Un “fe FISH [os | FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 wines : (Publication 2379) Sse Waste Ton S20. , CORP ae _ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE | hae ae aes oo 44 She ENT REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION/ / FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 1ot “A’?r oe we Ge a tee he ewe Sy arate 4 Wee Bue at Cea : yi Sey cs ok ' t ie ’ me Ey rs ! ‘ = a , : jag 4 ‘i i 1 PA t ; asy ; be “ + ‘. Ae ae | * & aq Z ey es oan te et bein < eu stig is Bab ait COMTEENTS. Page ie meatenenie a LHBiMAIION 3) oo Ll sone nk eee eee ee ee eee ee I UTES TLS SS LID Sa a it eR en 1 Whe Board of Repents. 2:2... .2.2 2-226 eens Sere sect ALR and Sy oe ys cit i IMAC) noscoes Sas RAS TE oe I EO ee ee 2 Explorations and researches: Geological explorations in the Rocky Mountains.................... 5 Stratigraphic studies in central Tennessee.................-----.---- 6 Fossil echinoderms in western New York .............-.-.---------- 6 Werrebtare tossils.imeMombama 2.0005. 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Get} rd cee oe te Sone wee piece 12 Clearing of fom by electrical precipitation...: ../.2..-..-.-5--:-..5. 05 12 Peeecateme ONDORMLOM ct. * ba Coe > yeti anne tcaae seis wy we ~~ Bie . tes wine « get . or we * i fae ewes ” oa ve se : bes sige . mee “* eeere ve ves 4 vw me = eens beh, af Ps wt emee ee Hay vote sae aie saees ae ve eee RS Pu vi ne te Bh fairs we pe eee Vocals ne wee gees ES ee Jae spits sbd SS. Shan: Mate! agg Siamp np EIS ch s i a wae hee Pew * +h a ee ae es ae tg ah ale eo) Pete se he ees ee Se Nets” ‘ ‘ er RAD ew 8 ww die ob aia me niet rare Bises aco alah aE eT OFS As a ce oe yee A Shs aon aay we eS eee Geel: ininclin sah beun Ee ies ne Saye Lome Rnb Eee tain deesiits 20) sugilar hae REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION CHARLES D. WALCOTT FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1915.. To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian eee ae GentLeMEN: I have the honor to submit herewith the seatte report on the operations of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, including work placed by Congress under the direction of the. Emel of Regents in the United States National Museum, the Bureau of American Eth- nology, the International Exchanges, the National Zoological Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, and the United States Bureau of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. The general report reviews the affairs of the Institution proper and briefly summarizes the operations of its several branches, while the appendices contain detailed reports by the assistant secretary and others directly in charge of various activities. The reports on operations of the National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology will also be published as independent volumes. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. _ THE ESTABLISHMENT. | The Smithsonian Institution was created an establishment by act of Congress approved August 10, 1846. Its statutory members are the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments. THE BOARD OF REGENTS. The Board of Regents consists of the Vice President and the Chief Justice of the United States as ex officio members, three Mem- bers of the Senate, three Members of. the House of Representatives, and six citizens, “ two of whom shall be resident in the city of Wash- ington and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of them of the same State.” In regard to the personnel of the board there were no changes during the fiscal year. The roll of Regents on June 30 was as fol- lows: Edward D. White, Chief Justice of the United States, Chan- al 2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915, cellor; Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States; Henry Cabot Lodge, Member of the Senate; Henry French Hollis, Member of the Senate; William J. Stone, Member of the Senate; Scott Ferris, Member of the House of Representatives; Ernest W. Roberts, Member of the House of Representatives; Maurice Con- nolly, former Member of the House of Representatives; Andrew D. White, citizen of New York; Alexander Graham Bell, citizen of Washington, D. C.; George Gray, citizen of Delaware; Charles F. Choate, jr., citizen of Massachusetts; John B. Henderson, jr., citizen of Washington, D. C.; and Charles W. Fairbanks, citizen of Indiana. The board held its annual meeting on December 10, 1914. The Hon. George Gray was on that date elected chairman of the executive committee to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Bacon on February 14,1914. The proceedings of the above meeting, as also the annual financial report of the executive committee, have been printed, as usual, for the use of the Regents, while such important matters acted upon as are of public interest are reviewed under ap- propriate heads in the present report of the Secretary. A detailed statement of disbursements from Government appropriations, under the direction of the Institution for the maintenance of the National Museum, the National Zoological Park, and other branches, will be ‘submitted to Congress by the Secretary in the usual manner in com- pliance with the law. FINANCES. The permanent fund of the Institution and the sources from which it was derived are as follows: Deposited in the Treasury of the United States. Bequest OfmIames, Smithson) sd 846s 2 sass ee ee $515, 169. 00 Residuary legacy of James Smithson, 1867_____________________ 26, 210. 63 DepositpCisavinesiof income, US67222-_ oF Aes se ab hein eee 108, 620. 37 Bequestyor James bamilton,? 1875-25252 ee ee $1, 000 Accumulated interest on Hamilton fund, 1895____________ 1, 000 2,000. 00 Bequest of (Simeon Habel S802. se ee 500. 00 Deposits from proceeds of saJe of bonds, 1881__+_______________ 51, 500. 00 Gitt Omebhomeas:G-MHOGskins, s1SO1s ). $00 ee ee eee 200, 000. 00 Part of residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894__________ 8, 000. 00 MEepOSIb, LLOMEsSamINeS OL income WN O032 252 [ane ss sae eee 25, 000. 00 tesiduary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1907_________________ 7, 918. 69 Pepositstrony savings of income; 1O1Gs 2 ea ee eee 636. 94 Part of bequest of William Jones Rhees, 1913_______________ 251. 95 Deposit of proceeds from sale of real estate (gift of Robert SEAMTONIMAVERY sy obOU ee tt ee i ee 9, 692. 42 BeHnuestcou Addison Reid, 1004 22 2s Sa Be eee 4, 795. 91 Deposit of savings from income Avery bequest, 1914_____________ 204. 09 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 8 Deposit of savings from income Avery fund, 1915______-_-_-_- = $1, 862. 60 Deposit of savings from income Reid fund, 1915_________-__ 426. 04 Deposit of balance of principal $248.05 and income $28.39 Rhees TENG eMC Sy ek SE ae a ne ee eee a ee ey 2 ae 276. 44 Deposit of first payment of Lucy T. and George W. Poore FEU Cl eee Cl) eee ren are Wee cemeoee re IST lt ek 24, 534.92 Total of fund deposited in the United States Treasury____ 987, 600. 00 Other resources. Registered and guaranteed bonds of the West Shore Railroad Co., part of legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins (par value)________ 42, 000. 00 A Deo WG Hb yey each aKa a eh aN ty 0a Leap ae SSS Na A a eee oe OEE 1, 029, GOO. 00 The first installment to the Lucy T. and George W. Poore fund, amounting to $24,534.92, was received in March, 1915, and was im- mediately deposited in the United States Treasury to the credit of the permanent fund. Other deposits to this fund during the year were from the income of several funds amounting to $2,565.08, or a grand total of $27,100, making a total now deposited in the Treasury to the credit of the permanent fund of $987,600. That part of the fund deposited in the Treasury of the United States bears interest at 6 per cent per annum, under the provisions of the act organizing the Institution and an act of Congress approved March 12, 1894. The rate of interest on the West Shore Railroad bonds is 4 per cent per annum. The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to $112,035.90, was derived as follows: Interest on the permanent foundation, $59,310; contributions from various sources for specific purposes, $12,000; first installment of a bequest known as the Lucy T. and George W. Poore fund, amounting to $24,534.92; the original bequest designated as the George H. Sanford fund of $1,020; the balance of the William Jones Rhees fund, amounting to $248.05; and from other miscellaneous sources, $14,922.93; all of which was de- posited in the Treasury of the United States. With the balance of $30,560.13 on July 1, 1914, the total resources for the fiscal year amounted to $142,596.03. The disbursements, which are given in detail in the annual report of the executive com- mittee, amounted to $100,430.17, leaving a balance of $42,165.86 on deposit June 30, 1915, in the United States Treasury and in cash. The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1915: eRe CCn ANAS. 2s. Bee ee $32. 000 PAUIOCS Lest ThE GENIN LO SV nk es A eee ope ee ke oe yee eS 42, 000 ASTLODOY SLCHI CON SEIVAlOlL yee eee sy eee eee Aan CRP PLS 13, 000 4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. National Museum: Warniture-and fixtures. 2.c2h2) 01 ai Cis see es Seon Heating and lighting Siu Sk ot ee alesis 1 aed aa 46, 000 IPTESCEVELLON!O Ty COLLCCHLODS sah ect eee, ee 300, 000 BOOKS 252 eee Se De ead ee EE eS Sa eae, PS aa 2, 000 USCA RO Leas SEN a a oes See. SUL fo eee ee ee 500 ULC ar CD ae pa i NO ae ae Ee a 8 10, 000 Bookstacks for Government bureau libraries_____-_-_--_-_-_- 10, 000 URGE coup nteneeiieay Poe iy oe eee 100, 000 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature-__-_-_______-_-___-_-__ 7, 500 Tower telescope, Astrophysical Observatory, Mount Wilson, Cal_______ 2, 000 EDA So SHIA SOM TaN xT Lee aoe © Lee LU eh PER eh aa et ee 16, 000 AO ory) RS eS eae oS Ee Ee Eee 606, 000 In addition to the above specific amounts to be disbursed by the Institution there was included under the general appropriation for public printing and binding an allotment of $76,200, to cover the cost of printing and binding the annual report and other Govern- ment publications issued by the Institution, and to be disbursed by the Public Printer. EXPLORATIONS AND RESEARCHES. The “increase of knowledge” is one of the fundamental objects of the Smithsonian Institution, and toward the accomplishment of that object it has inaugurated and maintained or has participated in astronomical, anthropological, biological, and geological explora- tions in every portion of the world, resulting in greatly increasing our knowledge of the meteorology, the geography, the fauna and flora, and the ethnology of all lands, and in the acquisition of large amount of valuable material for the National Museum. The Insti- tution has likewise, through special grants, aided laboratory re- searches in practically every line of natural science. The extent of these explorations and researches during the last 60 years covers a wide range, although a great deal more of most important work could have been accomplished had adequate funds been available. Friends of the Institution have many times, and particularly during the last few years, generously aided the work through the contribu- tion of funds for specific purposes, but much yet remains undone, and opportunities for undertaking important lines of investigation are constantly being lost through lack of means to carry them into execution. I will here allude only briefly to some of the activities of the Insti- tution in these directions during the year and for details of other investigations may refer to the appendices containing the reports of those directly in charge of the several branches of the Institution. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5 GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. In continuation of my previous geological researches in the Rocky Mountains of Canada and Montana I spent a week during the field season of 1914 at Glacier, British Columbia, where I assisted Mrs. Walcott (née Mary M. Vaux) in measuring the flow of the Illecille- waet and Asulkan Glaciers. From Glacier we proceeded to White Sulphur Springs, Mont., for the purpose of studying the ancient sedimentary pre-Paleozoic rocks of the Big Belt Mountains. These explorations were made on the eastern and southern slopes of this range, and then extended to the south on the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson Rivers. It was found that the pre-Paleozoic sedimentary rocks were ex- posed by the uplift of the granite mass forming the summit of Mount Edith of the Big Belt Mountains in such a way that the thickness of the sandstones, limestones, and shales could be readily measured in the numerous sections exposed in the canyons worn by waters descending from the higher points to the valley surrounding the range. Nearly 5 miles in thickness of rock were measured, and in the limestone belts reefs of fossil algal remains were studied and large collections made with the assistance of Mrs. Walcott and Charles E. Resser and sent on to Washington. It was found that the algal remains were deposited very much in the same manner as those that are now being deposited in many fresh-water lakes, and that many of the forms had a surprising simi- larity to those being deposited in the thermal springs and pools of the Yellowstone National Park. In the lower portion of Deep Creek Canyon, southeast of the city of Helena, a deposit of siliceous shale was examined where some years ago I had discovered the remains of crablike animals suggest- ing in form the fresh-water crayfishes found in the streams and ponds all over the world. These fossils are the oldest animal remains now known, and the algal deposits which occur at intervals for several thousand feet below the shales containing the crustaceans are the oldest authentic vegetable remains. It is also most interesting that two types of bacteria have been found in a fossil state in the rock in association with the algal remains. On the north side of the Gallatin River two very rich beds of algal remains were found, many of which, on account of the fossil being silicified and embedded in a softer limestone, were weathered out in relief. For the season of 1915 I have planned some investigations in the Yellowstone Park in order to be able to better interpret the fossil algal remains found in and about the Big Belt Mountains. 6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. STRATIGRAPHIC STUDIES IN CENTRAL TENNESSEE, Under the joint auspices of the United States Geological Survey and the United States National Museum Dr. E. O. Ulrich and Dr. R. S. Bassler, of the Museum, were engaged for several weeks dur- ing the summer of 1914 in a study of debated points in the stratig- raphy of the Central Basin of Tennessee with a view to determine accurately the division line between the Chazyan and Black River groups and to secure additional information on the black shale problem. The well-known marble beds of east Tennessee and associated shales and sandstones of Upper Chazyan age, with a thickness of over 38,000 feet, have never been found in central Tennessee or, in fact, in any area west of the Appalachian Valley. The first problem was therefore to determine either the corresponding rocks in the more western areas or, if such strata were wanting, to discover the unconformity representing this great thickness. It was found that the Lower Chazyan or Stones River rocks of central Tennessee are succeeded directly by the lowest Black River or Lowville formation, and central Tennessee therefore was presumably a land area during the time of deposition of the celebrated east Tennessee marbles. The second problem entailed further work on the determination of the age of the widespread Chattanooga black shale, which previously had been considered to be middle to late Devonian. In recent years this determination had been questioned, and facts had accumulated showing it to be of younger age. Two features of considerable sig- nificance in this problem were the discoveries in northern Tennessee, where the shale is well exposed, that (1) this black shale passes with- out a discernible break into the overlying Mississippian (Kinder- hook) shales, and (2) that the fossils of this overlying shale are of late instead of early Kinderhook age. As a result of this work good collections of several well-preserved faunas were added to the Mu- seum collection. FOSSIL ECHINODERMS IN WESTERN NEW YORK. Field work carried on during the summer of 1914 under the super- vision of Mr. Frank Springer, for the purpose of adding to the Springer collection of fossil echinoderms in the Museum, was devoted mainly to a careful examination of Silurian rocks exposed along the new Erie Canal in western New York, especially the waste material thrown out in excavations for the canal. The most valuable speci- mens from this part of New York occur in the Rochester shales of Niagaran age, which weather rapidly into mud upon exposure to the elements, and it was therefore necessary that the new outcrops be examined at once to secure the best results. Numerous specimens REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. i of crinoids and cystids were found, a number of them having, as is rarely the case, root, stem, and crown preserved. VERTEBRATE FOSSILS IN MONTANA. Through cooperation with one of the field parties of the United States Geological Survey, Mr. Charles W. Gilmore, of the National Museum, spent three weeks during the summer of 1914 searching for fossil vertebrate remains in the Judith River formation in north central Montana. The most noteworthy discovery was the fragmen- tary remains of a fossil bird related to Hesperornis. It came from practically the same locality as the type of Coniornis altus Marsh, and is of importance as showing these bird remains as occurring in the upper part of the Claggett formation, whereas heretofore it was thought that Coniornis had come from the lower part of the Judith River formation. CORAL INVESTIGATIONS. Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan has for some time been engaged under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution in a study of the growth of corals, their rdle in reef building, and related problems. His field of investigation has been chiefly the coast of Florida, the Bahamas, and other regions of the West Indies. Large collections made by him in those localities have been received by the Museum. BORNEO AND CELEBES EXPEDITIONS. Through the generosity of Dr. W. L. Abbott, who for so many years has been a most generous contributor to the zoological and ethnological collections of the Museum, Mr. H. C. Raven conducted a collecting expedition in Borneo for a period of about two years. His work there was completed in September, 1914, having yielded about 3,000 interesting specimens of mammals and birds. Mr. Raven next crossed the Macassar Strait to the Island of Celebes, where he ex- pects to remain for a considerable period and to secure important collections from a region heretofore poorly represented in the Na- tional Museum. EXPEDITIONS TO THE FAR EAST, Through the liberality of a gentleman who desired to remain un- known, Mr. Arthur de C. Sowerby has continued his zoological ex- plorations in Manchuria and northeastern China and has forwarded a valuable collection of insects and vertebrates, including two wapiti bucks, a roe deer, two bears, and a peculiar rabbit. Mr. Copley Amory, jr., a collaborator of the National Museum, joined a party accompanying Capt. J. Koren to the northeast coast 8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. of Siberia. It was Mr. Amory’s intention to explore such territory as may be practicable from Nijni Kolymsk as a winter base, giving special attention to mammals and birds. When last heard from he had made a trip up the Lesser Ammi River, where he obtained a good number of fossil specimens, also some birds and small mammals. BIRD STUDIES IN ILLINOIS. Incidental to continued work on preparation of manuscript of the unpublished volumes of “Birds of North and Middle America” (Bulletin 50, U. S. National Museum), Mr. Robert Ridgway, during the past year, made a careful study of bird life in southern Illinois in order to compare present conditions with those existing half a century ago. It was found that with few exceptions the native birds are greatly decreased in numbers. At least three species (the pas- senger pigeon, wild turkey, and ruffed grouse) have totally disap- peared from the region examined, while several cthers are on the verge of extermination. A few species, such as the crow blackbird (bronzed grackle) and blue jay, and perhaps the robin, are, appar- ently, as numerous as they were 50 years ago. The principal causes which have brought about this greatly dimin- ished bird life are: (1) Im the case of the game birds, relentless shooting; (2) greatly reduced breeding and shelter areas, through clearing of forests, cutting away of woody growths along roadsides and fence lines, and drainage of swampy or marshy areas; (3) intro- duction of the European house sparrow, which has increased to such an extent that it now outnumbers, even on the farms, all the smaller native birds combined, greatly reducing their food supply and mo- nopolizing the nesting sites of such species as the bluebird, purple martin, wrens, swallows, and other birds that nest in cavities or about buildings; (4) invasion of the woods and fields by homeless house cats and destruction of eggs and young (often the parents also) of ground-nesting species by “self-hunting” bird dogs (setters and pointers) ; and, probably, (5) spraying of orchards. HENDERSON EXPEDITION IN CUBA. Since the Zomas Barrera expedition to western Cuba, Mr. John B. Henderson, a regent of the Smithsonian Institution, has made two trips to eastern Cuba to supplement the work of that expedition. One of these visits was to Cardenas Bay, where extensive, as well as intensive, dredgings yielded a lot of interesting marine organisms. The second trip embraced Cubitas Mountains, and was made in quest of Jand shells, which were needed to elucidate problems in the geo- graphic distribution of the land mollusks. As heretofore, Mr. Henderson’s yacht, the Folis, has been kept busy exploring the Pourtales Plateau. Numerous hauls in all depths -REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9 of water have been made, and the material, which has arrived here from time to time, is exceedingly rich in marine invertebrates, par- ticularly mollusks. This year’s efforts have resulted in the discovery of grounds with a more prolific, varied, and interesting fauna than previously known in this region. BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. Throtigh cooperation with the Carnegie Institution of Washington the Museum was enabled to benefit by an expedition carried on by Dr. J. N. Rose during the summer and fall of 1914 along the west coast of South America in furtherance of his work on the Cactacee. ‘About 3,000 specimens of cacti and other plants collected by him have been permanently deposited in the National Herbarium. Dr. Rose explored a section through central Peru from Callao to Oroya, from sea level to the top of the Andes, at an altitude of 15,665 feet. Cacti were found in the greatest abundance at an altitude of 5,000 to 7,500 feet; but the various species range from a few feet above sea level to as high as 12,000 to 14,000 feet. A second section was made across southern Peru, from Mollendo to Lake Titicaca via Arequipa. The highest point reached was 14,665 feet. Here also the cacti are found from near sea level nearly to the top of the Andes; but the most remarkable display is on the hills surrounding Arequipa, at an altitude of from 7,000 to 8,500 feet. While the cacti are abundant in both these regions, they are, with only a few possible exceptions, quite distinct. Side trips were made from Arequipa to Juliaca and Cuzco, in Peru, and to La Paz, Oruro, and Comanche, in Bolivia. On the pampa below Arequipa are found the famous crescent-shaped sand dunes. Each dune or pile of sand is distinct in itself, often separated some dis- tance from any other dune, and occurring, too, on rocky ground devoid of other sand. The dunes are found on the high mesa some 5,250 feet above the sea. They form definite regular piles of sand, each presenting a front 10 to 100 feet wide and 5 to 20 feet high, nearly perpendicular, crescent shaped, and from the crescent-shaped ridge tapering back to the surface in the direction from which the wind blows. These piles of shifting sand go forward about 40 feet a year. In Chile two sections were made into the interior—one from Antofagasta to Calama, and one from Valparaiso to Santiago. The first is through the rainless deserts of northern Chile, the whole region being practically devoid of all vege- tation. The second is across central Chile, the hills and valleys of which are veritable flower gardens, the hills often being a mass of yellow. Various trips were made in the central valley of Chile and one journey along the Longitudinal Railway of Chile extended from Caldera to Santiago. Special trips were made for certain rare plants like Cereus castaneus, first collected in 1862 and not since observed until found by Dr. Rose; and Cactus horridus and Cactus Berteri, de- scribed in 1888, but long since discarded by cactus students. In the central valley of Chile is seen that beautiful palm, the only one native of Chile, Jubaea spectabilis H. B. K., which often forms forests of considerable extent. From this palm is made the “ Miel de Palma” so much used as a sirup on ships and at hotels. Botanical explorations by Dr. Rose on the east coast of South America were in progress at the close of the fiscal year. 10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915, ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN AFRICA AND SIBERIA. In connection with the work of the division of physical anthropol- ogy in the National Museum, two expeditions were sent out during the year 1914 under the joint auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego. One of these expeditions was in charge of Dr. V. Schiick, anthro- pologist of Prague, Bohemia, and its objects were: 1, to study the negro child in its native environment, and thereby create a_ basis of comparison for the study of the negro child in our country; 2, to visit the South African Bushmen for the purpose of obtaining meas- urements, photographs, and facial casts of the same; and 3, to visit British East Africa in search of the Pygmies. The tribe chosen tor the child study were the Zulu, of Natal or Zululand, and over 1,000 children and adolescents of all ages—ages which could be definitely determined—were examined. These data are expected to contribute some very important results to anthropology. The Bushmen were reached in the Kalahari Desert, and besides other results 20 first-class facial casts were obtained of the people, which have since then been installed among the anthropological exhibits at San Diego. As to British East Africa, the work soon after a successful beginning was interrupted by the war. The second expedition was in charge of Dr. St. Poniatowski, head of the ethnological laboratory at Warsaw. The object of this expedi- tion was to visit a number of the remnants of native tribes in eastern Siberia, among which are found physical types which so closely resemble the American Indian. The expedition reached two such tribes, and secured valuable data, photographs, etc., when its work also was interrupted by the war. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN. Some of the results of exploration and field work by the Institution among various races of mankind are shown in connection with the anthropological exhibits of the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego. These exhibits were in preparation for over three years. hey are original and much more comprehensive than any previous exhibits in this line, either in this country or abroad. Dr. Hrdlicka, under whose direction this exhibit was prepared, describes it as fol- lows: The exhibits fill five large connecting rooms, which occupy the building of the Science of Man at the Exposition. Four of these rooms are devoted to the natural history of man, while the fifth is fitted up as a modern anthropological laboratory, library, and lecture room. Of the four rooms of exhibits proper, the first is devoted to man’s phylogeny, or evolution; the second, to his ontog- eny, or life cycle at the present time; the third, to his variation (sexual, indi- vidual, racial) ; and the fourth, to his pathology and death. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. A te The exhibits in room 1, on Human Evolution, consist of: (a) A large series of accurate, first-class casts of all the more important skeletal remains of au- thentie antiquity; (b) photographic enlargements and water color sketches showing the localities where the specimens were discovered; (c) charts show- ing the relation of the archeological position of the various finds, and their relation to the extinct fauna and to archeological epochs; (d) a series of sketches by various scientific men showing their conception of the early man, with several illustrations of drawings, statuettes, and bas-reliefs, showing early man as drawn or sculptured by the ancient man himself; and (e) a remarkable series of 10 large busts prepared by the eminent Belgian sculptor, M. Mascré, under the direction of Prof. Rutot, representing early man at different periods of his physical advancement. The main part of the exhibits in room No. 2, devoted to man’s development at the present time, from the ovum onward, are three series of true-to-nature busts, showing by definite age-stages, from birth onward and in both sexes, the three principal races of this country, namely, the ‘‘ thoroughbred ” white Ameri- ean (for at least three generations in this continent on each parental side), the Indian, and the full-blood American negro. These series, which required two and one-half years of strenuous preparation, form a unique exhibit, for nothing of similar nature has ever been attempted in this or any other country. Hach set consists of 30 busts, 15 males and 15 females, and proceeds from infants at or within a few days after birth to the oldest persons that could be found. The oldest negro woman is 114. After the new born, the stages are 9 months, 3 years, 6, 10, 15, 20, 28, 35, 45, 55, 65, and 75 years. The utmost care was exer- cised in ascertaining the age, particularly among the negro and Indian. No choice was made of the subjects beyond that due to the requirements of pedi- gree, age, and good health. The whites and negroes were obtained, with a few exceptions, in Washington and vicinity, but their places of birth range over a large part of the Hastern, Southern, and Middle States; for the Indian, we chose the Sioux, a large, characteristic, and in a very large measure still pure- blood tribe, and one in which the determination of the ages of the subjects was feasible. Special trips were made to these people, and no pains were spared to get just what was wanted; in the case of the new born, it was actually neces- sary to wait until they came. Other exhibits in room 2 show the development, by various stages, of the human brain, the skull, and various other parts of the body. A large series of original specimens show the most closely related animal forms to man at the present time, particularly the anthropoid apes; a series of charts on the walls deal with the phenomena of senility; finally, 10 photographic enlargements show living centenarians of various races. Human variation is shown in room 3 by 10 sets of large busts representing 10 of the more important races of man; by 200 original transparencies giving racial portraits; by over 100 bronzed facial casts, showing individual vari- ations within some of the more important branches of humanity ; and by numer- ous charts and other exhibits. In room 4 a series of charts and maps relates to the death rate in various countries, to the principal causes of death in the different parts of the world, and to the distribution of the more common diseases over the earth. Actual pathology is illustrated extensively by prehistoric American material. Many hundreds of original specimens, derived principally from the pre-Columbian cemeteries of Peru, show an extensive range of injuries and diseases, such as have left their marks on the bones. In many instances the injuries are very interesting, both from their extent and the extraordinary powers of recupera- T2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. tion shown in the healing; while among the diseases shown on the bones there are some that find no, or but little, parallel among the white man or even the Indian of to-day. In addition this room contains a series of 60 skulls with pre-Columbian operations (trepanation). ISLAND OF TIMOR EXPEDITION. Among the projected expeditions interrupted by the European war was one to the Island of Timor, in the East Indies. This island has been a rich collecting ground for scientific study, though little has been done by the paleontologist. An opportunity was offered for making collections at Timor through the courtesy and interest of Mr. N. E. Crane, a retired engineer, of Pittsburgh, who had planned to visit the island. The fund for this enterprise was contributed by Mr. Crane, Mrs. E. H. Harriman, and Mr. Frank Springer, but the expedition has been postponed for the present. CLEARING OF FOG BY ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION. The fact was long ago scientifically established that all dust and fog particles in the open atmosphere are electrified and subject to dispersion or precipitation, but how to clear fog from a street, along a railway, or from the neighborhood of a ship at sea, and to do it in a manner commercially feasible has been a matter of serious study for many years. The question having recently aroused fresh atten- tion, particularly in the neighborhood of San Francisco, through re- searches planned by the University of California in cooperation with the United States Lighthouse Service, it was decided by the Smith- sonian Institution during the past year to make an appropriation to further this investigation, which is under the general direction of Dr. F. G. Cottrell, who has done so much toward the practical pre- cipitation of dust, smoke, and chemical fumes at large industrial plants. The American Institute of Electrical Engineers has also appointed a committee to cooperate in this great work, and reports on the results of the study are awaited with much interest. The essential element to success in scattering fog seems to be some form of electrical apparatus of very high direct voltage, with facilities for its control and ready application. RESEARCH CORPORATION. In previous reports I have called attention to the Research Cor- poration formed primarily to undertake the development of certain precipitation patents generously offered to the Institution by Dr. F. G. Cottrell. Although it was impracticable for the Smithsonian Institution to administer this work directly, yet there was no objec- tion to the Secretary becoming a member of a distinct organization REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 18 that would undertake its development. An independent organiza- tion was accordingly formed in 1912 under the laws of the State of New York, the Secretary of the Institution becoming one of the directors of the Research Corporation and a member of the executive committee. The board of directors includes a number of prominent men of wide business experience, such as James J. Storrow, of Lee, Higginson & Co., Boston; Charles A. Stone, of Stone & Webster, Boston; Arthur D. Little, of the Little Chemical Co., Boston; T. Coleman du Pont, of Wilmington, Del.; Elon H. Hooker, president of the Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y.; Benjamin B. Lawrence, mining engineer, New York; George F. Kunz, of Tif- fany & Co.; Frederick A. Goetze, dean of the engineering depart- ment of Columbia University, New York; William Barclay Par- sons, engineer, of New York; and Hennen ENDER: mining engi- neer, of Washington. The principal object of the corporation is to acquire inventions and patents and to make them more available in the arts and indus- tries, while using them as a source of income, and, second, to apply all profiits derived from such use to the advancement of technical and scientific investigation and experimentation through the agency of the Smithsonian Institution and such other scientific and educa- tional institutions and societies as may be selected by the directors. The chief assets of the corporation at present are the Cottrell pat- ents relating to the precipitation of dust, smoke, and chemical fumes by the use of electrical currents. Dr. F. G. Cottrell, the inventor and donor of these patents, has described their operation and advan- tages and the progress thus far made in their installation in an article printed in the Smithsonian Report for 1913. There is now under consideration the acceptance and develop- ment of other patents besides those presented by Dr. Cottrell. It is planned that when the funds of the corporation received from royalties and other sources shall have reached $100,000, to apply the income “to the advancement of technical and scientific investigation and experimentation ” as provided by the act of incorporation. Owing to the wide experience of the members of the board and their standing in the business community, it has been possible to do work in connection with the Research Corporation that would have required the expenditure of large sums if undertaken by an ordinary business organization or private individual. HARRIMAN TRUST FUND. Aided by the income of a special fund established by Mrs. E. H. Harriman, Dr. C. Hart Merriam, research associate of the institu- tion, has continued and practically completed his studies of the big bears of America, so that it is now possible to determine the relations 14270°—15——2 14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. of most of the species and to arrange them in definite groups. Of the true grizzlies there appear to be about 38 species and subspecies representing a dozen groups, and of the brown bears about 10 species, representing 5 groups. Opportunity will now be afforded for study in other fields of biological research. THE LANGLEY AERODYNAMICAL LABORATORY, The Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory was reopened under reso- lution of the Board of Regents adopted May 1, 1913, and on May 238 an advisory committee was organized, as detailed in my report for that year. In my last report I reviewed what had been accomplished up to June 30, 1914, in certain lines of investigation, including the successful flights of the Langley aeroplane built in 1898-1903, and further trials of that machine were described by Dr. A. F. Zahm in an article in the general appendix of the Smithsonian Report for 1914. During the past year it was found necessary for legal reasons to discontinue the advisory committee as originally organized, and it therefore seemed advisable to call upon Congress to authorize the establishment of a national advisory committee for aeronautics. Following an urgent appeal by myself and others to the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs, there was inserted in the naval appro- priation act (Public, No. 271, 63d Cong.) approved March 3, 1915, the following provision for a national advisory committee for aeronautics. * *: * 3h ** * * An Advisory Committee for Aeronautics is hereby established, and the Presi- dent is authorized to appoint not to exceed twelve members, to consist of two members from the War Department, from the office in charge of military aero- nautics; two members from the Navy Department, from the office in charge of naval aeronautics; a representative each of the Smithsonian Institution, of the United States Weather Bureau, and of the United States Bureau of Stand- ards; together with not more than five additional persons who shall be ac- quainted with the needs of aeronautical science, either civil or military, or skilled in aeronautical engineering or its allied sciences: Provided, That the members of the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, as such, shall serve with- out compensation: Provided further, That it shall be the duty of the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight, with a view to their practical solution, and to determine the problems which should be experimentally attacked, and to discuss their solu- tion and their application to practical questions. In the event of a laboratory or laboratories, either in whole or in part, being placed under the direction of the committee, the committee may direct and conduct research and experiment in aeronautics in such laboratory or laboratories: And provided further, That rules and regulations for the conduct of the work of the committee shall be formulated by the committee and approved by the President. That the sum of $5,000 a year, or so much thereof as may be necessary, for five years is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not other- wise appropriated, to be immediately. available, for experimental work and in- vestigations undertaken by the committee, clerical expenses and supplies, and REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. cg 15 necessary expenses of members of the committee in going to, returning from, and while attending, meetings of the committee: Provided, That an annual report to the Congress shall be submitted through the President, including an itemized statement of expenditures. On July 27, 1914, the Institution published a report by Dr. Zahm on European aeronautical laboratories, in which he describes the buildings, equipment, and operations of laboratories in England, France, and Germany. : Although, as above stated, it was not practical to continue the advisory committee of 1913 as originally planned, nevertheless the individual members of the committee have been active in their in- vestigations, and several valuable reports have been received, some of which are as yet confidential or incomplete, one of those being a report on wireless communications to and from air craft. Mr. Buckingham completed and published a masterly paper on the mathematical principle governing the relations of experimental mod- els of all sorts to those of full-scale machines. Dr. Humphreys pub- lished a long paper on the Physics of the Atmosphere. Dr. Zahm helped to design for the United States Army a 200-horsepower bi- plane, and published a mathematical method of analyzing the stresses sustained by such an aeroplane during flight. At the annual meeting of the Regents on December 10, 1914, Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Senator William J. Stone, Representative Ernest W. Roberts, Mr. John B..Henderson, jr., and Secretary Wal- cott were appointed a committee to consider questions relative to the Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during the year comprised a total of 6,753 printed pages, accom- panied by 655 plates of illustrations, and the number of copies dis- tributed of these various publications, both pamphlets and bound volumes, aggregated 132,010. The Institution has for one of its primary objects the “ diffusion of knowledge,” and this aim is carried out by printing and distribu- ting the results of scientific investigations, accounts of explorations and researches, of progress in the various branches of science, and of development in any phase of human endeavor which would tend to increase “knowledge among men.” Of its three series of publica- tions, the Contributions to Knowledge, Miscellaneous Collections, and the annual reports, the first two are issued in limited editions at the expense of the Institution and are sent out to libraries, institu- tions, and interested individuals throughout the world. The annual reports, containing in addition to the administrative reports a gen- eral appendix of original and selected papers showing the recent progress made in all branches of natural and applied science, are 16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. printed under congressional appropriation, so that a larger edition and more widespread distribution is possible. Under the direction of the Institution are issued the various pub- lications of its branches, (a) the annual report, the Proceedings, and the Bulletins of the National Museum, including the series of Con- tributions from the National Herbarium; (>) the Annual Reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology; and (c) the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory. ‘These series are all public documents and are printed by means of annual allotments by act of Congress. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.—The requirements for memoirs in this series are that they be accounts of extended original research constituting important additions to knowledge. Since the first appearance of this series in 1848, 35 quarto volumes containing 150 memoirs have been issued, the most recent one being the “ Lang- ley Memoir on Mechanical Flight,” in which are recorded the results of the late Secretary Langley’ s experiments establishing the practica- bility of heavier-than-air flying machines. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections—Fourteen papers forming parts of four volumes of this series were issued during the year, among them one paper on Cambrian geology by your Secretary. Another interesting paper was that by Messrs. Abbot, Fowle, and Aldrich recording new solar radiation researches, in the course of which free balloons carrying recording apparatus, ascended to a height of over 15 miles and were found on their descent with the records in good condition. As a result of these and other experi- ments, the authors abide by their former results, namely, that “the mean value of the ‘solar constant’ is 1.98 calories per square centi- meter per minute.” In this series, the sixth revised edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tables was issued, and was practically ex- hausted at the close of the year, showing the continued popularity and usefulness of this work. The publication of a further edition was being considered at the close of the year. The usual annual account of the Institution’s explorations and field work was issued, and being profusely illustrated, was of considerable popular interest. Smithsonian report.—The report for 1913 was received from the printer and distributed during the year. Separates of the articles forming the general appendix of the 1914 report were issued, the completed volume, however, not being received from the printer until shortly after the close of the fiscal year. Incorporated in the con- gressional act providing for printing for the Institution and its branches was a clause increasing the edition of the Smithsonian annual reports from 7,000 to 10,000, a very desirable change, as the edition of this volume has heretofore been exhausted almost imme- diately following its appearance. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. AZ Special publications —Of the opinions rendered by the Interna- tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, which the Institu- tion has published for some years past, Opinion 66 was issued, and the Institution has continued to provide clerical services in connec- tion with the office of the secretary of the commission. Among other special publications was a short biographical sketch of James Smithson, abridged from the chapter on Smithson by S. P. Langley in the history of the first half century of the Institution. National Museum publications —The National Museum issued an annual report, 1 volume of the Proceedings and 41 separate papers forming parts of this and other volumes, 6 bulletins, and 1 volume of Contributions from the National Herbarium. Bureau of Ethnology publications—The Bureau of American Ethnology published two bulletins and three miscellaneous publica- tions. Among the latter was a circular of information regarding Indian popular names, to be distributed in response to the numerous letters requesting information of this kind. Four annual reports and five bulletins were in press at the close of the year. Reports of historical and patriotic societies—The annual reports of the American Historical Association and the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution were submitted to the Institution and transmitted to Congress in accordance with the charters of these organizations. Allotments for printing—The allotments to the Institution and its branches under the head of “ Public printing and binding” were utilized as far as practicable, although there was a large amount of material which the Public Printer was unable to complete, and this will therefore become a charge against the 1916 allotment. The allotments for the year ending June 30, 1916, are as follows: For the Smithsonian Institution: For printing and binding the annual reports of the Board of Regents, with general appendices, the edi- tions of which shall not exceed 10,000 copies______________________ $10, 000 For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general appen- dices, and for printing labels and blanks, and for the Bulletins and Proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not exceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half morocco or material not more expensive, scientific books, and pamphlets presented to or acquired Dyeune National Miuseunt library s- 2 see os Pe a Be ed 37, 500 For the annual reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Eth- nology and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau____ 21, 000 For miscellaneous printing and binding: International pM xGhan ses fc: es soa nes hse eee En ee es ey 200 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_____________ 100 Pearman licen | ahi. So * ea ON te ee 200 ASCROD MY SICala OOSCEVALOLY =~. = wee Oran CR ei 200 For the annual report of the American Historical Association________ 7, 000 18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. Committee on printing and publication—All manuscripts sub- mitted for publication by the Institution or its branches have, as usual, been examined and passed upon by the Smithsonian advisory com- mittee on printing and publication. The committee has also con- sidered various general matters concerning printing and binding. During the year 18 meetings were held and 109 manuscripts acted upon. The personnel of the committee was as follows: Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology, National Museum, acting chair- man; Dr. C. G. Abbot, director of the Astrophysical Observatory ; ‘Dr. Frank Baker, superintendent of the National Zoological Park; Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Smithsonian Institution, secre- tary of the committee; Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology; and Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology, United States National Museum. THE SMITHSONIAN LIBRARY, The formation of a library of science was one of the earliest activities of the Smithsonian Institution and its natural growth during the last 60 or more years has resulted in the accumulation of nearly half a million works bearing on practically every branch of natural science, the fine arts, and the industrial arts. For adminis- trative reasons a large portion of the library, consisting in the main of transactions of learned societies, was in 1866 deposited in the Library of Congress. This deposit is constantly being increased, the accessions during the past year numbering 24,713 items of publica- tions and making the total number of entries to June 30, 1915, 521,616. The several libraries still directly maintained by the Institution and its branches include the Smithsonian office library; the libraries of the National Museum, comprising over 100,000 titles; the Bureau of American Ethnology, about 35,000 titles; the Astrophysical Ob- servatory; the National Herbarium; and in addition to these should be mentioned the more recently formed aeronautical library, which contains probably the most complete series of works on this sub- ject in the United States. One of the chief contributors to this library during the year was Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, whose gift included a working library of 46 volumes and 156 volumes of newspaper clippings covering the recent years of rapid development of the art of aeronautics. Among other accessions to the art section of the library during the year I may mention the loan by Mrs. Walcott of nine volumes of Japanese art and about 400 volumes of architectural publications which formed the library of her brother, Mr. George Vaux, of Philadelphia. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19 The report of the assistant librarian, appended hereto, describes the improvements recently made by the construction of steel stacks in the Smithsonian building for assembling in accessible quarters many general works belonging to the Government bureaus under the Institution which had heretofore been widely scattered in unsuitable rooms. LUCY T. AND GEORGE W. POORE FUND. In my last report I referred to a number of bequests then awaiting settlement. One of these was the bequest of George W. Poore, of Lowell, Mass., who died December 17, 1910, and by the terms of his will made the Smithsonian Institution his residuary legatee. As mentioned in my 1910 report, the estate, estimated at about $40,000, is bequeathed under the condition that the income of this sum should be added to the principal until a total of $250,000 should have been reached, and that then the income only should be used for the purposes for which the Institution was created. Although I have heretofore called attention to Mr. Poore’s reason for making this bequest, it is so apt and appropriate that I will repeat it here. The will says: I make this gift not so much because of its amount as because I hope it will prove an example for other Americans to follow, by supporting and encouraging so wise and beneficent an institution as I believe the Smithsonian Institution to be, and yet it -has been neglected and overlooked by American citizens. In March, 1915, the Institution received from the executors of the Poore estate the first installment of the bequest, amounting to $24,534.92, as noted under the head of finances. It will be known as the Lucy T. and George W. Poore fund. THE FREER COLLECTION. In 1906 Mr. Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, Mich., presented to the Institution about 2,300 paintings and other objects of art, and from time to time since then he has supplemented that gift by further generous donations until this wonderful collection now aggregates 4,811 pieces, including 991 paintings, engravings, lithographs, etc., by American artists, and 3,820 oriental works of art, many of them of high historic and intrinsic value. It was stipulated by Mr. Freer in connection with the gift that the collection should remain in his custody during his lifetime, and that he would provide funds for the erection of a suitable building for the permanent preservation of the collection. He is now considering the question of erecting such a building and a committee of the Regents has been appointed “on the securing of a site for the Freer Art Gallery.” 20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. The report of the Assistant Secretary in charge of the National Museum, hereto appended, indicates most gratifying progress in all lines of Museum activities. To the collections there have been many large and most valuable additions, and installation of exhibits, par- ticularly in the new or natural history building, has been greatly ad- vanced and improved. More than 300,000 specimens were accessioned during the year, over two-thirds of which pertained to paleontology and zoology, one-sixth to botany, and the remainder to anthropology, geology, mineralogy, textiles, and to other divisions of the Museum. The ethnological,exhibits were enriched by a large series of old Japanese art assembled some 30 years ago by the late J. Crawford Lyon; baskets, musical instruments, and other objects from Dutch Borneo, presented by Dr. W. L. Abbott; also many interesting ar- ticles pertaining to the American Indians. In American archeology the principal accession was a series of implements and other objects of stone, metal, and terra cotta from various parts of the United States and Mexico, secured through cooperation with the management of the San Diego Exposition. Dr. Alexander Graham Bell added very greatly to the electrical exhibits by his gift of 280 pieces of experimental apparatus and relics relating to the early history of the telephone. Special mention should also be made of the gift of Mr. Hugo Worch of a large number of pianofortes, illustrating the progress and development of piano making from about 1770 to 1850. The earliest of European pianos in the series dates from about 1770 and of American pianos about 1790. Many interesting accessions per- taining to American history are mentioned by the Assistant Secretary in his report, as also important additions to the zoological, geological, and botanical collections. A most notable contribution of mollusks, consisting of a very large collection of specimens from practically every part of the world, was a gift from Mr. John B. Henderson, a Regent of the Institution. As in previous years, much material was received from the United States Geological Survey, the Bureau of Fisheries, the Department of Agriculture, and other Government establishments, these accumu- lations from various field researches having served their purpose in the preparation of reports on scientific investigations. The National Gallery of Art has already outgrown the space allotted to the display of paintings. Each year the additions to the permanent collection of paintings, as well as the loan exhibits, causes more and more embarrassment to those in charge of their installa- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 21 tion, and the time has now come when serious consideration must be given to securing adequate quarters for these national collections. I can not pass without mention of the very interesting exhibition of laces, embroideries, and other art textiles, as also the historical cos- tumes, especially those representing the several administrations at the White House since the period of President Washington. I will not attempt to describe any of the gowns recently received, further than to say that they include a lavender silk dress worn by Mrs. Fill- more, one of black moiré worn by Mrs. Pierce at the inauguration of President Pierce in 1853, and a pale green brocade worn by Mrs. Cleveland during President Cleveland’s first administration. The division of textiles has greatly increased in popular interest through the installation of a series of machines illustrating methods of manufacture as well as exhibits of the raw and finished products. Likewise, mineral technology is being illustrated by models and products, showing the manufacture of mica plate from material here- tofore thrown away as waste, the preparation of asbestos products, and the manufacture of graphite and its industrial products. The Museum is participating in the expositions at San Francisco and San Diego, although the very small allotment allowed the Institu- tion and its branches from the appropriation for Government ex- hibits permitted only a comparatively small display at San Fran- cisco, At the San Diego Exposition, however, for which no appro- priation was granted for Government exhibits, it was possible, through cooperation with the exposition management, to prepare an interesting exhibit of physical anthropology and one illustrating American aboriginal industries. The former exhibit, more fully de- scribed on a previous page, is an entirely novel one. It illustrates man’s evolution, his development or growth, his racial, sexual and individual variations, and the causes, other than normal senility, which result in the decline of the human organism. For many years it has been possible to aid the schools and colleges of the country in their teaching of natural history through the dis- tribution of duplicate material. During the past year 163 sets of such duplicates, aggregating 14,843 specimens, were thus distributed. And about 8,000 duplicate specimens, nearly three-fifths of which were plants, were utilized in exchanges with other museums and in- stitutions. The total number of visitors to the older Museum building during the year was 133,202, and to the new building 321,712. The latter aggregate includes 59,577 Sunday visitors to the new building, the older building not being open on that day. The Museum issued its usual annual report and series of scientific papers, the total distribution for the year aggregating 54,000 volumes and pamphlets. 22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. The field work of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the last year resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of im- portant data relating in particular to the early inhabitants of the western and southwestern portions of the United States. There was also brought together a great deal of material bearing on the habits, customs, beliefs, institutions, ceremonies, and languages of vanishing tribes of Indians throughout the country. The report of the ethnolo- gist-in-charge, appended hereto, reviews in detail many lines of sys- tematic research now being conducted by the bureau. Among these I may note interesting explorations in New Mexico and Utah among ancient village sites which appear characteristic of peoples prob- ably of a considerable earlier period than those heretofore known from those regions. Ancient earthenware collected by Dr. Fewkes in such sites in the lower Mimbres Valley in New Mexico bear deco- rations of animals and geometric designs in some measure resembling certain ancient paintings on the walls of caves in France, In south- ern Arizona are some extensive aboriginal ruins awaiting investiga- tion, which bid fair to add much to our knowledge of the early in- habitants of that region. Among documents preserved in the Santa Ines Mission in Califor- nia there has been brought to light an old manuscript of special in- terest in connection with the study of the former Chumash Indians, and a complete copy of the manuscript has been made for the use of the bureau. Special researches have been in progress for some years in the preparation of several series of handbooks relating to American In- dians. One of these series, devoted to Indian languages, is in course of publication, the first volume already having been issued, under the editorship of Dr. Franz Boas. A Handbook of American An- tiquities, the first part of which will soon be ready for the printer, is being prepared by Mr. W. H. Holmes. The “ Handbook of Ameri- can Indians North of Mexico,” published some years ago, has had several reprintings, and the public demand for it still continues. A handbook in course of preparation is devoted to Aboriginal Remains East of the Mississippi. There had been such doubt and discussion as to the probable age of certain Indian mounds in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska that it seemed important for a representative of the bureau to make an investigation of the facts in the case. This task was undertaken by Mr. Gerard Fowke. His report indicates that instead of dating back many thousands of years, as some had claimed, “ it is safe to say that no earthwork, mound, lodge site, or human bones along this part of the Missouri River has been here as long as 10 centuries.” REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 93 - The study and analysis of Indian music is a subject to which the bureau has devoted considerable attention during the last few years, and there have already been published two bulletins on Chippewa music, which have attracted much attention in the musical world. There is now in press an extended account of “ Teton Sioux Music” with transcriptions of 240 songs and about 100 illustrations; and a paper on the music of the Ute Indians is in preparation. ~ The collection of manuscripts pertaining to American Indians which has been accumulated by the bureau during the last 30 years now numbers about 1,700 items. Many of these manuscripts have come to be of priceless value, comprising as they do records which it would be impossible now to duplicate. There was added to this collection during the last year a number of interesting records, including a Laguna Indian dictionary, 49 Arapaho and Gros Ventre notebooks, the war record of “Sitting Bull” depicted in 55 pictographs, and a photostat copy of “A Grammar of the Pottewatomy Language.” The bureau issued two bulletins, and there was in press at the Goy- ernment Printing Office at the close of the year the twenty-ninth, thirtieth, thirty-first, and thirty-second annual reports, and four bulletins. The completion of several of these works is delayed by the European war, the authors in some cases residing in belligerent countries. The distribution of publications aggregated 10,185 vol- umes and pamphlets. There were about 500 books added to the library, which now numbers 20,237 volumes, 13,188 pamphlets, and several thousand unbound periodicals. ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. One of the principal researches by the Astrophysical Observatory during the past year was the continuation of observations as to the intensity of solar radiation at various altitudes, with a view to defi- nitely determine the value of the solar constant of radiation. By means of sounding balloons, to which were attached automatic record- ing pyrheliometers, successful records were secured up to a height of 25,000 meters or about 15 miles, where the barometric pressure is only one twenty-fifth that at sea level. Director Abbot, in his report and in a special publication (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 65, No. 4, June 19, 1915), reviews the observations in solar radia- tion made at various altitudes from sea level up to the highest prac- ticable mountain peak (Mount Whitney), thence in a balloon as high as man could live, thence to a height of 15 miles, and concludes that the solar constant of radiation is 1.93 calories per square centimeter per minute. Dr. Abbot discusses also the interesting fact that con- siderable fluctuations of the “solar-constant ” values occur from day to day ranging over nearly 10 per cent between the extreme limits, 24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915, 1.81 and 1.99 calories. In 1913 the radiation of the sun was 2.5 per cent below the mean, and 1 per cent above the mean in 1914. A high average value is said to be indicated for 1915. In concluding his re- port for the year Dr. Abbot says: Short-period fluctuations of solar radiation were large in 19138, but small in 1914. Associated with these quick, irregular fluctuations are found variations of contrast of brightness between the center and edges of the solar disk. Curi- ously enough, while greater contrast is associated with greater radiation and with numerous sun spots in the general march of the sun’s activity, lesser con- trast is associated with greater solar radiation in the march of the quick, irregu- lar fluctuations of the sun’s emission. This paradox points to two causes of solar radiation—the long period changes may probably be caused by changes of the sun’s effective temperature attending the march of solar activity; the quick fluctuations may be ascribed to changes of the transparency of the outer solar envelope. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. The operations of the International Exchange Service have been necessarily curtailed for some months because of the European war. The total number of packages handled during the year was 275,756, or 65,911 less than the year before, and their weight was 367,854 pounds, a decrease of 199,131 pounds. There has accumulated, more- over, a large number of packages awaiting opportunity of shipment, particularly to Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Montenegro, Roumania, Russia, Servia, and Turkey, which were en- tirely shut out of the service at the close of the year, although cor- respondence is in progress to secure renewal of shipment with some of those countries. One of the important fnciene of this service is the interchange of official Government documents with various countries, resulting in the building up of a most important division of the Library of Congress. During the past year there was received in this connection from the Chinese Government a set of the Imperial Institute of the Ching Dynasty and other valuable records aggregating 684 volumes. Fifty-six full sets and 36 partial sets of United States official publi- cations are now sent regularly to depositories abroad, in accordance with treaty stipulations and congressional resolutions. A list of these depositories and detailed statistics of the service are given in the appendix to this report. INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. The Smithsonian Institution has administered the United States Bureau of the International Catalogue since its organization in 1901. There are 33 of these regional bureaus located in the principal coun- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 95 tries with a central bureau in London, where reference cards are as- sembled and published annually in 17 volumes covering each branch of science. During the past year there were collected and classified in the Smithsonian office and sent to London 12,386 cards of reference to the scientific literature of the United States for the year 1914, be- sides 14,027 references for the years 1906 to 1913, or an aggregate of 26,413 cards, making 345,349 references to American literature since 1901. Through a minute system of classification, the equivalent of a brief digest. of the subject contents of each paper, the International Cata- logue places before students and investigators references to practi- cally all the scientific literature of the world. On account of the necessarily high cost of the annual volumes sub- scriptions to the series are limited as a rule to the most important institutions and libraries, where, however, the catalogue is available to everyone desiring to consult this work. As in all lines of scientific work, the European war temporarily in- terferes with the finances and general work of the catalogue and the amount of literature produced in most of the countries at war is greatly curtailed. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. There was added to the collections in the National Zoological Park during the past year a number of interesting animals, including 25 species not before represented there. The total accessions aggregated 498. The census of animals on hand June 30, 1915, was 1,397 indi- viduals, representing 151 different species of mammals, 185 of birds, and 22 of reptiles, as compared with 1,362 animals on hand July 1, 1914. The report of the superintendent of the park, on another page, records a detailed systematic list of all the animals, numbering 629 mammals, 696 birds, and 72 reptiles. Every year since 1890, when the park was established, many speci- mens have been received-through the individual donations of those interested in its growth. Forty-three such donors during the past vear contributed 60 animals. - The total number of visitors was 794,530, an increase of about - 60,000 over the year preceding, and the largest attendance in the his- tory of the park. Among the visitors were 3,485 students from vari- ous schools and classes on special visits to the park for-educational purposes. The superintendent notes among the improvements of the year the construction of a cage and shelter house for pumas; and an out-of- doors inclosure with a small shelter house for a band of 25 rhesus monkeys which thrived there well throughout the winter. 26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. Near the close of the year work was begun on a hospital and labor- atory building, the urgent need of which was noted in my last report. In the sundry civil act making appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, provision was made for the acquisition of about 10 acres of land along the western boundary of the park, but neces- sary legal proceedings to complete the purchase had not come to a close at the end of the year. Among the primary objects in establishing the Zoological Park was the “instruction and recreation of the people.” To this end the playground department of the District of Columbia has been allowed to install several pieces of apparatus in a meadow tract which has become a favorite resort for picnic parties. The needs of the park become greater with the growth of the col- lections and the increasing popularity of the resort as an attractive public institution. The appropriations from year to year, while sufficient for absolute maintenance, have permitted the construction of but few of such permanent buildings as are needed for the ade- quate care of the animals. Among these urgent needs I may mention an aviary building and a building for the proper housing of ele- phants, hippopotami, and certain other animals now sheltered in mere temporary quarters. Accompanying the superintendent’s report is an outline map on which are indicated desirable building sites where necessary grading for that purpose would permit the desirable filling of certain ravines now practically useless. NECROLOGY. THEODORE NICHOLAS GILL. Theodore Nicholas Gill was born at New York March 21, 1837, and died at Washington September 25, 1914. The following tribute to his memory was adopted at a meeting of his associates on Sep- tember 26: TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF DR, GILL. Theodore Nicholas Gill, master of arts, doctor of medicine, doctor of philos- ophy, doctor of laws, associate in zoology in the United States National Museum. died at Washington, D. C., September 25, 1914, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. His associates in the Smithsonian Institution and its several branches, assembled at a meeting in his memory at the National Museum on September 26, do here record their deep sorrow in the loss of a sincere friend, profound scholar, one of America’s foremost men of science, and one officially connected with the Smithsonian Institution in various capacities for more than half a century. Trained in private schools and by special tutors in New York City, he early acquired a love for natural science which he made his life work, rising to the REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 27 highest rank in the field of zoology, and through his critical studies adding greatly to the sum of human knowledge. As one of the founders of the Cosmos Club; as a professor in the Columbian \(now the George Washington) University for more than 50 years; as a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Sciences, and of many other scientific socie- ties in the United States and foreign lands, Dr. Gill was most highly esteemed and was widely known to biologists throughout the world as a man of deep and accurate learning, particularly in the study of his specialty, ichthyology. A man of phenomenal memory, familiar with many languages, he was a veritable eyclopedia of science and knew how to make plain to the layman its technical phraseology. He was a constant and willing source of information and in- spiration to all who sought his aid in professional studies. Through devotion to his chosen calling and his genial disposition Dr. Gill has left to his associates 2 cherished memory and a brilliant example worthy of emulation. WILLIAM WOODVILLE ROCKHILL. William Woodville Rockhill, former ambassador to Russia, Tur- key, and other countries, one who had ably filled many other im- portant diplomatic positions in China, Korea, and elsewhere, and had served as Assistant Secretary of State, was born in Philadelphia in 1854 and died in Honolulu, December 8, 1914. From 1888 to 1892 he conducted two scientific missions to China, Mongolia, and Tibet under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, resulting in a large accumulation of most interesting and important data bearing on the habits and customs particularly of the then little-known Tibetans. Much of this valuable information was embodied in his “Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet,” published by the Institution. To the National Museum collections he added a large amount of ethnological material resulting from his journeys. Mr. Rockhill was intensely devoted to oriental study and had been a con- stant collaborator of the Smithsonian Institution throughout all his official career. At the time of his death he was en route to assume his duties as financial adviser to the Chinese Government. Respectfully submitted. Cuartes D. Watcorr, Secretary. APPENDIX 1. REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- tions of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1915: INTRODUCTORY. In the last two reports the general status and arrangement of the public collections in all departments were briefly reviewed. Since then the exhibits of anthropology, biology, and geology in the new building have undergone few material changes, though they have received many important additions and there has been an improve- ment in the condition of a large number of specimens which needed renovation. It having become necessary to provide a place for the larger whale skeletons, which were not transferred at the time of the general moving of the zoological collections, the south hall in the second story of the west wing, previously assigned to marine in- vertebrates, was allotted to this purpose and the invertebrates were taken to the north side of the building on the same floor. The re- installations necessitated by these changes were in progress at the close of the year. The accommodations afforded by the improvised picture gallery in the north main hall have been entirely outgrown and the point has been reached where the paintings must be so crowded as to utterly destroy their effect. There is no other suitable location to which this important collection can be extended and would-be con- tributors find no encouragement in the conditions. The time has certainly arrived when serious consideration should be given toward providing proper means for sheltering and displaying the art treas- ures of the Museum, in which connection the interests of the Na- tional Gallery of Art are vitally at stake. The work of renovation of the main hall in the Smithsonian building, which continued throughout the year, prevented the exe- cution of the proposed plans for the enlargement and improvement of the exhibition series of the graphic arts. In the older Museum building the installations, especially in the recently reorganized di- visions, steadily progressed with very measurable advancement. In 28 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. “29 the division of textiles much material was added, many gaps were filled, and numerous novel features were introduced. In mineral technology, where the construction of models makes progress slower, the number of comprehensive educational features was nevertheless considerably increased, and so many more are in course of preparation that another year should see a wide representation of the subjects covered. Toward the end of the year a section of wood technology was established with the main object of setting forth in a manner to satisfy the artisan and the public the qualities and sources of the woods available for any purpose to which that material is put. It is not doubted that a creditable collection can soon be gathered. COLLECTIONS. The additions to the collections, comprised in 1,481 accessions, aggregated approximately 304,647 specimens, which were classified and assigned as follows: Anthropology, 15,140; zoology, 101,928; botany, 51,295; geology and mineralogy, 4,063 ; paleontology, 129,981 ; textiles and animal and vegetable products, 1,511; mineral technol- ogy, 607; National Gallery of Art, 122. Loans for exhibition were also received to the extent of 1,760 articles, consisting of paintings and sculptures, laces, embroideries and tapestries, costumes and other historical objects, ethnological specimens, etc. The number of lots of material sent in for examination and report amounted to 790, of which about 64 per cent were geological and 28 per cent zoological. Among the more important gifts to the division of ethnology were a large series of old Japanese art, assembled about 30 years ago by the late J. Crawford Lyon and presented by the Misses Lyon; a col- lection of baskets, bark cloth, sword hilts in process of making, quivers for blowgun darts, musical instruments, and other objects, gathered in Dutch Borneo by Mr. H. C. Raven, and donated by Dr. W. L. Abbott; examples of modern Egyptian clothing contributed by Mr. Herbert E. Winlock; and interesting articles from the Plains Indians, which belonged to the late Maj. George Henry Palmer, United States Army, presented by Mrs. Palmer. A valuable series of musical instruments, household articles, tools, and other objects from the Ute Indians of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, south- eastern Utah, was purchased. The loans comprised objects from southern Mindanao, P. I., Abyssinia, Japan, China, Egypt, and Europe. The principal accession in American archeology was secured through the cooperation of the Smithsonian Institution with the management of the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego, and comprised important series of implements and other objects of stone, 14270°—15——3 30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915, metal, and terra cotta from various localities in the United States and Mexico. Many specimens of like nature from the same countries were also received in exchange from the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum at Stockholm, and the Bureau of American Ethnology transmitted a quantity of pottery displaying a distinct type of decoration from the lower Mimbres Valley, N. Mex. reas 2S ap eh a ee eeeiteeet ec tie ne, Mir arn Y el gabe les 10 Negatives of ethnologic subjects to illustrate publications_____-__-__ 2 Development of negatives exposed by field parties____..._.____________ 548 Photographie prints for distribution and for office use__________________ 690 Photographic prints for publication and for office use_________-_-____ 120 Photosraphic prints +forsexhipition purposes. 22 oho) ee Boe 115 Small photographie prints distributed chiefly for scientific purposes______ 350 Dra WINS UrepAnedy TOR UMIStratlONS. 26s sss ee Sn ee 30 Photostat copies (pages) of books and manuscripts______-_____-_-_-_-_ 1, 452 In addition Mr. Gill gave the usual attention to the critical exami- nation of engraver’s proofs of illustrations designed for the publica- tions of the bureau, submitted by the Public Printer. In the last report mention was made of a series of photographs of Indian subjects that has been exhibited successively by the New York Public Library, the Library Commission of Indiana, and the Providence Public Library. In September, 1914, in response to the 58 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915, request of the Public Library of Haverhill, Mass., this series of pic- tures was sent for public exhibition in that library. In addition, collections of photographs of Indian subjects, designed to illustrate in part the work of the bureau, were sent for exhibition at the Pan- ama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco and at the Panama-Califor- nia Exposition in San Diego. LIBRARY. The reference library of the bureau has been in the continuous charge of Miss Ella Leary, librarian, assisted by Mrs. Ella Slaughter until her death on November 1, 1914, and subsequently by Charles B. Newman, messenger boy. During the year 997 books were acces- sioned, but of this number only 448 were newly acquired, the remain- der being represented by the binding and by entry on the records of serial publications that had been in possession of the bureau for some time. Of these accessions 1388 volumes were acquired by pur- chase and 310 by gift or through exchange. The serial publications currently received number about 700, of which only 17 are obtained by subscription, the remainder being received by exchange of the bureau’s reports and bulletins. Of pamphlets, 294 were acquired. The number of volumes bound was 678. The library contained 20,287 volumes, 13,188 pamphlets, and several thousand unbound periodicals at the close of the year. The number of books borrowed from the Library of Congress for the use of the staff of the bureau in prosecuting their researches was about 450. The new steel bookstacks in the eastern end of the main hall of the Smithsonian building, referred to in the last annual report, were finished and placed at the disposal of the bureau in August, when the work of reinstallation of the library was undertaken by the librarian and promptly carried to completion. The facilities afforded by the new stacks are an improvement over those of the old library equip- ment, while safety is greatly increased. COLLECTIONS. The following collections were acquired by the bureau or by mem- bers of its staff and transferred to the National Museum, as required by law: Model of Cherokee packing basket from the Hast Cherokee Reservation, Swain County, N. C. Collected by James Mooney, Bureau of American Ethnology. (57699. ) 179 archeological objects from the lower Mimbres Valley and an earthenware vase from Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico. Collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, Bureau of American Hthnology. (57777.) Three stone figurines from the Tewa Indians of New Mexico. Collected by Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, Bureau of American Ethnology. (58129.) Snipe flute of the Sioux Indians. Received from Rey. A. McG. Beede, of North Dakota. (58254.) REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59 Five archeological objects from Virginia. Gift of Dr. W. B. Barham, of New- soms, Va.; and a necklace presented by Mrs. J. R. Kello and her daughter, Miss Hattie Kello. (58177.) PROPERTY. The most valuable property of the bureau consists of its library (of which brief statistics have been given), a collection of unpub- lished manuscripts, and several thousand photographic negatives. Comparatively little of this material could be duplicated. The other property of the bureau is described in general terms in the last annual report. The total cost of furniture, typewriters, and other apparatus acquired during the fiscal year was $553.35. MI SCELLANEOUS. QUARTERS. The quarters of the bureau have been improved by the completion of the library bookstacks, previously referred to, and the installation of additional electric lights in the library and in one of the office rooms. PERSONNEL. The personnel of the bureau has been changed by the appointment of Mr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist, on February 20; the death of Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, ethnologist, on June 24; the death of Mrs. Ella Slaughter, classified laborer, on November 1, 1914; the transfer of Thomas F. Clark, jr., to the National Museum; the ap- pointment of William Humphrey, stenographer and typewriter; and the appointment of Dennis Sullivan, messenger boy. The corre- spondence of the bureau and other clerical work has been conducted with the assistance of three clerks and a stenographer and typewriter. Respectfully submitted. F. W. Hones, Ethnologist-in-C harge. Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX 3. REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the oper- ations of the International Exchange Service during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915: The system of international exchanges is based on the convention and the resolutions of Congress briefly referred to below: Convention between the United States and several other countries for the international exchange of official documents and scientific and literary publications, concluded at Brussels in 1886 and pro- claimed by the President of the United States in 1889. (Stat., XXV. 1465.) (Since the ratification of this convention, several additional Governments have signified their adherence thereto; while a number of other countries, though they have not officially adhered to the con- vention, have established international exchange bureaus.) Resolution providing for the exchange of certain public documents, approved March 2, 1867. (Stat., XIV, 573.) This resolution pro- vides that 50 copies of all documents printed by order of either House of Congress, and also 50 copies of all publications issued by any bureau or department of the Government, shall be placed at the dis- posal of the Joint Committee on the Library for exchange with for- eign countries through the agency of the Smithsonian Institution. Joint resolution to regulate the distribution of public documents to the Library of Congress for its own use and for international ex- change, approved March 2, 1901. (Stat., XX XI, 1464.) By this resolution it is provided that, in lieu of the 50 copies of the publica- tions referred to in the above-mentioned resolution, there shall be placed at the disposal of the Library of Congress for its own use and for international exchange 62 copies of such documents, with the privilege, at the request of the Librarian, of enlarging this number to 100. Joint resolution for the purpose of more fully carrying into effect the convention concluded at Brussels in 1886 in reference to the im- mediate exchange of the official journal, approved March 4, 1909. (Stat., XXXV, 1169.) This resolution provides that such number as may be required, not exceeding 100 copies, of the daily issue of 60 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61 the Congressional Record shall be supplied to the Library of Con- eress for distribution, through the Smithsonian Institution, to the legislative chambers of such foreign Governments as may agree to send to the United States current copies of their parliamentary record or like publication. The estimate submitted for the support of the service during 1915 was $32,200, including the allotment for printing and binding, and this amount was granted by Congress. The repayments from private and departmental sources for the transportation of exchanges ag- gregated $4,819.41, making the total available resources for carrying on the Exchange Service $37,019.41. During the year 1915 the total number of packages handled was 275,756, a decrease of 65,911, as compared with the preceding year. The weight of these packages was 367,854 pounds, a decrease of 199,131 pounds. ‘These decreases were caused by the suspension of shipments to a number of countries on account of the European war, as explained below. The number and weight of the packages of different classes are indicated in the following table: Packages. Weight. Sent. |Received.| Sent. /Received. Pounds. | Pounds. United States parliamentary documents sent abroad........-.-- ABH NOSOIELeu ocd ea VE MQG NG AL ERC Publicationsreceived in return for parliamentary documents. ...|...--.---- 2 B0D' |p tenet 5,817 United States departmental documents sent abroad..........-- 13; 604)|oeasssenes 145,549) |... --25 Publicationsreceived in return for departmental documents.....|....------ AS OLG) | en memeniets 9,389 Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications sent abroad .-.| 39,164 |..-.-.-.---. BOlS4S: (Petco ee Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications received from abroad for distribution in the United States...................|---------- PAU, | See coaeboe 52,525 otal eee eee a ee a: Nis as ee Ae a ae ee 247,848] 27,908] 300,123 67, 731 GRAN OlAle sates Sem ceases cetbeses Soot de ce wcdaceeae 275, 756 867, 854 Tt should be added that the disparity between the number of pack- ages dispatched and those received in behalf of the Government is not so great as indicated by these figures. Packages sent abroad usually contain only a single publication each, while those received in return often comprise many volumes. In the case of publications received in exchange for parliamentary documents and some others the term “package” is applied to large boxes containing a hundred or more publications.* No lists of these are made in the Exchange Office, as the boxes are forwarded to their destinations unopened. It is also a fact that many returns for publications sent abroad reach their des- tinations direct by mail and not through the Exchange Service. 14270°—15——5 62 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. Of the 1,653 boxes used in forwarding exchanges to foreign agen- cies for distribution, 220 contained full sets of United States official documents for authorized depositories and 1,433 were filled with departmental and other publications for depositories of partial sets and for miscellaneous correspondents. The total number of boxes sent abroad during 1915 was 812 less than the preceding year. This decrease was due to the suspended shipments to certain countries owing to the inability of the Institution to secure transportation facilities for forwarding consignments to the various exchange agen- cies, which condition has been brought about by the European war. Owing to the disturbed conditions which existed in Europe and the interruption to transportation facilities, shipments to all European countries were suspended during August and a part of September, 1914. On September 17 transmissions were resumed to Great Brit- ain, and during the month of October to Denmark, Holland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. Through the courtesy of the minister of the Netherlands at Washington, arrangements were made to send consignments to Switzerland by way of Rotterdam, and transmissions to that country were resumed on November 2. On December 8 shipments were resumed to Greece, and on January 23 to France. At the close of the fiscal year, therefore, the only coun- tries to which shipments were not being made were Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Montenegro, Roumania, Russia, Ser- bia, and Turkey. Steps are being taken through the Department of State to send exchanges for Germany to the American consul general at Rotterdam for reforwarding to the German exchange agency in Berlin, and it is hoped that the exchange of publications with Germany will be resumed at an early date. Through the assistance of the De- partment of State, arrangements have also been made for the for- warding of exchange consignments from Germany to the United States through the American consul general at Rotterdam. The Russian Commission of International Exchanges was ap- proached with a view to sending exchange consignments to Petrograd by way of Archangel during the summer months, but the commis- sion replied that, as the route in question presents so many diflicul- ties and is so encumbered, it would prefer not to make use of it, and not to renew the sendings until after the conclusion of peace and the reestablishment of the regular communications. The number of boxes sent to each foreign country and the dates of transmission are shown in the following table: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63 Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries. Num- Couatry. ber of boxes. AR GENTIN Acs ce ccine Sur seo a= ase 44 PUSTRIAG SS S228 Scenes se <5 10 BRHGI MAS 324.5522 son thee 5 ESRT NTA a = fas aieays cisie © = orice /nici= aisle 6 IBRAWMise se enks cas scee scones 33 BRITISH COLONIES....-------- 24 BRITISH: GUIANA... .252------- 4 CAIN AIDAM AG eateries ha aretsiee oct |nos melee GHITEE Stes cere om baepse ices 23 (Chapa) Wate BAS ae ee eee 32 COLOMBIAE: on se S552} sue sok 5 15 COSTAWRICAL = B32 acu ~ cease ti a8 12 (UBMs loc ceee ess tbe acess ee 5 AD ION MARKS: 2 a! a eee tk 32 EV GUA OR store cee ee einieie a srecic.= = 2 6 ELDON 6221 UP eS ge na 11 TVA 6 Oe ae en on eee 292 GIRRIWAINNY oto Je) pte ioo ths se = 6 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 347 GRERGE pane. ao oeetn habe oS il GUATEMALA Sos... Nee assem aeae 5 TEATS oe es ok ee 5 POND TIRAS 34525 8s Aone Bee 5 IRIN GAR Yeti. 5B eee Ses 3 IDNEDPARY. Sato Satoe Secs a RAS 62 LESUNT by eS ee ers Pee ears Peete se eee 91 TAMAIGAS Jo2 255 536 Sano teas 6 PAPAN Oe Sos Liaw emee eee piecle sass 54 KOR MA. S2nc sees tae tomentose tae 5 TGIBERIAM |. 22 eee eee tne es 4 LOURENGO MARQUEZ...------ 2 IMPAINTTO BAS 2 oni os sce ees 5 MESICORE cae oa sanet oo sve ease 5 NETHERLANDS). c.cc-csc-csse2 38 NEw SoutH WALES........-. 26 INENW! GEAGAIND seems oct cweis ote 26 NIGARAGUAE® 22 obi eseeee ose 5 NORWAY ssingooe oases Ses hesis 23 Date of transmission. July 16, Sept. 9, Nov. 17, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 27, Feb. 26, Apr. 22, May 20, June 22, 1915. July 8, 1914.1 July 11, 1914.1 Oct. 8, Dec. 10, 1914; Jan. 28, May 10, June 16, 1915. July 16, 20, Oct. 19, Nov. 18, 20, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 27, Feb. 26, Apr. 22, May 20, June 22, 1915. July 31, Sept. 17, 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, Dec. 5, 1914; Jan. 2, 16, 23, Feb. 6, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 20, May 1, 29, June 12, 19, 1915. Oct. 31, 1914; Mar. 12, May 7, 1915. July 20, Nov. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915. July 16, Oct. 19, Nov. 18, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 26, Apr. 238, May 20, June 22, 1915. Oct. 28, Nov. 4, 1914; Jan. 2, 30, Mar. 2, Apr. 12, May 13, June 12, 1915. Oct. 20, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 15, June 16, 1915. Oct. 21, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 5, June 16, 1915. July 20, Noy. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915. July 24, Oct. 10, Nov. 12, Dec. 14, 1914; Jan. 14, Feb. 20, Mar. 30, May 4, June 4, 1915. Oct. 31, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 5, June 16, 1915. July 24, Nov. 16, 1914; Jan. 12, May 22, June 23, 1915. July 3, 1914; Jan. 23, Feb. 23, Apr. 30, May 14, 29, June 14, 1915. July 7, 1914.1 July 3, 11, 18, 31, Sept. 17, 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, 23, Dec. 5, 12, 19, 26,1914; Jan. 2,9, 16, 23, 30, Feb. 6, 18, Mar. 12, 27, Apr. 20, 24, May 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, June 5, 12, 19, 26, 1915. Oct. 9, Dec. 8, 1914; Mar. 13, May 10, June 22, 1915. Oct. 31, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 7, June 17, 1915. July 20, Nov. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915. Oct. 31, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 7, June 17, 1915. July 8, 1914.1 July 3, 16, 31, Sept. 17, 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, Dec. 5, 26, 1914; Jan. 16, 30, Feb. 6, 18, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 10, 24, May 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, June 12, 19, 26, 1915. July 18, Oct. 7, Nov. 12, Dec. 11, 1914; Jan. 13, Feb. 12, Mar. 11, Apr. 12, May 11, 25, June 11, 25, 1915. Oct. 8, Dec. 8, 1914; Jan. 28, Mar. 12, May 10, June 22, 1915. July 15, Nov. 28, Dec. 22, 1914; Jan. 26, Feb. 26, May 4, June 4, 1915. Jan. 2, Mar. 12, May 12, June 22, 1915. July 24, Nov. 16, 1914; Mar. 12, May 12, 1915. Dec. 10, 1914; Mar. 10, 1915. July 20, Nov. 20,1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915. July 20, Nov. 20,1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915. Oct. 12, Nov. 3, Dec. 9, 1914; Jan. 6, Feb. 10, Mar. 10, Apr. 13, May 18, 27, June 14, 26, 1915. July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14, Dec. 15, 1914; Feb. 24, Apr. 8, May 8, June 8, 1915. July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14,1914; Feb. 24, Apr. 9, May 8, June 8, 1915. Oct. 31, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 7, June 17, 1915. July 24, Oct. 10, Nov. 12, Dec. 14, 1914; Jan. 14, Feb. 20, Mar. 30, May 4, June 4, 1915. 1 Shipments temporarily suspended on account of the European war. 64 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915, Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries—Continued. Num- Country. per of Date of transmission. boxes ONTARIO SS. isos. sates cee 5 | July 20, Nov. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915. PALESTINE 2225. osc See 1 | June 30, 1915. PARAGUAY. -< J -euoceus Sse 6 | Oct. 31, Dec. 4, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, Mar. 12, May 5, 1915. DER Use at ee ee aoe ee oe 19 | July 16, Oct. 20, Nov. 18, Dec. 17, 1914; Feb. 27, Apr. 20, May 20, June 22, 1915. PORTUGAL. stare stietstes cee 16 | July 24, Oct. 9, Nov. 12, Dec. 14, 1914; Feb. 20, Mar. 30, May 4, June 4, 1915. QUEBHG S485. se ei a tees. 5 | July 20, Nov. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915. QUEENSLAND.............-.-- 17 | July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14, Dec. 15, 1914; Feb. 24, Apr. 9, May 8, June 8, 1915. FRVUSSIA... 55/02 5 SGR ER ee 9 | July 9, 1914.1 SALVADOR si 5-422 eRe nee. 5 | Oct. 31,1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 7, June 17, 1915. SOTA aie anise s Soa cris gees eee 4 | Dec. 10,1914; Mar. 12, May 12, June 22, 1915. SOUTH AUSTRALIA...........- 23 | July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14, Dec. 15, 1914; Jan. 20, Feb. 24, Apr. 9, May 8, June 8, 1915. SPAIN Lite Seis aas ok See 24 | Oct.9, Nov. 16,1914; Jan. 12, Feb. 17, May 7, June 7, 1915. SWEDEN sete! sztu Seek Se 59 | July 9, Oct. 15, Dec. 1, 1914; Jan. 6, Feb. 10, Mar. 10, 19, Apr. 29, May 26, June 24, 1915. SWITZERTAND? S253 eS 42 | July 11, Nov. 2, Dec. 8, 1914; Feb. 9, Mar. 11, Apr. 28, May 14, 28,1915. Syeriinl. oe sat A rela a 2 | July 25, Oct. 28, 1914.1 TRASMANTAN tesa) cces Se oe oe 14 | July 18, 31, Sept. 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, Dec. 5, 1914; Jan. 2, 16, Feb. 13, Apr. 20, June 19, 1915. TRRINTDAD Dae aWer an ae, setae 5 | Oct. 8, Dec. 10, 1914; Jan. 25, May 10, June 22, 1915. MUBKE WS oe Seiten seco a 3 | July 25, Oct. 28, 1914.1 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA..... 30 | July 23, Oct. 30, Dec. 10, 1914; Jan. 12, Feb. 16, Apr. 30, May 27, June 25, 1915. URUGUAY. 5. oats 2 Chee Hae 17 | July 16, Oct. 20, Nov. 18, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, Apr. 23, May 20, June 22, 1915. WENEZUEDAIS 95.605 soe te seo ee 11 | Oct. 20, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 29, May 5, June 16, 1915. VICTORIAS 3eee eee 25 | July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14, Dec. 15, 1914; Jan. 20, Feb. 24, Apr. 8, May 8, June 8, 1915. WESTERN AUSTRALIA......... 20 | July 3, 31, Sept. 17, 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, Dec. 5, 12, 1914; Jan. 16, 23, Feb. 6, 13, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 20, June 12, 1915. WINDWARD AND LEEWARD 3 | Dec. 10, 1914; Mar. 12, June 22, 1915. ISLANDS. 1 Shipments temporarily suspended on account of the European war. With the exception of one package for the chief secretary to the government of Madras, India, and one for the undersecretary to the government of the United Provinces, Allahabad, India—each con- taining 12 United States governmental documents—no consignments have, so far as the Institution has been informed, been lost during the year, which is considered remarkable in view of the number of ships sunk by war vessels. A number of boxes have been detained at several ports of de- barkation owing to the fact that the vessels on which they were forwarded have been interned. Wherever possible the Institution has obtained the release of these consignments and they have been REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 65 sent forward to their destinations. At the close of the year one box for Sofia, one for Serbia, and two for Syria, all forwarded from New York July 2, 1914, per steamship Barbarossa, were held at Bremen, Germany, and four boxes for Pretoria, forwarded from New York July 10, 1914, per steamship Rauenfels, were held at Bahia, Brazil. With the exception of the latter, these consignments will probably be held until the close of the war. The Institution is endeavoring to have the boxes for the Government Printing Works at Pretoria released and forwarded from Bahia to destination. During the year the Institution has obtained for the Library of Congress from the Chinese Government, in exchange for the full series of United States official documents sent to China, a set of the Imperial Institutes of the Ching Dynasty and of the Imperial Rec- ords Relative to the Suppression of Rebellions. These valuable works comprise a total of 684 volumes. Many other foreign govern- mental documents have been obtained through the Exchange Service for the Library of Congress. In special instances, when requested to do so, the Institution has used the facilities of the Exchange Service to procure publications for both foreign and domestic gov- ernmental and scientific establishments. Quite a number of requests of foreign organizations for publications have been received from American consular officers through the Department of State. Owing largely to the efforts of Mr. Vittorio Benedetti, recently ap- pointed chief of the Italian office of International Exchanges, the service between Italy and the United States has been very much improved during the year. Mr. Benedetti has presented the Insti- tution with a typewritten copy of an account prepared by him of the origin and development of the International Exchange Service. A translation will be made of this interesting document and placed in the archives of the exchanges for reference. The act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, included a pro- vision authorizing the Government branches under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution to exchange typewriters, adding ma- chines, and other labor-saving devices in part payment for like ar- ticles. This office exchanged four typewriting machines during the year. The multigraph duplicating machine supplied by the Institution, which has been in use in the Exchange Office since 1908, has been replaced by a new machine. This multigraph, with stand, cost $283.50, and was purchased from the appropriation for the Inter- national Exchanges. It has been found to be very useful in the printing not only of circular letters, but of envelopes, labels, and other forms. 66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. The walls, ceilings, floors, and woodwork of the government and shipping rooms were painted during the year and the government room was provided with a large sorting table 27 feet 3 inches long, 2 feet 10} inches wide, and 3 feet high, with drop leaf at end and two drawers and shelves. There are only two windows in the gov- ernment room, and on account of the thickness of the walls of the Smithsonian Building these admitted very little light. The windows in that room have therefore been splayed, with the result that the lighting has been greatly improved. Another room has been assigned by the Institution for the use of the Exchange Office, which has facilitated the handling of the many packages received for transmission through the service. The unsatisfactory electric lighting system throughout the Ex- change Office has been very much improved by the installation of a semi-indirect hghting system. The washroom provided for the use of the employees has been fitted up with two lavatories. FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTAL DOCUMENTS. In accordance with treaty stipulations and under the authority of the congressional resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901, setting apart a certain number of documents for exchange with for- eign countries, there are now sent regularly to depositories abroad 56 full sets of United States official publications and 36 partial sets. The partial set of publications sent to Ceylon has in the past been forwarded in care of the American consul at Colombo. The consul now informs the Institution that the documents in question are de- posited in the Record Department of the Library of the Colonial Secretary’s Office, and consignments will therefore be sent direct to that office in the future. The recipients of full and partial sets are as follows: DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS. ARGENTINA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires. AUSTRALIA: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne. Austria: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna. BADEN: Universitits-Bibliothek, Freiburg. (Depository of the Grand Duchy of Baden.) Bavaria: Konigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich. BELGIUM: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels. BomsBay: Secretary to the Government, Bombay. Brazi_: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Buenos ArrEs: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. (Deposi- tory of the Province of Buenos Aires.) REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 67 CanapA: Library of Parliament, Ottawa. CHILE: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago. Cuina: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai. CoLtomBiIA: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San José. CuspA: Secretaria de Hstado (Asuntos Generales y Canje Internacional), Habana. DENMARK: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen. ENGLAND: British Museum, London. FRANCE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris. GERMANY: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin. GuLascow: City Librarian, Mitchell Library, Glasgow. GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens. Hartt: Secrétairerie d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince. Hunecary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest. Inp1A: Department of Education (Books), Government of India, Calcutta. IRELAND: National Library of Ireland, Dublin. ITaty: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome. JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo. Lonpon : London School of Economics and Political Science. (Depository of the London County Council.) ManitTosa: Provincial Library, Winnipeg. Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico. NETHERLANDS: Library of the States General, The Hague. New SoutH WALES: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney. New ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington. Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania. Ontario: Legislative Library, Toronto. Paris: Préfecture de la Seine. Peru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima. PorTUGAL: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon. Prussia: Ko6nigliche Bibliothek, Berlin. QorsEc: Library of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec, Quebec. QUEENSLAND: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane. Russt1a: Imperial Public Library, Petrograd. Saxony: K6nigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden. SrersBia: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Htrangéres, Belgrade. SoutH AUSTRALIA: Parliament Library, Adelaide. Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y ArqueGélogos, Madrid. SwEDEN: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm. SWITZERLAND: Bibliothéque Fédérale, Berne. TASMANIA: Parliamentary Library, Hobart. TuRKEY: Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople. Union oF SoutH AFrica: State Library, Pretoria, Transvaal. Urucuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevideo. VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas. Victoria: Public Library, Melbourne. | WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. WURTTEMBERG: KOnigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart. 68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS. ALBERTA: Provincial Library, Hdmonton. ALSACE-LORRAINE: K. Ministerium fiir Elsass-Lothringen, Strassburg. Botivia: Ministerio de Colonizacién y Agricultura, La Paz. BREMEN: Senatskommission fiir Reichs- und Auswiirtige Angelegenheiten. BritisH CoLtumMBiA: Legislative Library, Victoria. BRITISH GUIANA: Government Secretary’s Office, Georgetown, Demerara. ButGariA: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia. CrEyton: Colonial Secretary’s Office (Record Department of the Library), Co- lombo. Ecuapor: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito. Keypt: Bibliotheque Khédiviale, Cairo. IINLAND: Chancery of Governor, Helsingfors. GUATEMALA: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala. HaAmbBurG: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswiirtigen Angelegenheiten. HEssE: Grossherzogliche Hof Bibliothek, Darmstadt. Honpuras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa. JAMAICA: Colonial Secretary, Kingston. Liseria: Department of State, Monrovia. LourRENcO MARQUEZ: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez. Ltseck: President of the Senate. MApRAS, PROVINCE OF: Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras, Public Department, Madras. Matra: Lieutenant Governor, Valetta. MonTrTENEGRO: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje. NEw Brunswick: Legislative Library, Fredericton. NEWFOUNDLAND: Colonial Secretary, St. John’s. NIcARAGUA: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua. NorkTHWEST TERRITORIES: Government Library, Regina. Nova Scotia: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax. PANAMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama. PARAGUAY: Oficina General de Inmigracion, Asuncion. PRINCE EpwWArpD ISLAND: Legislative Library, Charlottetown. RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest. Satvapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador. Siam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS: Colonial Secretary, Singapore. UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OupDH: Under Secretary to Government, Alla- habad. ViENNA: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt. INTERPARLIAMENTARY EXCHANGE OF OFFICIAL JOURNALS. There are now 33 countries with which the immediate exchange of official journals with the United States is carried on, the Government of Costa Rica having been added during the year. A complete list of the Governments to which the Congressional Record is now sent is given below: Argentine Republic. Belgium. Australia. Brazil. Austria. Buenos Aires, Province of. Baden. Canada. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 69 Costa Rica. ' | Portugal. Cuba. Prussia. Denmark. Queensland. France. Roumania. Great Britain. Russia. Greece. Serbia. Guatemala. Spain. Honduras. Switzerland. Hungary. Transvaal. Italy. Union of South Africa. Liberia. Uruguay. New South Wales. Western Australia. New Zealand. LIST OF BUREAUS OR AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH EXCHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED. The following is a list of the bureaus or agencies through which exchanges are transmitted: ALGERIA, via France. ANGOLA, via Portugal. ARGENTINA: Comisién Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares, Reconquista 588, Buenos Aires. Austria: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna. AzorEs, via Portugal. BeEtcium: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Rue des Longs-Chariots 46, Brussels. BottviA: Oficina Nacional de Estadistica, La Paz. Brazit: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliothecd Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. BritisH CoLtoniges: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. BRITISH GUIANA: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown. BritisH Honpuras: Colonial Secretary, Belize. Burearta: Institutions Scientifiques de S. M. le Roi de Bulgarie, Sofia. CANARY ISLANDS, via Spain. CHILE: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago. CuinA: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bu- reau of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai. CotomBIA: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota. Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San José. DENMARK: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen. DutcH GUIANA: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo. Ecuapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito. Eeyer: Government Publications Office, Printing Department, Cairo. France: Service Francais des Echanges Internationaux, 110 Rue de Grenelle, Paris. GERMANY: Amerika-Institut, Berlin, N. W. 7. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Hssex Street, Strand, London. GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens. GREENLAND, via Denmark. GUADELOUPE, via France. GUATEMALA: Instituto Nacional de Varones, Guatemala. 70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. GUINEA, via Portugal. Hair: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince. Honpuras: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa. Hungary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, Vaci-utca 80, Buda- pest. ICELAND, via Denmark. Inp1A: India Store Department, India Office, London. Iraty: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Eman- uele, Rome. JAMAICA: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston. JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo. JAvA, via Netherlands. Korea: His Imperial Japanese Majesty’s Residency-General, Seoul. LipertA: Bureau of Exchanges, Department of State, Monrovia. LourENGO Marquez: Government Library, Lourengco Marquez. LUXEMBURG, Via Germany. MApDAGASCAR, via France. Maperra, via Portugal. MonrTENEGRO: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje. MozAMBIQUE, via Portugal. NETHERLANDS: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de l’Uni- versité, Leyden. New Guinea, via Netherlands. New SoutH WALEs: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney. New ZEALAND: Dominion Museum, Wellington. Nicaracua: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua. Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania. PANAMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama. ParRaGcuay: Servicio de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Seccién Consular y de Comercio, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion. Pers1A: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City. Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Depdésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Ministerio de Fomento, Lima. PortuGAL: Servico de Permutacgdes Internacionaes, Inspeccio Geral das Biblio- theeas e Archivos. Publicos, Lisbon. QUEENSLAND: Bureau of Exchanges of International Publications, Chief Sec- retary’s Office, Brisbane. RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest. Russta: Commission Russe des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Im- periale Publique, Petrograd. SALvApor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador. Srerpra: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Ftrangéres, Belgrade. Sram: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok. SoutH AUSTRALIA: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide. Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Faculta- tivo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueédlogos, Madrid. Sumatra, via Netherlands. SWEDEN: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm. SwiTzeERLAND: Service des Echanges Internationaux Bibliothéque Fédérale Centrale, Berne. SyrrA: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York. TASMANIA: Secretary to the Premier, Hobart. ; TRINIDAD: Royal Victoria Institute of Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. re TUNIS, via France. TurKEY: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston. UNION oF SoutH AFRICA: Government Printing Works, Pretoria, Transvaal. Urucuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional, Montevideo. VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas. Vicrorta: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridge- town, Barbados. Respectfully submitted. C. W. SHormakeEr, Chief Clerk International Euchange Service. Dr. Cuartes D. Waucort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Aveust 24, 1915. APPENDIX 4. REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report concerning the operations of the National Zoological Park during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. The sundry civil act approved August 1, 1914, provided $100,000 for improvement and maintenance. The cost of food for the animals during the year was about $23,000, being slightly less than the previous year, when it attained the highest figure yet reached; exten- sive repairs were required on roads and a considerable amount had to be expended on some of the buildings, all of which reduced the amount available for additional improvements. ACCESSIONS. Eighty-eight animals were born and hatched in the park. Among these were a South American tapir, an Arabian camel, 4 otters, 5 bears, a beaver, and various other mammals and birds. The accessions included altogether 25 species not hitherto repre- sented in the collection, and although considerably greater in number than during the previous year, included few of importance, as the supply of foreign animals was largely cut off by the war. A speci- men of Przewalski’s horse was secured as were various other animals of less note; a considerable number of waterfowl were also added. EXCHANGES. Eighty-two animals were secured through exchange. including 4 pumas, a jaguar, a palm civet and other mammals, a considerable number of birds, and a few reptiles. GIFTS. Mr. H. H. Bailey, Newport News, Va., a whistling swan. Mr. H. B. Barber, Washington, D. C., a great horned owl. Mr. D. L. Barton, Washington, D. C., an alligator. Mrs. O. L. Beardsley, Washington, D. C., three spermophiles. Mrs. B. O. Billingsby, Jules Station, Va., a skunk. Miss Lillian Birney, Washington, D. C., an alligator. Mr. F. D. Bradford, Washington, D. C., four alligators. Mr. M. E. Bruce, Philadelphia, Pa., two yellow-naped parrots. 12 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. i} Mr. John Buckey, Washington, D. C., an alligator. Mr. Joseph H. Curtis, Washington, D. C., a woodchuck. Mrs. J. B. Dodson, Washington, D. C., an opossum. Mr. G. A. Durfee, Washington, D. C., a grass parrakeet. Mr. C. C. Estes, Washington, D. C., two cottontail rabbits. Mrs. Sheldon Evans, Washington, D. C., a white-fronted parrot. Mr. E. Fabre, Washington, D. C., a red-shouldered hawk. Mrs. George Fowler, Philadelphia, Pa., a white-throated capuchin. Mr. I’. A. Frazer, Spotsylvania, Va., a Cooper’s hawk. Mr. James Frazier, Washington, D. C., a silver pheasant. Brother Geraptin, Franciscan Monastery, Washington, D. C., two mocking birds. Mr. C. G. Hoffman, Remington, Va., a barn owl. Mr. J. M. Johnson, Washington, D. C., a bald eagle. Mrs. D. C. Laws, Port Limon, Costa Rica, a white-throated capuchin. Mrs. Arthur Lee, Washington, D. C., a silver-blue tanager. Mr. Oscar M. Link, Washington, D. C., a sparrow hawk. Mr. BH. A. McIlhenny, Avery Island, La., six blue-winged teal. Mr. Vinson W. McLean, Washington, D. C., a diamond rattlesnake, Mr. Lester Martin, Washington, D. C., a raccoon. Mr. Fred. Mertens, Washington, D. C., a bald eagle. Mr. A. M. Nicholson, Orlando, Fla., a diamond rattlesnake. Mr. John M. Pickrell, Washington, D. C., a diamond rattlesnake. Mr. Edw. 8. Schmid, Washington, D. C., a screech owl, two barn owls, and a spreading adder. Mr. Fred. Schnaebele, Washington, D. C., an alligator. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, Washington, D. C., a black snake and a barred owl. Mrs. C. B. Strong, Washington, D. C., a merganser. Mrs. Swyhart, Washington, D. C., a horned lizard. Mr. E. Thomas, Washington, D. C., an alligator. Mr. Samuel G. Walker, Weld, W. Va., a bay lynx. Mr. William Whyte, Washington, D. C., an alligator. Hon. Woodrow Wilson, Washington, D. C., an opossum. Mr. D. E. Winstead, Washington, D. C., an alligator. Mr. N. P. Wood, North Mountain, W. Va., a green snake. Unknown donor, a red fox. Unknown donor, a Gila monster. LOSSES. The most noteworthy loss during the year was the death by rup- ture of the aorta of the largest of the Alaskan brown bears, caught as a small cub in May, 1901. He had attained a weight of 1,160 pounds. A Coke’s hartbeest and several monkeys died from tuber- culosis, two pronghorn antelopes from necrotic stomatitis, a lion from pericarditis, and a large bison bull (the “ten-dollar buffalo ”) from the effects of old age. Quail disease was again brought into the collection in a shipment of birds received from the southwestern United States and caused the death of more than half of the quail in the collection. A few waterfowl, also, died from aspergillosis, and there was some loss of birds from attacks by predatory animals 74 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915, roaming at large in the park, though it was less than during the pre- vious year. Forty-one of the animals that died were transferred to the National Museum. Autopsies were made, as usual, by the Patho- logical Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture. ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTION JUNE 30, 1915. MAMMALS. Green monkey (Cercopithecus callitri- chus) Mona monkey (Cecropithecus mona) —_— Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana) - Bonnet monkey (Macacus sinicus) —-- Macaque monkey (Macacus cynomol- GRE S)) a eee ee Pig-tailed monkey (Macacus nemes- tninus) 2 a ee eee Rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus) —--~ Brown macaque (Macacus arctoides) ~~ Japanese monkey (Macacus fuscatus) — Moor macaque (Macacus maurus) —--~ Chacma (Papio porcarius) ~~ Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) — Mandrill (Papio maimon)_--------_- White-throated capuchin (Cebus hypo- leucus) Brown monkey (Cebus fatuellus)—--~ Mongoose lemur (Lemur mongoz)---~ Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catia) _--__ Polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus) —--~ European brown bear (Ursus arctos)~— Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorffi) -_--- Yakutat bear (Ursus dalli)___-______ Alaskan brown bear (Ursus gyas)--~ Kidder’s bear (Ursus kidderi) ~-----~ Hybrid bear (Ursus kidderi-arctos) --_ Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus) —- Japanese bear (Ursus japonicus) —--~ Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) __-___ Black bear (Ursus americanus) — ~~~ Cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus) —— Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)-_---__ Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) — Cacomistle (Bassariscus astuta) _-___ Gray coatimundi (Nasua narica)____ Raccoon (Procyon lotor)_---________ American badger (Tawvidea tarus)____ European badger (Meies tarus)______ Common skunk (Mephitis putida) ____ Tayra (Galictis barbara) __--________ American marten (Mustela americana) — Fisher (Mustela pennantii)_________ Mink (Putorius vison) =~. --____ ee Oe to RPNre Re we BP RPReEWNWHEH RE RE EDN OWHE HENS NYNKF KENNY H DY WR Common ferret (Putorius putorius)_— Black-footed ferret (Putorius nigripes) North American otter (Lutra cana- CONnStS) +2255 Bio iek eae per eee Eskimo dog (Canis familiaris) ___-___ Dingo: (Cams dingo) 222 ee Gray wolf (Canis occidentalis) __~____ Coyote (Canis latrans) —-___-_________ Woodhouse’s coyote (Canis frustror)— Red fox (Vulpes pennsylvanicus) --___ Swift fox (Vulpes velox) ____________ Arctie fox (Vulpes lagopus) -_______ Gray fox (Urocyon cinereo-argenteus) — Spotted hyena (Hyena crocuta)—-____ Indian palm civet (Viverra civettina) — Common genet (Genetta genetta) ---___ Cheetah (Cynailurus jubatus) ----_--~ Sudan lion Glelisleo) eee eee Kilimanjarolion (Felis leo sabakiensis) — Tiger (Fens tignis)..2 =~ 2202-22 ee Puma (felis oregonensis hippolestes) —— Jaguar (Pelvis ened): se ee Leopard (Felis pardus)__.-2.----2— Black leopard (Felis pardus) —------~-- Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)__-_--_~ Bay lynx (Lynvr rufus) —=—-=-==-- === Spotted lynx (Lyn# rufus texensis) ——~ California lynx (Lynx rufus californi- Steller’s sea lion (Humetopias stelleri)__ California sea lion (Zalophus califor- NOaNUS) So ee ee Northern fur seal (Callotaria alascana) — Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)_-__-_-_-_ Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) -------_~- Western fox squirrel (Sciurus ludo- wiclanUs) = Ji. Sok soe See Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) —~ Black squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) _— Albino squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) _ Thirteen-lined spermophile (Spermo- philus tridecimlineatous)_-------_-__ Prairie dog (Cyomys ludovicianus)_--~ Woodchuck (Marmota monaz)____--__ Alpine marmot (Marmota marmotta)__ ee NOH HE WOH AD HWONNHH EHH OWN RE RO on Ore tb 1 The causes of death were reported to be as follows: Enteritis, 20; gastritis, 2; gastro- enteritis, 1; quail disease, 20; pneumonia, 8; tuberculosis, 10; congestion of lungs, 4; pleurisy, 1; aspergillosis, 4; congestion of liver, 5; rupture of liver, 1; nephritis, 1; peritonitis, 1; septicemia, 2; pyemia, 1; septic endometritis, 1; pericarditis, 3; rupture of aorta, 1; hemorrhage on spinal cord, 1; visceral gout, 2; chronic arthritis, 1; impaction of intestine, 1; necrotic stomatitis, 2; anemia, 3; wound infection, 1; accident, 2; unde- termined, 7. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. American beaver (Castor canadensis) -- Coypu (Myocastor coypus)—~—~--------- European porcupine (Hystri« cristata) — Indian porcupine (Hystrix leucura)-—- Canada porcupine (Hrethizon dorsatus) — Canada porcupine (Hrethizon dorsa- tus) yalbino 2a ee eae See Viscacha (Lagostomus trichodactylus) — Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mexicana) — Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azare@)__-- Crested agouti (Dasyprocta cristata) ~~ Hairy-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta Pry MnOlOpNG) === o= 2 Paca.(Cwlogenys, paced) ---==+=—2---— Guinea pig (Cavia cutleri) _---_------- Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis pata- WOMICO a a oe ee a Capybara (Hydrocherus capybara)-_—--~ Domestic rabbit (Lepus cuniculus) —--~- African elephant (Hlephas oxyotis) ~~~ Indian elephant (Hlephas maximus) -_—~ Brazilian tapir (Tapirus americanus) _— Wild horse (Hquus przewalskii) _----~ Grevy’s zebra (Hquus grevyi)--------- Zebra-horse hybrid (Hquus grevyi-ca- EGRET ED) SS Sr Dene eee ee Grant’s zebra (Hquus burchelli granti) — Collared peccary (Dicotyles angulatus) — Wuldopean (ws scro;@) —————=-= = 2=22= Northern wart hog (Phacocherus afri- GHG) Bee See ee een Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphi- Liama (Lama glama)——--~-------—~. Alpaca. (Laman paces) =o - == Vicugna (Lama vicugna) —~—__--_-___-_- Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) — Arabian camel( Camelus dromedarius) — Mocking bird (Mimus polyglottos) ---- Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)_----- Japanese robin (Liothriz luteus) —~---- Laughing thrush (Garrulaz leucolo- AUS eee a ea a eb Australian gray jumper (Struthidea CARAT) Oe SOE Se ees Bishop finch (Tanagra episcopus)_--~~ Cut-throat finch (Amadina fasciata) -- Zebra finch (Amadina castanotis)_---_ Black-headed finch (Wunia atricapilla) — Three-colored finch (Munia malacca) -_- White-headed finch (Munia maja)_---~ Nutmeg finch (Munia punctularia)__-_- Java sparrow (Munia oryzivora)_---__- White Java sparrow (Munia oryzi- Sharp-tailed grass finch (Poéphila acu- TACOUG Goa a ee ete Silver-bill finch (Aidemosyne cantans) — Chestnut-breasted finch (Donacola cas- tancothoras) 22-2 ee eee Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) ~~ Philippine deer (Cervus philippinus) —- Hog deer (Cervus porcinus)—-------~- Barasingha deer (Cervus duvaucelii) —_ Axis: deer, (Cervus, axis 22-2 eS = Japanese deer (Cervus sika) --__--__ Red deer (Cervus elaphus) —_-_-_-_-~- American elk (Cervus canadensis) ——-~ Fallow deer (Cervus dama) —-_---~-__— Virginia deer (Odocoileus virginianus) — Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)-___ Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus COVMNULENUS ye eee Cuban deer (Odocoileus sp.) _-----_~ Blessbok (Damaliscus albifrons)——-_~ White-tailed gnu (Connochates gnw)- Defassa water buck (Cobus defassa) —_ Indian antelope (Antilope cervicapra) — Arabian gazelle (Gazella arabica) ____ Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) —_— Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) ____~ Congo harnessed antelope (Tragelaphus gratus) Tahr (Hemitragus jemlaicus) —----_-~ Common goat (Capra hircus) -------~ Angora goat (Capra hircus) --------_ Circassian goat (Capra hircus) -___--___ Barbary sheep (Ovis tragelaphus) —-—~ Barbados sheep (Ovis aries-tragela- phus) Anoa (Anoa depressicornis) __--_--_~ Zebu. (Bibos: indicus) —2- eee Yak (Poéphagus grunniens)——-----__ American bison (Bison americanus) ~~~ Hairy armadillo (Dasypus villosus) —— Wallaroo (Macropus robustus) —_-__-~ Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) —~----_- Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus ruficollis DeUNnCEEL) Nas ee Be Virginia opossum (Didelphys marsupi- alis) BIRDS. 2 | Napolean weaver (Pyromelana afra) —- al 2 bo WHADAHATREA HP e = to Li 6 Madagascar weaver (Foudia madagas- Cantensis) ~sSee ens Red-billed weaver (Quelea quelea)_____ Paradise weaver (Vidua paradisea) --_ Red-crested cardinal (Paroaria cucul- EEG) a ae te sh ae) Common cardinal (Cardinalis cardi- NOLS) = ee ee es Ce ee Siskin (Spinus spinus) =~ 2 2 = 8- 22 Saffron finch (Sycalis flaveola) _-_____ Yellow hammer (Hmberiza citrinella)__ Common canary (Serinus canarius) —__ Linnet (Linota cannabina)_-_________ Cowbird! (Molothrussater).- == 3 = Glossy starling (Lamprotornis cauda- ILS eon Ss Te ha ee SS ee European raven (Corvus coraz) -----~ American raven (Corvus coraz sinua- (U8) css Se ee nes =x on — = es + BPOAINOCMNaAUOHY et b WORN RD WHEN RHEE EER BPR wa CTW eH oO = bo ul 76 Rocky Mountain jay (Perisoreus cana- densts capitalis) 22S eee eee White-throated jay (Garrulus leucotis) — Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata)__-___--_ American magpie (Pica pica hudsonica) — Red-billed magpie (Urocissa occipitalis) — Yellow tyrant (Pitangus sylphuratus rufipeniiie) 222 aes ee Giant kingfisher (Dacelo gigas)_------ Concave-casqued hornbill (Dichoceros bteornis) Sete ees SA Be Reddish motmot (Momotus subrufes- CONS) wens Se a Se Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua ga- leréla) 2 EN Se Se es ee White cockatoo (Cacatua alba) —--_--_- Leadbeater’s cockatoo (Cacatua lead- beatert) 28s) See Se) eee Oe Bare-eyed cockatoo (Cacatua gymno- Pig) isa Se a ee Yellow and blue macaw (Ara ararauna) — Red and yellow and blue macaw (Ara MGCCG0) a EO a ee Red and blue macaw (Ara chlorop- CONG) wa eS Sa EE eS Great green macaw (Ara militaris)___ Cuban parrot (Amazona leucocephala) — Orange-winged amazon (Amazona ama- RONICD) oss = EA ea a ee ee Festive amazon (Amazona festiva) —__ Porto Rican amazon (Amazona vit- LATA) LEO SOOM De Sat Sr Yellow-shouldered amazon (Amazona ochroptera) > SL ae SS eee Yellow-fronted amazon (Amazona och- rocephala) Yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auri- palliata) Yellow-headed amazon (Amazona le- UMAUONT) 6 se ee Blue-fronted amazon (Amazona estiva) - Lesser vasa parrot (Coracopsis nigra) — Banded parrakeet (Paleornis fasci- ata) Love bird (Agapornis pullaria) .-___ Shell parrakeet (Melopsittacus undula- EUS) « 2 R 32 DLS. Baws 5 FTE. PG Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) — Arctic horned owl (Bubo virginianus subancticus) 2 Se ys Sue: ee Barred owl (Striz varia) ~_-________ Sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius)—--_ Bald eagle (Haliwetus leucocephalus) — Alaskan bald eagle (Halieetus leuco- cephalus alascanus)—~—____-_______ Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaétos)_-___ Harpy eagle (Thrasaétus harpyia)—___ Crowned hawk eagle (Spizaétus coro- MUCUS) esa b on es al a Rough-legged hawk (Archibuteo lago- pus sancti-johannis)_____________ Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperi)___ Venezuelan hawk 2222252 5) oF abe Caracara (Polyborus. cheriway).--2-- Ro te OD m bo bo lll aes 3 1 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. Lammergeyer (Gypaétus barbatus) South American condor (Sarcorham- phus® gryphws) 222sU% 2 eee eee California condor (Gymnogyps califor- PAWNS)» BED SES ee eee Ee Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)________ Cinereous vulture (Vultur monachus) — Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnop- berus)i SV se Be Sas web Ete aes Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura)_- ~~ Black vulture (Catharista urubi) ----~ King vulture (Gypagus papa)—------ Snow pigeon (Columba leuconota)____ Red-billed pigeon (Columba flaviros- CTUS)) eee Ee ee tes a White-crowned pigeon (Columba leuco- cephala) Band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata) — Mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) — Peaceful dove (Geopelia tranquilla) ___ Zebra dove (Geopelia striata) ________ Collared turtle dove (Turtur risorius) — Cape masked dove (Gina capensis) —__ Australian crested pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes) Wonga-wonga picata) Nicobar pigeon (Calenas nicobarica) — Red-billed curassow (Oraz carunculata) — Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo sil- vestris) = See Ee eee ee Peafowl (Pavo cristata) —--_-4-~ = Peacock pheasant (Polyplectron chin- pigeon (Leucosarcia Huropean quail (Coturniz communis) __— Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)_----_- Curacgoa crested quail (Hupsychortyax Cristatus) 2s Ae ee Se ee eee Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata)____ Valley quail (Lophortyxs californica VOL COLG) ata ae Se ae Gambel’s quail (Lophortyx gambeli)___ Massena quail (Oyrtonyx montezume) — American coot (Fulica americana) ~~ Great bustard (Otis tarda)___________ Common cariama (Cariama cristata) __ Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) ~— Crowned crane (Balearica pavonina) —_ Whooping crane (Grus americana) —-_~ Sand-hill crane (Grus mevicana)_---__ Australian crane (Grus australasiana) — European crane (Grus cinerea) _—_---__ Indian white crane (Grus leucogera- Ruff (Machetes pugnagz) _——___________ Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax NYCHCOTAD NSViMS) este es te ae Snowy egret (Hgretta candidissima) —_ Great white heron (Herodias egretta) — Great blue heron (Ardea herodias)—~-__ Great black-crowned heron (Ardea co- Boatbill (Cancroma cochlearia)___--__ Black stork (Ciconia nigra) ---------- Be a Sa BNR OO BANNKYAKRYD RP NHYONVWYKReE NNW Co et et ails od BR ORNDAHE HE OHH Nr wo alll all PPR REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Marabou stork (Leptoptilus dubius)--.. 1 | Fulvous tree duck (Dendrocygna bi- Wood ibis (Mycteria americana)-----~ 2 Colom oes a2 Fee aie ee 2 Sacred ibis (Ibis ethiopica) ----_----- 3 | Wandering tree duck (Dendrocygna ar- White ibis (Guara alba) --------_----- 13 CUugta) pon kes Be es ee eh 6 Roseate spoonbill (Ajaja ajaja)_--_---- 2 | Ruddy sheldrake (Casarca ferruginea) — 1 European flamingo (Phenicopterus ro- Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)_-----~~ 19 ISS CES) ae te Pe I, 2 | East Indian black duck (Anas sp.)---- 6 Whistling swan (Olor columbianus)_—~ 6 | Black duck (Anas rubripes) __--___---~ 2 Mute swan (Cygnus gibbus)_------___- 6 | European widgeon (Mareca penelope)_- 2 Black-necked swan (Cygnus melancory- Chilean widgeon (Mareca sibilatriz) __ 2 TUS), aes eS ee ee eS 2 | Pintail (Dajfila acuta) —-=--——-—~___-_. 2 Black swan (Chenopis atrata) _------- 3 | Blue-winged teal (Querquedula discors). 5 Spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gam- Rosy-billed pochard (Metopiana pepo- OCNS1S a= eee a ok 1 80C0)) QoS Be esos see See a 2 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata)---- 2 | Red-headed duck (Marila americana)__ 9 White muscovy duck (Cairina mos- American white pelican (Pelecanus CHUM) Pose =. re a eo oe oe 1 Crythrorhynenos) 222-202 ee 9 Wood duck (Aix sponsa)_------------~ 13 | European white pelican (Pelecanus Mandarin duck (Dendronessa galericu- OnCErOLaluis) = aS SiS ae 2 LQG) eee ae SS eS 10 | Roseate pelican (Pelecanus roseus)____ 2 Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis nove-hol- Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) — 5 LOMO Eee ee ee a 2 | Australian pelican (Pelecanus conspi- Lesser snow goose (Chen hyperboreus) — 3 CRULOT AUS) fae areas ee ee 2 Greater snow goose (Chen hyperboreus Florida cormorant (Phalacrocorar au- MEVOILLUS)) en a 1 Titus, foridanie) Roi ats eS 15 Ross’s goose (Chen rossi) _-------__-_- 2 | Water turkey (Anhinga anhinga) —-_~--~ 3: American white-fronted goose (Anser Great black-backed gull (Larus mari- albifrons gambeli) —_-------_-__--__ 5 MALS) eer ee Se eal 1 Barred-head goose (Anser indicus) —---~ 2 | American herring gull (Larus argenta- Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) ~---- 2 tus smithsonianus)——_._-—___.___~__ 3 Canada goose (Branta canadensis)._-___ 12 | Laughing gull (Larus atricilla)_______ re Hutchins’s goose (Branta canadensis South African ostrich (Struthio austra- PCCOTUUIUSTN) ete el eee 3 ViR) CE Se heh ee een Fa 6 Cackling goose (Branta canadensis mi- Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdo- EN TOL LED) Yoo Eg SN A Sia en pT 2 DON CS) eee ee en ae Bie Et ES ee SE 1 Upland goose (Chloéphaga magella- Common cassowary (Casuarius galea- Ck 3 ass See Le Oa be ES ORS LS Sen eee 1 EUS) Se a Se es oe ee 1 White-faced tree duck (Dendrocygna Common rhea (Rhea americana) _--_-_ 2 LET ITS TN Vo OR aa el CE ee ee ey ea 2 ' Emu (Dromeus nove hollandie) —______ 2 REPTILES. Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)_._ 22 | Black snake (Zamenis constrictor) __~ 1 Painted box tortoise (Cistudo ornata)._ 2 | Coach-whip snake (Zamenis flagellum) — al Duncan Island tortoise (Testudo ephip- Water snake (Natria sipedon)__-______ 3 DTD) Be ee ee eee a Fe 2 | Common garter snake (Hutenia sirta- Albemarle Island tortoise (Testudo vi- 8) tse Se a8 oe 3 CLIN) ee Se nee eS a 1 | Texas water snake (Hutenia proxvima) — Z Horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum)— 1 | Pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) — 5 Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) — 2 | King snake (Ophibolus getulus)——-____ 2 Regal python (Python reticulatus)_-__ 38 | Water mocassin (Ancistrodon piscivo- Common boa (Boa constrictor) _______ 5 AUS) Wee Sea ORS ERE fed ot 6 Cook’s tree boa (Corallus cookii) ~~~ 1 | Copperhead (Ancistrodon contortriz)__ 1 Anaconda (Hunectes murinus)__-__-__ 1 | Diamond rattlesnake (Crotalus ada- Velvet snake (EHpicrates cenchris)_____ 2 ManNteUs)e Ls Ese Se 5 Spreading adder (Heterodon platyrhi- 116) Soe es oe ee Se 1 STATEMENT OF THE COLLECTION. ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR, LESS St RNS Sig, NEE ey eel rien yb othe. Neo a wee Saw SRS anti OA Be 60 RRR Bia SRE PETS EERE VAD A DERE PAE GR ee ga Oa, EO Phe he RAN eh 225 Born and hatched in the National Zoological Park______. 88 Rrecerv ed) vin cxtshehnpe on or Jae Ab ee ete the tee Ste ee 82 Deposited in; National Zoolomicahi Park. i= ho) 43 PR ty ae nee eee ee kre DEN Te Pd eer as ye ee 498 14270°—15——6 78 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. SUMMARY. Animals ‘on*hand: July aly LOMA wee eee a ee ee ee 1, 362 Aceessions: during Ehe- sy ears eee sea as A nee ee eee Gee 498 1, 860 Deduct loss (by exchange, death, return of animals, ete.)--___-___________ 463 On Manag I UNS OS ATG sya ea a ee He aS ee ee See ee ee teat i7) Class. Species. Bee Mamimalse eae a cee as mena om ata tae See Ree ee ene eee eres 151 629 IAS HSS as eT ER ee EES | a PE ae 185 696 IReDUles 2 25 dire cena ea 4 | : cp ’ ty , » ‘ Lies b res ; - \ A ‘ ” ‘i + — ; ¥ ; & , a . ’ - H ' ~ A ~ e 3 ) t ~ ‘ , : m : N 4 . nt 7 " ‘ ’ { i j a . . u. - ” i ' . ss; \ \ ot . J . b 4s ‘ \ nee .