OF THE SMITH 


FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 


1919 


SOE: INch Cae 
mC servers 
ics $35 Noy Ons 


( Publication 2547 ) 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1919 


PORT OF THE SECRETARY 
SONIAN | 
| INSTITUTION 


sm 


\ “EC LZ 919 
y 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 
OF THE SMITHSONIAN 
INSTITUTION 


FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 


1919 


( Publication 2547 ) 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1919 


CONTENTS. 


; : Page 
Rem sShalgh sonia LNSteUtIONE hoe. 2s oe ee ee ee eee 
PIS Sten UES Tra CNG A a eae eee Dos a Bn a) 
MTR BOAR s OhMRC SOMES Sas See ere airs aaa ok ee lk 5 
Generaleconsid erations saa Se ee Le ete ee 6 
‘SUmarirens a ee DOO e A e TERS Ce hae cm weed Se ee ees GUA ee Ea Eee ee nee) 8 
Researches and explorations: 
Geological explorations in the Canadian Rockies_________---____ 10 
Geological work in the Middle Atlantic States__________________ 11 
The Collins-Garner French Congo Expedition____________-_--_- 12 
The Smithsonian African HExpedition__________________________ 13 
Botanical explorations in Heuador____~_______-_______-_--_--__ 13 
Cimchona ‘Botanicals Statlona2 223 ee SS 14 
Anthropological work in Peru and Bolivia_________________--____ 14 
The proposed Roosevelt Memoria]l_______________-~_____-__-__---__ 15 
FRESEHLG MOOD DOLA LOM oe ee ew ns ee Trea UO ee eee See ee 16 
Popular scientific: lectures22—s 2 ee ee ee ee 16 
Woneress jot “Americanisisncou: .b22) fs 2k ses Le oe ee ee 17 
DEEL MIU GEY SIO NAS SC NIUE SD SRO Pea =e Terk ON ree Cece cme NS eT 17 
OST ase ltay poe renee ae rs crane tama a se Ed ae ae 18 
PDSEeRins LCA ANI MB IVAITY SE UM DNase seek ee aes IN a a ee 19 
PCenmEhe Ne TI CAM: MtNNOlO LY 227 So 21 
Mimiern aon HXeChan ees ses 2 SoU a ek ee a Se ape 
Reo eAOOLOSI CA ATK ce cea he a ee 23 
ASOD IY Sia OWSELVAtOLY 02 2 - ter Te DO ES ea i es 24 
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_________ pe eats jn Ne Se) 25 
Fs ECC) Os) ener yee ns te Re eae LL eee ew Re A Pe a a ee 26 
Appendix 1: Report on the United States National Museum______________ 29 
2. Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology______________ 42 
3. Report on the International Wxchanges_____________________ 58 
4, Report on the National Zoological Park.___________________ 68 
5. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory__________________ 82 
GeReport One ner DTA yes he ek ee Od 93 
7. Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific 
Witeragures hee sew ere Rers Petes Se es es a 98 
S.seport .ons publichtigns! 2S sek Ale es Dh te 101 


bs 


tev fipotiehe atl 


ee q ae BLL TOK Som 18194) 


es 
ie Pies 
wey f tts 2 


7 nee 
nape 
, 
i bia(sicorteha 
qi 
. s 
b OTs! 
tink T tH 


1) rigsed iit: lig bree th 


‘tf tia ‘At edt oe nied 
feo A Ssh fe Br 
s 
qv 


OTatitt 41} ne 


- ‘ - 
sc MEL) BOTAN Te 


. Hk 46 


REP © RT 


OF THE 


SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 


Cuartes D. Wa.Lcotr 


FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1919. 


To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. 

GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit herewith an annual report 
on the activities and condition of the Smithsonian Institution and its 
branches during the year ending June 30,1919. The activities of the 
Institution proper are reviewed in the first part of the report, together 
with a brief summary of the affairs of each of the several branches. 
In the appendices will be found more detailed accounts of the work 
of the National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the 
International Exchange Service, the National Zoological Park, the 
Astrophysical Observatory, the Smithsonian Library, the Inter- 
national Catalogue of Scientific Literature, and an account of the 
publications of the Institution and its branches. The reports of the 
Museum and Bureau of Ethnology are published in greater detail 
in separate volumes. 


THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
THE ESTABLISHMENT. 


The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress, in 
1846, according to the terms of the will of James Smithson, of Eng- 
land, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of 
America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- 
gonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion 
of knowledge among men.” In receiving the property and acccept- 
ing the trust Congress determined that the Federal Government 
was without authority to administer the trust directly, and therefore 
constituted an “establishment,” whose statutory members are “the 
President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the 
executive departments.” . 


THE BOARD OF REGENTS. 


_ The business of the Institution is conducted by a Board of Regents 
composed of “the Vice President, the Chief Justice of the United 
States, and three Members of the Senate, and three Members of the 

5 


6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, -1919. 


House of Representatives, together with six other persons other than 
Members of Congress, two of whom shall be resident in the city of 
Washington and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, 
but no two of them of the same State.” The regents elect one of 
their number as chancellor, usually the Chief Justice, who is the pre- 
siding officer of the board, and elect a suitable person as secretary of 
the Institution, who is also secretary of the board and the executive 
officer and director of the Institution’s activities. 

The changes in personnel of the board during the year were the 
appointment of George Gray, citizen of Delaware, to succeed him- 
self; the appointment of Robert S. Brookings, citizen of Missouri, 
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles W. Fairbanks. The 
roll of regents on June 30, 1919, was as follows: Edward D. White, 
Chief Justice of the United States, chancellor; Thomas R. Marshall, 
Vice President of the United States; Henry Cabot Lodge, Member of 
the Senate; Charles 8. Thomas, Member of the Senate; Scott Ferris, 
Member of the House of Representatives; Lemuel P. Padgett, Mem- 
ber of the House of Representatives; Frank L. Greene, Member of the 
House of Representatives; Alexander Graham Bell, citizen of Wash- 
ington, D. C.; George Gray, citizen of Delaware; Charles F. Choate, 
jr., citizen of Massachusetts; John B. Henderson, citizen of Washing- 
ton, D. C.; Henry White, citizen of Maryland; and Robert S. Brook- 
ings, pes: of Missouri. 

The board held its annual meeting on December 12, 1918. The 
proceedings of that meeting, as also the annual es report of 
the executive committee, have been printed, as usual, for the use of 
the regents, while such important matters acted upon as are of public 
interest are reviewed under appropriate heads in the report of the 
secretary. A detailed statement of disbursements from the Govern- 
ment appropriations under the direction of the Institution for the 
maintenance of the National Museum, the National Zoological Park, 
and other branches will be submitted to Congress by the secretary in 
the usual manner in. compliance with the law. 


GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 


In addition to the usual activities and routine duties, the scientific 
staff of the Institution continued, until the day of the signing of 
the armistice, to assist the Government in every way possible toward 
the successful prosecution of the war. The Museum staff were. in 
constant touch with Army and Navy officials, furnishing much tech- 
nical information, and the staff of the Astrophysical Observatory con- 
ducted numerous valuable researches. Mr. L. B. Aldrich, of the ob- 
servatory, carried out successful experiments on the pressure exerted 
by the wind upon projectiles, at the request of the Coast Artillery 
Station at Fortress Monroe. Assistant Secretary Abbot and Mr. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. m4 


Aldrich together worked on the problem of searchlights for Army 
use, and, after numerous experiments, they were able to improve the 
existing searchlights, both by diminution of size and increase in light- 
ing power. The new form of searchlight was constructed and used in 
_ France several months before the close of hostilities. 

At the time of the signing of the arinistice several valuable devices 
were being perfected by Dr. Abbot and the observatory staff, among 
them a recoilless gun devised by Dr. R. H. Goddard, of Clark College, 
which was a development of work being done by him for the Insti- 
tution on a multiple-charge rocket intended to reach great heights for 
meteorological observations; an instrument for determining ,geo- 
graphical positions from an airplane or a ship at sea without refer- 
ence to landmarks, whether celestial or terrestrial; and a rotating 
projectile constructed on the turbine principle to be fired from a 
smoothbore gun, which would have been specially valuable for use in 
trench mortars. 

On December 16, 1918, Dr. C. G. Abbot, Director of the Astrophysi- 
cal Observatory, was appointed assistant secretary of the Institution 
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. F. W. True some years 
ago. In addition to his administrative duties in connection with the 
Institution, Dr. Abbot will be in charge of the Smithsonian Library, 
the International Exchange Service, and the Astrophysical Obser- 
vatory. : 

The work of the National Research Council, of which your secre- 
tary was first vice chairman, was continued under the war organi- 
zation during the first part of the year. After the signing of 
the armistice every effort was concentrated on the organization of 
the council upon a peace basis, and this was accomplished very suc- 
cessfully before the close of the year under a definite plan in accord- 
ance with an Executive order from the President of the United 
States requesting the National Academy of Sciences to perpetuate 
the National Research Council. 

The secretary of the Institution was also chairman of the executive 
committee of the national advisory committee for aeronautics, which 
performed work of great value to the Government on airplane pro- 
duction and improvements. 

An important peace-time event was the organizing just before the 
close of the year of an extensive exploring expedition to the heart 
of Africa. The material collected will come to the Institution to 
be used for*purposes of comparison in working up the results of 
various expeditions to the Dark Continent by Col. Roosevelt, Paul 
Rainey, and others. . 

Bequests—An important bequest was made to the Institution dur- 
ing the year by Mrs. Virginia Purdy Bacon, of New York, which 
will do much toward extending our knowledge of the fauna of the 


8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


world. That portion of Mrs. Bacon’s will relating to the Institution 
reads as follows: 

(f) To Smithsonian Institute the sum of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), to be 
used in establishing a traveling scholarship, to be called the Walter Rathbone 
Bacon Scholarship for the study of the fauna of countries other than the 
United States of America; the incumbents to be designated by said Institute 
under such regulations as it may from tinfe to time prescribe and to hold 
such scholarships not less than two years, and while holding such scholarship 
to conduct for said Institute investigations in the fauna of other countries 
under the direction of said Institute. 


The terms of the will had not been executed at the close of the 
year. 
: FINANCES. 

The invested funds of the Institution are as follows: 


Deposited in the Treasury of the United States under authority : 
Of, COMSLOSS je yehes ere ES ae ce a le og $1, 000, 000..00 


CONSOLIDATED FUND. 


Brooklyn Rapid Transit 5 per cent notes, due July 1, 1918______ 3, 528. 44 

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 4 per cent collateral trust 
ponds; due qlully1ShWO29 = ee ae eee ee 15, 680. 00 
Province of Manitoba 5 per cent gold debentures, due Apr. 1, 1922_ 1, 935. 00 

West Shore Railroad Co. guaranteed 4 per cent first mortgage. 
DONS, ‘GUC RAM. he DOG Mee re ne eee 37, 275. 00 

Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co, first mortgage 5 per cent 
coldy bonds due w939 ie SS a 5, 670. 00 
Uuited -States first, Liberty, loan 2.2 48 oe 200. 00 
United States second suibenty loan =2)2 Se 2 ea ee 100. 00 
United States. thard luiberty- loan. - = a ee eee 10, 150. 00 
United States fourth Liberty loan 222 23 ee ee 50. 00 
United States war-savings stamps, series of 1918_-___-_________ ~ 100. 00 
adler Stamens 5 Bact 6 vies cies Ses ER eee RS 105. 94 
Total eet SSE ie tea The 3 ee eee 1, 074, 794. 38 


The sum invested for each specific fund and the manner in which 
the several investments were made is given in the following state- 


ment: bs 
eR BE ay as R i roi % i 
United States} Consoli- 
Treasnry. |datedfund.| Total. 

Smithson fund os ses. See es ee ee eee _ $727,640. 00 $984.00 | $728, 624.00 
Hahbelhuind 8g. 2. hose I eee 500. 60) | canes _ 500.00 
Mamilton fund. c< os: ee ee ee eee eel 2.500: OO ee eee 2,500. 00 
Hodgkins peneral tund=* [2 i2e. 4s ce ene ses ee eee ee 116, 000.00 | 37, 275.00 153, 275.00 
Hodgkins specifiefund 9249. . #23: agstein... bo $5up - <2 eae Pease 100, 000. 00 |.--.-------- 100, 000. 00 
Rhees fund..-.-.-- ch i a RE rae ire ea en ea £90. 00 74. 00 664. 00 
ARV eNpyaEtIT acco oe os sae oe eee ae Na ee ae ee | 14,000.00 | 14, 824. 45 28, 824. 45 
Addisonf. Reid fund 222. P4222 ees nee tas Seep eases 11, 000. 00 1, 348. 00 12, 348. 00 
Lucy: T.andGeorge WP ooretun dist 2s osee ec sasoss5 ae | 26, 670. 00 2, 819. 00 29, 489. 00 
George K: Sanfordfund’ 2 otessos eben cee 1, 100. 00 142. 00 1, 242. 00 
Chamberlain fund. .....-..-- slapd ephege recta ce fet ne ml coe) FS Mipbe aad lie 2 5. 10, 000. 00 10, 060. 00 
Bruce Hughesttind ..-- 2262. . 2547-640 2c ee ae coke eee ee | Sem ae cee et 7,327. 93 7, 327. 93 

Total. csecace oo cetera: tare een | 1,000, 000.00} 74,794.38} 1,074, 794. 38 


4 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. é 9 


~The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. was placed in the hands of re- 
ceivers on July 1, 1918. 

_ For the $5,000 in 5 per cent gold notes which failed of redemp- 
tion on the above date, $1,500 was subsequently paid to the Insti- 
tution in cash and the balance of $3,500 is held by the receivers 
pending final adjustment. 

A single piece of real estate hequenthed to the Institution by the 
late Robert Stanton Avery, and located in the District of Columbia, 
326 A Street SE., was sold and the sum of $3,046.50 was realized 
therefrom. Several lots of unimproved land located near Lowell, 
Mass., and forming a part of the bequest known as the Lucy T. 
and George W. Poore fund, were also sold and the sum of $520.50 
was realized, making a total of $3,567 derived from the sale of real 
estate during the year. 

Income not required for current expenditures continues to be 
placed with local banks on time deposit; the interest so earned dur- 


Ing the year amounted to $1,048.10. 


The income of the institution during the year, amounting to $144,- 
100.53, was derived as follows: Interest on permanent investments 
and other sources, $64,466.94; repayments, rentals, publications, etc., 
$34,723.33; contributions from various sources for specific purposes, 
$26,343.26; bills receivable, $15,000; ; proceeds from sale of real estate, 


$3,567. 


’ Adding the cash balance of $1,289.90 on July 1, 1918, the total 
resources for the year amounted to $145,390.43. 
Mr. B. H. Swales, honorary custodian, section of birds’ eggs, has 
contributed $300 to the Institution for the purchase of specimens. 
The disbursements which are described in the annual report of 
the executive committee amounted to $148,267.65, leaving a balance 
on deposit with the Treasury of the United States in cash and in 
bank of $2,122.78. 
_ The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement 
of the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1919: 


International exchanges_____________ palit ewe aoe Si aay eis, O00 
American ethnology_________-________ aig RD eee eNeNG SE BE Se peli Sein Soe A) 0) 
International catalogue of scientific literature_______________________ 7, 500 
_ Astrophysical observatory_———----__ BES ibs Ae SL ALE pra at 13, 000 
National Museum_______ VERNON SOS TPES EN RAID Ss CLT a ae & 
Hurmiiure vamds fixtures. bil ees OR) eke 15, 000 
Heating and lighting __-____-_-- --__ st Sinem ey OOO 
PLCSeLV An ON wok ACOMeCt ONS = eas ae bas a See ue ee 300, 000 
Udine | repalns = 8 sae BS i re 10, 000 
Books _______ a sleabaoe ts hod Se ape pe AS RE a AOS DND 2, 000 
LOS Exe) Me RAED EEE EE Ce Tet RE AUST amee 1 p Nmesien Le ale Babe oae ASke 500 
National Zoological Park_____________ pipe erin Foci —— 115, 000 


Increase of compensation (indefinite)_..--. 


Total__ YEA, a Phas GL aren no ay ee eae tas Pegs ep IS MAUS, — 595, 000 


10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


In addition to the above, there was included under the general 
appropriation for printing and binding an allotment of $76,200, to 
cover the cost of printing and binding the Smithsonian annual re- 
port and reports and miscellaneous printing for the Government 
branches of the Institution. 


RESEARCHES AND EXPLORATIONS. 


The institution every year sends out or cooperates in expeditions 
to various parts of the world for the purpose of gathering all the 
information possible on the inhabitants, the fauna and flora, and 
other features of little-known regions, and thus carries out one of its 
primary objects—* the increase of knowledge.” While the war con- 
ditions prevailing during the first half of the year blocked certain 
projects, several expeditions of importance to science were under- 
taken, and a few of these are briefly summarized here. The annual 
Exploration Pamphlet issued by the institution and the reports of 
the various branches describe these and other researches more in 
detail. 

GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES. 


The geological explorations which have been conducted in the 
Canadian Rockies by your secretary for a number of years were con- 
tinued during the summer season of 1918, chiefly for the purpose of 
determining the geological structure of the upper Bow Valley north 
of Lake Louise, Alberta, and also at the headwaters of the Cascade 
River, at- Sawback Lake. Another aim of the investigation was to 
locate any possible occurrences of unusual beds of fossils in the 
regions visited. 

Leaving the Canadian Pacific Railway at Lake Louise Station, the 
Bow Valley extends to the northwest parallel to the Continental 
Divide, which forms its southwestern side. Bow Lake at the head 
of the valley is a beautiful sheet of water hemmed in by bald moun- 
tain slopes and cliffs on the west and north and by the mass of Mount 
Molar on the east. From the west numerous glaciers drain into the 
lake. The first one encountered is Crowfoot, which flows from the 
great Wauputek snow field along the Continental Divide. 

Bow Pass, 4 miles north of the head of Bow Lake, has been eroded 
by glacial action into a broad, park-like area, so that the passage 
over into the valley of the Mistaya River of the Saskatchewan River 
drainage is scarcely realized until steep slopes indicate the approach 
toward Lake Peyto. This beautiful lake, with a glacier at its head, 
drains into the Mistaya River. The bold escarpment on the north 
side of the lake is continued to the north down the Mistaya River to 
the Saskatchewan. Several sections were examined along this front, 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ll 


which were found to be similar to the section at the head of Bow 
Lake. 

The broad canyon valleys that unite the headwaters of the Sas- 
katchewan River are all carved by erosion out of the same type of 
Cambrian rocks as those exposed in the vicinity of Bow Lake, and 
also in the Bow Valley south of Lake Louise Station. 

At the close of the season a fine pair of mountain sheep, a black 

bear, one mule deer, a mountain goat, and a wolverine were collected, 
the skins and skulls being shipped to the National Museum. 


GEOLOGICAL WORK IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 


During the field season of 1918 the members of the geological staff 
were chiefly occupied in collecting material for the museum exhibhi- 
tion series, most of the work being done in Virginia, Maryland, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. Sufficient material illustrat- 
ing the weathering and decay of rocks was obtained by Dr. J. C. 
Martin, assistant, curator of geology, United States National 
Museum, to make up 100 sets for distribution to those agricultural 
and other colleges which give instruction in rock weathering and 
soil formation. Dr. Martin also visited several localities in Penn- 
‘sylvania, New Jersey, and New York for the purpose of filling cer- 
tain gaps in the ore and rock collections. 

In continuance of the search begun in recent years for large ex- 
hibition museum specimens to illustrate the various phases of struc- 
tural geology and stratigraphic paleontology, Drs. Bassler and 
Resser, of the division of paleontology, report as follows: 


Field work was begun with an investigation of the Cretaceous rocks of west- 
ern New Jersey, where the prime object was to secure suitable exhibits of such 
economically important rocks of organic origin as glauconite, or greensand, 
and caleareous marl. The green;and area in the vicinity of Vincentown, N. J., 
afforded the best results in fossil and rock specimens for both study and exhibi- 
tion. The very incoherent greensand could not be obtained in messes of a size 
suitable for exhibition, but by use of shellac a large piece was hardened suf- 
ficiently to be shipped to Washington without breakage. In the marl pits 
unusually well-preserved fossils were found scattered through.an unconsoli- 
dated sand formation. Here specimens abound literally by the millions, and 
Jarge numbers were collected by passing quantities of the sand through a fine- 
meshed sieve, the residue in this process usually consisting of nothing but well- 
preserved fossils. 

They then proceeded to the Lancaster Valley of Pennsylvania, where they 
were fortunate enough to secure intact a large mass of finely banded, crinkled 
limestone. This illustrates, on a small scale, the folding to which the earth’s 
crust has been subjected, and forms a much-needed addition to the exhibits. 

On the east front of the Allegheny Mountains Dr. Bassler obtained exhibition 
specimens illustrating faulting and its accompanying phenomena. In western 
Maryland a fault passes through a Silurian conglomerate composed of smail, 
rounded pebbles of pure white quartz, forming an interesting educational ob- 


12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


ject, and along the fault zone the conglomerate has been broken into angular 
fragments and recemented together into a hard rock. In one case this re- 
cementation had been caused by silica and in another by iron ore. Large ex- 
amples of both kinds of this fault breccia were collected. Photographs of these 
specimens in situ were secured so that explanatory exhibition labels can be 
illustrated. 


THE COLLINS-GARNER FRENCH CONGO EXPEDITION. 


In December, 1916, an expedition known as the “ Collins-Garner 
Expedition in the interests of the Smithsonian Institution” sailed 
from New York for Bordeaux and from there to Africa, with the 
object of procuring a general collection of vertebrates and especially 
the great apes. The expedition encountered many difficulties and 
delays owing to the war, but by the summer of 1918 they had estab- 
lished permanent headquarters near Fernan Vaz, French Congo. 
A letter from Mr. R. L. Garner, who has the general management 
of the expedition, states in part: 


Our domicile is located on the edge of a vast plain, traversed here and there 
by belts and spurs of forest. In those plots of bush live great numbers of 
chimpanzees, and for the first time in my long experience among them I have 
seen whole families of them out on the open plain. Frequently they cross the 
plain from one belt of bush to another, in some places a mile or so in width,” 
and not a tree or bush in that distance to shelter them from attack. They 
often come within 200 to 300 yards of my house and sometimes manifest deep 
interest in trying to find out what this new thing is set up in their midst. I 
have seen as many as four or five different groups of them in the same day, 
and one of these contained 11 members. 

Mr. Aschemeier has collected well on to 2,000 specimens, and nearly all of 
them he has killed with his own gun. Some of these specimens are exceed- 
ingly rare and valuable. When you recall the fact that he came as taxi- 
dermist of the expedition and not as chasseur, he was not expected to provide 
the specimens that he was.to preserve. 

We have forwarded six consignments of specimens to the Museum and have 
a seventh well on the way; but we find great difficulty in getting the steamers 
to take them,from Port Gentil (Cap Lopez), because they are all under the 
direction of the French military authorities. Two of our last shipments were 
still at Port Gentil last month, where one of them has been lying since last 
January and all steamers declined to take it. Once both shipments were 
taken aboard the steamer and bill of lading signed when the captain changed 
his mind and sent the whole lot back on shore, with the accumulated charges 
of 40 francs for embarkation and debarkation. 

We have sent 12 or 13 specimens of buffalo, several specimens and species of 
antelope, and two or three fine specimens of the “red river hog,” beside a 
large collection of monkeys, representing six or seven species of both sexes and 
various ages. I think in all we have sent over 1,500 up to this time. Of 
course, this includes birds, ete., not insects, and we have on hand a goodly 
number. 


War conditions seriously interfered with the shipment of the 
material collected, but later on a large number of interesting speci- 
mens were received by the Museum. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. LS, 
THE SMITHSONIAN AFRICAN EXPEDITION. 


Shortly before the close of the fiscal year a collecting expedition 
to Africa was organized, to be known as the Smithsonian African 
Expedition, under the direction of Edmund Heller, in conjunction 
with the Universal Film Manufacturing Co. The expedition sailed 
from this country a few days after the close of the year for Cape 
Town, Africa, from which city arrangements were to be made for 
the plunge into the interior of the continent. The expedition is to 
collect animals, plants, and other material for uses of comparison 
in working up the collections made in Africa by Col. Theodore 
Roosevelt, Paul Rainey, and others, already in the National Museum. 
Representatives of the Universal Film Manufacturing Co. accom- 
panied the expedition to make extensive motion pictures of life in 
the mysterious interior. The expedition will explore the jungles, 
deserts, lakes, and rivers and will be out at least a year. 

Exploration is contemplated in various parts of the Cape region, 
the great Victoria Falls of the Zambesi River, and western Rho- 
desia. From there the expedition will cross to the sources of the 
Congo in Belgian Congo, then turn east toward Lake Tanganjika, 
following, to some extent, the trails of Livingston and Stanley in 
this region. From the town of Ujiji, on the eastern shore of the 
‘Jake, the temporary headquarters of the expedition, excursions will 
be made into the former German East Africa and the Uganda Pro- 
tectorate, especially the Ryvenzori Mountain region. 

The primary purpose of the expedition is to secure additional 
specimens of plants and animals, chiefly from the interior and from 
South Africa, in which the Museum is rather deficient. These will 
‘prove a welcome supplement to the magnificent collections brought 
home by Col. Theodore Roosevelt and others and on which mono- 
graphic reports are desired, but which can not be worked up intelli- 
gently and satisfactorily until more material is obtained. The 
experienced collectors, Mr. H. C. Raven, representing the institu- 
tion, and Dr. H. L. Shantz, of the Department of Agriculture, will 
undoubtedly send back to this country much material of value con- 
cerning the little-known parts of the “ Dark Continent” which have 
puzzled scientists and laymen for a long time. 


BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ECUADOR. 


As a part of a cooperative plan for an investigation of the flora 
of northern South America, organized by the United States National 
Museum, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Grey Herbarium, 
Dr. J. N. Rose, associate curator in the division of plants of the 
Museum, spent three months making botanical collections in Ecuador. 
A large quantity of desired material, including 6,000 botanical speci- 


14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


mens, 100 jars of fruit seeds and plant products preserved in 
formalin, a number of wood specimens, and samples of bark, was 
collected. It is expected that this and other proposed botanical 
researches in this region will be of much value to the agricultural 
and horticultural interests in this country. 

In the course of Dr. Rose’s work in Ecuador two sections were 
made of the coast across the western range of the Andes to the 
interior Andean Valley; one in the south from Santa Rosa to Loja, 
and the other near the center of the country from Guayaquil to 
Riobamba. A longitudinal section was made down the Andean 
Valley from San Antonio to Loja. This last section was over the 
route followed by Alexander von Humboldt at the beginning of 
the eighteenth century. Many of the plants collected by him on this 
memorable journey were re-collected. 


CINCHONA BOTANICAL STATION. 


With the consent of the governor of Jamaica the three-years’ lease 
of the Cinchona Botanical Station, held by the institution, was can- 
celed during the period of war, as it was found impracticable to 
undertake any botanical research there during the unsettled condi- 
tions prevailing. The lease was terminated, however, with the hope 
that it could be taken up again with the return of normal conditions, 
and a few days after the close of the fiscal year a letter was received 
from Prof. Duncan S. Johnson, chairman of the committee of sub- 
scribers to the maintenance of the station, at that time in Jamaica, 
stating that he had. begun negotiations with the Government to 
renew the lease, beginning January, 1920. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL WORK IN PERU AND BOLIVIA. 


Mr. Philip A. Means, honorary collaborator in American arche- 
ology, United States National Museum, spent some months during 
the year in archeological work in Peru and Bolivia. The region 
around Lima, according to Mr. Means, is undoubtedly one of the 
richest in South America from the archeological standpoint. After 
visiting a number of the ancient ruins in this section, considerable 
time was spent in examining the archeological collections of several 
South American scientists. In an account of his work, Mr. Means 
says: 

Two of the least known places visited were Maranga and Pando. They are 
very close together, and are about 6 miles northwest of Lima. In its prime, 
Maranga had four fine terraces, with a spacious terreplein at the top. At the 
bottom the pyramid is about 450 feet square and the summit terreplein is about 
250 feet by 350. The material of construction is adobe: This pyramid is prob- 
ably of Inca construction; it is much like the Inca-built Temple of the Sun at 
Pachacamae and has yielded many Inea artifacts. 

Lying somewhat north and northwest of Maranga are the ruins of Pando. 
These cover an immense amount of ground, and consist of several pyramids 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15 


even larger than Maranga, but not so well preserved. The old city at this place 
was inclosed in a massive wall, with easily defended gateways. These latter 
were narrow, and, at either side, sunk in the thickness of the wall, there was a 
raised platform or niche where-possibly a guard could stand and effectually 
oppose ingress. 

At the western side of Pando there are the remains of a fine, though small, 
palace or temple. Although it is only about 85 feet spuare, this little building 
is remarkable on account of the attractive arabesque patterns made in the stucco 
coating of the walls. The western end of the main room was provided with a 
platform, raised some 3 feet above the rest of the floor. Behind this there was 
a passage which led to other apartments. It is not now possible to know 
exactly what sort of roof there was, for the wind has eroded the tops of the 
walls and signs of roof beams or joists are no longer visible. - 


THE PROPOSED ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL. 


On January 29, 1919, a bill was introduced in the House of Repre- 
sentatives by Congressman F. C. Hicks, providing for the erection of 
a museum of history and of the arts ay a memorial to Theodore 
Roosevelt. It was intended that the proposed museum would contain 
the extensive collections already in the National Museum of relics 
and mementoes of illustrious patriots of our country and of the 
events conspicuous in its history. The bill provides that the building 
should be planned and erected under the direction of the Regents of 
the Smithsonian Institution, and, when completed, would be admin- 
istered by them. The site selected is the north side of the Mall, on a 
line with the present beautiful structure of the Natural History 
Building of the National Museum. 

* The memorial museum would contain also collections relating to 
arts and industries, including the great divisions of mechanical and 
mineral technology, such as objects and models illustrating the devel- 
opment of the electric telegraph and telephone; the phonograph; 
transportation by land, water, and air; musical instruments, from 
primitive to present forms; printing, illustrating, and bookmaking; 
photography, from the earliest invention to the modern moving-pic- 
. ture apparatus; ores and minerals, their natural occurrence, processes 
of extraction and manufacture, from the native state to the finished 
product; textiles; drugs; foods; and animal and vegetable products. 

Provision would also be made for the present National Gallery of 
Art, in the development of which President Roosevelt took an active 
and timely interest. The collections of the National Gallery now 
approximate $1,000,000 in value, and would grow more rapidly if 
adequate installation were insured. 

In my letter to Congressman Hicks regarding the memorial, I 
stated, in part, as follows: 

The proposed museum would not be a dead memorial, but a virile living 


tribute to Roosevelt that for ages would serve to educate and stimulate all 
elasses of Americans. Its educational value would be great to the child, the 


16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


youth, and mature men and women. It would stimulate the historian, artist, 
designer, manufacturer, and artisan, and bring to the American people in 
the most realistic manner the extent and character of their historical and in- 
dustrial development, and place side by side with the American many of the 
developments in art and science of other lands. I can not conceive of a more 
powerful influence for good that could take the form of a memorial to 


Roosevelt. , 
We have the great monument to Washington, the great mausoleum to Lincoln, 


and if on the same great parkway between the Capitol and the Potomae this 
tribute to Roosevelt could be erected it would be a tribute worthy of what he 
himself stood for in the life and thought of our country. 

The bill providing for this memorial to Theodore Roosevelt was 
not brought up before the Congress for action during the session 
at which it was introduced, but it was reintroduced on May 21, 1919, 
during the first session of the Sixty-sixth Congress, and at the close 
of the fiscal year was still in committee. 


RESEARCH CORPORATION. 


The Research Corporation, mentioned in several previous reports, 
is the outgrowth of the gift to the Smithsonian Institution by Dr. 
F. G. Cottrell of his patents covering the electrical precipitation of 
suspended particles. 

The process is now in successful operation in a number of smelting 
and refining plants in which the precipitation of fumes is an impor- 
tant item. From the income of these applications there was estab- 
lished a fellowship, amounting to $2,500 each year, for research 
along technical lines. 


POPULAR SCIENTIFIC LECTURES. 


In furthering one of the purposes of the Institution, “the diffu- 
sion of knowledge,” a series of popular scientific lectures, illustrated 
by lantern slides, was instituted during the year, and given in the 
auditorium of the National History Building of the Museum. These 
lectures were open to the public and were all well attended, showing 
the interest of the people of Washington in scientific matters. Eight - 
lectures were given in the series, on alternate Saturday afternoons, 


as follows: 


. Photographing in the Canadian Rockies, by Charles D. Walcott. 
Sun Rays in Many Lands, by C. G. Abbot. 
The Indian as a Stone Mason, by J. Walter Fewkes. 
. Meteorites and Shooting Stars, by George P. Merrill. 

. The Story of Our Local Aboriginies, Historic and Prehistoric, With Demon- 
sirations of Their Instrument Making, by William H. Holmes. 

6. Harmful and Beneficial Insects, and How the National Museum Helps in 
Their Study, by L. O. Howard. 

7. The Story of Silk, by Frederick L. Lewton. 

8. Why the Wild Flowers Are So Wild, by Frederick V. Coville. 


It is intended to continue these lectures during the coming year. 


oo 


OU 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Jey 


CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS. 


_ The twentieth international congress of Americanists which was 
to have been held at Rio de Janeiro in June, 1919, was postponed 
until the following year, when more favorable conditions may be 
expected. 

PUBLICATIONS. 


The institution and its branches issued during the year 98 volumes 
and separate pamphlets. The total distribution was 161,288 copies 
which includes 404 volumes and separate memoirs of Smithsonian 
Contributions to Knowledge, 15,603 volumes and separate pamphlets 
of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 18,885 volumes and sepa- 
rates of the Smithsonian Annual Reports, 118,332 volumes and sepa- 
rates of the National Museum publications, 11,483 publications of the 
Bureau of American Ethnology (all series), 1,444 special publica- 
tions, 10 volumes of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, 69 
reports of the Harriman Alaska Expedition, and 58 reports of the 
American Historical Association. 

An unusually large number of publications were in press at the 
close of the year, owing to the overcrowded condition of the Govern- 
ment Printing Office during the war. 

Allotments for printing—The allotments for the year for the 
printing of the Smithsonian report and the various publications of 
the branches of the Institution were practically used up and the 
allotments for the year ending June 30, 1920, are as follows: 

For the Smithsonian Institution: For printing and binding the annual 

reports of the Board of Regents, with general appendices, the editions 

of which shall not exceed 10,000 copies______-__________________ $10, 000 
For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general ap- 

pendices, and for printing labels and blanks and for the bulletins and 
proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not 


exceed 4,000 copies, and binding in half morocco or material not more 
expensive, scientific books and pamphlets presented to or acquired 


by the National Museum Library___________________. ___________-_ 37, 500 
For the annual reports and bulletins of the Bureau of American Eth- 
nology and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau_—— 21, 000 
For miscellaneous printing and binding: 
International exchanges Dae Ere SEPA EUS oS ici LR a Eee 200 
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_________________ 100 
INGEN MOIOENT VA cron Kayes cea Leal BEM il: eee We I Ny EE Gy ee 200 
MRO nySical -OUSERVALOl Vis so 2 Sota ee 200 
For the annual report of the American meena Association_________ 7, 000 


Committee on printing and publication—All manuscripts offered 
for publication by the Institution or its branches are considered by 
145986—19——2 


18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


the Smithsonian advisory committee on printing and publication. 
Thirteen meetings were held during the year and 79 manuscripts 
were acted upon. The membership of the committee is as follows: 
Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology, National Museum, 
chairman; Mr. N. Hollister, superintendent of the National Zoologi- 
cal Park; Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology, National 
Museum; Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, chief of the Bureau of American 
Ethnology; and Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Institution and 
secretary of the committee until his death in December, 1918, when 
Mr. Webster P. True succeeded him as editor and secretary of the 
committee. 
LIBRARY. 


The library of the Smithsonian Institution is maintained for the 
purpose of assembling a collection of periodicals and publications of 
a scientific nature, as well as the journals and other publications of 
scientific institutions of the world, the whole forming a library of 
reference and research. In addition to the main bulk of titles housed 
in the Library of Congress, and known as the Smithsonian Deposit, 
there are 35 sectional technical libraries and 4 branch libraries—the 
National Museum library, the Bureau of American Ethnology 
library, the Astrophysical Observatory library, and the National 
Zoological Park library. 

The number of accessions during the year which were added to the 
previous collection of over half a million titles numbered 7,502. Of 
these 2,077 were for the Smithsonian Deposit, 639 for the Smith- 
sonian office, Astrophysical Observatory, and National Zoological 
Park, and 4,786 for the National Museum. 

Seventy-eight titles have been added during the year to the insti- 
tution’s collections of aeronautical publications, in which continued 
interest has been shown by aeronautical research workers in the 
Army, Navy, and scientific institutions. Author cards for 1,722 
titles of books in the De Peyster Collection have been made, and the 
869 volumes on French history have been made accessible. 

In the Museum library the most important acquisition was a set 
of catalogues of the J. Pierpont Morgan art collection, presented by 
J. Pierpont Morgan, jr. The technological library added 346 vol- 
umes, and the books in the sectional library, division of plants, 
have been revised and all available works on botanical subjects 
brought together and rendered accessible. The collection in the art 
room, statuary, as well as books, has been carefully gone over and put 
in thorough order. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19 
“NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The National Museum suffered the loss at the beginning of 
the year of the assistant secretary in charge, Mr. Richard Rathbun, 

who died July 16, 1918. Huis duties devolved upon Mr. W. de C. 
Ravenel, the administrative assistant, whose title was changed to 
administrative assistant to the secretary, and on November 1 was 
also designated director of arts and industries. 

The scope of the National Museum embraces many subjects, which 
may be classed under the following headings : 

1. Natural history. 

2. Applied science and art (Arts and Industries). 

3. The fine arts (the National Gallery of Art). 

4, American history. 

These various departments are See under one adannnsiation., 
which insures greater economy and efficiency in management. 

During the war the Museum furnished the Bureau of War Risk 
Insurance with 138,600 square feet of space for its offices. Members 
of the Museum staff in all departments continued to render service to 
the various governmental agencies until the signing of the armistice, 
and their work was successful in bringing the Museum into closer 
relationship with the executive departments. 

The total number of accessions received during the year was 526,- 
845, classified and assigned as follows: Department of Anthropology, 
12,333; Zoology, 442,383; Botany, 40,357; Geology and Mineralogy, 
4,750; Paleontology, 26,050; Textiles, etc., 884; Mineral Technology, 
62; and National Gallery of Art, 26. Three thousand and ninety-six 
articles were loaned for exhibition, mainly for the divisions of 
history and American archeology and the Gallery of Art. Pur- 
chases were made from the Frances Lea Chamberlain funds and the 
Henry Ward Ranger funds. 

During the year the Museum began the collection of a most val- 
uable and interesting series of war relics. One of the most instruc- 
tive features of this collection is an exhibit showing the development 
of the airplane, from the original Langley models to the first Gov- 
ernment-owned aeroplane of the world, purchased by the United 
States from the Wright Brothers in 1909. Through the director of 
military aeronautics, Bureau of Aircraft Production, two types of 
planes used by the French at the front in 1917 were received, and a 
Curtiss training plane of the model used at flying fields all over the 
United States, as well as the first battle plane constructed in this 
country for the United States Government—the DH—4—made by the 

- Dayton-Wright Airplane Co. in 1917. This machine was flown over 
100,000 miles. 


20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


The Department of Anthropology received exceptionally large 
additions relating to the war with Germany. They include the 
Combined Order of Battle Map, corrected to November 11, 1918, 
with its accessories, as used by Gen. Pershing and his staff at 
Chaumont, France, throughout the progress of the American military 
“movements; a collection of German military paraphernalia captured 
by American troops during various engagements; collections of the 
equipment of the various branches of the American Army; and an 
almost complete series of uniforms, insignia, decorations, and medals . 
of the Army and Navy, as well as a collection of relics of Lieut. Ben- 
jamin Stuart Walcott, United States Army, who entered the French 
air service as a member of the Lafayette Flying Corps, and who was 
killed in aerial combat on December 12, 1917. 

Another interesting addition consists of a large series of costumes 
and accessories worn by the late Richard Mansfield in his extensive 
repertoire of historic characters, presented by Mrs. Mansfield. 

The chief addition in the Department of Biology was a collection 
of Antillean land mollusks, aggregating 400,000 specimens, donated 
by Mr. John B. Henderson, a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. 
The final installment of Dr. Abbott’s Celebes collections was re- 
ceived likewise. The collections in the National Herbarium were 
enriched by a donation of 12,000 plants from Mexico, 9,600 from the 
Philippines, and many from the South American countries. 

The Division of Textiles received for exhibition purposes from 
the office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army a col- 
lection consisting of apparatus, hospital appliances, and field equip- 
ment used by the Medical, Dental, and Sanitary Corps in the war. 
This included examples of all kinds of equipment of a thousand-bed 
hospital overseas. The food exhibits were continued and an arrange- 
ment was made with the States Relations Service of the Department 
of Agriculture, whereby regular demonstrations of the value, use, 
preparation, and conservation of foods were given. Over 2,100 per- 
sons attended the lectures and various demonstrations. 

Work on the Freer Building progressed satisfactorily, and it is ex- 
pected that the structure will be completed early in 1920. The Na- 
tional Gallery of Art acquired from Mr. Ralph Cross Johnson a rare 
gift of 24 paintings, which comprises selections from the work of 
19 of Europe’s foremost masters. 

The most pressing needs of the Museum are a separate building 
for the National Gallery of Art, which has long since outgrown its 
present temporary quarters, and also one for American history. It 
is likewise imperative to increase the scientific and technical staff 
in order that the Institution may keep pace with the rapid develop- 
ment of the country. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 91 


The total distribution of Museum publications during the year 
aggregated 118,332 copies. Over 4,000 volumes, pamphlets, and 
unbound papers were added to the library, which now contains 
54,685 volumes and 87,109 pamphlets and unbound papers. 


BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 


The usual activities of the Bureau of American Ethnology, defined 
by law as “ ethnological researches among the American Indians, in- 
cluding the excavation and preservation of archeologic remains,” 
have been carried on during the year under the direction of Dr. J. 
Walter Fewkes, chief. Intensive studies were made of the dying lan- 
guages of the numerous Indian tribes in order to discover the rela- 
tionship of the various stocks of the aborigines and to gain a clearer 
insight into the origin, history, and migration of man on this con- 
tinent. The continued study of the material culture of the Indians 
also has its practical value, while another instructive line of work 
relates to the history of the Indians both before and after the advent 
of Europeans. 

Field researches include, in addition to those mentioned above, 
the excavation and preservation of archeological remains. A few oi 
these researches are mentioned very briefly here in order to show the 
nature of the work. A somewhat more detailed account of these and 
other undertakings of the bureau during the year will be found in an 
appendix hereto. Valuable work was done by Dr. Fewkes in the 
McEImo and tributary canyons in Colorado and in Utah as far west 
-as Montezuma Canyon, on the aboriginal castles and towers of that 
region, and through his efforts the Aztec Spring Ruin was presented 
by the owner, Mr. Henry van Kleeck, of Denver, to the National 
Park Service, and accepted by the Secretary of the Interior. 

Dr. J. R. Swanton, ethnologist, devoted much of his time to the 
collection of material from published sources for a study of the 
economic background of the life of the American Indians north of 
Mexico. He has also continued his study of the languages of the 
Indians of the lower Mississippi Valley ‘and of the social systems of 
the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians. 

Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, prepared for the press the 
Onondaga version of the Myth of the Beginnings, the Genesis Myth 
of the Iroquoian peoples, and continued his previous study of the 
league. 

' Mr. Francis LaF lesche, ethnologist, is now completing for publica- 
tion his notes on the rite of the chiefs, the tribal rite of the Osage 
people. In this ritual is embodied the story of the four stages of the 
development of the tribal government, including both the military 


22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


and the civil forms, beginning with the chaotic state of the tribal 
existence. 

Mr. J. P. Harrington, ethnologist, has obtained important corrob- 
orative evidence of the validity of his discovery that there is a close 
genetic relationship between Tanoan pueblo dialects of New Mexico 
and the Kiowa. The bearings of this discovery on theories of the 
origin of modern Pueblos is very significant. , 

Special research work was done among the Salish Tribes, the Paw- 
nee, and Chippewa. Dr. Walter Hough, curator of ethnology, 
United States National Museum, undertook archeological work in the 
White Mountain Apache Reserve, Arizona, and Mr. Neil M. Judd, 
curator of American archeology, United States National Museum, suc- 
cessfully investigated five prehistoric ruins in the Cottonwood Can- 
yon caves. Dr. AleS Hrdliéka, curator of physical anthropology, 
United States National Museum, was detailed to make an examina- 
tion of the remains of southwestern Florida, especially of the shell 
heaps along the coast south of Key Marco. Mr. Gerard Fowke has 
made careful detailed study of the numerous caves in the Ozark 
region of central Missouri, and also transmitted a valuable collection 
ot relics to the Museum. 

The number of publications distributed was 11,483, an increase of 
4,139 over the number sent out last year. The library accessioned 
380 new books and 210 pamphlets. 


INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. 


The total number of packages handled by the International Ex- 
change Service during the year was 270,860, an increase over the 
number for the previous year of 3,914. Although it has not yet been 
possible to put the service on a prewar basis as far as the shipment of 
consignments abroad is concerned, shipments in boxes are being made 
as frequently as present conditions will permit to all countries except 
Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Montenegro, Roumania, 
Russia, Serbia, and Turkey. 

The exchange service has continued its policy of international 
helpfulness in procuring publications desired by governmental and 
scientific establishments both abroad and at home. As an instance of 
this service, sets as nearly complete as possible of posters relating to 
the war were assembled and transmitted to the British Museum at 
their request, a similar service having been rendered to the French 
Government the previous year. Owing to the excessive charges on 
ocean freight, many packages were sent by mail. 

Late in the fiscal year shipments to Belgium and the northern 
neutrals were resumed. The chief of the Belgian Service of Inter- 
national Exchanges said, in part, in a letter to the office here: ; 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 23 


I should fail most lamentably in my duty. Mr. Secretary, if I did not add to 
this reply warm thanks in the name of the Belgian Government, in the name of 
our scientific establishments and institutions, and in my own name, for the ex- 
treme kindness you have shown us in reserving for us until the present time all 
the numerous “ series” and “ collections ” (one and all of inestimable value) 
which the war has prevented you from transmitting to us at the proper time. 


THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


The National Zoological Park continues in popularity as a means 
of natural history education and as a place of recreation and amuse- 
ment for the people of Washington. 

The total number of animals in the park at the close of the fiscal 
year was 1,336, including 528 mammals, 71 reptiles, and 787 birds. 
Among the more important additions were two young Sumatran 
elephants, purchased at a cost of $5,000, for the children of Wash- 
ington by a number of their friends and donated to the institution. 
At the time of their arrival they were about 24 years old and were the 
first of their kind to be exhibited in Washington. Other important 
additions were a fine capybara, from the Hon. Henry D. Baker, 
Trinidad, British West Indies; a great white heron of southern 
Florida, from Dr. Paul Bartsch; and a pair of Florida bears from 
Mrs. A. V. N. Stroop. 

Visitors to the park during the year numbered 1,964,715—a daily 
average of 5,383. Ninety-eight schools and classes visited the col- 
lection for instruction purposes. 

Among the recent improvements are exterior cages for leopards, 
jaguars, and hyenas, and a new chimney for the central: heating 
plant. A part of the creek-side drive was rebuilt, some animal 
houses were painted, and small improvements in the animal houses 
and yards were likewise effected. 

The need of a new house for the exhibition of birds continues to 
become more urgent from year to year. An increased appropriation 
for the expenses of the park is also badly needed, as well as one 
sufficient for the purchase and transportation of animals, so that the 
park may take advantage from time to time of opportunities to 
obtain rare and conspicuous animals not before exhibited. The 
purchase of a frontage of over 600 feet on Connecticut Avenue, 
urged for several years by the superintendent, but which has not 
yet been considered favorably by Congress, would satisfy all the 
needs of the park as regards necessary expansion and better service 
to the public on the west side; and it becomes more and more im- 
portant to secure this land, as the probability of losing the oppor- 
tunity increases every year. It is also desirable to purchase a small 
strip of privately owned land between the park and the important 
highway of Adams Mill Road, because of improvements being made 


24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


at that point by the District government. The incorporation of 
this land within the park is of very great interest to the public. 
The slight increase in the annual appropriation granted by Con- 
gress scarcely more than covered the increased cost of maintenance 
of the park, even by practicing the strictest economy. Lack of 
funds for grading banks and filling ravines has prevented the com- 
pletion of work begun three years ago for the purpose of obtaining | 
new level spaces for yards and inclosures. 


ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. 


Several important investigations relating to the war, begun last 
year, were continued by the staff of the Astrophysical Observatory 
under the general direction of Dr. C. G. Abbot, in addition to the 
regular work of the observatory. These researches are mentioned 
elsewhere in this report under the heading “ Genera] considerations.” 

At Washington work on solar radiation computations has gone 
on steadily, and progress has been made with the preparation of a 
new medium, potassium iodide, for the investigation of the rays 
beyond where rock salt is transmissible. A new instrument, based 
upon the principle of the perfect radiator, or “ absolutely black body,” 
was constructed for the purpose of measuring nocturnal radiation, 
such as the earth sends out to space. At the close of the year 
this instrument was reported as operating successfully on Mount 
Wilson. 

In view of the fact that the total eclipse of the sun of May 29, 
1919, would be visible at La Paz, Bolivia, which is not very far from 
the Smithsonian solar constant observing station at Calama, Chile, 
a successful expedition was undertaken by Dr. Abbot, with the 
double purpose of observing the eclipse and visiting the Calama 
station. Good photographs of the phenomenon and also pyrano- 
metric observations by Mr. A. F. Moore of the brightness of the sky 
were obtained during the progress of the eclipse. A conference was 
held with officials of the Argentine Government, which is likely to 
prove of great value in the future, in that it concerned the employ- 
ment of solar-radiation measurements for weather forecasting by 
the Argentine meteorological service. At Calama, Chile, Dr. Abbot, 
in cooperation with the Smithsonian observers there, Messrs. Moore 
and Leonard Abbot, devised a new method of reducing solar radia- 
tion observations, so as to determine the solar constant of radiation 
with at least equal precision to that obtained by the older method, 
the advantages of the new method being (1) its independence of the 
variability of atmospheric transparency; (2) the time required is 
only one-fifth of the former period. : 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25 


On Mount Wilson Mr. Aldrich continued the observations of the 
solar constant of radiation, and in September, 1918, made an inter- 
esting observation in cooperation with the Army Balloon School at 
Arcadia, Calif., on the measurement of the reflection of sun and 
sky radiation from layers of fog, which led him to conclude that 
a great horizontal fog bank reflects to space 78 per cent of the radia- 
tion of the sun falling upon it. 

The preparation of Volume IV of the Annals of the Astrophysical 
Observatory has been in the hands of Dr. Abbot since February; it 
includes the results of measurements from the year 19138. Mr. Fowle 
has continued the work of revising the Smithsonian Physical 
Tables, in which he has received valuable aid from the various 
scientific departments of the Government and from individuals in 
colleges and industrial corporations. 


INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC 
LITERATURE. 


The United States Regional Bureau of the Catalogue, supported 
by congressional appropriation under the direction of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, undertakes to list and index all scientific articles 
appearing in the United States each year. These titles are for- 
warded to the Central Bureau in London, where they are incorpor- 
ated with the lists from al] other countries in a comprehensive cata- 
logue of the year’s scientific work of the world. The war and the 
_ chaotic conditions in Europe since the war, have greatly hampered 
the work of the catalogue and it has been recognized for several years 
that a general reorganization will be necessary when conditions be- 
come more settled. 

The Central Bureau has published during the year 8 volumes of 
the Thirteenth Annual Issue, completing that issue, and 12 of the 
17 volumes of the Fourteenth Issue have appeared. The United 
States Bureau has continued to gather and index the scientific titles 
in this country, and im some of the sciences, notably zoology, the titles 
have been classified far in advance of the published volumes. 

Jt has been recently announced by the Royal Society of London, 
the principal sponsor of the catalogue since its inception, that after 
the completion of the Fourteenth Annual Issue a new financial ar- 
rangement will be necessary in order to continue the work, and scien- 
tific establishments and academies throughout the world have been 
asked to offer suggestions as to the best method of accomplishing this 
end. 


/ 


26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919, 
NECROLOGY. 


IT may here express for myself and on behalf of the staff of the 
Institution and the National Museum the deep sense of loss caused by 
the death during the year of Mr. Richard Rathbun, assistant secre- 
tary in charge of the National Museum, and Mr. A. Howard Clark, 
editor of the Smithsonian Institution. These two men, through 
long connection with the Institution, contributed much to its de- 
velopment and their passing leaves a deep feeling of personal loss 
among their associates. 


RICHARD RATHBUN. 


Richard Rathbun, assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., January 25, 1852, and died July 16, 
1918. He received his education at Cornell University, specializing 
in geology and paleontology. Here he was associated with Charles 
Fred Hartt, professor of geology, who assigned to Mr. Rathbun the 
task of working up for publication a collection of fossils from Brazil, 
which resulted in the publication of Mr. Rathbun’s first paper on 
the “Devonian Brachiopoda of Erere, of the Province of Para, 
Brazil.” During this work he had occasion to visit the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, where the environment proved 
so congenial that he remained here fortwo years. During the summer 
months he served as a volunteer assistant under Spencer F. Baird in 
marine explorations on the New England coast. Through his as- 
sociation with Prof. Baird his connection with the Smithsonian 
Institution began. 

In 1875 he was appointed geologist to the Geological Commission 
of Brazil, and for the following three years he studied the geological 
features of that country. On returning to the United States he was 
appointed a scientific assistant in the United States Fish Commission, 
in which service he remained until 1896. 

During this period several papers from his pen appeared in “ The 
Fisheries and the Fish Industry of the United States.” During 
these years also he was involved in the fur seal investigation. The 
most important international commission to the Fur Seal Islands 
was the one sent out in 1896, and Mr. Rathbun was named chief 
advisor to Mr. Hamlin in immediate charge of the case. 

In 1896 Mr. Rathbun came to the Smithsonian Institution and at 
the beginning of 1897 took up the duties as assistant in charge of 
office and exchanges, later being named assistant secretary. The fol- 
lowing year, holding this same title, he was given charge of the Na- 
tional Museum, which position he held until his death. 

One of the most important events during his administration of 
the Museum was the appropriation for and the construction of the 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. OM 


new Natural History Building, in which he took a deep interest, and 
for which he was in large part responsible. He also undertook the 
development of the National Gallery of Art, a feature of the Smith- 
sonian which is mentioned first in the act creating the Institution, but 
which had remained dormant for lack of adequate facilities. 

Mr. Rathbun was a member of many scientific societies, including 
several foreign connections. His bibliography contains nearly 100 
titles, including the numerous papers written during his connection 
with the Fish Commission, and his official reports as administrator 
of the National Museum. 


ALONZO HOWARD CLARK. 


Alonzo Howard Clark, editor of the Smithsonian Institution, was 
born in Boston April 13, 1850, and was educated at Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, receiving an honorary degree of M. A. in 1906. Mr. Clark’s 
first connection with the Government service was in 1879, when he 
was put in charge of the United States Fish Commission Station in 
Gloucester, Mass. In 1881 he was made curator of the division of 
history of the United States National Museum, and later editor of 
the Smithsonian Institution, which position he held until his death 
on December 31,1918. Mr. Clark was also affiliated with a number 
of patriotic and historical societies, being secretary and registrar 
general of the Sons of the American Revolution, and an officer of the 
Society of Mayflower Descendants and of the Society of Colonial 
Wars. Matters of patriotic and historical interest were Mr. Clark’s 
chief delight, and it was through his efforts that were begun the 
present great historical collections in the Museum. He was especially 
fitted for his position as curator of this division through his wide 
experience in historical and genealogical work and his many con- 
-nections with organizations of that nature. Mr. Clark also held a 
prominent place in the activities of the American Historical Asso- 
ciation, being secretary of this organization from 1889 to 1908, and . 
curator from 1889 until the time of his death. 


APPENDIX 1. 


REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Sir: It is with profound sorrow that I record the death at his 
home in this city on July 16, 1918, of Richard Rathbun, assistant 
secretary of the Smithsonian Institution since 1897, and, as such, in 
charge of the United States National Museum since 1898. 

Out of respect. to his memory the flags on the buildings of the 
Institution were carried at half-mast until after the interment of 
his remains in Rock Creek Cemetery on July 18. Business was sus- 
pended in the offices and the public exhibition halls were closed on 
the day of his funeral. 

This is not the place to give an adequate review of the work of 
Mr. Rathbun as a man of science, or to recall his contributions to 
the upbuilding of the institution with which he was so long con- 
nected. I may be permitted, however, to express here my sense of 
bereavement in the passing of a man whose friendship and personal 
and official confidence I was permitted to enjoy. 

During Mr. Rathbun’s disability, and after his decease, the ad- 
ministration of the Museum devolved upon me as next in authority. 

On November 1, 1918, the position of assistant secretary of the 
Smithsonian Institution in charge of the United States National 
Museum was discontinued, and I, as directed by you, assumed charge 
of the administrative affairs of the Museum, with the title of ad- 
ministrative assistant to the secretary. In addition to the general 
duties of the above assignment, I was designated director of arts 
and. industries. 

Introduction.—The scope of the National Museum embraces many 
subjects, which may be classed under the following headings: 

1. Natural history, comprising zoology, botany, geology, mineral- 
ogy, paleontology, physical anthropology, ethnology, and archeology. 

2. Applied science and art (Arts and Industries). 

3. The fine arts (National Gallery of Art). 

4. American history. 

At the capitals of the principal countries abroad there are gener- 
ally several separate Government museums for these various classes, 
notably in London and Paris, resulting from the independent origin, 
of the different collections. In London, for example, the subjects 
combined in the United States National Museum are distributed be- 
tween two sections of the British Museum (Bloomsbury and South 

29 


30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


Kensington), the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Science Museum, 
the Museum of Practical Geology, Bethnal Green Museum, the Wal- 
lace Collection, the several national galleries of art, and others. In 
Washington, on the contrary and very fortunately, the entire mu- 
seum scheme has, by law, been essentially combined under one ad- 
ministration, which not only insures greater economy in manage- 
ment, but permits of a more logical classification and arrangement, 
the elimination of duplication, and a consequent reduction in the 
relative amount of space required. 

The national collections of the United States are not yet to be com- 
pared as a whole with those of certain European countries, though in 
natural history they are probably not surpassed there. In respect to 
the fine arts, the Freer collection comprises the most important rep- 
resentation of oriental art: in the world. However, in the fine arts 
generally and in the useful or industrial arts the National Museum 
has a great task before it, possible of accomplishment only when 
requisite facilities are supplied. 

Steps were taken during the year looking to the more definite 
organization of the department of arts and industries. Elaborate 
classifications have been proposed from time to time, but none of 
these have been strictly followed in the arrangement of the collec- 
tions, due mainly to the limitation of space. Work is being chiefly 
centered at present on those subdivisions which are most prominent 
in relation to current industrial affairs, but there are other subdivi- 
sions with important collections which are not represented by experts 
on the staff on account of lack of funds for their employment. As at 
present constituted the Department of Arts and Industries may be 
considered to consist. of the Division of Mineral Technology, the 
Division of Textiles, the Section of Wood Technology, the Section of 
Foods, the Division of Medicine, and the Division of Mechanical 
Technology. : 

War activities—In the last report the action of the Board of 
Regents of the Institution at the request of the President of the 
United States in closing the natural history building to the public on 
July 16, 1918, was noted, enabling the Museum to furnish the Bureau 
of War Risk Insurance.of the Treasury Department with 138,600 
square feet of space for office purposes on the ground and the two 
exhibition floors. This was done with the understanding that the 
Museum would be vacated upon the completion of the building then 
being erected for the bureau at the corner of Vermont Avenue and 
H Street, and that the Museum space would be turned back to the 
Museum authorities in the same condition in which it was received 
by the bureau. Late in March the bureau moved to its own struc- 
ture, but its funds were then so depleted that it was unable to carry 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. al 


out the agreement as to renovating the building. It was therefore 
unfortunately necessary to reopen the natural history building with- 
out making the needed repairs, the first floor being opened to visitors 
on April 11 and the second floor on April 22. 

Advantage was taken of the closing of the exhibition halls to give 
additional attention to classifying, arranging, labeling, and other- 
wise putting in shape the study series in the various departments. 
In the department of geology this also afforded opportunity to thor- 
oughly clean and to some extent rearrange the exhibition series, so 
that when reopened to visitors the halls were more interesting than 
ever. 

From the beginning of the fiscal year until the signing of the 
armistice on November 11, members of the Museum staff in all depart- 
ments continued along the same general lines as last year to render 
service to the various governmental agencies more directly engaged 
in prosecuting America’s part in the great conflict. Much valuable 
assistance was thus given, and the cooperation of the Museum in this 
work has resulted in bringing it into even closer relationship with the 
executive departments with beneficial results. 

War collections —FKarly in the fiscal year, in cooperation with the 
War and Navy Departments, the Museum undertook the assembling 
and installation of a collection of materials relating to the late war, 
which will probably form one of the most important collections ever 
undertaken by it, and may, ultimately, need a separate building. It 
is proposed to perpetuate the part taken by the United States in the 
World War by preserving and exhibiting objects graphically illus- 
trating the military, naval, and aerial activities, not only of our own 
side of the conflict but of our opponents as well. 

The value of such a collection can not be overestimated from the 
popular or scientific standpoint, not only forming a fitting and serv- 
iceable supplement to the written and printed records relating 
to the history of the war, but constituting a most notable memorial to 
the patriotic forces represented by the individuals who have con- 
tributed to the preservation of civilization. It will be of the highest 
value for historical and scientific research. 

The scope of this exhibit includes not only the general military 
equipment, such as tanks, field and machine guns, and other objects 
used by military organizations, naval equipment, including models 
of ships, naval guns, docks, yards, etc., airplanes, battle planes, but 
accessories of all kinds; individual military and naval equipment of 
the various branches of the service, such as clothing, arms, and other 
paraphernalia, military and naval decorations and medals, commemo- 
rative medals of notable events, mementos, trophies, pictures, paint- 


32 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. - 


ings, photographs, maps, books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and other 
objects of the same character relating to the progress of the war. 

As the natural history building was closed and every available 
foot of space in it assigned to the Treasury Department, it became 
necessary to install the material received during the year for the 
war collections in the arts and industries building, and to place the 
large and heavy objects in the open to the west of this building. At 
the close of the year material for the war collections was coming in 
steadily, and it had become necessary also to assign to this subject 
all of the central portion of the ground story and the rotunda of the 
natural history building—space usually reserved for special exhi- 
bitions. 

The Museum is particularly fortunate in having a very excellent. 
series of objects showing the development of ‘the airplane, beginning, 
with the Langley models, which have been in its possession for a 
number of years, and the first Government-owned aeroplane of the 
world purchased by the United States from Wright Brothers in 1909. 
Through the director of military aeronautics, Bureau of Aircraft 
Production, two types of planes used by the French at the front in 
1917 were received during the past year, and a Curtiss training plane, 
such as used at all the training fields in the United States, and the 
first battle plane constructed in this country for the United States 
Government—the DH-4, made by the Dayton-Wright Airplane Co. 
in 1917. This plane has oe over 100,000 miles and been in the air 
over 1,000 hours. 

Through arrangement with ie Army and Navy the Museum is 
planning to exhibit examples of every plane, engine, radio apparatus, 
and other accessory in production in the United States at the time 
of the armistice, and has secured for this exhibit the temporary 
metal structure erected on the Smithsonian grounds in 1917 by the 
War Department for the use of the Air Service. 

Immediate needs of the Museum.—As pointed out in the report of 
three years ago, the pressing needs of the Museum are those for addi- 
tional space for the accommodation of collections and for increase 
in the scientific and technical staff. It is clearly manifest that these 
needs must be met if the institution, with its numerous departments, 
is to keep reasonable pace with the development of the country as 
a whole. The space congestion especially becomes more pronounced 
and embarrassing with each passing day. 

The natural history collections and the laboratories connected 
therewith require for their reasonable accommodation and adminis- 
tration the entire natural history building, a structure erected 
especially for this particular purpose. To-day, however, large areas 
in the building are assigned—and that from necessity—to the rap- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 30 


idly growing collections of the National Gallery of Art, and in larger 
measure even to the great accumulations of historical material relat- 
ing to the late war which are just now demanding adequate atten- 
tion. The older building, designed to accommodate the nationally im- 
portant department of arts and industries, although not adequate in 
space to serve this purpose, is from absolute necessity half filled with 
a great body of unrelated exhibits, representing history, anthro- 
pology, and art. ' 

The National Gallery of Art, now for the first time taking an 
enviable place among the galleries of the country, is crowded into the 
natural history building without possibilty of expansion, and many 
liberally inclined collectors of art works who seek a permanent home 
for their treasures, and who may be favorably disposed toward Wash- 
ington, are necessarily met with the statement that additional col- 
lections, if acquired, must go into storage. These possible benefac- 
tors of the national collection are thus turned to other institutions 
or to the auction room. The Nation is thus deprived of the possi- 
bility of building up, even by gift and bequest, collections of art, 
such as are highly prized and fully provided for by civilized nations 
generally. The sooner a building devoted to the fine arts, including 
all departments, is provided the more quickly will the American 
people find themselves in the forefront in all that characterizes the 
highest level of civilization. 

_ American history, one of the most essential and vital of the de- 
partments of museum activity, is not. better provided for than art. 
There is no provision for it save in the present overcrowded build- 
ings. A building of an order commensurate with a great national 
purpose is an absolute essential, and its erection should be provided 
for with the least possible delay. 


COLLECTIONS. 


The total number of specimens acquired during the year was ap- 
proximately 526,845. Received in 1,198 separate accessions, they were 
classified and assigned as follows: Department of anthropology, 
12,333; zoology, 442,383; botany, 40,257; geology and mineralogy, 
4,750; paleontology, 26,050; textiles, woods, medicines, foods, and 
other miscellaneous animal and vegetable products, 884; mineral 
technology, 62; and National Gallery of Art, 26. As loans for exhi- 
bition, 3,096 articles were also obtained, mainly. for the divisions of 
history and American archeology and the gallery of art. 

Material to the extent of 539 lots was received for special exami- 
nation and report. 

During the year the Museum made its first purchases from the 
Frances Lea Chamberlain funds, adding to the Isaac Lea collection 

145986—19——_3 


34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


of gems and to the Isaac Lea collection of mollusks, respectively. 
Through the generosity of Mr. B. H. Swales, a member of the staff, 
2 small fund which has been given the donor’s name was established 
during the year for the purchase of additions to the collection of 
bids. 

The council of the National Academy of Design inaugurated pur- 
chases from the Henry Ward Ranger fund by acquiring a landscape 
by Bruce Crane entitled ‘“‘ December Uplands.” Under the condi- 
tions prescribed by the will of Mr. Ranger this painting was assigned 
to the Syracuse Museum of Art and can be reclaimed by the Na- 
tional Gallery of Art at any time during the five-year period begin- 
ning 10 years after the artist’s death. 

Anthropology.—The additions to the historical collections during 
the past year have been exceptionally large and are especially inter- 
esting on account of the fact that so many of them relate to the recent 
war with Germany. They also include, however, many objects of note 
connected with the history of the United States prior to that mo- 
mentous conflict. Of special note in connection with the collection 
received relating to the war are many mementos of persons and events, 
battle-field trophies, military and naval uniforms, insignia, and field 
equipment. These include the Combined Order of Battle Map cor- 
rected up to November 11, 1918, with its accessories, as used by Gen. 
Pershing and his staff at Chaumont, France, throughout the progress 
of the American military: movements, showing locations of all 
United States divisions and exact location at the signing of the 
armistice, with the same information as to armies of the Allies and 
enemies, besides a large amount of other information; a most inter- 
esting collection of German military paraphernalia captured during 
the various engagements in which the American troops participated 
and assembled in France by Maj. Gen. H. L. Rogers, United States 
Army, while serving as chief quartermaster of the American Expe- 
ditionary Forces; two French military airplanes used on the western 
front and the first battle plane built in America; collections of in- 
fantry, artillery, cavalry, air service, and chemical warfare equip- 
ment of the type used during the war; a practically complete series 
of the uniforms, insignia, decorations, and medals of the Army and 
Navy; a notable collection of relics of Licut. Benjamin Stuart Wal- 
cott, United States Army, who entered the French air service as a. 
member of the Lafayette Flying Corps, was killed in aerial combat, 
and fell within the German lines December 12, 1917; also loan col- 
lections of uniforms worn by French officers. The war collections 
already received will be supplemented by others until the Museum 
possesses a, complete representation of the vast amount of parapher- 
nalia required in the prosecution of a modern war, including repre- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35 


sentative series of objects actually used during the recent conflict by 
the United States, the Allies, and the enemy countries. 

The most notable collection not connected with the war received 
by the division of history during the past year consists of a very 
large and interesting series of costumes and accessories worn by the 
late Richard Mansfield in his extensive repertoire of historic char- 
acters, presented by Mrs. Mansfield. Many other historical relics 
were received, among them the gold medal awarded by act of Con- 
gress to Capt. Thomas Truxtun, United States Navy, in recognition 
of the defeat of the French ship Vengeance, February 1, 1800, lent: by 
Mr. Thomas Truxtun Houston; a silver-mounted telescope owned by 
Thomas Jefferson, lent by Brig. Gen. Jefferson Randolph Kean, 
Medical Corps, United States Army; and a jeweled sword presented 
to Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke, United States Army, by American and 
Cuban friends in 1899. 

The operations of the curators of the divisions of ethnology and 
archeology in Arizona have added considerably to the collections 
im archeology, and Dr. W. L. Abbott has supplemented the material 
generously contributed by him in previous years from Celebes with 
a large series of costumes, ornaments, and implements collected by 
Mr. H. C. Raven. Especially interesting are the decorative de- 
sions on the bark cloth used for costumes on these islands. 

In physical anthropology very important accessions from the 
ancient pueblo region were received through Mr. F. W. Hodge, as a 
gift from the Museum of the American Indian, and as a gift from 
Dr. Edwin Kirk valuable crania and other physical remains from 
the territory occupied by the Haida and Tlingit tribes of Alaska. 

Biology.—The number of specimens received during the year by 
the department of biology, totaling about 482,740, vastly exceeded 
the number accessioned last year. This great increase was chiefly due 
to the incorporation of the unrivaled collection of Antillean land 
- mollusks, aggregating approximately 400,000 specimens, which was 
donated by Mr. John B. Henderson, a regent of the Smithsonian 
Institution. It is one of the most complete and extensive collections 
of its kind in existence not only because it contains nearly all the 
known West Indian species but because of the large number of types 
and authentic specimens which it includes. Among the many other 
important collections received, it may be well to mention the final in- 
stallment of Mi. Raven’s Celebes collections, which we owe to Dr. W. 
L. Abbott’s generosity, and the interesting material from the Collins- 
Garner Expedition to the French Congo, containing as it does, 
besides a large number of birds and smaller mammals, three gorillas 
and several chimpanzees. Secretary Walcott, during his explorations 
in British Columbia, collected several large mammals for the Museum, 


36 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


including a mule deer, Rocky Mountain goat, and Rocky Mountain 
sheep, which made a valuable addition to our collections. 

Among the additions to the National Herbarium may be particu- 
larly mentioned about 12,000 plants, chiefly from Mexico, donated by 
Brother G. Arséne and representing the result of eight years’ botani- 
cal collecting by himself and associates among the Christian Brothers. 
The collection of Philippine plants was greatly increased by the ad- 
dition of two lots, aggregating more than 9,600 specimens, one 
received in exchange from the Bureau of Science, Manila, the other 
acquired by purchase. The South American series was also aug- 
mented considerably by the donation of 1,761 Venezuelan plants by 
Dr. H. Pittier and 1,077 specimens exchanged with the Museu Goeldi 
in Para, Brazil, besides the Museum’s share of about 2,000 specimens 
from the Ecuadorean Andes collected by Dr. J. N. Rose on an 
expedition undertaken jointly with the New York Botanical Gar- 
den and the Gray Herbarium; while exchanges with the last-men- 
tioned institution added approximately 1,450 more South American 
plants. 

The exhibition collections were closed most of the year on account 
of the space having been turned over to the Bureau of War Risk 
Insurance. However, toward the end of the year the halls on the 
first floor, containing mostly the mammals and birds, including the 
great biological groups, were reoccupied by the Museum and opened 
to the public, after certain additions and improvements in the in- 
stallation had been made. 

Geology—The additions to the collections in this department 
during the year were but 135 lots, aggregating an approximate total 
of nearly 31,000 specimens. This number, although somewhat less 
than that of the preceding year, is, in part, compensated for by the 
unusual value of sundry individual specimens. Among these may be 
mentioned examples of tungsten minerals both from domestic and 


foreign sources, including a magnificent specimen of scheelite pre- — 


sented by Dr. J. Morgan Clements, of New York City, and upward 
of 16.5 kilograms of the extraordinary meteorite which fell at Cum- 
berland Falls, in Whitley County, Ky., on the 9th of April, 1919. 
The availability of the Frances Lea Chamberlain fund has enabled 
the department to begin once more a systematic building up of the 
Isaac Lea gem collection. A 7-gram kunzite, a 16-gram black opal 
from Nevada, and 5 beautiful examples of Australian opals of a 
variety heretofore unrepresented in the collections are among the 
more important additions. . 
The Middle Cambrian collections obtained by Secretary Walcott 
from Burgess Pass in British Columbia number nearly 7,000 indi- 
vidual specimens, and form an addition of unusual value. The 


—— 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3 


same is true of a collection including both fossil invertebrates and 
plants, mainly from Carboniferous and Silurian rocks of Indiana, 
and especially rich in beautifully preserved crinoids. This collec- 
tion, comprising not less than 10,000 specimens, was a gift of Mr. 
Alva Schaefer, of Brazil, Ind. 

Excellent exhibition materials in the line of vertebrate fossils, 
including part of a skeleton with a skull of the curious amphibial 
Diplocaulus, copet from the Permian of Texas; a skull of Mono- 
- clonius; a skull, partial skeleton, and two hind paddles of Tylo- 
saurus; and an articulated series of caudal vertebre of Platycarpus 
are among the more important accessions. Mention should be made 
of the addition to the exhibition series of the mounted skeleton of 
Dimetrodon gigas, which was secured some few years ago. This 
forms the most complete restoration of this extraordinary animal 
that has thus far been secured by any museum in the world. 

Museum work, as in other departments, suffered through interrup- 
tions, including the closing of the exhibition halls, incidental to the 
war, the head curator himself being engaged a part of the time in 
procuring for the National Research Council important materials 
needed in newly devised apparatus. Continual demands were made 
upon the department throughout the entire period of the war for 
materials for experimental purposes, and it is felt that the depart- 
ment fully justified itself in its capacity for supplying that which 
was needed. 

Advantage was taken of the relief from all exhibition work caused 
by the closing of the halls, to complete the records and attend to other 
work such as had eee ae suffered more or less neglect ehrouen 
pressure of other duties. 

Incidental mention may be made of the preparation of 100 lots in 
sets comprising 21 specimens each, illustrating the secular decay of 
recks and intended primarily for distribution to the agricultural 
schools. Considerable progress was also made in the preparation of 
100 sets of upward of 80 specimens each of ores and minerals which 
are intended for distribution as occasion may demand. ‘This is a 
work which is ordinarily done at odd moments, as no funds are 
directly available for the purpose. 

Textiles—To the collections under the charge of the curator of 
textiles, which, besides textiles, embrace wood technology, medicine, 
food, and animal and vegetable products, the most important addi- 
tion was the collection received by transfer from the Office of the 
Surgeon General of the War Department, consisting of apparatus, 
hospital appliances, and field equipment used by the medical, dental, 
and sanitary corps in the war with Germany, including examples 
of all kinds of equipment of a thousand-bed hospital overseas. At the 


38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


end of the year this was being made ready for the public in connec- 
tion with the war collections on the ground floor of the natural his- 
tory building. 

Among the gifts were medicinal plants, pharmaceutical products, 
pile fabrics, novelty dress fabrics, leather cloth, and other waterproof 
textiles extensively used during the war, knitting and crocheting 
yarns with examples of pattern stitches, an extensive collection illus- 
trating the production, classification, and conservation of foods, with 
many such from the Department of Agriculture and the United States 
Food Administration, and an exhibit illustrative of neglected sources 
of supply of fats and oils for food purposes. 

In making the food exhibits as useful as possible a cooperative ar- 
rangement was entered into with the States Relations Service of the 
Department of Agriculture whereby regular demonstrations on the 
value, use, preparation, and conservation of foods were given at the 
Museum by experts of the department. A large room in the arts 
and industries building was fitted up as a demonstration kitchen and 
space provided for displaying foods, models, and household equip- 
ment. This work soon broadened into a household consultation cen- 
ter, with lectures and demonstrations covering a wide range of sub- 
jects. There were lectures on the Business of the household; Food 
for the family on $2 per day; Direct marketing; What becomes of 
the consumer’s dollar; What to give your children to eat; Milk, its 
. nutrition and use; Meat substitutes; Housekeeper’s use of market 
schedules; and Influence of weave structure upon the durability of 
fabrics. The demonstrations included labor-saving appliances for 
the kitchen; the fireless cooker; the pressure cooker, the electric wash- 
ing machine; preserving eggs; cooking dinner in 30 minutes; the one- 
dish meal; invalid cookery; dried milk powder; Christmas sweets; 
sugarless candies; and fruit juices in summer drinks. By classes and 
demonstrations for housekeepers in the mornings and afternoons and 
special classes for war workers at 5 p. m., over 2,100 persons were 
reached during the year. 

Mineral technology—In mineral technology the customary work 
of the division was shelved in favor of special activities with a more 
direct bearing on the national emergency. As the war progressed 
the call for specialization on the part of its technical staff increased. 
While the country was still actively involved on a basis of war. 
scarcely a day passed without bringing calls from some governmental 
agency for assistance with reference to one or another industrial 
issue up for consideration on an emergency rating, the questions 
ranging from determining a fair price for mica to determining the 
liketthood of a paralyzing petroleum shortage. As the year ad- 
vanced, however, two absorbing lines of special investigation de- 
veloped to such a degree that during the latter half of the year they 


i. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 39 


| largely engrossed the attention of the staff. Their general nature 
may be gathered from the titles under which the results were issued. 
One, “A Report on the Political and Commercial Control of the 
Nitrogen Resources of the World,” represents an effort to unravel 
the complexities of the nitrogen situation left behind in the passing 
of the war. The other, “'The Energy Resources, a Field for Recon- 
struction,” coordinates and summarizes the work of several years. 


THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART. 


The National Gallery of Art is fortunate in the acquirement of 
art works of exceptional importance during the year. Among these 
the most noteworthy is a gift by Mr. Ralph Cross Johnson of 24 
paintings, which comprises selections from the brushes of 19 of 
Europe’s foremost masters. The Gallery is thus more fully assured 
of a worthy position among the galleries of the Nation. The exten- 
sion of the Gallery’s activities to wider fields than heretofore is 
marked by the acquirement by gift of an installment of a rich col- 

~ lection of art works of European origin from Rev. A. D. Pell, of 
New York. 

Notwithstanding the prevailing labor conditions much progress 
was made during the year on the building being erected by the 
Institution at the expense of Mr. Charles L. Freer, on the south- 
western corner of the Smithsonian reservation, to house the Freer 
collections of American and oriental art. The building was entirely 
inclosed at the end of the year, the exterior granite and marble 
walls and the roofs being completed. Work on the interior is now 
progressing satisfactorily, and it is expected that the structure will 
be entirely finished this autumn. 


MEETINGS. 


Shortly after the armistice was declared and as soon as the audi- 
torium, which had been vacated late in November, could be re- 
painted and the chairs replaced, there was inaugurated a series of 
popular lectures, under the auspices of the Institution, on alternate 
Saturday afternoons, between the hours of 4.45 and 5.30, commencing 
January 18,1919. The lecturers and subjects are noted in the report 
of the secretary. 

The meeting facilities afforded by the auditorium and committee 
rooms were also availed of, as follows: 

By the United States Employment Bureau of the Department of 
Labor, for lectures by Dr. Meeker on the gathering and interpreta- 
tion of statistics, and by Dr. Prosser on training of the handicapped; 
by the Children’s Bureau for a conference on child’s welfare, with 
an illustrated lecture; by the Ordnance Bureau of the War Depart- 


wee 
40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


ment for an illustrated lecture by Lieut. Col. G. M. Barnes on battle 
scenes in the World War; by the Artillery Division of the Army for 
an illustrated lecture on the method in camouflaging used by that 
division during the war; by the Public Health Service of the Trea- 
sury Department for a moving picture, “Fit to win,” before the 
faculties and students of the departments of medicine and dentistry 
of the Georgetown University, with remarks by Asst. Surg. Gen. 
Pierce and by Dr. George E. Kober and Dr. Bruce L. Taylor; by 
various divisions of the Bureau of War Risk Insurance on numerous 
occasions for various purposes; by the American Society of Mam- 
malogists; by the Wild Flower Preservation Society; by the Biologi- 
cal Society of Washington; by the Louisiana Society of Washington, 
with an illustrated lecture by Hon. M. F. Alexander, State commis- 
sioner of conservation, on the work accomplished by the Alabama 
Conservation Commission during the past 10 years; by the National 
Women’s Trade Union League for a lecture by Miss Margaret Bond- 
field, of England, on the new spirit of British labor; by the Mini- 
mum Wage Board of the District of Columbia for a conference; by 
the District of Columbia Chapter of the Sigma Xi for its annual 
meeting and an illustrated lecture by Maj. R. M. Yerkes on the re- 
lationship of Army tests to education and vocational guidance; and 
by the scientific and technical Federal employees for the purpose of 
forming an organization with a view to joining the Federal Em- 
ployees Union. 

The main hall, range, and chapel of the Smithsonian building 
proving inadequate for the annual meeting of the National Academy 
of Sciences in April, the sessions of the last two days were trans- 
ferred to the Museum auditorium. The auditorium was also used 
two days for a conference on the American merchant marine, the 
Hon. Joseph E. Ransdell presiding. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


The distribution of duplicates for educational purposes, chiefly 
to schools and colleges, aggregated 3,441 specimens, while over 5,000 
more were used in procuring additions to the collections through ex- 
changes. Material sent for study to collaborators of the Museum and 
other specialists amounted to 19,851 specimens, mainly zoological. 

During the approximate three months that the natural history 
building was open the attendance of visitors was 94,240 for week 
days and 38,619 for Sundays, an average of 1,149 for week days and 
2,758 for Sundays. From November 10 to April 6 the opening of 
the arts and industries building was extended to include Sundays as 
well as week days, the attendance there for the year being 225,927 on 
week days and 40,605 on Sundays, a daily average of 721 for the 


s 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.. : 41 


a ee 
_ former and 1,845 for the latter. At the Smithsonian building the 


total attendance was 101,504, with a daily average of 324 persons. 
The publications of the year consisted of two annual reports, 
those for 1917 and 1918, two volumes of proceedings, four bulletins, 
and 71 separate papers. The total distributions of Museum publi- 
cations during the year aggregated 118,332 copies. 
The Museum library was increased by 2,172 volumes and 2.614 


pamphlets and unbound papers, mainly procured by gift or exchange. 


Among the more important acquisitions was a set of catalogues of the 
art collections of J. Pierpont Morgan, presented by J. Pierpont Mor- 
gan, jr., the valuable library of Dr. Richard Rathbun, relating to the 
museums of the world and to natural history subjects, the gift of 
his heirs, and the 12 volumes of its Humanistic Series, donated by 
the University of Michigan. The library now contains 54,685 vol- 
umes and 87,109 pamphlets and unbound papers. : 

Respectfully submitted. 

W. ve C. RavENEL, 
Administrative Assistant to the Secretary 
im charge U. S. National Museum. 
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 
Aveust 25, 1919. 


APPENDIX 2. 


REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 


Sir: In response to your request I have the honor to submit the 
following report on the researches and other operations of the Bureau 
of American Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, 
conducted in accordance with the act of Congress approved July 1, 
1918, making provision for sundry civil expenses of the Government, 
and following a plan submitted by the chief and approved by you as 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The act referred to con- 
tains the following item: 

American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the 
American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the excavation and 
preservation of archzologic remains, under the direction of the Smithsonian 
Institution, including necessary employees and the purchase of necessary books 
and periodicals, $42,000. 

The ethnological and archeological researches of the staff which 
are considered in the following report being by law restricted to the 
American Indians thus from necessity are more or less limited in 
scope, but notwithstanding this limitation and the intensive work that 
has been done in the past there is no indication that this field has been 
sufficiently cultivated or is approaching exhaustion. It is evident 
that aboriginal manners and customs are rapidly disappearing, but 
notwithstanding that disappearance much remains unknown, and 
there has come a more urgent necessity to preserve for posterity by 
adequate record the many survivals before they disappear forever. 

The remnants of languages once spoken by large populations have 
dwindled to survivals spoken by one or more centenarians, and when 
they die these tongues, if not recorded, will:be lost forever. Such a 
fate nearly happened with an Indian tongue in California last year on 


account of a contagious disease, but fortunately, through the field © 


work of one of our staff, it was rescued before its extinction. 

The continued study of the material culture of the Indians has a 
practical economic value. Certain food plants, like maize,-and fibers, 
like henequen, have already been adopted from our aborigines, and 
there are others of vast economic value which await investigation. 
Ethnological studies of our Indians along these lines are being made 
by the members of the staff. 

Another instructive line of work the past year relates to the history 
of the Indians both before and after the advent of the Europeans. 

42 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43 


Such studies tend to a broader appreciation of racial character and 
have special value when we reflect how rapidly the Indian population 
is merging into American life. The excavation and repair of pre- 
historic monuments in our Southwest is enlarging our knowledge of 
history as well as attracting more and more tourists and replacing 
threadbare prejudices with saner ideas of Indian possibilities in many 
lines. ; 

The logical results of the events of the last years appear in the calls 
for information made on the staff for accurate knowledge of other 
races besides the American Indian. It needs no prophet to predict 
that the future will demand an extension of the bureau work to other 
races. The calls for ethnological information on the Indian during 
the past year have been many and varied and considerable time of 
the ethnologists has been taken up in answering the many requests of 
this nature that are made. The chief has given much time to admin- 
istration and routine work. 

In addition to administrative duties the chief has been able to 
devote considerable time to research work in the field and has pre- 
pared for publication several scientific articles, the largest of which 
will soon be published as Bulletin No. 70. These field researches are 
in accordance with the above-mentioned act of Congress, which in- 
cludes the excavation and preservation of archeological remains. 
In September he took the field, continuing his explorations of the 
castles and towers of the McEImo and tributary canyons in south- 
western Colorado, extending his studies westward into southeastern 
Utah as far as Montezuma Canyon. The object was to determine 
the western horizon of the area of the pure type of pueblos and cliff 
dwellings, and to investigate the remains of antecedent peoples from 
which it sprung in order to obtain data bearing on the question of 
the origin of the San Juan drainage culture. The country traveled 
through is especially rich in prehistoric towers and castellated build- 
ings, but contains also many clusters of mounds formed by fallen 
walls of large communal buildings, many of which were wholly or 
partially unknown to science. The work was largely a reconnoissance 
and no extensive excavations or repair work was attempted. Special 
attention was paid to the structure and probable use of towers which 
are combined with cliff houses like Cliff Palace, or great villages like 
those of the Mummy Lake and upper San Juan and its tributaries. 
Among the most significant new towers discovered were two found 
in McLean Basin, near the old Bluff City trail not far from the State 
line of Utah and Colorado. The McLean Basin ruin has a rec- 
tangular shape, with a round tower on one corner and one of semi- 
circular form on the diagonally opposite angle, each 15 feet high. 
The building on which these towers stand must have presented a 
very exceptional appearance in prehistoric times before its walls 


44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


had fallen. Another ruin found in a cave in Sand Canyon is in- 
structive on account of its being the only one yet found with a 
single kiva of the unit type. It was probably a ceremonial cave, 
the room showing scanty evidence of having been inhabited. 

One of the discoveries made was the recognition that the build- 
ings on McElmo Bluff had a crude masonry characterized by stones 
set on edge, the walls being made of adobe and logs. The stones ~ 
of one or more rooms on this site were large, indicating megalithic 
stone houses. All the data assembled indicate that they antedated 
the fine horizontal masonry of the pueblos and cliff dwellings. 

While in the field the chief carried on a correspondence with Mr. 
Van Kleeck, of Denver, owner of the Aztec Spring Ruin, which led 
to that ruin being presented to the National Park Service and later 
accepted by the Secretary of the Interior. The presentation of this 
interesting ruin to the Government is important and it is to be hoped 
that it will later be excavated and repaired and thus present an addi- 
tional attraction to tourists and an important aid to the archeologist 
in the interpretation of this type of southwestern ruin. 

In May the chief visited Austin, Tex., and inaugurated work on 
the antiquities of that State, the archeology of which has been 
neglected. This work is now being prosecuted by Prof. J. E. Pearce, 
of the University of Texas, and bids fair to open up a most instruc- 
tive chapter in a field of which we know comparatively little. Im- 
portant discoveries have been made in the aboriginal workshops and 
village sites at Round Rock and near Austin, where fine flint imple- 
ments are very abundant. The work will be continued into the 
timbered region of eastern Texas, where we find pottery related to 
that of Louisiana and Arkansas and evidences of a radically differ- 
ent prehistoric culture from that of central Texas. 

Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, at the beginning of the fiscal year 
was at his former field of labor among the Kiowa and associated 
tribes of western Oklahoma, where several months were devoted to 
the collection and revision of material and observations of cere- 
monies among the Kiowa, Comanche, Kiowa Apache, Cheyenne, 
Arapaho, Caddo, and Wichita in continuation of studies of their 
aboriginal heraldry, social and military organization, and religion. 

Since his return to Washington in November he has been employed 
chiefly in the coordination of material obtained in the field and in 
the compiling of data for reply to current letters of ethnologic 
inquiry. 

Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, devoted a considerable part of 
his time during the past year to the collection of material from 
published sources for a study of the economic background of the life 
of the American Indians north of Mexico. This involves an exami- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 45 


nation of the sources, location, and quantity of food supplies and of 

new materials used in the industrial life of the various tribes—mate- 

rials of wood, stone, bone, shell, etc. In this way it is hoped that a 
more complete understanding of the density and distribution of the 
prehistoric population may be reached, and the location and sig- 
nificance of trade routes established. A clearer idea is also sought 
of the shifts in population undoubtedly brought about by the intro- 
duction of corn. Without some study of the kind no proper estimate 
of the social and religious institutions of the people of prehistoric 
America is possible. 

His work on the languages of the Indians of the lower Mississippi 
Valley has been continued, and at the end of the year it was directed 
particularly to the preparation of a grammatical sketch of the 
Natchez language from materials collected by him during the last 
10 years from one of the three surviving speakers of that tongue. 

In ‘April Dr. Swanton visited Oklahoma in order to collect addi- 
tional information regarding the little understood and now almost 
forgotten social systems of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians. 
Although small in bulk, the material obtained in the course of the 
investigation is valuable. It has already been incorporated into a 
manuscript paper on the social organization and social customs of 
the Indians of the Muskhogean stock. During the trip he also 
secured the services of an educated Chickasaw in writing texts in 
his native tongue, and one of these has already been received. 

Before his return to Washington, Dr. Swanton visited Anadarko, 
where he learned that the language of the Kichai Indians is on the 
point of extinction, and began the collection of a vocabulary. He 
has made arrangements for more extended work upon this language 
in the fall. 

He has submitted two papers for publication during the year, 
first a philological paper entitled “A Structural and Lexical Com- © 
parison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages,” which 
is being published as Bulletin 68, in which he believes he has shown 

‘the relationship of what had hitherto been classed as three inde- 
pendent stocks; and, second, an extended historical study of the 
Creek Indians and their neighbors. 

Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, on his return from field work, 
July 5, 1918, took up the final reading of the proofs of his report in 
the Thirty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Eth- 
nology. These proofs were sent to the Printing Office November 9, 

1918, and thc printed report was ready for distribution May 12, 1919. 

At this time he also took up the work of preparing for the press 
the texts, with free and interlinear translations, of an Onondaga 
version of the Myth of the Beginnings, the Genesis Myth of the 


46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919, 


Iroquoian peoples, as the second part of Iroquoian Cosmology, the 
first part having been printed in the Twenty-first Annual Report of 
the bureau. The copying of the pencil text was completed, aggre- 
gating 316 typewritten pages. This includes the supplementary 
myth of much later date than the accompanying version of the Myth 
of the Beginnings. The most interesting feature of the supplemen- 
tary myth is the naive description of one of the most remarkable 
figures developed by the cosmic thinking of Iroquoian poets. This 
potent figure, in whose keeping are life and the endless interchange 
of the seasons, is most striking in his external aspect—one side of his 
body being composed of living flesh and the other of crystal ice. In 
the longer preceding myth, to which this is supplemental, the Master 
of Life is an independent personage, and so also is his noted brother, 
the Master, of Winter, the Winter God, whose body is composed of 
crystal ice. The Life God, or Master of Life, controlled the sum- 
mer, and his brother, the Winter God, controlled the winter. So in 
this peculiar figure there appears the inceptive fusing together of two 
hitherto independent gods who were brothers because they dwelt 
together in space and time. 

This remarkable figure is, in fact, the symbol of the absorption of 
the personality—the functions and activities—of the Master of 
Winter (the Winter God) by the Master of Life and his powerful 
aids, manifested in the power of the Master of Life (the Life God) 
to save and to protect from dissolution and death his many wards, 
wll living things that comprise faunal and floral life. This fact 
emerges from the experience of the human race from year to year. 
This submergence of one divine personality in that of another is a 
process of cosmic thinking encountered in the mythic philosophy of 
other races. This figure, as described in this text, is worthy of inten- 
sive study by the student of comparative mythology and religion. 
The pencil texts of these myths aggregate 1,057 pages and the type- 
written 816 pages. The tentative draft of the free translations of 
these texts aggregates 250 pages of typewriting. Some work was 
also done in supplying the first text with a literal interlinear trans- 
lation. This will be ready for the press at an early date. 

Mr. Hewitt also continued work on his league material, in which 
he completed the copying of the corrected and amended native text 
of the tradition of the founding of the Iroquois League, or Confedera- 
tion by Deganawida, making 189 typewritten pages, and also the 
amended and corrected text of the Chant of the Condoling and 
Installation Council, detailing some of the fundamental laws of the 
league; this occupies 13 pages. 

Upon request, Mr. Hewitt also submitted an article on the League 
of the Iroquois and Its Constitution for the Annual Report of the 
Smithsonian Institution; it occupies 30 typewritten pages. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. AT 


_ Mr. Hewitt has also attended the meetings of the United States 
_ Geographic Board, on which he represents the Smithsonian Insti- 
_ tution. 

As custodian of manuscripts, Mr. Hewitt has charged out and 
received back such items as were required by collaborators. 

Mr. Hewitt also spent much time and study in the preparation of 
matter for official replies to letters of correspondents of the bureau 
or to those which have been referred to the bureau from other depart- 
ments of the Government. 

On May 12, 1919, Mr. Hewitt left Washington on field duty. His 

first stop was on the Onondaga reservation, situated about 8 miles 
south of Syracuse, N. Y. There he was able to record in native text 
all of the doctrines of the great Seneca religious reformer, Skanyo- 
daiyo (“ Handsome Lake”). This is an important text, as it will 
serve to show just how much was original native belief and how 
much was added by the reformer from his impressions formed from 
observing the results of European intrusion. This text contains 
about 14,000 native terms. He also recorded the several remnant 
league rituals and chants which are still available on this reserva- 
tion. But they are so much abbreviated and their several parts so 
confused and intermixed one with another that with these remains 
alone it would be absolutely impossible to obtain even an approxi- 
mate view of their original forms and settings—a most disappoint- 
ing situation for the recorder. Only the most elementary and super- 
ficial knowledge of the structure and constitution of the Iroquois 
League survives here. 
- Having completed his projected work at this reservation, My. 
Hewitt went, May 31, to the Six Nations reservation on Grand 
River, Ontario, Canada. Here he resumed the analysis, correction, 
amendation, and translation of the league texts which he had re- 
corded in previous years. Satisfactory progress was made in this 
work up to the time of the close of his field assignment. 

During the year Mr. Francis LaF lesche, ethnologist, devoted a 
part of his time to the task of assembling his notes taken at the time 
of his visit among the Osage people in the month of May, 1918. 
These notes relate to the tribal rite entitled Ga-hi/-ge O-k’o", The 
Kite of the Chiefs. The ritual contains 27 wi’-gi-es (1reeited parts), 
20 of which belong to individual gentes and 7 of which are tribal. 

In this ritual is embodied the story of the four stages of the de- 
velopment of the tribal government, including both the military and 
the civil forms, beginning with the chaotic state of the tribal exist- 
ence. 

- The securing of the information relating to this rite required con- 
siderable tact, patience, and time, because the men familiar with all 
the details still regard the ancient rites with reverence and supersti- 


48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


tious awe. The transcribing of the wi’-gi-es from the dictaphone - 
records and the translation of the words from the Osage into the 
English language were laborious and tedious tasks. This rite will 
soon be entirely forgotten, as it has been abandoned now for a num- 
ber of years, and the rescuing of it for preservation has been timely. 

This rite, which will make the first part of the volume now being 
completed for publication, covers 182 typewritten pages without the 
illustrations, maps, and diagrams. 

The office of hereditary chief has been abandoned and since 1881 
has been elective. 

Upon the completion of The Rite of the Chiefs, the work of ar- 
ranging for publication the ritual entitled Ni’-ki Wa-tho", Song of 
the Sayings of the Ancient Men, was taken up. This ritual tells of 
the origin of the people of the Ho*’-ga subdivision of the Ho™-ga 
great tribal dual division. The story of their descent from the sky 
to the earth and of their subsequent movements is put into wi’-gi-e 
form and recited at the initiatory ceremonies. Each gens has its own 
version of the story and has in it a proprietary right, a right that in 
olden times was not infringed upon by the others. 

Mr. LaF lesche was fortunate in becoming acquainted with an 
. Osage by the name of Xu-tha’-wa-to®-i" and of winning his friend- 
ship. This man belonged to the Tsi’-zhu Wa-no® gens of the Tsi’-zhu 
great tribal dual division. Without the slightest hesitation he recited 
for Mr. LaF lesche the Ni’-ki Wi’-gi-e of his own gens, and he also 
gave with it some of the shorter wi’-gi-es that accompany certain - 
ceremonial acts of the ritual. 

These origin rituals when completed will cover more than 220 type- 
written pages, to which two short wi’-gi-es of a like character, nearly 
ready, will be added. These pages added to those of The Rite of the 
Chiefs will bring the number of typewritten pages, without the illus- 
trations, close to 480. 

The Fasting Ritual, which was completed some time ago, and 
covers 492 pages, exclusive of the illustrations, and the two rituals 
above referred to, will make the first volume of a projected work on 
the Osage tribe. 

On July 1, Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, visited Tama, 
Towa, and completed his field work on the grammatical analysis of 
the text of “ The Owl Sacred Pack of the Fox Indians.” On his 
return to Washington he worked out a practically exhaustive list of 
verbal stems and submitted a manuscript for publication. He also 
observed mortuary customs under peculiarly fortunate conditions 
and obtained a number of texts written in the current syllabary on 
mortuary customs, eschatology, etc. He restored phonetically and 
translated, with a few exceptions, 310 personal names. He verified a 
previous discovery that certain gentes have their own peculiar names 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 49 


for dogs and horses, and translated 127 of these names for a forth- 
coming paper on Fox sociology. Dr. Michelson finished the correc- 
tion of Jones’ Ojibwa Texts, part 2, which with part 1, previously 
corrected by him, will form the basis of a proposed sketch of Ojibwa 
grammar. During the fiscal year he also from time to time furnished 
data to answer official correspondence. 

The beginning of the fiscal year found Mr. J. P. Harrington, 
ethnologist, at Taos, N. Mex., engaged in the correction and comple- 
tion of his manuscript on the Tiwa language. The Taos material of 
the late Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, which is of considerable bulk and great 
value, was also checked up and made more complete, especially in its 
linguistic aspects. The close genetic relationship of the Tanoan 
dialects of New Mexico with Kiowa is remarkable, a very large num- 
ber of stems and aflixes having practically the same sound, while the 
grammar runs parallel throughout. Certain subtle and unusual 
phonetic hardenings occurring in these languages make it impossible 
to assume anything but common descent from a not very remote 
ancestral tongue. ‘These discoveries open up far-reaching specula- 
tions and problems with regard to the origin of the Pueblo Indians. 

In August Mr. ‘Harrington proceeded to southern California, 
where he continued his studies of the Chumashan Indians, most of 
the time being devoted to the Venturefo, which was also the dialect 

most successfully studied. During the course of the work the last 
good informant on the language of La Purisima died. Important 
information was recorded on the ancient customs attending birth, 
marriage, and death, and some idea was gleaned of the manner 
of conducting primitive pre-Spanish fiestas. Data on native foods 
was also obtained, including detailed descriptions of the prepa- 
ration of acorn and other vegetal foods in this region, information 
on these processes having never before been recorded. For example, 
in the preparation of acorns various species were employed, and also 
certain individual trees were noted for their preferable fruit, but the 
final palatableness of the acorn mush depended largely on the pa- 
tience and skill of the woman who prepared it. A kind of acorn 
bread was also prepared by cooling the mush in small molds which 
were placed in running water. Certain other vegetal foods, as the 
pit of the islay or California wild cherry, required long and com- 
plicated preparation. As primitive beverages may be mentioned 
toasted chia or similar seeds stirred up with the fingers in cold 
water; a satisfying drink made by soaking the bark of the ash in 
water ; blackberries crushed in water; and a drink prepared from the 
fruit of the manzanita. A delicious sugar was obtained from a 
species of reed, and the fruit of the juniper was ground into a sweet, 
yellowish food. Interesting snatches of information reveal the 
former plenitude of fish and game. Fishing paraphernalia was evi- 
145986—19 4 


50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


dently quite highly developed, both nets and harpoons having been 
in use, but the whale was not hunted, although the flesh of stranded 
whales was eagerly made use of. 

Mr. Harrington returned to Washington at the close of May and 
spent the following month in the preparation of manuscript material. 


SPECIAL RESEARCHES. 


Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, has been engaged in the 
correction of the proof of the Thirty-fifth Annual Report. Contin- 
ued correspondence with Mr. George Hunt, of Fort Rupert, Van- 
couver Island, has added a considerable amount of new material 
to the original report. 

Preparatory work for the discussion of the ethnology of the Kwa- 
kiut] Indians was also continued during the present year. A chap- 
ter on place names and another one on personal names and material 
for maps accompanying the chapters on place names has been sub- 
mitted. Thanks are due to Dr. Edward Sapir, of the Geological 
Survey of Canada, through whose kindness the detailed surveys of 
the Jand office of British Columbia have been utilized. Other de- 
tailed maps showing the distribution of garden beds and charts 
illustrating the genealogies of a number of families have been pre- 
pared. 

After the unfortunate death of Mr. Haeberlin, the work on the 
Salish material was transferred to Miss Helen H. Roberts, who, in 
the course of the year, completed the study of the basketry of the 
Salish Indians. <A considerable amount of additional information, 
the need for which developed during the work, was supplied by Mr. 
James Teit, who, at.Dr. Boas’s request, and following detailed 
questions, reported on special aspects of the decorative art of the 
Thompson Indians. This work has been carried on with the con- 
tinued financial support of Mr. Homer E. Sargent, whose interest 
in ethnological work in the Northwest has already furnished most 
important material. During the year the work on the map accom- 
panying the discussion of the distribution of the Salish tribes was 
also completed. 

Work on the second part of the Handbook of American Indian 
Languages also progresses. The completed sketches of the Alsea 
language, by Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg, and that of the Paiute, by 
Dr. Edward Sapir, were received by the end of the preceding fiscal 
year, and the editorial work on these sketches has nearly been com- 
pleted. These two sketches and that of the Kutenai, which has 
partly been written, will complete the second volume of the Hand- 
book. ; 

Dr. Walter Hough, curator of ethnology, was detailed to continue 
archeological work in the White Mountain Apache Reserve, Arizona, 


< 


Re. ee ee 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 51 


on ruins reconnoitered in 1918. Dr. Hough was aided in his field work 
by Mr. and Mrs. 8S. W. Jacques, of Lakeside, by whom his work was 
much facilitated. Field work was especially deveted to the ruins 
ealled by the Apaches Nustegge Toega, “ Grasshopper Spring,” and 
clusters of sites in the near vicinity which form a very large group, 


indicating extensive intermingling of cultures. The main cluster 


stands in the open green valley and consists of two great heaps of 
stones covered with squaw bush, walnut, juniper, and pine, with occa- 
sional fragments of projecting walls, evidences of two large compact 
pueblos separated by Salt River draw. The west village (four or 
five stories high) has a court near the south end, 90 by 140 feet, con- 
nected with a small plaza, and covers more than an acre. The east 
village is more than half an acre in area. North of the west village 
is a plaza 300 feet long, flanked in part on the west by an isolated 
clan house of 18 rooms. The six ruins in the cluster that may be 
regarded as clan houses differ in size and arrangement of rooms and. 
in general show considerable skill in construction. <A third form of 
building west of the large village is indicated by large rectangular 
areas outlined with building stones scattered over the level ground. 
The foundations are of four or five courses, but never were buried 
more than 18 inches, indicating that they did not support a heavy 
superstructure. T'wo lenticular rubbish heaps, measuring 60 by 72 
feet and 4 feet high, lie on the meadow 100 yards south of the walls 
of the large village. A feature of Pueblo masonry discovered here 
was retaining walls of quite large stone set on bedrock, apparently 
intended to counter lateral thrust of heavy walls. Several rooms 
were cleared out by Apache laborers_under Dr. Hough’s direction 
and many artifacts and some human skeletal material were ob- 
tained. i 

Mr. Neil M. Judd, curator of American archeology, prosecuted 
archeological field work in certain caves in Cottonwood Canyon 
which he had visited in 1915. He successfully investigated five pre- 
historic ruins in Cottonwood Canyon caves during the two weeks in. 
which work was possible. Walls of houses were found to be built 
entirely of adobe, as well as the customary structures made of stone 
bound with clay mortar. Associated with these dwellings were rooms 
of still another type—houses whose walls consisted of vertical posts 
set at intervals and joined by masses of adobe. It will be noted that 
all three types closely resemble those structures exposed during the 
excavation of mounds in central Utah and previously reported.’ 

The dwellings in “ Kiva Cave ” form the best preserved cliff village 
yet visited by Mr. Judd north and west of the Rio Colorado. Two 
of the four houses visited are practically intact; the ceremonial 


1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 64-69; No. 17, pp. 103-108; vol. 68, No. 
12, p. 83. 


52 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


chamber, from which the ruin takes its name, being in excellent con- 


dition, although constantly exposed to the snow and summer rains. 
After excavating this cave considerable restoration was attempted in 
order that walls weakened by action of the elements and by thought- 
less visitors might be preserved for years to come. At the suggestion 
of Mr. B. A. Riggs a fence was constructed around the house to keep 
cattle from that portion of the cave. 

Buildings with masonry walls were also found in “ Ruin Cave,” 
but in this case were built directly upon remains of other structures 
of an entirely different character. The latter are usually circular 
and their walls were formed of posts to which horizontal willows 
were bound at intervals of 7 or 8 inches; adobe mud was pressed 
between these posts and over the willows, but additional and larger 
supports were required to take the great weight of the roof. A|- 
though these structures he generally beneath the stone houses, it is 
evident that both types were built by the same people and the oe- 
cupancy of the cave was at no time long interrupted. 

Prehistoric house remains were also found in each of the other 
three caves excavated, but they consisted chiefly of small rooms with 
walls constructed entirely of adobe. Still other ruins were discovered 
high up under the ledges that lie on either side of Cottonwood Canyon, 
but unusual conditions prevented examination of these. 

Upright sandstone slabs invariably form the inner base of the walls 
in ruins throughout the region under consideration, a fact which con- 
nects them with the so-called “ slab-house ” people of the San Juan 
drainage. Whether there is, in fact, any justification for this term re- 
mains yet to be proven, but the cultural relationship of the prehistoric 
peoples in southwestern Utah with those south of the Rio Colorado 
is at last definitely established. 

The bureau purchased from Miss Frances Densmore papers on 
“ Chippewa Remedies and General Customs” and “ Chippewa Art.” 
The latter article has 164 pages, with 42 pages of old Chippewa de- 
signs and numerous photographs pertaining to industries, medicinal 
plants, customs, and toys of children, games, processes of weaving, 
tanning, and other industries. ‘The lists of plants were identified by 
Mr. Paul C. Standley. 

Miss Densmore likewise submitted much new manuscript material 
on the music of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Pawnee. With this addi- 
tion her account of the Mandan-Hidatsa music contains 340 pages, 
more than 40 illustrations, and two new forms of graphic representa- 
tion of their progression. This article is now ready for publication. 

An important field of aboriginal music thus far not sufficiently in- 
vestigated is among the Pawnee. While engaged in the study of the 
music of this tribe at Pawnee, Okla., Miss Densmore witnessed a 
Hand Game, the Buffalo, Lance, and two Victory dances, and later 


: 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ao 


recorded on the phonograph the numerous songs sung at the three 
first gatherings. This material, with musical transcription tabulated 


_and descriptive analyses, has been purchased by the bureau. . 


Dr. AleS Hrdlicka, curator of physical anthropology, was detailed 
to make an examination of the archeological remains of southwest- 
ern Florida, especially of the shell heaps along the coast south of 
Key Marco, a region very little explored by archeologists and one of 
the least known sections of that State. In spite of difficulties, Dr. 
Hrdli¢ka’s field work was successful. He visited several groups of 
shell heaps of large size as yet unrecorded and opened up a most in- 


_ structive field for future exploration in a report which has been 


presented for publication. He also made highly important observa- 
tions on physical features of the remnants of Indians that still in- 
habit the little known regions of Florida. 

Mr. David I. Bushnell, jr., continued the preparation of manuscript 
for the Handbook of Aboriginal Remains East of the Mississippi, 
adding various notes to the manuscript. He likewise added about 30 
pages to the manuscript entitled “ Native Villagesand Village Sites 
East of the Mississippi,” now being printed as Bulletin 69. During 
the same period he completed a manuscript bearing the title “‘ Native 
Cemeteries and Forms of Burial East of the Mississippi,” which is 
to appear as Bulletin 71 of the bureau series. 

With an allotment from the bureau Mr. Gerard Fowke has been 
engaged in special archeological investigations in the Ozark region 
of central Missouri. His careful detailed studies have been confined 
to the numerous caves in that region. 

Tf “ cave men,” using this term to designate the predecessors of any 
race or tribe known to history, ever existed in the Mississippi Valley, 
we would find in no part of it natural features better adapted for his 
requirements than the Ozark Hills, but so far not the slightest trace 
of his presence has been revealed. Products of human industry have 
been reported as occurring under other conditions at great depths, 
even at the bottom of the loess, though in all such cases there is some 


- uncertainty as to the correctness of the observations. On the con- 


i 


—s 


trary, whatever may be the depth of the deposit containing them, the 
artificial objects exhumed are uniform in character from top to bot- 
tom. The specimens found on the clay or solid rock floor are of the 
same class as those barely covered by the surface earth. Moreover, 
when they cease to appear they cease absolutely. 

- By careful search in the caves and rock shelters of which the In- 
dian known to history availed himself extensive and interesting 
museum collections can be made. To find an earlier man it will be 
necessary to investigate caverns which he found suitable for occu- 
pancy and in which the accumulation of detritus, from whatever 
source, has been sufficient to cover his remains so deeply that they 


54 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


can not be confused with those of a later period, and it may be neces- 

sary to discover with them bones of extinct animals. No examina- 
tion of 2 cavern is complete unless a depth is reached where glacial 
deposits are undeniably of such age as to antedate the possible ap- 
pearance of man upon the scene. The Ozark region promises im- 
portant revelations in the study of prehistoric man in America. 

Mr. Fowke has thoroughly investigated one of the caves in this 
region and has prepared an important report on his work which will 
later be published by the bureau. He has also transmitted to the 
National Museum a collection which is the largest yet obtained from 
this locality. The results of the work thus far are technical and can 
not be adequately stated in this place, but are not only very important 
additions to the archeology of the region investigated but also highly 
significant in comparative studies of ancient man in North America. 


MANUSCRIPTS. 


In addition to the manuscripts submitted for publication by the 
bureau there was also obtained by purchase an article by Mr. C. S. 
Simmons dealing with the Peyote religion. 


EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS. 


The editing of the publications of the bureau was continued 
through the year by Mr. Stanley Searles, assisted by Mrs. Frances 
S. Nichols. The status of the publications is presented in the follow- 


ing summary : 
: PUBLICATIONS ISSUED. 


Thirty-second Annual Report.—Accompanying paper: Seneca Fiction, Leg- 
ends, and Myths (Hewitt and Curtin). 

Bulletin 59.—Kutenai Tales (Boas). 

Bulletin 61.—Teton Sioux Music (Densmore). 

Bulletin 64—The Maya Indians of Southern Yucatan and Northern British 
Honduras (Gann). 

Bulletin 65—Archeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona (Kidder 
and Guernsey ). 

Bulletin 66—Recent Discoveries of’ Remains Attributed to Early Man in 
America (Hrdliéka). 

List of publications of the bureau. 

Introduction to Seneca Fiction, Legends, and Myths (Hewitt)—From Thirty- 
second Annual Report (Hewitt and Curtin). 


PUBLICATIONS IN PRESS OR IN PREPARATION. 


Thirty-third Annual Report.—Accompanying papers: (1) Uses of Plants by 
the Indians of the Missouri River Region (Gilmore) ; (2) Preliminary Account 
of the Antiquities of the Region between the Mancos and La Plata Rivers in 
Southwestern Colorado (Morris); (3) Designs on Prehistoric Hopi Pottery 
(Fewkes) ; (4) The Hawaiian Romance of Laieikawai (Beckwith). 

Thirty-fourth Annual Report—Accompanying paper: Prehistoric island cul- 
ture areas of America (Fewkes). 


: 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 55 


Thirty-fifth Annual Report—Accompanying paper: Ethnology of the Kwakiutl 
(Boas). 

Thirty-sizth Annual Report—A¢companying paper: Early History of the 
Creek Indians and their Neighbors (Swanton). 
Bulletin 40—Part 2: Handbook of American Indian Languages (Boas). 

Bulletin 60.—Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities: Part 1, Introduc- 
tion; The Lithic Industries (Holmes). 

Bulletin 67.—Alsea Texts and Myths (Frachtenberg). 

Bulletin 68.—Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, 
and Atakapa Languages (Swanton). 

Bulletin 69.—Native Villages and Village Sites Hast of the Mississippi (Bush- 
nell). 

Bulletin 70.—Prehistorie Villages, Castles, and Towers (Kewkes). - 

Bulletin 71.—Native. Cemeteries and Forms of Burial Hast of the Missis- 
sippi (Bushnell). 


DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


The distribution of the publications has been continued under 
the immediate charge of Miss Helen Munroe, assisted by Miss Emma 
B. Powers. 

Publications were distributed as follows: 


Reposus amd Separates. —-_ == <2 Ea i I PL ie aa ed 2, 742 
Bulletins and separates_____ Kc demi sai, Aa ita REN is Noi Wl at PE 8, 440 
Contributions to North American Hthnology_________-__------_------- 10 
MIG ROCMWCEONG Hee eer st SLES RL oy 2s aha Ole be BOMB LU Mild hs es | 10 
IMIS CENA Me NIG ces He A ENA ore a AS NS See ee 281 

11, 483 


As compared with the fiscal year 1918, there was an increase of 
4.139 publications distributed. This was doubtless due to the fact 
that whereas in the fiscal year 1918 only Bulletin 63 was distributed 
to the mailing list, during the fiscal year 1919 there were distributed 
to the list Bulletins 59, 61, 64, and 66, and the Thirty-second Annual 
Report. Fourteen addresses have been added to the mailing list 
during the year and 36 dropped, making a net decrease of 22. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Mr. DeLancey Gill, with the assistance of Mr. Albert E. Sweeney, 
continued the preparation of the illustrations of the bureau and gave 
the usual time to photography of visiting Indians. A summary of 
this work follows: 


INesanives, for publication work 2222-5220" 2 sys ee 138 
Negative films exposed in field____+_--____ Oe eas ae heart wD Ee Ee 228 
JEL O TREN OLIIOM oR ane eee ete Ee eee Eee ee ee 603 
nO tostatmnCOMleses sts 7h Bere. pared ers g cee een ete pe ee et 128 
Daan Seetor spuUblicatiOMes 2s se = 5. aes eee te oe eee eee 200 
Illustrations made ready for engraving_______________________________ 2, 000 
Beebineraved! praots: edited’) 9 92s) 4 et tee 310 


Colored illustrations inspected at Government Printing Office__________ 10, 000 


56 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 
LIBRARY. 


The reference library continued in the immediate charge of Miss 
Ella Leary, assisted by Mr. Charles B. Newman, who was absent a 
short time in the military service. 

During the year 380 books were accessioned, of which 90 were 
acquired by purchase, 160 by gifts and exchange, and 130 by the 
entry of newly bound volumes of periodicals previously received. 
‘The periodicals currently received number about 760, of which 25 
were received by subscription and 735 through exchange. In addi- 
tion, the bureau acquired 210 pamphlets. The aggregate number of 
books in the library at the close of the year was 22,560; of pamphlets, 
about 14,248. In addition, there were many volumes of unbound 
periodicals. The publication of various European periodicals de- 
voted to anthropology has either been suspended or has ceased. 

The number of books bound during the year was 350. It has been 
almost exclusively work upon the current material—serials grouped 
into volumes and new accessions in paper covers. 

Correspondence relative to new exchanges and missing parts of 
serial publications already in the library was carried on as in pre- 
vious years. Considerable time was given to research work, which 
frequently calls for the preparation of bibliographic lists for corre- 
spondents. ° 

In addition to the use of its own library, it was found necessary 
to draw on the Library of Congress from time to time for the loan 
of about 400 volumes. The Library of Congress, officers of the execu- 
tive departments, and out-of-town students have made use of the 
library through frequent loans during the course of the year. 

The need by the brary of additional shelf room is becoming more 
and more acute. Each day the congestion increases. We have filled 
almost every available foot of shelf space and we are sorely in need 
of more room. 

The recataloguing of books from the old author (card) catalogue 
to a new subject catalogue has continued, and as a result the year 
shows a marked increase in the total of cards filed in the catalogue 
records. 

The Monthly Bulletin for the use of the bureau has been continued 
throughout the year. 

COLLECTIONS. 


The following collections acquired by members of the staff of the 
bureau, or by those detailed in connection with its researches, have 
been transferred to the United States National Museum: 

Two skeletons with skulls, found on the property of the Roxana Petroleum 


Co. of Oklahoma, South Wood River, Ill, and presented by it to this bureau. 
(62630. ) 


—Te Te 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57 


Twelve prehistoric pottery heads found in Huaxteec mounds and presented to 
Dr. J. Walter Fewkes by Mr. John M. Muir, of Tampico, Mexico. (62931.) 

Thirty-one archeological specimens obtained by Mr. F. W. Hodge at Hawikuh, 
N. Mex., in‘ 1917, as part of the cooperative work of the Bureau of American 
Hthnology and the Museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation). 
(63154. ) 

Forty archeological specimens and an Indian skull, from different localities 
in Arizona; collected for the bureau by Dr. Walter Hough in 1918. (63156.) 

Two hundred and eighty-eight archeological specimens and two lots of skeletal 
material, from Gourd Creek, Mo.; collected by Gerard Fowke in 1918. (63157.) 

A specimen of slag with embedded charred corn; collected by Dr. J. Walter 
Fewkes, from a ruin in Mancos Valley, 3 miles west of the bridge on the 
Cortez-Ship Rock Road, Colorado. (63174.) 

Sandstone pipe found on Black Warrior River, Tuscaloosa County, Ala., and 
presented to the bureau by Mr. F. H. Davis, United States Engineer’s Office, 
Little Rock, Ark. (63509.) 

Pillar stone found at Cerro Cebadilla, Vera Cruz; gift of Dr. H. Adrian, Tam- 
pico, Mexico. (68523.) f 

Three well-made clay heads from the neighborhood of Panuco, Mexico; gift 
of Mr. John M. Muir. (63524.) 


PROPERTY. 


Furniture was purchased to the amount of $128.76. The cost of 
typewriting machines was $143.40, making a total of $272.16. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Olerical—The correspondence and other clerical work of the office, 


including the copying of manuscripts, has been conducted by Miss 


May S. Clark, clerk to the chief. Mrs. Frances S. Nichols assisted 
the editor. 
There has been no change in the scientific or clerical force. 
Respectfully submitted. 
J. Water Fewxss, Chief. 
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, 
Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 


APPENDIX 3. 


REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. 


Sir: I have the honor to’submit the following report on the opera- 
tions of the International Exchange Service during the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1919: 

The institution submitted to Congress an estimate of $35,000 for 
carrying on the service during the year. This amount was granted. 
In addition, Congress, at the request of the institution, reappro- 
priated the unexpended balance of the 1918 appropriation, amount- 
ing to $712.90, together with the additional sum of $903.68, for pay- 
ment of liabilities incurred in the maintenance of the service during 
the current fiscal year over and above the amount of the regular 
congressional appropriation. Congress also made the usual allot- 
ment of $200 for printing and binding. The repayments from de- 
partmental and other establishments aggregated $1,808.87, making 
the total available resources for carrying on the system of exchanges 
during the fiscal year 1919, $38,625.45. 

During the year 1919 the total number of packages handled was 
270,860—an increase over the number for the preceding year of 
3,914. The weight of these packages was 291,918 pounds—a gain 
of 109,093 pounds. This large increase in weight as compared with - 
the small increase in the number of packages is accounted for, in | 
part, by the consignments received for transmission to establish- 
ments in France and Belgium whose libraries were destroyed during — 
the war, and, in part, by the accumulations of United States patent 
specifications received for Great Britain, Belgium, and the northern 
neutrals. The former were forwarded in boxes unopened, each box 
being counted as one package only, and the latter consisted entirely 
of heavy packages. 

The publications sent and received by the exchange service are 
classified under three heads: (1) ‘ Parliamentary documents”; (2) 
“Departmental documents”; (3) “ Miscellaneous scientific and liter- 
ary publications.” 

The term “ parliamentary documents,” as here used, refers to pub- 
lications set aside by act of Congress for exchange with foreign gov- 
ernments, and includes not only documents printed by order of either 
House of Congress, but also copies of each publication issued by any 
department, bureau, commission, or officer of the Government. The 
Governments to which this class of publications are forwarded send — 
to this country in exchange copies of their own official documents 
for deposit in the Library of Congress. 

; 58 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59 


The term “departmental documents” embraces all of the publica- 
tions delivered at the institution by the various governmental de- 
partments, bureaus, or commissions for distribution to their corre- 
spondents abroad, the publications received in return being deposited 
in the various departmental libraries. 

The “miscellaneous scientific and literary publications” are re- 
ceived chiefly from learned societies, universities, colleges, scientific 
institutions, and museums in the United States for transmission to 
similar establishments in all parts of the world. 

The number and weight of the packages of different classes are 
indicated in the following table: 


Packages. Weight. 


Sent. Received. Sent. Received. 


Pounds. Pounds. 
United States par:iamentary documents sent abroad. .. USL HOY ogo stcssocas Bas OO 2H ee ete Sayan ee 


Pub ications received in return for pariamentary docu- 


United States departmentai documents sent abroad...- (Ga), SE) ||seosacose se 103 (295 Rees pace 
Pub ications received in return for departmenta! docu- 


Miscellaneous scientific and literary pub ications sent 
TRON « shdoog en besos Shee Cone Tene eee eee eee AQUISS :| Mca s S296 76 oe ox ene nee 
Miscellaneous scientific and literary pub ications re- 
ceived from abroad for distribution in the United 


SUPIGS. 2.052 252¢ ch 50g HCE UHUSE ERY SEB RE EE Sees ae el |Seeee ee e SH2 208 henner seen 16, 934 
TWOUD. - coosdssedesseH ees boa aae Sea B Cease Aa seers ae 257, 387 13, 473 269, 254 22, 664 
(GiieinGl WOE shoo eboeEobosousaseeuraGssSsesearese 270, 860 291, 918 


It should be stated in this connection that the disparity indicated 
by the foregoing statistics between the number of packages sent and 
those received is accounted for, in part, by the fact that packages 
transmitted abroad contain, as a rule, only one publication, while 
those received in return often comprise many volumes. In some in- 
stances, especially in the case of publications received in exchange for 
parliamentary documents, the term “ package” is apphed to large 
boxes containing many separate publications. Furthermore, many 
returns for publications sent abroad reach their destinations through 
the mail and not through the exchange service. 

Under date of September 12, 1918, the Dutch Exchange Bureau 
reported that five boxes sent by the institution to that bureau in 
January, 1917, had been lost at sea when the steamship by which they 
were being forwarded was torpedoed by the enemy. So far as re- 
ported, this is the fourth instance in which consignments sent to for- 
eign countries by the institution have been lost through hostile action. 

It has not yet been possible to put the service on a prewar basis 
so far as the forwarding of consignments abroad is concerned. Ship- 


60 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


ments in boxes are being made as frequently as present conditions 
will permit to all countries except Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hun- 
gary, Montenegro, Roumania, Russia, Serbia, and Turkey. It is not 
thought advisable to forward consignments to these until the peace 
treaties with the enemy countries are finally ratified by the United 
States Government and internal conditions become more settled. It 
is hoped that in the early part of the next fiscal year it will be pos- 
sible to make shipments to all countries, 

To some countries transmissions were not wholly suspended for 
any long period during the war. However, as was to be expected 
during such abnormal times, the institution met with many obstacles. 
in its efforts to keep the exchanges open. The charge for ocean 
freight grew to great proportions. The rate to England, for instance, 
at one time reached $5.80 per cubic foot. The charge on shipments to 
that country before the war was $0.16 a cubic foot, thus making the 
increase more than thirty-sixfold. Such rates becoming too exorbi- 
tant, the sending of packages in boxes was discontinued, and the 
mails were resorted to, Late in the fiscal year, when shipments were 


resumed to Belgium and the northern neutrals, the office was almost: 


swamped with packages which had been accumulating for those 
countries for many months. 

The chief of the Belgian Service of International Exchanges, in 
reply to a letter addressed to him early in February asking if his 
bureau was in a position to resume the distribution of exchanges, 
stated that there were no longer any obstacles to the renewal of the 
relations which had been interrupted on acount of the encirclement 
of iron and fire in which his country found itself during the war. 


He added: 

I should fail most lamentably in my duty, Mr. Secretary, if I did not add 
to this reply warm thanks in the name of the Belgian Government, in the name 
of our scientific establishments and institutions, and in my own name, for the 
extreme kindness which you have shown us in reserving for us until the present 
time, all the numerous ‘ series”’ and “ collections,” one and all of inestimable 
value, which the war has prevented you from transmitting to us at the proper 
time. 

Applications for permission to forward publications abroad 
through the service are being received from time to time, both from 
new and long-established institutions. As an illustration of appre- 
ciation of the value of the service by such organizations, may be 
quoted the following extract from a communication from the New 
York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, acknowledging the re- 
ceipt of the Institution’s letter extending the exchange facilities to 
that college: 


It will mean a good deal to us in developing the exchange of publications for 
the forest library of this college. 


we 7) 


{eet eee 


’ 
5 

J 

: 
; 
: 
: 
; 
: 


li ~ ea e Mes 


eS TS ye Ne eee Ne ee ee 


Pe ee ee 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61 


Reference was made in last year’s report to the steps being taken 
by the institution to procure for the war library and museum of 
the French Government at Paris copies of American documents, and 
other material relating to the war, for deposit in a section of that 
library, to be devoted to the part taken by the United States in the 
conflict. A similar request for posters was received during the year 
from the British War Museum, and as complete sets of posters as 
it was possible to procure, have been transmitted to that museum. 
A number of requests for publications issued in this country were 


received from other foreign establishments, and in each instance 


the institution endeavored to comply therewith. 

The secretary of the institution took special steps to assist in the 
rehabilitation of the library of the Society of Sciences, Lille, France, 
whose collections were destroyed during the war. As a result of 
his efforts, several hundred publications were received for i 
sion to that library through the Exchange Service. 

During the fiscal year 1919, 803 boxes were forwarded to foreign 
agencies for distribution, being an increase of 360 over the preceed- 
ing 12 months. Notwithstanding this increase in the number of 
boxes sent, the total number is still far below the average for a nor- 
mal year. This is due, in part, to the fact that shipments in boxes 
were suspended until the 1st of February. Up to that date pack- 


ages were sent to their destinations by mail. 

The dates of transmission of the 803 boxes forwarded to foreign 
countries are shown in the following table. Of these boxes 260 con- 
tained full sets of United States official documents for authorized 
depositories: 

oe 
Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries. 
Country. er Date of transmission. 

PATO CMPIMA sa 27s \sisjereisisvs cies <= 19 | Apr. 8, 1919. 

SB CLOTS = soe aces = 252-1 72 | Apr. 29, 1919. 

EGlivin ose 2 | Mar. 28, 1919. 

Brazil........-..-.-------- 15 | Feb. 8, Apr. 5, 1919. 

British colonies.........-. - § | Apr. 29, June 12, 1919. 

British Guiana........--.- 1 | Mar. 27, 1919. 

Wanadasas ssrsssed sess 24 | Sept. 26, 1918; Jan. 27, Mar. 25, Apr. 21, May 17, June 6, 1919. 

OiiNer sSet Seti Ease cs noe 9 | Apr. 3, 1919. 

Chin ae ee s2 Soca oi == 8 | Jan. 20,1918; Feb. 28, Mar. 25, May 28, 1919. 

Colombia BEE cots ee ie 6 | Mar. 31, 1919. 

Wosta Rica..-.------------ 8 | Apr. 4, 1919. 

MOU Aseseacee a sicc< 05s 0s 6 | Sept. 26, 1918; Jan. 27, Mar. 25, Apr. 21, May 17, June 6, 1919. 
Be Denmark: ....2..+--2-+-: 21 | Feb. 19, 1919. 
Bercwador.2.s.-.-222------ 3 | Mar. 4, 1919. 

BEY Dies =o. cetesseccsen es 14 | Apr. 10, 1919. 
SPOEINATI CO Merce ae scp == mel silo 57 | Feb. 8, May 5, 1919. 
_ Great Britain and Ireland. 196 | Feb. 5, Mar. 12, 25, May 12, June 2, 12, 1919 
 Guatemala............---- 2 | Mar. 28, 1919. 


62 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries—Continued. 


Country. pe tie ai Date of transmission. 
FTSALDES «aie seen nee neeee 5 | Apr. 9, 1919. 
Hondurasis =e. eesse 2 | Mar. 4, 1919. 
Tndisiesdsgscptns Sects 24 | Feb. 12, June 19, 1919. 
Whalyac ces Aisa nee 31 | June 17, 1919. 
JAMAICA. Sea cmnie eceeicnne 4 | Mar. 26, 1919. 
Saat CA Tes Sac see ers 20 | Apr. 16, 1919. 
Moxicobeccs. -Goecee saceee | 6 | Sept. 26, 1918; Jan. 27, Mar. 25, Apr. 21, May 17, June 6, 1919. 
WeLberlands ones scenes | 54 | Mar. 11, June 30, 1919. 
Nicarapiiac.z2c-ee-nerec ass | 1 | Mar. 28, 1919. 
Norways?-.enccon. 5.2 | 20 | Feb. 19, 1919. 
Parapiayns oases he See | 2 | Mar. 28, 1919. 
[2 tae MaRe Ela AIOE | 6 | Apr. 2, 1919. 
Queensland’. 2522-2. sans ce 8 | Feb. 5, May 12, June 12, 1919. 
Salvadorite ha: ltaie eee 2 | Mar. 28, 1919. 
1 6)2) LO PRO SERRE oe cy ci 15 | Apr. 22, 1919. 
Sweden. ni: 4.3.25 cee 53 | Feb. 25, 1919. 
Switzerlandss.-- «22esu eee 25 | June 30, 1919. ‘ 
Dasmania a: -.0bs 2 Soa 9 | Feb. 5, May 12, June 12, 1919. 
Union of South Africa... . 15 | June 26, 1919. 
Wirahuayeoce eo ee ccs eee 7 | Apr. 1, 1919. 
Venezu elavt sas ae seeeee rere 5 | Mar. 31, 1919. 
Wictoriass (622 11 | Feb. 18, 1919. 
Western Australia........ 10 | Feb. 5, May 12, June 12, 1919. 


FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTAL 
DOCUMENTS. 


Ninety-one sets of United States governmental documents (55 full 
sets and 36 partial sets) were received for distribution in accordance 
with treaty stipulations and under the authority of the congressional 
resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901. 

A complete list of the foreign depositories is given below. Con- 
signments for those countries to which shipments were suspended on 
account of the war will be forwarded to the various depositories as 
soon as the peace treaties are ratified by the United States Gov- 
ernment. . ; 

DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS. 


ARGENTINA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires. 

AUSTRALIA: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne. 

AustTrIA: Kk. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna. 

BavEN : Universitiits-Bibliothek, Freiburg. (Depository of the Grand Duchy of 
Baden. ) 

Bavaria: Koénigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich. 

Beteium: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels. 

BraziL: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. 

Buenos ArRES: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. (Depository 
of the Province of Buenos Aires.) 

Canapa: Library of Parliament, Ottawa. 

CHILE: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63 


Cuina: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau 
of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai. 

CoLometA: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota. 

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depdésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San 
José. 

CuBA: Secretaria de Estado (Asuntos Generales y Canje Internacional), 
Habana. 

DENMARK : Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen. 

ENGuAnpD: British Museum, London. 

FRANCE: Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 

GrereMANY: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin. 

GuLaseow: City Librarian, Mitchell Library, Glasgow. 

GREECE: Bibliotheque Nationale, Athens. 

Harri: Secrétaire d’Htat des Relations Extérieures, Port au 1 Prince. 

Huneary : Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest. 

Inpra: Imperial Library, Calcutta. 

IRELAND: National Library of-Ireland, Dublin. 


_Iraty: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome. 


JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo. 

Lonpon : London School of Heonomics and Political Science. (Depository of the 
London County Council.) 

Manitosa: Provincial Library, Winnipeg. 

Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico. 

NETHERLANDS: Bibliotheek van der Staten-Generaal, The Hague. 

New Sours WaAtgEs: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney. 

New ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington. 

Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania. 

Onrario: Legislative Library, Toronto. 

Paris: Préfecture de la Seine. 

Prru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima. 

PortuGAL: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon. 

PrussiA;: K6nigliche Bibliothek, Berlin. 

QueBEc: Library of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec, Quebec. 

QUEENSLAND: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane. 

Russia: Imperial Public Library, Petrograd. 

Saxony: Ko6nigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden. 


Serpra; Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Ktrangéres, Belgrade. 


SoutH AUSTRALIA; Parliamentary Library, Adelaide. 

Spatn: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo 
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueélogos, Madrid. 

Swepen: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm. 

SwirrzerLANnD: Bibliothéque Fédérale Centrale, Berne. 

TASMANIA: Parliamentary Library, Hobart. 

TuRKEY : Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople. 

Union oF SoutH Arrica: State Library, Pretoria, Transvaal. 

UruGcuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevideo. 


_ VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas. ; - 


Vicrorta: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne. 


: WeEstTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. 


— PP 
Py 


ice 


WUriTreMBERG: K6nigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart. 
DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS. 


ALBERTA: Provincial Library, Edmonton. 
ALSACE-LORRAINE: K. Ministerium fiir Elsass-Lothringen, Strassburg. 
BoxivraA: Ministerio de Colonizacién y Agricultura, La Paz. 


64 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. - ~ 


BREMEN: Senatskommission fiir Reichs- und Auswirtige Angelegeni = 

BritisH Cotumpia: Legislative Library, Victoria. 

BRITISH GUIANA: Government Secretary’s Office, Georgetown, Demerara. 

Burearia: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia. 

Cryton: Colonial Secretary’s Office (Record Department of the Library), Co- 
lombo. 

Ecuapor: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito. 

Eeyret: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo. 

FINLAND: Chancery of Governor, Helsingfors. 

GUATEMALA: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala. 

Hameure: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswirtigen Angelegenheiten. 

Hesse: Grossherzogliche Hof-Bibliothek, Darmstadt. 

Honpuras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa. 

JAMAICA: Colonial Secretary, Kingston. 

LIBer1iA: Department of State, Monrovia. 

LourEeN¢cO Marquez: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez. 

Ltseck: President. of the Senate. 

MADRAS, PROVINCE oF: Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras, Public 
Department, Madras. 

Matra: Lieutenant Governor, Valetta. 

MoNTENEGRO: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje. 

New Brunswick: Legislative Library, Fredericton. 

NEWFOUNDLAND: Colonial Secretary, St. John’s. 

NIcARAGUA: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua. 

NorRTHWEST TERRITORIES: Government Library, Regina. 

Nova Scorra: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax. 

PANAMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama. 

ParAGuAy: Oficina General de Inmigracion, Asuncion. 

PrincE Epwarp Istanp: Legislative Library, Charlottetown. 

RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest. 

SALvADOoR: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador. 

S1am: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok. 

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS: Colonial Secretary, Singapore. 

UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OupH: Under Secretary to Government, Alla- 
habad. 

VieNNA: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt. 


INTERPARLIAMENTARY EXCHANGE OF OFFICIAL JOURNALS. 


The Governments named below have entered into the interparlia- 
mentary exchange of official journals with the United States and are 


listed to receive copies of the daily issue of the Congressional 
Record: 


Argentine Republic. France. Prussia. 

Australia. Great Britain. Queensland. 
Austria. Greece. Roumania. 

Baden. Guatemala. Russia. 

Belgium.” Honduras. Serbia. 

Bolivia. Hungary. Spain. 

Brazil. Italy. Switzerland. 
Buenos Aires, Province of. Liberia. Transvaal. 
Canada. New South Wales. Union of South Africa. 
Costa Rica. New Zealand. Uruguay. 

Cuba. Peru. Venezuela. 
Denmark. Portugal. Western Australia. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. _ f 65 © 
FOREIGN EXCHANGE AGENCIES. 


A letter was received in April, 1919, from the director of the 
-National Library in Lisbon, stating that the general secretariat of 
the Library and National Archives had been abolished and that the 
Service of International Exchanges, created by the Brussels Con- 
vention of March 15, 1886, is now conducted under the direction 
of his library. 


Below is given a complete list of the foreign exchange agencies 


or bureaus. Shipments to those countries marked with an asterisk 
were still suspended at the-close-of the fiscal year. 


ALGERIA, via France. 
ANGOLA, via Portugal. 
ARGENTINA: Comisién Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares, Lavalle 1216, 
Buenos Aires. 
AustTria:* K, K. Statistische’ Zentral-Kommission, Mioun 
AZORES, via Portugal. 
Beterum: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Rue des Longs- Chariots 
46, Brussels. 
Botivia: Oficina Nacional de Estadistica, La Paz. 
- Brazit: Servigo de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de 
Janeiro. 
BritisH CoLonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. 
British GUIANA: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown. 
British Honpuras: Colonial Secretary, Belize. 
Buearis :* Institutions Scientifiques de S. M. le Roi de Bulgarie, Sofia. 
CaNARY ISLANDS, via Spain. 

Cuize: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago. 
Cutna: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau 
of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai. bth LG “CATH ERE 
CoromsBiA: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional, 

Bogota. rere Th SEMP ery 
Costa Rica: Oficina de Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, ‘San 
José. f art A PRR eae Fe A Gases et 

DENMARK: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen. 

DutcH GUIANA: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Eaeeieeeinliea 

Ecuapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito. 

Heyer: Government Publications Office, Printing Department, Bulaq, Cairo. 

France: Service Francais des Eehanges Internationaux, 110 Rue de Grenelle, 
Paris. 

GrRMANY: Amerika-Institut, Berlin, N. W. 7 SS Fe 

GREAT BRITAIN AND JRELAND: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, 
Strand, London. 

GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens. 

GREENLAND, vid Denmark. 

GUADELOUPE, via France. 

GUATEMALA: Instituto Nacional de Varones, Guatemala. 

GUINEA, via Portugal. 

Harr: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince. 

Honpuras: Biblioteca Nacicnal, Tegucigalpa. 

ICELAND, via Denmark. 


145986—19——_5 


66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


InpIA: Superintendent of Stationery, Bombay. : 

Iraty: Ufficio degli Secambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio 
Emanuele, Rome. 

JAMAICA: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston. 

JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo. 

JAvA, via Netherlands. 

Korea: Government General, Keijo. 

LipertA: Bureau of Exchanges, Department of State, Monrovia. 

LouRENcGO MARQUEZ: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez. 

LUXEMBURG, via Germany. 

MADAGASCAR, via France. 

MaperraA, via Portugal. 

MonTENEGRO:* Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinge. 

MozAMBIQUE, via Portugal. 

NETHERLANDS: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Riblotiees de l’Uni- | 

_ versité, Leyden. 

New GuIneEa, via Netherlands. 

New SoutH WALES: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney. 

New ZEALAND: Dominion Museum, Wellington. 

NicArAGuaA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua. 

Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania. 

PaNnaMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama. 

ParaGuay: Servicio de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones Seccién Consular 
y de Comercio, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion. 

Prersta: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City. 

Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, 
Ministerio de Fomento, Lima, 

PortuGaL: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Lis- 
bon. 3 ; 

QUEENSLAND: Bureau of Exchanges of International Publications, Chief Sec- 
retary’s Office, Brisbane. 

RouMANIA:* Academia Romana, Bucharest. ' 

Russia: Commission Russe des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Im. 
périale Publique, Petrograd. 

Satvapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador. 

Srersra:* Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Bel- 
grade. j 

Sram: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok. 

Soutn AvUSsTRALIA: Public Library of; South Australia, Adelaide. 

Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo 
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueélogos, Madrid. 

SumatTrA, via Netherlands. 

Swepen: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm. 

SwiITzeERLAND: Service des FEchanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale 
Centrale, Berne. 

Syria: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York. 

TASMANIA: Secretary to the Premier, Hobart. , 

TRINIDAD: Royal Victoria Institute of Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain. 

TUNIS, via France. 

TurKrEy :* American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston. 

Union or Sourn ArFrica: Government Printing Works; “Pretoria, Transvaal. 

UruGcuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional, Montevideo. 

VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 67 


Victorra: Publie Library of Victoria, Melbourne. 


WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. 
WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS: Imperial Department of Agriculture, 
Bridgetown, Barbados. 


PERSONNEL. 


With his appointment as assistant secretary of the Smithsonian In- 
stitution on December 16, 1918, Dr. Charles G. Abbot was assigned to 
general charge of the international exchanges and the library in addi- 
tion to the directorship of the Astrophysical OPS Ory: 

- Respectfully submitted. 

C. G. Axsgor, 
Assistant Secretary, 
In Charge of Library and Exchanges- 

Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, 

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


° 


APPENDIX 4. 


REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


Sr: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- — 


tions of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending June 
30, 1919: 


Recognizing the increased cost of maintenance, Congress allowed 


in the sundry civil bill the sum of $115,000 for the expenses of the 
park, with an additional allotment of $200 for printing and binding. 
This was an increase of $15,000 over the appropriation for the pre- 
ceding years. By the practice of great economy in all departments, 
a small amount was made available from this sum for minor perma- 
nent improvements, and some long-needed work was accomplished 
during the year. Several of the employees who were in the military 
or naval service during the war returned to their duties at the park 
near the close of the year, and there is at present no distinct short- 
age of help except in the buildings and grounds department. The 
popularity of the Zoological Park continues to increase, and the 
number of visitors admitted to the grounds greatly exceeded that of 
any previous year. An attendance of nearly 2,000,000 was re- 
corded. Notwithstanding the scarcity of help during the first months 
of the year, the buildings have been kept in a fair state of repair 
and the grounds are in a very good condition. The collection has 
been kept near normal size, with even slight increase in the number 
of specimens, and with no serious gaps or empty quarters. This is 
due almost entirely to the constant and efficient care of the employees 
in the animal department, with the resulting good condition and 
low death rate among their charges. The embargo on living animals 
during the war virtually prohibited importations, and only a few 
animals were received directly from foreign ports. 


ACCESSIONS. 


Gifts—Animals to the number of 74 were accessioned during the 
year as gifts from friends of the park, or were placed on indefinite 
deposit. 

Two young Sumatran elephants received from the Smithsonian 
Institution were the most important and valuable additions to the 
collection. These were purchased at a cost of $5,000 for the children 
of Washington by a number of their friends, and were donated to 
the institution. At the time of their arrival they were about 2 and 

68 


ON 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 69 


24 years old and were 42 and 45 inches high. The Sumatran elephant 
had never before been exhibited in Washington. It is closely allied 
to the elephant of India, and differs from the African elephant in 
many characters, most conspicuous of which is the very small size 
of the ear. No specimen of this group of elephants has been in the 
collection since the death in March, 1917, of the old Indian elephant, 
“Dunk.” The Sumatran elephant is said to average somewhat 
smaller than the elephant from British India, but the Dutch trader 
who accompanied these young animals from Sumatra reports having 
killed one which was 10 feet high at the shoulder. The baby ele- 
phants are already great favorites with the children and are growing 
rapidly. They are known by their Malayan names of “ Hitam” 
(black) and “ Kechil” (small). 

Other particularly valuable donations were a fine capybara from 
Hon. Henry D. Baker, Trinidad, British West Indies, who has pre- 
sented the park with other interesting specimens in past years; and 
a pair of Florida bears from Mrs. A. V. N. Stroop, Moore Haven, 
Fla. The capybara is an especially good specimen of this largest 
of all. living rodents, and the Florida bear has never before been 
shown in the collection. The bears are still young, but will apparently 
grow to a much larger size than the common American black bears, 
as they are now considerably larger than Virginia specimens of ap- 
proximately the same age, and the bears of Florida are known some- 
times to exceed in size all other forms of the black bear. 

Among the birds presented during the year the most important is 
an example of the great white heron of southern Florida, taken 
from the nest on one of the Newfound Harbor group of keys, 
Florida, May 12, 1919, by Dr. Paul Bartsch. This bird has devel- 
oped splendidly and forms one of the unique exhibits of the bird 
department. 

The complete list of donors and gifts is as follows: 

Hon. Henry D. Baker, Trinidad, British West Indies, capybara. 

Miss Marjarie Bandelauter, Washington, D. C., alligator. 

Dr. Paul Bartsch, Washington; D. C., great: white heron. 

Mr. J. E. Boyle, Washington, D. C., horned toad. 

Mr. Morris K. Brady, Washington, D. C., alligator. 

Miss Eddie Capps, Schuyler, Va., alligator. 

Mr. Frederick Chester, Washington, D. C., alligator. 

Mr. E. R. Claud, Washington, D. C., horned toad. 

Mrs. V. Cook, Savannah, Ga., alligator. 

Mr. W. R. Coon, Washington, D. C., alligator. , 
_ Miss Pauline Corson, Guinea Mills, Va., four gray foxes. 

Mr. Lee Cummins, Washington, D. C., two alligators. 

Mr. A. H. Davin, Palmyra, Va., five turtle doves. 

Miss Elisabeth T. Davison, Baltimore, Md., two grass paroquets. 

Mr. D. L. Du Pre, Washington, D. C., American barn owl. 

Mr. L. A. Ehrmantraut, Washington, D. C., chicken-guinea hybrid. 


70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


Mr. W. H. Fairchild, Washington, D. C., red fox. 
Mr. J. F. E. Fields, Haneock, Md., banded rattlesnake. 

Mr. F. F. Gillen, Washington, D. C., three screech owls. 

Mrs. Lillie M. Glover, Washington, D. C., Isle of Pines parrot. 

Mrs. Gregory, Washington, D. C., Virginia opossum. 

Mrs. S. M. Hesey, Edinburg, Va., Cuban parrot. 

Mr. Charles P. Higgins, Washington, D. C., alligator. 

Mr. John B. Laing, Lewisburg, W. Va., black bear. 

Mr. Edward L. Latimer, Hyattsville, Md., great horned owl. 

Mr. Maynadiers, Washington, D. C., Virginia opossum. 

Mr. W. L. McAtee, Washington, D. C., rainbow snake. 

Mr. J. C. Meyer, Washington, D. C., three canary birds. 

Mr. H. D. Money, jr., Gulfport, Miss., two fox squirrels. 

Mr. James Mooney, jr., Washington, D. C., alligator. 

Mrs. C. P. Moore, Washington, D. C., alligator. 

Mr. Joseph G. Moore, Flint Hill, Va., two woodchucks. 

Mr. Charles A. Mosier, Holmstead, Fla., moccasin snake. 

Mr. R. E. Otterback, Washington, D. C., black snake. 

Mr. A. J. Poole, Washington, D. C., water snake. 

Mr. G. R. Putnam, Washington, D. C., horned toad. 

Mr. T. M. Quill, Washington, D. C., alligator. 

Mr. BE. S. Schmid, Washington, D. C., spider monkey. 

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, Washington, D. C., water snake, garter snake, snapping 
turtle, Florida terrapin, and two gopher tortoises. 

Maj. Walter L. Simpson, Washington, D. C., badger. 

Smnithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., two Sumatran elephants. 

Mr. J. F. Stowell, Washington, D. C., alligator. 

Mr. Blanford Straughn, Washington, D. C., chameleon. 

Mrs. A. V. N. Stroop, Moore Haven, Fla., two Florida bears. 

Mrs. Griffin E. Taylor, Berryville, Va., double yellow-head parrot. 

Mr. Albert Thorn, Washington, D. C., alligator. 

Mr. Henry C. Vaden, Washington, D. C., peafowl. 

Mr. J. S. Warmbath, Washington, D. C., screech owl. 

Mrs. Sarah Wilber, Keshena, Wis., American badger. 

Mr. J. M. Willson, Kissimmee, Fla., sand-hill crane. 

Mr. H. F. Winn, Chevy Chase, D. C., peafowl. 

Mr. H. B. Wright, Point of Rocks, Md., alligator. 

Unknown donor, fish crow. 


| 
, 


Births—The number of births exceeds that of any previous year 
in the history of the park. Mammals to the number of 76 were 
born, and 83 birds were hatched during the year, making a total of 
159 additions to the collection in this manner. This record includes 
only such animals as are reared to a reasonable age, no account 
being made in these published statistics of such as live but a few 
days. The births include 2 European bears, 2 Rocky Mountain 
sheep, 1 eland, 4 Indian antelopes, 1 yak, 6 American bison, 2 llamas, 
1 Columbian black-tailed deer, 2 Manchurian deer, 2 Kashmir deer, 
2 American elk, 2 barasingha deer, 1 hog deer, 4 Japanese deer, 1 
fallow deer, 6 white-tailed deer, 6 European red deer, 1 yellow- 
haired porcupine, 4 raccoons, 6 coypus, 3 rhesus monkeys, 1 dusky 


Es a a al te ala ae ae allel ad 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Gil 


_phalanger, 1 rufous-bellied wallaby, 1 great gray kangaroo, 4 red 


kangaroos, 8 opossums, and 2 brush-tailed rock kangaroos. The 
birds hatched are of the following species: Demoiselle crane, Ameri- 
can coot, Florida cormorant, night heron, wild turkey, golden 
pheasant, peafowl, scaled quail, mute swan, Canada goose, mallard, 
black duck, and wood duck. 

Eachanges——There were received during the year 11 mammals 
and 70 birds in exchange for surplus animals born in the park. 
The mammals were 2 prong-horned antelopes, 2 Indian water buf- 
faloes, 3 beavers, 3 spider monkeys, and 1 Burmese macaque. Many 
desirable water fowl, including coscoroba and black swans, Hutchins’s 
geese, European widgeon, European teal, garganey teal, black- 
bellied tree ducks, and spur-winged geese, as well as numerous land 
birds needed for the collection, were received through exchange. 
Species new to the collection are the black-gorgeted laughing 
thrush, crimson tanager, blue tanager, thick-billed euphonia, dia- 
mond dove, bar-shouldered dove, short-keeled toucan, and a fine 
specimen of the remarkable Goliath heron from Africa. 

Purchases.—Because of lack of funds only 38 mammals, birds, and 
reptiles were purchased during the year. A Malayan sun bear was 
obtained in San Francisco, a fallow deer buck was purchased for 
breeding, and a few small mammals were bought from time to 
time. Additions to the American waterfowl lake were 6 brants, 2 
white-fronted geese, 10 black ducks, and an immature whistling 
swan. Two Florida sandhill cranes and a pair of bronze-wing 
pigeons, with some commoner hawks and owls, also were purchased. 

Transfers—Both the Biological Survey of the Department of 
Agriculture and the Bureau of Fisheries, Department of Commerce, 
contributed to the collection by the transfer of material collected 
by their agents in the field. From the Biological Survey was re- 
ceived an Apache grizzly bear and a mountain lion from New Mex- 
ico, a blue goose from Missouri, and two pigmy ground rattlers and 
a water snake from Florida. The Apache grizzly, new to the col- 
lection, is one of the recently defined species of the grizzly bear 
now nearing extinction. The specimen, a young male, was cap- 
tured July 22, 1918, by T. J. McMullin and Bob Reid, 22 miles 
southeast of Taos, N. Mex., and was forwarded to the park by M. E. 
Musgrave, of the Biological Survey. It was apparently about 8 
months old when received. A few turtles from Georgia were trans- 
ferred from the Bureau of Fisheries. 

- Captured in the park.—A few birds captured in the park were 
added to the collection. 

- Deposited —As usual, a number of desirable exhibition speci- 
mens were accepted on temporary deposit. These included for the 


72 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


year 7 parrots of various species, 2 boa constrictors, a lion, and a 
kinkajou. Eight alligators were carried over the winter for the 
Pan American Union. 

REMOVALS. 


Surplus mammals and birds to the number of 37 were exchanged 
to other zoological collections, as follows: One European brown bear, 
1 hippopotamus, 2 red kangaroos, 1 yak, 3 Indian antelopes, 1 fallow 
deer, 2 hog deer, 1 Japanese deer, 4 barasingha deer, 4 European red 
deer, 6 gray squirrels, 2 domestic geese, and 9 peafowl. A number 
of specimens on deposit were returned to owners. 

While the death rate for the year has been comparatively small, 
there have been as usual some serious losses, especially among animals 
long in the park and of advanced age. The male Celebesian dwarf 
buffalo, or anoa (Anoa depressicornis), which has been a feature of 
the antelope house for nearly 13 years, died on July 24, 1918. This 
animal came to the collection December 12, 1905, then fully adult, 
had been showing extreme age for the past two years, and his death 
was not unexpected. Two female Congo harnessed antelopes (77a- 
gelaphus gratus) were lost. One was purchased as a fully grown 
animal October 31, 1907, and died May 10, 1919. The other, born in 
the park July 4, 1912, died February 27,1919. An old female Ameri- 
can bison, purchased May 6, 1907, died of septic metritis on April 20, 
1919. A female guanaco, received from the zoological gardens in 
Buenos Aires, December 29, 1904, died on August 22, 1918, of acute 
congestion of the lungs, At 13 years and 8 months of fies in the 
park. An alpaca, also from the Buenos Aires gardens, received 
March 14, 1908, died from old age and parasitic invasion, October 11, 
1918. A wild cat (Lynx ruffus), received September 3, 1907, died 
January 22, 1919; and a Canada lynx, received September 25, 1907, 
died from septicemia September 25, 1918, exactly 11 years from the 
date of its arrival in the zoo. Other losses of importance among the 
mammals were a leopard, from pneumonia, November 18, 1918, and 
a young Brazilian tapir, born in the park February 22, 1918, which 
died under anesthetic during an operation for PEOiD EA of the rectum 
on June 3, 1919. 

The most serious loss by death among the fend was a female 
trumpeter swan, which died of septicemia May 14, 1919, just after 
it had been successfully mated, after two years of atone with the 
male trumpeter lent to the park by Judge R. M. Barnes, of Lacon, 
Ill. The eggs in the ovary were enlarged to the size of cherries, and 
there is every reason to believe that but for the untimely loss of this 
bird the swans would have been successfully bred. The African 
crowned hawk-eagle (Spizaétus coronatus) received from James 
Robert Spurgeon, United States Secretary of Legation, Monrovia, 


Se ee ee 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 73 


Liberia, June 24, 1901, died from avian tuberculosis, March 26, 1919, 
after 17 years and 9 months of life in the bird house. Two wander- 
ing tree ducks (Dendrocygna arcuata), received from Carl Hagen- 
beck, September 25, 1903, died, probably of old age, on September 30: 
and December 16, 1918, both having thus lived over 15 years in the 
gardens. A snowy egret (i’gretta candidissima), received from 
Texas, June 15, 1907, died July 10, 1918, over 11 years from the date 
of its arrival. 

Post-mortem examinations were made by the pathological division 
of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The following list shows the 


results of autopsies, the cases being arranged by groups: 


CAUSES OF DHATH. 


MAMMALS. 


Marsupialia : Pneumonia, 2; tuberculosis, 1; peritonitis, 1; abscess in abdomen, 1. 

Carnivora: Pneumonia, 1; anemia, 1; septicemia, 1; abscess of jaw, 1. 

Rodentia: Pneumonia, 2; enteritis, 1; gastroenteritis, 1. 

Edentata: Adenomata, 1. 

Primates: Tuberculosis, 1; pleurisy, 1; enteritis, 1; gastroenteritis, 1; anemia, 1; 
sarcomatous tumor, 1; accident, 1; not determined, 1. 

Artiodactyla: Pneumonia, 3; tuberculosis, 3; congestion of lungs, 1; anemia, 1; sep- 
ticemia, 2; septic metritis, 1; old age, 1; accident, 2: 

Perissodactyla: Anesthetic, during operation, 1. 


BIRDS. 


) 


Ciconiiformes : Tuberculosis, 1; not determined, 1; no cause found, 1. 

Anseriformes: Tuberculosis, 3; enteritis, 4; ptomaine poisoning, 1; septicemia, 1; ne- 
crosis of eczcum, 1; hemorrhage, 2; parasitism, 1; accident, 1; not determined, 2. 

Falconiformes: Tuberculosis, 1; aspergillosis, 1; not determined, 1. 

Galliformes: Aspergillosis, 1; enteritis, 2. 

Gruiformes: Tuberculosis, 1; enteritis, 1. 

Charadriiformes: Tuberculosis, 4; enteritis, 1; peritonitis, 1. 

Cuculiformes : Tuberculosis, 1; enteritis, 2; sarcomatosis, 1; no cause found, 1. 

Coraciiformes; Aspergillosis, 1. 

Passeriformes: Tuberculosis, 8; enteritis, 2; no cause found, 1. 


Such animals, lost by death, as were of particular scientific im- 
portance, or needed for exhibition purposes, were transferred to the 
United States National Museum for preservation. These numbered 
15 mammals and 25 birds. 


ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTION JUNE 30, 1919. 


MAMMATS. 

MARSUPIALIA. Kangaroo Island kangaroo (Macropus 
melanops)) soa se aen ete ee ae 2 
Virginia opossum (Didelphis_ vir- Wallaroo (Macropus robustus)------ 1 

giniana) --_---~_----------------- 9 | Black-tailed wallaby (Macropus uala- 
Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus har- Dd Paw ee = ES NL 1 

_ -risii) _____-_---------_-_-------- 2] Rufous-bellied wallaby (Macropus 
Phalanger (Trichosurus vulpecula)_-__ 3 ILE AT) ee by ana Gore RE 4 
Dusky phalanger (Trichosurus fuligi- Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) --- 1 
nosus) ---------~~~------------- 5 | Wombat (Phascolomys mitchelli) __--- 1 

Brush-tailed rock kangaroo (Petro- 4 

gale penicillata)___-___-_-_------ 4 CARNIVORA. 
Great gray kangaroo (Macropus gi- Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorf) ---- 1 
WONntEUS aa eo eee - 38] Alaska Peninsula bear (Ursus gyas)-- 2 
Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) —---- 9 | Yakutat bear (Ursus dallt) _--------- 1 


74 


Kidder’s bear (Ursus kidderi) ------- 
European bear (Ursus arctos) —~----- 
Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) ------ 
Apache grizzly (Ursus apache) —---~-- 
Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus) _- 
Black bear (Ursus americanus) —~—-~-- 
Kenai black bear (Ursus americanus 

Tem OR) Nee ek IS ee ee ee ee 
Cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus cin- 

namMonwn) =~ Seka ee eae 
Florida bear (Ursus floridanus) —--~-- 
Glacier bear (Ursus emmonsii)—---~-~ 
Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) —~--- 
Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) —~~--~--- 
Polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus) ~-- 
Dingo’ (Canis dingo). == =~ == === == 
Eskimo dog (Canis familiaris) _-----~-~- 
Gray wolf (Canis nubilus) --_------- 
Southern wolf (Canis floridanus) —---~- 
Woodhouse’s wolf (Canis frustror) —~-- 
Coyote (Canis tatrans) —= == 22>" === 
Red fox’ (Vulpes fulva) ===. 
‘Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) — 
Cacomistle (Bassariscus astutus) —--- 
Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 2 == es 
Gray coatimundi (Nasua narica) —-_~--~ 
Kinkajou (Potos flavus) 22-222 
Ferret. ,(iMusteta j12:0) = 
Tayra, (Vayra .barbare)\eo2 ee 
Skunk (Mephitis nigra) _.______----~- 
American badger (Taridea tarus)__~~ 
Kuropean badger (Meles meles)_-___- 
Florida otter (Lutra canadensis vaga) — 
African civet (Viverra civetta)—~____ 
Genet (Genetta genetta)______-_____ 
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) ____- 
Brown hyena (Hyena brunnea)_____~ 
Striped hyena (Hyena hyena) ____-~-- 
African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) —— 
Lion! (Helis: leo) eer eee 
Bengal tiger (Felis tigris) 
Manchurian tiger 


(Felis tigris longi- 


Leopard, (Felis pardus) —~——-=.-=——__ 
East African leopard (Felis pardus 

SuUahelicad), oases Rete 
oaeuar «(Feks onca)e = 2 ee 
Mexican puma (Felis azteca)________ 
Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes)____ 
Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) 
Bay lynx (Lyng rujfus)o2-— <= 2 
California lynx (Lynx californicus) __ 
Banded lynx (Lyn# fasciatus) 


PINNIPEDIA. 


California sea-lion (Zalophus californi- 


RODENTIA. 


Wocdchuck (Marmota monaz) 
Dusky marmot 

tris. COSOUKM) eee te 2 ee See 
Prairie-dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) __ 
Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) ~~ ___ 
Albino squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) — 


(Marmota flaviven- 


Wee bh he bo 


= 


to 


= 


_ 
KB PRNNE EEE RNY WH EEN HE RNYTOWNHONKFNHRHEHE DD 


RPrRonbs & & eH Rb 


pm bh 


ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


American beaver (Castor canadensis) _— 
Crested porcupine (Hystriz cristata) __ 
Yellow -haired porcupine (Hrethizon 
epizanthum),—.—=- =) see 
Coypu (Myocastor coypus) —---------- 
Paca (Cuniculus paca) —~-~2-- LL ses 2 
Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta exi- 
cana) 
Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azare) —-- 
Crested agouti (Dasyprocta cristata) __ 
Viscacha (Lagostomus magzimus) —----~ 
Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis patago- 
NiCd) Lo ee eee 
Peruvian guinea pig (Cavia tschudii 
pallidior) 
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)----___-- 
Capybara (Hydrocha@rus hydrocheris) — 


LAGOMORPHA, 
Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuni- 
culus) 222-522 eee Ney ee eS 

PRIMATES. 


Gray spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyt) — 
White-throated capuchin (Cebus capu- 


cine). Le eee 
Margarita capuchin (Cebus margari- 
t@) 1 22 eee 
Chacma (Papio porcarius) __-__-_---- 


Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) — 
Mandrill (Papio sphingz) __-__---_----~- 
Drill (Papio leucopheus) ~-_-_-_-------- 
Moor macaque (Cynopithecus maurus) — 
Brown macaque (Macaca speciosa) —-- 
Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) —-~ 
Burmese macaque (Macaca andama- 

nensis)__- Les eee See 
Pig-tailed monkey (Macaca neme- 

string)... 2 eee eee 
Rhesus monkey (Macaca rhesus) —----- 
Bonnet monkey (Macaca sinica) —~----- 
Tovean macaque (Macaca mordazr) ——-- 
Philippine macaque (Macaca syrichta) - 
Sooty mangabey (Cercocebus  fuli- 

ginosus) 
Green guenon (Lasiopyga callitrichus) 
Vervet guenon (Lasiopyga pygerythra) 
Mona (Lasiopyga mona) ___-_-__-_--_- 
Roloway guenon (Lasiopyga roloway) - 
Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas)_—- 
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) ___-___ 


ARTIODACTYLA. 


Wild boar (Sus scrofa). 
Wart-hog (Phacocherus ethiopicus) —- 
Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphib- 

ius) 
Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) — 
Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) 
Guanaco (Lama huanachus)_—~~-----~ 
Liama’ (Lama ‘gtame)=_ = eS 


Alpaca (Lama pacos)—-----_-----_-- 


Vicufia. (Lama vicugna) —=2-=_—=" = 
Fallow deer (Dama dama) —--~------- 


28 


NNR RNR 


= 


: ’ i.) 
Ne Hee wr et Bee Oe 


Oe ee tO 


SS ere 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 


Axis deer (Avis avis) _______________ 
Hog deer (Hyelaphus porcinus) _-____ 
Sambar (Rusa wnicolor) _____________ 
Luzon deer (Rusa philippinus) ______- 
Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii) ____ 
Japanese deer (Sika nippon) _________ 
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) ___________ 
Kashmir deer (Cervus hanglu) _-_____ 
Bedford deer (Cervus santhopygus) __— 
American elk (Cervus canadensis) __—~ 
Virginia deer (Odocoileus virginianus) — 
Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) _-_-- 
Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus colum- 

‘ bianus) 
Prong-horned 

americana) 


antelope (Antilocapra 


Blesbok (Damaliscus albifrons) _--__— , 


White-tailed gnu (Connochetes gnou) — 
Defassa water-buck (Kobus defassa) — 
Indian antelope (Antilope cercicapra) — 
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) __—_ 
Hast African eland (Taurotragus oryx 

livingstonii) 
Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus)_______ 
Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) ___-__-- 


RATITA, 


South African ostrich (Struthio aus- 
tralis ) 
Somaliland ostrich (Struthio molybdo- 
phanes) : 
Rhea (Rhea cmericana)____________- 
Emu (Dromiceius novehollandie) ___-_ 


CICONIIFORMES. 
American white pelican (Pelecanus 
erythrorhynchos) —~~-------_-- Heaps 
European white pelican (Pelecanus 
onocrotalus)) =. ---_----—-._-=_-+_ 


Roseate pelican (Pelecanus roseus) —_ 
Australian pelican (Pelecanus con- 


BSMUCUULGLUS a = ee 
Brown pelican (Pelecanus  occiden- 
(PGES) ape a Se oe a ne le SIS a 
Florida cormorant (Phalacrocorar 


auritus floridanus) _-______________ 
Great white heron (Ardea occiden- 


Great blue heron (Ardea herodias)__~ 
Goliath heron (Ardea goliath) _______- 
Snowy egret (Egretta candidissima) —_ 
Black-crowned night heron (Nycti- 

coraz nycticorar nevius) 
Boatbill (Cochlearius cochlearius) ___- 
White stork (Ciconia ciconia) ________ 
Black stork (Ciconia nigra) ~__--____ 
Straw-necked ibis (Carphibis spinicol- 
_ lis) 
Sacred ibis (Threskiornis ethiopicus) — 
White ibis (Guara alba)________--_- 
Scarlet ibis (Guara rubra) ________--- 
Roseate spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja)__-__- 
European flamingo (Phenicopterus 

roseus) 


6 | Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis canaden- 
6 SUS) Pee EN eee eS ee a ee 
2 | Arizona mountain sheep (Ovis cana- 
1 densis gaallardi)_-_________}_=__=_ 
10 | Barbados sheep (Ovis aries) __------- 
12 | Zebu (Bos, indicus) 22 2 ee 
18 | Yak (Poéphagus grunniens) _--~------ 
6 American bison (Bison bison) -—__-___-_ 
6 | Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubdalis) ____-- 
q 
15 PERISSODACTYLA. 
: Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) __ 
i Mongolian horse (Hquus przewalskit) — 
Grant’s zebra (Hquus burchelli granti) — 
2 Grevy’s zebra (Hquus grevyi)__--_-_-_ 
1 Zebra-horse hybrid (Hquus grevyi-ca- 
1 DLLs. Se ee al te Sas gs te 
1 Zebra-ass hybrid (Hquus grevyi-asinus) — 
f PROBOSCIDEA. 
Abyssinian elephant (Loxodonta afri- 
3 CONGO DU OCS) 0 peas ee ee 
3 | Sumatran elephant (Hlephas sumatra- 
1 EUS) as ee ea ee Ne ee 
BIRDS. 
ANSERIFORMES. 
Black-necked screamer (Chauna _ tor- 
4 QUE OS SB es ee ee 
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)________ 
1 East Indian black duck (Anas platy- 
2 PLY TUCIVOS aU Gia) eee ees 
2 | Black duck (Anas rubripes)—_--_____ 
‘Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) —__- 
European widgeon (Mareca penelope) — 
Baldpate (Mareca americana) ________ 
9 | Green-winged teal (Nettion caro- 
LUNCNUS GC) igs = Sse ee tee 
2 | Buropean teal (Nettion crecca)______ 
2 | Blue-winged teal (Querquedula dis- 
SiR CO TSN) epee aes nek eee a 2 EE 
2 | Garganey (Querquedula querqueduta)_ 
Cinnamon teal (Querquedula cyanop- 
3 THETA eli a gs el resi te a SS 
Ruddy sheldrake (Casarca ferruginea) - 
18 | Pintail (Dafila acuta)_________-_____ 
Wood duck (Aig sponsa) _-_____-_-__-_ 
1 | Mandarin duck (Dendronessa galericu- 
1 LEED) en ero ee ee a tae Nae 
1 | Canvas-back (Marila valisineria) _____ 
1 | Redhead (Marila americana) ________- 
Lesser scaup duck (Marila affinis) --__ 
27 | Ring-necked duck (Marila collaris)__- 
2 | Rosy-billed pochard (Metopiana pepo- 
3 CNET [TH ees tah tigate Sh AAR ei Nah aI 2 
1 | Snow goose (Chen hyperboreus) ______ 
Greater snow goose (Chen hyperboreus 
1 TV CULLS pester ee eee Mea een ee 
3 | Blue goose (Chen cerulescens)_______ 
10 | White-fronted goose (Ansér albifrons) - 
2 | American white-fronted goose (Anser 
2 albifrons gambeli) ________________ 
Bar-headed goose (Hulabeia indicus) __ 
1 | Canada goose (Branta canadensis) ___ 


75 


76 


Hutchins’s goose (Branta canadensis 

hutchinsii) 
Cackling 

ATOUTUUTIVO oss Pe ee 
Brant (Branta bernicla glaucogastra) — 
Tarnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)____ 
Spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gam- 

DENStS),\ 2 oo ee ee ee 
Black-bellied tree duck (Dendrocygna 

auheMmnalis)- 2 22ea See eee 
White-faced tree duck (Dendrocygna 

Vit) "2S ee oy SS RE etree 5 
Coscoroba (Coscoroba candida) ~_____ 
Mute swan (Cygnus gibbus)_ ~--_____ 
Whistling swan (Olor columbianus) —__ 
Trumpeter swan (Olor buccinator)___ 
Black swan (Chenopis atrata) 


goose (Branta canadensis 


FALCONIFORMES. 


South American condor (Vultur gry- 

MOTOS) ae ae ee 
California condor (Gymnogyps califor- 

TUUONUUS)) a a ee 
Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura)____ 
Black vulture (Coragyps urubu)_-_-_~ 
King vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) ___ 


Secretary bird (Sagittarius serpen- 
COTiUs) =. Se eee oa eee 
Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)_--____ 
Cinereous vulture (Aegypius mona- 
ChB) nee oe ee 


Caracara (Polyborus cheriway)— ~~~ 
Wedge-tailed eagle (Uroaétus audaz)— 
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaétos) _____ 
Bald eagle (Haliwetus leucocephalus) — 
Alaskan bald eagle (Haliwetus leuco- 

cephalus alascanus) $$ 
Sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius)____ 
Red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis) ____ 
Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni)__ 


GALLIFORMES. 


Mexican curassow (Craz globicera)___ 
Daubenton’s curassow (Craz dauben- 
COM) | — SoS Ne See ee we Aa 
Chicken-guinea hybrid (Gallus x Nu- 
ANAC), © 2 2 Se a er ee eee a 
Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo sil- 
CESTTIR) ~<a tN eS 
Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)_.-___-_.-__ 
Peacock -pheasant .(Polyptectron. bical- 
COrAtiM) See ee eee eee 
U8!) SS A ee 
Lady Amherst’s pheasant (Chrysolophus 
amhersug) = eee 
Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) — 
Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) _____~ 
Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) ___ 
Gambel’s quail (Lophortyx gambelii) __ 
Valley quail (Lophortyxz californica 
vallicola) 


GRUIFORMES. 


American coot (Fulica americana) ____ 
South Island weka rail (Ocydromus 
australis) 


oo CO bo 


hE YPNRO BF worN aH os 


to bo bo es bo 


= 


eye Ee 


NHRD OF 


) 


ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


Skort-winged weka (O-:ydromus bra- 

chypterus) =. 
Earl’s weka (Ocydromus earli) _______ 
Whooping crane (Grus americana) ____ 
Sandhill crane (Grus mexicana) ______ 
White-necked crane (Grus leucauchen) — 
Indian white crane (G@Grus leucogera- 

MLS) = 250 a 
Lilford’s crane (Grus lilfordi) ________ 
Australian crane (Grus rubicunda) __-_ 
Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) — 
Crowned crane (Balearica pavonina) __ 
Cariama (Cariama cristata) _~________ 


CHARADRIIFORMBES, 


Great black-backed gull (Larus mari- 

NUS) 2 === 
Herring gull (Larus argentatus)______ 
Laughing gull (Larus atricilla) _-_____ 


Australian crested pigeon (Ocyphaps 
lophotes) _—- eee 
Bronze-wing pigeon (Phaps chalcop- 
ter@) 2S eee 


cata) 


Mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) — 
Diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata) __-__ 
Zebra dove (Geopelia striata) ____--__ 
Bar-shouldered dove (Geopelia humer- 


Blue-headed quail-dove (Starnenas cy- 
anocephala) 
Ringed turtle-dove 


(Streptopelia_ ri- 


PSITTACIFORMES. 
Grass paroquet (Melopsittacus undu- 


Black-tailed paroquet 
lanura) 
Lesser vasa parrot (Coracopsis nigra) — 
Gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus) —--- 
Haitian paroquet (Aratinga chlorop- 
tera) 
Blue-winged parrotlet (Psittacula pas- 
8erind) eee 
Cuban parrot (Amazona leucocephala) — 
Isle of Pines parrot (Arazona leuco- 
cephala palmarum) __---~--------~- 
Yellow-shouldered parrot (Amazona 
barbadensis) ~~ === => = eee 
Festive parrot (Amazona festiva) ---~ 
White-fronted parrot (Amazona albi- 


(Polytelis me- 


Orange-winged parrot (Amazona ama- 
2ONICE) s2a2o2— Sh Ane ee eee 
Santo Domingo parrot (Amazona ven- 
tralis) 
Yellow-headed parrot (Amazona ochro- 
Cephala) == 5. eS eee 


Hoe ep 


NON 


tH ee 


nee 


\ 


a 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 


Yellow-naped ENE (Amazona auro- 
ONO TR) SSeS eS 
Double yellow-head parrot (Amazona 
IOREPG Se 2 oe eee 


_Yellow-cheeked parrot (Amazona au- 


tumnalis) eR ase aise eg ASD 
Thick-billed parrot (Rhynchopsitta 
gachyrnynena) == ke 
Red-and-blue macaw (Ara _ chlorop- 
RAED) a 


Red-and-blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara 
UCKGLEO SE 
Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara arara- 


Sulphur-erested cockatoo 
GOED) a Es SEE cee) 
Great red-crested cockatoo (Cacatoes 
MUQUUCCENSUS) et oe 
White cockatoo (Cacatoes alba)__-_--~ 
Leadbeater’s cockatoo (Cacatoes lead- 
[DOTBO)). a a 
Bare-eyea cockatoo (Cacatoes gym- 
UDG DIES) \ a po ef 


CORACIIFORMES. 


Giant kingfisher (Dacelo gigas) ---__-_- 
Short-keeled toucan (Ramphastos pis- 

civorus brevicarinatus) ____________ 
Concave-casqued hornbill (Dichoceros 

DAC OT 118) Wei Se led ao ae 
Barred owl (Striv varia) _____--_---~- 
Screech owl (Otus asio)-______----_~_- 
Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) — 
Western horned owl (Bubo virginianus 


DAULESCENS) pee ee 2 Ne 

American barn owl (Tyto perlata 

PUGLIN COL) pao oe 
PASSERIFORMES, 


Red-billed hill-tit (Liothrix luteus) —- 
Black-gorgeted laughing-thrush (Gar- 
rulagx pectoralis) -_-_____-_-_----_- 


Alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) -— 


' Mona Island iguana (Cyclura stejne- 


Cia) ee ee ee te 
Gila monster Ciencia suspectum) — 


Blue-tongued lizard (Tiliqua_ scin- 
COD@ES) eee ee ee 
Chameleon (Anolis carolinensis) ----- 
Horned toad (Phrynosoma _ cornu- 
TECGLLD)) 9 oe ee a a YS 


Rock python (Python molurus) eee 
Diamond python (Python spilotes) -—- 
Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) ——----- 
Boa constrictor. (Constrictor constric- 

tor) 
Rainbew snake (Abastor erythrogram- 

mus) 


Hermit thrush (Hylocichla guttata 


2 DAWASt)) cies eee rE a Ee 
Australian gray jumper (Struthidea 
10 CUNET-CG)) ez te ANE las So 
Green jay (Xanthoura luxuosa) —_____ 
1 | Australian crow (Corvus coronoides) _— 
Fish crow (Corvus ossifragus)__~-___ 
2 | European raven (Corvus coraz)—_-___ 
Napolean weaver (Pyromelana afra) —— 
2 | Madagascar weaver (Foudia madagas- 
COTIENSI8)* Soe Se 2 RE 
7 | Paradise widow bird (Steganura para- 
USCC) oie Seid ee a 
1 | Cut-throat finch (Amadina. fasciata) __ 
Zebra finch (Teniopygia castanotis) __ 
2 | Black-faced Gouldian finch (Poéphila 
Goulaiee) Se see oe 
1 | Red-faced Gouldian finch (Poéphila 
2 IUNG OILS) Poa Oi eh i he Oe 
Strawberry finch (Amandava aman- 
1 AUG) Ree Be a ee 
Black-headed finch (Munia atricapilla) — 
3 | Nutmeg finch (Munia punctulata)____ 
Java finch (Munia oryzivora)________ 
11 | White Java finch (Munia oryzivora) __ 
5 | Vera Cruz red-wing (Agelaius pheni- 
ceus richmondi) ----_----_-_-_--__ 
9 Crimson tanager (Ramphocelus dimidi- 
LUAU) ase Se re er Ry ae ee eS 
1 Blue tanager (Thraupis cana) ——----- 
Thick-billed euphonia (Tanagra cras- 
1 SUGZOSLGUS) ee es Se eee 
7 Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) —__ 
6 Slate-colored junco (Junco hyemalis) — 
4 White-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia 
CLDICOUNIS) yy oa ee a 
1 Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola) -_--_-~ 
Canary (Serinus canarius) ---_------ 
2 Green singing finch (Serinus icterus) —— 
Huropean chaffinch (Fringilla celebs) — 
Red-crested cardinal (Paroaria cucul- 
3 lata ee ee ee ee 
Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) ----~ 
4 

REPTILES. 
28 | Blacksnake (Coluber constrictor) —--- 
Chicken snake (Hlaphe quadrivittata) — 
1 | Water snake (Natriz sipedon)—-—-_- 
{7 | Garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) —- 
Moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) —-~ 
1 | Ground rattler (Sistrurus miliarius) —- 
1 | Duncan Island tortoise (Testudo ephip- 
DUNT) Bees Ses a Se ae 2 Se ee Le 
2 | Albemarle Island tortoise (Testudo 
3 OLCING) nena ae Se ee 
1 | Gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphe- 
2 AIA SE Sez aes Eee Cee eats seed va 
Snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) 
Cooter (Pseudemys scripta)—-------- 
Florida terrapin (Pseudemys flori- 
1 WONO)) ate eas Se eee 


at 


hm NEE Eee fe 


Qe 


8 
1 
10 
10 

1 


ee eS a) 


eb bo 


78 


ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


STATEMENT OF THE COLLECTION. 


ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR. 


Presented : 


Captured in National Zoological 


Mammales-= 22 st eee 19 Park: 
Birds 25 -2se 6 eos 25 Birdst...'2i 2 eee 10 
ReptilesaieL2u22664 2 sees = 30 Deposited : 
— 74 Mamma) sij2 so ee eee 2 
Born and hatched in the National Birds..._-_...- eee i 
Zoological Park: Reptiles —=.._ -. -. =». =e 10 
Mammais- =: 4: Ste vn Ree 76 — 19 
Birdsi2=26 = ee ee 83 —— 
—— 159 Total accessions____-__------~- 390 
Received in exchange: 
Mammal sae 4) a3 22h 11 SUMMARY. 
Bind 8) 23s See ee 70 R 
— gi | Animals on hand July 1, 1918_____- 1, 247 
Purchased : Accessions during the year---_____-~_ 390 
Mammalss-52 5 3- ss 68h See 9 : 
Bind. ooo tts ke Se eee 27 1, 637 
Reptiles: 23242) ee Spee 2 Deduct loss (by exchange, death, and 
—— 3g |, return of animals on deposit)_--__ 301 
Transferred from other Govern- 
ment departments : Animals on hand June 30, 1919_ 1, 336 
Mammails-'2a3 5 hs fe ee 2 P 
Birds 222244 (2oe eee eee 1 
Reptiles #4242224) eae pte 6 
— 9 
Class. Species. |Individuals. 
MITTAL 3 5125 bia crs wle Soia ee BEDE - ae tia tetas geese ages ccs Se eRe ee eee a eee Eee 156 528 
Birdsie). 23 Hoes Daas SRA ees Pees Bene ct Soares een 190 737 
Reptiles ..cs2.- 3. Ghae~ see wicinaccte wise Oe Sect ancl otic a etcecige aero 23 71 
Totals saa. Cestcet a eccst se cokesc nc chee cee oes Jaan eee eens ene eel 369 1, 336. 
VISITORS. 


The record for number of visitors during a single fiscal year has 
again been exceeded. The number of people admitted to the park, as 
determined by count and estimate, was 1,964,715, a daily average of 
5,883. The greatest number in any one month was 355,651, in April, 
1919, an average per day of 11,855. On March 23, 1919, there were 
70,000 visitors; on Sunday, April 6, 1919, 85,000; and on Easter Mon- 
day, April 21, 1919, 55,359 (actual count at gates). 

The attendance by months was as follows: In 1918: July, 160,600; 
August, 116,200; September, 154,600; October, 114,500; November, 
91,400; December, 93,424. In 1919: January, 101,625; February, 
115,150; March, 242,650; April, 355,651; May, 220,700; June, 198,215. 

The record for attendance for the year ending June 30, 1918, which 


exceeded the previous record year (1916) by 436,117, was beaten by — 


371,488. Following are the attendance records for the past eight 
years 

POND xu 2 pen ie ee 542, 788. 191g = 1, 157, 110 
ye ape ee SPU eto 638, 526 1401 Woke ee 1, 106, S00 
aA SNES Ae eek ies eee 183, 277 | AGIG Se. 2 Be eels eee 1, 593, 227 
NOS tel ee 2 Lichen tba Meera 794, 530 


a ASKS apeemriee seta TS alls oy Ne 1, 964. 715 


ee SS ee Cel 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 79 


_ The park continues in popularity as a means of instruction to 
schools and classes, as well as a resort for out-of-doors gatherings for 
large picnic parties, where the usual woodland surroundings and 


. pleasures may be supplemented by visits to the zoological collections. 
- Ninety-eight such schools and classes visited the park in 1919, with a 


total of 6,169 individuals. These came not only from the District of 
Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia, but from the more distant States 
of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Ohio. The Amer- 
ican Society of Mammalogists held an informal meeting with lunch- 
eon at the park on April 4, 1919, with 75 members in attendance. 


IMPROVEMENTS. 


Exterior cages for leopards, jaguars, and hyenas, on the east side 
of the north wing of the lion house, were nearly completed before the 
close of the year. The cages are seven in number, 24 feet deep, and 
74. feet long over all. The cost, including material and the labor of 
regular employees, was $3,410. This long-desired improvement adds 
greatly to the appearance of the building and to the comfort of the 
animals. 

A perforated radial brick chimney 80 feet in height above the con- 
erete foundation and 42 inches interior diameter at the top was 


_ built at the central heating plant.to replace the old and worn-out 


metal stack. The concrete base was-constructed by the park work- 
men and the chimney by contract, at a total cost of $2,647. 

A public toilet 13 by 28 feet 8 inches was constructed near 
the Connecticut Avenue entrance. Some of the materials for this 
work were purchased from the 1918 appropriation, and the labor 
was all by regular employees of the park. The cost of this struc- 
ture, including labor, was $1,200. 

The smaller elephant house, roofs of the larger elephant house and 
restaurant building, outdoor lion and tiger cages, outdoor cages on 


‘east and west sides of monkey house, and other fences and inclosures 
- were painted, at a total cost of $1,586. ‘The materials, amounting 


to $475, were furnished by the park. The contracts for labor to- 
taled $1,111. 

The creek-side drive from Klingle Ford to the crossroads and 
the main road from the concrete bridge to the concourse were broken 
up and rebuilt, the creek-side drive from crossroads to the stone 
bridge was resurfaced, and roads in other parts of the park were re- 
paired and resurfaced where necessary. The cost of materials for 
road work was $1,295, and the labor, including regular park em- 


_ployees.and temporary men, amounted to $1,475.50. 


Other minor improvements and repairs completed’ during the year 
include a new fence around the nursery and gardens, concrete steps 
to replace old stone steps leading from wolf dens up to bear yard 
steps, cement stairway from Cathedral Avenue leading down into 


80 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 191y. 


park under the Calvert Street Bridge, repair of walks leading in 
from Adams Mill gate, repair of bridle paths, drainage for zebra 
house and yards, paving in zebra yards, a new policeman’s box 
at Klingle gate. The old wooden ties of the fence of the large 
elephant yard were replaced by an iron fence to match the perma- 
nent sections already constructed. A number of large wire recep- 
tacles for rubbish and 100 new park benches were provided. 


IMPORTANT NEEDS. 


Alteration of the western boundary.—By an act approved June 23, 
1913, Congress appropriated $107,200 for the purchase of certain lots 
and parcels of land between the western boundary of the National 
Zoological Park and Connecticut Avenue, from Cathedral Avenue 
to Klingle Road, this land, together with the included highways, to 
become a part of the park. The appropriation was not a continuing 
one and lapsed at the end of the following fiscal year, before pro- 
ceedings for the purchase of the land were completed. Items for the 
reappropriation of this sum and for the additional amount necessary 
to meet the figures fixed by the court in proceedings of condemnation 
were submitted to Congress in the following years, but were not 
_ favorably considered. Following a suggestion made by the chair- 
man of the Appropriations Committee at the hearing on the bill for 
1919, the item for the purchase of this land was revised in the esti- 
inate for 1920 to include only a portion of the property originally 
appropriated for in 1918. The land asked for in the estimates sub- 
mitted for 1920 and, failing approval, again included in estimates 
for 1921, includes 250 feet each side of Jewett Street, fronting on 
Connecticut Avenue, and all of the land inside the unnamed road 
between Connecticut Avenue and the park, excepting one lot. This, 
with all of Jewett Street, and the included portion of the unnamed 
street, would satisfy all the important needs of the park and give a 
frontage of over 600 feet on Connecticut Avenue. One of the princi- 
pal entrances to the park will always be from Connecticut Avenue 
and the importance of a frontage on that thoroughfare at and border- 
ing the gate can not be overestimated. The necessary land can now 
be purchased for about $80,000, and should be acquired before it is 
too late. 

Alteration of the southeastern boundary.—The question of the pur- 
chase of a narrow strip of land between the park and Adams Mill 
Road, from Clydesdale Place to Ontario Road, still in private owner- 
ship, is now brought forcibly to our attention because of improve- 


ments being made at that point by the District government. As this . 


newly developed section of Adams Mill Road will doubtless become 
one of the most used highways connecting the park systems, and as 
the privately owned strip is within a few feet of the Adams Mill 
Road entrance to the park, the need for public ownership can not be 


——— 


— 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 81 


questioned. The amount required is comparatively small and the 
purchase of the land should not long be delayed, as the bordering 

road is soon to be opened, and the ownership of the narrow strip by 

the Government and its incorporation within the park is of very 

great interest to the public. 

Restaurant —One of the most urgent needs of the par k is a suitable 
restaurant. The present refreshment stand is entirely inadequate and 
is in a very bad state of repair. On any of the days of reasonably 
large attendance the public can be only poorly served and the facili- 
ties of the stand are overtaxed. It is believed that a suitable building, 
on the present site, 50 by 100 feet in size, and of two floors, one open- 


ing onto the lower slope to the west, would meet the requirements. 


Such a building, properly equipped and under first-class manage- 


ment, would be greatly appreciated by the constantly increasing num- 
ber se visitors to the park. 

Grading banks and filling ravines—The work of further cutting 
away the irregular hill in the center of the western part of the park 
and the filling in of a near-by ravine, commenced three years ago but 
discontinued for lack of funds, should be completed as soon as prac- 
ticable. Level spaces for yards and inclosures are very much needed, 
and the work as left makes an unsightly and unfinished looking 
place in one of the most conspicuous points in the park, bordering on 
the main road. Completion of the work will level nearly 70,000 
square feet of ground which is now of little use, make available a 
further 25,000 square feet of ground at the ravine, and eliminate a 
dangerous curve in the automobile road. 

Purchase of animals.—A sufficient sum for the purchase and trans- 
portation of animals has never been available and is greatly to be 


_ desired, so that the park may take advantage from time to time of 


Po notunitics to obtain rare and conspicuous animals not before 
exhibited. 

Aviary building.—The need of a new house for the exhibition of 
birds continues to become more urgent from year to year. The old 
building is rapidly becoming unfit for use and the public aisles are 


_ entirely too narrow for the crowds of people who now visit the park. 


The cost of maintenance during the past year has reached a sum 


greater than ever before. Owing to the increased cost of almost every 


item, the amount required for food for animals was $33,149, and 
repairs and new improvements are similarly expensive. It is urgent, 


therefore, if there is to be any expenditure for improvements or for 


necessary repairs that an increase be made in the general appropria- 


_ tion for the expenses of the park. 


ees ee 


Respectfully submitted. 
N. Horuntster, Superintendent. 
Dr. Cuartres D. Waxcorr, 
Seeretary Smithsonian Institution, 


145986—19- 6 Washington, D. C. 


APPENDIX 5. 


REPORT ON THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. 


Sir: The Astrophysical Observatory was conducted under the fol- 
lowing passage of the sundry civil act approved July 1, 1918: 

Astrophysical Observatory: For maintenance of Astrophysical Observatory, 
under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including assistants, pur- 
chase of necessary books and periodicals, apparatus, making necessary obser- 
vations in high altitudes, repairs and alterations of buildings, and miscel- 
laneous expenses, $13,000. 

The observatory occupies a number of frame structures within an 
inclosure of about 16,000 square feet south of the Smithsonian ad- 
ministration building at Washington, and also a cement observing 
station and frame cottage for observers on a plot of 10,000 square 
feet leased from the Carnegie Solar Observatory, on Mount Wilson, 
Calif. ‘ 

The present value of the buildings and equipment is estimated at 
$50,000. This estimate contemplates the cost required to replace the 
outfit for the purpose of the investigations. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 


At Washington.—As usual, the computation of the results of solar 
constant observations made at Mount Wilson, Calif., has gone on 
steadily at Washington, except as interrupted by the furlough of 
the computer, Miss Graves, for work in France, as mentioned under 
the subheading “ Personnel.” After the services of other computers 
had been obtained the work went on rapidly and is now nearly up 
to date. , 

The preparation of Volume IV of the Annals of the Astrophysical 
Observatory, including results of measurements from the year 1913, _ 
has been occupying the attention of the director to a very great 
extent since February. 

In consideration of the fact that the total eclipse of the sun of 
May 29, 1919, was visible in La Paz, Bolivia, which is not very far — 
from the Smithsonian solar-constant observing station in Calama, 
Chile, and in further consideration of the fact that the Argentine — 
Government is using the daily telegraphic reports of the solar obser- 
vations at Calama for forecasting purposes; and, further, that cer- 
tain conditions had arisen at Calama which would seem to require — 
the personal investigation of the writer, it appeared necessary to 
make an expedition to South America to attend to these several 

82 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 83 


matters. The preparation for the eclipse work occupied some time 
of the director and of the instrument maker. 

Several investigations relating to the war, a brief note of which 
was mentioned in last year’s report, were Beatimacd during the fiscal 
year. 

The painstaking and valuable work which Mr. Fowle has been 
doing on the revision of the Smithsonian physical tables should re- 
ceive some notice, although this work is being done by him outside 
of his regular hours of service for the observatory. This book has 
passed through a number of editions under his editorship and has 
attained an enviable reputation in this country and abroad for the 
accuracy and fullness of its contents. The new edition, which is now 
in press, has received unusual attention on his part, and very valu- 
able cooperation from the various scientific departments of the 
Government and of outside individuals in colleges and industrial 
corporations and elsewhere, and will be a great advance over any 
of the former editions. 

In connection with work of the Observatory, we have long wished 
to determine the solar constant of radiation by a method which 
does not involve the assumption that the transparency of the atmos- 
phere is constant over the two or three hours required for the deter- 
mination of it by the usual spectrobolometric method. We hoped 
that, seeing that the sky is brighter when the transparency is less, 
an observation by the pyranometer, or some other more suitable 
instrument, of the brightness of the sky in the neighborhood of the 
sun, combined with the usual measurements of the pyrheliometer 


_and perhaps of the spectrobolometer, but only at one period of time, 


might be sufficient to determine the solar constant by a satisfactory 
empirical process based upon spectrobolometric investigations of 
former years. In the hope of getting an instrument more satisfac- 
tory than the pyranometer for this special work, a new design com- 
prising essentially two disks, one of which is shined upon through 
a graduated aperture by the sun and the other of which is exposed 


to the small region of sky desired and both connected by thermo- 


electric junction so as to enable equality of temperature of the two 
disks to be adjusted, was devised and partly constructed at Wash- 
ington. It was sent in a letter to Calama, Chile, and was finished 
by the director during his visit in Chile and is now in satisfactory 
operation, although it has not yet supplanted the pyranometer for 


the purpose in question. 


Another problem which requires a new kind of apparatus is the 


- measurement of nocturnal radiation such as the earth sends out to 


space. This investigation is exceptionally difficult, for it involves a 
range of wave length from 5 microns to 50 microns. There is no 
surface either of blackened metal or other substance which is fully 


84 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


absorbing to the rays throughout this whole extent, and further- 
more there is no optical medium known by means of which the prop- 
erties of the rays beyond about 17 microns, where rock salt ceases to 
be transparent, may be investigated. For the purpose of determin- 
ing nocturnal] radiation it seems absolutely indispensible that there 
should be devised an instrument based upon the principle of the 
perfect radiator or “ absolutely black body.” This is a very difficult 
thing because not only does the instrument have to be exposed to 
the full hemisphere of 180° of solid angle, but also the radiation to 
be observed is smal] in amount, little more than the tenth part of: 
the radiation of the sun. Seeing that the “black body,” so ealled, 
requires to be a hollow chamber, large with respect to the aperture 
through which the rays enter, the rise of temperature of its walls 
which must be measured is extremely small. After much consulta- 


tion, Mr. Aldrich and the director decided upon a design of a new — 


instrument for this purpose. This was constructed in the spring of 
1919, and is now in use on Mount Wilson. Whether it will prove to 
be Patietoniae y or not remains a question. 

In order to investigate the rays beyond the wave pase where 
rock salt becomes opaque a great many measurements have been 
made by Mr. Aldrich, as mentioned in the last report, to attempt 
to find some substance transmissible to such rays. The best sub- 
stance found appeared to be potassium iodide. It usually occurs 
as crystals no larger than a buckshot. Accordingly, in order to 
make any satisfactory progress it was necessary to procure larger 
crystals, preferably large enough to make a prism of five or more 
centimeters on an edge, but at least so large that such a prism 
could be built up by cementing parts of it together. Experiments 
had been made at the General Electric Co. for producing large 
crystals needed in war operations, and they very kindly undertook 
to try to grow potassium iodide crystals also. A number,of crystals, 
very satisfactorily clear, have been produced by them as large as 
2 centimeters on each edge, and from a sufficient number of these the 
prism required for going on with this long wave length work may 
probably be formed. 

Mr. Aldrich spent a long time on the development and testing 
of an apparatus for determining the constant of the fourth power 
radiation formula ordinarily called o. This is a very difficult 


research. The quantity is already certainly known within 5 per — 
cent and many physicists would believe even closer than this. Many 


researches have been made upon it and in order to do a piece of 


work worth while it is necessary to show that it is certainly accurate | 
to 1 per cent. After many experiments it was found that this 
degree of certainty could not be secured with the apparatus whieh 
Mr. Aldrich and the director had designed and which Mr. Kramer, 


— 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 85 


the instrument maker, had constructed, and so the work was given 
over for a time. . 

At Mount Wilson.—Mr. Aldrich continued the observations of the 
solar constant of radiation until the middle of October, 1918, and 
returned to continue them early in June, 1919. In September of 
1918 he made a very interesting observation in cooperation with the 


_ Army Balloon Schoo] at Arcadia at the foot of Mount Wilson. It 


consisted in arranging a pyranometer to be hung below the basket 


of a captive balloon, which could be raised above the level of the 
great horizontal layer of fog which often covers the San Gabriel 


and other valleys in the neighborhood of Los Angeles in a sheet 
many miles in extent. On this occasion the layer of fog extended 


- from 1,000 feet of altitude to 2,500 feet. The balloon was raised to 


about 200 feet above the layer. An officer of the balloon school 
exposed the apparatus under the balloon to the radiation from the 
sheet of fog, while Mr. Aldrich, on the ground, observed the deflec- 
tions of the galvanometer. The galvanometer was connected to the 
pyranometer by a pair of wires about a half mile long. Simul- 
taneously observations were made on Mount Wilson with the pyrheli- 
ometer to determine the exact character of the day, and on other days 
of similar character Mr. Aldrich exposed the pyranometer to the 
radiation of the sun and sky combined. Thus knowing the radiation 
reflected from the sheet of fog, and knowing the radiation on a similar 


_ day coming down from the sun and sky, he was able to determine 


a ee 


the reflecting power of a great layer of fog. This observation is 
very useful for the study of the relations of the temperature of the 
earth to radiation. The result of the experiments, which were con- 
tinued for several hours without interruption, was very satisfactory. 


The final value for the reflecting power of a great horizontal sheet 


of fog was 78 per cent. 
The weather on Mount Wilson, in the autumn of 1918, was un- 
commonly poor for the solar constant work, as rain fell frequently 


and a great many clouds came up. Altogether it was the’ most 


unfavorable weather which has been experienced in any observing 
season there since it was occupied for solar constant purposes. 


SOUTH AMERICAN EXPEDITION. 


Several considerations led to the decision to make a small expedi- 


_ tion to South America in the spring of 1919. The Institution had 
- equipped an observatory at Calama, Chile, to measure the solar con- 


stant of radiation. The Argentine meteorological service, through 


its chief forecaster, Mr. Clayton, had been determining the effects of 
the variation of the sun on the temperature and other weather condi- 


tions of the earth, and had been so much impressed by the value of 


the solar variation observations for forecasting purposes that they 


~ 


86 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN. INSTITUTION, 1919. 


had arranged to receive daily telegraphic reports of the values ob- — 
tained at Calama, Chile. The director of the observatory at Calama, 
Mr. Moore, had conceived a feeling that the sky conditions were not 
as favorable as perhaps might be secured in other parts of South — 
America or elsewhere and feared that it was unwise for the Institu- 
tion to continue to conduct the operations there. On all of these 
accounts it seemed necessary for Dr. Abbot to go to South America 
and deal with these several matters. 

In accordance with the sundry civil act, which failed of pase on 
March 4, 1919, but was approved July 19, 1919, the following authori- — 
zation was Sy 

The unexpended balance of the appropriation “ For observation of the total 
eclipse of the sun of June 8, 1918, and so forth,” is reappropriated and made 


available for observation of the total eclipse of the sun of May .28, 1919, visible 
in Bolivia. 


The two 11-foot focus 3-inch cameras employed by the Smithsonian 
observers at Wadesboro, N. C., in 1900, and again by Mr, Aldrich in 
1918, were equipped with a collapsible tube and other mechanism, 
so that they could be speedily arranged with equatorial clock-driven 
motion to photograph an eclipse in South America. Mr. Moore, at 
_ Calama, was instructed to arrange to join Dr. Abbot with the pyranom-_ 
eter employed there, so as to observe the degree of darkening of the 
sky and sun as the eclipse progressed. Arrived at Calama, the appa- 
ratus was repacked for use in the field, and Messrs. Moore and Abbot — 
proceeded to La Paz, Bolivia, where, owing to the kindness shown 
by Mr. Babbage, of the railroad, arrangements were made to observe 
close to the railroad station at E] Alto, situated about 1,500 feet above 
La Paz, at an altitude of about 14,000 feet above sea level. The day 
of the eclipse, May 29, proved very favorable. The sky was entirely 
cloudless in the neighborhood of the sun for several hours. Mr. 
Moore had observed during the day before and during the night, and — 
continued his observations each minute throughout the totality and- 
the succeeding partial phase up until about two hours after sunrise. 
Dr. Abbot had set up and adjusted the photographic telescope with 
Mr. Moore’s aid, and except for one defect it operated perfectly. 
This was that since the eclipse took place so very early in the morn- 
ing, only 20 minutes after sunrise, the rate of motion of the sun 
above the horizon was not uniform with that which would occur in 
the middle of the day, owing to refraction. The apparatus had only 
been set up the day before, so that there was not time to work out 
this matter to know exactly how to rate the clock at the moment o 
eclipse. Preliminary observations of May 28 had indicated that the 
clockwork ran a little too slow. During the day it was speeded u 
a little, but on the day of the eclipse it proved to be a trifle too fast, 
so that the moon appears to be elliptical rather than perfectly rounc 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 87 


as it should have been, except for the slight motion of the moon rela- 
tive to the sun during the eclipse. However, this defect is not very 
noticeable, and excellent. photographs were obtained with both lenses, 
but particularly with the one which was exposed 1 minute and 30 
seconds rather than the other, which was exposed 22 minutes. 

The phenomenon was uncommonly grand, far more so than appears 
in the photograph. The sun had risen over a snow-capped 
mountain, about 20,000 feet high. It rose over half eclipsed, with 
the crescent horns pointing upward from the horizon equally. In 
20 minutes totality occurred, and there shot out over 20 fine sharp 
_ coronal rays, greatest elongated along the equatorial zone, but also 
visible to great distances from the poles. At the lower limb there 
was a very large flaming red prominence, which at that time rose 
to perhaps a quarter of the solar radius, and had a very long side 
extension, after the manner of a hook. The same prominence was 
observed by spectroscopic methods in the United States, at the great 
observatories, and was one of the finest prominences ever photo- 
graphed. It is very interesting and fortunate that the early history 
of this prominence was enriched by the photograph made at La Paz 
so very early in the morning. 

Taking the whole phenomenon together, the snow-covered moun- 
tain, the brilliant sky at that great altitude of 14,000 feet, the very 
numerous and long coronal streamers, and the enormous crimson 
prominence casting its glow over all, the spectacle was truly glorious, 
and by far the most impressive of any of the eclipses which have been 
seen by the writer. It was reported that the Bolivian natives lighted 
many fires and supplicated the sun to return, after old Inca tradi- 
tions. 

Visit to Argentina—Immediately after the eclipse Messrs. Moore 
and Abbot proceeded to La Quiaca in Argentina for the purpose of 
having a conference there with the director and forecaster of the 
Argentine meteorological service. Mr. Clayton, the official fore- 
caster, submitted for their inspection results he had obtained during 
several years in the comparison of the weather of Argentina with 
the variations of solar radiation reported by the Smithsonian observ- 
ers at Mount Wilson, Calif., and Calama, Chile, and the results ob- 
tained by using the measurements of Calama for the forecasting of 
the weather in Argentina. 

Mr. Clayton says: | 

For nearly a year numerical and graphical analyses have been made of the 
solar variations and of the variations of temperature at 20 selected stations well 
distributed over Argentina, Chile, and Brazil. These analyses show that each 
variation in solar radiation has been followed by similar variations of tem- 


_ perature in South America, with a few exceptions that may easily have resulted 
from errors in the measurements of solar radiation. At Buenos Aires the ratio 


88 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


of temperature change to solar change at the time of greatest solar activity 
was found from the averages of several years to be 1.4 C. for each change of 
1 per cent in solar radiation. Since the extreme solar values range about 6 per 
cent on either side of the mean, there might result departures from the normal 
at Buenos Aires from this cause of about 8.5 C. The extreme departure from 
the normal observed at Buenos Aires during the last 18 years has been 11.5 C. 
The results of these researches have led me to believe that the existing abnor- 
mal changes which we call weather have their origin chiefly, if not entirely, 
in the variation of solar radiation. 

Naturally, these results, which are supported by an enormous 
amount of careful and conscientious computation on the part of the 
forecasting division of the Argentine meteorological service, are of 
extreme interest. They point to the great desirability of equipping 
in different cloudless regions of the world several observatories de- 
signed for the measurement of the solar constant of radiation. The 
chief of the Argentine weather service, Mr. Wiggin, desires very 
much to take over the South American station of the Smithsonian 
Institution, to be maintained by the Argentine meteorological serv- 
ice. Tentative arrangements were entered into between Dr. Abbot — 
and Mr. Wiggin for this purpose, which, however, require the further 
approval of the Argentine Government to become effective. If suit- 
able arrangements for the transfer can be made, it is hoped to employ 
the funds thereby set loose for the establishment by the Smithsonian | 
Institution of a solar station in Egypt. 

From Argentina, Messrs. Moore and Abbot returned immediately 
to Calama. 

Measurements of the Solar Constant of Radiation at Calama, 
Chile—When Dr. Abbot reached Calama he found that Messrs. 
Moore and Abbot had prepared data giving the pyrheliometry, the 
transparency of the atmosphere for nearly 40 wave lengths, the func- 
tion p/psc, and pyranometer values representing the intensity of the 
radiation of the sky in a zone 15° wide surrounding the sun. AI] 
_ these values were tabulated with solar constant values for 60 days 
of observation and for each day at periods when the air masses were 
2% and 3, respectively. 

We have felt very keenly the desirability of devising some method 
of determining the solar constant of radiation which would be inde- 
pendent of changes in the transparency of the atmosphere during 
the period of observation. It had been hoped that this might be 
done in some simple way by the aid of the pyranometer, that instru- 
ment which we devised several years ago for the purpose of measur- 
ing the brightness of the sky. It is well known that when the sky 
becomes more hazy the direct beam of the sun is reduced in intensity, 
but the scattered light of the sky at the same time is increased. Ac- 
cordingly, it would seem that a pyranometer measurement of the 
brightness of a limited area of the sky near the sun would furnish 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 89 


an index of the state of the transparency of the atmosphere at the 
moment of observation, and this combined with the usual observa- 
tions of the solar intensity at the earth’s surface by the pyrheliome- 
ter, and combined further with the determination of the quantity of 
the aqueous vapor between the observer and sun (which is indicated 
by the state of the great infra-red absorption bands, p and ¢) might 
give the means of estimating the solar radiation outside the atmos- 
phere from observations made at a single instant of time. 

With the various data mentioned above as a basis, the writer en- 
deavored to find some method of determining the solar constant of 
radiation without the necessity of treating the several wave lengths 
of radiation separately, but after almost a week spent in working 
over the data, trying to combine them along these lines, the effort had 
to be abandoned. Mr. Moore had, however, suggested that if we 
knew the coefficient of atmospheric transmission for’all of the indi- 
vidual wave lengths on a given day and had observed with the 
spectrobolometer and pyrheliometer at air mass 2 or at air mass 3, 
we could determine the solar constant from these data at once. All 
simple means having failed to give a satisfactory method, Mr. 
Moore’s suggestion was acted upon, and it was found possible, by 
noting the value of the function p/gsc and the intensity of the sky 
light in the neighborhood of the sun, to determine at once the trans- 
mission coefficients for all wave lengths. This we do by means of 
plots in which the data for the 60 days mentioned are employed. 
These data were used in the following manner: 

Taking the value obtained at air mass 2 by the pyranometer for the 
limited area of sky around the sun, dividing it by the value of ¢/gsc 
at the corresponding time, we obtain a function which we may call 
“FF.” Plotting values of “ F” as abscisse against values of the trans- 
mission coefficients for each measured wave length as ordinates, we 
obtain about 40 plots. These for the infra-red region of the spectrum 
are nearly straight lines but they become more and more convex 
toward the axes of coordinates for the rays of shorter wave lengths. 
In the 60 days which were available for the investigations the func- 
tion “F” ranged through values running from 100 to 900 of a cer- 
tain scale, while the function “a”—that is, the transmission coeffi- 
cient—ranged only through a very few per cent and for a large por- 
tion of the spectrum, including the infra-red region, hardly through 
more than 1 or 2 per cent. Accordingly great error is allowable in the 
function “ F ” without greatly affecting the accuracy of the inference 
as to the value of the function “a.” In short, by means of the func- 
tion “F” we are able to determine the function “a” for all wave 
lengths with highly satisfactory accuracy from observations at a 
single point of time, so that changes of the atmospheric transparency 
during the period of observation are avoided. 


~90 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


This new method will hereafter be employed by the Smithsonian 
observers at Calama in combination with the old, not only for air 
mass 2, but for air mass 3, and they will check one against the other. 
frequently for a considerable period of time until we are abundantly 
satisfied of the accuracy of the new method of observation. Hith- 
erto the new method has enabled us to save at Calama a number of 
days of observation which, owing to the obvious changes in trans- 
parency of the atmosphere, due to formation or disappearance of 
clouds, would ‘otherwise have been lost. : 

So far as we have as yet been able to compare the results by the 
old and the new methods, they are on the average closely identical. 
For instance, on July 1 three values of the solar constant were com- 
puted: (1) By the old process; (2) from observation at air mass 2; 
(8) from observations at air mass 3. The results obtained were as 
follows: 1.948, 1.940, 1.955, all agreeing within less than 1 per cent, 
and the mean of the results by the new process agreeing identically 
with the result by the old. 

The new process requires but two or three hours of work, where 
the old required about 15, so that if it continues to appear as satis- 
factory as now a very great gain in labor will result from it. Not 
only is this so, but a still greater gain we think will come in accu- 
racy, for we have now eliminated the fruitful source of error, de- 
pending on the variability of the atmospheric transparency during 
the observations. 

The new method of determining the solar constant of radiation is — 
not applicable to other stations than Calama without a new series 
of contemporaneous solar constant determinations by the old method 
and pyranometer observations at air mass 2 and air mass 3 to use 
with them. We have not at present available the necessary pyra- 
nometer observations at Mount Wilson, but we shall undertake to 
obtain them at the earliest practicable moment, and hereafter it is 
probable that the new method of determination will be employed 
there as well as in South America. 

On the whole, the expedition to South America was unexpectedly 
fruitful. First, satisfactory observations were made of the eclipse, 
including both photographic observations of the eclipse phenomenon 
and pyranometer observations of the brightness of the sky during ~ 
its progress. Second, a very interesting conference was held with 
the chief and chief forecaster of the Argentine meteorological serv- 
ice, in which they explained their investigations of the application 
of solar radiation measurements to weather forecasts and indicated 
their high sense of the value of solar radiation work for weather 
forecasting. Third, investigations at Calama based upon the obser- 
vations there indicated a new empirical method of determining the ~ 
solar constant of radiation, which appears to be equally as accurate 


recy PERORE, OF -THE- SECRETARY, 7 91 


_as the old and to have the great advantages: (1) That it avoids the 
_assumption of uniformity of atmospheric transparency during the 
several hours formerly required for observing, and (2) that it di- 
minishes the time required for computing the result from about 15 
hours to about 3 hours. 


PERSONNEL. 


Miss Florence A. Graves, computer, was placed on furlough be- 
ginning September 5, 1918, in order that she might take up work in 
connection with the Red Cross operations in France. 

Miss Gladys L. Thurlby reported as assistant computer on Decem- 
ber 2, 1918, and Miss Inez A. Ensign reported as computer on Feb- 
ruary 1, 1919. 


SUMMARY. 


At Washington, outside of the usual reductions of observations and 
various pieces of experimental investigation, some connected with 
the war, others with the study of-radiation, but for which, for one 
reason or another, no definite result can at present be reported, 
progress has been made with the preparation of a new optical me- 

dium, potassium iodide, for the investigation of the rays beyond 
_ where rock salt is transmissible, and a new instrument based upon the | 
principle of the perfect radiator or “ absolutely black body ” has been 
prepared and is undergoing test for the purpose of measuring noc- 
turnal radiation such as the earth sends out to space. 

At Mount Wilson the measurements of the solar constant of radia- 
tion have been continued, and a very neat and excellent piece of 
work has been done by Mr. Aldrich, in cooperation with the Army 
Balloon School at Arcadia, on the measurement of the reflection of 
sun and sky radiation from great sheets of clouds, which lead to the 
result that a fully clouded earth would reflect to space 78 per cent of 
the radiation of the sun falling upon it. 

In South America, a successful expedition by Dr. Abbot observed 
the total eclipse of the sun on May 29 at La Paz, Bolivia. Good 
photographs of the phenomenon and also pyranometric observations 
by Mr. A. F. Moore of the brightness of the sky were obtained dur- 
ing the progress of the eclipse. A conference which is likely to prove 
of great future value was held by Dr. Abbot with the chief and chief 
forecaster of the Argentine meteorological service with reference to 
the employment of solar radiation measurements for weather fore- 
casting. At Calama, Chile, Dr. Abbot, in cooperation with the 
Smithsonian observers there, Messrs. Moore and Abbot, devised a 
new method of reducing solar radiation observations so as to deter- 
mine the solar constant of radiation with at least equal precision to 
that obtained by the older method, and the advantages (1) that the 


92 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


new method is independent of the variability of atmospheric trans- 


parency, and (2), that it requires only about one-fifth as much time 
as the old. 


Respectfully submitted. 


C. G. Axssor, 


Director, Astrophysical Observatory. 
Dr. C. D. Watcort, 


Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 


APPENDIX 6. 


REPORT ON THE LIBRARY. 


Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the activi- 
ties of the library of the Smithsonian Institution during the fiscal 
year ended June 30, 1919: 

The receipts of publications during the year numbered 24,670 
packages. Of these, 23,517 were received by mail and 1,153 through 
the international exchanges. Five hundred and sixty-one volumes 
were completed and 11,443 periodicals were entered. 


SMITHSONIAN LIBRARY. 


Main library—Publications for the Smithsonian Main Library, 

after entry on the records, are forwarded to the Library of Congress 
for the Smithsonian deposit. The accession numbers for the year 
extended from 529,925 to 532,002. The accessions included 1,883 
volumes, 242 parts of volumes, 348 pamphlets, and 87 charts. 
' The cataloguing covered 2,490 volumes and 85 charts; 1,621 vol- 
umes were recatalogued; 4,909 cards were typewritten, and 895 
printed cards from the Library of Congress for publications de- 
posited by the institution were filed in the catalogue; 5,721 public 
documents were presented to the Library of Congress in accordance 
with the established practice. 

The securing of publications in exchange for Smithsonian publica- 
tions was carried on under war conditions with results that fully 
warranted the effort, and the completion of sets in the Smithsonian 
deposit of the Library of Congress has been continued, with the 
following results: 


Number of want cards received from Library of Congress: 


From Smithsonian Division ___________ Be ee Gaspari nares ples, Dt otro} 
From Periodical Division_________ EA ROS IY Eee Se a ee 129 
LOM OndeLyDingsiOiass ey sie swe eee Seen) el Bis RU a ey EA 14 

229 


Number of publications secured for Library of Congress: 
Volume. Parts. 


For Smithsonian Division _____________________________ a2 94 381 
ior Periodical, Division... 4.23202 ee ee 6 145 
HOO eT Mav ASLOT ney oe ee a ee oe 32 1 

132 527 


Number of sets completed, 61. 
Office reference library.—The accessions for the office library, which 
includes the Astrophysical Observatory and the National Zoological 
oa) 


94 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


Park, amounted to 639 publications, distributed as follows: Office 
library, 858 volumes and 20 pamphlets; Astrophysical Observatory, 
89 volumes, 11 parts, 18 pamphlets; National Zoological Park, 140 
volumes and 3 pamphlets. There was a circulation of 146 volumes. 

Aeronautical collection—Continued interest has been manifested 
in the institution’s collection of aeronautical publications, which has 
been of special value to aeronautical-research workers in the Army, 
the Navy, and scientific institutions. Seventy-eight titles have been 
added during the year. The Bibliography of Aeronautics, com- 
pleted last year, is being printed by the National Advisory Commit- 
tee for Aeronautics, and will be ready for distribution shortly. 

Reading room.—No new titles of particular interest have been 
added to the reading room during the year. In the interest of war- 
time economy on the part of the publishers, several popular maga- 
zines were not received in exchange. The number of magazines 
loaned during the year was 3,140. 

Employees’ library.—The number of loans in the employees’ library 
was 332. The collection has been recatalogued, classified, and rear- 
ranged on the shelves. The volumes in the stacks are being rear- 
ranged, so that the magazines in greatest demand will be rendered 
more eis 

Art room.—The collection in the art room, including the pieces of 
statuary as well as the books, have been carefully gone over during ~ 
the year, and those that could not be considered as relating to the 
fine arts were sent elsewhere in order to make room for material 
which should be placed here. The large cases were remodeled in 
order to take care of the large portfolios of prints, especially those 
of the Marsh collection, and other books which should be under cover. 
The whole contents of this room is rearranged, catalogued, classified, 
and put in thorough order. 

De Peyster collection—Author cards for 1,722 titles of books in 
the De Peyster collection have been made, and the volumes on French 
history, numbering 869 titles, have been arranged on the shelves and 
rendered accessible. 


NATIONAL MUSEUM LIBRARY. 


The loans made by the Museum library during the year were 13,913, 
an increase over last year of 2,676. There were catalogued 1,048. 
volumes, 3,229 pamphlets; 62 volumes and 115 pamphlets were re- 
catalogued; 1,322 volumes were sent to the Government bindery and. 
710 returned. ' 

The most important acquisition was a set of catalogues of the 
J. Pierpont Morgan art collection, presented by J. Pierpont Morgan, 
jr. The set numbers 29 volumes, many of them privately printed in. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ee 95 


numbered editions. Acknowledgment is due the University of Michi- 
gan for the gift of the 12 volumes published of the Humanistic Series. 
_ The accessions were further increased by transfers from the 
Hygienic Laboratory, and contributions from Mr. B. H. Swales, the 
estate of Dr. Richard Rathbun, Dr. C. D. Walcott, Mr. William 
Schaus, Dr. O. P. Hay, Dr. C. W. Richmond, Dr. W. H. Dall, Dr. 
Mary J. Rathbun, Mr. A. H. Clark, Mr. W. R. Maxon, and others. 

There were accessioned during the year 2,172 volumes, 2,585 pam- 
phlets, 29 parts of volumes. The number of books in the library 
now is 141,794, consisting of 54,685 volumes and 87,109 pamphlets and 
unbound papers. 

Technological series Additions to the technological library num- 
ber 346 volumes, 4,096 parts of volumes, and 750 pamphlets. Current 
periodicals entered and shelved number 56 volumes and 3,091 parts 
of volumes. The back file of periodicals in the stacks have been 
examined and recorded from earliest issued to date. Entry was made 
for 4,249 volumes and 6,172 parts of volumes not entered before in 
the periodical record. The record of all periodicals is now complete 
and will be kept up-to date for reference and consultation; 885 cards 
were added to the catalogue, 362 being for new material and the 
remainder of class 500. . 

In the scientific depository catalogue 10,230 cards were received, 
arranged, and filed. Of these 3,032 were main author cards, subject 
headings and titles being added for 7,198 additional cards in accord- 
ance with the plan of a dictionary catalogue. 

The books and periodicals loaned during the year number 121 
volumes, 21 pamphlets, and 104 periodicals or parts of volumes, 
making a total circulation of 245. 

Sectional library, Division of Plants——The revision of the books, 
serials, and periodicals in the Division of Plants has been satisfac- 
torily completed. A card catalogue has been made of all of the 
books in the sectional library, numbering 896 titles, or 1,308 volumes. 
A periodical card record has been made for the recording of all 
volumes and parts of volumes now in the section, and current num- 
bers are to be entered as received. The total number of publications 
thus recorded is 781 volumes and 153 parts of volumes. All com- 
pleted volumes of unbound periodicals, numbering 38, have been 
collated and sent to the bindery. 

In the course of revision, 104 volumes were transferred from the 
main library to the sectional library, inasmuch as they proved to be 
of special value to the division, and 64 voiumes of lesser direct bear- 
ing on the division’s work were transferred to the stacks of the main 
library; 510 volumes of the recent Biltmore acquisition were re- 
bound or repaired and placed on the shelves either in the sectional 
library or in the main library stack rooms. 


96 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


The entire collections have been gathered together and shelved in 
alphabetical order in the old regents’ room, with the exception of a 
small number of books kept in adjoining offices, where they are 
especially needed. A card catalogue case has been ordered and will 
be placed in the library room, to contain not only the catalogue of 
the sectional library of the Division of Plants but also a duplicate 
card catalogue which has been prepared of all books and periodicals 
of the main Museum library on the subject of botany. By collecting 
these and shelving them in the first floor stacks in the west end of the 
Smithsonian Building, next to the John Donnell Smith collection, 
all the available works on botanical subjects have been brought to- 
gether and rendered readily accessible. 

Sectional Uibraries—Following is a complete list of sectional 
libraries: 


Administration. History. Parasites. 
Administrative assist- Insects. Photography. 

ant’s office. Invertebrate paleon- Physical anthropology. 
Anthropology tology. Prehistoric archeology. 
Biology. Mammals. Property clerk. 
Birds. Marine invertebrates. Registrar’s office. 
Botany. ‘Materia medica. Reptiles and batrachians. 
Comparative anatomy. Mechanical technology. Superintendent’s office. 
Editor’s office. Mesozoic fossils. Taxidermy. 
Ethnology. Mineral technology. Textiles. 
Fishes. Minerals. Vertebrate paleontology. 
Food Mollusks. War library. 
‘Geology. Jriental archeology. Wood technology. 
Graphic arts. Paleobotany. 


BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY LIBRARY. 


A report of the operations of the library of the Bureau of American 
Ethnology will be found in the report of that bureau. This library 
is administered under the direct care of the ethnologist in charge. 


ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY LIBRARY. 


The collection of reference works relating to astrophysics has been 
in constant use. Eighty-nine volumes, 11 parts of volumes, and 18 
pamphlets were accessioned during the year. ; 


NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK LIBRARY. 


The library of the National Zoological Park made an increase dur- 
ing the year of 140 volumes and 3 pamphlets. This library is not 
extensive, but is simply a working library. 


ler 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 97 
SUMMARY OF ACCESSIONS. 


The accessions during the year, with the exception of the library 
‘of the Bureau of American Ethnology, may be summarized as 
follows: 


To the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress, including parts 


to complete sets____________ pA EP a A aS id NE DE) GG 

To the Smithsonian office, Astrophysical Observatory, and National Zoo- 
logical Park _____ La AEN yo A AEE AL SOC Pil es MAUS SN he 639 
Dosphesomited States National Museum == 2 + 2s. ee ee 4, 786 
7, 502 


Respectfully submitted. 
Paut Brocxert, 


Assistant Librarian. 
Dr. Cartes D. WAtcort, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 
145986197 __ 


APPENDIX 7. 


REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF 
SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. 


Str: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- 
tions of the United States Bureau of the International Catalogue of 
Scientific Literature for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919. 

Notwithstanding the fact that the war in Europe practically ceased 
when the armistice of November 11, 1918, was declared, international 
affairs are still in such a chaotic state that no reorganization of the 
International Catalogue has yet been possible. All of the regional 
bureaus are in practically the same condition as they were in 1918, 
and are having difficulty in obtaining suitable aid to carry on their 
work. These conditions also greatly hamper the work of the Centra] 
Bureau in London, which, in addition, is faced with the pressing 
need of greater financial assistance. 

The receipts of the London Central Bureau, whose sole support 
is derived from sales of the catalogue to the various subscribers 
throughout the world, have been greatly curtailed and unless sub- 
scriptions increase or the bureaus of Germany, Austria, Hungary, 
Poland, Belgium, and Russia, who are in arrears to the extent of al- 
most $9,000 per annum, again contribute their support it will be nec- 
essary to obtain assistance from some other source to finance the en- 
terprise after the publication of the fourteenth annual issue. 

Since the publication of the last annual report of this bureau 
eight volumes of the catalogue have been published, which com- 
pletes the work through the thirteenth annual issue, with the excep- 
tion of one volume, that of physiology. Twelve of the 17 volumes of 
the fourteenth annual issue have been published. 

This bureau has continued to collect and classify the publications 
of the United States, and has now on hand a great quantity of mate- 
rial for the future volumes of the catalogue; indeed, in spite of war 
conditions, some of the sciences, notably zoology, have been indexed 
far in advance of the published volumes. 

It has been evident ever since the beginning of the war that there 
would have to be a general reorganization of the catalogue when in- 
ternational affairs become sufficiently settled to enable the various 
countries taking part in the enterprise to decide how much aid they 
can individually render in order that the ever-increasing literature 
of science may be made available for general reference, and then 


98 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 99 


through their representatives and delegates agree with the other na- 
_tions on a plan to continue this great international index to science. 
_ Methods and means were very thoroughly considered before be- 
ginning the publication of the .catalogue in 1901, and the methods 
then decided on and the classification schedules then published 
were probably at that time the best means of attaining the end 
sought; but the condition of the world and the methods and aims of 
scientific workers have now so changed that it is apparent that the 
organization and methods of the International Catalogue need re- 
vision. The Royal Society of London, which has been the principal 
sponsor of the catalogue since the beginning, has recently announced 
that after the completion of the fourteenth annual issue it will be 
necessary for some new financial agreement to be made in order to 
continue the work, and has requested the scientific academies 
throughout the world to offer suggestions as how best to accomplish 
the end in view. 

It may be well to here consider the need and aim of an inter- 
national organization to catalogue scientific literature. 

Many of the greatest minds of the day are engaged in researches 
and investigations the results of which are finally published in some 
form. It is obvious that means should exist to enable other workers 
in the same or similar fields as well as the general reader to refer to 
these publications. 

Revolutionizing advances in many of the arts, mdustries, and 
trades are often made by means of scientific research, and what to-day 
appears to be an abstract investigation in pure science to-morrow 
becomes a stepping-stone to some epoch-making invention which 
either entirely changes an old or establishes a new trade or industry. 
This was true even before the present war, but since then cases of such 
revolutionary discoveries have multiplied to such an extent that it 
is hardly necessary to cite examples. All of the sciences have their 
special journals, many of which publish very complete indexes and 
even abstracts likely to be of interest to the specialists in various 
sciences, but there is no publication similar to the International Cata- 
logue of Scientific Literature, whose aim is to index and classity 
all of the literature of the pure sciences of the world. It has been 
one of the aims of the catalogue since the beginning to cooperate with 
the editors and publishers of other similar indexes in order to obviate 
duplication of labor. Cooperation of this kind has been accom- 
plished in several cases, notably that of the Zoological Record, which 
from 1906 to 1914 was published through the cooperation of the 
Tnternational Catalogue and the Zoological Society of London, with 
the result that the combined volume was universaJly acknowledged 
to be far superior to any index of the kind ever published or, indeed, 


100 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


attempted. At the convention held in London in 1910 a committee 
was appointed and authorized to form similar combinations with 
the publishers of other indexes and yearbooks, but, unfortunately, 
for various reasons it has not yet been possible to form such com- 
binations to the extent authorized by the convention. 

Very respectfully, yours, 

Leonarp C. GUNNELL, 
Assistant in Charge. 
Dr. Cuartes D. WaAtcort, 
Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 


APPENDIX 8. 


REPORT ON THE PUBLICATIONS. 


Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the pub- 
lications of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during the 
year ending June 30, 1919: 

The Institution proper published during the year 10 papers in 
the series of Miscellaneous Collections, pamphlet copies of 2 Annual 
Report separates, and 1 special publication. The Bureau of Ameri- 
can Ethnology published 5 bulletins, 1 Annual Report, and 1 ad- 
vance extract from the volume. The United States National Mu- 
seum issued 2 annual reports, 2 volumes of the proceedings, 48 
separate papers forming parts of these and other volumes, 6 bulle- 
tins, and 20 separate parts of other bulletins. 

The total number of copies cf publications distributed by the 
Institution and its branches was 161,288, which includes 404 volumes 
and separate memoirs of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 
15,603 volumes and separate pamphlets of Smithsonian Miscel- 
laneous Collections, 13,885 volumes and separate pamphlets of 
Smithsonian Annual Reports, 118,332 volumes and separates of Na- 
tional Museum publications, 11,483 publications of the Bureau of 
American Ethnology, 1,444 special publications, 10 volumes of the 
Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, 69 reports of the Harri- 
man Alaska Expedition, and 58 reports of the American Historical 
Association. 


SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 


Of the Miscellaneous Collections, volume 67, 1 paper was pub- 
lished; volume 68, 1 paper, title page, and table of contents; volume 
69, 7 papers; volume 70, 1 paper; in all, 11 issues, as follows: 


VOLUME 67. 


No, 4. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. IV, No. 4. Appendages of 
Trilobites. By Charles D. Walcott. December, 1918. 216 pp. (Publ. 2523.) 


VOLUME 68. 


Title page and table of contents. (Publ. 2526.) December 20, 1918. 
No. 12. Explorations and Field-Work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1917. 
134 pp. (Publ. 2492.) July 24, 1918. 


VOLUME 69. 


No. 2. The Mosses Collected by the Smithsonian African Expedition, 1909-10. 
By H. N. Dixon. October 8, 1918. 30 pp. (Publ. 2494.) 
101 


102 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


No. 4. Early Mesozoic Physiography of the Southern Rocky Mountains. By 
Willis T. Lee. July, 1918. 50 pp. (Publ. 2497.) 

No. 8. Uganda Mosses Collected by R. Diimmer and others. By H. N. 
Dixon. Oct. 21, 1918. 11 pp. (Publ. 2522.) 

No. 9. The Smithsonian Eclipse Expedition of June 8, 1918. By L. B. Ald- 
rich. March 5, 1919. 22 pp. (Publ. 2527.) 

No. 10. The Reflecting Power of Clouds. By L. B. Aldrich. February 10, 
1919. 9 pp. (Publ. 2530.) 

No. 11. The Races of Russia. By AleS Hrdli¢ka. March, 1919. 21 pp. 
(Publ. 2532.) 

No. 12. Begoniaceae Centrali-Americanae et Ecuadorenses. By Casimir de 
Candolle. April 9, 1919. 10 pp. (Pub. 2533.) 


VOLUME 70. 


No. 1. A Lower Cambrian Edrioasterid (Stromatocystites walcotti). By 
Charles Schuchert. May 8,1919. 9pp. (Publ. 2534.) 


SMITHSONIAN ANNUAL REPORTS. 
Report for 1917. 


The general appendix of the report for 1917, which was still in 
press at the end of the year, contains the following papers: 


Projectiles Containing Explosives, by Commandant A. R. 

Gold and Silver Deposits in North and South America, by Waldemar Lindgren. 

The Composition and Structure of Meteorites Compared with that of Terres- 
trial Rocks, by George P. Merrill. 

Corals and the Formation of Coral Reefs, by Thomas Wayland Vaughan. 

The Correlation of the Quaternary Deposits of the British Isles with those of 
the Continent of Europe, by Charles E. P. Brooks. 

Floral Aspects of the Hawaiian Islands, by A. S. Hitchcock. 

Natural History of Paradise Key and the near-by Everglades of Florida, by 
W. E. Safford. : 

Notes on the Early History of the Pecan in America, by Rodney H. True. 

The Social, Educational, and Scientific Value of Botanic Gardens, by John 
Merle Coulter. 

Bird Rookeries of the Tortugas, by Paul Bartsch. 

An Economic Consideration of Orthoptera directly Affecting Man, by A. N. 
Caudell. 

An Outline of the Relations of Animals to their Inland Hnvironments, by 
Charles C. Adams. 

The National Zoological Park: A Popular Account of its Collections, by N. 
Hollister. 

Ojibway Habitations and other Structures, by David I. Bushnell, jr. 

The Sea as a Conservator of Wastes and a Reservoir of Food, by H. F. Moore. 

National Work at the British Museum—Museums and Advancement of Learn- 
ing, by F. A. Bather. 

Leonhard Fuchs, physician and botanist, by Felix Neumann. 

In memoriam: Edgar Alexander Mearns, by Charles W. Richmond. <i 

William Bullock Clark. 

REPORT FOR 1918. 


The report of the executive committee and proceedings of the 
Board of Regents of the Institution and report of the secretary, both 


see ee 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 103 


forming part of the annual report of the Board of Regents to Con- 
gress, were issued in pamphlet form in December, 1918. 


Report of the executive committee and proceedings of the Board of Regents 
of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ending June 30, 1918. 18 pp, 
(Publ. 2529.) 

Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ending 
June 30, 1918. 101 pp. (Publ. 2487.) 


The general appendix of the report for 1918, which was in press 
at the close of the year, contains the following papers: 


1. The Discovery of Helium, and what came of it, by C. G. Abbot. 

2. An Account of the Rise of Navigation, by R. H. Curtiss. 

3. The Tornadoes of the United States, by Prof. Robert DeC. Ward. 

4, Wind Power, by Janes Carlill. 

5. A Tribute. Samuel Pierpont Langley: Pioneer in Practical Aviation, by 
Henry Leffmann. 

6. Modern Physics, by R. A. Millikan. 

7. The Experiments of Dr. P. W. Bridgman on the Properties of Matter When 
Under High Pressure. Introductory note, by C. G. Abbot. : 

8. The problem of Radioactive Lead, by Theodore W. Richards. 

9. Sphagnum Moss; war substitute for cotton in absorbent surgical dress- 
ings, by Prof. George H. Nichols. 

10. History of Military Medicine and its Contributions to Science, by Col. 
W. P. Chamberlain. 

11. Some Problems of International Readjustment of Mineral Supplies as 
Indicated in Recent Foreign Literature, by Eleanora F. Bliss. 

12. Reptile Reconstructions in the United States National Museum, by 
Charles W. Gilmore. 

13. A Pleistocene Cave Deposit of Western Maryland, by J. W. Gidley. 

14. Paleobotany: A Sketch of the Origin and Evolution of Floras, by Edward 
W. Berry. 

15. The Direct Action of Environment and Evolution, by Prince Kropotkin. 

16. The Law of Irreversible Evolution, by Branislay Petronievics. 

17. The Fundamental Factor of Insect Evolution, by S. S. Chetverikov. ~ 

18. The Psychic Life of Insects, by H. L. Bouvier. 

19. Sexual Selection and Bird Song, by Chauncey J. Hawkins. 

20. Marine Camoufleurs and their Camouflage: The present and prospective 
significance of facts regarding coloration of tropical fishes, by W. H. Longley. 

21. Foot-Plow Agriculture in Peru, by O. F. Cook. 

22. Sun Worship of the Hopi Indians, by J. Walter Fewkes. 

23. The League of the Iroquois and its Constitution: A constitutional 
league of peace in the Stone Age of America, by J. N. B. Hewitt. 

24, The Problem of Degeneracy, by H. F.. Tredgold. 

25. History in Tools, by W. M. Flinders Petrie. 

26. The Background of Tetemism, by EH. Washburn Hopkins. 

27. A Great Naturalist: Sir Joseph Hooker, by Sir E. Ray Lankester. 


SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS. 


The following publication was issued in octavo form: 


Classified list of Smithsonian publications available for distribution October 
15, 1918. 1918. 31 pp. (Publ. 2524.) 


104 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 
PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The publications of the National Museum are: (a) The annual 
report to Congress; (b) The Proceedings of the United States Na- 
tional Museum; and (¢c) The Bulletin of the United States National 
Museum, which includes the Contributions from the United States 
National Herbarium. The editorship of these publications is vested 
in Dr. Marcus Benjamin. 

During the year the museum published 2 annual reports, 2 volumes 
of the proceedings, 48 separate papers forming parts of these and 
other volumes, 6 bulletins, and 20 separate parts of other bulletins. 

The issues of the proceedings were as follows: Volumes 52 and 53 
complete. 

The issues of the bulletins were as follows: 


Bulletin 50, Part VIII. The Birds of North and Middle America, by Robert 
Ridgway. 

Bulletin 99. East African Mammals in the United States National Museum ; 
Part I, Insectivora, Chiroptera, and Carnivora; and Part II, Rodentia, Lago. 
morpha, and Tubutidentata, by N. Hollister. 

Bulletin 100. Contributions to the Biology of the Philippine Archipelago and 
Adjacent Regions. Volume 1, part 4: Report on the Chaetognatha collected by 
the United States Fisheries Steamer Albatross during the Philippine Expedition, 
1907-1910, by Ellis L. Michael; part 5, Hydromedusae, Siphonophores, and Cteno- 
phores of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, by Henry B. Bigelow. Volume 2, 
part 1: The Salpidae collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer Albatross 
in Philippine waters during the years 1908 and 1909, by Maynard M. Metcalf; 
part 2: The Salpidae—a taxonomic study, by Maynard M. Metcalf and Mary M. 
Bell. Volume 3: Contributions to the Biology of the Philippine Archipelago and 
Adjacent Regions. Starfishes of the Philippine Seas and Adjacent Waters, by 
Walter K. Fisher. : 

Bulletin 102, volume 1. The Energy Resources of the United States—a field 
for reconstruction, by Chester G. Gilbert and Joseph E. Pogue, Also, The Min- 
eral Industries of the United States. Part 5: Power—its significance and needs, 
by Chester G. Gilbert and Joseph E. Pogue. Part 6: Petroleum—a Resource 
Interpretation, by Chester G. Gilbert and Joseph E. Pogue. Part 7: Natural 
Gas—its production, service, and conservation, by Samuel 8S. Wyer. 

Bulletin 103. Contributions to the Geology and Paleontology of the Canal 
Zone, Panama, and geographically related areas in Central America and the 
West Indies, represents the work of a number of specialists, whose papers 
were issued, in separate form, as follows: 

Pages 1-18: On some fossil and recent Lithothamnicae of the Panama Canal 
Zone, by Marshall A. Howe. 

Pages 15-44: The Fossil Higher Plants from the Canal Zone, by Edward W. 
Berry. 

Pages 45-87: The Smaller Fossil Foraminifera of the Panama Canal Zone, by 
_ Joseph Augustine Cushman. 

Pages 89-102: The Larger Fossil Foraminifera of the Panama Canal Zone, 
by Joseph Augustine Cushman. 

Pages 103-116: Fossil Echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica, by 
Robert Tracy Jackson. 


; 
‘ 
' 
: 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 105 


Pages 117-122: Bryozoa of the Canal Zone and related areas, Ferdinand 
Canu and Ray S. Bassler. 

Pages 123-184: Decapod Crustaceans from the Panama Region, by Mary J. 
Rathbun. 

Pages 185-188: Cirripedia from the Banana Canal Zone, by H. A. Pilsbry. 

Pages 525-545: The Sedimentary Formations of the Panama Canal Zone, 
with special reference to the Stratigraphic relations of the fossiliferous beds, 
by Donald Francis MacDonald. 

Pages 547-612: The Biologic Character and Geologic Correlation of the 
Sedimentary Formation of Panama in their relation to the geologic history 
of Central America and the West Indies, by Thomas Wayland Vaughan. 

Bulletin 104 (one part). The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, by Joseph 
Augustine Cushman, viz: Part 1, “Astrorhizidae,” was issued. Of the remain- 


“ing separates, two formed parts of volume 20, Contributions from the United 


States National Herbarium, while 19 were from volume 54, and 29 from vol- 
ume 55 of the Proceedings. 

Bulletin 105. Catalogue of the Postage Stamps and Stamped Envelopes of 
the United States and Possessions, issued prior to January 1, 1919, by Josiah 
B. Leavy. 


PUBLICATIONS OF THH BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 


The publications of the bureau are discussed in Appendix 2. The 
editorial work of the bureau is in charge of Mr. Stanley Searles, 
editor. 

During the year five bulletins, the Thirty-second Annual Report, 
an advance extract from this report, and a list of publications were 
issued, as follows: 


Bulletin 59. Kutenai Tales. Franz Boas. 1918. 887 pp. 

Bulletin 61. Teton Sioux Music. Frances Densmore. 1918. 561 pp., 82 plates. 

Bulletin 64. The Maya Indians of Southern Yucatan and Northern British 
Honduras. Thomas W. F. Gann. 1918. 146 pp., 28 plates. 
~ Bulletin 65. Archeological Hxplorations in Northeastern Arizona. Alfred Vin- 
cent Kidder and Samuel J. Guernsey. 1918. 228 pp., 97 plates. 

Bulletin 66. Recent Discoveries Attributed to Harly Man in America, Ales 
Hrdlitka. 1918. 67 pp., 14 plates. 

Introduction to Seneca Fiction, Legends, and Myths. Collected by Jeremiah 
Curtin and J. N. B. Hewitt. Edited by J. N. B. Hewitt. 1919. An advance 
separate from the Thirty-second Annual Report. 71 pp. : 

Thirty-second Annual Report—Accompanying paper: Seneca Fiction, Leg- 
ends, and Myths. (Hewitt and Curtin.) 819 pp. 

List of publications of the bureau. 


There are at present in press five annual reports, and nine bulletins 
as follows: 


Bulletin 60. Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities. lems: al 
(Holmes). ; 

Bulletin 67. Alsea Texts and Myths (Frachtenberg). 

Bulletin 68. Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, 
and Atakapa Languages (Swanton). 

Bulletin 69. Native Villages and Village Sites Hast of the Mississippi (Bush- 
nell). 


106 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 


Bulletin 70. Prehistoric Villages, Castles, and Towers (Fewkes). 

Bulletin 71. Native Cemeteries and Forms of Burial East of the Mississippi 
(Bushnell). 

Bulletin 72. The Owl Saered Pack of the Fox Indians (Michelson). 

Bulletin —. Handbook of the Indians of California (Kroeber). 

Bulletin —. Northern Ute Music (Densmore). 


REPORT OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The annual reports of the American Historical Association are 
transmitted by the association to the secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution and are communicated to Congress under the provisions 
of the act of incorporation of the association. 

Volume 1 of the report for 1916 was published during the year, 
and volume 2 of the same report was in press on June 30. 


REPORT OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THR 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 


The manuscript of the twenty-first annual report of the National 
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution was trans- 
mitted to Congress according to law shortly after the close of the 
fiscal year. 


THE SMITHSONIAN ADVISORY COMMITTER ON PRINTING AND 
PUBLICATION. 


The editor has continued to serve as secretary of the Smithsonian 
advisory committee on printing and publication. This committee 
passes on all manuscripts offered for publication by the Institution 
or its branches, and considers forms of routine, blanks, and various 
other matters pertaining to printing and publication. Thirteen meet- 
ings were held during the year and 79 manuscripts were acted upon. 

Respectfully submitted. 

W.'P. Tron, Editor, 

To Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, 

; Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


O 


; 


PASC pare 
k f uO Be - 
. 
: {tp RRR As, 
hy Mee ; ; 
f r irs” Eatery DHS aes o: 
; wt ee Se TOR eT Prarart) 
; a Fe te ee Re Pe 
; iy ‘ 4 RIA RS 
§ ae 
é F 
APC ae P 
' WY (SiR OCR AM 
* . 4 
; Se, ot ee © 
er * 
4 i i. 4 
sf sh Pk ek SEE ape 
; eee eee | PRERER Rabe hss Fat © 
hy" i 
1 Boe by ramet 
a5 eae Ra Pe ut hk eames ih 
t ns 4 : 
4 : ns ore Slee ah. eae ae 
é . p depeyayd ree ind eat Iie : 
quveke doy te orinthay att pabliek etiam 
int ba aay ty Lr eg hk Ae 
a ‘ i ik 
74 a rN AEA