5 inches in
diameter upward in cord wood lengths is used for insulator pins. The
I»aper mill at Lock Haven will take paper wood, paying for jack pine
from 17.00 to $8.00 per cord. Dead chestnut is about the only timber
that should be removed at present from this forest. It cannot be
sold at a profit.

Ko. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 4ffJ

Insects and Fungi.

There is no serious fungous attack. The chestnut bark disease is
not found. The locust borer is prevalent and damages both small
ind large trees.

Forest Fires.

Hunters and fishermen all express a willingness to assist in pre-
^ tilting fire. Because of the inaccessibility of large parts of this
1 . rest, a hard fire would be difficult to fight.

Fires were prevalent in 1913 and because of the dryness they
burned rapidly over the surface. The spring fires and the trout fish-
ing seasons are coincident. Brick yard tram engines and lumber
operations cause some fires. 7 fires during the year were fought by
I he forester, two wholly on State land, 3 wholly on private land, and
J on both State and private land. The area of State land burned
was 3,000 acres. The earlier fires were not so destructive. The main
[problem in this forest is the prevention and suppression of fires.
There is a better attitude on the part of the residents toward the fire
problem.

Outing and Recreation.

There is an abundance of fish and game in this region and it is
much sought after by sportsmen. Several hundred hunters have
availed themselves of the opportunity. At least 400 hunters went into
the woods from Hyner and most of them went upon State land.

Twenty-four permits were issued in 1913 into this forest. Hun-
dreds of persons used it for the day only. Trout streams are well
stocked. There is no pollution.

Permanent camps in this forest will be numbered from 5,201 to
5,299 inclusive. 7 permanent camping sites have thus far been
cleared.

'«

468

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

460

49. THE STATE FOREST ACADEMY, 1912.

E. A. Zie^ler, Director.

Buildings and Grounds.

The buildings received some needed repairs and a bath room was
added for kitchen employees. The old ice house was no longer usable
and a new one was constructed in a better location.

The students surveyed and laid an 8-inch open joint terra cotta
drain for a distance of 600 feet. This was necessary for the proper
draining of the Academy grounds. Tt carries off the rain in Avet
weather satisfactorily and takes care of the seepage from the stream.
They leveled the lower cami>us making a cut and fill, and improved
the condition of the grounds. A new cess pool has for the present
at least solved the sewage disposal question. The road to the stable
has been changed and improved.

Library.

Additions to the library have been made by the purchase of 23
volumes and the gift of 09 volumes by the friends of forestry 54
volumes were presented by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
The books were gladly received. At present the library is deficient
in history, biography, jjoetry, travel, and fiction. The students sup-
I»ort a periodical club with the help of the faculty and a member of
the Forestry Commission.

Equipment.

The herbarium case has been installed and a platform for the col-
lection of Pennsylvania woods is about to be erected. The collection
of photographs and lantern slides in zoologj^ botany, and wood tech-
nology has been enlarged.

Instruction.

Prof. Worthley left the teacl.ins force, accepting a position with
he Pennsylvania Kailroad forestry staff. Mr. Retan, a graduate of

hnrt r"th' '"'''*^'"' '""' "' •''""'"'t"'-e, a,.d has also assumed
<harge of the nursery in place of Mr. Bietsch. This arrangement
makes for economy in the teaching force and the instruction has pro-

ceeded satisfactorily. The stock map of the Mont Alto division is
lomplete and was finished before the retirement of Prof. Worthley.
Meteorological observations were interrupted but have since been re-
sumed. The curriculum as corrected for the year 1913 is found at-
tached hereto.

Student Body.

Because of deficiency in studies, three members of the third year
class resigned. One who had failed in one branch only was reinstated
January 1, 1913, and will follow with the next class. The class which
entered September, 1912, contains no men from the farm or forest,
and in this respect is not an improvement over former classes. How-
ever, the test of the new entrance requirements is scarcely complete
so that proper conclusions may not be drawn.

Labor.

A part of the course at the Academy is the labor requirement from
the student body. This they do in addition to their field instruction
work. Their labor is supervised by instructors and correct forestry
practice is maintained. Their record for labor is as follows :

Fire fighting and patrol, 1,049 hours

Tree planting, 1,181 hours

Nursery work, 1,015 hours

Wood cutting (forest thinning and

improvement), 1,964 hours

Logging and mill work, 1,233 hours

Campus grading and drain, 3,253 hours

Campus upkeep and minor improve-
ments, 1,127 hours

Surveying, topographic map, 3,105 hours

Stock map, 2,492 hours

Miscellaneous, 540 hours

16,959 hours

The above is equivalent to 67 9-hour days per student, and shows
30 per cent, more labor than was performed in 1911.

Lectures.

To relieve what may seem to become a monotony in Academy life,
lecturers were invited occasionally for the entertainment of the

470

REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ytudents. During the year lectures were given by the following per-
sons :

J. Horace McFarland, Harrisburg,

"See Pennsylvania First.''

Hon. S. B. Elliott, Member of the State Forestry Reservation Com-
uiissiou, lieynoldsville,

"The March of Forest Devastation in Pennsylvania.''

Miss Mira L. Dock, Fayetteville,

"The Forest Reservation Commission."

At intervals members of the faculty discussed forestry subjects.

THE STATE FORESTRY ACADEMY, 1913.

Buildings and Grounds.

The year just closed has been the first one since 1908 during which
1.0 new buildings or extensive campus improvements have been under
way The school is comfortably housed and the school work conse-
(iuently more effective. Necessary improvements now are limited to
equipment such as the much-needed cases for the dendrology, ento-
mology, and pathology collections which are rapidly increasing in

A stoue-arch foot bridge made of native sandstone and surmounted

1 "i^"^^"'°g Hall. This bridge replaces an old unguarded
wooden bridge and is a notable improvement to the campus trZlott.

so b"utt:rti.if ,i"f''° ^°"*^ '' ^'•^^- ^ ^-"'t« -!•' -s

-ISO bunt from this bridge up to Wiestling Hall

^ An excellent stone retaining wall was erected in the rear of Main

^^ A portion of the campus roads were top-dressed with crushed lime-

Library.

vohime;";:.et,i;:d"';o"' i"" '"" "^^^ ^^ ^°"°-= ^'--^-e, 30

ZZZ' a7 f: """'' Pa'"Phlet publications bound 44

card catalogue. ^^P«''t'"e'»t of Agriculture was added to the

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

471

The periodical club was again maintained by the students and in-
structors.

Equipment.

There was little equipment added during the year. The school is now
well equipped with laboratory and class room apparatus. In a forest
school, however, the ''natural sciences" must necessarily receive much
attention and any effective and progressive instructor will soon be
accumulating a working collection, at least, of specimens for class
instruction. The Forest Academy has reached this stage and it is of
the greatest importance that proper receptacles and cases be at once
provided for the various collections. It is very discouraging for an
instructor to spend valuable time and much effort in mounting den-
drology specimens, or collecting fungi or insects of economic import-
ance in the forest, only to see the specimens ruined and the work lost
for want of proper receptacles and cases for their preservation.

Tenth Anniversary Commencement.

In August, 1913, the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy cele-
brated the IQth Anniversary of its establishment. The field meeting
of the State Foresters was held on the Caledonia and Mont Alto
State Forests on August 12 and 13, which permitted the Academy
graduates to attend the commencement exercises on the 14th. Many
of the foresters were back for the first time since their graduation and
the progress in the school and the improvement of the adjacent State
Forests were much remarked.

Prof. Filibert Roth, Dean of the Forestry Department at the Uni-
versity of Michigan, attended the foresters' field meeting and gave the
Forest Academy Commencement address. The presence of the Com-
mission, the Secretary of Agriculture of Pennsylvania, the President
of the American Forestry Association, and the graduates made the
Tenth Anniversary Commencement a memorable one.

The Commencement program follows:

EIGHTH GRADUATING EXERCISE PROGRAM.

^^«ic> Orchestra.

Invocation.
Salutatory, George Sargent Perry.

^^«^^' Orchestra.

472 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Address, Prof. Filibert Roth,

Dean of the School of Forestry, University of Michigan.

^usic, Orchestra.

Greetings.

I*resentation of Diplomas, Edwin A. Ziegler A. M.

Director, State Forest Academy.

^"«i^> Orchestra.

Valedictory, William Erdmann Montgomery.

p:ighth okaduating class.

Class of 1913.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

473

Valentine Mathias Bearer,
Horace Fieldhouse Oitchley,
John Rutherford Elder,
Tliomas Henry Golden,
Jesse Meredith Houtz,

Benedict Bryson McCool,
William Erdmann Montgomery,
Max Ernst Mrtller,
Robert Roland Neefe,
George Sargent Perry,

Charles Edgar Zerby.

Eleven men composed the graduating class and the State is to be
congratulated in the addition of these men to its force of trained
foresters. The proportion of the class with high scholarship and at
the same time great proficiency in the practical end of the work was
l>robably higher than usual.

A tenth anniversary illustrated booklet was issued, fully setting'
forth the purpose of the school and describing its courses. As a result
of the issuing of this booklet, the applicants for entrance to the school
are increasing. This must further raise the standard of the entering
(lasses which has already been pronounced generally above that of
the average class entering our colleges.

Curriculum.

Few changes were made in the course of studies. A card system
of forest accounts is now being given in the book keeping course
along with the usual instruction in business forms and procedure
A series of instructional talks has been arranged for covering the
use of Department Forms and the making of the required foresters^
reports.

A copy of the 1913 curriculum is appended.

Scholarship.

The new class of eleven men entering in September appears to have
had a fair preparation in the elementary and college preparatory
subjects. The proportion having had farm or forest training (while
larger than in the previous class) might be advantageously increased.

It was necessary to recommend the resignation of four men out of
the class of eight at the close of their first year's work. Three were
unable to pass their final examinations largely on account of de-
ficient preparatory work, and the fourth was entirely unable to at-
tain the forester's view point or gain satisfactory proficiency in the
practical parts of the course.

LABOR OF STUDENTS OUTSIDE OF PURELY CLASS AND

INSTRUCTIONAL WORK.

•1910

1911

1912 i 1918

Tree planting,

Fire tighting,

Niirst-ry work

Improvonient cutting,

Koad building,

Campus (Including garden and orchard), ...
Work on Ifeservt; Map (field and drafting),

Stock map,

Telejjlione line,

Miscpllaneous, t

Total,

2,139 :

1,181

914

1,049

899 !

1,015

780 '

1,964 ;

832 ; .

452 I

4,380

1,642 1

3,105

-.-'ilO ]

2.492

4.152
2,003

2,287
902

1,835
2,991

!<.->

1.773

527
2,017

14,223

12,613

16,959 I 16,714

♦Report for 1910 not given by items.

tincludes setting "P and work on sawmill, cutting fire line, mounting specimens for school
collection, making charts for school, etc. »cuooi

In 1913, the labor i)erfornied is ecpial to 65 9-hour days per man
for each of 29 men. Of this K; days were tree planting, 8 days fire
fighting, 9 days nursery work, 4 days improvement cutting, 7 days
campus, 11 days reserve map, 2 days telephone line and 8 days mis-
cellaneous work. Some of the work, as improvement cutting, reserve
mapping and telephone construction was done entirely by one class
so that the days per man in the class on such work was probably three
times that given above and the training value correspondingly larger.

The Pennsylvania State Forest Academy has the finest location for
the study of forestry in the forest of any school in the country. It
must not be overlooked that this is a 48-week school year and that
the same amount of work is here covered in 3 years that is covered
in other schools in 4 years (36 weeks each). ^It is becoming well

474

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

(•stablished and is furnishing the State with well-trained foresters.
It is doing original work. It would seem very desirable that the
United States Department of Agriculture should establish a system
it Forest Experiment Stations throughout the country similar to
(he Agricultural Experiment Station System, where forest research
would be carried on in a much less desultory manner and with less
chance of useless repetition. The Pennsylvania Forest Experiment
Station should be located on the Mont Alto State Forest. This is the
most advanced State Forest in point of development in Pennsyl-
vania and the educational value of such a station here would be of
iivesit importance to the school.

COURSE OF STUDIES AT THE ACADEMY.

FIRST YEAR.

First Term.

Hours.

Botany I, g

Physics, ^

English, 3

Elementary Forestry, 5

Business Law and Bookkeeping, 3

German I, o

Chemistry I, 9

Second Term.

Botany II, g

(Chemistry I, -

English, ^

Meteorology and Forest Influences, 4

German I, o

Trignometry, ^

Physics, 2

SUMMER TERM.

Nursery Practice, Improvement Cuttings, Botany III.

No. 20. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

SECOND YEAR.

First Term.

Dendrology, 5

Wood Technology and Tim-ber Physics, 5

Botany IV, 6

Chemistry II, 6

Geology, 4

Scientific German II, 3

Second Term.

Forest Utilization, 5

Silviculture, 6

Dendrology, 2

Zoology, 6

Soils, r>

Scientific German II, l^

Plant Chemistry, 2

SUMMER TERM.
Forest Mensuration.

470

THIRD YEAR.

First Term.

Forest Finance, 3

Forest Protection, (»

Surveying, 8

Forest Management, 3

Economics, General, 5

Second Term.

Forest Economics and Policy, 3

Surveying, 8

Roads, 2

Forest Management (Working Plan), 4

Dendro-Pathology, 2

Mechanics — Teleplione construction, etc, 1

Forest Entomology, 2

Forest History, 1

SUMMER TERM.
Topographic Surveying and Thesis.

476

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

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OFFICIAL DOCUMENT.

No. 26.

INDEX.

A.

Appropriations for Forest Fires,

Area of State Forests ,

Asaph Division ,

Associations, Protective:

Co-operation with

Discussion of,

Austin Division ,

Auxiliary Forest Reserves,

Laws,

B.

Bald Eagle Forest, '

Barree Division

Bear Meadows Division

Bedford County Forest,

Black Forest,

Blackwells Division ,

Slate Run Division,

Waterville Division

Blackwells Division , .. ,

Buchanan Forest

Buffalo Division , ....!!.

Bureaus of Department ,

C.

Caledonia Division

Camping on State Forests

Central Penna. Protective Association

Chambersburg Water Lease,

Chatham Division ,

Chestnut Blight, ////.............

Childs, George W., Park, *

Clearfield Forest:

Clearfield Division

Karthaus Division

Penfield Division

Coburn Division

Page.

18
9

418

19
21
377
23
24

190
330
335
195
202
206
212
216
206
222
448
53

403
146
22
161
424
157
153

229
235
241
345

(489)

''' . ' I^^DEX. • • Off. Do^.

Course of Studies. State Forest Academy ^^fj.

Cronin, ThomasH., Co., Lease. ' ^l:

Cross Fork Division .

Cutting Timber. Rules for, ^!?

63

D.

District Forester Law

Dock . Miss Mira Lloyd o ^^

Dynamite Experiment, *.......! 31,155

157

B.

Educational Efforts ,

Examinations and Reports. ^^^

Elliott & Harris, ........... .\ ^^

Dr. J. T. Rothrock. ^^

Williams 37

Wirt. .... 39

41

P.

Federal Refractories Lease

Financial Statement ***** . ^^^

Fires: 1^5

Discussion of,

Appropriations for, ^^

Co-operative Law , ^^

District Forester Law, ^^

Loss for 1912 , ^^

Loss for 1913 ^^^

Fixed Charges on State Land, ....!.............. ^^^

Foresters: ^37

List of.

Living Conditions. ^^'^^

Supplies Needed for ^^

Foresters' Maps , ^^

Forest Inspector's Report. .. ^^^

41

O.

Geological Reports of State Forests,

Graeffenburg Inn -^^^

Grays Run Forest 31-33

Greenwood Division .... ^^^

359

H.

Hopkins Forest:

RerK.vo & Keating Divisions

Snow Shoe Division [] ^^'^

McElhattan Division, ^^^

Hull Division 309

384

No. 23. INDEX. 49I

J* Page.

Jacks Mountain Division , 357

K.

Karthaus Division , 235

Keating Division , 257 , 279

Kettle Creek Forest:

Cross Fork Division , 272

Leidy Division , 430

Kishacoquillas Division , 370

L.

Land Grant Applications , 135

Land Purchases , 9

Leases , Permanent Camp , ; 145

List of , J5Q

Leases , Department, ^53

Legal Affairs , i^q

Leidy Division 430

Loyalsock Forest , 28I

M.

McCall Division 453

McClure Forest ^qq

McElhattan Division , 3Q9

Maps '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. 133

Foresters' ^34

Medix Division ^90

Minisink Forest:

Notch Division , 285

Pocono Division , 288

Promised Land Division 297

Mont Alto Division . 4^0

Municipal Forests 29

N.

Nittany Forest 3^3

Notch Division 285

Nurseries g/»

Mont Alto . gg

Greenwood . 72

Asaph . 74

Small . 7g

Nursery Investigation 12O

O.

Outing and Recreation * ^52

''' . INDEX. Off. Doc.

^* Page.

Penfleld Division,

Pennypacker Forest, * * ' * ^*^

Permanent Camp Leases, ^^"^

Photographs indexed, .........* ^^^

Pittsburgh Exposition: * * ^^

Report upon,

Planting: ^^0

On State Forests, 1912,

On State Forests, 1913, f^

Summary , ^^

By Private Individuals, ^^^

Pocono Division , ' ^^^

Pocono Protective Fire Association ^^^

Foe Division , ' 22

Promised Land Division, ^^^

Pymatuning Swamp Survey ^^^

' 175

R.

Rangers:

New appointments ,

Resigned or died ^ \ * ^^

Receipts from State Forests , ^^

Renovo Division , ' . _ ^^^

Rights of Way ^^'^

Roads on State Forests, ^^^

Road Charges on State Land, ^^

Rothrock Forest ^^7

Rules for Cutting Timber ^^3

' 63

S.
Sandusky Portland Cement Lease, ....

School Charges on State Land ' ^^^

Seedlings: ' 137

1913 Inventory of Nurseries

Planted on State Forests, ^^

Planted by Individuals, '. ^^

Seeds planted , ^^^

Seven Mountain Forest: 6*

Barree Division

Bear Meadows Division , ^^^

Poe Division , ^'^

Coburn Division 34]

Greenwood Division 345

Jacks Mountain Division ^^^

Kishacoquillas Division , ^^'^

Sinnemahoning Forest: 370

Austin Division

Hull Division * .' 377

Medix Division ^^*

Sinnemahoning Division ^^^

Sizerville Division , . 395

399

No. 26.

INDEX.

J

Sizerville Division ,

Slate Run Division ,

South Mountain Forest:

Caledonia Division

Mont Alto Division ,

South Renovo Water Lease ,

State Forest Academy

State Forests:

Area of ,

Planting of Seedlings ,

Administration ,

Stock Survey , ^Qg

Stone Forest:

Asaph Division ,

Chatham Division ,

Stuart Forest

Surveys

T.

Taxation of Forests ,

Tea Spring Division

Temporary Camping Permits , ' * *

Timber Sales , ] ]

Cut, 1912,

Cut, 1913,

Topographic & Stock Survey,

Field Work,

Elevations,

Stock ,

Instruments

Notes

Account Charges ,

Seven Mountain State Forest,

Trough Creek Forest

U.
United Ice & Coal Lease,

W.

Waterville Division

Whetham Forest

White Deer Forest:

Buffalo Division ,

McCall Division ,

Tea Spring Division

T.

Young Woman's Creek Forest,

493

Page
399
212

403

410
160
468

9
86

190
, 111

418
424
415
132

22

458
146
129
478
482
106
108
111
111
113
113
116
117
435

164

216
4S9

448

453
458

463

AUG 1 5 1815

■ I U 1 -iTi-i

END OF YEAR