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REPORT.

OF

mp LANGLEY,

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN
INSTITUTION, -

FOR THE

YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1905.

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WASHINGTON:
; GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
dn, 1905.

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CONTENTS.

The Establishment
Organization of the Board of Regents
Meetings of the Board of Regents
General considerations

Hodgkins fund

Naples table
Explorations
Publications
Library
Correspondence
National Gallery of Art
Hamilton lecture
International congresses

National Museum

Bureau of American Ethnology
International Exchanges
National Zoological Park
Astrophysical Observatory

LE Site cl oer EL, A Me 82 ed Aa ae GS, i a ee

INGEROLOP Wr. 2 222. Ny oN A ee peg Ser Dak ay cee aan Ome eeR air Se ae
Appendixes:

I. Report on the United States National Museum

Ill. Report on the International Exchange Service
IV. Report on the National Zoological Park

VY. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory
VI. Report of the Librarian
VII. Report of the Editor :

Illustrations:

Plates I, II. Smithson mortuary chapel -.-.-.-...-----------

Plate III. African ostrich
Plate IV. Grevy’s zebra
Plate V. Terrestrial temperature and solar radiation
Plate VI. Intensity of solar radiation
Plate VII. New 15-inch ccelostat

II. Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology -----_--. .--.

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RE. PORT

OF

Si Pe de AON GTB:

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
FOR THE

YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1905.

To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.

GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to present herewith my report,
showing the operations of the Institution during the year ending
June 30, 1905, including the work placed under its direction by Con-
gress in the United States National Museum, the Bureau of American
Ethnology, the International Exchanges, the National Zoological
Park, and the Astrophysical Observatory.

Following the precedent of several years, there is given, in the
body of this report, a general account of the affairs of the Institution
and its bureaus, while the Appendix presents more detailed state-
ments by the persons in direct charge of the different branches of
the work. Independently of this, the operations of the National
Museum are fully treated in a separate volume of the Smithsonian
Report, and the Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology con-
stitutes a volume prepared under the supervision of the Chief of
that Bureau. The scientific work of the Astrophysical Observatory
is recorded in occasional publications.

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
THE ESTABLISHMENT.

By act of Congress approved August 10, 1846, the Smithsonian
Institution was created an Establishment. Its statutory members are
the President, the Vice-President, the Chief Justice of the United
States, and the heads of the Executive Departments. The preroga-
tive of the Establishment is “ the supervision of the affairs of the

1

2 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Institution and the advice and the instruction of the Board of
Regents.”
As organized on June 30, 1905, the Establishment consisted of the
following ex officio members:
Tueropore Roosevert, President of the United States.
Cuartes W. Farrpanks, Vice-President of the United States.
Me.vitLe W. Furr, Chief Justice of the United States.
Joun Hay, Secretary of State.
Lestiz M. Suaw, Secretary of Treasury.
Wituram H. Tart, Secretary of War.
Wriiui1am H. Moony, Attorney-General.
Gerorce B. Correiyou, Postmaster-General.
Pauw Morton, Secretary of Navy.
Eruan Auten Hircucocsn, Secretary of the Interior.
James Witson, Secretary of Agriculture.
Vicror H. Metcatr, Secretary of Commerce and Labor.

~

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS.

The Board of Regents consists of the Vice-President and the Chief
Justice of the United States as ex officio members, three members of
the Senate, three members of the House of Representatives, and six
citizens, “ two of whom shall be residents of the city of Washington
and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of
them of the same State.”

As organized at the end of the fiscal year, the Board consisted of
the following members:

The Hon. M. W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States, Chan-
cellor; the Hon. C. W. Fairbanks, Vice-President of the United
States; Senator S. M. Cullom, Representative R. R. Hitt, Representa-
tive Robert Adams, jr., Representative Hugh A. Dinsmore, Dr. James
B. Angell, of Michigan; Dr. Andrew D. White, of New York; the
Hon. J. B. Henderson, of Washington City; Prof. A. Graham Bell,
of Washington City; the Hon. Richard Olney, of Massachusetts, and
the Hon. George Gray, of Delaware.

There are two vacancies on the Board, caused by the death of Sena-
tor O. H. Platt and the retirement of Senator Francis M. Cockrell.

MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS.

At a meeting of the Board of Regents held March 12, 1903, the fol-
lowing resolution was adopted :

“ Resolved, That in addition to the prescribed meeting held on the
fourth Wednesday in January, regular meetings of the Board shall
be held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in December and on
the 6th day of March, unless that date falls on Sunday, when the
following Monday shall be substituted.”

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3

In accordance with the above resolution the Board@net on Decem-
ber 6, 1904, January 25, 1905, and March 6, 1905. °

The following is an abstract of its proceedings, which latter will
be found in the annual report of the Board to Congress:

REGULAR MEETING OF DECEMBER 6, 1904.

A statement concerning the disposition of the remains of James
Smithson, and the report of the special committee having in charge
the final disposition of the remains, was presented to the Board,
which adopted the following resolution :

“ Resolved, That the special committee having in charge the matter
of the final disposition of the remains of James Smithson be author-
ized to receive the original tomb, and to place it, suitably inscribed,
with the remains, in some proper position that they may select in the
grounds of the Institution; the expenses involved in the matter to
be met from the funds of the Institution.”

The Secretary made a statement to the Board concerning the prog-
ress on the new building for the National Museum. The excavation
for the building was begun on June 15, 1904, and the laying of the
foundations in concrete was finished November 9, 1904. The. con-
tracts for the granite had been entered into. .

The Secretary recalled to the Board the various bills introduced
for the preservation of antiquities on the national domain. He had
learned in the meantime that the Secretary of the Interior had in
contemplation a bill which would meet the needs of the Department
and be satisfactory to the Institution, which had prepared for the
Secretary of the Interior the requisite maps giving the location of
antiquities on the public lands. The Secretary of the Interior had
also taken preliminary steps for the appointment of guardians for
important ruins.

ANNUAL MEETING, JANUARY 25, 1905. |

The Secretary announced the reappointment of Dr. J. B. Angell
as a Regent for six years, by joint resolution approved by the
President January 19, 1905.

The usual resolution relative to income and expenditure was
adopted, and the annual reports of the Secretary, the executive com-
mittee, and the permanent committee were submitted.

The special committee on the disposition of the remains of James
Smithson reported the arrival of the original tomb, and their decision,
under the authority given at the previous meeting, to place it and the
‘remains within the Smithsonian building. A statement of the rein-
terment of the remains will be found on a subsequent page.

The Secretary informed the Board of the proposal of Mr. Charles
L. Freer, of Detroit, to bequeath or to make a deed of gift, to take
effect upon his death, of a collection of paintings and etchings, largely

4 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

those of Whistler and his school, and of American and oriental pot-
tery and other objects of art; and of erecting a building to be used
solely for the purpose of exhibiting these objects, on condition that
the Regents should provide for the maintenance of the building and
collections. The Secretary had laid this matter before the executive
committee under date of ‘December 16, which adopted the following
report:

“ The executive committee, having heard with interest and appre-
ciation the statement by Secretary Langley of the proposition and
views of Mr. Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, to intrust to the Smith-
sonian Institution a collection of works of art, now in his possession,
which has already cost $600,000, and to which he proposes to add
almost as much more, and to construct for housing it a hall costing
$500,000, upon condition that all the expense and responsibility for
its care and maintenance shall be provided, are of opinion that it
would be well for the Board of Regents to consider such a proposition
in sympathy with the broad and cultivated spirit in which it is made;
but as it is presented only as a statement of a conversation with Mr.
Freer, it is requested by the committee that Secretary Langley com-
municate with Mr. Freer, and suggest to him that he put in more
precise form his views and his wishes, so that the action which the
committee may recommend to the Board shall be such as will exactly
set forth Mr. Freer’s purposes and be given the careful consideration
appropriate to such an enduring benefaction.

“Tt is further requested by the committee that Mr. Freer be com-
municated with in such time that his reply may be received and be
considered by the committee before the meeting of the Board, which
‘occurs_.on January 25, 1905.”

After reading several communications from Mr. Freer on the
subject, and the correspondence between him and the Secretary, the
following resolution was adopted:

“Resolved, That the Chancellor appoint a committee of three
Regents, whose duty it shall be to make personal examination of the
collection of art objects which Mr. Charles L. Freer has proposed to
give or bequeath to the Smithsonian Institution, and make report to
the Board of its value and merits; and said committee is further
instructed to ascertain from Mr. Freer what alterations, if any, can
be made in the conditions of his very generous proposal; and the Sec-
retary of this Institution is hereby added as an additional member of
this committee.”

The following committee was then appointed: Doctor Angell,
Senator Henderson, Doctor Bell, and the Secretary.

REGULAR MEETING OF MARCH 6, 1905.

The Secretary asked the Board’s approval of his appointment of —
Dr. Cyrus Adler as Assistant Secretary of the Institution, and the
following resolution was adopted:

“Resolved, That the appointment by the Secretary of Dr. Cyrus
Adler as Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3.

charge of the Library and the Exchanges, with such additional duties
as the Secretary may assign him, be approved.”

In the absence of Doctor Angell, chairman of the special commit-
tee, Senator Henderson presented a report giving an account of the
visit of the committee to Detroit and their conference with Mr.
Freer. The report was fully discussed, and the following resolution
was adopted:

“Resolved, That the Board of Regents take this occasion to express
their sincere thanks to Mr. Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, for the cour-
tesy shown to the committee of the Regents which recently visited
Detroit to examine his art collection; and that further consideration
of his generous offer to donate the same to this Institution or the
United States be continued until the next meeting of the Board of
Regents.”

The Secretary stated that Capt. John Donnell Smith, of Baltimore,
had donated to the Institution his entire botanical collection, and the
Board adopted the following resolution :

“Resolved, That the thanks of the Board of Regents be tendered
to Capt. John Donnell Smith for his generosity in presenting to the
Institution his large and valuable collection of plants and books on
botany, which is gratefully accepted.”

The Secretary stated that a room in the Smithsonian building had
been fitted up as a temporary resting place for the remains of Smith-
son, and asked the Regents to be present at their transfer.

After adjournment, the Regents repaired to the room referred to,
where, in their presence, the remains were placed within the tomb,
which was then sealed.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

Sixty years ago, when Joseph Henry became the first Secretary of
the Smithsonian Institution, the scope of the work he assumed was
practically unlimited; Smithson’s direction being that his bequest
was to be used for the “ increase and diffusion of knowledge among
men. After considering many suggestions as to how this might best
be done, Professor Henry decided that the proper function of the
Smithsonian Institution was “to assist men of science in making
original researches, to publish them in a series of volumes, and to give
a copy of them to every first-class library on the face of the earth.”
This has remained the policy of the Institution; and although its
operations have, of necessity, been modified from time to time, its
original breadth of scope has never been narrowed.

The methods of assisting in original research have been various.
Numerous grants have been made to qualified investigators, and
expeditions have been sent out in many directions. Several enter-
prises undertaken by the Institution on a small scale outgrew the
original intention and, in accordance with the policy of the Institution

6) REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

not to carry on work that could be done elsewhere, have been allowed
to establish themselves independently, chief among which are the
United States Weather Bureau, the Geological Survey, and the Fish
Commission. Other establishments, as the National Museum, the
Bureau of American Ethnology, the International Exchanges, and
the National Zoological Park, have continued under the direction of
the Institution. It led the way in the organization of hbrary work in
the United States; it took the initial steps and continues to support
schemes for international cataloguing, and it maintains a benevolent
relation with the American Historical Association and the National
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

The results of all important investigations and the operations
of the Institution and its dependencies are reported upon constantly.
Its publications, which include more than 250 volumes, are to be
iound in all the important hbraries of the world, and some of them
on the work table of every scientific student. Through the agency of
the International Exchange System, these works, together with other
public documents and learned treatises, are distributed throughout the
civilized world, and the foreign works received in exchange are
invaluable in American scientific libraries.

Thus the Smithsonian Institution is in constant association with
the Government and all the public institutions of the United States.
To them the Institution holds out a friendly cooperation, its aim
being, while continuing its own work upon its accepted lines and
adapting them to new needs as occasion arises, to continue along the
established policy of preventing rivalries, promoting wise cooper-
ation, diminishing waste, and furthering the search for knowledge,
the recording of discovered truth, and its dissemination among the
people.

In this great work the individual is not lost sight of; the publi-
cations of the Institution are widely distributed, its library constitutes
an important part of the Library of Congress, and its museum is the
rarest in existence in many branches of the natural history and eth-
nology of the New World. Less imposing than these methods of
serving the public, but no less important, is the satisfaction of a con-
stant stream of inquirers, whose letters from every corner of the
country bring questions bearing on every branch of knowledge.

BUILDINGS.

The only important building operation carried on during the past
year, of course excepting the work on the new Museum building, was
the construction of a mortuary chapel to contain the tomb of James
Smithson, brought from Italy.

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‘ REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. T
When the San Benigno Cemetery at Genoa was expropriated for
municipal purposes by the Italian Government in 1903, the Regents
determined to bring the remains of James Smithson to Washington.
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, the committee appointed for this pur-
pose, was successful in his mission, and on January 25, 1904, formally
gave the remains into the hands of the Regents. Doctor Bell’s report
and an account of the ceremonies incident to the removal and recep-
tion of the remains were published in the Annual Report for 1904.
The body, upon its arrival in Washington, was placed temporarily in

-a room in the Smithsonian building containing the relics of Smithson.

While resting there, the remains were examined by medical experts
and found to be in a remarkable state of preservation. Meanwhile,
a small mortuary chapel was prepared for them on the immediate
left of the north entrance of the Smithsonian building, and on March
6, 1905, the remains were carried to this chapel and, in the presence of
the Regents, replaced in the original tomb, recently brought from
Genoa (plates 1, mu), where they will rest until Congress makes

adequate provision for their interment.

Work on the reconstruction on the large archeological hall in the
main Smithsonian, building has continued throughout the year, as
has the process of repairing various portions of the roof of the Mu-
seum, including the re-covering of the central rotunda. Some time
has also been spent in going through the subcellar of the Museum
building removing dead wires, whitewashing, and otherwise improv-
ing its condition.

FINANCES.

The permanent funds of the Institution are as follows:

IEEE TITELRISO LL. Lege at aE a a $515, 169. 00
monn leoncy of. Smithson, 1867... = 26, 210. 63
Megestmimom savings of income, 1867 _._._---___-_-_ 2 108, 620. 37
mereeeE or sames Hamilton, 1875.-.2-...-..________.. $1, 000. 00
Accumulated interest on Hamilton fund, 1895______-___ 1, 000. 00
te 2, 000. 00
Peete OL. SIMCON, PANE ASSO 3-2-2 22 e 500. 00
Deposit from proceeds of sale of bonds, 1881__________.__________ 51, 500. 00
re OOMAN Gr. TLIOGPRINE Isl. 2 200, 000. 00
Portion of residuary legacy of 'Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894_________ 8, 000, 00
Deposit from savings of income, 1903__..-____________ Fula. Hala 25, 000. 00
Ue POLIMANCRT Unters. series ae Fe 937, 000. 00

The above fund is deposited in the Treasury of the United States
and bears interest at 6 per cent per annum under the provisions of the
act organizing the Institution and act of Congress approved March
12, 1894. In addition to the permanent fund, the Regents hold cer-

8 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

tain approved railroad bonds which form part of the fund established
by Mr. Hodgkins.

At the beginning of the fiscal year July 1, 1904, there was a
deficit of $362.80 instead of a credit balance of $46,648.33, ‘as stated
in my report for the year ended June 30, 1904. On June 2, 1905, it
was discovered that the accountant of the Institution was a defaulter,
and that by the aid of false entries and erasures he had been able to
conceal his misdeeds from detection. He was immediately placed in
the custody of the law and an examination of the books and accounts

was commenced, but the total amount of the defalcation had not been
determined at the close of the fiscal year, and a more COMMIS
statement will be submitted in a special report.

During the year the total receipts deposited in the Treasury of the
United States in behalf of the Institution were $74,761.72. Of this
sum $57,060 were derived from interest, $10,000 from a temporary .
loan, and the balance of $7,701.72 from miscellaneous sources. The
disbursements during the year amounted to $69,245, the details of
which are given in the report of the executive committee. The
balance remaining to the credit of the Secretary on June 30, 1905,
for the expenses of the Institution, was $5,153.92.

During the fiscal year 1905 the Institution was charged by Con-
gress with the disbursement of the following appropriations:

International Hxchanges_.__________"--_________ =) $27, 000
American Wthnology 2. es ee ee ee 40, 000
Astrophysical Observatory2. 2-2-3 22 EEE eee 15, 000

United States National Museum:
Hurniture and fixtures-_40 2.220220 3.3) ) eee 22, 500
Heating: and. lighting..-- 2522 see ee Se ee eee 18, 000
Preservation of collections.25 3. 203330503 eee 180, 000
Postage ~ + 500
Books 2-2-2202. se ee ee ee 2, 000
Rentvof workshops....2222 2232325 Ne ee eee 4, 580
Repairs: to.(buildings ..---..-52-S4e eee 15, 000
National ‘Zoological Parka. 22.0232 3e See er a ee 95, 000
Mota 4. Soa a ch 419, 580

The following estimates were forwarded as usual to the Secretary
of the Treasury for carrying on the Government’s interests under the
charge of the Institution for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906.
This table shows the estimates and sums respectively appropriated :

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. g

‘Estimates, se
EEE a af re Ve see “ — |__| —______—__
PET ETE ODD DP oo ogo boa sc Skt cs Uetagattcscecec-ctes capes se | $34, 600 | $28, 800:
ie Le) Ga eee oe a 50, 000 40, 000
CIE fn. cod pn a Seana seen deans ea eo -9 2 15,000 | 15,000
National Museum:
CG Rib 4g. er es ee ee ae eas 22,500 22,500
IAT LITT oye Ss a ee oe 18,000 ! 18, 000
DETTE CUT OC HONS aoe ee oo < wee se oe os aoe enone woedae : 210, 000 180, 000
PETERS LIA UCRSITT ODS Gee sae oo occ Bee rs eS Sea aaa e eee cen 102000 1) Sse eee
Soot] SS SD tee eee ee eee Eee ere Se. eee eee 5,000 | 2,000
Ca ponds =o SS a aS a eres Te, SNe? SNR LEY eR a 500 500:
Ce re Ey sth gS ck ape te Be MSA ISIS hy auc pe te ad pa ala He Bey ee Se: 15,000 15,000
2 Soap ayy STs cs 92 SIRS ca he CS eS ee ee 4,580 4,580
Srnigiunrnciaiont ODCHING <b. ass) soso shes tld 2 tsk boc vasweas is / Ht G16 Wee s23 7-2-5
inennionniation OF OXNIDItS 2 =~ -22505-.--- seen otenp cee none dee 6,500 6,500
menor National Museum .-.-22--.- 20 .---- 22-2 ose es wane nee n meee eo | 1,500,000 1,500,000
eee rennet Insrd oad Prarie = 2k 8 ES ee PS te 135, 000 95, 000
Readjustment of boundaries, Zoological Park --.....-..--..-.---------- 53 601000) |Paassas 2c.
CoUfrit 0. ASR a Se ee eee eae oe ene en, eee eee 2, 098, 296 1,927, 880

RESEARCHES.

In accordance with the original plan of the Institution that its
Secretary should devote his time to scientific matters as well as
administrative,* research work in various fields has been continued
under my direction by the Institution and its dependencies.

In the Astrophysical Observatory I have continued work believed
to be important, and inaugurated some experiments of novel interest,
which are referred to later.

Through the Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology
the Institution has been enabled to carry on various biological,
geological, and ethnological researches, which will be found fully
deseribed elsewhere in this report.

HODGKINS FUND.

Frequent applications for grants from the Hodgkins fund are
received; and while, as noted in previous reports, the conditions
establishing the foundation are such as to measurably restrict the
scope of its activities, all requests for aid are carefully considered
and acted on. In addition to the researches here mentioned, reports
on several interesting investigations, already noted as in progress,
are still awaited and will be published later.

A grant has been approved on behalf of Mr. A. L. Rotch, of Blue
Hill Meteorological Observatory, whose investigations of the upper

a Resolved, That the Secretary continue his researches in physical science,
and present such facts and principles as may be developed for publication in
the Smithsonian contributions. (Adopted at meeting of the Board of Regents,
January 26, 1847.)

10 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

air currents by means of kites have been aided by the Hodgkins
fund. Mr. Rotch conducted a series of experiments at the St. Louis
Exposition with ballons-sondes, which carry instruments only, these
recording automatically the temperature and pressure of the air,
the duration of flight and the place of landing, indicating also the
velocity and direction of the air currents traversed. The success of
these first experiments in America with recording balloons was such
as to warrant their continuance under the same direction, and on
their termination the results will be embodied in a report by Mr.
Rotch for publication by the Institution.

A paper on the Construction of a Vowel Organ, by Dr. E. W.
Scripture, has been recently published by the Institution. This arti-
cle gives the details of work under a Hodgkins grant approved for
the purpose and mentioned in my last report.

In extending his researches in connection with speech or phonetics
Doctor Scripture has been fortunate in securing individual gramo-
phone voice records of much historical interest. A voice record of
the Emperor of Germany was transmitted by Doctor Scripture in
January, 1905, for preservation in the United States National Mu-
seum. This record gives, in about two hundred words, the Emperor’s
conception of the aims and beauty of true manhood and of man’s
duty to his fellow, and recognizes the wisdom of the Almighty and
Omniscient Creator. At present only one other record of His Maj-
esty’s voice exists, namely, one made at the same time for preserva-
tion in the library of Harvard University.

The experiments conducted by Mr. Alexander Larsen, of Chicago,
in connection with the photography of lightning flashes, with a
special effort to measure their duration, mentioned in my last report
as having been aided by a limited grant from the Hodgkins fund,
have been continued during the year and the results carefully re-
ported. An interesting research on the fluorescence of minerals has
also been carried on by Mr. Larsen, more than 100 specimens, sent for
the purpose by the Institution, having been examined and reported
on. During these experiments many interesting facts have been
noted, which may prove the basis of further investigation.

A moderate additional grant has been approved during the year
on behalf of Doctor von Lendenfeld, of the K. K. Zoologisches Insti-
tute, Prague, to assist in defraying the cost of the construction of an
improved apparatus for taking the serial instantaneous photographs
required for studies of the flight organs of animals. Doctor von
Lendenfeld has given serious and protracted attention to this subject,
in connection with which numerous articles prepared by him, or
under his direction, have been published. A paper by Doctor Mascha,
supervised by Doctor von Lendenfeld, on “ The Structure of Wing-
Feathers,” has recently been printed in the Smithsonian Miscella-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Lt

neous Collections, and the translation of an article by Doctor von
Lendenfeld on the * Relation of Wing Surface to Weight of Body,”
published originally in the Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift,
appeared in the Smithsonian Report for 1904.

In May, 1905, a grant was approved on behalf of Prof. W. P. Brad-
ley, of Wesleyan University, for an experimental investigation of the
expansion of air through a nozzle. As all practical forms of appa-
ratus for the production of liquid air depend, so far, upon this type of
expansion, the research is deemed an important one, the more so from
the fact that the theory of the nozzle expansion of gases is in dispute
and must apparently remain so until more complete data are secured.

The results of previous experiments in the liquefaction of air, car-
ried on by Professor Bradley at Wesleyan University, show conclu-
sively that he is in an exceptionally favorable position for the direc-
tion of an extended inquiry into the factors which make for efficiency
in such a research, and as it is expected that further investigation
will materially aid a decision as to certain questions concerning which
experimentalists are not fully agreed, the report to be submitted by
Professor Bradley is awaited with interest.

Early in the year 1904 a third grant was approved on behalf of
Dr. Carl Barus to aid in preparing the completed report of his
recent research for publication. This memoir, “A Continuous Record
of Atmospheric Nucleation,” is in press, as one of the Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge, and will be the third and last volume of
the series giving a detailed account of the investigation of Doctor
Barus. <A request that a summary of the work should be prepared by
the author for presentation before the first international congress on
ionization and radioactivity at Liege in September, 1905, was ap-
proved, thus enabling an investigation. on a subject of much immedi-
ate interest, prosecuted under the auspices of the Institution, to be
brought to the attention of this notable gathering.

The subscription to the Journal of Terrestrial Magnetism and
Atmospheric Electricity has been renewed for the present year, with
the understanding that the publication will be maintained in the
future without such aid, a stipulated number of copies being for-
warded this year, as heretofore, to addresses designated by the Insti-
tution.

Among the miscellaneous investigations aided by the Institution
during the year I may mention that Dr. Edward L. Greene, asso-
ciate in botany, United States National Museum, has undertaken to
prepare for publication by the Smithsonian Institution a monograph
to be entitled “ Landmarks of Botanical History.” Doctor Greene
expects to complete this work in two years. Dr. Albert M. Reese,
of Syracuse University, received a small grant to assist him in his

12 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

work of collecting in Florida the materials for the study of the em-
bryology of the alligator, and in subsequent investigations. Mr.
W. A. Bentley, of Jericho, Vt., has from time to time made numer-
ous photographs of snow crystals and has recently turned over to the
Institution 500 glass positives of his best and most interesting pia
graphs, together with a descriptive paper relating to them.

NAPLES TABLE.

The Smithsonian seat in the Naples Zoological Station has been
continuously occupied for the greater part of the present year and,
as heretofore, the reports submitted at the close of appointments
mention the exceptional opportunities for special research afforded
at Naples.

To avoid the confusion and inconvenience likely to result from the
duplication of appointments, Doctor Dohrn has recently made a
request that two students should not be assigned to Naples at the same
period without previous consultation with the management of the
station. In order, therefore, to meet the wishes of the always
courteous and accommodating director, it is desirable that those wish-
ing to occupy the Smithsonian seat should enter their applications
as long a time as possible in advance of the period decided on. This
will permit the necessary correspondence in regard to each appoint-
ment, when, as is not infrequently the case, there are more applicants
than can be readily provided for, and ‘will perhaps also at times
afford the opportunity for the extra occupation of an unassigned seat.

It may be added that appointments covering twelve months of the
June 30, 1905, to June 30, 1906—have already been approved,
but as two students are to be received during the same period for one
limited appointment, it may be possible to approve additional brief
sessions during the year. As before announced, applications for the
ensuing year may be taken up for consideration at any time within
six months of the period desired.

The appointment of Prof. J. B. Johnston, of the University of
West Virginia, terminated March 1, 1905. While at Naples Doctor
Johnston obtained and prepared a large amount of material for
future experiment and study. Being an experienced teacher, he
hopes to embody the results so far secured in a more complete and
exact account of the brain, which will be incorporated in a text-book
on The Nervous System of Vertebrates, now in course of preparation.

In April Doctor Johnston was succeeded at the station by Dr.
Stewart Paton, a former member of the teaching staff of Johns Hop-
kins University, on whose behalf a second appointment of six months
from November 1, 1905, has since been approved. A previous inves-
tigation to determine the time when the first spontaneous movements
and definite reactions to external stimulation occur in the embryo

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13

will be continued by Doctor Paton, who will investigate also the
correlative structural changes in the central nervous system that ac-
company these functional developments, and will endeavor to deter-
mine the elements which conduct the nervous impulses.

I am glad to state that the advisory committee continues the same,
and to record my appreciation of the helpful action of the members
in recommendations as to appointments to the Smithsonian seat.

EXPLORATIONS.

ARCHEOLOGY OF GULF STATES OF MEXICO.

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, a member of the Bureau of American Eth-
nology, has carried on an extended archeological reconnoissance for
the Smithsonian Institution in the Gulf States of Mexico. His trip
was successful, adding information to what is known of the prehis-
toric inhabitants of this rich but only partially explored region.
While the main object of this visit was the increase of our knowledge
of Mexican archeology, attention was incidentally given to the strik-
ing likeness of many prehistoric objects observed to those from the
United States and its bearing on the question of culture migrations.
An area was shown in each of the States of Vera Cruz and Tamauli-
pas, as typical of the prehistoric culture of this region, one of these
extending from Xalapa, capital of Vera Cruz, to the Gulf coast, the
other being near the city of Tampico, on the banks of the Panuco and
Tamese rivers.

The numerous ruins or mounds that occur in these areas, rarely
visited by archeologists, are supposed to be typical of the former
culture of two great allied peoples, the Totonacs and Huaxtecs, who
in prehistoric times inhabited the greater part of Vera Cruz and what
is now southern Tamaulipas.

On account of its historical as well as archeological importance,
& visit was made to the little-known ruin of Cempoalan, a Totonac
metropolis visited by Cortés, the conqueror of Mexico. Archeo-
logical literature pertaining to this city is very scanty; there is not
a single description in English of the still well-preserved temples of
this remarkable capital. On his visit to the site of Cempoalan
Doctor Fewkes obtained many fine photographs of the four stately
pyramids and gathered much data regarding their construction. He
also studied and took photographs of the many small objects found
in the neighborhood of the mounds that will later be published. An
attempt to determine the site of another flourishing Totonac city
revealed, near the ancient Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, an important
cluster of earth mounds of considerable size. These were also photo-
graphed and their relics studied.

268s—06 m——2

14 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Doctor Fewkes visited several large ruins in the neighborhood of
Xalapa, one of which, near Xicochimalco, he has identified as the
remains of the pueblo of Sochimatl, mentioned by Bernal Diaz del
Castillo, historian of the conquest. By this identification new light
is shed on the hitherto obscurely known route of the conquerors from
Cempoalan over the mountains to the plateau of Mexico.

The extensive group of large earth mounds, some of which are
remains of pyramidal temples, situated at Texolo, near Xico, were
also visited, and important material was gathered from them bear-
ing on their prehistoric inhabitants. The numerous ruins in the
vicinity of Tampico were found to be extensive, and objects from
them revealed evidences of a high development,of culture. Of the
large Huaxtee pueblo called Chila, subdued by Cortés, nothing now
remains but a group of mounds in an almost impenetrable forest a
few miles from Tamos. Many sites of prehistoric pueblos were
found on the banks of the Panuco; some of these were once temples,
others mortuary hillocks containing pottery offerings and bones of
the dead. Numerous shell heaps occur in this region, some of which
were visited and examined. About a mile from Tampico, Doctor
Fewkes reports, he found a cluster of large earth mounds of con-
siderable extent, up to within a few years concealed by a dense jungle.
The most notabie ruins in this region lie on the banks of the Cham-
payan lagoon, at the Rancho de San Francisco and Cebadella. In the
Sierra de Palma there is a pyramid having a cut-stone facing and
stairways similar to those in the Totonac region.

THE SMITHSONIAN ALASKAN EXPEDITION.

An expedition to Alaska and adjacent territory was made during
the summer of 1904 by Mr. A. G. Maddren, under the direction of
the Smithsonian Institution, for an examination of the Pleistocene
deposits of northern Alaska, in which most of the mammoth and
other vertebrate remains occur. His report treats of these forma-
tions and the criteria by which they are to be distinguished from
the more recent ice and alluvial deposits which have been variously
noticed and discussed by travelers and writers. He says:

The problems of geographic distribution of the animal and vegetable life
of North America in Pleistocene time with the disturbance of faunas and
floras caused by the widespread glaciation during that period and their sub-
sequent readjustment over the glaciated area all combine to form a complex
arrangement, to solve which will require large collections of specimens from
the Pleistocene deposits of the unglaciated area of Alaska and the adjacent
Canadian territory. At present our knowledge of this fauna and flora is
very limited. As far as we know, only one species of elephant (Hlephas prini-
genius), the mammoth, inhabited Alaska and Siberia during Pleistocene time.

The longest mammoth tusk so far reported from Alaska is one 12 feet 10
inches long, measured on the outside of the curve. Remains of the rhinoceros

-

' REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15

have not been reported with those of the mammoth in Alaska, as in Siberia, and
it also appears that the remains of the mammoth in Alaska are not in as fresh a
state of preservation as those found in Siberia, which points to the surmise that
the mammoth became extinct in Alaska before the last of the species succumbed
in Siberia. Associated with the mammoth were herds of large bison and horses,
This species of horse may have been the last native to North America, the rear
guard of the last migration of these animals across the region of Bering Straits

to Asia before the land connection disappeared. There was a species of musk-ox,
| together with sheep and bear. Descendants of these last three forms have by
adaptive changes survived in these northern regions down to the present time.

The relation that the fauna and flora north of the area occupied by glaciers
bore to that region in the United States before, during, and after separation by
the snow and ice fields; also the relation of forms in Alaska to those of Siberia,
with the time and duration of the land connection across Bering Straits and
their subsequent separation, form a complex problem, the solution of which will
require the accumulation of much material.

Mr. Maddren summarizes his conclusions as follows:

I. That while remnants of the large Pleistocene mammal herds may haye
survived down to the Recent period and in some cases their direct descendants,
as the musk-ox, to the present, most of them became extinct in Alaska with the
close of Pleistocene.

Il. The most rational way of explaining this extinction of animal life is by a
gradual changing of the climate from more temperate conditions, permitting of
a forest vegetation much farther north than now, to the more severe climate of
to-day, which, subduing the vegetation and thus reducing the food supply, besides
directly discomforting the animals themselves, has left only those forms capable
of adapting themselves to the Recent conditions surviving in these regions to
the present.

Ill. There are no facts to support the contention that the climate of the Arctic
end sub-Arctic regions ever has been colder than it is at present. There are no
phenomena presented in those regions that require a more severe climate than
that now existing to account for them. There are no ice deposits in Alaska,
except those of large glaciers, that may be considered of Pleistocene age. There
are no ice,beds interstratified with the Pleistocene deposits of Alaska.

IV. That the various forms of land ice, together with the deposits of peat,
now existing through the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Alaska belong to the
Recent period, and these deposits may be most conveniently and logically classi-
fied by their position with reference to the Pleistocene and Recent formations
and the ice deposits, can not be differentiated satisfactorily into deposits of
snow or of water origin by their physical structure and character alone.

THE SMITHSONIAN GLACIER EXPEDITION.

The expedition dispatched by the Smithsonian Institution to the
Canadian Rockies and Selkirks, under the immediate direction of
Prof. William H. Sherzer, of the Michigan State Normal School,
had a successful season’s work on the glaciers along the line of the
Canadian Pacific Railway. <A selection was made of those five gla-
ciers which are at the present time most readily accessible to the tour-
ist or the student of glacial geology, and these were found to exhibit,
more or less strikingly, the characteristics of glaciers throughout

16 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

the world. It may be a matter of surprise to many to learn that
four or five days of comfortable railway travel places one in the
midst of snow fields rivaling in size and grandeur those of Switz-
erland, that the ice bodies descending from these fields may be studied
from modern hotels as a base, and that of those to be reported upon
one may safely ride a horse to the very.nose of each. For trips on the
ice to the passes and neighboring peaks experienced Swiss guides are
available during the summer months. So far as is known, there is
here the most magnificent development of glaciers of the Alpine type
on the American continent, and the purpose of the survey was to
gather as much information concerning them as the time and facilities
rendered possible. Many photographs with which to illustrate the
details of glacial structure were obtained, a number of which ac-
company a preliminary report of the expedition printed in the
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Professor Sherzer reviews
his work as follows:

Field work began July 1, 1904, with two assistants, and continued until the
middle of September, camps being made at Lake Louise, Moraine Lake, and in
Yoho, Asulkan, and Illecillewaet valleys, in each case as close as practicable
to the glaciers under study. Quite in contrast with the two preceding summers,
that of 1904 proved exceptionally propitious for field studies. The unusual
number of bright days and the reduced precipitation, however, reacted unfavor-
ably in that they permitted forest fires to spread in several of the valleys, and
during much of the summer the atmosphere was more or less charged with
sinoke, rendering distant photography unsatisfactory or quite impossible.

Covered with a veneering of rock débris over its lower third, the Victoria
glacier, at Lake Louise, is not the most interesting of the series te the casual
observer, who is liable to carry home the idea that it is simply a stone heap,
and a rather uninteresting pile at that. Geologically, however, this glacier is
the most active and varied of any of those that can be conveniently reached in
the entire region, and nearly six weeks were devoted to the study of it and its
tributary, the Lefroy. In spite of the many visits which a camp alohgside the
glacier for this length of time permitted, as well as numerous visits during two
previous seasons, not one failed to reveal some new feature or to shed important
light on one previously observed. This longer stay at the Victoria permitted
ineasurements of the forward flow of ice under variable conditions of tempera-
ture, the construction of an accurate cross section, the determination of the
amount of surface melting, and the varying amounts of drainage and sediment
discharged—work which was not feasible on the other glaciers, to each of which
but seven or ten days could be devoted. A detailed survey was made of each of
the five glaciers, from the nose around each way to the nevé field, by means
of plane table or compass and steel tape, and full data for a map of the ice and
moraines and for a general description were procured. Especial attention was
given to the structure of the ice itself, with the hope of shedding more light on
some of the points still under discussion.

Only the most general statements concerning those results of the field studies
in which the scientific public may be interested will now be noted. The glaciers
generally were found to be still in retreat, the Wapta, at the head of Yoho
Valley, having exceeded its average of the last three years by a few feet, while
the Illecillewaet, at Glacier House, receded but one-third of the average which it

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 17
has mainfaind during the last seventeen years. The Asulkan, in an adjoining
valley, which had been advancing for about two years, has remained practi-
cally stationary during the last year. The Victoria presents an oblique front
of nearly half a mile, and its lower S00 feet, completely veneered with rock
as above stated, has pushed out into the forest at a comparatively recent
date. This part has remained quiet apparently for,a number of years, but accu-
rate measurements to stones embedded in the face show that a very gradual
wastage occurred during the summer, with a small stream of clear, ice-cold
water as confirmatory evidence.

Farther up, for a distance of about 1,600 feet, there is a steep ice front which
is so nearly parallel with the main axis of the glacier that there is a question as
to whether it is not, its side. Here the front of the ice is receding, the amount
for the last year being about the same as the average maintained for the last
five or six years, and this in spite of an actual forward flowing movement of the
ice of 2 to 8 inches daily in summer and perhaps half this amount in winter.
The Wenckchemna glacier, in the Valley of the Ten Peaks, proved of exceptional
interest because of its almost unique character, only one other of the type—the
Malaspina in Alas been described. ‘The Wenckchemna consists of a
sluggish ice mass, relatively short, but broad, formed by the lateral coalescence
of about a dozen short ice streams, each of which retains its identity more or
less perfectly entirely across the glacier, and maintains its own nose and
motion independently of its neighbors. Accurate measurements to stones embedded
in the frontal slope showed that some of these ice streams are stationary, some
receding, and others advancing, the most rapid advance being near the center,
where freshly cut trees were observed. To those who do not fully appreciate
all the factors of the problem it is frequently a matter of surprise that a
glacier in one valley may be in retreat while that in an adjacent valley may be
advancing, as has just been the case in the Asulkan and Illecillewaet valleys;
but in the case of the Wenckchemna there is still more varied behavior in
streams that are actually side by side almost throughout their length.

PUBLICATIONS.

It is largely through its publications that the Institution carries
out that vital principle of its foundation, “ the diffusion of knowl-
edge among men.” Each year adds something of importance to the
long series of published works comprised in the Smithsonian Contri-
butions to Knowledge, the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
and its Annual Reports. All these are published by the parent Insti-
tution, but the series is augmented by the Proceedings and Bulletins
of the National Museum, the Reports and Bulletins of the Bureau
of American Ethnology, and the Annals of the Astrophysical Ob-
servatory, which pene before the public specialized matter no less
important.

The details of the work of the past year are given in the Editor’s
report, the subjects treated in that time including practically every
branch of human knowledge.

To the series of Contributions there has been added a third memoir
by Dr. Carl Barus, entitled “A Continuous Record of Atmospheric
Nucleation,” in which the author further discusses his researches on

18 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

the nucleus, as published in “ Experiments with Ionized Air ” (Smith-
sonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. xxrx, 1901) and in “ Strue-
ture of the Nucleus,” issued as part of the same volume in 1903. The
investigation was carried on with the aid of a grant from the Hodg-
kins fund. Doctor Barus describes the nucleus as a dust particle
small enough to float in the air but larger than the order of molec-
ular size, and shows that such a particle precipitates condensation in
an atmosphere saturated with water in its immediate vicinity. He
uses the term “nucleation ” to denote the number of nuclei per cubic
centimeter regardless of their souree—which may be from mechan-
ical, thermal, chemical, high potential, or radio-active processes—or
their special properties. By far the greater number are initially
ionized, or at least carry an electric charge, and where they occur in
thousands and millions of approximately uniform size they give
rise to condensational phenomena of transcendent beauty and im-
portance.

The articles printed in the Miscellaneous Collections are, as the
name of the series would indicate, miscellaneous in character. The
past year has added 38 numbers to this series of papers, including
several relating to the bibliography of chemistry; an exhaustive
catalogue of Diptera, or two-winged flies, showing the geographical
distribution of several species known to spread disease; accounts of
explorations in Alaska and among the Canadian glaciers; some in-
teresting popular papers by Doctor Gill on the sculpin, the tarpon,
the ladyfish, and the carp, and a lecture by Dr. Andrew D. White on
the diplomatic service of the United States, the first of the series of
lectures under the Hamilton bequest.

The Contributions and Miscellaneous Collections just spoken of are
published at the expense of the Institution fund in editions of 1,500
copies, and are intended solely for distribution to the large libraries
and institutions of learning throughout the world.

The Annual Report, on the other hand, is published by a Govern-
ment appropriation in an edition of some 12,000, and is intended
for a more general distribution. Primarily, this volume is a report
to Congress on the operations of the Institution during the year, but
its popular interest lies largely in its General Appendix, contain-
ing a number of papers showing the recent progress of the world’s
scientific work. To the selection of appropriate papers for this Ap-
pendix I have given much personal attention for several years past.

The manuscript of the work of the late Dr. G. Brown Goode, on
some coutributions of America to the progress of science, which dur-
ing the past year has been worked over by Mr. Kenneth M. Goode,
editorial assistant, is now almost in its final shape, and will, I hope,
appear as « Smithsonian publication during the coming year.

REPORT OF THE SBCRETARY. 19

,.

The Institution proper distributed during the year a total ot
60.063 volumes or parts of volumes of the series of Smithsonian
Contributions, Miscellaneous Collections, Reports, and publications
not included in the regular series,* making an increase of 13,455
over the number sent out during the previous year.

THE LIBRARY.

The library of the Smithsonian Institution is, first of all, a library
of science, and, secondly, a collection of catalogues and bibliographical
apparatus. ‘The general aim, as stated in the original plan, has been
“to procure a complete collection of the memoirs and transactions
of learned societies throughout the world, and an entire set of the
most important scientific and literary periodicals.” In 1866 the main
portion of the Smithsonian library was for administrative purposes
transferred to the custody of the Library of Congress, and became one
of the important elements of that great National Library. This
collection continues as the Smithsonian Deposit. It has annually
increased in size and importance, and at present aggregates nearly
half a million entries.

There is retained at the Institution such books as are of immediate
importance to investigators carrying on their researches in the
Smithsonian building. This reference collection, together with the
special libraries of the National Museum, the Astrophysical Observa-
tory, the National Zoological Park, and the Bureau of American
Ethnology, numbers about 55,000 volumes.

Besides the accessions of books from customary sources, during
the past vear there has been received a valuable library relating to
civil engineering bequeathed to the Institution by the late Dr. J.
Elfreth Watkins; also a collection of about 1,600 books on the flora
of tropical America, presented by Capt. John Donnell Smith, and a
large number of additions to the Watts de Peyster Collection Napo-
leon Bounaparte.

The International Catalogue of Scientific Literature established
three years ago, with administrative headquarters in London, now
contains over half a million reference cards, 50,000 of which are
references made for the United States by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion. The entire work of preparing cards for this country is done
in connection with the library of the Institution, the cost of the
work thus far having been borne out of an allotment made by the
Institution.

«Contributions to Knowledge, 4,540; Miscellaneous Collections, 27,558; Re-
ports, 25,425; publications not in regular series, 1,905; publications not Smith-
sonian yet distributed by the Institution, 635.

20 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

CORRESPONDENCE.

From its correspondence it appears that the Institution is generally
considered by the public as an establishment to which requests may
be addressed for information on all branches of knowledge, for the
solution of various scientific problems, for the examination and
indorsement both of scientific investigations and crude, unscientific
speculations, for supplying answers to questions in prize contests, and
the like. It seems well, therefore, to state that while responses are
cheerfully given, as far as practicable, to all legitimate requests for
scientific information, the Institution does not undertake to maintain
a general question bureau. ‘The communications received cover every
conceivable subject, from new theories of the physical phenomena of
the universe to a request for information as to the value of some sup-
posedly rare book, and the preparation of the data desired entails
the expenditure of a considerable amount of time and labor by the
members of the Institution’s staff. Many of these correspondents
are men of considerable culture and of much general reading, but are
wanting in that special training which is necessary for successful
scientific investigation, and correspondence with this class is especially
difficult to manage, since the rejection of the propositions made is
generally attributed to prejudice and is resented by the writers, who
array themselves as martyrs to science.

During the year many letters have been received from inventors
who desire either grants of money with which to develop their various
devices or an expression of the Institution’s opinion as to the merits
of their inventions. As the Institution has no funds from which such
aid can be given, and as the Secretary is prohibited by a decision of
the Board of Regents from expressing an opinion of this chafacter,
he is obliged to refuse all such requests. It would seem proper to
state also that the Institution does not supply information of a com-
mercial nature, such as is customarily furnished for a fee by engineers
or other professional advisers, or which is designed to benefit some
individual rather than the public.

In spite of these restrictions, however, the conduct of this corre-
spondence is an important agency for the diffusion of knowledge
among men.

NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.

In the message of President Roosevelt communicated to the two
Houses of Congress at the beginning of the third session of the
Fifty-eighth Congress (dated Decemder 6, 1904) he says:

The collection of art contemplated in section 5586 of the Revised Statutes
should be designated and established as a national gallery of art, and the

Smithsonian Institution should be authorized to accept any additions to said
collection that may be received by gift, bequest, or devise.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 21

The section of the Revised Statutes cited by the President is the
act of foundation of the Smithsonian Institution, which declares
that “whenever suitable arrangements can be made from time to
time for their reception, all objects of art and of foreign and curious
research, all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and
mineralogical specimens belonging to the United States * * *
shall be delivered to such persons as may be authorized by the Board
of Regents to receive them, and shall be so arranged and classified
in the building erected for the Institution as best to facilitate the
examination and study of them:” so that the first object of the
Institution, in the eyes of its founders, appears to have been to give
it the curatorship of the Art collections of the nation.

During its early years this object was promoted in various ways;
among others, by the acquisition of a very valuable collection of prints
and engravings belonging to the Hon. George P. Marsh. After the
fire in the Institution in 1865 these prints were deposited for tempo-
rary safe-keeping in the Library of Congress and (with other works
of art) in the Corcoran Gallery.

Subsequently an appropriation was granted by Congress for mak-
ing a fireproof room in which these could be kept, but it was not until
1896 that the Regents provided for their recall to the Institution. In
the journal of the proceedings of the Board for 1896 (Smithsonian
Report, 1896, pp. xiii and xiv) will be found the action taken by the
Board providing for their restoration to their own immediate control.
The following resolution offered then by Senator Gray was adopted:

Resolved, That the question of the propriety of bringing the works of art
belonging to the Institution under the more immediate control of the Board of-
Regents be referred to the executive committee and the Secretary, with power
to act.

In pursuance of this the Institution brought back to its own keep-
ing a number of prints of value, both from the Library of Congress
and the Corcoran Gallery, leaving, by an amicable understanding with
the latter establishment, as a loan, a few of the works of art, notably
a large picture by Healy.

The old name of the collections was the “ Gallery of Art,” a title
which seems almost too ambitious for the present collections of the
Institution, though it is to be hoped that this designation will be
justified by their future increase. These have been placed by me in a
room specially fitted up for that purpose (the Art Room), under the
temporary charge of the librarian.

There is now in the courts awaiting legal interpretation a will con-
taining a bequest of a valuable collection of art objects.

On January 3, 1905, Mr. Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, offered under
certain contingencies to bequeath to the Smithsonian Institution his
valuable art collection, proposing at the same time to provide after

22 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

his death for a building of appropriate design and proportion, pro-
vided the Institution would undertake its maintenance. ‘The objects
include a remarkable collection of the works of the late J. A. McNeil
Whistler and a number of oriental art objects. The proposal of
Mr. Freer is still under consideration by the Board of Regents.

HAMILTON LECTURE.

A number of years ago Mr. James Hamilton left a small bequest to
the Smithsonian Institution, the income of which was to be appro-
priated biennially by the Secretary, either in money or a medal, for
such contribution, paper, or lecture on any scientific or useful sub-
ject as the Secretary might approve.

The Regents of the Institution decided to let this small sum accu-
mulate, and it is only recently that the Secretary has found himself
able to commence to employ the income as a lecture fund. The first
address under the auspices of this fund was delivered by Dr. Andrew
D. White, LL. D., D. C. L., in the lecture hall of the National
Museum on March 9, 1905, and was entitled “ The Diplomatic Serv-
icé of the United States with some Hints toward its Reform.”

This lecture was printed by the Smithsonian Institution as a pam-
phlet of some twenty pages and was distributed to members of Con-
gress, officers of the Department of State, various members of the
diplomatic corps, the libraries of the larger universities, presidents of
colleges, and others likely to be interested in the important question
discussed.

SMITHSONIAN DELEGATES AT INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES.

Congress on Zoology.—Messrs. Leonhard Stejneger and Gerrit S.
Miller, jr., of the United States National Museum, represented the
Institution and Museum at the Sixth International Congress on
Zoology held at Berne, Switzerland, August 14-19, 1904.

Congress of Americanists—Mr. William H. Holmes, Chief of the
Bureau of American Ethnology, represented the Institution at the
Fourteenth International Congress of Americanists held at Stutt-
gart, August 18-23, 1904. He delivered an address on the “ Contri-
butions of American Archeology to Human History” and _ pre-
sented to the congress a set of 75 bound volumes relating mainly to
American archeology and ethnology, published by the Smithsonian
Institution and its two Bureaus—the National Museum and the
Bureau of American Ethnology.

Congress of Orientalists—Prof. Paul Haupt, honorary curator of
the Division of Historical Archeology, United States National
Museum, represented the Smithsonian Institution and the Museum
at the Fourteenth International Congress of Orientalists held at
Algiers in April, 1905.

7
'
.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 23

Congress of Psychology—Dr. William James, professor of philos-
ophy at Harvard University, was designated to represent the Smith-
sonian Institution at the Fifth International Congress of Psychology
at Rome, April 26-30, 1905.

Botanical Congress —Mr. F. V. Coville, curator of the Division of

Plants in the National Museum, represented the Smithsonian Insti-
tution and the Museum at the Second International Botanical Con-
gress at Vienna, ane 11-18, 1905.

Ornithological Congress.—Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, curator of the
Division of Reptiles and Batrachians in the National Museum, rep-
resented the Smithsonian Institution and the Museum at the Fourth
International Ornithological Congress at London, June 12-17, 1905.

International Convention of the International Catalogue of Scien-
lific Literature.—Dr. Leonhard Stejneger represented the Institution
at the meeting of this body held in London, July 25-30, 1905.

NATIONAL MUSEUM.

A great museum, in the modern usage of the word, has been defined
as “an institution for the preservation of those objects which best
illustrate the phenomena of nature and the works of man, and the
utilization of these for the increase of knowledge and for the culture
and enlightenment of the pedple.” This thought is that of one very
especially conversant with the subject, and implies both a collection
for the student and an exhibition for the ‘visitor. It is this second
part of the museum’s work, the exhibition collection, which was

_ probably in the minds of those who originally described the future

Smithsonian museum as containing “ objects of art and of foreign
and curious research,” although even at that early date they added
“and all objects of natural history, plants, and zoological and min-
eralogical specimens belonging to the United States.” Under the
impulse of Congressional legislation the Museum has obtained a
signal advantage over the national museums of other countries, since
by law all collections made by the surveys of the Government of the
United States must be deposited here, thus providing for the sys-
tematic preservation of collections of great extent and vast im-
portance.

From the foundation of the Institution to about 1857 its specimens
were collected solely to serve as materials for research, and the exhi-
bition collections belonging to the United States were maintained
at the Patent Office. At the date mentioned Congress made an
appropriation to the Smithsonian Institution for the building of
cases to receive these collections, which were known as the “ National
Cabinet of Curiosities,’ and from that time on the Institution’s

94 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

museum besides aiding students served to instruct and entertain the
public. The great growth of the Museum dates from the close of
the Centennial Exhibition in 1876, since which time collections have
been actively gathered and exhibited because of their educational
value. Neither purpose has been lost sight of because of the other,
and the instruction of the public has been secured not only by digni-
fied exhibition of interesting objects, but by adding to them series of
instructive labels based upon the maxim that a good educational
museum consists in a series of carefully prepared labels with well
selected specimens attached. With these two great purposes in mind
the Museum has now succeeded in bringing together catalogued
objects amounting to over 6,000,000 in number, the exhibition series.
being so installed that the individual objects or groups would not
stand as inert curiosities by themselves, but are arranged in such
manner as to show their relation either to the orderly development
of nature or to the varied manifestations of human thought and
activity.

It can not but be realized that the Museum’s main attainment from
this point of view consists not only of the collections or of the build-
ing which houses them, but to an ever increasing degree in the posses-
sion of the experts who have the custody of these collections and the
knowledge to classify them and to make them available for public
instruction. I regret to say that the enormous growth of the col-
lections in the Museum has not been accompanied by any proportion-
ate increase in its administrative and scientific staff. The greatest
efficiency can hardly make up for the numerical inability to cope with
the increasing work, and it becomes each year more painfully appar-
ent that the personnel of the establishment must be materially aug-
mented if the present standards are to be maintained.

Despite this paucity of workers and the congested halls, the past year
has been as successful as any in the history of the National Museum.
During this time more additions to its collections have been recorded
than in any previous year save the period immediately following
the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. From the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition alone over thirty carloads were received, including many
valuable ethnological and technological exhibits. Besides this there
were the usual accessions from the Government surveys and from do-
nations and exchanges. Altogether, nearly 250,000 specimens have
been entered during the year, while a mass of material is yet to be
sorted out, these recent additions bringing the total number of speci-
mens now preserved in the Museum collections well over 6,000,000.

That only a very small fraction of these specimens can ever be on
public exhibition is evident, yet those stored away are by no means
the least important. The scientific staff is constantly engaged in re-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25

search in connection with the work of classification, and students
from kindred institutions frequently visit Washington or have col-
lections sent to them for investigation.

Duplicate material is used, when not actually needed for study,
for the purpose of exchange with other museums, and to a limited
extent, by authority given by Congress to the Regents of the Institu-
tion, for distribution among American schools. Fourteen thousand
specimens were distributed during the past year to schools and
colleges throughout the land for the general purpose of promoting
education.

The present crowded condition of the building has rendered it
difficult to place any more collections there, and such as come in from
ene source or another are in the main temporarily stored in rented
buildings. While it has been found impossible to increase the
amount of material on exhibition, the standard of the objects ex-
hibited is being constantly improved, and the methods of installation
represent the most modern practice in this regard.

‘In the division of ethnology a place has been made for a Malaysian
collection contributed by Dr. W. L. Abbott and an interesting Philip-
pine exhibit gathered by Dr. E. A. Mearns. Over the hall of
mammals has been hung the cast of a great sulphur-bottom whale,
about 80 feet in length. Another noteworthy addition during the
past year is the reconstructed skeleton of a gigantic Triceratops, meas-
uring almost 20 feet.

During the course of the year seme 235,000 persons, an average of
753 visitors a day, have viewed these collections. This number would
unquestionably be greatly increased should it become feasible to open
the building at night or on Sundays.

Work on the new building, for the continuation of which Congress
ut its last session appropriated $1,500,000, is progressing satisfac-
torily. The excavation was completed and the heavy concrete founda-
tion laid last autumn. The erection of the outer walls of granite is
now well under way.

The completion of this structure will, it is hoped, mark the begin-
ning of a new era in the activities of the National Museum. No
longer cramped for space, it can suitably care for the splendid col-
lections intrusted to its care; by exhibiting these, and by labels, pub-
lications, and lectures, it will still further endeavor to impart definite
instruction along definite lines to all who care to learn. Then, as
now, the first great lesson it will try to enforce is that a museum is
in nowise a cabinet of curios to while away an idle moment, but an
active instrument for the diffusion of knowledge among men.

26 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

The energies of the Bureau during the past year have been devoted
chiefly to preparing for publication the proposed Handbook of
Indians, which will include not only descriptions of the tribes and
iheir settlements, but also popular articles covering the whole range
of ethnological and archeological research relating to them. No
work of its kind so comprehensive in scope has ever been attempted,
and the effort to combine popular treatment with scientific accuracy
has involved an extra amount of time and labor. Almost all the
prominent ethnologists of the country have written special articles
for the Handbook, and all the staff of the Bureau and ethnologists
resident in the city have aided in criticism and revision.

Though somewhat curtailed through the necessity of retaining
several ethnologists for work on the Handbook, the field work. of the
Bureau has been continued in Maryland, Virginia, Oklahoma, Indian
Territory, Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, and Mexico. Dr. J. Walter
Fewkes, under a grant from the Smithsonian Institution, made an
extended archeological trip through Mexico; Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, of
the National Museum, made a visit to Arizona in behalf of the
Bureau; and Mr. E. L. Hewett was commissioned to visit New Mex-
ico for the purpose of making researches among the ancient ruins of
the so-called Pajarito Park district.

The systematic study of visiting -Indian delegations has been con-
tinued with success. During the year 22 delegations consented to
be photographed, and in some cases allowed themselves to be meas-
ured and even to have plaster casts of their faces taken.

The work of compiling an archeological map of the United
States, which had received some attention in previous years, was
carried forward with all possible dispatch during the past year.

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.

The International Exchange Service of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion has for more than fifty years been the medium of exchange of
documents and scientific publications between the Government and
learned institutions of the United States and those of foreign coun-
tries. Through its operations the Library of Congress has secured
a large collection of public documents, and an unequaled collection of
scientific serials has been acquired by the Institution for its deposit
in the Library of Congress. Each year the service grows in size
and importance. The weight of packages handled by it in 1899
was 317,883 pounds; in 1905 it was 474,871 pounds, an increase of
40 per cent in six years.

,
4

, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 97

The number of exchange correspondents now aggregates 51,880,
or nearly 4,000 more than the number ten years ago. These are scat-
tered throughout every corner of the civilized world, and new centers
of scientific activity are opening up every year. It is largely through
the system of International Exchanges that the Institution realizes
the catholicity of its founder’s bequest, which contemplated the
diffusion of knowledge among all men. Moreover, this constant
exchange of courtesies among the learned institutions of the world
has not only served to enrich the universities, libraries, museums, and
learned societies of our country and those with whom we exchange,
but has at the same time done much to promote friendly relations
among the nations themselves.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

The annual appropriation made for the service of the National
Zoological Park was in the following terms:

For continuing the construction of roads, walks, bridges, water supply, sewer-
age, and drainage; and for grading, planting, and otherwise improving the
grounds; erecting and repairing buildings and inclosures and providing seats
in the park; care, subsistence, purchase, and transportation of animals, including
salaries or compensation of all necessary employees; the purchase of necessary
books and periodicals; the printing and publishing of operations, not exceeding
one thousand five hundred copies, and general incidental expenses net otherwise
provided for, ninety-five thousand dollars.

The collection of animals exhibited has increased, and comprised at
the end of the year over 1,300 individuals of all species. A consid-
erable number of these were born at the park, and 128 birds were
received from the exhibit made at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.

The new house for mammals, mentioned in last year’s report, is
now approaching completion and will constitute one of the most
attractive features of the park. As this structure is necessarily built
from the general appropriation for the park, its progress is limited
by the amount of funds available for use. As the care of the animals,
the maintenance of the collection, the improvement and care of the
grounds, including the roads and walks, the repair of all structures,
fences, and inclosures must also be defrayed from this appropriation,
it is obvious that considerable economy must be exercised in order to
have any funds for the erection of buildings.

The park exists, in the words of the act of Congress, “ for the
advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the
people.” The first and primary object is never to be lost sight of, but
in pursuance of the second much is done to facilitate the visits of those
who seek the pleasant influences of rural scenery and open air. Tor
this reason it is thought that attempts should be made to enhance the

28 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

park features by greater care of the indigenous trees and the planting
of copses where such are required, by the establishment of seats, and
by perfecting the roads and walks as far as practicable. The park is
now the nearest to the city of any large stretch of open, picturesque
country, and this would seem to be almost a duty owed to the public.

This again brings to mind a project often urged upon Congress, but
never realized by an actual appropriation for the work. I refer to
the plan for extending the park to the nearest boundary road on the
southeast and the west. This has often been referred to in previous
annual reports, and it would seem that the present time is particularly
favorable for the accomplishment of this object, since roads have
recently been established by act of Congress quite near to the present
boundaries.

Among the more pressing needs of the park is a small building
with outlying yards, which can be used as a hospital and quarantine
for sick animals and, incidentally, as a pathological and anatomical
Jaboratory. In this connection, in view of the fact that the primary
object of the park is for “ the advancement of science,” it must be
considered how much our knowledge has been increased by such es-
tablishments as the Jardin des Plantes, of Paris, under Buffon, Cuvier,
or Milne-Edwards; the gardens of the Zoological Society in London,
by Huxley and others, and those at Berlin and elsewhere. J approve
the recommendation of the superintendent that a modest laboratory
for pathological research be added to the park equipment.

During the last year the number of visitors to the park has further
increased, and it is not too much to say that no equal expenditure by
Congress has brought so much of instruction and rational enjoyment
to the people.

ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

As for several years past, the operations of the Astrophysical
Observatory have been almost wholly directed toward measuring the
amount of the solar radiation, and its loss in transmission through
the sun’s envelope and through our own atmosphere.

I do not yet regard the evidence of solar variability as conclusive,
but still as rendering this conclusion more probable, and I am glad
to state that two lines of investigation have this year become very
prominent in the work of the Observatory, which will almost cer-
tainly lead to a conclusion regarding this important question.

The first of these is the almost daily bolometric examination of the
large solar image formed by the great horizontal telescope, for the
purpose of detecting changes in the transparency of the solar absorb- |
ing envelope. This work depends so little on the transparency of our '

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 29

own atmosphere that it can be done almost as well in Washington as at
a station more favored as regards atmospheric transparency and free-
dom from clouds. The past year has not given evidence of very
marked variations either in the transparency of the sun’s envelope
or in the supposedly dependent mean temperature of the earth, but
on the contrary the observations have continued most of the time near
the mean in both respects. Such changes as have been noted are not,
however, contradictory to the view that alterations of the transpar-
ency of the sun’s envelope do occur, and cause changes in the amount
of solar radiation received by the earth, which in turn cause depar-
tures of the earth’s temperature from its mean.

The second line of investigation to which I have referred above is
the determination of the total solar radiation outside our atmosphere,
by observations with the bolometer and pyrheliometer at a station
located in a relatively clear and cloudless region and at a considerable
altitude above sea level. As long ago as February, 1902, at the re-
quest of the Hon. C. D. Walcott, and for the consideration of the
Carnegie Institution, I urged in a letter to him the great utility of an
observatory for solar research to be located at a high altitude and
charged with the determination of the question of the amount of solar
radiation and the limits of its variability. An observatory for solar
research has now, in fact, been established by the Carnegie Institution
on Mount Wilson, in southern California, after extensive tests of
different proposed sites. By invitation of the director, Prof. George
E. Hale, and in accord with the authorization of Congress for the
undertaking of observations at high altitudes by the Astrophysical
Observatory, I have sent to Mount Wilson an expedition in charge of
Mr. C. G. Abbot, for the purpose of determining the conditions for
studying the variability of the sun.

The expedition is equipped with spectro-bolometric and pyrhelio-
metric apparatus of the highest quality, and wholly adequate to
making the most accurate possible determinations of solar radiation
and its transmission through our atmosphere. As I have elsewhere
remarked, I am not convinced that it is possible to estimate exactly
the loss of radiation in our atmosphere by any observations whatever,
but it does seem that the estimates which can be made from the
observations of the Mount Wilson expedition will be so close an
approximation to the truth that if a notable variation of solar
radiation outside our atmosphere occurs the results will show it.
Furthermore, similar observations are being continued as usual in
Washington. Mr. Abbot reports that the sky above Mount Wilson
is of great clearness and uniformity, and that weeks and even months
pass there without a cloud appearing above the horizon, so that
observations may be made almost every day with good prospects

2684—06 m——3

30 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

of success. It is expected that the expedition will remain on Mount
Wilson until late in the autumn.

I take this opportunity to express my obligation to the Carnegie
Institution and to Professor Hale and his coworkers for the aid
and counsel they have so generously extended in furthering the
objects of the expedition.

Additional details of the work of the Astrophysical Observatory
will be found in the report of the aid acting in charge.

NECROLOGY.

ORVILLE HITCHCOCK PLATT.

It is with a keen personal regret that I have to record the death
on April 22, 1905, of Senator Orville H. Platt, of Connecticut, who
for six years had served on the Board of Regents, and who at all
times took much personal interest in the welfare of the Institution.

Senator Platt was born in Washington, Conn., July 19, 1827.
After an academic education he undertook the study of law at Litch-
field. He was admitted to the bar in 1849, and practiced at Meriden.
He became secretary of state of Connecticut in 1857. In 1861-62
he was a State senator; later he served as a member of the State
house of representatives and as speaker of that body.. From 1879
until the time of his death he was United States Senator from his
native State, and his public life belongs to his country. I shall not
add here my poor testimony to that of the history which will record
his contribution to the national good. He was a man honored by
all and best loved by those who best knew him.

Respectfully submitted.

S. P. Laneiey,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

APPENDIX TO THE SECRETARY’S REPORT.

APpprnpix I.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sm: I have the honor to submit the following report upon the condition and
operations of the National Museum during the year ending June 30, 1905.

At the beginning of the year the excavation for the new building on the north-
ern side of the Mall was actively under way and in the autumn the heavy
concrete foundations were completed. In October, 1904, the contracts were
executed for the granite required for the outer walls and for the trimmings of
the two courts. Contracts for other materials were also entered into at intervals
during the remainder of the year, all at prices which insure the putting up of
the structure within the limit of $3,500,000 fixed by Congress. It was hoped
that work upon the basement might begin by February or March, but unfortu-
nately the winter was severe, with much snow, which interfered with quarrying,
and up to the close of the fiscal year not enough stone had been received to
warrant the commencement of building operations. The date at which this
report is written, however, permits it to be said that the first basement stone
was laid on August 21, 1905, and no further delays are anticipated.

In respect to the increase of collections, the year’s record has never been
exceeded, except during the period immediately following the Centennial Exhi-
bition of 1876. There were the usual accessions from the Government surveys
and through donation and exchange, but the Louisiana Purchase Exposition,
held at St. Louis, furnished an opportunity probably not soon again to be
presented for securing a very large amount of valuable material, especially in
ethnology, mineral technology, and other branches of the useful arts, which was
accepted to the extent of over thirty carloads. Only a small proportion of these
objects could, however, be directly added to the classified and exhibition collec-
tions, owing to lack of space, and the greater part have been placed in storage
to await the completion of the new building.

Among the additions from other sources was one of special moment consisting
of the large and important private herbarium and botanical library of Capt.
John Donnell Smith, of Baltimore, which the owner has most generously pre-
sented. The former comprises over 100,000 mounted plants, and the latter
above 1,500 volumes.

The number of accessions, including only that small part of the material
from the exposition which it was possible to place on record, was 1,692, and of
specimens 245,384.

BPxcept for the crowded state of the buildings, the Museum is now in as
good condition as at any time in its history. The standard of the exhibition
collections was materially improved, though their expansion practically ceased
some years ago. The reserve, or study, collections were extensively utilized

31

32 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

in the promotion of knowledge, and duplicate specimens to the number of over
14,000 were distributed to educational establishments throughout the country.

Buildings and equipment.—The roofs of the Museum building have, as usual,
demanded most attention in the matter of repairs. The temporary strengthen-
ing a few years ago of the supporting iron framework over the main halls
has continued to be effective, but most of the slate covering had so far deterio-
rated that in 1904 the roof above the east hall was coated experimentally with
asphalt, burlap, and slag. Having answered its purpose through one season,
the roofs of the other halls and of the rotunda and one pavilion were similarly
treated during last year. The metal work upon the roofs also required extelsive
overhauling, and several skylights were added. The 20 large windows in
archeological hall, which have been approaching a condition bordering upon
collapse, were completely repaired and made practically as strong as ever.

In view of the crowded condition of all the public halls, the building of only
a few exhibition cases was called for. To provide, however, for the care and
arrangement of the very extensive accessions received during the year, mainly
from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the Government surveys, and a few
large private donations, a considerable amount of storage furniture was de-
manded. The number of permanent cases of this character constructed was
213, and of drawers 1,032, in addition to which much shelving was put up and
many boxes made for the storage of material in bulk and the distribution of
duplicates.

The heating plant, with the addition of a few radiators, has given good
service. Steam was maintained from October 8, 1904, to May 2, 1905, on an
average of sixteen hours a day, the expenditure of coal amounting to 830 tons.
A new arrangement of telephones was effected at the beginning of the year
whereby the cost was materially reduced, and as a special fire precaution six
standard alarm boxes of the pattern used by the District of Columbia have
been installed in different parts of the Museum building.

Organization and staff—The organization of the Museum remains the same
as heretofore, except that a Department of Mineral Technology, with Dr.
Charles D. Walcott, Director of the United States Geological Survey, as cu-
rator, was established in the autumn of 1904, to permit of proper direction in
the selection of objects relating to this subject at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition.

Dr. Cyrus Adler was made curator, and Dr. I. M. Casanowicz assistant cu-
rator of the Division of Historic Archeology. In the Division of Plants Dr.
J. N. Rose was advanced to associate curator and Mr. W. R. Maxon to assistant
curator, the position of aid being filled by the appointment of Mr. J. H. Painter.
Dr. James E. Benedict, assistant curator of the Division of Marine Inverte-
brates, has supervised the exhibits in biology and had charge of the collections
of comparative anatomy. Mr. Herbert S. Barber was appointed aid in the
Division of Insects, and Mr. B. H. Ransom, of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
assistant custodian of the Helminthological collections.

Mr. Charles Schuchert, for some years assistant curator of Stratigraphic
Paleontology, who resigned to accept the professorship of paleontology in Yale
University, has been succeeded by Dr. Ray S. Bassler. Vacancies in the Sec-
tion of: Vertebrate Paleontology were filled by the selection of Mr. James W.
Gidley and Mr. Charles W. Gilmore as preparators, and of Mr. Norman H.
Boss as assistant preparator.

The following gentlemen, to whom the Museum has become indebted for dis-
tinguished services or noteworthy contributions, were designated as honorary
associates: In historic archeology, Dr. Paul Haupt, of Johns Hopkins University ;

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 33

in zoology, Dr. W. L. Abbott, of Philadephia; in botany, Capt. John Donnell
Smith, of Baltimore; in mineralogy, Rey. L. T. Chamberlain, of New York City ;
in paleobotany, Prof. Lester F. Ward, of Washington.

Additions to the collections——The principal source of accessions during the
past year was the Louisiana Purchase Hxposition. The exhibition made in that
connection by the Museum itself contained many important objects acquired
through the Government appropriation for the exposition, which, excepting such
as were sent to the Lewis and Clark Exposition, were subsequently incorporated.
in the public series here. Much more extensive and noteworthy, however, were
the gifts made to the national collections by several foreign governments, by
many States of the Union, and by a large number of individuals having
exhibits at St. Louis. So extensive, in fact, were these contributions that they
amounted in bulk to about 30 carloads of specimens, besides five of exhibition
cases. Of this number 25 cars were filled with collections illustrative of
mineral technology alone, comprising examples of the natural and finished
products and of the appliances of manufacture in many branches of mineral
industry. Unfortunately the arrangement and display of this instructive
material must be deferred until more space becomes available through the com-
pletion of the new building. The Department of Geology also received many
important additions, especially in the way of large masses and pieces appro-
priate for exhibition. The contributions in ethnology, next in extent to those
in mineral technology, were exceedingly varied and interesting, since they relate
to the customs and industries of several peoples, and will richly supplement the
existing collections.

Through the accessions already noted, the total number of specimens in the
Museum has been inereased to about 6,141,990, classified as follows: Anthro-
pology, 986,964; biology, 4,499,135; geology, 745,891.

The most noteworthy additions in ethnology, besides those obtained at St.
Louis, were from the several islands between Sumatra and Borneo, the Mergui
Archipelago, and the island of Mindanao of the Philippine group; from pueblos,
cliff houses, and caves in western Socorro County, New Mexico; and from the
Apache and Pima Indians of Arizona, and the pueblo of Zuni. To the collec-
tions in physical anthropology was added a large amount of material bearing
upon the natural history of several races of man, especially the American
Indians, Negroes, Slavs, and Filipinos.

The most important acquisitions in historic archeology consisted of Arabic
manuscripts and prints from the Moros of Mindanao, and of coins, pottery
lamps, and jars from the Orient. The Division of Prehistoric Archeology ob-
tained two valuable collections of implements from Japan; many interesting
specimens from Australia and Tasmania, Cape Colony, Thuringia (Germany),
and Belmonti, Italy; and a large number of stone implements and pottery
from the United States, Mexico, and South America.

The collection of timekeeping devices was increased by several gifts and
loans, and acknowledgments are due to the War Department for depositing
numerous pieces of ordnance, among them being many of considerable historic
interest.

The Division of Graphic Arts received many contributions from foreign
exhibitors at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and two pictures taken by
Daguerre. Among the accessions in ceramics were an extensive and very
beautiful collection of glassware from the Union Glass Works; examples of.
Teco ware and Van Briggle pottery, and a collection of typical Japanese and
Chinese porcelains and pottery and of Japanese lacquer work.

- To the collection of American history were added 768 objects, mostly loans,

34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

including many personal military relics and examples of the wearing apparel
and other articles of the colonial period in Maryland and New York.

Mention may here be made of the large oil portrait of the Empress Dowager
of China, painted by Miss Katherine A. Carl and presented to the United
States by the Government of China, with appropriate ceremonies at the White
House. The picture, encased in its heavy and elaborately carved frame of
camphor wood, was transferred directly to the custody of the Museum and
temporarily installed in the lecture hall.

About 217,538 specimens were acquired by the Department of Biology, the
principal increases as regards number of specimens being in the divisions of
Plants, Insects, and Mollusks, though in other branches the additions were not
less important. The Division of Mammals received large collections contain-
ing many novelties from Malaysia and the Philippine Islands, besides many
interesting specimens from southern Europe, Brazil, and Japan, the Kamerun
district of West Africa, and Bewean Island in the Java Sea. The most impor-
tant additions to the Division of Birds were from the Philippine Islands,
Malaysia, and Costa Rica. Of reptiles, collections were obtained from Japan,
Formosa, the Philippine Islands, Malaysia, China, France, Switzerland,
Jamaica, Guatemala, and several parts of the United States. The Division of
Fishes received by transfer from the United States Bureau of Fisheries type
collections from Samoan waters and Hawaii, and a very large number of
specimens from the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America.

The Bureau of Fisheries was also the largest single contributor to the Divi-
sion of Mollusks, having transferred some 5,000 specimens from recent dredg-
ings of the steamer Albatross on the coast of California. Other important
accessions comprised land and fresh-water shells from Texas, California, and
Montana; about 1,500 identified specimens of Philippine shells from the collec-
tion of the late Herr Mollendorff, and many marine mollusks from Alaska.
While no single large collection was received by the Division of Insects, yet
as a whole the additions were of average importance, aggregating over 34,000
specimens from many parts of the world.

The Division of Marine Invertebrates obtained from the Bureau of Fisheries
300 lots of foraminifera from the region about the Hawaiian Islands and a
large collection of crustaceans and samples of ocean bottom from the Albatross
cruise of the winter of 1904-5 in the eastern part of the Central Pacific.
The most important additions to the Helminthclogical Collection was a series
of parasites from HDgypt. i

The past year has been especially noteworthy as regards the increase of the
collection in the Division of Plants, the additions having been very much greater
than in any previous year in the history of the Museum, embracing 750 acces-
sions and 143,690 specimens. This was chiefly owing to the generous gift by
Capt. John Donnell Smith, of Baltimore, of his entire private herbarium,
which alone contained 100,889 specimens from different regions, but mainly
from tropical America. This large and valuable donation, the work of many
years in assembling, was accompanied by a choice botanical library of over
1,500 volumes. The next important contribution was by transfer from the
United States Department of Agriculture of 13,965 specimens from many parts
of the United States, and from Alaska, Greenland, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala,
Hurope, and India. ;

The Department of Geology acquired by gift at the Louisiana Purchase Expo-
sition important series of ores, minerals, and economic products from Brazil,
Siam, Ceylon, Greece, and several of the States, and through other sources,
many interesting minerals and cut gens.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35

The collections in Stratigraphic Paleontology were mainly increased through

transfers from the Geological Survey, of which the principal ones consisted of
large numbers of Niagaran fossils from Tennessee, of Ordovician fossils from

the slates at Arvonia, Va., and of Devonian and Carboniferous fossils from
Colorado. A very valuable acquisition was the gift by Mr. E. O. Ulrich and
Dr. R. S. Bassler of the type and figured specimens of 65 species. The Section ~
of Vertebrate Paleontology received two large collections from the Geological
Survey, one made in the Wasatch Hocene of the Big Horn basin, Wyoming, the
other from the Oligocene of Oelrichs, 8S. Dak. In Paleobotany, the most
important additions were about 400 specimens from the coal fields of Sao
Paulo and Santa Catharina, Brazil, and about the same number from the
higher beds of the anthracite series in the vicinity of Pottsville, Pa.

EHxplorations.—As custodian of the national collections, the Museum depends
chiefiy for its increment upon the Government explorations conducted by such
establishments as the Geological Survey, the Bureau of Fisheries, several of the
bureaus of the Department of Agriculture charged with biological research,
and the Bureau of American Ethnology, though in the history of the Museum
Loth the Army and Navy have figured conspicuously. The very limited means
available for the purpose prevents any extended amount of field work by
members of the Museum staff.

From October, 1904, to March, 1905, the steamer Albatross, of the Eres of
Visheries, made extensive explorations in the eastern part of the Central Pacific
Ocean, under the scientific direction of-Dr. Alexander Agassiz. For the Bureau
of American Ethnology Dr. J. Walter Fewkes investigated the sites of ancient
Totonae semicivilization in southern Mexico, and Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson
continued her studies among the Zuni Indians of New Mexico, both of these
expeditions being productive of important collections. Mr. E. A. Schwarz,
who visited Cuba for the Department of Agriculture, brought back a large collec-
tion of insects which is especially rich in Coleoptera. Mr. A. G. Maddren,
under a grant from the Smithsonian Institution, made a reconnoissance of a
part of the Yukon River basin of Alaska, during which he secured fragmentary
remains of several interesting Pleistocene mammals.

Reference should also be made to the movements of two of the most generous
benefactors of the Museum, Dr. W. L. Abbott and Maj. Edgar A. Mearns. sur-
geon, U. S. Army, from both of whom important contributions were received
during the year. The former, with headquarters at Singapore, has recently been
working in the Mergui Archipelago and on the islands of Banka, Billiton, and
Karimata, where his detailed and painstaking inquiries have furnished most
important results in both zoology and ethnology; the latter, who was with the
army of Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood on the island of Mindanao, has collected in
the same lines and with the same care.

Of field work conducted by assistants of the Museum, the following may be
mentioned: Dr. Alés Hrdlicka, during his investigations among the Apaches and
Pimas of Arizona in the spring of 1905, obtained an important series of ethno-
logical specimens, and Dr. Frederick W. True made several short trips to near-by
places in Maryland and Virginia for the purpose of securing remains of the
eetaceans which occurred in this ‘region during the Cretaceous period. Dr.
Leonhard Stejneger and Mr. G¢rrit S. Miller, jr., collected animals and plants in
Switzerland, France, and Italy during the summer of 1904. Mr. Robert Ridg-
way, who was in Costa Rica from November, 1904, to June, 1905, obtained a
large series of the birds of that country, and was instrumental in securing
a most important donation from the national museum at San José. Dr. W. L
Ralph visited the Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and the Adirondack region of New

36 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

York, while Mr. Barton A. Bean collected in Carroll County, western Maryland.

Dr. F. V. Coville, while engaged in field work for the Department of Agricul-
ture in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, obtained many plants which have |
since been transferred to the Museum, and Prof. O. F. Cook made botanical
collections in Guatemala. Mr. W. R. Maxon was in Jamaica during the first
’ part of the year, and later, accompanied by Mr. Robert Hay, in Guatemala under
detail to the Department of Agriculture. In June, 1905, Dr. J. N. Rose, with
Mr. Joseph H. Painter, left on a collecting trip to Mexico, which will be con-
tinued during the summer.

The Department of Geology was enriched from several localities through
cooperative work with the United States Geological Survey, participated in by Dr.
George P. Merrill, and Dr. R. 8. Bassler; and in June Mr. Charles W. Gilmore
accompanied one of the field parties of the Survey to New Mexico, where he ob-
tained a small but interesting series of fossil vertebrates.

Researches.—The classified arrangement of the collections prescribed by
law calls for a large amount of research work in the study and naming of speci-
mens, although a greater or less proportion of the material received has already
been identified. A full compliance with this requirement has at no time been
possible, since the attention of the scientific staff on its past and present basis
has been mainly absorbed in the mere care and preservation of the collections,
and the maintenance of the exhibition features. Much help is obtained, how-
ever, from the scientific men of other institutions, many of whom are interested
in one or other of the subjects represented in the Museum, and they may visit
Washington or have collections sent to them for the purposes of investigation.
The results of most of the inquiries conducted in the Museum laboratories are
only indicated in the manuscript records, which are virtually a descriptive
history of the national collections, constantly in progress, but the working up of
a collection from any particular locality or region, or of a group of objects,
large or small, may lead to a positive contribution to knowledge, meriting dis-
semination through the medium of publication. Some of the more important
investigations of the past year, both by assistants of the Museum and by others,
have been as follows:

In the Department of Anthropology, Dr. Walter Hough began a detailed
study of the very extensive Pueblo collections, continued his observations upon
the primitive uses of fire, and nearly completed a report on the Hopi Indians
of Arizona. The collections in archeology were utilized by Mr. W. H. Holmes
in preparing subjects and illustrations for the Handbook of North American
Indians and by Dr. J. W. Fewkes in working up the results of his recent
archeological explorations in the Antillian region. Several lines of research
in physical anthropology occupied the attention of Dr. Alés Hrdliéka, and a
paper descriptive of the Howland loan collection of Buddhist religious art
was written by Dr. I. M. Casanowicz.

In the Department of Biology, Dr. F. W. True prepared a diagnosis of the
fossil skull of a new genus and species of sea lion from Oregon and began a
report on the collection of ziphioid whales in the Museum. Mr. Gerrit S.
Miller, jr., spent several months at the natural history museums of London,
Paris, Berlin, and Leiden in completing his studies and identifications of the
very gxtensive Hast Indian collection of mammals belonging to the National
Museum and of material from other regions. Dr. E. A. Mearns, while in Wash-
ington during the winter, studied and described the unique collection of
mammals and birds which he brought from the Philippines and completed
the first part of his report on the mammals obtained in connection with the
Mexican boundary survey.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 37

Mr. Robert Ridgway continued ‘the preparation of his monograph on the
birds of North and Middle America. The birds obtained by Dr. W. L. Abbott
on the islands off the west coast of Sumatra were the subject of study by Dr.
Charles H. Richmond, and those secured by the same explorer in Kilimanjaro
and the China Sea by Mr. H. C. Oberholser, of the Biological Survey. Mr.
J. H. Riley reported on a collection from the islands of Antigua and Barbuda.
Mr. Barton A. Bean, in conjunction with Dr. C. H. Higenmann, of Indiana
University, worked up the specimens of fishes brought from the Amazon
River by Prof. J. B. Steere in 1901. The Characinidz have been referred to
Doctor EHigenmann, and the Pacific deep-sea fishes are being studied by Dr.
C. H. Gilbert, of Leland Stanford Junior University.

Dr. W. H. Dall completed a revision of the land and fresh-water mollusks
of North America north of latitude 49°, a review of the classification of the
American Cyclostomatidz, and papers on land and fresh-water shells from the
Bahamas and Central America. He also has in progress reports on the
Pyramidellidz, in joint authorship with Dr. Paul Bartsch; and on recent
collections from the Bureau of Fisheries. Dr. William H. Ashmead has about
completed his work on the superfamily Formicoidea or ants, and Mr. D. W.
Coquillett has been engaged upon a monograph of the North American mos-
quitoes. Miss M. J. Rathbun prepared for the Bureau of Fisheries two reports
on Brachyura and Macrura, collected at the Hawaiian Islands and in Alaska,
and continued her studies on the fresh-water crabs. Dr. Harriet Richardson
completed a comprehensive monograph of the North American Isopods, and
Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan gave much time to the madreporarian corals.

Dr. J. N. Rose reports satisfactory progress with his researches on the flora
of Mexico and on the Crassulaceze and Cactacez of North America. Mr. William
R. Maxon prepared several papers on ferns, and Mr. J. H. Painter studied the
Mexican species of Meibomia. Capt. John Donnell Smith, associate in botany,
continued his investigations and the printing of his extensive work, and Dr.
BH. L. Greene, under a grant from the Smithsonian Institution, began upon an
important paper to be entitled ‘“‘ Landmarks of Botanical History.”

Dr. George P. Merrill completed a contribution to a history of American
geology and conducted observations on the origin of asbestiform serpentine
and the weathering of building stones. Research work in mineralogy was
mainly confined to the study of the structure of meteorites by Mr. Wirt Tassin.
Dr. R. S. Bassler submitted a paper on the Bryozoa of the Rochester Shales.
The report of Dr. Anton Handlirsch, of Vienna, on the Paleozoic insects repre-
sented in the Museum collection was received during the year and will soon
be published. An important work, sent to press before the close of the year,
was a catalogue of the type specimens of fossil invertebrates contained in the
collections of the Museum.

In Paleobotany, Prof. Lester F. Ward completed the second part of his mono-
graph on the status of the Mesozoic floras of the United States. Mr. David White
has made extensive use of the Lacoe collection in the preparation of a report
on the stratigraphic succession of the Pottsville floras in the basins of the
Appalachian trough, while Dr. F. H. Knowlton has been engaged upon the
fiora of the Laramie group and in the study of material from Alaska.

Distribution and exchange of duplicate specimens.—Duplicate invertebrate
fossils to the number of some 60,000 specimens, gradually segregated from the
reserve series during the progress of researches, were prepared for the use of
educational institutions, being made up into several hundred sets. There also
remained on hand for the same purpose a few sets of fishes, marine inverte-
brate animals, and geological specimens illustrating rock weathering and soil
formation. Of these several collections, which are recognized as very helpful

38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

in connection with science teaching in the higher schools and colleges, 121,
aggregating over 14,000 specimens, were distributed during the year. In making
exchanges with scientific establishments and individuals about the same num-
ber of duplicate specimens were utilized, but as an equivalent is obtained in
these transactions they directly benefit the collections.

Exhibition halls —The crowded state of the exhibition halls prevents any
extensive additions to the public collections, but specimens are frequently
received which are deemed of sufficient importance to replace others that have
been for some time on display, and the installations in all branches are being
constantly improved. In ethnology the interesting Malaysian collection of Dr.
W. L. Abbott and Philippine collection of Dr. EH. A. Mearns were substituted for
some of the older material from Polynesia; the basketry collection was rear-
ranged and several conspicuous examples of the handiwork of the Indians of
southern Alaska were installed. To the exhibition in historic archeology were
added a series of biblical gems, coins of the Bible, oriental manuscripts, ete.
The entire collection of prehistoric archeology, occupying the large upper hall of
the Smithsonian building, recently renovated, is being thoroughly revised and
will soon again be opened to the public. The exhibits in technology received
some interesting accessions, especially in the lines of electrical apparatus, fire-
arms, and railroad appliances. In the gallery of ceramics the collection of
purely artistic ware in porcelain, glass, lacquer, and metal work was arranged
by countries in a series of separate cases.

The most important additions in biology consisted of objects which had been
obtained and prepared for the Museum display at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition, including a number of large exotic mammals, the skeleton and
east of the exterior of a sulphur-bottom whale about 80 feet long, accurately
colored casts of several large snakes, and a fine set of models of deep-sea
fishes. The American faunal exhibit of insects was nearly completed, and the
synoptic series of marine invertebrates was enlarged. A number of large exam-
ples of important rocks and ores, besides several minerals and gems, were
added to the collections in geology, but the most noteworthy feature was a
skeleton of the great fossil Dinosaurian reptile, Triceratops prorsus, consisting
chiefly of the actual bones of this Cretaceous monster, the few missing parts
being reproduced in plaster. It stands 8 feet 2 inches high and measures
19 feet 8 inches long.

Visitors.—The Museum building was visited during the year by 235,921 per-
sons, and the Smithsonian building by 149,380 persons, making an ayerage
daily attendance of 753 at the former and of 477 at the latter.

Meetings and lectures.—The lecture hall was used during the last half of the
year for several important functions. On March 9, 1905, the Hon. Andrew D.
White delivered, before a distinguished audience, the first lecture under the
Hamilton fund of the Smithsonian Institution, his subject being “The diplo-
matic service of the United States, with some hints toward its reform.” On
March 25 occurred the commencement exercises of the United States Naval
Medical School, the President of the United States being present and delivering
the diplomas to the graduates. Saturday afternoon lectures on zoological and
botanical subjects were ziven there from March 18 to April 22, under the
auspices of the Biological Society of Washington, the speakers being Dr. Albert
Mann, Dr. L. O. Howard, Dr. A. D. Hopkins, Dr. George T. Moore, Mr. William
L. Underwood, and Dr. I’. W. True.

The regular annual session of the National Academy of Sciences was held
from April 18 to 20, the lecture hall being used for the public meetings and the
office of the Assistant Secretary for business purposes, and on May 8 the hall

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 39

Was occupied, for one of its daily sessions, by the American Institute of Mining
Hngineers, then holding its annual meeting in Washington.

Publications.—The publications issued during the past year comprised the
Annual Report of the National Museum for 1903; volume 3 of Bulletin No. 50,
forming the third part of Mr. Robert Ridgway’s monograph of the “ Birds of
North and Middle America; part 4 of volume 8 of “ Contributions from the
National Herbarium,” entitled “Studies of Mexican and Central American
Plants, No. 4,” by Dr. J. N. Rose; volume 9 of the same series, composed of a
single paper on “ The Useful Plants of the Island of Guam,” by Mr. William BH.
Safford; and the greater part of volume 28 of the Proceedings of the Museum.
The General Appendix to the Report for 1908 comprised two papers, one by the
Assistant Secretary, entitled “The United States National Museum: An
Account of the Buildings Occupied by the National Collections,” the other by ;
Dr. A. B. Meyer, of Dresden, entitled ‘“ Studies of the Museums and Kindred
Institutions of New York City, Albany, Buffalo, and Chicago, with Notes on some
European Institutions.”

Library.—The working library of the Museum now contains about 24,170
bound volumes and 38,648 unbound papers, the additions during the past year
having comprised 3,573 books, 3,048 pamphlets, and 563 parts of volumes. It
is chiefly dependent on exchanges for its increases, but a large share of the
books required for the classification of the collections are not to be obtained in
this way, and the $2,000 annually appropriated by Congress is entirely inade-
Guate to supply even the most important demands in this respect.

Hepositions—The exhibit made by the Museum, in conjunction with the
other bureaus of the Institution, formed one of the especially noteworthy feat-
ures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis, Mo., which closed on
December 2, 1904. Arrangements were then begun for the Lewis and Clark
Hxposition, at Portland, Oreg., which opened on June 1, and is to continue until
October 15, 1905. Dr. Frederick W. True was designated as the representative
of the Institution and Museum, and Dr. Marcus W. Lyon, jr., as chief special
agent. The exhibit for Portland, which had necessarily to be planned upon a
much smaller scale than the one at St. Louis, was made up almost entirely of
selections from the latter, though a few novelties were added.

Respectfully submitted.

RICHARD RATHBUN,
Assistant Secretary in charge of U. S. National Museum.
OctToBER 1, 1905.

Apprenpix II.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN BTHNOLOGY.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of the
Bureau of American Ethnology, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, in
accordance with the act of Congress making provision ‘‘ for continuing ethno-
logical researches among the American Indians, under the direction of the
Smithsonian Institution,’ approved April 28, 1904.

The work of the Bureau has been conducted in accordance with the plan of
operations approved by the Secretary June 17, 1904. The systematic re-
searches haye been carried forward by the seven members of the Bureau’s
scientific staff, assisted by a large number of associates and collaborators who
have been called on to prepare papers on special subjects or to conduct investi-
gations for which their qualifications especially fitted them. During the year
seven members and associates of the Bureau have made researches in the field,.
the regions visited including Maryland, Virginia, Oklahoma, Indian Territory,
Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, and Mexico.

The amount of field work has been somewhat curtailed by the necessity of
detaining a number of the ethnologists in the office to assist in the completion
of the Handbook of the Indians (hitherto referred to as the Cyclopedia or
Dictionary of the Indian Tribes), which was designed to be submitted to the
Secretary at the close of the year. The enlargement of the scope of the work
to include not only descriptions of the tribes and their settlements, but also
popular articles covering the whole range of ethnological and archeological
research relating to them, greatly increased the amount of investigation re-
quired, but the value of the Handbook as a work of reference has been more than
proportionately increased. With the view of revising and unifying the great
number of articles designed for introduction into the Handbook a committee of
revision was organized, consisting of members of the Bureau and all available
resident anthropologists, fourteen in all, who met three times each week to
discuss the papers presented. The meetings of this committee proved both
interesting and profitable, and suggested the advisability of holding similar
meetings hereafter for the discussion of current researches of the Bureau.

As a result of the prepdration of the papers for the Handbook, covering, as
they do, the entire range of Indian ethnology and administration, the researches
conducted in the office during the year have been exceptionally comprehensive ;
every branch of anthropologic research, including somatology, psychology,
linguistics, sociology, religion, technology, and ssthetics, has received such con-
sideration as the comprehensive though necessarily brief articles for the Hand-
book required. Besides the articles treating of these primary departments of
research, many others have been prepared, on the various phases of the history,
archeology, biography, and education of the Indians and the administration of
their affairs. With the exception of the bibliography and index, which were
retained for reference in proof reading, the manuscript for the Handbook, ac-
companied with about 800 illustrations, was submitted to the Secretary July 1.

40

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 41

Under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution the Chief visited Europe
for the purpose of attending the International Congress of Americanists, held
at Stuttgart, Germany, beginning August 18, 1904. In addition to representing
the Smithsonian Institution, he served as delegate of two other scientific organi-
zations, and was also designated by the Department of State as the official
representative at the congress of the United States Government. As a mem-
ber of the scientific staff of the National Museum he was intrusted with
the additional commission of visiting a number of the principal museums of
Europe for the purpose of acquiring information to be utilized in the erection
and furnishing of the new National Museum building. On July 26 the Chief
‘sailed from New York in company with Mr. J. R. Marshall, of the firm of
Hornblower & Marshall, architects of the new building, and reached Plymouth,
England, August 1. Nine days were spent in visiting the museums of London,
‘Oxford, and Cambridge, and eight days in similar observations in Paris, and
on August 18 Stuttgart was reached. The opening session of the Congress
of Americanists was held in the forenoon of that day and was attended by a
large number of members and other prominent persons, including His Majesty,
King William II, of Wurttemberg, who, in response to the address of the
president of the congress, Prof. Karl yon den Steinen, expressed at length _
his appreciation of the aims and work of the congress, and his pleasure at
having the session held in his capital city.

A report of the last meeting of the congress, held at New York City in 1902,
was presented by Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist of the Bureau, and
other routine business was transacted. Members of the congress were invited
to take luncheon with the King at his suburban palace, which was followed by a
reception in the palace gardens. The King’s interest was highly appreciated
‘and contributed much to the success of the congress. During the presence of
the Americanists receptions were also held by Count von Linden, vice-president
of the congress, and by Mr. Edward N. Ozmun, United States consul at
Stuttgart. Sessions were held on August 19, 20, 22, 23, and 24, and a large
number of papers, dealing in the main with questions of American history,
ethnology, and archeology, were read. On the 20th the Chief of the Bureau of
American Ethnology delivered an address on ‘“ Contributions of American
Archeology to Human History,” and at its close he presented to the congress
a set of 75 bound volumes, relating chiefly to American archeology and ethnology,
published by the Smithsonian Institution and two of its bureaus—the National
Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology—for which the president
extended the thanks of the congress. The Chief also presented a series of 66
photographs of American Indians, representing delegations which visited Wash-
ington during the winter of 1903-4, the series having been taken cojointly by
the Bureau of American Ethnology and the National Museum. Various excur-
sions were made to points of interest, the principal being to Schaffhausen,
Switzerland, to visit the sites of Dr. J. Nuesch’s recent explorations of the
famous lake-dwelling stations at Schweizerbild and Koenigsbau.

After the adjournment of the congress, the Chief proceeded to Dresden, where,
under the guidance of Dr. A. B. Meyer, director of the Royal Zoological and
Anthropological Museum of Saxony, the various museums of that city were
examined. After leaving Dresden, a number of cities in Germany, Holland, and
Belgium were visited with a view to museum study, and on August 12 he re-
turned to Paris, and on the 25th sailed from Cherbourg, en route for New York.
Between the date of his arrival in Plymouth, August 1, and his departure from
Paris, September 25, the Chief of the Bureau visited and made studies of up-
ward of 50 museums. These observations are embodied in a separate report
submitted to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

42 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

RESEARCH WORK.

Shortly after his return from Europe in September, the Chief found it neces-
sary to undertake the preparation of a number of articles relating to aboriginal
art and archeology for the Handbook of the Indians. Among the subjects
treated at some length are archeology, architecture, art, antiquity, Bureau of
American Ethnology, bonework, catlinite, cliff-dwellings, copper, engraving,
graphic art, mines and quarries, metal work, ornament, pottery, sculpture, shell-
heaps, shellwork, and stonework. The only field work undertaken by the Chief
during the year was a brief visit to Cavetown, Md., for the purpose of obsery-
ing the exploration there being conducted by Dr. Charles Peabody and Mr.
W. K. Moorehead in the well-known cave near that village. Mr. J. D. McGuire
had begun the exploration of this cave for the Carnegie Institution in 1903
and had obtained valuable evidence of its former occupancy by Indians,
The present work, which consisted of extensive excavations within the outer
chamber of the cavern, yielded much additional material of the same general
character.

During the first few weeks of the year Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, was
at St. Louis supervising the final installation of the Kiowa heraldry exhibit
in the Smithsonian section of the Government building, Louisiana Purchase
Exposition. This exhibit comprised about 120 articles, filling 50 feet of wall
ease, together with one floor case, and consisted of 90 small shield models, 4
original shields, 5 tipi models, 6 paintings on buckskin, with several cere-
monial lances and smaller objects. On the completion of this work, after a
brief leave of absence, Mr. Mooney returned to Mount Scott, in the Kiowa
country, Oklahoma, where he continued his researches, including the prepara-
tion of models and the collection of ethnological material. A number of.
Cheyenne tipi models were also made for the Field Columbian Museum, of
Chicago, with funds provided by that institution, as authorized by joint ar-
rangement with the Bureau. At the end of October Mr. Mooney returned to
Washington and was engaged in writing a preliminary paper on Kiowa heraldry
until about the end of the calendar year, when he was called on to cooperate
in the preparation of the Handbook of the Indians, for which work the following
articles were furnished: Arawakan colony, Calusa tribe, Cheyenne tribe,
Kiowa tribe, military societies, peyote, population, shields, skin-dressing, sig-
nals, sign Janguage, Timucua tribe. Besides these about 100 minor articles were
prepared, treating of tribes, biographies of noted Indians, and other subjects.
In connection with this work the available information relating to the ancient
tribes of Florida and the Guif States generally was found to be so deficient
and confused that Mr. Mooney undertook an investigation of the subject from
original sources. A part of the results has been embodied in the Handbook of
the Indians, and the foundation has been laid for an extended paper on the
ethnology of this region to form a complement to his previous studies of the
Siouan tribes of the east and the Cherokee. In the meantime he also super-
vised the photographing of the large series of shield models and other parts of
the heraldry: collection made by him during previous years, and prepared cata-
logues and labels for such portions of this material as were “Ek for the
Bureau exhibit at the Lewis and Clark Exposition.

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, spent the first six months of the year in
the completion of the text of his monograph on the Aborigines of Porto Rico.
He left Washington on January 7, 1905, for an extended archeological trip to
the Republic of Mexico, under a grant from the Smithsonian Institution, and
returned on the 15th of May. About three weeks were spent by Doctor
Fewkes in the City of Mexico making arrangements with officials for letters

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43

to those who could aid him in the prosecution of his studies. While not thus
engaged at the capital his time was profitably employed in studying the col-
lections in the Museo Nacional and one or two private collections, and in
making several excursions to places of archeological interest in the neighbor-
hood of the city, including several of the ruins near Lake Tezcoco, as well as
those at Iztapalapa and at San Juan Teotihuacan. While awaiting letters of
introduction from the President to the governors of Veracruz and Tamaulipas,
Doctor Fewkes visited Cuernavaca, where he made photographs of the so-called
** Victory stone,” or chimalli, the pictograph of the eagle, and the famous stone
lizard, and made a trip also to the ruins of Xochicaleo and Tepotzlan. From
the ruin known as Casa del Tepozteco he obtained copies of inscriptions on
the raised seat in the inner room.

After receiving the necessary letters through the courtesy of President Diaz,
Doctor Fewkes proceeded to Xalapa, in the State of Vera Cruz, which he made
the base of operations during February, March, and a part of April. While in
that city considerable time was devoted to an examination of the magnificent
collection of Governor Dehesa, as well as the collection of Sefora Hstafania and
others. The vicinity of Xalapa was found to be particularly rich in ruins and
mounds, among which are those at Coatepec, Bandarilla, and Xalapa Viejo.
An excursion was made also to Texolo, where there are thirteen or more large
mounds, some of which are evidently the remains of temples of an old Totonac
City. Xico Viejo, an undescribed ruin of a Nahuatl garrison town mentioned
by Bernal Diaz and Gomara, was also visited in the mountains near the trail
taken by Cortés from the coast to the City of Mexico in 1519. Instructive
photographs of this ruin were taken, and notes made on the idols and pottery
found in the neighborhood.

Doctor Fewkes made two visits to the ruins of Cempoala, about 20 miles
from the city of Vera Cruz. On the first visit he was accompanied by an
official representative of Governor Dehesa, by the alcalde of San Carlos, a
neighboring town, and by the inspector and owner of the ruins. On the second
trip, when he spent a week at the ruins, Governor Dehesa kindly permitted him
to employ the services of the State photographer, Senor Ximines.

At the close of March Doctor Fewkes visited the old city of Villa Rica de la
Vera Cruz, now called Antigua, founded by Cortés. In the neighborhood of this
city but on the opposite side of the river he found many mounds indicating the
site of a large prehistoric city. Other ruins were observed at Santa Fe.

Doctor Fewkes examined some of the antiquities about Cordova and Orizaba ;
he also visited the pyramid of Cholula near Puebla, and about the middle of
April proceeded to the State of Tamaulipas, spending about three weeks at
Tampico in a study of the numerous ruins along the Panuco and Tamise
rivers and on the adjacent lagoons, and in visiting the extensive shell heaps
and temple mounds a mile east of Tampico and others not far from the
site of the old town, Tampico Viejo. Doctor Fewkes found numerous antiquities
at Altamira and mounds on the banks of the Champayan lagoon. Many other
evidences of former occupancy, as idols, pottery, stone weapons, and ornaments,
were seen in this region. The old city of Chila, destroyed by Cortés, situated
about 10 miles west of Tampico, was found to be hidden in a forest. Evidences
of temples and burial mounds also occur abundantly in this locality. About 50
Photographs of bowls, jars, and idols found in the neighborhood of Panuco,
Tampico, and the lagoons along the banks of the Tamise River, were made. Of
more than usual interest are those of large stone idols at Altamira and in the
courtyard of a house in Tampico.

On his return to Washington Doctor Fewkes continued the study from his
notes and photographs, and prepared a general account of his visit to Cempoala

44 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

and Xicochimaleo, which was transmitted for publication by the Smithsonian
Institution. The illustrative material brought back includes about 200 large
photographic negatives, numerous smaller views, tracings of pictographs, and
many drawings, plans, and maps.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas, ethnologist, was engaged during the year largely on the
Handbook of the Indians, assisting Mr. Hodge in the laborious task of prepar-
ing the manuscripts for publication. Among the articles written by Doctor
Thomas during the year for this work are agriculture, calendar, counting, Five
Civilized Tribes, fortifications, habitations, maize, migrations, mortuary cus-
toms, mounds and mound builders, population, reservations, treaties, besides a
number of biographical sketches and archeological articles of a more special
eharacter. The work of reading the proofs of Bulletin 28, which required
especial acquaintance with archeology and glyphic systems of the ancient
Mexicans, was also intrusted to Doctor Thomas. This reading was completed
before the end of the year. Doctor Thomas was also frequently called on for
data required in official correspondence relating to his special branches of
research.

Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, at the beginning of the year began the prepara-
tion of various articles for the Handbook of the Indians, and continued the
correction and elaboration of the material pertaining to the Iroquoian stock
for the same work. Among the articles furnished are those on adoption,
clans and gentes, confederations, chiefs, government, mythology, religion, scalp-
ing, wampum, and women. The work of cataloguing the collection of linguistic
manuscripts, of which Mr. Hewitt is custodian, was completed as far as copy-
ing the old cards in duplicate, when the work was laid aside for that of
the Handbook. Mr. Hewitt also gave material assistance in furnishing data
required in the correspondence of the Bureau relating to tribes and languages.

Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, ethnologist, spent the month of July in New Mexico,
where she had been for some months making a study of the arts, industries,
religion, and social customs of the Zuni tribe. It was observed that the Zuni
pantheon is largely similar to that of the Hopi and the Rio Grande pueblos.
Although the Zuni worship numerous deities which take both human and bes-
tial form, they believe also in a supreme power without form, yet embracing
all form, the breath of life—life itself. These beliefs indicate that the Zuni
have reached a higher stage of culture than has previously been supposed,
although it can not yet be said to what extent this may be attributed to the
Spanish influence to which the tribe was more or less subjected for three
centuries. Various details relating to Zuni life were investigated, and yvalu-
able information regarding mortuary customs was obtained through the death
and burial of Naiuchi, a celebrated priest-chief, whose demise occurred during
Mrs. Stevenson’s stay in Zui pueblo. Native plants entering into the medicine
and dietary of the Zuni were also studied; the arts of preparing anf dyeing
wool, which have not been practiced for many years, were observed, and speci-
mens of the native materials and devices employed in the process, as well as of
the dyed wool, were collected. Studies of symbolism as embodied in Zufi
textile and ceramic art, and investigations into the everyday life, and especially
the child-life, of the pueblo were likewise made.

Early in August a day was spent by Mrs. Stevenson with the Santa Clara
Indians in making a series of photographs of their annual fiesta. The month
was occupied principally, however, in a study of the Sia Indians, a few days
being given to the neighboring Jemez pueblo. On the 27th Mrs. Stevenson
reached Cochiti, whence a visit was made to the great stone carving of
cougars on the mesa 10 miles distant. In Mrs. Stevenson’s comparative studies

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 45

‘

these sculptures are of special interest, as they are referred to in some of the
most sacred myths of the Zuni. The first of September was employed in a
visit to the cavate and mesa ruins about 12 miles from Santa Clara and in
making observations among the Tewa people of San Ildefonso, Santa Clara,
and San Juan pueblos. The religious beliefs, rituals, and daily customs of
these people were found to be closely allied to those of Zuni, difference in lan-
guage alone indicating that distinct peoples are involved. In October Mrs.
Stevenson returned to Washington, where she has since been engaged in the
revision of proofs of her memoir on the Zuni Indians, in the Twenty-third
- Annual Report, and, as opportunity afforded, in the elaboration of her several
studies on Zuni religious beliefs, on the edible and medicinal plants of Zuni,
on symbolism as embodied in the textile and ceramic arts, and on the dyeing
of textile fabrics.

Dr. J. R. Swanton, ethnologist, was engaged during the year in copying and
preparing for the press material obtained by him among the Tlingit Indians
of Alaska during the winter of 1903-4. This work, as completed, consists of 137
pages treating of the general ethnology of the Tlingit peoples, 20 native texts
with interlinear and free translations, the words of about 100 songs, with
translations, together with English versions of 88 stories obtained at Sitka and
Wrangell—altogether forming 900 typewritten pages. Doctor Swanton has
also prepared grammatical accounts of the Dakota, Haida, and Tlingit lan-
guages for intrcduction into the Handbook of Indian Languages now in course
of preparation under the direction of Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist of
the Bureau; and he has also been called on to contribute several articles for
the Handbook of the Indians, including kinship, names and naming, priests
and priesthood, thunderbird, totem poles, secret societies, and social organiza-
tion.

Dr. A. 8. Gatschet, ethnologist, continued his work on certain unfinished iin-
guistic studies which it was hoped could be completed for publication before
his failing health made further progress impossible, but in January he was
compelled to practically relinquish his efforts, and on March 13 was placed on
furlough.

Barly in the year arrangements were made with the United States National
Museum to have Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, curator of physical anthropology in the
Museum, visit Arizona and New Mexico on behalf of the Bureau for the purpose
of making physical, physiological, and medical observations among the Apache
and Pima Indians. Leaving Washington on January 20, Doctor Hrdlicka began
his studies, five days later, on the San Carlos Apache Reservation, where he re-
mnained until February 8, when he visited a group of Apache residing near what
is known as the Sawmnill, in the Black River Region. From this point he re-
turned to San Carlos, and on February 15 reached the Rice Station Apache
School and district, situated farther northeast on the reservation. On February
26, Doctor Hrdlicka endeavored to reach the White Mountain branch of the
Apache, but was prevented from doing so by exceptionally heavy rains. On
March 1 he was able to proceed to Sacaton, Ariz.,where studies of the Pima tribe
were made. From March 12 to 16 he was at Casa Blanea. On the latter date he
returned to Casa Grande, and thence proceeded to El Paso, Tex., reaching the
reservation of the Mescalero. Apache in New Mexico on the 19th. After remain-
ing six days with the Mescaleros, Doctor Hrdlicka began his return journey,
reaching Washington March 31.

Doctor Hrdlicka’s researches were conducted with the object of supple-
menting his former investigations among the same tribes. As much attention as
Lossible was devoted to the children, from birth onward, the number examined

2684 —06 m4

46 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

being nearly 1,000. Other important subjects to which study was especially
devoted were fecundity, mortality, native foods, hygiene, disease, and curative
means and methods. These studies were greatly facilitated by the officials of
the Indian Office, and met with little objection on the part of the Indians.

In addition to his direct anthropologic investigations, Doctor Hrdlicka sue-
ceeded in gathering specimens of about 150 medicinal and food plants and a
number of ethnological objects. He procured one Apache skull and fiye complete
Apache skeletons, and in addition to making observations of value among the
ancient ruins of the general region, obtained many archeslogical specimens from
hitherto unexplored ruins in the San Carlos Valley.

In April, Mr. EK. L. Hewett, who was engaged during the winter months in
preparing for the Bureau an archeological map of Colorado and New Mexico,
was commissioned to proceed to New Mexico for the purpose of making ex-
tended researches among the ancient ruins of the so-called Pajarito Plateau
district. His first work was the investigation of numerous deserted and ruined
pueblos of the Tewa tribes. This was followed by excavations of ancient
mounds in Otowi Canyon, which yielded results of exceptional interest. Up-
ward of 175 burials were uncovered, and the osseous remains of more than 100
individuals were collected and forwarded for study in the National Museum.
The art remains comprise numerous entire earthenware vessels and many frag-
ments, with a fair complement of implements of bone and stone. Mr. Hewett
was fortunate in reaching this arid spot in an exceptionally wet season, as he
found water within ensy reach. At the close of the year he had completed his
studies within the boundaries of Pajarito Plateau and was preparing to explore
explore the plateaus and mountains to the west and the Jemez Valley beyond.

In June a report reaching the Bureau that important finds of prehistoric
remains of man and art had been made on the site of the forthcoming James-
town Exposition, near Norfolk, Va., Mr. J. D. McGuire was commissioned to
visit the locality and report on the character of the discoveries made. Mr.
McGuire spent one day on the exposition grounds collecting such information as
was available, and later reported that although traces of human remains had
been exposed in the excavations of the exposition company, the reports had been
greatly exaggerated, the discoveries being meager and uniform in character
with the relics of countless other sites in the Chesapeake-Potomae region.

The work of Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, was confined to the prepa-
ration of the Handbook of American Languages which has been under way for
several years. The main part of the field work for the first part of the Hand-
book was closed during the present year and some field work designed to be
embodied in the second part was taken up. Doctor Boas also furnished the
article on languages for the Handbook of the Indians.

In the course of the fiscal year the following manuscripts for the Handbook
of American Languages have been submitted. ‘

1. Dr. P. FE. Goddard: Grammatical notes on the Hupa (Athapascan stock).

2. Dr. A. L. Kroeber: Grammatical notes on the Yuki (Yukian stock).

3. Dr. Roland B. Dixon: Grammatical notes on the Maidu (Pujunan stock).

4. Dr. William Jones: Grammatical notes on the Sauk and Fox (Algonquian

5. Dr. John R. Swanton: Grammatical notes on the Dakota (Siouan stock).

6. Dr. John R. Swanton: Grammatical notes on the Haida (Skittagetan
stock).

7. Dr. John R. Swanton: Grammatical notes on the Tlingit (ISoluschan stock ).

8. Dr. Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Kwakiutl (Wakashan stock).

9. Dr. Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Chinook (Chinookan stock).

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 47

The following manuscripts are still outstanding :

1. J. N. B. Hewitt: Grammatical notes on the Lroquois (Iroquoian stock).

2. Dr. Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Hskimo (Hskimauan stock).

3. Dr. Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Tsimshian (Chimmesyan stock).

During the year the grammatical notes on the Shoshoni by Mr. H. H. St.
Clair, 2d, have been revised.

The general plan of the Handbook of Languages has undergone no material
change, except in so far as it was deemed advisable to add briefer articles on the
grammar of the remaining languages of the northern part of the continent.
These are the Tlingit, the Salish, the Kutenai, and the Chemakum. It is
also deemed advisable to add a sketch of one of the coast languages of Oregon
which was collected during the year 1904-5 by Mr. St. Clair, who submitted his
material on the Coosa and Takilma of Oregon during the present year.

It also seemed desirable to add some data relating to the formation of the
noun in Chinook, which seemed of importance in order to clear up some ques-
ticns relating to the fundamental traits of that family of languages. Since all
our information on this stock is derived from one informant, it seemed essen-
tial to obtain additional material from other sources and from another dialect.
lor this reason preparations were made to send Mr. BH. Sapir to the upper
Columbia River to make a study of the Wasco. In the preparation of this
work the Kathlamet Dictionary, based on Bulletin 26, was arranged and copied.

The work on the southern group of languages will require long and ener-
getic field work. So far only one of the languages of the Gulf States, the
Yuchi, has been taken up, this tribe being selected. because it seems most likely
to furnish material that will be not only of linguistic value but will afford
kuowledege of the early history and customs of the Southeast. This work has
been intrusted to Mr. Frank G. Speck, who spent the summer of 1904 among the
Yuchi tribe and who returned to this field at the close of the fiscal year.

HANDBOOK OF THE INDIANS.

Work on the Handbook of the Indians North of Mexico, hitherto frequently
referred to as the “‘ Dictionary of Indian Tribes,” has been vigorously prose-
cuted during the year under the immediate supervision of Mr. IF’. W. Hodge,
of the. Smithsonian Institution, who, with the approval of the Secretary,
has devoted most of his time thereto. Mr. Hodge has had the almost undi-
vided assistance of Dr. Cyrus Thomas; and, as occasion required, nearly the
entire scientific staff of the Bureau has aided both in the preparation of
the anthropologic and kindred articles and in the revision and elaboration
of the tribal descriptions found to be necessary by reason of recently
acquired knowledge. So far as the funds of the Bureau afforded, the aid of
ethnologists not officially connected with the Bureau was also enlisted. The
services generously rendered by these, either gratuitously or for merely a
nominal consideration, are highly appreciated.

As outlined in former reports it was originally the plan of Major Powell
to classify the linguistic families, tribes, and settlements north of Mexico
and to identify the various names by which these had been known in the
vast literature of the subject, with a brief description of each such group.
This material, recorded on many thousands of cards, became known as the
“ Cyclopedia of Tribes, with Synonymy.”

In 1903 the Secretary altered the scope of the work by directing the incor-
poration of brief separate articles pertaining to the habits, customs, arts, and
industries of the Indians, and of their dealings with the Government, together
with biographies of noted individuals and a list of words of northern Indiar

48 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

origin that have been incorporated into the English language. No work so com-
prehensive in its scope had hitherto been attempted, consequently in making
plans for the new departure it became necessary to begin at the foundation. The
popular style of treatment was ever kept in mind, and considerable time was
consumed in correspondence with experts best qualified for the preparation of
many of the special articles called for by the enlarged plan. Wor these reasons
it has not been possible to complete the work at an earlier date. Owing to the
fact that many of the specialists do not reside in Washington, it was difficult,
within a limited time, to arrange for entire consistency in treatment and to
prevent repetition through encroachment of one subject on another when written
by many hands. On this account, and for the purpose of obtaining the views
and criticisms of as many experts as possible, conferences were held, as already
mentioned, three times each week, which were faithfully attended by the eth-
nologic staffs of the Bureau and the National Museum, as well as by other
resident ethnologists; and ethnologists from elsewhere, while visiting Washing-
ton, often gave this committee of revision the benefit of their criticism.

As the articles prepared both by the regular attendants and by others were
read at the conferences, and thus were accorded opportunity for criticsim,
the value of the meetings in promoting the authoritativeness of the forthcoming
Hiandbook is inestimable. New subjects were constantly suggested, and in some
instances much new light was shed on others, after having been written, by
reason of the personal knowledge of one cr another of the critics present.

In addition to the special articles elsewhere mentioned in this report as
prepared by members of the Bureau, the following are among the more impor-
tant of those that have been furnished by specialists not officially connected
with it:

By Dr. Franz Boas: Languages.

By Dr. A. F. Chamberlain: Armor, Basque infiuence, Chincok jargon, Dutch
influence, Eliot’s bible, English influence, fur trade, German influence, God
(words for), Hawaiian influence, Kutenai, linguistic families, ‘“ Lost Ten
Tribes,” maple sugar, Melungeons, Negro and Indian, Scandinavian infiuence,
Spanish infiuence, white man (names for), wild rice, and many articles per-
taining to words of Indian origin incorporated into the English language.

By Mr. Stewart Culin: Games.

By Dr. William H. Dall: Russian influence.

By Miss Anna Dawes: Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes.

By Dr. G. A. Dorsey: Ceremony, Sun Dance.

By Mr. Wilberforce Hames: Bible translations, dictionaries, periodicals.

By Dr. Livingston Farrand: Marriage and divorce, and many articles descrip-
tive of some of the linguistic families of the Northwest.

By Miss Alice C. Fletcher: Adornment, agency system, buffalo, camping and
camp circles, civilization, dramatic representation, dreams and visions, earth
lodge, etiquette, fasting, feasts, furniture, governmental policy, grass lodge, land
tenure, masks, music and musical instruments, oratory, orientation, poetry, prop-
¢rty and property right, quillwork, soldiers, tatoooing, totems, trading posts, war
and war discipline and articies descriptive of the Caddoan tribes.

By Mr. Gerard Fowke: “ Lansing man,’ and many articles on technological
subjects.

By Mr. Hl. W. Henshaw: Atlantis, exchange, pictography, popular fallacies,
slavery, Sweating and sweat houses.

By Dr. George Bird Grinnell: Horse.

By Mr. F. W. Hodge: Adobe, irrigation, kiva and many tribal articles, espe-
eially those pertaining to the Southwestern Indians.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 49

By Dr. Walter Hough: Altar, clothing, collecting and excavating, dyes and
pigments, fire making, focd, illumination, preserving and mending, snake dance,
in addition to a large number of brief articles on various implements, utensils,
materials used in manufacturing processes, etc.

By Dr. Ales Hrdlicka: Anatomy, artificial head deformation, cannibalism,
mixed bloods, health and disease, physiology.

By Dr. Otis T. Mason: Arrows, bows, and quivers; arts and industries, bas-
ketry, beadwork, boats, commerce, domestication of animals, education, environ-
ment, featherwork, hunting implements, invention, needlework, traps, travel and
transportation, weapons, weaving.

By Dr. Washington Matthews: Color symbolism, culture heroes, dry-paint-
ing, ethics, family, magic, measurements, medicine, mourning.

By Mr. J. D. McGuire: Drilling, fishing, pipes, smoking, storage and caches,
tobacco, trails and trade routes.

The Bureau was also fortunate enough to have the services of Dr. A. L.
Kroeber, of the University of California, who generously revised the accu-
mulated material pertaining to many of the linguistic families of California,
and in addition gave much yaluable information respecting the Shoshonean
and Yuman families and the Mission Indians. The remaining Californian
stocks were reviewed by Dr. P. E. Goddard, also of the University of California,
and by Dr. Roland B. Dixon, of Harvard University. :

With the exception of a few articles that had not been quite finished by those
to whom the subjects were assigned, the manuscript of the body of the Hand-
hook, recorded on more than 40,000 cards, together with about 800 illustrations,
was submitted to the Secretary for transmittal to the Public Printer on July 1,
1905, for publication in two octavo volumes as Bulletin 30 of the Bureau.
These cards do not include about 37,000 cross-references to the tribal syn-
onyms, nor the bibliography, which are retained for use in reading the proofs
of the text. After serving this purpose they will be ready to be put in type to
appear at the close of the work.

ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP.

The work of compiling an archeological map of the United States, which
had received some attention in previous years, was carried forward with all
possible dispatch during the last year. The departments of the Government
having control of the public lands have undertaken to protect from despolia-
tion by commercial relic hunters and unskilled and unauthorized explorers
the archeological remains of these lands, and excellent progress in this diree-
tion has been made, especially by the Department of the interior. For years
the Bureau has been collecting data relating to these remains, and whenever
called on has furnished all available information for the use of the depart-
ments in carrying out this laudable enterprise. During the winter months Mr.
J. D. McGuire was engaged in collecting and collating data relating to the
antiquities of Arizona and Utah, and in platting these on topographical maps
furnished by the United States Geological Survey; and Mr. BH. L. Hewett has
earried forward to practical completion a corresponding work in Colorado and
New Mexico. The several maps have been cempleted so far as the data is
at hand. Accompanying the maps is a card catalogue of the various sites,
giving information regarding location, character of remains, and explorations
previously carried on. These maps and catalogues are at the disposal of
the departments when called for.

In New Mexico the following sheets embrace 512 sites of sufficient interest
to be catalogued: Santa Fe, Santa Clara, San Pedro, Pajarito Park, Bernal,

50 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Las Vegas, Chaco Canyon, Mount Taylor, Largo, Lamy, Wingate, Jemez, Taos,
Tierra Amarilla, Quemado, Acoma, Manzano, Pinos Wells, Tularosa, Chloride,
San Marcial, Fort Stanton, Big Hatchet, Chama, El] Paso, Fort Bayard, Las
Cruces, San Juan, Albuquerque, and Tres Hermanos. In Colorado the Mesa
Verde sheet alone includes 54 sites. On the 21 Arizona sheets (Tusayan, Fort
Defiance, San Francisco Mountain, Echo Cliff, St. Johns, Prescott, Verde.
Florence, Holbrook, Canyon de Chelly, Solomonsville, Globe, Phoenix, Casa
Grande, Fort Apache, Diamond Creek, Chino, Marsh Pass, Tombstone, and
Tucson) 270 sites are recorded, and on the Utah sheets (Ashley, Beaver,
Esealante, Fish Lake, Henry Mountain, Kanab, Manti, Salt Lake, San Rafael,
St. George, Price River, Uinta, La Salle, Abajo, and Utah) are noted 122 sites.
The 1,008 archeological sites thus catalogued are scattered over an immense
territory and come under the jurisdiction of the Interior, Agricultural, and
War departments.
EXPOSITION WORK.

The exhibit of the Bureau installed in the Smithsonian section of the Goy-
ernment building of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis during
1904, and described in the report for that year, was dismantled at the close of
the exposition and a large part of it transferred to Portland, where it has
béen installed as a part of the Institution’s exhibit at the Lewis and Clark Hx-
position. The remainder of the material has been returned to Washington and
deposited in the National Museum.

STUDY OF INDIAN DELEGATIONS.

The systematic study of visiting Indian delegations has been continued with
success. During the year 23 delegations, representing 21 tribes, have been
conducted, through the agency of Mr. Andrew John, to the Bureau and National
Museum laboratories. Upward of 280 portrait negatives have been made, and
‘asts and measurements of a number of individuals have been obtained. Few
Indians of the higher type, however, are willing to submit to the experience of
having the face encased in plaster. The tribes represented are as follow :

|

‘Photo. |Cast. Pein Photo. “Cast, Measur
DATO KO) 02a ae | Beers pea ee Oneida see ee eee 1 at. eee
Catawba 2502-5 22: .25-3=2 | 1 1 1 | Onondagar=-sases55 Uji ccua| Se eee
Cherokeere.-) s2ch.- tLe Yipes we 2 ae | Osaipe ere Aan seek 5 1 2
Cliorcany ast. 55, VSS Dd ae ae ee ee Pawnee eras: sso sees 4, 2rees 4
Cayugats.. 8 se. 2 ste. Bn| Ce io Ee ae Pueblnie see se se ee eee OU fee bs 2 11
LC foil aillihs) As ERE Se Met eee oe Ci zeeesas NSE ash oe Senecaist 2. eee 3 2 1
(ONGIL Sy yacep ert sek See oem | Giilytea= Bu) Stockbridge = s2s2-se= neers oe 1
Hlathoadepoqesia.52 cake OMe cull pee Sees Sioumis een wee es bral ae il
Menominee: 22. .---.-2:- 4 i 2 Ways Gobss2.5-.= eae 2illeo essa wae
IVI SOTA eee Seng eet sal ere RRs er Totals 2a ry ee ay | nie
Wikors lore See ee EPO Sess. A Soe ee ee
Oma ge ees ease 1 1 1

COLLECTIONS.

The ethnological collections obtained during the year fall considerably short
of those of previous years, owing to the reduced amount of field work undertaken.
This condition was due, as already explained, to the necessity of keeping most

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Balt

of the scientific staff in Washington to aid in the completion of the Handbook
of Indians. Tne accessions are a yaluable collection, made by Mrs. M. C.
Stevenson at Zuni, a series of archeological objects obtained by Doctor Hrdlicka
in Arizona and New Mexico, and several minor collections, all of which have
been deposited in the National Museum.

PUBLICATIONS.

The distribution of publications has continued as in former years. The
great increase in the number of libraries in the country and the multiplication
of demands from the public generally have resulted in an almost immediate
exhaustion of the quota of volumes allotted to the Bureau, few copies of any of
the reports remaining six months after the date of issue. Part II of the Twenty-
second Annual Report was issued in January. During the year 1,591 copies
of the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Reports were sent to regular recipients,
and 2,000 volumes and pamphlets were transmitted in response to special
requests, presented largely by members of Congress. ‘he proof reading of the
Twenty-third Annual and of Bulletin 28 was practically completed at the close
of the year, and it is expected that the press work of these publications will
shortly be begun. The Twenty-fourth Report was in the hands of the printer
before the close of the year, and Bulletins 29 and 30, the latter being the Hand-
book of the Indians, were ready to be submitted to the Secretary on June 30,
1905, while the Twenty-fifth Annual Report was completed, with the exception
of a small number of illustrations.

EDITORIAL WORK.

The editorial work of the year has presented features of exceptional diffi-
culty, on account of the large number of papers dealing with linguistics and
technical subjects. The Bureau has had the services of Mr. Frank Huntington
for the greater part of the year, and Mr. J. P. Sanborn, jr., received a proba-
tional appointment as editor in May. The reading of the proofs of Mrs.
Stevenson’s monograph on the Zuni Indians for the Twenty-third Annual
Report, a work of much technical difficulty, was intrusted mainly to Mr. BH. G.
Farrell.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The work of preparing illustrations has continued in charge of Mr. De-
Lanecey Gill, who has been assisted. as heretofore, by Mr. Henry Walther.
The photographic work has included the making of portraits of members of 21
Indian delegations which visited the capital during the year. Three views of
each individual were taken, besides several group views, the negatives num-
bering 298. In preparing illustrations for the publications of the Bureau up-
ward of 200 negatives were made, and 156 films exposed in the field by members
of the Bureau were developed in the laboratory. During the year about 2,350
prints were made, mainly for immediate use in illustrating the Bureau publica-
tions. Illustrations prepared for the Twenty-fourth Annual Report number 45;
for the Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 128; for Bulletin’30, 800. Illustrations
transmitted with reports submitted to the Secretary for publication are: For
the Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1,103; for Bulletin 30, 871. WUlustrations
edited for the Twenty-third Annual Report number 25; for the Twenty-fourth
Annual Report, 1,102. The printed editions of 48 colored plates submitted by
the engravers for the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Annual Reports, num-
bering about 450,000 prints, were individually examined and approved or
rejected.

Hig REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

LIBRARY.

The library has been in immediate charge of Miss Hlla Leary, who has had
the assistance of Mrs. Ella Slaughter. The accessioning and cataloguing of
the books, pamphlets, and periodicals received during the year have been kept
up to date, and the cataloguing of the publications of scientific societies has
been commenced. Owing to the crowded condition of the library and their
questionable place in an ethnological library, about 400 publications relating
to natural history, received through exchange, have been transferred to the
National Museum. During the year there have been received and recorded
398 yolumes, 500 pamphlets, and the current issues of upward of 500 period-
icals; 120 volumes have been bound at the Government Printing Office. The
library now contains about 12,563 bound volumes, 7,000 pamphlets, and a large
number of periodicals bearing on ethnology and kindred topics. Purchase of
books for the library has been restricted to those that bear on the subject of
anthropology, with special reference to the American Indians, and only indis-
pensable works have been obtained by this means.

CLERICAL WORK.

The clerical force of the Bureau consists of four regular employees—Mr.
J. B. Clayton, head clerk; Miss Emilie R. Smedes and Miss May 8. Clark, ste-
nographers; and Miss Ella Leary, clerk and acting librarian. During the year
the compilation of the Handbook of the Indians necessitated the employment of
additional clerks with special training in dealing with cyclopedic material and
in bibliographic work. In this the services of Mrs. fF. S. Nichols, Mrs. Gertrude
L. Rogers, and Miss Laura W. Steever have proved invaluable.

PROPERTY.

The property of the Bureau is comprised in seven classes, as follow: Office
furniture and appliances; field outfits; linguistic and ethnological manuscripts
and other documents ; photographs, drawings, paintings, and engravings; a work-
ing library; collections held temporarily by collaborators for use in research,
and undistributed residue of the editions of Bureau publications.

The additions to the property of the Bureau for the year include a typewriter
and a few necessary articles of furniture. The only improvement made in the
offices was the changing of the electric-light wiring, which was done under the
direction of the District authorities at a cost of $116.55

Respectfully submitted.

W. H. HoLMEs,
Chief of Bureau.
Mr. S. P. LANGLEY, '
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Apprenpix III.
REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL EXCHIANGHS.

Str: I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of
the International Hxchange Service during the year ending June 30, 1905:

The system for the interchange of publications between learned institutions
and individuals in the United States and those in other countries was inaugu-
rated by the Smithsonian Institution almost at the very beginning, and was
maintained at the expense of the private fund of the Institution exclusively
from 1850 to 1881, when Congress made a small appropriation to assist in the
work. Since that time Congressional appropriations have been made annually,
but at no time have they been large enough to provide for the entire expense of
the service, the Institution haying supplied all other necessary means from its
private fund, with the aid of United States departments and bureaus and
State institutions, which have been asked to reimburse the Institution, at the
uniform rate of 5 cents per pound, for a part of the expense of preparing, boxing;
and transporting contributions.

The number of packages dispatched during the year was greater than ever
before, and, as a record of every package is required, the work has been
considerably augmented, but there has been no increase in the clerical force.

The offices occupied by the Exchange Service, consisting of five rooms, are in
the southeast basement of the Smithsonian building, and are equipped with the
necessary folding and sorting tables, bins, file cases, desks, etc. In addition to
the customary supplies for general clerical employment, the service requires
large quantities of cards, labels, and printed forms. The supplies for packing
and shipping are considerable, and so far as practicable are obtained under
annual contract.

On May 1, 1905, the Institution was informed that the steamship Buteshire,
which sailed from New York on November 26, 1904, was subject to general
average adjustment on account of fire in the hold of the vessel during the
voyage. Twelve cases of international exchanges destined for Australian ports
formed a part of the cargo, and in the event that the contents of any of these
eases prove to be irreparably damaged they will be replaced by duplicate
volumes, if practicable.

The following tabular statement shows the weight and number of packages
transmitted each month during the year, and also the increase over the previous
twelve months in each class of correspondents. The second table is a statement
of exchange transmissions during each year since 1898.

r 53

54 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Tabular statement of the work of the International Exchange Service during the
Jiscal year 1904-5.

umber! Weight Number of corre pena June | Fook
of pack- |of pack- ras ‘ sost to | Cases
Date. ages | 88S | For- | Domes- Foreign Domes- | domes- elmped
died. | dled. |¢igmso- ticso- individ-| tic indi-| tic ad- ;
| cieties. cieties. | uals. | viduals. dresses.
1904. | | |
tlie eae ee een, 11-2323), 2OeT SIE ks a Pegs ee tba WEED te
J Nutra rio te Bee eee bea eee LO; TOL |) (ST WioM eee ee ee eee | 22 2oc-=4|e =
September __...._......--- 11,047 | 21,690 |____.--- el ESA aie |code
itabm fake ee a 17,181 | 52,511 |.-..---- hx et ae lhe oe | aanceacisp ee
November = 22-) 2o2 20. 2 OL SAT S| (RES (EN Eel oe eee eee = oe |. icon eo oe| See
December ese-. sss cete ae TG3389)) 57, O1GE 2. es Bee eee ae | wo etoue chee ee
1905.
Tegra kay! aT fase) eden fa ee eR Ae | oo
Babrustey seeks jie wh: 18;028:| » 50;508")t Ne edt HUE tee | icetht
Mamelinsse = = ss aac asad TE G64 |) i SONGSET || eee eee 2k ae Peers reremerer se ioe leases
7 ee Cee eee mee We eee 20,297 | 64,631 |.__.___. Rai. oe
UL Re Se ee See pee ee ae WO O45) eres Oh ta eee | 2 epee Stee | nee we A ee el
Sines tite ced ee fy 12,587 | 41,780 |..-.._.. eee dunes?
Motaly eee eee 165,753 4474,871 | 14,018 | 3,574 | 27, 263 | 7,025 | 44,898 2,027
Increase over 1903-4_| 6,770 | 46,589 761 | 110 | 2,362 575 6,196 40,

a Decrease.

The following table shows the number of packages of exchanges handled and
the increase in the number of correspondents each year from 1898 to 1905:

1898-99. 1899-1900. | 1900-1. | 1901-2. | 1902-3. | 1903-4. | 1904-5.
Number of packages re- |
COlvVeOr estar 2-5. .52. ie ee 97,835 | 113,563 | 121,060 | 125,796 | 150,217 | 158,983 165, 753
Weight of packages re- |
Celvedy: vee aee DN pounds.-| 317,883 | 409,991 | 414,277 | 396,418 | 559,718 | 481,410 474, 871
Correspondents:
Foreign societies ___._____ 10,322 | 10,845 11, 295 11,760 | 13, 121 13, 257 14, 018
Foreign individuals _____- 13, 378 15, 385 16, 261 17,701 21, 332 24, 901 27, 263°
Domestic societies. ______- 2,596 2,721 2,996 3, 182 3,319 3, 464 3,574
Domestic individuals ____ 4, 673 | 5, 000 5, 153 5,557 | 6, 240 6, 450 7,025
Packages to domestic ad-
i eS a a ea ee a 30,645 | 28,625 | 31,367) 33,961 | 33,980] 38,702 44, 898
Cases shipped abroad _______- 1,500 1, 768 Uys 1,847 2,461 1,987 2,027

The total number of correspondents has increased from year to year until
the aggregate is now 51,880, or 3,808 more than at the conclusion of the fiscal
vear 1908-4. The correspondents in the United States number 10,599, and
those in all other countries 41,281. Of the latter*number organized bodies main-_
taining libraries number 14,018, and those classified as individuals aggregate
27,263.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5d

1

Number of correspondents of the International Exchange Service in each country
on June 30, 1905.

Correspondents. Correspondents.
apne ae vid Total. eee eee vide. Total.
AFRICA. AMERICA (NORTH)—

PAtlecoteiean ene woe ok 26 44 70 || continued.
ACNSGUE oo: Boe D eeoo see 1 || West Indies:
Wehamtees:..2225-5-22-4-}~-+----- il 1 || Aas er viailloyls Taloliaan dls eanenra 1 1
ENOL OSE PEE eM ai os 7 16 23 Antica loti syle 8 6 14
Botta == 22a= =2-== 252 ==----|-------- L Bahamas .....------- 4 rat 15
British Central Africa: - 1 3 iSava Snag eae 10 a7 37
British East Africa -_---|-------- 3 3 Reade. as 6 24 30
Canary Islands---------- 2 9 11 ERT bies els WBN ecu a 1 1
Cape Colony ------------ 58 107 165 (OSes a ee eh MOE 10 139 9209
Cape Verde Islands -----|-------- 5 5 GuracaoWulneuine 3 6 9
Egypt ------------------- 43 OSC Uael aS eter ges gat eae ek a! | 2 7 9
French Kongo -.-.---.--|-------- a 2 Green Turtle Cay ---|-------- il 1
Gambia -_-..-------------|-------- | 2 2 Grenada-_-__..___----- 3 6 9
German East Africa---- Oe eee ees 5 Guadeloupe ___.__..- 2 6 8
Gold Coast ---....--..-.- pone 4 OEP Gierarrtin hho heme NiE 38 18 56
BOOBS p52 022s 2 aoe secerses Ds 5 Seu Caine see ee Pl hy 50 vat
Lagos... -------------- | 2 5 q Martinique __..__--.-|_------- 3 3
ILSSSae pe ee | 3 | 10 13 Montserrat__....___- Jace 2 2
Lourengo Marquez ----- eeseee 5 5 | SITs Uy Nr 1 1
BE LSS cae ee cea Pi @leell: PortoRiea el. Os Ba ce
Madeira -------------..- [ible eee u U St. Bartholomew -..|..----- 2 2
MaMITAGIUS\: = .22-02-=-2--- | 12 i 23 St. Christopher ____- 2 7 9
IMOnOCCOP= === 2225 ---- 2-2 - -------- 14 14 St. Croix _......_.... 1 4 5
Miozammpigtese.--—--F_|---- =e | 1 1| St. Eustatius ._....__|_..._--- 1 1
BNutals he 2. 3 Bess. |. 22 | 29 51 Tenis a ao oe 9 5 7
Orange River Colony -__| 3 6 9 | Stearate ee eee ae 9 9
Reunion __--..--.-------- | 4 2 6 | St. Thomas..____..-- Bian 8 10
SGU S SE 2s 2 ee Wey ree us G2 eistinvancent. 20) ae 1 2 3
St. Helena --..--.---....- é 2 5 || — ganto Domingo ___-- 3 4 W
Bene railnes teeth oo. 1 5 6 TRONS CM Open dr 2 2
Dlerrawueonee=-22-___--_ | 2 3 5 Maiinidad Ghee ie” | 16 16 39
SUSE oo oe TD leezenees 1 || ‘Purks Islands-_....- 3 6 9
Mbramsvarilees wna 32) 2 32 41 73
UR eRag eS) Loe Ne q 8] ' 15 AMERICA (SOUTH).
SE RTIOES 2222 aoa Q 5 7 || Argentina. __........---- PST coy rie
AMERICA (NORTH). IBOlViae ee Wek eee peer | 22 21 43
Wamadar sas coe occas Sees 364 625 ret) Wl IBS VA Soe ee | 156 199 355
Central America: British Guiana__.___...- ee) 15 34
British Honduras --- 6 12 IRS} On att Sys he eee Ave ga ae Te | 98 115 213
Costa Rica--.-.------ 27 47 74 || Colombia-----.---.------ ‘ 61 100
Guatemala __-_---.-- 44 72 116 || Dutch Guiana_---.------| 5 4 i)
Honduras .-..-..---- 14 41 S5illiilenador: 12s ae | aaa ee 28 52
Nicaragua_-_-----.--- 20 55 75 || Falkland Islands__-_-___-- bees 6 6
Salvador -.........-- 21 15 36 || French Guiana.___-_----| 1 2 3
Greenland.__......._-_-- iy | tes eee tb OP MP IE wave dd teh se eee ia Se ya 3 17 20
WMipeate oye ede ot ok ot 17 233 410 || Paraguay __..-.--------- ewe eat 15 36
Newfoundland _-__.._---- 17 33 GOAL By bfge PNR USA a a Soe | 47 86 133
St. Pierre-Miquelon --___- 2 2 Ab Dpbeag bat - ye etsee ey eee 2% 54 41 95
United States ____...-__- 3,574 | 7,025 | 10,599 Il Venezuela_...-__..------ ied 51 94

56

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Number of correspondents of the International Exchange Service in each country
on June 80, 1905—Continued.

Country. ' Libra- aie
we als.
ASIA
Ana Diagn ene eee eee Nets 7
Béloochistams ese oee lesen eet 1
1e{hh geet: Seas HER See eeeeya 14 9
Gevionwees. = ee ates: 30 | 18
CNAs pee caer 8 50 | 136
Cy GEtis ieee = eee oe ae 30 4
Wonmosaee 2s ee eee jv Aeneid | 3
French India. _-...------ 1 | 1
HonpROne === = eres esse Lites 29
cys WTS S pia een Neo 258 | 809
Indo-China: seses: s-sne | 10 | 11
Papen sess oS eee eee 190 492
ROKR se: cee an ss een ere 4 18
MECaAG ie. “eee ee | | 1
Malaysia:
BORNEO Son ee eee ee ee 1
British New Guinea. _______- 1
British North
Borneo, as ese | 1] 2
Cplebes 2c. o ly |p cea 4
DEV eee eee | 22 | 39
New Guinea.-_______- |e oe wen 1
Philippine Islands -- 24 32
Narawak <2 e220 a oe ee
Simiairas. ase Beals ih 2
Persist eaeee alm. Lhe ee 3 | 10
Portuguese India ----_-- 1 She 35 thes
Sra eres i: (a 7 24
Straits Settlements-____| 19 | 23
AUSTRALASIA. |
New South Wales __-__.-. 89 188
New Zealand ___...._--- 92 147
Queensland) 2.2... 2. .._- 54 72
South Australia ________ eas 80
TASMAN ase Gee.) ee 25 35
Wiactorineres sae 4 2 120 184
Western Australia_____- | 33 45
EUROPE.
Austria-Hungary ____._- 793°| 1,445
1BLsyPeshiteay 2 Ew Ree) 549

2; 288 ||
939 ||

|

Correspondents.
Country. Libra: vid ene
EUROPE—continued.
| Bulgaria’ !...... Ae 15 22 7
Denmark sacs" seus aes 121 241 362
jHranCen-e: seas ee 1,861 | 3,375 |’ 5,286
Gormany2 eee eel 2,621 | 5,124 | 7,745
iGibralters-22 2s ees 1 Ms 8
| Great Britain 2222-2 322 2,233 | 6,590 | 8,823
Greece ek. ane aaeeeen 42 60 102
leeland:. 22232) oe 17 lial 28
Urbain So ee eee saber ee 900 | 1,265 | 2,165
mem iis eee: cae 13 10 23
Miata): Setige Seon ne ee eee 13 16 29
| Montenegro--..--------- 2 1 3
Netherlands -___.-__---.-| 226 416 642
INO Way secon eae | 145 211 | 386
Porth calges =a ee 11 92 203
ROunania= soe ee 52 74 126
Russia) Sons o2 eee 564 | 1,145 | 1,709
SOrVidisce-sacee eee | 22 16 38
Pain 2h: oe se Seen 217 318 530
Sweden! 2. ee a see 196 425 621
Switzerland. 2. ses sees 393 788 | 1,181
| NEES ooo Sew 43 103 146
POLYNESIA.
| -
| Fiji Islands.-.......-...- i 9 10
| German New Guinea__. Ape sees 1
Guam 002... il 1
Hawaiian Islands -____-- 30 G7 107
| Marshall islands _--=2-22)2222eee= 5) 5
| New Caledonia ..-...---|-------- 2 2
New Hebrides _--....-__- A itassesee al
Samoalie: as 32 25 Sele 5 5
Seychelles Islands ____-.|-------- 1 1
ahitivess =o :-¢) 0 eo ee 8 8
Tonga 2... ee 3 3
Internationalls=s = 32 37) See 37
otal! . 2125025 eae 17,592 | 34,288 | 51,880

EXCHANGH OF GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS.

All Government publications gratuitously presented to other governments
through the International Exchange Service during the year, and similar publi-
cations received by the departments and bureaus, are enumerated in the follow-

ing table.

The receipts from abroad show an increase of 4,166 packages, or

25.66 per cent, over the fiscal year 1903-4, while the contributions to other

REPORT OF THE SHCRETARY.

lord

57

2)

countries diminished to the extent of 9,643, or 12.89 per cent, during the same
period. The increase in receipts is particularly gratifying, and is due prin-
cipally to earnest demands, both by personal solicitation and by letter, for more
adequate reciprocal returns ; while the diminution in the contributions of United
States official publications is attributable largely to the elimination of many
correspondents who have not sent an equivalent in their own publications.

Statement of United States Government erchanges during the year 1904-5.

Packages. I | Packages.
Name of Bureau. ene aalnreene Name of Bureau. Rees ae
for— by— for— by—
American Historical Asso- | Department of State_______. 14 2
CEE O) Ts Pe 16 | 64 | Engineer School of Appli- |
Astrophysical Observatory - GR eto I (GET Yoon, wee nese te Rea AN In ening AN Names 2nd
Auditor for the State and | | Entomological Commission _ 3p ean scr
other Departments___-_--_|__-----_-- | 648 || General Land Office__..____- Gis ait
Board on Géographic Names Dp} Seen he || Geological Survey--_..------ 742 2,414
Bureau of American Eth- | Health Department of the |
THO IOERY es RN 246 | 678 | District of Columbia --___. | LO} eee
Bureau of American Re- || Hydrographic Office _______- 94 141
+ Towa] SVN SIS': -e Sias tee an ye | 6 I Interstate Commerce Com-
Bureau of Animal Industry -|---------- 68 i MNISSIO Mp see a age Lote aN 24 92
Bureau of the Census -_----- 45 | 1, 965 } Isthmian Canal Commission |___..___-_- 1
Bureau of Education_--____-_ 118 2 || Library of Congress _______- 12, 498 20, 765
Bureau of Fisheries _________ 100 555 ! hife-Savine Service___.-.___|___._.__2- 69
Bureau of Foreign Com- Light-House Board -____------ 3 181
3 TOGO SS - a eae GH oom || Military Secretary’s Office _|__-..___-- 268
Bureau of Insular Affairs. __|__...____- 11 | National Academy of Sci-
Bureamotvua bor 42.22.22. - 5D SSH iT GT GES Mee ese ios eM Rye ap ral NURI 103 46
Bureau of the Mint__.__.-_-- W 196 || National Botanic Garden <-_-} PEA eee eee
Bureau of Navigation, Navy || National Bureau of Stand- |
Department ____.-..------- Bu owes Swe ! ELITE CLS pase Ee LAS SLI, AN ea 2 | KOE ae owe Le
Bureau of Navigation, De- | National Museum ______.__-- | 316 3, 622
partment of Commerce National Zoological Park ___| Bi eee
ui), OL WUE DYONE cs = lee ye tS aa ae eee 11 || Nautical Almanac Office ____| 30 71
Bureau of Public Health | Naval Observatory ----------| 154 609
and Marine-Hospital Serv- Navy Department ---.-_-_-- UTE eee
NO®..csds2 ccd) eee 8 548 || Office of the Chief of Engi- |
Bureau of Statistics, De- Hl vaneraisyey ray SAiuee S ae Oe | 31 83
partment of Commerce Office of the Chief of Staff,
ZIG Oot Dos BOB gp lB AG Why Se Aramy ese i Yeah Slo 8
Bureau of Steam Hngineer- | Office of Indian Affairs ----- | eae here eas
ing, Navy Department____|__-.2.__-- 1 || Ordnance Office, War= De- |
Chief of Staff, U.S. Army_.|----__---- LAOiiee ambiente aie Ve ! PN Nae i ai
Civil Service Commission___ 2 12 ! Patenii@ iices. {oan y Coes 266 1,818
Coast and Geodetic Survey- 518 314 | President of the United
Commissioner of Internal PSK Ee 2 ee Beane cea Ah Rae aly Pee ees
TR(e\ySiauUIG) 3 a Ses ae | 8 1 Senate of the United States_ Sileceapn eee
Commissioners of the Dis- | Smithsonian Institution ___- 3, 720 12, 217
trict of Columbia__._____._ 6]. 50 | Superintendent of Docu-
Comptroller of the Cur- MORMSNIS) oe as eee ete il 41
SHENANCNY 2 che ee 35 180 | Surgeon-General’s Office___. 151 326
Department of Agriculture. 494 192 | Treasury Department --_---- 5) 9
Department of Commerce | War Department-________-__- 31 6
aioe) ILevoyoye wh oh Se Mena 3 1 || Weather Bureau ___..._----- 137 911
Department of the Interior 21 266 i Nay Tot ET Gt Jo 20,400 65,220
Department of Justice______|__...._-_- 44 1

58 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

RELATIVE INTERCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER

COUNTRIES.

Following is a comparative statement of exchange transmissions between the
United States and other countries during the years 1904 and 1905, respectively.

Exchanges were conducted with 153 countries during the year
1905, or two more than during the preceding year:

ended June 30,

Comparative statement of packages received for transmission through the Inter-
national Bxachange Service during the fiscal years ending June 30, 1904, and

June 80, 1905.

1904. 1905.
Country. Packages. Packages.
For— | From— For— | From—
PACS TRIN See Oat 8 onc eee ice ase Ss st teen sone eee aoe 131 65 136 35
BASRNECC) st were seme. ce ee ee lg his on ae BEC ee eee 5 Tel eee gs at 7 | 24s Ca
JME TET Ds Se ee eer, Ree A De SR bape a LER, See SP eee. = i | See ee 42" | 2S Eee
J SSTON STD Ss 5 EI ee ee a ee ee Nie 3 a CS 89) 2 eee eee Oo | eee
PAMPER EH LAY pes Soo ae Cee Sh to eS ee eee 2,936 638 2, 296 1,210
PMSpniae CUn oar yeies 222 in Sk to Ae EE eee 5,349 2,969 5, 136 2, 748
DROZ TLC ee a seeie eon oe oe eee oe a 46) aa 3.) 2: eS
ES aa eta enone Safa 13) 2 Se Pee ee ee eee 43 .|_ 2-25 >) 2 ene
Bain weer 62252) Se SSD ee ol ee ne 103). eee 105" o ee
Site enue oe see a ol Ne eR Oe Ph Se ee 17+) poe
ORM ON -irG al. oe ny ee ene Ae Ee odes ee A | eee
SSIS SUCIN epee i ee oe Ea ge we AY Pe 2,848 2,459 2,894 2,871
FGeene baste tense 8 e otaot 7 2 ge Wk Ree es eee 1 |....2..- 222 eee
LSTA CDN) HS) Se nS, Ae Si pales Nee ye ee hte 52 (2.22 3 ol Pele eyed ©
Psp keAT CHI PSIRy Oot.) festa Ue bere) Peery eis 1 |e fs) eee A Te
LEASE VEE), i; ee eS SEER Dales Pare Ds eT ee ph b oy 2 127 82 279 4
TEAL CUPHCI GLA. 2. se Ie ee mays RRR Sees Tes teat res eS 1 |..-2 022.23 ee eee
PEISTENTOO pamela ed Ne ey oe LS 13) |e 10) 2a
eae 2a epee eae a 2s AL ee ee ee seemteek 2,228 847 2,122 1, 052
BVO RST Nae) tc) i a ae aR ONE we Me a AeA e Se et Bory 3,943 919 3, 804 762
IBRD Evite ec ee ei Ae ee 13: | C5Seeeeoees Fh ee a
Hata PAtTICe 2. 2a) eee Ee ee ee 9 |. bi ie ee
ei rieieom Uriel At PICAY > o=— fhe 9b eke ee dk ty oes 3). eee aes, S/o
ES NEUT SPIN EVIS EDIE Ped 320 oe ae NPE OE Se Pe 112) |) See O7:.| Beye
PEN OMELOUUCINAS oo ets sy ylites SYS ek La ee 53" |. 2S eae aay ‘
BTS ANV ERT PACTIOR, © 5.252225. 21 kk oa 4). oe Lge 3 a 5
ISSUE SEER, 820 ENE Ng SS Se ie ne TA ee SL 168:| 283 fi] Nl er ene 2,
(CE GUDI SS LEI Ts Gl eee ieee le a ee Sa be A ey | Co GE) ete OL | seat es Sas
COTS SOTA S32 SSS 2a ee ae Ee ee IR ee 542 228 808 153
CES: WSO eT V6 (Oe re ee a 2 6 | eee ae ee
(CUMS) 07815) 8 ots SRE TE) he ee cae Re Sg RRS” 4 |si{62 aes | eee
GUEST SOU ipo SIM SI Raa ara a = Og RO er 123 | 229s Fils ees
GIANG, Ae sae ce a ele a) ete es I apse tel Je 4 1,736 54 1,851 160
"SANE ae (ep SA ae a EE PS Ey es a A a ee 540 | 221 559 24
AS Cal pyran Tyner can cee Sones soo NE A 872: See 611. |e
USGrS 27a 0 2 = SS NEE Sea are ae Sean Se a ee en 22 Se 1 Ae
(CSG TC SARS 2 ea Se eer tee gee 1 255): eae 116i .| eee
OD ieremerseieee et terse ee ae ene ath Liter As FO i 1,012 97 660 214
(CAREER TVET HD) 1 aN apes kB SoU VRS, Se eee AO bl eae ES 22 ||. see 20) |L eee
KOA eeetece a ecent bene ot Bere sene eso eS I Cee 5 | aes LT |S eee
(DYE) SEE AES 2 CMS ee ee a oes Sys ete AD 1,319 766 1, 186 318
Ora ete ne ls eee 6 arn nats coats oe cece eae eke tN? <b ee fits ete oe Sa

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

59

Comparative statement of packages received for transmission through the Inter- |
; national Exchange Service, etc.—Continued.

1904. 1905.
Country. Packages. Packages.
For— | From—j| For— | From—

TBasvhsin Coniemad sh 2 tea ge tals Oe a a Ai Sek Dine al erage aa
I RCHMVVIE SM CIiGS eon seis Lew e ees oN ee eee dl ALU Ms x See AS EH a | gee
TOE AGMOE oe 8 a hee ae a GA yi ease yl ees Gy eee See
ISD 2.2. 22 AES SR ace ae a 252 2 BBD) | ese
SEpenital srerclalics earn see sey ee a a ee ee DB eee eee OT ee et
TRELLIS OV IS) See ae ean ee Sra A ete aes PA ear ae.
TOY CE EB) < S.5 LS a 9, 764 5,032 | 10,680 6,338
Hrenchw@oemimi Olina 4s 5.8e ese soe oo Ue a ere see Ae ate be Uae
He CHM MESO PA EIN Cay) ehe an eee oP eh ee ed Be mee ayes aoa Be eel area ee &
(Gigsea OVE 2 pe he ON eee Se Eo) ea sah as COR Ty ee oe Sb ele 8
COMP Mast yAh ri Gane. OSS ke et) eis ee ee Bis Sarena PEP ae Bete
(Gyereram nia. ai 2 SP ee UNS a ae eaten oe =e vcs pee Neda 17,621 6, 928 18, 289 8, 464
GHD ob Oa I Se ee ee UG Ae wo nee! lg i te ate debe
Grobe) CHESTS, 2 SR AU Oe SE UE ae ge ap I a Sh, [Beek cee I 2d eae eC

(GNOUED ID GED Le 8 SN ES I ee ie oe Oe ee ee ees AUG] bu aps ee 8 ASE eeties ees
CHECHEN. 3 2c Ses ce A A eae a a i ag ea Co} ses Se 2h eee
(Createribaimana Ireland: 2422200220022 Ue 17,696 8, 383 18,024 13,271
GUPBAGB . ole LURES SSE Sos peel eee ee 811 4 720 38
(Crip ereraienyray 2 Sc 5 at NR a A aR UES a eee eee Ae ieee aa pet 5) | eee eae
CRED UCICHOG — ces SSeS a eS eg LOMA yep ees tex OU il econaan aie
Guameee oe 2 So BEE or ene ae re (ey set Sa nt Sie a uta ose a ae
SHR ima a a Ze) in| Rates set ih ea AO Ao ahs Sle eal
Serta IIL TC os ue cae PAN Reese = ee
TRIG. cn SG IS Eel gO Sg ee OL G3oT ES e See ADB nn apalnes
Payer MS ATIC Sie ae eee ek Sone oso hal Se See a enisees OG a Leeans SS i se aneaeye ties
TEL GTGHEMTANS) Se oa 5 a he ea ae eae a ee ane en BUZ eee ZIG UiLees ee ATES
LEICA EMR ONES | SS ES eee egn TSO eras eee SGI eee ees
WESTON! _ 2 joes Se SS pi ee ie eee a ae AB il So ee mee CU fal ienees tan
itil MDE RM eran lvl oA hehe Pala 0m: 1,844 182 1,773 319
TSUN «2 seach a i ee a oe eg 5, 700 1, 405 6, 739 1,412
LENO ANG Eo em 8s es we IR ag ey ee 266) sete eses PAB sie oe ate
fe lieit 1 es og I tL NN tet oe 2, 463 18 2,439 84
DBE - 2 oc ce 5 ob ce pe oe Se Se ae ee ee ee te eT 248 48 259 127
TX GIFS. occ 58 che Ee ee ee ie ee ne Cie esr seen! 69: ee ae oa
IDG YEYO NS. a Sse U2 gp a eS i Ry OM lw Nati OS emec et ewes
SGV VERRG! TST mG Mey SAN US Tee et 7 Mia ee oe PE tae sere
TL MOeaerey, ss Re SSS RR ie ee ea ein ale pcs Oe ey eee Rts Sats eater GEN he = cee
MAGOULCOM COMMIT CUZ #22282 sapere nr TELL ANG a ST) | ine Dene ee AL ES RAEN Ne are
ronal) he 8 ee Aisi Sa se ERR AN oy nig Camo 88 1 (Sp eee nie
Auli eye stOa ne CS is SR ee eg ee ih ne WO ee nee ae ih RU a ANd We ls 30) [eee
WiLeyGhOTTAD, 2 5S ee MRIS BAS eS SEV Scie laa A pen eR Ue aaa PN Ned tat Oh lee) Beane ne
DEN. een Ae a he ee ee | BOM |iees siete eae CAND eee
BI Weare tore A Des Dyk CL Spe sige Ue era ae NS DE ae ta pels | Gye epee MER Perch Zod
Vim CTC MEE Cer a ore ies Nee arts eS | (8) al 28 ree ea 19)3| aes
Ma UIGIIS pss. c5- ed NE So ie Sas ee et Cay IC eee 75 47 61 | 49
WEEMOD 25 2a RD Aa eo ee ae 2,279 1,619 2, 002 | 1,395
MUO NRH STONE CATO) 2 eek aS MT 1 SS Sg ee A er | iI ee Ae 25s ae See
AVLcop Bub Se Means eS UN ie ST an cae Ca AME, rece OA ae en | ae
WGI GSEO Ls A Es AE IS ee ad eee as 20 1
TERESI eh izle IAI po ey ol Pa a 133 95 ss eee ee
Nether arid sys tere renee ear Ly eee alhcs Fe ab ANN TL 2,495 778 2, 687 1, 038
New Cale dona aa sma lepmede ine al Ble yee ese L 8 Sere. ta apace eens ete LOR a ees

60 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Comparative statement of packages received for transmission through the Inter-
national Bachange Service, ete.—Continued.

Country.

Newfoundland .°--2 2-0 sser ee eae ee eee e
New: SonbhiWales 0 eeecss tee! coe ee eee eee |
EN WHZiCHl ant Ree bated ion Bates ae ene eee ie te ae
INA GeUT NUS. ise ee ee te ee ee ae eee cera ee
INorfolieisiands: 22 S642 Se seeF a ree ee ee een ene
INGE Wye oe en te ce ee ee ae ele el ee eee
Orange River Colony oo 22s. see noe eee eee
(Perini. 2 oe ee ie ae ae eee eae Se sao a ae ae
1S} Dra feb t: eR ee Pl ew ae ale Pes te pene Ne See ile e Il 5
POTS A Peas oe Ce ee ee ee ee ee ee

PHilippine islands S255 s2 048 bess See eee ees
IPOLtTOURICO: Ses ee ce ae Se eee ee
Ponti rail saat oooh ee ee eee eee ee ae ee aA eee
@ueensignd. c8 52) USee ae ee ee ee eel
REUNION 245 Saeed ces ct foe as eee a dae eee |
HOUeSIa se: 2 oa ea nee eos i ee | es Se |
FOUMANIA 2. e224 2 eee eee epee 23 ee ee eee
1 Poa CUE PREP oi RE ea ig Sep ket Pap an y= eo eee eee ners
St. Bartholomew. /_-...------- a Sete aah ee eee
DMO rOiR oa. ew hts oe ton LIB ea ee ae oe eee eee
i PUSTAPOS 2225 es eee
Sbrblelena 222.02 28 Sy es ee i eee

Ste Prerremnd Miquelon’) 2222222. 223 52h ee eee eee
SH ENOMIAS Haan =e... - 22k ee) ee ee oe ee

MAMI a VAOreeees soot. |s Se ee eee
Sip alts AM Dyin Cen2) = ee Se eee en ee ee eR MERE Oe ee SF
Ran HOM OMIM O Oe. = nee Se) 2 eA eee
ISI Le ieee en Mel eee ed oor oe oe ee

jaloteibey tans LES He hep es ee ae es Ye eS Sea UAL EE: o
DOE aeIaunala see sanloeeee ele 2. te ee ee eee

(So Tapeh He AC Tey ra Sea Vey ob iy 2 Dey es ee Re ele REP R em ay eS STS 2)

(Sila Diels 19 oe. es OS ee ee ee a Re Se?

1904.

1905.

Packages.

Packages.

For— | From—

For— | From—

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61

Comparative statement of packages received for transiission through the Inter-
national Hachange Service, ete.—Continued

1904. 1905.
Country. Packages. Packages.
For— | From—j| For— | From—
WDPaROTES GEL SHAT B SASS SR Ne a Teen Marco LES 38,702 | 116,087 44, 902 116, 044
LOI tS tl Oar sak meres Sine pe Regedpl oe Ul! LOS lair SLO RAED 1,304 |' 21 916 B07
RUCSTVO TLC Mrmr se: We al PN a tall ROW UB Re A EN SAG ents yn 6600 Pee Sees
\WYTBUOL AE) 2 a nH NA HA ROO ON BES RL 1,920 816 1, 683 484
NVEStOmMMPAtTS tralia. soe eeu be Se andl SI oy VLU) 813 214 639 4
NIN/ THEA Lge NSL TST 0 Fe Se em ee i ae STA SSS MCA dare Call ars ah) Oui Mes aR
AEADPAM OBE 3 mies EW A PO aa ANA PE LO ata RY HH eee A EE OF Mu cs ee

With few exceptions the same arrangements exist for distributing exchanges
in other countries as those mentioned in the previous report, and, although
it is a source of regret that every country does not maintain an official exchange
bureau—among the most important being England, Germany, and Austria-
Hungary—the Institution has been successful in enlisting the services of some
institution of learning or prominent individual in nearly all countries not offi-
cially represented, with the result that means have been found for forwarding
exchanges to every part of the world. On account of the extent of the work,
and various disturbances which are liable to occur, interruptions and delays
are sometimes unavoidable.

China is still considering the proposal to establish an official exchange bureau,
and efforts were recently renewed through the diplomatic service with that end
in yiew, but, pending more satisfactory arrangements, facilities have been
added to the somewhat limited method of distribution. Packages for Shanghai
are now forwarded by post, under frank, through the United States postal agency
in that city, and through the courtesy of the Zi-ka-wei Observatory parcels for
the provinces are distributed with reasonable dispatch.

On account of the difficulty in transporting exchanges from the coast to the
city of Quito all transmissions to Ecuador were suspended for twenty-one
inonths, but through the efforts of the American minister consignments were re-
newed on April 4, 1905, with the mutual understanding that exchanges for
Guayaquil and other coast towns should be packed in separate boxes and dis-
iributed to addressees from the port of entry. This arrangement is only tem-
porary, and, on the completion of a railroad now in course of construction from
Guayaquil to Quito, it is expected that all consignments will be forwarded
direct to the last-mentioned city and thence distributed.

Following is a list of correspondents abroad through which the distribution of
exchanges is accomplished. Most of those in the larger and many in the smaller
countries forward reciprocal contributions to the Smithsonian Institution for
distribution in the United States:

Algeria (via France).

Angola (via Portugal).

Argentina: Museo Nacional, Buenos Ayres.
Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.

Azores (via Portugal). ;

Barbados: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridgetown.

Belgium: Service Belge des Echanges Littéraires Internationaux, Brussels.
Bolivia: Oficina Nacional de Inmigracion, Hstadistica y Propaganda GeogrAfica,

La Paz.

268a—06 M——5

62 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Brazil: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de
Janeiro. :

British Colonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.@

Bulgaria: Dr. Paul Leverkiihn, Sofia.

Canada: Sent by mail.

Canary Islands (via Spain).

Cape Colony: Superintendent of the Government Stationery Department, Cape
Town.

Chile: Universidad de Chile, Santiago.

China: Zi-ka-wei Observatory, Shanghai.

Colombia: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje de Publicaciones, San José.

Denmark: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen.

Dutch Guiana: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo.

Iecuador: Minister of Foreign Relations, Quito.

Fast India: India Store Department, India Office, London.

Egypt: Société Khédiviale de Géographie, Cairo.

France: Bureau Francais des Echanges Internationaux, Paris.

Friendly Islands: Sent by mail.

Germany: Karl W. Hiersemann, Ko6nigsstrasse 3, Leipzig.

Great Britain and Ireland: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex street,
Strand, London.

Greece: Director of the American School of Classical Studies, Athens.

Greenland (via Denmark).

Guadeloupe (via France).

Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Guatemala, Guatemala.

Guinea (via Portugal).

Haiti: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.

Honduras: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa.

Hungary: Dr. Joseph von K6rdsy, “ Redoute,” Budapest.

Iceland (via Denmark).

Italy: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio HEm-
anuele, Rome.

Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.

Japan: Foreign Office, Tokyo.

Java (via Netherlands).

Liberia: Care of American Colonization Society, Washington, D. C.

Luxemburg (via Germany).

Madagascar (via France).

Madeira (via Portugal).

Mexico: Sent by mail.

Mozambique (via Portugal).

Natal: Agent-General for Natal, London.

Netherlands: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de Il’Uni-
versité, Leyden.

New Guinea (via Netherlands).

New Hebrides: Sent by mail.*

Newfoundland: Sent by mail.

New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Sydney.

New Zealand: Colonial Museum, Wellington.

@This method is employed for communicating with a large number of the
British colonies with which no means are available for forwarding exchanges
direct.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63

Nicaragua: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua.

Norway : Kongelige Norske I‘rederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania.
Paraguay: Ministerio de Relaciones Hxteriores, Asuncion.

Persia (via Russia).

Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Deposito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones,

‘Ministerio de Fomento, Lima.

Portugal: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.

Queensland: Hxchange Board, Parliament House, Brisbane.

Roumania (via Germany).

Russia: Commission Russe des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Impériale

Publique, St. Petersburg.

Salvador: Museo Nacional, San Salvador.

Santo Domingo: Sent by mail.

Servia (via Germany ).

Siam: Minister for Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.

South Australia: Astronomicai Observatory, Adelaide.

Spain: Deposito de Libros, Cambio Internacional y Biblioteca General del Min-
isterio de Instruccion Publica y Bellas Artes, Madrid.

‘Sumatra (via Netherlands).

Syria: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York.

Sweden: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm.

Switzerland: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale Cen-
trale, Berne.

Tasmania: Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart.

Tunis (via France).

Turkey: American Board vf Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston.

Uruguay: Oficina de Depdésito, Reparto y Canje Internacional, Montevideo.

Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.

Victoria: Public Library, Melbourne.

Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.

“Zanzibar: Sent by mail.

With the exception of points otherwise inaccessible and those countries with
xyhich the use of the official post-office frank is permitted, parcels sent to foreign
countries during the year were packed in boxes and were forwarded by express or
freight. Of the 2,027 boxes of publications thus sent, 203 contained complete
series of official documents of the United States for designated depositories, and
1,824 boxes contained United States departmental reports and scientific ex-
changes for miscellaneous addresses. The number of boxes of miscellaneous
exchanges sent to each country is given below:

ANTORSSIER BIG)’ 2) Meas she ee ea le page, CIE Te Capers Colony ee slee wie icles 12
ANTEEACTTN LOT Lg ee eee Te ae So CN ar CO Lge cay fy nara een amavis — 4
AN TOPS OPI ea ERR Ee nt Paes Th CO ANT VES ips a aN ae NY OU 25
1 BSSUTEt VEG MONS) a as a ee ee el 2 @OLO map lease Svea wee nh oe ee 6
LBYSU GR CLa A § ee Gre San a ees Sec OZ COS CANS Cae uo eyes anaes ne %
ESCCBUTIME Gh peers se tL kis ea reall bts COULD clr ees ae Sen are saa Ne eh (2)
ENO MIayle pease ee =) A soya ee TO) STAIN AEN? Kae made el eda rece NLS 24
TBHPEVZAt|) ap Se Ra eB es Ss 218) lOyonele Crbbigvae ye oe ee he (°)
Brinshyecolonies. 2. oe ZO AS tiles wae ou eee Nya 33
LSSeTS oh) (Grp aes aa kz pee ei ee ca EaGIU UL EDESS\r Ey lin ha RC ag eV OOO) 1
Brivish, Honduras 22 22-2 5 | France and colonies___________ 177
GENTE GLB Ns SER Sans ne ee ne ae (G2 yes Ge rer amy ie 256

“Packages sent by mail.
6 Included in transmissions to Netherlands.

64 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Great Britain and Ireland_____- S62..( UP OTtO) RICO: 22252 (2)
EGE EYEE a Ss A SUR ag ee a Ms 12 So PORT alle ee outs a 14
\ CTAERIEL G LT, tk ane te Bea asia oy ea dal "Queensland —2 3224 os eee 8
CSU beMn sl apet ee. ee ee |, RouUmMania—-— = se (>)
) IES SRE ae ee A at NE aa i RUSSIAS WU 42
listo eit peer sce ees nee Late (%) | Salvador. 2222 352 ve
VOU IEAS aac ee ae ee So 5. | Santo Domingo == as 3
1S UROVER Wikia) eles 2 ee ee eee 35°, Servia =22---- 2 (>)
1 EVILS el She ER Sere 2 SRE ae 96.) Siam —_...2 2 ae 3
CUEING eee ee 4 | South Australias ae 13
Fl fs Oy S023.) ele a oe) 5 ae ee oo | SDain _2..__ > eee 18
LETH GENETIC BS AE ta SR ee 1 | St. Christopher=2-2 =a
DANES SK EL0 Pete ee SA a (*).| Sweden_=2_-__- 22 eee 59
BN ire eternal ee eee i Se 8 | Switzerland. 56
NewwiLomm dam dia (7) Syria. EEE 2
News SOUL) Wales 22 2 58 hil = ub 24 | Tasmania2222 22 ee 4
INGUIVe aim 0] Shears Chats Ba 40 | Transvaal 220223 eee 4
Newerroyidence =. 5 = 1 | TLrinidadet. 22 2
ING war eal aim diye ae Be 10.) Turkey 225223220 5
UNI Care ore ae ee fs See a 6 | Turks Island= 22) 22 1
NGI 7eh ape ee cs 35.| Uruguay (22-2 eee 13
LESIUP ISSUE ESTA ie a 5 | Venezuela =2- 2-502 2 6
DEAE yO) Pee RG 12.| Victotia’ =2-22222)) Lo
Philippine: lslands-= 22 (2) | Western Austrailia === 14
FOV M Siete re ae A (2)

During the year four consignments of United States Government official pub-
lications were made to each of the fifty depositories for which provision was
made under the joint resolution of Congress approved March 2, 1867. Trans-
missions consisting of one box each were made to each depository on October 1
and December 27, 1904, and on February 28 and April 24, 1905. On the last
date mentioned three additional consignments, comprising complete sets, were
forwarded to Cape Colony, Manitoba, and France, respectively, thus increasing
the number of regular depositories to fifty-three. A list of these depositories
follows:

Argentina: Library of the Foreign Office, Buenos Ayres.
Argentina: Biblioteca Ptiblica Provincial, La Plata.

Australia: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne.
Austria: K, K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.

Baden: Universitiits-Bibliothek, Freiburg.

Bavaria: Konigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich.
Belgium: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels.

Brazil: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.

Canada: Parliamentary Library, Ottawa.

Cape Colony: Government Stationery Department, Cape Town.
Chile: Biblioteca del Congreso, Santiago.

Colombia: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje de Publicaciones, San José.
Cuba: Department of State, Habana.

Denmark: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen.

England: British Museum, London.

a Packages sent by mail.
> Included in transmissions to Germany.

4
*

7

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 65

HWngland: School of Hconomics and Political Sciences, London.

France: Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.

France: Préfecture de la Seine, Paris.

Germany: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin.

Greece: National Library, Athens.

Haiti: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.

Hungary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest.

India: Secretary to the Government of India, Calcutta.

Ireland: National Library of Ireland, Dublin.

Italy: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Hmanuele, Rome.

Japan: Foreign Office, Tokyo.

Manitoba: Provincial Library, Winnipeg.

Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Museo Nacional, Mexico. °

Netherlands: Library of the States General, The Hague.

New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Sydney.

New Zealand: General Assembly Library, Wellington.

Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania.

Ontario: Legislative Library, Toronto.

Peru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

Portugal: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.

Prussia: Konigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.

Quebec: Legislative Library, Quebec.

Queensland: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane.

Russia: Imperial Public Library, St. Petersburg.

Saxony: Konigliche Oeffentliche Eibliothek, Dresden.

South Australia: Parliamentary Library, Adelaide.

Spain: Depdsito de Libros, Cambio Internacional y Biblioteca General del
Ministerio de Instrucci6n Ptiblica y Bellas Artes, Madrid.

Sweden: Kongliga Biblioteket, Stockhoim.

Switzerland: Bibliotheque Fédérale, Berne.

Tasmania: Parliamentary Library, Hobart.

Transvaal: Government Library, Pretoria.

Turkey: Minister of Public Instruction, Constantinople.

Uruguay: Oficina de Depésito, Reparto y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones,
Montevideo.

Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.

Victoria: Public Library, Melbourne.

Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.

Wirttemberg: KOnigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart.

The fifty-three sets of United States official publications referred to were
delivered to the Smithsonian Institution from time to time as they came from
press, and when a sufficient number was received to completely fill the boxes
prepared for them a list was printed to accompany each set, which was then

shipped to its respective destination.

In addition to the above, partial sets were provided under the joint resolu-
tion of Congress approved March 2, 1901, for the purpose of increasing
exchanges with countries for which no provision was made under tlfe limited
resolution of March 2, 1867. The new depositories that had been designated

‘to the close of the fiscal year 1904-5 were as follows:

Austria-Hungary: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt, Vienna.
Bolivia: United States Minister, La Paz.

British Columbia: Legislative Library, Victoria.

Bulgaria: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia.

66 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Ceylon: United States Consul, Colombo.
Egypt: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo.
Germany: Grossherzogliche Hof-Bibliothek, Darmstadt.
Germany: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und auswirtigen Angelegenheiten,
Hamburg.
Germany: Foreign Office, Bremen.
Guatemala: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala.
Honduras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa.
Jamaica: Colonial Secretary, Kingston.
Malta: Lieutenant-Governor, Valetta.
Newfoundland: Colonial Secretary, St. John’s.
New Brunswick: Legislative Library, St. John.
Natal: Colonial Governor, Pietermaritzburg.
Nicaragua: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua.
Nova Scotia: Legislative Library, Halifax.
Northwest Territories: Government Library, Regina.
Orange River Colony: Government Library, Bloemfontein.
Prince Edward Island: Legislative Library, Charlottetown.
Paraguay: Oficina General de Informaciones y Canjes y Commisaria General
de Inmigracion, Asuncion.

Roumania: Academia Romana, Bukharest.
Salvador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.
Straits Settlements: Colonial Secretary, Singapore.
Siam: Foreign Office, Bangkok. oak

As new countries are constantly being added, the partial sets for the depos-
itories designated under the last resolution are not forwarded simultaneously
with those originally provided, but are delivered to the Institution from the
Library of Congress and are dispatched with the next succeeding consign-
ments of miscellaneous exchanges to the respective countries in which the
depositories are situated.

-The agencies in those countries which are supported at the expense of the
Smithsonian Institution are represented by Messrs. William Wesley & Son in

in Leipzig.

To those efficient representatives who aid the Institution in promoting the
interests of the Exchange Service, both at home and abroad, and to Mr.
Charles A. King, deputy collector of the port of New York, grateful acknowl-
edgments are extended. ;

Respectfully submitted.

F.. W. Honce, Acting Curator

Mr. S. P. LANGLEY,

Secretary Smithsonian Institution.

Apprenpix LY.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL
PARK.

Str: I have the honor to submit the following report relating to the condition
and operation of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1905.

New house for mammals.—The principal work that has been prosecuted during
the year for the advancement of the park has been that upon the new house for
mammals. The structural ironwork was completed about December i, 1904, and
the tile roof was finished about May i, 1905. This rocf was ornamented by
terra-cotta finials after models designed by Mrs. Kemeys. A large conduit for
heating and ventilating purposes was constructed under the long axis of-the
building. The amount expended from the appropriation for the year will reach
about $10,000. As the building is situated near the edge of a steep declivity, a
heayy fill of earth supported by a retaining wall will be required on the eastern
side in order to accommodate the necessary cages and walks. The plastering of
this building, the interior and exterior cages, and the woodwork still remain to
be done. It is hoped to occupy the building during the coming winter. Con-
siderable delays occur from the difficulty of getting suitable mechanics for the
work.

Temporary bird house.—To accommodate the birds kept during the summer
in the large flying cage, as well as those received from the St. Louis Hxposition,
two additions were made to this building. A large indoor cage was fitted up
for quail, thrushes, cardinals, etc., and another for finches and other small
species, the latter communicating with an outdoor cage. Yards were con-
structed for the north African and Somali ostriches received from the Presi-
dent, and concrete floors were constructed for several of the larger indoor
cages. The total cost of the alterations and extensions was about $1,200.

Carnivora house.—A new boiler for the heating apparatus was put in with
satisfactory results. Considerable repairs were made to the metal roof, and the
ironwork of the outside cages was thoroughly cleaned and repainted, all at a
cost of about $800.

Temporary bear cages—As funds were wanting for the construction of the
permanent dens designed for the collection of bears, the small cages in which
those animals are now confined were rearranged so as to give better facilities
for drainage. Drains were laid, gutters constructed, and screens planted.

Inclosures for burrowing rodents——The inclosures heretofore used for this
purpose at the park have hitherto not been satisfactory, being badly located
and permitting the escape of the animals. Two new inclosures that have proved
very satisfactory have been made during the year. One of these, for prairie
dogs, was formed by excavating the earth to a depth of 44 feet, paving and
grouting the bottom, and then filling in with gravelly earth. Another, for
woodchucks, was not excavated so deeply and was closed at the bottom with
telford pavement. The cost-of the two inclosures was about $500.

Repairs to inclosures.—Most of the inclosures in the park are made by wire
fencing, which has now been in use from five to eight years. In the course of

67

68 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

this time the wire has become seriously weakened by rust in spite of all
efforts made for its preservation. A general reconstruction of the fences and
paddocks will soon be necessary. During the year considerable repairs have
been given to the fences inclosing the deer and the yak, and an additional in-
closure and shelter has been made for deer. ; ;

Public comfort rooms.—The park is still deficient in suitable public comfort
rooms for the accommodation of the public, especially for women and children,
and this is especially felt on holidays, when the park is crowded. On Waster
Monday thousands of children, with their parents and nurses, remain at the
park nearly all day, and the accommodations are wholly insufficient. During
the past year the rooms for women have been more than doubled, but they are
still too small. <A building is badly needed in which a public comfort room
and restaurant could be combined.

Seats and benches.—During the past year a special clause for the purchase
of seats was inserted in the act making general appropriations for the park.
One hundred and sixty movable seats and 380 stationary benches were made
and distributed throughout the park at points where they may be convenient
for the public.

Coniferous trees.—The park received during the year an important gift of
coniferous trees from Mr. Lowell M. Palmer, of Stamford, Conn. These com-
prise some thousands of specimens of different species. They will be planted
in appropriate situations, and it is believed that they will eventually greatly
add to the natural beauty of the park.

New survey and map.—The map which was prepared early in the history of
the park has gradually become almost useless because of the nimerous altera-
tions that have been made. More accurate and abundant detail was also
required in order that work might be always effectively planned. For this
reason ‘i vew survey was made and a map prepared of the most important, part
of the park, covering about 40 acres. This map shows all trees, shrubbery,
water and sewer pipes, and every detail of configuration practicable to express
on its scale, which is 50 feet to the inch. Such a survey should be extended to
the entire park.

Important accessions.—The following animals were received by gift:

From the President: One zebra, 1 lion, 2 gelada baboons, 1 north African
ostrich, 1 Somali ostrich (from the King of Abyssinia), 1 female jaguar (from
EB. It. Plumacher, American consul at Maracaibo, Venezuela), also several small
mammals, an eagle, etc.

From FE. H. Plumacher, American consul, Maracaibo, Venezuela: Twenty-two
specimens, including a young jaguar, 2 ocelots, 2 monkeys, 2 rough foxes, several
parrots, etc.

From the Hon. H. G. Squiers, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary to Cuba: Hight specimens, including 3 Cuban deer and a hawk-bill turtle.

From Admiral Robley D. Evans, U. 8. Navy: One Philippine deer.

There were procured for the park by Dr. F. W. Goding, American consul at
Neweastle, New South Wales: Fifteen specimens, including 8 kangaroos, 1
female Tasmanian devil (to complete pair), 1 male Tasmanian wolf (to com-
plete pair), 2 brush turkeys, 2 Australian cranes, and some smaller birds.

From J. N. Ruffin, American consul at Asuncion, Paraguay: One young jaguar,
2 capybaras, 2 coypus, and a king vulture. ;

By exchange there were received from New York Zoological Park: One llama,
1 mandrill baboon, 1 hornbill, 2 crowned cranes.

From the Zoological Garden at Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic: One pair
guanacos, 1 pair peccaries, 1 hairy armadillo, 1 female rhea (to complete pair),
1 pair upland geese, 1 crested screamer, 2 rufous tinamou.

Smithsonian Report, 1905. PLATE II

NORTH AFRICAN OSTRICH PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT BY THE KING OF ABYSSINIA.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 69
‘
|

It has been found extremely difficult to make satisfactory arrangements for
transportation from distant South American ports. The steamship companies
refuse to receive animals without prepayment of transportation charges, which
in the case of the United States Government is impracticable. Certain ship-
ments of animals from Buenos Ayres are now waiting until some satisfactory
adjustment can be made.
Through exchange with the New Zealand government (arranged by the
President and mentioned in 1904 report) 8 roe deer were received. Ten
elk, a number of birds, and several small mammals were delivered to the rep-
resentatives of the New Zealand government in February and are understood
to have reached their destination safely. The elk were desired for propagating
purposes.
Births.—The births, 1384 in number, included 1 American bison, 7 elk, 4 mule
deer, 2 Columbian black-tailed deer, 3 Virginia deer, 2 fallow deer, 2 Barbary
sheep, 1 Brazilian tapir, 23 blue foxes, 7 dingo, 9 gray wolves, several kanga-
roos, various rodents, ete.; also about 30 young of night heron and other birds
which nested in the flying cage. The wild turkeys which were hatched in the
spring of 1904 have run at large, and 6, together with the hen, still remain in
the park.
Deaths.—Gastro-intestinal troubles was the chief cause of death of animals
and included 2 young jaguars and several other cats, 2 Tasmanian zebra wolves,
a Rocky Mountain sheep, a cassowary, several flamingos, and various other
birds and small mammals. A number of blue foxes were lost from uncinaria
and two from ascaris canis.
Deaths from tuberculosis, though less in number, included more large ani-
mals, among those lost being 1 bison cow, 1 nilghai, 1 red deer, 7 roe deer, 2
elk, and + monkeys. The majority of these animals had recently come into
the collection and were undoubtedly affected with the disease when received.
Three monkeys were lost from osteomalacia, or “ cage paralysis,” and a tinamou
from pulmonary aspergillosis.
Two elk and 1 prong-horn antelope were lost from accident, due in the latter
case to fright.
Autopsies were made as heretofore by the pathologists of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, either at the park, in the case of large animals, or at the
laboratory of the Bureau in the case of the smaller kinds.
Readjustment of bouwndaries.—An item was again submitted in the estimates
for $60,000 to purchase the land between the park and thenew highways estab-
lished along the eastern and western sides of the park. (Public Act, April 28,
1904, ‘For the opening of connecting highways on the easteand west sides of
the Zoological Park, District of Columbia.”) No action was taken by Con-
gress.
. Hxrhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Haposition.—This was successfully main-
tained throughout the season with comparatively little loss. Two keepers were
employed during the summer and autumn, The exhibit closed about the middle
of November on account of cold weather, the birds being removed and trans-
ferred to the National Zoological Park. The cage was purchased by the city
of St. Louis at its appraised value.

Personnel.—The fixed force of the park numbers about 82 persons, of whom
8 are assigned to the administration, 29 to the care of animals, 20 to the mechan-
ical department, 18 to the care of grounds, and 7 to the watch. Considerable
difficulty has been found in obtaining suitable men for positions of keepers of
animals. To be effective in this duty it is necessar# to be quick, active, always
alert, neither timorous nor venturesome, and to have a natural aptitude for

70 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Cleanliness. These are qualities that are considerably beyond what is required

of a common laborer.
The keepers are divided into three classes receiving compensation as follows:
Per month.

Mirst..class.o2- 2 ius ee ee ee eee eee $65. 00
Second: class=2 2 2222 2:3 22) se ee 62. 50
Mhird class «.2222--este esse. eee ee eee ee 60. 00

These men allege that their service is extra hazardous, that they are usually
required to work on Sundays and holidays, and that since the cost of living has
advanced considerably of recent years some advance should be made in their
wages.

Hospital and laboratory.—At present the park has no adequate provision for
the care of sick animals nor for the quarantining of those believed to be atf-
fected with contagious or infectious diseases. When ill the animals remain in
the exhibition cages, their sufferings being displayed to the public, and enhanced
by the disturbance which necessarily goes on about them, or, if removed from
their cages, they are placed in unsuitable quarters where they are subject to
annoyance and far from comfortable. Several cases of contagious disease have
been rapidly propagated to several animals for want of means of promptly
isolating the first suspected case. There is need for a suitable building placed
in a secluded part of the grounds where animals can be properly isolated, and
treated.

Connected with this there should ‘be a laboratory in which proper examina-
tion can be made of the pathological and anatomical material that may come to
hand. But very little is known concerning the diseases that affect wild animals
and the parasites that associate themselves with them. An extension of our
knowledge in this direction would undoubtedly be of benefit to those who are
studying the diseases of man.

In other countries the most significant scientific function of collections of
living animals has been the advancement of knowledge with regard to the
structure, habits, and activities of animals. Nearly all such knowledge has
been derived from zoological collections of a character similar to that of the
National Zoological Park. For example, in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris,
investigations have been carried on since the middle of the eighteenth century
by men who achieved, in this way, a world-wide fame, such as Duverney,
Daubenton, Buffon, Cuvier, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, and Milne Edwards; in the
garden of the Zoological Society of London worked Owen, Flower, Huxley,
Sclater, Beddard, and many others; the garden at Berlin afforded Hartmann
material for his work on anthropoid apes, and it was at the Amsterdam garden
that Fiirbringer was able to prepare his monumental work on the structure of
birds. The collections of the National Zoological Park should be utilized in
a similar way.

It is thought that a modest hospital and laboratory, similar to the one recently
established at the zoological garden in Philadelphia, can be built and equipped
at a cost of about $8,000. At the New York Zoological Park an institution of
this kind is about to be erected which will probably cost considerably more.

Roads and paths—Yhe park is much frequented by carriages. Lying, as
it does, along the valley of Rock Creek, it affords the most convenient and pleas-
ant access to the Rock Creek Park that lies north of it, and the main driveway
in that park communicates directly with the principal road in the National
Zoological Park. On this account it is of especial advantage to the public that
the roadways in the National Zoological Park should always be in good con-

‘VINISSATY JO ONIN AHL Ad LNAGISSYd AHL OL GALNASSYd VYEAZ SiAAZYH

*ALJDIWI G06 | ‘Hodey ue;uosypIWUS

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. fai

dition. This is not easy, as the descent into the valley of the creek is so abrupt
that the surface of the roads and walks is washed away at every heavy rain.
Considerable damage of this kind is done every year, and this entails a constant
expense for the repair of the roads and walks. Some of the walks on the
steeper slopes should:-be laid in concrete, which, although more expensive, would
be cheaper in the end.

The portion of the park about the Quarry road entrance is in very bad con-
dition, owing to the fact that the roads and grades exterior to the park have
been recently changed and that no permatent improvements can be made
within the park until the exterior changes are completed. It is hoped that
Sufficient funds may be appropriated to perniit the park to take up the work
effectively and place all the roads and walks in a suitable condition.

Shade trees and forestry.—Owing to the pressure of other matters, but little
attention has been paid to the natural forest in the park. This should, however,
be carefully gone over and properly thinned and preserved, as it is one of the
principal attractions sought by the public. The trees planted for the shade of
the walks and seats are not at present sufficient, and considerable additional
planting should be done. It is highly desirable that this should be accomplished
as soon as possible, as the trees would increase in beauty and size year by year.

Schools, etc.; visiting the park.—Since October 15, 1904, a record has been
kept of the various schools and other organizations visiting the park. Up to’
June 380, 1905, there were 65 classes from normal and other schools, including
9 from out of town, with 1,551 pupils; 7 classes from Sunday schools, including
2 from out of town, with 481 pupils; and 20 miscellaneous organizations,
including 4 from out of town, with 595 persons.

Animals in the collection.

Indige- : |Domesti-
ware Foreign. | cated. | Total.
BVESU TTY call heparan EDL 3 oS op pb 2 GS eee pee 321 173 68 562
IBIS) O22 5 Ale es Sela RS Ne oon eras ee pee RR 366 218 52 636
IRGOUIIGS -- 52 e5 a4 eee ee hs eee ee, Sea ee Secor ae 95 Ue eee 109:
MI Bel@mserte te ets Sr teat aie ee ase ARERR NA fu 8 Noe ee Ue 782 405 120 1,307

PER TEES TIT Clipart eek ee 2 sa I ART ERM Looe CE Tall LES 90
FSU Mt Se Cami Ce COLLECT CG see esi ates se Eee OE NS Se aD 223
ALOT ST | eet ey Nn VASES A VS ROE Sh ETE CY MIAN ANE nen tte 6
FERED (GES TAVZE> Cd TTD © CE LEAT Ne Ess es SLE a ao ek De ee 37
Origine ional: HOOlociCal (Parks 322 amie = ee ee eee 134
Received from exhibit at Louisiana Purchase HPxposition_________________ 128

Cost for purchase, collection, and transportation of above, $3,100.

72

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Animals presented during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905.

Name. Donor.
Rhesus monkey ------------ Miss Justine Ingersoll, New Haven, Conn-_.-.-.__..-._-----
Pig-tailed monkey ---------|----- GOs ai sc=cisedes eb deen newer Cea sane aah ee
Gelada baboon -..---------- The President... 2 4. oS ee eee
Spider monkey.------------- E. H. Plumacher, United States consul, Maracaibo, Vene-
zuela.
Capuchin. +24 229-2 pee slse ee GO. = sess veeduesgsia hues ee Be eee
TON See he ge en The President. -..4- sos 5e se. sn Sent. osc eoseee ane
COUSET Ae as eee i. .C. Hill, Cananea, Mexico)... .. 2). 25152 222
Bo 1c ae eae ae eee Ses Ba GP E. H. Plumacher, United States consul, Maracaibo, Vene-*
zuela.
WCRIOts (oo ose sen eee cee ee eee | ee GOs 2 teh on oh cone Seeeec eens. ocokeh eset ee ee
Spotted lynx, 24 3es aes Sam Mustain; Carbo; Mexico: =-- 2. $2222 --2-- 22 ecen sss eee
MOUs) LOX, s20-= 2-2 2 e eee E. H. Plumacher, United States consul, Maracaibo, Vene-
zuela.
Kinkajow =: ....-<0:-i.2c..1.] Dr. David T: Day; Washington; Di C__..2:1. 222
Gray coati-mundi ---------- George P. Gall, Washington, D.C + 24242 2.:..2Le eee
Raccoon y sso ale sea The Presidentsi- su. sete. edo sak oo ee i nae oes
YG eM a de a Melba E ae T.. W.\dwards, Leesburg, Via...-2-4-2-22.-2 2 ee
DGS eel cok Peewee Mrs, C.. Wileoxen,. Frederick, Md _._-.-.--- saps ae
DOs ee ee eee te eee J.D. J. O'Connor, Washington, DiC 2.2. 2-2
arbour sealices--oeec sen. Bureau of Fisheries exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition.
Somalizebra ese eee | ‘Phe Presiden! 22.02. $2224 222 .22242208. 22
Philippine deer-_-_-_-------- Rear-Admiral R. D. Evans, U.S. Navy --------------------
<vubanideer Suse oye ees | Hon. H. G. Squiers, envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary to Cuba, Habana, Cuba.
@ommonigoat) .22-=.-.---- Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, the White House_-_-_-.__--.-------
Siberian hamster ----------| Mrs..E. N. Fell, Narcoossee, Fla _-..-.----.--2.--2525eee
Hiitia-congay--2-2-2---2--2-2 Hon. H. G@. Squiers, envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary to Cuba, Habana, Cuba.
Common opossum ---.------ Mire-President 2-2-2 hse Se eres BEM
Wanarys Sans terss: Sees ate Miss Hmma Cook, Washington, D: C ..---..-.2..2 22
Ml bino CLOW! ess. Ae. - = Prof: A. A Surface, Harrisburg, Pa 922
Keel-billed toucan_-_-__.____- E. H. Plumacher, United States consul, Maracaibo, Ven-

Yellow-shouldered amazon
Blue-fronted amazon-_-----.
Sulphur-crested cockatoo_-
Banpiow lets ee) nk ot:

Screech owl
Golden eagle_.....--..------
Sparrow hawk
Venezuelan hawk

Red-tailed hawk--....-------
Black vulttres: sate senaee

Daubenton’s curassow
WME TOW case seobawe eee
European quail
Little blue heron
North African ostrich---.--
Somali ostrich

zuela.

Samuel Ross, Washineton, D./C.2--2-. 2-2 2-2 ee
F..S. Tyler, Washington, D. C __.--.--!..¢eet (ssa ee
E. S. Schmid, Washington, D. C
George R. Moberly, Frederick, Md-.-.-..-.-...-----.-------«
Adam 'S. Richter, Accident, Md. ---.....-. ote
No.6 Hngine Co:, Washington, D: C __.-__..-.- 222s
Prot. Ho A. Surtace, Harrisburg, Pa-_*... 2 eee
The Presidentiesesis.5) - LY sss 22k bo Se
Miss Beryl Macauley, Washington, D. C ___..--....--------
E. H. Plumacher, United States consul, Maracaibo, Vene-
zuela.
Mr Wehrle, Indiana. Pato). cee. ee ee
E. H. Plumacher, United States consul, Maracaibo, Vene-
zuela.

INS Wood. Wiashin ston) D. Ol 22255 ee eee
Drak? A. halph, Washing tons 1Ce.- S226 a. eee
Nathan Dronenburg, Washington, D. C....-...---.--------
Whe Presidente ys 2os see Se eeere ee ees oe ober ae

Number.

HH ew

WEEP HEHE WHEE EHD

a

HE Hw ww

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

73

Animals presented during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905—Continued.

Respectfully submitted.

Name. Donor. Number.

lion tonnes se so. 222) Lk GeboHowardy washing tony pC ees panne ener 1

/ IDO... 5-68 Se Mrs: MeC@allan, Washington, D. © -_--___._.-2-.---- 222... 5

Mexican tortoise -_--------- HO Mathows» barra: sVMexiconuss.e se). 2seeee eis ee see 2

Gopher turtle -__.__._-_---. DTA Ke GHISheT. AWiaShin TOM. DCs. = oun eee Sula il

Hawksbill turtle---.-------- Hon. H. G. Squiers, envoy extraordinary and minister 1
plenipotentiary to Cuba, Habana, Cuba.

LSTUGHTE) Le eee ee ee E. H. Plumacher, United States consul, Maracaibo, Vene- 2

zuela.

Comibilizard <=... -2.------52 Hon. H. G. Squiers, envoy extraordinary and minister i
plenipotentiary to Cuba, Habana, Cuba.

Cian zar dea es ee ee CLO ON ee UN sere ns rare a ema a relat TN Ne re kas iL

Banded rattlesnake _____-_-- Wim Hy Benton, Washington) Dy Cllltis 2 ee ats ee 1

Common bores 2s2 2. 22-8 E. H. Plumacher, United States consul, Maracaibo, Vene- 3

zuela.

Cuban tree boa ____._____--- | Hon. H. G. Squiers, envoy extraordinary and minister 1
| plenipotentiary to Cuba, Habana, Cuba.

Ballisna@ke 2 eens - 2s. bo 2 Jas. Fullerton, Red Lodge, Mont __--.---.------.---.------- i

iplacksnaykers 0. 252 2 ee CG KS SI SN LN GI AE HL ce ee AG Serene 1

DOs. ceses eee DNB Wiheeler Washine tony) Cases essa e eee ee ee il

DOs SS a et CAEP OCC Sr to lTS: Os Cease see ee ae ere ae ae | 1

SUMMARY.

Number.

BASEN GS) OB LANE AGG Sew Bid Se BS a a ee, See ee tee 1,111

PRCECS MONS GULITE HHO Ver rae. Lt se eek eS tints SS RON yah eho Te Re san Ee ee aor 618

“TRG HE ate Ea npn aos ee Lg ra US SR ORIEL eR eh Sh Yar yoga 1,729

Deduct loss (by exchange, death, and returning of animals)-___..___-__--.....-.---------- 422

1,307

FRANK BAKER, Superintendent.

Mr. S. P. LANGLEY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.

APPENDIX V.

REPORT OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVA-
TORY FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1905.

Sir: The equipment of the Astrophysical Observatory is now valued as
follows:

Buildings: 202280 222 ee ee $7, 400
Apparatus 22.12.5420 2s ee ee EE ee 45, 300
Library and records. 22222452402) a 7, 200

During the year three wooden shelters, covering, respectively, the ccelostat,
the long focus concave mirror, and the bolographic outfit for observing the solar
image, have been erected at a cost of $1,135. This item is chargeable to the
appropriation for the fiscal year ending June 30,1904. The fence around the Ob-
seryatory lot has been renewed at a cost of $554. By permission of the park
authorities the Observatory inclosure was at the same time enlarged on the
east and south, and now contains 15,300 square feet.

Apparatus chiefly for use in a proposed expedition to a high altitude obsery-
ing station has been procured at a cost of $3,862. Of this sum, $2,527 is
chargeable to the appropriation for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904. Usual
periodicals have been continued, a few books of reference have been purchased,
and about 118 volumes have been collated and bound, at a total cost of $369.

No losses of property beyond usual wear and tear have occurred during the
year.

Changes in personnel.—In the latter half of 1904 Dr. S. A. Mitchell was em-
ployed three months as temporary assistant on stellar radiation experiments.

Richard Norris resigned March 31, 1905.

By request of the Chief of the Weather Bureau Mr. H. H. Kimball was
assigned to the Observatory temporarily for a period beginning May 1, 1905,
in order that he might learn the methods of bolographic observation employed
here.

Mr. L. R. Ingersoll was engaged for three months, beginning May 10, 1905, as
temporary assistant for the Mount Wilson expedition.

Joseph Dwyer, messenger, was engaged April 1, 1905.

WORK OF THE OBSERVATORY.

For convenience I describe the work of the Observatory under the following
headings :

(1) Observations at Washington on the variability of the sun.

(2) Miscellaneous work.

(3) Expedition to Mount Wilson in California.

(1) OBSERVATIONS AT WASHINGTON ON THE VARIABILITY OF THE SUN.

As indicated in your paper, “On a possible variation of the solar radia-
tion,’ @ and summarized in my last year’s report, our observations of several
years, but especially of the year 1908, have tended to produce the belief that
the total radiation of the sun may vary in comparatively brief periods, these
variations of solar radiation being irregular in period, but tolerably frequent

a Astrophysical Journal, June, 1904, and London, Edinburg, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine, July, 1904.

74

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5

and large enough to produce considerable changes of the earth’s mean
temperature.

During the past year the work of the Observatory has been chiefly directed
toward testing the supposed variability of the sun and increasing our knowl-
edge of it. As I have said in my last report, this investigation has three main
branches as follows:

First. The determination of the intensity and variation of the total solar
radiation reaching the outer limit of our atmosphere. Second, the examination
of the distribution of solar radiation over the sun’s disk for the purpose of
detecting changes of absorption in the solar envelope. Third, the reduction
of temperature measurements from numerous meteorological stations to note
departures of the temperature of the earth from its mean.

General view of the results thus far obtained since January, 1902.

Before reporting fully this year’s work I give in the accompanying chart,
Plate V, a general view of the results of the last two and a half years
touching this question. ‘Three series of observations are represented in the
chart, namely :

A. Average departures from mean temperature for 89 stations distributed
over the North Temperate Zone, represented by the full line at the top of the
diagram.

B. The transmission of the solar envelope for radiations of wave length
0.50% ¢ (green), aS computed from spectrobolometric observations of the sun’s
disk at Washington, represented by the line at the middle of the diagram.

C. The solar radiation outside the earth’s atmosphere as computed from
spectrobolometric observations at Washington, represented by the lower line of
the diagram.

As the observations of type B and earlier ones of type C are frequently
separated by long intervals of time, the lines connecting the points should not
be interpreted as necessarily indicating the intervening values of the quantity
observed. ©

Observations of the solar constant taken in Washington are seldom of a satis-
factory character, owing to the scarcity of days when uniform transparency of
the atmosphere persists for the several hours required for the determinations.
Accordingly only a few of the observations of type © are entitled to great
weight, and these are designated in the diagram by the letter G to denote it.
Observations of good character, but less satisfactory than these first, are desig-
nated by M, denoting medium weight. A still less perfect class, to which, un-
fortunately, most of the observations of 1904 and 1905 belong, is designated by
the letter L, signifying of little weight. Some observations still less satisfactory
than these I have omitted from the diagram as deserving no weight at all.

Considering now the diagram it will be seen that early in the year 1903 there
was a long-continued period of abnormally high terrestrial temperature, and
this was followed by a still longer period of abnormally low temperature. Cor-
responding well with this state of affairs are the observations of total solar
radiation, and these observations are fortunately almost all of great, or at least
medium, weight. In September, 1903, a single observation of the transmission
of the solar envelope was made, and this, compared with others of more recent
date, is low, indicating that diminished transparency of the solar envelope was
the probable reason for the small amount of radiation and low temperature
observed at the same time.

In the year 1904 there was no long-continued period of abnormal temperature

@Results of a similar trend are obtained for all wave lengths, and this wave
length is chosen merely in illustration.

76 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

departure comparable with those noted in 1903. So far as there were notable
variations from the mean in the temperature of the North Teniperate Zone,
these occurred in January and February, and in October and November of 1904.
On the whole, these departures are confirmatory of the indications of the spec-
tro-bolometric determinations of total radiation for the same periods, but these
results, owing to scarcity of good weather, are lamentably inadequate. Still,
a medium-weight observation of June indicates average temperature and is
followed by it; a first-class observation of October 5 indicates high temperature
and is followed by it, and a medium-weight observation of October 22, indicating
low temperature, is followed by it. Prior to December there are only two
observations of solar transmission, of which the first, a high value, comes just
at the end of a period of high temperature, while the second, a low yalue, in
November, comes just preceding a short period of low temperature. In Decem-
ber higher values are found and higher temperatures follow.

The temperature departures of the first half of 1905 also present no such
favorable opportunity for comparison with solar radiation phenomena as was
presented in 1903. The data on total solar radiation have not been fully re-
duced as yet, so that they appear still more meager than in former years, and
-more so than they will after all returns are in. But the weather seldom per-
minitted satisfactory solar constant determinations at Washington in the first
half of 1905. Those observations here given fall in fairly well, as will be
seen, with the record of temperature departures. Observations of the solar
transmission have been made very frequently since December, 1904, and are as
« rule nearly average values and indicative of average temperatures, and thus
in accord with the facts for the North Temperate Zone. Increasing yalnes in
December and January and diminishing ones in February and in April and
May have their counterparts in the temperature curve for the North Temperate
Zone. The temporarily lower values in June find no counterpart in the tem-
peratures of the North Temperate Zone, but a fall of temperature may possibly
be shown early in July.

Taking all the facts together we find high values of solar radiation and solar
transmission preceding and accompanying high temperatures of the North
Temperate Zone; low values of solar radiation and solar transmission preced-
ing and accompanying low temperatures of the North Temperate Zone, and
intermediate values of these solar phenomena accompanying intermediate ter-
restrial temperatures. The evidence at hand is still too fragmentary to pro-
duce full conviction, but subject to later confirmation or rejection, as further
work shall prove, the results obtained thus far strongly indicate that the
transparency of the solar envelope varies at irregular intervals, with conse-
quent fiuctuations of the solar radiation transmitted to the earth, and that
this in turn affects the mean temperature of the earth.

Observations of 1904-5.

(a) Solar constant work.—Determinations of the radiation reaching the
earth’s surface, both in toto and for separate wave lengths, have been made
at all times when conditions permitted, and have been reduced as in former
years to give the transmission of our atmosphere, and the total radiation
reaching its outer limit. As above stated the number of days when the sky
has continued satisfactorily uniform for this purpose have been few, and besides
owing to the press of observing and computing work it has not been possible
to compute all the results as yet, so that on both accounts the tables which
follow are more than usually meager. Table 1 gives in continuation of similar
tables in preceding reports the transmission of the atmosphere at various wave
lengths for vertical rays.

Papa yh Gast

IN Z
Pee Ove
Eee eT
4

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IN

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|

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Smithsonian Report, 1905

“TYWHYHON WOXS
SYNLywvdsd AYNLVYeadW3aL

©
uw)

A ro)

(SO Lv) *ad0713”AN3

a nt & = =

JAN. | FEB.! MAR.! APR.| MAY | JUNE !IJULY JAUG.! SEP, |OCT. | NOV. | DEC.1JAN.} FEB

1903

43 8

fo) Peas

— MD 4
Niue cee 0) 28
O aj ni a od a Md re nu - o-

AVT1OS AO NOISSINSNVSL “AYAHdDSOWLVY SHLYYWS
TVSDILYSA 3O LNIAIDISSSOD AQ J3GISLNO NO!ILVIGVY Awvi190S

SOLAR RADIATION AND

ee ee

PLATE V.

ae
iil
ee
nae
'
a
ie
re
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Bee nese clog ee
Of
~

/ XN
s 5 ee Se Oa
ae Ee eal

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‘ ob 0
‘w [—6

1905
.| APR.| MAY | JUNE! JULY} AUG. ] SEP. 1 OCT. | NOV.] DEC.] JAN.| FEB.] MAR.| APR. | MAY | JUNE] JULY

SSTRIAL TEMPERATURE.

COEFFICIENT OF VERTICAL TEMPERATURE DEPARTURE
FROM NORMAL

TRANSMISSION OF SOLAR

SOLAR RADIATION OUTSIDE OF
EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

ENVELOPE. (AT 0.5*4)

Smithsonian

+4°C

Report, 1905.

PLaTE V.

[2
D

Tt

—_————

| 5 L
a el AS
| I LA
G t Te \ | = va |
SA |
ele | |
1 eee aaa EB
i é VLBA
is | Li | a See
1903 i e s 1904
JAN. | FEB.! MAR! APR.| MAY IUUNE JULY | AUG.| SEP, |ocT. | Nov. | DEC.| JAN.) FEB.! MAR.I APR.| May | une] guLv}AUG.| SEP.! ocT. | Nov.! DEC. Gane FEB.| MAR.| APR. | MAY | JUNE! JULY

SoLAR RADIATION AND TERRESTRIAL TEMPERATURE.

TABLE 1.— Coefficients

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

4

of atmospheric transmission for radiation from zenith

' Sun.
MB Mw pe ie Me Me we Me ie be

Wiaviewenmctia soe ve ree 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.20 1.60

Date. Transmission coefficients for unit air mass.

1904.
September 22s. -2.. 2... 2c 2: 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 0.90
Ovoryolaeir 5). 5 See ee eee .48 .58 . 65 Sif . 80 . 84 . 86 87 89 90
WMCTOWCTION oe se . 60 72 .78 . 86 90 .98 | .94 95 97 .98
Movember 6.2... .2-2225 2.2 54 . 62 . 65 14 . 8d .88 .90 . 90 91 91

1905.
Honey. 8 os sse nL bee aoe . 63 . 68 slit 81 85 87 88 91 . 92
SJ(aVS) 3} NS ee ea 45 5D . 63 74. 80 . 84 87 .89 . 92 96
Aieuaye\ 2} A SS eB Ree ee 48 54 . 62 710 76 . 82 . 84 . 86 .89 91
AN WHOS) ZY G25: 22 0 ea ER NIE 45 .DD . 63 74 .80 . 84 87 .89 . 92 . 96

VEG carne I as el a eels .510 | .605| .670| .762| .822| .860| .880| .892] .914 . 930

The mean results will be found to lie extremely near the corresponding ones
for the’year 1903—4, so that no further discussion of them seems necessary.

In Table 2 are given the values computed for the solar constant of radiation
outside our atmosphere, in continuation of the series published in former years.
The method of computation and the assumptions on which it is based have been
siven in preceding reports and are substantially those employed by you many

years ago at Allegheny.

TABLE 2.—Values of the solar constant of radiation outside the earth’s atmos-
phere from Washington observations.

Solar radiation per
square centime-
ter per minute—

Date. tae ee ietaeetleee | mg See EG
: earth’s comoctod
surface. solar dis-

tance.

1904. h. m. Cal. Cal.
Seppemaber 22ic. ec sstwy Oo eae Se eee Indifferent. ------ 3 17 1.97 1.25 2.20
TDG cen eee ee ee es Pere sey | eee (CO neeiee seen 4 22 3.09 .99 2.22
FO CEOMOIN Dar a ute a as NS eS ees See Excellent -_------- 2 21 1.72 1.14 2.31
1D). See ee eee ere i, es (CIO eee, 4 15 3.37 74 2.33
OCrOMCINOl ss Lh Se Lo eS eee Ee oe Goode erences 1 6 1.65 1.42 2.03
SD) () ars Oe Do So ee See alee (0 Coy essa 2 12 1.91 1,39 2.05
MMOmenNWOI Op ne iae5-22..15-25 Sane eeseee os | Indifferent_---.-.| 2 28 2.59 1.08 1.89
Bierce. Ts A ie [SACs fc ea 2 54) 3.00 .92 1.99

1905. |

IDG] OFTEN 1 Sees se eee AS ee eres Good\=. se Alpe 1.78 1.30 2.03
ID Yo. hes AS aye Se Se Ae Ro SOE 9 RT eres do esas es 2 51 2.59 1.09 2.04
SiGGaVs) Biss cee pe Ne Re wee ferrets | Indifferent-_-_-_-.-- 2 36) 1.25 1.32 2.20
TD Yo) 5 pee ih co seas ape eS og Ges Osea OEMs 4 33 1.96 1.07 2.17
AURA Se ee ee eS Ns pk enon era ee eae Co Kop y ey e Eaey 1 58 1.15 1.35 2.18
DD Qt sole i Aak a Di BOR ee 2 ASE 2 Co Ke Ri) era 3 40 1.52 1.19 2.18

268s—06 m 6

78 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

The rating of the character of the observation is made chiefly by inspection
of the logarithmic plots used in determining the atmospheric transmission,
similar to those published facing page SO of your report for the year ending
June 30, 19038. On an excellent day the observations thus plotted, like those
just referred to, lie close to representative straight lines, but such days are
unfortunately very rare in Washington, and especially within the last two
years, owing in part to building and other operations producing smoky and non-
uniform atmospheric conditions. The bearing of the results given in Table 2
on the question of the variability of the sun has already been given.

3efore leaving the subject of solar constant observations it may well be
remarked that Mr. Fowle has published within the year a valuable paper giv-
ing a comparison between the solar constant values deduced by the method of
homogeneous rays and those deduced for. the same days by the old method of
high and low sun observations of the total radiation of the sun by the
actinometer alone. This old method, the method of Pouillet, gives necessarily
too low results, as you long ago demonstrated.?

What is valuable in Mr. Fowle’s paper is that he shows that the defect is
almost constant at Washington, no matter what the time of the year, the trans-
parency of the air, or the humidity, provided the extrapolation is made with
moderate solar zenith distances. Thus if observations be made in Washington
with the actinometer alone and extrapolated by the aid of a logarithmic plot
to the limits of the atmosphere, and a correction of 14 per cent is then ‘added,
the result will be practically the same as if the spectrobolometric method
had been used. If additional measurements should confirm this result (that
°. constant difference between the two methods holds here and at other locali-
ties), then the process of detecting variations in solar radiation outside our
atmosphere would be much easier, for it could be made to depend on actinometer
ineasures alone, and, indeed, old series of observations made years ago could
be utilized.

I give in illustration the following table, taken in part from Mr. Fowle’s
paper above cited, showing how closely solar constant values deduced from
pyrheliometer measures alone, by the application of the 14 per cent correction,
egree with values deduced when possible from spectrobolometric work of the
same days.

TABLE 2a.—Solar constant values from pyrheliometry.
Radia- Riess
Range of ition ean Sede of Paton baleaeae of spec-
Date. | ame ON Wogan) ste Bee nea /spectro- tro-bolometric
masses. | pyrheli-| vations. Biss ae observations.
} ometry. method.
|

1902.

Oagtober9 Seth. 2.58 1.53.0} 0.113 | 0.771 2.18 | Very good - 2.19 | Fair.

1903. '
Hehnroary 19s252 2222-22 1.8-2.9 .114 . 769 Pata Ne doo 2.27 | Very good.
IWiarehi 2b basses a 1.4-2.6 148 711 | 2.23 | Excellent -- 2.23 | Excellent.
MVarchieb esse ae: | eee 1.3-2.3 138 . 736 | 2207, | ares doses 2.09 Do.

Abril S22 has ye 1.2-1.9 . 126 748 2.17 | Very good - 2.18 | Passable.
April) 20)" 22 DARE Eo) ee 1.1-1.6 170 676 1299) | sad ees 1.96 | Very good.
uly? 22222 eed 1.6-1.5 17 . 665 2.36 | Short, good 2.14 | Poor.
Ogtober 14)-2-ta2242 =. 52 1.6-3.0 107 . 780 | 2.13 | Very good - 1.96 | Very good.
December 7------------- 2.2-3.7 . O85 . 822 1.93 | Excellent -- 1.94 | Passable.
December 23------ ------ 2.2-3.1 O77 . 838 | 1.99 | Doubtful__- 1.99 Do.

a¥F. EK. Fowle, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 47, p. 399, 1905.
bS. P. Langley, American Journal of Science (3), XXVIII, p. 163, 1884.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

=]
c©

TABLE 2a.

Solar constant values from pyrheliometry—Continued.

Radia- Bes
Range of aera Bee Nee putedtae Grade of spec-
Date. air Log.a a from | etry obser- | SPectre- |tro-bolometric
masses. pyrhy Pea ait ane Ba observations.

EEN method.

1904. |
yamilaryiet=--. 222222 1.9-4.0 090 813 2.02 | Excellent -- 2.02 | Fair.
Iisioveinenreyyad aes Ses 1.7-2.9 113 771 2.27 | Very good - 2. 26 Do.
Witchery ees fee fj 8 8 1.1-1.9 121 157 Pee Gop nuain 2.09 | Poor.

JUDE CRs eee EL 1.21.7 . 158 . 695 Psa O)55 || ig doe. 200 wees Eee
September 15___-...-_-- 1.42.0 120 . 159 ey GrOOU EEE ees aseee eee
September 22 -__...._--- 1.43.0 . 099 . 796 PA Paper || A BXOXOY gs ee, aera Sales Flt

Ocione nse apye-. OBEY, ; 1.7-3.2 -126 |; .748 Que ae GOI LE ee aE:

Ochoberae sen. 5- Lele ee 1.5-2.7 145 716 2.30 | Very good - 2.32 | Excellent.
October Zl ss es 1.6-3.0 . 063 . 865 2206 hain eee 2.04 | Good.
November 16 ____--.---- 2. 0-3. 8 . 095 . 803 1.95 | Very good - 1,98 | Passable.
December 29__-..------- 2.43.6 . 068 . 855 2.24 | .._- GOSS eae st eee!

1905.

SamieRIPy Wi. aeseeae 1.9-3.4| .067| .857 PhO MEDXcellenit=s|es=eeaee
February 7_.....-------- 1.83.4] .097| .800 2.12| Very good.) 2.04 | 400d.
WRG (On Beye epee aes -| 1.6-2.6 . 088 . $16 2a SSE OO Tien ass (a. ee eee

PAS ISO =) aoe ces ae 1.2-2.0 184 . 702 Bowie leeassablelses|ssse sesee=

PN OSDir 1.22.1 112 aii) 2B ZR eae coe eile SAPs oe oe

Ma Geiser ot! ceo. 1.3-2.0 -151 | .706 ZalS)|pEexcellentes|Passesse=

Viiv Sipe) ae = Per SE eck 1.3-2.0 bal 774 Py (8) | Ilene od Ge aes a

Misia iee te ete as Nee 1.21.6 . 105 785 QolAN POOR ieee. Eau

JTS) 82) oa eee ees 1.1-2.2 .128 | .745 Avy ease dope 2.18 | Indifferent.
euUMene ee sess ees ee 1.1-2.0 096 . 802 2.17 | Very good -|_---------

Dai Ai Se ee eee eee 1,1-1.5 . 140 . 124 PAS WIPRO Gees. ele eek

(b) Transmission of the solar envelope.—As stated above the apparatus for
examining the solar image has been provided with appropriate shelters, and
iS how much improved over its condition last year. The great coelostat was
exhibited at St. Louis in 1904, and as a substitute a smaller coelostat was
arranged at the Observatory shop. The larger coelostat was not returned from
St. Louis until January, 1905, and, in the press of preparation for the Mount
Wilson expedition, time could not well be spared to set it up, so that the smaller
instrument has served throughout the year. Many measurements, both of the
distribution of radiation along the diameter of the solar disk and of its distri-
bution in sun spots, have been made after the manner explained last year. A
revision has been made of all the data obtained relating to the distribution along
u diameter, on the assumptions (1) that we study a phenomenon of absorption
only; (2) occurring in a homogeneous medium situated outside the photosphere,
and (3) extending to 21 per cent of the solar radius.

With these assumptions it appears that the form of the distribution curves as
shown in Plate VIII of last year’s report agree within the experimental error

,with that deduced from the ordinary simple exponential absorption formula.

As this formula in a logarithmic form is peculiarly adapted to graphical illus-
trations and comparison of results, all the measurements have been reduced on
the above basis and the results to be given below in Table 3 depend on it. It
goes without saying that the assumptions made are not harmonious with our
conceptions of the sun’s absorbing envelope, and they are only made for want
ef better and for the sole purpose of more readily comparing the results of dif-

2 Smithsonian Report for 1904, p. 85.

80 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

ferent days. This arbitrary method of reduction is necessary, for differences
of atmospheric transparency and differences of solar distance make a direct
comparison of one observational curve with another complicated and unsatis-
factory.

Plate VI shows two of the solar curves plotted with abscissz as air-masses
derived on the above assumptions, and ordinates as the logarithmic defiections.

The general absorption of the solar envelope appears to be like that of the
earth’s atmosphere, greatest at the violet end of the spectrum. This is shown,
end also some of the changes which have been noted in the apparent solar trans-
mission, in Table 3.

In this table the numbers purport to represent the percentage transmission of
the solar envelope for vertical rays, on different days, and for various rays
between wave lengths 0.4 in the violet, and 2.0% in the infra-red. The results
are based on the assumptions stated above, and a considerable difference will be
noted from the corresponding table of last year, owing to a change in the
assumed thickness of the absorbing envelope.

TABLE 3.—Transmission of sélar envelope.

| {
a Me I ae eae u. b a mo 4 be

Wave length.-_.---.--- 0.40 | 0.45] 0.50} 0.60] 0.70} 0.80) 0.90] 1.00} 1.20) 1.66} 2.00

Date. Coefticients for vertical transmission.

1903. |
September 25 2-22: 2 22|22-. 22 0.445 | 0.495 | 0.585 | 0.635 | 0.675 | 0.700 | 0.715 | 0.740 | 0.790 |0. 880

1904. |
February 20.-.-.------|-------| .510 | .560) .640| .690] .730| .750) .770| .800) .830 )(.850)
INovemberliiecee-- release se (.440)} .495 ‘575° | +625. | (660) |. -.. 2-2 ee) 2
November 28 --------- Bo ee RES oot ho ae 69 Ayal 73 76 .80 | .835
Mecemipenmoure— ope a |oo- oo eee (.58) | 615) .665)| .695 |-.--..-|-------|t2-2 534 rrr
Mecemper bes sess se =| < ose | .475 | .525 |] .605] .660| .70( 725.) 7145) STOR eSSIOn eae
December 29__.____--- woseene| «4751 525°) (.600))" 3650) - 1690) 222 ~-- -|2- oes] See | ee . 835

1905. |
Sener y wae ee | CAE See 945 | . 625 .680 | .710|) .735.| .750] .775-| (.805)| .840
Taniary lee er Be ol ey -------| -540 | .620] .670 |) .705| .780) .745 | .770 | (.805)| .840
PUPS R aN wks Aras gel yy =| ae epee [es Tere 540 | .620 670 705 730 745 770 | (.805)} .840
He prtaiay (ace es = alle 475 5380 .610 655 685 710 120)| 0 ss2sa eae ae es
Hebruary lee eo 1(0.415)| .475 530 | (.610)} (.660)| .695 7120: (740) _ See (.810)} .840
Hepruarys Oye ee.) 585 5=-,- soepdesleseese| kU Aen eee 695 \\-525---|4 25.22 eee . 840
February 18__-..-._--- 450 480 530 | (.610)| .665 695 TLD | .0(18)) ae ote eee 840
Su EE Zeal pep eS Bes eel 480 530) | =-:--+|se--5-2122022 4] -2--5- -| 2.242415. ee
Marebel Gott emote e | oe coe . 480 580 | .605 660 690 | .710 730 760 7 . 830
IMAP ONMS ae nt) ees coe an ase .480} .530| .605| .660] .690| .710| .730| .760| .795 | .8380
Mae Cheb eee at ee, Reed. Seen Tee .480 | .530| .605 | .660] .690| .710| .730) .760) .795 | .830
March aie stoi eee ese teres .480 | .530] .605) .660) .690| .710} .7380| .760| .795 | .8380
JAD TTS repels pee Crs i ge 2 e sck . 525 605 650 680: | ~~. = 21/50 212 Se Eee eres
Aprili2) ae os to AS eer sess 465 | .530 605 650 680 | 222-2. =|. 3-25) See
Mayer neste (eben ee 1 48?)| 475 |. (525 |) S605) sGop)! 9 \G90))|2e=- see ii. Lee ee
Mavi) stent fe 48? 475 525 600 | .655 690 710 730 760 800 | .880
JUNC Oe eeo eee enne eee |i) 490 BBO) jackie eel ceo Sey ee ee ay fetdec | teeees Leosssp alee
FU vipa =U Page tae ae pe) Be Ae | .450 490 530 620 | .670 710 725 740 765 810 | .845
SUNS tess eseae wee ee poe (SAGD) ie os sees eL ese] Soe Se eye ee eae o AGE eee
Tine LOSEeae. Saree eee aie (.460)| .510 590 | .640 67 700 720 755 795 | .830
June gers Stee ees eee beta apo (Eee 505 590 640 G80 S20. 22 -) 2s. o2e|5 eee ee
JUNE IE SE Se ge ky Bath Eee 25S SSD ies G4 Ml ee sane al Steer celine seas ep NI a i
SYN PAR asco iia RAL ne pe St cele alee de ane aE ES een ee
Sunesed. Pes eL apse | tea 1° 820 2600" 2650") 685 |e 22). 2.-2 | ae. ee

Smithsonian Report, 1905. PLATE VI.

0.34
0.32 — =a ss ia ae
|
0.30 3 5 [ee — aries. 28
a)
\
XN
iN
N
0.28 \ za aad ——|
\
\
0.26 —+ : — pees
~
\
ss
0.24 VN nt!

0.16

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

\ owe
\ 3
\ oO ae ae
\. ae
. Simon © di limb...
\ ° receding imb
=: 2.le
YY 0) Follawing limb.
S
0.
\ik
ail sa z
‘te
SS
oN
=| <= all S
SI
‘>, Pre¢eding limb.
is uw
0.48
“| 6) Following limb.
alt ——li
1.1 1.2 13 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 ie) 2.0 2.)

ABSORPTION OF SOLAR ENVELOPE.

Ordinates, logarithm of intensity of radiation along diameter of solar image.
Abscisse, computed length of path of ray in solar envelope.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ro

The bolometric examination of sun spots shows that they, too, exhibit much
greater absorption at the violent end of the spectrum than in the infra-red. Thus,
if our eye were like the bolometer, and could view sun spots by homogeneous
rays of different wave lengths of the infra-red as well as violet, we should see
the same spot four times as dark in violet light as when viewed by extreme
‘infra-red rays.

In all the observations and reductions involved in the work described above
Mr. Fowle has taken by far the greatest share.

The temperature data plotted in Plate V are reduced from the Internationaler
Dekadenberichte, published by the Kaiserliche Marine Deutsche Seewarte. The
reductions were made partly by R. Norris and partly by J. Dwyer.

(2) MISCELLANEOUS WORK.

Radiation of the stars.

Preliminary preparations were made for the detection of the radiation of
the brighter stars. It was at first thought practicable to mount the bolometer
in the center of the tube of the 50-centimeter diameter mirror of 1-meter focus
and to point the mirror directly upon the star to be examined, but it was
quickly found that the disturbances due to exposure to outside air were too
great to be permissible with the refined sensitiveness of the bolometric appa-
ratus. Afterwards the mirror and bolometer were placed within the inner
chamber of the observatory, and the starlight was reflected in from a 30-inch
plane mirror on the coelostat. The galvanometer employed was the one de-
scribed at pages 91-92 of your report for the year ending June 30, 1902.

The sensitiveness available depends largely on reducing the damping of the
needle, and a long time was spent in making the galvanometer case air-tight,
so that a pressure of 1/1000 atmosphere or less could be maintained without
rapid change. In this we were at length so successful that the change of
pressure was hardly appreciable in several months. Great difficulty was en-
countered in balancing the bolometric apparatus at the high sensitiveness em-
ployed on account of small electromotive forces in the galyanometer circuit
and its shunts. Thus a balance would be obtained with a certain shunt across
the galvanometer, and on passing to the-next shunt a very great deflection would
be found, due to a new electromotive force in the new shunt circuit. At length
it proved necessary to discard shunts wholly, and to employ instead a variable
resistance in series with the galvanometer. Great difficulty was still ex-
perienced in balancing, but not so great as to render it impossible, as before.
When once balanced the apparatus was well behaved. The sensitiveness ap-
peared from tests on candle fiames to be very much greater than that obtained
by previous experimenters on stellar radiation. Unfortunately the difficulties
‘encountered were not surmounted until early in January, and bad weather pre-
vented a trial on the stars until more important work displaced the investi-
gation for the present.

New apparatus.

Bolometer.—In our previous construction of bolometers we have been guided
more by experience than by any theory in their design. While preparing for
the research on stellar variation it seemed very desirable to determine the
conditions which would insure the highest sensitiveness. Accordingly the
subject was studied from the standpoint of Fourier’s analytical theory of heat,
and numerous experiments were made to further enlighten it. As a result a
complete theory of bolometer construction was reached, and it is now possible

82 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

to know in advance how to design and construct a bolometer to give the best
result under stated conditions.

In accordance with the results thus reached, a vacuum bolometer was con-
structed for the observation of stellar heat which is several times as sensi-
tive for the purpose as the best bolometer hitherto prepared here.

Celostat.—A new coelostat with two 15-inch mirrors was obtainéd for the
proposed expedition to a high-altitude station. The general design was pre-
pared at the Observatory, and the construction was by Mr. M. E. Kahler, of
Washington, excepting some work done on the clock at the Observatory shop.
A photograph of the apparatus as in use at Mount Wilson is here shown
(Plate VIT).

Several unusual features may be noted. The rotating mirror is shown
mounted on a carriage which may travel on ways either east and west or
north and south, so as to be adjusted for the position of the sun at any
time in the year. The carriage is of the same height as the lower base of
the support of the second mirror, and the two mirrors may be interchanged
if desired, so that the rotating one can be fixed in one place and the east-
and-west and north-and-south motions can be made with the other. The
driving clock is fastened to the support of the polar axis and designed to run
equally well in ‘any position, so that the adjustment of the axis for different
latitudes can be made without altering the driving mechanism. In order to
conform to the motion of the carriage, the clock is driven by springs instead of
weights. At your suggestion there was introduced a driving spring, which
is itself kept wound to a nearly constant tension by two larger springs. Thus
the driving force is uniform though the two larger springs run down. ‘The rate
of their unwinding is governed by an escapement driven from the governor
train. The governor itself is of the centrifugal type, but has springs instead
of gravity as the governing force, and will thus run in any position. The
accuracy of the clock is ample, so that the reflected beam from the ccelostat
frequently remains constant in direction within one minute of are for a half
hour.

Standard pyrheliometer.—Mention was made in my last year’s report of a
new form of pyrheliometer then under construction. This instrument has
been completed and ferms a part of the equipment of the Mount Wilson expe-
dition. It appears to justify all the hopes that had been connected with it.
As stated last year, it receives solar rays in a hollow blackened chamber of the
shape of a test tube, from which little radiation can escape by reflection, or
heat by convection, owing to the deepness of the chamber and to its numerous
blackened diaphragms. A current of water circulates around this chamber
and takes up the heat absorbed on its walls. Platinum resistance wires serve
to determine the temperature of the water before and after its passage around
the chamber. Thus the sun’s rays entering a known aperture produce a
measurable rise of temperature in a known amount of water. <A certain check
is had on the accuracy of the measurement, for a coil of wire is introduced
within the rear end of the chamber, and in this coii heat may be produced
electrically at a known rate. ‘This heat warms the air and indirectly reaches
the walls of the chamber, and may be measured as if it were produced by
radiation.

At nine recent trials made on several different days, with the instrument in
different positions and with different rates of flow of the water current, the
heat ‘* found” ran between 97 per cent and 103 per cent of the heat intro-
duced. The mean of nine trials gave 100.4 per cent “found.” If, then, the
electrically supplied heat is thus closely measurable, much more should that

a

PLATE VII.

Smithsonian Report, 1905.

NEw CCLOSTAT.

REPORT OF THE SHCRETARY. 83

of the sun be, which is absorbed at once on the walls of the chamber instead
of indirectly by air convection.

The instrument is mounted equatorially and driven by clockwork, and the
rate of flow of the water current, lapse of time and temperature change
caused by radiation, are all recorded photographically on a moving drum.
Hence a continuous automatic record of the solar radiation is, produced. In
use at Mount Wilson it is not easy to avoid considerable temperature change
of the apparatus, and this causes a slight “drift” of the record, but not
enough to prevent runs of several hours’ duration without attention.

A considerable part of the apparatus for the continuous pyrheliometer was

made by the International Instrument Company, of Cambridge, Mass. The

more refined parts for the receipt and measurement of the radiation were
constructed by Mr. Kramer at the Observatory shop. In this, and in a great
amount of other work during the year, Mr. Kramer has combined skill with
rare willingness and interest in a way which deserves commendation.

(3) THE EXPEDITION TO MOUNT WILSON, IN CALIFORNIA.

From the very beginning, in 1902, of experiments in Washington on the meas-
urement of the solar constant of radiation it has been your aim to continue
these measurements at a more favorable situation as regards cloudiness, and
particularly as regards elevation. You long ago showed that in optical quality
the lower air is far inferior to that lying above, and you have repeatedly stated
your conviction that exact determinations of the absorption of the atmosphere
are impossible at stations near sea level. Congress having approved of your
plan to conduct these observations at high altitudes, apparatus has been col-
lected during the past three years for an expedition to a favorable station for
the measurement of the solar constant.

In the meantime the Carnegie Institution had been founded, and by invita-
tion of one of its officers you stated, in a communication to the Hon. C. D.
Walcott, dated February 28, 1902, your belief that the establishment by the
Carnegie Institution of an observatory to be situated at some high and cloud-
less point and engaged for at least a complete sun-spot cycle in the accurate
determination of the solar constant of radiation would be a worthy astronom-
ical undertaking and one most likely, in your judgment, to yield results of value
both from the standpoint of pure science and from that of practical utility
to mankind.

In 1904 the Carnegie Institution began the establishment of a solar observa-
tory on Mount Wilson, in California, under the direction of Prof. G. E. Hale,
and the objects of this observatory include the measurement of solar radiation,
which you had urged. Almost immediately after the installation at Mount
Wilson had been begun, Professor Hale, recognizing the large share you have
had from the first in promoting the establishment of such an observatory, and
knowing of the preparations making at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa-
tory for an expedition to a high station to observe the solar constant, invited
you to send this expedition to Mount Wilson, and promised all possible coopera-
tion during its stay, and suggested that the work would, if desirable, be taken
up by the new solar observatory when the Smithsonian expedition should be
withdrawn. This invitation was accepted. The equipment, consisting of a full
spectro-bolographic and’ pyrheliometric outfit, the equal and in some respects
the superior of that installed in Washington, was sent forward in April, 1905.
The observers, C. G. Abbot in charge, and L. R. Ingersoll, temporary assistant,
reached the ground about May 10. Two shelters for the spectro-bolometer and
the continuous pyrheliometer, respectively, already framed in the valley below,

84 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

were immediately erected on Mount Wilson, and were finished, including all
their piers and accessories, in about two weeks. The spectro-bolometer was
completely installed and the first bolographic observations were made June 6,
1905.

In the meantime observations had been made nearly every day with the mer-
cury pyrheliometer, and these had given promise of great transparency and
uniformity of sky. From the ist of June hardly a cloud was ever seen above
the level of the horizon for many weeks. Extraordinary calmness adds to the
advantages of this site. A few of the earliest bolographs were measured at
ence to see if all appeared to be well, and, as the measurements turned out very
‘SSatisfactorily, bolographic work was continued nearly every day thereafter,
leaving the reduction of the observations to a later time.

Investigations at Washington, as already reported, have given strong grounds
for the conclusion that the solar radiation varies considerably and frequently
in its amount. It would be most desirable if the Mount Wilson expedition
could give ample opportunity to test this conclusion, but in spite of the too
short time at present command it has been thought best by you to initiate it, and
at the same time to study more closely the manner of the solar variability. To
this end the work includes, not only solar-constant measurements, but other
studies designed to add to our knowledge of the whole question.

The expedition is under the greatest obligations for the continued aid fur-
nished by the director and staff of the Carnegie Solar Observatory. The results
obtained will doubtless form a principal part of next year’s report.

SUMMARY.

The principal object of the Observatory during the past year has continued
to be the measurement of the solar radiation. The work of this and the two
preceding years strongly supports the view that the radiation of the sun is
frequently diminished and augmented for periods of a few weeks or months,
in consequence of a variability of the transparency of the solar absorbing en-
velope, and that this variation of radiation causes and quickly produces
changes of several degrees in the mean temperature of the land areas of the
earth. It is hoped that the study of the solar radiation will soon prove a val-
uable aid in forecasting climate.

Important additions and improvements have been made in the equipment of
the Observatory, both in buildings and apparatus. The new apparatus includes
a standard pyrheliometer, capable of continuously registering the solar radia-
tion and provided with means of certifying the exactness of its measures inde-
pendently of the theory of the instrument.

An expedition to measure and test the variability of solar radiation has
been sent to Mount Wilson, in Scuthern California.

Respectfuly submitted.

©. G. ABBOT,
Aid Acting in Charge.
Mr. S. P. LANGLEY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

ApPenpDIx VI.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.

Siz: I have the honor to present the following report on the operations of the
library of the Smithsonian Institution for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905:

The publications received by the Institution and recorded in the accession
books of the Smithsonian deposit, Library of Congress, number as follows:

Quarto or | Octavo or
larger. smaller. Total.
AWM ISS 5 A a iN gp a EL UD a 373 1,302 1,675
IPamCShOPSVOlUMES 2 Ses ue UWA Seal MLN Ace mR 15, 267 8, 612 238, 819
JERE TAMPONS HAS) hc ase ESI Lane de aut amit a eR ed 545 3, 805 4, 350
(CHARTER ouioe pace tab Sia CI aE Se aR Aan SIS lL | PUGe 676
ADEE co Sy es EM IN A NADU a aL ee gt NUN ly 0 Lo POL KN Ne 30,580

The accession numbers run from 460377468086.

As in the past a few of these publications were retained at the Institution for
the use of the scientific staff, but the larger number have been sent direct to the
Library of Congress. The entire sendings from the Institution required the use
of about 274 boxes, which it is estimated contained the equivalent of 10,960
octavo volumes. This estimate does not include, however, a large number of
public documents presented to the Smithsonian Institution and sent direct to
the Library of Congress without recording.

At the close of the year ending June 30, 1904, there remained in the Museum
library a number of the scientific series, together with books and pamphlets on
special subjects, belonging to the Smithsonian deposit, to be withdrawn, checked,
and sent to the Library of Congress, these publications having been held at the
Museum when that Library was overcrowded in its old quarters at the Capitol.
While 7,805 parts were transmitted during the past year, it has not been pos-
sible to complete the checking, owing to the fact that the time of the small force
in the Smithsonian library was fully occupied with current work, but every effort
will be made to finish the task before the close of the present year, when all of
the series of periodicals and publications belonging to the deposit, with the
exception of those in actual use, will be in the hands of the Librarian of
Congress.

The libraries of the Secretary, Office, and Astrophysical Observatory have
received during the year 418 volumes, pamphlets and charts, and 2,040 parts
of volumes, making a total of 2,458, and a grand total, including books for the
Smithsonian deposit and the Watts de Peyster collection Napoleon Bonaparte,
of 35,820.

The parts of serial publications that were entered on the card catalogue
numbered 26,000. One thousand seven hundred and thirty-five slips for com-
pleted volumes were made, and about 720 cards for new periodicals and an-
nuals were added to the permanent record from the periodical recording desk.

85

86 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Inaugural dissertations and academic publications were received from uni-
versities at the following places:

Ann Arbor. Erlangen. Marburg.

Baltimore (Johns Hop- Freiburg. Philadelphia (University
kins). Giessen. of Pennsylvania).

Basel. Grefswald. Rostock.

Berlin. Halle. Strassburg. .

Bern. Heidelberg. Toulouse.

Bonn. Kiel. Manchester (England).

Breslau. Lawrence (Kansas). Zurich.

In continuing the Secretary’s plan to effect new exchanges and to secure
missing parts to complete sets, 1,405 letters were written, 301 new periodicals
were added to the receipts, and 527 defective: series were partly or entirely
completed. In addition to the letters above referred to there were 175 postal
cards sent asking for current numbers that failed to reach the Institution,
which resulted in 103 being received.

The scientific staff and others have continued to consult the proceedings and
transactions of the learned societies in the reference room, and from the read-
ing room 21 bound volumes of periodicals were withdrawn and 4,368 scientific
periodicals and magazines were borrowed for consultation.

The sectional libraries maintained in the Institution, the Secretary’s library,
Office library, and the Employees’s library, together with those of the Astro-
physical Observatory, Aerodromics, International Exchanges, and Law Refer-
ence, have been used by persons from the other scientific bureaus of the Goy-
ernment, as well as members of the immediate staff.

In the Secretary’s and Office library 107 books were bound, and special at-
tention was given to collating the publications in the Astrophysical Observa-
tory, with the result that 118 completed volumes were bound at the Government
bindery. At the National Zoological Park 8 volumes have been added to the
library by purchase.

THE EMPLOYEE’S LIBRARY.

The popularity of the Employee’s library has continued, and during the year
2,262 books were borrowed. The new books added to the library by purchase
numbered 19, and 78 completed volumes of magazines were bound. ‘The send-
ing of about 40 of the books from this library to the National Zoological Park
and 26 to the Bureau of American Ethnology each month has been continued
with marked appreciation from the two bureaus.

THE WATKINS LIBRARY.

Within the last few months the trustees of the estate of the late Dr. J.
Hlfreth Watkins have turned over to the Smithsonian Institution his large and
valuable library consisting in the main of. books relating to engineering and
transportation. A book plate has been provided and the books listed, and it is
hoped that they may soon be available for the use of those interested in the
subject to which they relate. °

THE JOHN DONNELL SMITH LIBRARY.

Through the munificence of Capt. John Donnell Smith, of Baltimore, the
library of the Smithsonian Institution has become enriched by his collection
of botanical works, numbering about 1,600 volumes, containing books bearing
upon the flora of tropical America, carefully selected and substantially and

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. be OM

artistically bound. This donation was made in connection with the gift to the
Institution of his herbarium, and brings to the National Museum, where the .
library will be deposited, an unrivaled basis of equipment for the prosecution of
a complete botanical exploration of Central America and a critical study of its
whole flora.

WATTS DE PEYSTER COLLECTION NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE.

It is very gratifying to report the rapid increase of the Watts de Peyster
Collection Napoleon Buonaparte through the continued gifts of Gen. John Watts
de Peyster. The additions during the year numbered 1,775 volumes and 1,007
maps.

INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.

The Institution has continued to act as the representative in the United
States for the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature, and has indexed
and classified for the Central Bureau at London the scientific literature of the
United States. During the past year the number of references sent to the
Central Bureau at London was 24,182, an increase of nearly three thousand
over the previous year, as follows:

bo UIP SSCRVTETEUE: aE TUR OT e pISe e e a o e 1, 619
Mie raiire Or O02 Wess wee ao eee SSD AES, f SO
initerature of 1903 22.22 20. anes Nel Ae A Ae A 11, 143
Mmiterature of L904 20022. ee PI SASS eas 5 SPO hr An as MA 8, 640

TR Gy eee eaten as AU pe bes hl a art ape elie an Oa! SLE oe OE 8 24, 182

All of the first annual issue of the International Catalogue has been published,
together with all of the second annual issue, excepting the volume of Zoology
and five volumes of the third annual issue, namely, Mathematics, Mechanics,
Physics, Astronomy, and Bacteriology.

MUSEUM LIBRARY.

In the Museum library there are now 24,170 bound volumes and 38,643 un-
bound papers. The additions during the year consisted of 3,573 books, 3,048
pamphlets, and 563 parts of volumes. There were catalogued 1,952 books, of
which 101 belonged to the Smithsonian deposit, and 3,755 pamphlets, of which
185 belonged to the Smithsonian deposit, and 12,216 parts of periodicals, of
which 1,309 belonged to the Smithsonian deposit. In the accession book 3,573
volumes, 3,048 pamphlets, and 563 parts of volumes were recorded. The num-
ber of cards added to the author’s catalogue was 5,942, which does not include
&47 cards for books and pamphlets recatalogued.

In connection with the entering of periodicals 55 memoranda were made
reporting volumes and parts missing in the sets, together with a few titles of
publications that were not represented in the library. The result of this
work was the completing or partly filling up of 23 sets of periodicals.

Throughout the whole year attention has been given to the preparation of
volumes for binding, with the result that 1,871 books were bound, and at the
close of the year there were several hundred more ready for the binder.

The number of books, pamphlets, and periodicals borrowed from the general
library amounted to 40,400, including 9,192 which were assigned to the sec-
tional libraries.

88 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

There has been but one addition to the sectional libraries established in the
. Museum, that of the Division of Physical Anthropology, and the complete list
now stands as follows:

Administration. Geology. Parasites.
Administrative assistant. History. Photography. i
Anthropology. Insects. Physical anthropology.
Biology. Mammals. Prehistoric archeology.
Birds. Marine invertebrates. Reptiles.

Botany. Materia medica. Stratigraphic paleontol-
Children’s room. Mesozoic fossils. ogy.

Comparative anatomy. Mineralogy. Superintendent.

Editor. Mollusks. Taxidermy.

Ethnology. Oriental archeology. Technology.

Fishes. Paleobotany.

In the following table are summarized all the accessions during the year for
the Smithsonian deposit, for the libraries of the Secretary, Office, Astrophysical
Obsrvatory, United States National Museum, and National Zoological Park.
That of the Bureau of American Ethnology is not included, as it is separately
administered :

Smithsonian deposit in Library of Congress=_—2_" 292 22) ee eee 30, 580
Secretary, Office, and Astrophysical Observatory libraries________-----_ 2,458
Watts de Peyster collection Napoleon Buonaparte________-______-___-~- 2, 782
United/States National Museum! libraryl2 222-22 222 7, 184
National “Zoological Park 2s 2k2 i.) es See a ee 8

PROP EM ee She tec Se che bee) ste 8 ae tae So i Ee 43, 012

Respectfully submitted.
Cyrus Apter, Librarian.
Mr. S. P. LANGLEY,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Apprenpix VII.

REPORT OF THE EDITOR.

Smr: I have the honor to submit the following report on the publications of
the Smithsonian Institution and its bureaus during the year ending June 30,
1905 :

I. CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE.

To the series of Contributions but one memoir has been added during the
past year—

1651. A Continuous Record of Atmospheric Nucleation. By Carl Barus.
City of Washington: Published by the Smithsonian Institution, 1905. Hodgkins
fund. Part of Vol. XXXIV. Quarto. (In press.)

’

Il. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.

To the series of Miscellaneous Collections the following numbers have been
added, all but four of them having appeared in the Quarterly Issue:

1444. A Catalogue of North American Diptera (or Two-winged Flies). By
J. M. Aldrich. City of Washington: Published by the Smithsonian Institution.
1905. Part of Vol. XLVI. S8vo. Pages 1-680.

1543. Index to the Literature of Gallium, 1874-1903. By Philip H. Browning.
City of Washington: Published by the Smithsonian Institution. Part of Vol.
XLVI. S8vo. Pages 1-12.

1544. Index to the Literature of Germanium, 1886-1903. By Philip HE. Brown-
ing. City of Washington: Published by the Smithsonian Institution. Part of
Vol. XLVI. 8vo. Pages 1-8.

1549. Inquiry into the Population of China. By William Woodville Roelkhill.
Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol.
XLVII. Pages 303-3821.

1550. The Seeds of Aneimites. By David White. Reprinted from Smith-
sonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages 322-—
331, plates XLVII, XLVIII.

1551. Birds in Vroeg’s Catalogue, 1764. By C. Davies Sherborn and Charles
W. Richmond. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quar-
terly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages 332-347.

1552. The Sculpin and its Habits. By Theodore Gill. Reprinted from Smith-
sonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages 348-
359, plate xix.

1553. Report on the Construction of a Vowel Organ. By E. W. Scripture.
Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol.
XLVII. Pages 360-364, 5 figures.

1554. Habits and Life History of the Social Spider. By N. S. Jambunathan.
Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol.
XLVII. Pages 365-373, plate L.

1555. Description of a new Sylvietta. By H. C. Oberholser. Reprinted from
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVIFE. Pages
313-3875.

89

90 | REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

1556. The Tugda, or Rice Planter, of the Coyunos, Philippine Islands. By
bh. Y. Miller. Pages 375-377, plates Li-xir. Reprinted from Smithsonian Mis-
cellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII.

1557. Fossil Plants of the Group Cycadofilices. By David White. Réprinted
from the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLYVII.
Pages 377-390, plates LIV-Lv.

1560. The Discrepancy between Solar Radiation Measures by the Actinometer
and by the Spectro-Bolometer. By F. E. Fowle, jr. Reprinted from Smith-
sonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages 399-
408.

1561. A New Philippine Landshell. By Paul Bartsch. Reprinted from
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages
409-410, plate LvI.

°1562. A New Species of Fern of Genus Polypodium from Jamaica. By
William R. Maxon. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
(Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages 410-411, plate Lym.

1563. Contributions of American Archeology to Human History. By William
H. Holmes. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly
Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages 412-420.

1564. The Birds of the Genus Cinclus and their Geographical Distribution.
By Leonhard Stejneger. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
(Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages 421-430.

1565. Description of a New Swiftlet from Mount Kina Balu, Borneo. By
Charles W. Richmond. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
(Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages 431-482.

1566. Report on Land and Water Shells collected in the Bahamas in 1904,
by Mr. Owen Bryant and others. By William Healey Dall. Reprinted from
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages
433-452, plates LVMI-LIx.

1567. Glacial Studies in the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks. By William
Hittell Sherzer. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quar-
terly Issue), Vol. XLVIJ. Pages 453-496, plates LX—LxI1. :

1568. Photographing on Wood for Photo-engravying. By Thomas W. Smillie.
teprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol.
XLVII. Pages 497-499.

1569. The Life History of the Angler. By Theodore Gill. Reprinted from
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVII. Pages
500-516, plates LXXITI-LXXVv.

1571. Index to the Literature of Indium, 1863-1903. By Philip E. Browning.
City of Washington: Published by the Smithsonian Institution, 1905. 8 yo.
Pages 1-15.

1575. The Structure of Wing Feathers. By FE. Mascha. Hodgkins Fund.
Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol.
XLVIII. Pages 1-30, plates 1—xv1.

1576. The Tarpon and Lady Fish. By Theodore Gill. Reprinted from Smith-
sonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLYIII. Pages 31—
46, plates XVII—XXI.

1577. A Fossil Sea Lion from the Miocene of Oregon. By F. W. True. Re-
printed from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol.
XLVIII. Pages 47-49.

1578. Diatoms, the Jewels of the Plant World. By Albert Mann. Reprinted
from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVIII.
Pages 50-58, plates XXII-Xxv.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 91

1579. Notes on the Nomenclature of Certain Genera of Birds. By H. C.
Oberholser. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly
Issue), Vol. XLVIII.

1580. The Bibliography of Halley’s Comet. By E. F. McPike. Reprinted
from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XILVIII.
Pages 69-73.

1581. The Ancestral Origin of the North American Unionide. By GC. A.
White. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly
Issue), Vol. XLVIII. Pages 89-112.

1584. Smithsonian HWxploration in 1904 in search of Mammoth and other
Fossil Remains. By A. G. Maddren. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
part of Vol. XLIX. City of Washington: Published by the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, 1905. Pages 1-117, plates r-v1.

1586. The Diplomatic Service of the United States, with some Hints toward
its Reform. By Hon. Andrew D. White. Hamilton Lecture. Reprinted from
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVIII. Pages
117-188.

1587. The History of the Whale Shark (Rhinodon Typicus Smith). By
Barton A. Bean. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
(Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVIII. Pages 139-148, plates xxxXrIv—-xxxvI.

1588. The Avian Genus Bleda Bonaparte and some of its Allies. By Harry
©. Oberholser. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quar-

terly Issue), Vol. XLVIII. Pages 149-172.

' 1589. Scaphoceros Tyrelli, an Extinct Ruminant from the Klondike Gravels.
By Wilfred H. Osgood. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
(Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVIII. Pages 173-185, plates xXXVII—XLII.

1590. A New Genus and several New Species of Landshells collected *in
Central Mexico by Dr. Edward Palmer. By William Healey Dall. Reprinted
from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. XLVIII.
Pages 186-194, plates XLIII—-xLIv.

1591. The Family of Cyprinids and the Carp as its Type. By Theodore Gill.
Keprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol.
XLVIII. (In press.)

1592. The International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. By Cyrus Adler.
Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol.
XLVILII. (In press. )

1593. Instances of Hermaphroditism in Crayfishes. By W. P. Hay. Re-
printed from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (QuarterlygIssue), Vol.
XLVIII. (In press.)

Ill. SMITHSONIAN ANNUAL REPORT.

The annual report, as usual, is issued in two volumes: Part I being devoted
to the Institution proper, Part II to the National Museum. The contents of
the Smithsonian volume for 1903 was listed in last year’s report, although the
book itself was still in the hands of the printer at the time. The same is here
true with regard to the volume for 1904.

1595. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution,
showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution for the
year ending June 30, 1904. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905.
Octayo. Pages 1-~xxrx, 1-804; 146 plates, 62 text figures.

The Secretary’s Report for the year ending June 30, 1904, was put in type
in November, 1904, for the use of the Regents. The General Appendix to

92 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

the volume was sent to the Public Printer in February, 1905, and had been put
into type before the closing of the fiscal year. The contents of the Smithsonian
Report for 1904 is as follows:

1596. Journal of Proceedings of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution at Meetings of December 8, 19038, and January 27 and March 7,
1904. Report of Executive Committee. Acts and Resolutions of Congress.
Pages XV—LXXIX.

1547. Report of S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, for
the year ending June 30, 1904. Pages 1-108, plates I-xIyv.

1597. Experiments with the Langley Aerodrome. By 8. P. Langley. Pages
113-125, plate I.

1598. The Relation of Wing Surface to Weight. By R. Von Lendenfeld.
Pages 127-130.

1599. The Rumford Spectroheliograph of the Yerkes Observatory. By
George E. Hale and Ferdinand Ellerman. Pages 131-161, plates 1—xvi1.

1600. Construction of Large Telescope Lenses. By Dr. C. Faulhaber. Pages
163-170.

1601. Some Reflections suggested by the Application of Photography to
Astronomical Research. By H. H. Turner. Pages 171-184.

1602. Radiation in the Solar System. By Prof. J. H. Poynting. Pages
185-193.

1603. Condensation Nuclei. By C. T. R. Wilson. Pages 195-206, plates
{-VIII. L

1604. Present Problems of Inorganic Chemistry. By Sir William Ramsay.
Pages 207-220.

1605. The Evolution of the Scientific Investigator. By Simon Newcomb.
Pages 221-233.

1606. Metals in the Atmosphere. By Alfred Ditte. Pages 235-247.

1607. Observations on Vision in Brightness and in Obscurity, with a Hypoth-
esis on the Cause of Color Blindness. By O. Lummer. Pages 249-258.

1608. A Lightning Spiral Observed Near Basel. By Fr. Klingelfuss. Pages
259-260, plates I-III.

1609. Variations of Specific Gravity. By G. W. A. Kahlbaum. Pages 261-
266.

1610. Some new Methods of Lighting. By A. Berthier. Pages 267-274,
plate I.

1611. Progress in Wireless Telegraphy. By William Maver, jr. Pages 275-
280. £

1612. Electric Welding Development. By Elihu Thomson. Pages 281-285,
plates I-v. 5

1613. History of Discoveries of Photography. By Robert Hunt. (Revised
by T. W. Smillie.) Pages 287-308, plates 1—v11.

1614. Theories of Ore Deposition Historically Considered. By S. F. Emmons.
Pages 309-336.

1615. On Mountains and Mankind. By Douglas W. Freshfield. Pages 337-
B54.

1616. Morocco. By Theobald Fischer. Pages 355-872.

1617. The Work of the Reclamation Service. By F. H. Newell. Pages 373-
281, plates I—VIII.

1618. The Yuma Reclamation Project. By J. B. Lippincott. Pages 383-888,
plate I.

1619. The Evidence of Evolution. By Hugo De Vries. Pages 389-396.

1620. The Evolutionary Significance of Species. By O. F. Cook. Pages
397-412.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 93

1621. Some Bird Life in British Papua. By R. A. Vivian. Pages 413-418.

1622. Bird Sanctuaries of New Zealand. Pages 419-422.

1623. The House Sparrow. By Dr. J. O. Skinner, U. S. Army. Pages
423-428. ‘

1624. Some’ Tibetan Animais. By R. Lydekker. Pages 429-435.

1625. The Multiple Origin of Horses and Ponies. By Dr. J. Cossar Ewart.
Pages 437-455, plates 1, 1.

1626. Hgyptian and Arabian Horses. By H. Prisse D’Avennes. Pages 457-467,
plates I-Iry.

1627. Bees and Flowers. By H. L. Bouvier. Pages 469-484.

1628. The Pearl Fisheries of Ceylon. By W. A. Herdman. Pages 485-493.

1629. Flying Fishes and their Habits. By Theodore Gill. Pages 495-515,
plates I-ry.

1630. The Stature of Man at Various Wpochs. By A. Dastre. Pages 517-532.

1631. Old Age. By Elie Metchnikoff. Pages 533-550.

1632. Contributions of American Archeology to Human History. By W. H.
Holmes. Pages 551-558.

16383. Hxcayations at Gournia, Crete. By Harriet A. Boyd. Pages 559-571,
plates I-III.

1634. Archeological Researches on the Frontier of Argentina and Bolivia in
1901-2. By Hric Yon Rosen. Pages 573-581, plates I-x.

1635. A General View of the Archxology of the Pueblo Region. By Hdgar L.
Hewett. Pages 583-606, plates —xviiI.

1636. The Painting of Human Bones among the American Aborigines. By
Ales Hrdliecka. Pages 607-6517, plates I-11.

1637. Sling Contrivances for Projectile Weapons. By F. Krause. Pages
619-638, plates I-rv.

1638. Materials Used to Write Upon before the Invention of Printing. By
Albert Maire. Pages 639-658, plates I-vimt.

16389. An Inquiry into the Population of China. By William Woodville Rock-
hill. Pages 659-676.

1640. Chinese Architecture. By Stephen W. Bushell. Pages 677-692, plates
AECLX, |

1641. Pewter and the Revival of its Use. By Arthur Lasenby Liberty. Pages
693-713, plates I-VI.

1642. Cameos. By Cyril Davenport. Pages 718-719, plates I—1Vy.

1643. The HWeonomic Conquest of Africa by the Railroads. By A. Fock.
Pages 721-735.

1644. The Present Aspects of the Panama Canal. By William H. Burr.
Pages 737-744.

1645. The Sanitation of the Panama Canal Zone. By W. ©. Gorgas. Pages
745-749.

1646. The Projected New Barge Canal of the State of New York. By Thomas
W. Symons. Pages 751-757, plate 1.

1647. Rapid-Transit Subways in Metropolitan Cities. By Milo R. Maltbie.
Pages 759-771.

1648. George Gabriel Stokes. By Hrnest W. Brown. Pages 773-777, plate I.

1649. Karl Alfred Von Zittel. Translated by Charles Schuchert. Pages 779-
786, plate I.

1650. Carl Gegenbaur. By Oscar Hertwig. Pages 787-791, plate I.

2684a—06 m——7

94 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

IV. PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The publications of the National Museum are: (a@) the Annual Report, form-
ing a separate volume of the Report of the Smithsonian Institution; (0) the
Proceedings of the United States National Museum: (¢c) the Bulletin of the
United States National Museum.

(a) The Report for the year ending June 30, 1903, was completed during the
past fiscal year, and the Report for 1904 is now in press.

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, show-
ing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution for the year
ending June 30, 1903. Report of the United States National Museum. Wash-
ington: Government Printing Office. 1905. Octavo. Pages 1-xv, 1-646. Plates,
120; text figures, 120.

CONTENTS.

Part I. Report upon the condition and progress of the United States National Museum
during the year ending June 30, 1903. By Richard Rathbun, assistant secretary of the
Simnithsonian Institution, in charge of the United States National Museum.

Part II. Papers descriptive of Museum buildings.

The United States National Museum: An account of the buildings occupied by the
national collections. By Richard Rathbun.

Studies of museums and kindred institutions of New York City, Albany, Buffalo, and
Chicago, with notes on some European institutions. By A. B. Meyer.

(b) Although enough separate papers have been published to make up Volume
XXVIII of the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, they haye
not yet been put together in bound form. a

The separates so far issued are as follows:

No. 1282. A Treatise on the Acarina, or Mites. By Nathan Banks. Pages
1-114, text figures 1-201.

No. 1383. Notes on Hawaiian Reptiles from the Island of Maui. By Richard
C. MeGregor. Pages 115-118.

No. 1384. Labracinus the Proper Name for the Fish Genus Cichlops. By
Theodore Gill. Page 119.

No. 1385. Note on the Genus Prionurus or Acanthoaulos. By Theodore Gill.
Page 121.

No. 1386. Description of a New Species of Fish (Apogon Hvermanni) from
the Hawaiian Islands, with Notes on other Species. By Duvid Starr Jordan
and John Otterbein Snyder. Pages 123-126.

No. 1387. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hymenoptera from the
Philippine Islands. By William H. Ashmead. Pages 127-158, with plates I-11.

No. 1388. On the Systematic Relations. of the Ammodytoid Fishes. By Theo-
dore Gill. Pages 159-163, text figures 1—4.

No. 1389. The Dragonfiies (Odonata) of Burma and Lower Siam.—tlL. Sub-
family Calopterygine. By Edward Bruce Williamson. Pages 165-187, text
figures 1-18.

No. 1390. On the Liparis (Trismegistus) Owstoni Jordan and Snyder. By
Peter Schmidt. Pages 189-191, text figures 1-2.

No. 1891. On a Collection of Fishes made in Korea, by Pierre Louis Juoy,
with Descriptions of New Species. By David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin
Starks. Pages 193-212, text figures 1-11.

No. 1892. The Mount Vernon Meteorite. By Wirt Tassin. Pages 213-217,
plates 11-1v, 1 text figure.

No. 1393: The Scorpzenoid Fish, Neosebastes Extaxis, as the Type of a Dis-
tinct Species. By Theodore Gill. Pages 219-220, figures 1-2.

No. 1394. Note on the Genera of Synanceine and Pelorine Fishes. By Theo-
dore Gill. Pages 221-225, text figure 1.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 95

No. 13895. Cambrian Brachiopoda, with Descriptions of New Genera and
Species. By Charles D. Walcott. Pages 227-337.

No. 1396. On the Generic Characteristics of Prionotus Stearnsii. By Theo-
Gore Gill. Pages 339-342, text figure 1—4.

No. 1897. Three New Frogs and One New Gecko from the Philippine
islands. By Leonhard Stejneger. Pages 343-348.

No. 1398. Descriptions of New Species of Tortricid Moths, from North Caro-
lina, with Notes. By William Dunham Wearfott. Pages 349-364.

No. 1399. Note on the Salmon and Trout of Japan. By David Starr Jordan.
Pages 365-366.

No. 1400. Descriptions of a New Genus of Isopoda belonging to the Family
Tanaidze and of a New Species of Tanais, both from Monterey Bay, California.
By Harriet Richardson. Pages 367-370, text figures 1-13.

No. 1401. A Critical Review of the Literature on the Simple Genera of the
Madreporia Fungida, with a Tentative Classification. By T. Wayland Vaughn.
Pages 371424.

No. 1402. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Mammals from the
Philippine Islands. By Hdgar A. Mearns. Pages 425-460.

No. 1403. On a Collection of Orthoptera from Southern Arizona, with descrip-
tions of New Species. By Andrew Nelson Caudell. Pages 461-477, text figures
1-6.

No. 1404. North American Parasitic Copepeds belonging to the Family Cali-
gide. Part 1. The Caligine. By Charles Branch Wilson. Pages 479-672,
plates y—xx1x, text figures 1—50.

No. 1405. Notes on Mammals collected and observed in the Northern Mac-
kenzie River District, Northwest Territories of Canada, with Remarks on
Hxplorers and Wxplorations of the Far North. By R. MacKarlane. Pages
673-764, plates XXX—XXXIV.

No. 1406. Description of a New Toad from Cuba. By Leonhard Stejneger.
Pages 765-767, text figures 1-6.

No. 1407. List of Fishes collected by Dr. Bashford Dean on the Island of
Negros, Philippines. By David Starr Jordan and Alvin Seale. . Pages 769-803.
text figures 1—20.

(c) Of the Bulletin of the National Museum there was issued volume 3 of
Bulletin No. 50, forming the third part of Mr. Robert Ridgway’s monograph
of the “ Birds of North and Middle America;” part 4 of volume 8 of ‘“ Con-
tributions from the National Herbarium,” entitled “ Studies of Mexican and
Central American Plants, No. 4,” by J. N. Rose; volume 9 of the same series,
composed of a single paper on “The Useful Plants of the Island of Guam,” by
William H. Safford.

Y. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

Twenty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Hthnology to the
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1900-1901. By J. W. Powell, Director.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904. In two parts. Part Il. Pages
1-873; plates 9; text figures 11.

CONTENTS : The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony. By Alice Fletcher, assisted by James R.
Murie.

VI. REPORT OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION.

The annual report of the American Historical Association for the year 1904
was received from the Association and transmitted to the Public Printer in May,
1905. Its contents are as follows:

Report of the Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting, at Chicago, Ill., December

28-30, 1904, by Charles H. Haskins, corresponding secretary.
The Treatment of History, by Goldwin Smith.

. | ae ae
96 ® REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. i :

¥

On Roman History, by Ettore Pais.

Nations, by Friedrich Keutgen. -
The Chief Currents of Russian Historical Thought, by Paul Milyoukov.
The Work of American Historical Societies, by Henry HE. Bourne.

Public Records in Our Dependencies, by Worthing Chauncey Ford.

The Exploration of the Louisiana Frontier, 1803-1806, by Isaac J. Cox.
The Campaign of 1824 in New York, by C. H. Rammelkamp.
‘ Report of the Conference on the Teaching of History in Blementary Schools

James.
Report of the Conference on the Teaching of Church History, by Francis i
First Report of the Conference of State and Local Historical Societies, by Fr

Moore.

State evactants of Archives and History, by Thomas McAdory Owen.
Report of the Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coe v4

Max Farrand.
_ Bibliographical Notes on Early California, by Robert Ernest Cowan. fx ie
The Nootka Sound Controversy, by W. R. Manning.
Report of the Public Archives Commission on Archives > Alabaina’ Penns
North Carolina, Kansas, and Georgia.
Report on the Collection of Materials in English and eee History and
Fields in Libraries of United States, by Wilbur H. Siebert.

VII. REPORT OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, _

2 i

The seventh report of the National Society of the Daughters of the Amer’
Revolution was received from that Society in May, and was submitted to
gress in accordance with the requirements of the law.
Respectfully submitted. : sen
A. Howarp Ciarg, Edito
Mr. S. P. LANGLEY, e
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

O