Q Ly S66 CRLSSI 4 f v (No. 1 BL feito ok \ 856) REPORT OF THE Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 1908 me G08 KS ~ ° Os enter iO EAR DS £5 (No. 1856) WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1908 ot lags) Ua i ee Re oA lt Nh ed, m iy nein r ’ 7 + bf th CONTENTS, Page Re SME SOniany MNStbUtOM 2c esis oe egos e eo joe se oes teeta sess ones 1 inesstaphishmentrsveupsa ao ere ee Se sc cee Sake cake oan uae 1 MineyoardyOlmereontsin nae yee sem oe ae cel Se S UN ee 1 PAMOITTMTNS GRA GL OMe varsity tee ten aig Sel ole eS eof Pa Nan ee 2 TRYIN ESS 5 8 Ses ete peg ee NS aa, Reed ee Ra Ra yc ee 4 Explorations and researches: Studies in Cambrian geology and paleontology ................----- it NCH a AVEC A TLOME ver Lae near Nace aa teen aie ool CM Lace Mute Me ele 8 Meteor crater of Canyon Diablo, Arizona......................----- 9 PNAS KAMILOX PC MLELOM aya ayspoe sy Nees ere a ec reto patie Ae icin ae A 10 KeOlOo RO imbMe VAL Spa mys eke caine cere ee a i aah ee ee 2 AM te 10 Absolute; measurement Of SOUNd= = 5-22. = 2288 yee ce ese ee 11 Recalculation of atomic weights =a 255 23 seeses 2) 5 eee eee 11 Properties of matter at temperature of liquid air.................--- 11 botamicaluresearches im Calitormiasses- 22. -- ees 2e2 ese ees ose cee 11 Wee pawellitentperatunes. enue ose ee ak eee Lee Ove ose 12 Investigations under the Hodgkins fund: Hodgkins fund prize for essay on tuberculosis..............--.----- 12 Flow of air at high pressure through a nozzle .........--.---------- 13 SHDIGI A Wit OVE) STONY BNMINO STOVER 5 a age se ce yee secec saadcs scccsussos 14 PANTS COLOMAUIE PIS COM pe ra ee cen, sce Se eet Sal SS Sek Bhs NS 14 Mechanics of the earth’s atmosphere. ______...--__....----..------- 15 Smithsonian table at Naples Zoological Station -....-............------- 15 eM GAT OMS perenne eee ero or aM a et IR eye a Me a a eG We Advisory committee on printing and publication _-___.....-.-..--.-- 21 TENS: LLP OVE. 5 SS a et etc eo Nm cept et nS 21 Eresenvation of archeologicallsites,2 = 2-22.82 222252225222 ih ee a. Leas ou 22 ec rMOhAnGe) KUM IOUATIZONA set no ee wee Lee ee 23 WiestmverderNabonal Parks me nee aay © eid ate oe ee RE ees 23 WOES PONG NCO me meee oe rae cs Wives Her Real Same ae ee See eae 24 Woneressevanarcelebrationd «.-© 244-242 2 Ses soe Sete cence t eee wats oe 24 iiscelllanC ols eae erie ee eel ai ns oe yee AS ee ee oS lees ca 26 Nettie lel lose uma ere) oats yey eel nis Nes ene ee OR ak ey ee 27 PNET a Gr Letaye@ Le Amite me Mere inis See ee emai eee eS ed 28 sie AueorAmentcam Mthnology2a2c.2 6-5-2 s2heca noose tae ste nceie cece ese 29 International Exchanges........------- PGE SOE I eee een iae aes 30 ieee eomlocicale ban keen mam tees Mnrinane rec Slo. Nee ae uN oe 32 Voie SIe ARO) DSer VALOR yen = = sepys ae ete ere hei MEIN Sa Ses ae 2s 33 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature ..........-...--.------------ 34 Appendix I. Report on the United States National Museum.........-.------ 36 II. Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology -.----.---------- 44 III. Report on the International Exchanges --.---.------------------ 53 IV. Report on the National Zoological Park .........--.----.------ 62 Y. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory....-..-.-..---------- 68 Nile portron tine milorany sees oie 6 nner se irae ook ce aa/aies dimes 73 VII. Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. - - Ge Vabhiewheportonuthe itulblications Aes. sc eesaaa ce csisemetsia(aicctei 79 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, | CHARLES D. WALCOTT, FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1908. To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit a report showing the oper- ations of the Institution during the year ending June 30, 1908, including the work placed under its direction by Congress in the United States National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the International Exchanges, the National Zoological Park, the Astro- physical Observatory, the regional bureau of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature, and the excavations on the Casa Grande Reservation. In the body of this report there is given a general account of the affairs of the Institution, while the appendix presents a more detailed statement by those in direct charge of the different branches of the work. Independently of this the operations of the National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology are fully treated in separate volumes. The scientific work of the Astrophysical Observatory, covering its researches for five years, is described in Volume II of the Annals of the Observatory, published during the year. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. THE ESTABLISHMENT. By act of Congress approved August 10, 1846, the Smithsonian Institution was created an establishment. Its statutory members are “the President, the Vice-President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.” THE BOARD OF REGENTS. The Board of Regents consists of the Vice-President and the Chief Justice of the United States as ex-officio members, three members of the Senate, three Members of the House of Representatives, and six lf 2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. citizens, “ two of whom shall be residents of the city of Washington, and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of them of the same State.” It is with regret that I have to record the resignation of the Hon. Richard Olney on January 20, 1908. Mr. Olney served on the Board of Regents as a citizen of Massachusetts for eight years. The following appointments and reappointments of Regents were made during the year: By appointment of the Speaker, December 9, 1907, Representatives John Dalzell, James R. Mann, and William M. Howard, to succeed themselves; by appointment of the President of the Senate on January 14, 1908, Senator Augustus O. Bacon to succeed himself; by joint resolution of Congress approved February 94, 1908, the Hon. Charles F. Choate, jr., of Massachusetts, in place of the Hon. Richard Olney, resigned. The board met on December 3, 1907, January 22, 1908, and Febru- ary 12, 1908. The proceedings of these meetings will be printed as customary in the annual report of the board to Congress. ADMINISTRATION. With the aid rendered by the several experienced and efficient staffs the administrative work of the Institution and the several branches of the government service committed to its care has pro- gressed in a satisfactory manner during the year. The affairs of the Institution have received prompt administrative consideration, and a united effort has been made to carry out vigorously and conscien- tiously the fundamental purposes of the Institution, “the increase and diffusion of knowledge.” Under the general supervision of the Secretary the extended and complicated operations of the National Museum have been efficiently managed by the assistant secretary in charge of the National Museum, Mr. Richard Rathbun. Dr. Cyrus Adler, assistant secre- tary in charge of library and exchanges, has also rendered important service in connection with the regional bureau of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature and in the general business of the Institution. The affairs of the Bureau of American Ethnology have continued in charge of Mr. W. H. Holmes, Mr. C. G. Abbot has advanced the work of the Astrophysical Observatory, and Dr. Frank Baker has superintended the administration of the National Zoological Park. The Secretary has availed himself of the assistance of the officers in charge of the various branches and conferred freely with them during the year. Certain changes in the routine of business in the Institution proper and in the several branches have been approved upon recommendation of the committee on business methods. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3 The routine work of the Institution proper and of the several ‘branches of the government service under its direction was examined in detail during the year, including the methods of correspondence, the handling of freight, the purchase and issuance of property and supplies, the distribution of publications, the receipt and disburse- ment of moneys, and rules and regulations affecting leaves of absence and other matters relating to the personnel. In order that the most modern advances in office methods might be applied tothe Institution where necessary, a subcommittee of the committee on business methods was directed to visit the executive departments and local commercial establishments, and the report of this subcommittee was of material assistance in suggesting needed modifications in the tr ansaction of routine business under the Institution. Among the most important improvements in this direction were certain changes in the accession- ing of material received by the National Museum for examination and report. The general effect of the recommendations of the com- mittee has been to reduce the eno of work and to facilitate the dispatch of business. The advisory committee on printing and publication, appointed In pursuance of executive order of January 20, 1906, which com- mittee 1s composed of representatives from the Institution and its branches, has rendered valuable assistance in scrutinizing manu- scripts proposed for publication and blank forms used in the work of the Institution and its branches. Appointments to the staffs of the National Museum, the Inter- national Exchanges, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the National Zoological Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, and the regional bureau of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature have been made from time to time as vacancies occurred, in accordance with the civil-service rules and requirements; these establishments, with the exception of the last named, having been placed under the operation of the civil-service law on June 30, 1896, the International Catalogue having later been subjected to the jurisdiction of the com- mission. No important changes have been made in the routine affecting appointments, except that by executive orders the rules were modified to permit transfers of persons serving for a period of six months ending within one year from the date of proposed transfer, and the requirements of examination were allowed to be waived in the discretion of the Civil Service Commission. The privilege of making emergency appointments, pending the permanent appoint- ment of eligibles through certification, was discontinued, likewise by executive order, and all temporary appointments are required now to be approved in advance by the commission. Such appointments are no longer limited arbitrarily to six months, but may, under cer- tain circumstances, be extended beyond that term. Recommendations 4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. of appointing officers affecting the method of appointment to posi- tions in the classified service are, by executive order of February 20, - 1908, required to be forwarded, with a full statement of the reasons therefor, through the Civil Service Commission, to the President. The current business of the Institution has been conducted in a prompt and effective manner, and it is gratifying to note that no arrearages in the work of the government branches under its direc- tion were necesSary to be reported in the quarterly statements to the President and in the annual statement which, in accordance with law, accompanied the estimates transmitted to Congress. FINANCES. The permanent fund of the Institution and the sources from which it was derived are as follows: Deposited in the Treasury of the United States. Bequest ‘of Smithson, 1846__._-.________ dapiieesb unre oe Yes mempeee 5 lay, ot) Cu) Residuary lecicy Of SimibhsonylSGiees a= = ee See -- 26,210.63 Deposit from) saviness/o income. shies = see eee 108, 620. 37 Bequestof James, Hamilton, 187522-— ee $1, 000. 00 Accumulated interest on Hamilton fund, 1895________-__ 1, 000. 00 Oe 2, 000. 00 Bequest of Simeon Habel, 1880.2 2 stat ae eee 500. 00 Deposit from proceeds of sale of bonds, 1881___________ ns SP a 51, 500. 00 Giftcot Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1@9t2. 1c en 2) se ee 200, 000. 00 Part of residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894___________ 8, 000. 00 Deposit trom sayines of income; 19032. = = eee eee 25, 000. 00 Residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins_______________________ 7, 918. 69 Total amount of fund in the United States Treasury_______ 944, 918. 69 Held at the Smithsonian Institution. Registered and guaranteed bonds of the West Shore Railroad Com- pany (par value), part of legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins_______ 42, 000. 00 otal permanent, Gund -i-2 2 Nee eee oe eee 986, 918. 69 That part of the fund deposited in the Treasury of the United States bears interest at 6 per cent per annum, under the provisions of the act organizing the Institution and an act of Congress approved March 12, 1894. The rate of interest on the West Shore Railroad bonds is 4 per cent per annum. The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to $63,372.96, was derived as follows: Interest on the permanent fund, $58,262.52; proceeds from claims in litigation, $300, and from mis- cellaneous sources, $4,810.44; all of which was deposited in the Treas- ury of the United States to the credit of the current account of the Institution. 5 With the balance of $24,592.01 on July 1, 1907, the total resources for the fiscal year amounted to $87,964.97. The disbursements, which are given in detail in the annual report of the executive committee, amounted to $69,198.56, leaving a balance of $18,766.41 on deposit June 30, 1908, in the United States Treasury. The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1908: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Imiernationall Hxchanges. 222 ee ___-. $82,000 America bhn O1O gy: S28 OTe ee ee 40, 000 ASEROD My. Sical \Observatory_ 2 Nok ee ee ee 13, 000 National Museum: UEMITUINe mands fi xCUTCS 2-22 8 ee 2. Se 20, 000 BESTE eo TD Cl Ne ohn shiva ee i 18, 000 Preservation of collections_____________________ eae 190, 000 TERE Lek Sr Ney I a en er Ro SL ee pe oO 2, 000 TE GY /2A(S) AA a pe He PLES AEB Ua eit Rs = 500 Rent of workshops__________ ees pee ea ER pnts cess ea 4, 580 Building! repairs______________-.___ Laie ass gad oe Oe 15, 000 Nain OMe 7OOlOgiCal Pate. = 2 a ee 110, 000 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature___________________ 5, 000 Protection and excavation, ruin of Casa Grande, Arizona___________ 3, 000° New building for National Museum_____________-__- 1, 250, 000 "TRE TL Sn Ra SN Ie ey a le pt oh Seen NEO EO 1, 703, 080 EH stimates.—The estimates forwarded to Congress in behalf of the Government branches of the Institution and the appropriations based thereon for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909, are as follows: } Estimates. Appropea: imMtenaronalebxchangegeass Jo lo ys seed) eo hs oR AS eee isons ales sisieisie $32, 000 $32, 000 PAINE TI Camel tlamOlOpiye see emcce = saecce iSesenic ceocshis 2 ucec gee gas eonad Seer oemei 52, 000 42, 000 Reimbursement of Bell Gi Cos. 2 <2 < tee Ss saccseaccs ce ccc emieese ce ce eeccielse O2D rare aiceawmae ASTLOM My Slcaln@ PSCrVaLOLY cae aise sacle os ose Sos einen ne o/s anes sicinia cis eee cower 20, 000 13, 000 National Museum: UIE MEST Ut GEUME eas a foc ah id ed elses ale wate Se c.ares oe seseinicelernjetre eles 2200, 000 50, 000 Ieienibins araVol bid oq ab oye Ses Ee eA ee oe eee eee a eae see eee 25, 000 22, 000 IBKeSeLyAtloOnOl COLE CtIONS sasesmin ae seeee cies cieton = acs eceme See ec scl weil 190, 000 190, 000 ENGI ss ererete re nts oalsic tenet cle ate lataveie ec ate ie isioielseinimecleiee aaa see eagle caus ueleeeiels 2, 000 2, 000 RO SLA CM reece a aie clere ia ra ce caret cls Sarai aaa oreo a ane Sia ravens siciaie mlalntajele dk pig ays rsjsin eee 500 500 semis otaW OLKSh OPS sce sor aise oe aie sive cas ie oe ais alo a ofveGs ba satin nee 4, 580 4,580 OMG Ce PAITS ee ayreiem tele esas canes cies acaeies Seite ane lele stay NS a Seveescie 15, 000 15, 000 Nanonaleallienvo fi Amt eis sas acess ee os oe meme non amis eeemeine sam eale Sk Ciel (X00) | spo cocson National Zoological Park..............--..----- ASI tee create te ec De at ets 110, 000 95, 000 Hegajustment of bOUNGALICS) 32). 2a. - see ej = ace 2 Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 17, 1906, pp. 1-28: Algonkian formations of northwestern Montana. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9 to a science and an art which bid fair to engage the attention of man- kind for many years to come. METEOR CRATER OF CANYON DIABLO, ARIZONA. An investigation of the remarkable crater-like depression at Coon Butte, near Canyon Diablo, Arizona, made in 1907 by Dr. G. P. Merrill, head curator of geology in the National Museum, aided by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution, was briefly mentioned in my last year’s report and a full account appeared in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (quarterly issue) under date of January 97, 1908. The “crater” is some three-fourths of a mile in diameter and 500 feet in depth in a region of undisturbed sedimentary rocks and remote from volcanoes. ‘The object of the study was to deter- mine, if possible, whether the crater was caused by volcanic action, as assumed by some investigators, or due to the impact of a mass of — - meteoric iron as asserted by others. From the available evidence Doctor Merrill concluded that the erater could not have been formed by volcanic action, all the observed phenomena being of a superficial nature. Some 300 feet of over- lying limestone and 500 feet of sandstone have been shattered as by some powerful blow, and the quartz particles in the sandstone in part fused, indicating a very high degree of heat. The deeper- lying sandstone, however, is entirely unchanged. These facts abso- lutely preclude the formation of the crater by any deep-seated agency, and forces the conclusion that it resulted from the impact of a stellar body. No record has been found of a meteoric fall comparable with this, the largest known meteorites, such as that from Cape York, Green- land, and the enormous irons from Oregon, having fallen under such conditions as to scarcely bury themselves. The nearest approach to the Canyon Diablo occurrence was that at Knyahinya, Hungary, where a 660-pound stone penetrated the ground to a depth of 11 feet. No meteoric mass of sufficient size to have made this enormous crater has been brought to light, but it is thought there still remains the possibility of its having become dissipated through the heat developed by its impact while traveling at a speed of many miles a second. In his report Doctor Merrill goes very thoroughly into details. He has secured many specimens of the meteoric irons and their associa- tions from the locality, which are deposited in the National Museum. The specimens include a hitherto unrecognized type of meteoric iron and a peculiar form of metamorphism in the siliceous sandstone of the region. Mining operations carried on in the crater afforded special oppor- tunity for this research. These operations were discontinued during the winter, but their resumption in May, 1908, presented a second 10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. opportunity for the observation of the unique phenomena at the crater, and Doctor Merrill was authorized to proceed again to Ari- zona to be present during this second, and probably final, series of drillings. The greatest depth reached during his stay at the crater was 842 feet, and the results of the examination of the ejectamenta thus secured confirmed the former conclusion. Several boxes of specimens bearing on the subject were forwarded to the Institution, where they will be held for future reference and study. ALASKAN EXPEDITION. In my last report mention was made of an expedition to be made to the Yukon country in Alaska for the collection of the remains of large extinct vertebrates, particularly mammals. A Smithsonian expedition had been made to this region in the summer of 1904 by Mr. Maddren, the results of which were published by the Institution in 1905. The present expedition of 1907 was in charge of Mr. C. W. Gilmore of the National Museum. The results of the explorations have been published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Mr. Gilmore was not successful in finding what was most desired, a fairly complete skeleton of a mammoth, but the expedition was by no means barren of results. He found that scattered remains of Pleistocene animals occur throughout the unglaciated region of Alaska and adjacent Canadian territory in the black muck accumu- lated in gulches and the valleys of the smaller streams, in the fine elevated clays of the Yukon silts, and Kowak clays, and in the more recent fluvial and alluvial deposits. Some of the specimens are so well preserved that they could not have traveled far from the original place of interment, while many bones are broken, abraded, and waterworn. Mr. Gilmore gives a list of the various genera and species of extinct vertebrates thus far reported from Alaska, followed by a brief review with a number of illustrations. He believes that when more perfect material is available it will be found, probably in all instances, to be quite distinct from the living forms. The skull of an Ovibos was found sufficiently complete to warrant its separation from the living form O. moschatus, to which nearly all musk-ox material from this region had previously been referred. GEOLOGY OF THE ALPS. The investigation by Mr. Bailey Willis of the current theories of Alpine structure, under the grant approved in 1907, was successful in offering opportunities for consultation with leading European geologists, among whom were Rothpletz, Suess, Lugeon, Margerie, and Saccord. In cooperation with several distinguished students of the great problems of the Alps, Mr. Willis made detailed studies of REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ined (i | critical districts, and was thus enabled to compare opposing theories by object lessons on the ground. Mr. Willis’s full report is expected early in 1909. ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT OF SOUND. Dr. A. G. Webster announces the approaching completion of his ‘research on the measurement of sound which has been in progress for two years past. The investigation comprises an exhaustive treat- ment of the theory of the production of sound, with a descripticn of a standard source, the transmission of sound through the air as modified by the effect of the ground, and its measurement by a receiving instrument. A description of experiments confirming the theory of Doctor Webster will be included in his finished report, with several practical applications, such as the examination of the sounds of speech, the diagnosis of deafness, the improvement of fog signals, and the testing of materials for the insulation of sound. RECALCULATION OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS. In February, 1908, Prof. F. W. Clarke, chairman of the Interna- tional Commission on Atomic Weights, was authorized to begin the preparation of a third edition of his work on that subject, with the aid of a grant from the Smithsonian Institution. The second edition of Professor Clarke’s Atomic Weights was published in 1897, since which time the data on this subject have so largely increased as to render a new edition desirable. Some time will necessarily elapse before the completion of the work. PROPERTIES OF MATTER AT TEMPERATURE OF LIQUID ATR. In October, 1907, a Smithsonian grant was approved on behalf of Prof. E. L. Nichols, of Cornell University, for the continuation of his experiments on the properties of matter at the temperature of liquid air. Reports of the progress of this research are to be made from time to time in the recognized journals of physics and, at the completion of the research, a memoir describing the investigation will be submitted to the Smithsonian Institution for consideration as to publication. It is believed that the prompt announcement of results in the way mentioned will be an immediate advantage to students, and that their publication as a whole by the Institution will also prove of great service. BOTANICAL RESEARCHES IN CALIFORNIA. A moderate grant has been made to Miss Alice Eastwood from the Smithsonian fund for the critical field study and collection of the spe- cies aud genera of the plants secured at the type locality, Santa Bar- 12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. bara, Cal., by Thomas Nuttall, and published by him in 1838 to 1848. Some of these species are now well known, but others have never been collected and arranged since they were found by Nuttall, and several are known to be misunderstood. The collection Miss Eastwood is: now making will be valuable for the series in the herbarium of the National Museum. DEEP-WELL TEMPERATURES. A moderate Smithsonian grant was approved on behalf of Dr. William Hallock, of Columbia University, to assist in the investiga- tion of temperatures in a deep well near Oakland, Md., for purposes of geological research. INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE HODGKINS FUND. T have given a good deal of consideration to the use of that por- tion of the Hodgkins fund devoted to the increase and diffusion of more exact knowledge of the atmospheric air in relation to the wel- fare of man. While much valuable work has been done under this fund, it seems to me that it would be more in consonance with the ideas of the founder, if at least a portion of it might be employed in some way to aid in the knowledge of the prevention of disease and its cure. I have been in correspondence with several specialists and hope to be able to initiate some useful investigations along these lines. HODGKINS FUND PRIZE FOR ESSAY ON TUBERCULOSIS. Under date of February 3, 1908, the Institution issued a circular announcing a prize of $1,500 for the best treatise “ On the relation of atmospheric air to tuberculosis ” that should be offered at the inter- national congress on tuberculosis, to be held in Washington from September 21 to October 12, 1908. The circular reads as follows: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—HODGKINS-FUND PRIZE. In October, 1891, Thomas George Hodgkins, esq., of Setauket, N. Y., made a donation to the Smithsonian Institution the income from a part of which was to be devoted to “ the increase and diffusion of more exact knowledge in regard to the nature and properties of atmospheric air in connection with the welfare of man.” In furtherance of the donor’s wishes, the Smithsonian Institution has from time to time offered prizes, awarded medals, made grants for inves- tigations, and issued publications. In connection with the approaching international congress on tuberculosis, which will be held in Washington, September 21 to October 12, 1908, a prize of $1,500 is offered for the best treatise ‘On the relation of atmospheric air to tuberculosis.” Memoirs having relation to the cause, spread, prevention, or cure of tuberculosis are included within the general terms of the subject. Any memoir read before the international congress on tuberculosis, or sent to the Smithsonian Institution or to the secretary-general of the congress before its close, namely, October 12, 1908, will be considered in the competition. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13 The memoirs may be written in English, French, German, Spanish, or Italian. They should be submitted either in manuscript or typewritten copy, or if in type, printed as manuscript. If written in German they should be in Latin seript. They will be examined and the prize awarded by a committee ap- pointed by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in conjunction with the officers of the international congress on tuberculosis. Such memoirs must not have been published prior to the congress. The Smithsonian Institution reserves the right to publish the treatise to which the prize is awarded. No condition as to the length of the treatises is established, it being expected that the practical results of important investigations will be set forth as convinec- ingly and tersely as the subject will permit. The right is reserved to award no prize if in the judgment of the committee no contribution is offered of sufficient merit to warrant such action. Memoirs designed for consideration should be addressed to either “The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A.,” or to “Dr. John S. Fulton, seecretary-general of the international congress on tuberculosis, 714 Colorado Building, Washington, D. C., U. S. A.” Further information, if de- sired by persons intending to become competitors, will be furnished on application. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. As a committee to award this prize the following gentlemen have consented to serve: Dr. William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins, chair- man; Dr. John S. Fulton, secretary-general of the congress; Dr. Simon Flexner, director, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York; Dr. George M. Sternberg, Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, retired; Dr. Hermann Biggs, New York department of health; Dr. George Dock, of the University of Michigan; and Dr. William M. ‘Davis, of Harvard. FLOW OF ATR AT HIGH PRESSURE THROUGH A NOZZLE. The inquiry to determine the cooling effect of the nozzle expansion of air for large pressure differences, which has been conducted by Prof. W. P. Bradley, of Wesleyan University, with the aid of a grant from the Hodgkins fund of the Institution, is announced as nearing completion. The investigation was intended specifically to determine whether the cooling process is due to the Joule-Thomson effect or to the performance of external work by the expanding air in pushing back the atmosphere from before the nozzle. The results of the in- quiry make it clear that pressure is an important factor and that the cooling effect increases very rapidly indeed as the initial temperature falls. Professor Bradley is now engaged in an exact mathematical discussion of this research. | As to the apparatus employed, an interchanger of the Hampton type was so constructed, in vertical sections, that the amount of interchanger surface in actual use could be varied at will, from noth- ing to more than enough to induce liquefaction. In this manner it 61782—08——2 14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. was possible to maintain the initial temperature constant, within one- third of a degree, at any desired point between +20° and —120°, and the final temperature similarly constant between +20° and the tem- perature of liquefaction. The temperatures were measured by resist- ance thermometers placed close to the valves in the high and low pressure circuits. The pressures employed range from 500 pounds to 3,000 pounds. The expansion was exclusively to one atmosphere. The inquiry is of interest as related to the functioning of air liquefiers in which the air is throttled by a valve and expands without performing external work, in the usual sense of that expression. STUDY OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. A further.grant from the Hodgkins fund was made to Prof. A. Lawrence Rotch, director of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observa- tory, to aid in the completion of his experiments with ballons-sondes at St. Louis. This was accomplished in October and November, 1907, under the direction of Mr. S. P. Fergusson. The object of these latest ascensions, 21 in number, was to supply data for the high atmosphere during the autumn, a season when there are few observations, and also to establish a comparison with the results obtained simultaneously in Europe on the international term days in October and November. Professor Rotch reports that all but two of the instruments used in these ascensions were recov- ered, and an examination of the record sheets indicates generally the presence, at an altitude exceeding 8 miles, of the isothermal, or rela- tively warm stratum, which was found somewhat lower in summer. For example, on October 8 the minimum temperature of 90° F. below zero was found at a height of 47,600 feet, whereas at the extreme alti- tude reached—namely, 54,100 feet—the temperature had risen to 72° F. below zero. Similarly, on October 10 the lowest temperature of 80° F. below zero occurred at 39,700 feet, while 69° F. below zero was recorded at 49,200 feet, the limit of this ascension, showing that the temperature inversion had come down about 8,000 feet in two days. The prevailing drift of the balloons during the autumn of 1907 was from the northwest, while in previous years they traveled more from the west. A description of the methods employed in launching 77 ballons-sondes from St. Louis and a discussion of the results obtained will soon appear in the Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College. AIR SACS OF THE PIGEON. For several years there have’ been in progress under the general direction of Prof. von Lendenfeld, of the University of Prague, aided by grants from the Hodgkins fund, various investigations bearing upon animal flight. The results of one of these investigations, on REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15 “The air sacs of the pigeon,” by Bruno Miiller, was published during the past year in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. The au- thor summarizes the conclusions of his studies as follows: I do not consider the air sacs, including the air cavities of bones, as organs having a positive and special function, but rather as a system of empty inter- ‘spaces. Their value lies in their emptiness—that is, in their containing nothing that offers resistance or has an appreciable weight. Flying is the highest form of locomotion, and as such only possible to a body of high mechanical efficiency. Our most effective machines are by no means compact and solid, but composed of parts as strong as possible in themselves and arranged in the most appropriate manner. The interspaces between the parts are left empty and taken up by air. : The Sauropsida, at the time they obtained the power of flight, became adapted to its mechanical requirements, and thereby similar to the efficient machines mentioned above; they divested themselves of all superfluous material, filling the body spaces thus obtained with air sacs. While the body wall, adapting _itself to the mechanical requirement, became a compact, hollow cylinder serving as a support for the organs of movement, the mobility of the parts was assured by surrounding them with air sacs. The lengthening of the neck, produced by quite a different adaptation, made necessary an increase in the quantity of air moved during respiration. This demand was met by air currents generated through a rhythmical change in the volume of the air sacs. The connection of the air sacs with the Jungs is a consequence of their phylogenetic development, which is repeated in their embryological development, and has no physiological significance other than that the air sacs assist in renewing the air in the trachea. MECHANICS OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE. Prof. Cleveland Abbe, who has received a Hodgkins grant for the preparation of a second volume of translations of important foreign memoirs on the mechanics of the earth’s atmosphere, has about com- pleted this work. The former collection of translations on this sub- ject by Professor Abbe, published in 1891 as volume 34 of the Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections, has been widely used and recognized to be of important service to those engaged in the study of modern dynamic meteorology. NAPLES ZOOLOGICAL STATION. For the past fifteen years the Smithsonian Institution has supported a table at the Naples Zoological Station and offered its facilities for study to biologists recommended by an advisory committee of emi- nent specialists. During the past year I have been aided by the prompt and helpful action of this committee, whose membership con- tinues the same as heretofore. f The occupation of the Smithsonian table was approved on hehalf of Mr. J. F. Lewis, of Johns Hopkins University, for the month of March, 1908. His actual stay, however, exceeded that period by some . 16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. two weeks. Mr. Lewis has submitted an outline of his work, in which he says: My work at Naples was in continuation of lines of investigation already under way. It consisted mainly in the collection and preservation of material for a cytological study of Rhodophycez, with a view to gathering evidence as to the extent of the remarkable alternation of generations in this group of plants. Material was collected and carefully preserved of Dudresnaya coccinea, various species of Callithamnion, and other forms. My comparatively short stay at Naples precluded my making at the time the careful cytological investigation which must precede the drawing of any conclusions as to the presence or ab- sence of alternation of generations in the forms studied. This investigation is now in progress and should lead to definite results of some theoretical value. During my stay at Naples I also investigated the periodicity in the production in the sexual cells of Dictyola dichotoma. This subject has been investigated by J. Lloyd Williams on the coasts of England and Wales, and by W. D. Hoyt on our own Atlantic coast. In both cases it has been found that the production of sexual cells bears a very definite relation to the changes of the tides. It was thought, therefore, to be of special interest to find how Dictyola behaves in seas where the tides are very slight and where tidal influences are almost negligible. The results of this investigation are practically ready for publication. Prof. F. M. Andrews, of the University of Indiana, received the appointment to the table for the months of April and May, 1908, going there from a period of research work with Professor Pfeffer, at the University of Leipzig. At Naples Professor Andrews was engaged on a problem in plant physiology, a summary of the results of which will receive mention when submitted to the Institution. Dr. C. A. Kofoid, associate professor of histology and embryology in the University of California, and assistant director of the San Diego Marine Biological Station, will occupy the table for three months from January 1, 1909. While at Naples Doctor Kofoid pro- poses a research on sexual reproduction among Dinoflagellata, as yet unknown in marine forms. He will also study the Gymnodinide, which can be done only in the living condition, as they resist all attempts at fixing. In addition to these investigations, he proposes some experimental work on autotomy in Ceratium, with reference to temperature and vertical distribution in the sea. The application of Dr. M. F. Guyer, professor of zoology in the University of Cincinnati, has been approved for April, May, and June, 1909. Doctor Guyer has contributed to various scientific publi- cations articles already well known, describing his investigations, and on the close of his term at Naples is expected to send a brief outline of his work there to the Institution. To avoid the complications which may arise from the overlapping of the dates of appointees to the table, a longer time is at present allowed between the approval of an appointment and the time of occupation than was at first found practicable. It is hoped that this plan will allow a wider choice in the selection of dates, and tend to REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 17 make the table available for the use of a greater number of investi- gators than could otherwise be accommodated. In the past fifteen years only one instance has occurred in which an investigator has applied for the Smithsonian seat after having asked the privilege of occupying another table for the same period. The confusion which necessarily results from such action will be readily appreciated. To meet the wish of the director, a double ap- pointment on behalf of the Institution, for even a limited time, is not approved without inquiry as to the convenience of the station in the matter. It should be again noted, however, that the director of the station is always most courteously ready to arrange for the accommo- dation of more than one appointee when, on being notified in advance, he finds such action practicable. PUBLICATIONS. Three series of publications are maintained by the Institution proper, (1) the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, (2) the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, and (8) the Annual Reports to Congress; while under its auspices there are issued Annual Re- ports, Proceedings, and Bulletins of the National Museum, Annual Reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory. The Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge are restricted to positive additions to human knowledge resting on original research, unverified speculations being excluded therefrom. The Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections contain reports showing progress in partic- ular branches of science, lists and synopses of species of the organic and inorganic world, accounts of explorations, and aids to biblio- graphical investigations. Three memoirs of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, which were in press at the close of the last fiscal year, have been com- pleted and distributed. One of these is a memoir of 147 pages and 42 plates by Dr. William Hittell Sherzer, giving the results of his stud- ies of the glaciers of the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks. Doctor Sherzer explains the physiographic changes of the past and those now in progress in these regions, and gives the results of his observa- tions on the structure of glacial ice and movements of the glaciers. The second completed memoir of 79 pages and 10 plates is by Prof. K. A. Andrews, on “The Young of the Crayfish Astacus and Cam- barus,” and the third memoir of 231 pages and 13 plates is by Prof. Hubert Lyman Clark, on “ The Apodous Holothurians, a Monograph of the Synaptide and Molopodiide,” including a report on the repre- sentatives of these families in the National Museum collections. 18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. To meet the continued demand for the memoir by the late Secretary Langley on “The Internal Work of the Wind,” first issued in 1893, a new edition has been put to press, adding to the original a translation of a “ Solution of a Special Case of the Geneaill Prob- lem,” by Réné de Saussure, which appeared in the French edition of the work in 1893. Forty papers were published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col- lections during the year, 32 of them aggregating 500 pages, in the quarterly 1 issue of that series, and 8 papers, 647 pages, in the regular series. These papers cover a wide range of topics, as enuieeaae by the editor in his report on publications. There was published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections a paper on “ The Development of the American Alligator” describ- ing the results of investigations by Prof. Albert M. Reese, of Syra- cuse University, who had been aided in his work by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution. A brief paper recording the observa- tions by Professor Reese on the breeding habits of the Florida alli- gator was published in the Quarterly Issue of the Miscellaneous Col- lections under date of May 4, 1907. A volume of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections will be devoted to a series of papers by the secretary on Cambrian geology and paleontology. Two papers of this series, No. 1, “ Nomenclature of Some Cordilleran Formations,” and No. 2, “ Cambrian Trilobites,” were published before the close of the fiscal year. Three additional papers were in proof form at the close of the year, namely, No. 3 “ Cambrian Brachiopoda: Descriptions of New Genera and Species; ” No. 4, “ Classification and Terminology of the Cambrian Brachio- poda;” and No. 5, “ Cambrian Sections of the Cordilleran Area.” The series of Smithsonian Tables continues to be in demand. A revised edition of the Meteorological Tables has been published, and a revised edition of the Physical Tables was in preparation for the printer when the year closed. To this series of Meteorological, Physi- cal, and Geographical Tables, there will be added a fourth volume, e Smheentan Mathematical Tables: Hyperbolic Functions,” pre- pared by Dr. George F. Becker and Mr. C. E. Van Orstrand. This volume of between 300 and 400 pages is now in press. In the intro- duction to the work the authors say: The hyperbolic functions are named the hyperbolic sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant from their close analogy to the circular fune- tions,:the tangent being the ratio of the hyperbolic sine to the cosine and the other three functions being the reciprocals of these, as m circular trigonom- etry. They are usually denoted by adding h to the symbols of the circular functions, as cosh w for the hyperbolic cosine of u, sinh w for the hyperbolic sine of u, etc. The first and most important application of the functions now known as hyperbolic was made by Gerhard Mercator (Kremer) when he issued his map REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19 on “ Mereator’s projection,’ in 1559, or, as some say, in 1550, while Bowditch gives the date as 1566. ‘To this day substantially all of the deep-sea naviga- tion of the world is carried on by the help of this projection, which has been modified only to the extent of correcting the meridional parts for the ellipticity of the meridian. _ The Annual Report of the Board of Regents to Congress, published under an allotment granted by Congress, continues to be the principal medium through which the Institution disseminates scientific infor- mation to the world at large. For nearly sixty years this report has included an appendix recording progress in different branches of knowledge, the articles being compiled largely from journals in foreign languages and the transactions of scientific and learned societies throughout the world, comprising material otherwise not readily accessible. It is impossible to meet the popular demand for this publication, even from the considerable edition authorized by Congress, so that the distribution of the 7,000 copies at the disposal of the Institution must therefore be largely limited to libraries and institutions where the public may refer to them. The 1907 annual report was in type, but presswork could not be completed before the close of the’fiscal year. This volume includes 29 articles on the customary wide range of topics. The publications of the National Museum during the year included the annual report and a large number of papers of the bulletins and proceedings, mentioned by the assistant secretary in the appendix of the present report. The twenty-fifth annual report and three bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology, as also a special publication on “Indian Mis- sions ” were issued during the year, and a number of works were in press when the year closed, including a bulletin on “ Unwritten Literature of Hawaii,” and Part I of “ Handbook of American In- dian Languages.” Part IT of the “ Handbook of American Indians ” is still in press, the critical character of the contents of this work rendering rapid progress undesirable. The first volume of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory was published in 1902, and the second volume, recording the results of investigations from 1900 to 1906, has now been published. The research described in this volume is a continuation of observations on the relations of the sun to climate and life upon the earth, a line of investigation inaugurated by the late Secretary Langley. In compliance with the acts of incorporation of the American His- torical Association and of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the annual reports of those bodies were submitted to the secretary of the Smithsonian and transmitted to Congress. The Department of State has transmitted a number of reports by American consuls bearing on the Indians of Peru, Education in For- 20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. mosa, and other topics, some of which have been printed in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. The monograph on Landmarks in Botanical History, referred to in previous reports as in course of preparation by Dr. Edward L. Greene, is progressing satisfactorily and will be published by the Institution when completed. A bibliography of tin is in preparation by Mr. F. L. Hess, with the aid of a Smithsonian grant; and under the Hodgkins fund a bibliog- raphy of aeronautics is being compiled by Mr. Paul Brockett. Tn accordance with the act of Congress approved March 30, 1906, providing that the cost of printing and binding for the executive departments and government bureaus shall be charged to specific allotments for the departments and bureaus, and the further provi- sion in the sundry civil act of June 30, 1906, that no appropriations except those specifically for printing and binding shall be used for such purpose, special allotments have been made to the Institution and its branches for the year ending June 30, 1909, as follows: For the Smithsonian Institution for printing and binding annual re- ports of the Board of Regents, with general appendixes__________ $10, 000. 00 For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general ap- pendixes, and for printing labels and blanks, and for the bulletins and proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not exceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half turkey or mate- rial not more expensive, scientific books and pamphlets presented to and acquired by the National Museum library________________ 34, 000. 00 For the annual reports and bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the | OW HSY Nie Saag ee tee A) De pe Ee pee ES ae ee 21, 000. 00 For miscellaneous printing and binding: International hxchangeg)) 2 es oe eee 200. 00 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_______________ 100. 00 National “Zoological WPatky 2.22 ee eee eee 200. 00 Astrophysical Observatory 2. 2-52 ee sk 100. 00 For the annual report of the American Eietoricnl ASsociation=—————= 7, 000. 00 AI Ge eee eee Se en ed ee ee 72, 600. 00 The allotments to the Institution and its branches under the head of public printing and binding during the past fiscal year were as far as practicable expended prior to June 30. The protracted session of Congress, however, prevented the completion of considerable work in hand during the latter part of the fiscal year, making it impossible to entirely use some of the allotments. Continuing the policy established last year, an editorial assistant has been engaged in abstracting such publications of the Institution and its branches as could be put in popular language for the use of newspapers throughout the country. A number of more general arti- cles on the work of the Institution have also been distributed to the REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Dt press. This has resulted in reaching millions of readers who would not have ready access to the scientific information in the publications of the Institution. ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND PUBLICATION. In order that the practice of the Institution in the supervision of its publication and those of its branches might correspond with that of the executive departments, as prescribed by the President’s order of January 24, 1906, the Smithsonian advisory committee on printing and publication, appointed February 7, 1906, held 26 meetings during the year and reported on 137 manuscripts and numerous blank forms. The committee also considered various questions pertaining to print- ing and binding. The committee consists of the following members: Dr. Cyrus Adler, assistant secretary, chairman; Dr. F. W. True, head curator of biology, U. S. National Museum; Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist, the Bureau of American Ethnology; Dr. Frank Baker, superintendent, National Zoological Park; Mr. C. G. Abbot, director of the Astro- physical Observatory; Mr. W. I. Adams, of the International Ex- changes; Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, and Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, curator of reptiles and batrachians, U.S. National Museum. The printing committee formulated a series of rules for the abbre- viation of scientific periodicals in publications of the Smithsonian and its branches. These rules, which have been approved for the use of the Institution and its branches, are given in full in the editor’s report. They may be summarized as follows: 1. In abbreviating words in titles, stop before the second vowel, unless the resulting abbreviation would contain but one consonant, in which case stop before the third vowel. 2. All articles, prepositions, and conjunctions are to be omitted, except and and for, which may be retained when necessary for clearness. 8. In abbreviated titles, the words should follow strictly the order of the full titles. 4. (a) Words of one syllable, (0) titles consisting of a single word, (¢) hames of towns (except as indicated under rule 5), (d@) names of persons (when unmodified), and (e) names of geological formations are not to be abbreviated. 5. Whenever necessary for clearness any of the foregoing rules may be dis- regarded, but in such cases words should not be abbreviated. LIBRARY. The accessions to the Smithsonian library during the year aggre- gated 36,068 in volumes and parts, an increase by some 1,800 entries over the previous year. Of these accessions 24,777 were placed in the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress, which comprises in 22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. itself the largest library of scientific works in this country; 3,317 were divided among the libraries of the Secretary’s office, the Astro- physical Observatory, the National Zoological Park, and the Inter- national Exchanges, as expedient for purposes of administration, and 7,974 were deposited in the United States National Museum library. Besides these, there were numerous additions to the library of the Bureau of American Ethnology, which is administered separately. It is estimated that an equivalent of 6,560 volumes was transmitted to the Library of Congress, comprising in actual numbers 25,524 pub- lications in the form of parts of periodicals, pamphlets, and volumes. These two counts do not include public documents presented to the Smithsonian Institution, sent direct to the Library of Congress as soon as received, without stamping or recording; or public documents and other gifts to the Library of Congress received through the inter- national exchange service, or publications requested to complete sets in the Smithsonian deposit at the Library of Congress, which have been transmitted separately. As the result of a special effort to secure missing parts to complete sets, 500 new periodicals were added to the lists and about 1,559 parts lacking in the sets were received, which partially or entirely filled up the various series of publications in the Smithsonian deposit. In writing for the missing parts of publications needed to complete these sets the library has had assistance from the international ex- change service of the Institution. In addition the Institution has, through the medium of the international exchatige service, sent out requests for government documents and serial publications needed to complete the sets in the Library of Congress, and with this end in view letters have been written to Bavaria, the province of Buenos Aires, Costa Rica, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Newfoundland, Nicaragua, Japan, Russia, and Salvador. Over 3,300 publications were issued during the year for consultation by members of the staff and by various bureaus of the Government. In addition to the regular work in the library, the assistant libra- rian has reconstructed the memorandum list of the engravings and art collection of Mr. George Perkins Marsh, purchased in 1849, what- ever catalogue may have been made having been destroyed in the fire of 1866, and has been engaged in preparing a bibliography of aero- nautical literature. PRESERVATION OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES. I have heretofore called attention to what had been done toward the preservation of archeological objects on the public domain from destruction by vandals and relic hunters and toward making these antiquities accessible under proper rules and regulations. Under the terms of an act of Congress approved June 8, 1906, uniform regu- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 23 lations for its administration were prepared by the Secretaries of the Interior, War, and Agriculture, with the cooperation of the Smith- sonian Institution, and were promulgated on December 28, 1906, in the form printed in my last report to the Regents. Under rule 8, applications for permits are referred to the Smithsonian Institution for recommendation. During the past year I have acted upon several such applications. The conservation of the nation’s archeological “possessions was regulated by law none too soon to prevent further mutilation or useless destruction of interesting antiquities in many places. The President of the United States, by executive proclamation during the year, made several additions to the list of national monu- ments, including three of archeological interest: (1) the Tonto Na- tional Monument in Arizona, where there are two cliff dwellings not yet reported on; (2) the Gila Cliff-Dwellings National Monument in the Gila National Forest in New Mexico, comprising a group of cliff dwellings, and (8) the Grand Canyon National Monument, which includes a large number of cliff dwellings, pueblos, dwelling sites, and burial places in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. CASA GRANDE RUIN IN ARIZONA. In 1906 Congress granted an appropriation of $3,000 to be ex- pended under the supervision of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for the preservation of the Casa Grande ruin in Pinal County, near Florence, Ariz., and for the excavation of the reserva- tion. An account of the work accomplished by Doctor Fewkes up to June 30, 1907, was published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections under date of October 25, 1907. The work done during the past fiscal year, under a second appropriation, is noted in Appen- dix IL of the present report. The largest structure excavated at Casa Grande is a building 200 feet long with 11 rooms, the massive walls inclosing a plaza. In the central room there is a seat called by the Pima Indians “the seat of Montezuma.” The ruins at Casa Grande are found to be very much more extensive than was antici- pated, and their permanent preservation is of great archeological importance. MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. In addition to the work of excavation, preservation, and repair of the cliff dwellings and other prehistoric ruins in the Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, which was intrusted by the Interior Department to the direction of the Institution in February, 1908, a moderate grant from the Smithsonian fund was approved this year for additional general studies of the prehistoric culture of the Gila 24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. Valley, outside the Casa Grande Reservation. Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, who directed the Mesa Verde explorations, has prosecuted this later research also and will submit an account in detail of what he has done, for publication by the Institution. The work thus far accom- plished by Doctor Fewkes is briefly described in Appendix II of the present report. CORRESPONDENCE. The correspondence of the Institution, besides serving its purposes in administration, furthers to a degree the second fundamental object of the Institution, the diffusion of Toney ieee among men. Through this department are received inquiries on the most varied topics relating to almost every field of science, all of which, so far as prac- ticable, are answered by a member of the staff familiar with the sub- ject concerning which information is desired. The Institution however, does not attempt to maintain a universal information bureau, nor does it seek to answer queries of a commercial nature for in- formation which may be secured from a professional advisor upon payment of a fee. In addition to this general correspondence, there is carried on by the several branches of the Institution a considerable correspondence relating to the respective activities of each. All matters affecting questions of policy, and all appointments, however, receive the personal consideration of the secretary. During the past year newer and more convenient cases have been installed for filing letters, and certain improvements in methods of indexing and arranging letters have been made. CONGRESSES AND CELEBRATIONS. International Zoological Congress—The Seventh International Zoological Congress met in Boston, August 19 to 25, 1907. Dr. Richard Rathbun, assistant secretary, Dr. Theodore Gill, and Dr. William H. Dall were delegates on the part of the Smithsonian In- stitution; Dr. F. W. True, ‘bie Leonhard Stejneger, and Dr. Harrison G. Dyar on the part of the United States National Museum, and Dr. Frank Baker on the part of the National Zoological Park. These gentlemen were also designated by the Department of State as rep- resentatives of the United States Government. In addition, Doctor Gill served as delegate on the part of the Washington Academy of Sciences and the Biological Society of Washington, and to represent His Siamese Majesty. After the Boston meeting the congress paid a visit to Washington from September 3-6, during which time the members were entertained by a trip and luncheon in the National Zoological Park and by an informal reception at the National Mu- seum and the Smithsonian Institution. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 73h) International Congress on Tuberculosis.—In connection with the Sixth International Congress on Tuberculosis to be held in the new United States National Museum building in Washington, September 21 to October 12, 1908, the Institution has offered from the Hodgkins fund a prize of $1,500 for the best paper “ On the relation of atmos- -pheric air to tuberculosis,” mention of which is made elsewhere in this report. The Secretary of the Institution is a member of the head committee on International Congress on Tuberculosis. Centenary, London Geological Society——The centenary celebration of the Geological Society of London was held September 26, 27, and 28, 1907, at which the Smithsonian Institution and the United States National Museum were represented by Dr. Arnold Hague. Doctor Hague reported the gathering of a distinguished body of eminent geologists from all parts of the world. Mathematical Congress—The Fourth International Congress of Mathematicians met at Rome, April 6-11, 1908. The Institution was represented by Prof. Simon Newcomb. Congress of Orientalists—At the fifteenth session of the Interna- tional Congress of Orientalists, to be held in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 14-20, 1908, Dr. Paul Haupt, of the United States National Museum and Johns Hopkins University, has been designated to rep- resent the Institution. Upon recommendation of the Institution the following gentlemen have been designated by the Department of State as delegates on the part of the United States Government: Dr. Paul Haupt; Dr. C. R. Lanman, of Harvard University; Prof. Morris Jastrow, jr., of the University of Pennsylvania; and Prof. A. V. W. Jackson, of Columbia University. Congress of Americanists—The Sixteenth International Congress of Americanists will be held in Vienna, Austria, September 8-14, 1908. Dr. Franz Boas, of Columbia University, has been named to represent the Institution; and the Department of State, at the sug- gestion of the Institution, has designated, besides Doctor Boas, the following-named gentlemen delegates on the part of the United States Government: Prof. Marshall H. Saville, of Columbia; Dr. George Grant McCurdy, of Yale; Dr. Charles Peabody, of Harvard; and Dr. Paul Haupt, of Johns Hopkins. Fishery Congress.—In connection with the International Fishery Congress, to meet in Washington September 22-26, 1908, the Insti- tution made an allotment of $200 from the Smithsonian fund for the best: essay or treatise on “ International regulation of the fisheries on the high seas; their history, objects, and results.” Other congresses and meetings——At the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences in New York, November 19-21, 1907, your Secretary presented a brief résumé of some of his special geological 26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. researches in a paper entitled “Summary of studies of Cambrian brachiopods. ” At the First Pan-American, Scientific Congress, to meet in Santiago, Chile, December 25, 1908, to January 5, 1909, Mr. W. H. Holmes, chief of the Bureau of American Ethneldaye has been designated by the Department of State, upon the recom- mendation of he Institution, to represent the United States Govern- ment in the section of anthropology and ethnology. Prof. Morris Jastrow, jr., of the University of Pennsylvania, and Dr. Paul Haupt, of the Johns Hopkins University, have been suggested by the Institu- tion as delegates on the part of the United States to the Third Inter- national Congress for the History of Religions, to meet at Oxford, September 15-18, 1908. The Institution has subscribed to member- ship in the First Tarenaationed Congress on Refrigerating Industries to be held in Paris, October 5-10, 1908. MISCELLANEOUS. Hamilton fund lecture—In 1871 a bequest was made to the Smith- sonian Institution by Mr. James Hamilton, as follows: I give one thousand dollars to the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, located at Washington, D. C., to be invested in some safe fund, and the interest to be appropriated biennially by the secretaries, either in money or a medal, for such contribution, paper, or lecture on any scientific or useful subject as said secretaries may approve. The bequest was accepted, but the income was allowed to accrue until it amounted to the principal, the interest of which now gives biennally $240. The first use made of this fund was in 1905, when Dr. Andrew D. White was invited to deliver a lecture on “ The diplomatic service of the United States, with some hints toward its reform.” Doctor White delivered this lecture in one of the halls of the National Museum in Washington, and it was subsequently printed by the Institution in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections and widely distributed. The second lecture under the i of this fund was delivered on Wednesday evening, April 22, 1908, at Hub- bard Memorial Hall, Washington, by Dr. Gen ge E. Hale, on “ Some recent contributions to our knowledge of the sun.” Seismology.—The Institution has received during the year a num- ber of letters and reports on earthquakes in various parts of the world, and has communicated the information therein to Prof. Harry Field- ing Reid, of Johns Hopkins University, the representative of the United States on the International Seismological Association. In the Congressional diplomatic appropriation for 1909 there was included the item, “ For defraying the necessary expenses in fulfilling the obli- gations of the United States as a member of the International Seis- mological Association, including the annual contribution to the ex- penses of the association, and the expenses of the United States dele- REPORT OF THEH SECRETARY. Ni gate in attending the meetings of the commission, one thousand three hundred dollars.” The publications of the Seismological Association are distributed to American correspondents through the medium of the International Exchanges. Hayden Memorial Medal——tThere was presented to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution on January 7, 1908, the Hayden memo- rial geological medal. This gold medal was established by the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural Sciences as a memorial of Prof. F. V. Hayden, the eminent geologist and explorer, and was presented to Doctor Walcott in these terms: “ In recognition of the value of your individual contributions to geological science and of the benefits de- rived from po able and conscientious iechanee of the official trust confided to yon NATIONAL MUSEUM. The operations of the National Museum showing the progress made during the year and the present condition of the collections are dis- cussed in the appendix to the present report and in a separate volume by the assistant secretary in charge, and need not here be taken up in detail. Over 200,000 anthropological, biological, and geological speci- mens were received during the year, including many objects of extreme interest. The most important loan addition to the his- torical collections was the American flag, nearly 30 feet square, which floated over Fort McHenry during the war of 1812 and which was the inspiration for the writing of the verses of the “ Star- Spangled Banner,” by Francis Scott Key. Relating to ethnology and biology, there were received, as in former years, many important contributions from Dr. W. L. Abbott and Maj. Edgar A. Mearns. Many zoological and botanical specimens have been deposited by the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Fisheries, and other gov- ernment institutions. In geology the most important accessions included the Hambach collection of fossil invertebrates, purchased by the Smithsonian Institution, some rare species of fossil reptiles and mammals from South America, and fossil mammals from Alaska. I may also mention a large series of Cambrian fossils collected by me in British Columbia and Idaho. Specimens of rocks and ores, mainly from the Geological Survey, were added to the collections; also a number of rare minerals. While the museum is the custodian of government collections, and while to the public its main feature is the exhibition of character- istic objects in its several divisions, yet the law demands that the material shall be classified and properly arranged, a task which involves a large amount of research work. The work during the 28 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. past year covered many fields, including prehistoric archeology in — Arizona and elsewhere, studies on the human skeleton of different races, physiological and medical observations among the Indians of the Southwest, fossil whales, reptiles of Japan, the Philippines, and North America, corals of the Hawaiian Islands, the study of meteor- ites from Canyon Diablo, Arizona, and other localities, besides ex- tensive investigations on fossil invertebrates, mammals, reptiles, and plants. The museum has continued in the customary way to advance the interests of teaching by distributing carefully labeled and classified sets of specimens to educational establishments throughout the coun- try. Twelve thousand specimens were thus distributed during the year. In conjunction with the Institution the museum participated in the expositions at Jamestown and Bordeaux and much of the material prepared for these occasions has since been incorporated in the museum collections. On the new building for the National Museum fair progress was made during the year and at its close the walls had been entirely com- pleted and the construction of the roof was well under way. The fitting up of the interior, however, involves a very large amount of work, since it includes the covering with suitable materials of some 10 acres of floor space. An interesting loan collection of over 650 specimens of laces, em- broideries, old and rare pieces of porcelain, enamels, jewelry, and other artistic objects has been temporarily installed in the hall occu- pied by the gallery of art. These objects were gathered and arranged by an informal committee of ladies, with Mrs. James W. Pinchot as chairman. It is hoped that this exhibit may be the nucleus of a per- manent collection of objects of this class. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART. The paintings forming the nucleus of the National Gallery of Art have been exhibited during the past year not under the most favor able circumstances, owing to the Congress not having provided an appropriation for furnishing suitable quarters. Nevertheless, some important donations of pictures were received. Mr. William T. Evans made a number of additions to his collection of contemporary American artists, a deposit of thirteen historical marine paintings by the late Edward Moran was made, and several gifts of single paint- ings were accepted. By act of Congress approved May 22, 1908, the colossal marble statue of Washington by Horatio Greenough, which since 1875 has occupied its well-known position in front of the Capi- tol, was transferred to the custody of the Smithsonian Institution. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 29 In order to maintain a proper standard of merit in the acceptance of works of art an advisory committee of five artists has been desig- nated. Three members of this committee were by request selected by three leading art associations of the country and two members were named by the Institution. The committee met at the Smith- sonian Institution on April 16, 1908, and organized by the election of Mr. Francis D. Millet as president and Mr. W. H. Holmes, of the Smithsonian Institution, as secretary. The other members of the committee are Mr. Frederick Crowninshield, of the Fine Arts Feder- ation of New York; Mr. Edwin H. Blashfield, of the National Acad- emy of Design; and Mr. Herbert Adams, of the National Sculpture Society. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. The Bureau of American Ethnology has continued its investiga- tions among the Indian tribes of the country begun over a quarter of a century ago. While seeking to cover in the most comprehensive manner the whole range of American ethnology, the bureau has taken particular care to avoid entering upon researches that are likely to be provided for by other agencies, public or private. The results sought by the bureau are: (1) Acquirement of a thorough knowledge of the American Indian tribes, their origin, relationship to one an- other and to the whites, location, numbers, capacity for civilization, claims to territory, and their interests generally, for the practical purposes of government; and (2) the completion of a systematic and well-rounded record of the tribes for historic and scientific purposes’ before their aboriginal characteristics and culture are too greatly modified or are completely lost. Since it has not been possible to study all of the tribes in detail, a sufficient number have been taken as types to stand for all. The work accomplished in securing knowledge of these tribes has been recorded in the annual reports of the bureau, and the results ob- tained have been published, so far as circumstances will permit, in bulletins of the bureau. Many manuscripts are preserved in the archives of the bureau. To the present time there have been col- lected data relating to some 60 families of linguistic stocks and upward of 300 tribes. During the past year this fund of knowledge was added to through researches carried on in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Ontario. Investi- gations in the field, however, were not as extensive as in some previous years, on account of the necessity of retaining nearly all of the _ethnologic force in the office for the purpose of completing the Handbook of American Indians, part 1 of which was published last 61782—08——3 30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. year. The handbook is in the nature of a summary of knowledge gained thus far concerning the American Indians. The demand for the part of the work published has been so great that the bureau has found it impossible to supply even a third of the copies requested by correspondents. The quota under control of the Superintendent of Documents also was soon exhausted, necessitating the reprinting of an edition of 500 copies (the limit allowed by law) to fill the orders received. As the main body of part 2 was in type at the close of the fiscal year, it is expected that this part will be issued in the course of a few months. In editing the handbook during the year the staff of the bureau was generously aided by upward of thirty specialists throughout the country, who rendered all possible assist- ance in their particular fields. A work of somewhat similar purpose — is a Handbook of American Indian Languages, the manuscript of which was practically completed at the close of the fiscal year. For the first time the study of native Indian music was seriously taken up by the bureau in connection with certain investigations re- lating to the grand medicine ceremony of the Chippewa on the White Earth Reservation, Minn. The phonograph was employed in recording the songs. Records of songs were also secured from mem- bers of various Indian delegations visiting the capital. This study and recording of the Indian tribes is not only of national importance but urgent. The native American race, one of the four races of men, is fast disappearing, and the processes of obliteration are sure. If authoritative investigations are not made now, they never can be made with any like degree of accuracy or of thoroughness. It is a work the nation owes to science, to the Indian race, and to itself. It is a work worthy of a great nation, and one which can be carried on systematically only by a nation. Through the researches of the bureau the world is not only securing, while possible, a permanent record of one of the great races of men now dying, but is gaining a knowledge of the Indian for practical purposes of administration and in the interest of humanity. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. The promotion of literary and scientific intercourse between this country and other parts of the world has been vigorously carried for- ward during the past year through the system of international ex- changes. The details of the regular work of the service are given in full in the report on the exchange service and only the more important matters are referred to here. The growth of this service has been made possible through the action of Congress and of our Government in negotiating treaties with other nations to place the exchange of government, scientific, and literary publications upon a definite, legal, international footing. —— REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 31 Through an increase in the appropriation granted by Congress it was possible during the year to inaugurate a system of work which had long been in mind—that of actively seeking returns from foreign countries for the exchanges sent to them by this Government and its departments and bureaus. The result has already been more than satisfactory, but the effort is so recent that its full fruition can hardly be expected within the year. A number of most gratifying acknowl- edgments have been received from various departments of the Gov- ernment regarding this new work. The transmission of packages has been much more prompt during the past twelve months than during any like period in the history of the service, shipments being made to all countries at least once a month. At the request of the Russian Commission of International Ex- changes, on behalf of the library commission of the Douma, the interchange of parliamentary publications has been entered into with Russia. The French Chamber of Deputies has also made a request, through the Department of State, for the exchange of parliamentary docu- ments, and the matter was communicated to Congress by the depart- ment during the last session. At the time the convention for the exchange of official documents and scientific and literary publications was concluded at Brussels in 1886, an agreement was also entered into between the United States and several other countries for the immediate exchange of official journals, etc., but in the absence of the necessary legislation by Congress no steps have been taken by the Institution to carry this agreement into effect. As the subject has now been brought to the attention of Congress, it is hoped that a sufficient number of copies of the Congressional Record may be set aside for this purpose. In accordance with treaty ‘stipulations and under the authority of the congressional resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901, setting apart a certain number of ‘neamaens fon exchange vile foe eign countries, there are now sent regularly to depositories abroad 54 full sets of United States official publications and 32 partial sets, China having been added during the year to the list of countries receiving full sets and Montenegro and Liberia to the list of those receiving partial sets. As a result of correspondence between the Smithsonian Institution and the diplomatic envoys from the Republic of Liberia, regarding the ‘establishment of a bureau of international exchanges in that country and the interchange of official documents between that country and the United States, the department of state at Monrovia has been designated to act as the exchange intermediary between 32 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. the two countries, and the proposition to exchange official publica- tions has been accepted by the envoys. ~ The total number of packages handled by the International Ex- change Service during the past year was 203,098, an increase over the number for the preceding year of 13,268. The weight of these packages was 435,285 pounds, 70 per cent of which was in the interest of the United States Government. The Smithsonian Institution, through its system of exchanges, is in correspondence with 60,123 establishments and individuals, 48,340 of which are exterior to the borders of the United States. These correspondents are scattered throughout the world, and there are few places, however remote, which do not profit by the service. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. By authority of the act of Congress approved April 30, 1890, estab- lishing the National Zoological Park, “ for the advancement of sci- ence and the instruction and recreation of the people,” collections of living animals, now numbering 1,402 individuals, have been brought together from all parts of the world, and housed as nearly as pos- sible in surroundings natural to them. These collections at the close of the fiscal year included 350 species: Mammals, 146; birds, 168; and reptiles, 36. By exhibiting the animals, properly labeled, the object of instruct- ing and entertaining the visitors, of which there were 652,500 (in- cluding 4,638 school children) during the year, was furthered, and by study of the specimens the advancement of science was in a measure attained. In September the park was visited by the Inter- national Zoological Congress, about eighty members of which spent a day examining the collections. As in previous years specialists of the Department of Agriculture sttdying animal diseases were offered opportunities for pathological investigations when animals died, and such dead animals as might be useful to the national col- lections were sent to the National Museum. This to a certain degree was in keeping with the first purpose in establishing the park, namely, “the advancement of science.” It has not as yet been pos- sible, however, owing to the yearly present necessities, to fully carry out plans in this regard formulated at the time of the organization of the park. Designs have been drawn for a much-needed laboratory and hospital building, through the erection and equipment of which it is hoped not only that the welfare of the Government’s animals may be even more thoroughly guarded, but investigations of a zoological nature for the increase of practical and scientific knowledge may be prosecuted. With one exception no particular appropriation has been made for REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 33 the erection of buildings for the animals in the park since its estab- lishment. The wooden structures which originally sheltered the animals could therefore be replaced only as strict economy in admin- istration expenses permitted. As the appropriations for adminis- tration for a number of years have been but little more than sufficient to maintain the park, it can not now be said how soon the plans for the new building may be carried into effect. - There is also needed a new aquarium building, since the present structure, originally built in the most temporary manner for use as a hay shed, is fast falling into decay, and a general aviary, antelope house, inclosures for sea lions and seals, and a centrally located office building are much desired. Under the special appropriation allowed for the reconstruction and repairing of walks and roadways the most notable improvements of the year have been made, several long concrete approaches having been constructed, and a considerable portion of roadbed having been remade. As in previous years, particular attention has been devoted to preserving the natural beauty of the grounds. During the year there were 591 accessions, which included 68 gifts, 91 births, 397 purchases, and 32 exchanges. There were 382 losses, by death, exchange, and return of animals. Total number June 30, 1908, 1,402. ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. The work of the Astrophysical Observatory during the last fiscal year has consisted (1) of solar observations on Mount Wilson, Cali- fornia, and at Washington, (2) a solar eclipse expedition to Flint Island in the southern Pacific, and (3) the final preparation and pub- lication of the second volume of the Annals of the Observatory. The Mount Wilson observations, continued from the summers of 1905 and 1906, were directed toward securing as many records of intensity of solar radiation as possible for the study of solar changes. As in former years, other kinds of measurements were made, notably on the brightness of the sky and on the reflection of the clouds. Since the observations as a whole have shown that the variation of ' solar radiation is highly probable, and since numerous days suitable for solar radiation measurements were found in the months from: May to November on Mount Wilson, it is proposed to erect, on a small and well-isolated plot of ground leased for the purpose, a fire- proof observing shelter to be occupied by Smithsonian observers each year during the months mentioned. This will enable frequent obser- vation of the “ solar constant ” during a period of years at least equal to the sun-spot cycle, a research regarded as of great importance by the late director, Mr. Langley. The work at Washington included the observation, with improved methods, of the relative brightness of 34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. different parts of the sun’s disk, and preliminary measurements, re- quiring exceptional care, of the absorption of water vapor in long columns of air, for the region of the spectrum where rays are chiefly emitted by the earth. The Smithsonian expedition to Flint Island in the southern Pa- cific to study the solar eclipse of January 3, 1908, was made in co- operation with Director Campbell, of the Lick Observatory, the party being absent from Washington from November 5, 1907, to February 12, 1908. It was proposed to measure, with that extremely sensitive electrical thermometer called the bolometer, the intensity of the radiation of the solar corona, and to determine the quality of coronal light as compared with sunlight. This is an observation that it is very unlikely will ever be possible except during an eclipse. In general terms the bolometric results indicate that the coronal radia- tion differs but little in quality from that of the sun, and is in fact far richer than the reflected rays of the moon in visible light, although less rich than skylight. Observations as to the nature of the corona were such as to lead at least to the suggestion that gases are present along with solid and liquid particles. The exact con- clusions reached are given fully in the report of the director. The second volume of the Annals, issued in April, includes an account of the work of the Observatory from 1900 to 1907. Com- mendatory notices by letter and in the journals and requests for copies of the work have been numerous. Speaking broadly, the energy of the Observatory was devoted, during the period covered by the volume, to an investigation of the intensity of the rays of the sun and the dependence of the earth’s temperature upon the radia- tion. The investigations have resulted in apparently definitely fixing the approximate average value of the “ solar constant ” at 2.1 calories per square centimeter per minute, and in showing decisively that there is a marked fluctuation about this mean value sufficient in magnitude to influence very perceptibly the climate, at least of the inland regions, upon the earth. INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERA- TURE. The organization known as the International Catalogue of Sci- entific Literature has by means of the cooperation of all of the principal countries of the world been publishing since 1901, in seven- teen annual volumes, a classified author’s and subject index catalogue of the current scientific literature of all the civilized countries of the world. Each country collects, indexes, and classifies the scientific literature published within its borders and furnishes to the central bureau in London the material thus prepared for publication in the REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35 annual volumes. The cost of preparation is borne by the countries taking part in the enterprise, in the great majority of cases the sup- port being derived through direct governmental grants. The entire cost of printing and publishing is borne by the subscribers to the catalogue, which include, besides individuals, the leading American universities, libraries, and scientific societies. That all sections of the civilized world are now represented in this enterprise is shown by the following list of regional bureaus now established and regularly furnishing the London central bureau classified citations of scientific papers published within their domains: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cuba, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, Hungary, India and Ceylon, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New South Wales, New Zealand, Norway, Poland (Austrian, Russian, and Prussian), Portugal, Queensland, Russia, South Africa, South Australia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States of America, Victoria, and Western Australia. During the year there was combined with the International Cata- logue of Scientific Literature the annual publication known as the Zoological Record, which has been prepared for many years by the Zoological Society of London. This, it is hoped, is merely prelimi- nary to the association of a number of independent scientific bibli- ographies and yearbooks with the International Catalogue of Scien- tific Literature. Under the congressional allotment of $5,000 for the last fiscal year, as In previous years, 28,528 references to American scientific literature were completed and forwarded to the central bureau in London for publication. Respectfully submitted. Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary. APPENDIX I. ’ REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Str: FT have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908: The ever-increasing crowded condition of the two buildings occupied by the National Museum has made it more difficult each year to provide for the collec- tions and to insure their safety and orderly arrangement. It is, therefore, but natural that the completion of the large new building, with its greater con- veniences, should be eagerly awaited, and it is hoped that the work of moving in can begin before the close of another year. At the commencement of the fiscal year the outer walls of this structure had been carried to the height of the lintels at the top of the second story on the eastern section of the building, but not so high on the western. Work on the two entrance pavilions had only -reached the top of the basement story, but the steel work and arches of the second floor were in place, and the lecture hall in the basement had been inclosed and partly vaulted. Fair progress was made during the year, and at its close the walls had been entirely completed except at the south pavilion, which is to contain the main entrance and the rotunda, and the construction of the roof was well under way. The fitting up of the interior, however, involves a very great amount of work, since it includes the covering with suitable materials of some 10 acres of floor space, the building of many partitions, the plastering of walls, piers, and ceilings, and the introduction of boilers, machinery, and minor appliances for heating, venti- lation, lighting, and various other purposes, besides the furnishings for the halls and rooms. The buildings occupied for many years have been kept in excellent condition, and the museum building has been much improved by replacing its original and imperfect roofs, which have always been a source of great annoyance. The rebuilding of these roofs with tin, begun three years ago, was, with the exception of that covering the rotunda, completed during the year. The latter, however, has since been finished. It is interesting to note that this entire work was car- ried on without closing any part of the building and without injury to any of its contents. Some progress was also made in the isolation of the exhibition halls by the closing of the large openings between them, as a precautionary measure against the spread of fire. : The failure to secure, last winter, an appropriation for fitting up suitable quarters for the nucleus of the national gallery of art has retarded the segre- gation and arrangement of the collection of paintings, which is now exhibited under very adverse conditions, not at all likely to attract the attention of those who might gladly contribute to this popular branch of the museum. Notwith- standing these circumstances, however, some important donations of pictures were received during the year. Mr. William T. Evans has added to his collection of contemporary American artists paintings by Hugo Ballin, George De Forest Brush, F. S. Church, Henry Golden Dearth, Charles Melville Dewey, Paul Dougherty, Ben Foster, Childe Hassam, Ernest Lawson, Willard Leroy Metcalf, Robert Reid, R. M. Shurtleff, 36 s - REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. SC John H. Twachtman, Henry Oliver Walker, Worthington Whittredge, Carleton Wiggins, Irving R. Wiles, and Frederick Ballard Williams. Among other gifts of paintings to the gallery may be mentioned the following: “Crossing the Ferry,” by Adrien Moreau, presented by Mrs. James Lowndes in memory of her father, Lucius Tuckerman; and “Indian Summer Day,” by Max Weyl, presented by 30 of his Washington friends in commemoration of the seventieth anniversary of the artist’s birth. The collection of 15 historical marine paintings executed by the late Edward Moran during the later years of his life, have, through the courtesy of Mr. Theodore Sutro, of New York, been temporarily deposited in the gallery, of which they form a conspicuous feature. The titles of the several pieces of the Series are as follows: The Ocean—The Highway of all Nations; Landing of Lief Hrickson in the New World in the Year 1001; The Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta; The Debarkation of Columbus; Midnight Mass on the Mississippi Over the Body of Ferdinand De Soto, 1542; Henry Hudson Entering New York Bay, September 11, 1609; Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Southampton, August 5, 1620; First Recognition of the American Flag by a Foreign Government, in the Harbor of Quiberon, France, February 13, 1778; Burning of the Frigate Phila- delphia in the Harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 1804; The Brig Armstrong Engaging the British Fleet in the Harbor of Fayal,' September 26, 1814; Iron versus Wood—NSinking of the Cumberland by the Merrimac, in Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862; The White Squadron’s Farewell Salute to the Body of Captain John Ericsson, New York Bay, August 25, 1890; Return of the Conquerors, Typifying Our Victory in the Late Spanish-American War, September 29, 1899. By act of Congress, appreved May 22, 1908, the colossal marble statue of Washington by Horatio Greenough, completed in 1840, and since 1875 occupy- ing its well-known position in front of the main steps of the Capitol, was trans- ferred to the custody of the Smithsonian Institution. It is intended to remove this work at once to the Smithsonian building, where it will be installed for the present. In accordance with the plan proposed the year before, with the object of maintaining a proper standard of merit in the acceptance of paintings and works of sculpture for the National Gallery of Art, a committee of five artists to act in an advisory capacity was designated in the spring of 1908. The selection of three members of the committee was requested of three leading art associations, the other two members being named by the Institution. This committee held its first meeting, for the purposes of organization and prelimi- nary considerations, at the Smithsonian Institution, on April 16, 1908. As organized, it is constituted as follows: Mr. Francis D. Millet, president; Mr. Frederick Crowninshield, representing the Fine Arts Federation, of which he is the president; Mr. Edwin H. Blashfield, representing the National Academy of Design; Mr. Herbert Adams, repreSenting the National Sculpture Society, of which he is the president; and Mr. William H. Holmes, of the Smithsonian Institution, secretary of the committee. In May, 1908, a number of the ladies of Washington, acting on their own initiative but with the hearty concurrence of the Institution, effected an in- formal organization looking to the building up in the National Museum of a worthy collection of laces, embroideries, and other artistic objects of personal adornment and utility. Having decided that the assembling of a loan collection might best further their efforts by stimulating an interest in the subject, a working committee, with Mrs. James W. Pinchot as chairman, was immediately appointed, and during May and June a very large number of appropriate objects was brought together. The installation, made by the members of the commit- tee, filled twenty cases, which had unfortunately to be placed in the very 38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. crowded hall occupied by the gallery of art. The character of the articles and the very effective manner in which they were arranged has, however, made this collection one of the most attractive features of the museum. The number of exhibitors is 18, while the total number of their contributions amounts to over 650. Besides laces and embroideries, the exhibit contains many fans, minia- tures, old and rare pieces of porcelain and china, enamels, ivories, silverware, and jewelry. It is hoped that this beginning, which, it is understood, will be extended during the coming winter, will go far toward accomplishing the result so much desired. ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS. The total number of accessions received during the year was 1,391, comprising approximately 219,505 specimens, of which 10,487 were anthropological, 176,263 biological, and 32,755 geological. The principal accession in ethnology consisted of about 600 extremely inter- esting objects collected among the natives of West Borneo by Dr. W. L. Abbott, and by him presented to the museum, in continuation of his many valuable contributions from the Malaysian region. Other important ethnological col- lections from the islands of the South Pacific were also obtained, among which may be mentioned material from the Philippine Islands presented by Maj. H. A. Mearns and Capt. Jesse R. Harris, U. S. Army; and from Guam, donated by Mr. W. E. Safford. Noteworthy among the loans are a large number of art objects in metal obtained by Gen. Oliver Ellsworth Wood, U. 8. Army, during a four years’ residence in Japan as military attaché, and a collection made by Senator A. J. Beveridge during an extended trip to the Orient, including the Philippine Islands, Japan, and China. As bearing upon the American Indians there were added many specimens from the region of the northern cliff dwellers of northwestern Arizona, the Taos and Zuni Indians of New Mexico, and the Iroquois of New York and Canada. A small but valuable collection illus- trating the industrial and social life of the little-known Tahltan Indians of Stikine River, British Columbia, was received from the Bureau of American Ethnology. Among the models from the Patent Office assigned to the division of ethnology were many relating to fire making, heating, cooking, illumination, eulture history, etc. To Mr. Ephraim Benguiat, of New York, the museum is under deep cebliga- tions for the addition of twenty-one objects to his already large collection of Jewish religious ceremonial objects on deposit in the division of historic re- ligions, They include two finely embroidered synagogue veils, two silver-gilt breastplates of exquisite workmanship, and a silver and brass hanukah lamp of artistic design. The division of prehistoric archeology obtained from. the excayations con- ducted by Dr. J. W. Fewkes at the Casa Grande ruins, Arizona, from October, 1906, to March, 1907, under a special act of Congress, an especially valuable collection, comprising stone implements, pottery, articles of shell and bone, wooden implements and timber, textile fabrics, and basket work, and a number — of human skulls and parts of skeletons. Important additions were also received from other parts of this country, and from Mexico, Bolivia, Egypt, and India. The additions to the division of physical anthropology were numerous and from many sources, illustrating several races of the human family both living and extinct. Dr. W. L. Abbott also contributed a large series of specimens illustrative of the anthropoid apes and the monkeys of West Borneo and Sumatra. Many photographs, facial casts, and measurements of the Indians — of North America were made in the laboratory. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. “a9 The division of technology was greatly enriched by the transfer from the Patent Office of many models and original examples of inventions interesting historically. The subject of firearms is most fully represented in the collec- tion, which, however, also includes printing presses, sewing machines, type- writers, electrical inventions, steam machinery, time bank locks, looms, spinning and knitting machinery, etc. Another notable accession to this division con- sisted of about 150 pieces of apparatus devised and used by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell in his earliest telephone experiments. To the War Department, and also personally to Col. A. H. Russell, U. S. Army, the museum is indebted for several interesting examples of firearms. The collection in the division of history was increased by many valuable loans and gifts. By far the most noteworthy object among the loans was the flag which floated over Fort McHenry during its bombardment by the British fleet on the night of September 13-14, 1814, and made famous as the “ Star Spangled Banner” by the verses of Francis Scott Key, an eyewitness of the fight. This flag, retained by Col. George Armistead, the commander of the fort, descended to his nephew, Mr. Eben Appleton, of New York, who has most generously allowed it to be exhibited to the public. It is much tattered and worn, and measures 32 feet 10 inches long by 27 feet 6 inches wide. A collection of 175 pieces of Lowestoft china and cut glass, used at Mount Vernon in the time of Washington, was deposited by Miss Nannie R. Heth. Among the bequests may be mentioned a gold-mounted sword and a silver pitcher presented to J. Bank- head Magruder by citizens of Virginia and Maryland, and a gold ring given by Richard Somers to Stephen Decatur just before the heroic death of the former on the Jntrepid in the war with Tripoli in 1804. The collections of the Colonial Dames of America and of the Daughters of the American Revolution were both increased by the addition of a number of interesting objects. Miss H. R. Scidmore deposited 92 pieces of porcelains and some bronze, jade, and lacquer objects. Fifteen musical instruments were presented, mostly of primitive origin, though some are of historical interest. The principal addi- tions in graphic arts were contained among the models from the Patent Office, consisting mainly of early devices now of extreme interest in illustrating the history of photography. The department of biology received, as in former years, important contribu- tions, chiefly of mammals and birds, from Dr. W. L. Abbott and Dr. BH. A. Mearns, U. S. Army, the former making collections in Sumatra and south- western Borneo, the latter in the Philippine Islands. Especially interesting for the purposes of comparison as well as for exhibition, was a series of 166 antlers and 26 scalps of the American elk, some of unusual size, from the State of Wyoming. In most of the other zoological groups the additions were extensive and representative of many parts of the world. Mr. Robert Ridgway, who spent about four months in Costa Rica collecting material and information for use in connection with his monograph on the birds of North and Middle America, brought back a large number of specimens. The Bureau of Fisheries made important transfers of both fishes and marine invertebrates, largely obtained during the explorations of the steamer Albatross in the Pacific Ocean. The collection of insects was increased by about 58,000 specimens, mostly American, although valuable contributions were also received from Hurope. Through recent acquisitions, the division of mollusks now possesses authen- tically named specimens of 1,330 species of the land shells of the Philippine Islands, of which about 1,500 species have been described. The transfer to Washington from the museum of Yale University of the main part of the col- 40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. lections of marine invertebrates obtained during the early seacoast work of the Bureau of Fisheries, and placed in the care of Prof. A. E. Verrill for study and description, has added a large number of types and a still greater number of species not previously represented in the museum. The collection in helminthology has reached a position of much practical importance, since it contains a great deal of material resulting from govern- ment investigations on the diseases of man and of wild and domestic animals. These specimens have been mainly obtained through the Marine-Hospital Sery- ice, the Bureau of Animal Industry, and the Bureau of Fisheries. The rapid growth and exceptionally fine condition of the collection are due to the efforts of representatives of the two bureaus first mentioned, who are in charge of the subject. The division of plants received a total of about 25,000 specimens, mainly collected in North and Central America, the largest accessions coming from the Department of Agriculture. Much valuable material was also derived from the explorations of Dr. J. N. Rose in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. In the department of geology the most important accessions were of fossil invertebrates, some of which were especially large and noteworthy. Among them may be mentioned the celebrated Gustav Hambach collection, purchased by the Smithsonian Institution; the Gilbert collection of Niagaran fossils from northern Indiana; a very large series of Cambrian fossils, resulting from explorations in British Columbia and Idaho during the summer of 1907 by Secretary Charles D. Walcott; many recently described specimens deposited by the United States Geological Survey; extensive collections from the Paleozoic formations of Tennessee and Virginia, made by Doctor Bassler; and yaluable exchanges from Germany and France. Of fossil vertebrates there were two especially important additions. One con- sisted of a large number of rare species of reptiles and mammals from yarious horizons in the United States and South America, obtained through exchange with the American Museum of Natural History; the other of the remains of several species of fossil mammals, in a more or less fragmentary condition, col- lected by Mr. Gilmore on the Smithsonian expedition to Alaska. Among other additions to the department were series of rocks and ores, mainly from the Geological Survey, a number of rare minerals, and three meteorites. CARE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE COLLECTIONS. As collections are received at the museum they are assigned to the divisions to which they belong, and are at once labeled and recorded as to their origin, in order to insure their identity and future usefulness. The work of classifica- tion and systematic arrangement which follows requires the naming of the objects or specimens, entailing extensive studies which often result in impor- tant contributions to knowledge. The staff of employees directly connected with the handling of the collections has always been much too small to per- form this duty in a thoroughly satisfactory manner, and, while the safety of the collections has been secured by constant vigilance, it can not be said that their maintenance has been all that was desirable. These conditions may, of course, be largely attributed to the inadequate quarters afforded, but many of the diffi- culties arising from this cause might readily have been overcome with a greater force of helpers. .The routine work of caring for the collections is the same from year to year, and scarcely merits repetition in this connection. There was the customary overhauling and cleaning of the dried specimens and of the drawers and cases REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 41 containing them; the frequent poisoning of many thousands of objects subject to destruction by insect pests, and the renewal of alcohol on liquid prepara- tions, or the filling up of tanks, jars, and vials from which the preservative had more or less evaporated. ‘The labeling and cataloguing of individual specimens as identified went on continuously, and, besides, there was the preparation of specimens for the reserve series and exhibition halls, the selection and arrange- ment of duplicates for distribution, and the identification of material received from several hundred persons, as happens every year. Of investigations conducted during the year mention may be made of de- tailed studies on the examples of basketry and traps contained in Doctor Abbott’s collection from southwestern Malaysia by Prof. O. T. Mason, who also prepared a paper entitled “ Vocabulary of Malaysian basketwork.” Dr. Walter Hough completed a paper on the manufacture of pulque wine and began a study of the Malaysian blowguns received from Doctor Abbott. The Jewish ceremonial objects in the National Museum were described and illustrated by Dr. Cyrus Adler and Dr. I. M. Casanowicz, and the latter has in progress an account of the collection of rosaries. In prehistoric archeology investigations were conducted by Mr. William H. Holmes and Dr. J. W. Fewkes. Dr. Ales Hrdlitka continued his studies on the human skeleton of different races and completed a manuscript entitled ‘‘ Physiological and medical observations among the Indians of the Southwest and northern Mexico.” The principal researches based upon the collections in biology related to the following subjects: The fossil cetaceans of North America; the birds of North and Middle America; the reptiles of Japan, the Philippine Islands, and North America; the mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies; the mollusks and brachiopods of the eastern Pacific Ocean collected by the Fisheries steamer Albatross; crustacea from Hast Africa and the Antarctic Ocean; the crinoid collection of the museum; the corals of the Hawaiian Islands; animal parasites; and the cacti, ferns, and other groups of plants. In addition to the above many collections were being studied for the museum by Specialists attached to other institutions. The material obtained during his visit to Meteor Crater, Canyon Diablo, in May, 1907, was the subject of investigation by Dr. George P. Merrill, ac- cording to whose conclusions the well-known and peculiar depression existing there was caused by impact, presumably of a large meteor. Studies were also conducted on the meteorites in the museum collection by Doctor Merrill, assisted by Mr. Wirt Tassin. BHxtensive investigations were carried on by Dr. R. 8. Bassler on fossil invertebrates, by Mr. J. W. Gidley on fossil mammals, by Mr. C. W. Gilmore on fossil reptiles, and by assistants of the Geological Survey on fossil plants. EXHIBITION COLLECTIONS. For some years past there has been no opportunity to increase the exhibition collections, except in a very limited way, for in nearly all the halls the cases are so crowded as to interfere with the circulation of visitors and objects can not be viewed to advantage. This does not mean, however, that these collec- tions require any less attention than before, since their maintenance demands constant oversight and labor. Moreover, changes are often made by replacing older collections with others more recently acquired and of greater present interest. _ From the new material obtained for the Jamestown Hxposition and returned ‘during the winter, as many articles as possible were placed on exhibition. The loan collections of General Wood and Senator Beveridge were installed in 42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. the west hall. The Abbott cases in the gallery of the same hall were rearranged, and the entire Philippine collection, as far as it has been prepared for exhibi- tion, was placed in the gallery of the Pueblo court. The objects of Jewish religious ceremonial from Mr. Benguiat were incorporated in the collection previously received from him. A special case of Egyptian antiquities and a series of Egyptian (Coptic) textiles were arranged, and additions were made to the Bible collection. In the divisions of technology and history places were found for nearly all of the objects obtained. The interesting series of portraits of distinguished physicians, prepared for the Jamestown Exposition, was in- stalled with the collection of medicine, and the loan collection of Miss Scidmore, on the ceramic gallery. The principal additions to the exhibition series of the department of: biology consisted of a skeleton of Baird’s beaked whale, a rare species, and of a group of polar bears obtained on the Ziegler arctic expedition and presented by Mrs. Ziegler. The exhibit of insects, which has been in preparation for some time, was completed to the extent permitted by the space available. In the exhibi- tion halls of the department of geology comparatively few additions or changes were made. MISCELLANEOUS. Duplicate specimens, mostly biological and geological, separated from the col- lections during the progress of investigations were disposed of to the number of about 26,000. About 14,000 of these were used in making exchanges with establishments and individuals both at home and abroad, whereby the collec- tions of the museum received new material to approximately the same extent. The other 12,000 specimens were utilized in the customary way to advance the interests of teaching, having been distributed in carefully labeled and classified sets to educational establishments throughout the country. Besides the above, over 9,000 specimens were sent to specialists for study, partly for the publica- tions of the museum and partly to aid in work carried on under other auspices. The total number of visitors to the public halls was about 300,000, a daily average of over 960 persons. This is to be regarded as a large attendance, con- sidering that the buildings are opened only on week days and during official hours. That the National Museum is not serving its full purpose in this direc- tion, however, is evidenced by the experiences of museums in other large cities, where evening and Sunday opening insures a very much greater attendance by extending to the working people the opportunity of examining the collections. The publications of the year comprised the annual report for 1907, volumes 32 and 33, and part of volume 34 of the proceedings, five volumes of bulletins, and several papers belonging to the contributions from the national herbarium, all of which, except the annual or administrative report, are descriptive of museum collections. The library of the museum contains 33,564 volumes, 52,112 unbound papers, | and a number of manuscripts, the additions during the year having consisted of 3,257 books, 4,470 pamphlets, and 247 parts of volumes. This library is a purely technical one, confined to that class of publications bearing upon the subjects covered by the museum collections, but its means of increment are SO- limited as to make it very difficult to keep up those studies which are essential to the classification of the collections. The appropriation for the purchase of books is entirely inadequate, and, in fact, the principal increase is effected through exchanges and gifts. During the summer of 1907 the museum, in conjunction with the Institution, participated in the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition, and the International Maritime Exposition at Bordeaux, France, the arrangements for which were REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. . 43 described in the last report. The exhibit at the former exposition was designed to illustrate the aboriginal, colonial, and national history of America, while the entire collection sent to Bordeaux by the Government was assembled, installed, and maintained under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, represented by Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, administrative assistant of the museum. The display at Jamestown contained many new groups and series of objects specially prepared or obtained for the purpose, which have since been inecor- porated in the museum collections. Respectfully submitted. ’ RICHARD RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary, in charge of U. 8S. National Museum. Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX II. REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908: SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES, f The operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1908, conducted in accordance with the act of Congress making provision for continuing researches relating to the American Indians under direction of the Smithsonian Institution, were carried forward in conformity with the plan of operations approved by the Secretary May 25, 1907. As in previous years, the systematic ethnologic work of the bureau was intrusted mainly to the regular scientific staff, which comprises eight members. This force is not large enough, however, to give adequate attention to more than a limited portion of the great field of research afforded by the hundreds of tribes, and the bureau has sought to supply the deficiency in a measure by enlisting the aid of other specialists in various branches of the ethnologic work. By this means it is able to extend its researches in several directions at a comparatvely modest outlay. While seeking to cover in the most comprehen- sive manner the whole range of American ethnology, the bureau has taken par- ticular care to avoid entering upon researches that are likely to be provided for by other agencies, public or private. The results sought by the bureau are: (1) Acquirement of a thorough knowledge of the tribes, their origin, relation- — ship to one another and to the whites, location, numbers, capacity for civiliza- tion, claim to territory, and their interests generally, for the practical purposes of government; and (2) the completion of a systematic and well-rounded — record of the tribes for. historic and scientific purposes before their aboriginal — characteristics and culture are too greatly modified or are completely lost. During the year researches were carried on in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, — Texas, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Ontario. Investigations in the field were more than usually limited on account of the necessity of retaining nearly all of the ethnologic force in the office for the purpose of completing the revision of : their various articles for the second part of the Handbook of American Indians, and in preparing additional articles on subjects overlooked in the first writing or that are based on data recently collected. | The chief remained in the office during nearly the entire year, dividing his time between administrative duties and ethnologic investigations and writing. — The completion of numerous articles for the second part of the Handbook of American Indians, the revision of reports and bulletins, and the examination of various manuscripts submitted for publication especially claimed his attention. Aside from these occupations, his duties as honorary curator of the division of prehistoric archeology in the National Museum and as curator of the National Gallery of Art absorbed a portion of his time. During the year much attention was given to the collections of the division of prehistoric archeology in the National Museum, especially to their classification with the view of removal in 44 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 45 the near future to the new National Museum building. In the same connection the chief carried forward the preparation of his Handbook on the Stone Imple- ments of Northern America. In October the chief was called on to make an official visit to the Jamestown Hxposition for the purpose of examining the exhibits of the Institution and Superintending necessary repairs. In April he was assigned the very pleasant duty of visiting Detroit, Mich., in company with the Secretary, for the purpose of inspecting the great collection of art works recently presented to the Smith- sonian Institution by Mr. Charles L. Freer. On this occasion he availed himself of the opportunity of examining the interesting collections of art and ethnology preserved in the Detroit museum of art. In June the chief was selected to represent the Institution as a member of the delegation of Americans appointed -by the Department of State to attend the Pan- American Scientific Congress to be held in Santiago, Chile, beginning December 25, 1908, and he began at once the preparation of a paper to be read before the congress, the subject chosen being “The Peopling of America.” At the beginning of the year Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, ethnologist, was in the office engaged in preparing reports on her recent researches in the field. Her work at Taos, Santa Clara, and other Rio Grande pueblos was not so well ad- vanced as to admit of final treatment, but progress was made in the classification and elaboration of the data thus far collected. Principal attention was given while in the office to the completion of papers relating to the medicinal and food plants of the Zuni Indians, the pantheon of the Zuni religious system, the symbolism of Pueblo decorative art, and the preparation of wool for weaving among the Pueblo and Navaho tribes. On May 28 Mrs. Stevenson again took the field in the Rio Grande Valley with the view of continuing her investigations among the Taos, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, and other Pueblo groups, and at the close of the year she was able to report satisfactory progress in this work. Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist, was engaged during the year on the Handbook of American Indians, the editorial work of which has proved extremely arduous and difficult. This work is in two parts: Part 1, A-M, was issued from the press in March, 1907, and the edition became practically exhausted in a few months. Indeed the demand for the work has been so great that the bureau has found it impossible to supply even a third of the copies requested by cor- respondents. The quota under control of the Superintendent of Documents also was soon exhausted, necessitating the reprinting of an edition of. 500 copies (the limit allowed by law) in order to fill the orders received. The main body of part 2 was in type at the close of the fiscal year, and about 250 pages had been finally printed, though progress in proof reading was ex- ceedingly slow on account of the great diversity of the topics treated and the difficulty of preparing or of bringing to date numbers of articles relating often to obscure tribes and subjects. It is expected that the second part will be ready for distribution during the coming winter. In the editorial work Mr. Hodge had the assistance of all the members of the staff of the bureau, and especially of Mrs. Frances S. Nichols, who devoted her entire time to the task. In addition the following specialists rendered all possible assistance in their particular fields: Mr. S. A. Barrett, of the University of California; Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Syracuse; Dr. Franz Boas, of Columbia University ; Dr. Herbert E. Bolton, of the University of Texas; Mr. D. I. Bushnell, jr.; Dr. Alexander F. Chamberlain, of Clark University; Mr. Stewart Culin, of the Brooklyn Institute Museum; Dr. Roland B. Dixon, of Harvard University ; Dr. George A. Dorsey, of the Field Museum of Natural History; Mr. J. P. ; 61782—08——4. 46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. Dunn, of Indianapolis; Mr. Wilberforce Hames, of the New York Public Library; Lieut. G. T. Emmons, U. 8. N.; Dr. Livingston Farrand, of Columbian University ; Miss Alice C. Fletcher, of Washington; Mr. Gerard Fowke, of St. Louis; Mr. Merrill BE. Gates, of the Indian Rights Association; Mr. William R. Gerard, of New York; Dr. P. E. Goddard, of the University of California ; Dr. George Bird Grinnell, of New York; Mr. Henry W. Henshaw, of the United States Biological Survey; Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, of the Archeological Institute of America; Dr. Walter Hough and Dr. AleS Hrdlicka, of the United States National Museum; Dr. William Jones, of the Field Museum of Natural History ; Dr. A. L. Kroeber, of the University of California; Mr. Francis La Flesche, of Washington; Dr. A. B. Lewis, of the Field Museum of Natural History; Dr. Charles F. Lummis, of Los Angeles; Dr. O. T. Mason, of the United States National Museum; Mr. Joseph D. McGuire, of Washington; Rev. Leopold Oster- mann, of Arizona; Mr. Doane Robinson, of the South Dakota Historical So- ciety ; Mr. Edward Sapir and Mr. Frank G. Speck, of the University of Pennsyl- vyania; Mr. C. C. Willoughby, of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge; and Dr. Clark Wissler, of the American Museum of Natural History. I take this occa- sion to express the appreciation of the bureau for the valuable aid so gener- ously rendered by these students, without which it would not have been pos- sible to make the work either as complete or as accurate as it is. Throughout the year Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, remained in the office, occupied either in the preparation of articles intended for the second part of the Handbook of American Indians or in preparing answers to ethnologic in- quiries made by correspondents of the bureau. His principal work for the handbook was an elaborate and detailed study of the numerical strength of the aboriginal population north of Mexico from the time of their first contact with the whites. This important foundation study of American ethnology has never before been undertaken in a systematic and comprehensive manner, and the result proves of much scientific interest. Contrary to the opinion frequently advanced on superficial investigation, the Indians have not increased in number since their first contact with civilized man, but have decreased by fully two-thirds, if not three-fourths. California alone, the most populous large section during the aboriginal period, contained probably as many Indians as are now Officially recognized in the whole United States. The causes of decrease in each geo- graphic section are set forth in detail in chronologic sequence in Mr. Mooney’s study. During the year Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, was occupied entirely with work in the office, principally in connection with the Indian languages of Louisiana and Texas. He finished the analytic dictionary of the Tunica language and compiled similar dictionaries of Chitimacha, Attacapa, and Ton- kawa. All the extant Comecrudo and Cotoname material, as well as the material pertaining to related tribes contained in Fray Bartholome Garcia’s Manual para administrar los sacramentos (Mexico, 1760), was similarly arranged, and in addition a comparative vocabulary was constructed which embraces the last- mentioned data as well as the Karankawa and Tonkawa. During the months of May and June another dictionary was prepared, embracing all the Biloxi linguistic material collected by Doctor Gatschet and Mr. J. O. Dorsey in 1886, 1892, and 1893. The material in this last work is exceptionally full and com- plete. The Comecrudo and Cotoname, the material extracted from Garcia’s eatechism, and the Biloxi, are nearly ready for the press. The languages referred to above, with the addition of the Natchez, include practically all of those in the eastern and southern United States that are in immediate danger of extinction. The information regarding most of them is very limited, and REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Ai in order that the precious material may not by any misadventure be destroyed, it should be published at an early date. Besides work strictly linguistic, Doctor Swanton had in hand a paper on the tribes of the lower Mississippi Valley and neighboring coast of the Gulf of Mexico. This can not be completed, however, until additional researches among the tribes in question have been made. ‘Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, spent July and August largely in the preparation of his report on the excavation and repair of the Casa Grande ruins, Arizona, during the preceding fiscal year, which was printed in the quar- terly issue of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Doctor Fewkes was in the Southwest from October 24, 1907, to the end of the fiscal year. From November to the middle of March he was in charge of the excavation and repair work at Casa Grande, for which there was available the sum of $3,000, appropriated by Congress, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 'The season’s operations at Casa Grande began with excavations in Compound B, the second in size of the great compounds which form the Casa Grande group. This was found to be a rec- tangular area inclosed by a massive wall. Within this are many buildings, the majority of which were once used for ceremonial and communal purposes. On excavation it was ascertained that the two great pyramids in Compound B are terraced and that they contain seven distinct floors. ‘The remains of small, fragile walled houses, resembling Pima jacales, were found upon the tops of these pyramids, and in the neighboring plazas subterranean rooms, with cemented floors and fireplaces, were unearthed under the massive walls. This compound was thoroughly repaired with Portland cement, and drains were built to carry off the surface water. A roof was built over the subterranean room, the de- cayed upright logs that once supported the walls were replaced with cedar posts, and other steps were taken for the permanent preservation of these interesting remains. The walls of Compounds C and D were traced throughout; in the middle of the latter compound is a large building, the ground plan of which resembles Casa Grande. The most extensive structure excavated at Casa Grande is a clan house, a building 200 feet long, with 11 rooms whose massive walls inclose a plaza. In the middle of the central room of this cluster there is a seat, called by the Pima Indians “the seat of Montezuma.’ On the north side there is a burial chamber, the walls of which are decorated in several colors. This room contains a burial cyst in which was found the skeleton of a priest surrounded by ceremonial paraphernalia. The bases of the walls of the clan house were protected with cement, and drains were built to carry off water. For the con- venience and information of visitors all the buildings excavated were appro- priately labeled, and placards containing historical data were posted at various points. “Although the appropriation was not sufficient for completing the work of excavation and repair of the Casa Grande group, the amount available made it possible to present a type ruin showing the general character of the ancient pueblo remains in the Gila and lower Salt River valleys. At the close of the work at Casa Grande, Doctor Fewkes was able to make a comparative study of the mounds in the neighborhood of Phoenix, Mesa, and Tempe, and also of the ancient habitations on the Pima Reservation. Several large ruins in the vicinity of Tucson were visited, and an extensive ruin, known to the Pima and Papago as Shakayuma, was examined near the northwestern end of the Tucson Mountains. Several ancient reservoirs, now called ‘ Indian tanks,” situated east of Casa Grande, along the trail of the early Spanish dis- eoyerers, were identified by their historic names. In a reconnoissance down 48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. San Pedro River to its junction with the Gila a number of ruins were discovered on both banks of the San Pedro and of Aravaipa Creek. ...-sseeeeeoee Sl 5 + coeemeee 93) 532 a eee Canary Wslands: ¢2s252.20.- iDy) SAaaaaese= Ma.dapascar: 2... secase eee 23). ee Gape (Golonyeesnsccecccec <== 1, 469 20) ||( Madeira. 4-2. .26s oe eee 17 1). eee Ceylon sess scscae eeeasees 199 a) Ee tae onc sen c as cee cee eee 89)": hee Gnilete ones aeean cee een eaede 2,123 5b: |) Martinique’. ..c-ssss-seeee-= 14) eee GhiM asc kashehecceceeeeee 1, 802 214} Manis: 22.0ss2ee. soo eeoeee 57 A Colombia. si vase eteeseces LOD Ibe Fe cts. he Mexico 0. 2222.0. csc see 1, 781 513 Costa Rica. .cc.ee-cs'-= 5 natoe 1, 494 29 || Montenegro’. -.. 5 --ssaeene ee 412. | 2a Gray snsteceeacemonet Sree cee 1, 256 So ||| Montserrat. 2-2. --==seeneeee 1 CUTACH OMe metask ie manners ARN Haden saa IMOLOCCOeF ne detente eee eee 5). toeeeaee GyPRUS Gusewassmece cheno 8 | Jen oateaee INetal. ooto.cenn sc ose teers 194 2 Denmark. sisesyeccseeest ees 1,810 271. \\| Netherlands: =... =. .ceeseeee 3, 360 1, 650 DOMINICH oe nes seese reo Teee A8t|Sceeececee ING@VIS 52 tccoeee aceon ose eres 10 | 00sec Dutch Guiana -.........-.--- ZO I\ Patera sare Newfoundland ..........-..- 131 123 MCUSMOLE fo Soe eae sewecu iS Me eee sien New South Wales ....-.-...- 2,732 477 BEY PU ia veccbecesecewencnac 404 303 |} New Zealand.........-.--..- 1, 620 446 Falkland Islands...........- 29 | aie oh ary NIGRTAPIOS Jooise-cee eae 207 il Usa asta eaie ements ZOL eee eee Norfolk Islands -225=2--osee 13} 3 een onee BTANCE 22.b cae sckinecs cope 12, 280 4649 |) INORWEVs 2 -eaiscee > = a2 eetemee 2,299 287 French Cochin China....--. Slee ee eee Orange River Colony....-.... 105) |. e2eeeees German East Africa. ........ : Ct aa Panisimia)A.c-0 2232-25 eee 166.) ee Germany. ooo sdeeens vee ss saree 23, 501 8/985 Ni Paraeliay cs set scceececemees 143 100 a ee ee OS ae REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57 Statement cf packages received for transmission through the International Hachanges during the year ending June 30, 1908—Continued. Packages. Packages. Country, (SS ee Country. For. From. For. From. PRISE Cocenoes eee et eEeeeeeeee 4G Wee states Siamlgen fey eaten nese ene 208i Eee ce IRSb Ss ee ee ea 14328 elaeicacse= Sierrabcon ee eeee ee eeeenns 23) les's serine Philippine Islands ...-...-.- 168 3) SOCLet ya ISlanGS2. eee n esses oe LDS esse eeee IE ORLOPRUCOR EEE aisisjsnij- oss see 9 19 || South Australia -............ 1, 469 80 BOGUS ae eeeve ss 21-52 cie.0/dcle 1,512 G7GU SPALL Skee eee eee ee 2,233 185 Portuguese West Africa ..... a ee eros Straits Settlements .........- 189 |. 1 ne emglemcters 455052. s ace 1,374 SOT EGU CLaTe yaa pre pean 27 2 IRGIDIRI OI cep Re Bn ORE SE eeeeee DA | Sir asc re ie SUM a btaleeereee ese ce eee nee Dol eneay its ae IRMOMES ae te = sacs. 2 =~ BOuledsse eee SWEden Asa seet eee oeeeere 7, 892 Dile PROUMIAMIG)= (cic fob a cece tes 386 TEL ||) MWB! oso sansa seac5 3, 908 1, 667 IRD) Ad 4,811 3 OX) ||| Masami, 52 ococacuncsosssnce 1,159 2 Sti, CRO. eG ees Sasori IW \igoueea sens TANS Vale Wesee. see ee eee ee 1, 240 6 lin JBLOICIO) Soe aeepeRes aoe aeen LOG See Mrimida dieses a. Seat ese OD ei ue ene (Shi lS te ee ZO lateatiace ae PUNAS tees oes jee cee ote eae 33 2 Sih, ILIWOIGH AAR een eeee eee eeee Ale sitio paras, 2 Turkeyseageasse 2 eee eee OTS |ece meee fSiin, MiiGhenhdl Cope eegee Lister eres Oe sete ce ek HGHAKS MILA < .oscoKsescnae L6H | Sess ae St. Pierre and Miquelon..... TOpiPsoasacoos’ United! Statess=ea-eese ee asses 44,524 160, 850 GN OMAS Hee nels scc5= 5-05 TIGA as oper Urugianyeesz tise: sAsese sees UL Sy GH bree oeane Sito, WHOCEIN ode co ne ee eee eee Di eee seeae WGNEVAUEE Aeon oneonasnadesce AUST) Sete a aemae Say AC Olea aicieclenve inn ecie GS) |e aete see hse WACTOISN Saas mcee eee ee cee 2, 827 510 SHUTIOF), 6 AA ood MeR eee eee Lbs Serelsass Western Australia........-.-. 1,270 449 SAMO MOmMIMeO...-\-----.--+ 19 @ ||| Zenovallonie 2 jesoreancemacdedone aT Pres are Sarawak.....------.--..----- © escsscccs: Motalss casa sbee see ae ~ 203, 098 "203, 098 SVE Eee iiisc cicibe creme seas 89 il During the year there were sent abroad 1,909 boxes, of which 175 con- tained complete sets of United States Government documents for authorized depositories, and 1,784 were filled with departmental and other publications for depositories of partial sets and for distrbution to miscellaneous corre- spondents. EXCHANGE OF GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS. The number of packages sent abroad through the international exchange service by United States Government institutions during the year was 102,694, an increase over those forwarded during the preceding twelve months of 2,580; the number received in exchange was 16,853, an increase of 5,212. It. is gratify- ing to note that the increase in the number of packages received is greater than the increase in the number sent out. This is due in large measure to the special efforts made by the institution during the past year to obtain for the Library of Congress and the several government departments and bureaus more adequate returns for the publications sent to their foreign correspondents, to which reference has previously been made. From the returns that have thus far been received in response to the requests of the institution, I feel confident that the exchanges from abroad will, during the coming year, be even greater than during the past twelve months. FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS. In accordance with treaty stipulations and under the authority of the con- gressional resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901, setting apart a certain number of documents for exchange with foreign countries, there are now 58 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. sent regularly to depositories abroad 54 full sets of United States official pub- lications and 82 partial sets, China having been added during the year to the list of countries receiving full sets and Montenegro and Liberia to the list of those receiving partial sets, the details concerning which have been given else- where in this report. A list of the recipients of full and partial sets was given in the report for last year and need not be repeated here. CORRESPONDENTS, The record of exchange correspondents at the close of the year contained 60,123 addresses, being an increase of 2,016 over the preceding year. A table showing the number of correspondents in each country was given in the last report. LIST OF BUREAUS OR AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH EXCHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED, Following is a list of bureaus or agencies abroad through which the distribu- tion of exchanges is effected. Those in the larger and many in the smaller countries forward to the Smithsonian Institution in return contributions for distribution in the United States. Algeria, via France. Angola, via Portugal. Argentina: Secci6n de Depdsito, Reparto y Canje de Publicaciones, Biblioteca Nacional, Buenos Aires. Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna. Azores, via Portugal. Barbados: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridgetown. Belgium: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Brussels. Bermuda. (Sent by mail.) Bolivia: Oficina Nacional de Inmigracién, Estadistica y Propaganda Geo- grafica, La Paz. Brazil: Servico de Permutagdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. British Colonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. British Guiana: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Bridgetown. British Honduras: Colonial Secretary, Belize. Bulgaria: Institutions et Bibliotheque Scientifiques de 8. A. R. le Prince de Bulgarie, Sofia. Canada. (Sent by mail. ) Canary Islands, via Spain. Cape Colony: Government Stationery DSpace Cape Town. Chile: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago. China: Zi-ka-wei Observatory, Shanghai. Colombia: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota. Costa Rica: Oficina de Depdsito y Canje de Publicaciones, San José. Cuba. (Sent by mail.) Denmark: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen. Dutch Guiana: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo. s! Ecuador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito. Egypt: Director-General, Survey Department, Cairo. France: Service Francais des Hchanges Internationaux, Paris. Friendly Islands. (Sent by mail.) «This method is employed for communicating with several of the British colonies with which no medium is available for forwarding exchanges direct. ince > ( REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59 Germany: Karl W. Hiersemann, Konigsstrasse 3, Leipzig. Great Britain and | Ireland: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Hssex street, Strand, London. * Greece: Bibliotheque Nationale, Athens. Greenland, via Denmark. Guadeloupe, via France. Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Guatemala, Guatemala. Guinea, via Portugal. Haiti: Secrétaire d’Htat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince. Honduras: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa. Hungary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, City Hall, Budapest. Iceland, via Denmark. India: India Store Department, India Office, London. Italy: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Hmanuele, Rome. Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston. Japan: Department of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo. Java, via Netherlands. Korea. (Shipments temporarily suspended.) Liberia: Department of State, Monrovia. Loureneco Marquez: Government Library, TOULEH eS Marquez. Luxemburg, via Germany. Madagascar, via France. Madeira, via Portugal. Mexico. (Sent by mail.) Mozambique, via Portugal. Natal: Agent-General for Natal, London. Netherlands: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de lUni- versité, Leyden. Newfoundland. (Sent by mail.) New Guinea, via Netherlands. New Hebrides. (Sent by mail.) New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Public Library, Sydney. New Zealand: Dominion Museum, Wellington. Nicaragua: Ministerio de Relaciones Hxteriores, Managua. Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania. Paraguay: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion. Persia: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City. Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Ministerio de Fomento, Lima. Portugal: Servico de Permutacées Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon. Queensland: Board of Exchanges, Brisbane. Roumania, via Germany. Russia: Commission Russe des Hchanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Im- périale Publique, St. Petersburg. Saint Christopher. (Sent by mail.) Salvador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Santo Domingo. (Sent by mail.) _ Servia, via Germany. a Siam: Minister for Foreign Affairs, Bangkok. South Australia: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide. Spain: Depdsito de Libros, Cambio Internacional y Biblioteca General del Min- isterio de Instruccién Ptblica y Bellas Artes, Madrid. Sumatra, via Netherlands. Sweden: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm, 60 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. Switzerland: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale Cen- trale, Bern. Syria: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York. Tasmania: Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart. Transvaal: Government Library, Pretoria. Trinidad: Victoria Institute, Port of Spain. Tunis, via France. Turkey: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston. Uruguay: Oficina de Depésito, Reparto y Canje Internacional, Montevideo. Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas. Victoria: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne. Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. Zanzibar. (Sent by mail.) RULES GOVERNING TRANSMISSION OF EXCHANGES. The rules governing the transmission of exchanges have been slightly modi- fied during the year, and under date of February 1, 1908, a new edition was published, which is here reproduced for the information of those who may wish to make use of the facilities of the service in the forwarding of exchanges: In effecting the distribution of its first publications abroad, the Smithsonian Institution established relations with certain foreign scientific societies and libraries, by means of which it was enabled to assist materially institutions and individuals of this country in the transmission of their publications abroad, and also foreign societies and individuals in distributing their publications in the United States. In recent years the Smithsonian Institution has been recognized by the United States Government as in charge of its official exchange bureau, through which the publications authorized by Congress are exchanged for those of other governments; and by a formal treaty it acts as intermediary between the learned bodies and literary and scientific societies of the contracting states for the reception and transmission of their publications. Attention is called to the fact that this is not a domestic, but an international exchange service, and is used to facilitate exchanges, not within the United States, but between the United States and other countries only. As exchanges from domestic sources for addresses in Hawaii, the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, and other territory subject to the jurisdiction of the United States do not come within the designation ‘‘international,’ they are not accepted for transmission. Packages prepared in accordance with the rules enumerated below will be received by the Smithsonian Institution from persons or institutions of learning in the United States and forwarded to their destinations through its own agents, or through the various exchange bureaus in other countries. The Smithsonian agents and these bureaus will likewise receive from correspondents in their countries such publications for addresses in the United States and territories subject to its jurisdiction as may be delivered to them under rules similar to those prescribed herein, and will forward them to Washington, after which the Institution will undertake their distribution. On the receipt of a consignment from a domestic source it is assigned a “record number,’ this number being placed on each package contained in the consignment. A record is then made of the entire list of packages under the sender’s name, and the separate packages are entered under the name of the person or office addressed. An account is thus established with every corre- spondent of the Institution, which shows readily what packages each one has sent or received through the exchange service. The books are then packed in ‘poxes with contributions from other senders for the same country, and are for- ———