•^ a 1919 SECOND PAN AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS HELD IN THE CITY OF WASHINGTON IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DECEMBER 27, 1915-JANUARY S, 1916 THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL PKEPARED BY JOHN BARRETT, Secretary General and GLEN LEVIN SWIGGETT, Assistant Secretary General WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 SECOND PAN AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS HELD ;N the city OF WASHINGTON IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DECEMBER 27, 1915-JANUARY 8, 1916 THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL PREPARED BY JOHN BARRETT, Secretary General and GLEN LEVIN SWIGGETT, Assistant Secretary General WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 i/ excMANae CONTENTS. p»gt. Introductory letter to the Secretary of State 3 Preliminary organization 9 Draft of report of the provisional committee appointed by the First Pan Amer- ican Scientific Congress 15 The sections and general program 17 Letters of appointment and invitations • 19 American Association for the Advancement of Science 24 The Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists 27 American Institute of International Law 27 Promotion of interest in Congress 28 Details of the organization '. 34 Latin American participation 41 Latin American representation 44 Reception of delegates 45 Inaugural plenary session 48 Pan American hymn 49 Address of welcome by the Hon. Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States 51 Address of welcome by the Hon. Robert Lansing, Secretary of State 55 Address of the president of the congress, his excellency the ambassador of Chile, Sr. D. Eduardo Suarez Mujica 59 Responses by the chairmen of the official delegations: Argentina ■ 64 Bolivia 67 Brazil 68 Chile . 68 Colombia •. 69 Costa Rica 70 Cuba 71 Dominican Republic 73 (Message from His Excellency the President of the United States). ... 74 Ecuador 74 Guatemala. 76 Haiti 77 Honduras 77 Nicaragua 79 Paraguay 82 Peru 83 vSalvador 84 Uruguay 85 Venezuela 87 48192—17 1 I 4G0454 '^Z: '"..•,••; : ; ,', ' '• CONTENTS. Taw. Executive committee of the congress 89 Officers of the congress 90 Second plenary session 9a Opening remarks of the president of the congress 93 The address of His Excellency the President of the United States 94 Third plenar\- session 99 Resolutions and recommendations 100 Adoption of the same 115 Selection of Lima, Peru, as meeting place of Third Pan American Scien- tific Congress 1 15 Introduction of special resolutions. 116 Telegrams of congratulation. . ^. 1 19 Final address of the president of the congress 125 Fourth plenar>' session 128 Introductory remarks by the presiding officer, the honorable Secretary- of State 128 Address of his excellency the president of tlie congress 129 Address of the chairman of the United States delegation 131 Address of his excellency the Costa Rican minister of foreign affairs 135 Address of his excellency the minister of Bolivia 136 Address of Dr. James Brown Scott 138 Address of Secretary General Barrett 140 Concurrent senate resolution on Pan American Day 142 Views on the congress of Panama 142 Social program 144 Special visits 1 53 The tour 1 54 Itinerary 1 54 Entertainment program 155 Description of the tour 157 Departure of the delegates 174 Financial statement 175 Appendix A 176 Appendix B 195 Appendix C , . . 238 INTRODUCTORY LETTER TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. Hon. Robert Lansing, Secretary of State, Washington, D. C. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report covering the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, held in Washington, December 27, 1915-January 8, 1 91 6, of which, at the request of the Department of State and the executive committee of organization, and by permission of the governing board of the Pan American Union, I served as secretary general. In the preparation of this report I have been greatly aided by the assistant secretary general, Dr. Glen Levin Swiggett, late professor of romance languages in the University of Tennessee, who resigned from that position to devote his time to this congress, and I wish to take advantage of this opportunity to express my appreciation of his faithful and efficient service. I desire also to emphasize that the success of the congress was largely brought about by the excellent advice and unremitting cooperation which I constantly received from Hon. William Phillips, then Third Assistant Secretary of State and chairman of the executive committee; Dr. James Brown Scott, secretary of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; and the other members of the executive committee, who were ex officio chairmen of the different sections of the congress, as follows: Dr. P. P. Claxton, Brig. Gen. W. H. Bixby, Surg. Gen. William C. Gorgas, Dr. William H. Holmes, Hennen Jennings, Dr. Leo S. Rowe, George M. Rommel, and Dr. Robert vS. Woodward. The particular interest which the President of the United States mani- fested in the congress from the time that he was first approached on the subject by the Secretary of State was a strong and permanent factor in making the congress an occasion of historical and international im- ]wrtance. He manifested his interest through advice to the committee, the selection of high-class delegates on behalf of the United States Gov- ernment, and his own participation in the proceedings and in the social entertainment of the delegates. The address he delivered at a plenary session of the congress was epoch making in its significance, and the 3 4 INTRODUCTORY. reception which he gave, graciously assisted by Mrs. Wilson, at the White House was the most brilliant functioii of the entire social side of the congress. The Latin American diplomatic representatives in Washington were always willing to take any consistent step that would lead to the success of the congress, and they played a part in working it out which was important and effective. It is not possible in this brief introduction to go into detailed reference to all those who were in some way associated with the making of this extraordinary gathering one to be long remembered, but due mention has been made in some part of the general text of the report of all those connected with it. There are, however, a few additional references which I desire to include. The first is the help which the congress and the executive committee received in the active and practical cooperation of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in inviting a large number of Latin American statesmen, scientists and scholars to attend the congress as its guests. Credit is due to Mrs. Robert Lansing, Mrs. Charles R. Crane, Mrs. Louis F. Post, Mrs. Glen Levin Swiggett, and a considerable group of women from Washington and elsewhere, who either took a deep interest in the Women's Auxiliary Conference, of which a special report has been made by Mrs. Swiggett, or assisted in the entertainment of the Latin American guests during their stay in Washington. The secretary general will always feel indebted to the public-spirited group of young women and men who acted as social aides to the Latin American delegates. They were untiring in their efforts to care for the foreign guests and had much to do with the success of the social enter- tainment. The Washington newspapers and the press associations showed a helpful and practical interest in the congress, which was proved by the large amount of space which they daily gave to its sessions and by the number of men they detailed to cover the various meetings. The inter- est manifested not only in Washington but throughout the country in the Congress and the desire to show hospitality to the Latin American delegates was most gratif5dng. The Latin American delegates to the congress were nearly all quar- tered at the New Willard Hotel, where were also the chief offices of the congress. During this occupation of the hotel, the manager, F. S. Hight, and the members of his staff were unremitting in their efforts to make both the delegates and the staff thoroughly comfortable. INTRODUCTORY. 5 In studying the record of this congress, it is well to bear in mind that it was the most nutncrously attended official international conference ever held upon the Western Hemisphere and the largest Pan American Confer- ence that has assembled in any American Republic. Over two hundred and ten delegates came to Washington from the twenty Latin American Republics, while over a thousand delegates attended from the United States. The membership was indeed of a high grade and represented the best in the scientific, educational, professional, and political circles of the countries represented. The scope of the congress was so broad and it was characterized by so many sections that the published pro- ceedings will give to the world a most useful and valuable collection of up-to-date information, which will be prized by libraries and individuals alike. In, other words, this congress was a notable milestone in the history of modern. progress and civilization. As to the benefits of this congress, national and international, there can be no question. It undoubtedly was a most powerful and fortunate influence in promoting that kind of practical Pan Americanism which appeals to the representative men of every American Republic. The free discussion, the frank expressions of opinion, the suggestions of new ideas, and the sincere spirit of friendly interest and cooperation, which featured the congress undoubtedly were most productive of lasting Pan American acquaintance and mutual understanding. The coming together, more- over, and the intimate association of a large group of the best men of the Latin American RepubHcs with men of similar kind from the United States resulted in all the delegates returning to their respective homes mibued with a new and truer spirit of international amity and intercourse. Since the congress adjourned in January, 1916, the Pan American Union, the official international organization of all the American Republics devoted to good .understanding, friendship, intercourse, and commerce among them, of which I have the honor to be the executive officer, has had constant evidence of the interest which the congress aroused and of the good which it accomplished. The correspondence daily pouring into the Pan American Union from educators, scholars, scientists, financiers, commercial leaders, and statesmen, who were inspired to greater interest in Pan Americanism by the congress, has proved that its labors were not in vain. There has been, moreover, a remarkable demand from every part of the Western Hemisphere for the detailed record or report of the proceedings of its many sections, which, at this writing, are being edited under the supervision of the assistant secretary general. Dr. Glen Levin Swiggett. 6 INTRODUCTORY. In this Report of the Secretary General the chief effort has been to make a simple and accurate record of what took place from the first organization of the executive committee, following the first Pan Ameri- can Scientific Congress, held in Santiago in 1908, until the adjournment of this second congress in January, 191 6. The delay in the actual pub- lication of this report and of the proceedings has been due to the neces- sity of carefully comparing and editing all the data. It has been neces- sary to send speeches and papers to delegates in far-off Latin American countries and to have them corrected before they could be published. Even with these precautions, however, some errors, mistakes, and over- sights have been unavoidable. For these the secretary general and the assistant secretary general ask the indulgence of persons who may dis- cover them or feel that they have been overlooked or in the least degree slighted. Omissions, mistakes, and errors, if found, are entirely acci- dental and unintentional. When it is considered that the preparation of the proceedings has required the reading in different languages of several millions of words, the difficulties confronting the executive officers can be appreciated. The delay, however, in the publication of this report and the pro- ceedings has been compensated in a measure by the distribution of the volume, entitled The Final Act and Interpretative Commentary Thereon, which was prepared under the direction of Dr. James Brown Scott, reporter general of the congress. This is a discussion of practical value and should be read and studied by all those who wish to fully understand and appreciate the work of the congress. It also contains useful and valuable appendices and other data prepared under the direction of Assistant Secretary General Swiggett. Copies of it can be obtained by addressing the Director General of the Pan American Union. The full report of the proceedings, covering all nine sections of the congress, is now being printed at the United States Government Printing Office. It wall probably occupy eleven volumes, with all the pap)ers presented at the congress in the language in which they were delivered. Many of these papers will be appropriately illustrated. These proceed- ings will be distributed, under certain restrictions, to the actual readers and senders of papers, to a selected list of libraries, and to high Govern- ment officials. They will be obtainable in due time and under certain conditions from the Director General of the Pan American Union. The report of the Women's Auxiliary Conference, carefully prepared by Mrs. Glen Levin Swiggett, is a comprehensive review of the proceed- ings and papers of that conference which was organized under the initia- tive of the executive committee in order to interest the women who INTRODUCTORY. 7 were in attendance at the congress, and also to prepare the way for greater interest among the women of all the American countries in Pan Ameri- can matters. Copies of this can also be obtained from the Director General of the Pan American Union or from the executive secretary of the Women's Auxiliary Committee, Mrs. Glen Levin Swiggett. Mrs. Charles R. Crane generously contributed $2,000, and Mrs. J. C. Breckenridge $100 for expenses connected with the Women's Auxiliary Conference, which could not be covered by the official appropriation. It is now my hope that the Women's Auxiliary Conference may be enlarged into a more important gathering for the Lima congress in 1921. There is some suggestion that then there might be held there a real Pan American conference of women, which would undoubtedly be of great cooperative benefit in making the Second Pan American Scientific Con- gress a notable occasion in the history of Pan Americanism. Finally, I feel it my duty to urge preparation by the United States Government, in cooperation with the scientists, educators, scholars, and engineers of the United States, for the Third Pan American Scientific Congress, which will be held in Lima, the capital of Peru, in 192 1. In view of the large number of Latin Americans who came to the United States for the Washington congress, there should be a large official and unofficial delegation from the United States at Lima. The papers pre- sented there from the United vStates, moreover, should represent the very best thought of the day and be a credit to this land. The Government and people of the United States can not show too much interest in that congress in return for the interest shown by Latin America in the last congress," and in order to promote practical Pan Americanism. The total expense of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress to the United States Government was approximately $127,000, of which a summarized statement is given in the concluding part of the following report. Considering the extraordinary attendance, not only from Latin America but from the United States, the success of every feature of the congress, and the good results for Pan Americanism which have resulted, this sum can certainly be considered as having been most advantageously utilized. In the Appendix of the Report of the Secretary General will be found three most interesting records. These give a list of the members of the congress from the Latin American countries, a list of all the papers read or submitted to the congress, classified alphabetically according to sec- tions, and an alphabetical list of all the societies which participated or sent delegates. The alphabetical list of delegates is not given because it is included in the "Final Act." 8 INTRODUCTORY. In conclusion, I beg to take advantage of this opportunity to thank you, Mr. Secretary, for the great interest which you and your predecessor, Hon. William J. Bryan, showed in the congress and for the advice and cooperation which you always gladly gave the executive committee and myself. Yours, very respectfully, John Barrbtt. June i, 1917. THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. PRELIMINARY ORGANIZATION. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, held in the city of Washington under the auspices of the Government of the United States with the official sanction and direction of the Department of State, convened in solemn plenary session in Memorial Continental Hall Monday, December 27, 1915, at 10.30 a. m. The plenary session of adjournment was held in the same place Saturday morning, January 8, 1916, at 11 o'clock. The Congress of the United States appropriated money for the conduct of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, as follows: 1. Diplomatic and Consular appropriation act for 1915. $35, 000 2. Diplomatic and Consular appropriation act for 1916 15, 000 3. Public Resolution No. 3 — Sixty-fourth Congress (urgent deficiency bill), approved Dec. 17, 1915 ; . 35,000 Acting on behalf of, and in cooperation with, the permanent executive committee of organization, the executive officers of that committee, the secretary general and the assistant secretary general, organized the congress, arranged and carried out its program, social and deliberative, published the reports of the reporter general and the secretary general of the congress, and assisted in the publication of the report of the Women's Auxiliary Conference. The report of the reporter general, Dr. James Brown Scott, is called the Final Act and Interpretative Commentary Thereon, with appendices. These seven appendices contain the following chapters : 1. Organization and rules. 2 . Topics for Pan American conferences. 3. The three plenary sessions. 4. Program of the nine sections of the congress. 5. List of learned societies, educational institutions, private organizations, and governmental bureaus. 6. List of the members of the executive committee and other committees of organization, and the cooperating committees in Republics other than the United States. 7. List of the honorary members, members of societies, institutions, and com- mittees, and writers of papers. This report has been printed in two editions, in English and in Span- ish, at the Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Eight 9 lO REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. thousand copies of the English edition have been printed, 2,000 of which were ordered for private distribution by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Three thousand copies of the Spanish edition have been printed. A copy of the Final Act has been mailed in the appro- priate language to all high officials of Government, to all members of the congress, and to the libraries of the leading commercial, learned, and scientific organizations and educational institutions in the 21 participat- ing countries. The report of the Women*s Auxiliary Conference, pre- pared by the organizing secretary, Mrs. Glen Levin Swiggett, has been likewise printed in two editions, English and Spanish, and is being distributed throughout the different countries of the Pan American Union by an international committee that is now being appointed for that purpose. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress had its origin in a series of anterior scientific congressies held in South America. The first of these, called the First Latin American Scientific Congress, was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, April 10-20, 1898, in commemoration of the silver jubilee of the Argentine Scientific Congress. The second and third were held, respectively, in Montevideo, March 20-31, 1901, and Rio de Janeiro, August 6-16, 1905. Through the generous action of the executive committee of organization of the Fourth Latin American Scientific Congress, held in Santiago de Chile, December 25, 1908, to January 5, 1909, the Government of the United States was invited to participate and the name of the congress was changed to the First Pan American Scientific Congress. The Government of the United States accepted this invitation and named the following official delegate^: Leo S. Rowe, Chairman. Wiluam H. Holmes. Paul S. Reinsch, \'icc Chainnan. Bernard Moses. Hiram Bingha?». George M. Rommel. Archibald Cary Coolidge. William R. Shepherd. William C. Gorgas. W. B. Smith. Secretaries : Clarence L. Hay. Charles G. Neumann. Huntington Smith. The official report of this delegation was presented to the Secretary of State, April 23, 1909. This report was printed at the Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, 1909, under the title Report of the Delegates of the United States to the Pan American Scientific Congress held at Santiago, Chile. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. II The growth in these scientific congresses is indicative of the scientific progress and the increasing mutual good will of the Republics of the Western Hemisphere. Eight hundred and sixty-eight papers were pre- sented to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, the total mem- bership of which was 2,566. The Reseiia General of the First Pan Ameri- can Scientific Congress contains the following statistics for the four anterior congresses : Member- ship. Papers presented. First Latin American Scientific Congress . . . Second Latin American Scientific Congress. Third Latin American Scientific Congress . . Fourth Latin American Scientific Congress . 552 839 863 2,238 121 302 120 742 Immediately on the adjournment of the congress at Santiago de Chile, which had selected the capital of the United States as the place of meeting for the next congiess in 19 12, the provisional committee of the United States, appointed by the scientific congress, endeavored to secure an appropriation from the Congress of the United States necessary to the work of organization, and rendered further such services as could be performed in anticipation of this appropriation. The members of this provisional committee were: Leo S. Rowe, Head Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania. John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American Union. P. P. Claxton, the Commissioner of Education of the United States. William H. Holmes,' Head Curator National Museum, Smith- sonian Institution. George W. Rommel, Chief Animal Husbandry Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture. Through no lack of interest on the part of its members nor failure on the part of the Government or people of the Umted States to realize fully the importance of holding the Second Pan American Scientific Congress at the tmie designated and approved by a resolution of the preceding congress, the provisional committee was unable to perfect plans for 1912. Many insurmountable difficulties confronted this com- mittee and it became necessary to postpone the inauguration of the congress from 191 2 to 1914. The following circular letter from the honorable Secretary of State was sent, under date of May 23, 1911, to the diplot^tic representatives of the United States accredited to the Latin American countries: 12 report of the secretary general,. Department of State, Washington, May 23, ipii. To the Diplomatic Officers of the United States in Latin America. Gentlemen: At its session of January 4, 1909, the Pan American Scientific Congress at Santiago, Chile, designated the city of Washington as the next place of meeting and recommended that the meeting be held during the year 191 2. The American managers of the proposed congress at Washington have requested this department to inform the Governments of Latin America in their behalf that it has not been found possible to make suitable arrange- ments for the holding of the congress in Washington in 191 2, and that the time of meeting has consequently been postponed until the year 1914. You may inform the Government to which you are accredited in the above sense. T am, gentlemen, Your obedient servant, P. C. Knox. It became necessary in the course of arrangements to postpone again the opening of the congress to December 27, 1915, at which time the Con- gress convened in Washington, as has been stated. In accordance with the wishes of the provisional committee on organization expressed at the time of its appointment by the congress in Santiago, the Secretary of State of the United States appointed, June 17, 191 4, a permanent execu- tive committee of organization in the United States. A copy of the official letter of appointment follows: APPOINTMENT AS MEMBER EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Department of State, Washington, June 17, 1914. Sir: Being aware of your interest in the cultivation of closer relations between the United States and the Latin American Republics, it gives me pleasure to inform you that I shall be glad to have you serve on an executive committee of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, which is to meet in Washington in October, 191 5. This committee is purely advisory in character and is created for the purpose of formulating preliminary plans for the congress, to be submitted to the Department of State before they are communicated to the various nations interested in the congress. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI^. 1 3 There is no remuneration in connection with the service of this com- mittee, and it is understood that the members of the committee, as such, are not delegates on the part of the United States to the congress. Hoping that the department may be fortunate enough to avail itself of your assistance, I am, etc., W. J. Bryan. The members appointed on June 17 were: Wiivi/iAM Phillips, Assistant Secretary of State. John Barrett, Director General, Pan American Union. Philander P. Claxton, Commissioner of Education. William H. Holmes, Head Curator National Museum, Smithsonian Institution. William C. Gorgas, Surgeon General, United States Army. Georg^ M. Rommel, Chief, Animal Husbandry Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture. Leo S. Rowe, Head Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania. . James Brown Scott, Secretary, Carnegie Endowment for Interna- tional Peace. By April, 1915, the committee had been enlarged through the appoint- ment by the Secretary of State of the following members: W. H. BixBY, Brigadier General, United States Army, retired. Hennen Jennings, mining engineer. Dr. William H. Welch, pathologist, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University. Robert S. Woodward, President, Carnegie Institution. John Barrett, director general of the Pan American Union, and Glen Levin Swiggett, professor of romance languages. University of Tennessee, were appointed by the Secretary of State in March, 191 5, to act, respec- tively, as secretary general and assistant secretary general of the congress. The permanent executive committee of organization as finally consti- tuted was as follows : Executive Committee. William Phillips, Third Assistant Secretary of State, Chairman ex officio. James Brown Scott, Secretary, Carnegie Endowment for Interna- tional Peace, Vice Chairman and Reporter General. William H. Welch, former President, National Academy of Sci- ence, Honorary Vice Chairman. 14 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. John Barrett, Director General, Pan American Union. W. H. BixBY, Brigadier General, United States Army, retired. Philander P. Claxton, Commissioner of Education. William C. Gorgas, Surgeon General, United States Army. William H. Holmes, Head Curator National Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Hennen Jennings, former President, Ivondon Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. George M. Rommel, Chief, Animal Husbandry Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture. h. S. RowE, President, American Academy of Political and Social Science. Robert S. Woodward, President, Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington. Organization Officers. John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American Union, Secretary General. Glen Levin Swiggett, Assistant Secretary General. The honorable Secretary of State sent, on July lo, 1914, the following communication to the diplomatic corps of Latin America in Washing- ton, informing the ambassadors and ministers of these republics of the invitation to participate in the congress on the part of their governments that had been extended through chiefs of missions of the United States in their respective countries: Department op State, Washington, July 10, 1914. Sir: The First Pan American Scientific Congress, which held its ses- sions at Santiago, Chile, in 1908-9, designated the city of Washington as the place of meeting for the second congress. This unsolicited and volun- tary action of the first congress, evidencing, as it did, on the part of its members a desire to cultivate closer intellectual and cultural relations with the United States, gave to the Government of the United States intense gratification ; and the scientific gentlemen who attended the first congress as delegates of the Government of the United States, greatly impressed with the cordial reception and hospitable treatment that had been accorded to them at Santiago, were glad to interest themselves in arranging for the second congress. These gentlemen having determined that an appropriate time for the holding of this congress would be in the month of October, 191 5, the Congress of the United States, in the diplo- matic and consular appropriation act approved June 30, 1914, has been REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL,, 1 5 pleased to authorize the Secretary of State to invite the Governments of the American Republics to be represented thereat by delegates, and has made suitable provision for the expenses of the congress and for the entertainment of the delegates. By virtue of this authority, it has given me much pleasure to instruct the American minister at to extend to the Government of an oflicial invitation to be represented by delegates in the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, to meet at Washington in October, 191 5, and to express the pleasure with which the Government of the United States would learn of the acceptance of the invitation and of the intention of the Government of to appoint delegates to represent it in the deliberations of the congress which it is confidently hoped will mark an important step in the development of closer intellectual ties between the United States and the Republics of Latin America. In furtherance of this purpose I have appointed the following-named gentlemen as an executive committee charged with the duty of formu- lating the program of the congress and the perfecting of arrangements preparatory to the assembling of the congress : * I shall be extremely obliged if you will give the invitation your support. Accept, sir, etc., W. J. Bryan. Prior to the appointment of the permanent executive committee, the provisional committee had prepared and circulated in mimeograph copy a tentative draft of the purposes of the congress and the prelimi- nary program bases. This report of the provisional committee of organization follows : DRAFT OF REPORT OF THE PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE FIRST PAN AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS, HELD DECEMBER, 1908. The Pan American Scientific Congress held in Santiago, Chile, in De- cember, 1908, was preceded by a series of three Latin American scientific congresses, the first being held in Buenos Aires in 1898, the second in Montevideo in 1901, and the third in Rio Janeiro in 1905. It has become the established custom at these congresses to designate not only the place of meeting of the next succeeding congress, but also the personnel of the permanent organization committee. The delegation of the United States to the Santiago congress succeeded in modifying this tradition to the extent of having the congress limit itself to the appoint- ' Names of members of executive committee given on p. 13. 48192—17 2 1 6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. ment of a temporary committee, thus leaving to the Government of the United States complete freedom of action in determining the personnel of the permanent committee. The Santiago congress designated the 12th of October, 191 2, as the date for the assembling of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. The designation of Washington as the next place of meeting was intended by the representatives of the Latin American countries to emphasize the solidarity of intellectual interests with the United States. The cable- gram of the Secretary of State, expressing the satisfaction of the United States Government at the designation of Washington, was received with much enthusiasm, and it was felt by all those attending the Santiago congress that the Washington meeting would mark an important step in the development of closer intellectual ties between the United States and the Republics of Latin America. The provisional committee has held a number of sessions in Washing- ton, and has carefully gone over the situation with a view of presenting to the department tentative suggestions with reference to the preUminary arrangements for the forthcoming congress. In furtherance of this purpose the provisional committee begs to rec- ommend : First. That an executive committee of seven, with power to appoint subcommittees, be appointed. This committee is to be intrusted with all the arrangements preparatory to the assembling of the congress. Second. That a general committee, composed of one representative from each of the associations indicated on the accompanying list be appointed. Third. That Canada be invited to participate in the Second Pan Amer- ican Scientific Congress. Fourth. That the permanent executive committee be appointed as soon as possible in order that the necessary arrangements may be made for the issuance of invitations and for the formulation of the program of the conference. One of the difficulties confronting previous congresses has been the failure to secure the preparation of papers well in advance of the meet- ing of the congress. The hope was also expressed at the Santiago congress that it would be possible to concentrate the attention of the various sections of the con- gress on comparatively few questions in order to bring to bear on these questions the results of the best scientific thought and investigation from all sections of the continent. In furtherance of this purpose the provisional committee begs to submit for the consideration of the de- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 1 7 partment the desirability of organizing the next Pan American Scientific Congress in the form of a series of international conferences, of which a list will be submitted in due time. THE SECTIONS AND GENERAL PROGRAM. The permanent executive committee of the congress prepared and published in the spring of 191 5 a preliminary program. This program contained the rules and regulations in respect to organization, member- ship in the congress and presentation of papers, and the topics, stated in general terms, that were proposed for discussion in the nine sections. These rules and topics may be found printed in the report on the Final Act,^ English edition, pages 17-26 and 155-158. The executive com- mittee distinctly expressed the hope in the preliminary program that the Second Pan American Scientific Congress might partake of the charac- ter of a series of international conferences, and requested all writers of papers to concentrate attention upon those questions which would be of greatest interest to all American Republics. The nine main sections of the program of the congress, with the names of the chairman in charge of each section, were as follows: I. Anthropology, William H. Holmes. II. Astronomy, Meteorology, and Seismology, Robert S. Woodward. III. Conservation of Natural Resources, Agriculture, Irrigation, and Forestry, George M. Rommel. IV. Education, P. P. Claxton. V. Engineering, W. H. Bixby. VI. International Law, PubHc Law, and Jurisprudence, James Brown Scott. VII. Mining and Metallurgy, Economic Geology, and Applied Chemistry, Hennen Jennings. VIII. Public Health and Medical Science, WilHam C. Gorgas. IX. Transportation, Commerce, Finance, and Taxation, L. S. Rowe. The chairmen of these sections were assisted in the preparation of this general program by distinguished men of science, representing the scientific bureaus of the Government and scientific societies. Valuable services were rendered in this respect particularly by representatives of the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Institute of Mining Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Insti- ' Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, 1916. 1 8 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. tute of Electrical Engineers, American Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineers, American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, and National Academy of Sciences. This program was distributed throughout the 2 1 Republics from the office of the secretary general in the Pan American Union. It was printed in English, Portuguese, and Span- ish. Copies were sent to educational institutions, learned and scientific societies, and individuals in the several countries. The cooperating committees appointed at the request of the Government of the United States by the Governments of the different Republics assisted likewise in the distribution of this program. These committees, the members of which may be found in the Final Act, pages 323-329, rendered further most valuable assistance in securing proper representation of their respec- tive countries at the congress by the appointment of delegates and in the selection of writers of papers. They cooperated also with the executive committee of the United States in maintaining the Pan American character of the congress. This distinctive Pan American character was further greatly enhanced through the special group conferences held at the time of the con- gress by the dififerent sections and subsections. Special topics, called Pan American themes, were chosen and submitted during the latter part of the summer through official channels to the different countries. In addition to the diplomatic representatives. Government officials and cooperating committees, individuals in the different coun- tries, to whom the executive committee now acknowledges gratefully its indebtedness, assisted in the distribution of these themes. Papers were presented by the leading specialists of the several Republics. On account of the timely and scientific interest of the topics the papers grouped around them were profitably discussed in stimulating conferences by representatives from the larger part of the RepubUcs participating in the congress. These Pan American themes may be found printed in the report of the Final Act, English edition, pages 159-162. There were five orders of membership in the congress: Official dele- gates; delegates of societies, institutions, etc.; honorary members; members of committees; and writers of papers. Official delegates were appointed in the customary manner of the different countries. Dele- gates of societies, institutions, etc., and honorary members were ap- pointed by the Secretary of State. Formal invitations to writers of papers and members of committees were extended by the secretary general or assistant secretary general on behalf of the executive com- mittee on organization. The invitations extended were of the following character : REPORT Olf THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 19 APPOINTMENT OF OFFICIAL DELEGATE. Department of State, Washington, Novetnber 6, 191 5. Sir: The department has issued a certificate of appointment desig- nating you as a delegate on the part of the United States to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress to be held at Washington December 27, 1 91 5, to January 8, 191 6. The certificate is transmitted herewith. I am, etc., William Phillips, Third Assistant Secretary. Department of State. To all to whom these Presents shall come, Greeting: I certify that has been designated a delegate on the part of the United States to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress to be held at Washington, December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916. In testimony whereof, I, Robert Lansing, Secretary of State of the United States of America, have hereunto subscribed my name and caused the seal of the Department of State to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this 30th day of October, in the year of our Lord 191 5, and the one hundred and fortieth year of the Independence of the United States of America. [seal.] Robert Lansing. INVITATION TO SOCIETIES, INSTITUTIONS, ETC. To the President of . Dear Sir: By virtue of the authority conferred upon me by the Congress of the United States of America, I have the pleasure to extend to a cordial invitation to participate by one or more delegates in the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, to be held under the auspices of the Government of the United States at the city of Washington from De- cember 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916, inclusive. Assuring you that representatives from the [ ] will be most heartily welcomed, I am, my dear sir, Very truly, yours, W. J. Bryan, Secretary of State. Department of State, Washington, February 12, 1915. 20 RBPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. APPOINTMENT AS HONORARY MEMBER. Department of State, Washington, December 27, 1913. Dear Sir: As you are doubtless aware, the Second Pan American Scientific Congress will meet in the city of Washington from December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916. Not only are leading institutions of learning throughout Central and South America sending representatives to attend this congress, but the governments of the several Latin American countries are sending dis- ■ tinguished men of learning as official delegates. In addition to the for- eign delegates, there will be more than 500 delegates from colleges and other institutions throughout the United States. I am deeply impressed with the great importance of this gathering, and I am confident that in bringing together so notable an assembly of men of learning this meeting will be what is desired — the greatest inter- national conference of an educational nature ever held in the United States. It is also believed that by the character of the attendance at the com- ing scientific congress not only will there be an increased fund of scientific knowledge, but more intimate relations will be estabUshed throughout the Americas on the basis of a common interest in science, culture, and economic progress. Confident that your presence, your knowledge of the subject before the meeting, and your cooperation in the entertainment of the delegates will add greatly to the success of the congress, I have the honor to extend to you a cordial invitation to attend the sessions in the quahty of an honorary member of the congress. I am, etc., For the Secretary of State: Frank l>. Polk, Counselor. APPOINTMENT AS MEMBER OF COMMITTEE. May 29, 1915. Dear Commissioner Finley: Dr. Philander P. Claxton, Commissioner of Education of the United States, member of the executive committee and ex officio chairman of Section IV on Education, of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, meeting in Washington, D. C, December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916, has appointed you a member of the com mittee that has charge of the section on education. Dr. Claxton not only REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL- 21 requests that you honor the congress by serving as chairman of the sub- section committee in charge of elementary education, but begs to suggest as well that you designate not to exceed three members to serve with you on your subcommittee. The secretary general takes exceeding pleasure in approving your appointment and begs to express, with Dr. Claxton, the hope that you will accept. It is highly desirable that the members of your subsection committee be selected at your earliest convenience, as the Commissioner of Educa- tion hopes to call a meeting before June 14 of the educational section of the congress. Your designations may be sent direct to the secretary general who is authorized by the executive committee to formally ap- prove all appointments. Anticipating with exceeding pleasure, on behalf of the secretary general and Dr. Claxton, your own acceptance, I am, Very faithfully yours, Glen Levin Swiggett, Acting Secretary General. Commissioner John H. Finley, Albany, N. Y. INVITATION TO WRITERS OF PAPER. October 29, 1915. Dear Mr. Bard: It gives me pleasure to state that the committee in charge of the subsection on university education, of which President James, of the University of Illinois, is chairman, requests that you be invited to prepare a paper for that subsection on "Things which interest university students in the United States as compared with the interests of similar students in Europe and Latin America." I have the honor, therefore, as acting secretary general of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, to invite you on behalf of the executive committee to prepare this paper. All papers should be in the hands of the secretary general not later than December 10. The inclosed circular statement to contributors will be of interest to you. Begging to express the hope that you will honor the congress with thf acceptance of this invitation, I am, Very faithfully yours. Glen Levin Swiggett, Acting Secretary General. Harry Erwin Bard, Secretary Pan American Society of the United States, 15 Broad Street, New York City. 22 REPORT OP' THE SECRETARY GENERAL. The report of the Final Act, English edition, contains the names of the official delegates, pages 7-16 ; list of learned societies, institutions, etc., pages 293-308; list of committees appointed in all countries, pages 309-329; honorary members, pages 331-336; and an alphabetical list of the names of the delegate members of societies and institutions, mem- bers of committees -and writers of papers, pages 336-502. This Report of the Secretary General reprints with different arrangement, as Appendix C, page 238, the names of the adhering societies, institutions, and organizations and their delegate members of the congress. The program for the 45 subsections of the congress was framed by the sectional com- mittees as a whole or by subsection committees. This program as pre- sented and actually carried out at the time of the congress, with the names of the presiding officers and the time and place of meeting of the different sessions, is printed in the report of the Final Act as a special Appendix, pages 167-291. This arrangement, however, does not permit one to see at a glance the important and valuable scientific contribution in papers of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. The titles of these papers, arranged in the order of sections and subsections, are, there- fore, printed as Appendix B, page 195, of this report. Joint sessions were frequently held between the different sections or subsections of the congress. Several notable sessions were held in addition by special invi- tation of the executive committee between certain sections and leading scientific and learned societies of the Urited States that were meeting in Washington at the time of the congress. A copy of the letter of invita- tion to these associations and the names of those affiliating for th*^ purpose in question follow : LETTER OF INVITATION TO AFFILIATED SOCIETIES. July 24, 1915. Gentlemen : I have the honor as secretary general of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress to formally invite your association on behalf of the executive committee of the congress to participate in the program of the congress in one or more joint sessions, and to state that the chairmen of the various program sections of the congress have been authorized to arrange for such joint sessions with the duly appointed officials of these national associations with the subject matter of which their own is in accord. The assistant secretary general of the congress has been in conference with representatives of these national associations and understands that mutually satisfactory arrangements for these joint sessions can be made. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI^. 23 Anticipating with pleasure the meeting of your association in Washing- ton at the time of the scientific congress, I am, Very faithfully, yours, John Barrett, Secretary General. President and Officers American Historical Association (Care Dr. W. G. Iceland, 1140 Woodward Building), Washington, D. C. Institutions Accepting. American Anthropological Association, Secretary, George Grant MacCurdy, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. American Association of University Professors, Secretary, Prof. A. O. I^ovejoy, Johns Hopkins University, Balti- more, Md. Archaeological Institute of America, Secretary, Dr. Mitchell Carroll, George Washington University, Washington, D, C. Arnerican Folk-Lore Society, Secretary, Charles Peabody, Cambridge, Mass. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Secretary, L. O. Howard, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. American Association for Labor Legislation, Secretary, John B. Andrews, 131 East Twenty- third Street, New York City. American Civic Association, Secretary, Richard B. Watrous, Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. American Economic Association, Secretary, AUyn A. Young, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. American Historical Association, Secretary, Waldo G. Leland, 11 40 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C. American Political Science Association, Secretary, Chester Lloyd Jones, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. American Psychological Association, Secretary, R. S. Woodworth, Columbia University, New York City. A merican Sociological Society, Secretary, Scott E. W. Bedford, University of Chicago, Chicago. 111. 24 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. American Statistical Association, vSecretary, Carroll W. Doten, 491 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. American Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, Secretary, Tunstall Smith, The Preston, Baltimore, Md. American Anthropological Association, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. American Society of International Law, Secretary, James Brown Scott, Carnegie Endowment for Inter- national Peace, Washington, D. C. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. In view of the distinguished services in the field of science of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the executive committee of the Pan American Congress invited this association to hold a special meeting at some time suitable to its pleasure during the second week of the congress and subsequent to the adjournment of the annual meeting of the association in Columbus, Ohio. Copies of the correspondence in question follow: October 5, 191 5. Dear Dr. Howard: I beg to inclose herewith twelve copies of the communication addressed to the president and officers of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, prepared with the hope that the same would be pre- sented at the meeting in San Francisco. In order that there may be speedily accomplished the object which we so earnestly desire, may I beg you to use the inclosed copies in the manner so generously suggested by you at our recent interview? With cordial regards, I am, Very faithfully yours. Glen Levin Swiggett, Assistant Secretary General. Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief Bureau of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. July 26, 1915. Gentlemen: In accordance with the resolutions of the First Pan American Scientific Congress, held in Santiago, Chile, December 25, 1908, to January 5, 1909, a second Pan American Scientific Congress will meet in the city of Washington in the month of December, 191 5. The congress will open on Monday, December 27, 191 5, and adjourn on Saturday, January 8, 191 6. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 25 This congress had its origin in the scientific congresses that had been held by the RepubHcs of Latin America prior to the congress in Santiago, which was organized with the generous conviction that the United States should share in their undertaking. This conviction was splendidly shown in the unsolicited and voluntary action of the Santiago Congress in the selection of Washington, D. C, as the place of meeting of the second congress which, it is confidently hoped, will mark an important step in the development of closer intellectual ties among the participating countries. The general purposes of the congress are the presentation and discussion of subjects of scientific interest, especially those that are most important or useful to Pan American countries in general, and the formation of personal acquaintances among representatives of the American Republics. In view of the fact that this second congress is to be held under the auspices of the Government of the United States, it is highly desirable that our foremost scientists, learned societies, and educational institu- tions cooperate in order to insure the success of this congress, which is established with the object of increasing the exchange of knowledge and bringing about a better understanding of the ways in which the several Republics can work to the advancement of science, the increase of culture, and the promotion of trade, commerce, and mutual helpfulness. The congress will be divided into nine sections, as follows: I. Anthropology. II. Astronomy, meteorology, and seismology. III. Conservation of natural resources, agriculture, irrigation, and forestry. IV. Education. V. Engineering. VI. International law, public law, and jurisprudence. VII. Mining and metallurgy, economic geology, and applied chemistry. VIII. Public health and medical science. IX. Transportation, commerce, finance, and taxation. The executive committee of the scientific congress begs, therefore, to extend to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, meeting in San Francisco August 2 to 6, 1915, the greetings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress and to express the hope that this great association will honor the scientific congress by arranging to attend and participate in the sessions of the latter on the adjournment of the annual meeting of the association in Columbus, Ohio, the last week of December, 1 91 5. It will be the pleasure of the executive committee of the Pan 26 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. American Scientific Congress to arrange in every way possible to carry the members of the association to Washington, to receive them in a body and to emphasize during the second week of the congress, January 3 to 8, such parts of the program of the latter as will offer the greatest interest to the members of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science. On behalf of the executive committee, Faithfully yours, Glen Levin Swiggett, Acting Secretary General. President and Officers of the American Association FOR THE Advancement of Science. (Care of the Permanent Secretary, Dr. L. O. Howard of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.) Monday night, January the 3d, was selected by the permanent secretary of the association as the date of meeting. The members of the congress met with the association as guests of the latter, 8 p. m., in Memorial Continental Hall. Dr. Robert S. Woodward, president of Carnegie Insti- tute and past president of the association, presided on this occasion. The secretary general of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress made a short address of welcome on behalf of the congress. He empha- sized the high character of the class of scholars and scientists from Latin America who were attending the congress, and said that intellectual Pan Americanism was necessary to promote political Pan Americanism. The secretary general was followed by Dr. Ernesto Nelson, inspector general of education of the Argentine Republic, and member of the Argentina delegation to the congress, who made a brief address on behalf of the Latin American delegates. He pointed out what Argentina and other Latin American countries were doing for astronomy. The president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Dr. William M. Campbell, director of the Lick Observatory and member of the official delegation of the United States, delivered a special presidential address in honor of the congress on the Evolution of the Stars. Two sessions were further held by the association Tuesday, Jan- uary 4, in the New National Museum. The following program was given : 10 A. M. C. H. EigEnmann : Some Phases of the Origin and Evolution of the South American Fresh-Water Fishes. J. N. Rose: Botanical Explorations in South America. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 27 F. M. Chapman : The Distribution of Life in Colombia. Thomas Barbour: Zoological Collecting in Cuba, in Special Reference to the Origin and Relationships of the Fauna of the Island. 2 p. M, Wilfred H. Osgood: Crossing the Peruvian Andes. T. Wayland Vaughan : The Corals and Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. H. S. Washington: The Distribution of Igneous Rocks in South America. The Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists met likewise in Washington at the time of the congress, holding several joint sessions with the first section of the scientific congress and various national societies of pertinent investigating interests like the American Folk-I^ore Society, American Anthropological Association, Archaeological Institute of America, etc. The program of these joint sessions, forming a part of the program of Section I, is given in the report on the Final Act, pages 167-181. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. It is eminently fit that one should mention at this point the American Institute of International Law, the founding of which at the time of the congress was referred to as a Pan American event of international import. Dr. James Brown Scott, secretary of the Carnegie Endowment, and Dr. Alejandro Alvarez, of Chile, conceived the idea of founding this institute. They were ably assisted by publicists in the 2 1 Pan American Republics. In conjunction with the American Society of International Law, representatives of similar bodies from the other countries assembled in Washington, December 29, 191 5, formally inaugurated the institute under the honorary presidency of Hon. Elihu Root and the actual presidency of Dr. James Brown Scott. Many distinguished publicists, including the Hon. Secretary of State Robert Lansing, Hon. Robert Bacon, His Excellency the Ambassador from Chile Sr. Eduardo Sudrez Mujica, took part in the proceedings. The officers of the institute are as follows: Honorary president, Mr. Elihu Root; president, Mr. James Brown Scott; secretary general, Mr. Alejandro Alvarez, of Chile; treasurer, Mr. Luis Anderson, of Costa Rica. The members of the institute representing the United States are: Hon. Robert Lansing; Hon. Robert Bacon; Prof. John Bassett Moore, of Columbia University; Prof. LEO S. RowE, of the University of Penn- sylvania; and Mr. James Brown Scott, 28 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI.. PROMOTION OF INTEREST IN CONGRESS. Early efiforts were made through formal communications to learned and scientific associations and through circular letters to the press of the three Americas to create and promote a real interest in the purposes of the congress. Copies of these communications follow : To the officers and members of the National Academy of Sciences: I am permitted by your distinguished president, member and honorary vice chairman of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, to formally acquaint you this morning with the fact that this congress will be held in Washington, December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916. In view of the fact that such a congress affords the opportunity of not only advancing science, but of establishing more intimate relations among the republics of the Western Hemisphere, the Secretary of State by act of Congress is given authority to officially provide for proper representation at the congress. The governing board of the Pan American Union, of which the Secretary of State is ex officio chairman, has authorized the use of its handsome building for the offices and sessions of the congress. The First Pan American Scientific Congress was held, as you know, in 1908, in Santiago, Chile. This congress was the outgrowth of several scientific congresses that had been held in the Latin American Republics. With the generous conviction that the United States should participate in an undertaking of this character, the Chilean congress was enlarged in order to include our country, which was represented on the occasion of the Chilean congress by official delegates chosen from among our leading scientists and scholars and representatives from learned societies and educational institutions. The First Pan American Scientific Con- gress highly expressed its appreciation of our participation by desig- nating, in a manner entirely voluntary and unsolicited, the capital of our country as the next place of meeting. In view of this generous interest, it is most desirable that this nation show its appreciation of the same in the earnest efforts of our leading scientists to cooperate with the executive committee in charge of the congress, its officers and committees, to make this congress the greatest of all Pan American gatherings. This congress will be of particular importance to the field of science in general through the industrial and economic implications which the discussion of the larger questions of the congress seems to suggest. Important scientific contributions therefore will be made by those who take part in its proceedings on account of the application of pure science to matters of practical Pan American interest. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 29 On the adjournment of the Chilean congress in 1908, certain visiting delegates from the United States were designated to act as a preliminary executive committee of the Second Pan American Congress. The executive committee now comprises twelve men, with the Hon. William Phillips, Third Assistant Secretary of State, as ex officio chairman. The organization officers of the congress consist of a secretary general and an assistant secretary general. Certain members of the executive committee have been designated to act as chairmen of the nine program sections of the congress. These sections are as follows : I. Anthropology. II. Astronomy, meteorology, and seismology. III. Conservation of natural resources, agriculture, irrigation, and forestry. IV. Education. V. Engineering. VI. International law, public law, and jurisprudence. VII. Mining and metallurgy, economic geology, and applied chemistry. VIII. Public health and medical science. IX. Transportation, commerce, finance, and taxation. In cooperation with the secretary general the organization of these sections is now being perfected in the participating countries, and ar- rangements are being made for proper representation at the congress. In conclusion, I beg to state that this brief presentation as to the nature and importance of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress is made to you in the belief that so honored a body as the National Academy of Sciences should be early apprised in this formal way of this great gather- ing of scientists, sincerely trusting that your cooperation as a body and as individuals will be given whenever requested by those who are duly authorized to request the same. Glen Levin Swiggett, Assistant Secretary General. President, officers, and members of the Am-erican Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology and of the American Bar Association. Gentlemen : I am permitted, through the courtesy of the secretary of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, to convey to your distinguished associations the greetings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, which will convene in Washington next December, begirming its sessions Monday, December 27, 191 5, and concluding the same Saturday, January 8, 191 6. 30 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERA^. This congress has been signally honored. Through the opportunity it affords of advancing science and of establishing, with its emphasis upon international law, public law, and jurisprudence, more intimate relations among the republics of the Western Hemisphere, the Secretary of State by act of Congress is given authority to officially provide for proper repre- sentation at the Congress. Assistant Secretary of State Hon. Wiluam PhiIvIvIPS is chairman ex officio of the executive committee of the Scientific Congress. The governing board of the Pan American Union, of which the Secretary of State is ex officio chairman, hg.s permitted Director General John Barrett to accept the responsible commission of secretary general of the congress, and has authorized the use of its handsome building for the offices and sessions of the congress. The First Pan American Scientific Congress was held in Santiago.Chile, in 1908. This congress was the outgrowth of several scientific congresses that had been held in the Latin- American RepubHcs. With the generous conviction that the United States should participate in an undertaking of this character, the Chilean Congress was enlarged in order to include the United States. Our country was represented on this occasion by official delegates chosen from among our leading publicists, scientists, and scholars. The First Pan American Scientific Congress expressed its appreciation of this participation by designating in a manner entirely voluntary and unsolicited the capital of the United States as the next place of meeting. In view of this generous interest, it is most desirable that we show now our appreciation of the same by our earnest efforts to cooperate with the executive committee in charge of the congress, its officers and committees, to make this congress the greatest of all Pan American gatherings. Particular importance attaches itself at this time to a deliberative congress df this character. The present European war has precipitated many problems, the solution of which, in every respect satisfactory to the United States, depends upon the earnest and immediate concern of the publicists of our country. While science is most broadly defined by the congress, including under its nine main divisions such subjects as anthro- pology, meteorology, engineering, commerce, and finance, the main inter- est in the congress to your associations will be in Section VI on interna- tional law, public law, and jurisprudence, of which Dr. James Brown Scott, secretary of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and member of the executive committee, is chairman. The leading Pan American scientific and learned associations and educational institutions have been invited to be represented by delegates and writers of papers. REPORT OF THB SECRETARY GENERAL. 3 1 Nineteen participating Governments are perfecting at this writing their organizations. It is singularly fortunate at this time that Washington is to be the meeting place of this congress. The Pan American Union, to which the United States as a participating member looks with pride, makes Wash- ington in a sense the capital of Pan America. I beg, therefore, in con- clusion, in presenting this brief statement concerning the nature and importance of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress to your honored bodies, to express the hope that, as associations and as indi- viduals, you will lend your highly valued cooperation whenever requested, in order that this Pan American meeting of scientists and publicists may create through their labors a rational and practicable Pan Americanism that should prove mutually beneficial to all of the Republics that are now sincerely striving to establish relations of commerce and culture based on solid ties of friendship and esteem. Glen Levin Swiggett, Assistant Secretary General. CIRCULAR LETTER TO THE PRESS. [Prepared by Dr. GlEN Levin Swiggett, Assistant Secretary General.] The Republics of the Western Hemisphere present to-day in relation to each other a very interesting spectacle, even to disinterested persons. Apparently novel situations and conditions have arisen since the begin- ning of the present European war. Men of business are talking through- out this Western World of a Pan American solidarity. They speak of it as if it were something that had sprung at birth, like Minerva or Venus, into the full power of life, incident to the outbreak of this war. Public men and scholars, however, of this Western World, students of the history of these countries, know that events have been shaping them- selves for years, even for centuries, in the Americas, for the creating of a new-world message, the source of which is in the self-consciousness of a new- world group; of a group of young nations with their sacred duty of repairing through union exercised with patience, zeal, and sympathy the ravages wrought by war in the fields of commerce and science. Pan Americanism is no longer the dream of a Monroe or a Bolivar, to whom the beginnings of this new alliance were foreshadowed by Destiny in the interlaced gropings and wanderings along the coasts and in the interior of the two continents, of splendid conquistadores like Pinzon y Solis, Narvaez, Cabeza de Vaca, De Soto, Balboa, Cortez, and Pizarro The publicists, scholars, and scientists of these Western Republics, con 48192—17 3 33 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. scious of a new birth, must, with the men of business, commerce, and finance, observe things from a larger viewpoint, from the vantage of a new internationalism. A larger comity of commerce and culture will ensue from this through the natural increase of the same in the participat- ing republics. Actuated, perhaps, at first by egoistic motives, the sense of mutual service in international relations will spur these countries on to offer some day to a larger unit, perhaps a unit that may comprise all the nations of the world, the lessons that they will now learn as members of the young and novel Pan American group. If this be true, too great emphasis can not be put upon the importance of the Pan American conferences that are taking place this year; and particularly upon the Second Pan American Scientific Congress that will convene in Washington, the capital of the United States, beginning December 27, 191 5, and concluding its sessions on January 8, 191 6. Through the splendid cooperation of the Latin American countries the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, to be held under the auspices of the United States Government through the Department of State, bids fair to be not only thus far the greatest Pan American congress but the most important international scientific gathering ever held in the United States. The first congress of this name was held in Santiago, Chile, in 1908. It had its origin in earlier Latin American scientific congresses; and at the time of the Santiago Congress was enlarged through the generous action of the Latin American countries to include the United States. This congress was well attended by visiting delegates from the United States. On its adjournment, entirely unsolicited on the part of the latter, Washington was designated as the place of meeting of the second congress. This congress should have, at this time, a singular appeal to the Pan American Republics; it does have to the United States through the honor conferred in designating Washington as the place of meeting. As men- tioned above, the present European war has brought the Western Hemi- sphere suddenly face to face with grave economic problems that invite the serious attention of scientists and experts in the various fields of applied science. The Scientific Congress will concern itself with the con- structive discussion of these as well as with contributions in the domain of pure science, wherein great advance has been made since the last congress in Santiago. Science is comprehensively defined by the con- gress and includes under nine heads such main subjects as: Anthropology; astronomy, meteorology, and seismology; agriculture and natural re- sources; education; engineering; international and public law; mining, REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERA!,, 33 geology, and chemistry; public health and medical science; and transpor- tation, commerce, and finance. The significance of the congress, through the importance of the above subjects, is greatly enhanced through the reputation of the persons chosen to arrange for the program of its different sections, many of whom have an intimate acquaintance as well with the local resources, development, and scientific interest of the various Pan American coun- tries. The executive committee of the congress is made up largely of the distinguished delegates from the United States to the First Pan American Scientific Congress. Among those chosen to share in its labors of organizing and arranging for the congress, and of making adequate prep- arations for representation by delegates and writers of papers are Wii,- LiAM Philups, Assistant Secretary of State, and John Barrett, Direc- tor General of the Pan American Union. Mr. Barrett has also generously accepted the active commission of secretary general of the congress, the governing board of the Pan American Union having permitted him to serve the congress in* this capacity at the request of the President of the United States and the Secretary of State. Dr. GlEn Levin Swig- GETT, student of Latin American affairs, was given leave of absence by his university to accept the post of assistant secretary general. The governing board of the Pan American Union showed further its great interest in the success of the congress by authorizing the use of the beautiful Pan American Union building for the offices and general ses- sions of the Congress. A small staff has been busily engaged since last March in perfecting plans for the congress. The executive committee, cooperating with the Department of State and the Pan American Union, have authorized a procedure more or less common in all of the partici- pating RepubUcs, modified naturally by exigencies peculiar to the various countries. In addition to the official delegates to be appointed to rep- resent the different Governments, the leading learned and scientific so- cieties and educational institutions have been invited to be represented at this congress by delegates, writers of papers, etc. All writers of papers and members of committees are to be considered likewise mem- bers of the congress. The executive committee, through the Depart- ment of State, has requested each of the participating countries to ap- point a committee to cooperate with it in securing a large and able dele- gation. These cooperating committees in all of the countries are urged to select immediately topics from the preliminary program of the con- gress, issued in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, and distributed throughout Pan America, and to designate writers for the same to the 34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. executive committee through the secretary general of the congress. It is earnestly hoped that these committees as they are appointed will speedily convey to the secretary general lists of writers for all of the special Pan American topics which the congress hopes to discuss in a series of Pan American conferences. Each country is asked to name some one to discuss each of the topics. There will be at least one topic for each of the nine sections of the congress, and in some sections one for each of the subsections. The executive committee and the Department of State of the United States, through the organization officers, are seriously engaged in mak- ing adequate preparations to make this scientific congress worthy of the participating countries, whose scholarly interest in the arts and sci- ences of peace is singularly felicitous at this writing. Time and place are in happy conjunction. Washington will offer unusual advantages for a congress of this nature. It enjoys an enviable reputation among the world capitals for the keen scientific interest and investigation in its various Federal bureaus, the varied and extensive nature of its libraries and museums, the beauty of its buildings and the growing importance of detached but semiofficial institutions and bureaus engaged in work of international scope. Among these none occupies a position of greater im- portance than the Pan American Union, whose building is, in a sense, the Capitol of Pan America; of which institution one may be permitted to say that it has doubtless done more than any other one American in the establishment of commercial comity among the republics of the western world; whose good fortune it has also bieen to see through the seeming accident of war the potential promise of its great work becoming realized so soon. DETAILS OF THE ORGANIZATION. The labors of organization of the Scientific Congress were carried on by the executive officers at the Pan American Union. A small staff, consisting of two stenographers, two clerks, and a messenger, served the assistant secretary general in charge up to November 15. After that date the staff of clerks and translators increased rapidly. Abstracts of over half of the papers presented were made and translated into Spanish or English. Five hundred copies of each abstract were printed for distribution at the time of the congress. Many complete sets of abstracts, remaining on hand at the time of adjournment, have since been mailed to leading public, association, and college libraries in the different countries and will be found of great value in lieu of the posses- sion of a set of the printed proceedings. On the eve of the congress REPORT OF THB SBCRETARY GENERAL. 35 there had been likewise prepared for print and distribution handsome programs of the different sections of the congress, information circulars, lists of the personnel and adhering institutions, etc. Revised editions of these several publications were issued at various times during the sessions of the congress. Final and corrected lists are now published in the Report of the Final Act and the Report of the Secretary General. The Scientific Congress, owing to its magnitude and international character, was compelled to engage, beginning with December i, the services of a very large staff. This staff included assistant secretaries and corresponding or assistant section secretaries, representing the assist- ant secretary general in charge, social aides, publicity staff, financial agent, information bureau service, translators, interpreters, reporting and clerical stenographers, typists, messengers, etc. Prior to the time of engaging this large force of more than 200 persons, certain members of the staff of the Pan American Union and of the Department of State generously contributed their services and ably assisted the work of organization. The names of the assistant secretaries appointed on the eve of the congress and the respective duties to which they were assigned are : Harry Erwin Bard, secretary Pan American Society of the United States, in charge of translators and interpreters. J. D. Fitz-Gerald, assistant professor romance languages, University of Illinois, in charge of stenographic staff. Stedman Hanks, Department of State, in charge of social entertainments. John Vavasour Noel, Washington, D. C, in charge of printing and editor in chief of the Daily Bulletin. Maddin Summers, State Department, in charge of reception of Latin American delegates. Benito Javier PeJrEz-Verdia, Pan American Union, in charge of regis- tration of Latin American delegates. Lorimer C. Graham, Washington, D. C, in charge of meeting places. Woodson P. Houghton, instructor of romance languages, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., in charge of pages and mes- sengers. The names of the corresponding secretaries and the sections to which they were assigned are as follows: Section I-H. AngEL Ce;sar Rivas, Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. Section IH. Charles W. Sutton, consulting civil engineer, 80 Maiden Lane, New York, N. Y. 36 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Section IV. Guii^lERMo A. Sherwell, 33 Schermerhorn Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Section V. Alberto Smith, Banco Nacional, La Habana, Cuba. Section VI. A. Gonzales Lamas, 1337 L Street NW., Washington, D. C. Section VII. Antonio Llano, 104^ Park Avenue, Saranac Lake, N. Y. Section VIII. Dr. A. L. Guerra, The Albemarle, Washington, D. C. Section IX. H. N. Branch, 2233 Eighteenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. Efficient and invaluable services were rendered at the time of the con- gress by the ladies and gentlemen acting as social aides. The members of this staff were subdivided into delegation aides for men and delegation aides for women. Their names, with their respective chief and directress, follow : Delegation Aides (Men). Boaz W. Long, chief of aides. Belden, Perry, aide to the Haitian and Nicaraguan delegations. Belfort, E., aide at large. Chamberlain, George A., aide to the Brazilian delegation. Chandler, Charles L.,aide to the Uruguayan delegation. CoRONADO, J. M., aide at large. CosTiGAN, Ignatius J., aide to the Peruvian delegation. Davis, R. B., aide at large. Dawson, William, Jr., aide to the Argentine delegation. Eder, Phanor J., aide at large. Griffin, William V., aide at large. GuYER, George V., aide to the Mexican delegation. HazeltinE, Ross, aide to the Venezuelan delegation. Heath, John, aide to the Bolivian and Panamanian delegations. Heimke, William, aide to the Guatemalan and Salvadorian delegations. Henderson, John B., aide to the Chilean and Paraguayan delegations. HoNAKER, Samuel W., aide to the Brazilian delegation. Johnson, Stewart, aide to the Dominican delegation. Klein, Julius, aide to the Nicaraguan delegation. Martin, Mahlon C, Jr., aide to the Colombian delegation. Robertson, William H., aide to the Argentine delegation. Rodgers, James L., aide to the Cuban delegation. ScheelER, I. F., aide at large. Snyder, Alb an G., aide to the Honduran delegation. Starrett, Henry P., aide at large. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAIv. 37 Thompson, Arthur R., aide to the Cuban delegation. Van Dyke, Harry W., aide to the Costa Rican delegation. Wilcox, Walter D., aide to the Chilean delegation. Delegation Aides (Women). Mrs. Francisco J. YanES, directress, the Oakland, Washington, D. C. Miss EsTrella Amores, 1 531 I Street, Washington, D. C. Mrs. C. L. G. Anderson, the Marlborough, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Teresa Long Anderson, 1725 H Street, Washington, D. C. Miss Catherine Birney, 8 East Kirk Street, Chevy Chase, Md. Miss Amelia C^spEdes, the Burlington, Washington, D. C. Miss Hortensia Coronado, the Albemarle, Washington, D. C. Miss IsAURA Cortina, 1417 K Street, Washington, D. C. Miss Bertha Cuervo, the Burlington, Washington, D. C. Mrs. T. C. Dawson, 181 6 Nineteenth Street, Washington, D. C. Miss Mercedes Godoy, 1715 Q Street, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Joseph Hampson, the Dresden, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Alfredo Monsanto, the Oakland, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Ely Palmer, 10 Bradley Lane, Chevy Chase, Md. Miss AdELA M. RivERO, 1334 Columbia Road, Washington, D. C. Miss Adrana Sariol, the Burlington, Washington, D. C. Miss Maude J. Scruggs, the Marlborough, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Robert VoreELD, the Wyoming, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Harold Walker, 8 East Kirk Street. Chevy Chase, Md. Mrs. Maddin Summers. The following members comprised the official interpreting staff : Alva, Martinez de, chief of staff. Catholic University, Washington, D. C. Borba, Joao, Hyattsville, Md. Chevalier, Alejander, 164 West One hundred and twenty-second Street, New York, N. Y. Ealcolner, Ronald, McAlpin Hotel, New York, N. Y. Guardia, Jaime de la, 370 Manhattan Avenue, New York, N. Y. Gutierrez Canedo, Francisco. Gutierrez Canedo, Luis. Hoctor, Frank A., 1698 Third Avenue, New York, N. Y. Iturralde, Santiago, 601 West One hundred and sixty-eighth Street, New York, N. Y. Kroll, Robert B., Livingston Hall, Columbia University, New York, N. Y. Lacalle, Luis Moreno, Brookland, Washington, D. C. Molina, Alfredo, Catholic University, Washington, D, C. 38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Molina, P., Baltimore, Md. Moraes, Jose C, Hyattsville, Md. Osmena, Mariano, care New York Steam Co., 140 Cedar Street, New York, N. Y. Passarelli, Luis A., Columbia University, New York, N. Y. Rivero, Horace M., Washington, D. C. Santoni, Pierre J., St. James apartment, Baltimore, Md. Tartt, P. B., Leonia, N. J. Tinoco, Arturo, 425 West One hundred and eighteenth Street, New York, N. Y. Wright, Leavitt Olds, 600 West One hundred and twenty-second Street, New York, N. Y. The translating stafif of the congress comprised the following: Alvarez del Vayo, Julio. Amaud, Leopold. Baralt, Luis A., Jr., Har\'^ard University, Cambridge, Mass. Barbarrosa, Mercedes, 212 West Eighty-fifth Street, New York, N. Y. Cajigas Moreu, Tomds, 905 Thirteenth Street, Washington, D. C. Concepci6n, S., 906 Twelfth Street NW., Washington, D. C. Corley, A. H., 815 Orange Street, New Haven, Conn. Coronado, Enrique, The Albemarle, Washington, D. C. Cowen, Maurice, 872 East One hundred and eighty-first Street, New York, N. Y. Cruchaga Ossa, Enrique, Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. Ellas, Alfredo, 544 West One hundred and fifty-seventh Street, New York. N. Y. Feijoo, Antonio, 735 West Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md. Gonzalez, Avelino. Guerra, Gustavo, The Albemarle, Washington, D. C. Gutierrez Canedo, E., 735 West Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md.' Lacalle, Julian M., United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Lara, Javier, 2025 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Lockey, Joseph B., 2940 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Meza, Jos^ A., 2523 Fourteenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. Rojas, F. V. Rivera Rosas, Luis, Dunsmere, Washington, D. C. Stand Ximenes, Fernando, 353 West One hundred and twenty-third Street, New York, N. Y. Viera, Rafael, care of La Prensa, New York, N. Y. The scientific congress published during its sessions a daily record of its proceedings, "the Daily Bulletin, as it was called, was printed in 11 REPORT Olf Tim SECRETARY GENERAL. 39 issues. The editor in chief, John Vavasour Noel, was ably assisted by Earl Hamilton Smith and J. Moreno Lacalle. The Daily Bulletin, hand- somely printed and illustrated, was issued in both English and Spanish. The publicity department of the congress was in charge of T. H. Simpson, representing the National Organization News Service of Washington. This news service employed its own staff. The disbursing and purchas- ing agent of the congress was Miss Virginia H. Wood, of the Pan Ameri- can Union. Miss Wood was assisted by Capt. H. E. Mitchell, of the Pan American Union and L. M. Snowden, chief clerk and disbursing officer of the International (Canadian) Boundary Commission. The latter served during, and for a short period subsequent to the adjournment of, the congress. The contract for official reporting was made with the Florence Fisher Co. Miss Fisher was in charge of her own privately engaged staff. The information bureau, established in the Red Room of the New Willard Hotel at the time of the congress, was in charge of W. U. Hutterly, of the Division of Accounts, Department of State. The following list comprises the names of members of the staff engaged for a varying period of service and for the customary office service not otherwise mentioned : Ashbridge, Edith. Ashton, Arthur E. Bartlett, Ada M. Bathon, Wingrove. Beall, Dorothy. Becker, Morris. Bendz, Florence. Bernard, Helena. Bocock, Annabelle H. Bollinger, Helen. Branch, Benjamin. Branch, Millicent. Bright, Elsie A. Brown, E. P. Castillo, Domingo. Clark, Ethel. Connor, Mary A. Com)ai, J. H. Coronado, Daniel. Couch, Emma. Davis, Ethel. Davis, James. Delaney, Amanda Fay. Doleman, Clarence. Doss, J. B. Edwards, Bland. Ehrlich, J. E. Ehrlich, Samuel. Eichelberger, Caroline H. Evans, Hope. Fenwick, John E. Finney, Mary C. Fuller, B. L. Gaver [ ]. Greene, Lucy A. Griffith, Harry B. Guasp, Felipe. Harrington, Helen. Hirschman, George F. Horgan, C. J. Home, Helen. Hunter, Mary. 40 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAl,. Kerper, Earl. Klapp, D. C. Kolb, WiUiam J. Lamore, Burton H. Maus, Lester A. McCeney, Mrs. Sidney. McDonough, Anna. McElhone, Mary E. Milne, Elise. Moore, EHzabeth B. Monahan, Elizabeth C. Morais, S. C. Mundell, Blanche. Pegg, Nina E. Pellett, M. E. Phillips, Ann M. Phillips, Gertrude G. Prieto, Manuel, jr. Randolph, John. Reed, Daisy. Roy, Helen M. Routledge, Grady. Sharp, Jessie B. Smeltzer, Robert H. Smith, Catharine. Soter, George F., jr. Stevens, Edith M. Sweet, Harriet M. Tammero, Elizabeth. Taylor, W. R. P. Thompson, Alice C. Thonvarth, Estella. Thorwarth, Laura. Thorwarth, Viola. Tunstall, F. Marie. Tunstall, John L. Tyree, Victor. Vitan, A. Ward, Mary. Weaver, Harry. Wells, Leora. W^hitney, Mildred. Wright, M. S. A corps of uniformed cadets from the Central High School of Wash- ington served as special pages under the command of Maj. Wood. These pages were stationed during the session of the congress at the various hotels and meeting places. The names of this company of young cadets are as follows: « Maj. Karl D. Wood. Capt. Herbert M. Jones. Capt. J. M. Belcher. Capt. L. W. Turoff. Capt. W. K. Wilbur. First Lieut. H. H. Dewhirst. First Lieut. R. L. Faris. First Lieut. W. J. Flood. First Lieut. Douglas Starr. Second Lieut. W. C. Bennett. Second Lieut. Lewis Greenberg. Second Lieut. F. J. Harbaugh. First Sergt. J. H. Alden. First Sergt. D. R. Tallman. Second Sergt. W. E. Shoults. Second Sergt. W. R. Stokes. Second Sergt. H. S. Torbert. Second Sergt. L. L. Siegel. Third Sergt. H. Cissel. Third Sergt. R. K. Day. Third Sergt. Isaac Lord. Third Sergt. Silvan Reichgut. Fourth Sergt. R. V. Moore. Fourth Sergt. Raymond Stein. Fourth Sergt. K. W. Clark. Fifth Sergt. V. Beauchamp. Fifth Sergt. L. C. Randall. Fifth Sergt. T. L. Stimson. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 4 1 UST OF SUBSTITUTES. Corpl. H. H. Hendricks. Corpl. M. Wiegand. Corpl. M. Protas. Corpl. R. E. Meeds. Corpl. M. Wolfe. Corpl. R. Turoff. Corpl. T. A. Tekofsky. Corpl. J. M. England. Corpl. P. Bickford. Corpl. E. G. Smith. Corpl. J. G. Sharf. The official headquarters of the scientific congress were established at the time of the congress in the New Willard Hotel. The several sections had, in addition, sectional headquarters as follows: Section I. New National Museum. Section II. Carnegie Institution. Section III. Raleigh Hotel. Section IV. New Willard Hotel. Section V. Raleigh Hotel. Section VI. Shoreham Hotel. Section VII. Raleigh Hotel. Section VIII. The New Ebbitt Hotel. Section IX. New Willard Hotel. The members of the congress had at their disposal private postal, express, banking, telegram, and telephone service at the official head- quarters. The editorial office of the Daily Bulletin, in charge of Mr. Noel; the information bureau, in charge of Mr. Hutterly; the bureau of registra- tion of delegates from the United States, in charge of Mrs. Emma Couch and Miss Mary Ward, were located in the red room. The registration of delegates from Latin America, in charge of Mr. Perez-Verdia, took place in the office of the secretary general and the assistant secretary general in the blue room. The quarters of the executive committee of organization, the executive committee of the congress, and the official delegation of the United States were established on the first floor. On this floor in adjoining rooms were also located the offices of the organ- izing secretary of the Women's Auxiliary Conference, the assistant secre- taries in charge of social entertainment and reception of Latin American delegates and other bureaus. LATIN AMERICAN PARTICIPATION. The postponement of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, necessary on the part of the United States, created naturally some embarrassment to the Latin American countries in the matter of the 42 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. appointment of the official delegates to represent these countries. Active preparations for the congress to open December 27, 1915, however, were immediately begun by the Department of State and the executive committee of organization on the appointment of the secretary general and the assistant secretary general in March, 1915. April 19, the hon- orable Secretary of State sent the following communication to the diplomatic representatives of the United States in the Latin American countries: Department of State, Washington, April ip, 1915. To the diplomatic officers of the United States accredited to Latin American countries. Gentlemen: You have received previous communications from the department in re the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, which is to be held under the auspices of the United States Government in Washington, D. C, December 27, 19 15, to January 8, 1916. The first congress, meeting in Santiago, Chile, in 1908, highly honored this Gov- ernment by the generous and unsolicited act of designating Washington as the meeting place of the next congress. It is desirable, therefore, that the diplomatic representatives of the United States to the par- ticipating foreign countries do all in their power to assist in making this second congress what it promises to be — a great Pan American gathering — where not only scientific matters of Pan American interest will be dis- cussed by the leading scientists of these countries, but where, through the character of the persons, societies, and institutions designated to represent them, will be established more intimate relations on the basis of a common interest in science, culture, and economic progress. The First Pan American Scientific Congress, in designating Washington as the next place of meeting, appointed certain visiting delegates from the United States members of the executive committee, charged with the organization and procedure of the second congress. These gentlemen, with certain others elected by them, constitute the executive com- mittee of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. The Hon. William Phillips, Third Assistant Secretary of State, is chairman ex officio of the executive committee. This executive committee, among other duties, will appoint the honorary presidents and vice presidents, who are to be selected from the participating countries. The Director General of the Pan American Union, Mr. John Barrett, a member of the executive committee, has accepted the post of secretary general of the congress, and Dr. Glen Levin Swiggett, professor of romance languages in the University of Tennessee, has been appointed assistant RBPORT OP The secretary GENERAt. 43 secretary general. The governing board of the Pan American Union has signally complimented the congress by tendering the use of its handsome building for the offices and sessions of the congress. This Government has perfected its local organization. Proceeding under the direction of the executive committee, in cooperation with the secretary general, a committee has been designated to invite preparation of papers on topics of special interest and pertinent to the subject matter of the nine program sections. These sections are as follows: I. Anthropology; II. Astronomy, meteorology, and seismology; III. Conservation of natural resources, agriculture, irrigation, and forestry; IV. Education. V. Engineering. VI. International law, public law, and jurisprudence. VII. Mining and metallurgy, economic geology, and applied chemistry. VIII. Public health and medical science. IX. Transportation, commerce, finance, and taxation. Following my cablegram of instructions of the 17th instant that it is most expedient that a similar committee, to act as a cooperating commit- tee with the executive committee of the United States, be appointed at once in the several participating countries, this communicaiton is sent to you with the request that you urge the Government to which* you are accredited to appoint, without delay, such an executive or cooperating committee, if it has not already done so. The members of this committee should then be immediately informed of the urgent necessity that steps be taken at once to see that their Government and country are properly represented at the congress by contributed papers and visiting delegates. It is hoped further that these committees of the several countries will fully cooperate with the execu- tive committee and the secretary general of the congress at Washington in preparing a list of persons to be invited to submit papers and in making sure that their Government and country are adequately represented at the congress by persons chosen from among its leading scientific organiza- tions, educational institutions, and learned societies. The following persons will be members of the congress: I. The official delegates of the Governments represented. II. The representatives of the universities, institutions, societies and scientific bodies of the countries represented. 44 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI^. III. Such persons in the countries participating in the congress as may be invited by the executive committee with the approval of the Governments represented and their cooper- ating committees. There will be forwarded to you immediately copies of the preliminary program of the congress in EngHsh and Spanish (or, in the case of Brazil, English and Portuguese), which you are requested to transmit to the proper persons. As soon as a special mailing list of individuals can be prepared for the different countries, copies of this program will be for- warded directly to those individuals. You will cable the names and addresses of the members of the local cooperating committee as soon as they shall have been appointed by the Government to which you are accredited. Such committees are requested, moreover, to communicate directly with the secretary general of the Pan American Scientific Con- gress at the offices of the congress, in the building of the Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. If it is found desirable to communicate with the secretary general by cable, the code address is "Pau, Washington." I am, gentlemen. Your obedient servant, W. J. Bryan. LATIN AMERICAN REPRESENTATION. From, the date of this letter to December 27, the opening of the congress, the chairman ex officio of the executive committee, Hon. William Phillips, Assistant Secretary of State, representing the Depart- ment of State, and the executive officers of the permanent executive committee of organization were unremitting in their efforts to secure a proper representation at the congress, not only from the United States, but from the Latin American countries in particular. The representation from the Latin American countries was greatly increased through the generous action of the executive officers of the divisions of economics and history, education and intercourse, and international law of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, in requesting the endow- ment to invite as its guests to the city of Washington at the time of the congress distinguished Latin Americans, three from each country to rep- resent each of the three divisions of the endowment. Through this gen- erously extended hospitality on the part of the Carnegie Endowment, the Latin American representation exceeded even the highest hopes of the executive committee of organization. While the names of all delegates are printed in the general alphabetical list of the Final Act report, it has REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 45 been deemed wise to reprint them with different arrangement in Appendix A, page 176 of the Report of the Secretary General in order that the participation of the several countries may be seen as separate units. Arrangements were made through the Department of State for the reception of delegates and others attending the congress from the Latin American countries on their arrival. Committees of reception were appointed by the Secretary of State in New York and New Orleans. Letter of appointment from the Secretary of State to Mayor Mitchel of New York City follows (similar letters were sent to other persons in New York City and New Orleans) : Department of State, Washington, November 23, 1915. Sir: The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, to which all the Latin American Republics will send delegates, will be held in this city from December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916. Between now and then many of these delegates will pass through New York City en route to Washington, and in order that all proper courtesies may be extended to them it is proposed to create a reception committee in New York to meet these distinguished gentlemen upon landing, to look after their comfort while there, and facilitate their journey to Washington. To provide for this hospitality it has seemed best to organize an execu- tive committee on reception, composed of representatives of yourself as mayor, the collector of the port, the chamber of commerce, the Pan American Society of the United States, and the Carnegie Endowment, with a chairman who will act as my personal representative on the com- mittee and extend a welcome to the foreign delegates in my name. Attached to this committee will be miUtary and naval aides. I have asked Mr. J. C. Breckinridge to serve as chairman of this committee and to be my personal representative, and I will appreciate it if you will designate some one as your personal representative to serve with him. It further seems advisable to organize a larger general committee on reception, headed by yourself as mayor and composed of men whose names are herewith attached, and to each of whom I have addressed a note, a copy of which is inclosed, inviting his cooperation. It will be the particular duty of the executive committee to meet the delegates on ar- rival, to give them special attention while in New York, and to arrange for any necessary aid and cooperation by the membership of the general committee, of which the executive committee will be a part. While it is to be regretted that there is no appropriation available which can be used in defraying expenses incurred in receiving these 4^ REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAI<. delegates, it is hoped that this fact will not deprive the Government of the valuable services of yourself and the other gentlemen addressed. This great congress, although scientific in name, comprehends many of the principal branches of human activity, including such interesting topics as commerce, finance, transportation, public health and sanitation, mining and metallurgy, international law, engineering, education, con- servation, etc., and indications now point to a greater attendance of representative Latin Americans than have ever before participated in a Pan American gathering. I am, sir, Your obedient servant, Robert Lansing. The names of the members of these committees were as follows: IN NEW ORLEANS. The mayor of New Orleans, Hon. Martin Behrman. Hon. Lamar C. Quintero. New Orleans Association of Commerce. IN NEW YORK. Chairman, Hon. John Purroy Crowell, J. Franklin. MiTCHEL, mayor of the city of Cutting, Robert Fulton. New York. Daniels, Lorenzo. Astor, Vincent. De Forrest, Robert W. Baker, George F., jr. Dodge, Cleveland H. Bannard, Otto T. Dodsworth, John A, Bard, Harry Erwin. Eder, Phanor J. Bayne, William, jr. Egbert, James C. Belmont, Perry. Fairchild, Samuel W. Breckinridge, John C. Fletcher, Jefferson B. Britt, PhiUp J. Gary, Elbert H. Brown, Arthur J. Gildersleeve, Virginia. Brown, Franklin Q. Goldsmith, Peter H. Brown, James. Grace, J. P. Burleigh, George W. Guiteras, Ramon. Butler, Nicholas Murray. Hemphill, Alexander J. Choate, Joseph H. Henna, Charles. Colt, Samuel P. Hepburn, A. Barton. Cooper, George. Ingraham, George L. Coxe, Alfred G. Kearny, Thomas, REPORT Ol? THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. 47 Kelly, J. W. Kingsley, Darwin P. I^amont, Thomas W. Lewis, Harrison C. Lewis, William E. Low, Seth. Mallet-Prevost, Severe. Malone, Dudley Field. Marks, Marcus W. Marshall, H. Snowden. Mathewson, Douglas. McAneny, George. McMillan, Emerson. Mezes, Sidney. Morgan, William Fellows. Motley, James M. Munsey, Frank. North, S. N. D. Ochs, Adolph. Osborn, Henry Fairchild. Osbom, William Church. Outerbridge, E. G. Peck, William E. Perkins, George H. Pounds, Lewis H. Prendergast, William. Price, Joseph M. Pritchett, Henry S. Pulitzer, Ralph. Reick, William C. Reid, Ogden M. Rousseau, Theodore. Rumely, E. Sabin, Charles H. Schiff, Jacob H. Schiff, Mortimer L. Schwab, Charles M. Seligman, Isaac N. Sherrill, Chas. H. Slocum, Thomas W. Smith, R. A. C. Speyer, James. Stetson, Francis Lynde. Straight, Willard. Strauss, Frederic. Strauss, Oscar S. Tennant, John H, Van Antwerp, William. Vanderbilt, Cornelius. Vanderlip, Frank A. Villard, Oswald G. Warburg, Felix M. Ward, Cabot. Wickersham, George W. Wiggin, Albert H. Wilson, George T. Winthrop, Beekman. Wright, Henry J. The executive committee of organization accompanied by aides of the Departments of War and Navy, Capt. Powell Clayton, General Staff, United States Army and Lieut. Rufus King, Office of Naval Intelli- gence, United States Navy, acted as a reception committee to receive the guests on arrival at Washington. The printed proceedings of the second Pan American Scientific Congress will contain the papers presented in full and a brief stenographic re- port of the discussions and deliberations of all sectional and subsectional meetings. The Report of the Final Act, English edition, contains in ad- dition to the subject matter hitherto mentioned the resolutions and recommendations of the congress, pages 26-40, and the very able and 48192—17 4 48 REPORt OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL,. instructive commentar)' on these resolutions and recommendations pre- pared b)' ihe following committee: James Brown Scott, United States of America, chairman. Ernesto Quesada, ex officio chairman committee on resolutions. Julio Philippi, ex officio chairman committee on recommendations. Alberto Gutierrez, Bolivia. EusEBio Ay ALA, Paraguay. This commenLary is found in the Final Act report, pages 51-154. PLENARY SESSIONS. Conforming to established and well-recognized procedure of the scien- tific congresses, great pains were taken to make the plenary sessions of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress worthy of the occasion. The beautiful building of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Memorial Continental Hall, adjoining the Pan American Union on Seven- teenth Street, was kindly placed at the disposal of the Scientific Congress for these sessions by the executive officers of that organization, of which Mrs. William Cummings Story, who showed a most commendable spirit, is the President General. INAUGURAL PLENARY SESSION. A brilliant assemblage, including 1,017 delegates of the scientific con- gress, assisted at the inaugural session at 10 o'clock, Monday morning, December 27, 191 5. Memorial Continental Hall was appropriately draped with flags of the Americas. Officers in full dress uniform of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, acting as ushers under the general direction of Col. W. W. Harts, Department of War, heightened the color of the audience. The names of the ushers delegated to this service are : Capt. Powell Clayton, United Lieut. G. R. Young, United States States Army. Army. Capt. C. S. Haight, United States Lieut. B. G. Chynoweth, United Army. States Army. Lieut. W. H. Holcombe, United Lieut. E. Atkins, United States States Army. Army. Lieut. F. S. Skinner, United States Lieut. J. M. Eager, United States Army. Army. Lieut. B. A. Miller, United States Lieut. E. M. Watson, United States Army. Army. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 49 Ueut. J. A. Baird, United States Army. Lieut. J. Treat, United States Army. Lieut. D. A. Davison, United States Army. Lieut. P. B. Haines, United States Navy. Lieut. R. E. Burd, United States Navy. Lieut. D. F. Patterson, United States Navy, Lieut. Commander R. L. Berry, United States Navy. Lieut. Rufus King, United States Navy. Lieut. H. E. Knauss, United States Navy. Lieut. J. E. Iseman, United States Navy. Lieut. Leigh Noyes, United States Navy. Lieut. A. D. Bemhard, United States Navy. Lieut. T. A. Thompson, United States Navy. Capt. R. P. Williams, United States Marine Corps. Capt. A. M. Watson, United States Marine Corps. Lieut. G. A. Johnson, United States Marine Corps. The session was called to order by the secretary general of the congress. The Home Club, a musical organization of Washington, under the direc- tion of Otto T. Simon, gave a selection from the Messiah. Immedi- ately following, the entire audience standing, the Home Club sang under the personal direction of the composer, Enrique Soro, of Santiago de Chile, the beautiful and inspiring Pan American hymn that had been selected and designated as such and its use recommended to the Govern- ments of the Republics of the three Americas for all proceedings of a Pan American character, in accordance with resolution 17, Eighth Sec- tion, of the Fourth Latin American Scientific Congress, First Pan Ameri- can. Mr. Soro came from Chile especially for the purpose of assisting in the rendition of this hymn, and deserves special credit for such effort. The words of the hymn were written by His Excellency Eduardo Poirer, minister of Guatemala to Chile and secretary general of the Santiago Congress. The English translation of the hymn, by William R, Shep- herd, professor of history of Columbia University, and member of the official delegation of the United States to the First Pan American Scien- tific Congress, follows : PAN AMERICAN HYMN. Chorus. At the clarion call of Minerva All America rises to-day, As a herald the great Word proclaiming Its wisdom and truth to display. 50 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL- I. (Science.) To-day twenty sisters embracing The land of the free and the bold — 'Tis Science that joins them together In bonds of unity's mold. Her treasure she brings to the tourney Where American thought breaks a lance In behalf of her glorious mission The good of mankind to enhance. II. (Peace.) Assembled here are the nations Their ideals sublime to increase; Proudly they lift high their banners In the praise of Labor and Peace. Minds and hearts many himdred In concord triumphant and grand, Will forge fast the links of a friendship That enduring and mighty shall stand. III. (Union.) And the wise of the North and the Center And the South of the Americas Three, Grouped in a kingly procession, Priests of their Union shall be, Entering the mystic adytum Where Science and Peace are enshrined, They hail these great symbols of power, All -America's gift to mankind. The orchestra of the Marine Band, Capt. WilUam H. Santelmann, director, furnished the music for the occasion. Secretary General Barrett then introduced the president of the con- gress, His Excellency Eduardo Sudrez Mujica, ambassador of Chile and chairman of the official delegation of Chile, speaking as follows : I now have the honor to announce that, by the established prece- dent for the selection of the presidents of the former congresses, and by invitation of the Secretary of State of the United States and the executive committee, the presidency of this congress reposes in that distinguished statesman and diplomat of Chile, Senor Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica, ambassador of Chile and chairman of the Chilean delegation, in whose capital the last conference was held. REPORT O? run SECRETARY GENERAL. 5 1 The president of the congress then spoke as follows: Ladies and gentlemen, as chairman of the Chilean delegation, and accepting the invitation which is extended to me, I have the honor to assume the presidency of the Second Pan American Scien- tific Congress, and I greet the delegates cordially. I accept it with the deepest feeling of obligation. I solemnly declare inaugurated the sessions of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. It will treat of the various needs of our countries, and I earnestly hope that the outcome of this deliberation shall achieve the greatest success and benefit for our Governments and for the advancement of mankind. At the conclusion of the remarks by the president of the congress, the secretary general made some announcements pertaining to the organiza- tion of the congress and requested the audience to face the rear of the hall in order that a photograph of the assemblage might be taken by the official photographers. The president of the congress then introduced the honorable Vice President of the United States in these words: I have the pleasure to introduce to you the highest official here present, the Vice President of the United States, Mr. Thomas R. Marshall. ADDRESS OF WELCOME ON BEHALF OF THE UNITED STATES GIVEN BY HON. THOMAS R. MARSHALL, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Ladies, Mr. President, Distinguished Representatives of Sister Jurisdic- tions, Mr. Secretary General, and Members of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress: I do not apologize for the absence of the President of the United States. The reason for his absence is known to you all. In the presence of love, science is silent. But I am quite sure that I address no man who has loved, no man who does love, nor no man who hopes to love who does not wish the President of the United States years of unclouded happiness. I would, however, that he were here, because he could tickle this English language of ours into such a smile that these delegates would not recog- nize the difference between it and their own mother tongue. It is a very remarkable pleasure and honor to welcome the delegates to this convention. About one-half of the conventions that are held in the world might as well never have been held, because they simply consist of coming together, listening to some one speak on a subject that no one save the man who speaks is interested in, attending a dinner, and passing into oblivion. Such, however, is not this remarkable convention. Travelers have told me that there is a point in Iceland where the rays of the setting 52 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. and of the rising sun mingle, and that it is not possible to tell when one day is ended and another is begun. It strikes me, however, that this convention marks an era in the history of mankind. One may think I am convinced that old things have passed away and all things have be- come new. But I am convinced that the awful cataclysm in Europe has set aside all that we have known as being the safe and sure charts upon the seas of human life. I believe that it is not possible to take the old charts by which Governments and men guided and controlled their own lives and the destinies of their own people and prepared for the hours of the future. Upon the contrary, I think it is necessary once again for some new Columbus to sail over uncharted seas and discover a new America, and I want to congratulate you upon the fact that I believe that, metaphorically speaking, in this chamber to-day there is some new Columbus who will discover for us this new America, the several parts of which will not be bound together by ties of personal and private interest, but as a common whole of the Western Hemisphere. May I be permitted to speak just one word as to what I believe this Republic of ours stands for ? May I tell you that I think it does not rest upon the Constitution of the United States, upon the shoulders of the President, of Congress, or of the Supreme Court of the United States? Whether this Republic has been guided or not, I can not say, but I know that its foundation stone was intended to be the Golden Rule, "Whatsoever we would that men should do unto us we would also do unto them." I think that the parlous years of the past are gone in the Western Hemisphere. I think that there is to be no mere personal, political, or national ambition that will ever again set the peoples of the Western Hemisphere the one against the other. I believe that the hour has come when Pan Americanism shall spell friendship, peace, and concord among all the peoples of the western world. It may not be known to you, because what the Vice President of the United States says is not even important to his wife, it may not be known to you, but I am one of those in these United States who believe in the preparation of this country for war. Not that I want war, because the dream and the prayer of my life is that the hour shall come when every difl&culty among the nations of the world shall be settled not by the tramp of hostile armies, but by the sway of the same heavenly harmonies which aroused the drowsy shepherds of the rock-founded city of Bethlehem, proclaiming, "Peace on earth, good will to men." But I know myself; and I have no way of measuring other men save by my own standard. I have not yet attained, however, that high altitude when I am willing to have some ruffian interfere with the things which I believe to be my REPORT Olf THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 53 rights. And so, while I pray and hope for peace, I want preparation to resist unjust interference with the affairs of my Republic, and I hope that out of this Pan American Congress there shall come a new idea, if it be new to any of you, and a new ideal of the Monroe doctrine; and that idea and that ideal shall be that while this Republic will not permit this Western Continent to be made a place of exploitation by any of the powers of Europe, this Republic itself will not make an exploitation of any part of it. Let it be understood that the Republics of the western world are not enemies; they are friends, brethren-, neighbors; and what touches you to your injury touches us to ours. I am glad that this idea of this Scientific Congress came from the south of us. We needed this lesson. For a long while we have imagined that nobody could teach a citizen of the United States anything. We knew it all. We were as wise as I was the day when I was admitted to the practice of the law; for then there was no question of constitutional or international law that I could not have settled by my own "ipse dixit." But the years have gone, and the years, instead of teaching me wisdom, have taught me that I know but little; and so we needed this lesson, and we have taken it, I think, to our hearts; and we have realized that the great thing for the future upon the Western Continent is not one people who know it all, but many people who believe in all and are willing to consult with all. Now, I am only a politically instructed scientist, and my knowledge of science comes with my holding of office; but I may be permitted to observe that there are a very great many things which it seems to me may be profitably undertaken and brought to a successful conclusion by this Pan American plan. May I speak for just a moment of the question of education? I do not speak with authority, nor with any certainty, but I am beginning to believe this to be one of the ways of making a people absolutely loyal to the flag. I wish that I could even speak English; I would be content to do that, if I could speak it with purity. But I should like also to be able to talk Spanish and Portuguese and French. Alas, I have none of these, save such as I obtained in a college education; and a college education in teaching a language, I have found, only enables a man to read the menu card. Many of us are in doubt about sending our young people to foreign countries to learn the language of that nation. Might it not be well in the countries to the south of us to set up great English educational institutions, where those of your people who desire to learn English might learn it ? Might it not be a great favor to this country if there were a great Spanish or French or Portuguese institution of learning where our people really could learn something about your languages? 54 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. I ought not to speak of any other things. There is just one thing, however, that I do want to mention. This marks, I think, the end of about a hundred years of proclamation of the rights of men. If I know what has caused the wars and the rumors of wars and the tumults among mankind, I may say they have been caused by that never-ending cry about the rights of men. Now, I am not disposed either to 3deld my own or to ask you to yield yours, but I beg to recall to your mind that there never came to any man a right that there did not also go with it a corresponding duty. And so, I say that I hope this congress will end the hundred years of the everlasting proclamation of the rights of men and will inaugurate upon this Western Continent a hundred years of the duties that men owe to one another in these lands of ours. It was a famous German who took a pen of gold and wrote upon the white pages of the book of life a philosophy that had but one inquiry, and that inquiry was a wail and had no answer save the answer of despair. I do not like the philosophy of Nietzsche, but there was one thing which he did say that has appealed to me. He said that men must lead adventurous lives; and I congratulate you distinguished members of this congress upon the fact that you have about begun to lead the really adventurous lives of the world. For no one can con- vince me that it is essentially necessary that men should gird their loins with the sword, start out to kill, and slay, and make desolate in order to be adventurous. I believe that the men who seek the common weal, who seek to lengthen life, to make it far better, far sweeter, and far cleaner than it has been, are leading the really adventurous lives. And so, may I, in welcoming you to this Republic of the North, give you not only the mere lip service of a welcome, but give you the heart salutation of a man who hopes that until the Angel of the Apocalypse, standing with one foot on land and one on sea, shall proclaim, "Time was, Time is, but Time shall be no more," there shall be peace, amity, concord, friendship, loyalty, and liberality among the nations of the Western World. In introducing the honorable Secretary of State, the next speaker on the program, the president of the congress spoke as follows: "After this magnificent address by Vice President Marshall you are to have the honor of hearing the voice of the high official who directs in questions of wisdom the Department of State of the United States and who, by virtue of his office, is at the same time the chairman of the governing board of the Pan American Union, the Secretary of State, Hon. Robert Lansing." REPORT OP THK SECRETARY GENERAL. 55 ADDRESS OF WELCOME ON BEHALF OF THE DEPART- MENT OF STATE BY HON. ROBERT LANSING, SECRETARY OF STATE. Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Congress: It is an especial gratification to me to address you to-day, not only as the ofiicer of the United States who invited you to attend this great Scientific Congress of the American Republics, but also as the presiding member of the governing board of the Pan American Union. In this dual capacity I have the honor and the pleasure to welcome you, gen- tlemen, to the capital of this country, in the full confidence that your deliberations will be of mutual benefit in your various spheres of thought and research, and not only in your individual spheres, but in the all- embracing sphere of Pan American unity and fraternity which is so near to the hearts of us all. It is the Pan American spirit and the policy of Pan Americanism to which I would for a few moments direct your attention at this early meeting of the congress, since it is my earnest hope that "Pan America" will be the keynote which will influence your relations with one another and inspire your thoughts and words. Nearly a century has passed since President Monroe proclaimed to the world his famous doctrine as the national policy of the United States. It was founded on the principle that the safety of this Republic would be imperiled by the extension of sovereign rights by a European power over territory in this hemisphere. Conceived in a suspicion of mon- archial institutions and in a full sympathy with the republican idea, it was uttered at a time when our neighbors to the south had won their independence and were gradually adapting themselves to the exercise of their newly acquired rights. To those struggling nations the doctrine became a shield against the great European powers, which, in the spirit of the age, coveted political control over the rich regions which the new- born States had made their own. The United States was then a small nation, but a nation which had been tried in the fire; a nation whose indomitable will had remained unshaken by the dangers through which it had passed. The announce- ment of the Monroe doctrine was a manifestation of this will. It was a courageous thing for President Monroe to do. It meant much in those early days, not only to this country, but to those nations which were commencing a new life under the standard of liberty. How much it meant we can never know, since for four decades it remained unchal- lenged. 56 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. During that period the younger Republics of America, giving expres- sion to the virile spirit bom of independence and liberal institutions, developed rapidly and set their feet firmly on the path of national prog- ress which has led them to that plane of intellectual and material pros- perity which they to-day enjoy. Within recent years the Government of the United States has found no occasion, with the exception of the Venezuela boundary incident, to remind Europe that the Monroe doctrine continues unaltered a national policy of this Republic. The Republics of America are no longer chil- dren in the great family of nations. They have attained maturity. With enterprise and patriotic fervor they are working out their several destinies. During this later time, when the American nations have come into a realization of their nationality and are fully conscious of the responsi- bilities and privileges which are theirs as sovereign and independent States, there has grown up a feeling that the Republics of this hemi- sphere constitute a group separate and apart from the other nations of the world — a group which is united by common ideals and common aspirations. I believe that this feeling is general throughout North and South America, and that year by year it has increased until it has become a potent influence over our political and commercial intercourse. It is the same feeling which, founded on sympathy and mutual interest, exists among the members of a family. It is the tie which draws together the 21 Republics and makes of them the American family of nations. This feeling, vague at first, has become to-day a definite and certain force. We term it the "Pan American spirit," from which springs the international policy of Pan Americanism. It is that policy which is responsible for this great gathering of distinguished men, who represent the best and most advanced thought of the Americas. It is a policy which this Government has unhesitatingly adopted and which it will do all in its power to foster and promote. When we attempt to analyze Pan Americanism we find that the essen- tial qualities are those of the family — sympathy, helpfulness, and a sin- cere desire to see another grow in prosperity, absence of covetousness of another's possessions, absence of jealousy of another's prominence, and, above all, absence of that spirit of intrigue which menaces the domestic peace of a neighbor. Such are the qualities of the family tie among indi- viduals, and such should be, and I believe are, the qualities which com- pose the tie which unites the American family of nations. I speak only for the Government of the United States, but in doing so I am sure that I express sentiments which will find an echo in every Repub- REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 57 lie represented here, when I say that the might'of this country will never be exercised in a spirit of greed to wrest from a neighboring State its territory or possessions. The ambitions of this Republic do not lie in the path of conquest but in the paths of peace and justice. Whenever and wherever we can we will stretch forth a hand to thosp who need help. If the sovereignty of a sister Republic is menaced from overseas, the power of the United States and, I hope and believe, the united power of the American Republics will constitute a bulwark which will protect the independence and integrity of their neighbor from unjust invasion or aggression. The American family of nations might well take for its motto that of Dumas' famous musketeers, "One for all; all for one." If I have correctly interpreted Pan Americanism from the standpoint of the relations of our Governments with those beyond the seas, it is in entire harmony with the Monroe doctrine. The Monroe doctrine is a national policy of the United States ; Pan Americanism is an international policy of the Americas. The motives are to an extent different, the ends sought are the same. Both can exist without impairing the force of either. And both do exist and, I trust, will ever exist in all their vigor. But Pan Americanism extends beyond the sphere of politics and finds its application in the varied fields of human enterprise. Bearing in mind that the essential idea manifests itself in cooperation, it becomes necessary for effective cooperation that we should know each other better than we do now. We must not only be neighbors, but friends ; not only friends, but intimates. We must understand one another. We must comprehend our several needs. We must study the phases of material and intellectual development which enter into the varied problems of national progress. We should, therefore, when opportunity offers, come together and familiarize ourselves with each other's processes of thought in dealing with legal, economic, and educational questions. Commerce and industry, science and art, public and private law, govern- ment and education, all those great fields which invite the intellectual thought of man, fall within the province of the deliberations of this con- gress. In the exchange of ideas and comparison of experiences we will come to know one another and to carry to the nations which we represent a better and truer knowledge of our neighbors than we have had in the past. I believe that from that wider knowledge a mutual esteem and trust will spring which will unite these Republics more closely politically, commercially, and intellectually, and will give to the Pan American spirit an impulse and power which it has never known before. The present epoch is one which must bring home to every thinking American the wonderful benefits to be gained by trusting our neighbors 58 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. and by being trusted by them, by cooperation and helpfulness, by a dig- nified regard for the rights of all, and by living our national lives in harmony and good will. Across the thousands of miles of the Atlantic we see Europe convulsed with the most terrible conflict which this world has ever witnessed; we see the manhood of these great nations shattered, their homes ruined, their productive energies devoted to the one purpose of destroying their fellow men. When we contemplate the untold misery which these once happy people are enduring and the heritage which they are transmitting to succeeding generations, we can not but contrast a continent at war and a continent at peace. The spectacle teaches a lesson we can not ignore. If we seek the dominant ideas in world politics since we became inde- pendent nations, we will find that we won our liberties when individual- ism absorbed men's thoughts and inspired their deeds. This idea was gradually supplanted by that of nationalism, which found expression in the ambitions of conquest and the greed for territory so manifest in the nineteenth century. Following the impulse of nationalism the idea of internationalism began to develop. It appeared to be an increasing influence throughout the civiUzed world, when the present war of Em- pires, that great manifestation of nationalism, stayed its progress in Europe and brought discouragement to those who had hoped that the new idea would usher in an era of universal peace and justice. While we are not actual participants in the momentous struggle which is shattering the ideals toward which civilization was moving and is breaking down those principles on which internationalism is founded, we stand as anxious spectators of this most terrible example of nation- alism. Let us hope that it is the final outburst of the cardinal evils of that idea which has for nearly a century spread its baleful influence over the world. Pan Americanism is an expression of the idea of internationalism. America has become the guardian of that idea, which will in the end rule the world. Pan Americanism is the most advanced as well as the most practical form of that idea. It has been made possible because of our geographical isolation, of our similar political institutions, and of our common conception of human rights. Since the European war began other factors have strengthened this natural bond and given impulse to the movement. Never before have our people so fully realized the sig- nificance of the words, "Peace" and "Fraternity." Never have the need and benefit of international cooperation in every form of human activity been so evident as they are to-day. RBPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 59 The path of opportunity Ues plain before us Americans. The Gov- ernment and people of every Republic should strive to inspire in others confidence and cooperation by exhibiting integrity of purpose and equity in action. Let us as members of this congress, therefore, meet together on the plane of common interests and together seek the common good. Whatever is of common interest, whatever makes for the common good, whatever demands united effort is a fit subject for applied Pan Ameri- canism. Fraternal helpfulness is the keystone to the arch. Its pillars are faith and justice. In this great movement this congress will, I believe, play an exalted part. You, gentlemen, represent powerful intellectual forces in your respective countries. Together you represent the enlightened thought of the continent. The policy of Pan Americanism is practical. The Pan American spirit is ideal. It finds its source and being in the minds of thinking men. It is the offspring of the best, the noblest conception of international obUgation. With all earnestness, therefore, I commend to you, gentlemen, the thought of the American Republics, twenty-one sovereign and independent nations, bound together by faith and justice, and firmly cemented by a sympathy which knows no superior and no inferior, but which recognizes only equality and fraternity. The following is the address of the president of the congress, the ambas- sador of Chile, Senor Don Eduardo Sudrez Mujica, in response to the address of welcome by the Secretary of State : ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE CONGRESS, THE AMBASSADOR OF CHILE. Excellencies, Messrs. Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: It now behooves me to say a few words on this memorable occasion. So well known are they that I do not have to dwell upon the charac- teristics forming the essence of this great assembly and which are not ordinarily to be found in international gatherings of a wider scope. Its purpose, of a purely intellectual order, free from any interests outside of those of scientific research, displays that mark of nobleness and dignity peculiar to mental efforts when the mind strives for a greater amount of light — a white, intensive, and pure light — to enlighten the path of human progress. Man, creation's superior being, owes to himself and to the infinite diversifications of matter coming under his control the duty of continually developing himself, so that he may be worthy of his semi- divine r61e and in order to increase, also unceasingly, the welfare and 6o REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERA!,. happiness in the world wherein he exercises his sovereign domain. Thus a congress such as the one we are to-day inaugurating, to attend which caravans of pilgrims of knowledge have come, without heeding difficul- ties or sacrifices, from all parts of the continent to contribute with their share toward the work for the intellectual emancipation of the species-^ a congress as this, I repeat, constitutes a vivid testimony to the fact that man is fulfilling his high mission and that his efforts and his energies are not spared when humanity's higher interests are at stake. To this end it is comforting to look back to the origin of the movement by which exactly one-half of the civilized countries of the globe are here to-day in communion. That origin shows how the sparks of the spirit of science, through their own expansive power, grow until they become large glowing flames capable of serving as torches to light the world's path. Twenty-five years ago a modest Chilean scientific organization originated the institution of national scientific congresses, whose range did not go beyond the geographical boundaries of the country, unless it was to appoint a few corresponding members in the neighboring Republics. Some years later the spark caught fire on the other side of the Andes, and an important Argentine scientific organization, enlarging the idea with a vvdder scope and acting with the cooperation and under the auspices of its enlightened Government, founded the permanent institution of Latin- American scientific congresses, with the enthusiastic participation of scientists from all the cognate Republics of America. A complete success attended the first three congresses held, respectively, in Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Rio de Janeiro. When the preliminary work of the fourth congress, sitting in Santiago de Chile, was undertaken, its organi- zation committee thought, in its turn, that the time was ripe for wiping out the boundary lines to which these congresses for ethnical reasons had been confined until then, and to give them thereafter a continental lati- tude that it might be in better harmony with the universality and majesty of its purposes. With that end in view they sought and secured the ample, unconditional, and efficient cooperation from our great sister of the north, the United States of America, which Nation participated in the Santiago Congress with a brilliant representation, and now so elo- quently and pleasingly shows to the rest of America its spirit of scientific confraternity. Thus through a successful progressive evolution, impelled by men and supported by governments, we have come from the modest beginning of a local scientific body to the solemn and magnificent international assembly which to-day unites the whole continent in a brotherly inter- coiurse for the mutual benefit of all. Thus, also, permanent existence has RBPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. 6 1 been secured for an institution which is an honor to America, an institu- tion which undoubtedly has already begun to exercise a positive influence upon the popularization and adoption into our laws or into our economic and educational methods of principles and doctrines of common interest to us, and which, in fine, is likely destined, by reason of the generic nature of its scope and on account of the very intensity of its irradiation, to carry the benefits of its work far beyond the confines of Columbus' world. Indeed, who can deny the probability that to-morrow, when the hour of calm, of love, and brotherliness shall have replaced the hour of conflagration, of hatred, and of death now consuming the work of the other half of the world — the oldest, the most civilized, the one whose duty it was to set up its example with its spirit of humanity and with its powerful impulse of civilization and progress — ^who can deny, I repeat, the probability that, when the tragedy shall have ended and the men in that part of the world shall have recovered their equilibrium of mind and heart, our present and future labors may project a new light upon Euro- pean intellectualism finally to effect a universal concert? As a complement of the work of scientific extension by those con- gresses, there is the work of social and political extension which, though not precisely their object, is their natural consequence, and, indeed, does not constitute one of the lesser benefits derived from their meetings. Together with the abstract problems of anthropology, law, astronomy, medicine, mechanics, and other sciences there are found the less meta- physical and more practical researches on educational methods, sanita- tion systems, development of transportation facilities, and other factors of industrial prosperity bearing directly upon the common economy of life, in whose field intercourse and acquaintance are facilitated among the men who direct the mental activities of countries. Men are the instrument by means of which love and good will among people are wrought; they are the groundwork of peace and the foundation of its prosperity. Assembled in these congresses and thereby associated and acquainted with each other, they study reciprocally their individual and national traits, the conditions and necessities of life in their respective countries, and bring about an atmosphere of mutual understanding and congeniality. Under this atmosphere egotism vanishes and the ob- stacles that separation and distance put in the way of human cordiality are overcome. If this indirect benefit were to be the only outcome of these peri- odical conventions, I do not hesitate in stating that in my judgment it would sufiice to justify all efforts and all sacrifices on the part of indi- viduals and Governments. 62 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. It is the good fortune of this assembly to meet at a time gratifying to the political and international interests of the Republics herein repre- sented. Twenty days ago, at the time of the solemn opening of the Fed- eral Congress of this great Republic, His Excellency the President of the United States, tracing in detail the lines of the exact meaning of Pan Americanism, succeeded so eloquently and expressively in shaping his sentiments of continental brotherhood that his statements were flashed by the wires throughout our Americas like messages of friendship and as a crystallization of a policy of American respect, equality, and solidarity. With the echo from those solemn declarations still vibrating, and as if to confirm their meaning and extent in a direct and unmistakable manner. His Excellency the Secretary of State, the authorized organ for communi- cating the official thought to the other countries, has just uttered in terms perhaps more assertive, although not more transparent, the complete expression of the Pan American sentiment and poHcy, wherefrom the Government guiding the affairs of George Washington's country derives and shall derive its inspiration. "A new community of interests and a clearer conception of their com- mon ties," said His Excellency President Wilson, "binds the nations of America to-day. All intelligent men should welcome the new light guiding us now, when nobody here thinks of guardianship or tutelage, but of a frank and honorable association with our neighbors, in the in- terest of all America, North and South. Within the purpose of defending national independence and political liberty in America, which inspired the historical declaration by President Monroe, there is no thought of our taking advantage of any Government in this hemisphere or of exploiting for our benefit their political contingencies. All the Governments of America," the worthy Executive of this country concludes with eloquent majesty, "stand, so far as we are concerned, upon a footing of genuine equality and unquestionable independence. Mutual cooperation in the divers orders of their national activities, the unity of their thought and action, the community of their sympathies and ideals, such are the charac- teristics of Pan Americanism." There is none of the imperialistic spirit in it; only the embodiment, the effectual embodiment, of the spirit of law, of independence, of liberty, and of reciprocal support. A similar language, an expression equally clear and precise, of Ameri- can confraternity, a statement of declarations no less substantive and valuable, has just been formulated by his excellency the Secretary of State in the remarkable speech we have heard from him. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 63 This is a Pan American gathering. It is the first large meeting of eminent men from all Americas held since and soon after the transcen- dental manifestation of purposes by the two officials embodying the rep- resentation and assuming the responsibilities for the foreign policy of the United States. Therefore no other opportunity is more propitious nor any representative body is better qualified than ours at this time to take notice of such declarations and to place them as the frontispiece of this congress within a frame built by the friendship and love of the other 20 Republics of the continent. Although representing only one of those Republics, I am nevertheless convinced that I am interpreting the thought and feeling of each and every one of them when I say that the Government of the United States to-day completes the erasing with a friendly hand of the last traces of any past misunderstandings and any erroneous interpretations which may have clouded in former times the political horizon of America. No doubt there had prevailed before now in the atmosphere in American foreign offices uncertainties, misgivings, and suspicions whenever the well-inspired and unquestionably beneficial declaration by President Monroe was brandished in the United States with a view to practical appHcation. There w^as lacking the precise definition of the meaning and extent of that memorable document, and many of the weaker American nations, like small birds that feel in the air the sound of a menacing flight, seemed afraid and apprehensive whenever the news reached them of a possible practical application of its declarations. Thus the Monroe doctrine might have seemed a threat so long as it was only a right and an obligation on the part of the United States. Gen- eralized as a derivation from the Pan American policy, supported by all the Republics in the continent as a common force and a common defense, it has become a solid tie of union, a guaranty, a bulwark for our democracies. Before now some steps had been tried with success along the path of Pan American evolution, and if those preliminary efforts have through circumstances b^en participated in only by a numerically small and geographically distant group of the countries in the hemisphere, it is not, indeed, due to purposes of exclusion or selection which would have been inconsistent with the well-proven spirit of brotherhood that always in- spired the Governments of those countries. All the Republics of America are capable of setting up their own destiny, and all are unquestionably bound to serve in their turn as exponents of our civilization and progress. 48192—17 5 64 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. It is therefore gratifying to expect days of joy and glory for our America. The ship of our destinies, flying the banner of fraternity and solidarity, which is the motto of Pan Americanism, can not run against any rocks that might hinder her course. The forces of twenty-one countries are united to propel her, and by means of this harmonious impulse moral progress is secured, and the road leading to the achievement of material advancement is directly pursued. Messrs. Delegates, under the auspices of the cordial reception accorded us by this country and with our hearts full of faith in the success of the journey, you are going to undertake your labors from which America ex- pects fruitful results. We are in the country of great energies, where every man is an originating power and where every solution spells victory for the welfare of humanity. Let us, we delegates with the Latin soul, prove that we are equally capable of generating energy to insure the well-being of humankind, and that we are likewise able to assist, with a contribution worthy of our brothers of Saxon America, in the work of Pan American communion to which we are invited by the engaging word of President Wilson and his Secretary of State. In concluding my remarks I request the congress that, with all standing up, it shall join me in sending the homage of our respectful greetings to the President of the United States, who is to us the highest embodiment of the national entity of this Republic. At the conclusion of the president's address, the final words of which brought the entire assemblage to its feet. Secretary General Barrett an- nounced the serious illness of Assistant Secretary General Swiggett and called attention to the Women's Auxiliary Conference that had been organized in connection with the Scientific Congress, with the assistance of Mrs. Lansing, Mrs. Swiggett, and a group of other representative women. The following appropriate responses were then made by the chairmen of the official delegations of the Latin American countries on the behalf of their Governments and their peoples: ARGENTINA : ERNESTO QUESADA, PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF LA PLATA. Your Excellency, the Vice President of the Republic, the hotwrahle the Secretary of State, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: The Argentine delegation, over which I have the honor to preside, in acknowledging the distinguished attentions received alike from authori- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 65 ties and individuals, takes pleasure in expressing its wishes that this congress, destined as it is to tighten the bonds of Pan American solidarity among the nations of our continent, shall achieve success. Never more than at the present moment, while Europe is in the throes of the great conflict of nations, has America been confronted by a more vital necessity to stand together, with a view to uniformity in ideas^ aspirations, and tendencies, as well in politico-economic as in purely intellectual spheres. This congress is to concern itself with only the second of these fields of thought. The program prepared is so vast and comprehensive that it may be said that in the many themes submitted for our deliberation, every problem that confronts the human mind is to be found. In view of the composition of the congress, there will undoubtedly be presented for us to consider innumerable papers which, notv-'ithstanding our desire to do so, we shall probably not have time fully to discuss and digest. Perhaps it may become necessary for us to content ourselves with a concise exposition of the context of each and await its publication in full in the proceedings of the congress for an opportunity to take due account of its consummate importance. But in any event, this oppor- tunity of meeting and conferring with so many representatives of all the American countries will aid in the solution of not a few of the questions and will serve to make more binding the intellectual union of America, which until now has been somewhat loose and which has been of rather negligible force in certain sections. The Argentine delegation has felt that it ought to strive to make the present congress bear more tangible and permanent fruit, yet without prejudice to the series of isolated papers that may be presented at its several sessions. To this end it has placed itself in accord with the Chilean and Brazilian delegations in order to formulate certain pro- posals of a general character and common utility, and has submitted them previously for the consideration of other delegations in order to secure a true realization of Pan American work, since this should be based on the absolute international equality of all continental nations, both great and small. The international consciences of all are to-day awakened and are impressed with the duty of coordinating in an effort to solve the general problems from a point of view peculiarly American. The political aspect being happily eliminated from the deliberations of this congress, the intellectual alone remains; and in this, conceivably, no stumbling block can present itself. 66 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Therefore, the fundamental idea pervading the three projects that are to be submitted to the congress at its next general session should b agreeable to all of the delegates. Lack of time only has prevented their presentation, unanimously signed by all. These three projects seek to complement, in the intellectual field, the work of the existing Pan American Union by organizing, as sections of that union, three subsidiary unions, viz, a university union, a library union, and an archaeological union. The first proposes to confederate all the universities of this con- tinent for the better development of their organizations and tendencies, the facilitation of interchange of professors and students, and to permit the meeting of both in periodical assemblies. The second has for its object to place within reach of the isolated student the common treasures collected in all the libraries of the continent by recommending to those institutions the service of exchange of publications and the preparation of bibliographical lists of intellectual productions, to the end that any person may know and obtain such productions as may appear in other sections of America. The third proposes to conserve the pre-Columbian remains of the ancient civilizations of the peoples that inhabited this continent before its discovery and combine the activities of the ethno- logical museums in order to facilitate the study of this mysterious science. It will be seen, then, that these projects, which it is sought to have the present Pan American Union carry into effect as subsidiaries thereof, will tend to advance the solidarity of all the nations of America and to produce in all very real benefits. So that, if such projects should prosper, this congress will have given life to new institutions of a permanent char- acter and of indubitable utility. Whether on this account or on the more strictly technical ground taken in the papers designated in the program, the Argentine delegation, ani- mated by the most ample sentiments of American confraternity, and sensible of our imperishable historical traditions, takes part in the delib- erations of the congress imbued with the highest desire for its success. There is no doubt that this will be a brilliant one and that the gen- erosity and unstinted hospitality extended to us at this time by this great country will contribute to facilitate that result and to tighten the bonds of friendship and sympathy between the nations and the inhab- itants of America. Such is the message that my country sends on this portentious occasion. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 67 BOLIVIA: HIS EXCELLENCY IGNACIO CALDERON, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY. Mr. President, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: In the month of May last took place for the first time in the Hall of the Americas the First Pan American Financial Congress, convened on invitation of the distinguished Secretary of the Treasury of the United States to discuss questions pertaining to the economic conditions of the American Republics and the means of developing our mutual trade rela- tions. To-day we inaugurate in this fine home of the Daughters of the American Revolution the Second Pan American Congress, devoted to the study of almost every branch of knowledge. It is an inspiring thing to know that we all come with the same feeling of nmtual consid- eration and disinterested devotion to the cause of progress and civiliza- tion. Nothing could interpret more fittingly the lofty aims of democracy than this meeting for the discussion of scientific and social problems, for the enlightenment and the benefit of the people. The patriots who after long years of unrelenting struggle gained the independence of our countries, left to the coming generations the task of keeping sacred the blessings of a popular government, and I know no better way to honor that trust than by propagating public instruction and by looking for the preservation, health, and welfare of the people. Free- dom is a blessing granted only to countries conscious of their rights, capable of defending them, and offering an open road for all to an inde- pendent life and self -improvement. Pan Americanism is a noble doctrine ; it does not mean exclusion or race distinctions like pan-Germanism or pan-Slavism, but implies the great federation of the American Republics to work for the uplifting of mankind under the ennobling principles of right and freedom. It means the sovereignty of the people based on the equality of men; it means the open door into our territories for all persons able and willing to work for the common progress. The Almighty has endowed this New World with lavish gifts of abun- dant resources, which we are prepared to let the rest of mankind share. America is destined to lead on, in the upward movement of the nations pushing forward in the path of justice and progress to the highest sum- mit of civilization. We have come together just at the season when the world celebrates the anniversary of the coming of the Divine Master, whose arrival was heralded from above by angelic voices proclaiming peace on earth to all men. Well, then, let us have peace and, following the lead of the glorious 68 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. flag of the Stars and Stripes, let us all work for the realization of the brotherhood of man and the great democratic doctrine of right, liberty, and happiness. BRAZIL: HIS EXCELLENCY DOMICIO DA GAMA, AMBASSA- DOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: I will not try to improve upon the impression left in your minds by the eloquent speeches that have just been pronounced. Your applause has shown your entire approbation of the dominant sentiment expressed in them. This sentiment of Pan Americanism, which seems so neces- sary to human life, is like that of the simple man in the comedy of Moli^re, who was so pleased to learn that every time he spoke he was using prose. Well, we may truly wonder whether all these years we have not been mak- ing Pan Americanism when we thought that we were working for our national interests alone. As for Brazil, I may assure you that that was the fact. We always think of ourselves first, but next we think of America. I need not prove my assertion. The delegates from Brazil are carrying with them evidence enough that they are animated with that mighty spirit which is working such wonders in this blessed con- tinent of ours, and I know that they will not be found wanting if you put them to the test. CHILE: JULIO PHILIPPI, VICE CHAIRMAN OF THE DELE- GATION. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. Prcsidint of the Pan American Scientific Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: Six years ago the capital of my country, Santiago, had the esteemed honor of welcoming the distinguished guests who, from all the Republics of the continent, had come together in celebration of the First Pan American Scientific Congress. To-day we are reunited for the second time in this capital, guests of the oldest and most powerful of the sister Republics. It is a vast continent which the countries we represent occupy — a new world, rightly called new, for that it counts but a few centuries since it was discovered and peopled by European races; new because it is, and I hope it always mil be, animated with a new concept of the destiny of humanity and its forms of government. It is a fact, which does not connote any casual happening and toward whose transcendence I would for a moment call attention, that every one REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 69 of the countries of this continent has the same form of government, a republic. To all of them are common the ideals expressed by Lincoln in that speech known to every child in this country, that the Government is established by the people and for the people. This, the most profound and noble profession of faith by one of the greatest sons of America, is an inspiration for all the countries of the continent. Many and diverse are the roads to attain this object that these Republics have followed and have yet to follow; many are the obstacles to be met in its realization; multiple and diverse the forms that have militated against the develop- ment of the culture that each of them has attained. And finally we must be just and not forget that conditions have not been equal for all in the march toward this ideal, but yet each Republic, even the smallest, has from its experience instructive lessons from which all may learn. I believe it may be affirmed in all truth that the political history of Chile, at times an ardent strife, but always on a high plane, makes for the realization of this ideal. Could these reunions have an object more noble, more worthy than the study of our republican life, than its evolution toward democratic ideals? Let us not forget that each law, each happening in the life of a people is a political and social phenomenon that results from given his- torical conditions at times fatal, that often are not within the power of man to alter. Let us study these with the serene and calm criticism of science, unprejudiced, passionless, without ulterior purposes. The fruits of this study will be abundant, not to be appraised in immediate increase of commerce and worldly profit. Material interests do not always unite. At times their influence is other than civilizing. The benefits which v/e hope for are of an order more elevated. Therefore, the Chilean delegation in' thanking this great country and its Government for the hospitality extended to us, charges me to express my admiration not alone for the stupendous material development, varied and inex- haustible riches of the United States, but for the high and noble repub- lican and democratic ideals with which Washington and Lincoln have endowed it and the whole American world. COLOMBIA: ROBERTO ANCIZAR, FIRST SECRETARY OF LEGATION. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: From all the Americas we have met in this city beautiful, endeavoring to put together and to direct into intelligent channels the energies that are to remodel the economic shape of this part of the world. 70 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. We meet to-day as if to take stock of our ever increasing assets of science, this builder of free nations, which, first appearing as an immi- grant on our shores, has now won with all honors the right of citizenship forever in America. Mysterious currents beyond our control, because bom in God's mercy for the human race, are in their silent errand march- ing toward the manifest destiny of this continent of ours, destiny which can not be attained by conquest, preponderance, oppression, or unfair exploitation of nations or individuals. Glorious destiny which is freedom, the three times blessed freedom, that wealth helps to make stable, and which grows and prospers, aided by science, and is worth attaining if justice and right go hand in hand with liberty. Let us believe, nay, let us ardently hope, that after the congress of finance and science, there will come one hailed as the congress of Pan American justice, where the delegates of all the nations of America, "upon a footing of genuine equality and unquestioned independence," to quote President Wilson's happy words, shall convene to bear witness that there will be no more pending questions, no unquenched thirst for right and for redress between the sisters, but where will only reign a common eagerness for cooperation ever mindful of its goal of continental good will and happiness, perished forever the remembrances of past sus- picious grievances. Finance and science to-day, laboring together to build a continental fabric cemented with justice, vyill unite the Americas for the benefit of humanity, with no fears for its durability; for, if united, we shall stand. But let no cause of distrust ever wander between our nations; for, if divided, we must fall. COSTA RICA: EDUARDO J. PINTO, OF THE COSTA RICAN DELEGATION. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: The peaceful assembling of free America to discuss in this Con- gress, and at this moment, the best and most adequate means science can control in order to dignify and beautify human life, is highly signifi- cant to all who have had the privilege to have been born in the New World. And that this should happen at the precise moment when the genius of war prevails, bringing ruin and desolation on the other side of the Atlantic, is even more significant. The pride which the New Americans to-day experience is the more intense and well justified since this is the Second Continental Convention which meets REPORT OF THB SECRETARY GENERAI,. 7 1 in Washington during the period of worid-wide desolation. It would seem that by a natural reflex action Americans, having witnessed the result of upheaval and conflict across the Atlantic, have banded together in order that bonds of their security and peace may be strengthened and assured. Gentlemen of the congress, Costa Rica, my country, is so small a nation and has so very limited means at her disposal that she is unable to offer any original work deserving the care of the science and learning of your enlightened consideration. I therefore beg of you to accept in her name the earnest and sincere wishes that your efforts may attain the most brilliant success, a success in every respect befitting your learning, the noble motives which summoned you here, and the greatness and glory of the nations you are representing on this solemn occasion. CUBA: HIS EXCELLENCY CARLOS MANUEL DE CfiSPEDES, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTEN- TIARY. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. Ambassador, President of the Second Scientific Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: Speaking for the Cuban delegates, I have the honor of addressing your excellencies in grateful recognition of your cordial greeting. Keenly do we feel the warmth of, and sincere friendship in, your hearty welcome and are touched with emotion by the noble sentiments so eloquently expressed here to-day in the name of the Government and the people of the United States. Also we are making fervent wishes for the welfare and glory of this great Nation and for the personal happiness of His Excellency, the Presi- dent, in whom many precious gifts are as innate as that clear illuminated vision with which the prophets ascend to high and sacred places and announce the revelation of a new era. The impressiveness of this solemn and historic moment is second only to the magnitude of our collective mission. To the Pan American Financial Congress were submitted those respective interests of an economic character from which the unity of consular and commercial legislation, the prosperity of business, and all that appertains to the development of our marvelous natural and indus- trial resources are to derive. But it was a felicitous inspiration, indeed, that placed the powerful array of efficient mental force here assembled, like an army of light, at the service of Pan Americanism — a pact of freemen. 72 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. The principle of inter-American altruism to which our union is sub- servient represents, however, but one of its conspicuous merits. The belief that Pan Americanism is in every sense a generous doctrine and by no means the egoistic policy its adversaries have sought to denounce, obtains ample justification by the fact that the golden fruits of this great conference are to be presented at the doors of civilization on the palms of our outstretched hands, as a New Year's offering from Pan America to the world. Men of deep learning and good will, guided by the star of science, are come from every nation of our vast hemisphere to meet other equally representative men of the same high description and consider together and solve, perhaps, not only domestic questions of a necessarily limited sphere but also great universal problems of absorbing interest to the modem mind, so earnest in its profound seeking from those who study the art of good government, the principles of moral conduct, and who pursue the secret of creation and evolution through the mysterious realms of nature's boundless empire. Marshaled here to submit to the trial of scientific investigation are systems and theories, hypotheses and axioms, codes and doctrines, things useful materially and things artistic, ideol- ogic, and of pure sentiment, without which the divine poem of the uni- verse appears as but a bewildering combination of physical energies in activity whose return to chaos on the wings of time will ever be contra- dicted as an ultimate scientific conclusion by the heartlif ting promises of our own spiritual essence. Nevertheless, thought will examine and aid thought in this great academy of enlightenment and mutual service. The Americas pursue the benefits of union and the truths of science in an unbiased spirit and, for themselves as well as for all, justice and harmony. The thunder of a million cannon can not alter the dignity of our sessions nor affect the sereneness of our noble purpose. In the name of Pan America we are here to proclaim the wisdom of the supreme laws of life and sit in judg- ment on the sources of error, pain, and death, of which scientific philoso- phy has already said that man must be the conqueror, not the victim. It is with these ideals at heart that the delegates of Cuba are among you to-day in this great congress — in which the highest mentality of the Americas is so brilliantly represented — full of faith in the outcome of its labor and example. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 73 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: HIS EXCELLENCY A. P^REZ PER- DOMO, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENI- POTENTIARY. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: The delegation of the Dominican Republic shares the just satisfaction and praiseworthy interest shown by all the other delegations present at this function, whose unquestioned importance is duly appreciated in all its colossal magnitude. The Congress we are now attending, as well as the financial conference which met in this Capital City, thanks to the happy initiative of the honor- able the Secretaries of State and of the Treasury of the United States, Mr. Robert Lansing and Mr. W. G. McAdoo ; the several Pan American confer- ences previously held, and the splendid exposition at San Francisco, Cal. ; these gatherings are, in a sense, but the tangible form of the progressive evolution of the beautiful American ideal. Pan Americanism. So, at this moment — at this great historical moment in the life of the Americas — we are true co- laborers in a work whose beneficent influence on the future destiny of these peoples we all perfectly understand. We are striving for an effective development of our moral and material forces through rational cooperation, the only cooperation capable of producing the desired advantageous and harmonious results. We are endeavoring to enlarge the horizon of our young nationalities through a constant interchange of relations, interests, and ideas, in the firm belief that this will necessarily crystallize at no distant day into the perfect balance of an effective prosperity for all the countries of this hemisphere. For the Dominican delegation the heart of that supreme ideal of Pan Americanism — such as we understand it — contains nothing but a boun- tiful promise of welfare. Every one of the nations, whether large or small, which believe in that ideal, will surely give, to receive it back in exchange, that moral, intellectual, or material cooperation which one free nation may give to another free nation as a token of honest reci- procity. The political, juridical, and international status of every one of those peoples, far from being impaired by that encouraging common action, will be further strengthened day by day under the protection of the mutual respect which will necessarily shape the real form of that noble idea, and also because of a sense of the unswerving solidarity which will naturally grow among all as their hearts come closer together because of the identity of their aims. 74 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAl,. Hence, the delegation of the Dominican Republic desires to express its earnest wish that the work of this great Congress may bring a large por- tion of knowledge to the store of science in its manifold phases, and also pledges its humble, but earnest collaboration, in the hope that the bene- j&ts to be gained thereby may be in keeping, as far as possible, with its lofty purposes. But I must not come to a close without discharging the imperative duty of expressing the deep gratitude of the Dominican delegation for the kind reception extended to it by the United States of North America, represented by some of its highest officials and by the socially prominent people of the Capital City. The Dominican Republic, contemplating the glorious radiance of the Pan American ideal, sends fraternal greetings to each and every one of the countries here represented as an earnest expression of its sentiments of cordiality and affection, and at the same time voices its good wishes for the increasing welfare of all. MESSAGE FROM PRESIDENT WILSON. The follomng telegram from His Excellency the President of the United States, which was read at this juncture by Chairman Phillips, of the executive committee, was received most cordially by the dele- gates and guests of the congress: "Please present my warmest greeting to the delegates to the Pan American Scientific Congress and extend to them on my behalf a most cordial welcome. " It seems to me to be of the happiest omen that the attendance upon this congress should be so large and the interest in its proceedings so great. I hope that the greatest success %vill attend every activity of the congress and that the intimate intercourse of thought which it produces will bind Americans still closer together throughout both continents, alike in sympathy and in purpose." Following the reading of the telegram from the President, responses from the remaining countries were resumed. ECUADOR: HIS EXCELLENCY GONZALO S. CORDOVA, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPO- TENTIARY. Mr. Vice President 6} the United States, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: The five minutes allowed the representatives of each of the American countries to offer on their behalf official greeting to the Second Pan REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 75 American Scientific Congress in these the imposing moments of its inaug- uration, these five minutes, gentlemen, are until now, in the dial of my public life, the fullest in honor and the most deeply felt. Join me then, gentlemen, in saluting, as I in the name of EcUador salute in the person of the distinguished ambassador of Chile who pre- sides over us, the whole American continent here reunited under the shelter of peace and liberty for the high purposes of the Scientific Con- gress. In truth, gentlemen, but a few months ago we were likewise assembled in the Hall of the Americas around our own hearthstone, as may be said, but then we deplored the absence of our sister Mexico, who could not withdraw her attention while the sovereignty of her institutions remain unvindicated by her blood and her arms. To-day she is here, and worthily represented, as are represented the strength and the power of the thirteen States that fought for the independence of this nation, the thirteen granite columns that sustain this beautiful edifice which affords us generous shelter. On that occasion to which I am referring, as Mr. McAdoo, the expert Secretary of the Treasury will recall, the proposals of the assembly were confined within the limit of economics. To-day the sciences, the arts, the industries, in their infinite manifestations and progress are to occupy the minds and be subjects of study for the thinkers and wise men of this congress. Interest, or be it material commerce, has its selfish purposes, and even when it is a powerful factor in the enlightenment and progress of peoples it sometimes gives rise to profound resentments and world-wide cataclysms. Interest does not bind together the nations; at times it separates them. This, gentlemen, is not my thought; it belongs to the distinguished President Wilson, for he has said of science and conscience, "It is sym- pathy, mutual understanding, union in spirit which we must seek." I believe, gentlemen, that there is no link stronger than science. The bonds of the peoples who communicate their ideas, their sentiments, their discoveries, and which unify their laws, their uses, and their customs, are indestructible chains, immortal as the spirit which permeates them. Let us labor for union. This eventual period at which we have ar- rived is propitious for an alliance of the Americas, but an alliance for peace and by peace; for war's oracle must not sound within the orbit of this continent, which to-day more than ever needs the powerful help of science and the concourse of its wise ones, that the gifts of a lavish nature may be employed for the comfort of all humanity. Happily we have no enemy, nor are we busy with the idea of balance of power 76 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. among nations, to absorb the public wealth in accumulating elements of destruction. We would balance ourselves solely in the scales of justice. It is, then, for the eminent jurisconsults and internationalists of this congress to establish the bases of our future, of our American interna- tional law. They know profoundly the spirit which animates this people and the peoples of Latin origin, and they know that alone at the altar of right and equality is possible the communion of free nations. Is this a dream impossible of realization ? Will the day be far distant when we shall see floating over the vast Columbian Continent an im- mense banner covered with stars, but all of the first magnitude, all shining with their own light, independent and sovereign? Let us hope and trust the future. I close, Mr. President, with a message more of cordial good will than of tribute to this congress in the name of the Benigno Malo National Col- lege of Cuenca and the Juridical Literary Society of Quito, young bodies cultivating science and letters, who have honored me with their repre- sentation in this congress. GUATEMALA : HIS EXCELLENCY JOAQUiN MfiNDEZ, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY. Mr. Vice President of the United States, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: The delegation of Guatemala thanks the Government of the United States most heartily for the cordial welcome which it has so kindly given it at this important Pan American meeting. The universal sentiment in all the countries of America to-day is that of reciprocal fellow feeling and good friendship; and this is specially shown by the mutual desire to continue in every way possible the close relationship which happily exists between the Latin American Republics and the United States. This meeting has been the ideal of the great men of both North and South America; but it was left to the men of our time to succeed in fulfilling it through the unification of ideals, of international law, of commerce, and of all the moral and material interests. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress which now meets in the beautiful city of Washington, signifies one more and very important step in the unification of these ideals and interests; and on that account it is very gratifying to us to find ourselves on this propitious occasion in the company of the distinguished representatives of the thought of the three Americas, whose labors undoubtedly will be of great benefit to the progress of the sciences and culture of the sister Republics. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL- JJ HAITI: CHARLES MATHON, OF THE DELEGATION OF HAITI. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: In the name of the Haitian delegation I take pleasure in thanking the Government of the United States for the signal honor which it has con- ferred upon the Republic of Haiti in inviting it to share in the delibera- tions of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. This scientific reunion will surely call forth an exchange of views and opinions on all questions that concern the prosperity of the nations of the New World and will tighten the bonds uniting them in a union of solidarity. This initiative on the part of the American Government testifies highly to the sincere desire of the great Republic to contribute to the common happi- ness. For me, therefore, it is particularly a great pleasure to offer in the name of the Haitian delegation the most fervent wishes for the complete success of the labors of the Congress and to express the hope that they may mark a new step in the life of the American nations, HONDURAS; CARLOS ALBERTO UCLfiS, RECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HONDURAS. Mr. Vice President of the United States, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. Presi- dent of the Congress, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: First of all I wish to discharge the pleasant duty of greeting the eminent personalities in the field of political science and letters. I also desire, on the occasion of this Second Pan American Scientific Congress, both personally and in my official capacity on behalf of the Government of Honduras, to thank most courteously the enlightened Government of the United States which sent out the call, and the generous Carnegie Endowment, which also sent an invitation, for the splendid reception given to the Honduran delegation, both official and unofficial. Among the members of this illustrious assembly, where the intellectual New World is so well represented by prominent statesmen and diplomats, scientists, and men of letters, I fail to find words to express my thoughts. After the eloquent addresses of his excellency the Vice President of the United States, his excellency the Secretary of State, his excellency the president of the Scientific Congress, and the honorable gentlemen who are chairmen of the respective delegations, addresses which we have heard with great pleasure, attention, and applause, I hope you will pardon the effort of a man scarcely known in Central America. 78 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. I find myself in the presence of the prominent men who are delegates from the twenty-one Republics of the continent, who gather here for the purpose of seeking through science to establish a stronger friendship, a more binding solidarity, a better balanced progress among all. I am now in the presence of charming ladies who lend to this gathering the dignity of a continental academy, and I see the flags of all the countries of the Americas, resplendent in all the colors of the heavens and the earth, bound together by garlands of flowers. These are the flags of Washing- ton, Bolivar, and Morazan, symbols of independence, liberty, and federa- tion, placed among olive branches and laurel wreaths, gracing the Capitol City with its starry flag. Ladies and gentlemen, I shall use to express my thoughts on this sol- emn occasion the language of Cervantes, the language of Spain, the mother country, after having heard the chaste prose of the language of Shakespeare, Camoens, and Victor Hugo. But if I can not understand well the master language of progress, common law, and science, I do readily understand the universal language of conscience, right, and peace. In this Memorial Continental Hall, where we can not forget the Daugh- ters of the American Revolution, there come to me, like a smile of promise of success, at the very moment when classic Europe is engaged in an epic — not a romantic — war, now, as in the Pan American Union, which represents international unity, there come to my ears, I say, the strains of the Pan American Hymn, which is a poem to science, peace, and union. The Scientific Congress which meets here this day, as well as the scholarly Congress of Americanists and other learned American societies which will also collaborate in its success, following in the wake of the Scientific Congresses of Santiago in Chile, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Rio de Janeiro, will devote its energies principally to science, which Goethe, the genius of Germany, defined as "light, and more light." The American Institute of International Law^ which I consider foremost in every respect, will labor for right and peace. When the Institute of Ghent — European or universal — consisting mainly of belligerents, can not speak impartially in the name of justice, the American Institute of W^ashington, consisting solely of neutrals, may perhaps have a right to speak. The Second Pan American Congress, even more than the First, although the First has greater merit for being such, is an honor and will prove a benefit to the Great Republic we all sincerely admire, and to the rest of the American Republics that we all love without distinction of cotmtry or race — for Pan America, in short — because it also serves humanity and civilization. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAIv. 79 The Monroe doctrine is a national policy of the United States which prepared the way for Anglo-American diplomacy, and has served as a' sovereign aegis to the Republic; a shield, not a lance, for all America, three in one. And Pan Americanism, a brother and a friend to the republican continent, to the one who comes from England or France, from Spain or Portugal, and knows of the Magna Charta, and is ac- quainted with the principles of justice: Pan Americanism, I say, is an international policy, the outcome of that doctrine, which respects every country and race. The cordial welcome extended by their excellencies the Vice President of the United States and the Secretary of State, jvherein definite and emphatic statements are made, has honored the delegates, and the heartfelt words of greeting from his excellency the president of the Congress are for us Latin Americans a token of harmony both advantageous and reciprocal. In the history of America, if not in the history of the world, this day will undoubtedly be a great day. The courteous and honored telegraphic message from His Excellency the President of the United States of America to the Scientific Congress, a message of good will and encouragement, has been received by all the delegates with respect and appreciation, with gratitude and applause. For the honored Chief Executive of the United States of America the Government of Honduras, as well as the Honduran delegation, the entire country, offers its sentiments of most distinguished consideration. It is principally due to him, and also to the savants of the twenty-one Republics here assembled, that we have come, as a token of appreciation on the part of my Government, to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, which is to-day for the world discovered by Colum- bus, a symbol of peace and a great light, and which is bound to be to- morrow and forever the realization of a hope. MEXICO:^ NICARAGUA: DR. DAMASCO RIVAS, UNIVERSITY OF PENN- SYLVANIA. His Excellency the Vice President of the United States, the Secretary of State, the President of the Congress, Members of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: There is scarcely anything to add to what has been already said in reference to the purpose and spirit which unite us together this morning as we begin the pleasant task of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress in the Capital of this, our sister Republic. Nothing can be added to the wise advice already expressed by the Vice President and > No address delivered. 48192—17 6 8o REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Secretary of State of this great Republic and the president of the congress. We all realize and firmly believe in the sincerity of their expression of good wishes and fraternal welcome, and we know that each one of us on this great occasion has only one purpose, i. e., to strive for the mutual benefit and progress of these great Americas as a whole. But there are, perhaps, some points which I, in the capacity of one who has resided for almost twenty years in this country, may be permitted to express to you. It has been often said that science is the only thing which unites indi\4duals in the different w alks of life, countries, races, and the world as a whole into a single thought-vehicle, which gives impetus to the progress of the human race; but though science is no doubt the alluringi light which has attracted us to this city from the most remote places of the American Continent, science in reality merely represents the effect but not the cause of that irresistible force which, if carefully considered, obeys that which stands for itself, indominitable, unshakable, and invariable — the truth. It is because truth constitutes the principle upon which science is based that science has that magnetic and irresistible power to bring us together on this occasion. We have only to congratulate ourselves on being members and representatives of this congress, whose only efforts from to-day and to-morrow and the morrow after is toward the investi- gation and enlightenment of that knowledge. It is that mighty truth promulgated by Lincoln, uttered and followed by the President of this country, and the representatives of the American countries as a whole, "A government of the people, by the people, and for the people" that guides, and should guide always, the culture and education of the American Continent. I say culture and education, and not civilization, because civilization, a fictitious and misleading thing, may bring men to disorganization, depredation, and to the border of death, while culture and education, alone, bring men to the plane of clearly imderstanding the difference between right and wrong. The present European conflict is the result of that civilization. What a contrast between the strife in the Old World and the peace in America at the present ! We all know that America does not stand for war, that force does not represent the sound principles for the ruling of nations. We do not desire war, not because we are afraid of it or too proud to fight, but because there is no place for it with us. We claim to be sufficiently educated to avoid a disastrous and unnecessary conflict. We are to be congratulated on the fact that our education has reached such a develop- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 8 1 ment, and if we can not improve any further, let us stay where we are, at least. There is a time in which a nation strives for independence. All the American Republics have separated from the mother countries, attained the age of maturity, and asked for a place in the world. President Cleve- land, in the time of his administration, called the attention, not only of England, but of Europe as a whole, to the fact that America was for the Americans, and since then we may say the American Republics became independent. Monroe, of course, is the father of that doctrine; but who is greater, the one who promulgates a doctrine, or the one who establishes it.? Let us honor Monroe, but let us admire and thank Cleveland for hav- ing given us our continental independence and liberty; but, above all, let us work in harmony and cooperate together for the maintenance of that independence. Coming now to us, the Latin American Republics, allow me to remind you of a common expression applied to us. I mean the "manana." We are known to leave things for to-morrow. Do we really represent that "manana"? If so, let us make it to-day. In this connection I am reminded of the last words of Columbus. When sick and in need his faithful friend Don Juan requested his permission to go to the court and ask for charity. In spite of Columbus' refusal, he went, nevertheless. When he came back, Columbus asked him, "Well, what is the news?" And Don Juan replied: "Tal vez manana," which means "perhaps to-morrow." Manana, esa palabra vana, Se ha interpuesto en mi camino; Yo daros un mundo quiero. En voz alta les gritaba Y manana repetia El viejo mtmdo en que muero. i Y hoy que ese mundo les di, Y tu que; fuiste a buscar. Para CoI6n un hogar Me traes una manana a mi ? Raza orgullosa y liviana, Bajo en cuyo ambiente estoy Si no sabeis lo que es hoy Qu6 sabeis lo que es el maiiana? I have referred to that poem, gentlemen, because it says, in a few words, if we do not know what is to-day we never can know what will be to-morrow. Of course, to us the beautiful Stars and Stripes, or the 82 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Blue and Red, or any color that is the emblem of our nation, is dear; but let us in the future honor, when we honor the flag of any nation, the flag of truth and cooperation in love and justice. In conclusion, I beg to extend to the Government of the United States, His Excellency the Vice President, and the Secretary of State, in the name of the Government of Nicaragua and of her minister here, sincere thanks for the kind invitation and honor extended to Nicaragua to participate in the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, and to say that though Nicaragua is a small country it voices the same senti- ment of the other Latin American Republics, sentiments of thankfulness and admiration for the great sister Republic of the North. PANAMA: HIS EXCELLENCY EUSEBIO MORALES, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTENTLARY. (It is deeply regretted that the discourse of His Excellency was not available at the time of printing this report.) PARAGUAY: EUSEBIO AYALA, PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, UNIVERSITY OF PARAGUAY. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: On behalf of the Paraguayan delegation I will say a few words to the congress. First of all I wish to express the great satisfaction that we, the Paraguayan delegates, feel in finding ourselves in this hall among the distinguished representatives of the other American nations. An event of this kind is always agreeable in cultivating friendly relations, and par- ticularly at the present moment when we are all animated by the same spirit, because the purpose for which these periodical gatherings meet will undoubtedly regulate our deliberations and our acts. This is not a meeting of diplomats under the restrictions imposed by ofiicial usages. We may describe it more accurately by saying that it is a great gathering of men of good will entrusted with the duty of giving a positive expression to the mutual sentiments of benevolence shared by the nations of the New World. What can be the concrete form of what we propose to do ? I believe, ladies and gentlemen, there is none better than that which the program sets forth. The topics are not those of a pure and abstract science; they are related above all to the vital and immediate interests of the nations we represent, whether one takes them singly or as a whole. We have been invited to bring the experience we have had in our respective call- REPORT OF the; secretary GENERAL, 83 ings to be fused in the common patrimony of America; and at the same time that we go over this inventory of our program we shall be preparing the work of the future, effacing the obstacles that geographic and psycho- logic distances may place in the way of a more intimate collaboration of the peoples and men of our continent. Pan Americanism is to be — if we wish it — something above the com- munity of races which seek to merge in history, either by diplomatic agreements or by the fortunes of war. Pan Americanism will be this, because it means more than ethnic relationship; it means a conscious solidarity inspired in mutual trust and developed through fairness. President Wilson, in his message of December 7, has spoken historic words, which will explain to the world the meaning of this factor that gathers new energy during the tragic hours through which humanity is now passing. America assumes a lofty mission of humanitarianism and civilization, and its efforts will be the more fruitful now and in the future as we bend all our energies to the destruction of that which keeps us apart and to the fostering of that which binds us together. These are the ideals which Paraguay represents in the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. PERU: ISAAC ALZAMORA, OF THE PERUVIAN DELEGATION. Your Excellencies, Chairman of the Congress, Vice President, and Secretary of State, Ladies and Gentlemen: The delegation of Peru to this congress of scientists is deeply grateful for the welcome of their excellencies the President of the United States, the Vice President, and the Secretary of State, and feels honored in pre- senting to the Government and to the scientific institutions of this great country, here so well represented, the sincere wishes of the scientific insti- tutions of Peru for the accomplishment of the noble purposes which have been held in view in organizing this Second Pan American Scientific Congress. Although the scientific institutions of Peru are far from having reached a stage of development and vigor such as has been attained by those of this Republic, they experience no other sentiment in reference to the latter than that of deep interest and admiration for their progress, and they subscribe to the present gathering in so far as their limited resources permit with sincere enthusiasm and persistent faith. Congresses such as this can create a special American science capable of judging and of resolving theoretically, with the austere criterion of learn- ing, the situations and problems which arise in the various nations of the continent. In this manner they would be a powerful factor not only 84 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. for the reciprocal knowledge of all our Republics, which is the only sure base of firm relations and of harmonious progress, but for the development of each one of them, and they would avoid internal controversies of a less disinterested character and results which are often disastrous. In other words, the purely scientific disquisitions of these great American assem- blies can not only enlighten each one of the concurrent nations in solving their own problems, but can suppress the element of passion which gen- erally accompanies that process, thus constituting the most admirable concert in the march of all the countries of America, by the most peaceful paths, toward the highest spheres of progress that have ever been reached by any continent of the earth. SALVADOR: HIS EXCELLENCY RAFAEL ZALDIVAR, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. President of the Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: At this very moment in the history of the civilized peoples of the world the meeting of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress is indeed a most fortunate event, as it represents the loftiest, most generous, and practical ideals in all branches of progress, either scientific, economic, or political, for the manifest benefit of the most sacred, moral and material interests of the free nations of the New World. At no other time, perhaps, could such a noble and great ejffort of sound patriotism and of the learned minds of the three Americas be more welcome. It is an effort to create legitimate bonds based on right and equitable principles that are in accord with the loftiest conception of the science and the philosophy of law in order that there may be attained stable peace, a higher degree of culture, and the possible aggrandizement that the American Republics strive for, a peace, culture, and aggrandize- ment based on their unimpaired independence in the exercise of full sovereignty honestly guaranteed and respected both in the realm of international public law and in the normal life of active and effective political relations maintained by their respective governments. The Government of the Republic of Salvador enthusiastically supports the genuine and beneficent Pan American ideals, because they must con- stitute in reality a powerful force for the defense of the life — a dignified and wholly unimpaired life — of all the nations of the American continents without regard to their elements and resources of material power; and as a token of what I have stated Salvador comes, represented by its delegation, to this brilliant gathering of the loyally pacifist and progres- sive minds of America with the earnest hope that its intelligent and well' REPORT 01? THU SECRETARY GENERAI^. 85 directed work may attain that splendid and flattering success so desired by all, and especially by the small American democracies. On this great occasion the delegation of the Republic of Salvador takes pleasure in reciprocating, with a sentiment of deep gratitude and sincere respect, the kind welcome and delicate marks of fraternity with which it has been honored by the distinguished Government of the North American Nation and the worthy executive committee which has organ- ized this important congress. URUGUAY: HIS EXCELLENCY CARLOS MARIA DE PENA, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTEN- TIARY. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: When reviewing the brilliant success of the Pan American Financial Conference, it occurred to me that the political skeptic who said "If you want to do nothing, hold a congress," was wrong. Fortunately, at the present time and in the country par excellence of congresses, we rid ourselves of that pessimism, and we shall continue onward with faith in our purposes. What are the things, great or small, .that have not been accomplished in congresses in this country of marvelous energies and of triumphant democracy ? This congress is of general scientific character for the exchange of ideas, of views, of reports, of methods, and of investigation. It is a congress seeking solutions of great interest to both hemispheres. It is a congress of the Americas; and for that reason we must exert ourselves in order that the results we long for may be attained, and that this congress may be worthy of the scientific and moral standards of our continent. How we have failed to- know one another, gentlemen ! How much we have still to do in order to appreciate one another! This is a gathering of men who have come from all points of our continent, bringing with them the light which shines in the midst of all our countries, countries that long for a common understanding and that are called upon for active cooperation in the vast field of investiga- tion and science in its various branches; countries that rise up high to see one another better and greet one another as friends and collaborators across the distance we are constantly reducing; countries desirous of strengthening the moral and intellectual ties, breathing as they do the same atmosphere of political institutions; countries that desire to think together and act together "upon the footing of genuine equality and 86 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. unquestioned independency," marching onward animated by common ideals and determined to maintain their own position and personality, opening up a road of influence as a new factor in the destinies of the world. I note, gentlemen, that I am almost repeating the eloquent words of His Excellency, President Wilson, contained in his noteworthy message on Pan Americanism. And permit me to say that I do not employ other words because there are none more expressive. This repetition is not out of place here, because this is a Pan American congress in which all of us are called on to work, treading the furrow of Pan Americanism in which President Wilson has sown such precious seed to bear fruit at all times. Let me say that it is a great consolation, a great joy for all the nations of our hemisphere, to be able to devote a few quiet moments in order to throw light upon a part of human culture in this continent, at a time of great disturbance and sorrow when the social and intellectual life of the Old World appears suspended as a result of the tremendous struggle among nations that blazed the way for us along the paths of civilization and cleared the road toward literary and material progress and comfort and artistic refinement. From this coimtry — the great and happy home of so many dijBFerent human races — will be heard, through the Second Pan American Scien- tific Congress, the voice of pacific America proclaiming the prepetuity of moral and intellectual ties, of cordial relations, of the beneficial coopera- tion of the Republics of our continent — ^free from the gravest social, political, and economic prejudices which have disturbed and under- mined the very foundation of the life of Europe. From this congress, from those which preceded it, and from those still that are now being held in this beautiful city of Washington, and from others in the near future, will spring valuable and decisive elements in tbe renewal of the rights of nations; will spring the outlines of a new and political regime — the new social and international gospel upon which the structure of the civilization of the world is to be restored and recon- structed. Gentlemen, let this congress and all others be welcomed, as they pro- mote in the highest degree a profitable exchange of ideas and explora- tions in the mysterious sources of life, of human values, of the progress and achievements of studious, scientific, and professional men in the different branches of learning. Let them be welcomed because they are a review of the enormous material from observation and science ac- cumulated, little by little, in every country in America; because they REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 87 represent one of the most valuable efforts to increase and harmonize the common patrimony of mankind. I^et these congresses be welcomed, because they lay out the direction of scientific courses and accelerate progress in the most fruitful field of the practical application of science in our hemisphere. With these ideas and sentiments the Government of Uruguay, desirous of cooperating with that of the United States and with the others of America in the success of this Congress, has stimulated the activity of men of learning and science in my country, and has also sent delegates to this congress. With those same ideas and sentiments our delegates, and I also, join in your work, confident that we are taking part in one of the epoch- making congresses in the annals of America. VENEZUELA: HIS EXCELLENCY SANTOS A. DOMfNICI, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTEN- TIARY. Ladies and Gentlemen: Venezuela has accepted with genuine pleasure the invitation of the Government of the United States to attend this gathering of the men of the Americas who are devoted to science. Fol- lowing the Pan American Financial Conference, the meeting of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress in this beautiful Capital is a happy coincidence in which the governments and peoples of I^atin America have a cause for mutual congratulation as an auspicious omen favorable to the lofty purpose which brings them here. And this purpose is no other than to make of these meetings the fount and head of the current of cordiality, mutual appreciation and community of interests which will some day make the union of the Republics of this hemisphere, the dream of our several liberators, a wonderful reality. The congress that meets to-day for the first time is a happy sequence to the financial conference, because they both represent the two main currents which must be fed to make such union effective, that is, on the one hand the current of the mind which runs through the golden threads of thought and art, and on the other that of material needs which flows through the channels of trade and industry. Both these currents have always run simultaneously and inseparably, on parallel lines, the one above the other. Furthermore, in meeting here to-day, before the altar of Minerva, in these sad days when the nations that have always been the masters of philosophy have forsaken the temples of that goddess to engage in a struggle, the cause of which philosophy itself considers to be abhorrent, 88 REPORT OF Tim SECRETARY GENERAL. but as to the outcome of which even tlie combatants themselves are in the dark — a struggle before which, against our deepest sentiments, we must remain as mournful spectators — ^in meeting here to-day, I say, I feel that we are discharging a great duty to civilization. Far from me the idea of insinuating that our position is one of protest against the war, because it is not so, neither in thought nor in fact. But^I must say that between the rage that moves the struggling nations of Europe and the thought that prompted the meeting of the Republics of America here, this day, there is a glowing contrast, and therefore a valuable lesson by which we are to profit first of all ourselves. In the history of America we have reached a period when international niceties and conventionalisms are not enough. There is no mistaking the manifestations of the desire of their several peoples to see the rings of such conventionalities broken asunder in order to enter into an unin- cumbered and friendly intercourse among themselves. Let us know each other better and more intimately; let us put into that mutual knowledge the greatest sincerity, let us carefully measure our aspirations and desires, let us be prudent in examining the causes which at first sight we have not been able to understand, and we will soon see in ever increas- ing gradation, mutual tolerance, mutual appreciation, friendship, and even warm affection among the several countries in this hemisphere. That this process is to be a long one no one can doubt, as there are many difficulties in its way, not only of a geographical character, but of an ethnical nature as well. But one after the other will give way to earnest and loyal intent; each coming generation will purify, from the troubled waters of humanity, its own dregs, until the day will come when through the fusion of ideas and good will the waters made clear will run in a flood of equality and fraternity of the peoples of America. The Venezuelan delegation has come to this gathering fully convinced that while collaborating in the advancement of science it will contribute to the moral progress as well as to the material rapprochement of the American Republics, and at the same time to the uplift of human con- science. And in taking a place among the distinguished delegates of the Americas we have the honor to present our respects to the Chief Execu- tive of the United States in the honored person of the Vice President, to the honorable the Secretary of State, to the worthy president of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, to whom we are indebted for their gracious words of welcome, and to the distinguished colleagues with whom we are to share for a few days the work which has such an auspicious beginning. REPORT O? THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 89 Thereupon the president of the Congress adjourned the Inaugural Plenary Session of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress in the following words: • , "The inauguration of the congress has been successfully accom- plished. In congratulating the members of the congress for this happy beginning, I have the honor to announce that we are ad- journed in general session. We will now start the work of the different sections." EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE CONGRESS. Pursuant to a practice that is now an established precedent of these scientific congresses, the labors of the executive committee of organiza- tion were transferred shortly after the formal opening of the congress to the executive committee of the congress, the members of which were duly and officially appointed. This committee served during the sessions of the congress with the assistance of the older committee, to which on ad- journment it resigned its functions. The members of the executive committee of the congress, with the addition of His Excellency Sr. Eduardo Suarez Mujica, president of the congress; John Barrett, secre- tary general; James Brown Scott, reporter general; Glen Levin Swig- gett, assistant secretary general; and Henry Ralph Ringe, recording secretary, were — Argentina, Ernesto Quesada. Bolivia, Alberto Gutie;rrez. Brazil, Domicio da Gama. Chile, Julio Philippi. Colombia, Carlos Cuervo MArquez. Costa Rica, Eduardo J. Pinto. Cuba, Carlos Manuel de C^spedes. Dominican Republic, Carlos Armando Perdomo. Ecuador, Victor Manuel Penaherrera. Guatemala, Joaquin Mi^ndez. Haiti, Charles Mathon. Honduras, Carlos Alberto Ucle;s. Mexico, Manuel Gamio. Nicaragua, Damaso Rivas. Panama, Eusebio Morales. Paraguay, Eusebio Ayala. Peru, Alejandro Deustua. Salvador, Rafael Zaldivar, 90 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. United States of America, George Gray. Uruguay, Carlos Maria de Pena. Venezuela, Jos6 h. Andara. At the first meeting of this committee, presided over by the president of the congress, the following resolutions, introduced by Judge George Gray, were unanimously adopted: Resolved, That the technical papers and speeches submitted to the sections be reported by the chainnan of the section to the executive committee of the congress as part of the proceedings of the congress and recorded as such. Resolved, That all resolutions and motions which are intended to embody the sense of the congress as a whole shall be referred to the executive committee of the congress, who shall consider them by subcommittee or otherwise and shall report the same with or with- out recommendation to the congress in general session assembled. OFFICERS OF THE CONGRESS. The oflEicers of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress were as follows : Honorary President. Hon. WooDROW Wilson, President of the United States. President. His Excellency Senor Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica, Ambassador of Chile. Vice Presidents. Hon. Robert Lansing, Secretary of State of the United States. His Excellency Senhor Domicio da Gama, Ambassador of Brazil. His Excellency Senor Don Ignacio Calderon, Minister of Bolivia. His Excellency Senor Dr. Carlos M. de Pena, Minister of Uruguay. His Excellency Senor Don JoaquIn M6ndez, Minister of Guatemala. His Excellency Senor Don Federico Alfonso Pezet, Minister of Peru. His Excellency Senor Don Julio Betancourt, Minister of Colombia. His Excellency Senor Don Hector Velazquez, Minister of Paraguay. His Excellency Senor Dr. EusEbio A. Morales, Minister of Panama. His Excellency Seiior Don Emiliano Chamorro, Minister of Nicaragua. His Excellency Senor Dr. Gonzalo S. Cordova, Minister of Ecuador, REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAI*. 9 1 His Excellency M. Solon Mi^nos, Minister of Haiti. His Excellency Senor Dr. Carlos Manuel de Ce;spEdes, Minister of Cuba. His Excellency Seiior Dr. Santos A. DomInici, Minister of Venezuela. His Excellency Seiior Dr. Rafael ZaldIvar, Minister of Salvador. His Excellency Senor Don Manuel Castro Quesada, Minister of Costa Rica. His Excellency Dr. Armando Pe;rEz Perdomo, Minister of the Domini- can Republic. Seiior Don R. Camilo Diaz, Charge d'Afifaires of Honduras. Senor Don Federico M. Quintana, Charge d'Affaires of Argentina. And the following chairmen of delegations who were not chiefs of missions : Seiior Dr. Ernesto Quesada, chairman of the delegation of Argentina. Seiior Dr. Roberto AncIzar, chairman of the delegation of Colombia. Seiior Dr. Eduardo J. Pinto, chairman of the delegation of Costa Rica. Seiior Dr. CharlES Mathon, chairman of the delegation of Haiti. Seiior Dr. Carlos Alberto Ucli^s, chairman of the delegation of Hon- duras. Seiior Dr. Damaso Rivas, chairman of the delegation of Nicaragua. Seiior Dr. Isaac Alzamora, chairman of the delegation of Peru. SECOND PLENARY SESSION. PRESIDENT'S NIGHT. THURSDAY, JANUARY 6, 9 P. M. Before one of the most brilliant and representative international gath- erings ever assembled in the history of the United States the President honored the Second Pan American Scientific Congress with an address that marked a distinct advance in Pan Americanism and was a beautiful tribute to the laudable purposes of all Pan American effort. The Memo- rial Continental Hall was decorated elaborately for the occasion. The President, His Excellency the Chilean Ambassador and president of the congress, the diplomatic representatives of the Latin-American countries and chairmen of the official delegations, the chairman ex officio of the executive committee of organization, and the secretary general were seated upon the stage. The four boxes flanking the stage were occupied by the families of the President of the United States and the president of the congress, the wives of the honorable Secretary of State and of His Excellency the Brazilian Ambassador, and a group of representative women of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Immediately back of the stage was a large rosette made with the flags of the twenty-one partici- pating Republics. United States marines stood at attention near by, holding the colors of the United States and the special flag of the Pres- ident. The center of the auditorium was occupied by the Latin American delegates, the official delegation of the United States, and their families. In the south section the members of the Supreme Court and of the Cabi- net, Senators, and Members of Congress were seated. The diplomatic corps occupied the north section and the galleries were occupied by the remaining members of the congress from the United States. The entire audience arose as the President entered the hall. He was received on arrival by the chairman of the executive committee of organ- ization and the secretary general. As he came upon the stage the Marine Band orchestra played the Star Spangled Banner. The president of the congress greeted the President with outstretched hand and introduced him in the following words : 93 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAt. 93 Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen: The Congress has been assembled in this solemn general session to-night, outside of its regular program, so that we could have the honor of hearing the ever-enlightening and eloquent word of the eminent Executive of this great Republic; and certainly his words to us on this occasion will impart a new stimulus to our efforts for the successful crowning of the work in which we are engaged. It is neither discreet nor, perhaps, in good taste for me to dwell — not even by way of introducing a personage who does not have to be intro- duced— upon the qualities that reveal the intellectual and political figure in whose honor we are congregated; but, at least, I may be allowed to remind you that there is a special tie of union between this excelling indi- vidual and the intellectual collectivity constituting this scientific con- gress. That tie, perhaps more binding than that emanating from his present supreme position in the government of his country, is the aggre- gate of wonderful pages of political science and sound philosophy written by this illustrious thinker; it is the reminder of a great work in the forma- tion and successful management of one of the most influential intellec- tual centers in the United States; it is, in fine, a common purpose with the men of this congress in love of study and of scientific research. Side by side with the thinker stands the statesman who has radically changed the nature of the relations among the peoples in this continent, and has built an American international policy of mutual esteem and cooperation at these very moments praised and applauded by the whole continent. It is not the first time that, from the august chair to which he has been elevated by the love and respect of his fellow citizens, the President of the United States — ^now in our midst — appeals to the sentiments of the American countries in behalf of the welfare and progress of our Americas. The strengthening of constitutional government throughout all nations in the continent, the vigor and purity of our democracies, and the mutual cooperation for defense of our national rights and privileges have been the salient features of his continental policy. And when the moment came of showing with deeds the absolute sincerity of his frater- nal purposes, as was the case in the unfortunate circumstances which gave rise to the mediation of Niagara Falls, he has without any hesita- tion whatever placed his authority and his influence on the side of peace and love among the sister nations. It has not been possible for me to refrain from making these brief and broad remarks in introducing the great speaker, of whose modesty I crave forgiveness; and, as I do not want to deprive you any longer of the 94 REPORT OP THB SECRETARY GENERAL. pleasure of hearing him, I shall now take the honor to call upon His Excellency the President of the United States. (His Excellency the Ambassador of Brazil, Senhor Da Gama, dehvered in Spanish the text of the foregoing address of the president of the congress.) THE ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Mr. Ambassador, Ladies and Gentlemen: It was a matter of sincere regret with me that I was not in the city to extend the greetings of the Government to this distinguished body, and I am very happy that I have returned in time at least to extend to it my felicitations upon the unusual interest and success of its proceed- ings. I wish that it might have been my good fortune to be present at the sessions and instructed by the papers that were read. I have some- what become inured to scientific papers in the course of a long experience, but I have never ceased to be instructed and to enjoy them. The sessions of this congress have been looked forward to with the greatest interest throughout this country, because there is no more certain evidence of intellectual life than the desire of men of all nations to share their thoughts with one another. I have been told so much about the proceedings of this congress that I feel that I can congratulate you upon the increasing sense of comradeship and intimate intercourse which has marked its sessions from day to day; and it is a very happy circumstance in our view that this, perhaps the most vital and successful of the meetings of this congress, should have occurred in the Capital of our own country, because we should wish to regard this as the universal place where ideas worth while are exchanged and shared. The drawing together of the Americas, ladies and gentle- men, has long been dreamed of and desired. It is a matter of peculiar gratification, therefore, to see this great thing happen; to see the Americas drawing together, and not drawing together upon anv insubstantial foundation of mere sentiment. After all, even friendship must be based upon a perception of common sympathies, of common interests, of common ideals, and of common purposes. Men can not be friends unless they intend the same things, and the Americas have more and more realized that in all essential particulars they intend the same thing with regard to their thought and their life and their activities. To be privileged, therefore, to see this drawing together in friendship and communion based upon these solid foundations affords everyone who looks on with open eyes peculiar REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAIv. 95 satisfaction and joy; and it has seemed to me that the language of science, the language of impersonal thought, the language of those who think, not along the lines of individual interest but along what are intended to be the direct and searching lines of truth itself, was a very fortunate language in which to express this community of interest and of sympathy. Science affords an international language just as commerce also affords a universal language, because in each instance there is a universal purpose, a universal general plan of action, and it is a pleasing thought to those who have had something to do with scholarship that scholars have had a great deal to do with sowing the seeds of friend- ship between nation and nation. Truth recognizes no national bound- aries; truth penjiits no racial prejudices; and when men come to know each other and to recognize equal intellectual strength and equal intel- lectual sincerity and a common intellectual purpose some of the best foundations of friendship are already laid. But, ladies and gentlemen, our thought can not pause at the artificial boundaries of the fields of science and of commerce. All boundaries that divide life into sections and interests are artificial, because life is all of a piece. You can not treat part of it without by implication and indirection treating all of it, and the field of science is not to be distin- guished from the field of life any more than the field of commerce is to be distinguished from the general field of life. No one who reflects upon the progress of science or the spread of the arts of peace or the extension and perfection of any of the practical arts of life can fail to see that there is only one atmosphere that these things can breathe, and that is an atmosphere of mutual confidence and of peace and of ordered political life among the nations. Amidst war and revolution even the voice of science must for the most part be silent, and revolu- tion tears up the very roots of everything that makes life go steadily forward and the light grow from generation to generation. For noth- ing stirs passion like political disturbance, and passion is the enemy of truth. These things were realized with peculiar vividness and said with unusual eloquence in a recent conference held in this city for the purpose of considering the financial relations between the two continents of America, because it was perceived that financiers can do nothing without the cooperation of Governments, and that if merchants would deal with one another, laws must agree with one another — that you can not make laws vary without making them contradict, and that amidst contra- dictory laws the easy flow of commercial intercourse is impossible, and that therefore a financial congress naturally led to all the inferences 48192—17 7 96 RBPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. . of politics. For politics I conceive to be nothing more than the science of the ordered progress of society along the lines of greatest usefulness and convenience to itself. I have never in my own mind admitted the distinction between the other departments of life and politics. Some people devote themselves so exclusively to politics that they forget there is any other part of life, and so soon as they do they become that thing which is described as a "mere politician." Statesmanship begins where these connections so unhappily lost are reestabUshed. The statesman stands in the midst of life to interpret life in political action. The conference to which I have referred marked the consciousness of the two Americas that economically they are very dependent upon one another; that they have a great deal that it is very desirable they should exchange and share with one another; that they have kept unnaturally and unfortunately separated and apart when they had a manifest and obvious community of interest; and the object of that conference was to ascertain the practical means by which the commercial and practical intercourse of the two continents could be quickened and facilitated. And where events move, statesmen, if they be not indifferent or be not asleep, must think and act. For my own part I congratulate myself upon living in a time when these things, always susceptible of intellectual demonstration, have begun to be very widely and universally appreciated and when the statesmen of the two American Continents have more and more come into candid, trustful, mutual conference, comparing views as to the practical and friendly way of helping one another and of setting forward every hand- some enterprise on this side of the Atlantic. But these gentlemen have not conferred without realizing that back of all the material community of interest of which I have spoken there Ues and must he a community of political interest. I have been told a very interesting fact — I hope it is true — that while this congress has been discussing science it has been in spite of itself led into the feeling that behind the science there was some inference mth regard to pohtics, and that if the Americas were to be united in thought they must in some degree sympathetically be united in action. But these statesmen who have been conferring from month to month in Washington have come to realize that back of the community of material interest there is a community of pohtical interest. I hope I can make clear to you in what sense I use these words. I do not mean a mere partnership in the things that are expedient. I mean what I was trying to indicate a few moments ago, that you can not separate poHtics from these things, that you can not have real intercourse RBPORT OF THB SECRETARY GENERAIv. 97 of any kind amidst political jealousies, which is only another way of saying that you can not commune unless you are friends, and that friendship is based upon your political relations with each other perhaps more than upon any other kind of relationship between nations. If nations are politically suspicious of one another, all their intercourse is embarrassed. That is the reason, I take it, if it be true, as I hope it is, that your thoughts even during this congress, though the questions you are called upon to consider are apparently so foreign to politics, have again and again been drawn back to the political inferences. The object of American statesmanship on the two continents is to see to it that American friendship is founded on a rock. The Monroe doctrine was proclaimed by the United States on her own authority. It always has been maintained, and always will be main- tained, upon her own responsibility. But the Monroe doctrine demanded merely that European Governments should not attempt to extend their political systems to this side of the Atlantic. It did not disclose the use which the United States intended to make of her power on this side of the Atlantic. It was a hand held up in warning, but there was no promise in it of what America- was going to do with the implied and partial protectorate which she apparently was trying to set up on this side of the water; and I believe you will sustain me in the statement that it has been fears and suspicions on this score which have hitherto pre- vented the greater intimacy and confidence and trust between the Americas. The States of America have not been certain what the United States would do with her power. That doubt must be removed. And latterly there has been a very frank interchange of views between the authorities in Washington and those who represented the other States of this hemisphere, an interchange of views charming and hopeful, because based upon an increasingly sure appreciation of the spirit in which they were undertaken. These gentlemen have seen that if America is to come into her own, into her legitimate own, in a world of peace and order, she must establish the foundations of amity so that no one will hereafter doubt them. I hope and I believe that this can be accomplished. These conferences have enabled me to foresee how it will be accomplished. It will be accomplished in the first place by the States of America uniting in guar- anteeing to each other absolutely political independence and territorial integrity. In the second place, and as a necessary corroUary to that, guaranteeing the agreement to settle all pending boundary disputes as soon as possible and by amicable process; by agreeing that all disputes 98 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. among themselves, should they unhappily arise, will be handled by patient, impartial investigation, and settled by arbitration; and the agreement necessary to the peace of the Americas, that no State of either continent will permit revolutionary expeditions against another State to be fitted out on its territory, and that they will prohibit the exportation of the munitions of war for the purpose of supplying revolutionists against neighboring Governments. You see what our thought is, gentlemen, not only the international peace of America, but the domestic peace of America. If American States are constantly in ferment, if any of them are constantly in ferment, there will be a standing threat to their relations with one another. It is just as much to our interest to assist eaCh other to the orderly processes within our own borders as it is to orderly processes in our controversies with one another. These are very practical suggestions which have sprung up in the minds of thoughtful men, and I, for my part, beHeve that they are going to lead the way to something that America has prayed for for many a generation. For they are based, in the first place, so far as the stronger States are concerned, upon the handsome principle of self-restraint and respect for the rights of everybody. They are based upon the principles of absolute political equality among the States, equality of right, not equality of indulgence. They are based, in short, upon the solid eternal foundations of justice and humanity. No man can turn away from these things without turning away from the hope of the world. These are things, ladies and gentlemen, for which the world has hoped and waited with prayerful heart. God grant that it may be granted to America to lift this light on high for the illumination of the world. TfflRD PLENARY SESSION. CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL. SATURDAY, JANUARY 8, 1916—11 A. M, The president of the congress, his excellency the Chilean ambassador, presided at this solemn closing session. Upon the platform were the chairmen of the various delegations and the chiefs of Latin American embassies and legations, together with the chairman of the executive committee on the part of the United States, William Phillips, Third Assistant Secretary of State; the vice chairman, Dr. James Brown Scott, secretary of the Carnegie Endowment for Inter- national Peace; and the secretary general, John Barrett, Director Gen- eral of the Pan American Union. The minister of foreign affairs of Costa Rica on special mission, Dr. Julio Acosta, also occupied a seat on the stage at the left of the presiding officer. The president was assisted in interpreting speeches and papers by Dr. Luis A. Baralt, of the Cuban delegation. The president of the congress opened the session with the following words : The first thing this morning, ladies and gentlemen, will be the report of the executive committee of the congress by the chairman of the sub- committee. Dr. James Brown Scott, of the United States, followed by the reading of the Spanish translation thereof by Sr. Dr. Ernesto Quesada, chairman of the subcommittee on resolutions and chairman of the official delegation of Argentina. Mr. Scott said: Mr. President, Members of the Second Pan American Scientific Con- gress, Ladies and Gentlemen: On behalf of the executive committee I have the honor to read the Final Act prepared by a subcommittee of this congress, and lay it before the official delegates of the Latin American countries for their approval. The method of preparing the Final Act was to have all of the resolu- tions presented to the various sections and subsections referred to the executive committee, consisting of one member from each official delega- 99 lOO REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. tion to the congress; to have every proposition which had not been pre- sented to a section or subsection referred to the executive committee, and, by a subcommittee thereof, approved and referred to the full com- mittee for its approval. The text of the document which I have the honor of laying before you was prepared by the subcommittee on the Final Act approved by the executive committee of the congress, and by its direction laid before you: RESOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress considered and discussed the subjects set forth in its program in the light of an intellectual Pan Americanism in a series of meetings from December 27, 1915, to January 8, 191 6, and adopted the resolutions and recommenda- tions enumerated and embodied in this Final Act of its labors. Article i. ^ The Second Pan American Scientific Congress considers that — It is highly desirable that the American Republics -arrange for the appointment of delegates for joint action in the matter of archaeological exploration, in order to formulate and to propose generally acceptable and substantially uniform laws relating to the survey, exploration, and study of archaeo- logical remains to be foimd in the Republics, and to secure the enactment of laws which will effectively safeguard these remains from wanton destruction or exploitation and which will serve to aid and to stimulate properly organized and accredited research in archaeology. Article 2. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress requests — The Government of the United States to bring to the attention of the Governments of the American Republics participating in the Congress and, through their respective Governments, to the institutions and the public thereof, the importance of pro- moting research in the field of archaeology, organized sur- veys for the study of primitive tribes, and the building of national educational museums for the preservation of the data and materials collected. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENER/ily lOI ArTICIvE 3. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that the American Republics undertake as soon as practicable — (a) Accurate geodetic measurements which may serve to determine limits, national and international, and to contribute to the discovery of the true shape of our planet ; (b) Magnetic measurements of their respective areas, and the estab- lishment of several permanent magnetic observatories in which it may be possible to carry on during long periods of time observations concerning the secular variation of the magnetic elements of the earth; (c) To extend their gravimetric measures, obtained by means of the pendulum, to those regions where such measurements have not been undertaken, in order to obtain more informa- tion to determine the true shape of the surface and the dis- tribution of the terrestrial mass. Article 4. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — The Nations of the American Continent establish, by means of their offices of geodesy or by committees appointed for that pur- pose, an international triangulation; The Governments of the American Nations reach an agreement for the purpose of creating an office or congress of cartography and geography. Article 5. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — Proper steps and measures be taken to bring about in the American Republics a general use of the metric system of weights and measures, in the press, magazines, newspapers, and periodicals, in educational and scientific work, in the industries, in com- merce, in transportation, and in all the activities of the differ- ent Governments. Article 6. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress — Confirms the resolution recommended to the American Republics by the First Pan American Scientific Congress regarding the installation of meteorological organizations to serve as a basis for the establishment of a Pan American meteorological serv- ice, and expresses the desire that the Republics not yet pos- sessing organized meteorological services establish such as soon as may be practicable. i02 kcport op the secretary general. Article 7. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — There be appointed an international Pan American committee to study and report upon the question of establishing such a uniform railway gauge as will best serve the countries' inter- est, their international communication, and the communica- tion between all the countries of America. Article 8. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends — The appointment of an American committee on radio communica- tion to assist in the development of the science and art of radio communication, to the end that it may serve to convey intelligence over long distances and between ships at sea more quickly and accurately, and to bring into closer contact all of the American Republics. Article 9. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — A cooperative study of forest conditions and of forest utilization be undertaken by governmental agencies of the American Repub- lics and that data thereon be published. Article 10. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — Each of the American Republics appoint a commission to investi- gate and study in their respective countries the existing laws and regulations affecting — (a) The administrative practice of regulating the use of water; (6) The adjudication of rights pertaining to the use of surface and underground water for irrigation pur- poses; (c) The distribution, application, and use of water upon arid and irrigable lands; (d) Methods of conservation of surface and underground waters for irrigation or industrial purposes; And to suggest laws or regulations in the interest of general industry, navigation, and commerce. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. IO3 ARTICI.E II. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress suggests that — The question of the reclamation of arid lands is one that should receive immediate and careful consideration of the Govern- ments of the American Republics, to the end that there may be increased areas of productive lands to meet the needs of their increasing populations. Article 12. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — (a) Each country should maintain a well-organized and competent live-stock sanitary service comprising executive officers, field inspectors, and a laboratory force; (b) Each country should enforce live-stock sanitary laws and regu- lations with the view of preventing the exportation, importa- »^ tion, and spread within the country of any infectious, conta- gious, or communicable animal disease by means of animals, animal products, ships, cars, forage, etc. ; (c) Each country should maintain a thorough live-stock sanitary survey to determine what communicable diseases of animals are present and the localities where they exist. This infor- mation should be furnished regularly to each of the other countries at stated periods as a matter of routine; (d) Each country should refrain from exporting animals, animal products, forage, and similar materials which are capable of conveying infectious, contagious, or communicable animal diseases to the receiving country; (e) Each country should enforce measures to prohibit the importa- tion of animals, animal products, forage, and other materials which may convey diseases from countries where dangerous communicable diseases, such as rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, and contagious pleuropneumonia exist, and which have no competent live-stock sanitary service. Animals, ani- mal products, forage, and similar materials from countries maintaining a competent live-stock sanitary service may be admitted under proper restrictions, regulations, and inspec- tion, imposed by the importing country; (/) Each country, through its live-stock sanitary service, should endeavor to control, and, if possible, eradicate the communi- cable animal diseases existing therein. There should be an exchange of information as to the methods followed which have proved most successful in combating animal diseases; I04 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. (g) Members of the live-stock sanitary service of the American Re- publics should meet at regular intervals to consult and inform each other regarding the measures taken for furthering coop- eration in protecting the live-stock industry of the American countries. Article 13. The Second Pan American Scienrific Congress suggests that — An American Plant Protection Congress be convened as soon as prac- ticable, composed of one or more technical experts from each . of the American Republics, in order — (i) To discuss suitable legislation; (2) To provide the means of establishing competent scientific bureaus; (3) To recommend such cooperative research work and control of plant introduction as may be ^visable; and (4) To make all reasonable effort to secure appropriate action by the American Republics. Article 14. . The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends — The distribution of information regarding the agricultural produc- tion of the American Republics and of the publications relating thereto. Article 15. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress believes it to be important that— • The achievements and influence of the founders of the independence of the American Republics be made known to the peoples thereof, and that the important details of the lives of the liberators and statesmen of the continent be included in courses of study in schools of the American Republics. Article 16. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — There be established in the universities of the United States chairs of the history, development, and ideals of the Latin American peoples, and in the universities of Latin America chairs of the history, development, and ideals of the people of the United States. report of the secretary general. io5 Article 17. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress urgently recommends that — Spanish be taught more generally in the schools, colleges, and uni- versities of the United States and that English be taught more generally in the educational institutions of the Latin American Republics, and that both languages be taught from the point of view of American life, literature, history, and social insti- tutions. Article 18. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — The study of sociology in American universities where it is not at present taught be inaugurated. Article 19. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress petitions — The Governments of the American Republics to further the inter change of educators of all grades, and of students of university, normal, and technical training, and to encourage both to make visits of instruction to other American countries. Article 20. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress suggests that — The presidents of the leading architectural societies of this hemisphere shall be requested to communicate with one another for the purpose. of forming a Pan American federation of architec- tural societies. Such federation should hold conferences in different countries at stated periods. Article 21. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — There be published a series of volumes entitled the "Pan American Library," with the object of popularizing, in the several lan- guages spoken on the continent, the best scientific, literary, and artistic works of American authors. i06 report op the secretary general. Article 22. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, confirming the resolution adopted at the First Pan American Scientific Congress of 1908-9, recommends the organization in connection with the Pan American Union of a department of education, which shall — (a) Be entrusted with the publication, in Spanish, Portuguese, French, and English, of such works on education as are of importance to the American countries; (6) Keep' the dififerent Republics in touch with educational progress ; (c) Promote in each country the scientific study of educational problems from both national and American standpoints; (d) Facilitate the interchange of ideas and information among the teachers of the continent, and in general serve the educational interests of the Americas. Article 23. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends, in order to increase the study of international law, to popularize its just principles, and to secure its observance and application in the mutual relations of the Americas, that steps be taken to im- prove and to enlarge library and reference facilities — (a) By preparing and publishing a bibliography of international law and related subjects, furnishing the names of publishers and prices, so far as these are obtainable, with special reference to the needs of poorly endowed libraries; (6) By preparing and publishing a carefully prepared index or digest of the various heads and subheads of international law, with references to standard sources of authority under each head and subhead thereof; (c) By collecting with the aid, wherever possible, of ministries of for eign afifairs and publishing from official copies thus secured, in cheap and convenient form, all official documents, both foreign and domestic, bearing upon international law, includ- ing therein treaties, information relating to arbitration, an- nouncements of national policy, and diplomatic correspondence ; (rf) By issuing in the form of law reports judgments of national courts involving questions of international law, the sentences of arbitral tribunals, and the awards of mixed commissions. report of the secretary general. i07 Article 24. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress is of the firm conviction that, as the idea of direct government by the people grows, it becomes increasingly essential to the well-being of the world that the leaders of opinion in each community be familiar with the duties and obligations as well as with the rights of States, as recognized in international law, and that it has become a patriotic duty resting upon our educational insti- tutions to give as thorough and as extensive courses as possi- ble in international law and related subjects. The congress therefore recommends — I. That steps be taken to extend the study of the subject — (a) By increasing the number of schools and institutions in which international law and related subjects are taught; (b) By increasing the number of students in attendance upon the courses; and (c) By diffusing a knowledge of its principles in each American Republic. II. That a course in international law, where possible, should con- sist of systematic instruction during at least a full academic year, divided between international law and diplomacy; and III. That prominent experts in international law and diplomacy be invited from time to time to lecture upon these subjects in the institutions of learning of the American Republics. Article 25. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, in order to place instruc- tion in international law upon a more uniform and scientific basis, recommends that — (a) In the teaching of international law emphasis be laid upon the positive nature of the subject and the definiteness of the rules, for whether the teaching of international law be re- garded as of value as a disciplinary subject or from the stand- point of its importance in giving to the student a grasp of the rules that govern the relations of nations, it is equally important that he have impressed upon his mind the definite- ness and positive character of the rules of international law; that the teaching of international law be not made the occa- sion for a universal peace propaganda; that the interest of I08 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. the students in and their enthusiasm for the subject can best be aroused by impressing upon them the evolutionary charac- ter of the rules of international law, for through such a presen- tation of the subject the student will not fail to see that the development of positive rules of law governing the relations of States has contributed toward the maintenance of peace. (6) In order to emphasize the positive character of international law the widest possible use be made of cases and the concrete facts of international experience, for the i;iterest of students can best be aroused when they are convinced that they are dealing with such concrete facts, and that the marshaling of such facts in such a way as to develop or illustrate general principles lends dignity to the subject, which can not help but have a stimulating influence; that international law should be constantly illustrated from the sources recognized as ultimate authority, such as cases both of judicial and arbitral deter- mination; treaties, protocols, acts, and declarations of epoch- making congresses, such as Westphalia (1648), Vienna (18 15). Paris (1856), The Hague (1899 and 1907), and London (1909); diplomatic incidents ranking as precedents for action of an international character; and the great classics of inter- national law. (c) In the teaching of international law care be exercised to dis- tinguish the accepted rules of international law from questions of international policy. (d) In a general course on international law the experience of no one country be allowed to assume a consequence out of pro- portion to the strictly international principles it may illus- trate. Article 26. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, in order still further to advance the cause of international law and the development of international justice, recommends that — A major in international law in a university course, leading to the degree 6f doctor of philosophy, be followed if possible by residence at The Hague in attendance upon the Academy of International Law, installed in 19 14 in the Peace Palace in that city; and that, as no better means has been devised for affording a just appreciation of the diverse and conflicting national views concerning international law or for developing that "international mind" which is so essential in a teacher REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. IO9 of that subject, as many fellowships as possible should be established in the Academy at The Hague and put at the disposition of advanced students of international law in the different American Republics. Article 27. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress expresses the opinion that— The present development of higher education in the American Republics and the place which they have now assumed in the affairs of the society of nations justify and demand that the study of the science and historic applications of international law be treated on a plane of equality with other subjects in the curriculum of colleges and universities, and that pro- fessorships or departments devoted to its study be estab- lished where they do not exist in every institution of higher learning. Article 28. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, recognizing the growing importance of a knowledge of international law to all persons who intend to devote themselves to the administration of justice, and who, through their professional occupation, may contribute largely to the formation of public opinion and who may often be vested with the highest offices in the State and nation, earnestly requests all lavvf schools which now offer no instruction in international law to add to their curriculum a thorough course in that subject. Article 29. The Second Pan American. Scientific Congress regards it as highly desir- able, upon the initiative of institutions where instruction in international law is lacking, to take steps toward providing such instruction by visiting professors or lecturers, this in- struction to be given in courses, and not in single lectures, upon substantive principles, not upon popular questions of momentary interest, and in a scientific spirit, not in the interest of any propaganda. no report of the secretary general. Article 30. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends — The establishment and encouragement in institutions of specialized courses in preparation for the diplomatic and consular serv- ices. . Article 31. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress advises — That the study of international law be required in specialized courses in preparation for business. Article 32. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress urges — That in the study and teaching of international law in American institutions of learning special stress be laid upon problems affecting the American Republics and upon doctrines of American origin. Article 33. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress extends to the American Institute of International I^aw a cordial welcome into the circles of scientific organizations of Pan America, and records a sincere wish for its successful career and the achievement of the highest aims of its important labors. • Article 34. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends to all edu- cational establishments of America the special study of the constitutions, laws, and institutions of the Republics of this continent. Article 35- The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends to the various universities of the American Republics that a comparative study of judicial institutions be undertaken in order — (a) To create special interest therein in the several countries of the continent ; (6) To facilitate the knowledge and solution of problems of private international law in the American countries; and (c) To bring about as far as possible uniformity in jurisprudence and legislation. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERA!^. Ill ARTICI.E 36. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, in order to broaden the outlook and to bring into closer contact the members of the legal profession, urges that the bar association exchange among themselves — (a) Law books and publications affecting the legal profession and the practice of law; (6) New codes of law and rules of procedure as they are hereafter published. Article 37. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — (a) A compilation be made, according to a definite plan, of the min- ing laws of the American Republics, not only in their original ■ languages but also in Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Eng- lish translations, as the case may be, with a view to the reciprocal improvement of the laws of each of the American Republics; (6) The several American Governments appoint a committee to consider the uniformity of mining statistics and to make recommendations to their respective Governments in order to systematize, simplify, and standardize such statistics. Article 38. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress suggests that — It is desirable to establish institutions for the study of drugs and other economic plants at their place of origin. Article 39. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, recognizing that the edu- cation of the public in the elementary facts of malaria is of the utmost importance, requests that — The American Republics inaugurate a well-considered plan of ma- laria eradication, based upon the recognition of the principle that the disease is preventable to a much larger degree than has* thus far been achieved. 48192—17 8 112 report of the secretary general,. Article 40. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress urges that — The American Republics in which yellow fever prevails or is sus- pected of prevailing enact such laws for its eradication as will best accomplish that result; Inasmuch as yellow fever exists in some of the European colonies in America, they be invited to adopt measures for its elimina- tion. Article 41. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — Such of the American Republics as have not already done so should justify the international conventions concerning the white- slave trade. Article 42. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends that — There be established throughout the American Republics uniform methods in the presentation of statistics, in the classification of merchandise and in the manufacture thereof, in the stand- ard of weights, measurements, and tests, in nomenclature and specifications, in administrative customs regulations, and in the schedules of port charges; Provision be made for the collection and study of the data thus made available, through some organization which will assure a thorough and scientific comparative study of the questions involved. Article 43. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress deems it advisable that — The American Republics agree upon a uniform date for the taking of the census, and that uniform methods be adopted in the collection, arrangement, and presentation of commercial and demographic statistics. Article 44. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress is of the opinion that — It is highly desirable to make a scientific study of the systems of taxation existing in the different American Republics. report of the secretary general. ii3 ArticIvE 45. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress urges that — The American Governments, deriving important revenues from the consumption of alcohol, organize their systems of taxation in such manner that their economic interests be subordinated to the higher interests of a social and moral order, which tend to the suppression of alcoholism. Article 46. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress deems it desirable — That the monetary systems of the American Republics be subjected to careful scientific study, with a view to making the experi- ence of each available to all. Article 47. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress especially and earnestly recommends, in order to unite the various technical, medical, legal, and other scientific associations of the American Republics — The establishment of a Pan American Intellectual Union, to be divided into such groups and sections as may be deemed convenient or advisable, the details whereof are contained in the records of the congress and in the form of four propo- sitions devoted to the proposed Union, which may, in the opinion of the congress, be carried into effect either through the instrumentality of the Pan American Union or by means of some other existing agency or institution to be created, in the confident belief that the establishment of such a Union will lay broad and deep the true foundations of intellectual Pan Americanism. Article 48. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, upon the motion of the delegation of Chile, unanimously resolves that — The Third Pan American Scientific Congress shall meet in the city of Lima in connection with the celebration of the anniversary of the independence of Peru, in 1921, and appoints for that purpose the following gentlemen : Dr. Javier Prado y Ugar- 114 RKPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAI.. TECHE, rector of the University of San Marcos, Lima; Dr. Manuei< Vicente Vii^i^aran, Lima; and Dr. Alejandro Deustua, Lima, to constitute the Committee for the or- ganization of the Third Pan American Scientific Congress. Article 49. Finally, the Second Pan American Scientific Congress requests — The Government of the United States to transmit the foregoing resolutions and recommendations contained in the Final Act to the Governments of the American Republics participating in the congress, and suggests that any Government thereof specially interested in one or other of the resolutions or recommendations take the initiative to carry the same into effect. In Faith Whereof, The undersigned official delegates, duly authorized by their respective Governments, have hereunto affixed their hands and seals in the city of Washington, in the United States of America, on the eighth day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and sixteen. For the Congress: Eduardo Suarez Mujica, President. John Barrett, Secretary General. James Brown Scott, Reporter General. For Argentina: Ernesto Quesada. For Bolivia: Ion agio Calderon. For Brazil : Domicio da Gama. For Chile: Julio Philippi. For Colombia: Roberto AncIzar. For Costa Rica: Eduardo J. Pinto. For Cuba: Carlos Manuel de C^spedes. For the Dominican Re- public: . A. P^REz Perdomo.. For Ecuador: Gonzalo S. Cordova. For Guatemala: Joaquin M^ndez. For Haiti: Charles Mathon. For Honduras: Carlos Alberto Ucl^s. For Mexico : M. Gamio. For Nicaragua: D. Rivas. For Panama: Eusebio Morales. For Paraguay: EusEbio Ayala. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. II5 For Peru: F, A. Pezet. For Salvador: R. Zai.divar. For the United States of America : George Gray. For Uruguay: Cari^os M. de Pena. For Venezuela : Santos A. Dominici. Thereupon the presiding officer introduced Dr. Quesada, who read the Spanish translation of the Final Act. His excellency the Brazilian ambassador and chairman of the Brazilian delegation moved the adoption of the report. The motion was seconded by his excellency the minister of Cuba and chairman of the Cuban dele- gation. It was suggested that the Final Act be adopted as a whole and proposed that the chairman of each delegation vote in favor of or against its adoption. The secretary general then called the roll of the countries in alphabetical order, naming in each case the chairman of the delegation. All of these responded aye, and the report of the committee was unani- mously adopted as the Final Act of the Congress. Secretary General Barrett then made the following announcement : At a meeting of the executive committee, Thursday, January 6, Lima, Peru, was unanimously selected as the place of meeting of the third Pan Amer- ican Scientific Congress and the time set for the year 1921, the centenary of the independence of Peru. The motion to select Peru was made by his excellency the ambassador of Chile. The motion was seconded by Dr. Julio Philippi, acting chairman of the Chilian delegation. The Gov- ernment of Peru conveyed to the executive committee, through his excellency the minister of Peru, the knowledge of the acceptance of this invitation and of the appointment of the following members of the executive committee of organization; Dr. Alejandro Deustua, Dr. Javier Prado y Ugarteche, and Dr. Manuel Vicente Villaran. The Congress then unanimously approved of the action of the committee. His excellency the minister of Peru, Sr. Alfonso Federico Pezet, then addressed the congress, speaking as follows : Mr. President, and Delegates of the Second Pan American Scien- tific Congress, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a great honor for me to appear on this occasion and in the name of the delegation of Peru and as the representative of the Government of Peru in the United States, to thank the gentlemen of the delegations of all the Americas for their unanimous vote that my country and my capital, the city of Lima, should be the seat of the third Pan American Scien- tific Congress in the year of grace 1921. Il6 RBPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. I would not be true to myself, and I would not be true to my senti- ment of Pan Americanism, if on this solemn occasion I did not voice the sentiment that is within my heart in acknowledging the manner in which the president of this congress, his excellency the ambassador of Chile, took upon himself the initiative of designating Lima as the city of the next conference. His excellency the minister of Cuba has stated that the "Pearl of the Antilles," the beautiful city of Habana, would be pleased to give this welcome to the delegates of the third Pan American Scientific Congress, and I must ask my friend and colleague from Cuba to accept my warm thanks for his gracious act in withdrawing his claim to his beautiful city in deference to my country, Peru. Gentlemen of the scientific congress, whoever of you are destined to go as the representatives of your countries and scientific societies to repre- sent them at the next conference at Lima, in behalf of the Government of Peru and in behalf of the Peruvian people, I ofiFer now and give you a hearty welcome. You will receive there a welcome second only to the one that was given you in Chile at the time of the first Pan American Scientific Congress; second only to the one that has been given you in the United States of America on this auspicious occasion. There is one thing you will enjoy perhaps better than the foreign delegates have enjoyed in this country, and that is our climate. We will give you in the month of July, 1921, and in the early days of August of the same year beautiful spring weather. I am sure that you will not have the snow and slush that you have had in these days, and I hope not the grippe that has prevented so many being present on this occasion. I wish and I beg to thank the delegation for their kindness in honoring my country in this manner. SPECIAL RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCED. Special resolutions were then presented on behalf of the official dele- gation of the United States and the visiting delegates of Central and South America. The chairman of the official delegation of the United States, Hon. George Gray, introduced the resolution which follows with these words : Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, Members of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress : It is my privilege and my pleasure, on behalf of the delegation of the United States to this congress, before we part and sever the relations that have been so enjoyed by all of us, to offer in behalf of that delegation the following resolution : Resolved, That the official delegation on the part of the United States expresses its most earnest appreciation of the acceptance REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 1 1? by all the other American Governments of the invitation of the United States Government to participate in this congress, and of the eminent and representative character of the delegates and members who are in attendance from these countries, and that it desires to emphasize the sympathy, cordiality, and unanimity of opinion and sentiment which the delegates of the visiting countries have manifested in all their relations, not only with each other but with the United States delegates, and in conducting the dis- cussions and reaching the conclusions of the congress, thus show- ing a spirit of practical Pan Americanism which deserves the approval of the Governments and peoples of all the participating nations, and which will give this congress a notable position in the history of Pan American gatherings. The chairman of the official delegation of Venezuela, his excellency the minister of Venezuela, Dr. Santos A. Dominci, introduced the resolution which he presented on the part of the visiting delegations in the following appropriate words : Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: On behalf of the delegations of Central and South America I have a genuine pleasure in expressing our deep gratitude to the Government of the United States, as well as to the hospitable society of this beautiful Capital, for the many and exquisite courtesies which we have received in the last few days. If from the work accomplished in the several sections of this congress we carry a generous store of knowledge for the brain of our studious and thinking America, we also take with us the loftiest sentiments for the unification of our hearts in the ideals of Pan American fraternity. It is undoubtedly the most brilliant achievement of this gathering, of which we are proud, that such Hght and such sentiments have sprung from the very midst of this communion of ideas, in which we, the children of this hemisphere, have strengthened our mutal admiration and affection. It seems that the transcendent words which two nights ago the President of the United States spoke still vibrate within these walls. His state- ments were the synthesis of his efforts for union and equality of the free and sovereign Repubhcs of America, a dream of our liberators, a guiding star of hope in the prophetic soul of Bolivar. Allow me to read on this solemn occasion a few gems from a document hitherto unpublished, which is preserved in the archives of the Liberator in Caracas,* wherein Simon Bolivar foresees the great benefits of such union which, thanks to the eminent President of this great Nation, we begin to see, not as Bolivar's dream, but as a tangible reality. > Published in full, p. 142 of this Report. Il8 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAIv. Bolivar, in measuring the advantages that America would gain from a policy of better understanding, mutual respect, and unequivocal equality among its constituent nations, finds that should such be the case — The relations of the political communities (of America) would obtain a code of public law for their universal rule of conduct; The New World would be formed by independent nations bound together by a common set of laws which would fix their foreign relations and would give them a conservative power in a general and permanent congress; The existence of these new States would obtain new guaranties; International order would be preserved untouched both among and within each of the different States; No one would be weaker than the other, no one the stronger; A perfect balance would be established in this true new order of things; The strength of all would come to the aid of the one suffering from a foreign enemy or anarchical factions; And * * * in the advance of the centuries there would be, perhaps, one single nation covering the world — the Federal Nation. The resolution submitted by the minister of Venezuela follows : Resolved, That the congress hereby expresses its deep apprecia- tion of the hospitality, courtesies, and attentions shown the dele- gates and members from the visiting countries by the Government and delegates of the United States and the people of Washington, and that it desires to record its profound satisfaction with the efficient work done by the executive officers and staff of the con- gress, including especially his excellency Senor Eduardo Sudrez Mujica, the Chilean ambassador, president of the congress; Hon. William Phillips, Third Assistant Secretary of State of the United States, chairman of the executive committee on the part of the United States; Dr. James Brown Scott, secretary of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, vice chairman of the com- mittee; Hon. John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American Union, secretary general of the congress; Dr. Glen Levin Swiggett, assistant secretary general; the chairmen of the sections; the assistant secretaries and delegation aides; the corresponding sec- retaries of the sections and their respective assistants; and the interpreting and stenographic staff, who have all labored loyally and faithfully for the success of the congress. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAIv. II9 The above special resolutions were'interpreted into Spanish and English and approved unanimously by the congress by a viva voce vote. The president of the congress then called for final announcements from the secretary general. TELEGRAMS OF CONGRATULATION. The following telegram of congratulations was read from the parent society, whose wise and courageous initiative in the founding of this organization deserves the highest commendation : Buenos Aires, /awwary 2, ipi6. Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington: The Argentine Scientific Society, the initiator of these scientific con- gresses, wish a "Happy New Year" to the present congress, and at the same time desires the success of American societies and of science the world over. BesiE MerENO, President. Orus, Secretary. The following cablegrams of congratulation received by the congress in answer to the message sent to the Presidents of the Latin American Republics by the president and the secretary general of the congress were announced and are now officially recorded in this report : argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina, December 29, 191 5. Eduardo Suarez Mujica, Ambassador of Chile, President Scientific Congress, Washington. John Barrett, Secretary General: The President of the Republic thanks you for your courteous telegram and sends his best wishes to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, with the hope that in addition to its scientific results there may be the benefits of a closer relationship and mutual esteem between the nations represented in the congress. Murature, Secretary for Foreign Affairs. lit) REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. BOLIVIA. • La Paz, Bolivia, December 28, 191 5. His Excellency President Scientific Congress, Washington: I thank you for your esteemed cablegram and hope that the scientific congress inaugurated yesterday may fulfill the lofty purposes of its organization. ISMAEL MoNTES. BRAZIL. Rio DE Janeiro, December 30, 191 5. His Excellency Ambassador Mujica, President of the Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington: I appreciate the telegram with which you have honored me, and beg to congratulate your excellency on the inauguration of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress and send your excellency sincerest congrat- ulations. Wenceslau Braz. chile. Santiago, Chile, December 29, 1915. His Excellency Eduardo SuArez Mujica and John Barrett, President and Secretary of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington: His Excellency the President of the Republic requests me to thank you for the cordial telegram which you have sent him, and to express his sincere hope that the great scientific meeting now being held iu Wash- ington may contribute largely to the solidarity of all the peoples of America. Ram6n Subercaseaux, Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Chile. COLOMBLA. Bogota, Colombia, December 31, 1915. President, Secretary, Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington: In name of the President of the Republic I thank you for the com munication relative to the inauguration of the Pan American Scientific Congress. Suarez, Secretary of Foreign Affairs. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 121 COSTA RICA. San Jose, Costa Rica, December 29, 1913. President Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington: I wish for you happy accomplishment and complete success for your personal satisfaction and for the benefit of our continent. President Gonzalez. CUBA. Habana, Cuba, December 28, 1915. Eduardo Suarez Mujica, Ambassador of Chile, and John Barrett, President and Secretary General, respectively, of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington: I deeply appreciate your excellencies' notification by cablegram of yesterday that the Second Pan American Scientific Congress has been solemnly inaugurated. I am gratified that the Government of Cuba under my administration should have been able to contribute to bringing about so important an event, and I send my best wishes for the labors of the congress in behalf of the culture and progress of all the nations of America. Mario G. Menocal, President of the Republic of Ctcba. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Santo Domingo, December 29, 1915. Eduardo Suarez Mujica, Ambassador Chile, President Pan American Congress, Washington: I thank you for congratulations and send my respectful greetings to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. Juan I. Jimenez, President of the Dominican Republic. ECUADOR. Quito, December 29, 1915. President and Secretary Scientific Congress: Solemn inauguration Second Pan American Scientific Congress is a peaceful triumph American people of which all nations of continent are proud. I reciprocate felicitations to persons honored by directing debates of this great assembly and formulate best wishes success of labor. President Plaza. 122 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI.. GUATEMALA, Guatemala, December 28, 191 5. Eduardo Suarez Mujica, President Scientific Congress. John Barrett, Secretary General : Appreciate and thank you very much for your courtesy and send my most sincere good wishes for the most complete success of the Congress. M. Estrada Cabrera. HAITI. Port au Prince, Haiti, December 28, 1915. Eduardo Suarez Mujica, President Pan American Scientific Congress : I have much pleasure in acknowledging receipt your telegram advising inauguration Congress. Many thanks and sincere congratulations for selection of yourselves. Please accept best wishes for success and expression of my sentiments of good will, informing John Barrett. Dartiguenave, President of Haiti. HONDURAS. Tegucigalpa, Honduras, December 29, 1915. His Excellency Suarez Mujica, and John Barrett, Washington, D. C. Very glad to receive notification of solemn inauguration Second Pan American Scientific Congress. Appreciate highly courtesy and send sincere wishes for brilliant success. Alberto Membreno. MEXICO. PoTosi, Mexico, December 29, 191 5. John Barrett, Secretary General Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington, D. C. Have deceived with satisfaction your courteous message of yesterday and hope that the Pan American Scientific Congress meeting in Wash- ington may have most complete success in its interesting task. Please accept my cordial greetings. V. Caranza. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENEftAt. I23 mCARAGUA. Managua, Nicaragua, December 28, 191 5. Bxmo. Ambassador Suarez Mujica, President Scientific Congress. Hon. John Barrett, Secretary General. Appreciate your courteous notification of inauguration Second Pan American Scientific Congress. Please accept my best wishes for its com- plete success and transmit to the honorable members my cordial expres- sions of good will for the New Year. Adoi^fo Diaz. PANAMA. Panama, Panama, December 28, iQi'i. Bduardo Suarez Mujica, John Barrett, Scientific Congress, Washington, D. C. I thank you for your congratulations. To you, who are the well- known champions of Pan Americanism, is due the successful inaugura- tion of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. We have much to hope from this new linking together of our people. My best wishes for the success of your labors. President Porras. PARAGUAY. Asuncion, Paraguay, December 28, 1915. His Excellency Suarez Mujica, President Scientific Congress, Washington, D. C. : Appreciate your excellency's greetings. Please accept my best wishes for the complete success of the congress, the meeting of which will con- tribute largely to the further unification of the moral interests of all America, uniting its efforts for the development of thought and its ideals and feelings in the field of international law and justice. Eduardo SchaerER, President of the Republic. PERU. Lima, Peru, December 28, 191 5. Eduardo Suarez Mujica, Ambassador of Chile, President of Pan American Scientific Congress. John Barrett, Secretary General, Washington, D. C: I thank you for your courteous aimouncement of the solemn inaugura- tion Second Pan American Scientific Congress. I send to the delegates 124 REPORT OF THB SECRETARY GENERAL. the cordial good wishes of my country and its hope that the results of your labors may fulfill the noble ideals which inspired the meeting of so brilliant an assemblage. Jose Pardo, President of Peru. SAN SALVADOR. San Sai^vador. Messrs. Suarez Mujica and Barrett, Washington, D. C: I thank you for your important message and trust sincerely that congress will be fruitful in good for nations of this continent. President Mei^Endez. the united states. Hot Springs, Va., December 27, 191 5. Hon. John Barrett, Memorial Continental Hall, Washington, D. C: Please present my warmest greetings to the delegates to the Pan American Scientific Congress and extend to them on my behalf a most cordial welcome. It seems to me to be of the happiest omen that the attendance upon this congress should be so large and the interest in its proceedings so great. I hope that the greatest success will attend every activity of the congress and that the intimate intercourse of thought which it produces will bind America still closer together throughout both continents alike in sympathy and in purpose. WooDRow Wilson. VENEZUELA. Caracas, Venezuela, December 28, 1913. Secretary General, Second Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington, D. C: I rejoice in inauguration of most important assembly and appreciate greetings, congratulating Hon. Mr. Barrett for success and his excellency Mr. Sudrez for appointment accepted. V. Marquez Bustillos, Provisional President. Secretary General Barrett then expressed the profound regrets of Assist- ant Secretary General Swiggett and of Dr. Leo S. Rowe, member of the official delegation of the United States and chairman of the section on trans- portation, commerce, finance, and taxation, that illness prevented them from assisting in this final plenary session and their keen satisfaction in REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL, 1 25 the success of the congress. The secretary general, by direction of the executive committee on the part of the United States, expressed gratitude to the Daughters of the American Revolution for their courtesy in per- mitting the use of Continental Memorial Hall for the general and special sessions of the congress. He further expressed the gratitude of the same committee to Mrs. Robert I^ansing, wife of the Secretary of State of the United States, and Mrs. Glen Levin Swiggett, wife of the assistant sec- retary general, and the other ladies cooperating with them, for the effi- cient work and deep interest they had shown in the Women's Auxiliary Conference. The announcement was then made that the special train chartered to carry the delegates and members of their families on a tour to Baltimore, Philadelphia, Princeton, New York, New Haven, and Boston would depart Monday morning, January 10, leaving the Union Station over the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad promptly at lo o'clock. FINAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE CONGRESS. His excellency the Chilean ambassador was greeted with great applause when he arose to deliver, as the presiding officer, the concluding address of this solemn and final plenary session of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. The address, given in Spanish, was translated immediately into English by Dr. Luis Baralt, a delegate of Cuba, who kindly acted as interpreter by request of the president of the congress. The address of the president of the congress follows : Excellency, Messrs. Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen : We have reached, without great obstacles, the end of our journey. We have successfully carried out the work that could reasonably have been expected of con- gresses, such as ours, which are not designed to undertake the research and discovery of technical solutions, but rather to quicken the devel- opment of the scientific spirit and to facilitate the drawing together of the scholars in the different nations. The interesting series of motions that have been carried — as reported just now — by the sections and subsec- tions into which the congress has been divided, shows as a whole that over its deliberations there has prevailed the well-conceived purpose of tracing common courses toward common ends for the future labors of the intellectual centers in the continent, and it has further shown that, thereby, greater solidarity and consequently greater efficiency have been secured for the intellectual and moral progress of the New World. This alone would suffice to make us feel that whatever personal sac- rifice we may have done is thus fully compensated. But this is not all. As a natural consequence of the drawing together of superior men from our various nations, the spirit of the assembly has glided spontaneously 126 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. and smoothly toward the political international side of our common relations within the continent; and, although we have perhaps uninten- tionally entered into that ground, even a little further than it became a convention of scientific purposes, we have thus taken a further step in the direction of consolidating the work of harmony and of mutual under- standing, of cordial cooperation, and of mutual respect, in which the young nations of this continent should thrive and grow strong. It is certainly not the business of the delegates to this congress to determine what shall be the course followed by the foreign offices of our countries. But we, who have breathed this atmosphere of American fraternity, can, at least, let them know that in this congress, from the President of the United States to the delegate from the most distant parts of the Ameri- cas, we are united in the noble desire of seeking political unity of the continent, so that the nations which compose it may thus lend one another mutual support and thus afford themselves better protection against foreign danger, and, at the same time, voluntarily settle their own dififer- ences through any means which friendship should suggest to them; for all are equally good and efficacious, provided it be not attempted to im- pose them upon the free will of any sovereign nation. We can, therefore, say that the congress has been a success, both as to its scientific side, which belongs peculiarly to it, and as to its aspect of social intercourse and of a better political understanding, which have been its cordial and significant support. The delegates return to their homes carrying with them the certainty of the good results which have been realized and the sincere congratula- tions of the opinion of the continent, which applauds the work done. It is a pleasant duty for me to extend these congratulations, principally to the Government of the United States, to the officers who had under their charge and carried out successfully the vast organization of this congress, and, finally, to the numerous and brilliant learned and educa- tional societies and intellectual corporations from the United States which have brought so valuable a contribution of enlightenment and activity to our labors. Under one of the resolutions you have adopted, the city of Lima, capital of Peru, has been selected as the seat for the next congress. Congratulating the representatives here present from that illustrious Government for the well-deserved honor conferred upon it, I call upon you, Messrs. Delegates, to promote in your countries with the energy that you are capable of devoting, for the sake of these noble ideals, the preliminary work necessary in order that the coming scientific congress at I/ima may be one of equal success. FOURTH PLENARY SESSION. The dinner given by the Secretary of State and the delegates on the part of the United States of America to the Latin American delegates, on Saturday evening, January 8, 1916, at the New Willard Hotel, is included among the plenary sessions of the congress in accordance with an established custom of the scientific congresses. The ballroom of the New Willard was beautifully decorated for the occasion with the flags of the twenty-one American Republics arranged in graceful festoons. At the long table running the entire length of the west side of the room were seated the presiding officer, the Brazilian ambassador upon his right and the Chilean ambassador upon his left. Then, on either side, were seated the diplomatic representatives of the other Latin American countries and the chairmen of the visiting delega- tions. The great body of guests were placed around forty small tables arranged in parallel rows. The music for the occasion was furnished by the United States Marine Band orchestra, seated in the gallery directly facing the speakers' table. The guests assembled in the small ballroom, where they were wel- comed by Secretary Lansing; Judge Gray, chairman of the United States delegation; WHUam Phillips, Third Assistant Secretary of State and chairman of the executive committee on the part of the United States; by the members of the United States delegation; and by the secretary general and assistant secretary general of the congress. After the guests were seated a flash-light photograph was taken. A feature of the evening was the distribution of silver and bronze medals struck ofiF by the United States mint at Philadelphia in com- memoration of the Second Pan America Scientific Congress bearing the words, on one side, "Second Pan American Scientific Congress Dec. 27, 1915-Jan. 8, 1916, Washington U. S. A.," and on the other, the legend, "Friendship SoHdarity Progress Through Scientific Achievement," and figures representing North and South America with hands clasped over a rehef map of North and South America with an outline of the Pan Ameri- can Building at the base. The menu cover was designed by the well- known sculptress of New York, Sally James Farnham, who also assisted 127 4819J^-17 9 128 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. in designing the commemorative medal. Special credit is due Robert W. Wooley, Director of the Mint, for the successful striking off of this medal. The names of the speakers follow: The honorable the Secretary of State. His excellency the Ambassador of Chile, the president of the congress. Hon. George Gray, chairman of the delegation of the United States. His excellency the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica on special mission. His excellency the Minister of Bolivia, chairman of the delegation of Bolivia. Dr. James Brown Scott, secretary Carnegie Endowment for Inter- national Peace. Secretary General Barrett also delivered a brief address in response to calls from the delegates. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE PRESIDING OFFICER, THE HONORABLE SECRETARY OF STATE. Gentlemen, I had the privilege of addressing this great congress at its opening session, and now I again have an opportunity of saying a few words at this last gathering. At the opening session I expressed the hope that Pan America would be the keynote of this congress, and now to-day, after two weeks of your sessions, I can say that my hope has been realized and more than realized. And yet at this time of congratulations, there is, I am sure, with us all a feeling of regret that the friendships we have made, the close intimacy in which we have been for these past two weeks, must come to an end, and those who have been here are to separate and go their several ways. I wish to assure you, our visitors from the other Republics, that it has not only been an honor but a pleasure to have the opportunity of enter- taining you, officially and in our homes. We have come to know one an- other better than we knew one another before. We have, we feel, a friendship that is new in the Americas. We shall not forget you and we hope you will not forget us. Every man loves his native land above all others. We call that pa- triotism, and we know that the destiny of a nation is in the hearts of its people. But at this time when a new spirit is awakening in the Americas and we behold a united destiny, how can a man's patriotism be better exemplified than in strengthening the bonds joining our Republics, bonds REPORT OP run SECRETARY GENERAIv. 1 29 which are stronger now than in the past, and which, I trust, will grow stronger with the years. Gentlemen, when you return to your homes, I hope that each man will act as an apostle of Pan Americanism, teaching his fellow citizens the truth as to other Republics, wiping away every suspicion or doubt as to their motives or their intentions or their willingness to help their fellow Republics. Pan Americanism — and you see I must return to that theme always — Pan Americanism ought to be our guide in all our inter- course, the guardian of our mutual interests, and the hope of America for all time. ADDRESS OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE CHILEAN AMBAS- SADOR AND PRESIDENT OF THE CONGRESS. The address of his excellency the Chilean ambassador and president of the congress follows: Gentlemen, I believe that in my capacity as president of the scientific congress I am not committing an offense when I assume the representa- tion of the assembly, as a body, in order to respond with a sincere expres- sion of our gratitude for the sumptuous hospitality that this great ban- quet involves. It is a new proof, still more prominent and solemn, of the cordial reception with which we have been honored in this Capital by the representative elements of the public administration, of the private intellectual corporations, and of the distinguished and attractive society of Washington. In fact, nearly two weeks have gone by, during which time the intensive life of the Capital of the United States has revolved, unreservedly, around us, giving the foreign visitors an opportunity to become acquainted with the interesting mechanism of the governmental departments and bureaus and to admire and study in detail the labor of scientific organizations, thus furnishing them with pleasing and grati- fying compensations for the troubles common to a life devoted to study and concentration. And even if it be in the absence of "the better half of the soul," as the poet calls her, I want to pay here reverent homage to the interesting and most enlightened ladies who, with inexhaustible kindness, have honored the members of this congress — each and every one of whom, I feel sure, will live engraved in recollection upon a special page in the memory of the delegates. Not only the personal gratitude of the delegates is under obligation by the holding of this congress. The Governments of America owe it equally to the Government of the United States on account of the man- I30 REPORT Olf Tim SECRETARY GENERAI^. ner with which it has contributed to the organization, development, and final success of our labors. Their thanks are likewise due to the United States Government for having taken advantage of this opportunity to increase the currents of Pan Americanism and to impress the international policy of America with a stamp of closer and more frank confraternity. In this wise there is being formed for the nations of the three Americas a common atmosphere; there is being built a sort of new home — the Pan American home — under whose shadow and through the bonds established by the drawing together of individuals we are to profit, without any hindrance, on behalf of our common development, by the natural re- sources of our countries, by the well-proven energy of our races, and by all the means that the stupendous progress of the world during the last quarter of a century offers to human life, peace, and happiness. Let us hope that educational enterprise and labor wdll ultimately place our countries upon the same moral and intellectual level; that the great material agencies of communication and rapprochements — the railroad and the steamer — will link our cities and multiply our commerce; that the indefatigable scouts of public health will extend the blessings of sanitation and hygiene to the remotest and most dangerous corners in the continent. Let us hope that the sense of justice and right shall rule unhindered among our peoples and governments; let us hope that the great discoveries with which talents such as Edison's have, during recent times, enriched the fields of electrical, mechanical, and chemical appli- cation shall be fruitfully utilized as instruments for the achievement of our material progress, instead of being used, as is now unfortunately the case across the waters, in precipitating the dissolution of progress and the destruction of men and of nations. All the expectations comprised vvithin the picture I have just sketched fall within the sphere of influence and of action peculiar to scientific congresses, and for this reason I consider that the effort of the United States for the accomplishment of the congress we have just held deserves our regard and gratitude. I request you, gentlemen, to join me in a toast in honor of the President of the United States as the highest symbol of the country which so fra- ternally has been entertaining us. The honorable. Secretary of State introduced the chairman of the official delegation of the United States, in the following words : Gentlemen, I thank his excellency for giving us a rope of hope, or hopes, with so many strands. The more the strands the stronger the rope, and the more firmly we will be bound together. But I must not forget that REJPORT OF the; SECRETARY GENERAL. 13I this is a scientific congress, and I feel that I should call upon the scientific expert, and I know no better way to do this than to call upon an expert in the science of jurisprudence. I would request, therefore, that Judge George Gray, who has so often served his country, not only on the bench at home but at The Hague, respond to the scientific toast. ADDRESS OF JUDGE GEORGE GRAY, CHAIRMAN OF THE UNITED STATES DELEGATION. Mr. Secretary of State, Your Excellency the Ambassador of Chile, and Members of the Pan American Scientific Congress: When I was first tendered the honor by the Secretary of State \vith an appointment to this great congress, whose title was the Pan American Scientific Congress, I replied that there was no one in all the wide bounds of this country to whom the word "scientific" was less applicable than myself. He replied graciously that as I had been for some time a lawyer, a country lawyer, and some time upon the bench, that I ought not to forswear my profession, but come to this scientific congress and partici- pate as best I could in the section of international law and jurispru- dence. So I accepted the invitation and am here to-day with that degree of pride that comes from the association of a nameless individual with the great scientists of the Western Hemisphere. I feel proud of this association, and my self respect has been greatly increased by my asso- ciation here in this assemblage. My friends — I will not say my friends of South America — we are all Americans to-night, and let us hope there will, from this time on as never before, be Americans, Pan Americans, in the true sense of that word. I listened with interest to his excellency, the ambassador from Chile, as he spoke in fluent English to this great assemblage, and I thought of the bond of union it would be if we in the north could know the lan- guage of the south as he does ours. No greater bond of union could exist between peoples than unity of language. No greater obstacle to friendly intercourse, to that intimacy which is better than alliances or treaties, can exist than diversity of language, and I hope that that admonition that was made in your Final Act in the congress to-day to the peoples of North and South America to cultivate the language of each other by greater attention to Spanish and Portuguese by the institutions of learning here in the north, and greater attention to English by like institutions in the south, will bear fruit, and if it does I am confident 132 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAIv. that in a very short time it will result in a bond and feeling of sympathy that we have never experienced. It is not without emotion that as chairman of the United States dele- gation I say a word of farewell to those representatives of the Latin American Republics who have for these many days labored with us as comrades and friends in forwarding the work of the Pan American Con- gress. By your efifort and loyalty to the purposes of the congress we have high hopes that an increased interest in the arts and sciences which lie at the foundation of modem civilization will be created and that the cause of humanity will be promoted not only in Pan America but through- out the world. We felicitate ourselves that we in this Western World are outside the bloody arena of the internecine war that is devastating Europe to-day. Yet we can not escape from under the shadow it casts over the world. Not only are our material interests gravely affected by the unprecedented violence and extent of the struggle, but our moral nature is shocked by the disregard of those restraints which civilization and humanity were supposed to have placed on the war lust of belligerent nations. It is for us of the Pan American States to see that our judgments are not confused by this anarchy of war. We have not contributed directly or remotely to the causes which have brought it about. It is our right and duty as States to be neutral and to maintain and defend our neu- trality. I do not, of course, mean neutrality of public opinion — there can be no such thing as moral neutrality — the free and intelligent peo- ples of these Americas can not be expected to sit as silent and indifferent spectators in the world's great amphitheater and view the enactment of the bloodiest drama in all history and not raise their voice in protest against its unspeakable and causeless horrors. We must do something to vindicate the thought and purpose of the peace-loving Pan American people to resist the great tide of lawlessness and savagery that seems now to threaten to engulf the world by upholding the standards of civil- ization, peace, and humanity. Unembarrassed as we are by dynastic ambitions and breathing an air free from the baleful poison of militar- ism, we may, in God's providence, be enabled to serve the cause of hu- manity by our example and to spread a gospel not of hate but of friend- liness and good will to all the nations of the world. Not with unintel- ligent complacency, but with all reverence and humility, may we not so stand together in this great world crisis and maintain those great principles of justice and humanity which can not be effaced from the hearts of men. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 1 33 Whatever position we assume, there can be no doubt that we of the Americas will present a united front to the nations of the world. Our traditions forbid us to believe otherwise than that our position will be based upon justice and that we shall maintain the right as God gives us to see the right. I^et our courage be reassured by the confidence that our conduct as members of the family of nations will conform to the obligations of those fundamental canons of international law that appeal to the enlightened conscience of mankind. It is only thus, when "the earth is full of anger and the seas are dark with wrath," that we can maintain our equanimity and promote our peaceful purposes. The President of the United States has placed his country upon the unassailable ground of law and humanity, and there we appeal to the peoples of Latin America to stand with us, unshaken and unshakable in his support. Some day the opportunity may come — and we all fervently pray it may soon come — when he can offer as the spokesman of all America a sugges- tion that may find lodgment in the mind and heart of the peoples of the world. This voice when spoken must be the voice of a virile people who, with no selfish ends to subserve and purpose of aggression or aggrandize- ment, stand for law and justice and the broad humanities that underlie our civilization. Let our motto be, "Humanity over all." We must be ready to defend, if needs be, the position we have taken, and prepare ourselves, not for war, but, as has been happily said, against war. There is nothing inconsistent with our character as a peace-loving Nation in so strengthening ourselves that we will be listened to with respect when we speak — at the right time; at the right moment — the word that shall attract the attention it deserves. In order that we may do this, I venture to say that it is our duty so to strengthen our sea power, south as well as north, that we may protect the commerce that traverses the high seas and the ocean paths that are open to all neutral nations, and that we of the United States must so strengthen our Army that it may serve as the nucleus upon which the citizen soldiery of the States may be built into an efficient army of defense. These, I believe, are the sentiments which are felt in the hearts of the American people as they hold up the olive branch of peace to the nations of the world. International law has not perished in this great cataclysm in Europe. It is revered and observed in all the Americas. "Though all we knew depart," the old commandments stand. The moral law of the decalogue is violated every day, but its obligations still assert themselves in the 134 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. hearts and consciences of men. Its sanctions can not be defied with impunity, nor can those of international law. However the passions of warring nations may tend to the ignoring of these obligations, we can appeal to the deliverance at The Hague and hear the authoritative voice of reason and humanity proclaiming a law "whose seat is the bosom of God and whose voice is the harmony of the world." Never since these continents were first pressed by the feet of white men has such an opportunity come to the peoples of North and South America to unite for their own advancement and for the blessing of the world. We need no formal treaties to impel us to the unity of thought and action that will make the injury of one the injury of all. It is for us, of all the world, to make a moral salvage of Christian civilization. To paraphrase the words of our President, the Americas ask nothing for themselves except what they have a right to ask for humanity itself. Friendliness and good will have been the atmosphere in which this congress has worked for the benefit of humanity. It is only for the peoples of the two continents to will to be friends and the work is accom- plished. Time and circumstance have drawn us together. We can not ignore the community of our interest if we would, nor can we neglect the duty of cooperation which that community imposes upon us. With the performance of that duty of cooperation will come, I am sure, the mutual respect upon which alone true friendship can be founded. On such foundation I look forward hopefully to a union of the peoples of Pan America more enduring than any that come from treaties or laws. Gentlemen of the congress, your meeting in this Capital City has brightened our hope for the future, and on behalf of the United States delegation I bid our brethren of Latin America a regretful and affectionate farewell. Mr. Lansing introduced his excellency the minister of foreign affairs of Costa Rica in the following words: Gentlemen, I feel that it would be presumptuous on my part to say a word following the eloquent address to which you have listened, and which I am sure finds an echo in the heart of every American, whether he be from the north or the south, and I would only add this, as a toast to the restoration of peace in this war and the reverence for law throughout the world, to those who make principles which should guide individuals and nations in their intercourse with one another. Gentlemen, we have had the honor to hear from South America and from North America. It is now our privilege to hear from Central REPORT Olf THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 1 35 America. We have to-night as our guest a distinguished statesman, who has conducted with success the foreign affairs of his Government, I have the honor to introduce to you, gentlemen, the minister of foreign affairs of Costa Rica. ADDRESS OF THE COSTA RICAN MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. Sr, Don Julio Acosta, minister for foreign affairs of Cost Rica and representing that Republic on special mission, spoke in Spanish, the following being a free translation of his remarks: This banquet marks a solemn hour in the history of the Americas, occurring as it does at the close of one of the most important scientific congresses, whose sessions have just terminated, that has ever been held by the free nations of the Western Hemisphere. The results can not be long in becoming evident, because this policy of true American solidarity has for a number of years entered deeply into our hearts, and each day we feel more and more impelled to lend it our undivided sup- port and to consider it a lofty ideal to which we should devote the energy of our lives. The strengthening of the bonds of amity and interest is being slowly but surely realized. This congress has already greatly advanced in this direction, but much is still left to be done. The congress urges not only encouragement in the economic development of the Latin American RepubUcs, but also the immediate diffusion of education among the masses in order to prepare us properly for the new program which present world events will impose upon us as a law of progress and social well- being. I think that this distinguished group of the delegates of the Americas which has assembled in Washington will have understood, from what I have observed, that a knowledge of the English language in the Latin American RepubUcs and of Spanish and Portuguese in the United States will be the most powerful lever in the establishment of a perfect under- standing among the nations of the Americas. By acquiring these lan- guages we will be enabled to read the minds of the different races who inhabit this hemisphere and attain that complete unity of aspiration which will come as a consequence of a perfect harmony and a stronger confidence in the destiny of the Americas. A most favorable impression has been made upon me whenever a distinguished lady or an intelligent girl residing in Washington has spoken to me in the language of my country. 136 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. We shall not easily forget this splendid and impressive assembly in which all of our countries were represented nor that manifestation of enthusiasm of the nations to the south of the United States for the generous hospitality which this great people and their Government have shown to the delegates; and the noble thoughts of President Wilson in his address of the 6th instant which have permitted us to feel that American fraternity is not an idle dream but that it is, on the contrary, the basis of our future, and that we should carry to our homes, more or less distant, the warmth of the lofty and virile ideals in the midst of which the memorable sessions of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress were held. Gentlemen, I drink to the happiness of the Americas, to the diffusion of public instruction in the humblest of American homes, and to that true loyalty which must ever reign in the relations of our peoples in their dealings with each other. Mr. I/ansing introduced his excellency the Bolivian minister in these words : We have now covered Pan America, having heard from the three Americas. I think it is therefore fitting, gentlemen, that we should offer this toast to the Presidents of the Republics which are represented here as our guests. The next gentleman whom I shall call upon to address us is well known in Washington, for he has served his country here for twelve years. He is a man whom we all know, whom we respect and whom we love. I will call upon the minister of Bolivia to address you. ADDRESS OF HIS EXCELLENCY SR. IGNACIO CALDERON. Having fulfilled our mission, we meet here now, around this hospitable board, thanks to the graciousneSs of his excellency the Secretary of State and the distinguished delegates of this country, not to say good-by, but simply, au revoir. It is proper that in words of cordiality and in behalf of the delegations of the sister Republics of the United States, I fulfill the agreeable duty of expressing our deep and grateful appreciation for the friendly reception given us by the Federal authorities, the high officials of the Government, His Excellency President Wilson, and the distinguished Secretary of State. Nothing could have been also more touching and grat- iiying than the way the worthy people of this beautiful Capital have taken us into their hospitable homes, showing us every kind of attention, which will remain as one of the happiest recollections of our visit. It is not in a spirit of invidious satisfaction that we are proud of our democratic institutions, but rather under a solemn sense of duty and re- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL- 137 sponsibility as members of the human race in presence of the greatest European catastrophe, that by its renewed horrors makes us ponder whether the boast of progress and civilization is not simply a veneer of the unconquered savage. The astronomers who, invading the limitless space, are patiently trying to penetrate the mysteries of creation, tell us that in the perpetual evolu- tion of the myriads of stars there is a constant and regular process by which shapeless nebulae evolve in perhaps millions of years into a compact body, like our planetary system, and that all those wonderful and marvel- ous transformations take place as orderly and regularly as day follows night. When man as a free agent chooses to submit himself to the moral laws that are as permanent and unchangeable as all natural laws, the result is peace and harmony. In the social and political evolution of the nations, democracy is the supreme expression of justice and right, the fundamental bases for peace and happiness. The New World has discarded all the artificial and degrading impo- sitions originated in times when the self-respect and the rights of man were crushed under the doctrine of the divine right of kings and the crea- tion of nobility, supported by might and the spoliation of the many for the benefit of the few. America has reestablished mankind to the fullness of its rights. It is my profound conviction that our progress and social advance under the great principles of justice, equal rights, and duties for all is pro- moting the future peace of the world. Civilization and progress are com- plex facts and the result of coordinate efforts for the welfare of mankind inspired in rightfulness and sympathy. We live in a time when the truth that the advance of the human race represents the sum total of the well-being of one and every nation is better understood. The whole trend of our civilization, the constant mastery of the great elements of nature, the increasing output of manufacturing, the almost obliteration of time and space by the use of steam and electricity is telling us that no nation can grow and develop only within itself; that the universal exchange of thoughts, of the products of industry, and the expansion of capital are as necessary to the world's progress as food for the human body. Gentlemen, this congress marks an epoch in the relations of our Repub- lics. It met in a historic moment. By its contributi6ns to the store of knowledge it has earned the respect of the men of science and by its recognizing the great principle of Pan Americanism has taken the most forward step toward the solidarity of America. The President in his message to Congress has masterfully expounded the meaning of that great doctrine, which excludes no man, threatens no country, but is the cul- 138 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. mination of that great universal yearning for freedom, for peace, justice, and amity. In introducing the last speaker on the formal program, the representa- tive of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Mr. Lansing said: Now, gentlemen, we will call as our last speaker the representative of the Carnegie Peace Endowment. I need not assure you, because you all know, how earnestly and how zealously he has worked to make this congress a success. Pan Americanism in its last analysis is peace, and nothing could be more appropriate than one should speak in behalf of that great endowment founded on that principle. Therefore, I call upon Dr. James Brown Scott, secretary of the Carnegie Endowment. ADDRESS OF DR. JAMES BROWN SCOTT. Mr. Toastmaster and Gentlemen : In the few words that I shall say to-night, as I am the last speaker on the program and you have spoken for the past ten days and been talked to constantly both in public and in private, I shall not (Dr. Scott was here invited to a chair at the center of the table by the Toastmaster.) The Secretary of State, in asking me to the center of the table, evi- dently felt that I should leave out the introduction I was attempting to deliver and that I should plunge at once in medias res, which I shall pro- ceed to do. I assure you that I shall make but a very slight demand upon your time and that I shall employ the few minutes, or moments rather, at my disposal, in expressing the feeling of gratitude which all connected with the Carnegie Endowment have for the kindness and courtesy with which we have been treated by the Governments of the various American Republics and by the delegates and by the good people of Latin America, who were kind enough to accept our invitation to this country and whom I have the pleasure of seeing before me to-night. In the first place, I would like to say on behalf of the endowment how grateful we are to the Secretary of State, who instructed the diplomatic agents of the United States to extend invitations to various scholars, economists, and publicists of the Americas, in order that they might be our guests at the Pan American Congress. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI.. 1 39 In the next place, I beg to say on behalf of the endowment how grateful we likewise are to the ministers of foreign affairs of the American countries for the very great aid they gave us in our endeavor to select representa- tive scholars, economists, and publicists who might properly claim to represent their best thought and achievement. And, finally, I should like to express the gratitude that the authorities of the endowment feel toward these gentlemen of South America and of Central America who have traveled so long and so far in order to be with us, and by their presence to add not merely to the interest but to the value of the proceedings of this congress. Without attempting in any way to belittle this great gathering, or to minimize its labors, let me say that a congress has a value over and above anything that is said in it, anything that is done in it, anything that is decided in it. I do not suppose that we have advanced or pushed very far the boundaries of human knowledge. That is not the purpose, cer- tainly it is not the result, of a congress. A congress means a coming together. It means a getting together. It means an exchange of ideas. It means a comparison of methods. It means a persona' of State and Mrs. William Phillips, 1535 L Street. Governor of the Federal Reserve Board and !Mrs. Charles S. Hamlin, 1 51 5 Massachusetts Avenue. Madame Hauge, 2349 Massachusetts Avenue. Mrs. Sami'Kl Spencer, 2012 Massachusetts Avenue. Mrs. JoHX B. Henderson, Sixteenth Street and Florida Avenue. Commissioner of Patents and Mrs. Thomas Ewing, 1607 H Street. Reception tendered by Mrs. Robert W. Patterson, 15 Dupont Circle, at 9.30 p. ni. The members of Section IX were guests of the American Economic Association and American Historical Association at a joint meeting at 8 p. m. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 29. Luncheon tendered by the Secretary of State in honor of the members of the official delegations at the residence of the Secretary, 1323 Eigh- teenth Street. Mrs. Robert Lansing received in honor of the wives of the Latin A.merican delegates and other lady members of their families from 5 to 7 p. m. at her home 1323 Eighteenth Street. Reception in honor of Latin American medical men, members of the congress, from 5 to 7. Hosts for private dinners were : rp:port of the shcretarv general. 147 Senator and Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, 800 Sixteenth Street. Mrs. Truxton BealE, 28 Lafayette Square. Reception tendered by the R.egents and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to the members of the congress and invited guests at the National Museum, Tenth and B Streets, from 8.30 to 1 1 p. m. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 30. Luncheon given by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler at the Metropolitan Club. Reception by the president of the congress, his excellency the Ambassa- dor of Chile, Sefior Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica, for the official delegates at the embassy, 1013 Sixteenth Street, from 4.30 to 7 o'clock. Inspection of Washington post office, 6 to 9 p. m. Hosts for private dinners were : The American Society of International La\^ , Shoreham Hotel, at 7 o'clock. Assistant Secretary of the Navy and Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1733 N Street. Assistant Secretary of State and Mrs. William Phillips, 1535 L Street. Mr. and Mrs. Hennen Jennings, 2221 Massachusetts Avenue. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and Mrs. Andrew J. PETERS, Woodley Lane. Mrs. John B. Henderson, Sixteenth Street and Florida Avenue. Mrs. Samuel Spencer, 2012 Massachusetts Avenue. Hon. and Mrs. Thomas B. Dunn, 1527 K Street. Reception by Mr. and Mrs. Thomas T. Gaef, at lo p. m., 1520 Twentieth Street. Section IX of the congress and the American Kcononnc Association gave a smoker at 8.30 p. m. FRIDAY, DECEMBER 31. Hosts for private hmcheons were : Mrs. A. Garrison McClintock, 1227 Nineteenth vStreet. Mrs. E. W. Cole, New Willard Hotel. A gala performance of the musical play Sybil by Max Body and Frank Martos, with Julia Sanderson, Donald Brian, and Joseph Cawthorn in the stellar roles, was given in honor of the Latin American delegates to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress at the New National Theater. Following this performance the delegates and members of their families obser\'ed the passing of the old year and the birth of the new in one of the 148 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. large dining rooms of the New Willard. Supper was ser\ ed shortly after 11 o'clock, and one minute before midnight taps were sounded by a bugler in the band stand. All lights in the room were turned ofif, fol- lowed by the striking of a large navy bell twelve times. An electric sign containing the words "Happy New Year" was uncovered and the lights turned on. The band played Auld Lang Syne, and as the assembled guests stood they exchanged toasts and greetings among themselves, many of them singing the familial lines. The scene was one of carnival spirit, paper hats, confetti, etc., having been passed around. There was dancing afterwards in the ball rooms of the New Willard. Two exhibitions of considerable interest to the delegates of the con- gress were open for their inspection. The National Geographic Society, through the courtesy of its executive officer, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, displayed in Hubbard Memorial Hall, Sixteenth and M Streets, a special exhibition of photographs, covering the most interesting phases of the explorations of the National Geographic Society and Yale University which were made by their joint exploration of the highlands of Peru. Attendants were on hand to direct the visitors and to furnish them cata- logues. The Bureau of Commercial Economics displayed continually throughout the sessions of the Scientific Congress in the New Willard Hotel, films of motion pictures which showed graphically how things of common use are made, and from what sources the raw material is pro- duced. SATURDAY, JANUARY 1. Host for breakfast: Mr. Chari^es Henry ButlEr, 1535 Eye Street, at 12 o'clock. Mr. and Mrs. Edson Bradley were at home, 1328 Connecticut Avenue, to the delegates of the congress with their families and invited guests from 3.30 to 7 p. m. Reception tendered by the president and officers of the Cosmos Club, Madison Place and H Street, to the members (men) of the congress from 3 to 6 p. m. Hosts for dinners were: Assistant Secretary of State, Mr. William Phillips, 1535 L Street. Mr. Frederick C. Delano, 1128 Sixteenth Street. Mrs. Francois B. Moran, 2315 Massachusetts Avenue. Reception by the governing board of the Pan American Union to the members of the congress and invited guests in the Pan American Building, Seventeenth and B Streets, at 9 p. m. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. I 49 The following card of invitation was presented for the reception at the Pan American Union : To meet The Delegates to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress The Governing Board of the Pan American Union requests the pleasure of your company at a Reception in the Pan American Building on Saturday evening, January the first at nine o'clock This reception was singularly beautiful and appropriate. The purpose and aim of the Union permitted an arrangement which heightened the Pan American character of the Congress and the large international assemblage. The guests were received by their excellencies the ambas- sador of Brazil and Mme. da Gama, the minister of Cuba and Mme. de C^spedes, and the minister of El Salvador and Mme. de Zaldivar. The receiving hosts stood at the head of the grand stairway leading into the Hall of the Americas. The Marine Band, stationed in this hall, played beautiful dance and promenade music throughout the evening. vSuppei was served in the rooms adjoining the patio. SUNDAY, JANUARY 2. Celebration of high mass at St. Patrick's and s]iecial sennons of a Pan American character in other large churches of Washington. At 2.30 the delegates and members of their families were carried. in automobiles, starting from the New Willard Plotel, for a drive through Rock Creek Park, the Zoological Gardens. Arlington, and Chevy Chase. MONDAY, JANUARY 3. The Supreme Court of the United States reconvened after the Christmas recess on Monday, January 3, and was in session every day thereafter from 12 o'clock noon until half-past 4. The members of the congress, on appHcation to the secretary general, were given cards to the marshal, which facilitated their obtaining seats in the courtroom. Musicaie at the home of Mrs. Frank L. Polk, 2622 Sixteenth Street, in honor of the wives of the foreign delegates, from 4 to 7 p. m. Hosts for private dinners were : Governor ot the Federal Reserve Board and Mrs. Charles S. Hamlin, 151 5 Massachusetts Avenue. Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Bell, 1327 Connecticut Avenue. 150 REPORT OF THE vSECRETARY GENERAL. Mr. Henry White, 1624 Crescent Place. Assistant Secretary of State and Mrs. Wiluam Phillips, 1535 L Street. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and Mrs. Andrew J. Peters, Woodley Lane. Reception by Mr. and Mrs. Hennen Jennings, 2221 Massachusetts Avenue, at 9 p. m. The members of the congress were the guests of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, at I\Ieniorial Continental Hall, Seventeenth and D Streets, at 8 p. m. The officers and members of the congress were cordially invated to witness aeroplane flights of Senor Juan Domenjoz on the White Lot in front of the Pan American Union Building at 2.30 o'clock. Mi". Domenjoz, well known throughout Latin America, has given exhibitions before King Alfonso of Spain and King Albert of Belgium. Delegates and visitors were invited to visit the office of Home Eco- nomics of the United States Department of Agriculture on Monday and Tuesday between 3.30 and 4.30 p. m., where a special exhibit had been prepared for those interested in food, textiles, and various household topics, in order that they might be given an opportunity to learn of the work and publications of this office along these lines. TUESDAY, JANUARY 4. Mrs. Gibson Fahnestock was at home, 231 1 Massachusetts Avenue, in honor of the wives of the delegates from 4 to 7 o'clock. Hosts for private dinners were: The Charge d' Affaires oi Argentina, M. Frederico M. Quintan a. Mrs. Delos a. BlodgEiT, 1500 Sixteenth vStreet. Reception by the trustees of the Carnegie Institution the delegates, escorted by (he aides, were carried in automobiles to their various hotels. 174 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. DEPARTURE OF THE DELEGATES. In New York City the representatives of the United States Gov- ernment, the executive committee of organization, and the Pan Ameri- can Union took formal leave of the Latin-American delegates, some of whom' returned immediately to their respective countries, while others remained to accept invitations to deliver addresses and make \dsits in different parts of the country. Nearly all of them before departure communicated v^dth the secretary general and expressed their gratitude for the hospitality extended them during their stay in the United States and their satisfaction with the conduct of the congress. Since the arrival home of the majority of the delegates, they have also corre- sponded mth the secretary general and the assistant secretary general on matters connected \vith the "congress and otherwise shown their interest in Pan American relations. STATEMENT OF EXPENSES. There now follows, as a matter of record and information, a summa- rized statement of the receipts and expenditures covering the holding of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. A more detailed statement is in possession of the disbursing officers of the Pan Ameri- can Union and the Department of State. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. Appropriations: Diplomatic act, June 30, 1914 $35) 000. 00 Diplomatic act, Mar. 4, 1915 15, 000. 00 Deficiency act, Dec. 17, 1915 35, 000. 00 Total appropriations 85, 000. 00 Expenditures: Salaries, including clerical services 23, 720. 55 Services, including contract for court stenographers, reporting, pub- licity, and honorariums 6, 866. 12 Authorized traveling and subsistence expenses of 66 employees 3, 834. 41 Printing and engraving 24, 976. 30 Office supplies, including furniture, typewriting machines, and rental charges 3, 323. 39 Postage, car tickets, telegrams, telephone and messenger service, drayage, etc i, 918. 93 Entertainments, including tours, receptions, dinners, etc., medals, music, floral decorations, and taxicabs 18, 835. 73 Rent for rooms and meeting places i, 23 1. 08 Miscellaneous '. 285. 94 Unexpended balance, refunded to appropriation, Oct. 30, 1916 7. 55 Total expenditures 85, 000. 00 All of the above was disbursed under the direction of the disbursing officer of the Pan American Union, who served as disbursing officer for the Pan American Scientific Congress. On Sept. 8, 1916, the United States Congress, in its urgent deficiency bill of that date, appropriated for the preparation and printing of the proceedings of the congress the sum, disbtirsed by the State Department, of 42, 000. 00 Grand total expended 127, 000. 00 17s 48192—17 12 APPENDIX A. ARGENTINA. Official Delegates. Ernesto Quesada, chairman of the delegation ; member of the faculty of philosophy and literature, National University of Buenos Aires; professor in the University of La Plata; attorney general of the court of appeals in the Federal capital. Juan B. Ambrosetti, advisory professor and director of the Ethno- logical Museum, faculty of philosophy and literature, National University of Buenos Aires; honorary vice president of the Con- gress of Americanists. EmiIvIO E. Dagassan, electrical engineer in the Argentine Navy. Benjamin GarcIa Aparicio, colonel of the Argentine Army; director, geographical institute of the staff of the Argentine Army, CRisT6BAiy M. HiCKEN, professor of botany. National University of Buenos Aires; professor in the Argentine Military Academy; ex-inspe9tor of secondary education. Rear Admiral Juan A. Martin, ex-minister of marine; chief of the Argentine naval commission in the United States. AgustIn Mercau, vice dean of the faculty of exact, physical, and natural sciences. National University of Buenos Aires; counselor and professor in the same; professor in the faculty of physics, mathematics, and astronomy. University of La Plata. RiCARDO Sarmiento Laspiur, professor in the faculty of medicine in the National University of Buenos Aires; surgeon in the Fernandez Hospital ; secretary of the board of public medical aid. Tomas S. VarEI/A, professor in the National University of Buenos Aires; president of the Argentine Odontological Society ; secretary of the delegation. Delegates ot Societies and Institutions. Juan B. Ambrosetti. Carlos Octavio BungE, member of the Academy of Law and Social Sciences and of philosophy and literature of the University of Buenos Aires; member of the faculty of law and philosophy; attorney general of the court of appeals in the criminal branch. 176 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 177 H. H. Clayton, chief weather bureau of Argentine. BenjamIn GarcIa Aparicio. Enrique Gil, member of the Argentine bar. f. a. goodm anson. Crist6bal M. Hicken. Jos:6 Ingenieros, professor. National University of Buenos Aires. Rear Admiral Juan A. MartIn. AoUSTfN. MERCAU. Enrique Nelson, professor, University of La Plata. Ernesto Nelson, national inspector of higher education. Juan N. Pastor, lieutenant in the Argentine Navy. Ernesto Quesada. Iberio San Roman, engineer; advisory and professor, faculty of exact physics and natural sciences. Arthur Rosenfeld, director and entomologist, agricultural experi- mental station of Tucumdn; professor of entomology. Eduardo Sarmiento Laspiur, counselor of the ministry of foreign affairs; professor National University of Buenos Aires and National Universtiy of La Plata. RiCARDO Sarmiento Laspiur. Walter E. Stubbs, publicist. ToMAS S. Varela. Writers of Papers. Luis Agote. F^Lix Aguilar. Juan B. Ambrosetti. Lorenzo Anad6n. Roberto Beder. Carlos P. Berra. guillermo a. bosco. Hugo Broggi. Julio L. Catoni. H. H. Clayton. Emilio E. Dagassan. Pablo T. Delavan. Enrique Feinmann. James H, FiTz Simon. Col. BenjamIn GarcI a ApARiciOi Genaro Giacobini. Enrique Gil. A. EsTELLE Glancy. Fernando Gorriti. AuGusTo Celestino Gourdy. Isaac Grinfeld. Enrique M. Hermitte. Crist6bal M. Hicken. Juan B. Lara. Jos^ Ingenieros. Rear Admiral Juan A. Martin. Candido Pati5jo Mayer. Julio Me;ndez. AgustIn Mercau. 178 REPORT OF THB SECRETARY GENERAL. A. E. MorAn. Jos6 Moreno. Galdino Negri. Sra. Ernestina a. L6pez de Nel- son. Ernesto Nelson. SiLVESTRE OlIVA. C. D. Perrine. p. RUEDA. Iberio San Roman. Eduardo Sarmiento Laspiur. RiCARDo Sarmiento Laspiur. Antonio F. Solari. Jos6 Le6n Suarez. Juan D. Susini. ToMAS S. Varela. Julio VatIn. M. L. ZiMMER. BOLIVIA. Official Delegates. His Excellency Sr. Ignacio Calder6n, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States; chairman of the delegation. Constant Lurquin, director of the Meteorological Observatory of Sucre; professor of mathematics, Normal School of Sucre. Delegates of Societies and Institutions. Alberto Diez de Medina, former member of the congress; ex charg^ d'affaires to Brazil. His Excellency Alberto Guti]6rrez, diplomatist, minister of Bolivia to Ecuador. Constant Lurquin, director of the meteorological observatory of the Medical Institute of Sucre. Col. Elias Sagarnaga, surgeon of the Bolivian army; director of hygiene of La Paz ; professor of medicine. Luis Arce Lacaze. Rafael Canedo. Henri de Genst. Emilio Jacobs. Constant Lurquin. Henri Mettewie. NESTOR Morales Villaz6n. Writers of Papers. RiGOBERTO PaREDES. Arturo Posnanski. Georges Rouma. Antenor SoLfz. Carlos Tejada Sorzano. Ignacio Teran. BRAZIL. Official Delegates. His Excellency Sr. Domicio da Gama, ambassador to the United States, chairman of the delegation. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 1 79 His Excellency Manoel de Oliveira Lima, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Brazil; member of the Brazilian Acad- emy of Letters, of the Royal Society of Literature of England, of the Royal Spanish Academies of Language and History, and of the Portuguese Academy; official delegate of the State of Sao Paulo. Jos6 RodrIgues da Costa Doria, physician, former governor of the State of Sergipe; member of the House of Representatives; official delegate of the State of Bahia. Delegates of Societies and Institutions. A. G. DE Araujo Jorge, of the ministry of foreign office of Brazil. Vital Brazil, director Butantan Institute of Sao Paulo; professor of the University of Sao Paulo. Vicente Licinio Cardoso, civil engineer of the Polytechnic School of Rio de Janeiro. His Excellency Domicio da Gama, ambassador to the United States. Feliciano Mendes de Moraes, Jr., civil engineer of the Polytechnic School of Rio de Janeiro and electrical engineer of Montefiore, Liege. Rodrigo Octavio, member of the Brazilian Academy and general counselor of the Republic. Joaquim de Oliveira Botelho, physician; member of the National Academy of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro and of the Royal Academy of Genoa. His Excellency Manoel de Oliveira Lima, ex-envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Brazil. Luiz Betim Paes Leme, engineer of the Ecole des Pontes etChaussees de Paris; director, South American Fuel Co. Jos6 RoDRiGUES DA CosTA DoRiA, professor, faculty of medicine of Bahia. Pedro Souto Maior. John Casper Branner, president Leland Stanford University. William Deming. William Gorgas, Surgeon General United States Army. Antonio Carlos Simoens da Silva, lawyer and publicist; president of the Historical and Geographical Institute of Rio de Janeiro. Pedro Siqueira Campos, civil engineer. QlinTon D. Smith, former director Agricultural School of Piracicaba, i8o REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Writers ol Papers. Alfredo de Almeida Rusell. A. G. DE Araujo-Jorge. Theodoro Bayma. Mayor Liber ato Bittencourt. Vital Brazil. Clemente Ferreira. A. Childe. Max Fleiuss. Chrysanto Freire de Brito. Victor Godinho. Arturo GuimarAes. JOS6 LiNHARES. H, C. Martins Pinheiro. JOAQUIM DE OlIVEIRA BoTELHO. Manoel de Oliveira Lima. Luiz Betim Paes Leme. jos]6 m^ndes. Alvaro de Menezes. rodrigo octavio. Comendador Tiburtino Mondim Pestana. Clodomiro Pereira da Silva. Reynaldo Porchat. Antonio dos Reis Carvalho. Emilio Ribas. ]ost Rodrigues da Costa Doria. E. Roquette Pinto. Gastao Ruch Sturzenecker. Alberto Santos Dumont. Luiz Frederico Sauerbronn Car- penter. Alfredo Balthazar da Silveira. Antonio Carlos Simoens da Silva. Clinton D. Smith. Pedro Souto Maior. Manuel Tavares Cavalcantl CHILE. Official Delegates. His Excellency Sr. Eduardo Suarez Mujica, ambassador to the United States; chairman of the delegation. Julio Philippi, professor in the Pedagogical Institute; lawyer; professor of public finance in the University of Chile; first secretary of the Chilean delegation to the Third Pan-American Conference; coun- selor of the Chilean delegation to the Fourth Pan-American Con- ference ; vice chairman of the delegation. Alejandro Alvarez, former counselor to the ministry of foreign relations; counselor to the Chilean legations in Europe; mem- ber of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague; sec- retary general of the American Institute of International Law. Daniel Armanet Fresno, civil engineer, honorary secretary of the delegation. RiCARDO Cox M^ndez, former minister of war, and member of the Chilean Congress. Javier Diaz Lira, member of the bar of Santiago; member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Jos6 Mar! A Galvez, professor in the Pedagogical Institute. REPORT Olf THE SECRETARY GENERAIy. l8l Jorge Mery, captain in the Chilean Navy. Teodoro Muhm, surgeon; professor of experimental physiology in the School of Medicine, Santiago de Chile. Javier RodrIguez Barros, professor in the Medical College, Santiago. Dario E. Salas, professor in the University of Chile; professor of peda- gogy, Pedagogical Institute of Chile. Ramon Saigas Edwards, civil engineer; professor of general Hydraulics^ Catholic University. Arturo E. Salazar, professor of electro-technical science and indus- trial physics, University of Chile; former professor of general physics. Naval School of Chile. Moists Vargas, assistant secretary of the ministry of transportation; professor of administrative law, University of Chile. Delegates of Societies and Institutions. Eduardo Carrasco Bascunan, lawyer; chief of the commercial depart- ment of the ministry of foreign affairs. Enrique Cuevas, former counselor of the Chilean embassy; assistant secretary of foreign affairs. Jos6 Mar! a Galvez. AiIerchants Aid Association and the "Centro Gallego" of Habana, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 1 85 Jos6 Ramon Villal6n, secretary of public works; professor in the National University; member of the American Society of Civil Engineers; member of the Academy of Physical and Natural Sciences of Habana; member of the Cuban Society of Engineers; colonel in the "Ej^rcito Libertador." Delegates, Societies and Institutions. ARisTroEs Agramonte. Rafael MarIa Angulo. Luis A, Baralt, president National League of Education of La Habana, professor of English language and literature in the Institute of Habana. Juan Miguel Dihigo. Juan Santos Fernandez. OcTAVio GiBERGA, member of the Supreme Court of Havana. Juan Guiteras. Mariano Gutie;rrez Lanza, S. J. John R. Johnston. Luis MontaniS. Rafael Montoro, secretary to the presidency of Cuba. Antonio Sanchez de Bustamante y Sirven; Senator of the Republic and professor of international law. Fernando Sanchez de Fuentes. Sim6n Sarasola, S. J. Jose; Ram6n Villal6n. Writers of Papers. Aristides Agramonte. Juan Guiteras. Rafael Maria Angulo. Mariano Guti:6rrez Lanza, S. J. Luis A. Baralt. John R. Johnston. Luis G. y. Carbonell. Mario G. Lebredo. JOS6 COMALLONGA Y MENA. JoRGE LE RoY Y CaSSA. Jos^ Isaac del Corral. Jos6 Carlos Millas y Hernan- J. T. Crawley. dez. Francisco Etchegoyen. Luis Montana. Juan Santos Fernandez. Fernando Sanchez de Fuentes. Antonio Galan, S. J. Simon Sarasola, S. J. His Excellency Juan de Dios Antonio L. Valverde. Oarcia Kohly. ' Moists A. Vieites, 1 86 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Official Delegates. His Excellency Sr. Armando P6rEz Perdomo, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States; chairman of the delegation. Francisco J. Peynado, ex-minister to the United States; member of the international high commission; permanent delegate to the Pan American Financial Conference. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Andres J. MoNTOLio, member of the American Institute of International Law; former minister of public instruction and justice; justice of the supreme court. Writers of Papers. ArIstides Fiallo Cabral. Andres J. MoNTOLio. Federico Velazquez. ECUADOR. Official Delegates. His Excellency Sr. Gonzalo S. Cordova, envoy extraordinary and min- ister plenipotentiary to the United States; chairman of the dele- gation. Miguel H. AlcIvar, professor in the University of Guayaquil; surgeon in the general hospital; president of the Society of Medicine and Surgery of Guayas. C6sAR D. Andrade, surgeon of the University of Quito. VfcTOR Manuel PenaherrERA, professor of law, Central University of Quito. Secretary of the Delegation. Rafael Penaherrera. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. His Excellency Gonzalo S. Cordova, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States. Francisco Manrique, civil engineer. VicTOR Manuel Penaherrera. REPORT OF The; secretary general. 187 Writers of Papers. Ce;sar D. Andrade. VfcTOR Manuei. Penaherrera. GUILLERMO DESTRUGE. JqS^ GabRIEI. NavARRO. SixTo MarIa Duran. pgDRo Pablo Traversari. Alfredo Espinosa Tamayo. i^uis G. Tufino. Francisco Manrique. guatemala. OfSclal Delegates. His Excellency Sr. JoaquIn Me;ndEz, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States; chairman of the delegation. Adrian Recinos, assistant secretary of foreign relations; member of the faculty of law of Guatemala. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Antonio BaTres Jauregui, former minister of foreign affairs and public instruction. Col. Ramon Bengochea, consul general of Guatemala in New York City; formerly charge d'affaires in Washington. Jose; Matos, professor of international law of the faculty of law and notarial practice; former assistant secretary of foreign affairs. Adrian Recinos. RoDOLFo RoBLES, professor faculty of Guatemala. Writers of Papers. Col. RoDOLFo Aguilar Batres. Carlos Nocedo. Fernando Cruz. Rafael Pinol Batres. Pedro Galvez Portocarrero. Adrian Recinos. Miguel Larreinaga. Rodolfo RoblES. Manuel Lemus. Juan J. RodrIguez Luna. JosiS Matos. HAITI. Official Delegates. Charles Matron, chairman of the delegation; member of the faculty of medicine, Port au Prince, and an officer of the academy; presi- dent of the Society of Tropical Medicine of Paris; vice president of the Medical Society of Port au Prince. IvEon DejEan, lawyer; chief of the Bureau of the Department of foreign Relations. EberlE Firmin, lawyer; ex-charge d'affaires. 1 88 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Horace Etheart, general inspector of public education. Edmond Heraux, former minister to London and former minister of finance. Gen. F. D. Legitime, former President of the Republic. Writen of Papen. L. AuDAiN. Charles Mathon. Gen. F. D. Legitime. HONDURAS. Official Delegates. Carlos Alberto Ucl6s, chairman of the delegation; rector of the University of Honduras; president of the Society of International Law of Honduras, of the Literary Scientific Society of Honduras, and of the cooperative committee of Honduras. Fausto Davila, lawyer; former minister to the United States; professor of public law in the Central University of Honduras; ex-minister of foreign relations, of the interior, of public instruction and justice; delegate to the Second and Third Pan American Con- ferences; expresident of the chamber of deputies; justice of the supreme court. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. R6mulo E. Dur6n, secretary of public education; former president of the supreme court of justice. Luis Landa, director general of public education and professor of phy- sical and natural sciences. Antonio A. RamIrez F. Fontecha, former envoy extraordinary and min- ister plenipotentiary of Honduras; commissioner from Honduras to the San Francisco Exposition. Carlos Alberto Ucl]&s, RiCARDO J. Urrutia, assistant secretary of foreign affairs and former minister of Honduras to El Salvador. Writers of Papers. Juan Miguel Callejas. Samuel LaInez. Bar6n de Franzenstein. Luis Landa. His Excellency Guillermo Campos. Antonio Madrid. R6mulo E. Dur6n. Antonio A. RamIrez F. Fontecha. Sbrapio Hernandez Y Hernandez. Bernab6 Salgado. REPORT OP The; secretary general. 189 MEXICO. Official Delegates. Manuei, Gamio, chairman of the delegation; inspector general of archaeol- ogy in Mexico; professor of history, Academy of Fine Arts; ex-professor of archaeology in the National Museum; professor of ethnology, Ethnographic Institute. I/Uis Castili.0 Led6n, ex director of the National Museum of Archae- ology, History, and Ethhology; representative of the Mexican Government to the International School of American Archaeology and Ethnology ; ex deputy to the Twenty-sixth Congress ; member of the Historical Academy and of the Geographical and Statistical Society. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Joaquin D. Casasus, lawyer and internationalist; former ambassador of Mexico to the United States; (died Feb. 25, 191 6). ToRiBio EsQUivEL Obreg6n, formerly minister of finance; professor of commercial law in the Columbia University. Manuel Gamio. Writers of Papers. JoAQuiN D. Casasus. Arturo L. Guerra. ToRiBio EsQuivEiv Obregon. Benito Javier P^Srez-VerdIa. Manuel Gamio. Guillermo A. Sherwell. NICARAGUA. Official Delegates. Damaso Rivas, chairman of the delegation; professor in the University of Pennsylvania. Pedro J. Cuadra, Ch., ex-member of the Chamber of Deputies. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Alejandro C^sar, physician and internationalist. lyUis Felipe Corea. J. Alberto Gamez, former professor of mathematics and former assistant secretary of interior. Antonio Lazo Arriaga, internationalist and former minister of foreign affairs of Guatemala; former professor of constitutional law. 190 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Writere ot Papers. Abraham Alvarez S. Pedro J. Cuadra, Ch. A. AuBERT. J. Alberto Gamez. Francisco Buitrago DIaz. Damaso Rivas. Alejandro C^sar. Andres M. ZtJNiga. PANAMA. Official Delegates. His Excellency Sr. Eusebio A. Morales, envoy extraordinary and minis- ter plenipotentiary to the United States; chairman of the dele- gation. Narciso Garay, director of the Conservatory of Music and Oratory of Panama; officer of the Academy of the French Republic; mem- ber of the technical council of Panama. Edwin Lefevre, publicist. Nicolas A. Solano, member of the Canal Zone Medical Association, of the American Medical Association; police and prison physician of the city of Panama; ex-vice chairman of the municipal council of Panama. RAM6^I N. Valdez, former minister to the United States, Belgium and Great Britain; Vice President of Panama; deputy and counselor to the Government of Panama; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Narciso Garay, Writers of Papers. RatJl BrIn. Jil F. Sanchez. Narciso Garay. Nicolas A. Solano. B. A. H. Groth. PARAGUAY. Official Delegates. Eusebio Ayala, chairman of the delegation, ex-minister of the treasury and of foreign relations; professor of political economy; dele- gate to the board of jurists of Rio de Janeiro; vice presi- dent of the Mercantile Bank of Paraguay. Pedro Bruno Guggiari, director of the National College of Asuncion; professor of organic and analytic chemistry, National University; member of the national board of industry and agriculture. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. I9I Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. AnTolIn Irala, professor of international law and former minister of foreign affairs. Luis E. Migone, former dean faculty of medicine of Asuncion; professor of bacteriology, faculty of medicine of Asuncion. Juan F. Pe;rez, secretary of public education. Writers of Papers. Pedro Bruno Guggiari. Juan F. Pe;rez. Antoun Irai^a. Luis Zanotti-Cavazzoni. Luis E. Migone. . A. de Winkelried BerTONi. PERtJ. Official Delegates. Isaac Alzamora, lawyer, chairman of the delegation; former dean of the faculty of philosophy and literature, Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. His Excellency Federico A. PezET, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States. Carlos Morales Macedo, physician and surgeon in the faculty of medicine, Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Lima; Peruvian delegate to the Seventh Pan American Medical Congress at San Francisco, Cal., 1915. Julio C. Tello, member of the American Anthropological Society. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Isaac Alzamora. Jos6 Angel Caparo, dean of the department of electrical engineering, University of Notre Dame. Alejandro O. Deustua, lawyer and professor, Universidad Mayor de San Marcos; dean faculty of philosophy and literature. Alberto Giesecke, rector. University of Cuzco. RiCARDO GoYBURU, Abogado. Victor Maurtua, diplomatist; member of the House of Representatives of Peru. Carlos Morales Macedo. Federico A. Pezet. 48192—17 13 19* REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI*. Writers ol Papers. Jos6 Angel Capar6. Carlos Morales Macedo. RiCARDO A. Deustua. His Excellency Federico A. Pezet. Edmundo Escomel. Enrique RamIrez Gast6n. Michel Fort. Juan Jos6 Reinoso. Federico G. Fuchs. Julio C. Tello. Carlos I. Lisson. AgustIn T. Whilar. VfcTOR Maurtua. SALVADOR. Official Delegate. His Excellency Sr. Rafael ZaldIvar, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Carlos A. Meza, lawyer and secretary of the legation of Salvador to the United States. Alonso Reyes Guerra, member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration of The Hague; former professor of international law. His Excellency Rafael ZaldIvar, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Salvador. Writers of Papers. Santiago I. Barberena. Marguerite Galharret. EusEBio Bracamonte. Rafael Guirola Duke. Mamuel Castro RamIrez. Jeanne Puch. Luis Fleury. Carlos Renson. Pedro S. Fonseca. Alonso Reyes Guerra. URUGUAY. Official Delegates. His Excellency Sr. Carlos M. de Pena, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States; chairman of the delegation. Carlos A. Belliure, surgeon. Bernardo Etchepare, professor of psychiatrics in the faculty of medi- cine, University of Montevideo. JusTo F. Gonzalez, surgeon; professor of hygiene and bacteriology and chief of the laboratory of the Vilardeb6 Hospital. Juan Monteverde, professor in the National University of Monte- video; vice chairman of the advisory board, department of engineering. Alfredo P^rsico, surgeon in the faculty of medicine of Montevideo; ex-chief of the therapeutic clinic; professor in the department of secondary education, University of Montevideo. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI^. 193 Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Adolfo Berro Garcia, lawyer; professor of the faculty of law and social sciences of the University of Montevideo; member of the executive council of the faculty of law. Mario Gil, consul general of Uruguay in New York City ; former member of the congress. Eduardo MontevERDE, professor. National University of Montevideo. His Excellency Carlos M. de Pena, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States. Juan Riva Zuchelli, civil engineer. Alberto Voulminot, engineer. Writers of Papers. German Barbato. Julio A. Bauza. Hamlet Bazzano. Adolfo Berro GarcIa. Alberto Boerger. Francisco Capella y Pons. Federico E. Capurro. CONSTANCIO CaSTELLS E. Enriqueta Comte y Rique;. Anibal Chacon. Guillermo Dotte. Pedro Esquerre;. Bernardo Etchepare. Julio Etchepare. Pablo Fontaina. Emilio F0URN16. Eduardo Garcia de Zuniga. JusTo F. Gonzalez. A. Idiartegaray. JusTiNo Jimenez de Ar^chaga. Bernardo Kayel. Bautista Lasgoity. Ram6n IvOpez Loeba. Guillermo Lyons. J. Maimo Sarrasin. Juan A. Marquez. Rolf Marstrander. Lieut. Col. SiLVESTRE Mato Eduardo Monte verde. Juan Monteverde. Luis Morandi. octavio morato. RoDOLFo Munoz Oribe. Rafael Munoz Xim^nez. Atilio Narancio. Mariano PerEira NtJi^Ez. Abel J. Pe;rez. Alfredo P^rsico. Jose; A. Rampini. Eduardo RogjS. Capt. Julio A. Roletti. Santin Carlos Rossi. Joaquin de Salterain. Alfredo Samonati. Roberto Sundberg. Federico Susviela Guarch, Alejandro Talice. Joaquin Travieso. AuGusTo Turenne. Alfredo Vidal y Fuentes. J. West. 194 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAl,. VENEZUELA. Official Deletates. His Excellency Sr. Santos A. Dominici, envoy extraordinary and min- ister plenipotentiary to the United States; chairman of the delegation. Jos6 L. Andara, jurist; internationalist. Rafael Gonzalez Rincones, professor of anatomy in the faculty of medicine, University of Caracas; ex-director of the board of health; Senator of the Republic; member of the Medical Academy of Caracas. Vicente Lecuna, engineer; director of the National School of Profes- sions and Trades for Men; member of the Historical Academy; president of the International High Commission of Venezuela; director of the Bank of Venezuela. Delegates, Societies, and Institutions. Simon Barcel6, member of the Society of International Law; formerly charge d'affaires of Venezuela to France. Nicolas Veloz Goiticoa, diplomatist; member of the Venezuelan Society of International Law, and of the High International Commission. Andres Ibarra, director, National Agricultural Association. Writers of Papers. Julio C6sar Bolet. Francisco A. Risquez. M. Delley. Alberto Smith. Rafael Gonzalez Rincones. Luis Ugueto. German Jimenez. Nicolas Veloz Goiticoa. Santiago Key-Ayala. Andres Ybarra. Luis R. Dramas. central american international bureau. Delegates. His Excellency GuillERMO Campos, minister of Honduras to Guatemala. Carlos Lara, former minister of Costa Rica to Guatemala. central AMERICAN COURT OF JUSTICE. J. Rafael OrEamuno, secretary Costa Rican legation in the United States. APPENDIX B. SECTION I. ANTHROPOLOGY. Algo acerca de la linguisiica holiviana, by Ignacio Terdn. A note on the relative complexity of male and female brains based on counts of the cerebral stdci in association areas, by E. E. Southard. Apuntes sobre arqueologia venezolana, by Luis R. Oramas. A short notice on the studies of the subsection of archazology of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, by A. Childe. Ceremonial and other practices on the human body among the Indians, by Walter Hough. Conveniencia de dictar una ley uniforme en los paises americanos para esiimular y proteger el estudio y la recoleccion de material arqu^oldgico y antropologico, by Max Uhle. Conveniencia de establecer una Sociedad de Folklore Latinoamericano, by Ram6n A. Laval. Conveniencia de una legislacion uniforme en los paises panamericanoi para la proteccion de las antigiiedades y el desarrollo sistemdtico de las investigaciones antropoldgicas y arqueologicas , by Adrian Recinos. Conveniencia de una ley uniforme en todos los paises americanos , para la proteccidn y el estimulo de las investigaciones de cardcter cientiflco reconocido que tienen por objeto el estudio y recoleccion de material y datos antropoldgicos y arqueologicos , by Georges Rouma. Conveniencia de una ley uniforme en todos los paises americanos para la proteccidn y estimulo de las investigaciones de cardcter cientifico reconocido que tienen por objeto el estttdio y recoleccidn de material y datos antropoldgicos y arqueologicos, by Abraham Alvarez S. Curvas del crecimiento fisico del escolar de la Paz (Bolivia), by Georges Rouma. El Instituto Antropologico Central de Mixico, by Manuel Gamio. Estacion paleolitica de Taltal, by Aureliano Oyarziin. Estudio de la. mancha sacra mongolica en La Paz, by Nestor Morales Villazon. Estudio sobre la conveniencia de una ley uniforme en todos los paises americanos para la proteccion y estimulo de las investigaciones de cardcter cientifico reconocido que tienen por objeto el estudio y recoleccidn de material y datos antropoldgicos y arqueoldgicos, by Samuel Lainez. Estudio sobre los apellidos en Chile, by Luis Thayer Ojeda. 195 196 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Explorations in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas, by Charles Peabody, Food plants and textiles of ancient America, by William E. SafiFord. Humanizing the Sciences of Man, by Charles F. Lummis. Investigaciones arqueologicas en Mexico, by Manuel Gamio. La arqueologia americana en la civilizacion moderna, by Pedro Pablo Traversari. La deformacidn artificial del crdneo en el antiguo Peru, by Carlos Morales Macedo. La fosita cerebelosa mediana en los antiguos crdneos peruanos, by Carlos Morales Macedo. La trepanacidn del crdneo y su representacidn en la cerdmica peruana^ by Carlos Morales Macedo. Lenguas indigenas de Guatemala, by Adridn Rednos. Lexicology of the Gods of the Incas, by Josd Angel Capar6 y P6rez. L' Homme Fossile Cubain, by Luis Montana. Los antiguos cementerios del Valle de Nasca, by Julio C. Tello. Los vasos del Pukard de tUcara del tipo pelike comparados con los de Machu Pichu, by Juan B. Ambrosetti. Modern populatians of America, by Franz Boas. Notes on the Folklore of the Peruvian Indians, by Federico Alfonso Pezet. On the predynastic Egyptian "boats" painted on vases, by A. Childe. Origen del hombre, lugar del hombre en la naturaleza, problemas de la evolu- cidn, by Antenor Soliz. Origenes etnogrdficos de Colombia, by Carlos Cuervo Mdrquez. Racial factors of delinquency, by Tom A. Williams. Revisidn de las Constituciones Latino Americanas, by Manuel Gamio. Ruinas indigenas de la Republica de Guatemala,, by Fernando Cruz. Signos mongoloides en algunos tipos etnicos del aliiplano andino, by Arthur Posnansky. The Alaculoofs and Yahgans, the World's Southernmost Inhabitants, by Charles Wellington Furlong. The American and European Child, by Paul R. Radosavljevich. The Genesis of the American Indian, by Al^s Hrdlcka. The grindstones of the primitive inhabitants of Cabo Frio, Brasil, by Antonio Carlos Simoens da Silva. The Inca people and their culture, by Hiram Bingham. The Indians of "Serra do Norte" Matto Grosso, Brazil, by E. Roquette Pinto. The origin of the Indians of Central and South America, by Jos^ Angel Capar6 y P6rez. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 1 97 The passing of the Indian, by James Mooney. The place of archaeology in human history, by W. H. Holmes. The Puehlo ctUture and its relationships , by J. Walter Fewkes. The rise and fall of the Maya civilization in the light of the monuments and the native chronicles, by Sylvanus Griswold Morley. The United States census of immigrant stocks, by Daniel Folkmar. Tribes of the Pacific coast of North America, by A. L. Kroeber. Variaciones del lambda en los antiguos crdneos peruunos, by Carlos Morales Macedo. What the United States has done for anthropology , by F. W. Hodge. SECTION II. ASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY, AND SEISMOLOGY. Address before the section by the Chairman, Robert S. Woodward. SUBSECTION 1. astronomy and geodesy. Algunos fendmenos de criptocroismo en luz solar ultra-violeta e infra-roja, by Gustavo Michaud and J. Fidel Tristdn. Astronomical Work in South America, by S. I. Bailey. Contribufdo para o estudo da or agraphia brasilica, by Gastao Ruch Stur- zenecker. Costs of primary triangulation, including determinations of latitude, longi- tude, and azimuth, by William Bowie. Costs of relative gravity determinations by aid of half-second pendulums, by William Bowie. Determination of the earth's shape by simultaneous astronomical observations in North and South America, by Ernest Brown. Desirability and practicability of covering the South, Central, and North America with a network of precise triangulation, by R. S. Woodward. Desirability and practicability of extending a gravimetric survey over the South, Central, and North American areas, by R. S. Woodward. Investigation of the pivots of the i<)0 m. m. meridian circle of the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba, by M. L. Zimmer. Ligeros apuntes de la forma en que se hallan establecidos los servicios que tiene a su cargo el Observatorio Nacional de la Repiiblica de Cuba, by Luis G. y Carbonell. 198 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Los trabajos geodisicos en el territorio argentino, by Benjamin Garcia Aparicio. Meridian circle work at the La Plata Obersvatory, by Pablo T. Delavin and F^lix Aguilar. Metodologia parcicU de ingenieria aplicada a la geodesia y topografia by Adrian Ruiz Moreno. Progress of the work, optical and mechanical, on the 72-inch reflecting tele- scope for the Canadian Observatory at Vancouver, by John A. Brashear. Sintesis comparativa grdfico razonada de las leyes de perpetuidad de calen- darios actuales y proyectos de reforma, by Rodolfo Aguilar Batres. Some indications of spiral motion in our stellar system, by C. D. Perrine. Status of Magnetic Surveys in South America by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by L. A. Bauer, The astrographic catalogue for the zones, 17° to 2j°, assigned to the Chilean National Observatory, by Israael Gajardo Reyes. Triangulacidn topogrdfica de la margen derecha de los rios Yaguaron, Yaguxiron Chico y Arroyo de la Mina, by Julio A. Roletti. Stability of the new meridian circle of the Cordoba Observatory, by A. Estelle Glancy. Work of Mount Wilson Solar Observatory, by F. H. Scares. Work of observatory at La Plata, Argentine, by W. J. Hussey. Work of the Lick Observatory: (a) A t Mount Hamilton, Col.; (6) In Chile, South America, by William Wallace Campbell. SUBSECTION 2. MBTBOROLOGY AND SBISMOLOGY. Agricultural meteorology, by J. Warren Smith. A tmospheric-electric observations aboard the "Carnegie," by W. F. G. Swann. Callendar sunshine recorder and some of the world-wide problems to which this instrument can be applied, by A. E. Douglass. Climatic control of cropping systems and farm operations, by J. F. Voorhees. Contribucidn a la meteorologia colombiana, by Jorge Alvarez Heras. Determinacion de la profundidad de la costra terrestre, by Galdino Negri. El clima de Cuba, by Mariano Gutierrez Lanza, S. J. Estado actual de la meteorologia y sismologia en Honduras, by Luis Landa. Fluctuaciones climatoldgicas en los tiempos histdricos, by Antonio Ga- lan, S. J. Fog forecasting in the United States, by H. C. Frankenfield. Forecasts of river stages and floods in the Ohio Valley; their importance to commerce and in conserving life and property, by W. C. Devereaux. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. 1 99 Forecasts of weather favorable to an increase of forest fires, by Edward A. Beals. Frecuencia, cantidad y modalidades de la lluvia y del granizo en Villa Colon {Montevideo) en el periodo 1884-1914, by I^uis Morandi. Frost in the United States, by Wm. Gardner Reed. Genesis y marcha de los huracanes antillanos, by Jose Carlos Millas y Hernandez. Influence of Great Lakes upon movement of high and low pressure areas, by Henry J. Cox. Informe del Servicio Meteorologico y Sismologico de El Salvador, by Santiago I. Barberena. Iniciacidn al estudio de la relacion heliometeorologica, by Germdn Barbato and Pedro Esquerr6. Investigaciones sobre la prediccion de las variaciones barometricas , by Sim6n Sarasola, S. J. Measurements of solar and sky radiation, by Herbert H. Kimball. Meteorologia Boliviana, by Constant Lurquin. Metodos seguidos, resultados obtenidos, organizacion y fines del ^'Servicio Geogrdfico Militar," by Silvestre Mato. Monthly storm frequency in the United States, by C. J. Kullmer. Organizacion de las observaciones macrosismologicas en America, by Conde Fernando Montessus de Ballore. Organizacion General de los Servicios del Instituto Meteorologico Nacional, by Hamlet Bazzano. Organization of meteorology and seismology in the United States, by Charles F. Marvin. Primeros pasos de Venezuela en el campo de la meteorologia; climatologia de Caracas en los ultimo s 20 anos. Algunas consideraciones acerca de la altura media anual del barometro al nivel del mar en Venezuela y de la oscilacion barometrica diurna, by Luis Ugiieto. Principales bases geo-fisicas de la sismologia moderna, by Santiago I. Barberena. Resumen de la organizacion del servicio meteorologico, by Walter Knoche, Rio de la Plata — Generalidades — Infiuencias meteor oldgicas, by Hamlet Bazzano. Sintesis general de los resultados obtenidos desde su fundacion (igoo) y en sus distintas secciones y servicios en el Instituto Nacional Fisico- Climatologico de Montevideo, by Luis Morandi. Sleet and ice storms in the United States, by H. C. Frankenfield. Snow surveying: Its problems and their solution, by J. E. Church, jr. 200 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Solar activity, cyclonic storms, and climatic changes, by Ellsworth Huntington. Som£ results of aerological observations, by W. R. Blair. Temperature conditions at New Orleans, as influenced by sub-surface drainage, by Isaac M. Cline. Tests sobre m^teorologia agricola, by Luis G. Tufino. The Argentine Weather Service, by H. H. Clayton. The collection of earthquake data in the United States, by W. J. Humphreys. The economic aspect of climatology, by Edward Lansing Wells. The Ferrel doctrine of polar calms, and its disproof in recent observations, by Wm. M. Hobbs. The meteorological influences of lakes, by Eric Rexford Miller. The pieionian climatic fluctuations, by H. Arctowski. The position of meteorology among the sciences, by Chas. F. Von Herrmann. The principles involved in predicting high stages in flashy streams, with special reference to the scheme for the Savannah River at Au^sta, Ga., by Eugene D. Emigh. The river service of the Weather Bureau, by Alfred J. Henry. The thunderstorms of the United States as climatic phenomena, by Robert De C. Ward. The weather and climate of Salt Lake City, Utah, by Alfred H. Thiessen. Thunderstorms, by Wm. H. Alexander. Tropical rains; their duration, frequency, and intensity, by Oliver L. Fassig. Wind velocity and elevations, by W. J. Humphreys. SECTION III. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES. SUBSECTION 1. CONSERVATION OP MINERAL RESOURCES. Conservation and economic theory, by Richard T. Ely. Conservation in its relation to industrial evolution, by Ralph Henry Hess. Conservation of iron ore, by C. K. Leith. Conservation of metals by the recovery and use of scrap metals and drosses, by John P. Dunlop. Conservation of the oil and gas resources of the Americas, by Ralph Arnold. Conservation of the phosphate deposits of the United States, by W. C. Phalen. Government control of minerals on public lands, by J. F. Callbreath. Legal and economic factors in the conservation of oil and gas, by Roswell H. Johnson. REPORT Olf THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 20I Mine accidents and uniform records, by Albert H. Fay. Practical difficulties of conserving our fuel supply, by John S. Burrows. The conservation of copper, by W. H. Emmons. The conservation of human energy, by Thomas N. Carver. The Federal Government and the Nation's mineral resources, by W. C. Mendenhall. The saving of coal through the employment of better mining methods, by Frank Haas. Valuation of Federal coed lands, by Floyd W. Parsons and R. Dawson Hall. SUBSECTJON 2. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS. Actitud del Gobierno en materia de bosques nacionales. — Relacion de la selvicultura con el desarrollo futuro de Centra y Sud America, by Elias Leiva Quir6s. Actitud del Gobierno en materia de bosques nacionales. — Relacidn de la selvicultura con el desarrollo futuro de Sud America, by Horacio Echegoyen. A forest policy for a nation, by Henry S. Graves. Conservacion de las fuentes naturales de riqueza, agricultura, irrigacidn y selvicultura: (a) Actitud del Gobierno en materia de bosques nacionales; (b) La relacion de la selvicultura con el desarrollo futuro de Centra y Sud America, by Raiil Brln. Contribution a la exploracion forestal en la Patagonia Austral, by Cristobal M. Hicken. El iambic y la muerte de las tacuuras en Sud America, by A. de Winkelried Bertoni. Forest problems and economic development in South America, by Raphael Zon. Government control of grazing on the public lands, by Albert F. Potter. . Scientific forestry for Latin America, by Barrington Moore. South American forest resources and their relation to the world's timber supply, by Raphael Zon. The interdependence of forest conservation and forestry education, by J. W. Tourney. The lesson of forestry in the Philippine Islands, by Maj. George P. Ahern. 202 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. SUBSECTION 3. CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR POWER. Coordination in the development of our water-power resources with other uses of water, by M. O. Leighton. MSmoire sur la houille blanche au BrSsil et ses applications, by Luiz Betira Paes Leme. Principles of a Federal water-power policy for the public lands of the United States, by O. C. Merrill. State regulation of water power, by Halford Erickson. The people's interest in water-power, resources, by George Otis Smith. The valuation of water powers, by William J. Hagenah. The water power resources of the United States, by M. O. Leighton. SUBSECTION 4. IRRIGATION. Adaptation of methods of applying water to soils, by S. T. Harding. Irrigation and public policy in Peru, by C. W. Sutton. Irrigation districts in the United States, by Frank Adams. Irrigation in the United States, by Samuel Fortier. Public control of irrigation in the United States, by R. P. Teele. Relation between quantity of irrigation water used and quantity of crop pro- duced, by John A. Widtsoe. Securing settlers for private irrigation projects, by H. G. Shedd. State aid to irrigation and swamp land reclamation projects, by C. E. Grunsky. The combination of water resources for irrigation and power development, by G. G. Anderson. The doctrine of riparian rights {in the western United States), by A. E. Chandler. The irrigation work of the United States Indian Service, by W. M. Reed. The water requirement of plants as infltienced by environment, by Lyman J« Briggs and H. L. Shantz. Uniformity of distribution of moisture in soils, by P. E. Fuller. What should be done for the settler, by L D. O'Donnell. SUBSECTION 5. CONSERVATION OF THE ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Are uniform regulations feasible among the different American countries for the prevention of the introduction and dissemination of diseases of animals, by A. D. Melvin. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 203 Catdlogo de los peces de Guatemala, by Juan J. Rodriguez Luna. "* Cattle raising and the meat industry in southern Brazil, by Reynaldo Porchat. Convencion internacional americana de polieia veterinaria — Posibilidad de ajustarla en determinadas condiciones, by Jose Le6n Sudrez. ^Es factihle la reglamenlacion uniforme entre los diferentes paises americanos para la prevencion de la introduccidn y propagacion de las enfermedades de animales? by Julio Besnard. SEs factihle la reglamentacidn uniforme entre los diferentes paises americanos para la prevencidn de la introduccidn y propagacion de las enfermedades de los animales "f — Prevencidn y extincidn de las enfermedades que diezman a los animales, by Francisco Ktchegoyen. ^Es factihle la reglamentacidn uniforme entre los paises americanos para la prevencion de la introduccidn y propagacidn de las enfermedades de animales? — Prevencidn y extirpacidn de las enfermedades destructoras de animales, by Rafael Mufioz Ximenez. How an animal grows, by H. J. Waters. Prevencidn y extirpacidn de las enfermedades destructoras de animales, by Julio Besnard. Recent progress in the development of methods for the control and treatment of parasites of live stock, by B. H. Ransom. Relation between wool and mutton production in North and South American sheep industries, by F. R. Marshall. The function of live stock in agriculture, by George M. Rommel. The horse in rural industry and recreation, by Carl Warren Gay. The poultry industry; its importance in agricultural development, by Harry M. Lamon. The prevention and eradication of destructive animal diseases and the effect upon agriculture and the meat supply, by Archibald R. Ward. The role of the dairy industry in a system of national agricultural develop- ment, by B. H. Rawl. SUBSECTION 6. CONSERVATION OF THE PI^ANT INDUSTRY. Algo sobre la langosta (Schistocerca americana) y la necesidad de una con- vencidn internacional para obiener su destruccidn, by Juan J. Rodriguez Luna. Conservacidn de las plantas industrials, by Rafael Pinol Batres. Cooperacidn en el servicio cuarentenario de plantas entre los paises pan- americanos, by John R. Johnston, 204 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAIv. Cooperacidn panamericana en la ctiareniena de las plantas, by Roberto Sundberg. Dipteros; nuevos pardsitos de la " schistocerca peregrina," by Carlos Nocedo. El manganeso en la capa arable del Uruguay, by J. Maimo Sarrasin. El progreso de la ciencia agricola en Cuba, by J. T. Crawley, Pan American cooperation in plant quarantine, by C. L. Marlatt. Plant introduction opportunities open to all the Americas, by David Fairchild. Possibilities of intensive agriculture in Tropical America, by O. F. Cook. The great need for the establishment of competent bureaus for the study of injurious insects in all American countries, by ly. O. Howard. The Institute of Tropical Agriculture of the Pacific Coast, by Herbert J. Webber. Trabajos fitoiecnicos y de experimeniacidn agricola en "La Estanzuela," Uruguay, by Alberto Boerger. Tropical varieties of maize, by G. N. Collins. SUBSECTION 7. MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. A practical market system for our large cities, by G. V. Branch. Car lot distribution, by J. S. Crutchfield. Developing foreign markets for apples, by Clarence W. Moomaw. Efectos de la apertura del canal de Panamd sobre la distribucidn de productos. agricolas, by Eduardo Carrasco Bascunan. Financing cooperative marketing associations, by W. H. Kerr. Great central markets for live stock and meats, by Louis D. Hall. Improved transportation service for perishable products, by G. C. White. Modern retail merchandising, by C. C. Parlin. Municipal terminal markets, by Cyrus C. Miller. Opportunities afforded the railroads of the United States for profitable agri- cultural development 'work, by T. F. Powell. Organization by consumers , by Herbert A. Smith. Relation of the Government to the marketing problem, by Beverly T. Galloway. Standardization of vegetables, by S. J. Cook. The advisability of collegiate courses on marketing and distribution, by T. N. Carver. The development of a market news service, by Wells A. Sherman. The economic bearing of future trading in agricultural commodities, by Henry C. Emery. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 205 The economic trend in wholesale methods of fruit distribution, by Arthur R. Rule. The economic value of the auction as a distributor of perishable commodities, by Victor K. McBlheny, jr. The effective use of the Panama Canal in the distribution of products, by Charles J. Brand. The extent and possibilities of cooperation, by C, E. Bassett. The influence of supply on prices, by A. U. Chaney. The marketing of farm mortgage loans, by C. W. Thompson. The principles and practices of cooperation applied to citrus production and distribution, by G. Harold Powell. Trading in grain futures, by 1,. D. H. Weld. Transportation of perishable commodities: Need of cooperation by shippers with carriers, by Eugene F. McPike. Truck crop marketing on a large scale under cooperative principles, by N. P. Wescott. Uniform grades and standard packages, by C. T. More. SECTION IV. Address before the section on education, by Philander P. Claxton. Address, by His Excellency the Minister of Uruguay, Carlos M. de Pena. EDUCATION. SUBSECTION 1. ELEMENTARY EDUCATION. Adaptation of the course of study of the elementary school to needs of the child, by J. N. Deahl. Algunas deficiencias de la educacion popular en la America Latina, by Darfo E. Salas. Algunas ideas sobre nuevas orientaciones de la ensenanza, by Abel J. Perez. SCudl es la manera mas eficaz para la preparacion de los profesores ele- mentales de las escuelas de cada clase? by Mariano Pereira Nunez. ^Cudles son los elementos de una ley efectiva sobre asistencia obligatoria en las escuelas? By Emilio Foumi^. SDeberia ser una sola escuela la unidad local de administracion en el distrito o en una esfera mas amplia? by Enriqueta Compte y Rique. Edad y demds condiciones en que debe hacer el nino el primer ano o sea el noviciado, en la escuela elemental para no perjudicar swdesarrollo fisico, by Mariano Pereira Ndiiez. EducaQdo physica, intellectual e moral, by Liberato Bittencourt. ao6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Edvcational and social economic contributions of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition to Pan American interests, by Alvin E. Pope, El Estado y la musica en las Americas, by Narciso Garay. El metodo en la ciencia pedagdgica, by Luis Arce Lacaze. El porvenir del panamericanismo, by Peter H. Goldsmith. El problema de la edticcLcion en el Ecuador, by A. Espinosa Tamayo. El problema de la educacidn primaria en la America Latina, by Guillermo A. Shervvell. SEn que proporcidn deberd sostenerse la instruccidn elemental por im- puestos locales y en cudl por impuestos del Estado? ^Cudles deberdn ser las f actor es determinantes en dicha distribucidn? by Jeanne Puch and Marguerite Galharret. Ensenanza de las matemdticas en las escuelas publicas. iCurdl es el mejor sistema para la ensenanza de las matemdticas? by Rodolfo Munoz Oribe. iEntre que limites de edad debe hacerse obligatoria la asistencia de los ninos a la escuela primaria elemental? iC6mo puede hacerse efectiva la ley de asistencia obligatoria a la escuela primaria elemental? by Eduardo Roge. How may the school be made an effective health agency? by Thomas D. Wood. La Asociacion Bibliogrdfica Panamericana, por medio de la Union Pan- americana de Bibliotecas Nacionales, by Carlos Silva Cruz. La instruccidn primaria en sus relaciones economicas con la localidad y el Estado, by Dario E. Salas. La instruccidn publica en el Paraguay, by Juan F. P^rez. . Las bellas artes en la instruccidn publica de America, by Pedro Pablo Traversari, Jose Gabriel Navarro, and Sixto Maria Durdn. L'Education Physiqus en Bolivie, by Henri de Genst. Motivos de una ley de educacidn comun, by Abel J. P6rez. Noticia synthetica do ensino no Estado de Sao Paulo, by Tiburtino Mon- dim Pestana. Panamericanismo y educacidn, by Ernes tina A. Lopez de Nelson. Provision for the education of the city child, by Ernest C. Moore. Proyecto sobre educacidn moderna, by Rodolfo Robles. The educational value of endowment for public schools, by John A. Brashear. The essentials of an ideal compulsory education law, by John B. Quinn and Ben Blewett. Una contribucidn a la comprensidn panamericana, by Jos4 Maria Gdlvez. Value of the kindergarten in the public school system, by Lucy Wheelock. What remains to be (^one for education; wanted: a thoroughgoing reform in Pan American education, by Luis A. Baralt. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 207 SUBSECTION 2. SECONDARY EDUCATION. AgrictUture in secondary schools with special reference to the State of Min- nesota, by A. V. Storm. SCudl deheria ser el fin primario y cudl el secundaria de las altas escuelas de instniccidn? by Ernesto Nelson. iCudl deheria ser el fin primario y cudl el secundaria de las altas escuelas de instriiccidn? ?Hasta que punto deberian determinarse los cursos es- colares en las altas escuelas por los requisitos de admision al colegio y hasta qui punto por las exigencias de la vida industrial y civil? by A. M, Ztiniga. i) Cudl sera el fin primario y cudl el secundaria de las altas escu£las de ins- tru^cion? $ Hasta que punto deherdn determinarse los cursos escolares en las altas escuelas por los requisitos de admisidn al colegio y hasta que punto por las exigencias de la vida industrial y civil f by Miguel Larreinaga. Historical development of our secondary schools, by Elmer Ellsworth Brown. La instruccion inter mediaria, by J. Alberto Gamez, Los fines de la ensenanza media, by Luis Galdames. Los fines de la ensenanza secundaria en los paises americanos, by Juan Monteverde. Los idiomas extranjeros en la ensenanza secundaria de Chile, by Graciela Mandujano. Should public vocational training of high school grade be organized as a course or courses in the regular high school, or in a separate school established primarily for vocational training! By Edwin G. Cooley. The changes needed in American secondary education, by Charles W, Eliot. The secondary school and the university, by Ernesto Nelson. SUBSECTION 3. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. A college dormitory system, by A. W. Harris. American diplomas abroad, by Felipe Gallegos. SDeberdn depender las universidades y colegios sostenidos por fondos pu- blicos, de poderes independientes o autonomos 0 deberdn estar directa- mente bajo el dominio central del Estado? by Rafael Canedo. S Deberian depender las universidades y colegios sostenidos por fondos publi- co s, de poderes independientes y autonomos , o deberian estar directamente bajo el dominio central del Estado ? by Bemab^ Salgado. 48192—17 14 208 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. En camino hacia la Universidad Panamericana, by Narciso Garay. Extramural activity of universities from the governmental point of view, by Herman G. James. Extramural services of State and endowed universities, including university extension, from governmental standpoint, by John A. Fairlie. Extramural services of State and endowed universities, including university extension, from the humanistic standpoint, by Edward K. Graham. Extramural services of State and endowed universities, including university extension, from the humanistic standpoint, by David Snedden. Function of graduate schools in the universities of the United States, by William H. Carpenter. La ensenanza de las matemdticas generales en la Universidad de La Plata, by Hugo Broggi. La fUosofla cientifica en la organizacidn de las universidades, by Jos^ Ingenieros. The duty of State-supported universities in regard to scientific, historical, economic, and political research, and publication of such research, by A. O. Leuschner. The mutual recognition of academic degrees, including reciprocity in the professions of law, medicine, dentistry, atid education, by Augustus S. Downing. The perpetuity of the independent college, by John S. NoUen. The purpose of the graduate school, by Albion W. Small. The relation of universities to public service, by Frank L. McVey. The status of the university professor in the United States, by Clyde First. Things .which interest university students in the United States as compared with the interests of similar students in Europe and Latin America, by John DriscoU Fitz-Gerald. Things which interest university students in the United States as compared with the interests of similar students in Europe and Latin America, bv Harry Ervvin Bard. SUBSECTION 4. EDUCATION OF WOMEN. Education of women as related to the welfare of chUdreri, by Julia C. Lathrop. SEn que proporcidn es conveniente la instrucciSn mixta en las escuelas ele- mentales, altas escuelas, colegios y universidades 9 by Francisco Buitrago Diaz. Finalidad esencial de la educacidn de- la mujer, by Eduardo Monteverde. SHasta que proporcidn es conveniente la instrticcion mixta en las escuelas elementales, altas escuelas, colegios y universidades 9 by Francisco A. Risquez. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 209 La coedticacidn en la Escuela Normal de Siicre, by Emilio Jacobs. The college woman as a secretary, by Mary Snow. The ed%Lcation of the nurse for the home and the community, by Miss Adelaide M. Nutting. The education of women as measured in civic and social relations, by Susan M. Kingsbury. The education of women as tested by her civic and social relations, by Sophonisba P. Breckinridge. The librarian: the library and the education of the people, by Lutie E. Steams. The new profession of public health nursing and its educational needs, by C. E. A. Winslow. Well-being of children as determined by education of women, by Helen C. Putnam. SUBSECTION 5. EXCHANGE OP PROFESSORS AND STUDENTS. Das escolas profissionaes. Permuta de professores e alumnos, by Reynaldo Porchat. Exchange of professors and students between the universities of the United States and Central and South America, by Manoel de Oliveira Lima. Exchange of teachers between Mexico and the United States, by G. B. Winton. Intercambio de profesores y alumnos y reconocimiento de titulos, by Santiago Key-Ayala. Organizacidn y desarrollo de un plan para el cambio sistemdtico de estu- diantes y profesores entre las universidades de los distintos paises americanos. Plan para obtener un reconocimiento mutuo de los grados tecnicos y profesionales concedidos por las instituciones de primera clase en las distintas republicas americanas, by Domingo Amu- ndtegui Solar. Organizacidn y desarrollo de un plan para el cambio sistemdtico de estudian- tes y profesores entre las universidades de los distintos paises ameri- canos. Plan para obtener un reconocimiento mutuo de los grados tecnicos y profesionales concedidos por las instituciones de primera clase en las distintas republicas americanas, by Romulo E. Dur6n. Plans for bringing about a mutual recognition of educational credentials, particularly technical and professional degrees issued or granted by institutions of the first rank, by Augustus S. Downing. 2IO REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. The development of cultural ties between the Republics of America through the interchange of professors and students, by Leo S. Rowe. The organization and development of a plan for the systematic exchange of university students and university professors between the several Ameri- can Republics, by John Bassett Moore. SUBSECTION 6. ENGINEERING EDUCATION. Cooperation between engineering societies and engineering schools, by John H. Leete. Cooperation between engineering societies and engineering schools, by Fred- erick Remsen Hutton. Cooperative work in industrial plants in connection with engineering educa- tion, by Louis E. Reber. Coordination and cooperation within and between technical schools, by Gardner C. Anthony. Engineering edtication in the United States, by Charles S. Howe. Essential physical equipment for engineering education, by C. H. Benjamin. Influence of technical journals on engineering education, by Thomas T. Read. La ensenanza prdctica de la Ingenieria, by Juan Monteverde. Methods of teaching ceramic arid cement technology, by Arthur S. Watts. Methods of teaching chemical engineering, by M. C. Whitaker. Methods of teaching electrical engineering, by Dugald C. Jackson. Methods of teaching highway engitieering , by Arthur H. Blanchard. Opportunities and problems confronting the engineer in South America, by Elmer I^. Corthell. SQue amplitud fmede tener en los cur so s escolares de ingenieria una pro- vechosa prdctica suplementaria en los establecimientos industriales? by Justiniano Sotomayor. Scientific progress and invention in relation to engineering education, by Walter Rautenstrauch. The influence of technical journalism on mining education, by T. A. Rickard. The practicing engineer's part in engineering education, by R. V. Norris. The relative importance of general training in engineering branches to ex- treme specialization, by William H. Burr. The significance of engineering degrees in the United States, by Wm. T. Magruder. The study of engineering edtication by the joint committee of the National Engineering Societies, by C. R. Mann. RHPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 211 To what extent may college courses in engineering he profitably supplemented by practical work in the shop? To what extent may laboratory work in engineering be replaced through cooperation with industrial plants? by Arthur A. Hamerschlag. What does engineering education contribute to scientific progress atid inven- tion? by V. Karapetoff. SUBSECTION 7. MEDICAL EDUCATION. Conveniencia de crear la Escuela Americana de Patologia Tropical en una de las naciones del Sur. Estudio de la medicina tropical en Europa- antes de la guerra. Estudio de la medicina tropical en America. La Escuela Americana de Medicina Tropical, su objeto, itnportancia y oportunidad by Rafael Gonzalez Rincones. Correlation of the purely scientific and clinical branches in the under- graduate m,edical curriculum, by B. M. Randolph. Development of a fifth year in medical education in the United States, by Samuel W. Lambert. Ensenanza medica, by Teodoro Muhm. Medical education in the United States, by John M. Baldy. SQue cdtedras del plan de estudios de una escuela medica deben ser servidas por doctor es en medicina que ejerzan la profesidn de medico? by Carlos Ybar. SQui preparacion deberd exigirse para la admision en las escuelas medicas? SCual deberd ser el minimum de requisites exigidos para los grades? SA que parte de la facultad de una escuela medica deberd exigirse la dedicacion de todo su tiempo al profesorado y a la investigacidn? SCudl es la instruccion m-ejor que puede darse por doctores consa- grados a la prdctica de la medicina? by Francisco A. Risquez. Relaciones mSdicas en las Americas, by Carlos Morales Macedo. State control of medical licensure, by Augustus S. Downing. The amount of biological knowledge essential for the student beginning the study of medicine, by Frederick C. Waite. The development of entrance requirements in medical education and the effect of this development on attendance in medical colleges of the United States, by D. A. K. Steele. The premedical education in biology, by Paul Bartsch. The preparatory and college education in the Latin American colleges in relation to the studies of medicine in the medical schools of the United States of A merica, by Ddmaso Rivas. Who is a medical practitioner? by Harlan Hoyt Horner. 212 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. SUBSECTION 8. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. A decade in agricultural education, by Andrew M. Soule. Agricultural education, by E. Davenport. Agricultural ediication in county schools, by H. L. Russell. Agricultural extension work, by G. I. Christie. Agricultura scientifica ou ensino agricola no Brazil, by Luiz Frederico Sauerbronn Carpenter. A notional system of agricultural educatimv, by Henry Jackson Waters. Education for the baccalaureate degree as administered in agriculture^ colleges, by A. C. True. Instruccidn agricola, by Jose Comallonga y Mena. ^Qu£ preparacidn deherd requerirse para admitir alumnos en los colegios de agricultura nacionales y del Estado? $Hasta qu^ punto en los colegios agricola s deberdn ser los cursos de esttidios tedricos y generales y hasta qui otro prdcticos y especificados? ^En qu4 grado deberdn dcterminarse los planes de estudios de cualquier colegio de esta indole for las condi- ciones locales? by B. H. A. Groth. The agricultural college and the working farmer, by Kenyon L. Butterfield. The American college of agriculture, by F. B. Mumford. SUBSECTION 9. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION. Cooperation between public schools and organizations of employers and employees in making and executing plans for industrial education, by Arthur Williams. Corporation schools, by E. H. Fish. $Cudl deberd ser el lugar de la instruccidn industrial en el sistema escolar de las republicas americanas? by Julio C^sar Bolet. SCvdl deberd ser el lu^ar de la instruccidn industrial en el sistema escolar de las republicas americanas? i Deberd sosienerse con impuestos pu- blicos? S Deberd ser considerada como una funcion del sistema publico escolar? $ Deberd darse bajo un sistema separado y bajo una organi- zacidn aparte? i,C6mo y hasta que punto pueden las escuelas indus- triales cooperar con los contratistas de obreros? by Henri Mettewie. $Cudl deberd ser el liigar de la instruccidn industrial en el sistema escolar de las republicas panamericanas? i, Deberd darse dentro de un sistema separado y dentro de una organizacidn aparte? ^ Deberd ser consi- derada como una funcion del sistema publico escolar? II. S Deberd sostenerse con impuestos? III. Forma como la escuela industrial REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 213 puede cooperar por medio de sus alumnos y ex-alumnos a los trahajos y labor es de las industrias, fdhricas y obras puhlicas. Forma como las industrias, fdhricas y obras puhlicas ptieden facilitar el aprendizaje Prdctico de los alumnos de las escuelas industriales , by Joaquin Cabezas. SCudl deheria ser el lugar de la instrvccidn industrial en el sisiema de las repiiblicas americanas? S Deheria ser considerada como una funcion del sistema publico escolar? ^Deheria darse hajo un sistema separado y bajo una organizacion aparte? by Alfredo Samojiati. Industrial education for Latin America, by Harold E. Eve.rly. National, State, and local support of industrial education, by David Snedden. Readjustment in elementary and secondary schools in response to changing industrial and social needs, by L. D. Harvey. The corporation school, by F. C. Henderschott. The need of an industrial education in an industrial democracy, by John Dewey. The place of industrial education in a system of public schools of a self- governing people, by E. Davenport. The training of girls and women for trades and industries, by Mary S. Woolman, SUBSECTION 10. COMMERCIAL, EDUCATION. Address by William Jennings Bryan. A scientific method of employing office help, by Sherwin Cody. Commercial education: In Latin America, by Edgar Ewing Brandon. In England, by I. L. Kandel. In Germany, by Frederick Ernest Farrington. Commercial education from the standpoint of business, by John H. Fahey. Commercial education from the standpoint of the educator, by Edmund J. James. Commercial ediwation in secondary schools, by Paul Monroe. Commercial education in secondary schools, by David Snedden. Commercial preparation through corporation schools, by Lee Galloway. i,C6mo puede una nacion preparar de la manera mas eficaz a sus jovenes para una car r era comer cial que deben emprender, hien sea en dicha nacion 0 en un pais extranjero? papers by A. Aubert, Francisco Araya Bennett, M. Delley, Santiago H. Fitz-Simon, Antonio L. Valverde, and Agustin T. Whilar. 214 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. El comer cio moderno y las nuevas orientaciones de la ensenanza comer cial, by Isaac Grinfeld. Elementary commercial education, by F. G. Nichols. Entrance requirements to colleges of commerce, by David Kinley and by W. F. Gephart. How to secure properly prepared instructors for colleges and universities , in courses in domestic and foreign commerce, by James C. Egbert. Is there a profession of business, and can we really train for it? by Elliot H. Goodwin. Preparacion para la carrera comercial en Chile. Punto de vista latino- americano de la ensenanza comercial, by Francisco Araya Bennett. Preparation for foreign trade, by Andrew J. Peters. Preparation for trade, domestic and foreign: From the standpoint of the business man, by J. A. Farrell. From the standpoint of the educator, by Edwin F. Gay. Science and commerce, by William C. Redfield. Special courses for commercial study: Statement as to aim and achieve- ments since establishment: Correspondence schools, by T. J. Foster. University extension work for men in business, by Samuel Mac- Clintock. Alexander Hamilton Institute, by Joseph French Johnson. Commercial Museum of Philadelphia, by W. P. Wilson. The National City Bank, by F. C. Schwedtman. Bureau of Commercial Economics, by Francis Holley. Special schools of commercial education, college and university grade: Georgia School of Technology, by Kenneth G. Matheson. Tulane University: Cooperation between the business men of New Orleans and the college of commerce and business administration of the Tulane University, by Morton A. Aldrich. University of Cincinnati: The college of commerce, by Frederick C. Hicks. University of Oregon: The school of commerce, by Harry B. Miller. New York University: Two-year course and individtuUization of training for business, by Jeremiah W. Jenks. Special schools of secondary grades: Raison d'etre, character and method of instruction: Commercial high school, by William Fairley. Y. M. C. A., by Edward L. Wertheim. The curriculum of a school of commerce, by Roswell C. McCrea. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 215 The graduate school of business: Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance, Dartmouth College, by H. S. Person. Harvard University: Graduate School of Business Administration, by Edwin F. Gay. The proper use of business experts from the business world in class instruc- tion on domestic and foreign commerce. Symposium. By Roger W. Babson, Edward N. Hurley, E. T. Gundlach, Wallace D. Simmons, B. Olney Hough, Harry Erwin Bard, John Franklin Crowell, and John Clausen. The teaching of special subjects in the collegiate course of study for business, domestic and foreign: Languages, by Glen Ivevin Swiggett. Geography, by J. Paul Goode. Mathematics, by Everett W. Lord. History, by Wm. R. Shepherd. ^ Governmsnt, by Jesse S. Reeves. Accounting, by John B. Geijsbeek and by Donald F. Grass. Statistics, by E. Dana Durand. Banking and finance, by Charles Lee Raper. Business law, by Ward W. Pierson. Business ethics and psychology, by James E. Lough. Business organization and administration, by Arthur E. Swanson. What can the small college do in training for business? by George W. Hoke. UNCLASSIFIED. As principaes associafoes literarias e scientificas do Brasil {1724.-1838), by Max Fleiuss. SECTION V. ENGINEERING. Address before the section, by the Chairman, Gen, W. H. Bixby. SUBSECTION 1. CIVIL ENGINEERING. Bascule bridges, by J. B. Strauss. City streets and pavements, by George W. Tillson. Contracting and regulating works at mouths of rivers, by Elmer L. Corthell. Conveniencia e possibilidade de se estabelecer uma bitola uniforme de ferro- carril na Pan- Americana, e especialmente no Centra e Sul- America, by Clodomiro Pereira da Silva. 2l6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Conveniencia y posibilidad de establecer en Pan America y especialmenie en Centra y Sud America un sistem^ jerroviario con trocha uniforms, by Carlos Tejada Sorzano. Cudl es la trocha que mas conviene a nuesira red ferrea, by Santiago Marin Vicuna. Discusion sintetica del trazado del eje hidrdulico, by Ram6n Salas Edwards, El esttuirio del Plata, by Francisco P. Miranda. Employment and behavior of concrete and reinforced concrete in fresh and saline waters under the servitude of waves in exposed situations, by Chandler Davis. Engineering and scientific work of the United States Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, by L. W. Page. Estudio general de la construccidn y conservacidn de carreteras y calles. — Estudio de una calzada automoviliaria, by A. Manrique Martin. Harbor and port terminal facilities and works, by H. McL. Harding. Ingenieria general en Colombia, by Paulo Pinz6n. Long-span bridges in America, by Henry S. Jacoby. Mejora en el Rio Magdalena, by Miguel Triana. New York State canals, by William B. Landreth. Notas sobre vias de comunicacidn en la Republica del Ecuudor, by Francisco Manrique. Obras de desagiie de la regidn sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, by Agustin Mercau. Observaciones generates sobre el regimen de los cursos de agua en la Repu- blica O. del Uruguay, desde el punto de vista de la construccidn de puentes. — Solu^iones adoptadas, by Federico E. Capurro. Public roads in the United States, by J. E. Pennybacker. Sandy seacoast shore protection, by B. F. Cresson, jr. SituxiQao e desenvolvimento de vias ferro-viarias de trans parte pelas montanhas, by Clodomiro Pereira da Silva. Soils in relation to allowable pressures thereon, by Robert A. Cummings. . The best type of construction for piers and quays in water fronts of great depths and swift currents, by J. F. Coleman. The work of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, by Lieut. Col. E. Eveleth Winslow. Trabajos hidrogrdficos en el Rio de La Plata. Nuevos aparatos, by Agustin Mercau. Uniform gauge for railways, by Fred Lavis. Vertical lift bridges, by J. A. L. Waddell. REPORT OF the; secretary general. 217 SUBSECTION 2. MARINE ENGINEERING. Merchant marine, by Lewis Nixon. Organization of the technical work of the United States Lighthouse Service and its coordination with other Government services, by George R. Putnam. Scientific work of the United States Navy, by Admiral D. W. Taylor. Shallow-draft boats and barges for inland navigation, by L. H. Beach and Charles Keller. The United States Coast Guard and its functions, by C. A. McAllister. United States Lighthouse Service, lighthouses, fog signals, light-vessels, and bux)ys, by George R. Putnam. SUBSECTION 3. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. Aluminum conductors for electric transmission lines, by Theodore Vamey. El cdlculo exacto de las lineas de transmisidn con admiiancia dielectrica repartida y el metodo hiperbolico complejo, by Arturo E- Salazar. Electrical codes and standards, by Edward B. Rosa. Electric power transmission and distribution systems; present status, by Percy H. Thomas. Electrochemical industries, by G. A. Roush. Flujo electrico, by Bautista Lasgoity. Industrial applications of electricity, by Philip Torchio. La radiotelegrafia en el Uruguay, by Bernardo Kayel. Physical aspects of radio telegraphy, by John L. Hogan, jr. Pastes telegrdficos, by Guillermo Destruge. Proyecto de "Conveticidn Radiotelegrdfica Panamericana," by Contra Almirante Juan A. Martin and Emilio E. Dagassan. Some recent developments in telephony and telegraphy, by Frank B. Jewett. The electrification of transportation lines, by Norman Wilson Storer. The hydro-electric utilization of Niagara Falls and elsewhere, by Maurice Deutsch. Underground cables, by H. W. Fisher, SUBSECTION 4. RECLAMATION, SEWAGE, AND MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY. Algo sobre saneamiento de Guayaquil (Ecuador), by Francisco Manrique. Disposal of sewage and refuse in America, by Morris Knowles. 2l8 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL, Engenharia sanitaria e ahastecimento municipal de agua, by Clodomiro Pereira da Silva. Engineering work of the United States Reclamation Service, by Arthur Powell Davis. Ingenieria Sanitaria. Saneamiento de poblaciones, by Carlos de Nar- vdez Q. Irrigation and drainage, by F. H. Newell. Laws and regulations regarding the use of water in Pan American countries, by Rome G. Brown. Municipal water supplies, by George C. Whipple. Reservoirs for municipal water supply, by Alfred D. Flinn. Sewers, by H. de B. Parsons. Street cleaning, by J. W. Paxton. The final disposition of city sewage, by Rudolph Hering. The status of water power development, by H, W. Buck. SUBSECTION 5. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Agricultural implements and machinery, by E. B. McCormick. Chronocyclegraph motion devices for measuring achievement, by Frank B. Gilbreth and Lillian M. Gilbreth. Economy of steam power plants, by William Kent. The development of the park system of Washington, by Colonel Wm. W. Harts. The gyroscope as applied to aerial and water navigation, by Elmer A. Sperry. Transportadores aereos en el interior de los depdsitos del puerto de Monte- video, by Eduardo Garcia de Zufiiga. SUBSECTION 6. STANDARDS, SURVEYS, PARKS, BUILDINGS, NOMENCLATURE. Acceptance tests of electrical apparatus, by Clayton H. Sharp. Engineering and other scientific work of the United States Coast and Geo. detic Survey, by E. Lester Jones. Engineering work of the United States Geological Survey, by R. B. Marshall. Metodo de notacion diagonal, by Rodolfo Aguilar Batres. Tobias de coordenadas rectangulares para arcos sexagesimales y centesimales de diez en diez segundos, by Iberio San Romdn. The work of the United Stales Bureau of Standards, by S. W. Stratton. Una nueva propiedad involutiva de poligon-os afectos a una cdnica, by Jos6 Isaac del Corral. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 21 9 SECTION VI. INTERNATIONAL LAW, PUBLIC LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE. Address before the section, by the chairman, James Brown Scott. Address, by Elihu Root. SUBSECTION 1. INTERN ATIONAI^ lyAW. Actitud de Colombia hacia el arhitraje internacional y el arreglo pacifico de las disputas internacionales , by Arcesio Penagos. Actitud de las naciones americanas hacia el arbitrage y el arreglo pacifico de los conflictos internacionales, by Eusebio Bracamonte. Actitvd de los paises americanos hacia el arbitraje internacional y el arreglo pacifico de las disputas internacionales, by Benito Javier P^rez-Verdia. Arbitraje internacional y codificacidn del derecho internacional, by Antonio Madrid. Are there specific American problems of international law? by John Foster Dulles. SCdmo puede persuadirse mejor a los pueblos de los paises de America de los deberes y res pons abilidades del Estado en el derecho internacional? by Juan de Dios Garcia Kohly. SDeberia codificarse el derecho internacional? y en ese caso Sdeberia hacerse por gestiones de los Gobiernos 0 por sociedades cientificas privadas? by Alonso Reyes Guerra. Du droit a la securite de la navigation en haute mer pour tous les citoyens des pays americains, by Alejandro C6sar. El dia de America, by Adolfo Berro Garcia. El Paraguay y America, by Juan F. P4rez. El tratado de limites de igog entre el BrasU y el Uruguay y el pacifismo americano, by Adolfo Berro Garcia. Estudio del derecho internacional en los paises americanos y medios por los curies puede ser mds efectivo, by Jos^ Matos. Ha problemas especialmente americanos de direito internacional? by Chry- santo Freire de Brito. Ha problemas especialmente americanos de direito internacional? by Manuel Tavares Cavalcanti. SHay problemas de derecho internacional especialmente americanos? by Manuel Castro Ramirez. Historia diplomatica do Brasil francez no seculo XVI; Historia diplomatica do Brasil hollandez durante 0 seculo XVII, by A. G. de Araujo-Jorge. 220 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. How can the people of the American countries best be impressed with the duties and responsibilities of the State in international law, by David Jayne Hill. Inaugural address, by Charles Noble Gregory. La actitud de los paises americanos hacia el arbitrage internacional y el arreglo pacifico de las disputas internacioncUes, by Francisco Capella y Pons. "La gran guerra euro pea y la neu tr alidad de Chile" por Alejandro Alvarez, by Eduardo Sarmiento Laspiur. La solucidn pacifica de las cuesiiones internacioncUes por el arbitraje, by Adolfo Berro Garcia. La unificacidn del derecho internacional en el continenie americano, by Victor Maurtua. Le droit international doit-il etre codifie? Dans le cas affirmatif cette codi- fication doit-elle etre faite par I'entremise des Gouvernements ou par celle des societes scientifiques particulieres? by Rodrigo Octavio. Mision del Instituto Americano de Derecho Internacional, by AntoHn Irala. On the new orientation that has become necessary in the study of international law. Rapprochement of the Anglo-Saxon and Latin- American schools, by Alejandro Alvarez. Pan Americanism in the light of the traditional international policy of Argentina, by Enrique Gil. Problemas internacionales americanos, by Luis Alfredo Otero. Rapports entre le droit national et le droit international, by Alejandro Alvarez. Relofdo do direito internacional com a lei nacional nos paizes americanos, by Jos^ Linhares. RelaQdo entre o direito internacional e o direito nacional nos paizes ameri- canos, by Jos6 Mendes. Should international law be codified? And if so, should it be done through governmental agencies or by private scientific societies? by Arthur K. Kuhn. Should international law be codified? And if so, should it be done through governmental agencies or by private scientific societies? by Simeon E. Baldmn. Should international law be codified: and, if so, should it be done through governmental agencies or by private scientific societies'^ by Elihu Root. Sociologia e direito. Conveniencia de una cadeira de sociologia no cur so de direito, by Reynaldo Porchat. The attitude of American countries toward international arbitration and the peaceful settlement of international disputes, by Jackson H. Ralston, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 221 The attittide of American countries toward international arbitration and the peaceful settlement of international disputes, by Walter Scott Penfield. The duties and obligations of neutral Governments, parties to The Hague conventions, in case of actual or threatened violations by belligerents of the stipulations of the said conventions, by Norman Dwight Harris. The relation of international law to national law in American countries, by Geo. Grafton Wilson. The relation of international law to national law in the American Repub lies, by John Bassett Moore. The rdle of America in the development of international law, by I^o S. Rowe. The study of international law in the Americas and the means by which it may be rendered more effective, by Clement L- Bouv4. The study of international law in the countries of America, and the means by which it may be made more effective, by James W. Garner. The study of international law in the countries of America and the means by which it may be m,ade effective, by Jacob Gould Schurman. What means should be provided and procedure adopted for authoritatively determining whether The Hague conventions or other general interna- tional agreements or the rules of international law have been violated? by Edward A. Harriman. What means should be provided and procedure adopted for authoritatively determining whether The Hague conventions or other general interna- tional agreements or the rules of international law have been violated} by Theodore S. Woolsey. SUBSECTION 2. PUBLIC LAW. Derecho y procedimiento criminal en lo que se refiere a esfera y limites de jurado, by Jos^ A. Vargas Torres. Derecho y procedimientos criminates con especial relacidn a la esfera y limites de los procesos ante jurados, by Moists A. Vieites. Executive responsibility for State government in the proposed constitution for New York, by Jacob Gould Schurman. Gobiernos presidenciales y parlamentarios en el continente americano, by Rafael Maria Angulo. Gobiernos presidenciales y parlamentarios en el continente americano, by Fernando Sanchez de Fuentes. Gobierno y responsabilidad, by Justino E. Jimenez de Ar^chaga. Inaugural address, by Simeon E. Baldwin. 222 RflPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Is there an American public law that can be differentiated from that of other continents? by Robert Ludlow Fowler. La dictature ripvhlicaine et le Gouvernement bresilien, by Antonio dos Reis Carvalho. La potestad reglamentaria, by Moises Vargas. La proporcionalidad en la representacidn de las democracias. Los dife- rentes sistemas de sufragio, sus cualidades y defectos tedricos y prdcticos^ by Jos^ Maza. On the historical development of public law, by Gordon E. Sherman. Presidential and Parliamentary Government on the American Continent in State and Nation, by Thomas I. Parkinson. Public law as affecting legal procedure in civil causes, by William W. Smithers. Relaciones entre los poderes judicial y legislative, by Carlos Bravo. Relaciones entre los poderes judicial y legislativo, by Eduardo Rodriguez Pineres. The effect of the American public law on our written constitutions in their bearing on the sovereignty of the State, by Lucilius A. Emery. The effect of American public law on our written constitutional provisions making treaties law, by George D. Watrous. The relations of public law to international private law, by John K. Beach. The Pan American Congresses, by Everett P. Wheeler. Theories for the punishment of criminals, by Charles F. MacLean. SUBSECTION 3. JURISPRUDENCE. A study in Mexican law, by Thomas W. Palmer. Delicto juvenil, by Alfredo Balthazar da Silveira. El Jurado, by Victor Manuel Penaherrera. How may lawyers of one country be most easily and effectively made acquainted with the laws of another country? by Robert P. Shick. Is law a science? by Eugene Wambaugh. Organisafdo judiciaria e especialmente com, relagdo a nomeagao dos juizes; organisafdo e funcgoes dos tribunaes de primeira instancia, by Alfredo de Almeida Rusell. Organizacion judicial, con particular referenda a la designacidn o eleccidn de jueces y a la organizacidn y funciones de los jueces menores, by Andres J. MontoHo. Recent law reforms in the United States of America, by Frederick N. Judson. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAl,. 223 Some lessons from the civil law, by Edwin M, Borchard. The extra-territorial effect of criminal statutes, by William H. Page. The international assimilation. of law — Its needs and its possibilities from an American standpoint," by John H, Wigmore. SECTION VII. MINING, METALLURGY, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY. Address before the section, by the Chairman, Hennen Jennings. Address, by the Secretary of the Interior, Hon. Frankhn K. Lane. Address, by His Excellency the Minister of Peru, Federico A. Pezet. SUBSECTION 1. MINING. Apuntes sobre la riqueza mineralogica de Veneztiela, by German Jimenez. Bibliografia de la geologia, m,ineralogia y paleontologia de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay, by Rolf Marstrander. Buying and selling of South American nonferrous metals, by lyudwig Vogelstein. Copper in America, by Walter Harvey Weed. Datos para la historia de la mineria en la Republica de Guatemala, by Manuel Lenius. . Extension y posible explotacion de los deposiios de borato en la Argentina, by Enrique M. Hermitte and Julio Vatin. Informe preliminar sobre las riquezas minerales de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay, by Rolf Marstrander. Iron ores of the Americas, by C. K. Leith. La industria del petroleo peruana en 191 5, by Ricardo A. Deustua. Leyes mineras de cada pais y modificaciones que pueden ser hechas para favorecer la explotacion de los recursos minerales. — Historia de la industria minera de cada pais con referenda especial a los principios de esta industria, by Jil F. Sanchez. Lifting ground water by compressed air, by W. L. Saunders. Methods and costs of obtaining crude petroleum in California, by Thomas Cox. Mineral production of Latin America, by G. A. Roush. Mineria y cddigo de minas de Chile, by t,. Julio Foster. Mining costs and selling prices of coal in the United States and Europe with special reference to export trade, by George S. Rice. Mining in Ecuador, by J. W. Mercer, 48192—17 15 224 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Mining, the pioneer of intimate commercial relations, by Frederick F. Sharpless. Origin, development, and present status of United States mining laws, by J. W. Thompson. Placer mining methods and operating costs, by Charles Janin. The American Mining Congress and its work, by Carl Scholz. The fiiel situation in the Andean plateaus, by Benjamin Leroy Miller and Joseph T. Singewald, jr. The history and development of gold dredging in Montana, by Hennen Jennings. The mine of the Chile Exploration Company, Chuquicamata, Chile, by Pope Yeatman. The mining laws of Colombia, by Phanor J. Eder. The nitrate industry, by Enrique Cuevas. The United States Bureau of Mines, by Van H. Manning. The value of technical societies to mining engineers, by Rossiter W. Ray- mond. Uniformity in statistics, by Edward W. Parker. Value of mining property: A discussion of the relatians between northern capital and South American mines, by J. R. Finlay. SUBSECTION 2. METALLURGY. Assayiyig in the United States Mint Service, by Robert W. Woolley. Bolivian tin and its relation to the United States, by Howland Bancroft. Coal dust firing in reverberatory furnaces, by C. R. Kuzell. Concentracidn por flotacidn, by Federico G. Fuchs. Cuban iron mines and methods, by James E. Little. Estudio sobre concentracidn y metalurgia, concretado al mineral de San Antonio de Oriente, by Juan Miguel Callejas. Improved mining and metallurgical methods as an aid to conservation, by L. D. Ricketts. Lead and zinc resources of the United States, by C. E. Siebenthal. Metallurgical operations of the Chile Exploration Co., by C. A. Rose. Metallurgy of the concentrating a^id smelting plants of the Braden Copper Co., by R. E. Douglass and B. T. Colley. Metallurgy of the native-silver ores of southwestern Chihuahua, by W. M. Brodie. Metallurgy of tin ores in Bolivia, by Scovill E. HoUister. Ore dressing, by Robert Hallowell Richards. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. 225 Petroleum and asphalt in the United States, by Eugene Wesley Shaw. Recent progress in electrical smoke precipitation, by F. G. Cottrell. Recientes adelantos en la prdctica metaliirgica en el Peru, by Michel Fort. The electric furnace in metallurgy, by Joseph W. Richards. The field for cyaniding in South America, by Herbert A. Megraw. The hydrofnetallurgical treatment of complex gold and silver ores, by G. Howell Clevenger. The occurrence and preparation of radium and associated metals, by Charles L. Parsons. The prospect for marketing South American zinc ore, by W. R. Ingalls.. The storage and handling of explosives in mines, by Charles E. Munroe. SUBSECTION 3. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Area de distribucion de los yacimientos petroliferos y estado actual de su explotacion en la Argentina, by Enrique M. Hermitte. Coal fields of the United States, considered as sources of supply for the Western Hemisphere, by M. R. Campbell. Contrihucion al estudio de la figura de la Tierra; sobre el notable paralelismo de los sistemas de montanas del Globo, by I^uis Matamoros Sandoval. Edad de los fosiles peru^nos, by Carlos I. I^isson. Geologia general de la Republica de El Salvador en lo que se relaciona con la Mineria, by Luis Fleury. Geologia general y economica de Colombia, by Tulio Ospina. Gold and silver deposits in North and South America, by Waldemar I^indgren. Los yacimientos de los mdnerales de wolfram en la Republica Argentina ^ by Roberto Beder. Organization and. costs of geological surveys, by David White. Outline of the petroleum resources of Ecuador, by Cesar D. Andrade. Resena geologica del Departamento de Cundinamarca — Cordillera Oriental de los Andes colombianos, by Ricardo Lleras Codazzi. The coals of Brazil, by I. C. White. The petroleum resources of Mexico, by D. T. Day. The phosphate resources of the United States, by George Rogers Mansfield. The public's interest in mineral resources, by George Otis Smith. 226 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. SUBSECTION 4. APPLIED CHEMISTRY. Acctdn del stUfato de manganeso en la fermentacidn vinica, by Juan B. Lara. A simple, efficient, and economic filter. Its application to the filtration of the yellow precipitate in phosphoric acid estimations, by S. L. Jodidi and E. H. Kellog. Chemical research as a directing aid in the effiderU utilization of pine forests, by Chas. H. Herty. Contribucidn al andlisis toxicoldgico del mercurio, by Carlos Renson. Contribucion al estiidio de las lacas color eadas que forman las mater ias colorantes oxhidrUadas con los mordientes oxidicos, by Pedro Bruno Guggiari. Deter rmnacidn del oxigeno activo en los perboratos y polvos para lavar per- boratados, by Pedro Bfuno Guggiari. Drying oils produced in the Americas, by Henry A. Gardner. Dyestuffs from materials native to Latin American countries, by Samuel P. Sadtler. Food and efficiency, by Harvey W. Wiley. Paint for tropical climates, by Maximilian Toch. Pharmaceutical products from Latin American drugs, by A. R. L. Dohme. Rubber, by Percy H. Walker. Standard methods for sampling and analyzing coal, by A. C. Fieldner, G. S. Pope, and J. D. Davis. Standard methods of sampling and analysis and standard samples, by Wm. F. Hillebrand. Tanning materials from native sources in Latin American countries, by Thomas H. Norton. Th£ application of the paper pulp filter to the quantitative estimation of calcium and magnesium, by S. L. Jodidi and E. H. Kellog. The cement industry and its future development, by Edwin C. Eckel. The genesis of the Chilean nitrate deposits, by Joseph T. Singewald, jr., and Benjamin Le Roy Miller. The interrelations of pure and applied chemistry, by F. W. Clarke. The manufacture of gasoline and benzene-toluene from petroleum and other hydrocarbons, by W. F. Rittman. The value of scientific research and laboratory control in the manufacture of foods, by W. D. Bigelow. Water purification and sewage disposal, by William Pitt Mason, REPORT O^ THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 227 SECTION VIII. PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCE, Address before the section, by the Chairman, Gen. W. C. Gorgas. SUBSECTION 1. PUBUC HEALTH. A historical resume of the investigations of yellow fever leading up to the. findings of the Reed Board, by Geo. M. Sternberg. Antirahic vaccination in Havana with statistics compared with those of other nations, by Juan Santos Ferndndez. Beri-heri, estudio epidemiologico y experimental, by Mario G. Lebredo. Carlos Finlay on the house m.osquitoes of Havana, by Frederick Knab. Concepio que ha guiado en la creacion del Instituto Modelo de Clinica Medica, by Luis Agote. Concerning the chemical nature of the "vitamines," by Robert R. Williams. Considerations sur la fikvre dite "fievre de fruits," by Charles Mathon and L. Audain. Discovery and identification of the stages in the asexual cycle of the causative organism of Peruvian Verruga, by Charles H. T. Townsend. Dr. Ernesto Liceaga and yellow fever, by T. C. Lyster. Immunity to yellow fever, by H. R. Carter. Infantile scurvy, by Alfred F. Hess. La fievre typhoide en Bolivie, by Nestor Morales Villazon. La nutricion en la altiplanicie de Bogota, by Calixto Torres Umana. La profilaxia de la fiebre tifoidea por medio de la vacunacion, by Justo F. Gonzalez. Medical preparedness for campaign, by Edward L. Munson. Metodo de Ascanio para la coloracion de los pardsilos del paludismo, by Rafael Gonzalez Rincones. Metodos modernos para la prevencidn de la mortcUidad infantil, by Arturo L. Guerra. Observaciones sobre parasitosis iropicaies, by Rafael Gonzalez-Rincones. On the inhibitory properties of magnesium sulphate and their therapeutic application in cases of tetanus, by S. J. Meltzer. Present views in respect to modes and periods of infection in tuberculosis , by Mazyck P. Ravenel. Public health measures in relation to venereal diseases, by William F. Snow. 228 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. ResumS of some of the recent studies of the United States Public Health Service relating to the causation and to a method of preventing pellagra, by Joseph Goldberger. Review of the present yellow-fever situation, by Aristides Agramonte. Seroterapia antipestosa intensiva, by Jose Moreno. The epidemic of tiphus exanthematicus in the Balkans and in the prison camps of Europe, by Bert W. Caldwell. The known and the unknown with regard to the etiology and prevention of beri-beri, by Edward B. Vedder. The mortality from cancer in the Western Hemisphere, by Frederick L. Hoffman. The parasitic diseases in the American tropical countries and their effect upon the progress of civilization among the Latin American people, by Ddmaso Rivas. The relation of modes of infection to the control of bacterial diseases in Pan America, by M. J. Rosenau. SUBSECTION 2. VITAL STATISTICS. Cinco anos de demografia uruguxiya, by Joaquin de Salterain. Cooperation by the Bureau of the Census with State authorities in securing the enactment of adequate laws for the registration of births and deaths, by Richard C. Lappin. Desarrollo de la estadistica demogrdfica en la isla de Cuba, by Jorge Le-Roy y Cassd. Infant mortality statistics, by Lewis Meriam. Informs sobre el desarrollo de la estadistica demogrdfica en la Reptiblica de El Salvador, by Pedro S. Fonseca. Informes referentes a la morbosidad infccto-contagiosa, by Julio Etchepare. La tuberculosis en el Uruguay, by Joaquin de Salterain. Morbosidad y morlalidad infecto-contagiosa en el Uruguay, by Alfredo Vidal y Fuentes. The accuracy and completeness of tompiled vital statistics in the United. ' States, by John S. Fulton. The Federal registration service of the United States: Its development, problems, and defects, by Cressy L. Wilbur. The incidence of the different causes of mortality in Providence for fifty - five years, 1856-jgio, by Charles V. Chapin. The nature and significance of the changes in the birth and death rates in recent years, by Walter F. Willcox. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 229 The potential influence of vital statistics on the conservation of human life, by W. S. Rankin. The relation of sickness reports to health administration, by John W. Trask. Uniformacidn de las estadisticas demogrdficas y de la fecha de levantamiento de los censos de pohlacion de los paises panamericanos , by Alvaro Covarrubias Arlegui. Vital statistics in relation to life insurance, by Ivouis I. Dublin. Vital statistics in the States and cities of the United States, by William H. Guilfoy. SUBSECTION 3. SOCIOLOGICAL MEDICINE. Adrenalin in amoebic dysentery, by Theodoro Bayma. A method of approach in teaching sex ethics to girls and young women, by William R. Manning. An inquiry into the causes of crime, by R. B. von Kleinsmid. A safe and sane milk supply, by John Weinzirl. Autofrasias mentales, by Fernando Gorriti. Bebe: Higiene del embarazo y de la primera infancia, by Atilio Narancio. Child labor and public health, by Owen R. Lovejoy. Climate and hygiene of Rio de Janeiro, by Joaquim de Oliveira.Botelho. ' Climatologia dos Campos do Jorddo-S. Paulo, by Victor Godinho. Contribucion al estudio de la etiologia y profilaxia de la tuberculosis desde el punto de vista sociologico, by Nicolas A. Solano. Creadon de tribunates para ninos en las naciones americanas, by Genaro Giacobini. Defensa profUdctica del nino de las enfermedades infecciosas. Creadon de un Instituto Inter -A mericano de Profilaxia infantil ' de las enferme- dades infecciosas , by Genaro Giacobini. Educacion de los ninos nerviosos, by Bernardo Etchepare. EducaciSn fisica, moral e intelectual del nino, segun la ciencia psicologica contempordnea, by Genaro Giacobini. Educacidn sexuul de los jovenes como medio profildctico de las enferme- dades venereas, by Alfredo Persico. El asma: sus causas, defectos e inconvenienies de un solo metodo exclusive para curarla, como el metodo de Efraim; necesidad de varios trata- mientos en relacion con las varias causas asmatogenas, by Jose A. Rampini. El ejercicio m,uscular de la respiracidn, sistema sueco, ^es fisiologico? by A. Moraga Porras. 23© REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. El problema del alcoholismo y sn posible solution, by Luis Lopez de Mesa. El trahajo en la mujer embarazada, by Augusto Turenne. Ens ay o sobre pro/Uaxia de la sifUis y la blenorragia, by Joaquin Travieso. Examen anatdmico comparativo del sistema nervioso en la escala animal, by Genaro Giacobini. Factory sanitation, by E. R. Hayhurst. Gramdoma venerea. Contribticion provisoria a su estudio histologico, by Federico Susviela Guarch. Higiene dentaria del nino, by Carlos P. Berra. Higiene mental en sus relaciones con el desarrollo y consecucidn de la energia psiquica y con la fatiga producida por la ensenanza escolar, by A. Moraga Porras. Housing of wage earners, by Lawrence Veiller. Influencia de la habitacidn en la lucha contra la tuberculosis, by Juan Monteverde. International agreements in relation to the suppression of vice, by James Bronson Reynolds. La blastomicosis humana en el Peru y Bolivia, by Edmundo Escomel. La buba (Leishmaniosis americana), by Luis E. Migone. La delincu£ncia y el crimen: su represion cientifica, by Genaro Giacobini. ,La equivalencia mental entre el hombre y la mujer, mirada del punto de vista psicoldgico. Dedticciones socioldgicas , pedagdgicas e higienicas, by A. Moraga Porras. La heredo amoralidad infantU y su influencia social pedagogica. Higiene alimenticia del nino, by Genaro Giacobini. La influencia de la ankUostamiasis sobre la prosperidad de la agricultura y sobre la mortalidad infantU en Costa Rica, by Louis Schapiro and Mauro Fernandez. La inspeccidn medica en las escuelas publicas de Centra A merica. Necesidad y posibilidad de establecerla en vista de las candicianes existentes en Casta Rica, by Louis Schapiro. La medicina social y las problemas del trabajo en la Republica Argentina^ by Enrique Feinmann. La novocaina-glicero-yodada, como anestesico local y tralamiento preventivo en las extraccianes a consecuencia de la periostitis alveola dentaria, by Juan D. Susini. La tuberculosis en Bolivia: su etialagia y prafUaxia, by Nestor Morales Villazon. , Lepra y autosangroterapia. Necesidad de una Liga Panamericana Anti- leprasa, by Luis Zanotti-Cavazzoni. RKPORT OI'' THE SECRETARY GENERAL,. 23 1 Linfocitosis sanguinea en los sifiliticos (signo diagnostico y pronoslico), by Cdndido Patino Mayer and Augusto Celestino Gourdy. Los alienados delincuentes y los delincuentes alienados — Creadon de manicomios criminales, by Genaro Giacobini. Los dispensarios para lactantes (Gotas de Leche) como medio para disminuir la mortalidad infantil, hy Julio A. Bauza. Lucha contra el alcoholismo, by Ricardo Sarmiento Laspiur. Mechanical appliances in the treatment of pyrorrhea alveolaris and a short notice on an astringent substance extracted from a tree called "targua Colorado," by Felipe Gallegos. Mental Hygiene. The etiology and prevention of insanity from the socio- logical point of view, by William A. White. O erro essencial de pessoa na lei brazileira do casamento civil, by Jos6 Rodrigues da Costa Doria. On the hearing of occupation on medicine, by David L. Edsall. Os fumadores de maconha: effeitos e males do vicio, by Jose Rodrigues da Costa Doria. Pabellon modelo de clinica medica del Hospital Rawson, by Tomas S. Varela. Pauperism, by Edward T. Devine. Parasitologia de ciertos animales del Paraguay, by Luis E. Migone. Prevencion de la tuberculosis desde el punto de vista sociologico: confe- rencia sabre la higiene de la boca, by Felipe Gallegos. Profilaxia de la tuberculosis , by Constancio Castells E. Prophylaxia do ophidismo na America, by Vital Brazil. Prophylaxis of venereal diseases, by Edward L. Keyes, jr. Proyecto de ordenanza reglamentaria de la prostitution, by Silvestre Oliva. Proyecto de ordenanza reglamentaria del comercio de leche de consumo en Buenos Aires, by Ricardo Sarmiento Laspiur. Puericultura, by P. Rueda. Regimen de convalecencia en los alienados, by Santin-Carlos Rossi. Reorganizacidn del servicio medico-legal en Chile, by I. Marcial Rivera. Signo 0 'puntada colitica de la pneumonia en la infancia, by Genaro Giaco- bini. The alcohol and drug habit and its prophylaxis, by Harvey W. Wiley. The defective child and the prevention of the feeble-minded, by Henry Herbert Goddard. The employment of married and pregnant women and the protection and promotion of the health of female wage earners, by John B. Andrews. The etiology and prevention of tuberculosis from the sociological points of view, by William Charles White. 232 REPORT OK THE SECRETARY GENERAL. The progress of the antituberotUosis fight in Brazil, by Clemen te Ferreira. The training of defectives, by E. R. Johnstone. Tratamiento de la ttiberciUosis por el pneumo-tdrax artificial, by Joaquim de Oliveira Botelho. Tratamiento en libertad de los alienados en la Repuhlica Argentina, by Ricardo Sarmiento Laspiur. Un trabajo de proiesis dental, by A. E. Mordn. Un nuevo flagelado de las planias (Leptomonas Elmassianii), by Luis H. Migone. Vvlgarizacidn cienlifica. Higiene hucal, by Julio h. Catoni. Ways and means of bringing matters of piiblic health to social usefulness by William C. Woodward. What can unofficial effort do for public health 9 by Hoyt E. Dearholt. What can unofficial effort do for public health 9 by Irving Fisher. Youthful offenders — a comparative study of two groups, each of i,ooo young recidivists, by William Healy and Augusta F. Bronner. SUBSECTION 4. SANITATION. A contribution to the study of artificial illumination, by James D. Gatewood. Available methods for the sanitary disposal of refuse, by George A. Soper. Buildings for human occupancy, by Robert W. de Forest. Changes in the food supply and their relation to nutrition, by Lafayette B. Mendel. Collection. and disposal of municipal refuse, by J. T. Fetherston. Enfermedades transmitidas por insectos en Pan America, by Juan Guiteras. Fresh air and ventilation in the light of modern research, by C. E. A. Winslow. Nota sobre a extincfdo completa da febre amarella no Estado de S. Paulo (Brasil), by Emilio Ribas. Rural hygiene, by J. N. Hurty. Sanitary aspects of waste disposal, by W. T. Sedgwick, Teoria bioldgica de la inmunidad; tratamiento esencial de las diversas infecciones de neumococo, by Julio Mendez. The applicability of microscopic methods to the study of water-supply prob- lems, by E. M. Chamot. • The control of Asiatic cholera on international trade routes, by Allan J. McLaughlin. The effect of land subdivision upon housing and public health, by John Nolen. The human side of city planning, by J. Horace McFarland. REPORT OF THE SECREJTARY GENERAL. 233 The means by which infectious diseases are transmitted, and their extermina- tion, by Alvah H. Doty. The purification of water supplies, by Edwin O. Jordan. The sanitation of the Panama Canal, by D. P. Reeder. The significance of chemistry in water purification, by Edward Bartow. Town and city planning, by Frederick Law Olmsted. SUBSECTION 5. LABORATORY CONFERENCES. Accidn respiratoria del depressor cordis, by Teodoro Muhm. Anaphilaxis and its relation to immunity, by J- Bronfenbrenner. Anaphylatoxin and the mechanism of anaphylaxis, by Richard Weil. Cancer in plants, by Erwin F. Smith. Cancer problems in special biological groups : Fish tumors — Further obser- vations on so-called carcinoma of the thyroid, by Harvey R. Gaylord. Ckemotherapeutic experiments on rat tumors, by Richard Weil. Experimental studies in heredity, by Maud Slye. Factors in immunity to cancer, by James B. Murphy and John J. Morton. Filariasis in the Americas, by Allen J. Smith. General biology of the protozoan life cycle, by Gary N. Calkins. General pathology and experimental cancer research, by James Ewing. General problems and tendencies in cancer research, by Leo Loeb. Hay fever and certain other local anaphylactic phenomena referable to the respiratory mucous membranes, by A. Parker Kitchens and Claude P. Brown. Immunity to transplantable neoplasms, by William H. Woglom. Nota sobre el tratamiento de la infeccion puerperal por los banos tibios prolongados, by Aristides Fiallo Cabral. Nouveau precede pour la transfusion du sang, b'y Louis Agote. Radium in experimental cancer, by Francis Carter Wood. Radium in the treatment of cancer, by William Duane. Sero-diagnostic methods in cancer; reactions of Freund and of von Dungern, by A. F. Coca. Teratoma de la region del tuber cinereum, by Guillermo A. Bosco. The application of chemical methods to the study of cancer, by Casimir Funk. The biological and medical significance of the intestinal flagellates, by Charles At wood Kofoid. The classification of the parasitic amoebce of man, by Charles F. Craig. The mechanism and clinical significance of anaphylactic and pseudo -anaphy- lactic skin reactions, by John A. Kolmer. 234 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. The mechanistic theory of cancer, by G. A. H. Clowes. The relation of hay fever to anaphylaxis, together with a theory regarding the nature of anaphylactic phenomena, by G. A. H. Clowes. The tissue culture in cancer, by Montrose T. Burrows. Tissties cultures in cancer, by Robert A. Lambert. Tumor immunity, by E. E. Tyzzer. SECTION IX. tRANSPORTATION, COMMERCE, FINANCE, AND TAXATION. Address before the section, by the Secretary of the Treasury, Hon. William Gibbs McAdoo. SUBSECTION 1. TRANSPORTATION, • A navegagdo interior do Brasil, by Pedro Souto Maior. Ferrocarriles de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay, by Guillermo Dotte. How the aeroplane may effect closer alliance of the South A merican countries with the United States, by Alberto Santos-Dumont. Hydroplanes, by Gonzalo Mejia. Lines of future railway development, by Fred Lavis. Motor driven vehicles and motor railroad cars as a factor in transportation, by Thomas H. Wheless. Necesidad de un convenio inter nacional sobre arqueo de buqu^s mercantes, by Guillermo Lyons. Regulation of public utilities, by Charles A. Prouty. Resena general sobre la marcha y desarrollo qu£ han tenido los ferrocarriles colombianos desde 1835 hasta 19 14, by Alfredo Ortega. Some problems and principles of Government regulation of railroads, by Emory R. Johnson. The relation of central to local control in the regulation of public utilities, by Alfred P. Thom. The safety-first movement on American railways, by Ralph C. Richards. SUBSECTION 2. COMMERCE. Abundant vegetable products in Venezuela for dyeing and tanning, by Andres Ybarra. A plea for the ratification of the Buenos Aires Trade-Mark Convention of Aikgust 20, 1910, by James T. Newton. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI^. 235 Brazil: Contribution to her economic and financial study from 1888 to 19 1 5, by Alvaro de Menezes. Changes in accepted conclusions as to international trade due to (j) Asiatic development and (2) to war, by John Bates Clark. Comercio del Uruguay, by Pablo Fontaina. Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Centra America, by Rafael Guirola D. Commercio estrangeiro entre paizes americanos, by Arthur Guimaraes. Educacion^ clima, riquszas mineralogicas y agricolas, comercio, finanzas y beneficencia de la Republica de Guatemala, by Joaquim de Oliveira Botelho. Effects of the war upon the trade of South America, by George E. Roberts. $Es deseable y posible establecer tarifas, metodos y clasificaciones uniformes en los gastos de pu^rto, reglamentos y clasificaciones de aduana entre las Republicas de Norte, Centro y Sudamerica? by Juan Jose Reinoso. Estadisticas de poblacion y navegactdn, by Direcci6n General de Estadistica de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Estudio sobre los recursos de la Republica de Honduras y su desarrollo comercial, by Guillermo Campos. Geographical and statistical notice about the Republic of Honduras, by Antonio A. Ramirez F. Fontecha. Is it desirable and possible to establish uniform, rates, methods , and classifica- tions in port charges, customs regulations , and classifications between the North, Central, and South American countries? by F. M. Halstead. La Republica Centro- Americana de Honduras: sus medios de comunicacidn, comercio findustria y orientacion econdmica actual y para el porvenir, by Antonio A. Ramirez F. Fontecha. On some possible reciprocal relations in the patent practice of Pan A merican countries, by Frederick Transom. Organizacion del comercio exterior en Europa, con destino al Uruguay, especialmente de artictdos manufacturados , by Octavio Morat6 and J. West. Puntos de vista relativos al desarrollo industrial y comercial de la Republica Dominicana, by Federico Veldzquez. Regimen aduanero del Uruguay ^ by A. Idiartegaray. Relaciones comerciales de El Salvador y los Estados Unidos de America, by Pedro S. Fonseca. Situation economique ei financikre d' Haiti, by General F. Legitime. The balance of trade in the commerce between South America and the United States, by Jeremiah W. Jenks. The possibility of standardizing census and commercial statistics in the American Republics, by S. N. D. North. '236 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. SUBSECTION 3. FINANCE. A common m^onetary unit for America, by Guillermo Subercaseaux. Credito y bancos, by Alejandro Tdlice, Economic theories and scientific progress, by Jacob H. Hollander. El problema rentistico de Nicaragua, by Pedro J, Cuadra Ch. El sistema fiscal de Mexico, by Toribio Esquivel Obregon. Industrial investments as a basis of foreign trade expansion, by David Kinley. Investment of capital in Brazil, by H. C. de Martins Pinheiro. La Hacienda Publicay el credito del Peril, by. Enrique Ramirez Gast6n. La moneda internacional, by Joaquin D. Casasiis. La organizacidn y las funciones de las finanzas de los Estados Unidos de America y de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela, by N. Veloz Goiticoa. Memoria sobre finanzas e impuestos, by Pedro Gdlvez Portocarrero. Necesidad de adoptar principios generales uniformes en la America en materia de bancos como medio para aproximarse a la unificacidn monetaria, by Toribio Esquivel Obregon. Peru's financial problem, by Osgood Hardy. Problema del cambio internacional (monetario) y medios mds adecuados' para establecer un cambio directo (monetario) entre los paises del Continente Americano, by Baron de Franzenstein. Procedimientos mds indicados para facUitar las transacciones comerciales entre los manufacturer os de Estados Unidos y los com.erciantes his- panoamericanos , by Lorenzo Anadon. The effects of the war on Latin American public finance, by Chester Lloyd Jones. The possibility of introducing a common monetary standard as between the Republics of America, by E. W. Kemmerer. The relation of public finance to private credit, by Willard Straight. The relations of Federal, State, and local revenues, by Edwin R. A. Seligman Unificacidn monetaria, by Pedro J. Cuadra Ch. Why Latin American municipal and State bonds should be quoted in New York, by Roger W. Babson. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAIy. 237 SUBSECTION 4. TAXATION. Government monopolies and internal revenue systems, by Carl C. Plehn. Impuestos directos, by Juan A. Mdrquez. Los catastros parciales en la aplicacion de leyes impositivas sobre la pro- piedad raiz, su ejecucidn e importancia, by Antonio F. Solari. Necesidad de reformar las leyes impositivas relaciondndolas con el catastro en la politica economica y financiera de los pueblos, by Antonio F. Solari. Protection and nationalism, by Alvin S. Johnson. Relaciones generales entre las rentas federales, del Estado y locales, by S. Herndndez y Hernandez. The American system of special assessments and its applicability in other countries, by .Robert M. Haig. The assessment of real estate, by Lawson Purdy. The taxation of business, by Thomas S. Adams. The principles of equity in the taxation of foreign corporations, by Fred Rogers Fairchild. Tributacion directa en Costa Rica, by Roberto Brenes Mes6n. APPENDIX C. LEARNED SOCIETIES, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS, AND GOVERNMENTAL BUREAUS. Academia Brasileira de Letras, Brasil. His Excellency Domicio da Gam a. rodrigo octavio. Mangel, de Ouveira Lima. Academia de Ciencias Medicas, Fisicas y Naiurales de la Habana, Cuba. Juan Santos Fernandez; Juan Guiteras. Academia de Chile, Chile. Enrique Cuevas. Academia Colombiana de Juris prtidencia, Colombia. Phanor J. Eder. Acctdemia de la Historia, Mexico. Manuel Gamio. Academia Militar, Guatem^ala. CoRONEL Ramon Bengochea. Academia Nacional de Historia, Colombia. General Carlos Cuervo Marquez. tulio ospina. Academia Nacional de Medicina, Brasil. JOAQUIM DE OlIVEIRA BoTELHO. Academia Nacional de Medicina, Peru. Carlos Morales Macedo. Academia Peruana de Juris prudencia y Legislacion, Peril. Victor Maurtua. Academia de Prdctica Forense, Peru,. Jos6 Angel Capar6. Actuarial Society of America, secretary, R. Henderson, 32 Nassau Street ^ New York City. R. Henderson. W, A. HUTCHESON. 238 re;port OF' the; secretary general. 239 Aero Clvb of America, secretary, Howard Huntington, 297 Madison Avenue, New York City. Alberto Santos-Dumont. Henry A. Wise Wood. Henry Woodhouse. Emerson McMilun. Agricultural College of Utah, Logan, Utah. John A. Widtsoe. Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station, Texas. Clarence Ousley. C. C. Hedges. Albany Society of Civil Engineers, secretary, E. G. Raynor, Barge Canal Office, Albany, N. Y. William B. Landreth. American Academy of Medicine, secretary, Thomas W. Grayson, 11 01 Westinghouse Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. John B. Roberts. G. N. Acker. American Academy of Political and Social Science, secretary, J. F. Lichtenberger, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Edmund J. James. David Kinley. Emory R. Johnson. Carl Kelsey. Clyde L. King. American Anthropological Association, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- . ton, D. C. Charles Peabody. Clark Wissler. Am£rican Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. Hiram Bingham. American Association for International Conciliation, secretary, F. P. Keppel, 415 West One hundred and seventeenth Street, New York City. F. P. ElEPPEL. American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching, secretary, A. C. Monahan, Bureau of Education, Department of Interior, Washington, D. C. C. H. IvANE. A. C. Monahan. 4819^—17 16 240 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. American Association for the Advancement of Science, secretary, L. O. Howard, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. W. W. Campbeli.. Iv. O. Howard. American Association for Labor Legislation, secretary, John B. Andrews^ 131 East Twenty-third Street, New York City. Frederick M. Davenport. John B. Andrews. American Association Medical Milk Commissioners, secretary, Otto P. Geier, Ortiz Building, Cincinnati, Ohio. John W. Kerr. J. H. Mason Knox. American Association of Economic Entomologists, secretary, A. F. Burgess, Melrose Highlands, Mass. C. L. MarIvATT. W. J. Holland. American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers, secretary, L. R. Taft, East Lansing, Mich. J. M. Stedman. American Association of Immunologists, secretary, Martin J. Synnoit, 34. South Fullerton Aventie, Montclair, N. J. Richard Weil. A. Parker Hitchens. American Association of Instructors and Investigators in Poultry Hus- bandry, secretary, Harry R. Lewis, New Brunswick, N. J. Raymond Pearl. James E. Ricb. American Association of Museums, secretary, Paul M. Rea, Charleston, S. C. Paul M. Rea. James E. Talmage. American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, secretary, Z. F. Westervelt, 1545 St. Paul Street, Rochester, N. Y. Alexander Graham Bell. Gilbert H. Grosvenor. American Astronomical Society, secretary, Philip Fox, Dearborn Observa- tory, Evanston, III. Solon I. Bailey. W. W. Campbell. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAIy. 24I American Bankers Association, secretary, F. E. Farnsworth, 5 Nassau Street, New York City. William A. I,aw. W. S. KiEs. American Bar Association, Section of Legal Education, secretary, C. M. Hepburn, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. American Ceramic Society, secretary, Edward Orton, jr., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Arthur S. Watts. American Chemical Society, secretary, Charles L. Parsons, Box 505, Wash- ington, D. C. Charles H. Herty. Charles L. Parsons. American Civic Association, secretary, R. B. Watrous, 914 Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. J. H. McFarland. R. B. Watrous. A. W. Dunn. American ClimatologiccU and Clinical Association, secretary, Guy Hinsdale, Hot Springs, Va. Charles W. Richardson. Guy Hindsdale. American Economic Association, secretary, A. A. Young, Cornell Univer- sity, Ithaca, N. Y. W. F. WiLLCOX. A. A. Young. American Electric Railway Association, secretary, E. B. Burritt, 8 West Fortieth Street, New York City. Clarence P. King. W. F. Ham. American Electrochemical Society, secretary, Joseph W. Richards, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. Carl Hering. G. A. RousH. American Entomological Society, secretary, James A. G. Rehn, Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pa. James A. G. Rehn. Morgan Hebard. 242 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. American Ethnological Society, secretary, R. H. Lowie, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Clark Wissler. Pliny Earle Goddard. American Exporters' and Importers' Association, secretary, George F. Trow- bridge, ly Battery Place, New York City. William C. Wulp. American Farm-Management Association, secretary, G. A. Billings, Office Farm Management, Washington, D. C. W. J. Spillman. G. F. Warren. Atnerican Folk-Lore Society, secretary, Alans on Skinner , American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Franz Boas. Charles Peabody. American Forestry Association, secretary, P. S. Ridsdale, 1410 H Street NW., Washington, D. C. C. F. QUINCY. P. S. Ridsdale. American Foundrymen's Association, secretary, A. O. Backert, Twelfth and Chestnut Streets, Cleveland, Ohio. Stanley G. Flagg, jr. R. A. Bull. , American Genetic Association, secretary, George M. Rommel, 511 Eleventh Street NW., Washington, D. C. Paul Popenoe. T. H. Kearney. American Geographical Society of New York, director, Isaiah Bowman, Broadway and One hundred and fifty-sixth Street, New York City. Leon Domini an. American Highway Association, secretary, J. E. Pennybacker, Colorado Building, Washington, D. C. L. W. Page. H. B. Spencer. American Historical Association, secretary, W . G. Leland, 11 40 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C. Archibald C. Coolidge. Bernard Moses. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 243 American Home Economics Association, secretary, Mrs. Alice P. Norton, 1J26 East Fifty-eighth Street, Chicago, III. C. F. IvANGWORTHY. Martha Van Rensselaer. American Institute of Architects, secretary, E. C. Kemper, The Octagon, Washington, D. C. George Oakley Totten, Jr. Glenn Brown. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, secretary, J. C. Olsen, Cooper Union, New York, N. Y. Samuel P. Sadtler. J. C. Olsen. American Institute of Consulting Engineers, F. A. Molitor, 35 Nassau Street, New York, N. Y. DuGALD C. Jackson. C. O. Mailloux. American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, secretary, Edwin M. Abbott, 700-70J Land Title Building, Philadelphia, Pa. William A. White. Edward Lindsey. American Institute of Electrical Engineers, secretary, F. L. Hutchison, 55 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. Gano Dunn. John H. Finney. W. McClelland. .American Institute of Metals, secretary, W. M. Corse, 106 Morris Avenue, Buffalo, N. Y. George K. Burgess. Arthur W. Gray. American Institute of Mining Engineers, secretary, Bradley Stoughton, 2g West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. Anthony F. Lucas. William L. Saunders. Bradley Stoughton. Edwin W. Parker. American Library Association, secretary, G. B. Utley, 78 East Washington Street, Chicago, III. Herbert Putnam. H. H. B. Meyer. 244 RBPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. American Manufacturers' Export Association, secretary, E. V. Douglas, i6o Broadway, New York City. WiivUAM P. Barba. A. E. OSBORN. American Mathematical Association, secretary, F. N. Cole, 501 West One hundred and sixteenth Street, New York City. E. W. Brown. Henry B. Fine. E. H. Moore. Am£rican Medical Association, secretary, Alex. R. Craig, 535 North Dear- horn Street, Chicago, III. W. C. GORGAS. William H. Welch. American Medical Society for the Study of Alcohol and Other Narcotics, Secretary, T. D. Crothers, Walnut Lodge Hospital, Hartford, Conn. Tom a. Williams. H. J. Berkeley. R. P. Gundry. Ernest S. Bishop. American Mining Congress, secretary, J. F, Callbreath, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. Carl Scholz. J. F. Callbreath. American Museum of Natural History, Eighty-first Street and Centred Park West, New York City. F. M. Chapman. H. J. Spinden. American Peace Society, secretary, A. D. Call, Colorado Building, Wash- ington, D. C. Arthur Deerin Call. John Mez. American Peat Society, secretary, Julius Bordello, Kingshridge, N. Y. Carl KlEinstuck. Julius Bordollo. American Pediatric Society , secretary, Samuel S. Adams, 1801 Connecticut Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. Samuel S. Adams. J. H. Mason Knox. American Philological Association, secretary, F. G. Moore, Columbia University, New York City. Kirby Flower Smith. Mitchell Carroll. REPORT Olf THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 245 American Philosophical Association, secretary, E, G. Spavlding, Princeton, N.J. A. O. LovEjoY. A. T. Armstrong. American Philosophical Society, secretary, I. M. Hays, 104 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Albert Michelson. William B. Scott. American Physical Education Association, secretary, J. H. McCurdy, 93 Westford Avenue, Springfield, Mass. Dudley A. Sargent. J. H. McCURDY. American Physical Society, secretary, A. D. Cole, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. S. W. StraTTon. J. S. Ames. American Physiological Society, secretary, Charles W. Greene, Columbia, Mo. W. W. Ford. John F. Anderson. American Phytopathological Society, Washington, D. C. W. A. Orton. C. L. Shear. American Political Science Association, secretary, Chester Lloyd Jones, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. John Bassett Moore. W. F. Dodd. American Pomological Society. E. R. Lake. American Prison Association, secretary, Joseph P. Byers, 502 Empire Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Joseph P. Byers. American Psychological Association, secretary, R. S. Woodworih, Columbia University, New York City. Shepherd I. Franz. Edward L. Thorndike. Howard C. Warren. Raymond Dodge. Harvey A. Carr. American Public Health Association, secretary, S. M. Gunn, ^55 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. William C. Woodward. 246 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. American Railway Associaiian, secretary, W. F. Allen, 7^ Church Street, New York City. Fairfax Harrison. Stuyvesant Fish. American Railway Bridge and Building Association, secretary, C. A. Lichty, Chicago & North Western Railway, Chicago, III. Warrick R. Edwards. W. M. Cardwell. American Railway Engineering Association, secretary, E. H. Fritch, goo South Michigan Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. W. Thompson. H. B. Spencer. American Railway Master Mechanics Association, secretary, J. W. Taylor, 1112 Karpen Building, Chicago, III. M. K. Barnum, E. W. Pratt. American Red Cross, secretary, Charles L. Magee, 1624. H Street NW., Washington, D. C. Ernest P. Bicknell. C. A. Devol. American Sanatorium Association, secretary, E. S. McSweeny, Sea View Hospital, Staten Island, N. Y. Vincent Y. Bowditch. ' Gordon Wilson. American Social Hygiene Association, secretary, S. F. Snow, 105 West Fortieth Street, New York City. Donald R. Hooker. James B. Reynolds. American Social Science Association. John H. Finley, American Society for Cancer Research, secretary, Richard Weil, gyo Park Avenue, New York City. Richard Weil. F. C. Wood. American Society for Control of Cancer, secretary, F. L. Hoffman, Pru- dential Insurance Co., Newark, N.J. F. L. Hoffman. F. C. Wood. American Society for Extension of University Teaching, secretary, William K. Huff, 729 Withers poon Building, Philadelphia, Pa. William K. Huff. Henry La Barre Jayne. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 247 American Society for Testing Materials, secretary, Edgar Marburg, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. W. H. BlXBY. A. W. GiBBS. American Society for Judicial Settlement of International. Disputes, secre- tary, Tunstall Smith, The Preston, Baltimore, Md. American Society of Aeronautic Engineers, secretary, L. B. Sperry, 297 Madison Avenue, New York City. Alberto Santos-Dumont. Henry A. Wise Wood. Henry Woodhouse. Emerson McMillin. American Society of Agronomy, secretary, C. W. Warburton, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Carleton R. Ball. C. W. Warburton. American Society of Biological Chemists, secretary, P. A. Shaffer, Wash- ington University Medical School, St. Louis, Mo. Carl L. Alsberg. Lafayette B. Mendel. American Society of Civil Engineers, secretary, Charles Warren Hunt, 220 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York City. William W. Harts. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, secretary, J. J. Blackmore, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. Reginald Pelham Bolton. J. A. Donnelly. American Society of International Law, secretary, James Brown Scott, 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C. Elihu Root. James Brown Scott. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, secretary, C. W. Rice, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. Ambrose Swasey. Waldo H. Marshall. Calvin W. Rice. American Society of Municipal Improvements, secretary, C. C. Brown, 702 Wulsin Building, Indianapolis, Ind. W. W. Crosby. Norman S. Sprague. John M. Goodell. Rudolph Hering. Nelson P. Lewis. 248 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. American Society of Naturalists, secretary, Bradley M. Davis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. E. G. CONKLIN. H. S. Jennings. American Society of Naval Engineers, secretary, A. T. Church, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Navy Department, Washington. D. C. C. W. Dyson, Captain, United States Navy. A, T. Church, Lieutenant, United States Navy. American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, secretary, Wm. H. Ross, 154 Nassau Street, New York City. N. H. HiLLER. H. C. Dickinson. American Society of Tropical Medicine, secretary, John M. Swan, 4^7 Park Avenue, Rochester, N. Y. Joseph H. White. C. C. Bass. American Society of Zoologists, secretary, Caswell Grave, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Ethan A. Andrews. American Sociological Society, secretary, Scott E. W. Bedford, University of Chicago, Chicago, III. Albion W. Small. American Statistical Association, secretary, C. W. Doien, 491 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. E. Dana Durand. John Koren. American Surgical Association, secretary, John H. Gibbon, 1608 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. George Tully Vaughan. James F. Mitchell. American Therapeutic Society, secretary, Lewis H. Taylor, The Cecily Washington, D. C. Robert T. Morris. Noble P. Barnes. American Veterinary Medical Association, secretary, C. M. Haring, Divi- sion of Veterinary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. j. r, mohler. Archibald R. Ward. N. S. Mayo. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 249 American Water Works Association, secretary, J. M. Diven, 47 State Street, Troy, N. Y. Nicholas S. Hill, Jr. Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. Alexander MeiklEjohn. Anthropological Society of Washington, secretary, Daniel Folkmar, Depart- m£nt of Commerce, Washington, D. C. John R. Swanton. Daniel Folkmar. Archaeological Institute of America, secretary, Mitchell Carroll, The Octagon, Washington, D. C. Mitchell Carroll. F. W. Shipley. W. H. Holmes. Asistencia PUhlica de Buenos Aires, Argentina. RiCARDO SaRMIENTO I^ASPIUR. Asociacion de Educacidn Nacional, Chile. * Jos^ Maria Galvez. Julio Philippi. DarIo E. Salas. Arturo E. Salazar. His Excellency Eduardo SuArez Mujica. Asociacion de Maestros del Uruguay, Uruguay. AdOLPO BERRO GARCf a. Asociacidn de la Prensa Medica de la Habana. Juan Santos Fernandez. Association of American Law Schools, secretary, W. W. Cook, University of Chicago Law School, University of Chicago, Chicago, III. John Bassett Moore. Eugene Wambaugh. Association of American Portland Cement Manufacturers, secretary, Percy H. Wilson, Bellevue Court Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Percy H. Wilson. Lewis R. Ferguson. Association of American State Geologists. William Bullock Clark. F. W. De Wolf. I. C. White. Association of American Universities, secretary, H. V. Ames, Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Herman V. Ames. 25© REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Middle States and Maryland, secretary, George W. McClelland, University of Penn- sylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Frederick P. KIeppel. C. A. Richmond. Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools of the Southern States, see- retary, Bert E. Young, Vanderhilt University, Nashville, Tenn. J. M. Callahan. Bert E. Young. Association of Collegiate Alumna, secretary, Miss Vida Hunt Francis, 1225 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Mary Sherwood. Eunice Wead. Susan Kingsbury. Association of Feed Control Officials, secretary, Philip H. Smith, Amherst, Mass. J. K. HAYWt)OD. George E. Bidwell. Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors, secretary, F. S. Weisse, 34 Nassau Street, New York City. Faneuil S. Weisse. F. C. Wells. Gordon Wilson. .Association of Military Surgcoyis of the United States, secretary. Brig. Gen. S. C. Stanton, ^33 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. George A. Lung, Medical Inspector, United States Navy. J. H. Ullrich, Major, Maryland National Guard. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, secretary, Carl L. Alsberg, Box 3274, Station F, Washington, D. C. Harvey W. Wiley. Claude S. Hudson. Association of Official Seed Analysis of North America, secretary, J. P. Helyar, New Jersey Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Edgar Brown. Association of State Superintendents, secretary, M. P. Shawkey, Charles- ton, W. Va. J. Frank Marsh. Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution, director, C. G. Abbot, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Charles Greeley Abbot. Frederick E. Fowle. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 25 1 Ateneo de Montevideo, Uruguay. His Excellency Carlos M. de Pena. Mario Gil. A ieneo de Santiago, Chile. Dario E. Salas. Enrique Soro. Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, secretary, W. G. Cooper, Atlanta, Ga. S. W. McCalliE. Babson's Statistical Organization, Wellesley Hills, Mass. Roger W. Babson. Leroy D. Peavey. Barnard College, New York, N. Y. John Bassett Moore. Edmund B. Wilson. Biological Society of Washington, secretary, M. W. Lyon, jr., New National Museum, Washington, D. C. Paul Bartsch. , J. N. Rose. Boston College, Boston, Mass. Gustavo A. Caballero. Boston University, Boston, Mass. Everett W. Lord. Lemuel H. Murlin. Botanical Society of America, secretary, H. H. Bartlett, Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. William E. Safford. Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. Warren Benjamin Catlin. Brooklyn Engineers' Club, secretary, Joseph Strachan, 177 Remsen Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Clarence D. Pollock. Brown University, Providence, R. I. Henry B. Gardner. Frederic P. Gorham. John C. Dunning. Brunswick Board of Trade, secretary, J. G. Weatherly, Brunswick, Ga. James S. Brailey, Jr. Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Florence Bascom, W. B. Huff. 25* RBPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa. John H. Harris. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. F. W. Hodge. J. W. Fewkes. Bureau of Commercial Economics, Real Estate Trust Co. Building, Wash- ington, D. C. Francis Holley. A. Maris Boggs. Bureau of Railway Economics, Homer Building, Washington, D. C. Frank Haigh Dixon. Lucius E. Johnson. Business Men's Club, secretary, John M. Tulher, Memphis, Tenn. Thomas F. Gailor. BuUer College, Indianapolis, Ind. W. P. Hay. California State Board of Health, Bureau of Administration, secretary, W. A. Sawyer, Sacramento, Cal. W. A. Sawyer. Fred F. Gundrum. Canisius College, Buffalo, N. Y. Richard B. Schmitt. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, secretary, James Brown Scott, 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C. Nicholas Murray Butler. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, secretary, Clyde Furst, ^76 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Clyde Furst. Carnegie Institute of Technology, director, Arthur A. Hamerschlag, Pitts- burgh, Pa. Arthur A. Hamerschlag. John Hopkin Leete. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C. Robert Woodward. Carnegie Miiseum, Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. W. J. Holland. Case School of Applied Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio. Charles S. Howe. William R. Veazey. R. H. Danforth. F. R. Van Horn. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 253 Catholic Educational Association, secretary, F. W. Howard, 16 51 East Main Street, Columbus, Ohio. Thomas J. Shahan. E. A. Pace. Francis W. Howard. Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. Frank O'Hara. Salvador MartInez pe Alva. Centre Nacional de Ingenieros, Argentina. Coronel Benjamin GarcIa Aparicio. Rear Admiral Juan A. MartIn. Crist6bal M. Hicken. AgustIn Mercau. Centro Naval, Argentina. Rear Admiral Juan A. MartIn. Lieutenant Juan N. Pastor. Centro de Sciencias, Leiras e Artes, Brasil. Vital Brazil. His Excellency Domicio da Gama. Manoel de Oliveira Lima. Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, secretary^ Charles T. Gwynne, 65 Liberty Street, New York City. H. de B. Parsons. Julio F. Sorzano. Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, secretary, Elliot H. Goodwin, Riggs Building, Washington, D. C. John Joy Edson. Elliot H. Goodwin. John B. Fahey, A. B. Farquhar. Charleston (S. C.) Chamber of Commerce, secretary, A. B. Snell, Charles- torir, S. C. P. H. Gadsden. Charleston (W. Va.) Chamber of Commerce, secretary, S. P. Puffer, Charles- ton, W. Va. Edward A. Barnes. Charlotte Chamber of Commerce, secretary, James R. Kinsloe, Charlotte, N.C. J. V. Simms. 254 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Chemical Society of Washington, secretary, E. C. McKelvy, Washington, D.C. R. B. SOSMAN. H. M. LooMis. Chemists Club of New York, secretary, R. Stevenson, 52 East Forty-first Street, New York City. Maximilian Toch. F. K. Cameron. Chicago Association of Commerce, secretary, Frederick L. Brown, 10 South La Salle Street, Chicago, III. David Kinley. Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, secretary, W. C. Culkins, Cincinnati^ Ohio. Francis B. James. Levi C. Good ale. Ctvil Engineers' Society of St. Paul, secretary, C. E. Nagel, 300 Shubert Building, St. Paul, Minn. George W. Rathjens. Clark University, Worcester, Mass. George Hubbard Blakeslee. Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson College, S. C. Walter M. Riggs. Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, secretary, Munson Havens, Cleveland, Ohio. Bascom Little. Cleveland Engineering Society, secretary, C. E. Drayer, Chamber of Com- merce Building, Cleveland, Ohio. C. L. BartlETT. R. W. Parkhurst. Club de Engenharia, Brasil. Vicente Licinio Cardoso. Feliciano Mendes de Moraes. rodrigo octavio. Luis Betim Paes Leme. Colegio de Abogados de la Habana, Cuba. Rafael MarIa Angulo. Colegio de Abogados de la Republica de Costa Rica, Costa Rica. His Excellency Manuel Castro Quesada. John Bassett Moore. Colegio Nacional "Benigno Malo," Ecuador. His Excellency Gonzalo S. C6rdova. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL,. 255 College of Hawaii, HonoltUu, Hawaii. Frank T. Dilungham. Arthur R. Keller. College of the City of New York, New York, N. Y. Charles Baskerville. Guy Edward Snider. College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass. George L. Coyle. Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo. William F. Slocum. Homer Le Roy Shantz. Maurice C. Hall. E. C. Hills. Columbia Historical Society of the District of Columbia, Washington, D. C. Job Barnard. James Dudley Morgan. Columhia University, New York City. John Bassett Moore. Edmund B. Wilson. Comision National de Educacion Fisica del Uruguay, Uruguay. His Excellency Carlos Maria de Pena. Eduardo Monteverde. Comision Permanente de Gobierno Local, Chile. Eduardo Carrasco Bascunan. Julio Philippi. Moisifes Vargas. Commercial Law League of America, secretary, William C. Sprague, 108 South La Salle Street, Chicago, III. J. Kemp BartlETT. J. H. Ralston. Coinm,ercial Museum,, secretary, Wilfred H. Schoff, Thirty-fourth Street below Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. W. P. Wilson. Wilfred H. Schoff. Comparative Law Bureau, American Bar Association, secretary, R. P, Shick, 1107 Franklin Bank Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Phanor J. EdeR. Robert P. Shick. Conference of State and Provincial Boards of Health of North America, Richmond, Va. J. N. HurTy. J. S. Fulton. 48192—17 17 256 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Consejo Nacional de Higiene, Uruguay. JusTo F. Gonzalez. Conservatorio Nacional de Musica y Declamacidn, Panamd. Narciso Garay. Manuel DIaz G. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Jacob Gould Schurman. A. A. Young. Corte de Justicia Centro- Americana, Centro-Amirica. J. Rafael Oreamuno. Cosmos Club, secretary, D. L. Hazard, Washington, D. C. Frederick V. Coville. Hugh M. Smith. Council on Medical Education, secretary, N. P. Colwell, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. Wm. H. Welch.. W. C. GORGAS. Cruz Vermelha Brasileira, Brasil. JOAQUIM DE OlIVEIRA BoTELHO. Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. H. S. Person. Davenport Academy of Sciences, acting director, E. K. Putnam, Davenport, Iowa. E. K. Putnam. Delaware College, Newark, Del. Samuel C. Mitchell. Edward Laurence Smith. Department of Health, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrtsburg, Pa. Samuel G. Dixon. Detroit Board of Commerce, secretary, B. H. Gitchell, Detroit, Mich. E. M. Houghton. Direccidn General de Instruccidn Primaria, Uruguay. His Excellency Carlos MarIa de Pena. Mario Gil. Division of Economics and History, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, director, John Bates Clark, 407 West One hundred and seventeenth Street, New York City. John Bates Clark. David Kinley. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAIv. 257 Division of Intercourse and Education, Carnegie Endowment for Inter- national Peace, director, Nicholas Murray Butler, 407 West One hundred and seventeenth Street, New York City. NicHOivAS Murray Butler. Division of International Law, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, director, James Brown Scott, 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C. George A. Finch. Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. HoLivis Godfrey. Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. David Worth Dennis. Engineers Club of Baltimore, secretary, William D. Janney, 6 West Eager Street, Baltimore, Md. William D. Janney. Walter Wilson Crosby. Engineers Club of Minneapolis, secretary, E. W. Ashenden, 17 Sixth Street South, Minneapolis, Minn. Charles L. Pillsbury. Engineers Club of Philadelphia, secretary, Lewis H. Kenney, 1J17 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. J. W. LEdoux. Frederick Transom. Engineers Society of Milwaukee, secretary, Fred H. Dorner, Wells Build- ing, Milwaukee, Wis. George Staal. ' ■ Fred H. Dorner. Engineers' Society of Northeastern Pennsylvania, secretary, F. F. McKenna, 415 North Washington Avenue, Scranton, Pa. Arthur Storrs. Engineers' Society of Pennsylvania, secretary, E. R. Dasher, ji South Front Street, Harrisburg, Pa. Farley Gannett. Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania, secretary, E. K. Hiles, 2511 Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. Stucki. W. H. BlXBY. Charles V. Wheeler. E. F. Wendt. 258 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Entomological Society of America, secretary, A. D. MacGillivray, University of Illinois, Urbana, III. F. M. Webster. C. L. Marlatt. Entomological Society of Washington, secretary, S. A. Rohwer, National Museum, Washington, D. C. A. N. Caudeli.. Charles R. Ely. Escola de Direito de Bahia, Brasil. J0S6 RODRIGUES DA CoSTA DORIA. Escuela de Derecho de Costa Rica, Costa Rica. Luis Anderson. Escuela de Ingenieros, Peru. VfcTOR Maurtua. Escuela de Medicina, Quimica y Farmacia de la Universidad de El Salvador El Salvador. His Excellency Rafael ZaldIvar. Escuela Nacional de Industrias de Montevideo, Uruguay. AdOLFO BERRO GARCfA. Escuela NacioruU de Minas, Colombia. Francisco Escobar Campuzano. Estacidn Experimental Agrondmica, Cuba. J. T. Crawley. John R. Johnston. Estacidn Agricola Experimental de Tucumdn, Argentina. Arthur R. Rosenfeld. Eugenics Research Association, secretary, W. F. Blades, Garrison-on- Hudson, N. Y. J. McKeen Cattell. Wm. F. Blades. Faculdade Livre de Sciencias Juridicas e Sociaes do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rodrigo Octavio. Faculdade de Medicina de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Gen. William C. Gorgas. Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional de Btienos Aires, Argentina. Juan B. Ambrosetti. Facultad de Ciencias Econdmicas de la Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina. EdUARDO SaRMIENTO IvASPIUR. REPORT OF THS SECRETARY GENERAL. 259 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Agustin Mercau. Iberio San Roman. Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Matemdticas y Astrondmicas de la Uni- versidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Agustin Mercau. Facultad de Ciencias Juridicas y Sociales de la' Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina. Ernesto Quesada. Facultad de Ciencias Medicas de la Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina. RiCARDO SaRMIENTO LASPIUR. TOMAS S. VaREIvA. Facultad de Ciencias y Letras de la Universidad de la Habana, Cuba. ■ Luis Montana. Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de la Habana, Cuba. Antonio Sanchez de Bustamante y Sirven. Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Carlos Octavio Bunge. Enrique Gil. Facultad de Derecho y Notariado, Guatemala. Adrian Recinos. Facultad de Derecho y Notariado de Occidente y Septentridn, Nicaragua. Luis Felipe Core a. Antonio Lazo Arriaga. Facultad de Filosofia y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Juan B. Ambrosetti. Carlos Octavio Bunge. Ernesto Quesada. Federation de Estudiantes de Chile, Chile. DarIo E. Salas. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, secretary, John Au£r, Rockefeller Institute, New York City. W. W. Ford. John F. Anderson. 26o REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Federation of International Polity Clubs, secretary, F. B. Faulk, 40 Mount Vernon Street, Boston, Mass. George W. Nasmyth. Fred B. FouIvK, Field Museum of Natural History, assistant secretary, D. C. Davies, Chi- cago, III. Charles B. Cory. W. H. Osgood. • Fordham University, New York City. C. Francis Strohaver. Franklin Institute, secretary, R. B. Owens, Philadelphia, Pa. Walton Clark. R. B. Owens. E. H. Sanborn. " General Federation of Women's Clubs, secretary, Mrs. Eugene Reilley, 508 Park Avenue, Charlotte, N. C. (Mrs.) Percy V. Pennyb acker. (Mrs.) S. B. Sneath. Geological Society of America, secretary, E. O. Hovey, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. John M. Clarke. James F. Kemp. Geological Society of Washington, United States Geological Survey, Wash- ington, D. C. T. Wayland Vaughan. A. C. Spencer. George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Tenn. Bruce R. Payne. Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. Francis A. Tondorf. George Washington University, Washington, D. C. Charles H. Stockton. Charles E. Munroe. Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. K. G. Matheson. Gimnasio Paraguayo, Paraguay. Luis E. Migone. Grand Rapids Association of Commerce, Grand Rapids, Mich. (Mrs.) W. F. Mcknight. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 26 1 Greater Des Moines Committee, secretary, Ralph P. Bolton, Des Moines, Iowa. Paul Beer. Gremio Polytechnico de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Pedro Siqueira Campos. Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa. J. H. T. Main. Charles Le Deuc. Paul F. Peck. Charles E. Payne. Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y. Frederick M. Davenport. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Edwin Francis Gay. Archibald Coolidge. Thomas Barbour. Health Department of the District of Columbia, Municipal Building, Wash- ington,, D. C. Joseph J. Kinyoun. Robert L. Lynch. Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, secretary, Raymond C. Brown, Honolulu, Hawaii. Sidney Ballou. Hospital Rosales, El Salvador. His Excellency Rafael Zaldivar. Houston Chamber of Commerce, Houston, Tex. J. E. Eagle. , Jeff McLemore. Hunter College, New York City. E. S. Burgess. Illinois Manufacturers' Association, secretary, John M. Glenn, 1227 Fort Dearborn Building, Chicago, III. William Butterworth. D. E. Felt. Illinois Society of Engineers and Surveyors, secretary, E. E. R. Tratman, Wheaton, III. C. G. Elliott. John W. Alvord. Illinois State Board of Health, secretary, C. St. Clair Drake, Springfield, III. C. St. Clair Drake. John A. Robinson. 262 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. Illuminating Engineering Society, secretary, C. A. Littlefield, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. C. P. Steinmentz. A. E. KennelIvY. I lustre Colegio de Ahogados, Peru. RiCARDO GOYBURU. Indiana Academy of Sciences, Indianapolis, Ind. Carl H. Eigenmann. Amos W. Butler. Indiana State Board of Health, Indianapolis, Ind. John N. Hurty. Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. Carl H. Eigenmann. Institute of Radio Engineers, secretary, David Sarnoff, iii Broadway, New York City. John Stone Stone. John L. Hogan, Jr. Institute Archeologico e Geographico Pernambucano, Brasil. His Excellency Domicio da Gama. Manoel de Oliveira Lima. Institute y Escu^la Normal Centred de Senoritas, Guatemala. Adrian Recinos. Instituto Geogrdfico Argentina, Argentina. Juan B. Ambrosetti. CoRONEL BenjamIn GarcIa Aparicio. Instituto Historico da Bahia, Brasil. Jos6 RODRIGUES DA CoSTA DORIA. Institute Historico e Geographico Brasileiro, Brasil. John Casper Branner. rodrigo octavio. Manoel de Oliveira Lima. Pedro Souto Maior. Institute de Ingenieros de Chile, Chile. Ram6n Salas Edwards. Instituto de Ingenieros de Rio de la Plata, Argentina. F. A. GOODMANSON. Institute Libre de Segunda Ensenanza, Argentina. Iberio San Roman. Institute Medico de Sucre, Bolivia. Constant Lurquin. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAIy. 263 Instituio Nacional Central de Varones, Guatemala. Adrian Recinos. Instituto da Ordem dos Advogados BrasUeiros, BrasU. RODRIGO OCTAVIO. Instituto Paraguayo, Paraguay. Juan F. Pe;rez. Instituto Pedagdgico de Buenos Aires, Argentina. TOMAS S. VARElyA. Instituto Pedagdgico de Santiago, Chile. Jos6 Maria Gai,vez. DARfo E. Salas. Instituto Polytechnico Brasileiro, Brasil. Vicente Licinio Cardoso. Feuciano Mendes de Moraes. Insular Chamber of Commerce, secretary, Arturo Bravo, San Juan, P. R. Rafaeiv Rios. International Association for Testing Materials, general secretary, Ernst Reitler, Nordbahnstrasse 50, Vienna, Austria. Robert W. Hunt. Henry M. Howe. Edgar Marburg. ManseieivD Merriman. International Dry-Farming Congress, secretary, R. H. Faxon, Denver, Colo. Frank W. Mondeli.. International Health Commission, director general, Wickliffe Rose, 61 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Victor G. Heiser. John A. Ferrell. WicKiviFFE Rose. Iowa Engineering Society, secretary, S. M. Woodward, Iowa City, Iowa. Paul Beer. Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Raymond A, Pearson. Franck E. Horack. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Frank J. Goodnow. J. S. Ames. Carl C. Thomas. Junta de Historia y Numismdtica Americanos, Argentina. Juan B. Ambrosetti. Ernesto Quesada. 264 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL,. Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans. H. J. Waters. William M. Jardine. Kenyan College, Gamhier, Ohio. George F. Weida. W. F. Peirce. Knox College, Galesburg, lU. John Van Ness Standish. Frank Wenner. Knoxville Board of Commerce, Knoxville, Tenn. James Maynard. G. L. SWIGGETT. Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. John H. MacCracken. James T. Rood. Edward Hart. Albert K. Heckel. Lake Mohonk Conference on the Indians and Other Dependent Peoples, secretary, H. C. Phillips, Mohonk Lake, N. Y. H. C. Phillips. Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. Henry Sturgis Drinker. Benjamin L. Miller. Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford University, Cal. John Casper Branner. Percy A. Martin, M. S. WiLDMAN. Lewis Institute, Chicago, III. D. A. Abrams. Liga Nacional Contra el Alcoholismo, Chile. Jos6 MarIa Galvez. Louisiana State University and State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, La. Frederick V. Emerson. Louisville Board of Trade, secretary, J. F. Buckner, jr., Louisville, Ky. GusTAvE A. Breaux. Roquet Semp6r6. Maryland Agricultural College, College Park, Md. H. B. McDonnell. J. B. S. Norton. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 265 Maryland State Board of Health, 16 West Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md. J. S. Fulton. Massachusetts AgriciUtural College, Amherst, Mass. Ken YON L. BUTTERFIELD. William P. Brooks. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. Richard C. MacIvAURin. Wm. T, Sedgwick. Medical Society of the District of Columbia, secretary, A. L. Hunt, The Rochambeau, Washington, D. C. J. B. Nichols. J. S. Wall. Medical Society of Virginia, 200 East Franklin Street, Richmond, Va. George Ben Johnston. Stuart McGuire. Merchants and Manufacturers' Association of Baltimore, secretary, Robert J. Beacham, Baltimore, Md. Frederick H. Gottlieb. A. R. L. DoHME. Merchants' Association of Manila, secretary, B.D.A. Gutiirrez, Manila, P. I. Charles M. Swift. Merchants' Association of New York, secretary, S. C. Mead, 233 Broad- way, New York City. E. A. De Lima. G. C. Mead. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. R. M. Hughes. Edgar E. Brandon. ■ Michigan State Board of Health, secretary, John L. Burkart, Lansing, Mich. . James W. Follin. Michigan State College of Mines, Houghton, Mich. N. S. Osborne. Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt. C. Ford Langworthy. George R. Wales. 266 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL,. Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, secretary, F. F. Sharpless, 52 Broadway, New York City. CharivEs Butters. John Parke Channing. Pope Yeatman. W. R. IngalIvS. George Otis Smith. Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, AgrictUtural College, Miss. George R. Hightower. W. F. Hand. Missouri Historical Society, secretary, Charles P. Pettus, Jefferson Me- morial, St. Louis, Mo. Charles P. Pettus. Modern Language Association of America, secretary, W. G. Howard, jp Kirkland Street, Cambridge, Mass. George N. Henning. A,rnold Werner-Spanhoofd. Montana Society of Engineers, secretary, C. H. Moore, Box 355, Butte, Mont. Theodore Simons. Montana State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Bozeman, Mont. J. M. Hamilton. Montana State School of Mines, Butte, Mont. Theodore Simons. Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass. Cornelia M. Clapp. Abby H. Turner. Municipal Engineers Society of the City of New York, secretary, G. A- Taber, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. Alfred D. Flinn. Museo de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Juan B. Ambrosetti, Cristobal M, Hicken. Museo Histdrico Nacional, Uruguay. His Excellency Carlos M. de Pena. Museo Nacional, Colombia. Leopold© Montejo. Museo Nacional, El Salvador. Carlos A. Meza. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 267 Museo Social Argentino, Argentina. Enrique Nelson. Ernesto Nelson. Miiseo de la Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina. Juan B. Ambrosetti. Cristobal M. Hicken. Museu Nacional, Brasil. Luiz Betim Paes Leme. . Museu "Simoens da Silva," Brasil. Antonio Carlos Simoens da Silva. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 10 East Thirty-third Street, New York City. Marshall H. Saville. George H. Pepper. Museum of the University of the State of New York, Albany, N. Y. John M. Clarke. National Academy of Sciences, secretary, Arthur L. Day, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. William H. Welch, e. g. conklin. National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, secre- tary, Charles J. Hatfield, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City. William Charles White. George M. Kober. National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, secretary, C. J. H. Woodbury^ 45 Milk Street, Boston, Mass. Albert Greene Duncan. Charles T. Plunkett. National Association of Manufacturers of the United States of America, secretary, George S. Boudinot, 30 Church Street, New York City. James A. Emery. Albert A. Snowden. Vincent Gonzales. National Association of State Universities, secretary, Guy P. Benton, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. Guy p. Benton. National Brick Manufacturers' Association, secretary, T. A. Randall, Indianapolis, Ind. L. Perry West. 268 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. National Child Labor Committee, secretary, Owen R. Lovejoy, 105 East Twenty- second Street, New York City. Isaac N. Seugman, Samuel McCune Lindsay. Felix Abler. National Commercial Teachers^ Federation, secretary, E. E. Jones, 301 Security Building, Chicago, III. J. E. Fuller. C. P. Zaner. Charles M. Miller. National Committee on Provision for the Feeble-minded, secretary, Joseph P. Byers, 501 Empire Building, Philadelphia, Pa. (Mrs.) C. C. RuMSEY. Joseph P. Byers. National Conference of Charities and Corrections, secretary, Wm. T. Cross ^ 315 Plymouth Court, Chicago, III. Amos W. Butler. Wm. T. Cross. National Conservation Association, secretary, H. A. Slattery, 811 Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. GiFFORD PiNCHOT. Baily Willis. National Dental Association, secretary, Otto U. King, Huntington, Ind. Clarence J. Grieves. R. Hamill Swing. National District Heating Association, secretary, D. L. Gctskill, Greenville, Ohio. James A, Donnelly. Nelson S. Thompson. National Drainage Congress, "/o F. J. Watson, Columbia, S. C. E. O. FiPPiN. Joseph Hyde Pratt. National Economic League, 6 Beacon Street, Boston. Mass. Norman L. Behneke. National Education Association, secretary, Durand W. Springer, Uni- versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. E. B. Krehbiel. Joseph Swain. REJPORT OP the; SECRKTARY GENERAL. 269 National Electric Light Association, secretary, T. C. Martin, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. H, A. Wagner. W. C. L. Egun. National Federation of College Women, secretary, *'/o {Mrs.) W. O. Thomp- son, State University, Columbus, Ohio. (Mrs.) Wm. Oxi,ey Thompson. (Mrs.) George A. Miller. (Mrs.) WiLLARD Brahan. National Federation of State Teachers' Association, ^'/o C S. Foos, Reading, Pa. Charles S. Foos. National Fire Protection Association, secretary, F. H. Wentworth, 87 Milk Street, Boston, Mass. Powell Evans. Charles F. Nesbit. National Foreign Trade Council, secretary, Robert H. Paichin, 64 Stone Street, New York City. James A. Farrell. Alba B. Johnson. Robert H. Patchin. National Geographic Society, secretary, O. P. Austin, Washington, D. C. O. H. Tittman. Gilbert H. Grosvenor. National Housing Association, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City. Lawrence Veiller. National Implements and Vehicle Association of the United States of America, secretary, E. W. McCullough, 76 West Monroe Street, Chicago, III. A. B. Farquhar. National Kindergarten Association, secretary, Dorothy Perkins, 250 Madi- son Avenue, New York City. (Miss) Marion Berger. (Mrs.) Charles Cary Rumsey. National Municipal League, secretary, C. R. Woodruff, 70 j North American Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Wm. D. Foulke. L. S. RowE. Howard L-. McBain. Clinton R., Woodruff. 270 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAIv. National Rivers and Harbors Congress, secretary, S. A. Thompson, 824 Colorado Building, WashingUyn, D. C. S. A. Thompson. National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education, secretary, C. A . Prosser, 140 West Forty-second Street, New York City. William C. Redfield. C. A. Herrick. J. W. IvIEB. National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, secretary, A. Howard Clark, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. A. Howard Clark. National Tax Association, secretary, Thorruis S. Adams, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. H. B. F. Macfarland. M. Markham Flannery. New England Water Works Association, Boston, Mass. Alfred D. Flinn. New Hampshire Agricultural and Mechanical College, Durham, N. H. Fred Rasmussen. New Mexico State School of Mines, Socorro, N. Mex. T. C. Mackay. New Orleans Association of Commerce, secretary, Walter Parker, New Orleans, La. C. C. Bass. New York Academy of Medicine, 17. West Forty-third Street, New York City. Ram6n Guiteras. John Cowell MacEvitt. New York Academy of Sciences, secretary, Henry E. Crampton, Am£rican Museum of Natural History, New York City. Henry E. Crampton. Clark Wissler. Robert H. Lowie. New York Botanical Garden, director, N. L. Britton, New York City. William Alphonso Murrill. New York Entomological Society, secretary, Charles W. Leng, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Charles W. Leng. Frank E. Lutz. RHPORT OF THE SECRKTARY GENERAL. 2/1 New York State Waterways Association, secretary, Herman L. Fairchild, University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. H. Iv. Fairchild. New York University, New York City. Herman M. Biggs. Jeremiah Jenks. Elmer E. Brown. Norfolk Chamber of Commerce, secretary, W. A . Cox, Norfolk, Va. Barton Myers. North Carolina State Board of Health, secretary, W. S. Rankin, Raleigh, N.C. W. S. Rankin, Northwestern University, Evanston, III. James Alton James. Charles Cheney Hyde. A. W. Harris. Oherlin College, Oherlin, Ohio. Karl F. Geiser. Ohservatorio Astronomico del Colegio de Belen, Cuba. Mariano Gutierrez Lanza, S. J. Ohservatorio del Colegio de Nuestra Senora de Montserrat, Cuba. Simon Sarasola, S. J. Official Dairy, of Pennsylvania, Instr'uctors' Association, secretary, C. W. Larsen, State College, State College, Pa. B. H. Rawl. Ivan C. Weld. Oficina Internacional Centro- Americana, Centro- America. His Excellency GuillErmo Campos. Carlos Lara. Oficina Internacional Universitaria Americana, Uruguay. Juan Riva Zuchelli. Alberto Voulminot. Oficina Meteorologica Argentina, Argentina. H. H. Clayton. Ohio Engineering Society, secretary, John Laylin, Columbus, Ohio. Alexander Potter. F. A. Barbour. Ohio State Archceological and Historical Society, secretary, E. O. Randall, Columbus, Ohio. A. M. SchlESInger. 48192—17 18 272 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. Ohio State Board of Health, secretary, E. F. McCampbell, Ohio State Uni- versity, Columbus, Ohio. E. F. McCampbell. H. T. Sutton. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. William Oxly Thompson. Ohio Wesley an University, Delaware, Ohio. George Oswin Higley. Oregon Society of Engineers, secretary, Orrin E. Stanley, P. O. Box gjs, Portland, Oreg. D. C. Henny. Pacific Northwest Society of Engineers, secretary, J. A. Jackson, City Hall, SeatUe, Wash. Charles W. Kutz. C. W. Knox. Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, Cal. Alvin Pope. Pan American Division, American Association for International Concili- ation, 407 West One hundred and seventeenth Street, New York City. Peter H. Goldsmith. Henry S. Haskell. Pan American Society of the United States, secretary, H. E. Bard, 15 Broad Street, New York City. John Bassett Moore. Harry Erwin Bard. Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. John Barrett. Francisco J. Yanes. Franklin Adams. Wm. C. Wells. Wm. V. Griffin. Peabody Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Alfred M. Tozzer. Charles Peabody. Peabody Museum of Yale University, New Haven, Conn. George Grant MacCurdy. Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, secretary, N. B. Kelly, Philadelphia, Pa. Alba B. Johnson. N. B. Keely. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI.. 273 Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. Warren K. Moorehead. Philosophical Society of Washington, secretary, John A. Fleming, Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. Wm. S. KicheIvBERGER. Wm. Bowie. Pittshv/rgh Chamber of Commerce, secretary, Logan McKee, Pittsburgh, Pa. Wm. M. Davidson. Portland Chamber of Commerce {Maine), secretary, W. B. Moore. Arthur B. Fels. Seth a. M0U1.TON. Prensa de Venezttela, Venezuela. Sim6n Barcei.6. Princeton University, Princeton, N. J. Phiup MarshalIv Brown. WHvIvIam Berryman Scott. Public Museum of the city of Milwaukee, secretary, Henry L. Ward, Mil- waukee, Wis. S. A. Barrett. Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Winthrop E. Stone. George Irving Christie. Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass. Frances Gardiner Davenport. Mabel Colcord, Railway Signal Association, secretary, C. C. Rosenberg, Times Building, Bethlehem, Pa. W. J. EcK. C. C. Anthony. Religious Education Association, secretary, H. F. Cope, 332 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, III. John Nelson Mills. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. Wm. Pitt Mason. Rhode Island State College, Kingston) R. I. Howard Edwards. Rice Institute, Houston, Tex. Edgar Odell Lovett. . Richmond College, Richmond, Va. F. W. BOATWRIGHT. Eugene C. Bingham. 274 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI^. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, manager, Henry James, jr., Sixty-sixth Street and Avenue A, New York City. Wm. H. Welch. James B. Murphy. Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Hau4e, Ind. C. Leo Mees. John White. Russell Sage Foundation, New York City. John M. Glenn. Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. Jacob G. Lipman. Alfred A. Titsworth. St. Louis University, St. Louis, Mo. John h. Gipprich. St. Stephens College, Annandale, N. Y. John C. Robertson. Robert G. Robb. School of American Archaeology, secretary, Paul A. F. Walter, Santa Fe, N. Mex. W. H. Holmes. Edgar L. Hewett. Ralph Emerson Twitchell. Frank Springer. Seismological Society of America, secretary, S. D. Townley, Stanford Uni- versity, Cal. Jay Backus Woodworth. Smith College, Northampton, Mass. F. Stuart Chapin. Smithsonian Institution, secretary, Charles D. Walcott, Washington, D. C. Charles D. Walcott. Sociedad de Amigos de la Educacidn Popular de Montevideo, Uruguay. Eduardo Monteverde. Sociedad Argentina de Derecho Internacional, Argentina. Carlos Octavio Bunge. Eduardo Sarmiento I^aspiur. Sociedad Boliviana de Derecho Internacional, Bolivia. Alberto Diez de Medina. Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, Argentina. Juan B. Ambrosetti. Crist6bal M. Hicken. Agustin M]^rcau. Iberio San Roman. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. 275 Sociedad Cientifica de Chile, Chile. Dario E. Salas. Sociedad Colomhiana de Ingenieros, Colombia. Meuton Escobar IvArrazabal. Sociedad Cubana de Derecho Internacional, Cuba. Juan Miguel Dihigo. OCTAVIO GiBERGA. Rafael Montoro. Antonio Sanchez de Bust am ante y Sirven. Fernando Sanchez de Fuentes. Sociedad Cubana de Ingenieros, Cuba. Jos6 Ramon Villal6n. Sociedad Econ&mica de Amigos del Pais de la Habana, Cuba. ArI STIDES AgramonTE. Sociedad de Fomento Fabril, Chile. Enrique Cuevas. Sociedad de Geografia e Historia, Chile. Moise;s Vargas. Sociedad Guatemalteca de Derecho Internacional, Guatemala. Jos^ Matos. Sociedad Hondurena de Derecho Internacional. Carlos Alberto Ucle;s. RiCARDO J. UrRUTIA. Sociedad Juridico Literaria, Ecuudor. His Excellency Gonzalo S. Cordova. Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia y Estadistica, Mexico. Manuel Gamio. Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura, Chile. Eduardo Carrasco Bascunan. Sociedad Nacional de Profesores, Chile. Dario E. Salas. Sociedad NicaragHense de Derecho Internacional, Nicaragua. Alejandro Ce;sar. Sociedad Odontologica Argentina, Argentina. ToMAS S. Varela. Sociedad Paraguaya de Derecho Internacignal, Paraguay. AntolIn Irala. Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Internacional, Peru. VicTOR MatJrtua. 2/6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI^. Sociedade Brasileira de Direito Internacional, Brasil. rodrigo octavio. Manoel de Oliveira Lima. Sociedade de Geographia de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. JOAQUIM DE OUVEIRA BoTELHO. Sociedade de Medicina e CirtCgia do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. JOAQUIM DE OuVEiRA BoTElvHO. Sociedade de Medicina Legal e Criminalogia da Bahia, Brasil. Jose Rodrigues da Costa Doria. Sociedade National de AgrictUtura, Brasil. CuNTON D. Smith. Sociedade Scientifica de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Pedro Siqueira Campos. Soci^te Haitienne du Droit International, Haiti. Edmond H^raux. Society for Practical Astronomy, ijj8 Madison Park, Chicago, III. ROBAH F. Bumpas. Society for Promotion of Engineering Education, secretary, F. L. Bishop, University of Pittsburgh, Pa. HoLLis Godfrey. F. A. GOETZE. Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, secretary, L. A. Clinton, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. David Fairchild. L. A. Clinton. Society of American Bacteriologists, secretary, A. Parker Hitchens, Glen- olden, Pa. Alexander A. Abbott. H. W. Conn. Society of American Foresters, secretary, K. W. Woodward, Washington, D. C. Raphael Zon. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, secretary, D. H. Cox, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. D. W. Taylor. C. A. McAllister. South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Brookings, S. Dak. Ellery C. Chilcott. David Griffiths. South Dakota State School of Mines, Rapid City, S. Dak. Cleophas C. O'Harra. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL. 277 Southern Commercial Congress, secretary, Clarence Owens, Southern Build- ing, Washington, D. C. Clarence J. Owens. T. S. SOUTHGATE. Southern Conference for Education and Industry, secretary, A . P. Bourland, 508 McLachlen Building, Washington, D. C. W. M. RiGGS. H. A. Morgan. Southern Geographical Society, Knoxville, Tenn. C. H. Gordon. J. F. VOORHEES. G. L. Swiggett. Southern Sociological Congress, secretary, J. E. McCu/loch, Nashville, Tenn. J. E. McCuLLOCH. State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington. C. V. Piper. State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Paul Skeels Peirce. Frank Edward Horack. State University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. J. E. Church. Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J. Alfred Goldsborough Mayer. Joseph S. McCoy, Jr. Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa. William I. Hull. Clarence Gates Myers. Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City. Maurice A. Bigelow. Throop College of Technology, Pasadena, Cal. James A. B. ScherER. Arthur H. Fleming. • Trinity College, Durham, N. C. W. K. Boyd. William T. Laprade. Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. . Robert B. Riggs. Frederick W. Carpenter. Henry Augustus Perkins. 278 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. Tufts College, Tufts College, Mass. Arthur I. Andrews Alfred C. Lane. Tulane University, New Orleans, L^ Morton Aldrich Union College, Schenectady, N. Y. Charles Alexander Richmond United States. Department of State. Division of Latin American Affairs. J. Butler Wright. IvELAND Harrison. Department of the Treasury. Bureau of the Public Health Service. . Rupert Blue. William Colby Rucker. Department of War. Army Medical Museum, Office of the Surgeon Genercd. D. S. Lamb. E. R. Hodge. James R. Scott. Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors. Henry C. Newcomer. Bureau of Insular Affairs. Charles C. Walcutt. Engineer's Office. C. A. Flagler. Medical Department of the Army. Champe C. McCulloch. William J.L. Lyster. Department of Justice. Attorney General's Office. Samuel J. Graham. C. E. Stewart. Post Office Department. Postmaster General's Office. Otto Praeger. R. L. Maddox. RKPORT OF the; secretary GENERAI.. 279 United States — Continued. Department of the Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Richmond C. HoIvCOmb. R. C. Ransdei*!,. Bureau of Navigation. ThoxMas Washington. J. H. Dayton. Bureau of Steam Engineering. Henry C. Dinger. Stanford C. Hooper. Bureau of Yards and Docks. H. R. Stanford. Archibai^d It. Parsons. Interstate Commerce Commission. Bai^thasar H. Meyer. Naval Hospital. Archibald M. Faunti^EROY. Naval Medical School. James D. Gatewood. Edward R. Stitt. Naval Observatory. J. A. HooGEWERFF. Edwin T. Pollock. Naval Radio Service. William H. G. Bullard. Samuel W. Bryant. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Education. Samuel P. Capen. William T. Bawden, Bureau of Mines. Vannoy H. Manning. OzNi P. Hood. General Land Office. Clay Tallman. John McPhaul. Geological Survey. . George Otis Smith. Hiram D. McCaskey. 28o REPORT OP THE SECRETARY GENERAI.. United State s-^-Contiaued. Office of Indian Affairs. John Francis, Jr. A. W. WHEEI.ER. Patent Office. Thomas Ewing. James T. Newto^. Reclamation Service. WiLUAM A. Ryan. Eugene B. Hoffman. Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Animal Industry. J, R. Mohler. B. H. Rawi.. Bureau of Biological Survey. E. W. Nei^son. W. L. McAtee. Bureau of Crop Estimates. George K. Holmes. Nat C. Murray. Bureau of Plant Industry. Karl F. KellErman. O. F. Cook. Bureau of Soils. Milton W. Whitney. Curtis F. Marbut. Forest Service. H. S. Graves. A. F. Potter. Office of Markets and Rural Organization. Charles J. Brand. C. W. Thompson. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering. L. W. Page. P. St. J. Wilson. States Relations Service (Office of Experiment Stations). A. C. True. E. W. Allen. Weather Bureau. Charles Frederick Marvin. Edward Hall Bowie. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAI,. 28 1 United States — Continued. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. Joseph A. Hii,l. Richard Lappin. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. B. E. Pratt. F. R. Rutter. Bureani of Standards. S. W. Stratton. W. F. Hii,i,ebrand. Bureau of Fisheries. H. M. Smith. H. F. Moore. Bureau of Lighthouses. John S. Conway. h. b. bowerman. Coast and Geodetic Survey. E. I^ESTER Jones. R. L. Faris. Bureau of Navigation. E. T. ChamberIvAin. A. J. Tyrer. • Department of Labor. Bureau of Immigration. A. CaminETTi. A. Warner Parker. Bureau of Naturalization. Raymond F. Crist. J. Henri Wagner. " Bureau of Labor Statistics. Ch arises H. VERRII/I/. Chari^es E. Baldwin. Children's Bureau. Jui,iA C. Lathrop. Hei/En L. Sumner. Board of Indian Commissioners, Warren K. Moorehead. Botanic Gardens, Washington, D. C. George Wesi