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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY

OF THE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30

1911

(Publication 2065)

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1911

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General considerations
Administration

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Explorations and researches—
Studies in Cambrian geology and paleontology
Biological survey of the Panama Canal Zone
Biological expedition in Canada
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Bird studies in the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea
Anthropological researches in Peru
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Smithsonian table at Naples Zoological Station
Publications
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International congresses and celebrations
Miscellaneous
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Bureau of American Ethnology
International Exchanges
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Poiana cies ObservalOnya ss wie cn ACY ote i Ua ees
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature
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Appendix I. Report on the United States National Museum...........------
II. Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology..........--.--.--
III. Report on the International Exchanges..............-----------
KYO Reportjom the National Zoological Parkes). 2)..0)-. ilk) e aia cie Mier
V. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory....-...-.-.--------.---
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VIL. Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. . .
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IX. Report on Congresses of Librarians and on Bibliography ........-

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REPORT

OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1911.

To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:

GenTEEMEN: I have the honor to submit a report showing the
operations of the Institution and its branches during the year ending
June 30, 1911, including the work placed by Congress under the direc-
tion of the Board of Regents in the United States National Museum,
the Bureau of American Ethnology, the International Exchanges,
the National Zoological Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, and the
United States Bureau of the International Catalogue of Scientific
Literature. 5

The general report reviews the affairs of the Institution proper,
with brief paragraphs relating to the several branches, while the
appendix presents detailed reports by those in direct charge of the
work. Independently of the present report, the operations of the
National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology are fully
treated of in separate volumes.

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

THH ESTABLISHMENT.

The Smithsonian Institution was created an establishment by act
of Congress approved August 10, 1846. Its statutory members are
the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief
Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.

THE BOARD OF REGENTS.

The Board of Regents consists of the Vice President and the Chief
Justice of the United States as ex officio members, ‘three Members of
the Senate, three Members of the House of Representatives, and six
citizens, “two of whom shall be resident in the city of Washington,
and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of
them of the same State.”

bo

ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

On July 4, 1910, Chief Justice Fuller died and was succeeded on
December 19 by Chief Justice Edward Douglass White as ex officio
member of the board.

At a meeting of the Board of Regents on December 8, 1910, the
Hon. James S. Sherman, Vice President of the United States, was
elected Chancellor.

The personnel of the board has been further changed by the resig-
nation of Hon. John B. Henderson and the appointment of John B.
Henderson, jr., as a Regent.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

The Smithsonian Institution has had a powerful influence for more
than 60 years in the development of science in the United States.
Its achievements in many lines of research and exploration have been
of great good in the promotion of the welfare of the human race.
The Institution and its branches continue to be engaged in a wide
range of activities, covering practically the entire field of natural
and physical science, as well as anthropological and archeological
researches.

In my last report I referred to the establishment of a trust fund,
through the generosity of Mrs. E. H. Harriman, which yields an
annual income of $12,000, to be devoted to the definite purpose of car-
rying on scientific studies, particularly of American mammals and
other animals, the donor specifying Dr. C. Hart Merriam as the in-
vestigator to carry on the work during his lifetime. I believe it desir-
able to establish a number of such research associateships, whereby
especially capable men in other branches of science may be afforded
opportunities for research work without the care and burden of
administrative duties, and with full assurance that as long as their
work is properly conducted it will be continued and that provision
will be made for them when incapacitated for active service. The
field for scientific investigation is extensive, and there are numbers
of worthy projects that can not now be undertaken because of lack
of means—projects that could not properly be carried on through
Government appropriation, but which the Smithsonian Institution
could readily undertake were the means available.

Friends of the Institution have from time to time generously pro-
vided funds for carrying on important explorations and researches,
as in the case of the Smithsonian African expedition, and more
recently by largely supporting the Smithsonian biological survey of
the Panama Canal Zone.

It seems proper that I should here call special attention to the
motive which led the late George W. Poore, of Lowell, Massachu-
setts, who died December 17, 1910, to make the Smithsonian Insti-
tution his residual legatee. By the terms of the will the estate, esti-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3

mated to be about $40,000, is bequeathed under the condition that
the income from this sum eral be added to the principal until a
total of $250,000 should have been reached, and that then the income
only should be used for the purposes for witch the Institution was
created. The fund will be known as the Lucy T. and’George W.
Poore fund. The closing words of this item of the will wen as
follows:

I make this gift not so much because of its amount as because I hope it wiil
prove an example for other Americans to follow, by supporting and encouraging
so wise and beneficent an institution as I believe the Smithsonian Institute to
be, and yet it has been neglected and overlooked by American citizens.

ADMINISTRATION.

On account of the large increase in the administrative work of the
Institution and its branches, brought about by the natural growth of
their activities and the addition of new interests, it appeared ad-
visable to appoint an additional Assistant Secretary, to have imme-
diate charge of the Library and International Exchanges. With the
approval of the Regents, I appointed to that position Dr. Frederick
William True, who entered the service of the Institution in 1878 and
for several years had been head curator of biology in the United
States National Museum. Dr. True entered upon the active duties
of his office on June 1, 1911.

FINANCES.

The permanent fund of the Institution and the sources from which
it was derived are as follows:

Deposited in the Treasury of the United States.

COIES EOL SIM EM SOMs Sa Gun ew ee Se A ens $515, 169. 00
Residuary legacy of Smithson, 1867_________________________-___- 26, 210. 63
Weposit from Savings of Income) 18672222 ee 108, 620. 37
Bequest of James Hamilton, 1875_____________________- $1, 000. 00
Accumulated interest on Hamilton fund, 1895__________ 1, 000. 00
———_—_— 2, 000. 00
REMUeSt OF) SIMEON, ELA De yal SS Oi osu ake Te OS 500. 00
Deposit from proceeds of sale of bonds, 1881_____________________ 51, 500. 00
Chico ah om as Gr.) LO Ge kim Syl SOs ria ies Pe oe ee ee 200, 000. 00
Part of residnuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894____________ 8, 000. 00 —
DEPOSIt LOM SAVINGS OL Income TOS LU a eee Lee ns ee a eee 25, 000. 00
Residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins_____-__-_______--_____- 7, 918. 69
Total amount of fund in the United States Treasury____---~_ 944, 918. 69
Registered and guaranteed bonds of the West Shore R. R. Co. (par
value), part of legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins__________________ 42, 000. 00

EDS tear pe Teva aa ENG UAT ORE ee a 986, 918. 69

4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

In addition to the above, there are four pieces of real estate be-
queathed to the Institution by the late R. S. Avery, some of which
yield a nominal rental and all are free from taxation.

That part of the fund deposited in the Treasury of the United
States bears interest at 6 per cent per annum, under the provisions
of the act organizing the Institution and an act of Congress approved
March 12, 1894. The rate of interest on the West Shore Railroad
bonds is 4 per cent per annum.

The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to

$83,435.30, was derived as follows: Interest on the permanent foun-
dation, $58,375.12; contributions from various sources for specific
purposes, $14,518.43 ; and from other miscellaneous sources, $10,541.75 ;
all of which was deposited in the Treasury of the United States to
the credit of the current account of the Institution.
» With the balance of $35,364.88 on July 1, 1910, the total resources
for the fiscal year amounted to $118,800.18. The disbursements,
which are given in detail in the annual report of the executive com-
mittee, amounted to $86,374.52, leaving a balance of $32,425.66 on
deposit June 30, 1911, in the United States Treasury.

The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement
of the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1911:

International), ex cham ges si i i eee Ea sO $32, 000
FATMETIC AM HG EITY OO Say Ay UES atk UTS ene ee al NO 42, 000
Astrophysical ODSer Vy ator 25 12 cue iS UE See Se Ne es A i Dee 13, 000
National Museum :
a CMU Ts WAN eyars HOO Ben ab BLDG 21> Women mR i Ea Dll ht LT a Nei fet 125, 000
Heating and Wlighitin g 9422 eh ia ae ee ee 50, 000
Ereservation of collections 3-2 iets eek CN ees ete ae Cad lis hee se ee 300, 000
BOOKS 22s oe ee SS 8 ae DU 2, 000
POSbAZE) oh ee Ss UR eee a Se 500
Building’ repaviss: Seats. 2 ANN Me hah a AR TAC ay AN yO 15, 000
BS ep uN Ary eee ey I kde TE 77, 000
National “Voological : Parkes. tha (0 42. od a )y ORIEN Seat aac eR Sea 115, 000
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature______________________ 7, 500
Mlevators,' Smithsonian: Build it oa. 2 ie es A EY ey 0 Sap d 10, 000
Tota 20 rah Del Se 0k ee 789, 000

EXPLORATIONS AND RESEARCHES.

~ Various scientific explorations and researches have been carried on:
during the past year by the Institution as far as its limited income
and the generosity of its friends would permit. There have also been
important biological, ethnological, and astrophysical researches by
the National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the
Astrophysical Observatory, respectively, which are discussed else-
where in this report.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. +9)

STUDIES IN CAMBRIAN GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY.

During the field season of 1910 I continued the study of the Cam-
brian strata of the section of the Rocky Mountains adjacent to the
main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, special attention being
given to the Stephen formation. The outcrop of this formation was
carefully examined for many miles along the mountain sides, with the
hope of finding a locality where conditions had been favorable for
the preservation of the life of the epoch. The famous trilobite
locality on the slope of Mount Stephen above Field had long been
known and many species of fossils collected from it, but even there
the conditions had not been favorable for the presence and preserva-
tion of examples of much of the life that, from what was known of
older faunas and the advanced stage of development of the Upper
Cambrian fauna, must have existed in the Middle Cambrian seas.
The finding, during the season of 1909, of a block of fossiliferous
siliceous shale that had been brought down by a snowslide on the
slope between Mount Field and Mount Wapta led us to make a
thorough examination of the section above in 1910. Every layer of
limestone and shale above was examined, until we finally located the
fossil-bearing band. After that for 30 days we quarried the shale,
shd it down the mountain side in blocks to a trail, and transported
it to camp on pack horses, where the shale was split, trimmed, and
packed and then taken down to the railway station at Field, 3,000
feet below.

A number of sections of the Cambrian rocks were studied and
measured in the mountains north and south of Laggan, Alberta, and
many beautiful panoramic photographs secured.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE.

At the date of my last annual report the Institution contemplated
an exhaustive biological survey of the Panama Canal Zone, and it
was then hoped that definite plans would soon be completed and the
survey undertaken within a few months. I am glad now to report
that chiefly through the generosity of friends of the Institution the
necessary funds for carrying on the work became available. With
the cooperation of several of the executive departments, and of the
Field Museum of Natural History, a party of about 10 naturalists
was accordingly sent to the zone, and the results so far accomplished -
have been very satisfactory. Large collections of biological material
have been received, including specimens of a considerable number of
genera and species new to science.

Much interest is manifest in the survey both here and in the zone.
The Republic of Panama was so impressed with the importance of
the work that it invited the Institution to extend the survey within

6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

the bounds of that country, which was done with gratifying results
as far as the limited means and time permitted.

As stated in my last report, it seemed to be highly important to
science that such a survey of the Canal Zone be made, for, although
it was known in a general way that a certain number of species of
animals and plants in the fresh-water streams on the Atlantic side
of the Isthmus were different from those on the Pacific side, no defi-
nite knowledge of the extent of these differences had been acquired.
It also seemed important to determine exactly the geographical dis-
tribution of the various organisms inhabiting the Isthmus, which is
one of the routes by which the animals and plants of South America
have entered North America and vice versa. When the Panama
Canal is completed the organisms of the various watersheds will be
offered a ready means of mingling together, the natural distinctions
as regards distribution now existing will be obliterated, and the data
for a true understanding of the fauna and flora will be placed for-
ever out of reach. Moreover, a great fresh-water lake will be cre-
ated by the construction of the Gatun Dam, and the majority of the
animals and plants inhabiting that locality will be driven away or
drowned, and quite possibly some species may be exterminated before
they become known to science.

BIOLOGICAL EXPEDITION IN CANADA.

Through the courtesy of the Canadian Government and of Dr.
A. O. Wheeler, president of the Alpine Club of Canada, the Smith-
sonian Institution was enabled to send a small party of naturalists
to accompany Dr. Wheeler on his topographical survey of the British
Columbia and Alberta boundary line and the Mount Robson region.
The party started in June, 1911.

The region to be surveyed includes a most rugged and broken
country in the midst of the Canadian Rockies, abounding in a great
variety of animals and plants, and it is expected that the expedition
will result in a large and valuable collection of birds, mammals,
insects, and plants to be added to the National Museum series.

RAINEY EXPEDITION IN AFRICA.

Mr. Paul J. Rainey, of New York City, having planned a hunting
and collecting trip of several months’ duration in Africa, offered to
present to the Institution the natural history material obtained dur-
ing the trip if there could be sent with him some person skilled in
the preparation of specimens. Mr. Rainey generously offered to
bear all the expenses of the trip. The route of travel was to be north
of that of the recent Smithsonian African expedition, through the
country lying between the northern portion of British East Africa
and the southern part of Abyssinia. Mr. Edmund Heller, who was

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 7

one of the field naturalists of the Smithsonian African expedition
under the direction of Col. Roosevelt, was accordingly detailed to
accompany Mr. Rainey, and letters have been received indicating
very successful results.

BIRD STUDIES IN THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS AND BERING SEA.

A small party of naturalists made a brief visit to the Aleutian
Islands and Bering Sea during the season of 1911, chiefly in the
interest of the Smithsonian Institution and the Biolomeal Survey of
the Department of Agriculture, especially for a study of land and
marine birds. Through the cooperation of the Treasury Depart-
ment the party was afforded transportation on the revenue cutter
Tahoma.

The principal results of the visit were the collection of a good
series of all the land birds of the islands visited, including a particu-
larly fine series of ptarmigan, and a large number of eggs, and the
securing of some interesting observations on the distribution and
habits of the birds of that region. These observations will be made
use of by Mr. A. C. Bent, who has undertaken to complete the work
on the life histories of North American birds, two volumes of which,
by the late Maj. Charles Bendire, have been published by the Na-
tional Museum and the Smithsonian Institution.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN PERU.

During the summer of 1910 Dr. Ale’ Hrdlitka, of the National
Museum, visited the great ruins of the temples and city of Pachaca-
mac, about 18 miles south of Lima, and also the ruins and cemeteries
in the district of Trujillo, Peru, where he collected upward of 3,400
crania and a quantity of other skeletal parts. A large percentage
of the gathered skulls are free from artificial deformation and there-
fore afford a much better opportunity than previous collections for
a critical study of the peoples who centuries ago occupied and con-
gregated in these regions.

Pachacamac was a religious center, much like the Egyptian Thebes
and the Mohammedan Mecca, to which pilgrims flocked from all
parts of Peru. After the destruction of the Temple of the Sun by
the Spaniards, the place became a desolate pile of ruins, with from
60,000 to 80,000 graves of pilgrims who had come from widely
separated regions. The Valley of Chicama, near Trujillo, with the
_ neighboring country, was the seat of the powerful people known after
one of their chiefs as Chimu.

As to the importance of the material acted! Dr. Hrdlicka
remarks:

Peru may well be regarded, even in its present territorial restrictions, as

the main key to the anthropology of South America. Due to the numbers of
its ancient inhabitants, and to their far-reaching social differentiations, indix

8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

cating long occupancy, a good knowledge of the people of Peru from the earliest
times is very desirable, and would constitute a solid basis from which it
would be relatively easy to extend anthropological comparison to all the rest
of the native peoples of the southern continent. Such anthropological com-
parisons will be greatly facilitated by the collections acquired on this expedition.
Some of the interesting results of his work are described by Dr.
Hrdlicka in a pamphlet recently published by the Institution.

RESEARCHES UNDER THE HODGKINS FUND.

With a view to aiding in the establishment of an international
scale for the measurement of solar radiation, as mentioned in my
last report, a limited grant from the Hodgkins fund has been
approved for the construction, in the Smithsonian workshops, of
several silver disk pyrheliometers, after the design of Mr. C. G.
Abbot, Director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.

The International Solar Union has for some time been inter-
ested in the establishment of an international standard scale of
radiation, and pyrheliometers of varying types have been in use
at different observatories. The desire, however, for still another
simple but accurate instrument seemed general, and the Institution
has been gratified to learn that, by the use of the Abbot pyrheli-
ometer, a more exact knowledge of solar radiation and the influence
of the terrestrial atmosphere upon it have been promoted.

Arrangements have been made whereby the Abbot pyrheliometer
is now in use in widely separated localities. There is one in the
astronomical observatory established by Harvard College at Are-
quipa, Peru; another in the observatory at Teneriffe: and two have
been sent to the minister of agriculture in Buenos Aires for meteoro-
logical stations in Argentina. The Department of Agriculture, the
Bureau of Standards, and the United States Weather Bureau in
Washington are supplied with the instruments; Prof. Chistoni, of
the Royal University of Naples, has installed one there, and the
Imperial College of Science and Technology at South Kensington,
London, has secured one. Prof. Violle, of the National Observatory
of Arts and Crafts, Paris, was among the first to install one of the
Abbot instruments, and one has been sent to Dr. Hellmann, director
of the Royal Prussian Meteorological Institute, Berlin. The Uni-
versity of Toronto, Canada, the University of Wisconsin, and the
Central Physical Observatory of St. Petersburg also have them, and
inquiries from other institutions as to the mode of securing them’
are frequent, so that the establishment of the desired international
standard of estimating and recording the variations of solar radia-
tion seems to have been already aided by the use of uniform instru-
ments in many widely separated localities.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9

The distinguished specialists who form the committee on award
for the examination of the memoirs submitted in the Hodgkins prize
competition, announced in connection with the Congress on Tuber-
_ culosis of 1908, have not yet submitted their decision. This delay
is regretted by the Institution as sincerely as by the competitors, but
has seemed to be unavoidable as the large number of papers pre-
sented and their technical character make it very difficult to render
a prompt decision.

Then, too, it is to be remembered that, according to the terms of
the competition, the successful paper is to embody an original theory
or discovery for the treatment of tuberculosis, not before published,
a difficult task at a time when the attention of the medical world is
so generally directed to the same subject.

The Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, the publication of
which by the Hodgkins fund of the Institution was unfortunately
delayed by causes beyond the control of the Institution, was com-
pleted just at the close of the fiscal year, as mentioned on another
page.

SMITHSONIAN TABLE AT NAPLES ZOOLOGICAL STATION.

The Smithsonian Institution for 18 years past has maintained a
table for the use of American biologists at the Naples Zoological
Station. Exceptional opportunities are there afforded for the study
of marine life, and it is believed that the cause of biological science
has been thereby much advanced.

The application of Dr. R. S. Williams, of Miami University,
mentioned in the Secretary’s Report for 1910, was approved for
March and April, 1911. Dr. Williams was chiefly occupied at
Naples in ascertaining the rate of growth of recent encrusting
organisms, especially bryozoans, with a view to the use of this
information in researches on the Richmond division of the Ordo-
vician period. The results thus far obtained by him he considers
preliminary, and he proposes to continue the same research at some
future time on a float anchored in the open sea.

In addition to his work on the bryozoan fauna, Dr. Williams
secured a representative collection of the jaw apparatus of the
free-swimming annelids belonging -to the Eunicidea and the
Glyceridea.

The appointment of Dr. Sergius Morgulis, a Parker Traveling
Fellow from Harvard for 1911, was approved for the Smithsonian
seat at Naples for the months of May, June, and July of this year.

Dr. C. W. Hargitt, of Syracuse University, a Smithsonian ap-
pointee at Naples for three months in 1903, was accorded a second
occupancy during the present year. Several papers, among which

10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

may be mentioned “The Hydromedusae of the Bay of Naples ”
and “ Regeneration in Rhizostoma pulmo,” were published by Dr.
Hargitt as a result of his former appointment, and a report of his
work during the present year is now in hand. He mentions with
appreciation the cordial welcome accorded him by the director and
staff of the laboratory, and the generosity with which the facilities
for his work were provided.

Two papers embodying the results of Dr. Hargitt’s recent investi-
gations have been completed since his term at Naples, and are now
in course of publication in the Journal of Experimental Zoology.

The application of Dr. Ch. Zeleny, associate professor of zoology
in the University of Illinois, was approved for one month’s occu-
pancy, to cover part of June and July, 1911. No summary of the
work accomplished during this period has yet been received from
Dr. Zeleny.

When the same period is selected by more than one student the
earliest application is considered first, the approval of the later ones
becoming necessarily dependent on the ability of the station to pro-
vide for more than one Smithsonian appointee at the same time.
It should be added that the obliging courtesy shown in this connec-
tion to appointees of the Smithsonian Institution by the director of
the station often permits appointments to the seat which would
otherwise be impracticable.

The prompt and efficient aid of the advisory committee in examin-
ing and reporting on applications for the table is still, as it has al-
ways been, of great service to the Institution and is very thoroughly
appreciated.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Smithsonian Institution and its branches distributed during
the past year nearly 200,000 copies of their various publications.
These were sent chiefly to libraries and learned institutions through-
out the world and to a limited list of specialists in the subjects
discussed. It would be impracticable, without a very great increase
in the size of the editions, to meet the popular demand for copies of
Smithsonian publications. In the case, however, of the publications
issued by the Government bureaus under direction of the Institu-
tion, which are printed under congressional appropriations, the law
provides that they may be purchased by all who desire them at a
slight advance over the cost of printing by application to the Super-
intendent of Documents.

It is through its publications that the Smithsonian Institution per-
forms one of its principal functions—the diffusion of knowledge.
Two series of works are issued by the Institution proper at the ex-
pense of the Smithsonian funds, namely, Smithsonian Contributions

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ale

to Knowledge, in quarto, and Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
in octavo form. ‘The editions of these series are necessarily limited
in number for distribution almost entirely to a carefully selected
list of libraries throughout the world, where they may be readily
consulted by students and investigators. There is also issued, at the
cost of Government appropriations, an annual report, in the general
appendix of which is included a considerable number of papers,
either original or selected from more or less inaccessible sources,
reviewing the progress and present condition of the natural and
‘physical sciences and other branches of human knowledge. Al-
though the edition of the report is considerable, yet the supply is
each year exhausted within a very short time after its publication.
Contributions to Knowledge.—The Langley Memoir on Mechanical
Flight, referred to in my Jast report, had been put to press and was
nearly ready for distribution at the close of the fiscal year. This
work forms a quarto volume of over 300 pages and a hundred plates.
The memoir was in preparation at the time of Mr. Langley’s death
in 1906 and part of it had been written by him, bringing the work
down to May, 1896, the date of his demonstration that a machine
heavier than air could be made to fly under its own power. The
account of later experiments, from 1897 to 1903, was written by Mr.
Charles M. Manly, who became Mr. Langley’s chief assistant in 1898.
Miscellaneous Collections.—Twenty papers on various subjects have
been added to the series of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
including descriptions of a number of new species of animals ob-
tained by the Smithsonian African expedition and the biological
survey of the Panama Canal Zone, and several papers, mentioned
elsewhere, giving some results of my studies and field work in
Cambrian geology and paleontology, besides an interesting paper
by Dr. Hrdhcka on his anthropological investigations in Peru.
Smithsonian Tables—tIn connection with the system of meteoro-
logical observations established by the Smithsonian Institution about
1850, a series of meteorological tables was compiled by Dr. Arnold
Guyot at the request of Secretary Henry, and the first edition was
published in 1852. Though primarily designed for meteorological
observers reporting to the Smithsonian Institution, the tables were
so widely used by physicists that it seemed desirable to recast the
entire work. It was decided to publish three separate sets of tables,
each containing the latest knowledge in the field which it covered,
but together forming a homogeneous series. The first of the new
series. Meteorological Tables, was published in 1893; the second,
Geographical Tables, in 1894; and the third, Physical Tables, in
1896. In 1909 another volume was added, so that the series now
comprises: (a) Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, (6) Smithsonian
Geographical Tables, (¢) Smithsonian Physical Tables, and (d)

12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.
?

Smithsonian Mathematical Tables. Each of these works has been
published in revised editions, with such corrections and additions
as became necessary by the advance of scientific knowledge.

The years that had elapsed since the publication of the first edi-
tion of the Physical Tables in 1896 had brought such changes in the
material upon which these tables must be based that it became
necessary to almost wholly recast the work for the fifth revised
edition, which was published during the past year. Recent data and
many new tables have been added, including several mathematical
tables especially computed for this work, which forms a volume of
about 350 pages.

Opinions on Zoological Nomenclature.—As stated with some detail
in my last report, the Institution cooperates with the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by providing clerical assist-
ance for its secretary and by the publication of the commission’s
opinions. During the past year two pamphlets were issued contain-
ing opinions 1 to 25 and 26 to 29, covering important questions of
nomenclature that had been matters of discussion among zoologists.
In connection with the summary of each opinion there is printed a
statement of the case and the discussion thereon by members of the
commission. The rules to be followed in submitting cases for
opinion ? as laid down by the commission are as follows:

(1) The commission does not undertake to act as a bibliographic or nomen-
clatural bureau, but rather as an adviser in connection with the more difficult
and disputed cases of nomenclature.

(2) All cases submitted should be accompanied by (a) a concise statement
of the point at issue, (0) the full arguments on both sides in case a disputed
point is involved, and (c) complete and exact bibliographic references to every
book or article bearing on the point at issue. ;

The more complete the data when the case is submitted the more promptly
can it be acted upon.

(8) Of necessity, cases walanlsted with incomplete bibliographic references
can not be studied and must be returned by the commission to the sender.

(4) Cases upon which an opinion is desired may be sent to any member of
the commission, but—

(5) In order that the work of the commission may be confined as much as
possible to the more difficult and the disputed cases, it is urged that zoologists
study the code and settle for themselves as many cases as possible.

Harriman Alaska series—The Institution has received from Mrs.
Edward H. Harriman several thousand copies of volumes deserip-
tive of the results of the Harriman expedition to Alaska in 1899.
The expedition was organized in cooperation with the Washington
Academy of Sciences, but entirely at the expense of Mr. Harriman.
He invited as his guests 3 artists and 25 men of science represent-
ing various branches of research. The expedition sailed from Seattle

1 Cases should be forwarded to the secretary of the commission, Dr. Ch. Wardell Stiles,
U. S. Hygienic Laboratory, Washington, D. C.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13

on May 30, 1899, on a special steamer, and was gone about two months,
visiting the ienean Islands, the Pribilof ttn and the Eskimo -
settlements on the Asiatic a American shores. The journey was
- extended through Bering Strait and return, and covered 9,000 miles.
Large and important collections were made of mammals, birds,
‘insects, marine-animals, fossil shells, and fossil plants. Studies were
also made of the great glaciers and of the geological formations of
the regions visited. ‘The contents of the volumes received by the
Institution are enumerated by the editor in the appendix to the
present report. The series consists of 11 volumes, printed and illus-
trated in the best manner. These books, now known as the Harri-
man Alaska Series of the Smithsonian Institution, have been dis-
tributed, under special Smithscnian title pages, to a selected list of
libraries throughout the world, the few copies of certain volumes
remaining after such a distribution being held for sale in a
with the terms of the agreement. |

Museum publications. ie National Museum published its an-
nual report, two volumes of proceedings and several bulletins, cover-
ing the usual wide range of subjects, but chiefly pertaining to zoology
and botany. |

Ethnological publications—The Bureau of American Ethnology
issued several bulletins, including part 2 of the Handbook of Ameri-
can Indians North of Mexico; part 1 of the Handbook of American
Indian Languages; Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Mis-
sissipp1 Valley; Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park, and
bulletins on other ethnological subjects.

Publications of historical and patriotic societies—Annual sia
of the American Historical Association and the National Society of
the Daughters of the American Revolution were as usual commu-
nicated to Congress in accordance with law.

Advisory committee on printing and publication.—The commuttee
on printing and publication has continued to examine manuscripts
proposed for publication by the branches of the Institution, and has
considered various questions concerning public printing and binding.
Twenty-four meetings of the committee were held during the year
and 115 manuscripts were passed upon. The personnel of the com-
mittee is as follows: Dr. Frederick W. True, Assistant Secretary
-of the Smithsonian Institution, chairman; Mr. C. G. Abbot, Director -
of the Astrophysical Observatory; Mr. W. I. Adams, disbursing
officer of the Smithsonian Institution; Dr. Frank Baker, superin-
tendent of the National Zoological Park; Mr. A. Howard Clark,
editor of the Smithsonian Institution; Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist
in charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology; Dr. George P.
~ Merrill, head curator of geology, United States National Museum;

18308°

14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

and Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology, United States
National Museum.

Allotments for printing.—The allotments to the Institution and its
branches, under the head of “ Public printing and binding,” during
the past fiscal year, aggregating $72,700. were, as far as practicable,
expended prior to June 30. The allotments for the mee ending “s une
30, 1912, aggregating $72,900, are as follows:

For the Smithsonian Institution, for printing and binding annual re-

ports of the Board of Regents, with general appendixes_____________ $10, 000
For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general appen-

dixes, and for printing labels and blanks, and for the bulletins and

proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not

exceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half turkey or material not more

expensive, scientific books and pamphlets presented to or acquired by

the: National. Museum library 2.2222) 3- bee ae yeaa eee oe 34, 000
For the annual reports and bulletins of the Bureau of American Hth-
nology and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau____ 21,000
For miscellaneous printing and binding:
International Exchan sess! = oe ee ale ep eee eel pee 200
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature __________________ 100
National. Zoological..Park: 228 tsec8 1 Seags h el Cie a ie eee eee 200
Astrophysical, Obseryatoryaceo se Uo eee 2 eee ie 400
For the annual report of the American Historical Association_________ 7, 000
Total. diese SES oh Ate Bg ous bb eg ere 2 ae ied ee 72, 900
LIBRARY.

The libraries of the Smithsonian Institution and of its several
branches show an increase of about 18,000 volumes and pamphlets
during the last year, being largely additions to the National Museum
library and the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress.

During the last five years improved methods and consolidation of
work have been adopted in the interest of economy and efficiency, as
discussed by the Assistant Secretary in the appendix to this report.

The library of the Bureau of Ethnology has been transferred from
its former quarters in a rented building to the galleries of the main
hall in the Smithsonian Building where it is much more con-
venient for reference, though the books are still arranged on
temporary wooden shelves. It is hoped that this hall, which was
originally planned for library purposes, may in the near future be-
come available for such use. It is proposed, if necessary funds be-
come available, to remove the wooden galleries, stairways, win-
dow sashes and frames, and book cases in this hall and substitute
fireproof bookstacks, stairways, and windows. The new stacks
and cases would accommodate the books belonging to the several
bureaus under the direction of the Institution, including a part of the
library of the National Museum, which should be kept in a central
location. They would also provide a safe place to assemble the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15

Smithsonian books constantly used by the bureaus, of which several
thousand are now scattered through various rooms in the Smith-
sonian Building.

LANGLEY MEMORIAL TABLET.

The memorial tablet authorized by the Regents to be erected in
the Smithsonian building commemorative of the aeronautical work
of the late Secretary Langley has not yet been completed. A design
for the tablet has, however, been prepared and is under consideration
by the committee appointed for the purpose.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES AND CELEBRATIONS.

The Institution each year receives invitations to numerous scien-
tific congresses and celebrations in the United States and abroad,
but as funds are not available for the expenses of delegates few of
these invitations can be accepted. In some instances, however, it is
possible to arrange for representation by collaborators of the Insti-
tution who are visiting the localities on official or private business.

Congress of Americanists—Dr. Ales Hrdli¢ka was appointed rep-
resentative of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Mu-
seum and delegate on the part of the United States.at the second
session of the Seventeenth International Congress of Americanists,
held in the Museo Nacional, Mexico City, September 8 to 14, 1910.
He presented an account of his recent explorations in Peru, and also
described the uncovering of an especially interesting sepulchre which
he had been invited by the Mexican authorities to open in the ancient
ruins of San Juan Teotihuacan.

The meeting was held in the Museo Nacional, and was well at-
tended, especially by scientific men from the United States.

Dr. C. W. Currier, of Washington, was also designated delegate
_ of the United States and a representative of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution at the above congress.

International American Scientifie Congress——Mr. Bailey Willis, as
delegate on the part of the Smithsonian Institution, attended the
International Scientific Congress which was held at Buenos Aires,
Argentina, July 10 to July 25, 1910.

Geological Congress—In August, 1910, the Eleventh International
Geological Congress met in Stockholm. Dr. George F. Becker, of
the United States Geological Survey, was a delegate on the part of
the Smithsonian Institution. The congress was more largely at-
tended than any of its predecessors, and nothing could exceed the
hospitality of its reception. The principal subjects of discussion
were the distribution and extent of the iron ore deposits of the
world, Cambrian paleontology, and the change of climate since the
last maximum of glaciation. To all of these subjects painstaking

16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

contributions were made from every quarter of the globe, and the
publications of the congress contain the most authoritative exposi-
tion of the present state of knowledge on these vital questions.
Among the papers presented to the congress was one expressing my
view on “ the abrupt appearance of the Cambrian fauna.”

Zoological Congress —The Seventh International Zoological Con-
gress was held at Graz, Austria, in August, 1910. The delegates on
the part of the United States and the Smithsonian Institution and
National Museum were Dr. H. H. Field, Dr. W. R. Kellicott, Dr. Ch.
Wardell Stiles, and Mr. Austin H. Clark. About 600 members were
present at this congress, of whom about 60 were from the United
States, the majority of these representing scientific societies or educa- |
tional institutions. To facilitate its labors, the congress was divided
into sections, each section representing a definite subject or group of
subjects. Papers of general interest were read in the Stephanien-
salle, a large hall in the center of the city, while papers of more
restricted scope were presented in the various lecture rooms of the
university. Taken as a whole, the papers read were of a distinctly
progressive nature, the authors, especially the younger ones, showing
a marked disposition to depart from the time-honored and accepted
lines of work and thought, and to approach their subjects from
entirely new view points.

Congress of Bibliography and Documentation.—Mr. Paul Brockett,
assistant librarian of the Institution, who was appointed a delegate
to the International Congress of Bibliography and Documentation
at Brussels, August 25 to 27, 1910, attended the congress and sub-
mitted a report on its proceedings, which is printed in the appendix.

Congress of Archivists and Librarians——An International Con-
gress of Archivists and Librarians was held at Brussels August 29
to 31, 1910, when the Institution was represented by Mr. Paul
Brockett, whose report appears in the accompanying appendix.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Hambach collection of fossils—The Institution has secured from
Dr. Gustav Hambach, of St. Louis, a collection of about 20,000
specimens of fossil echinoderms and other animals, with more than
100 types. Almost all the fossils were collected in the Mississippi
Valley and are the choicest obtainable. The series of Blastoids, a
group of fossil echinoderms, is unique. The collection contains
representatives of the various classes of animals, among which may
be mentioned many insects from the Cenozoic formation in Colorado;
many specimens of Paleozoic fishes, including an especially inter-
esting series of teeth and spines; a complete series of fossil sea-
urchins; the jaws of a Carboniferous batrachian over a foot long.
and of a mastodon.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. . Ly

Chinese photographs.—TYhe Institution has received a valuable
series of large photographic negatives taken by Mr. Bailey Willis in:
connection with his geological work in China. These photographs
represent scenery, particularly landscapes in which the loess forma-
tion is conspicuous, and also Chinese buildings, monuments, and the
people themselves. The route of the expedition through the Prov-
inces of Chihli, Shansi, and Shensi led through the district of the
loess formation and some remote mountain regions of great interest
and scenic beauty. Copies of many of these photographs have been
furnished at cost to various institutions for educational purposes.

NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The most important item of interest in connection with the Na-
tional Museum during the year was the completion on June 20, 1911,
of all structural work on the new building, just six years after the
excavations for the foundation were commenced. On another page
the Assistant Secretary in charge of the Museum mentions the very
superior character of the building for museum purposes. It is mas-
sive and imposing in appearance. It is well lighted. There is little
room that can not be utilized. More than one-half of the 10 acres
of floor space is placed at the service of the public in the interest of
popular education, while the remaining space is used for reserve ¢éol-
lections and laboratories of the scientific departments and divisions
and for the maintenance of the building and the operation of the
heating, lighting, and ventilating plant. The greater part of the
natural-history collections, including ethnology, have been removed
to the new structure; while in the old building space is now afforded
for the proper display of objects pertaining to the arts and indus-
tries, including the collection illustrating the graphic arts and the art
textiles, and also for the large and interesting series illustrative of
American history. Although there has as yet been no formal dedi-
cation of the new building, the exhibition halls are being opened to
the public one after another as the reinstallation of the exhibits pro-
gresses. It is planned in the near future to admit visitors to the
new building, for a portion of the day at least, on Sundays in order
that the people of Washington may be afforded a long-desired op-
portunity to study the national collections in their leisure hours.

The number of visitors to the new building during the year was
151,112 and to the old building 207,010.

The auditorium in the new building has been utilized for meetings
of various scientific bodies and important lectures. The First Ameri-
can International Humane Congress was held there from October
10 to 15, 1910, and in connection therewith an interesting exhibit was
displayed.

18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

The accessions received by the Museum during the year include
more than 200,000 specimens of animals and plants, besides 6,600
specimens relating to geology and paleontology, and about 17,000
anthropological objects. To the National Gallery of Art were added
94 paintings and engravings. In addition, about 1,600 objects of
art and anthropology were accepted by the Museum as loans for ex-
hibition. Among important accessions that merit special mention
was a collection of 3,400 ancient crania, 6,000 bones, and 1,500 archeo-
logical objects, gathered chiefly in Peru by Dr. Hrdlicka, as men-
tioned on another page. Other interesting archeological objects were
received from the ancient pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico, be-
sides a valuable series of skulls and skeletons from Arkansas and
Mississippi. About 50,000 specimens of mollusks, collected in Alaska
by Dr. William H. Dall between the years 1871 and 1899, were re-
ceived during the year, together with many thousands of Japanese
mollusks from the Imperial University of Japan.

Many other interesting accessions of objects of zoology, botany,
geology, and anthropology are referred to by the Assistant Secre-
tary in his report.

The paintings of the National Gallery of Art, exhibited in the
middle hall of the new building, continue to attract much public
attention. Mr. William T. Evans has added 13 canvases to his
notable gift, which now comprises 127 pictures, representing 90
contemporary American painters.

Mr. Charles L. Freer has also added a large number of objects of
oriental art to his most important gift to the Nation, the entire collec-
tion remaining, however, in his keeping at Detroit, Mich. :

The great exhibition halls of the new building will afford op-
portunity for the proper display of the national collections illustra-
tive of natural history, and especially such large and striking objects
as groups of mammals; skeletons of fossil vertebrate animals, and
groups representing the habits and customs of the races of mankind.
The collections pertaining to the ethnology of America had increased
year by year so rapidly in extent that they long ago outgrew the
space that could be allotted to them in the old building. In the new
structure they are installed with adequate regard to their size and
importance.

The loan collection of laces and other art textiles has been largely
increased numerically and in variety of contents under the able
supervision of Mrs. James W. Pinchot, who initiated the movement.

The Museum has continued the distribution of collections of dupli-
cate specimens to schools and colleges throughout the country. About
3,000 specimens, chiefly recent and fossil animals, were thus dis-
tributed during the year, and about 23,500 duplicate specimens were
used in making exchanges.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19

Considerable progress has been made in arranging the large
quantities of natural-history specimens collected by the Smithsonian
African expedition and the Smithsonian biological survey of the
Panama Canal Zone. Some of the African mammals of greatest
public interest have been mounted in groups.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

The Bureau of American Ethnology has been engaged for a
number of years in scientific studies of the American aborigines,
including their arts and industries, government, religious and soci-
ological systems, and languages, as well as their mental and. physical
characteristics, their history, and antiquities. Much has been ac-
complished in this direction, and many of the results have been
permanently recorded and disseminated by means of publication;
but a large body of material still awaits final study and arrange-
ment, and much work remains to be done both in the field and in the
office.

The investigations of the bureau have, however, reached a stage
at which it has been found possible to summarize some of the results
in the form of handbooks, designed especially for the use of schools
and unprofessional students. The demand for those already issued,
or about to be published, is very large. Many changes are taking
place among the Indians, owing to their advance in civilization, and
for that reason the researches are being pressed with all possible
speed while knowledge of primitive conditions is still available. The
Indians form one of the great races of mankind, and the world
properly looks ‘to our Government to gather and record accurate
knowledge of this branch of the human family, while by many the
work of the Bureau of American Ethnology is regarded as the basis »
of American history.

One of the immediate demands upon the bureau is vigorous activity
in the exploration and preservation of antiquities, especially in
Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico, before these important and
most interesting ruins are entirely destroyed by vandalism or the
elements.

Another important work that should speedily be undertaken is
an ethnological study of the Indians and Eskimo of Alaska before
the advent of greater numbers of white people shall have so modified
them as to destroy their primitive character. So also there is need
of further activity in the study of the few survivors of Indian tribes
in the Middle West.

The bureau has conducted various lines of field work among the
tribes which composed the Creek Confederacy of the Southern
States; the Tewa Indians of the Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico;

20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

the Winnebago Indians of Wisconsin and Nebraska; the Piegan,
Blackfeet, Cheyenne, and Menominee Indians of the Algonquian
family; the Chippewa Indians, especially with reference to their
music; the Osage Indians, now in Oklahoma, and the Iroquois in
New York.

A study of the past and present population of the Indians, with
the various causes of their decrease is being conducted.

Some very interesting studies were made in Cuba, indicating that
the western end of the island, including the Isle of Pines, was once
inhabited by a cave-dwelling people of low culture and without agri-
culture. It is believed that these people were in that condition at
the time.of the visit of Columbus, and that they were the survivors of
a cave-dwelling population once occupying all of Cuba and repre-
sented in Porto Rico and elsewhere in the West Indies.

The Smithsonian Institution, through its Bureau of American
Ethnology in cooperation with the Archeological Institute of Amer-
ica, has carried on excavations in prehistoric cliff dwellings and
pueblo ruins in New Mexico. In one locality these dwellings extend
along the walls of a canyon for about 2 miles. In cooperation with
the Colorado Cliff Dwellers’ Association, the Institution excavated
and repaired the celebrated Balcony House in Colorado. Excava- ©
tions have also been made in newly discovered cliff dwellings and
other archeological remains in northwestern Arizona.

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.

An idea of the magnitude of the work conducted by this branch
of the Institution may be obtained from the statement that 228,698
packages were handled during the year, an increase over the number
for the preceding 12 months of 7,073. The weight of these packages
was 560,808 pounds, a gain of 76,124 pounds.

The total available resources for carrying on this work were
$36,954.99, $32,200 of which was appropriated by Congress, and
$4,754.99 was derived from the exchange repayments to the Insti-
tution.

Several changes made during the year in the routine of the Ex-
change Office have resulted in a more economical and efficient admin-
istration of the service.

It was stated in the last report that the German authorities had
under consideration the founding in Berlin of an establishment to
promote cultural relations between Germany and the United States,
and that one of its functions would be to conduct on behalf of Ger-
many the international exchange of publications which the Smith-
sonian Institution carries on for the United States. This establish-
ment, which is known as the Amerika-Institut, was organized in the
fall of 1910 and the exchange duties were assumed by it on January

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 91

1,1911. The exchange agency maintained by the Smithsonian Insti-
tution in Leipzig was discontinued on the latter date.

Packages for Luxemburg and Roumania have heretofore been dis-
tributed through the Leipzig agency. Since its discontinuance the
Amerika-Institut has been good enough to assume charge of the dis-
tribution of packages in Luxemburg, and the Academia Romana at
Bucharest has been asked to act as the Roumanian exchange inter-
mediary.

The Japanese (er cntienn has transferred the exchange agency of
that country from the Department of Foreign Affairs to the Imperial
Library at Tokyo. The regular series of United States official docu-
ments, which had been sent to the former for a number of years, has
also been deposited in the Imperial Library.

The Government of the. United Provinces of Agra and Oudh,
Allahabad, India, has, at its request, been listed to receive a partial
set of United States official publications, the total number of such
depositories being now 34. The number of depositories of full sets of
governmental documents remains the same as at the close of last year,
namely, 55.

The Governments of the Argentine Republic, Denmark, and Great
Britain have entered into the immediate exchange of their parlia-
mentary record during the past year, 29 countries now taking part
in this exchange with the United States.

Important collections of foreign publications have, through the
efforts of the Exchange Office, been obtained during the past year
for the Library of Congress and for several other establishments of
the Government.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

The accessions to the Zoological Park during the past year were
335 animals, and the total number of animals on hand June 30, 1911,
was 1,414, representing 376 species of mammals, birds, and reptiles,
about 20 species being new to the park.

Among the important additions to the collections I may mention a
pair of northern fur seals from Alaska, a hippopotamus, an East Af-
rican buffalo, three prong-horn antelopes, a pair of reindeer, and a
large Asiatic macaque monkey.

The number of visitors was 521,440, or a daily average of 1,428.
As an indication of the educational value of the park, it may be men-
tioned that it was visited by 169 schools, classes, etc., with 4,966
pupils, an increase of about a thousand over the year preceding.
While most of the classes were from the District of Columbia, some
of them belonged in various parts of the country, including all the
New England States, New York, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina.

22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

The equipment of the Zoological Park, both as regards the accom-
modations for the collections and facilities for visitors, is still in-
adequate and is inferior to that of other establishments of the kind
of equal importance.

Many of the animals are kept in temporary quarters that are in-
sufficient in size, more or less insanitary, and quite costly to maintain.
This is particularly true of the fine series of birds, which includes
some of exceptional interest and rarity. The rough temporary build-
ing in which they are now kept is too small for the exhibition of the
entire collection and the conditions are such that it is difficult to keep
the birds in a good state of health. In a suitable structure the bird
collection would be one of the most attractive features of the park.

Permanent paddocks are also needed for the hardy deer, wild
sheep, goats, and cattle, which are now scattered in temporary inclo-
sures, some of them altogether unsuitable.

A new bridge across Rock Creek is urgently needed to replace the
present temporary log structure, and it should be of a permanent
character and sufficiently wide to provide for the greatly increased
travel when the valley of Rock Creek is fully developed.

The roadways and walks in the park were greatly improved at the
cost of a special appropriation for that purpose. Nearly a mile of
the roads were treated either by reshaping and supplying a top layer
of stone or by regrading and furnishing the entire thickness of road-
bed metal. About 13 miles of walks were also laid or repaired and steps
were constructed where grades had before been too steep. A consid-
erable amount of work was also done to provide proper drainage.

ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

The Astrophysical Observatory has been engaged in three principal
lines of work during the year.

Observations by the spectrobolometric method were continued in
order to confirm the view referred to in last year’s report that the
determinations of the intensity of the solar radiation outside the
earth’s atmosphere are independent of the observer’s altitude above
sea level, provided the conditions are otherwise good. Observations
for the “ solar constant ” were accordingly taken on Mount Whitney
in the summer of 1910, where opportunity was afforded also for
measurements of the brightness of the sey by day and by night, the
influence of the water vapor on the sun’s spectrum, and the distribu-
tion of the sun’s energy spectrum outside the atmosphere. The re-
sults of these observations show no discrepancy due to altitude be-
tween Mount Wilson (5,840 feet) and Mount Whitney (14,502 feet).

It also seemed important to confirm by further observation the
variability of the solar constant of radiation. Observations were ac-
cordingly continued daily at Mount Wilson until November 10, 1910,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 93

and renewed again on June 11, 1911, which tend to confirm the con-
clusion that the sun’s output of radiation varies from day to day in
a manner irregular in period and quantity. Assurance seems now
complete that this latter result will be tested during the next fiscal
_ year by long-continued daily observations taken simultaneously at
two widely separated stations, where the atmosphere is believed to be
specially favorable for such research. The definite determination of
the laws governing the apparent variability of the “ solar constant ”
it is expected will be of much value in the probable forecast of
climatic conditions from year to year.

Measurements have also been made of the transparency, for long
wave radiation, of columns of air containing known quantities of
water vapor. This line of research promises highly interesting results.

As mentioned on another page, arrangements have been made with
several observatories, widely separated through the world, for the
use of the standard silver-disk secondary pyrheliometer designed by
the director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. It is
hoped to thus secure not only uniformity of radiation measures, but
also a more exact knowledge of solar radiation and the influence of
the terrestrial atmosphere upon it.

INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC
LITERATURE.

The International Catalogue of Scientific Literature publishes,
through the cooperation of countries in all parts of the world, a
current classified index tothe literature ofscience. Seventeen volumes
have been published annually, beginning with the literature of 1901.
The organization consists of a central bureau in London and regional
bureaus established in and supported by the 32 countries taking part
in the enterprise. Supreme control of the catalogue is vested in an
international convention, which met in London July, 1905, and July,
1910, and is to meet every tenth year hereafter. The second inter-
national convention met in London at the rooms of the Royal Society
on July 12 and 13, 1910, and Mr. Leonard C. Gunnell, assistant in
charge of the United States regional bureau, was sent by the Insti-
tution as the delegate from the United States. The convention de-
cided that on account of the success already achieved by the Interna-
tional Catalogue and the great importance of the objects promoted,
the enterprise would be continued. Attention was called to the ur-
gent need of a permanent fund to aid in carrying on and extending
the work. It was pointed out that although various regional bureaus
for the collection of material were supported by the countries in
which they were located, the maintenance of the central bureau for
general administration and actual publication of the 17 annual vol-
umes was dependent. entirely on the funds derived from the sub-

24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

seribers to the published volumes. Though every care has been used
to edit and publish the work in the most economical way, the income
of the central bureau: has proved to be insufficient to meet current
expenses and in addition pay interest on approximately $35,000 of
borrowed capital.

As a more detailed report of the work of the bureau and of the
proceedings of the convention will be found in the appendix to this
report, it will be sufficient here to call attention to the great value
and importance of the work, and to say that it would be difficult to
find an enterprise more deserving of endowment. A capital fund,
yielding an annual income of from $5,000 to $10,000, would enable
the central bureau not only to broaden the scope of the catalogue
but also to reduce the subscription price now charged for the annual
volumes. This charge is $85 per year which, although not large
when the amount of matter published is considered, is found to be
far beyond the means of many who would otherwise be glad to
avail themselves of this important aid to scientific research.

The Smithsonian Institution has a peculiar interest in the Inter-
national Catalogue, for the reason that the original idea was con-
ceived by the first Secretary of the Institution in 1855. The Royal
Society through its Catalogue of Scientific Papers later partly
carried out Secretary Henry’s idea. Experience proved that the
enterprise was too great for any one society, or, indeed, any one
nation, to undertake, and the Smithsonian Institution, representing
the United States, joined in the movement to make the work
international. |

The history of this international movement is briefly as follows:

The British foreign office in 1894, at the instance of the Royal
Society, requested the United States Government, through the De-
partment of State, to send delegates to a conference to be held in
London in 1896. The matter was referred to the Smithsonian
Institution, and the late Prof. Simon Newcomb and Dr. John §.
Billings were sent as delegates. The second conference was held in
1898, and Dr. Cyrus Adler, librarian of the Smithsonian Institution,
attended as a delegate.

In 1901, when success or failure depended on obtaining the co-
operation of the United States in the enterprise, the Smithsonian
Institution agreed to and did support a regional bureau from that
time until 1906, when Congress made its first annual appropriation
to carry on the work in this country. It will thus be seen that in each
step the United States has, through the Smithsonian Institution, been
prominent in the movement, and it would be a matter of much
gratification if now that the enterprise has been so auspiciously
started it could be further aided by an endowment fund originating
in this country.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25

NECROLOGY.
Menyitite Weston Fuuer.

It becomes my duty to record here the death of Chief Justice Mel-
ville Weston Fuller, Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution, who
was born at Augusta, Maine, February 11, 1833, and died at his sum-
mer home, Sorrento, Maine, July 4, 1910. For 22 years prior to his
death, Chief Justice Fuller had been deeply interested in the welfare
of the Institution, and only on one occasion was he absent from a
meeting of the Regents during the entire period of his service as a
member of the board.

During his long and useful life Justice Fuller served his country
faithfully in several civil offices of trust and as Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States. His achievements as a jurist
were most adequately portrayed by the resolutions and eulogies pro-
nounced in his memory at a meeting of members of the bar of the
Supreme Court on December 10, 1910, and at the session of the
Supreme Court on January 3, 1911.

The Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution expressed
their sorrow in the following words of tribute adopted at the annual
meeting of the board on December 8, 1910:

Whereas the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution have received
the sad intelligence of the death, on July 4, 1910, of Melville Weston Fuller,
Chief Justice of the United Staies, and for twenty-two years chancellor of the
Institution: Therefore be it
; Resolved, That we desire here to record our profound sorrow at the severing

of the tie that has bound us to him for so long a period of honored service;
that we feel keenly the loss of a wise presiding officer, whose vast store of
learning and gracious dignity have proved so invaluable in the deliberations
of this board, and whose loyal interest in the Smithsonian Institution has been
a source of inspiration to his colleagues.

Resolved, That we share in the grief of the Nation at the passing away of
one who was at once a distinguished leader of the greatest legal tribunal of
our land, an eminent jurist, a patriotic citizen, a shining example of Christian
_ gentleness, and who also possessed so charming a personality as a man and as’
a friend.

Resolved, That we respectfully tender to the members of the family of our
late associate our sincerest sympathy in their great bereavement.

Resolved, That an engrossed copy of these resolutions be transmitted to the
family of the late chancellor.

Respectfully submitted,
Cuaries D. Watcort, Secretary.

Apprnpix I.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. °

Sie: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of the
United States National Museum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911:

COMPLETION AND OCCUPATION OF THE NEW BUILDING.

It is gratifying to be able to report the completion of all structural work:on
the new building for the Museum on June 20, 1911, just six years after the
excavations for its foundations were commenced. While the time limit orig-
inally estimated was somewhat exceeded on account of delays in the fulfillment
of certain contracts, the work was purposely conducted slowly in order to
insure entire stability and permanency of construction, which it is confidently
believed have been secured. The building is massive and imposing in appear-
ance, a notable addition to the group of Government structures at the Capital,
and has already been proved to be admirably adapted to the purposes for
which it was designed.

There is comparatively little room in the building that can not be utilized.
Of the approximately 10 acres of floor space which it contains, fully one-half
has been allotted to the public in the interest of popular education. The other
half, after deducting the area required for the maintenance and operation of the
building, is assigned to the storage of the reserve collections and to the labora-
tories. The occupation of the building did not await its final completion, but
was begun during the summer of 1909, and has been continued as rapidly as
the necessary furniture could be provided.

The work done on and in connection with the building during last year com-
prised the finishing of the rotunda, the south approaches, and the auditorium;
the painting of the interior plastered walls and ironwork; and, under the
direction of the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds, the grading
and sodding of the grounds immediately surrounding the building and the
construction of roads and walks leading to the several entrances.

By the close of the year essentially all of the reserve collections and all of
the laboratories of the several divisions of anthropology, zoology, geology, and
paleontology had been established in the new building, as had also most of
the administrative offices which are to be located there. The collections had,
moreover, been nearly all arranged in a manner convenient for study and
reference, and in greater part had received their permanent systematic installa-
tion. Much remains to be done, however, in perfecting this arrangement and
in completing the catalogues and indexes.

The exhibition collections had also been moved with the exception of the
American mammals, the birds, the marine invertebrates, the osteological speci-
mens, the fossil plants, the building stones, the gems, and a small section of
ethnology. The only public installations that had been completed in the new
building, besides the paintings of the National Gallery of Art, were, however,
of ethnology, which occupied the sides and ends of the middle hall on the

26

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 27

main floor, and most of the two adjacent ranges. To these halls in greater or
less part the public had been admitted from March 17, 1910, when the building
was first opened. Work was actively progressing in the preparation of the
exhibits for all of the other branches, the delays being due in large measure
to the slow rate at which furniture was supplied, and had been well advanced
for archeology, mineralogy, and the fossil vertebrates.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS.

The permanent acquisitions received during the year comprised approxi-
mately 228,642 specimens and objects, of which 204,540 were of animals and
plants, 6,647 were geological and paleontological, 17,361 belonged to the several
divisions included in the department of anthropology, and 94 were paintings
and engravings presented to the National Gallery of Art. Im addition, 1,629
objects of art and anthropology were accepted as loans for exhibition.

One of the most important accessions of the year resulted from an investi-
gation in Argentina, conducted under the auspices of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution by Dr. AleS Hrdlitka, curator of physical anthropology, partly in con-
junction with Mr. Bailey Willis as geologist, for the purpose of determining
the nature and value of the evidence relating to man’s antiquity in that
country. The skeletal and archeological remains attributed to early man or
his forerunners preserved in the museums were studied, the more important
localities where such remains have been discovered were visited, and on the
journey to and from Argentina short stops were made in Brazil, Peru,
Panama, and Mexico. Some 3,400 ancient crania, 6,000 long and other bones,
and 1,500 archeological objects of human manufacture composed the collec-
tion brought to Washington. A large number of prehistoric utensils, im-
_plements, ornaments, examples of weaving, etc., obtained by Dr. J. W. Fewkes
during excavations in the Navaho National Monument and at the ancient
Hopi pueblo of Wukoki at Black Falls, Little Colorado River, Ariz., were
transferred by the Bureau of American Ethnology. Collections of a similar
character, but including ancient human crania and skeletons, from the north-
eastern pueblo region of New Mexico, were received from the School of
American Archeology of the Archsological Institute of America, at Santa Fe,
and a valuable series of skulls and skeletons from Arkansas and Mississippi
was presented by Mr. Clarence B. Moore.

Two interesting ethnological collections, one from Liberia the other from
Abyssinia, were lent for exhibition by Mr. George W. Ellis, jr., and Mr. Hoff-
man Philip, respectively, and a number of specimens relating to the Indians
of North America were acquired by gift and purchase.

The final shipments from the Smithsonian African expedition, which arrived
in the early part of the year, contained several thousand specimens of mammals,
birds, reptiles, fishes, and mollusks. The notable collection of mammals
belonging to Dr. C. Hart Merriam and consisting of about 5,800 skins, 6,000
skulls, and 100 complete skeletons, was secured through the generosity of Mrs.
Edward H. Harriman, of New York, by whom it was purchased and donated
to the Institution. The other principal additions of mammals were from
British Hast Africa, Abyssinia, and China; while of birds the more important
contributions were from North and Central America, the Philippine Islands,
and China. The United States Biological Survey and the United States
Bureau of Fisheries transmitted many reptiles from various parts of the
United States and Mexico, and the latter also an interesting series from the
Philippines. The fishes received were mainly from explorations by the Bureau
of Fisheries in the eastern part of the United States. Large numbers of

28 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

insects were deposited by the Bureau of Entomology, and important collections
of hymenoptera were presented by Mr. S. A. Rohwer and Mr. P. R. Myers.
An especially noteworthy accession consisted of the collection of mollusks

made in Alaska by Dr. William H. Dall while in the field for the United .

States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and later for the United States Geological
Survey, between 1871 and 1899. It comprises about 15,000 lots and 50,000
specimens, and is undoubtedly the largest collection of the shells of moderate
depths of water that has ever been assembled from that region. Another
extensive contribution of mollusks, consisting of many thousands of Japanese
specimens, was obtained from the Imperial University of Tokyo. Important
type collections, recently described, of isopod crustaceans, medusz, hydroids,
and siphonophores, from explorations by the steamer Albatross in the Pacific
Ocean and at the Philippine Islands, were transferred by the Buréau of
Fisheries. Decapod crustaceans, representing a large number of species, were
received from the Indian Museum at Calcutta; many isopods from several
French explorations, including the Charcot expedition to the Antarctic Ocean,
were obtained from the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris; and an inter-
esting series of recent crinoids was secured from the Zoological Museum at
Copenhagen.

The collection of plants was increased by over 38,000 specimens, of which
the largest contributions were from the biological survey of the Panama Canal
Zone and the Department of Agriculture, though many specimens were obtained
from the Bureau of Fisheries, and by gift and exchange. On the biological
survey of the Canal Zone, which is being carried on under the auspices of the
Smithsonian Institution, the Museum was represented during the year by one
member of its staff, Mr. W. R. Maxon, assistant curator of plants. Mr. Maxon
spent about two and one-half months in the field, working in conjunction with
Mr. Henry Pittier, who is in charge of the botanical investigations, and in
view of the richness of the region the exploration yielded exceedingly important
results. Dr. J. N. Rose, associate curator’ of plants, and Dr. Paul Bartsch,
assistant curator of mollusks, were members of an expedition by the Bureau
of Fisheries steamer Albatross, which visited Guadaloupe Island, proceeded
down the outer coast of Lower California and ascended the Gulf of California
for a considerable distance. Valuable series of marine animals and of plants
were secured, the former mostly by means of dredging, the latter during
stops made along the coast. ’

The accessions in geology and mineralogy from the Geological Survey and
other sources contained much interesting material and a number of type
specimens. Tspecially important were several type series of Cambrian fossils
described by Dr. Charles D. Walcott, and included in the noteworthy discoveries
resulting from his recent explorations in British Columbia. Investigations in
Kentucky and Tennessee by Dr. R. 8S. Bassler and Mr. Frank Springer yielded
valuable collections of Silurian and Mississippian fossils. In vertebrate
paleontology the more important additions consisted of mammalian and rep-
tilian remains obtained in exchange.

An interesting series of articles of nickel produced by the late Joseph Whar-
ton, of Philadelphia, who was recognized as the leader in the technology of
this metal, was received as a donation from the executors of his estate.
This collection, which had been preserved by Mr. Wharton in a cabinet at his
home, comprises over 60 pieces, including pure nickel in several forms, harness
and door trimmings, household utensils, forceps, magnetic needles, coinage
blanks, etc., and is of much historical value.

The historical collection was greatly enriched, mainly by loans, and, by
extending the exhibition space into a second hall, its installation has been much

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 29

improved. Rear Admiral R. B. Peary, United States Navy, retired, deposited
the many medals conferred upon him by various geographical societies in rec-
ognition of his service to science in arctic exploration; the silver model of a
’ ship and three loving cups presented to him; and two of the flags that he
carried to the North Pole in 1909; all of which have been arranged together in
‘a Single case. Important additions to the collection of memorials of the
Bailey-Myers-Mason family were received from Mrs. Julian James; valuable
memorials of the Salter and Codwise families of colonial and revolutionary
New York and New Jersey were lent by Miss Louise Salter Codwise; and inter-
esting relics of the Schenck family of New Jersey dating back three generations
_ were contributed by Dr. Clara S. Ludlow. The Gustavus Vasa Fox collection
of Russian memorials was materially increased, and 11 pieces of furniture
that once belonged to Gen. Rufus Putnam were received as a gift from his
great-grandson, the late Judge EH. M. P. Brister. An inhaler of the type used
by Dr. William T. G. Morton in 1846, in the first operation which he performed
with the use of ether as an anesthetic, and two busts of Dr. Morton were
presented.
NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.

The paintings of the National Gallery of Art continue to be exhibited in the
large middle hall of the new building, the central part of which was specially
fitted up for the purpose in 1910. While these quarters are already too re-
stricted for the needs of the Gallery, the excellent lighting of this space makes
possible an entirely satisfactory installation, which has attracted much
attention.

Mr. William T. Evans, of New York, added 13 canvases to his notable collec-

tion of the works of contemporary American painters, which now comprises 127
pictures representing 90 artists. Mr. Evans also presented 81 examples of a
series of 100 proofs designed to illustrate the work of the foremost American
‘wood engravers, which he announced some time ago his intention to contribute.
' Mr. Charles L. Freer, whose important gift to the Nation of American and ori-
ental art still remains in his keeping at Detroit, Mich., secured many valuable
additions for his collection during an extended trip abroad, much of which was
spent in China. The Gallery was fortunate in obtaining several interesting
loans, including numerous examples of the paintings of early masters, and
contributed to a number of important exhibitions held in other cities.

ART TEXTILES.

The loan collection of laces and other art textiles, which occupies one of the
northern ranges in the older Museum building, was very largely increased
both numerically and in the variety of its contents. Thirty-two loan contri-
butions and three gifts, comprising 249 specimens, many of great beauty and
value, brought the total number of specimens on exhibition up to 1,007. The
supervision of the collection has been continued by Mrs. James W. Pinchot,
to whose initiative and subsequent efforts, with the active cooperation of a
number of ladies of Washington, the movement owes its success.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Of duplicate specimens taken from the collections, over 3,000, principally of
recent animals and fossils, were distributed to schools and colleges, and about
23,500 were used in making exchanges. Approximately 24,600 specimens of
various kinds were sent for study to specialists both in this country sd abroad,
mainly to be worked up and identified for the Museum.

18808°—sm 1911——3

30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

The total number of visitors to the older Museum building was 207,010, to
the Smithsonian building 167,085, and to the new Museum building 151,112.
Considering that the buildings have been opened only during working hours
on week days, this is to be regarded as a fair attendance. That it was smallest
at the new building was owing to the fact that less than one-sixth of the
exhibition space had been made ready for the public.

The publications issued comprised the annual report for 1910, two volumes
of Proceedings, five bulletins, one volume of Contributions from the National
Herbarium, and a large number of separate papers belonging to three unfin-
ished volumes of Proceedings and two of Contributions. With the exception
of the annual report, all were descriptive of material in the Museum collections.
The number of copies of the various publications distributed was over 110,000.

By the addition of 6,127 books, pamphlets, and periodicals, the Museum
library was increased to 40,211 volumes and 66,074 unbound publications.

The auditorium in the new building was used on several occasions for meet-
ings of important scientific bodies. The sessions of the First American Inter-
national Humane Congress, in connection with which an interesting exhibit
was installed, were also held here from October 10 to 15, 1910. ©

The position of head curator of the department of biology, made vacant by
the designation of Dr. F. W. True as an Assistant Secretary of the Institution
on June 1, was filled by the appointment of Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, curator
of reptiles and batrachians. For convenience of administration, the divisions
of invertebrate paleontology, vertebrate paleontology, and paleobotany were
combined, under the title of sections, in a single division of paleontology, with
Dr. R. S. Bassler as curator.

Respectfully submitted.

RIcHARD RATHBUN,
Assistant Secretary in Charge, U. 8S. National Museum.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

NovEMBER 18, 1911.

Apprenp1ix II.
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

Siz: I have the honor to present the following report on the operations of the
Bureau of American Hthnology during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911, con-
ducted in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress approved June
25, 1910, authorizing the continuation of ethnological researches among the
American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, under the direction of the Smith-
sonian Institution, and in accordance with the plan of operations approved by
the Secretary June 15, 1910.

The systematic ethnological researches of the bureau were continued during
the year with the regular scientific staff, consisting of nine ethnologists, as
follows: Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge; Mr. James Mooney, Dr.
J. Walter Fewkes, Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, Dr. John R.
Swanton, Dr. Truman Michelson, Dr. Paul Radin, and Mr. Francis La Flesche.
In addition the services of several specialists in their respective fields were
enlisted for special work, as follows:

Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, with several assistants, for research in
eonnection with the preparation and publication of the Handbook of American
Indian Languages.

Miss Alice ©. Fletcher and Mr. Francis La Flesche, for the final revision of
the proofs of their monograph on the Omaha Indians for publication in the
twenty-seventh annual report.

Miss Frances Densmore, for researches in Indian music.

Mr. J. P. Dunn, for studies of the tribes of the Middle West.

Mr. Jchn P. Harrington, for researches among the Mchave Indians of the
Colorado Valley.

Rey. Dr. George P. Donehoo, for investigations in the history, geography, and
ethnology of the tribes of Pennsylvania for incorporation in the Handbook of
American Indians. ;

Mr. William R. Gerard, for studies of the etymology of Algonquian place
and tribal names and of terms that have been incorporated in the English
language for use in the same work.

Prof. BH. M. Ballou, for bibliographic research in connection with the com-
pilation of the List of Works Relating to Hawaii.

Mr. James R. Murie, for researches pertaining to the ethnology of the Pawnee
Indians.

The systematic ethnological researches by members of the regular staff of
the bureau may be summarized as follows:

Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge, in addition to conducting the admin-
istrative work of the bureau, devoted attention, with the assistance of Mus.
Yranees S. Nichols, to the final revision of the remaining proofs cf Part 2 of the
Handbook of American Indians (Bulletin 30), which was published in January,
1911. This work met with such great popular demand that the edition of
the two parts became exhausted immediately after publication, causing the
pDureau much embarrassment owing to the thousands of requests that it has

31

OZ ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

not been possible to supply. To meet this need in part, the Senate, on May 12,
adopted a copcurrent resolution authorizing the reprinting of the entire hand-
book, and at the close of the fiscal year the resolution was under consideration
by the Committee on Pricting of the House of Representatives. 'The Superin-
tendent of Documetts has likewise been in receipt of many orders for the work,
necessitating the reprinting of part 1 some months after its appearance, and
about the close of the fiscal year another reprint of this part was contemplated.
Much material for incorporation in a revised edition for future publication was
prepared during the year, but lack of funds necessary for the employment of
special] assistants prevented the prosecution of this work as fully as was desired.

The bureau has been interested in and has condneted archeological explora-
tions in the Pueblo region of New Mexico and Arizona for many years. Since
the establishment of the School of American Archeology in 1907, following the
.revival of interest in American archeology, by the Archeological Institute of
America, that body likewise commenced systematic work in the archeology of
that great region. In order to avoid duplication of effort, arrangements were
made between the bureau and the school for conducting archeological investiga-
tions in cooperation, the expense of the field work to be borne equally, a moiety
of the collections of the artifacts and all the skeletal remains to become the
property of the National Museum, and the bureau to have the privilege of oe
publication of all scientific results.

Active work under this joint arrangement was pin ice in the Rito de los
Frijoles, northwest of Santa Fé, New Mexico, in July, 1910, work having
already been initiated there during the previous summer by the school inde-
pendently, under the directorship of Dr. Edgar L. Hewett. In August, 1910,
Mr. Hodge visited New Mexico for the purpose of participating in the work on
the part of the bureau, and remained in the field for a month.

The great prehistoric site in the Rito de los Frijoles is characterized by an
immense circular many-celled pueblo ruin, most of the stone walls of which
are still standing to a height of several feet, and a series of cavate dwellings
hewn in the soft tufa throughout several hundred yards of the northern wall
of the canyon. Accompanying the great community ruin and also the cavate
dwellings are underground kivas, or ceremonial chambers. In front of the
cayate lodges were originally structures of masonry built against the cliff and
forming front rooms, but practically the only remains of these are the founda-
tion walls and the rafter holes in the cliff face. The débris covering these
structures has been largely cleared away and the foundations exposed, and the
walls of about two-thirds of the great pueblo structure in the valley have been
bared by excayation. At the western extremity of the canyon, far up in the
northern wall, is a natural cavern, known as Ceremonial Cave, in which are a
large kiva, remarkably well preserved, and other interesting remains of aborig-
inal occupancy. This great archeological site in the Rito de los Frijoles is
important to the elucidation of the problem of the early distribution of the
Pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley, and there is reason to believe that when
the researches are completed much light will be shed thereon. There is a
paucity of artifacts in the habitations uncovered, aside from stone implements,
of which large numbers have been found.

At the close of the work in the Rito de los Frijoles the joint expedition pro-
ceeded to the valley of the Jemez River, near the Hot Springs, where a week
was spent in excavating the cemetery of the old Jemez village of Giusiwa.
About 30 burials were disinterred here, and a few accompaniments of pottery
vessels and other artifacts were recovered; but in the main the deposits had
been completely destroyed by aboriginal disturbance, caused in part by cover-
ing the burials with heavy stones and partly by displacing the skeletons pre-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 33

viously buried when subsequent interments were made. Giusiwa was inhabited
in prehistoric times and also well within the historical period, as is attested
by its massive, roofless church, built about the beginning of the seventeenth
century. Nevertheless, no indication of Spanish influence was found in the
ancient cemetery, and it is assumed that burial therein ceased with the com-
ing of the missionaries and the establishment of the campo santo adjacent to the
church. All collections gathered at Giusiwa have been deposited in the National
Museum.

Other immense ruins on the summits of the mesas bounding the valley on the
west were examined with the view of their future excavation. The exact posi-
tion of the Jemez tribe among the Pueblo peoples is a problem, and both
archeological and ethnological studies thereof are essential to its determination.

On completing this reconnoissance excavation was conducted in a cemetery at
the great stone pueblo of Puye, on a mesa 8 miles west of the Tewa village of
Santa Clara. About 50 burials were exhumed and sent to the National Museum,
but artifacts were not found in abundance here, and as a rule they are not ex-
cellent in quality. In the joint work in the Rito de los Frijoles the expedition
was fortunate in having the cooperation of Prof. Junius Henderson and Prof.
W. W. Robbins, of the University of Colorado at Boulder, who, respectively,
while the excavations were in progress, conducted studies in the ethno-zoology
and the ethno-botany of the Tewa Indians, and also on the influence of climate
and geology on the life of the early inhabitants of the Rito de los Frijoles. At
the same time Mr. J. P. Harrington continued his researches in Tewa geo-
graphic nomenclature and cooperated with Professors Henderson and Robbins in
supplying the native terms for plants and animals used by these Indians as
food and medicine in ceremonies and for other purposes. The expedition was
also fortunate in having the services of Mr. Sylvanus G. Morley in connection
with the excavations in the Rito, of Mr. K. M. Chapman in the study of the
decoration of the pottery and of the pictographs of the entire upper Rio Grande
region, of Mr. Jesse L. Nusbaum in the photographic work, and of Mr. J. P.
Adams in the surveying. Valued aid was also rendered by Messrs. Neil M. Judd,
Donald Beauregard, and Nathan Goldsmith.

The scientific results of the joint research are rapidly nearing completion and
will be submitted to the bureau for publication at an early date.

Throughout almost the entire year Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, was oc-
cupied in the office in compiling the material for his study of Indian population
covering the whole territory north of Mexico from the first white occupancy
to the present time. By request of the Nebraska State Historical Society he
was detailed in January, 1911, to attend the joint session of that body and the
Mississippi Valley Historical Association, at Lincoln, Nebraska, where he de-
livered three principal addresses bearing particularly on the method and results
of the researches of the bureau with the view of their application in local his-
torical and ethnological investigations.

On June 4 Mr. Mooney started for the reservaticn of the Hast Cherokee in
North Carolina to continue former studies of the sacred formulas and general
ethnology of that tribe, and was engaged in this work at the close of the month.

At the beginning of the fiscal year Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, was in
northern Arizona examining the great cave pueblos and other ruins within
the Navaho National Monument. He found that since his visit in 1909 con-
siderable excavation had been done by others in the rooms of Betatakin, and
that the walls of Kitsiel, the other large cliff ruin, were greatly in need of re-
pair. Guided by resident Navaho, he visited several hitherto undescribed cliff
dwellings and gathered a fairly good collection of objects illustrating prehistoric
culture of this part of northern Arizona, which have been deposited in the

34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

National Museum. In order to faciliate the archeological work and to. make the
region accessible to students and visitors it was necessary to break a wagon road
from Marsh Pass through the middle of the Navaho National Monument to the
neighborhood of Betatakin, and by this means the valley was traversed with
wagons for the first time.

On the return journey to Flagstaff, Dr. Fewkes visited the ruins in Nitsi, or
West Canyon, and examined Inscription House, a prehistoric cliff dwelling of
considerable size, hitherto undescribed, the walls of which are built of loaf-
shaped adobes strengthened with sticks. On account of the size and great
interest of these ruins, it is recommended that the area covered thereby be
included in the Navaho National Monument and the ruins permanently pre-
served, and that either Betatakin or Kitsiel be excavated, repaired, and made
a “type ruin” of this culture area. Along the road to Flagstaff from West
Canyon, Dr. Fewkes observed several ruins and learned of many others
ascribed to the ancient Hopi. He visited the Hopi pueblo of Moenkopi, near
Tuba, and obtained considerable new ethnological material from an old priest
of that village regarding legends of the clans that formerly lived in northern
Arizona. He learned also of a cliff, or rock, covered with pictographs of Hopi
origin, at Willow Spring, not far from Tuba, the figures of which shed light
on Hopi clan migration legends.

Returning to Flagstaff, Dr. Fewkes reoutfitted in order to conduct investiga-
tions of the ruins near Black Falls of the Little Colorado River, especially the
one called Wukoki, reputed to have been the last habitation of the Snake
clans of the Hopi in their southern migration before they finally settled near
the East Mesa. A little more than a month was spent at these ruins, during
which time extensive excavations were made in numerous subterranean rooms,
or pit dwellings, a new type of habitations found at the bases of many of the
large ruined pueblos on the Little Colorado. Incidentaily several other pueblo
ruins, hitherto unknown, with accompanying reservoirs and shrines, were ob-
served. The excavations at Wukoki yielded about 1,800 specimens, consisting
of painted pottery, beautiful shell ornaments, stone implements, basketry,
wooden objects, cane “cloud blowers,” prayer sticks, a prayer-stick box, an
idol, and other objects. The results of the excavations at Wukoki will be in-
corporated in a forthcoming bulletin on Antiquities of the Little Colorado
Basin.

On the completion of his work at the Black Falls ruins, Dr. Fewkes returned
to Washington in September and devoted the next three months to the prepara-
tion of a monograph on Casa Grande, Arizona.

At the close of January, 1911, Dr. Fewkes again took the field, visiting Cuba
for the purpose of gathering information on the prehistoric inhabitants of that
island and their reputed contemporaneity with fossil sloths, shurks, and eroco-
diles. A fortnight was devoted to the study of collections of prebistorie ob-
jects in Habana, especially the material in the University Museum from eaves
in Puerto Principe Province, described by Drs. Montoné and Carlos de la Torre.
With this preparation he proceeded to the Isle of Pines and commenced work
near Nueva Gerona. In this island there are several caves from which human
bones have been reported locally, but the Cueva de los Indios, situated in the
hills about a mile from the city named, promised the greatest reward. A
week’s excavation in this cave yielded four fragments of Indian skulls, not
beyond repair; one undeformed, well-preserved, human cranium; and many
fragments of pelves, humeri, and femora. The excavations in the middle of
the cave indicated that the soil there had previously been dug over: these
yielded little of value, the best-preserved remains occurring near the entrance,
on each side. The skulls were arranged in a row within a pocket sheltered by

° REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35

‘an overhanging side of the cave, and were buried about 2 feet in the guano and
soil; beneath these“crania were human long-bones, crossed. Several fragments
of a single skull or of several skulls were embedded in a hard stalagmitic
formation over the deposit of long-bones. No Indian implements or pottery
accompanied the bones, and no fossils were found in association with them. So
far as recorded this is the first instance of the finding of skeletal remains of
cave man in the Isle of Pines. Their general appearance and mode of burial
were the same as in the case of those discovered by Drs. Montoné and Carlos
de la Torre.

Dr. Fewkes also examined, in the Isle of Pines, about 80 structures known

as cacimbas, their Indian name. These are vase-shaped, subterranean recep-
-tacles, averaging 6 feet in depth and 4 feet in maximum diameter, generally
constricted to about 2 feet at the neck, and with the opening level with the
surface of the ground. Although these cacimbas are generally ascribed to the
Indians, they are thought by some to be of Spanish origin, and are connected
by others with buccaneers, pirates, and slavers. They are built of masonry or
cut in the solid rock; the sides are often plastered and the bottoms commonly
eovered with a layer of tar. On the ground near the openings there is gener-
ally a level, circular space, with raised periphery. The whole appearance sup-
ports the theory that these structures were used in the manufacture of turpen-
tine or tar, the circular area being the oven and the cacimba the receptacle for
the product.
_ Dr. Fewkes found that the Pineros, or natives of the island, employ many
aboriginal terms for animals, plants, and places, and in some instances two
Indian words are used for the same object. An acknowledged descendant of
a Cuban Indian explained this linguistic duality by saying that the Indians
of the eastern end of the Isle of Pines spoke a dialect different from those of
the western end, and that when those from Camaguey, who were Tainan and
of eastern Cuban origin, came to the Isle of Pines at the instance of the Spanish
authorities they brought with them a nomenclature different from that then
in use on that island.

Several old Spanish structures of masonry, the dates of which are unknown,
were also examined in the neighborhood of Santa Fé, Isle of Pines. The roof
of a cave at Punta de Hste, the southeastern angle of the island, bears ab-
original pictographs of the sun and other objects. suggesting that it is com-
parable with the cave in Haiti, in which, in Indian legend, the sun and the
moon originated and from which the races of man emerged.

Dr. Fewkes has now collected sufficient material in Cuba to indicate that its
western end, including the Isle of Pines, was once inhabited by a cave-dwelling
people, low in culture and without agriculture. His observations support the
belief that this people were in that condition when Columbus visited the Isle of
Pines and that they were survivors of the Guanahatibibes, a cave-dwelling
population formerly occupying the whole of Cuba and represented in Porto
Rico and other islands of the West Indies.

Dr. Fewkes also visited several of the coral keys southwest of Isle of Pines,
but, finding no aboriginal traces, he crossed the channel to Cayman Grande,
about 250 miles from Nueva Gerona. The Cayman group consists of coral
islands built on a submarine continuation of the mountains of Santiago
Province, Cuba. A cave with Indian bones and pottery, probably of Carib
origin, was found near Boddentown on the eastern end of the island, and a
few stone implements were obtained from natives, but as these specimens may
have been brought from adjacent shores they afford little evidence of a former
aboriginal population of Cayman Grande. The elevation of the Cayman
Islands, computed from the annual accretion, would indicate that Cayman

86 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

Grande was a shallow reef when Columbus visited Cuba, and could not have
been inhabited at that time. The discoverer passed very near it on his second
voyage, when his course lay from the Isle of Pines to Jamaica, but he reported
ieither name nor people. 3

Dr. Fewkes returned to Washington in April and spent the remainder of the
year in completing his report on Casa Grande.

Dr. John R. Swanton. ethnologist, devoted the first quarter of the year
chiefly to collecting material from libraries and archives, as the basis of his
study of the Creek Indians. From the latter part of September until early in
December he was engaged in field research among the Creek, Natchez, Tonkawa,
and Alibamu Indians in Oklahoma and Texas, and also remained a short time
with the remnant of the Tunica and Chitimacha in Louisiana, and made a few
side trips in search of tribes which have been lost to sight within recent years.
On his return to Washington, Dr. Swanton transcribed the linguistic and
ethnologic material collected during his field excursion, read the proofs of
Bulletins 44, 46, and 47, added to the literary material regarding the Creek
Indians, collected additional data for a tribal map of the Indians of the United
States, and initiated a study of the Natchez language with the special object
of comparing it with the other dialects of the Muskhogean family. Dr. Swan-
ton also spent some time in studying the Chitimacha and Tunica languages.

From July, 1910, until the middle of April, 1911, Mrs. M. C. Stevenson,
ethnologist, was engaged in the completion of a paper on Dress and Adorn-
ment of the Pueblo Indians, in the elaboration of her report on Zui Plants
and Their Uses, and in transcribing her field notes pertaining to Zufii religious
concepts and the mythology and ethnology of the Taos Indians.

Mrs. Stevenson left Washington on April 12 and proceeded directly to the
country of the Tewa Indians, in the valley of the Rio Grande in New Mexico,
for the purpose of continuing her investigation of those people. Until the close
of the fiscal year her energies were devoted to the pueblo of San Ildefonso and
incidentally to Santa Clara, information particularly in regard to the Tewa
ealendar system, ceremonies, and material culture being gained. Mrs. Steven-
son finds that the worship of the San Ildefonso Indians includes the same
celestial bodies as are held sacred by the Zuni and other Pueblos. From the
foundation laid during her previous researches among the Tewa, Mrs. Steven-
son reports that she has experienced little difficulty in obtaining an insight
into the esoteric life of these people, and is daily adding to her store of
knowledge respecting their religion and sociology. A complete record of
obstetrical practices of the Tewa has been made, and it is found that they are
as elaborate as related practices of the Taos people. The San Ildefonso in-
habitants do not seem to have changed their early customs regarding land
tenure, and they adhere tenaciously to their marriage customs and birth rites,
notwithstanding the long period during which missionaries have been among
them. It is expected that, of her many lines of study among the Tewa tribes,
the subject of their material culture will produce the first results for publi-
eation.

After completing some special articles on ethnologic topics for the closing
pages of Part 2 of the Handbook of American Indians, Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt,
ethnologist, pursued the study of the history of the tribes formerly dwelling
in the Susquehanna and upper Ohio valleys. Progress in these researches was
interrupted by the necessity of assigning him to the editorial revision and
annotation of a collection of 120 legends, traditions, and myths of the Seneca
Indians, recorded in 1884 and 1885 by the late Jeremiah Curtin. At the close
of the year this work was far advanced, only about 150 pages of a total of
1,400 pages remaining to be treated. It is designed to publish this material,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY, ov

with Mr. Hewitt’s introduction, notes, and explanatory matter, -in a forth-
coming annual report. As opportunity afforded, Mr. Hewitt also resumed the
preparation of his sketch of the grammar of the Iroquois for incorporation in
the Handbook of American Indian Languages.

As in previous years, Mr. Hewitt prepared and collected data for replies to
numerous correspondents requesting special information, particularly in regard
to the Iroquois and Algonquian tribes. Mr. Hewitt also had charge of the
important collection of 1,716 manuscripts of the bureau, cataloguing new acces-
sions and keeping a record of those withdrawn in the progress of the bureau’s
researches. During the year, 378 manuscripts were thus made use of by the
members of the bureau and its collaborators. Exclusive of the numerous manu-’
scripts prepared by the staff of the bureau and by those in collaboration with
it, referred to in this report, 12 items were added during the year. These
pertain to the Pawnee, Chippewa, Zui, and Tewa tribes, and relate to music,
sociology, economics, and linguistics. f

The beginning of the fiscal year found Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist,
conducting ethnological and linguistic investigations among the Piegan Indians
of Montana, whence he proceeded to the Northern Cheyenne and Northern
Arapaho, thence to the Menominee of Wisconsin, and finally to the Micmac of
Restigouche, Canada—all Algonquian tribes, the need of a more definite lin-
guistic classification of which has long been felt. Dr. Michelson returned to
Washington at the close of November and immediately commenced the elaboration
of his field notes, one of the results of which is a manuscript bearing the title
“A Linguistic Classification of the Algonquian Tribes,’ submitted for publi-
cation in the twenty-eighth annual report. Also in connection with his Algon-
quian work Dr. Michelson devoted attention to the further revision of the
material pertaining to the Fox grammar, by the late Dr. William Jones, the
outline of which is incorporated in the Handbook of American Indian Lan-
guages. During the winter Dr. Michelson took advantage of the presence in
Washington of a deputation of Chippewa Indians from White Harth, Minne
sota, by enlisting their services in gaining an insight into the social organiza-
tion of that tribe and also in adding to the bureau’s accumulation of Chippewa ~
linguistic data. Toward the close of June, 1911, Dr. Michelson proceeded to the
Sauk and Fox Reservation in Iowa for the purpose of continuing his study of
that Algonquian group.

The months of July and August and half of September, 1910, were spent by
Dr. Paul Radin, ethnologist, among the Winnebago Indians of Nebraska and
Wisconsin, his efforts being devoted to a continuation of his studies of the
culture of those people, with special reference to their ceremonial and social
organization and their general social customs. Part of the time was devoted
to a study of the Winnebago material culture, but little progress was made in
this direction, as few objects of aboriginal origin are now possessed by these
people, consequently the study must be completed by examination of their
objects preserved in museums and private collections. A beginning in this
direction was made by Dr. Radin during the latter half of September and in
October at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. During
the remainder of the fiscal year Dr. Radin was engaged in arranging the eth-
nological material gathered by him during the several years he has devoted to
the Winnebago tribe, and in the preparation of a monograph on the Medicine
Ceremony of the Winnebago and a memoir on the ethnology of the Winnebago
tribe in general. In June, 1911, he again took the field in Wisconsin for the
purpose of obtaining the data necessary to complete the tribal monograph.
Both these manuscripts, it is expected, will be finished by the close of the
present calendar year. j

38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

By arrangement with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs the bureau was
fortunate in enlisting the services of Mr. Francis La Flesche, who has been
frequently mentioned in the annual reports of the bureau in connection with
his studies, jointly with Miss Alice C. Fletcher, of the ethnology of the Omaha
tribe of the Siouan family. Having been assigned the task of making a com-
parative study of the Osage tribe of the same family, Mr. La Flesche pro-
eeeded to their reservation in Oklahoma in September. The older Osage men,
like the older Indians generally, are very conservative, and time and tact were
necessary to obtain such standing in the tribe as would enable him to estab-
lish friendly relations with those to whom it was necessary to look for trust-
worthy information. Although the Osage language is similar to that of the
Omaha, Mr. La Flesche’s native tongue, there are many words and phrases that
sound alike but are used in a different sense by the two tribes. Having prac-
tically mastered the language, Mr. La Flesche was prepared to devote several
months to what is known as the No”ho"zhi"ga Ie’ta, the general term applied
to a complex series of ceremonies which partake of the nature of degrees, but
are not, strictly speaking, successive steps, although each one is linked to the
other in a general sequence. While at the present stage of the investigation
it would be premature to make a definite statement as to the full meaning and
interrelation of these Osage ceremonies, there appear to be seven divisions of
the No’’ho"zhi"ga Ie’ta, the names, functions, and sequence of which have been
learned, but whether the sequence thus far noted is always maintained remains
to be determined. From Saucy-Calf, one of the three surviving Osage regarded
as past masters in these ceremonies, phonographic records of the first of the
ceremonies, the Waxo’be-awatho", have been made in its entirety, consisting
of 80 songs with words and music, and 7 prayers. All these have been tran-
scribed and in. part translated into English, comprising a manuscript exceed-
ing 300 pages. In order to discuss with the Osage the meaning of these rituals,
Mr. La Flesche found it necessary to commit them to memory, as reading from
the manuscript disconcerted the old seer. At Saucy-Calf’s invitation Mr.
La Flesche witnessed in the autumn, at Grayhorse, a performance of the cere-
mony of the Waxo’be-awatho’, the recitation of the rituals of which requires
one day, part of a night, and more than half of the following day. It is Mr.
La Flesche’s purpose to record, if possible, the rituals of the remaining six
divisions of the No*’ho"zhi"ga Ie’ta. He has already obtained a pharaphrase of
the seventh ceremony (the Nik’ino’k’o"), and hopes soon to procure a phono-
graphic record of all the rituals pertaining thereto.

In connection, with his ethnological work Mr. La Flesche has been so fortunate
as to obtain for the National Museum four of the waxo’be, or sacred packs, each
of which formed a part of the paraphernalia of the No™ho"zhi"ga Ie’ta, as
well as a waxo’be-to"’ga, the great waxo’be which contains the instruments for
tattooing. Only those Osage are tattooed who have performed certain acts pre-
scribed in the rites of the No’’ho"zhi"ga TIe’ta. The rites of the tattooing
ceremony are yet to be recorded and elucidated. While the waxo’be is the most
sacred of the articles that form the paraphernalia of the No’’ho"zhi"ga Ie’ta
rites, it is not complete in itself; other things are indispensable to their per-
formance, and it is hoped that these may be procured at some future time.

While not recorded as one of the ceremonial divisions of the No” ho*zhi*ga
Ie’ta, there is a ceremony so closely connected with it that it might well be
regarded as a part thereof—this is the Washa’beathi" watsi, or the dance of the
standards. The introductory part of this ceremony is called Akixage, or weep-
ing over one another in mutual sympathy by the members of the two great
divisions of the tribe. There is no regular time for the performance of the
Washa’beathi®n ceremony. It is given only when a member of the tribe loses

e

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 39

by death some specially loved and favored relative and seeks a ceremonial
expression of sympathy from the entire tribe. It is the intention to procure
‘the songs and rituals of this ceremony, and specimens of the standards
employed in its performance.

Altogether Mr. la Flesche has made excellent progress in his study of the
Osage people, and the results are already shedding light on the organization
and the origin and function of the ceremonies of this important tribe.

The special researches of the bureau in the field of linguistics were conducted
by Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, one of the immediate and tangible
results of which was the publication of Part 1 of the Handbook of American
Indian* Languages. It seems desirable to restate at the present time the
development of the plan and the object of this work.

Through the efforts of the late Maj. Powell and his collaborators a great
number of vocabularies and a few grammars of American Indian languages
had been accumulated, but no attempt had been made to give a succinct
description of the morphology of all the languages of the continent. In order
to do this, a series of publications was necessary. The subject matter had to
be represented by a number of grammatical sketches, such as are now being
assembled in the Handbook of American Indian Languages. To substantiate
the inductions contained in this grammar, collections of texts are indispensable
to the student, and finally a series of extended vocabularies are required. The
plan, as developed between 1890 and 1900, contemplated the assembling in the
bulletin series of the bureau of a series of texts which were to form the basis
of the handbook. Of this series, Dr. Boas’s Chinook, Kathlamet, and Tsimshian
Texts, and Swanton’s Haida and Tlingit Texts, subsequently published, form a
part, but at the time Swanton’s Texts’ appeared it was believed by Secretaty
Langley that material, of this kind was too technical in character to warrant
publication in a governmental series. It was, therefore, decided to discontinue
the text series in the bulletins of the bureau and to divert them to the Publica-
tions of the American Ethnological Society and the Columbia University Con-
tributions to Anthropology. Other series were commenced by the University
of California and the University of Pennsylvania. The method of publication
pursued at the present time, though different from that first planned, is
acceptable, since all the material is accessible to students, and the bureau is
saved the expense of publication.

Dr. Boas has been enabled to base all the sketches in the first volume of his
handbook on accompanying text series, as follows:

(1) Athapascan. Text published by the University of California.

(2) Tlingit. Text published by the Bureau of American Ethnology, but too
late to be used systematically.

(3) Haida. Texts published by the Bureau of American Hthnology.

(4) Tsimshian. Texts published by the Bureau of American Ethnology and
the American Ethnological Society.

(5) Kwakiutl. Texts published by the Jesup Hxpedition and in the Colum-
bia University series.

(6) Chinook. Texts published by the Bureau of American Ethnology.

(7) Maidu. Texts published by the American Ethnological Society, but too
late to be used.

(8) Algonquian. Texts published by the American Ethnological Society.

(9) Sioux. Texts in Contributions to North American Hthnology.

(10) Eskimo. Texts in ‘Meddelelser om Grgnland,” but not used system-
atically.

Although Dr. Boas has urged the desirability of undertaking the publication
of the series of vocabularies, no definite steps have yet been taken toward the

40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

realization of this plan, owing largely to lack of funds for the employment of
assistants in preparing the materials. It is hoped, however, that such a series
of vyocabularies, based on the published grammars and on the series of texts
above referred to, may be prepared for publication in the near future. Much
of the preliminary work has been done. There are, for example, extended

manuscript dictionaries of the Haida, Tsimshian, Kwakiutl, Chinook, and. Sioux,
but none of them is yet ready for the printer.

The work on Part 2 of the Handbook of American Indian Languages is pro-
gressing satisfactorily. The sketch of the Takelma is in page form (pp. 1-296),
but Dr. Boas has undertaken the correlation of this sketch with the Takelma
Texts which meanwhile have been published by the University of Pennsylvania,
and a considerable amount of work remains to be done to finish this revision.
The Coos grammar is in galleys. The Coos Texts are at the present writing
being printed by the American Ethnological Society, and here also references
are being inserted. Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg has continued his collection of
material for the handbook with commendable energy and intelligence. The
field work has been financially aided by Columbia University, partly through
a gift made by Mrs. Henry Villard and partly through funds provided by Mr.
Homer E. Sargent. It has also been possible to utilize for the work on the
Alsea the collections made at a former time by Prof. Livingston Farrand on an
expedition supported by the late Mr. Henry Villard. On his last expedition
Dr. Frachtenberg was able to determine that the Siuslaw is an independent
stock, although morphologically affiliated with the Alsea, Coos, and Siuslaw
group. He also collected extensive material on the Alsea and Molala.

The most important result, which is appearing more and more clearly from
the investigations carried out under the direction of Dr. Boas, lies in the fact
that it will be possible to classify American languages on a basis wider than
that of linguistic stocks. In 1893 Dr. Boas called attention to the fact that
a number of languages in northern British Columbia seem to have certain
morphological traits in common, by which they are sharply differentiated from
all the neighboring languages, although the evidence for a common origin of
the stocks is unsatisfactory. Dr. Boas and his assistants have followed this
observation, and it can now be shown that throughout the continent languages
may be classed in wider morphological groups. It is interesting to note that
phonetic groups may be distinguished in a similar manner, but these do not
coincide with the morphological groups. These observations are in accord
with the results of modern inquiries in Africa and Asia, where the influence of
Hamitic phonetics on languages of the Sudan and the influence of Sumerian
on early Babylonian have been traced in a similar manner. Analogous con-
ditions seem to prevail also in South Africa, where the phonetics of the Bush-
man languages have influenced the neighboring Bantu languages. In this way
a number of entirely new and fundamental problems in linguistic ethnography
have been formulated, the solution of which is of the greatest importance for
a clear understanding of the early history of the American Continent.

The Handbook of American Indian Languages as planned at the present
time deals exclusively with an analytical study of the morphology of each
linguistic family, without any attempt at a detailed discussion of phonetic
processes, their influence upon the development of the language, and the rela-
tion of dialects. Dr. Boas recommends that the present Handbook of American
Indian Languages be followed by a series of handbooks each devoted to a
single linguistic stock, in which the development of each language, so far as it
ean be traced by comparative studies, should be treated.

The study of aboriginal American music was conducted among the Chippewa
Indians by Miss Frances Densmore, who extended her field of work previously

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ' 4T

begun among that people and elaborated the system of analyzing their songs.
After spending several weeks on the Lac du Flambeau Reservation in Wis-
consin she accompanied the Chippewa from that reservation to the Menominee
Reservation in the same State, where the Lac du Flambeau Chippewa cere-
monially presented two drums to the Menominee. This ceremony was closely
observed, photographs being taken and the speeches of presentation translated,
and the songs of the ceremony were recorded by Miss Densmore on a phono-
graph after the return of the drum party to Lac du Flambeau. Many of the
songs are of Sioux origin, as the ceremony was adopted from that people; con-
sequently the songs were analyzed separately from those of Chippewa origin.
Numerous old war songs were recorded at Lac du Flambeau, also songs said
to have been composed during dreams, and others used as accompaniments
to games and dances. The analytical tables published during the year in Bul-
letin 45, Chippewa Music, have been combined by Miss Densmore with those of
songs collected during the year 1910-11, making a total of 340 Chippewa songs
under analysis. These are analyzed in 12 tables, showing the structure, tone
material, melodic progression, and rhythm of the songs, the rhythm of the
drum, the relation between the metric unit of the voice and drum, and other
points bearing on the development and form of primitive musical expression.
This material is now almost ready for publication. The Sioux songs of the
drum presentation ceremony, similarly analyzed, constitute the beginning of
an analytical study of the Sioux music, which will be continued and extended
during the fiscal year 1911-12.

Miss Alice C. Fletcher and Mr. La Flesche conducted the final proof revision
of their monograph on the Omaha tribe, to accompany the twenty-seventh
annual report, which was in press at the close of the fiscal year. This memoir
will comprise 658 printed pages and will form the most complete monograph
of a single tribe that has yet appeared.

Mr. J. P. Dunn, whose studies of the Algonquian tribes of the Middle West
have been mentioned in previous reports, deemed it advisable, before continu-
ing his investigation of the languages of the tribes comprising the former
Illinois confederacy, to await the completion of the copying of the anonymous
. manuscript: Miami-French Dictionary, attributed to Pére Joseph Ignatius Le
Boulanger, in the John Carter Brown Library at Providence, Rhode Island.
Through the courteous permission of Mr. George Parker Winship, librarian,
the bureau has been enabled to commence the copying of this manuscript, the
difficult task being assigned to Miss Margaret Bingham Stillwell, under Mr.
Winship’s immediate direction. At the close of the fiscal year 204 pages of the
original (comprising 95 pages of transcript), of the total of 155 pages of the
dictionary proper, were finished and submitted to the bureau. It is hoped
that on the completion of the copying the bureau will have a basis for the
study of the Miami and related languages that would not be possible among the
greatly modified remnant of the Indians still speaking them.

Prof. Howard M. Ballou, of Honolulu, has continued the preparation of the
List of Works Relating to Hawaii, undertaken in collaboration with the late
Dr. Cyrus Thomas, and during the year submitted the titles of many early
publications, including those of obscure books printed in the Hawaiian language.

Mr. John P. Harrington, of the School of American Archeology, proceeded in
March to the Colorado Valley in Arizona and California for the purpose of
continuing his studies, commenced a few years before, among the Mohave
Indians, and incidentally to make collections for the United States National
Museum. Mr. Harrington was still among these Indians at the close of July,
and the results of his studies, which cover every phase of the life of this
interesting people, are to be placed at the disposal of the bureau for publication.

42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.
PUBLICATIONS.

The general editorial work of the bureau continued in immediate charge of
Mr. J. G. Gurley, editor. The editing of Part 2 of Bulletin 30, Handbook of
American Indians, was conducted by Mr. Hodge, while the editorial supervision
of Bulletin 40, Handbook of American Indian Languages, was in charge of
Dr. Boas. At the close of the fiscal year the twenty-seventh annual report
was nearly ready for the bindery; more than one-third of Bulletin 40, Part 2,
was in type (mostly in pages) ; and Bulletin 47, a Dictionary of the Biloxi and
Ofo Languages, by Dorsey and Swanton, was in page form. Some progress
had been made in the revision of the galley proof of Bulletin 46, Byington’s
Choctaw Dictionary, a work requiring the expenditure of considerable time
and labor. Much of Mr. Gurley’s time during the year was given to the work
of editing and proof reading the twenty-seventh annual report and its accom-
panying paper, the monograph on the Omaha tribe, by Miss Fletcher and Mr.
La Filesche, above referred to. The following publications were issued during
the year:

Butlletin 80. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (F. W. Hodge,
editor), Part 2.

Bulletin 37. Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Missouri (Gerard
Fowke).

Bulletin 40. Handbook of American Indian Languages (Franz Boas, editor),
Part 1.

Bulletin 43. Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent
Coast of the Gulf of Mexico (J. R. Swanton).

Bulletin 44. Indian Languages of Mexico and Centrai America and their
Geographical Distribution (Cyrus Thomas and J. R. Swanton).

Bulletin 45. Chippewa Music (Frances Densmore).

Bulletin 50. Preliminary Report on a Visit to the Navaho National Monument,
Arizona (J. Walter Fewkes).

Bulletin 51. Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace (J.
Walter Fewkes).

The preparation of the illustrations for the publications of the bureau and the
making of photographic portraits of the members of visiting deputations of
Indians were in charge of Mr. De Lancey Gill, illustrator. Of the 246 negatives
made, 120 comprise portraits of visiting Indians. In addition 372 photographie
films, exposed by members of the bureau in connection with their field work,
were developed and printed. Photographic prints for publication and exchange
were made to the number of 1,469, and 22 drawings for use as illustrations were
prepared. Mr. Gill was assisted, as in the past, by Mr. Henry Walther.

LIBRARY.

The library of the bureau has continued in the immediate charge of Miss
Ella Leary, librarian. During the year that part of the southeastern gallery
of the lower main hall of the Smithsonian Building which was vacated by the
National Museum, was assigned to the use of the bureau library, and three addi-
tional stacks were built, providing shelf room for about 2,500 volumes. Nearly
that number of books which had been stored, and consequently made inacces-
sible, were placed on the new shelves. The policy carried out from year to year
of increasing the library by exchange with other institutions has been con-
tinued, and special effort made to complete the collection of serial publica-
tions. Especially to be noted is the completion of the sets of publications of
the Maine Historical Society and the Archives of Pennsylvania, both rich in

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43

material pertaining to the Indians. As in the past, it has been necessary for
the bureau to make use of the Library of Congress from time to time, about 200
yolumes having been borrowed during the year. Twelve hundred books and
approximately 650 pamphlets were received, in addition to the current numbers
of more than 600 periodicals. Of the books and pamphlets received, 148 were
acquired by purchase, the remainder by gift or exchange. Six hundred and
eighty-nine volumes were bound by the Government Printing Office, payment
therefor being made from the allotment ‘for printing and binding * * *
annual reports and bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and for mis-
cellaneous printing and binding,” authorized by the sundry civil act. This pro-
. vision has enabled the bureau, during the last two years, to bind many volumes
almost in daily use which were threatened with destruction. The catalogue of
the bureau now records 17,250 volumes; there are also about 12,200 pamphlets,
and several thousand unbound periodicals. The library is constantly referred
to by students not connected with the bureau, as well as by various officials of
the Government service.

PROPERTY.

As noted in previous reports the principal property of the bureau consists of
its library, manuscripts, and photographic negatives. In addition it possesses a
number of cameras, phonographic machines, and ordinary apparatus and
equipment for field work, stationery and office supplies, a moderate amount of
office furniture, typewriters, etc., and the undistributed stock of its publications.
The sum of $304.62 was expended for office furniture (including bookstacks at a
cost of $205) during the fiscal year.

.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

For the purpose of extending the systematic researches of the bureau and of
affording additional facilities for its administration, the following recommenda-
tions are made:

A question having arisen in the Committee on Appropriations of the House
of Representatives as to the purpose for which an increase of $2,000 in the
bureau’s appropriation in 1909 was intended, the work of excavating and re-
pairing antiquities existing in national parks and monuments has been cur-
tailed. The importance of elucidating the archeological problems connected
with these ancient remains and of repairing the more important of them for
visitors and for future students is so apparent that the need of continuing this
work is generally recognized, consequently an estimate of $4,000 ‘‘for the ex-
ploration and preservation of antiquities”? has been submitted for the next
fiscal year.

Ethnological research in Alaska is urgently needed by reason of the great
changes taking place among the Indians and the Eskimo since the influx of
white people a few years ago. Unless this investigation is undertaken at once
the aboriginal inhabitants will have become so modified by contact with whites
that knowledge of much of their primitive life will be lost. It is recommended
that the sum of $4,500 be appropriated for this work.

The more speedy extension of ethnological researches among the remnants
of the Algonquian tribes formerly occupying the Middle West is desired. Ina
number of cases these tribes are represented by only a few survivors who retain
any knowledge of the traits, language, and customs of their people, hence it
will be impossible to gather much of this information unless the work is ex-
tended more rapidly, as the funds now at the bureau’s disposal for this pur-
pose are inadequate. The additional sum of $1,000 is recommended for this
purpose.

44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

As previously stated, the demand for the Handbook of American Indians
has been so great that many schools and libraries have necessarily been denied.
The need of a revised edition is urgent, but the revision can not be satisfac-
torily undertaken and the latest information incorporated without the employ-
ment of specia] ethnologic assistants—those who have devoted special study to
particular tribes—and editorial and clerical aid. It is recommended that the
sum of $3,800 be appropriated for this purpose.

The bureau is constantly in receipt of requests from schools, historical
societies, compilers of textbooks, etc., for photographic prints of Indian sub-
jects, since it is generally known that the bureau possesses many thousands of
negatives accumulated in the course of its investigations. As no funds are now
available for this purpose, it is recommended that a reasonable sum, say $1,000,
be appropriated for the purpose of furnishing prints for educational purposes.
In most cases applicants would doubtless be willing to pay the cost, but at
present the bureau has no authority for selling photographs.

The manuscripts accumulated by the bureau form a priceless collection;
indeed many of them, if lost, could not be replaced, since they represent the
results of studies of Indians who have become extinct or have lost their tribal
identity. It is therefore urgently recommended that the sum of $1,350 be ap-
propriated for fireproofing a room and for providing metal cases for the
permanent preservation of the manuscripts.

Respectfully submitted.

F. W. Hoper, Hthnologist in Charge.

Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

_ Apprnpix III.
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.

Stg: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of the
International Exchange Service during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911,
which was prepared under the direction of Mr. C. W. Shoemaker, chief clerk,
who was in charge of the service from January, 1910, until June 1, 1911.

The congressional appropriation for the support of the service during 1911
was $32,200 (the same amount granted for the past three years), and the sum
collected on account of repayments was $4,754.99, making the total available
resources for carrying on the system of international exchanges $36,954.99.

The total number of packages handled during the year was 228,698—an in-
crease over the number for the preceding year of 7,073. The weight of these
packages was 560,808 pounds—a gain of 76,124 pounds. For purposes of com-
parison the number and weight of packages of different classes are indicated
in the following table:

Packages. Weight.
Sent. |Received.| Sent. |Received.
Pounds. | Pounds.
United States parliamentary documents sent abroad........-.- TOS OO} Pars miencn e 116; 219) ease eke
Publications received in return for parliamentary documents...|...-.....- D102) |(soveanc see 18, 467
United States departmental documents sent abroad............ 55,104 |...-.--.-- 216, 686 |..........
Publications received in return for departmental documents....|.-.-.....- 8, 1S) ee eee 18, 837
Publications from miscellaneous sources sent abroad............ 28, 834 |.-.---.-:- G65 165 eae oi acninos
Publications received from abroad for miscellaneous distribu-
LL Lene ae ine, Ser ueS Saree Up ney Te StL |e Ps a $0) 524) lose eee 2 134, 434
Sa ry ae a a el i ire Ie Py a GS a 187, 707 40,991 | 389,070 171, 738
VAN LOL Alege Seal pis oe ret ce aM Mice Sees Sas 228, 698 560, 808

The disparity between the number of packages received and those sent may
be accounted for, in part, by the fact that many returns for publications sent
abroad are forwarded to their destinations by mail and not through the exchange
service. This difference is further due to the fact that whereas packages sent
are made up in most cases of separate publications, those received contain
several volumes—in some instances the term “ package’”’ being applied to large
boxes often containing 100 or more publications.

By referring to the above statement it will be noted that 74 per cent of the
work of the office has been conducted in behalf of the United States govern-
mental establishments. j

Of the 2,380 boxes used in forwarding exchanges to foreign bureaus and
agencies for distribution (an increase of 347 boxes over 1910), 385 boxes con-
tained full sets of United States official documents for authorized depositories
and 1,995 were filled with departmental and other publications for depositories
of partial sets and for miscellaneous correspondents.

18308°—sm 19114 45

46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

Several changes have been made during the year in the routine of the Ex-
change Office looking to the economical and efficient administration of the
service. These changes are here briefly referred to.

It had been the practice for many years to keep a card record of both in-
coming and outgoing packages—a credit and debit account with each establish-
ment or individual using the facilities of the Exchange Service—thus enabling
the Institution to answer inquiries concerning the transmisson of any particular
package without delay. As the keeping of these cards involved a great deal of
labor—quite out of proportion to the benefits derived therefrom—and also as
most of the information given thereon could, with the expenditure of a little
more time, be obtained from other records in the office, the detailed statement
of outgoing packages has been discontinued. This curtailment in the work
has made it possible to dispense with the services of one of the clerks in the
record room. The discontinuance of these cards has, furthermore, brought
about a change in the work in the shipping room whereby the preparation of
consignments for transmission abroad is facilitated.

Since the fiscal year 1897 there has been printed in the report on the ex-
changes, under the caption “Interchange of Publications between the United
States and Other Countries,’ a statement showing in detail the number of
packages sent to and received from each country through the International Ex-
change Service. In most instances, the statistics contained in these state-
ments indicated that a much larger number of packages were sent abroad than
were received in return, While it is true that a certain disparity exists, the
statements were misleading, since, as already explained, a great many packages
are received through other channels by correspondents in this country in return
for those sent through the Exchange Service. In view of this fact, and also
because the statistics contained in these statements were seldom required for
the use of the Exchange Office, the keeping of the detailed record from which
they were derived has been discontinued. The time saved by this and other
minor changes in the receiving room has enabled the clerical force in that room
to keep the work required in handling and recording the large number of
packages received for transmission through the service more nearly up to date.

Mention was made in the last report that the German authorities had ir
contemplation the founding of an institution at Berlin to further cultural
relations between Germany and the United States, and that one of its func-
tions would be the transmission and distribution of German exchanges. This
establishment, which is known as the “Amerika-Institut,’ was organized in
the fall of 1910, and the exchange of publications was taken up by it on
January 1, 1911. On the latter date the exchange agency maintained by the
Smithsonian Institution in Leipzig at the publishing house of Karl W. Hierse-
mann was discontinued.

Prior to the discontinuance of the Leipzig agency the interchange of publi-
cations between correspondents in Luxemburg and Roumania and those in the
United States was conducted through that medium. In compliance with the.
Institution’s request, the Amerika-Institut has been good enough to assume
charge of the distribution of packages in Luxemburg. The Academia Romana
at Bucharest—the depository of a partial set of United States governmental
documents—has been approached with a view to enlisting its services in the
interchange of publications between Roumania and the United States, and it
is hoped that the academy may find it convenient to have this work conducted
under its auspices.

The Japanese exchange agency and the depository of a full set of United
States governmental documents was transferred by the Japanese Government,
during the latter part of the year, from the Department of Foreign Affairs to

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. AT

the Imperial Library at Tokyo. The regular series of official documents, as
well as all publications for distribution in Japan, are therefore now forwarded
to that library.

An application received by the Institution from the under secretary to the
Government of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Allahabad, India, for
eopies of such United States official publications as might be of interest to it
- was favorably acted upon by the Library of Congress, and that Government was
added to the list of those countries receiving partial] sets of governmental
documents. The first shipment, consisting of six boxes, was forwarded to
the under secretary on October 11, 1910.

Two cases forwarded from Washington in October, 1910, containing exchanges
for miscellaneous addresses in New South Wales, were destroyed in transit
to that country, the steamship by which the consignment was transmitted
haying been burned at sea. The senders of the packages contained in these
eases were communicated with, and it is gratifying to state that it was possible
for most of them to supply copies of the lost publications.

The work inaugurated in 1908 of actively seeking returns from foreign
countries for the exchanges sent to them by this Government has resulted dur-
ing the year in the acquisition of important collections of publications for the
Library of Congress and for several other establishments of the Government.

About 10,000 foreign governmental documents of a statistical character, re-
turned by the Library of Congress as duplicates, have been stored for some
time in the Smithsonian Institution. These books were arranged and listed
during the year under the direction of the assistant librarian, while the
Hxchange Service, through which the documents were received from abroad,
provided the extra clerical assistance required. Upon completion of this work
most of the documents were forwarded to the New York Public Library to
complete its series of foreign governmental publications.

EFORBEIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTAL DOCUMENTS.

In accordance with treaty stipulations and under the authority of the con-
gresSional resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901, setting apart a
certain number of documents for exchange with foreign countries, there are
now sent regularly to depositories abroad 55 full sets of United States official
publications and 34 partial sets, the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
having been added during the year to the list of countries receiving partial sets.

The recipients of full and partial sets are as follows:

DBEPOSITORIES OF FULL SNTS.

Argentina: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires.

Argentina: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata.

Australia: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne.

Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.

Baden: Universitiits-Bibliothek, Freiburg.

Bavaria: Konigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich.

Belgium: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels.

Brazil: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.

Canada: Parliamentary Library, Ottawa.

Cape Colony: Government Stationery Department, Cape Town.

Chile: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago.

China: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau
of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.

Colombia: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje de Publicaciones, San José.

48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

Cuba: Secretaria de Estado (Asuntos Generales y Canje Internacional),
Habana.

Denmark: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen.

England: British Museum, London.

England: London School of Economics and Political Science, London.

France: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.

France: Préfecture de la Seine, Paris.

Germany: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin.

Greece: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.

Haiti: Secré‘airerie d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.

Hungary : Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest.

India: Department of Education (Books), Government of India, Calcutta.

Ireland: National Library of Ireland, Dublin.

Italy: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome.

Japan: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.

Manitoba: Provincial Library, Winnipeg.

Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico.

Netherlands: Library of the States General, The Hague.

New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Sydney.

New Zealand: General Assembly Library, Wellington.

Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania.

Ontario: Legislative Library, Toronto.

Peru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

Portugal: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.

Prussia: K6nigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.

Quebec: Legislative Library, Quebec.

Queensland: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane.

Russia: Imperial Public Library, St. Petersburg.

Saxony: Ko6nigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden.

Servia: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade.

South Australia: Parliamentary Library, Adelaide.

Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedlogos, Madrid.

Sweden: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm.

Switzerland: Bibliothéque Fédérale, Berne.

Tasmania: Parliamentary Library, Hobart.

Transvaal: Government Library, Pretoria.

Turkey: Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople.

Uruguay: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevideo.

Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.

Victoria: Public Library, Melbourne.

_ Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.

Wiirttemberg: Konigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart.

DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SBTS.,

Alberta: Legislative Library, Edmonton.

Alsace-Lorraine: K. Ministerium fiir Elsass-Lothringen, Strassburg.
Bolivia: Ministerio de Colonizacién y Agricultura, La Paz.

Bremen: Senatskommission fiir Reichs- und Auswirtige Angelegenheiten.
British Columbia: Legislative Library, Victoria.

Bulgaria: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia.

Ceylon: United States Consul, Colombo.

Ecuador: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito.

er

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 49

Heypt: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo.

Guatemala: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala.

Hamburg: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswirtigen Angelegenheiten.

Hesse: Grossherzogliche Hef-Bibliothek, Darmstadt.

Honduras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa.

Jamaica: Colonial Secretary, Kingston.

Liberia: Department of State, Monrovia.

Lourenco Marquez: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez.

Malta: Lieutenant-Governor, Valetta.

Montenegro: Ministére des Affaires Itrangéres, Cetinje.

Natal: Colonial Secretary’s Office, Pietermaritzburg.

New Brunswick: Legislative Library, St. John.

Newfoundland: Colonia! Secretary, St. John’s.

Nicaragua: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua.

Northwest Territories: Government Library, Regina.

Nova Scotia: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax.

Orange River Colony: Government Library, Bloemfontein.

Panama: Secretaria de Relaciones Hxteriores, Panama.

Paraguay: Oficina General de Informaciones y Canjes y Commisaria General
de Inmigracion, Asuncion.

Prince Edward Island: Legislative Library, Charlottetown.

Roumania: Academia Romana, Bucarest.

Salvador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.

Siam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.

Straits Settlements: Colonial Secretary, Singapore.

United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: under Secretary to Government, Allahabad.

Vienna: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt.

INTERPARLIAMENTARY EXCHANGE OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL,

As mentioned in previous reports, a resolution of the Congress was approved
March 4, 1909, setting aside such number as might be required, not exceeding
160 copies, of the daily issue of the Congressional Record for exchange, through
the agency of the Smithsonian Institution, with the legislative chambers of such
foreign governments as might agree to send to the United States in return cur-
rent copies of their parliamentary record or like publication. The purpose of
this resolution was to enable the Institution, on the part of the United States,
to more fully carry into effect the provisions of the convention concluded at
Brussels in 1886, providing for the immediate exchange of the official journal.

The Governments of the Argentine Republic, Denmark, and Great Britain
have entered into this exchange during the year. A complete list of the coun-
tries to which the Congressional Record is now sent is given below:

Argentine Republic. France. Prussia.
Australia. Great Britain. Roumania.
Austria. Greece. Russia.

Baden. Guatemala. Servia.

Belgium. Honduras. Spain.

Brazil. Hungary. Switzerland.
Canada. Italy. Transvaal.

Cape of Good Hope. New South Wales. Uruguay.

Cuba. New Zealand. Western Australia.

Denmark. Portugal.

50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

There are at present 29 countries with which the immediate exchange of
the official journal is carried on. To some of these countries two copies of
the Congressional Record are sent—one to the upper and one to the lower
house of parliament—the total number transmitted, being 34.

It may be repeated in this connection that the exchange here alluded to is
separate and distinct from the exchange of official documents which has
existed between the United States and other countries for many years. It
is interparliamentary, and provides for the immediate transmission, direct by

mail, of the official journal as soon as published.

LIST OF BUREAUS OR AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH EXCHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED.

The following is a list of bureaus or agencies through which the distribution
of exchanges is effected. Those in the larger and many in the smaller countries
forward to the Smithsonian Institution, in return, contributions for distribution
in the United States:

Algeria, via France.
Angola, via Portugal.
Argentina: Comisién Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares, Reconquista 538,

Buenos Aires.

Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.

Azores, via Portugal.

Barbados: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridgetown.

Belgium: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Rue du Musée 5, Brus-

sels. : i
Bolivia: Oficina Nacional de Estadistica, La Paz.

Brazil: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de

Janeiro.

British Colonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.’

British Guiana: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society; Georgetown.
British Honduras: Colonial Secretary, Belize.

Bulgaria: Institutions Scientifiques de S. M. le Roi de Bulgarie, Sofia.

Canary Islands, via Spain.

Cape Colony: Government Stationery Department, Cape Town.

Chile: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago.
China: Zi-ka-wei Observatory, Shanghai.

Colombia: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional,

Bogota.

Costa Riea: Oficina de Depésito y Canje de Publicaciones, San José.
Denmark: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen.

Dutch Guiana: Surinsamsche Koloniale Bibliotheék, Paramaribo.

Ecuador: Ministerio de Relaciones Hxteriores, Quito.

Egypt: Director-General, Survey Department, Giza (Mudiria).

France: Service Francais des Echanges Internationaux, 110 Rue de Grenelle,

Paris.

Germany: Amerika-Institut, Berlin, N. W. 7.
Great Britain and Ireland: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex eth

Strand, London.

Greece: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.
Greenland, via Denmark.

1This method is employed for communicating with several of the British colonies
with which no medium is available for forwarding exchanges direct.

-
} pes

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 64

Guadeloupe, via France.

Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Varones, Guatemala.

Guinea, via Portugal.

Haiti: Secrétaire d’Htat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.

Honduras: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa.

Hungary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, City Hall, Budapest.

Iceland, via Denmark.

India: India Store Department, India Office, London.

Italy: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Eman- |
uele, Rome.

Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.

Japan: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.

Java, via Netherlands.

Korea: His Imperial Japanese Majesty’s Residency-General, Seoul.

Liberia: Department of State, Monrovia.

Loureneo Marquez: Government Library, Lourengco Marquez.

Luxemburg, via Germany.

Madagascar, via France.

Madeira, via Portugal.

Montenegro: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje.

Mozambique, via Portugal.

Natal: Agent-General for Natal, London.

Netherlands: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de lUni-
versité, Leyden.

New Guinea, via Netherlands.

New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Public Library, Sydney.

New Zealand: Dominion Museum, Wellington.

Nicaragua: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua.

Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania.

Panama: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama. e

Paraguay: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion.

Persia: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City.

Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones,
Ministerio de Fomento, Lima.

Portugal: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.

Queensland: Board of Exchanges of International Publications, Parliament
House, Brisbane.

Russia: Commission Russe des Hchanges Internationaux, Bibliotheque Im-
périale Publique, St. Petersburg.

Salvador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.

Servia: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Htrangéres, Belgrade.

Siam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.

South Australia: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide.

Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedlogos, Madrid. 5s

Sumatra, via Netherlands.

Sweden: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm.

Switzerland: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale Cen-
trale, Bern. ;

Syria: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York.

Tasmania: Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart.

Transvaal: Government Library, Pretoria.

52 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

Trinidad: Victoria Institute, Port of Spain.
Tunis, via France.
Turkey: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston.
Uruguay: Oficina de Canje Internacional, Montevideo.
Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.
Victoria: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne.
Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.

I may add here, as a matter of record, that I was appointed assistant secre-
tary in charge of Library and Hxchanges on June 1, 1911.

Respectfully submitted.

K.. W. TRUE,
Assistant Secretary in Charge of Library and Exchanges.

Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

AppEnpIx LV.

REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK,

” gre: I have the honor to present herewith a report of the operations of the

National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911.
The general appropriation made by Congress for that year was $100,000, and
in addition to this an appropriation of $15,000 was made for roads and walks.
The cost of maintenance was $81,325, and the amount remaining from the
general appropriation, $18,675, was expended in various improvements and
repairs.

ACCESSIONS.

Among the important accessions of the year were a pair of Haytian soleno-
dons, a rare insectivorous mammal, presented by Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Adams
of the Pan American Union. A pair of northern fur seals was received from
the United States Bureau of Fisheries, a fine female grizzly bear from Maj.
H. C. Benson, acting superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park, and
four Virginia deer from Gen. Joseph 8. Smith, manager of the National Soldiers
Home, Bangor, Maine. By purchase, the park obtained a hippopotamus, an
Hast African buffalo, three prong-horn antelopes, a pair of reindeer, a large
Asiatic macaque monkey, and various other animals. Some important animals
were also obtained by exchange, as noted below. The accessions included about
twenty species not before represented in the collection.

Early in its history the park exhibited for two years a hippopotamus which
had been received as a loan. Since that was withdrawn the species has not
been represented in the collection. The present animal, a female about 2 years
old, is from Hast Africa and weighs 850 pounds. The buffalo was captured in
German Hast Africa and is believed to be the form described as Buffelus
neumanni. The African buffalo has for some time been rather difficult to
obtain, and the park was fortunate in being able to secure a specimen at com-
paratively small cost. It was also fortunate in obtaining in western Texas a
male and two female prong-horn antelopes, all adult, from which two vigorous
young have been born. Through an animal dealer on the Pacific coast the large
brown macaque monkey of southeastern Asia and several other species new
to the collection were obtained which had not been procurable elsewhere.

EXCHANGES.

Surplus animals were disposed of by exchange as usual, in accordance with
the terms of the act establishing the park. They were sent to the New York
Zoological Park, the London Zoological Garden, and various dealers and private
individuals. In return for these, the park secured a number of important ani-
Ials, including a fine specimen each of bontebok, blessbok, and springbok, a
small anteater, a pair of tenrecs (insectivorous mammals of Madagascar), and
other mammals and birds. The bontebok and blessbok, which are very beautiful
African antelopes, are especially valued, as the former now exists only in a few

53

54 ANN

YUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

-

semiwild herds in Cape Colony, 300 individuals, perhaps, remaining from the
“thousands upon thousands” described by early hunters in South Africa, while
the latter has been greatly reduced in numbers.

Whenever possible, direct exchange was made, but where the person who
desired to obtain an animal from the park had nothing acceptable to offer,
the exchange was effected through some one of the responsible dealers in

animals.

Black-crowned night herons had bred so freely in the flying cage that it be-
came a necessity to materially reduce their number and some were sent (as gifts)
to the New York Zoological Park, London Zoological Garden, and the park

departments of St. Louis

and Rochester.

Animals in the collection June 30, 1911.

MAMMALS.

Grivet monkey (Cercopithecus sabeus) — 1 | American badger (Taxidea americana) —
Green monkey (Cercopithecus callitri- Common skunk (Mephitis mephitica) —_

phe) safes ier eo yee ee LBS 1 | Wolverine (Gulo luscus) ----------_--
Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) ~~ 2 | American marten (Mustela americana) —
Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana) —- 1 | Fisher (Mustela pennantii) _--_-__---_--
Sooty mangabey (Cercocebus fuligino- Common ferret (Putorius putorius) —--

BUBB Ns ee ta FS a Ss ee ee 2 | Black-footed ferret (Putorius nigripes) —
White-collared mangabey (Cercocebus North American otter (Lutra canaden-

(COUGP ISN 2. Se ee 1 SiR) oo
Bonnet monkey (Macacus sinicus)—-~~ 1 | Eskimo dog (Canis familiaris) ---_--_-
Macaque monkey (Macacus cynomol- Dingo (Canis dingo) 222-22

ignite eee tT At 2k ae ee ee ee 5 | Gray wolf (Canis occidentalis) _-__-___-
Pig-tailed monkey (Macacus nemestri- Black wolf (Canis occidentalis) _----~

CTE D oer Reais, DSR ee. weer eeeee Bera nite 3 | Coyote. (Canis. latrans)—--_=-._—s—
Rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus) —---- 5 | Woodhouse’s coyote (Canis frustror) —-
Brown macaque (Macacus arctoides)-_-_ 4 | Crab-eating dog (Canis cancrivorus) —-
Japanese monkey (JMacacus fuscatus) — 4 | Red fox (Vulpes pennsylvanicus) ~~
Formosan rock-macaque (Macacus cy- Swift fox (Vulpes velor) _._--------~

CLO Ty ae ee ge sees oe 1 | Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) ---------~
Black ape (Cynopithecus niger) —----- 1 | Gray fox (Urocyon cinereo-argenteus) —
Anubis baboon (Papio anwbis)------=-- 1 | Striped hyena (Hyena striata) ------
East African baboon (Papio cynoceph- African palm civet (Viverra civetta) —

STi epi baht la eh ee 1 } Common genet (Genetta genetta)_--_-
Chacma (Papio porcarius)—--.------- 1 |, Sadan. lion .(#elis.. leo) LW. eee
Mandrill (Papio maimon) —~----------- 4 | Wilimanjaro lion (Felis leo sabakien-
Drill (Papio leucopheus) ----------~- il Sta) oe a ee
Gray spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) — 1 | Tiger (Felis tigris) 2-2 eee
White-throated capuchin monkey (Cebus Cougar (Felis oregonensis hippolestes)

hyp GlEUCUR). Hoke eee 3.4 Jaguar (Fels onea)----—--+-s=2-—ee
Brown monkey (Cebus fatuellus)——---~ 3 | Mexican jaguar (Felis onca goldmani)
Weeper monkey (Cebus capucinus) —--- 1 | Leopard (Felis pardus) ____-_-------
Ruffed lemur (Lemur varius) ——-------~ 1 | Black leopard (Felis pardus)—------
Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)—---~-_- - @ ) BPerval “leks: sernual)2— 222=Sc See
Tenree (Centetes ecaudatus)___-_---- 2 | Ocelot (Felis pardalis) _.----------- =
Polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus) —-~- 8 | Canada lynx (Lyng canadensis) —----
European brown bear (Ursus arctos) -—- 3 | Bay lynx (Lyna rufus) —_—--—-2eeSe=
Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorffi) _---- 1 | Spotted lynx (Lynx rufus texensis) —-
Yakutat bear (Ursus dalli) _-__-----~ 1 | Florida lynx (Lynx rufus floridanus) —
Alaskan brown bear (Ursus gyas)—--- 5 | Steller’s sea lion (Humetopias stelleri)
Kidder’s bear (Ursus kidderi) -__------ 1 | California sea lion (Zalophus californi-
Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus) —-- i anué) 2 oss 28 eS eee ee
Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) __----~ 4 | Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) --------
Black bear (Ursus americanus) —------- 9 | Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) ---------
Cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus) —-- 3 | Western fox squirrel (Sciurus ludovi-
Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) ------- 1 CHONUS)
Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolwulus) — 1 | Gray squirrel (Sciwrus carolinensis) —-
Cacomistle (Bassariscus astuta)—~-----~ 1 | Black squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) —
Gray coatimundi (Nasua narica)—---- 3 | Prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) --
Raccoon (Procyon lotor)------------ 17 | Alpine marmot (Arctomys marmotta) —

“
oH S80 Sew BPH ERR REDE RHO CONE RP ANNHE RE ATHRHE ARNT WHEY EN

REPORT OF

Woodchuck (Arctomys monar) —~-----~
American beaver (Castor canadensis) =~
Coypu (Myocastor coypus) -__-------
Hutia-conga (Capromys pilorides) --~-
Indian porcupine (Hystriv leucura) —--
Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mexicana)
Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azare) —--
Golden agouti (Dasyprocta aguti)—---
Hairy-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta

OTYUMNOLODLA) = 2s Se ee
Paca (C@logenys paca)
Guinea pig (Cavia cutleri) ______--~-
Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis patago-

nica)
Domestic rabbit (Lepws cuniculus) ----
Cape hyrax (Procavia capensis) _—__---
Indian elephant (Hlephas maximus) —-
Brazilian tapir (Tepirus americanus) —
Grevy’s zebra (Hquus grevii)--------
Zebra-donkey hybrid (Hquus grevyi-

OBIS hee aes 2 es eh er
Grant’s zebra (Equus burchelli grantt) —
Collared peccary (Dicotyles angulatus) —
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) —-------------

Guanaco (Lama huanachus) ---------
lama Chama glama)—
Alpaca: (Game pacos) 2 252. eek
Vicugna (Lama vicugna) ——----------
Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)—
Muntjac (Cervulus muntjac)-_-------
Sambar deer (Cervus aristotelis) _____
Philippine deer (Cervus philippinus) ——
Hog deer (Cervus porewmus) —--------
Barasingha deer (Cervus duvaucelii) __
Axis deer (Cervus azis)_----_-------
Japanese deer (Cervus sika)---_-----+-
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) _____-----~
American elk (Cervus canadensis) —_-_—
Fallow deer (Cervus dama)——--------

Huropean blackbird (Merula merula) —
Catbird (Dumetella carelinensis) _____
Brown thrasher (Toxestoma rufwm) ——
Japanese robin (Liothrix luteus) _---
Laughing thrush (@arrulaxz leucolo-

TALIS ie aaa Sali? ara See Oh as HEY Ae ye ah tb

Cordon-bleu (Hstrelda phenicotis) _.--
Cut-throat finch (Amadina fasciata) —--
Zebra finch (Amadina castanotis) —_.-_
Black-headed fineh (Munia _ atrica-
CEST, 2 PEASE SAORI CANE SPORE RE ey
White-headed finch (Munia maja) =---
Nutmeg finch (Munia punctularia) ---
Java sparrow (Munia oryzivora)—---
White Java sparrow (Munia oryzi-
KEL EY ) cana Nema ae Ny MME EERE Pops Ay OPO)
Parson finch (Poéphila cincta)
Bearded finch (Spermophila sp.) --~
Madagascar weaver (foudia -madagas-
COPIEN SUS ip es i 2 als
Red-billed weaver (Quelea quelea) —_--

THE SECRETARY.

BDF bb wm

=
we or

Pr bY Fr bp

bt OO et pe

to

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OOWOMOKRHP HE WIN A WH

=

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) —-----~~
Virginia deer (Odocotleus virginianus) —
Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)——___
Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus

columbianus )
Cuban deer (Odocoileus sp.)
Prong-horn antelope (Antilocapra amer-

icana)
Coke's hartebeest (Bubalis cokei)-~---~
Bontebck (Damaliscus pygargus) —-----
Blessbok (Damaliscus albifrons) —----~
White-tailed gnu (Connochetes qnu)—-
Defassa water buck (Cobus defassa)_-
Indiaa antelope (Antilope cervicapra) —
Springbuck (Antidorcas euchore) ——---
Grant’s gazelle (Gazella granti)------
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) ~~~
Congo harnessed antelope (Tragelaphus

GOCE) ES sae le Seeks erp eae
East African eland (Oreas canna pat-

TEFEONIGNUS)) = 25 FESS Se Oe
Chamois (Rupicapra tragus) —~---_-__~
Tahr (Hemitragus jemlaicus)
Common goat (Capra hircus) _--_----
Angora goat (Capra hircus)—-___-__~
Barbary sheep (Ovis tragelaphus) —-_~
Barbados sheep (Ovis aries-iragela-

YO OS Lieu cata oe Saag, Lian) Sy REE Oe Os eh Ronee cee
Anoa (Anoa depressicorinis) ___-_--_--~
Hast African buffalo (Buffelus neu-

RYU AVIV ee NE EE a es ae
Zebu (Bibos indicus) _----_-_-_-_-__
Yak (Poephagus grunniens) __________~
American bison (Bison americanus) —-—
Hairy armadillo (Dasypus villosus)——_
Wallaroo (Maecropus robustus) —-----~
Red-necked wallaby (Macropus ruficol-

Brush-tailed rock kangaroo (Petrogale
D CLA CTULGULG, ees 0 SES STONE gOS
Virginia opposum (Didclphys marsupi-

BIRDS.

bo > 00 00 bo Noe eR

oP tb

=
Ne oO

or

Whydah weaver (Vidua paradisea) —_-
Painted bunting (Passerina ciris)_--~_-
Red-crested cardinal (Paroaria cucul-

lata)

Rose-breasted grosbeak (Zamelodia lu-
' doviciana) _=---_-_- See Nee aes)
Siskin (Spinus spinus) _~____-------
European goldfinch (Carduelis_ ele-
JONSyisseee Us Bae Ee teh EE
Yellow hammer (HLmberiza citrinella) —
Common canary (Serinus canarius) —-
Bullfinech (Pyrrhula europ@a) ———---~
Cowbird (Molothrus ater) ----_------
Purple grackle (Qwiscalus quiscula) ~~
Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phe-
NiceUs )
Common mynah (Acridotheres tristis) —
European rayen (Corvus coraz) ~~~
American raven (Corvus corav sinu-

On
He pah or

Ro 0 es eH bt eh OF

(ot)

fe
mm bh ow

bt et bD

9 bt

56

Huropean magpie (Pica pica) —------
American magpie (Pica pica hud-

80nd) SS eet 2S ae oe
Piping crow (Gymnorhina tibicen) ---
Giant kingfisher (Dacelo gigas) ------
Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua ga-

LETti ya eo Ee See eee
White cockatoo (Cacatua alba) —-----
LeaGbeater’s cockatoo (Cacatua lead-

Oeatert) 2Sa eee Eee ea ee
Bare-eyed cockatoo (Cacatua gym-
TLO DCR) a ae ee tere
Roseate cockatoo (Cacatua roseica-
Hilia) Sake ee a eee
Gang-gang cockatoo (Callocephalon
galcatan) == See
Yellow and blue macaw (Ara ararau-
NEG) SSS Beer ee eee eee
Red and yellow and blue macaw (Ara
MaCGO) Wess See ae <<
Red and blue macaw (Ara chlorop-
Bera) peso She Bie oe ee ee

Great green macaw (Ara miiitaris) ~~
Kea (Nestor notabilis) _-_-__-_-_--------
Mexican conure (Conurus holochlorus)
Carolina paroquet (Conuropsis caro-
linensis )
Tovi parrakeet (Brotogerys jugularis) —
Cuban parrot (Amazona leucocephala) -
Orange-winged amazon (Amazona@ ama-
LONGO) 22 Sone ee Se eee
Porto Rican amazon (Amazona vit-
TPR ee, ape See aa) LUE
Yellow-shouldered amazon (Amazona
Ochronterth) D&. 2Sp2 ese Se ee ee =
Yellow-fronted amazon (Amazon@ och-
Trocephaia jes) ee eee eee
Yellow-headed amazon (Amazona levail-
lantiy=s22% = oe ee eet Eee
Lesser vasa parrot (Coracopsis nigra) _—
Pigeon parrakeet (Pal@ornis colum-
boides )
Love bird (Agapornis pullaria) ------~-
Green parrakeet (Loriculus sp.)----+--
Pennant’s parrakeet (Platycercus ele-
Pans) ee ee ee er ate
Pale-headed parrakeet (Platycercus pal-
lidicepe) 22220 Se eee ee oe
Shell parrakeet (Melopsittacus wundu-
late) ha See ae a ee
Great horned ow! (Bubo virginianus) —
Arctic horned owl (Bubo virginianus
subarcticus )
Screech owl (Otus asio) -------------~
Barred owl (Stri# varia) ----_-------
Barn owl (Aluco pratincola) _--------
Sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius) —~----
Bald eagle (Haliwétus leucocephalus) —
Alaskan bald eagle (Haliewétus leuco-
cephalus alascanus) -=--2-.------=
Short-tailed eagle (Terathopius ecauda-
MiS\ihs se haad book MS eee ae eee
Harpy eagle (Thrasaétus harpyia) ----
Crowned hawk eagle (Spizaétus coro-
MOURN. See CE ee eee
Fast African hawk (Buteo sp.)-------
Red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis) _---~

RPh

yee

ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

Red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) —
Sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter velor)_
Venezuelan hawks 424) 22823255.
Caracara (Polyborus cheriway)—-------~
Lammergeyer (Gypaétus barbatus) ~--~
South American condor (Sarcorham-

phus .gryphus) 223252552222 Se
California condor (Gymnogyps califor-

nianus ical. j Aus Sn. eee
Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)—-------~
Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnop-

terus).-..= 32 fo eee
Pileated vulture (Neophron pileatus) ——
Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) -----~-
Black vulture (Catharista wrubi) —---~
King vulture (Gypagus papa) —-------
Ring dove (Columba palumbius)——~---~
Red-billed pigeon (Columba flaviros-

18) foe 2 feo ee eee
Mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) —
Peaceful dove (Geopelia tranquilla) —~
Cape dove (Gna capensis) _---------
Crested pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes) —-_
Chachalaca (Ortalis vetula) ~-------_-
Purplish guan (Penelope purpuras-

C@N8) 220222-2522-22 2-8
Mexican curassow (Crav globicera) —-~
Chapman’s curassow (Crax chapman) —
Daubenton’s curassow (Crax dauben-

toni) acai less eee eee
Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo sil-

vestris) nea a lee SS eee
Peafowl (Pavo cristata), -Le
Jungle fowl (Gallus bankiva) —~-------
Reeves’s pheasant (Phasianus reevest) —
Golden pheasant (Thauwmalea picta) —-~
Silver pheasant (Euplocamus nycthem-

CTS) Hae es 4s SS eee
Black cock (Lyrurus tetria) 22——--=2-—
European quail (Coturnix communis) ——
Hungarian partridge (Perdixz perdiz) —
Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) ------
Mountain quail (Oreortyx picta)—--~
Sealed quail (Callipepla squamata) —-
California quail (Lophortyx califor-

nica)
Massena quail (Oyrtonyx montezume@) —
Purple gallinule (Porphyrio cerulea) —
Black-backed gallinule (Porphyrio me-

lanotus)\ 2 soi 242 eee eee
American coot (Fulica americana) —--
Flightless rail (Ocydromus australis) —
Common cariama (Cariama cristata) —
Pemoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) —
Crowned crane (Balearica pavonina) —

Sandhill crane (Grus mewicana) —----
Australian crane (@rus_ australasi-

dN) Soo See eee
Indian white crane (@Grus leucogera-

mus) Leechs eee eee
Thick-knee (Qdicnemus grallarius)——
Ruff (Machetes pugnar) ~~----------

Black-crowned night heron (Nyctico-
rax nycticorax nevius)—--_--------
Little blue heron (Florida cerulea) —-
Louisiana heron (Hydranassa tricolor
ruficollis):. 5.2 Ao Sh ae oe

po nb FROME

AKROHE

=

Orne os

me pr

-

ba Ar ae

me b _

ee eee

REPORT OF

Reddish egret (Dichromanassa rufes-

THE SECRETARY.

American white-fronted goose (Anser

COINS) eee es oe ee 3. albifrons .gembeli-__-_-____________
Snowy egret (Hgretta candidissima) —_ 4 | Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) _--_~
Great white heron (Herodias egretta) — 1 | Red-headed duck (Marila americana) —
Great blue heron (Ardea herodias) --- 4 | Wood duck (Aix sponsa)—_--_------__
Boat-bill (Cancroma cochlearia) ------ 2 | Mandarin duck (Dendronessa galeri-
Black stork (Ciconia nigra) ~-------- 1 CULL) Si ee a a
White stork (Ciconia ciconia) -----~- 2 | Pintail (Dajila acuta) —-——_ =
Marabou stork (Leptoptilus dubius) ~~~ 1 | Shoveler duck (Spatula clypeata) —--~
Wood ibis (Mycteria americana) -_--~ 2 | Blue-winged teal (Querquedula dis-
Sacred ibis (Ibis e@thiopica) _-_------_ 4 COTS) seen af Re Deg en a ee
White ibis (Guara alba) ------------ 21 | Green-winged teal (WNettion carolin-
Roseate spoonbill (Ajaja ajaja)—----~- 3 CHSC) a Se cae Raa eee ER
European flamingo (Phaenicopterus an- Black duck (Anas rubripes) -------~~

PALOMINO 6 | Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ~--_-~_
Trumpeter swan (Olor buccinator) —_--_ 2 | American white pelican (Peléecanus
Whistling swan (Olor columbianus)-_ 2 erythrorhynchos) —_--_-__—__--_--~
Mute swan (Cygnus gibbus)—-----~- 2 | Huropean white pelican (Pelecanus
Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata)-_-- 2 ONGCROLGIUS) === = et Se See
White muscovy duck (Cairina mos- Roseate pelican (Pelecanus roseus) _-_

OTLIL EO) pent re ea ee 3 | Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)
Wandering tree-duck (Dendrocygna ar- Black-backed gull (Larus marinus) _—__

(PSSA pe SOR ins me es q Herring gull (Larus argentatus) ______
Fulvous tree-duck (Dendrocygna bdi- American herring gull (Larus argenta-

“RT ay) An Reena es a ee Oa 2 tus smithsonianus) ~--------------
Australian wood-duck (Chenonetta ju- Gee oe peo a eee Tons

bata) ~—————_-——_————~—-—----__— A Florida cormorant (Phalacrocorazr auri-
Egyptian goose (Chenaloper egypti- tis florid@nus) sos Were ee es

acus) —-_-__~~------------------- 1 | Mexican cormorant (Phalacrocoraz vi-
Brant (Branta bernicla glaucogastra). 1 gua mexicanus) ~---------___-____
Canada goose (Branta canadensis)--- 8 | Water turkey (Anhinga anhinga)--__-
Hutchins’s goose (Branta canadensis Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdo-

SILULCHANSI) oe a et 4 Phames) Vo hewmthssaho Ne ee Be 2
Lesser snow goose (Chen hyperbo- Common cassowary (Casuwarius galea-

HIS) aoa oe ee 2 EAS) ie Mee a a BG
Greater snow goose (Chen hyperboreus Common rhea (Rhea americana) —--~~

AE LUTB) tes Se La ae ee 1} Emu (Dromeus nove hollandie) ------

REPTILES.
Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)_._ 16 | Spreading adder (Heterodon platy-
Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) ----- 4 CALA LILES) Vs ea ee ae RS Ns NS
Diamond-back terrapin (Malacoclemys Green snake (Cyclophis @stivus) —---_

DELAUSIUN ES) ea OS a 1 | Black snake (Zamenis constrictor) —--_
Three-toed box-tortoise (Cistudo triun- Coach-whip snake (Zamenis flagellum) —

TLV ie I NS ee ee Ree 6 | Corn snake (Coluber guttatus)_______
Painted box-tortoise (Cistudo ornata) — 5 | Common chicken snake (Coluber quad-
Gopher turtle (Xerobates polyphemus) — 1 LOVECE GUS) Sea eRe NS es oo ee
Duncan Island tortoise (Testudo ephip- Gopher snake (Compsosoma corais cou-

PRIDE TI) eee ore Sen es ak Se a 2 TOOT R oe ea a See ROSE LAS ED ae on
Albemarle Island tortoise (Testudo vi- Pine snake (Pityophis melanoleucus) —

CERI NTD)) eS I a oh 2 | Bull snake (Pityophis sayi) ___-__---~
Comb lizard (Ctenosaura sp.)-------- 1 | Texas chicken snake (Ophibolus calli-
Alligator lizard (Sceloporus wundula- OOSTCI) ee es ee ee eS

CHAE) 0 SS ES SS 2 | King snake (Ophibolus getulus) -----_
Horned lizard (Phrynosoma _ cornu- Texas garter snake (Hutenia proxima) —

ETT TPIN eo ES BI IRE AS Ee ee 1 | Water moccasin (Ancistrodon pisciv-
Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) _— 4 OTS) ye a ee ea er ee ee
Green lizard (Lacerta viridis) -___--_ 1 | Copperhead (Ancistrodon contortriz) —
Anaconda (Hunectes murinus) _-----_~ 2] Diamond rattlesnake (Crotalus ada-
Common boa (Boa constrictor) -__-___ 1 ANG WLEWE) | ee ee ee
Antillean boa (Boa diviniloqua) ______ 1 | Banded rattlesnake (Crotalus horri-
Cuban tree-boa (Hpicrates angulifer)-__ 3 TCI) pe ee PE ee

GIFTS.

4 09 bs

mM’ We bo

LX)

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Adams, Pan American Union, two Haitian solenodons.
Miss M. Alexander, Moorefield, W. Va., a brown Capuchin monkey.

58 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

Dr. Paul Bartsch, Washington, D. C., two common crows.

Frederick Carl, jr., Washington, D. C.; two screech owls.

Miss Catharine Carroll, Washington, D. C., a barn owl.

WH. S. Case, Takoma Park, D. C., three blue jays.

Miss M. B. Cole, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

Mrs. Mary F. Crown, Washington, D. C., a yellow-headed Amazon parrot.

Mrs. R. S. Day, Washington, D. C., a common canary.

Boris de Street, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

J. R. Eddy, Lamedeer, Mont., an American. badger.

Mr. Eustis, Leesburg, Va., a red-tailed hawk.

Dr. Cecil French, Washington, D. C., four Hungarian quail.

Guy M. Gribble, Buckhannon, W. Va., a red-tailed hawk.

Jesse Hand, jr., Belleplain, N. J., two king snakes.

Mr. C. A. Holland, Fenwick, Va., a bittern.

Clarence Howard, Washington, D. C., a copperhead snake.

E. C. Howe, Washington, D. C., two alligators,

W. H. Kelly, Sandusky, Ohio, two bald eagles.

Mr. Lansdale, Washington, D. C., two common opossums.

Carvel Leary, Washington, D. C., a guinea pig.

Miss Frances McMullen, Largo, Fla., an alligator snapping turtle.

C. W. Marks, Berryville, Va., a black snake.

S. S. Paschals, Chevy Chase, Md., two zebra finches.

L. E. Perry, Gorgona, Canal Zone, a spider monkey.

I’. W. Pilling, Washington, D. C., 10 common canaries, 1 red-erested cardinai
and 2 white Java sparrows.

Mrs. J. E. Pleitner, Washington, D. C., a green Amazon parrot.

N. Schutz, Washington, D. C., a screech owl.

John B. Smith, Renovo, Pa., a banded rattlesnake.

Mrs. H. Clay Stewart, Washington, D. C., two common canaries.

J. P. Taylor, Washington, D. C., a copperhead snake and a black snake.

Dr. James R. Tubman, Washington, D. C., a great horned owl.

United States Bureau of Fisheries, two northern fur seals.

James Worcester, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

Unknown donors, a hawk, a parrakeet, and a woodchuck.

LOSSES OF ANIMALS.

The most important losses during the year were a pair of clouded leopards,
a lion, and a young Alaskan brown bear from parasitism; a leucoryx, a water
buck, and a nilgai, from tuberculosis; a female American bison and a caribou,
in the collection for 10 years, from peritonitis; two solenodons from sep-
ticemia, and two young fur seals from enteritis and heat stroke.

Dead animals, to the number of 142, were transferred to the United States
National Museum. Autopsies were made, as usual, by the Pathological Division
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture”

1The causes of death were as follows: Pneumonia, 10; tuberculosis, 8; pulmonary
edema, 1; aspergillosis, 7; pseudomembranous tracheitis, 1; enteritis, 9; gastritis, 1;
gastroenteritis, 7; pneumoenteritis, 1; intestinal coccidiosis, 7; peritonitis, 6; nephritis,
2; fatty degeneration of liver, 1; parasitism, 3; stomatitis, 2; strangulated hernia, 1;
rupture of gizzard, 1; internal hemorrhage, 1; abscess of scrotum, 1; abscess of head, 1;
unable to deliver young, 1; duodenitis, 1; colitis, 1; echinococcosis, 1; necrobacillosis, 1 ;
pyoscianeusbacillosis, 1; pprocephalosis, 1; septicemia, 3; enterotoxism, 1; cystitis, 1;
endocarditis, 1; visceral gout, 1; sarcomatosis, 2; cancer of pouch, 1; leukemia, 1;
icterus, 1; impaction, 3; duodenal obstruction, 1; starvation, 2; accidents and
injuries, 13; killed because unfit for exhibition, 4; result of autopsy indeterminate, 3;
mo cause found, 4: i

4
4
q

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59

Statement of the collection.

ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR,

Presented 2-2 b sis eee te RA SAAE Bs HAAG: Suen Rie SR Ser aes REA aS 65
Received from Yellowstone National Park _--_____-____________-_-____ 1
BED CELVEL MEK CHATTme eas FENe AK CR Oe AG es ee are k 13
BRS STR ec RT UL AAI SOT ANNG ABEND Rat ADA aS ak ul Se ae ND gla
TEAS ESTO EIS 0 BAAN SS RC ES SDE ag ee ea CL SIE Seed A ee eae 130
Born and hatched in National Zoological Park __________-_____________ 115
abs 2)... 2 IN a CU Re Aaa ai. 335
SUMMARY.
LE TELE RTT) sal e015 BEY Bag Be BI Rea ae Sa ee See Un aA Oe pe 1, 424
imiepesinms Gutine the. years: ove. a se ee a ag a ak 335
BPR Lee MT ares 2s oe WSL NES Na YET EE NN IS ti PUR OS Cat REN On Ap etan ens in UAEce SC Mtge REN EL 1, 759
Deduct loss (by exchange, death, and returning of animals) ____________ 345
CCAM Ce: na Mel AV Aes Yars5 0 ged 9 pe OSE Ye MRS aie ey SUS ne eS area apa 1, 414
Class, Species. noid
WUT SEG ES Sr cle Sig pe ee ee PI ws Sete gee ea eM eae riL alk) Sey me RN 157 636
eat uM teriee Muieis s SAN eitee dos aay epee Ee mre Mier ek ae eye alec cal 5 186 685
DRTTOL UES 5 Se SE Be toe sone een Pee Eas BRON SoBe ipa Ren San awe ers aa 33 93
ERSTE ae Re nage RAE fun NRA EHS OLAV. MEAS AL LADIES NE RW anne eae 376 1,414
VISITORS.

The number of visitors to the park during the year was 521,440, a daily
average of 1,428. The largest number in any one month was 95,535, in April,
1911, a daily average for the month of 3,184.

During the year there visited the park 169 schools, Sunday schools, classes,
ete., with 4,966 pupils, a monthly average of 414 pupils. This number is an
increase over the previous year of 14 schools, 1,083 pupils, and an increase in
the monthly average of 90 pupils. While most of the classes were from the
District of Columbia, 47 of them were from neighboring States, and classes
came from Meriden, Hopedale, Norton, North Attleboro, Clinton, Hudson, and
Whitman, Massachusetts; Dover, Peterboro, Lancaster, and Exeter, New Hamp-
shire; Bath, Augusta, Biddeford, Gardiner, and Sanford, Maine; Bellows Falls,
Vermont; Raleigh, North Carolina; Middleport (two) and Penn Yan, New
York; Waynesburg, Pennsylvania; and Hartford, Connecticut.

IMPROVEMENTS.

A house for zebras, a frame building 35 feet square, was constructed, pro-
viding four good-sized stalls with yards attached. This is now occupied by a
male Grant’s zebra, the male Grevy’s zebra, which was returned from the
experiment station of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Bethesda, Maryland,
after use there in breeding, and a hybrid from the latter animal and a do-
mestic ass.

The existing yards on the west side of the antelope house were too small,
and the fences around them, which were of temporary character, had seriously

60 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

deteriorated. The construction of new steel fences was begun, inclosing a
considerably larger area than the former yards, and was nearly completed by
the close of the year. The yards on the north and east sides of the antelope
house, which had been begun during the previous year, were completed.

The temporary bird house, which had been in very bad condition, was exten-
sively repaired. New roof covering was put on, and the wooden floor, some of
the walls and cages, and much other interior work were renewed.

Some alterations were made in the large cages in the lion house to permit
more convenient handling of the animals during feeding and the cleaning of
the cages. ‘The woodwork of this portion of the building was also refinished.

The public comfort room for women, which was in a very dilapidated condi-
tion, was removed to make way for the yards of the antelope house, and a new
comfort room was constructed beneath the outdoor cages of the small mammal
house. A small frame building for the same purpose was erected near the
Adams Mill Road entrance, that portion of the park being a much frequented
resort for women with young children.

A new public comfort room for men was also constructed in the fhanmecae of
the antelope house, providing permanent conveniences, which are much better
and more adequate than have existed heretofore.

The drainage culvert in the beaver valley was extended to the flying cage,
a distance of 800 feet, thus providing sewerage, as well as for the carrying
away of surface water without the erosion which had occurred previously.

Foundations were laid for cages on the east side of the small mammal house,
and a concrete walk was constructed there.

Various small improvements and repairs were made. A cage was built in
the lion house with a pool for the young hippopotamus, which was received in
May; a paddock with shelter was built for the chamois; an inclosure and pool
for fur seals; the condor cage and cage for horned owls were extensively re-
paired; an inclosure with shelter was built for kangaroos; an additional watch
house was built; new wagon scales were set near the shop and coal vault;
and the heating conduit and mains from the central heating plant were ex-
tended to the elephant house and zebra house. .

The cost of this work was:

House. for zebras. se oh ee ee $2, 500
New yards on west side of antelope house____--__-_------_-__--_--_~- 1, 775
Completing yards on north and east sides of antelope house_____------- 250
Repairs to temporary. bird, house. = se a eee 1, 000
Alterations and repairs to lion house_________-_--_---__----_-_ Where t Se 600
Cage for: hippoporamiulse 942 Ces Sa ee ee ee 275
Paddock for Chamois se hee Se eee 2, ee 300
Inclosure ‘and. pool for fursseals_- v= eo eee 275
Repairing. condor andowl cages.) 22522 oa ee eee 350
Inclosure’ tor Kaneano0ss 228 2 oes ee 8 ee ee eee 75
Hxtending drainage -culvert. =: 5 3 eae! a eee 1,500
New concrete walk and cage foundations at small mammal house, with
“retaining walls," ete se se ee ee 1, 050
Additional’ wate house 22-25. 2 2s ee Se eS eee 125
Extending: heating’ conduit‘and: mainss 2) 2. a Se eee 400
New “wagon seales.at shop. 2h ate e ee ee Lee een eee 250
Accessory comfort Toom for womens! i222 2822 eee ~ 850
Women’s comfort’ roonts: 2 a A ee 750

Mien’s comfort. Goran eS er a A 750

ee ee mae

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61
ROADWAYS AND WALKS.

From the appropriation for reconstructing and repairing roadways and walks
4,770 linear feet, or nine-tenths of a mile of road, was treated, from 10 to 45
feet wide, averaging slightly more than 20 feet, a total of 10,700 square yards.
The work varied from merely reshaping and supplying a top layer of stone to
furnishing the entire thickness of roadbed material, with considerable excavat-
ing and filling in some places where the existing grades were too steep. One
thousand six hundred square yards (the ‘“‘ concourse”) were finished with
tarvia. The work cost from 22 cents to $1 per square yard, and the total
amount expended for roads was $7,220.

During the year 9,260 linear feet, or 12 miles, of walks were laid or repaired.
They were from 6 to 16 feet wide, or an average width of about 9 feet, com-
prising in all 9,230 square yards. Of this about 6,500 square yards was old
macadam walk, the remainder gravel or dirt walks. A considerable amount of
excavation and filling had to be done in certain places in order to secure
reasonably uniform grades, and steps were constructed at points where the
grade had before been too steep. The walks are of stone macadam, the surface
treated with tarvia by the penetration method. The cost of laying them was
from 35 cents to 85 cents per square yard. A considerable amount of work
had to be done also in providing proper drainage. ‘The totai expenditure for
walks was $7,780.

Respectfully submitted.

FRANK BAKER, Superintendent.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

18308°—sm 1911——5

APPENDIX VY.
REPORT ON THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

Sir: I have the honor to present the following report on the operations of
the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for the year ending June 30, 1911:

EQUIPMENT.

The equipment of the observatory is as follows:

(a) At Washington there is an inclosure of about 16,000 square feet, con-
taining five small frame buildings used for observing and computing purposes,
three movable frame shelters covering several out-of-door pieces of apparatus,
and also one small brick building containing a storage battery and electrical
distribution apparatus.

(b) At Mount Wilson, California, upon a leased plat of ground 100 feet
square in horizontal projection, are located a one-story cement observing
structure, designed especially for solar-constant measurements, and also a
little frame cottage, 21 feet by 25 feet, for observer’s quarters.

There were no important additions to the instrument equipment of the
observatory during the year.

In 1909 the Smithsonian Institution, at the expense of the Hodeeien fund,
erected on the summit of Mount Whitney, California (height 14,502 feet), a
stone and steel house to shelter observers who might apply to the Institution
for the use of the house to promote investigations in any branch of science.
While this structure is not the actual property of the Astrophysical Observatory,
it affords an excellent opportunity for observations in connection with those
taken on Mount Wilson.

WORK OF THE YEAR.

In order to thoroughly confirm the results obtained on the summit of Mount
Whitney (4,420 meters or 14,502 feet) in 1909, discussed in my last annual
report, an expedition again occupied that place in August, 1910. ‘The person-
nel consisted of the director and Mr. G. F. Marsh, of Lone Pine, California.
Nearly all of the equipment for spectrobolometric work had been left on Mount
Whitney through the winter and was found in good condition. Additional
apparatus for measuring the brightness of the sky by day and by night was
carried up by pack. train under the care of Mr. Elder, of Lone Pine. The good
fortune which had attended the 1909 expedition failed for a moment in 1910,
and one mule, carrying the silver-disk pyrheliometer and other loading, rolled
off among the rocks and was killed. The pyrheliometer fortunately received
no injury.

Solar-constant measurements were made successfully on Mount Whitney in
1910 on three successive days. Mr. Fowle made solar-constant observations

62

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

63

simultaneously on Mount Wilson. I give below the results obtained at Mount

Wilson and Mount Whitney in 1909 and 1910:

Sept. 3, | Aug. 12,
1909. 1910.

Solar constant:
Mount Wilsont eer eee eee. Beat aie Kei fle ANI Ra 1.943 | 1,943
IMGUINEAVINItME yee eee ody ee eee ee eee we 1.959} 1.979

Aug. 13,

1910.

1, 924
1, 933

Aug, 14,
1910.

1, 904
1, 956

Taking the mean of the differences between the results obtained simultane-
ously at the two stations, it appears that the results obtained on Mount Whitney

average 1.4 per cent higher than those obtained on Mount Wilson.

But con-

sidering that the optical apparatus used on Mount Wilson comprised a silvered
glass mirror coelostat, an ultra-violet crown glass prism, and two silvered
glass mirrors, while that on Mount Whitney comprised only a quartz prism
and two magnalium mirrors, and, furthermore, that the pyrheliometers em-
ployed at the two stations were read at very different temperatures, it is prob-
able that the slight difference found between the results may be due wholly
to experimental differences and implies no discrepancy due uo the difference

of altitude between the two stations.

This conclusion seems worth emphasizing. We have now made simultane-
ously solar-constant determinations at sea level (Washington), at over a mile
altitude (Mount Wilson), and again at Mount Wilson, and at nearly 3 miles

- altitude (Mount Whitney). Although both the quantity and the quality of
the solar radiation found at these stations differ very much, neither the “ solar
constant” nor the distribution of the solar energy in the spectrum outside the
atmosphere, as fixed by the wholly independent measurements at these three
stations, differs more than would be expected in view of the unavoidable small
errors of observation. We seem justified in concluding that we do, in fact,
eliminate the effects of atmospheric losses and actually determine the true
quantity and quality of the sun’s radiation outside the atmosphere as we might
do if we could observe in free space with no atmosphere at all to hinder.

Expeditions to Mount Wilson have now been made in 1905, 1906, 1908, 1909,
and 1910. The last, like the others, continued from May until November. In
the earlier years the observations were not made daily, but in 1908, 1909, and
1910 daily determinations of the solar constant were made when possible. As
stated in earlier reports, the results indicate a variability of the sun.
to show the strength of the argument for this conclusion, I give in the accom-
panying figure a diagram showing all the ‘solar constant” values obtained in

the first four years of observation (fig. 1).

In order

The “solar constant” results lie between 1.80 and 2.00 calories per square
centimeter per minute. I call particular attention to the two later years. It
will be noted that successive days’ results march step by step regularly from
low to high values and the reverse, and that this order of march is not the
exception, but almost without exception the rule. This seems to render it
highly improbable that the fluctuations are due to accidental error, for such a
As it has now

regularity of fluctuation is incompatible with that supposition.

been shown that the altitude of the observing station is immaterial,
for altitudes below 3 miles, it seems also reasonable to conclude that the
fluctuation is not due to faulty estimates of the losses of radiation in the air.
Hence the most probable conclusion is that the sun actually varies from day to

at least

64 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

day in its output of radiation within limts of from 5 to 10 per cent in quantity
and in irregular periods of from 5 to 10 days. This conclusion I state tenta-
tively. Before it can be accepted without question it must be confirmed by
showing that the results obtained day after day at another equally good station,
at a great distance, confirm those obtained simultaneously at Mount Wilson.
Such a final test, it is now expected, will be made during the coming fiscal year.

Summary of solar-constant values.

|
| Wach. | - a
/ Pu: Mount Wilson. | Mount Whitney.
| | | p
1902-1907} 1905 1906 5 1908 | 1909 | 1910 1909 1910

| elie = . eae a | i ets pen -
Times observed...... 44 59 62 | 113 | 95 128 | 1 isl
Mean value.......... 1. 960 1.925 i 1.921 | ie 1.929 | 1. 896 | 1.914 1.959 1.956

|

1 Other days of ieesteating. not yet ready.

General mean, 1.922 calories (16° C.) per square centimeter per minute.
Number of determinations, 405.

Other observations made on Mount Whitney.—Although the main purpose
of the Mount Whitney expedition of 1910 was served by proving that the
determinations of the solar constant of radiation are independent of the altitude
of the observing station, advantage was taken of the unusual opportunity to
make several other kinds of observations. Kapteyn’s sky photometer was
employed there on two successive nights to measure the relative brightness of
the different regions of the night sky and to estimate the total quantity of sky
illumination per square degree compared with that of a first-magnitude star.
Yntema had employed similar apparatus in Holland. He found the average
brightness of the Milky Way about two or three times that of nongalactic
regions of the sky, such as the north polar region, but that the sky near the
horizon was of about the same brightness as the Milky Way. He concluded
that the sky at night is illuminated more by some terrestrial sources of light
than by the stars.

The results obtained’ on Mount Whitney at nearly 3 miles elevation agreed
in general with those of Yntema. The following is a summary of the prin-
cipal points. Mean values are given: :

Brightness of night sky.

{Polar brightness=1. Mount \) hitney, 1909-1910.]

Galactic latitude.
Near hori-
zon.

0° toz5® | £15° to uso apr tose60" 60°to 75°

1.19 | 1.17 1.40

|

The total illumination from 1 square degree of polar sky was found to be
0.0746 that of one first-magnitude star in the zenith. It is possible that the
fraction just given may be a little too small, owing to a source of error discoy-
ered after the observations were ended.

Relative brightness... .-...-.-.-----.-+- 2. 10 |

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 65

Computations from the Mount Whitney results confirm Yntema’s conclusion
that the great increase of brightness toward the horizon can not be due to any
arrangement of starlight, but must be caused by some terrestrial source of
light, perhaps a continuous faint aurora. ;

Bolometric measurements were made on Mount Whitney to determine the
relative radiation of the sky by day in all directions, as compared with the

—

cae

i

[Ape es a
oon
Hed
|
|

1.—Solar-constant valués.

Fria.

ge
eee |
ae

il

UNE

EHH

sun. These measurements were numerous and seem to have been successful,
but are not yet reduced.

The sun’s energy spectrum.—A summary has been prepared showing the mean
result of determinations of the distribution of the sun’s energy in the spectrum,
as.it) would be found outside the atmosphere. The measurements on which it
is- based include Washington, Mount Wilson, and Mount Whitney work of 1908

[ied
Pee

66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

to 1910, and have been made with many different optical systems. There is
great difficulty in getting an accurate estimate of the relative losses suffered
by rays of different wave lengths in traversing the spectroscope. TEspecially is
this the case for the violet and ultra-violet rays, where these losses are greatest.
The summary has shown that further determinations are needed to fix the dis-
tribution in the extreme ultra violet, and observations for this purpose were
made in June, 1911, on Mount Wilson, but are not yet reduced. I give below
the summary, excluding the work of 1911.

Intensities in normal solar spectrum, outside the atinosphere.

[Observed at Washington, Mount Wilson, Mount Whitney, 1903-1910.]

|
le “ “ B ub “ K
ee aan
Wave lengths? 222. 32.222-ied 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0. 47 | 0.50 0. 60
Intensity.......- Es STS tot, 440 2,700| 4,345 6, 047 6,253 | 6,064 5,047
Probable error (percentage)... -| 50 (?) (Fc) io 1.4 1.8 1.9 | 2.1
Wavelenriy. (52222. eae 0. 80 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0
Intensity. 5 2. eee eee 2,672 1, 664 897 526 245 43 12
Probable error (percentage)... - - 1.2 0.7 0.7 | 1.4 2.4 4.8 45(?)
|

The sun’s temperature—If£ we employ the so-called ‘‘ Wien displacement
formula,” which connects the absolute temperature of a perfect radiation with
the wave length of its maximum radiation, we may proceed as follows, to esti-
mate the solar temperature, on the assumption that the sun is a perfect
radiator :

Amax T=2930.
Tf Amax=0.470 sc then T=6230° abs. C.

Another radiation formula is that of Stefan, which connects the total quan-
tity of radiation of a perfect radiator per square centimeter per minute with
the absolute temperature. Employing this formula, still assuming the sun to
be a perfect radiator, its mean distance 149,560,000 kilometers, its mean diame-
ter 696,000 kilometers, and the mean value of the solar constant of radiation
1.922 calories per square centimeter per minute, we proceed as follows:

9 2
76.8X10-X (s35 559,000) T= 1.922. T==5830" whe. Gs

A third means of estimating the sun’s probable temperature comes from com-
parisons of the distribution of the energy in its spectrum with that in the
spectrum of the perfect radiator, as computed according to the Wien-Planck
formula of spectrum energy distribution. The sun’s energy curve and that
of the perfect radiator at two temperatures are given in the accompanying
illustration (fig. 2). It appears at once from this comparison that the sun’s
radiation differs greatly from that of the perfect radiator at any temperature.
The solar radiation is greater in the infra-red spectrum, and much less in the
ultra-violet spectrum, than that of perfect radiators giving approximately the
same relative spectral distribution as the sun for visible rays. Taking every-
thing in consideration, the solar energy spectrum seems most comparable with
that of a perfect radiator between 6,000° and 7,000° in absolute temperature.

The causes of the discrepancies we have noted may be several. First, there
is the influence of the selective absorption of rays in the Fraunhofer lines.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 67

These lines are much crowded toward and within the ultra-violet spectrum, so
that perhaps this indicates a principal reason for the weakness of the sun’s
q spectrum in that region. Second, it seems probable that we are dealing with
j a mixture of rays from sources at different temperatures. The cause and

Baa
Soe i
SAS See ee hae eee.
Jae ee eee eee ee
lS a ii
Jae Sa eae eee -
see eae SE
_ Sea eee At Pe
a eS SSE REne, :

Ue? ZRe vis Sie
ey eS

ar:

Ea
es
er
Es
Eas
Bed
eS
ce
cae 3
BS
=
Ee
=
J
Fig. 2.—Hnergy spectrum of sun compared with black body

_ eee eT,
eect ett =n
=) a

effect of this difference may each be twofold: For, firstly, at the center of the
sun’s visible disk we look probably to deeper-lying and hence hotter layers

00H

than at the sun’s edge, where the line of sight is oblique; and, secondly,
since the transmission of the sun’s atmosphere is probably like the earth’s,

68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

much less for violet and ultra-violet rays than for red and infra-red ones, we
probably get infra-red rays from deeper-lying and hence hotter layers in the
sun than we do ultra-violet ones.
We conclude that the solar radiation comes from sources ranging in tem-
perature perhaps between the limits 5,000° and 7,000° absolute centigrade, but
mostly from sources between 6,000° and 7,000°.
Washington observations.—Further experiments have been made,
under Mr. Fowle’s direction, on the transmission of radiation of great
wave lengths through long columns of air containing known qualities
of water vapor. Many of these observations are not yet reduced,
so that it is not yet proper to give a numerical summary of
results. The length of the column experimented upon has been
increased to 800 feet. The measurements cover the infra-red
spectrum, from the A line to a wave length of about 17p.
The observations of the water contents cf the air column
are made by means of pairs of wet and dry thermome-
ters located at a number of points along the path.
The air is thoreughly stirred before readings. Check
experiments by Mr. Aldrich, in which he drew the
air through phospherus pentoxide tubes and
weighed the water absorbed, have confirmed
the accuracy of the water-vapor determina-
tions. Mr. Fowle has made a preliminary
comparison ot the upper infra-red spec-
trum bands p, o, 7, ® WV, and Q, as
observed through the tube with
‘he same bands as observed
through the whole atmosphere
at Washington, Mount Wiison,
and Mount Whitney. ‘The re-
sults are most interesting, though
not yet ripe for publication, and
will probably Jead to more exact
knowledge of the total quantity
of water vapor in the atmos-
phere, and its variation with
the altitude of the observer and
the season of the year.
Reduction of observations.—
Upward of 100 days of solar-
constant measurements haye —
been made on Mount
Wilson on exch of the
last several years. Haeh
day requires the equiva:
Fic. 3.—Abbot silver disk pyrheliometer. ient of three fnll days of
computation. This work
is being done at Washingtou by Messrs. Fowle and Aldrich and Miss Graves
and certain graphical parts of it by minor clerk Segal. The solar-constant
reductions are computed as far as the middle of the observing season of 1910.
_ Pyrheliometry.—Additional comparisons of the Mount. Wilson secondary pyr.
heliometers have been made with primary standard pyrheliometer No. 3. Th Si ’
are not yet all reduced, but such as have been finished confirm the results. 0
the previous fiscal year, so that we may regard the scale of absolute pyrheli-

3

Ve Ce eg eS

PO le a eee ee) ee

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 69

ometry aS now satisfactorily established, and with it the mean value of the
solar constant of radiation for the epoch 1905-1910 as fixed at 1.922 calories
per square centimeter per minute.

Additional copies of the secondary Silver-disk pyrheliometer shown in the
accompanying illustration (fig. 3) have been standardized and sent abroad by
the Institution as loans or purchases. There have now been sent copies to
Russia, Germany, France, Italy, England, Peru, Argentina, and several within
the United States, making in all 10 copies now in other hands than ours, be-
sides several now being made to order. The Institution has undertaken the
business relating to furnishing these pyrheliometers, which are standardized
at the Astrophysical Observatory, to promote exact knowledge of the sun and
its possible variability.

SUMMARY.

~

The year has been distinguished by a successful expedition to Mount Whitney.
The results obtained there confirm the view that determinations of the intensity
of the solar radiation outside the earth’s atmosphere by the spectrobolometric
method of high and low sun observation are not dependent on the observer’s
altitude above sea level, provided the conditions are otherwise good. The
Mount Whitney expedition furnished opportunities also for measurements of
the brightness of the sky by day and by night, the influence of water vapor on
the sun’s spectrum, and the distribution of the sun’s energy spectrum outside
the atmosphere.

Solar-constant observations and closely related researches were continued
daily at Mount Wilson until November, 1910, and were taken up again in
June, 1911. ;

Further research tends to confirm the conelusion that the sun’s output of
radiation varies from day to day in a manner irregular in period and quantity,
but roughly running its courses within periods of 5 to 10 days in time and 3 to
10 per cent in amplitude. Assurance seems now complete that this result will
be tested in the next fiscal year by long-continued daily observations made
simultaneously at two widely separated stations.

Many copies of the silver-disk secondary pyrheliometer have been standard-
ized and sent out to observers in this and foreign countries to promote exactly
comparable observations of the sun’s radiation.

_ Measurements of the transparency, for long-wave radiation, of columns of air
containing known quantities of water vapor have been continued, and promise
highly interesting results.
- Respectfully submitted.
Legh C. G. Apgot, Director.
_ Dr. CHarLtes D. WALCOTT,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Approre a

REPORT ON THE LIBRARY.

Sir: I have the honor to present the following report on the operations of
the Library of the Smithsonian Institution for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1911, which was prepared by Mr. Paul Brockett, assistant librarian, who had
charge until June 1, 1911.

The following improved methods and consolidation of work have been
adopted during the past five years by the Library, in the interest of economy
and efficiency :

The catalogue has been modified so as to include the author and donor
cards and all previous records, thus making it necessary to consult only one
file of cards for any information relating to the contents of the Library. The
accession record is typewritten on sheets in accordance with the loose-leaf
binding system, thus saving the time of copying titles by hand. The annuals
have been transferred from the periodical record to the author catalogue, thus
avoiding the making of two entries.

A new system of filing letters in numbered folders, with a card index, has
been introduced, making easily accessible the correspondence which, in con-
junction with the author and donor catalogue, forms a permanent record of
the exchanges for the Smithsonian publications. The old files are gradually
being rearranged and incorporated with the new system.

The lending of books in the reference room and periodical reading room has
been placed in charge of one person, in connection with other duties.

The titles of purchased books are now entered on cards which are filed
alphabetically. These card entries take the place of entries on sheets in book
form, with card index.

With a thoroughly modern equipment in the way of furniture and fixtures
greater improvements could be made than is possible at present.

Extension of space occupied by library.—Tentative plans have been prepared
and submitted for fireproof bookstacks and bookcases for the large hall on the
main floor of the Smithsonian Building to contain the libraries of the Govern-
ment bureaus under the Smithsonian Institution. More definite plans are now
in preparation. ;

International Congress of Archivists and Librarians and the International
Congress of Bibliography and Documentation.—The Institution was represented
by the assistant librarian, Mr. Paul Brockett, who presented a paper giving the
views of the Smithsonian Institution in the matter of international exchange.
At the same time he made observations on the methods and arrangement of
Buropean libraries. A separate report on this matter has been submitted by
him.

ACCESSIONS.

For the Smithsonian deposit, Library of Congress, the accessions recorded
numbered 3,136 volumes, 1,277 parts of volumes, 3,187 pamphlets, and 489 charts,
making a total of 8,039 publications. The accession numbers run from 500,001
to 504,149.

70

Ce a

:

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. TE

The parts of serial publications entered on the card catalogue numbered
24,426, and 1,100 slips for completed volumes were made, and 100 cards for new
periodicals and annuals.

These publications were forwarded to the Library of Congress immediately
upon their receipt and entry. In their transmission 230 boxes were required,
containing approximately the equivalent of 9,200 volumes.. The actual number
of pieces sent, including parts of periodicals, pamphlets, and volumes, was
96,286. This statement does not, however, include about 3,200 parts of serial
publications secured in exchange to complete sets and transmitted separately.

Inaugural dissertations and academic publications were received from
universities at the following places:

Basel. Halle-an-der-Saale. Paris.

Bonn. Heidelberg. Prague.
Berlin. Kiel. Rostock.
Breslau. Leipzig. St. Petersburg.
Cuzco. Liege. Ttibingen.
Dorpat. London. Utrecht.
Freiburg i. B. Lund. Wurzburg.
Giessen. Marburg. ZAtirich.

Graz. ' New Haven.

Greifswald. Oviedo.

Similar publications have been received from the technical high schools at
Berlin, Braunschweig, Karlsruhe, and Munich.

The office library received 440 volumes and pamphlets, and 17 parts of
volumes and charts, making a total of 517 publications. Thirteen volumes were
purehased for the employees’ library and one received by donation.

As already mentioned, an author catalogue, combining author and donor
entries on cards of standard size was established this year and has taken the
place of the previous “donor” record. Catalogue cards made for the author-
donor catalogue numbered 3,199. In addition, a new finding list of 320 entries
was made for the periodicals in the reading room, making a total of 3,519 cards.
The recataloguing of scientific serials and annuals was commenced. The
volumes recatalogued numbered 1,008.

The policy of sending foreign public documents presented to the acetation

_to the Library of Congress without stamping or entering has been continued,

and the number of publications given above does not include these, nor does
it include other publications for the Library of Congress received through the

International Hxchange Service.

The work of checking up and completing the Smithsonian deposit sets of
publications of scientific societies and learned institutions of the world has
been cortinued, and those of France have received special consideration.

DUPLICATES.

For a number of years about 10,000 duplicate Government documents returned
by the Library of Congress, principally relating to statistics, were stored in the
south tower of the Smithsonian Building. With the assistance of the Inter-
national Exchanges during the previous year these publications were arranged
and listed and later the larger part was turned over to the New York Public
Library to complete its sets. Public documents of the United States were re-
turned to the Superintendent of Documents.

72 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

EXCHANGES.

The establishing of new exchanges and the securing of missing parts to
soe sets of publications in the Smithsonian Library required the writing

f 2,600 letters, resulting in the addition of about 100 periodicals and in the
Paesel of about 3,200 missing parts.

The mail receipts numbered 32,647 packages, and 3,500 packages were re-
ceived through the International Exchange Service. The publications con-
tained therein were stamped and distributed for entry from the mail desk.

About 4,453 acknowledgments were made on the regular forms in addition
to the letters which were written in acknowledgment of publications received
in response to the requests of the Institution for exchange.

New exchanges of the annual reports of the American Historical Association
from the allotment agreed upon for that purpose resuited in the acquisition
of a number of publications of historical societies throughout the world, which
were added to the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress.

READING ROOOM.

The periodical bins in the reading room were rearranged and, as already

mentioned, a new finding list was made out on cards which were arranged
alphabetically. Publications no longer consulted were transferred to the per-
manent sets, either in the Smithsonian deposit or in some one of the libraries
of the Government branches of the Institution to which they belong. This
gives the Institution and its branches a thoroughly useful periodical reading
room.

As many of the publications kept in this room are not to be found in other
American libraries. they are consulted not only by Washington investigators, but
by some from other centers. During the year the scientific staff of the Institu-
tion and its branches made use of 131 bound volumes of periodicals, and
2,949 parts of scientific periodicals and popular magazines. In addition, the
various bureaus of the Government continue to avail themselves of the oppor-
tunity to use these publications, as well as those in the sectional libraries of
the branches of the institution, and the library is frequently visited by in-
vestigators from all parts of the world.

ART ROOM.

No additions were made to the art objects or engravings in this room during
the past year. With the additional space available for the use of the Division

of Graphic Arts in the National Museum, it is expected that some of the

engravings will be exhibited there.
THE EMPLOYEES’ LIBRARY.

The books added to this library by purchase numbered 13, and one publica-
tion was presented. By binding, 415 volumes of periodicals were made available
for circulation. The total number of books borrowed was 1,876. A number
of books selected especially for the purpose were sent to the National Zoological
Park, as in previous years.

LIBRARIES OF THE SMITHSONIAN BRANCHES.

United States National Musewm.—The congestion in the museum library’
reported last year has been relieved to a certain extent by the temporary
employment of four cataloguers and the assignment of space on two of the

— eT eee

:

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 73

galleries in the old Museum building for sorting and arranging all the duplicate
material: The duplicates were arranged, placed on temporary shelving, and
roughly catalogued, and the question of dispesing of such part of them as are
pot required in the general library or by the scientific staff will be taken up
during the early part of the coming fiscal year.

Many important gifts were received during the year, and the following
members of the staff bave presented publications: Dr. Theodore N. Gill, Mr.
J. H. Riley, Dr. C. W. Richmond, Mr. Robert Ridgway, Dr. W. GW. Dall, Dr.
Paul Bartsch, Mr. W. H. Holmes, Dr. Walter Hough, Dr. F. H. Knowlton, Mr.
J. ©. Crawford, and the late Mr. D. W. Coquillett. 4

The Museum library now contains 40,211 volumes, 66,674 unbound papers,
and i110 manuscrips. The accessions during the year consisted of 1.911 books,
4,014 pamphlets, and 202 parts of volumes; 878 books, 1,033 complete volumes
of periodicals, and 4,181 pamphlets were catalogued. _

Attention has been given to the preparation of volumes for binding, with the
result that S808 books were sent to the Government bindery.

The number of books, periodicals, and pamphlets borrowed from the general
library amounted ‘to 28.028, among which were 5,582 obtained from the Library
of Congress and other libraries, and 4,142 assigned to the sectional libraries of
the Museum.

One sectional library has been added to those already established. and the
complete list now stands as follows:

Administration Geology Paleobotany
Administrative assist- History Parasites

aut’s office Insects Physical anthropology
Anthropology Invertebrate paleontology Prehistoric archeology
Biology ‘ Mammals : Reptiles and batrachians
Birds Marine invertebrates Superintendent’s office
Botany Materia medica Taxidermy
Comparative anatomy Mesozoic fossiis Technology
Hditor’s office Mineralogy Vertebrate paleontology
Hthnology Molusks
Fishes Oriental archeology

The records of the Museum library consist of an authors’ catalogue, an
accession book, a periodical record on standard cards, and a lending record.
This lending record is on cards and includes the books borrowed from the
Library of Congress and other libraries for the use of the scientific staff. No
changes were made either in the arrangement or in the methods of carrying on
this work. .

Letters requesting new exchanges and for the purpose of completing the sets
already in the Museum library have been given every consideration, and a
number of titles have been added in this way.

Owing to the crowded condition of the general library, it has been necessary
to use the reading room as a place for receiving and distributing publications
for the Museum library. The transfer and arranging of the duplicates on the
galleries will relieve this condition to some extent and make it possible for
that work to be done elsewhere.

Bureau of American Hthnology.—The report of this library will be made
by the ethnologist in charge and incorporated in his general report.

Astrophysical Observatory.—A thorough overhauling of this library and the
removal of duplicates and such other material as is not needed was undertaken
during the year. As a result, the observatory now has for reference a very
efficient working library relating to astrophysics and allied subjects. During

74 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

the year 98 volumes and 11 parts of volumes were added, making a total addi-
tion of 104 publications.
National Zoological Park—A small reference library of zoological books is
maintained at the park, to which 15 volumes were added during the year.
Summary of accessions.—The following statement summarizes all the ac-
cessions during the year, except for the Bureau of American Ethnology, which
is separately administered :

Smithsonian deposit in Library of Congress, including parts to com-

plete Sets_..2- 2205 ee ae a eee 11, 239

Smithsonian office, Astrophysical Observatory, National Zoological Park,
and International. oxchanges 2.22 -o0 22 oo ee eee 676
United States National Museum.Library__-_--_--- _- == =) == eee 6, 127
Ppt cP tole thes e, eee etl eee 18, 042

Respectfully submitted.
FF. W. TRUE,

Assistant Secretary in charge of Library and Exchanges.

Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

ees ee

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—<— 7s

Apprenpix VII.

REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC
LITHRATURE.

Sim: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of
the United States Bureau of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature
for the year ending June 30, 1911, together with a report of the proceedings
at the Second International Convention of the International Catalogue of
Scientific Literature held in London July 12 and 18, 1910, outlining the general
condition of the whole enterprise:

The appropriation made by Congress for the maintenance of the bureau
during the year was $7,500, an increase of $1,500 over the appropriation for
the previous year.

Five persons are regularly employed in the bureau, and the services of
temporary clerical assistants occasionally engaged.

In order to properly analyze and classify the many scientific works now
being published in the United States it is not only desirable but necessary to
obtain the advice and assistance of scientific men who are specialists in the
several sciences included in the scope of the catalogue, and the increase of
$1,500 in the appropriation for the catalogue this year has made it possible to
have some of the more technical papers referred to such specialists.

It is a matter of gratification to report that the utmost interest has been
shown by all the scientific men who have been approached for aid, and that for
a nominal sum classification citations are prepared and furnished to the bureau,
thus rendering it possible for the scientific publications of the United States
to be not only indexed in a thorough bibliographical manner, but also, when
necessary, classified by specialists. The classification numbers used in the
subject-catalogue refer to the subject-contents of the papers cited, and furnish
the equivalent of an abstract of each paper indexed.

During the year 26,020 cards were sent from this bureau, as follows:

Literature of—

TUSSRO ie es OA eee a Lg Ota OF ere ae OE 3
AGN age) a ee ne Lal dS Ca a eee 26
BLES) eee De SIR RUS ee tee NPRM Na AC a ave CORIO Mt 28
UC) (aie WORST ce DN oc ee Mehcaares oem Nn AU nce PIN steele 218
TUB NO Dhol th I Aa 1 ACS NSU Bt 129
MOO 5 Meares eye tena hee eee cern a) PSI Se 374
LOH ees A AS i NALS NR at ge 423
LOO) Seen etek eee ep yO RAG Ss Oa Oe I ee UNL 1, 301
SIS () G bemeed ee eerie Ente SNS CNRS tea ae 8, 836
UGG BC aR A lee ig A aa eek 14, 682

PL rea eae ke at ray SH RT NO Mat ghd SN Ay 26, 020

Thirty-two regional bureaus are now cooperating in the preparation and
publication of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. The cata-
logue consists of 17 annual volumes published by a central bureau in London.
The regional bureaus are maintained by the countries they represent, usually

75

76 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

by direct governmental grants; the central bureau is maintained by funds de-
rived from subscriptions to the work. Supreme control of the enterprise is
vested in a body known as an international convention which met in London in
1905 and again in July, 1910, thereafter to meet every 10 years. Bach
country maintaining a regional bureau has the right to send delegates to
this convention. The assistant in charge of the regional bureau for the United
States was appointed by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to repre-
sent the United States at the second international convention. The principal
countries of the world sent delegates to the convention as follows: Austria, Bel-
gium, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, India, Italy, Japan, New South
Wales, Russia, South Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United
States. a

At the opening meeting held in the rooms of the Royal Society on July 3p,
1910, Sir Archibald Geikie, president of the Royal Society, was elected chair:
man, and Prof. Henry E. Armstrong, IF. R. S., vice chairman. The report of
the executive committee was then laid before the convention. This report
stated that the seven annual issues of the catalogue already published, compris-
ing 117 volumes, had cost the London central bureau to edit, print, and pub-
lish, $257,980, for which $246,410 had been received from the Subscribers to the
eatalogue. Each annual issue of 17 volumes had averaged 9,117 pages. From
estimates made it appeared that when the first 10 annual issues were pub-
lished the receipts and expenditures of the central bureau would probably bal-
ance, and it was thought that taking into account the extent and difficulty of
the enterprise this result would not be unsatisfactory.

While the gross annual income received from subscriptions has exceeded the
estimate originally made by an average of over $8,000, the cost of editing and
printing has been much greater than was originally estimated. This is due
mainly to the fact that the size of each issue of the catalogue has greatly ex-
ceeded the original estimate, and also, if a lesser degree, to the fact that an
edition of 1,000 copies, instead of 500, was printed. The working capital needed
was also larger than originally estimated, it being necessary for the Royal
Society to advance to the central bureau $37,500, on which interest is paid.

Although the International Catalogue is understood to be a permanent or-
ganization it is one of the duties of each convention to authorize the continu-
ation of the publication for definite periods. The following motion, therefore,
was made and it was resolved:

That in view of the success already achieved by the International Cata-
logue of Scientitic Literature and the great importance of the objects promoted
by it, it is imperative to continue the publication of the catalogue at least dur-
ing the period 1911-1915, and, on recommendation of the international council,
during the subsequent five years 1916-1920.

After seyeral motions concerning details of organization, it was unani-
mously voted “that it is most desirable that a capital fund should be obtained
for the catalogue.” It is now apparent that a capital fund to be at the dis-
posal of the central bureau has been urgently needed since the beginning of
the undertaking. Lacking a capital fund, it has been necessary for the central
bureau to borrow money on which interest has to be paid, and on account of lack
of funds it has been impossible to carry out several plans looking to the gen-
eral improvement.of the work. Had a-capital fund been available in the begin-
ning of the enterprise, it would not have been necessary for the subscription
price to’ be placed at such a high figure. Consequently, a larger edition could
have been disposed of and at a lower rate to each subscriber. At the session
of the convention on July 13, methods of administration were discussed and the
following resolution passed:

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. vA

That each regional bureau be requested to prepare a list of journals in each
science which the catalogue will completely index in the annual issue following
the year of publication, and that the central bureau be authorized to publish
the lists thus prepared.

The new List of Journals will consist of titles of publications devoted almost
exclusively to scientific matters, and these journals will be given precedence
in the work of the regional bureaus. though references to scientific papers
published in other than regular scientific journals will evehtually find a place
in the catalogue. Some such action was necessary on account of the impossi-
bility of dealing promptly with the vast number of semiscientifie journals now
published throughout the world, and, as promptness of publication is one of
the most desirable features in an index-catalogue, it was necessary to find
some means whereby an index to the more important papers could be prepared
practically as soon as the papers themselves were published.

To render it possible to promptly publish future volumes of the catalogue
the following resolution was adopted:

That the resolution of the year 1900 authorizing the central bureau to close
these volumes at different stated dates, each volume to correspond to the
literature of a period of 12 months, be confirmed.

The effect of this resolution will be that the separate volumes of the catalogue
will not necessarily cover the whole calendar year but will cover a period of
12 months. A number of discussions then followed, pertaining to plans for
improvements in the organization and general work of the regional bureaus.
It was then resolved :

That in view of the resolution adopted unanimously by the representatives
of the various countries constituting the convention, desiring the Royal Society
to continue its responsibility for the publication of the International Catalogue
for a further period, the committee appointed be instructed: (1) To take all
possible steps to prevent reduplication by the publication of several annual
and similar catalogues and indexes on the same subject, by making arrange-
ments such as those now in force with the Zoological Society of London,
(2) To obtain further assistance and cooperation in the preparation of the
material of the catalogue from the principal scientific societies and academies
and the organizations which collect materials for indexing scientific literature.

The idea now seems to prevail that the organization of the International
Catalogue of Scientific Literature will gradually be able to cooperate with the
present editors and publishers of the various scientific indexes and yearbooks,
so that the annual volumes of the International Catalogue will eventually
entirely supersede and take the place of all similar publications. This will
not only be of common benefit to the International Catalogue and to the
societies and private individuals now doing such work, but will greatly assist
scientific investigators and librarians in whose interest the International Cata-
logue is prepared.

The question of publishing a decennial index was then discussed and it was
decided that on account of the great expense necessarily involved the work
could not for the present be undertaken. The matter was left for the action
of the next international council, which will be held within the next two years.

During the meeting of the convention the foreign delegates were the recipients
of numerous and gracious hospitalities from the Royal Society, the Royal
Society Club, and individually from the English members of the convention.

Very respectfully, yours,
LronarD C. GUNNELL,
Assistant in Charge.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Snrithsonian Institution.
18308°—sm 1911——6

. Apprenpix VIII.
REPORT ON THE PUBLICATIONS.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the publications of
the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1911:

The total number of copies of publications of the Smithsonian Institution and
its branches distributed during the year was 197,206. This aggregate in-
cluded 643 volumes and separates of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,
35,935 of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 19,622 special publications, in-
cluding 2,748 volumes on the Harriman Alaska expedition; 518 publications
not included in the Smithsonian series; 22,482 annual reports and bulletins of
the Bureau of American Hthnology, and 110,000 copies of the various publica-
tions of the National Museum. ;

I. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE.

The Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight which was begun by the late Sec-
retary Langley in 1904, and continued by Mr. Charies M. Manly, assistant in
charge of experiments, was in type and nearly ready for distribution at the
close of the year. This work forms a part of volume 27 of the Contributions’
to Knowledge.

Il. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS CCLLECTIONS.

In the series of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections were published (1)
cover and preliminary pages for volume 51; (2) two papers of volume 53, with
cover, preliminary pages, and index, completing that volume; (3) thirteen
papers of volume 56; (4) four papers of volume 57; (5) and the Smithsonian
Physical Tables, by F. HE. Fowle, forming part of volume 58.

The issues of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections during the year were
as follows:

1928. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Cover and preliminary pages for
volume 54. Octavo. Pages v.

1934. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. No. 6: Olenellus and other Genera
of the Mesonacide. By Charles D. Walcott. Published August 12, 1910.
Octavo. Pages 231-422 (unpaged index), with Plates 23-44. Volume 53,
No. 6.

1939. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. No. 7: Pre-Cambrian Rocks of the
Bow River Valley, Alberta, Canada. By Charles D. Walcott. Published
August, 1910. Octavo. Pages 423-431, with Plates 45-47. Volume 53. No.7.

1940. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. II. Abrupt Appearance of the
Cambrian Fauna on the North American Continent. By Charles D. Walcott.
Published August 18, 1910. Octavo. Pages 1-16. Volume 57, No. 1.

78

ere ee ee er ee ee ee

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 719

1941. Notes on a Horn-feeding Lepidopterous Larva from Africa. By August
Busck. Published July, 1910. Octavo. Pages 2, with 2 plates. Volume 56,
No. 8.

1942. Description of Seven New Species of Hast African Mammals. By Edmund
Heller. Published July 22, 1910. Octavo. Pages 5, with three plates.
Volume 56, No. 9.

1943. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Cover and preliminary pages for
volume 51. Octavo.

1944. Smithsonian Physical Tables. Fifth Revised Edition. By F. BE. Fowle,
aid, Smithsonian Astraphysical Observatory. Published May 17, 1911. Oc-
tavo. Pages xxxiy, 318. Volume 58, No. 1.

1945. New Landshells from the Smithsonian African Hxpedition. By William
Healey Dall. Published July 22,1910. Octavo. Pages 3. Volume 56, No. 10.

1946. Development of the Digestive Canal of the American Alligator. By Albert
M. Reese, Professor of Zoology, West Virginia University. Published October
29, 1910. Octayo. Pages 25, with 15 plates. Volume 56, No. 11.

1947. The Flying Apparatus of the Blow-Fly. By Dr. Wolfgang Ritter. Hodg-
kins Fund. Published May 11, 1911. Octavo. Pages 76, with 20 plates.
Volume 56, No. 12.

1949. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. By Charles D. Walcott. Cover,
preliminary pages, and index for papers 1 to 7. Published June 1, 1911.
Octayo. Pages ix, 483-498. Volume 53.

1988. Two New African Ratels. By N. Hollister. Published October 10, 1910.
Octayo. Pages 3. Volume 56, No. 13.

2008. Descriptions of Ten New African Birds. By Edgar A. Mearns. Pub-
lished December 23, 1910. Octavo. Pages 7. Volume 56, No. 14.

2004. New Species of Insectivores from British Hast Africa, Uganda, and the
Sudan. By Edmund Heller. Published December 23, 1910. Octavo. Pages
8, with one plate. Volume 56, No. 15.

2005. Some Results of Recent Anthropological Exploration in Peru. By Ales
Hrdlicka. Published April 26, 1911. Octavo. Pages 16, with four plates.
Volume 56, No. 16.

2006. New Species of Rodents and Carnivores from Equatorial Africa. Pub-
lished February 28, 1911. Octavo. Pages 16. Volume 56, No. 17.

2007. Bibliography of the Scientific Writings of R. H. C. Stearns. By Miss
Mary R. Stearns. With Biographical Sketch by William H. Dall. Pub-
lished April 12, 1911. Octavo. Pages 15, with one plate. Volume 56, No. 18.

2008. The Silver Disk Pyrheliometer. By. C. G. Abbot. Published March 31,
1911. Octavyo. Pages 10, with one plate. Volume 56, No. 19.

2009. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. II. No. 2. Middle Cambrian
Merostomata. By Charles D. Walcott. Published April 8, 1911. Octavo.
Pages 17-40, with six plates. Volume 57, No. 2.

2010. Descriptions of Fifteen New African Birds. By Hdgar A. Mearns. Pub-
lished April 17, 1911. Octavo. Pages 11. Volume 56, No. 20.

2011. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. II. No. 8: Middle Cambrian Holo-
thurians and Meduse. By Charles D. Walcott. Published June 13, 1911.
Octayo. Pages 41-68, with Plates 8-13. Volume 57, No. 3.

2012. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. II. No. 4: Cambrian Faunas of
China. By Charles D. Walcott. Published June 17,1911. Octavo. Pages 69-
108, with Plates 14-17. Valume 57, No. 4.

80 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

The following papers of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections were in press
at the close of the year:

2014. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. II. No. 5: Middle Cambrian An- —
nelids. By Charles D. Walcott. Pages 109-144, with Plates 18-23. .Volume —

57, No. 5.
2015. Description of a New Genus and Species of Hummingbird from Panama.
By E. W. Nelson. Volume 56, No. 21.

Ill. SMITHSONIAN ANNUAL REPORTS.

The annual report for 1909 was published in January, 1911.

1986. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution,
showing Operations, Expenditures, and Conditions of the Institution for the
year ending June 30, 1909. Octavo. Pages x, 751, with 73 plates and 4
maps. Containing publications 1915, 1916, and 1950-1985.

Small editions of the following papers, forming the general appendix of the
Annuai Report of the Board of Regents for 1909, were issued in pamphlet form:

1950. The Future of Mathematics. By Henri Poincaré. Pages 123-140.

1951. What Constitutes Superiority in an Airship. By Paul Renard. Pages
141-156.

1952. Researches in Radiotelegraphy. By J. A. Fleming. Pages 157-183, with
two plates.

1953. Recent Progress in Physics. By Sir J. J. Thomson. Pages 185-205.

1954. Production of Low Temperatures, and Refrigeration. By L. Marchis.
Pages 207-224.

1955. The Nitrogen Question from the Military Standpoint. By Charles E.
Munroe. Pages 225-236.

1956. Simon Newcomb. By Ormond Stone. Pages 237-242, with one plate.

1957. Solar-radiation Researches, by Jules César Janssen. By H. de le Baume
Pluvinel. Pages 243-251, with one plate.

1958. The Return of Halley’s Comet. By W. W. Campbell. Pages 253-259,
with four plates.

1959. The Upper Air. By E. Gold and W. A. Harwood. Pages 261-269.

1960. The Formation, Growth, and Habit of Crystals. By Paul Gaubert.
Pages 271-278.

1961. The Distribution of Elements in Igneous Rocks. By Henry §8. Wash-
ington. Pages 279-3804.

1962. The Mechanism of Volcanic Action. By H. J. Jonston-Lavis. Pages
3805-315, with 3 plates.

1963. Conservation of Natural Resources. By James Douglas. Pages 317-329.

1964. The Antarctic Land of Victoria. By Maurice Zimmermann. Pages
331-353.

1965. Some Results of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-9. Py E. H.
Shackleton. Pages 355-368, with 6 plates and 3 maps.

1966. The Oceanography of the Sea of Greenland. By D. Damas. Pages
369-383, with 2 plates. ;

1967. From the Niger, by Lake Chad, to the Nile. By Lieut. Boyd Alexander.
Pages 385-400, with 3 plates.
1968. Mesopotamia: Past, Present, and Future. By Sir William Willcocks.
Pages 401-416, with 4 plates and 1 map.
1969. Albert Gaudry and the Evolution of the Animal Kingdom. By Ph.

Glangeaud. Pages 417-429.
1970. Charles Darwin. By August Weismann. Pages 481-452.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 81

i971. Present Problems in Plant Heology: Problems of Local Distribution in
Arid Regions. By Volney M. Spalding. Pages 453-463.

1972. The Instinct of Self-concealment and the Choice of Colors in the
Crustacea. By Romuald Minkiewicz. Pages 465-485.

1973. The Origin and Development of the Parasitical Habits in the Cuculide.
By C. L. Barrett. Pages 487-492, with 2 plates.

1974. Some Remarks on the Protective Resemblance of South African Birds.
By Alwin Haagner. Pages 493-504, with 2 plates.

1975. An inquiry into the History of the Current English Names of North
American Land Birds. By Spencer Trotter. Pages 505-519.

1976. Condition of Wild Life in Alaska. By Madison Grant. Pages 521-529,
with 1 plate.

1977. Recent Discoveries Bearing on the Antiquity of Man in Europe. By
George Grant MacCurdy. Pages 531-583, with 18 plates.

1978. European Population of the United States. By W. Z. Ripley. Pages
585-606.

1979. The Republic of Panama and its People. By Eleanor Yorke Bell. Pages
607-637, with 14 plates.

1980. Ceramic Decoration: Its Evolution and Applications. By Louis Fran-
chet. Pages 639-650.

1981. Some Notes on Roman Architecture. By F. T. Baggallay. Pages
651-667, with 4 plates.

1982. The Relation of Science to Human Life. By Adam Sedgwick. Pages
669-682. ;

1985. Intellectual Work among the Blind. By Pierre Villey. Pages 683-702.

1984. The Relation of Mosquitoes, Flies, Ticks, Fleas, and other Arthropods
to Pathology. By G. Marotel. Pages 703-722.

1985. Natural Resistance to Infectious Disease and its Reinforcement. By
Simon Flexner. Pages 723-788.

The report of the executive committee and Proceedings of the Board of
Regents of the Institution, as well as the report of the Secretary, for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, both forming part of the annual report of the
Board of Regents to Congress, were published in pamphlet form in December,
1910, as follows:

2001. Report of the Hxecutive Committee and Proceedings of the Board of

Regents for the year ending June 30, 1910. Pages 21, with 1 plate.

2002. Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for the year end-

ing June 30, 1910. Pages 89,

The general appendix to the Smithsonian Report for 1910 was in type, but
actual presswork could not be completed before the close of the fiscal year.

In the general appendix are the following papers:

Melville Weston Fuller, 1833-1910, by Charles D. Walcott.

Ornamentation of Rugs and Carpets, by Alan S. Cole.

Recent Progress in Aviation, by Octave Chanute.

Progress in Reclamation of Arid Lands in the Western United States, by F. H.
Newell.

Hlectric Power from the Mississippi River, by Chester M. Clark.

Safety Provisions in the United States Steel Corporation, by David S. Beyer.

‘he isolation of an Ion, a Precision Measurement of its Charge, and the Cor-

_ rection of Stokes’s Law, by R. A. Millikan.

The Telegraphy of Photographs, Wireless and by Wire, by T. Thorne Baker.

Modern Ideas on the Constitution of Matter, by Jean Becquerel.

Some Modern Developments in Methods of Testing Explosives, by Charles E.
Munroe. .

82 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

Sir William Huggins, by W. W. Campbell.

The Solar Constant of Radiation, by C. G. Abbot.

Astronomical Problems of the Southern Hemisphere, by Heber D. Curtis.

The Progressive Disclosure of the Entire Atmosphere of the Sun, by Dr. H.
Deslandres.

Recent Progress in Astrophysics in the United States, by J. Bosler.

The Future Habitability of the Earth, by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin.

What Is Terra Firma? A review of current research in isostasy, by Bailey
Willis.

Transpiration and the Ascent of Sap, by Henry H. Dixon.

The Sacred Ear-Flower of the Aztecs, by William Edwin Safford.

Forest Preservation, by Henry 8S. Graves.

Alexander Agassiz, 1835-1910, by Alfred Goldsborough Mayer.

Recent Work on the Determination of Sex. by Leonard Doncaster.

The Significance of the Pulse Rate in Vertebrate Animals, by Florence
Buchanan.

The Natural History of the Solitary Wasps of the Genus Synagris, by E.
Roubaud.

A Contribution to the Ecology of the Adult Hoatzin, by C. William Beebe.

Migration of the Pacific Plover to and from the Hawaiian Islands, by Henry
W. Henshaw.

The Plumages of the Ostrich, by Prof. J. E. Duerden. _

Manifested Life of Tissues Outside of the Organism, by Alexis Carrel and
Montrose T. Burrows.

The Origin of Druidism, by Julius Pokorny.

Geographical and Statistical View of the Contemporary Slav Peoples, by
Lubor Niederle.

The Cave Dwellings of the Old and New Worlds, by J. Walter Fewkes.

The Origin of West African Crossbows, by Henry Balfour.

Sanitation on Farms, by Allen W. Freeman.

Epidemiology of Tuberculosis, by Robert Koch.

IV. SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS.

The following special publications were issued during the year:

1871. A Reprint of Smithsonian Mathematical Tables: Hyperbolic Functions.
By George F. Becker and C. E. Van Orstrand. Published June, 1911. Octavo.
Pages li, 321. ‘

1932. Classified list of Publications available for distribution May, 1910.
Octavo. Pages 37. July, 1910.

1938. Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological No-
menclature. Opinions 1 to 35. Octavo. Pages 62. July, 1910.

1989. Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature. Opinions 26 to 29. Octavo. Pages 63-68. October, 1910.
The following special publication was in type but had not been issued at the

close of the year. :

2013. Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature. Opinions 30-387.

HARRIMAN ALASKA SERIES.

The Institution received from Mrs. Edward H. Harriman several thousand
copies of volumes descriptive of the Harriman expedition to Alaska in 1899.
Special Smithsonian title pages were added to the volumes before distribution
by the Institution. The subjects were as follows:

1990. Yolume I: Narrative, Glaciers, Natives. By John Burroughs, John Muir,
and George Bird Grinnell. Pages 184, with 60 plates and 4 maps. :

a

aes 2
ai oh .

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 83

1991. Volume II: History, Geography, Resources. By William H. Dall,
Charles Keeler, B. E. Fernow, Henry Gannett, William H. Brewer, C. Hart
Merriam, George Bird Grinnell. and M. L. Washburn. Pages 200, with 64
plates and 1 map.

1992. Volume III: Glaciers and Glaciation. By Grove Karl Gilbert. Pages
231, with 17 plates and 1 map.

1998. Volume IV: Geology and Paleontology. By B. K. Emerson, Charles
Palache, William H. Dall, BH. O. Ulrich, and F. H. Knowlton. Pages 173,
with 83 plates and 1 map.

1994. Volume V: Cryptogamic Botany. By J. Cardot, Clara E. Cummings,
Alexander W. Evans, ©. H. Peck, P. A. Saccardo, De Alton Saunders, I.
Theriot. and William Trelease. Pages 424, with 44 plates.

1995. Volume VIII’: Insects. Part I. By William H. Ashmead, Nathan
Banks, A. W. Caudell, O. F. Cook, Rolla P. Currie, Harrian G. Dyar, Justus
Watson Folsom, O. Heidemann, Trevor Kincaid, Theo. Pergande, and H. A.
Schwarz. Pages 238, with 17 plates. :

1996. Volume IX: Insects. Part II. By William H. Ashmead, D. W.
Coquillett, Trevor Kincaid, and Theo. Pergande. Pages 284, with 4 plates.
1997. Volume X: Crustaceans. By Mary J. Rathbun, Harriet Richardson,

S. J. Holmes, and Leon J. Cole. Pages 337, with 26 plates.

1998. Volume XI: Nemerteans. By Wesley R. Coe. Bryozoans. By Alice

Robertson. Pages 251, with 25 plates.

1999. Volume XII: Enchytrzids. By Gustav Eisen. Tubicolous Annelids.

By Katherine J. Bush. Pages 355, with 44 plates.
2000. Volume XIII: Land and Freshwater Mollusks. By William H. Dall.
Hydroids. By C. C. Nutting. Pages 250, with 15 plates.

Vy. PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The publications of the National Museum are: (a) The annual report to
Congress; (b) the Proceedings of the United States National Museum; and (c)
the Bulletin of the United States National Museum, which includes the Con-
tributions from the United States National Herbarium. The editorship of these
ynublications is in charge of Dr. Marcus Benjamin.

The publications issued during the year comprised the annual report for
1910; papers 1750 to 1771 of volume 38, proceedings; papers 1772 to 1845 of
yolumes 39 and 40, proceedings; papers 1846, 1847, 1849-1852, 1854, and 1855 of
volume 41, proceedings; five bulletins and seven parts of volumes of Contribu-
tions from the National Herbarium.

The bulletins were as follows:

No. 71. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean. Part II,
Textulariide. By Joseph Augustine Cushman.

No. 73. An account of the Beaked Whales of the Family Ziphiidz in the Collec-
tion of the United States National Museum, with Remarks on some Specimens
in other American Museums. By Frederick W. True.

No. 74. One some West Indian Echinoids. By Theodor Mortensen.

No. 75. North Pacific Ophiurans in the Collection of the United States Na-
tional Museum. By Hubert Lyman Clark.

No. 76. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and Adjacent Waters. By Walter
Kendrick Fisher.

In the series of Contributions from the National Herbarium there appeared:

Volume 15. The North American Species of Panicum. By A. S. Hitchcock and
Agnes Chase.

1 Volumes VI and VII have not yet been prepared for publication.

84 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

Volume 14, Part 2. History of the Coconut Palm in America. By O. F. Cook.
Volume 138, Part 6. The Type Localities of Plants First Described from New
Mexico. A Bibliography of New Mexican Botany. By Paul C. Standley.
Volume 13, Part 7. A Preliminary Treatment of the Genus Castilla. By
Henry Pittier.

Yolume 13, Part 8. The Genus Talinum in Mexico, by J. N. Rose and Paul C.
Standley ; and Two new Species of Harperella, by J. N. Rose.

Volume 13, Part 9. Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants. No. 7.
By J. N. Rose. -

Volume 13, Part 10. Miscellaneous Papers. By Albert W. C. T. Herre, William
H. Brown, Joseph H. Painter, Paul C. Standley, Edward S. Steele, and E. A.
Goldman.

VI. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY,

The publications of the bureau are discussed in detail in another appendix
of the Secretary’s report. The editorial work is in charge of Mr. J. G. Gurley.

The following eight bulletins were published by the bureau during the year:

Bulletin 30. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Hdited by
Frederick Webb Hodge. Part 2. Published 1911. Octavo. Pages iv, 1221,
with many figures.

Bulletin 87. Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Missouri. By Gerard
Fowke. (Report on explorations made in 1906-1907 under the auspices of
the Archeological Institute of America.) Published 1910. Octavo. Pages
vii, 116, with 19 plates and 20 figures.

Bulletin 40. Hardbook of American Indian Languages. By Franz Boas. Part
1. With illustrative sketches by Roland B. Dixon (Maidu), P. E. Goddard
(Athapascan : Hupa), William Jones, revised by Truman Michelson (Algon-
quian), John R. Swanton (Tlingit, Haida), William Thalbitzer (Eskimo) ;
(Franz Boas: Introduction, Chinook, Ikwakiutl, Tsimshian; John R. Swanton
and Franz Boas, Siouan). Published 1911. Octayvo. Pages vii, 1069.

Bulletin 43. Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast
of the Gulf of Mexico. By John R. Swanton. Published 1911. Octavo.
Pages vii, 387, with 32 plates (including 1 map) and 2 figures.

Bulletin 44. Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America, and their Geo-
graphical -Distribution. By Cyrus Thomas, assisted by John R. Swanton.
Accompanied with a linguistic map. Published 1911. Octavo. Pages vii,
108, and 1 map.

Bulletin 45. Chippewa Music. By Frances Densmore. Published 1910. Oc-
tavo. Pages xix, 216, with 12 plates, 8 figures, and many musical pieces.

Bulletin 50. Preliminary Report on a Visit to the Navaho National Monument,
Arizona. By Jesse Walter Fewkes. Published 1911. Octavo. Pages vii, 35,
with 22 plates and 8 figures.

Bulletin 51. Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace. By
Jesse Walter Fewkes. Published 1911. Octayvo. Pages 82, with 35 plates and
4 figures.

VII. PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

There were no new publications issued by the Astrophysical Observatory dur-
ing the year.

VIII AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION,

The annual reports of the American Historical Association are transmitted
by the association to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and are

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 85

communicated to Congress under the provisions of the act of incorporation of
the association.

Volume I of the report for the year 1908, sent to the printer in June, 1909,
was published in July, 1910. Its contents were as follows:

Report of the Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American

Historical Association. By Waldo G. Leland, secretary.

Report of the Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast

Branch. By Jacob N. Bowman, secretary of the branch.

Report of Conference on Relations of Geography to History. By Hrle Sparks.
Proceedings of Conference on History in po ouday Schools. Edited by Andrew

C. McLaughlin.

Report of Conference on Research in English History. By Edward P. Cheyney.

Report of Conference on Research in American Colonial and Revolutionary His-
tory. By Herbert L. Osgood.

Report of Conference on Research in Southern History. By Lyon G. Tyler.

Report on Fifth Annual Conference on the Problems of State and Local His-
torical Societies. By St. George L. Sioussat.

The Viceroy of New Spain in the Highteenth Century. By Don E. Smith.

Notes Supplementary to any Edition of Lewis and Clark. By Frederick J.
Teggart.

The Historical Value of the Census Records. By Joseph A. Hill.

The American Newspapers of the Highteenth Century as Sources of History.

By William Nelson.

The Wilderness Campaign :

1. Grant’s Conduct of the Wilderness Campaign. By Gen. Edward P. Alex-

ander, Confederate States Army.

2. Lee’s Conduct of the Wilderness Campaign. By Col. William R. Liver-

more, United States Army.

3. The Wilderness Campaign from Our Present Point of View. By Maj.

Eben Swift, United States Army.
Ninth Annual Report of the Public Archives Commission. By Herman V.

Ames, chairman.

Appendix A. Report on the Archives of the State of Maine. By Allen
Johnson.

Appendix B. Report on the Archives of the State of Missouri. By Jonas
Viles.

Appendix C. Report on the Archives of the State of Washington. By
Jacob N. Bowman.

Appendix D. List of the Journals of the Councils and Assemblies and the
Acts of the 13 Original Colonies in America Preserved in the Public
Record Office, London. Edited by Charles M. Andrews.

Volume II of the 1908 report, sent to the printer April 26, 1910, had not been
entirely completed June 30, 1911. It will be made up, for convenience, in two
parts, pages 1-807, 808-1617, containing Parts II and III of Texas Diplomatic
Correspondence. Edited by Prof. George P. Garrison.

The manuscript of the 1909 report, to form one volume, was sent to the
printer January 10, 1911, and was practically all in type before June 30, 1911.’

The manuscript of the 1910 report was sent to the printer June 3, 1911.

IX. SOCIETY OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

The manuscript of the Thirteenth Annual Report of the National Society of
the Daughters of the American Revolution, for the year ending October 11,

86 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

1910, was received from the society February 24, 1911, and was communicated
to Congress on February 27, in accordance with the act of incorporation of
that organization.

X. SMITHSONIAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND PUBLICATION.

The editor has continued to serve as secretary of the Smithsonian advisory
committee on printing and publication. To this committee have been referred
the manuscripts proposed for publication by the various branches of the Insti-
tution as well as those offered for printing in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections. The committee also considered forms of routine blanks and vari-
ous matters pertaining to printing and publication, including the qualities of
saper suitable for text and plates. Twenty-four meetings were held and 115
manuscripts were acted upon.

Respectfully submitted.

A, Howarp CLarkK, Hditor.

Dr. CHARLES W. WALCOTT,

Secretary of the Snvithsonian Institution.

Apprenpix IX.

REPORT ON CONGRESS OF ARCHIVISTS AND LIBRARIANS, AND CON-
GRESS OF BIBLIOGRAPHY AND DOCUMENTATION.

Sir: I have the honor to present the following report as the representative
of the Smithsonian Institution at the International Congress of Archivists and
Librarians and the International Congress of Bibliography and Documentation,
held at Brussels, Belgium, in August, 1910.

The Congress of Bibliography and Documentation, the first of the two
congresses at Brussels, held its meetings from Thursday, August 25, through
Saturday, August 27. On the printed list of members there were enrolled 24
associations, bureaus, and other organizations; 34 individual libraries and
Other institutions; and 160 persons by name, including duplications on lists.
Forty-six countries were scheduled as in relation with the congress or with the
Institut International de Bibliographie, under whose auspices this congress
was held, and there were actually present representatives from at least 16
eountries, including, besides the United States, Great Britain, France, Belgium,
-the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Bul-
garia, Denmark, Norway, Monaco, and Turkey, about a hundred persons being
actually present at most of the meetings.

This congress was officially opened by M. Paul Otlet, one of the secretaries.
He spoke of the work of the Institut International de Bibliographie in collect-
ing catalogue cards for every known scientific publication and their arrange-
ment according to the Dewey decimal classification system; also an author’s
catalogue arranged alphabetically; a collection of picture postal cards of
institutions and public buildings from all parts of the world, as well as of
prominent persons, and a collection of photographic negatives covering all
subjects, from which prints could be made, for persons pursuing a certain line
of study. He explained that by documentation was meant the collection and
preserving for reference of a series of newspaper and magazine clippings with
their illustrations. He referred to the International Exchange Service and
mentioned in glowing terms the work of the Smithsonian Institution in organ-
izing and conducting the service in the United States. The congress then pro-
ceeded to consider the following subjects:

I. Documents:
1. Books, reviews, journals;
2. Illustrations, foreign photographs;
8. Archives, ancient and administrative.
II. Works and collections:
1. Kditing;
2. Library cataloguing.
3. Collections;
4. Encyclopedic arrangement.
III. Methods:
1. Cards;
2. Rules and classification.
87

88 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

IV. Service, loan copies and exchanges:
Partial, general, and special;
. National;

. International, special;

4. International, scientific.

wrk

The subject of “ International Exchanges’ was briefly reviewed, and the fol-
lowing resolution was passed:

It is desirable to promote further developments of international exchange
‘service, especially in obtaining frequent dispatch, in increasing the number of
countries taking part in the international convention, and in providing for
gratuitous transmission of all correspondence relative to request for exchanges,
io the receipts for publications and to their return. It is especially desirable to
admit free or beneficial associations and institutions to such exchange.

It is desirable that the Smithsonian Institution, the initiator of the service of
international exchanges, should itself promote the revision of the international
convention of 1885 for the purpose of realizing these improvements.

The congress officially visited the Congo Museum at Tervueren and closed
with a banquet on the evening of August 27.

The Congress of Archivists and Librarians, second to assemble, but first in
point of numbers and scope, met at Brussels from Sunday, August 28, through
Wednesday, August 31, under the auspices of the Association of the Belgian
Archivists and Librarians, M. Louis Stainier, administrator-inspector of the
Royal Library of Belgium, being the official in charge of the preliminary prepa-
rations. The printed list showed 18 countries represented by national com-
missions (with especial reference to archives), 12 countries represented by offi-
cial delegates, delegations from 9 Belgian learned societies, 49 libraries and
other institutions entered on the registry and 389 individual names, these last,
of course, representing the personnel of the representative delegations as well as
individual members. These 389 enrolled participants represented 21 different
countries, including, besides the United States, England, Canada, Germany,
France, Belgium, Holland, Austria, Hungary, Spain, Switzerland, Portugal, Rus-
sia, Italy, Brazil, Cuba, Denmark, Sweden Norway, Luxemburg, and Monaco.

This congress was convened on the afternoon of the 28th of August with
addresses of welcome, and immediately divided into two sections, the archivists
and the librarians, which held separate meetings. My time was largely de-
voted to the library section, and the discussions relating particularly to library
methods included cataloguing, classification, and the placing of books upon the
shelves. My paper on the International Exchange Service, having been printed
in advance and distributed, was read by title. This paper is as follows:

There is no more important subject to be discussed at the Congrés Inter-
national des Archivistes et des Bibliothecaires than that of the international
exchanges, as the value of that service to libraries can not be overestimated.
The time bas come when the scientific and learned institutions, the public, the
research workers, and the students of literature demand the scientific and
literary publications of the world.

Considering the question “Dans quel sens a-t-il lieu de réorganiser et
détendre le service des échanges internationaux ” from an American point of
view, it does not appear that reorganization is what is needed, for a system
of international exchanges working with the hearty cooperation of all nations
has not yet ever been developed on the lines of the existing conventions.

The present international exchange service is operating under two conven-
tions made between certain powers, and the work is based upon them. One
of these, signed at Brussels in 1886 and officially proclaimed in 1889, made
-provision for the exchange of official documents and scientific and literary
publications. The other, which was concluded and proclaimed at the same
time, provided for the immediate exchange of the official journal, as well as
of the parliamentary annals and documents of the contracting parties. The

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 89

conventions were broadly worded and allowed for the adherence of other
states than those that became signatories at the time. The signers were the
plenipotentiaries of the United States of America, Belgium, Brazil, Italy, Portu-
gal and the Algarves, Servia, Spain, and the Swiss Confederation. Later the
Argentine Republic, Paraguay, and Uraguay signified their adherence, while
Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, France, Liberia, the Netherlands, New
South Wales, Peru, Queensland, and Russia have established international
exchange bureaus without, however, giving their formal adherence to the con-
yentions. From this it will be seen that there are eleven states that have
adhered to the conventions and an equal number that have established bureaus
without adherence, while Great Britain, Germany, and the other countries
contribute no funds toward the organization of this movement.

It is therefore obvious that under the existing conditions it is not reorganiza-
tion but organization that is needed, and this may readily be accomplished under
the conventions now in force, as they form a firm foundation for a great
international institution. The provisions in these conventions made twenty
- years ago may need revision in order to conform to recent international advance-
ment, and it is possible that the powers that have already agreed to the con-
ventions and lent their support might be willing to reopen them, provided.
that the powers that have not come in are willing to join in the organization
of an international exchange service.

The international exchanges as now carried on are of two classes—scientific
and literary publications and official Government publications. The first
‘named of these is of the utmost importance to the cause of education, both
scholastic and technical, which the present service has materially advanced
by enabling individuals and institutions of learning to disseminate knowledge
without restriction and practically without cost to themselves. The scientific
institutions are appreciating more and more the fact that iheir -ndowmerts are
entirely inadequate to provide for the many calls made upon them, and if
in addition to printing their own publications they should have to purchase
those of foreign institutions and pay the cost of transportation it would mean
that some part of their work would have to be abandoned. It is therefore to a
system of international exchanges that they must look for relief in this matter.

The Government exchanges are necessary in order that Governments may
ascertain what is being accomplished along similar lines in other countries,
and as such publications are issued at the expense of the Governments they
should also be distributed at their expense.

The International Exchange Service of the United States is under the direc-
tion of the Smithsonian Institution, and was originally inaugurated for the
purpose of transmitting publications presented by institutions and individuals
in the United States to correspondents abroad, in exchange for like contribu-
tions from such recipients, as one of the most efficient means for the “ diffusion
of knowledge among men,” and the entire expense, including that for the
exchange of documénts published by the Government from 1850 to 1881, was
paid from the private funds of the Institution.

Through the action of Congress, upon recommendation of the Department of

State, the Smithsonian Institution is recognized by the United States Govern-
ment as the American agency for the international exchange of governmental,
scientific, and literary publications. By the congressional resolutions passed in
1867 and 1901 a certain number of United States Government publications
are set aside for exchange with those of foreign countries, to be sent regularly
to designated depositories. In accordance with those resolutions there are
now forwarded abroad 55 full sets of United States official publications and
33 partial sets; the official journal of the preceedings of Congress, the
Congressional Record, is transmitted by mail daily to each of the Parliaments
that is willing to reciprocate.
- During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909. the number of packages for-
warded through the international exchanges of the United States amounted
to 228,875. These packages were sent direct from this country to the one
for which they were intended, and from long experience this has been found
to be the quickest and most satisfactory method. During the last year nearly
2,000 boxes were shipped in this way without the loss of a single consigument.
Shipments are made regularly at least once a month, should the sending be
but one package, and to the larger countries every week.

A card index is kept of all correspondents, and upon these cards are
recorded the packages sent and received by each institution and individual.

90 _ ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911.

There are now in the United States 3,900 institutions and 8,000 individuals
recorded in this index, while the foreign institutions number 16,500 and indi-
viduals 34,252. A list of the foreign societies and institutions is published
from time to time under the title of “‘ International exchange list,” the latest
issue being that of 1904.

The public documents received from abroad in exchange are placed in the
Library of Congress. The publications received from the scientific and learned
societies and institutions of the world form an important part of the Library
of the Smithsonian Institution, and while these remain the property of the
Institution they are in great part deposited in the Library of Congress.

The needs of the international exchanges under present conditions may be
summarized as follows: The adherence of ill the civilized nations of the
world to the present conventions. The members of the Congress of Archivists
and Librarians can do much to further the movement by lending their efforts
to arouse the interest of the scientific and literary institutions and societies
and governmental authorities in their respective countries, to the end that
official action may be taken. The scientific institutions and societies of each
country should examine the workings of the international exchange system
and solicit exchange of publications from like societies abroad, using the
service as a medium of transmission.

Governments should provide a sufficient number of sets of their official
publications for exchange purpcses in order that each country may have a
full set if desired, and in addition there should be copies of the official journals
of the Parliaments, or similar bodies, for the interparliamentary exchanges.

Bureaus already established, as well as those to be established, should be
granted an appropriation that will allow the carrying out in full of the stipu-
lations of the conventions. <A well-paid and energetic staff with a well-equipped
office would insure expeditious work and prompt delivery. ‘The present facilities
for rapid transportation would be greatly increased by each international
exchange office having the franking vrivilege, such as is allowed in the United
States, and the granting of special concessicns by the postal authorities, through
the International Postal Union, which could possibly be arranged should every
nation become a party to the present conventions.

The international exchanges should be extended to every quarter of the
globe, and efforts should be made to bring the powers to realize the necessity
of perfecting an institution already established which has for its object the
“inerease and diffusion of knowledge among men.”

I gave a résumé of the contents of the above paper and was asked for some
resolution which could be passed by the congress incorporating a suggestion con-
tained in the paper “that the members of the Congress of Archivists and Li-
brarians could do much to further the movement by lending their efforts to
arouse the interest of the scientific and literary institutions and societies and
governmental authorities in their respective countries, to the end that official
action may be taken.”

The resolution was presented in English, translated into French, and again
translated into English, and appears as follows in the Library Journal:

That the scientific and literary institutions, as well as the governmental au-
thorities of all countries, should unite their efforts to obtain the official pro-
vision for international exchanges.—VI. Q. 7. International Exchanges (Paul
Brockett, Washington). ;

Regarding the use of the exchange service by private institutions, M. Langlois,
Bibliothécaire-en-chef de ]’Institut Catholique, of Paris, having experienced some
difficulty in sending packages from France, presented the following resolution :

That the international exchanges should be accorded, liberally and in the in-
terest of all workers, to establishments of private initiative (libraries of free in-
stitutions and learned societies), which conform to the general regulations and
provide reciprocity.—VII. Q. 7. (M. Langlois, Paris, as amended by M. Gros-
jean, Bruxelles. )

as a ee ee a en eS ee, oe ee

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 91

I had with me a copy of Article VII of the conventions of 1886, in both
English and French, which was read:

Art, VII. The bureaus of exchange will serve, in an official capacity, as in-
termediaries between the learned bodies and literary and scientific societies,
ete., of the contracting States for the reception and transmission of their pub-
lications.

It remains, however, well understood that, in such case, the duty of the
bureaus of exchange will be confined to the free transmission of the works
exchanged, and that these bureaus will not in any manner take the initiative
to bring about the establishment of such relations.

One more resolution was presented:

That the service of international exchanges should be developed in the most
complete manner in the participating countries, and that like organizations
should be created in the other States—VIII. Q. 7. (M. Sury, Bruxelles. )

In connection with attending this congress permission was given me to visit
the principal libraries of London, Paris, and Berlin, and observations were
made and are contained in a series of notes taken down at the time for refer-
ence in the Smithsonian Library. When the libraries were closed, I occupied
my time in visiting the museums, taking notes of methods, etc. :

Respectfully submitted.

PAUL BRocKETT,
Assistant Librarian.

Dr. CHartes D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

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